OUTLINES
O F
U N IVE R SAL H I S T O RY:
iN THREE  PARTS;
WITH A COPIOUS INDEX TO EACH PART, SHOWING THE CORRECT MODE OF
PRONOUNCING EVERY NAME MENTIONED IN IT.
PART I. ANCIENT HIS'TORY.
PART II. MEDIEVAL HISTORY.
PART III. MODERN HISTORY.
BY
J O  S E  P  H    J. R  E E  D.
P A R T  I.  ANCI I S    TORY.
PHI LADELPHIA:
J. B. LI PPI N C OTT    &; CO.
1862.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the yenr 1862, by Josepb J. Reed, in the Clerk's Offlce of the District Court of the tinited States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvanin.








PREFACE. C
TIIHE object of this work is to present to the student of history I abridge the history of every country —a task which has occupied
a succinct but connected narrative of events from the earliest him six years. How far he has succeeded in presenting an accuperiod down to the present time. Several works have been writ- rate and useful, as well as readable, narrative, must be left for the
ten on Universal History, more or less excellent in their way, but  public to decide. In a work in which such a mass of details has
suited rather to the advanced pupil and the man of leisure, than  been condensed, he can hardly hope to have avoided mistakes; 
to the beginner, and to the man whose opportunities for reading  but his object has throughout been to produce a reliable textare limited. Some of them are too voluminous, some are too  book, and for this purpose he has consulted the best ancient and
meagre to be useful, and not one of them, so far as the Author  modern authorities. Wherever a point in history is obscure or
is aware, presents a complete system of cotemporary history. doubtful, the reader is referred to standard authors, whom he
The want of a text-book for schools, which shall be sufficiently  may consult if desirous of further information; and, generally,
comprehensive to embrace all that is essential in the annals of  the Author has named the authorities on which he himself reeach nation, yet not so elaborate as to consume too much of the  lied. The work is intended not only for the use of schools, but
time or exhaust the patience of the pupil, and which shall at the  for that of the very numerous class of grown-up persons who
same time enable him to ascertain with very little effort what has  have not had opportunities in their youth for prosecuting studies
been going on throughout the world at any given epoch, has long  of this kind, but feel the importance of an acquaintance with
been felt. In the course of his own experience, both as a student  the world's history, and yet are deterred from seeking it by the
and a teacher, the Author has frequently had occasion to lament  idea that to gain even a slight knowledge of it, there is a necesthe non-existence of such a text-book; and the knowledge of the  sity for consulting a large numlrlber of books, many of which, perfact that history was not taught systematically in our schools, haps, are not accessible to them. It is hoped that these "Outlines
but that sometimes the pupils contented themselves with reading  of Universal History " will supply what is wanted.
the history of the United States, and that of England, of Greece,
and of Rome, and perhaps that of France, sometimes only one    The present volume comprises that portion of the world's
or two of these histories, and that they rarely extended their annals styled ANCIENT HISTORY. It commences with the very
studies to the annals of other nations, determined him to attempt  earliest traditions of those Asiatic nations which sprang directly
the compilation of a complete summary of the history of the world. from the cradle of our race, and it terminates with the close of
the 5th century of the Christian Era. The reason why this lastl Whatever merit the plan of the present work possesses is, I named period is chosen for drawing the line between Ancient
however, due to the Author's wife (formerly Miss Pamelia M. |History and that which follows, is, that it was the time when
Clonverse), whose long experience in tuition corresponded with  the old civilizations of the heathen world had died out, and
lis own as regards the defective mode of teaching history, now  their places hlad become filled by an infusion of new races and
| so generally practised.  The division of the work into centuries, [ new ideas, derived, to a certain extent, from barbarian sources,
the history of each nation being contained in parallel columns, but mainly from Christianity,  which, after undergoing the sevethe pages being so arranged that the heading of the particular | rest trials and sufferings, had at last risen triumphant over pagancentury in use shall be always visible, and the system of widen-  ism, and was then the dominant influence in Europe. The secing or contracting the column as the nation increased or de-  ond volume will comprise Mediaeval  Iistory, or that of the Midcreased in importance, are wholly due to her. The Author's  die Ages, a period of one thousand years, which may be called
own share of the labor has been devoted to the compilation of the great transition period between the childhood and the manhood
Ithe details, in the course of which he has found it necessary to  of mankind. In it the great nations of the present day were
-               (iii)




rI..-                                                                           _ —PREFACE.
formed, and the grand ideas which became the basis of modern  feelings of others might be wounded. This ought rather to enprogress were promulgated; and a proper acquaintance with its hance than to detract from the value of his narrative.
details will prepare the way for the study of Modern History (to
which the third volume is devoted), which will be but imperfectly    With regard to the mode in which the work ought to be used,
understood without a knowledge of the two preceding divisions. a glance at the arrangement of it will probably suggest the
One advantage arising from a comprehensive plan of this kind, is  readiest way to the teacher, -or to the student, where there is
that no one nation's history assumes an undue preponderance over  no teacher. In Ancient History there are a few leading nations
another. The pupil cannot be misled into the notion that there  to whom the others were in turn subordinate; as, for instance,
are but three or four nations worth troubling his head about, first Egypt, then Assyria, then Syria, then Greece, and then
since, if he pay proper attention to the cotemporaneous history, Rome. The Author suggests that it would be well to study the
he will find how much the actions of one country have influenced  histories of these leading countries thoroughly, reading each of
those of others, and that impulses which actuate man at the pres-  the cotemporaneous ones in a less particular manner, yet so that
ent day may have been derived from remote antiquity, or from   the pupil shall be exercised as to the details thereof century by
the most distant nations. As in a family, so among the different century. But as the principal object of the work is to present
peoples of the earth, the turbulent conduct of one member im- a general view of the affairs of the world during each century,
pairs the harmony of the others, —a truth which, in these days  and, in so doing, to treat the subject in its entirety, and not
of steam and electricity, is sensitively recognized in every Ex- with special reference to any one leading nation, care must be
change almost every hour. Another advantage, or, rather, pe- taken to impress upon the pupil's mind that, in selecting
culiarity of the present plan, is that the history of each country  Egypt, Greece, or Italy, or any other country, as the connectis extracted from its own annals, and complete in itself: it is, ing link, he must not lose sight of the independence of each
therefore, independent of any other; hence, there is very fre-  history; that is to say, for example, the history of Persia is
quently the repetition of an event; for instance, twco accounts  to be studied with reference not merely to Greece and Rome,
of the battle of Marathon will be found, one in the history of  but also to its own intrinsic importance, and its influence upon
Greece, the other in that of Persia, but in each case it is consid- the world. To assist the teacher, a few questions have been
ered from the national point of view.                        added at the foot of each column, rather, however, as suggestive
of the kind of exercise to which the pupil should be subjected,
The introduction into this work of a history of the Christian  than as exhaustive of the subject. The varying size and number
Church requires some notice. It may seem out of character to  of the columns devoted to each nation, is an indication of the
class such a history with that of the nations of the earth; but, relative importance of that same nation at any given epoch;
in truth, in the early ages of the Church, the Christians were a  thus Italy, in its earliest stage, occupies but a narrow column,
nation in themselves, as regarded the heathen world, and were  but when mistress of the world, she fills nine broad columns.
assailed as such. The bond of union between them was as So also may be traced the fall and extinction of empires. A
strong as that which binds the citizens of any land to each other. copious index has been added, which is intended as a guide to
And when the triumph of the Church over its religious foes was  the pronunciation of names, as well as a reference to particulars;
completed, it had its political foes to contend with, and this fully  but the system of accenting the names has also been adopted in
occupied it during the Middle Ages. In that stormy period it I the text, -a dash being placed over the strongly accented syltriumphed over emperors and kings, over nations and individuals, lables.
and was as distinct a power as France or England. In modern
times it has had to contend with schismatics, heretics, reformers, -  In conclusion, the Author desires to bear testimony to the very
and those who would, if they could, destroy it altogether; and  valuable aid he has derived from the Philadelphia Library, and
it has had as distinct characteristics as any cotemporaneous  to the uniform  kindness and attention he has received from its|
natioln has. it has, in short, been a POWER throughout the last i accomplished librarian, Lloyd P. Smith, Esq., and his assistants,
eighteen centuries, and is, therefore, fully entitled to the place  during the years that he has been engaged upon this work. To
in history which is here assigned to it. Perhaps it will be said  him  and to the secretary, William E. Whitman, Esq., he is inthat Mohammedanism, Budhism, and other religions, have the I debted for many valuable suggestions and much information,
same claim; but their case will, it is hoped, be found amply dis- whereby the work has been materially benefited.  Without
posed of- in the history of the respective countries wherein they  easy and copious access to a great variety of authorities, it could
prevail. Universality is not their characteristic, as it is of Chris- not have been compiled; but all that was required has been
tianity. In treating the history of the Christian Church, the | most courteously afforded by these gentlemen, to whom the AuAuthor has endeavored to confine  himself strictly to the state- thor here tenders his best thanks.
ment of facts supported by the best authorities: he has scrupulously avoided all comment of his own, lest by any chance the    PHIL.DELPII1A,  A?{y1t, 1862.
( iv )




OUT  LINES
O F
UN IVE R SAL H I  TO R Y.




INTRODUCTION.
HISTORY is the record of the actions of mankind, and of the events which      The scope of this work is elementary only, and designed merely to show the
have happened in the world. It is the accumulated experience of ages.         general course of history, without going into details; the student, therefore,
When it narrates the actions of men and nations in all countries and times,  who desires to obtain more complete information, must himself search the best
it is called Universal History, or the History of the World.                  authorities in order to satisfy his mind on the many doubtful and contested
When it narrates those of any one nation, it is called by the name of that  points which occur both in history and chronology.
nation; as, the History of Greece, the History of Rome.  This is Cational    The course of civilization may be thus stated:
History.  Starting from India and China, it spread into Bactria and Persia, and thence
When it relates to the foundation of the Christian religion it is called Sacred   over Southern Arabia to Ethiopia and Egypt. In China, it attained to its
History, which includes also the early history of mankind, and of the Jewish  height about 2000 years ago, since which period it has been stationary, so that
nation, and is contained in the Old and New Testaments. Those nations which  that country presents to us the remarkable spectacle of a primitive people with
do not believe in Christianity, such as the Hindoos, the Chinese, the Turks,  a primitive language. It then travelled westward  to Assyria, Persia, and
have also what they call Sacred History; but in this work, whenever that term   Egypt, and thence to Greece, where it received a development which has had a
is employed, it will refer solely to the Bible.  permanent influence on the world; for we find that the study of the writings
WVhen it relates to those events and actions which have influenced mankind' and actions of the poets, philosophers, and statesmen of that country, usually
I generally, and not any one nation in particular, it takes its name from the  fi)rm part of the education of the youth of modern times. The prosperity of
subject; as, the History of the Church, or Ecclesiastical History-the IHistory  Greece was but short-lived. Under Alexander the Great, B. C. 330, it attained
of Commerce —the History of Inventions-the History of Civilization.           its greatest height, but soon after fell before a power which rose up still further
When it relates to one particular person, it is called Biography, or the life  west, and was destined to become the subjugator of the then known world.
of that person; as, the Life of Caesar, the Life of Washington.               This power was Rome. The civilization of the Romans combined the elegance
History, in its more extended sense, treats of the causes of the rise and fall  of Greece with a most extended political and military organization; the arts
of nations, of their habits, manners, religion, policy, and forms of government.  and sciences were successfully cultivated by the Romans, as is shown in their
It investigates the effects of these on the human race, and- traces the progress  vast public works -their roads, aqueducts, bridges, temples, etc. When this
and the decay of civilization. This branch is more properly styled the Philo-  form of civilization was at its height, and all the world was at peace under the
sophzy of History.  From these materials the student will discover what are the  wfeight of the Roman yoke, the fulness of time had come for the appearance on
evils which bring on the downfall of a nation, and what are the measures best  earth of Him whose teachings were to supersede the ancient faith, and to
adapted to promote its happiness and prosperity.                              become the basis of modern civilization.  One of the most interesting subjects
History is also divided into Ancient and Modern. This is a purely arbitrary  to which the student of history can turn his attention, is the progress of the
division, but is found to be convenient.  Ancient History comprehends all  Christian religion. He will find that it flourished in spite of persecution and
those events which happened between the creation of Man and the destruction  contempt; that although at first forced to hide itself in caves and secret places,
of the Roman Empire in. the yearof the Christian Era 476. Modern History  its disciples gradually became the powerful of the earth; that it lost its purity
commences from this last-named period, and comes down to the present time.  as it increased in worldly power; and that there sprang up within it innumerIt is usually divided into two periods: the first of which, comprising about  able divisions, which remain  to this day, and have caused some of the most
1000 years, is called Mediceval Histowr, or the History of the Middle Ages; the  sanguinary wars recorded in history.
second is more properly called Modern History.                                  From the ruins of the ancient civilization arose the modern, which, developing
CHRONOLOGY treats of the date of the occurrence of each event, and is abso-    itself in Italy, spread over Western Europe, and was carried over from that
lutely necessary to a proper understanding of history.                       continent to America, by the Spaniards, Portuguese, French, and English, in
Tlhe chronology of the first ages of the world is very uncertain: the best the fifteenth and following centuries. It is fast traversing the mighty continent
writers disagree as to the dates of many of the principal events. The system   of North America, where vast fields of development are awaiting it; and it
of Archbishop Usher has been that most generally followed, but modern +Xill probably then cross the Pacific, and revisit the old world of the East, under
researches have thrown great doubts on the accuracy  of many of his dates,  a higher and a nobler form.
especially on those relating to the most early history and the creation of man.    Next in importance to Christianity are those inventions and discoveries
QUESTIONS. —What is ttistory?-lUnder what divisions may it be classed? —Wh  t is  History include? — W'hat does Modern History include?-What is Mediqe val History? —
Universal History?- What is National History? — What is Sacred History? -Whl.t other  What does Chronology treat of? —Is the chronology of the first ages of the world certain?kinds of Sacred History a.re there? —What name does History take, when it refers to any  Do the best writers agree as to the dates of principal events? —What  is the design of this
particular subject? —What is it called when it relates to one particular person? —What is it  work? - State the Course of civilization. —What were the obstacles which the Christian reliin its more extended sense? —What other division of History is there? —What does Ancient gion had to overcome?
(:
(6)




INTRODUCTION.
which have contributed so powerfully to the progress of civilization in modern  slaughter, pretty much as the farmer sends his cattle to the market. The
times.                                                                       history of these kings is in fact that of their subjects, and many nations have
The invention of printing, in the fifteenth century, became the means of  little history beside a record of the names of their rulers. This is the case
diffusing knowledge amongst all classes of men, at a comparatively small cost  with China, India, Persia, Assyria, Egypt, and Babylon, in ancient times, and
and with little trouble; whereas, prior to that invention, there were no such  with all Oriental nations in modern times. In the middle ages but little prothings as books, but every author's works, even the Scriptures, were in manu-  gress was made in the arts and sciences; history is then busy with recording
script, and had to be copied by hand.                                        wars and cruelty of the most ferocious kind. The ancient civilization had been
The invention of gunpowder, coming into general use about the same period,  crushed out by races of barbarians which poured into Europe out of Central
placed the weak on a level with the strong, and put an end to the empire of  Asia, as one wave follows another; but from their invasions the ground-work
brute force. Before that time men passed their lives in athletic exercises, to  of modern civilization is derived.
the almost entire neglect of their minds, physical strength being the principal    The student will also notice the prominent part which  War plays in the histhing required for wielding the battle-axe and spear; but when gunpowder came  tory of mankind. It would not be exaggerating to say that four-fifths of the
into use, it was found that weak men, with the modern weapons, were a match  record of man's career are occupied by it. It appears to have hitherto formed
for the stoutest knights in armor; consequently, those mail-clad warriors were  part of the Divine plan of the government of the world. Its uses appear to
forced to lay aside their ferocious occupation, and turn to the arts of peace.  have been principally the keeping the population of the earth within the limits
The discovery of tlhe rariner's compass enabled the sailor to find out in what  of the means of subsistence; the compulsory propagation of ideas, habits, and
direction his ship was moving, and gave him courage to go out of sight of land,  languages, amongst nations which would otherwise, possibly, have become
instead of keeping close to the shore, as was the case in ancient times.     stagnant; the punishment of various races, and the extermination of those
The discovery of America, and of a passage from Europe to India round the  which had become so thoroughly wicked and depraved, that their longer conCape of Good Hope, vastly extended the fields of enterprise, and enlightened  tinuance on earth would have been a curse to the others. It appears also to be
mankind as to the true form of the globe.                                    a part of the Divine plan that nations shall be subdued or expelled by a more
The invention of the telescope; the discoveries made by Klepler, Galileo, and  energetic race when they have, for any length of time, occupied their land
Newton, in Astronomy and the physical sciences; those made in later times in  without making it yield a certain amount of benefit to themselves or their
Chemistry, Geology, and the other sciences; and, in the most recent (our own) I neighbors. War has sometimes been the means of effecting the amalgamation
times, the application of steam and electricity to locomotion and international  of different races of men, and thereby producing out of them a nation of greater
communication, have entirely changed the face of society.                    energy and intelligence; and it is an ordeal which every nation has had to go
These inventions and discoveries constitute the most important events in   through when it has sought to rid itself of foreign or domestic tyranny, though
modern history.  The ancients knew little of the sciences; their arts related   unhappily such effort has not always been attended with success.
principally to architecture, sculpture, and the manufacture of articles for    With these introductory remarks, we proceed to the consideration of that
domestic use. They attained to only a very moderate degree of excellence in  portion of the world's history which is styled Ancient, commencing with that
navigation, agriculture, and the means of locomotion and international commu- period called " the Ante-Historical," because it relates to events which
nication. Their history consists for the most part of wars waged upon their  occurred before authentic records were preserved, and because it rests mainly
neighbors, usually according to the will of kings, who led their subjects to  upon tradition.
What inventions and discoveries are next in importance to Christianity?-What is said  What was the state of art and science among the ancients? —What does their history chiefly
of the invention of printing?-What of gunpowder? —What of the mariner's compass? —  consist of? —What is said of war?
(7)
l- l I 








PART I.
ANCIENT HISTORY.
2                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(9)




ANTE-HISTONo date can be assigned to the origin of the globe. The only sources from   between the Flood and the Birth of Abraham, we are by his system enabled to
which we can expect to derive its history, are the Scriptures and the researches  account for many things which are irreconcilable with the shorter period given
of geologists.  The Scriptures, however, do not descend into particulars, but  by Usher. The labors and discoveries of Wilkinson, Clinton, Layard, Rawlinmerely state, generally, that it was created "in the beginning."  After its  son, Champollion, Lepsius, Bunsen, and others, who have succeeded in deciphercreation it underwent a variety of convulsions and revolutions, evidently occu-  ing the ancient inscriptions and records of the Egyptians and Assyrians, have
pying immense periods of time, whereby its surface was gradually fitted for the  proved, almost beyond a doubt, that a much higher antiquity must be ascribed
abode of man; but the description of these wonderful phenomena is the pro-  to those nations than that hitherto allowed. The scope of the present work
vince of geology. We must, therefere, content ourselves with saying, that at  does not admit of the discussion of these difficult and abstruse subjects; we can,
the time appointed in the Divine Plan of the Universe, MAN made his appear-  therefore, only refer the student, who desires further information, to the works
ance on this earth. It is reasonable to assume that he was created full grown,  of the learned men above-mentioned.
with his bodily and mental faculties perfect and ready for use; and that he was    The Book of Genesis gives us an account of the creation of the first man,
placed in some favored region of the earth, where the climate would neither  He was called "Adam" (or "red"), a name common to both male and female
scorch nor freeze him, but was mild and equable, and where the soil would  (Gen. v. 2), and of the first woman, who, when first created, was called
spontaneously yield fruits and plants for his subsistence.  This region is  "Aishah" (from "Aish," a man), but whose name was subsequently changed
described in Scripture as " the garden of Eden," but the only clue given as to  to " Hhavah" or "Eve," signifying "mother" (Gen. iii. 20). This first pair
its situation is that found in Gen. ii. 10-14, where it is said that four rivers  were placed in a luxurious spot called Eden, where they remained until, on
parted from the river that went out of Eden, and that these rivers were named  account of their sin, they were expelled and sent forth to wander over the face
Pison, Gihon, Hiddekel, and Euphrates. No four rivers can now b'e found on  of the earth. During their sojourn in Eden, they had no children; it was not
the surface of the earth agreeing in all points with those mentioned; but it is  until after their expulsion that any were born to them. In the course of time
evident that the district here alluded to is Chaldaea.  The traditions of the East  they had a numerous progeny. Of their children we have the record of three
point to the beautiful vale of Cashmere as the original seat of the human race.  only, viz., Cain, the first born (whose name signifies "Acquisition"); Abel (or
It may be collected from Scripture, and from the deductions of philosophy, that  " pain"), the second son; and Seth (the " appointed").  Cain, after the murder
man has always existed in society; that the first societies were families; the  of Abel, went eastward into the land of Nod (or " exile"), where he built a
firstformofgovernment patriarchal; that, gradually men became keepers offlocks  city called Enoch. Of the precise site of this city we are ignorant; we may,
and herds, and cultivators of corn; that families spread and combined; and that  however, conjecture that it was somewhere to the eastward of the Tigris, where
from their union arose monarchies, the next most ancient form of civil government.  Cain's descendants became the idolatrous race with whom the descendants of
Mankind is divided into different races, which vary very much in their intel-  the righteous Seth afterwards intermarried (Gen. vi. 2). They became famous
lect and form. These varieties are, according to the ablest writers, three, viz.,  as artificers in brass and iron, and as musicians (Gen. iv. 21, 22). The sacred
the Caucasian, the Mongolian, and the Negro. The first includes the people  historian gives us the names of eight of Cain's descendants (Gen. iv.), and eight
of Western Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa; the second, the people of  generations from Adam to Tubal-Cain; the last named may have been conteniEastern Asia and the Indians of America; the third, the tribes with woolly hair  porary with Methuselah.  We have also a list of nine in direct line from Adam|
and black skin that people Africa. History does not inform us of the origin of  through Seth to Noah, in whose days the Flood occurred. Through this line
these different varieties, but they have existed from the remotest periods of  of patriarchs the knowledge and worship of the One true God was handed down
which we have any account. The first, or Caucasian, is that which fills the  and preserved; whence they and their children are called "the sons of God"
most prominent place in history; for with that race has originated almost all  (Gen. vi. 2), but they gradually lapsed into idolatry and wickedness, and united
that ennobles mankind in religion, philosophy, literature, art and science, as  themselves with "the daughters of men," i.e., the descendants of Cain-which
the histories of Egypt, Assyria, Greece, Rome, Italy, France, Spain, Germany,  occasioned the denunciation of God's wrath by Enoch, recorded in the Epistle
England, and the United States of America, testify.  The second race is inferior  of Jude, and its realization in the deluge which occurred in the days of NToah.
to the first in many respects, but has attained to a considerable degree of civili-    It is probable that the inhabitants of the earth, before the flood, attained to
zation, as is shown in the history of China, and of ancient Mexico; though vast  a considerable degree of civilization, as, in addition to what is recorded of the
tribes of this race have retained to this day their wandering and unsettled  descendants of Cain, we find in various parts of the world the remains of archihabits; the Tartars and the red Indians of North America are instances of this.  tectural buildings of gigantic dimensions, which were erected long anterior to
The third, or Negro race, has not manifested mental development equal to that  authentic history, and to which an antediluvian origin is universally ascribed.
of the other two races. It has in all ages furnished slaves and servants to the  If we suppose (with Dr. Hales) that a period of 2256 years elapsed between the
higher and dominant classes of the Caucasian nations, and although amongst  creation of man and the deluge, there would have been plenty of time for the
some of the communities of Africa ruled over by Negro princes, a knowledge  peopling of a large portion of the earth and the formation of empires. That
of many of the useful arts is found, yet no settled form of civilization, no litera-  this was the case, is confirmed by the primitive history and traditions of all the
ture has ever existed amongst them, and they have, therefore, no station of  Oriental nations.
eminence in the history of the world.                                           Bero'sus, the Chaldm'an historian, gives a list of ten monarchs who reigned
The Chinese, the Hindoos, the Persians, the Egyptians, and some other  in Chaldvea prior to the deluge —the first of whom, Alo/rus, or Chry/sor, was
nations, pretend to carry back the records of their empires far beyond the com- eotemporary with La'mech, the seventh from Adam in Cain's line, in the
monly received date of the creation of Man.  Their claims to such remote  1056th year of the world, and (according to Hales) B. C. 4355, the beginning of
antiquity, however, are unsupported by historical evidence, and appear to have  whose kingdom was probably the union of the sons of God with the daughters
originated in their vanity, or in the craftiness of their priesthood.         of men, referred to in Genesis. After a reign of 100 years he was succeeded by
As regards the date of the creation of man, the learned Dr. Hales has given
Alaspa'rus...........C. 4255
l   list of the opinions of 120 eminent historians and chronologers, all of whom     A'milon, of Pantibi'blr                                " 4225
differ on the point —some to the extent of 3368 years —the extremes being            Am'menon, of Chaldsea.............    " 4095
6984 and 3616 years before the Christian era. Archbishop Usher computes              Megalo'rus, of Pantibi'bla............    " 3975
that the creation of man took place in the year 4004 B. a., a year remarkable        Dao'nus, a shepherd of Pantibi'bla.........    " 3795
in astronomy as an epoch when the great axis of the earth's orbit coincided          Euedores'chus, of Pantibi'bla...........    " 3694
with the line of the equinoxes, and consequently when the true and mean              Amempsi'nus,a Chaldsean............    " 3515
Otiar'tes......,...." 3415
equinoxes were united. This is the usually received date.  Subsequent  reXisu'thrus.......... "                      ~~~~~~~~    3335
search has, however, thrown great doubt upon its accuracy. The date suggested |.
by Dr. Hales, viz., 5411 B. C., is more in accordance with the ancient Egyptian,    In the days of the earliest of these kings (or about the year B. C. 4100), the
Assyrian, Persian, and Chinese systems. As relates to the period which elapsed historian relates that there came from the sea coast a man named Euantnes,
Can any date be assigned to the origin of the earth? —From what source can we derive  Dr. Hales given as to the date of the creation of Man?- Relate what is said of the creaits history?- What is said of the origin of Man?- Relate where he was first placed, and  tion of Adam and Eve?- What is said of their descendants? —What is said of the inh~lbitwhat was said of him? —How was mankind divided?-Mention the different races that are  ants of the earth before the flood?- Who was Berosus? —What does the Ch~aidalan histonamed? — What is said of the antiquity of the Chinese and the Itindoos? — What list has  rian give?
(10)




RICAL PERIOD.
who preached the coming of God with his angels, to execute judgment upon  were another ancient race who inhabited Greece before the Helletnes; they
the world for its wickedness. This corresponds with the Apostle Jude's state-  have frequently been confounded with the Pelasgi, but they were essentially
ments respecting Enoch, who lived about this time, and is perhaps the same  different, being a warlike and migratory race, while the Pelasgi were a peaceperson as Euannes. In the days of Xisuthrus, the last of these princes, hap-  ful and agricultural people. They inhabited the coasts of Greece, and their
pened the great deluge, the particulars of which, as given by the Chaldcean  chief occupation was piracy. Their origin is unknown. But we may reasonhistorian, correspond in many respects with those given in Genesis; but it is  ably infer that all these races, varying in habits and character as they did,
probable that he borrowed them from that book.                             probably on account of the different circumstances by which their nationality
In China we find traditions respecting the reign of three " Celestial" empe-  had been moulded, were branches of that great Indo-Germanic family which
rors before the time of Fo-hi, (whom many suppose to have been Noah); but  sent forth from Central Asia, from time to time, vast tribes to people the earth.
these personages probably represent either certain principles, or long periods    One of the most ancient nations in the world is the Iberian, which, even in
of time, and not actual men.                                               the remotest antiquity, was found to have dwelt in Spain from a period long
The traditions of the Hindoos are extravagant, unintelligible, and utterly  anterior to recorded history. The descendants of this people are to be met
unworthy of credit.                                                        with, at the present day, in the Basque provinces of Spain, where their lanThe antediluvian traditions of Egypt furnish us with the names of twelve  guage is still heard; indeed, some Spanish writers have fondly contended that
deities, or deified chieftains, who are supposed to have lived upon earth for  it was the primitive language of mankind, so ancient is it, and so little akin to
very long periods of time. Amongst them are found deities corresponding with  the dialects of surrounding nations.
those afterwards worshipped by the Greeks. The Egyptian priests asserted    The traditions of Persia, collected in the Dabista'n, a volume compiled from
that the Greeks derived their religion from them. They identified the goddess  works of the ancient Ghebers, or fire-worshippers, gives a succession of monarchs
Deme'ter, or Ce'res, with their own I'sis; Bacchus with Osi'ris; Jupiter with  and prophets who preceded KaiMomurs. It is said that long before Zoroa'ster,
A'mun; and so on. But Isis and Osiris were also identified with Dian'a (the  the Persians venerated a prophet called Ma'habad, the father of men, who inmoon), and Apollo (the sun).                                               vented ornaments and weapons, built cities and palaces, and introduced the
Amid the profound obscurity which hangs over the earliest history of Greece,  arts and commerce. That he had thirteen successors of his own family who
we find traditions of a country called Lecto'nia, inhabited by a people called  were the monarchs and high-priests of the country. That the last of them,
the Cyclo'pes. This district was submerged by a flood occasioned by the over-  A/zerabad, abdicated the throne, and retired to a life of solitary devotion. The
flowing of the vast sea which anciently covered Southern Russia, and which,  Empire then became a scene of rapine and murder, until a famous sage named
owing to some convulsion of nature, burst a channel through the Bos'phorus  Jy-af'fram was induced to assume the government. IIe founded the Jyanian
and Dardanel/les. It occupied that portion of the earth's surface where now   dynasty, the last king of which was Jyabad, who, after a long and prosperous
is the Grecian Archipe'lago, as well as Greece; the Grecian islands being the  reign, suddenly disappeared, and the empire fell into confusion. Iis son,
remains of that ancient land. Buildings, or constructions, of gigantic dimen-  Shah Kil6ev, was then made king. The successors of this last named monarch
sions, which tradition attributes to the Cyclopes, are still to be seen in Greece.  were prosperous until the days of the last prince of the dynasty, MahAbool,
This ancient race also inhabited Sicily, but of their origin nothing is known. who resigned, owing to the depravity of his subjects. His eldest son, Yiessal,
In the Grecian mythology mention is frequently made of them, and they are  founded a new dynasty, which terminated in his descendant, Yessan Ajfm.
numbered among the Ti'tans, the sons of Ura'nus and Ge (heaven and earth).  At the end of his reign the general wickedness of mankind exceeded all bounds
They are described by Homer as a gigantic and lawless race of shepherds, who  and God made the mutual hostility of the various tribes the means of Divine
devoured human beings.  Their name implies creatures with circular eyes. vengeance. Warfare raged until the human race was nearly extinct.  The
The superstition of the ancient Greeks led them to regard volcanoes as the  Creator then called to the throne Kai'omurs (or Gilshah, " lord of the earth").
vorkshops of Vulcan, the God of Fire, and the Cyclopes as his assistants; and  The descent of this prince is traced to Noah; he is said to have been the grandMount AEtna, and other volcanic mountains in Sicily, were considered as their  son of that patriarch. Such is the traditional history of Persia.
abodes. The Pelasgi were among the earliest inhabitants of Greece. They    Allusion has been made to the classification of the human race into three
came from Asia Minor, and settled in the Grecian islands and in the Pelopon-  great divisions, the Caucasian, the Mongolian, and the Negro: to which some
nesus, whence they spread over Greece, Thessaly, Illyria, and Italy. They  writers have added the Mala'yan, or yellow-skinned race, and the aboriginal
are said to have been an agricultural people, but possessed of considerable  American.  It has been a subject very learnedly discussed, whether these
knowledge of the useful arts. They introduced the worship of Jupiter and  races all sprang from one stock or single pair of human beings, or whether they
Vulcan, and of the Cabi'ri.  Whether the Jupiter thus worshipped was an  each had ancestors of their own. Some eminent physiologists have contended
earthly prince or chieftain, cannot now be ascertained; the mythological being  that the differences between the races are so striking and so fundamental, that
to whom the Pelasgi consecrated the grove of Dodo'na, in Epi'rus, had a  they must have derived their origin from different sources. They maintain,
variety of attributes, and was called the father of gods and men. Some have  for instance, that the Negro could not have descended from the same ancestors
supposed that he was an Asiatic monarch possessed of very extended dominions  as the Caucasian, and they support their arguments by the assertion, that no
and great abilities, who, after death, was deified, or honored as a god. The  length of residence in Africa will convert a Caucasian into a Negro, pointing
seat of his empire has been laid in a varietyof places; but all is the most vague  to the Egyptians, Copts, Mamelukes, Moors, and other nations which have
surmise. The Zeus or Jupiter of the more modern Greek theogony (or "gene-  resided there for centuries, as proofs. On the other hand, the advocates of the
ration of the Gods," which owes its consistency to He'siod, who reduced it to a  unity of the origin of mankind support their views by reference to the Bible,
system) will be more particularly mentioned in the next division of this work-   and by attributing to climate and other influences operating during very long
the earliest historical period - where a succinct account of the Greek mythology  periods of time, all the varieties which we meet with in the human race. It is
is given. The Cabiri (a Hebrew word signifying "to be great") were mystic  not within the scope of this work to discuss the subject, but it is here mentioned
divinities, whose character, attributes, and office are uncertain. Their number  by way of suggesting further inquiry on the part of the student, who ought to
has been variously estimated at from two to eight, and they were worshipped be informed as to the doubts which have been cast upon the commonly received
with peculiar splendor in the island of Samothrace.  It is probable that the  opinions of the origin of mankind, in order that he may satisfy himself by his
name Cabiri (mighty ones) was applied indiscriminately to the powers that  own researches, " prove all things, and hold fast that which is good."  The
presided over the principal operations of Nature. The language of the Pelasgi  valuable works of Prichard and of Blumenbach on the Physiology of Man will
was, probably, related to the Greek, as the two coalesced in all parts of Greece  afford him ample materials for reflection on this grand subject, which is one
with facility; but we possess no certain knowledge of it, nor of the habits and  of the most interesting that can occupy his attention. Some have feared that
civilization of that people. There are in Greece remains of architecture, such  such researches militate against the doctrines of Christianity. We think, howas the tomb of A'treus at Myceneen, which are said to be Pelasgian, and some  ever, that on investigation it will be found that the great doctrine of human
writers have ascribed a similar origin to the gigantic remains of the Cyclopes,  redemption remains unharmed.  But the student should be careful to read both
but there is not sufficient evidence in support of these opinions. The Le'leges  sides of the question, and avoid being led away by hasty generalizations.
Who was Euannes? - In whose reign did the flood happen? — What tradition do we find  the Jyanian dynasty? — What was the relationship between Kaiomurs and Noah? — What
in China? - What is said of the traditions of the Hindoos? - What of those of Egypt? -  addition has been made to the classification of the races of mankind?- What is said of the
\Vi Wnt is said of the traditions of Greece? - Relate the traditions of Persia?- Who founded  origin of mankind?
(11)




FRO) THE EARLIEST PERIOD
EGYPT.
THE earliest historical personage we meet with in the history of Egypt is  The 5th dynasty reigned at the same time with the 6th. Of the latter it is
MENES, but chronologists are not agreed as to the date of his reign, some placing  recorded that Othoes, the usurper, was slain by his guards, and that a child,
it as far back as 3893 B. C., and 3643 B. C., and others at 2188 B. C., a difference  six years old, named Apap'pus-Phi'ops (or Pepi-me-ri'-ra), probably a descendof 1700 years! The former are, probably, nearer the truth. All we know of  ant of one of the ancient royal families, was placed on the throne of MemMenes is, that he was the first king who united the provinces of Egypt under  phis. His reign was a very long and peaceful one, and is said to have lasted
one crown; but they had previously existed for a long period as independent  "one hundred years all but one hour."  He was a zealous patron of the arts
kingdoms, of which Thebes was the principal city; and they were in a flourish-  and sciences.  Numerous monuments remain of him; among others is an
ing and luxurious state. Menes was born at This, a city near Abytdos (the  obelisk without hieroglyphics. Menthno'phis, his grandson, reigned one year,
city of Ositris), whence he is called the founder of the Thinite dynasty. He  when he was murdered by a conspiracy of the Egyptian princes. His wife was
constructed a vast dam, whereby he diverted the course of the Nile and drained  the beautiful and heroic NITOtCRIS, who reigned after him six years. She comthe ground on which he afterwards built the famous city of Mem'phis.  He  pleted and adorned the pyramid of Mencheres, and then invited the murfortified this city with immense walls; whence its name, which signifies "the  derers of her husband to a subterranean banquet; during the feast she turned
wall with battlements."  Ie also conquered a neighbouring nation called the  the waters of the Nile on them by means of a private canal, and drowned them,
Lybians; and he is said to have been torn to pieces by a hippopotamus.    and afterwards destroyed herself. Her fame, as "the rosy-cheeked queen,"
IIis son, Atho'thes I., erected the royal palace at Memphis, which city then  long survived her. The Greek historian, Strabo, attributes the foregoing exploit
became the capital of Upper and Lower Egypt. He is said to have been learned  to a female named Rhodotpis, whom we may identify with Nitocris. HIe relates
in anatomy and medicine.                                                  that, one day, as she was bathing, the wind carried away her sandal, and laid
Athothes II. was the third king of Egypt, but nothing more is known of him.  it at the feet of the king, who was sitting in the Court of Justice in the open
IIis successor, Miaba'es, built the Pyramids of Kokome, now in ruins and  air. His curiosity being excited by the singularity of the event, and by the
undistinguishable.  Semem'pses, the next monarch, was the last of the dynasty.  elegance of the sandal, he could not rest until he had discovered the fair owner
A severe pestilence afflicted the country in his time. On his death Egypt was  of it, and made her his queen. In this narrative we may recognize the origin
divided into Upper and Lower; and was governed by two different dynasties of  of the well-known story of Cinderella and the little glass slipper.
kings, during a period of 224 years. Of the dynasty (the 3d) which reigned at    On the death of Nitocris, Egypt was split up into several small kingdoms,
Memphis, we have records of the following monarchs:-SESOS/TRIS or SESOR-  five dynasties of kings reigning at the same time. This was a period of conCIE/RERS the Great, who is said to have been nearly nine feet high, and is  fusion and decay. Of the 7th dynasty, there were seventy kings or chiefs who
called the Patriarch of the Memphite dynasty; Toi/chros, or A'ses Tekte'ra,  reigned seventy days, probably forming a council. The 8th dynasty consisted
to whom the Lybians submitted; Sesorto-sis; Ma'res; SESORCHERRES II., his son,  of twenty-eight Memphite kings. Of the other three dynasties, the 9th, 10th,
the great lawgiver, in whose reign considerable progress was made in medi- and 11th, little is known.
cine, astronomy, geometry, architecture, and the art of writing; An-Soy/phis    Achtho/es, the first of the 9th dynasty, was an atrocious tyrant. He became
(Sa'sychis, or Kau'ra), who built the brick pyramid of D.shoor (the only one  mad, and is said to have been destroyed by a crocodile.
which was built of brick), and which became his tomb; Si'rios (or Sahu'ra)    Bunsen gives the following list of kings, which brings us down to the time of
whose tomb is in the Northern Pyramid of Abouseer, in the field of Pyramids  A'menem/he I., the founder of the 12th dynasty.
at Ghizeh; Chnu'bos-Gneu'ros (or Har'karu); Raso'sis; and Biy'res.
A  cotemporary dynasty reigned at Thebes, whose names are given by             Amyrtaios   reigned..........,... 22years.
Mane/tho, the Egyptian historian; but as his record contains but little other     Tosimares............. 12  "
Enentofina'os...............    8 "
information, it is needless to cite from it. The student is referred to the works  Enentofinatos..............
Semphu'crates   ".......18"
of Bunsen and others for further information on the subject. - The differences     ep s..............'                ~Mentu'phis   "c........  
between the accounts of Manetho, Eratos/thenes, Syncellus, Euse'bius, Hero'-      MenHres       "                                    12"
dotus, and other historians, are very great. We hasten on to more authentic      To'mac-phtha "..............  11 
history. It is probable that many of the dynasties reigned at the same time       Soiku'nis     ".............. 60  "
over different portions of Egypt. We have adopted the lines of kings selected    Pete-Athy'res   ".............. 16  "
by Eratosthenes and confirmed by Bunsen, as the chain of our history.
The 4th dynasty, under CHE/ops and his brother Ceph'ren, re-united the pro-    It has been assumed that the birth of -Abraham occurred in the reign of
vinces of Upper and Lower Egypt on the extinction of the house of Menes.  Soikunis, B. C. 2153 years, but great confusion prevails in the chronology of
Cheops was an impious and cruel king, and forced his people to build the second  this period.
largest pyramid, as Cephren did the largest.  The brothers ruled for some    The ancient Egyptians had no written language.  They commemorated
time conjointly, and some time with Sha/fra, the son of Cheops. The building  public events by painting or carving hieroglyphics, or emblematical figures on
of the Pyramids cost the lives of upwards of 100,000 men, and caused great  their temples, obelisks, and other monuments, the deciphering of which, in
suffering, until Mench6res  (Men-ke-u'ra, or Myceri'nus) abolished this com-  recent times, has let in a flood of light upon the ancient history of the country.
pulsory labor. The latter is remembered as a good and humane king. He  To Champollion, a French savant, who lived at the beginning of the present
built the third Pyramid of Ghizeh, which is cased with red granite half way up.  century, is mainly due the honor of discovering the mode of interpreting these
And he restored the national religious ceremonies which had been abolished inscriptions. The student will find a concise account of this discovery, and of
by Cheops. It is remarkable that no traces have been found of Cheops and  the nature of hieroglyphics (a word compounded of two Greek words, teron
Cephren, who sacrificed thousands to build themselves an immortal tomb; while  (holy) and gluphein (to carve) in a very beautifully illustrated work on the
the remains of Mencheres reposed quietly in their resting place for thousands  Rosetta stone, recently published by Messrs. Hale, Jones, and Morton of the
of years, until recently removed to the British Museum in London, where  University of Pennsylvania.  In process of time the Demotic (or common)
they now are. He was succeeded by Menche'res II., and the latter by Pam'-  alphabet was brought into use among the people, about the middle of the 7th
mes (Pa Amun, Tham'pthis, or Amo'sis), a grandson of Cheops in the female  century, B. C. And after the conquest of the country by the Greeks, the lanline —and a ferocious king who was dethroned by Otho'es, or Aktisa/nes, guage underwent further modifications until it became what was called the
an 2Ethiopian, the founder of the 9th dynasty. After the death of the latter Coptic, a name derived from Coptos, a great city of Egypt, and implying descent
the Empire was broken up and divided, and was not re-united until nearly 300  from the ancient people of the land. This was the language spoken by the
years afterwards. Under this dynasty the arts reached their zenith in Egypt.  natives in the time of the Ptolemies.
What is said of the reign of Menes in Egypt? - Where was he born?- What dynasty  of the circumstances attending their erection? — What is said of the beautiful and heroic
did he found?-~Who erected the palace at Memphis? - At the close of what reign  was Queen Nitocris?- What took place at the death of Nitoris?-TWho was the founder of
Egypt divided into Upper and Lower?-Give an account of the different dynasties and  the 12th dynasty? -w What are hieroglyphics? - Who discovered the mode of deciphering
their kings?- What is said of the 4th dynasty?- Give the account of the pyramids, and  themn? - When did the Demotic and Coptic dialects arise?
(12)




SYRIA.                                                                     INDIA.
TRADITION says that Noah, after many years' sojourn among his descend-    THE origin of the Hindoos, like that of every other ancient nation, is buried
ants, grew weary of their iniquities, and, having prophesied their destiny  in obscurity. That they are not the original inhabitants of India is certain;
(Gen. ix. 25-27), he went eastward towards China, where he settled and died.  but at what period they subdued the country, and whence they came, are
Notice is taken of this tradition in the column devoted to the history of that  matters of conjecture. Sir William Jones, the great Oriental scholar, places
country.                                                                  their advent so far back as 3800 years before the Christian era. It is generally
The descendants of his eldest son, Ja'pheth (whose name signifies " enlarge-  believed that they were Arians, and came froni the West and North of the
ment") settled in "the isles of the Gentiles," or the maritime countries of  Hitmalatya mountains, bringing with them  the religion of BRAHMA.  The
Western Asia and Eastern Europe.                                          Bheels, the Khonds, the Puharrees, and other native tribes, were driven into
The descendants of Ham, the youngest son, mostly settled in Canaa;n and  the mountains, or reduced into hopeless servitude, in which condition they
the neighboring parts; and if by the word "Cush" we may understand the  exist at the present day. The Patriahs, or degraded outcasts of India, are the
sea coast of Arabia, they probably settled there, and thence crossed into Africa.  descendants of the aborigines. Their ancient government was patriarchal, and
One of the sons of Ham was named Canaan, upon whom a curse was pro-  they still claim to be the proprietors of the land. They are treated with great
nounced by the Lord, ordaining that the posterity of Ham, through that son,  cruelty, not being allowed to live in towns, or adopt any permanent residence,
should be servants to the posterity of Shem and Japheth (Gen. ix. 25-27);  or to hold intercourse with any but themselves.
whence it has been supposed that Ham was the ancestor of the dark colored    The Persians-gave the country the name of Hindoosta'n, or country of the
races; but this is not stated in Scripture.                               Hindoos, but the Hindoos themselves called it, in ancient times, Bharata, and
The descendants of Shem, the second and favored son of Noah, settled chiefly  sometimes Pu'nya-Bhnim, or the land of virtues.  The Greeks gave it the
in Me'sopota'mia, and through two of them, Arpha-xad and He'ber, in the  name of India, from the Persian.
direct line, came Abraham, in whom all the families of the earth were to be    The Hindoos were divided into four tribes: 1, the Brahmins, or priests;
blessed.                                                                  2, the Cshatri-ya, or Ketterees, soldiers; 3, the Bhy'se, o: farmers and traders;
The patriarchs, descendants of Arphaxad in the direct line, dwelt in Ur of  4, the Su-dra, or mechanics, servants, and laborers. The ancient and sacred
the Chaldees, until the days of Te'rah, the father of Abraham. In the days  language was the Sanscrit; in this their Shasters or holy books are written;
of Nahor, the father of Terah (B. C. 2363-2283), there lived in the land of Uz  but only the learned can now understand it.  The Shasters contain their
a wealthy man named Job, whose sufferings and piety form the subject of one  religion and philosophy, and are divided into four Vedas, (a word signifying
of the most ancient poems extant, viz: The Book of Job (or "enduring  science,) containing 100,000 stanzas of four lines each.
enmity," as the name signifies), which beautiful work has been for ages    Arrian's account of the Hindoos, written for Alexander the Great, proves
celebrated throughout the East, and now forms one of the books of the Old  that they have undergone no change for centuries, and they were in his time
Testament.                                                                considered a people of the remotest antiquity. In the early ages their civilizaThe line of-the patriarchs who dwelt in Ur of the Chaldees ends with Terah,  tion was in advance of other nations. Women were not condemned to live in
the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran. The birth of Abram is placed by  seclusion, as is now the case, nor were they treated as inferiors: they could
Hales in the year B. C. 2153, and by Usher (the common chronology), B. C.  hold property, and the fortune which a woman brought to her husband was
1990.                                                                     inherited by her daughters. The laws of Menu provide for their guardianship
After the birth of Abram, Terah removed with his family to Haran, where  by the State, and widows are allowed to marry. It was not until a much later
he died. Abram remained there until he was seventy-five years old, when he  period that the dreadful practice of suttee, or burning the wife on the death of
left Haran and went into Ca'naan (B. C. 2078), which was then in subjection  her husband, came into vogue. It is said to have originated in the fact that
to Chedorla'omer, king of Elam (or Persia), one of those kings who became  husband-murder at one time grew common, and in order to deter the women
masters of portions of the old Assyrian empire.  There he acquired great  from committing such a crime, a law was made that they should die with their
wealth, and appears to have become a personage of very great influence,  husbands.
venerated for his probity and wisdom.  But there came a famine in the    The religion of the H'indoos is that of Brahminism, and admits of no proseland, and Abram  removed into Egypt, then in its most flourishing state  lytes. For this reason it has remained fixed for countless ages. It inculcates
under the kings of the 12th dynasty. Here the " Pharaoh" or king (probably  the worship of one Supreme Being, under the name of Brahma. This Being
Sesortcheres), became  enamored of Sara'i, Abram's wife, which occasioned  consists of a triple divinity, expressed by the mystic term Om, and distinguished
his (Abram's) expulsion from the country: he thereupon returned to Canaan.  by the names of Vishnu, Brama, and Siva, which represent the creating, the
Soon after this event the native princes of Syria rebelled against Chedorlaomer.  preserving, and the destroying power of the Almighty. It teaches that Vishnu
That monarch, with his allies, suppressed the rebellion, and, at the same time,  has undergone several incarnations upon earth; also that the human soul
carried off Abram's nephew, Lot, and his cattle (B. C. 2070); whereupon Abram   after death transmigrates into animals. The Hindoos have a number of inferior
armed his retainers and rescued Lot (see Genesis xiv.).                   deities, and their religion contains a vast number of absurdities, together with
When Abram was eighty-six years old (B.C. 2067), his son Ishmael was  many beautiful tenets.
born; and in his one hundredth year was his son Isaac born (B. C. 2053). A  On the conquest of India, the Hindoos established townships, or village comfew months previously So'dom and Gomor'rah had been destroyed, and the  munities, which exist at the present day. They also established a system of
Dead Sea formed.                                                          tenure of land, which has been equally stable. They made slaves of the original
The account above given refers solely to the' line of patriarchs destined to be  inhabitants. The government of the latter was patriarchal, while the civil
the progenitors of the Israelites.  But the land of Syria itself was peopled by a  institutions of the Hindoos were municipal in their character.
variety of nations or tribes, sunk in the grossest idolatry and vice. They    The peninsula was portioned out by the conquerors into different States or
worshipped and offered up human sacrifices to a deity named Moloch. Those who  kingdoms. RA"MA, their most celebrated hero, founded the kingdom of Oude,
inhabited the sea coasts became skilful navigators, and world-renowned in after  and carried his arms as far as Tapro'bane, or Ceylon. CRISII/NA, almost as
ages under the name of Phoenicians. The names of the A'morites, Pe'rizzites,  famous, was the first king of Magad'ha. Both Rama and Crishna are worshipped
Jebusites, Hittites, Hi'vites, Amal'ekites, are familiar to every reader of Scrip-  as two of the several forms of Vishnu, and the two great epic poems of Raimature as those of the inhabitants of that portion of Syria which was called  ya'na and Ma'habharat, which, together with the sacred books, constitute the
Canaan. The northern portion of Syria was in subjection to the Assyrians,  chief authorities for the ancient history of India, celebrate the warlike exploits of
and the southern owned the sway of Egypt for a time. The two great empires  those renowned heroes of antiquity. Many wonderful tales are told of Rama, and
of Assyria and Egypt made Syria their battle ground for many centuries.  I his name twice repeated is the ordinary salutation among all classes of Hindoos.
Give an account of Noah and his descendants?- What is said of Job? —Name Abra-   What is said of the origin of the Hindoos? —Of the natives?- Of  the Pariahs?
ham's father and the period of his birth? —A~t what time did he go to Canaan? —And  — Who  gave the name of the country Hindoostan? —What is the religion of the Hinto Egypt? - Whom did he rescue from the Persians?_Wlrhat is said of the other inhabit-  doos?- What did the Hindoos establish after the conquest of India? -- Vho were Rama
ants of Syria?                                                           and Crishna?
(13)




CHALDMEA, BABYLONIA, AND ASSYRIA.                                                                         PERSIA.
THE dwelling of the sons of Shem was "from Mesha, as thou goest unto    IN that region, named Balkh, lying north of the -indoo Koosh Mountains,
Sephar, a mount of the East," but these nomad'ic tribes extended themselves over  existed an empire which extended over those countries now called Caubul,
a large portion of Asia. It is probable that the seat of the patriarchal govern-  Khorassan, Persia, and Northern India. It probably was identical with that
mert of such families and tribes as remained faithful to the ancient worship of  ancient Assyrian Empire which  existed in the most remote period. It was
THE ONE GoD, was " Ur of the Chaldees;" and here dwelt in succession the  peopled by the A/rians, a vast nomadic tribe occupying the region of Artadescendants of Arphaxad whose name occurs third in the list of the sons of  coatna (now Herat), who were the occupiers and subjugators of Persia and
Shem (Gen. x. 22), for seven generations, until the days of Terah, the father  India. The name given to this empire by its inhabitants was Iran: —the
of Abraham.                                                                   name " Persia," given to it in the Bible, and by Greek and Roman writers, is
Meanwhile there were springing up around them nations given to idolatry  derived from Fars, or Phars, one of its provifces.
and impiety, which rejected the patriarchal authority. Of these, the chief was    The first dawn of the authentic history of this country commences with the celethat ruled over by the founder of Bab/ylon and Nin-eveh, the famous NIVNus,   brated chieftain, KAItOMURS (or Kai Amurath), who, on the dissolution of the
or BEL, of Eastern history, surnamed NIMROD (or, the rebel), who founded his  empire founded by Nimrod, B. C. 2190, established an independent kingdom
empire on the banks of the Euphrates. There, on the plains of Shinar, cor-  at Balkh (said by Asiatics to be the most ancient city in the world). He
menced the erection of the tower of Babel (intended probably for astronomical  became the founder of the dynasty of Persian kings, known as the "Paishdapurposes as well as a rallying. point and watch tower), so celebrated in the tra-  dians" (or, distributers of justice). In his time, ZZRDOOSn~ (or ZOROASTER),
ditions of the East. Around this tower grew up the city of Babylon; but it  said to have been king of Bactria, taught a pure and simple religion (subsedwindled to a small town during the 1000 years which elapsed between the  quently styled the Magian, from the Persian word mag, a priest), ix opposition
first and second Assyrian Empires. The great city, so often spoken of in later  to the prevailing idolatrous worship of the sun, moon, and stars; but he was
times by the prophets, was almost entirely rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar, accord-  not the author of this religion; he himself attributed it to Kaiomurs, whence
ing to the expression attributed to him: "IIs not this great Babylon that I have  his followers were called Kai-omursians. Zoroaster taught that God existed
built for the house of the kingdom, by the might of my power, and for the honor  from all eternity:  that the universe was governed by two principles, Hormuzd,
of my majesty?"  (Daniel iv. 30.) It was adorned with splendid edifices by  the agent of good, and Ahriman, the agent of evil: that each had a creative
Semi/ramis and Nito'cris.                                                     power, and owing to their actions upon all things, there was a mixture of good
The memory of Nimrod has been preserved in the poems and traditions of  and evil in all: but Hormuzd, being alone eternal, must ultimately prevail.
the East. He was worshipped in after ages as the God, Bel, and deified by the  He decreed the public worship of fire as the emblem of God. The Persians,
Greeks under the name of Ori-on. His death is placed by Dr. Hales in the  however, before the time of Zoroaster, reverenced fire as one of the elements,
year B. C. 2456.                                                              though we do not find that they preserved it in temples, or worshipped it.
Of his successors, we know but little more than their names, and the periods  Zoroaster also appointed the public reading of his great work, the Zend-a-vesta
during which they are said to have reigned. Adopting the dates given by  (or living word). It should be stated that there is more than one Zoroaster in
Dr. Hales, we have                                                            history, and that great difficulties attend the fixing of the exact period of the
B. C.     great author of the Magian religion. After a reign of thirty years, Kaiomurs
Evechalus, or Cboslma Bellus, who began his reign........ 2456   was succeeded by his grandson, Hooshung, B. C. 2160.
Porus......................... 2448                 Hooshung was distinguished for justice and wisdom, and is said to have inNecbhubus.......................                              2413
vented many useful arts. He was the first who constructed aqueducts in Persia,
Albius........................   2370
~Intherein o ths pinc isplaed he arringoffof ob' caelsbyand he built the city of Susa. He was also the author of a work on 11 Eternal
[In the reign of this prince is placed the carrying off of Job's camels by
the Chaldeans (Job i. 17), B. C. 2337. Job himself at this time inhabited  Wisdom."  His son, Taehamurs, succeeded him, and extended his empire by
the land of Uz, probably the north of Arabia.]                        conquests in the East. Tahamurs was an illiterate man, as he learned to read
0nibal'lus.........................  2322                             and write from some of the prisoners taken by him in his wars.   During his
Zinzi'rus (whose reign lasted until B. C. 2237)...          2282      reign, which is placed between the years B. C. 2070 and 2040, the worship
of images came into use in Persia. He was succeeded by his nephew, the
After this, the first Assyrian empire, founded by Nimrod, fell to pieces,  famous GIAMSCRID" (or Jemsheed), the founder of Istakhar,, or Perse-polis,
and was divided among various chieftains, who probably predominated over  and the lawgiver of Persia. He divided his subjects into four classes: 1, the
each other according to their valor or abilities. A period of a thousand years  priests and learned men; 2, writers and keepers of records; 3, soldiers;
elapsed before the second Ninus, of Assyrian history, re-united the various  4, artificers, husbandmen, and tradesmen. ITe also introduced the solar year,
provinces of the ancient empire under one sceptre. In the year B. C. 2233, the  and ordered the first day of it, when the sun entered Aries, to be celebrated by
Chaldveans commenced a series of astronomical observations which were recorded  a splendid festival. The early part of the reign of this prince was very prosfor many centuries, and were sent by Callisqthenes to Aristot/ie 1900 years  perous, but at length his prosperity affected his mind. He fancied himself a
afterwards.                                                                   God, and -endeavored to compel his subjects to worship him, which so excited
During these thousand years, the countries which, formerly constituted the  their disgust that they rebelled, and called in the Aramoean prince, ZoRAi~,
old empire became independent kingdoms. Kaiomurs, or Kai-A/murath, made  when Giamschid was dethroned and expelled, and the dynasty of Kaiomurs
himself master of the greatest part of Persia, Bactria, Khorassan, and the  came to an end, B. C. 2010. There are various accounts of Zohak; the Persian
eastern portion, and transmitted it to his successors; while in the western por-  annalists have indulged in a variety of fables concerning him —so much so,
tion we read of Am-raphel, King of Shinar (Mesopota/mia), and Chedorla/omer,  indeed, that his whole history has by some authors been deemed a myth.. He
King of Elam (Persia). (See Gen. xiv.) In the year B. C. 2082, these kings,  is represented as having been a ferocious cannibal, and his name is even yet
with their allies, subdued the land of Canaan.: Twelve years afterward (2070),  held in execration. His agents pursued the unfortunate Giamschid through
they suppressed a rebellion there, on which occasion they encountered Abraham,  India and China until they arrested him, when the dethroned prince was placed
and were defeated by him.                                                    between two boards, and sawn asunder with the bone of a fish.  The career of
The languages spoken by the Assyrians and the Babylonians were not iden-  Zohak was brought to an end by the patriotism of a blacksmith of Isfahan,
tical, but were sufficiently alike to prove that they were derived from an origin  named KAWAH, who roused the people to revolt, and expel the tyrant. A period
common to them, and to the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac languages. They  of very great obscurity in the history of Persia here begins.  The same events
are all termed Semi/tic, from having been spoken by the descendants of Shem.  are recorded as having occurred in the 8th century B. (l.
WTho dwelt in ~Ur? —WTho was the founder of Babylon and lNineveh? —Who was wor- What was identical with the ancient Assyrian Empire? —WTho were the Arians? —Whence
shipped as the God Bel, and deified by the Greeks under the/ name of Orion? — W~hen did comes the name Persia? —Who was the founder of the Paishdadian dynasty? —Who was
the first Assyrian empire, founded by Nimrod, fall to pieces?-Who made himself master Zoroaster? —What did he teach? —Who built the city of Susa? - Of what work ~was he the
of the greatest part of Persia? —When did the battl~e of the four kings against five, recorded  author? —What  is said of his successor? -Of Giamschid? — Of Zohakl?-Who was
in Gen. xiv., take place? —What is said of the languages of the Assyrians and Babylonians?  Kawah?
(14)




CHINA.                                                                  GREECE.
THERE is little doubt that China was peopled by Turanian (or Tartar) tribes.    OF theaboriginal inhabitants of this small but illustrious country, we have
According to tradition, the founders' of the State, one hundred families in  no certain information. We have already mentioned the Cyclotpes who inhabnumber, descended from the mountains of Kul-cum, on the lake of Khu-khu-nor, ited Lecto'nia, and were afterwards met with in Sicily. Fables describe them
north-west of China, and settled in the provinces of Chen-see, Le-ong, and  as giants and cannibals, having only one eye, placed in the middle of the foreHEo-nan. It is said that these emigrants were Noah and his friends, who fled  head. The Pelasgic race succeeded the Cyclopean. The Pelasgians emigrated
from the rebellion and idolatry of his descendants to this remote region.  from Asia Minor into Thessaly, whence they spread over Greece and Italy.
Some suppose FO-HI, the first emperor of China, to be identical with Noah.  According to some historians, this migration took place 1883 years before the
Chinese historians relate that Fo-hi fixed his residence atHwa-seu, in Chen-see,  Christian Era; the date of it is, however, uncertain. From Pelasgus, the
and founded the city of Chin-too, in Ho-nan. This corresponds with the tradi-  mythical ancestor or chief of the Pelasgi, Greece was called Pelas/gia. The
tion above mentioned. He was a beneficent ruler, introducing many excellent  Cyclopes and Pelasgi have been mentioned in the Ante-Historical Period.
laws and institutions, and died generally regretted.                         As the history and manners of the ancient Greeks and Romans would be but
His successor, Shin-nung (or, the divine husbandman), taught agriculture  imperfectly understood without a knowledge of their mythology, a short sketch
and medicine, and established fairs for the convenience of trade. IIe is said  of it is here given.
to have reigned 140 years, and was succeeded by Hwang-te (the yellow empe-    A Myth is a legend or fable, embodying, under the form of the actions of a
ror), who followed the course of his predecessors in improving his country. deity or hero, some philosophical truth or religious doctrine. Mythology is the
His grave, as well as that of his son and successor, Shaou-H1aou, an inglorious  study of the whole body or system of these myths. The earliest myths emand negligent prince, is shown to this day.                               bodied crude ideas of the origin of nature and of theworld. Thus, Cha'os (or
CHUEN-HUEH, who succeeded him, was a beloved and revered prince, and, in  confusion) is represented as the oldest of the gods. From him came Ge, or
his time, the empire is said to have been as extensive as it is at the present day.  Tithera (the earth), Ha-des (hell), Eros (love), E/rebus (darkness), Nux (night).
Chinese historians notice that a remarkable conjunction of five of the planets  From the two latter came He'mera (day) and Phos (light). From Tithea came
took place in his reign.                                                  Outranos, or Uralnus (heaven), and Thalastsa (the sea); and from Uranus and
Te-kuh, his son, established schools, but introduced polygamy. Te-kuh's  Tithea came Ocetanus (meaning thereby all the waters and moisture in the
eldest son, Te-che, was a vicious prince, who was dethroned by the nobility,  world). Here we have a system of cosmogony (or creation of the world,) which
and his brother, YAoU, the most celebrated of all the Chinese emperors, was  is easily understood, if the student will remember that the principles here precalled to the throne in the year B. C. 2357.                              figured under the name of Chaos, Eros, Uranus, Tithea, and so on, are supposed
Yaou is described as the most perfect of men, who diffiused happiness wherever  to have the power of generating others. Thus we next find Uranus uniting
he went. lie commenced his reign by regulating the astronomicalyear. In  with Tithea, that is to say, Heaven acting upon the Earth; and from this union
his time, China was devastated by a fearful deluge, which nearly destroyed the  spring the Titans (other powers of Nature). The Titans, properly so called,
country, but one of the principal historians of China, Ming-tsze, says that this  were twelve in number, but there were many other mythological personages to
deluge happened long before, and had not quite subsided in the time of Yaou.  whom the name of Titan was given. The twelve Titans, six males and six
This emperor associated with him  in the government a man of the people,  females (thus symbolizing the equal influence of the male and female principles
named Shun, renowned for his piety. He was a husbandman and fisherman,  in the production of the elements, and the inhabitants of the world,) were —
yet displayed great genius in draining marshes and cutting canals. Yaou is
said to have reigned 120 years, and died B. C. 2238, leaving his kingdom to    1. Oceeanus: the god of the water which was believed to surround the earth,
SHUN, whose wise sayings are recorded in the ancient Chinese book called " the           and to be the source of all rivers and streams. He is repreShoo-king."  Having founded a hospital for the aged, Shun died B. C. 2208, at            sented as the husband of Te/thys, and the father of all riverMing-teaou, and was succeeded by Yu, the founder of the HEA dynasty, which               gods and water-nymphs. The Greeks regarded the earth as a
ruled China for 540 years. This last was an excellent prince, and was called            flat circle encompassed by a river, which river was Oceanus.
" Ta" (the great). He died B. C. 2198, and was succeeded by his son, Te-ke,               Out of and into this river, the stars were supposed to rise and
who died B. C. 2188. Tae-kang, who succeeded, was dethroned for his cruelty,             set, and on its banks were the abodes of the dead.
and Chung-kang was placed on the throne B. C. 2159.                          2. C(eus.
Chung-kang loved his people, and was anxious to improve their condition.    3. Crius.
IIe invited them to observe the defects of the government, and to suggest im-    4. IIype'rion: married to Thia, and the father of Heqlios (the sun), Sele'ne
provements, but died before he could effect much. Te-seang (B. C. 2146), his              (the moon), and Eos (the dawn).  Thus, he represents the
son, was a humane but weak emperor, and was dethroned and killed by Keaou                principle which produces light.
and Han-tsuh, B. C. 2119, who massacred his adherents. The empress, hoW-    5. Jape'tus: married to Asia, the daughter of Oceanus, and the father of
ever, escaped with her infant son, Shaou-kang, whom she sent away into the               Atlas (the mountain, or power which keeps heaven and earth
mountains, where he remained until she procured him a situation as kitchen-              asunder), Prome'theus (or forethought), Epime'theus (or afterboy in the palace of the Governor of Yu. Here his birth was discovered; he               thought), and Mence/tius.
was therefore sent to the desert country of Lo-fun, where his virtues and abili-   6. Cro'nus: the representative of Time, and identical with Saturn. IIe marties gained him the affection and respect of the neighborhood, and attracted the         ried Rhea, and became the father of Hestia, Deme'ter, IIe-ra,
attention of the surrounding Governors. The latter formed a party to restore             Haedes, PoseitdHn, and Zeus. Of these, more will be said
him to the throne, whilst the empress interested many nobles of the Court in             presently.
his behalf. Combining their respective forces, they defeated and dethroned the    7. Thia: married to Hyperion.
usurpers, and placed Shaou-kang on the throne. He reigned peacefully 22    8. Rhea: married to Cronus.
years, and died in the year B. C. 2037. He was succeeded by Te-choo, an ex-    9. Themis: (the personification of Order), married to Zeus, and mother of
cellent prince, who labored to reform the abuses which had arisen during the            the Ho'rve (hours), Euno'mia (good laws), Dice (justice), Ire'ne
usurpation of Keaou and Han-tsuh; but his efforts were vain, and the nation             (peace), and the Moeroe (shares or fates).
continued to degenerate. During the reigns of his successors, Te-hwae and    10. Mnemolsyne: (the personification of Memory), the wife of Zeus, and
Te-mang, nothing worthy of notice occurred. The same may be said of a large                  the mother of the Nine Muses.
portion of Chinese history.. The monotony of the annals and the names render    11. Phoebe: wife of Coeus, and mother of Aste'ria and Leto (or Latona).
it one very difficult to remember.                                          12. Tethys: wife of Oceanus, and mother of the Ocea'nides (river-gods).
Who peopled China? —Whom do some suppose Fo-hi to be? —Relate what the Chinese    Who were the Cyclopes? —What race succeeded them? - What is a Myth, and the study
historians say of him and his successor. —Who established schools and introduced polygamy?  of Mythology?- Mention the earliest myths embodied. —Give examples.-What is said of
— What is said of Yaou and of Shun? —Who was the founder of the Hea dynasty? —Relate  Oceanus? —What did the Greeks suppose the earth to be? —What is said of Hyperion?what is said of the succeeding Emperors of China.                        j Of Japetus?- Cromus?- Thia?- Rhea?- Themis, etc.                     |
( 15)




GREE CE.
In this manner, the elements of matter and the attributes of mind are deduced Olympus. Here we have a personification of the contest between the supreme
from the union of Heaven and Earth. We now come to a more detailed appor-  power of -heaven (aided by those fertilizing principles which Time had for a
tionment of these principles among the offspring of the Titans, and human  while impaired) and Time itself (aided by the destructive principles. of brute
beings make their appearance. Discord breaks out among the Elements.          force and violence). The contest lasts ten years, and the Titans are overcome
Uranus is the father of many children beside the Titans. By his wife, Goea,  and hurled down to Tartarus. Heaven and order are triumphant, and the world
(the earth), he- has the three Cyclopes (i. e., round-eyed beings) Brontes, Ste —  is subjected to a new system of government. Jupiter becomes inonarch of the
ropes, and Ar,'ges,; and the He-eatonchei/res (or hundred handed), Cott/us,  Universe. He divides his kingdom with his two brothers, Pluto and Neptune,
Bria,'reus, and Gy-ges.  These represent different elements of'brute force and  giving to the one the dominion of the world of shadows, or Hades, and to the
violence. Uranus, detesting these Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires, throws them   other that of the sea, retaining to himself that of Heaven, while all three
into Tar/tarus, or place of wicked spirits. Goea, indignant at this, persuades  possess eq~ual influence on earth, or rather, the world is a field -of operations
the Titans to rebel against him (that is, the Earth raises up spirits antagonistic  common to all..Thus the allegory represents the world as acted upon equally
to Heaven). Armed with an adamantine sickle, Cronus (Saturn) mutilates  by Earth, Air, and Water. Jupiter then becomes the parent of many children.
Uranus and throws his members' into the sea. Thence spring up the three  By Metis (prudence) he has Minerva (the goddess of wisdom), said to have
Eri,'nyes, or Eume/nides, (avenging deities), Tisi/phone, Alec'to, and Megoe/ra, been concealed ~in his head. By Them/is (order) he has the Horoe (seasons),
who pronounce curses on men, and torment them with remorse. From the  Thallo and Carpo, or, according to some, Eunomia, Dice, and Irene, and the
same source spring the Gigan'tes (giants); the Melian nymphs, who nursed Zeus  Mcerea (fates), Clotho, Lach-esis, and At/ropos, who  spin the thread of life. The
(Jupiter); and Aphrodi-te (Venus) who rose out of the foam of the sea. That is, latter cuts it when the life of the being is to e'nd. They are the fates who allot
the operabtion of Time (Saturn) on the visible universe brought forth those  to man the duration of life. By Eury'nome (wide-spread law) he has the three
principles which produce gigantic forms, prone to violence, bu t capable of  Graces, Euphro/syne, Aglai-a, and Thali'a. By Ceres (corn) he has Perseph/one,
remorse, and also of the perception of beauty and love. The Titans then depose'  or Proserlpina (the mysterious fertilizing power of the earth), afterwards carUranus, liberate the Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires, and raise Saturn to the  ried off by and married to Pluto. By Mnemos/yne (memory) come the nine Muses,
throne. Saturn (or Time) then devours, his children, Hestiac, Demeter, Hera,  said to have been born at Pieria, near Mount Olympus. These muses are:Hades, and Poseidiin, all better known by their Latin names, which are a s
3. Callilope, the -muse of epic poetry.
follows:                                                                                    2. Clio,     it      history.
3. Euter'pe,  it     lyric poetry.,
Greek.           Latin.
4. Me~lpomlene, 11   tragedy.
Hestia....Veeita,.               goddess of fire and heat.                              5  epihoe 1          coa  ac  n  og
Demeter... Ce'res,..                  corn  and plenty.                                              ccl ane ad sng
Hera..  u,"n,.               th  air.lety                                     6. Eralto,            amorous poetry.
Hers....Ju/no,..  "  the air.                                 i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Polybym'nia, L, sacred poetry and music.
Hades3.    Pluto,         god of the lower world- and of all metals                   8. Ura'nia,    c     as tronoomy.
that come out of the earth.                   9. Thalila,           comedy and idyllic poetry.
Poseid6n... Neptu'nus,      cc   "sea.                                  From Jupiter and Latona  (invisible power) come Apollo (the sun) and Diana
To which list we may as well here add the other deieles:                      (the moon). By Juno (the air) he has Mars (war) and Ilithyi-q, (the goddess
Zeus.. Ju-'piter,    king of the gods and of heaven.          of birth). Hephoestus, or Vulcan (fire) springs from JPuno without the co-operaAphrodi-'te. -. Venus,.    goddess of bjeauty andlove.                   tion of Jup~iter.
Athenee, Pallas. Miner/va,              wisdom and war.                      By combining these elements a still more numerous progeny of minor deities
Arltemis... Dialna,.           ((     the moon and chastity.             and demigods is produced: and by bearing in mind the attributes of each, the.
Hephoes,'tus     Vulca/nus,  god of fire and of the mechanical arts.        student will be enabled to explain the allegorical legends of ancient Greece and
He,'/lios...    Apol/lo,.        the sun, music, and poetry.           Rome.
Diony,'sus... %cic/chus,.    99 wine and festivity.                      We have yet to notice the Greek myth of the creation of man, which is conAres             Mars,               war.                                   tained in the legend of Prome-theus.  This mythical personage is said to have
Her/m8' s  ~erou/rios, i      eloqluence, mischief, and wit; also    formed men out of earth and water, to have breathed life into them, and to
the messenger of the gods.          have given them a portion of all the qualities possessed by' animals. Having
H~ebe.,       Juven-tus,.  goddess of youth.                              deceived Jupiter, the latter withheld fire from these mortals, but Prometheus
Pan.. Pan,        ~~~god of forests, pastures, -flocks and shep-    recovered it by stealing it from  heaven in a hollow tube.  For this crime
Pan....  anherds.                                          Jupiter chained him to a rock in Scythia.  Prometheus thus bound de~fied the
conquerer, and~declared it to be the decree of fate that he (Jupiter) should be
Of these there are twelve who are styled the great -gods of Olympus, viz.,  dethroned by his own son. Refusing to' explain the meaning of these words he
1, Jupiter, 2, Neptune, 3, Apollo, 4, Mars, 5, Mercury, 6, Vulcan, 7, Vesta,  was hurled by Jupiter., together'with the rock to which he was fastened, into
8, Ceres, 9, Juno, 10, Minerva,, 11, Venus, 12, Diana. These were sometimes  Tartarus. After a long time he returned to the upper world, but was seizled and
worshipped collectivel, as well as singly and separately. They held their  fastened to Mount Cau-easus, where his liver was continually gnawed by an eagle,
court on Mount Olym-pus, in Macedo/nia, which mountain is now called La~cha;   being renewed as often as devoured. He was ultimately released from his torand there they occupied themselves with the affatirs of the world, and feasted  ments, some say by Jupiter, others by Minerva, others by Chiron, who took his
upon ambrosia and nectar.                                                     place on the rock. In order to pns temral                      11rmteu  a cetd
To resume the allegory. Saturn having-devoured his children (that is, Time  Jupiter caused Vulcan to form Pandora (the all-gifted), the first woman, in
having swallowed up Fire, Corn, Air, Death, and the Sea), their' mother, Rhea   order that by her charms she should bring misery on the human race. The.(the Earth), conceals the birth of Jupiter (the all powerful who was to beebme  gods and goddesses each gave her a gift, or power, whereby to work the ruin of
the conqyueror of Time) in the Dietwean cave in Crete.  When Jupiter is grown  man. Venus gave her beal~y, and -Mercury gave her boldness and cunning.
up, he, with the assistance of Thetis (a marine goddess), gives Saturn a potion  She was then sent as a wife to  Ypime/theus, the brother of Prometheus, bringwhich makes him throw up the children which he had swallowed. United with  ing with her a box containing all the gifts. Her curiosity was so great that
his bret~hren, Jupiter makes war upon Saturn and the ruling Titans.  The  she could not resist opening it; whereupon all the evils incident to humanity
faleistht hs ones wscarid  n n  hssly-  atr  ad  isfaort   purd  uto i, n~f~ha   nl tI  I                    sutdon h  li  ndp  vet h




TO THE 20TH  1ICENTURY B.C. 2000. 
GREECE.
have the finest specimen of the highly poetical manner in which the Greeks  by her son, Cupid (Eros, or sensual love), who is armed with a bow and arrows,
symbolized the origin of Man, and the evils which afflict the world. Prome-  and torches. He has golden wings, and his eyes are covered (signifying that
theus represents divine forethought, which framed mankind with the knowledge  he acts blindly).
that the monarch of heaven (Jupiter) shall be dethroned by his son; that is,    Diana was worshipped under many titles, such as Cynqthia, Phce'be, He'cate,
that man shall be rebellious to his Maker. By Prometheus is also symbolized  etc. She was the protectress of the young of men and beasts, and the guardian
that inventive faculty which enabled man to discover the use of fire, metals,  of chastity and modesty. She is represented as a hunter, armed with bow and
and the various productions of Nature; whereupon he became proud and im-  arrows, and accompanied by her maids, and as the special patron of hunting.
pious, and was sentenced to punishment in Tartarus (Hell). But he is allowed  She slew Ori'on with an arrow, for offending her modesty. For the same reason
to remain on earth, chained to the rock of his earthly nature, with an eagle  she is said to have turned Actawon into a stag, whereupon he was devoured by
(conscience) preying on his liver, until released from his misery by Minerva  his own dogs. She slew the children of Ni'obe, who boasted that she was supe(Divine Wisdom). To Epimetheus (that is, as an afterthought), Pandora, or  rior to Lato'na, and was turned into a stone, which shed tears during the
woman, endowed with all graces and gifts, was sent upon earth, but her curiosity  summer. Diana also fell in love with Endy'mion, a youth whose surprising
leads her to pry into secrets which itwas not desirable for her to know. IHnce   beauty warmed her cold heart as she gazed on him asleep on Mount Latmus, in
all the evils which have befallen the human race. But God permitted IIope to  Ca'ria. She came down and kissed him as he slept, and doomed him to perremain with her, to preserve her and her offspring from despair.            petual sleep, in order that she might kiss him nightly without his knowledge.
Jupiter was worshipped in A.ssyria under the name of Bel, Belus, or Baal:  This fable of Endymion and Diana is the subject of much beautiful poetry and
in Egypt, under that of Ammon, or Amun; and in Rome, under that of Jove.  sculpture, and is allegorical of the beauty which the moon sheds over Nature
He has various surnames and epithets, descriptive of his attributes, and the  while unconscious of her presence.
localities in which he exercised his power. It is probable that in all this there    Vulcan is said to have been the architect of all the palaces in Olympus. lie
is a blending of the exploits of a powerful chief with those recorded of Jupiter.  had a workshop there, and forged' the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The Cyclops
Some authors believe that he was a prince who ruled over a great part of Asia,  were his workmen. IIe also made the armor of Achilles; the necklace of HarEgypt, and Greece. Others identify him with Ninus, King of Assyria. He  mo/nia, the wife of Cadmus, which proved fatal to all who possessed' it; and the
was, in the ancient mythology, as we have seen, the son of Saturn and Rhea.  fire-breathing bulls of AE'etes, King of Colchis. Hle is represented as lame, in
He was the chief of the gods, and was worshipped as the god of rain, storms,  consequence of being thrown down by Jupiter from IHeaven on to the Island of
thunder, and lightning. The Greeks had various traditions about his birth-  Lemnos.   Hie is also said to have been the husband of Venus.
place; by one, it was placed at Mount Lycmus, in Arcadia; by another, at    Minerva was the protectress of agriculture. She invented the plough and
Dodona, in Epirus; by a third, in Crete.                                    the rake, and created the olive. She is the patron of science and art, and has
Neptune was the brother of Jupiter, and god of the sea. His abode was in  various names and surnames. She was the especial deity of Athens, and the
the depth of the ocean near EEgme, in Eubvea (now Negropont). Ile was the  friend of heroes and of skill in war. She carried an Afgis, or shield, made of
creator of the horse, and rode over the waves in a chariot drawn by horses with  a goatskin covered with scales, having in the middle the terrible head of Mebrazen hoofs and golden manes. I-e holds a trident in his hand, and was some-  du/sa, the Gorgon, which turned all beholders to stone.
times accompanied by his wife, Amphitri'te, and by dolphins and sea nymphs.    Apollo was said to be the god who punishes, and who affords help. I-e is the
The winds were under the control of AEolus, each wind being represented by a  god of prophecy, song, and music; of the Sun; of civil polity, and founding of
subordinate deity: - Boreas was the north wind; Notus, or Auster, the south  cities; and the protector of cattle. The famous oracle of Delphi was his.
wind; Eurus, the east wind; and Zephytrus, the west wind.                     Mars derives his name from the Etruscan word Marors. In the Sabine and 
Saturn is also represented as a king of Italy, during whose beneficent reign  Oscan languages he is styled Mamers.  He is the representative of the san" the Golden Age" lasted.  le shared the throne with Janus, who was wor-  guinary spirit of war, delighting in battle for the mere sake of cruelty.
shipped as a god with two heads, and was supposed to preside over the begin-    Mercury is the god of eloquence, prudence, and skill; the inventor of music,
ning of everything. Janus opens the year and the seasons, and, as the porter  astronomy, gymnastics, measures, weights, and many other useful things. IIe
of heaven, is supposed to look two ways; hence his two heads. The month of  was employed by the gods on a variety of occasions to execute their commands,
January derives its name from him.                                          and is represented as their messenger, with golden sandals, and wings on his
Juno has various names, such as Ju'ga, Pro'nuba, Luci'na, etc. She was  ankles. He was also the charioteer and cup-bearer of Jupiter, and had power
supposed to watch over every woman from birth to death, and especially over  to send or take away sleep. Hle also conducted the dead from the upper to the
marriage and childbirth. She is represented as the Queen of Heaven, and the  lower world.
housekeeper and controller of finances. The month of June was sacred to her.    Hebe waited on the gods, and filled their cups with nectar. She was superVesta was the goddess of Home, as well as of Fire. The Pena'tes (or house-  seded in her office by Ga-nymede, the son of Tros and Callir'hoe. HIe was the
hold gods,) were inseparably connected with her. So were the Lares, or spirits  most beautiful of all mortals, and was carried off from Mount Ida by Jupiter
presiding over the hearth and fireside. On family festivals, sacrifices were  to be his cup-bearer.
offered to Vesta; and, in her temple, the sacred fire was kept perpetually burning    Pan (or Faunus) was a sensual being, with horns and goats' feet, sometimes
by virgins devoted to her service, and thence called Vestal Virgins.        dancing, sometimes playing on the shepherd's flute, which he invented. He
Venus was worshipped in Syria under the name of Astarte, and was called  was fond of noise, and frightening people; hence the word "panic," for sudden
Ashtoreth by the Hebrews. She is also styled Cythere a, and was specially  fear. He  was worshipped principally in Arcadia.
worshipped in Cythe'ra and Cyprus. The month of April was sacred to her:    This account of the Grecian mythology would be incomplete without some
so were doves, swans, swallows, and sparrows. She is said to have become  notice of IIades, or the nether world, whither the spirits of the dead were supenamored of Ado'nis, a beautiful youth, the son of Theias, King of Assyria.  posed to go. The entrance to it was through a gate, guarded by Cer'berus, a
Adonis died of a wound received from a boar while hunting, and the grief of  many-headed dog. The departed spirits had to cross the river Styx, which
the goddess was so great that Pluto allowed Adonis to return from the lower  flowed seven times round the lower world. They were ferried over it in a boat
world to spend six months every year upon earth with her.;By this allegory by an old man, named Charon, the son of E/rebus, for which service he was
|of Venus and Adonis, which is so beautifully treated by the poets, it is to be  paid by a piece of money placed in the mouth of the corpse. The dead were
understood that the Sun (represented by Adonis,) passes the summer with the  judged by Minos, Rha/daman'thus, and;E'acus,  and ruled by Pluto, the cruel
productive powers of Nature (Venus), and then returns to the lower world,  king of Hades. This region was divided into Ely'sium, or the Ely/sian Fields,
where he spends the winter (personified by the boar which killed him), to return  where the spirits of the blessed rove — and Tarqtarus, where the wicked undergo
again to the upper world in the spring.  She is usually represented as attended  their punishment.
|What is said of Jupiter? —Neptune? —Amphitrite? —2Eolus and the winds? —Saturn?-    What of Diana? — Orion? —Actseon? —Niobe? —Endymion? —Vulcan? - Minerva? -|
Janus?. —Juno? —Vesta? -What were the Lares and Penates? - The Vestal Virgins? —  Apollo? - Mars? - Mercury? - Who was Hebe? - Ganymede? - Pan? — What is said
Venus and Adonis?                                                          of Hades, and the Elysian Fields?
3                                                                                                                           (17)




THE  20TH CENTURY
SYRIA AND PALEGYPT.                                        E.INDIA.                                                  ASSYRIA.
ESTINEar.
THE reign of Pete-Athy'res terminated the preceding    TWENTY years after the marriage of    TIIE history of In-    BEYOND the mere names of three
dynasty. The old empire was again united under A/me-  Isaao and Rebekah, their sons, Esau  dia during this, as in  kings we have no record of what was
nem/hle I., the founder of the twelfth and most illustrious- and Jacob were born (B. C. 1993).  many of the follow-  passing at this period in this portion
dynasty. After he had reigned eightyears,he associated  And when a famine was in the land,  ing centuries, is a  of the world. Greatobscurityis spread
with him Sesorte'sen I., and reigned eighteen years more,  Isaac went to Abimnelech, king of the  perfect blank. But  over the history of Assyria, as well as
when he vwas murdered by one of his servants.           Philistines at Gerar. There he dwelt,  much  information  over Persia, during this and several
Sesortesen then ruled jointly with Amenemhe II., and  and became rich, and founded the city  respecting its early  succeeding centuries.
it appears from ancient inscriptions that he was a power-  of Beershe'ba.  Soon after this he  religion and litera-    Mr. Clinton fixes the dates of the
ful king and a successful warrior.  His successor was  was called to the burial of his father  ture is to be found  accession of these three kings as folSesortesen II., who associated with him his son, Sesor-  Abraham, who died at the age of 175  in its ancient poems  lows:
tesen III. (the celebrated SESOSTRIS), who is said to have   B. C. 1978. (Gen. xxv. 7.)       and religious compo-                                B. C.
i                and religious compo-  ~~On the death of Aratle,'us   18
subdued, in nine years, all Western Asia, Europe (as far     The marriage of Esau (B. C. 1953),  sitions. Mention has      edea  o   aleus 
as Thrace), and Ethiopia and Nubia, where he erected  with two IIittite women, was a source  been made of the            Xerxes, (or Baleus,)
ascended the throne.
those vast fortifications which have been the wonder of  of grief to Isaac. And the trick played  Vedas. These books    Aante.    1
Armani/tes                 1950
succeeding ages. IHis successor, Amenemhe III. (known  on him by Jacob, in supplanting Esau,  have been translated
Belo-chus.                1912
to the Greeks as Meris), was the builder of those famous  added to his troubles. Jacob was sent  into English by Sir..
works, the Nilometer and the Labyrinth. He also con-  away to his uncle Laban, in Padan  William Jones, Cole-    The earliest writers on Assyrian
structed the lake Mceris, and the dyke and canal system   Aram, in order to escape fromnt the ven-  brooke,  Cary, WVil-  history are Cte/sias and Bero/sus; the
of the Fayoom district, by which the irrigation of the  geance of Esau, and there he married  son, and others, and  former of whom founded his history
country by the Nile was regulated. The pictures still to  his cousins, Leah and Rachel, by whom   prove that the IIin-  upon extracts fromnt Babylonian annals.
be seen in the grottoes of Benihassan attest that, under  and by their handmaids, Bilhah and  doos had  peculiar  But the original works of these authors
this dynasty, Egypt attained to a high degree of civiliza-  Zilpah, he had many children, who be-  aptitude for philo-  have  not come down to our times.
tion, and excelled in the elegant and useful arts.      came the ancestors of the twelve tribes  sophical speculation.  Fragments of them are to be met with
Amenemhe III. associated with him in the kingly office  of Israel.                           The word  Brahme  in the works of Euse/bius, Abyde'nus,
Amenemhe IV. Of his successors, Siphtha and Phruo'ro,                                  B. C.   meanswill,wish, and  Polyhisqtor, and others, who have more
we know nothing, except that the country degenerated   By Leah he had Reuben, born 1915   the propulsive power  or less founded their histories on the
during their reigns. " " Silmeon " 1913   of creation. "What  earlier records of those authors, whose
The last king of the twelfth dynasty was Amun-Timmos,        "     "   Levi       "  1911   is Brahme?" is the  works were extant when they formed
in whose time the weakness of the kingdom offered great       "     "   Judah    "  1910   usual theme of their  their compilations.
temptations to invasion. Accordingly, the shepherd tribes   ByBilhah"   Dan        "  1909   sacred dialogues.-       The religion of the most ancient
of Arabia, combining together, invaded the country, and       "     "   Naphqtali"  1908   " Brahme  is food,  Assyrians is believed to have been pure
took possession of it almost without a battle. These shep- By Zilpah "   Gad       "  1907   mind, and speech."  Sabianism,  or worship of the sun,
herds were termed Hyksos, or shepherd-kings (from the         "     "   Asher    "  1906   It is "that bywhich  moon, and  stars, (a term  derived
Egyptian words, Hyk, a king, and Sos, a shepherd). They   By Leah   "   Iss'achar"  1905   all beings are sup-  from  the Hebrew  word tsaba, " a
were guilty of the greatest cruelties while subjugating        "    "   Zeblulun"   1904   ported."  "Brahme  host or army"); and there is strong
the country. After completing the conquest of it, they.     "   Dinah (a A,,          islife, intellect, med-  probability that this form of worship
set up as king one of their number, whose name was                       daughter)   1903   itation, and joy. It  had its origin among the inhabitants
Salatis. HIe established his court in Memphis, and for-   By Rachel"   Joseph    "  1902   is  "the Universal  of the Assyrian plain. The Fire wortified the eastern parts of the kingdom, especially the city                                   Soul." The sun and  ship of a later age was a corruption of
of Atbaris. He died after a reign of nineteen years, and    After the birth of Joseph, Jacob re-  fire were esteemed  Sabianism.   The symbols and reliwas succeeded byanother king named Bnon, who reigned  turned to Canaan, having met and  symbols of the God-  giousceremonies depicted on the monuforty-four years. After him came Apachtnas, who reigned  been reconciled to Esau on the way.    head. The ancient  ments at Khorsabad and Koyunjik
thirty-six years.                                         During this period the Phoenicians  Brahminical sect of  prove that it was nearly identical
It must be borne in mind that the chronology of this  were extendingtheir commerce and col-  Bhrigu worshipped  with that system which prevailed in
country is but an approximation'to the truth, and many  onies.  Strictly speaking, the people  fire that of the  Persia. There can be no doubt that
events are placed by some writers in one century which   called by the Greeks " Phoenicians,"  Ribhu retired  into  the names of the kings found on the
other writers would place in a very different epoch. For  were twro nations, viz., the Sido'nians  solitude to perform  inscriptions at Nimroud represent the
instance, no point is more disputed than the duration of  and the Philis'tines, the former dwell-  penance and worship  most ancient monarchs of whom alny
the rule of the Shepherd Kings, some assigning to it a  ing in the north, the latter in the south  theSun.  The Brah-  records have been discovered on the
period less than 300 years, others a period of nearly  of Canaan. They built many cities,  mins had no idea of  Euphrates or the Tigris. They all be1000 years.                                             of which Alradus (on an island to the  God as a Creator and  long to the first Assyrian empire, and
The student's attention is called to the fact that the  north), and Anta'radus (opposite to it  Ruler, their notion  between  them  and the  modern Assynames given by the Egyptian historians to these Shep-  onthe main land), Tri'polis (now Tara-  being that He is es-  rian monarchs elapsed  a period of a
herd kings are perversions of real names into opprobious blus), B~y/blus, or Bery/tus (now~ Bey- sence eternally dif- thousand years, of which we have no
epithets. Thus, Salatis means "a liar;" Bnon means "a  rout), and Tyre (situated in what was  fused;thatallvisible  particulars.  The student should confilthy fellow;" Apachnas, " a convict;" Stan, " the devil;"  subsequently the portion of Asher, the  life is lnere illusion,  suit the works of IIerodotus, Layard,
Jannes, orAman,   "a coward;" and so on. Considerable' son of Jacob), were  the most remark-  Thesoul,afterdeath,   and Rawlinson on the subject. An
ingenuity must have been exercised in preserving the real  able. Their language was Semitic,  enters some animal  excellent sketch is contained in Vaux's
name under the nickname in the hieroglyphics.           having affinity with the Ilebrew.      or vegetable form.    " Nineveh and Persia."
WVhich was the most illustrious dynasty? —Who was the founder    At what time did the marriage  of Isaac W   rhat is meant by    WAThat is said of the history of Assyria,
of it? —Vho was associated with him? —What is said of hinm?-   and Iebekah  take place? —What did Isatc| Brahme? — What  were  during this century? —What kings are menWhat celebrated conqueror lived at this time? —Mention the names  do when there was a, famine in the land?-  the sects of Bhrigu and  tioned by Mr. Clinton?-Who were the earof the other kings of this dynasty. —Who was the last of the 12th  XW~ho did Jacob marry? —Name his children.  Ribhu? —WThat was the  liest wvriters on the history of the nation?dynasty? — What was the state o)f the kingdom in his reign?-  — WVhat two nations compassed the Phceni-  Brahmin's idea, of God?  What the religion? —Vhat was S~abianism?
Who were the shepherd kings? —What is said of thenm, and of the eian nation? —What cities did they build?-  — Where does the soul W'hat period elapsed between the first and
period of their rule? —And of their names?             What was their language?             go after death?      second empires?
(IE.)




B.C. 2000-1900.
PERSIA.                                 CHINA.                                                   GREECE.
DURING this and the succeeding six    THE history of China during this    So little is known of the history of Greece during this period, that the space
centuries, Persia appears to have had  century presents nothing remarkable.  allotted to it may be profitably occupied by the consideration of collateral
no independent existence as an empire.  The Empire decayed more and more,  matters with which the student is expected to be acquainted.  We may here
Whether Zohak founded a dynasty  and the posterity of Yu fell into disre-  notice the legend of the flood of Deuca/lion, which strikingly resembles that of
and kingdom of his own, or was the  pute. A series of vicious and feeble  Noah in many particulars. Deucalion is described in the mythology as the
king of Assyria who subdued the  emperors contributed, by their mis-  son of Prometheus and Clym'ene, and as king of Phthia, in Thessaly. When
country, or whether Persia was divided  government, to bring about this state  Jupiter resolved to destroy, by a flood, the degenerate race of man, Deucalion
into petty kingdoms under Aramnean  of things.  The people were little  and his wife Pyrrha were, on account of their piety, the only mortals saved.
and Scythian princes, as is probable,  better than slaves, having no voice in  On the advice of his father, Deuealion built a ship, in which h.e and his wife
does not appear.                      the government; the mandarins (or  floated in safety during the nine days' flood which destroyed all the other
The Persian historians extend the  nobles), however, appear to have made  inhabitants of Greece. At last the ship rested on Mount Parnass/us (some say
reign of their kings over an immense  some efforts to stem the approaching  Mount Athos or Mount Othrys), and, when the waters had subsided, Deucaperiod, and fill up the time with ro-  ruin; but it was not until the second  lion offered up a sacrifice to Jupiter, and consulted Themis as to how the race
mantic accounts of the exploits of their  century after this that the Ilea dynasty  of man might be restored. The goddess bade them cover their heads and throw
heroes; but no reliance can be placed  was displaced, and a more energetic  the bones of their mother behind them. They interpreted this expression,
on these poetical stories.            race of sovereigns placed on the throne.  "bones," to mean the stones of the earth.  They accordingly threw stones
According to some historians, Zohak   The names of the Emperors who  behind them; and from those flung by Deucalion sprung up men; from those
was dethroned  by the  blacksmith  reigned during this century are:          thrown by Pyrrha sprung up women.
KA$WA_, who placed Fetridoon on the                                 B. C.      This is an example of the ancient Greek mode of allegorizing; but ai far
throne, and after him  followed four    Te-wang, who began to reign 2014    better one (due, however, to a later age) is found in the exquisitely beautiful
other kings; so that, according to    Te-see,         "         "   1996    myth of Cupid and Psyche; and as another opportunity for introducing it may
them, the Paishdadian dynasty did not    Te-puh-keang,"          "   1980    not occur, it is here presented. Psyche (in Greek, " the soul") was the youngest
terminate until the reign of Kershasp,    Te-keung,        "   "   1921    of the three daughters of a king, and her beauty excited the jealousy of Venus.
the fifth monarch from Zohak; but Sir |Te-kin,         "           "   1900    To avenge herself the goddess ordered Cupid to inspire Psyche with love for
John Malcolm, in his History of Persia    The prefix " Te" signifies Emperor  the most contemptible man that could be found. But Cupid fell in love with
(vol. i., p. 210), has proved that Feri-  or Commander-in-Chief.  The names  her himself, and conveyed her to a secluded retreat, where, unseen and unknown,
doon was the same monarch as the  of the Chinese Emperors are short sen-  he visited her every night, leaving her before daybreak. IIe enjoined her
Arba'ces of the Greek historians; and  tences. They have sometimes two or  never to inquire who or what he was; but she had the imprudence to mention
that the reign of the ferocious Zohak,  three names.  Those adopted by the  to her sisters the intimacy she had formed, and they, being jealous of her, made
which is said by some Persian histo-  Emperor, on his accession, are styled  her believe that he was a hideous monster, who came by night because he dared
rians to have lasted 10.00 years, and  Kwo-hlaou, or "national designations."  not show himself by day. To satisfy her curiosity she procured a lamp, and
by others 700 years, represents the  Epithets called "titles in the ancesto-  drew near him while he was sleeping. To her amazement, she found he was
period during which the country was  rial hall," are also given to them. Thus  possessed of more than mortal beauty, and in her agitation she let fall a drop of
ruled by Assyrian princes, whose cru-  the founder of the present Mantchoo  hot oil on his shoulder.  Cupid awoke, upbraided her for her suspicions, and
elty is depicted in the stories related  dynasty of Emperors styled his family  departed. Psyche's happiness was gone. She Twandered from place to place in
of Zohak. The Arbaces referred to  the Ta-tsing, or"generalpurity." IHis  search of her lost lover, and at length came to the palace of Venus. The goddess
lived in the eighth century before the  son succeeding to the throne took the  kept her prisoner and treated her as a slave, making her perform the most
Christian Era, consequently there is  name of Shun-che, and on his death  humiliating tasks. Psyche would have died had not Cupid invisibly supported
here a long gap in Persian history.    received for ancestorial name that of  her; with his aid she accomplished her tasks, and ultimately overcame the
Feridoon, who was placed on the  She-tsoo-chang-hwang-te.  The lan-  hatred of Venus. She became immortal, and was united to Cupid for ever.
throne by I(awah, the blacksmith, was  guage of the country is expressed by     This beautiful allegory typifies the influence of Love on the Soul, and how,
an immediate descendant of Tahamurs.  symbols and peculiar accentuation.  It  through suffering, that wh.ich was at first sensual becomes purified and exalted,
He had escapedfrom thevengeance of  consists of intonated monosyllables, of  so as to partake, ultimately, of the nature of Divine Love. Or to explain
Zohak, and fought bravely under Ka-  which there are 487distinct, which are  it more fully, the three daughters of a king (God) are, the body, the mincl,
wah. His romantic adventures and  increased to 1445 by different intona-  the soul, (Psyche).  The purity of the latter is repugnant to the sentiment
exploits are favorite themes of Persian   tions. It contains 14,000 characters,  of sensual love, which tends to lower it to unworthy objects.  The soul is
poets. Itis first act on ascending the  composed of 216 roots, which express  for a time possessed with this unworthy  passion, but its spirit of inquiry
throne was to convert the celebrated  the most simple ideas. By compound-  prompts it to investigate the nature of it, and the charm vanishes. But the soul
apron ofthe blacksmith,which had been  ing these an immense variety of expres-  without love is but half divine. An object on which to bestow the affections is
used as a banner, intothe national stan-  sions is obtained; but the language   sought for, and through trials and suffering the truth and constancy of the soul
dardof Persia. As such, it was richly  is extremely difficult of acquirement.  is developed, its nature purified,  and it then becomes allied to the earthly
ornamented withjewels; to which every  Strictly speaking, the Chinese language  passion, which it exalts to divinity and renders immortal.
king, from Feridoon to the last of the  has no grammar; the mutual relation     From Deucalion and Pyrrha descended Hellen, Amphicetyon,  Protogeni'a,
Pehlivimonarchs, contributed. Itwas   ofrords is pointedout by their respect-  and others.  Soon after the flood of Deucalion (we are  not told how soon)
called the Dermbfsh-e-Kawvanee   (or stan-  ive positions. Gender, number, case,   In'achus, a native of Argos, led the Argives from the mountains  into the plains
dard of Kawah), and continued to be  tenses, moods, etc., are expressed by  of the Peloponnesus (the southern part of Greece). The era of this chieftain is
the standard of Persia until captured  particles, whicheitherprecede orfollow   placed by historians in the next century, whence we may conclude that the
by the Arab followers of Mohammed,  the verb. The conversationallanguage  flood of Deucalion, if it has any historical foundation, took place somewhere
at the battle of Kadessia, A. O. 636.  differs widely from the written. The  about the close of this century.
Its value amounted to an immense sum   Chinese literature is rich in history,    liellen, the son of Deucalion, Mwas king of Phthia, in Thessaly.  He is the
of money. There is nothing in Per-  philosophy, and poetry, butverydefect-   mythical ancestor of all the IIellenes. IIis sons, JE'olus and Do'rus, were the
sian history better attested than the  ive in natural history, geography, and  mythical ancestors of the (Eoiians and Dorians; and his grandsons, Achcc'us
story of this apron.                   science, generally.                    and Ion, wrere the mythical ancestors of the Achceans and tile Ionians.
What is said of this and the succeeding    What is said of the history of China   Relate the legend of Deucalion and Pyrrha? —Of Cupid and Psyche?- Explain this
centuries of Persia? —What  is said of  during this century? —What of the lan-  allegory? - W'hat is said of Inachus? —Who wvas  Hellen? —CEolus?- Dorus? —Achceus
Zohak? —What of Kaiwah and his apron?    gunge and literature?           | and Ion?
( 19)




THE 19TH CENTURY
EGY PT.                              SYRIA AND PALESTINE.                                               INDIA.
APACaNAS was succeeded by Apophis, who reigned    THE next event in the life of Jacob was the birth    THE heroic legends of the Hindoos are to be found
61 years, and Jannes, who reigned 50 years; after   of Benjamin, and the consequent death of his be-  in the ancient poems, called the Ramayana, and
lhim, Archles, who reigned 49 years. The history is  loved Rachel, B. C. 1989. The sale of Joseph byhis  Mahabharat, which are to them like the Iliad and
very confused, but there is little doubt tlft contem-  brethren to the Midianite merchants followed soon  the Odyssey to the Greeks. The first details the
porary dynasties of the Shepherd kings were reign-  after.                                             wonderful exploits of Rama, who has been already
ing in different parts of the kingdom, and that the    The death of Isaac took place B. C. 1873, before  mentioned. His greatest achievement was the conEgyptians resisted them long with varying success.  the rise of Joseph to power in Egypt. And while the  quest of the King of Ceylon, a terrible giant, who
The period of their rule is called " the Middle Pe-  sons of Jacob were growing up, and becoming the  had carried off his Queen, and kept her prisoner in
riod."                                             fathers of tribes, the children of Esau, in like man-  his castle; this the hero stormed, and rescued the
It was during the reign of one of these Shepherd  ner, were forming tribes and nations in Edom (Idu-  lady. A festival, which used to be kept with great
kings that Joseph was sold by the Midianite  mer-   mea) and Northern  Arabia. The sacred historian  splendor, is still held every year in commemoration
chants to Potiphar, "an officer of the king, and  (Gen. xxxvi.) gives a list of "dukes" and kings who  of this victory. The Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone
captain of the guard."  In this situation he gained  descended from them.                              considers this expedition to Ceylon a fable (History
the confidence of his master by his integrity and    About this period, B. C. 1872, Joseph became pow-  of India, vol. i., p. 389); but it is strange that a
abilities, and rose from one Step to another, until a  erful in Egypt, and was ultimately made the king's  national custom should have sprung up on a purely
combination of favorable circumstances gained him  chief minister. Thus, when the famine drove his  fabulous basis.
the notice of the king, whose minister he became.  brothers into Egypt for food, he had the power to    The Mahabharat celebrates the war between the
IIis sagacity in foreseeing an approaching famine,  serve them. IIe forgave them their cruelty to him-  lines of Pandu and of Curu (two branches of the
and providing against it, and in firmly establishing  self, and settled them and his father in the land of  reigning family), for the territory of Hastinapura
the king's authority, fully justified the confidence  Goshen, B. C. 1863. ThereJacob "was gathered  (probably a place on the Ganges, north-east of
placed in him. Every one is familiar with the ex-  unto his people," B. C. 1846, and there his descend-  Delhi, which still bears the ancient name). In this
quisitely beautiful story related of him in Genesis.  ants dwelt, and in process of time became very  contest, Crishna takes a leading part. He is the
In it allusion is made to the Shepherd race, when  numerous.                                           ally of the Pandus, who are victorious, but lose so
Joseph says to his brethren (Gen. xlvi. 34): "Every    There is considerable difficulty in fixing the date  many men that they abandon the world, and perish
shLepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians."   of the events recorded in Scripture relative to the  among the snows of the Himalaya.  Crishna falls
It seems probable that before, or in consequence  time of Joseph, and the exodus of the Israelites.  in the civil wars of his own country, Gujerat. Mr.
of, the invasion of the Shepherds, two separate  In this work the computation adopted by St. Paul,  Elphinstone considers that the era of Crishna is the
kingdoms were formed —one at Thebes, the other  the Jews, and Josephus, has been used. By this  fourteenth century B. C.
at Xois-which lasted through the whole of the  system, 215 years are allotted to the sojourning of    The ancient Hindoos made considerable advances
time that the Shepherds maintained themselves in  Abraham  and the patriarchs in Canaan, and 215  in astronomy, but they left no complete system.
Egypt. Eachof them had peculiar local advantages  years to the sojourning in Egypt. The Septuagint  Their priesthood made it subservient to their own
for the establishment of an independent kingdom.  version of the Bible also adopts this chronology, and  purposes, and carefully concealed the original sources
The Thebaid Vwas remote fromnt Memphis, where they  is the foundation of St. Paul's remark (Gal. iii. 17):  of information.  Hence the data from which their
fixed their capital, and by retiring into Ethiopia  "The promise to Abraham preceded by 430 years  tables were computed were never quoted, and there
the Egyptian kings could easily place themselves  the giving of the Law."  According to the common  is no record of a regular series of observations among
beyond their reach. Xois was protected by the in-  chronology, the departure of the Israelites out of  them. But there is no doubt they ascertained accutersecting branches of the Nile, which made it un-  Egypt took place about the year 1490 B. C. This  rately the mean motions of the sun and moon, and
approachable by land. The Theban dynasty lasted  is founded on the assertion in Exodus xii. 40: "The  had begun a series of astronomical observations in
453 years, the Xoite 484 years. No name is pre-  sojourning of the children of Israel in the land of  the 15th century B. C.  Their progress in mathserved from. the 13th and 14th dynasties, which   Egypt was 430 years; and at the end of the 430  ematics was  equally remarkable, especially  in
consisted, the former of 60 Theban or Diospolitan  years, even on that very day, all the hosts of Jehovah  algebra.
kings, the latter of 76 Xoite kings. The 15th, or  went out from the land of Egypt."  But in Exodus    Various languages prevailed in India in ancient
Shepherd dynasty, consisted of six foreign (Phceni-  vi. 16-19, and Numbers xxvi. 58, mention is made  times. The principal one, spoken by the upper
oian?) kings; the 16th, of 30 other Shepherd kings;  of four generations only, during this 430 years, viz.,  classes, was the Sanscrit. In this language the
and the 17th, of 43 Shepherds and 43 Diospolitans.  Levi, Kohath, Amram, and Moses, which seems in-  Vedas, the Institutes of Menu, and the Puranas, are
The Shepherds never raised ally pyramids or memo-  credible.  The difficulties attending this disputed  written: hence, it has been called the sacred lanrials of themselves, although the country they had  point are well treated in Kenrick's Ancient Egypt,  guage; but it was spoken by the lower classes, alconquered abounded with them. Their tenure of  vol. ii., book 3, to which the student is referred.     though in a barbarous dialect. It is now dead (that
the land was precisely analogous to that of the    Mr. Osburn, in his AIonumental Histolry of Egypt  is, no longer spoken), but it is still much cultivated,
Turks in Europe at the present day. They lived  (vol. ii. c. 2), maintains that the patron of Joseph  and bears striking resemblance to the Greek and
encamped in cities, devoting themselves to nothing  was the king, or Pharaoh (from Phrah, "the sun"),  Latin languages. The five northern languages of
but war, and living on the tribute paid by the  Apophis, orPhiops. UnderJoseph's administration  India are those of the Punjab, Canouj, Mithila (or
Egyptians.                                         the whole realm of Egypt was converted absolutely  North Berar), Bengal, and Gujerat. They are said
The confusion and destruction which attended the  into the property of the king.  Taking advantage  to be branches of the Sanscrit. Of the five lanconquest of Egypt by the IIyksos, have rendered the  of the famine, which his sagacity had provided  guages of the Deccan, three of them (vie., the Tamul,
chronology of this period quite uncertain, beyond  against, he purchased of the Egyptians, in their dis-  Telugu, and Carnata), have an origin distinct from
the reigns of the six kings of the 15th dynasty. No  tress, their jewels and precious metals, their lands,  the Sanscrit.  The remaining two (the Orissa and
reliance can be placed on the assigned length of  their cattle, and their persons.  Ilaving  broken  Maharashtra, or Mahratta), are supposed to be deperiods, which furnish us with neither names, nor down the power of the native princes and their vtas- rived from the Sanscrit. As these are spoken in
facts, nor monuments, because we have no control  sals, Joseph removed them into cities, thus eftecting  a very large   portion of the Deccan, there is every
overthe fictions or errors of historians. Ac onnected  |a   momentous social revolution, which  advan  ced probabilit y t hat the H indoos of Northern India conchain of history is, therefore, impossible.  Egypt many centuries in civilization.                     quered it at an early period.
|Vhat is said of the Shepherd kings in this period?- Of|  How many sons had Jacob? — Did Isaac live to see the    What are the 31amayana and the Mahabharat? —What of
the Theban  and the Xoite dynasties? —Of  Thebes and  rise of Joseph's power?-Where  did th.e children of Esau  the adventures of Rama? —Of the era of Crishna? —Of the
Xois? —Of the mode in which the Shepherds occupied the  form tribes? —When and where did Jacob die? —What is  ancient ttindoo astronomy, mathematics, and languages?land?-And of the chronology?                     said as to the era of Joseph and of the Exodus?  |TWhy is the Sanscrit called the sacred language?
(20)




B.C. 1900 —1800.
ASSYRIA.                                PERSIA.                                  CHINA.                               GREECE.
ALL the record which has come down    IN the preceding century we have    FRO t the accession of Te-kin, in the      Tari earliest name we meet with in
to us of this century consists of the  given the Persian account of Zohak,  year B. C. 1900, to the end of the cen-  the history of Greece, that has historinlames of two kings, Baletus andAlta'-  and the revolution effected by the  tury, the degeneracy and misery of  cal reality, is that of In/achus, the son
des, with the dates 1860 B.C. and 1808  blacksmith Kawah.  But, according  the people increased.  In 1879, Te-  of Oce/anus and Teth/ys, who gave his
B. C., as the commencement of their  to Sir John Malcolm (see his History  kung-kea; 1848, Te-kaou; 1837, Te-fa;  name to the river flowing round the
reigns. When more of the ancient I of Persia, vol. i., p. 209), Zohak was- 1818, Kee-kwei, respectively became  walls of Argos. He is by some supmonuments of Assyria shall have been  the Assyrian king who conquered the  emperors.                                 posed to have been a Pclasgian chiefdiscovered, and their inscriptions deci-  country; and the thousand years during  The last-named prince is described  tain.  Ile founded the kingdom  of
phered, we may perhaps gain some-  which he is said to have reigned, were  as one of the worst monarchs who ever  Argos, but the precise era of his reign
thing like a connected narrative; but  the period in which it was a province  ruled China. I-le indulged in the most  is very difficult of determination. By
at present, much is unknown. Colonel  of the Assyrian Empire. The true era  degrading licentiousness, and beheaded  those who compute by generations, as
Rawlinson, an officer in the British  of Kawah's revolution is therefore  those who remonstrated with him. In  given in mythology, it is said to have
army, has devoted much time to deci-  about the 10th century B. C. As there  his court he had piles of meat and  begun in the year 1986 B. C.; but by
phering the cuneiform  (or wedge-  is no authentic history of Persia dur-  ponds of wine, to which he invited his  others (and among them Mr. Clinton),
shaped) inscriptions of ancient Persia  ing this long period, we will refer to  votaries, and indulged in all kinds of ex-  it is placed in 1803 B. C.
and Assyria, and has succeeded in  the romantic legends which oriental  cesses. The nmost monstrous debauch-    WVe have already mentioned that
ascertaining  the meaning  of some  poets have embodied in verse, and  ery was practised  in this prince's  Deucalion and Pyrrha had two sons,
hundreds of words.  IIe has conme to  which are to the Persians what the  palace without shame or reluctance.  IIellen and Amphycttion. IIellen had
the conclusion that this ancient lan-  poems of IIomer and IHIesiod were to  The chief agent in these orgies was  three sons:  Dorus, Xuthus, andY/,'olus.
guage was neither IIcbrew, nor Chal-  the Greeks.                             his wife, M)o-he, to please whom he  I-He gave to those who had before been
dlee, nor Syriac, nor any of the known    Frequent mention is made in Persian  built a room coated with jasper, and  Greeks the name of IlIelle'nes, and parcognate dialects, but that it was of  history of Turian. This is the ancient  the furniture whereof wras adorned  titioned his territory among his three
the Semitic family of languages.   lIe  andthepropername of the countrynow   with precious stones. Itis conduct to  children. Eolus reigned in Thessaly;
includes the Assyrian and Babylonian  called Tartary.  The name Turan is  his subjects was on a par with his sen-  Xuthus in Peloponnctsus; and Dorus,
languages in one category. They were  said to have been derived from Toor,  suality.  IIe treated them  with the  Northern Greece.  Xuthus had two
not exactly identical, but so closely  one of the three sons of Feridoon. It  most ferocious cruelty,  and the exe-  sons, Achveus and I/on. These gave
allied that the natives of both coun-  was the appellation by which all the  cration  in which he was held has  to their respective subjects the names
tries could manage to understand each  countries betwveen theJaxartes and the  caused the handing down to posterity  of 2Eolians, Achaeans, Ionians, and
other. A full account of his discove-  Osus, and between the Caspian and the  of these particulars relating to him.  Dorians. Mr. Grote, in his history of
ries is given by him in his "Commen-  boundaries of China, were known for-  Unfortunately this licentiousness is  Greece, well observes that, as history,
tary on the Cuneiform Inscriptions of  merly to the natives of Persia. Toor  the leading feature in Chinese history.  these genealogies deserve no notice,
Babylonis  and Assyria," which also  was slain in battle by his own nephew,  It is the most revolting of all histo-  but they symbolize intelligibly the
contains a brief notice of the ancient  the young king, Manucheher, of Persia.  ries.  The most senseless and fero-  first fraternal aggregation of Ilellenic
kings of Nineveh and Babylon.          The historyof Turan isvery disjointed.  cious tyranny engendered the worst  men, together WTith their territorial
It has been a question disputed among  Mention is made of kings of Turan,  vices among the people, and their his-  distribution.  But even the ablest
the learned, whether the Chaldaeans  who were in fact nothing more than  tory is one of massacres and revolts,  Greeks believed in the reality of such
were a nation, or merely priests and  chiefs of wild hordes of Tartars, with-   murders and civil wars.  Now  and  eponymous persons as IIellen and Ion.
magicians.  IIerodotus only notices  out a fixed residence. These chiefs are  then a good monarch appears, and for    These eponymous (or name-giving)
them as a tribe of priests; Diodo/rus  frequently termed Deev, or devils, by  a brief interval the nation thrives, but  men meet us in every page of early
speaks ofthem as a separate caste under  the Persian historians; as, the Suffeed  he is immediately succeeded by an in-  Greek history, and are perpetually reBelus, an Egyptian priest; the Book  Deev, or white devil.  WVe read of  sane tyrant, and all is gloom again.    ferred to by writers in later ages. To
of Daniel refers torthem as astrologers,  Pushung, king of Turan, wholed30,000  Some persons have discovered a very  find an eponym  (or name-giver) for
magicians, and soothsayers. On the  warriors into Persia, and ofAfra/siab,  great resemblance between the Chinese  every conspicucus local name, was the
other hand, the learned Gesenius has  who appears to have been a very pow-  and the ancient Egyptian Empires. In  invariable turn of Greek retrospective
shown that Chaldoean was the name  erful prince, and to have conquered  both, agriculture and astronomy were  fancy. Thus, if any locality became
of a distinct nation. Strabo also treats  Persia, over which he reigned 12 years.  highly prized, respect for superiors in-  famous, some mythical ancestor was
them  as such; and Cicero positively     The three great heroes of Persian  culcated, parents held in honor, and a  discovered to be the originator of its
asserts that they were a people properly  antiquity were S.A, ZAL, and ROOSTUii,  hieroglyphic mode of writing adopted.  name. The sons of Deucalion  are inso called. I-leeren argues that the name  whose exploits are celebrated in the  Among the Egyptians the most de-  stances of this. As in subsequent ages
was applied to the nomadic (or wander-  poems of FrRDUtSI (the Homer of Per-  grading superstitions prevailed; while  the Grecian Stntes developed distinct
ing) tribes generally. Their origin and  sia). The first of these heroes, Sam,  the Chinese had a political religion of  peculiarities of languages and manners,
name have been ascribed to Chased, the  was the vizier (principal minister) of  mere forms. In both nations the wor-   and became known as Ionians, Dorians,
son of Nahor (Gen. xxii. ~2). Jerome  |Manucheher, the grandson of Feri-  ship of the dead was practised.   Some | Eolians, and Acheans, and the entire
says: "From him came the Chasdim,  doon. IIe was appointed ruler over  have traced the ori~gin of the Chinese  nation by the name of ITellenes, the
afterwards called Chaldaei."  But it  Seistan, Cabul, and the countries north  to a colony of Egyptians, forgetting   inventive genius of Greece frailmed   a
appears that Chased only united the  of the Indus. It does not appear that  that similar causes produce similar  genealogy starting from the sole surviscattered tribes of a pre-existing race,  he performed any extraordinary feats effects, and that nations will sponta-  vors of the deluge, from  wvhomn the
or else, by founding a dynasty, created  of arms, but was renowned for his wis-  neously adopt rites and customs similar  immediate eponym.ous ancestors of the
a nation in the land of Ur, whichl existed   dom, owing to which he wc as  enabled  to those of other people, by the mere  people are represented  to have derived
in the days of Abraham,  and was dis-  to save the country on several emer-   impulse of human nature.  In thevery   theirdescent.   The ancestors, in short,
tinguished by the name of Ur by the   gences. He was the father of Zal,  earliest ages  the Chinese were ac-  came into existence long after their
IIebrews.                             and the grandfather of Roostum.         quainted  with many arts now lost.    descendants.
Wh7at is recorded of this century?-'What    What is probably the date of Zohak's    Who became Emperors  in this period?-    WVho was the first king of Argos? —Who
is Col. Rawlinson's opinion as to the Assyrian  reign? —hat country was called Turan?-   What is said of the last-named prince? -  were the sons of Deucalion? -- Name the
and Baibylonian languages? —Were   the Chal-  Who was Toor? —Who were the three great  Of Chinese history?-In what did China re-  mythical ancestors of the different tribes of
deans a nationl?                     Persian heroes?                       semhle ancient Egypt?                  the Greeks.-~What are eponymous  men?
(21)




T1H-E 18TH CENTURY
EGYPT.                                 SYRIA.                                 INDIA.                             ASSYRIA.
THE death of Joseph, whose admin- | Or the history of this  country    AFTER Rama, sixty princes of his    ON the death of Altades, B. C. 1776,
istration had so entirely changed the  during this period, we have little or  race ruled in succession over his do-  we find the name of )Mamiqtus recorded
f|ce cf Egypt, has been placed in the  no account. Tyre and  Sidon were  minions; but as we hear no more of  as his successor; but between this
year B. C. 1792.  IHe died full of  flourishing cities, and the Phoenicians  Ayodha (or Oude), it is possible that  latter and the accession of the nest
honors, as is illustrated by the variety  visited distant lands in their ships.  the kingdom, which was at one time  king is a space of 166 years. Of this
of names given to him by the Egyp-  The land of Canaan was in all proba-  called Coshala, may have merged in  period we possess no account.
tians, and which are still to be seen on  bility in much the same state as it was  another, and that the capital was    As regards the exact site of ancient
his tomb at Sakharah, in Egypt. His  when invaded by Joshua; that is, di-  transferred  from  Oude to  Canouj.  Nineveh, Colonel Rawlinson gives the
first title, Tsaphnath, signifies "one in  vided into a number of petty states or  Ayodha is not mentioned in the Ma-  following opinion: —" Nimroud, the
communion with the goddess of wis-  tribes under their own rulers or kings.  habharat, nor is Canacubya (Canouj),  great treasure-house which has furdom;" his next, Pheh-nuk, orPaa-neah,  The children of Israel, who had in the  unless, as asserted in Menu, Panchala  nished us with all the most remark"one who flees from adultery." IHis  previous century emigrated into Egypt,  is only another name for that kingdom.  able specimens of Assyrian sculpture,
name, Ei-tslp7h (Joseph), means "he  had grown numerous and wealthy in  Panchala seems to have been a long,  although very probably forming one
came to save."  Abrech, or Hb-resh,  the land of Goshen, allotted to them   but narrow  territory, extending on  of that group of cities which, in the
" royal priest and prince." His friend  by the Egyptian king, Aphophis (or  the east to Nepaul (which it included),  time of the prophet Jonah, were known
and patron, Aphophis (or Phiops),  Phiops), the Pharaoh of Scripture; and  and on the west along the Chambal  by the common name of Nineveh, has
reigned 61 years.  Ile left Egypt the  had, from  their numbers, become a  and Banas, as far as Ajimere. We   no claim itself, I think, to that parrichest kingdom upon earth. He con-  source of considerable uneasiness to  know little else of its early history,  ticular appellation. The title bywhich
strutted the beautiful temples and  his successors, Melaneres, Jannes, and  except from the Rajpoot writings, tra-  it is designated on the bricks and slabs
palaces which adorn Memphis, and  Asses. " They multiplied, and waxed   ditions, and inscriptions. Canouj was  that form its buildings, I read doubtrivalled in marvellousness the Laby-  exceeding mighty;" and, by way of  one of the most ancient places in  fully as Levekh, or IIalukh, and I susrinth. IIe located the Israelites in  ikeeping them in subjection, the Egyp-  India. It was a city of great extent  peet this to be the original form of the
thelandof Goshen (i.e.,"ofherbage,"  tians forced them  to abandon their  and magnificence, and its ruins are  namne which appears as Calah in Genor " flowers"), supposed to have been  pastoral occupations, and make bricks  still to be seen on the banks of the  esis, and Halah in Kings and Chronithe Delta.  The remains of the insti-  for public buildings. It does not ap-  Ganges.                              cles; and which, indeed, as the capital
tutions of Joseph, established under  pear that their condition was in any    The traditions of the Deccan point  of Calachene, must needs have occuthe auspices of Aphophis, are likewise  way ameliorated by the struggle for  to a period when the natives were not  pied the same site in the immediate
traceable in the account of the laws  independence which was then going  Ilindoos. Bythe latter, the  aborigines  vicinity: and, I may add, that before
and customs of Egypt preserved in  on in Egypt.  The Shepherd kings atre described as having been, before  I had deciphered the name of the city
Greek tradition. Aphophis was sub-  still held absolute sway over them.      their civilization, goblins and demons,  on the slabs of Nimroud, this geoceeded by his son, Melaneres, who took I  It appears to have been the policy  or foresters and mountaineers. Their   graphical identification was precisely
Thebes from  the Upper Egyptians,  of the Shepherd kings to encourage the  language (the Tamul) must have been  that at which I had arrived, from  oband reduced all Egypt proper under  settlement of Canaanites in Egypt.  formed and perfected before the intro-  serving that the Samaritan version of
the rule of the Shepherd kings. He  This policy, inaugurated by Aphophis,  duction of the Sanscrit; but from the  the Pentateuch employs for the Hebrew
expelled the Upper Egyptians from   was continued by his successors. It  fact of there being a Tamul literature,  Calah the term Lachisa, a form which
the entire monarchy. A tablet at As-  was therefore not merely an isolated  the people must have been something  Babylonian orthography shows to be
souan, on the extreme southern limit of  act of kindness on the part of the Pha-  more than mere foresters and moun-  absolutely the same as the Greek name
Egypt, represents him standing on the  raoh, done at the request of Joseph, to |aineers. If any credit is to be given  Larissa, by which Xenophon desigsymbols of both Egypts, wearing the  locate Jacob and his family in Goshen  to the IIindoo legends, Rayan, who  nated the great ruined capital that was
northern crown, and worshipped as a  (the Delta of the Nile); but it Mwas done  reigned over the southern part of the  passed by the ten thousand Greeks in
conqueror. It was sculptured upon  from a desire to colonize that fertile  Peninsula at the time of Rama's inva-  their retreat, a few miles to the norththe occasion of the cession to him of  stripoflandwithskilful shepherds and  sion, was the head of a powerful and  ward of the Lycus.  The real and
the last position they had maintained  husbandmen. We have elsewhere no-  civilized State. Some of the most dis-  primitive Nineveh, which isfrequently
there. Melaneres likewise wrote his  ticedthelocalityofGoshen(seeEgypt).  tinguished Tamul authors were of the  mentioned in the inscriptions, I conown name onthe rock at HIamamat, on  The name is not Hebrew, nor is its  despised class called Pariahs; and, as  jecture to have occupied the site where
the occasion of hewing granite fromn  meaning certainly known. It is con-  these lived in comparatively modern  we now see the high mound opposite
thence. And the inscriptions record  jectujed to mean " herbage," or " flow-  t imes, it is evident that the Brahmins  to Mosul, surmounted by the pretended
that a prince named Atfu, at Cheno-  ers."  In the Coptic texts there are  had no influence in the land at the  tomb of theprophetJonah; forwTehave
boskion, was priest to the pyramid of  many words spelt withthe sameletters,  timewe are speakingof. Thecommon  historical proof of this particular
Melaneres, as well as that of Aphophis  and all denoting one class of objects,  origin of the Sanscrit language with  mound  having been locally termed
andof Saites. The nameofMelaneres  that is, objects that grow or vegetate.  those of the WVest, leaves no doubt that  Nineveh from  the time of the Arab
is not in the Greek lists of Egyptian  The kings of the 22d dynasty, who made  there was once a connection between  conquest down to comparatively modern
kings.                                Bubastis, in the eastern Delta, their  the nations by whom they were used;  times; and I think that the ruins a
The two successors of Aphophis on  northern capital, assumed a name sim-  but it proves nothing regarding the  short distance to the northward, which
the throne of Loaer Egypt have no  ilar toGoshen, represented inthehiero-  place where such a connection sub-  are now termed Koyunjik, were not
place in the genealogies found on the  glyphics by an irrigated field, bounded  sisted, nor about the time, which might  the true Nineveh itself, but formed a
monuments at Karnak  or Abydos.  by two canals. ttence the locality of  have been in so early a stage of their  suburb of that capital."  Khorsabad
During their reigns a race of Apho-   Goshen is ascertained with tolerable  society as to prevent its throwing any |was also an immediate dependency of
phean kings reigned at Thebes, and  certainty. The name " Delta " ws   light on the history of the individual  Nineveh.  It is popularly termed " the
the war of independence against the  given to that portion of Egypt because  nations. Mr. Elphinstone doubts that  French Nineveh,"fron the excavations
Shepherd kings commenced, and lasted  its shape reserobled the triangular form  it spread from a central point (History| and researches made there by French
until far into the next century.      of the i of the Greek alphabet.     o|f India,  vol. i., p. 98).             antiquaries within the last few years.
|Wrhat is said of Joseph's administration?- W hlat was the condition of Canaan? —What W hat    is said of the kingdom of Oude?-Of    What king is mentioned during this cenOf his death?- His titles? —His tomb?-Of  became  of the children of Israel? —Where   PanehalaL? - Of Canouj? - Of the original  tury? —_What does Col. Rawlinson say rethe land of Goshen?-Of Aphophis?-Of his,was Goshen? —What is the meaning of the  inhabitants of the Deccan? — Of the Tamul  specting the site o~f ancient Ninev-eh? — The
successors? - Of the war of independence?  name? —And of " the Delta"?  langunge? —And the Sanscrit?        | tomb of Jonah? - Koyunjik? -- ihoreabad?
(22)




B.C  1800   1700.
PERSIA.                                CHINA.                                                   G REECE.
As there is no authentic history       THE cruelties of Kee-kwei continu-    INACHUS reigned a considerable time atArgos.  Ie had two sons, Phoro-neus
wherewith to fill up this period, we  ing, CHING-TANG  (a descendant of  and AEgiale'us, the former of whom succeeded his father at Argos (B. C. 1753),
devote the space to the exploits (fabu-   IIwang-te), who held an hereditary  and introduced amongst his subjects many social habits. His tomb was still
lous or otherwise) of Persia's great  fief of the crown, afforded an asylum   shown in the days of Pausa/nias.  XEgialeus established himself in Sicyon, and
heroes, Zal and Roostum. Zal was  to the persecuted; and, being urged  gave his name to the north-western region of the Peloponnesus. The name of
the son of Sam, and was born with  on all sides to take up arms, he did so.  Phoroneus was of great celebrity in the Argeian mythical genealogies, and furwhite hair, whence his name (which  HIe defeated Kee-kwei, who surren-  nished both the title and subject of the ancient poem called "Phoronis," in
signifies"aged"). Believingthatthe  dered himself prisoner; but on prom-   which he is styled " the father of mortal nmen."  Phoroneus and 2Egialeus  were
child was the offspring of some deev  ising reformation, Ching-tang left him  sonmetimes represented as " autochthonous," or of the original race of men, the
(or magician), the father sent it to be  in possession of the throne. ile was  one in Argos, the other in Sicyon.
exposed on Mount Elburz. There it  no sooner reinstated than he sought    The offspring of Phoroneus, by the nymph Tele'dice, were Apis and Niobe.
was nurtured by a simurgh (or griffin)  to destroy Ching-tang, who again levied  IIellarn/icus, in his Argo/lica, states that Phoroneus had three sons: Pelastgus,
until it was  fetched away by Sam.  an army, and dethroned him. Kiee-  Ia/sus, and Age/nor, who, at the death of their father, divided his possessions
Zal's first adventure, on coming to  kwei fled, and, forsaken by the -whole  by lot. Pelasgus acquired the country near the river Erasinus, and built the
maturity, was his meeting with the  world, died in exile B. C. 1766. IIis  citadel of Larissa.  Iasus obtained the portion near to Elis. After their
beautiful princess, Rouda/b/h, or Ro-  son and successor, the last of the Hea  decease, the younger brother, Agenor, invaded and conquered the country, at
dah/ver, daughter of Mehrab, king of  dynasty, Chan-wei, retired  to  the  the head of a large body of horsemen. It was from these three persons that
Caubul, a prince of the race of Zohak.  northern deserts, where he ended his  Argos derived the three epithets which are given to it in the poems attributed to
It occurred while Zal was hunting.  life amongst savages.  To the Ilea  Homer: Argos Pelasgikon, Iason, and Hippoboton (good for horses). This is a
Coming to the foot of a high tower, he  dynasty belongs the merit of having  specimnen of the way in which legendary persons, as well as legendary events,
saw  a lady of exquisite beauty, on  established the curious system of gov-  were got up to furnish an explanation of tIome/ric epithets. We may remark
whom he gazed ardently until his pas-  ernment under which China is now   as singular, that Hellanicus seems to apply " Pelasgikon Argos" to a portion of
sion was returned. As there was no  ruled. That it is adapted to the wants  Peloponnesus, while the Homeric Catalogue applies it to Thessaly.  (See note
mode of ascending the battlement, the  of the people, is attested by the fact of  to p. 83, vol. i., of Grote's History of Greece.)
lady loosened her tresses, which fell in  its having endured for so many centu-  The dominion of Phoroneus extended over the whole of the Peloponnesus,
ringlets to the bottom of the tower,  ries, and survived so many revolutions.  and, on his death, his son Apis succeeded him, and gave the name of A/pia to
and enabled Zal to ascend. From this    Ching-tang, therefore, ascended the  the country. According to ZEschylus, Apis was the son of Apollo. He was a
|marriage came the great hero of Persia,  throne (B. C. 1766), and became the  mnedical charmer, who came across the gulf from Naupactus, purified the terriROOSTUt.L                             founder of the SHANG (or " supreme ")  tory from noxious monsters, and gave it the name of Apia. But this is poetical
The exploits of Roostum have been  dynasty. According to Chinese histo-  fiction, and it still remains a mystery why the Peloponnesus was named Apia.
llmagnified into miracles, and his his-  rians, the whole globe trembled, and  Apis was a harsh ruler, and was put to death by Thelxion and Tel'chin. Apis
tory is enveloped in romance. One  the stars lost their lustre, on his acces-  was succeeded in his kingdom by Argos, the son of his sister Niobe, and from
of the principal of his achievements  sion.  ile appears to have felt or  this chieftain the Peloponnesus was denominated Argos. About this time,
was the capture of the IKullah Suffeed  feigned great reverence for God, since  B. C. 1764 (or, according to Usher, 1796), a deluge happened in Attica, which
(or White Fort), in the province of  he was  perpetually  invoking  the  is called the deluge of O/gyges, from the king who is said to have then reigned
Fars.  This fort was almost impreg-  Shang-te (or "Supreme Emperor") in  in that district.  Mr. Grote asserts that this was the flood of Deucalion (History
nable from its situation.  The ascent  his edicts and discourses. To Iis in-  of Greece, vol. i., p. 194), and that it destroyed most of the inhabitants of the
to it was three miles long, by a very  terference  Ching-tang  ascribed  his  country; but other authors treat the historical personality and the date of
narrow path, and very easily defended.  elevation. During his reign occurred  Ogyges as perfectly well authenticated. A similar catastrophe happened in
Disguising himself as a dealer in salt,  a seven years' drought, against which,  Boeotia, during the reign of another Ogyges, owing to the overflowing of Lake
and putting.bags upon his camels,  it seems, the Emperor had provided  Copais.
with an armed man in each bag, he  by laying up grain in the store-houses:    The most ancient namne in Attic archaeology is that of Erechqtheus.  iHe is
contrived to gain  access to the fort,  wherebywe are remindedoftheEgyp-  said to have been the son of Ilephbstos  and the earth, and brought up by
which he at once stormed and took.' tian minister, Joseph.                   IMinerva, adopted by her as her ward, and installed in her temple at Athens,
This is one of many warlike exploits    Ching-tang was an able man, and   where the Athenians offered to him annual sacrifices. In Homer's Ilind, the
recorded of the young hero. But the  was', from his unwearied benevolence,  Athenians are styled "the people of Erechtheus."  In the Erecthei'on (or
terrible confusion in the Persian annals  called "the well-beloved sovereign."  temple of Erectheus, on the Acrop'olis of Athens), Erechtheus was worshipped
of this epoch iswell illustrated in their  Ile died B. C. 1753, and his successor,  conjointly with Athe/ne (Minerva). IIe was identified with the god Poseidon
making him  the companion-in-arms  Ta6-kea, was chosen Emperor through  (Neptune), and bore the denomination of Poseidon Erechtheus.  The Bu/tadve,
of Kai-IKobad (the De/joces of the  the agency of the celebrated minister,  one of the most ancient and important families of Athens, boasted that they
Greeks), who lived centuries after-  E-yin. Ta6-kea being prone to vice,  were lineally descended from him: and one of them, chosen among themselves
wards.   Roostum's   greatest exploit  E-yin caused him to be confined, with   by lot, enjoyed the privilege and performed the functions of his hereditary priest.
was the killing the Deev Suffeed, or | his family, for many years, in the cat- |With regard to Greek names, the modern practice is to follow the spelling |
mWhite Demon (probably some northern  acombs of his ancestors, until he had | adopted  by the Romans, and in some cases to alter names according to more
prince), in single combat. IIe repeat-  reformed. When he had done this, he  recent habit; as, for instance, Livius  into Livy, Terentius into Terence, Aristocdly defeated Afrasiab, the powerful  was restored to the throne. He died  teles into Aristotle.  The Greek alphabet contains no c,/; h,j, q, v, w, ory. The
king of Turan. In one of these battles B. C. 1721. In the reign of his suc- Romans and the moderns have used these letters in translating Greek names
he vanquished a famous warrior named  cessor, Wuh-ting, and B. C. 1713, the  into their own languages: thus, Thoukudides has become Thucydides; Odusseus,
Peelsoon, inthe presenceofboth armies.  able minister E-yin died, and was   Ulysses;Er acles,  He rcules — th e Greek aspirate bei ng rendered by   the letter h.
The student willfind  an interesting ac-  buried with royal honors. IIe left a  Mr. Grote has retained the Greek mode of spelling proper names: we prefer,
count of Roostum  in Malcolm's History  worthy disciple, named KREW-T.N, who    however,  employing the mode sanctioned by custom and by the best authors,
of Persia, vol. i., chap. iv.'      became as illustrious as his master.   reference to whom would be difficult under the other system.
Mention some of the adventures of Zal.-|  What is said of the cruelties of Kee-kwei?    What is said of the reign of Inachus? —Who were his sons, and what is said of them?-|
Of Roostum. —Who were the Tartar chiefs  — What is said of the I/.ea dynasty?- Of  Who was Apis? -What were the ancient names of the Peloponnesus? —When did the flood
overcome by the latter? —What is said of  E-yin?- Of Ching-tang?-And his success-  of Ogyges occur? —What is the name of the most ancient Attic hero? —Give the particulars
Kai-Kobad?                           ors?                                   of the honors paid to Erectheus.
(sa)




l            THE 17H CE NTURY
EGYPT.                                    SYRIA.                                    INDIA..                               ASSYRIA.
THier interval between the death of      THE notices of this country, during       IN the absence of any direct histort-    IN this century we find only the
Melaneres and the descent of the Amo-  this period, by historians, are slight.  cal information respecting this period  name of Manchaleus, the commencenian  fanatics, under Amo/sIs, upon   The descendants of Jacob, settled in  of Indian history, we recur to the sub-  mert of whose reign is stated to have
Memphis, includes about eighty years,  Goshen, became exceedingly numerous,  ject of the four great castes of the  been B. C. 1610. No great reliance is,
but is involved  in  difficulties.  A   so much so, indeed, as to excite the  people. Mr. Elphinstone (History of   however, to be placed on these names,
number of kings, descendants of the  apprehensions of the rulers of the land  India, vol. i., ch.v.) thinksthatthethree  which are Greek adaptations of ancient
viceroy appointed byMelaneres, reigned   (either the Xoite kings of the Delta, or  superior castes -the Brahmins, the   Assyrian titles; and probably the perin Upper Egypt. Of the descendants  of the Pharaoh of Lower Egypt). Ac-  Cshatriyas, and the Veisyas - were not  sonages indicated thereby existed only
of Mencheres we find the names of   cording to Mr. Osburn  (Monumental  original inhabitants of India, but con-  in the imagination of the Greek histoSkeniophris and Menthesu/phis II.,  History of Egypt, vol. ii., ch. ix.), the  quering races: that the Sudras, or ser-  rians. According to Mr. Layard (_inthe latter of whom  fell in battle in   king mentioned in Scripture was Se-  vile class, were the subdued aborigines,  e cehl and Babylon, abridged, p. 505), no
Ethiopia.  The reigns of all of  these thos Ii., and the princess who adopted   and that the independent Sudra towns  mention appears to be made, in the
monarchs were inglorious.                Moses was Thouoris, the daughter of  were in such of the small territories  Assyrian inscriptions, of kings who
The bursting of the lake of Ethiopia   Sesostris the Great, and wife of Siph-  into which tlindostan was divided, as  reigned before the 12th century B. C.
occurred in the time of Joseph.  It  tha, the infant king of Xois. We can- -still retained their independence, while  But on the monuments in Egypt, of
was an event which appears to have  not here discuss the chronology of this  the whole of the tract beyond the Vindya  the 18th dynasty, mention is made of
created peace and a good understand-  period. Itis so confused that the epoch   mountains remained as yet untouched   Nineveh; so that it is certain that
in g between the rulers of Upper Egypt,  of the Exodus has not been fixed within   by the invaders, and unpenetrated by   kings of some sort, and having names,
Nubia, and Ethiopia, which endured  three centuries (see "Egypt").  As  their religion. The three upper classes  did reign over that ancient city. The
until the religious war broke out re-  Moses grew up he refused to be called  are directed by the law to dwell in the  monuments of Nineveh prove that the
specting the worship of the godAmun-  the son of Pharaoh's daughter (Heb.  country between the Iimalaya and the  Assyrian  monarch was a  thorough
Sa. A  set of fanatics, headed  by   xi. 24). Itaving witnessed the oppres-  Yindya mountains, from  the eastern   Eastern despot, having complete power
Amosis, a descendant of the Menche-  sionunderwhichtheIsraelitessuffered,  to the western ocean. Whether these  over the lives and property of his subrian  Pharaohs, marched  down  the  and in his anger slain an Egyptian, he  classes were foreigners, or superior  jeets.  Of the gods of Assyria, the
Valley of the Nile, breaking open and  fled from  the fury of the king (Siph-  native tribes, cannot now be decided,  names of thirteen have been found:
plundering the tombs, and defacing  tha?), and remained in Midian until  though the difference between their
~~~~~~~~n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1. Asshur, the king- of the circle of
the public monuments, especially at  the accession of Sethos II. (Osburn,  appearance and that of the Sudras                    1
Memphis, which city Amosis took. Ile  ubi supra).  This monarch is by some  would lead us to believe the former.                    the great gods.
then assumed the crown, and, after a  said to be the Pharaoh who refused to  The great tribe of Yadu, which is the             2- Anu, the lord of the mountains,
long interval of anarchy and bloodshed,  let the Israelites depart, and'was  principal, perhaps the only one, which           r o of foreign countries.
expelled the Shepherd kings. Manetho  drowned in the Red Sea in pursuit of Icme from  beyond the Indus, i tphered.)
says that the expulsion of the Shepherds  them (see Osburn). But, according to  tribe of Crishna, and of the purest.4  San.
from  Memphis was accomplished by   others, the Exodus of Moses took place 5 indoo descent.  There is a story of c                 Y h. (a?r? ).
the alliance of the kings of Thebes with  in the time of Amosis, king of Lower  their having crossed to the west of the                    P
zn                                            zn                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7. Bar.
the kings of the rest of Egypt. Be that  Egypt, who was not drowned in the  Indus after the death of Crishna, who, |               7-      (Me?).
as it may, it is tolerably certain that  IRed Sea. The discrepancies are irre-.s we have seen, perished in the civil           o *        (or Gy?).                l
Amosis became master of a large por-  concilable. According to the Jewish.ars of his native land, Gujeconsort                                            of Bel,
n I                                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and mother of the gods (Venus?).
tion of Egypt.  Ile reigned twenty-five  historian, Jose/phus (Coltra zpion, i.  the founders of the  Itindoo  castes
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~10. Da/'gon.
years, amid much turbulence and revolt.  26), Moses was a priest of ttelio/polis,  Scythians?  It has been supposed by |            *   ( *                         l
AcotemporarydynastyreignedatXois,  arnd his real name was Osarsiph (i. e.,  some that the whole Hindoo people   12.  Sha tma n?)                        oft Sus.
in the Delta, whence they were called   " saved by Osiris," the god of Ileliopo-  sprung from the same root with the
Xoite kings. They form the 14th dy-  lis). I-e afterwards changed his name  Scythians. (See Elphinstone's History    13-            h tar, the  oon.
nasty. Amosis founded the 18th dy-  to Moses. The legend related by Jose-  of India, vol. i., Appendix II.)                    The religion of the Babylonians was
nasty.  His successor (according to  phusis, thatAmenophis, king of Egypt,           The temples of the Hindoos, unlike   akin to that of the Assyrians, but the
Mr. Osburn,  Monumental History of   having been advised to clear the country  those of the Egyptians, are not of very   names of their deities were not the
lEgypt, vol. ii., p. 171,) wasAmeno/phis  of lepers, collected 80,000 unclean per-  greatantiquity. Theinscriptionsfound   same. On some of their monuments
I., who also reigned for some time  sons, and located them  at the city of  in them  confirm  the belief that very   have been  found  inscriptions from
jointly with him. According to others,  Ava/ris.  There, Osarsiph, a priest of  few are older than the Christian Era;  which it appears that a god, named
Thothmes I. was the name of the suc-  Heliopolis, induced them  to revolt,  hence, the source from which so much   Marduk, held the same place as Asshur
cessor of Amosis. But the confusion   and, having procured the assistance of  ancient history has been derived, is  did with the Assyrians.  Ile is styled
is so great as to render it impossible to  200,000 of the Shepherds, he marched  wanting in the case of India. There is  "the great Lord," " Lord of Lords,"
speak with certainty on the subject.   | aga      i nst Amenophis.  The king having r easonnt o     believe that the Itindoos were |  "  E lder of the gods," etc. iNebu seems 
The Exodus of the Israelites, under  assembled  300,000  Egyptians, took   acquainted with the art of navigation   to hold the second rank.  It may also
Moses, is by somwe authors placed in  counsel of them, and withdrew  into  at avery carly period.  Iris mentionedl  be conjectured that, in their general
this century. Dr. Hales computes that | Ethiopia, together with the whole pop- |in the Code of Menua, but intercourse |plan, the Babylonian palaces and ternl-|
it took place B. C. 1648. Mr. Clinton,  ulation of Egypt, " lest he should seem   with the Mediterranean took place at a  pies resembled those of Assyria. They
in B. C. 1625.  But Usher places it in  to be fighting with the gods."  The  still earlier period.  It may, however,  were erected upon lofty platforms of
B. C. 1491, and Lepsius in B. C. 1330.  legions of Moses then took possession   have been carried on by traders from   brickwork.  The bricks wrere usually
If the former be correct, then either  of Egypt, which invasion is ealled'. the  Egypt and Babylonl, and not by natives  one foot square by three and a half
Asmosis or Amenophis was the Pharaoh invasion of the Solymites" (i.e., spoil- of India. The first clear accounts of inches thick, and are supposed to rep|whose heart was hardened to resist the |ers).  This is the profane, in opposi- |the seas weost of India give no signs of |resent multiple's of somle Babylonian|
appeals of Moses.                        lion to the sacred, account of Moses.   trade carried on by Hindoos.               meas'ure.
|WZhat is said of' the successors of Mela- |Wlhalt wvere the names (according to Mr. |W'hat is supposed to have been the origin  As to the names of the kings given by the|
heres? —Of the Amonian fanaries?-0f Arno- 0 sburn,) of Pharaoh's daughter? —And of |of the three superior eastes? —What that of |Greek historians? —How many >f the prinei-|
sis? —Of the Xoitc dynasty? —Of the Exodus the king who refused to let Israel go?-~Re- the Sudras? —Were the Itindoos originally pfil deities of Assyrit; are knownl? —And of
o f the Israelites?                    |late Josephus's legend of Moses.         |Seythians?-What of their navigation?   Babylonia? —What of the temtples?|
(24)




B.C. 1700-1600.
PERSIA.                                 CHINA.                               GREECE.                                   ITALY.
THE following is a resuWmd of the    WUH-TING died B. C. 1691.                ARGos  had four sons; of whom the    ITAL/IA was originally the the name
ancient history of Persia:               " During the reigns of the successors  eldest, Ecbasus, succeeded him in the  of the land of the IFtali, a name deIt may be divided into distinct pe-  of Vuh-ting,viz., Tae-kang(B.C.1691-   kingdom of Argos, and was in his turn  rived by the Greeks  from It/alus, a
riods: the fabulous, the poetical, and  1666), Seaou-kea(1666-1649),Yung-ke  succeeded by his son, Age/nor; but  king of the (Enotrians, who at one
the historical. The first includes all  (1649-1637), nothing particular hap-  we know little about them. Agenor's  time occupied the whole of the Peninprior to Kai-Kobad.  The poetical  pened, but the vigor of the Shang  son, Aiwos PANOP/TES, was a powerful  sula to the south of the Tiber, and
begins with the Kaianian dynasty,  princes greatly decayed.                   prince. On account of his watchful-  Cape Garga/nus.  The Oscan name of
and continues until the reign of Ar-      TAE-WOO, who ascended the throne  ness and vigilance, he is said to have  the country was Vitellium.  In the
disheer' Babtigan.  The  historical  in the year B. C. 1637, was greatly  had eyes distributed all over his body,  Tyrrhenian or Tuscan language the
begins with that monarch, and termi-  grieved at the loss of all authority.  and to have freed Peloponnesus from   word Italos signified an ox; hence the
nates wmiththeoverthrowofhisdynasty.  Two trees grew up in one night, the  monsters and wild animals. According  Campanian coins have a bull with a
Of the fabulous period, it is impossi-  stems increased to aconsideratllethick-  to another fable, Argos was changed  human face on  them, representing
ble to fix the dates with any approach  ness in seven days, and in three other  into a peacock.  Some commentators  King Italus. The CEnotrians are said
to correctness.  The monarchs men-  days decayed. Greatly astonished at  consider that Argos is an allegorical  to have emigrated into Italy under
tioned in the Dabistan are Mahabad  such an extraordinary event, he con-  expression for the starry heavens;  (Enottrus, one of the sons of Lyca/on,
and thirteen- successors of the same  sultedtwoof his ministers. E-chi, who  hence hle is saidto have had eyes all  from Arca/dia, seventeen generations
name (supposed to be the fourteen  was oneofthem, answered:'Calamity    over his body.                             before the Trojan war. The Pelasgi
MenusoftheIHindoos); Jy-Affram,who  may be averted by governingvirtuously,    The descendants of _/olus furnish  were also settled in Italy from  a very
established the Jyanian dynasty, the  and by affectionately cherishing the  many names of celebrity in the heroic  remote period. The Tyrrhenians were
number of whose successors is not  people.' Tae-woo did not forget this  legends of Greece. The adventures of  originally Pelasgian; their Etruscan
known (the last was named Jyabad);  lesson, and thenceforth paid no atten-  Tytro, the beautiful daughter of Sal-  conquerors being of a different race.
Shah Kuleev, who established another  tion to omens, but contented himself  moneus, the son of 2Eolus, formed the  The earliest inhabitants of the plains
dynasty, of which the last prince was  with governing well.  He erected hos-  subject of one of the dramas of Sopho-  of the Tiber were the Si/culi, who were
Shah Mahabool, supposed to be the  pitals, or almshouses, for the aged,  cles. Salmoneusfounded acity, which  subjugated by a strange people that
Mfahabali of the Hindoos, and, by some,  where they were very well provided  was destroyed by Jupiter on account  came down from the Abruzzi, but the
to be the Belus of the Assyrians; Yas-  for; prevented the mandarins from op-  of the impiety of its founder. Pelias  name of the conquering  race has not
san, the founder of the Yassanian dy-  pressing the people; and thus estab-  and Ne/leus,  both  Eolids, contended  survived.  They became one people
nasty, which ended with Yassan Ajem.  lished his authority upon a firm basis  for the possession of the kingdom of  with the vanquished.
ThP aggregate reigns ofthese monarchs  -the love of his subjects."           Iolkos, in Thessaly; the former ob-    The  (Enotrians  were distinguished
is estimated at manymillions of years.    This extract from  Chinese history  tained it, and the latter went into  into two tribes: the Italietes in the
Then came the Paishdadian dynasty  will show that the happiness of the  Peloponnesus, where he founded the  south, and the Chenes in the north, of
of kings, whose reigns (according to  people was entirely dependent on the  kingdomof Pylos. IIemarriedChloris,  Italy. The Opicans, Oscans, orAnsoFerdusi)wereenormouslylong. Those  accidental caprice orfancyofthe mon-  the daughter of Amphi/on, king of  nians inhabited the neighborhood of
of Kaiomurs, Hooshung, and Tahamurs  arch. Thus, ifa miraculous development  Orchomenus, by whom he had a beau-  Beneventum.  Their language was,
embraced 100 years; that of Jemsheed  had not taken place, Tae-woo would  tiful daughter, Pero, who was courted   like the Pelasgian, akin to the Greek.
(Giamschid), 700; that of Zohak, 1000  have followed in the downward path  by numberless suitors.  But Neleus  The aborigines dwelt on the Anio, and
(the term of the Assyrian conquest);  of his predecessors, but IIeaven inter-  would only give her in marriage to the  were subdued by the Sabines, who are,
of Feridoon, also 1000; of Manucheher,  fered on behalf of the people, and per-  man who should bring to him the oxen  in the oldest Latin legends, termed
120; of Nouzer, 7; of Afrasiab, 12 (con-  suaded him to govern righteously. Of  of Iph/iclus, from Phyl/ace, in Thes-  Sacrani, Casci, and Prisci. Their lanjectured to be the term of the Scythiax  this mixture of childishness and fact is  saly. These oxen were guarded by a  guage was akin to that element of the
conquest); of Zoo and Kershasp, the  the history of China composed. The  fiercedog, whom no one dared approach.  Latin language which is not Greek;
same period, both being cotemporary  Emperor of China is regarded as the  Nevertheless, Melam/pus, a distant  it resembled the Oscan in some particwithAfrasiab, andrulingpartofPersia.  common father of an immense family,  relative of Neleus, undertook the ex-  ulars.  But the origin of the Latins is
In the historical period we are aided  who does not punish, but corrects. By  ploit, and accomplished it by means  very obscure.
by Grecian writers; but the difference  means of endearing names his tyranny  of his prophetic powers (see Homer's    In their mythology, Janus, or Diazbetween these and Persian authors,  is cloaked; and when he inflicts even   Odyssey, book ii., line 278; xv., 233, 4).  nus, was the god of the Sun; Saturn
from the period of Kai-Kobad (Dejoces)  the most cruel punishments, he is said    The daughters of 2Eolus also added  and his wife, Ops, the god and goddess
to the invasion by Alexander the Great,  to be actuated by the tenderest com-  to the heroic legends. Can'ace is the  of the Earth. Between Saturn and
is nearly three centuries.            passion.  He is considered Heaven's  subject of deep tragical interest, both  theTrojan settlement there were only
The ancient Persians had made pro-  vicegerent, and is to be worshipped  inEuri/pidesand in Ovid.  Iphimedi/a  three kings of the aborigines in the
gress in civilization. The female sex  as such. He is styled Teien-tsze, or  was the mother of the famous Alo/ids  legend, viz., Picus, Taunus, and Lati/was held in great respect, and was  "Heaven's Son"'; Itwang-te, "august  (so called from their father, Aloeeus), Inus, who were adored as Indige/tes (or
assigned a high and honorable position  Emperor"; Itwang-shang, "supremely  Otos, and Ephial'tes, who were said to  "special gods of the country").  Of
in society by the ordinances of Zoroas- I august"; Ta-hwang-shang, " the great  have been nine fathoms in height, and    these gods, an account has already been
ter.  But the community seldom en-  supremelyaugust"; Shing-choo, "the  nine cubits in breadth.  They made  giveninthemythologyofGreece(p.17).
joyed good government or just laws.  holy Lord"; Wan-suy-yay, "the lord  war upon the gods, and piled Ossa on  Latinus is the same as Lavi/nus, or
The power of the sovereign was but  of a myriad of years".  He wears a  Olympus, and Pelion on Ossa, in order  Lavinius.   The Sabelli, or Samni/tes,
faintly acknowledged by the great feu-  robe of yellow, to represent the sun;  to reach them. But the arrows of  were another early race of inhabitants
dal lords who held lands on tenure of  and the nobles and people prostrate  Apollo cut short their career. Another | of Italy, whose home was at Am'imilitary  service; consequently  the  themselves, not only before him, but  daughter, Canlyce, became the mother  ter/num, in the Apennines, and who
countrywas atthemercyof lieutenants  before a tablet with the inscription,  of Endymion, whom the goddess Diana  gradually subdued the southern por(satraps), who farmed the provinces.  |" Wan-suy-yay."                      | threw into a perpetual sleep.         tion of the peninsula.
Into what portions Imay the ancient history |When  did Wuh-ting  die?-What is said W hat is said of Argos and his sons? - Of Whence  is the name of Italy derived?of Persia be divided?- Give a sketch Qf the  of the reigns of his successors? —Of Tae-  Argos Panoptes? - Of the descendants of  What was the Oscan name of the country?fabulous period. —What is said of the histori.  woo?-Of the power of the Emperor? —And _/oelus? — Of Tyro?-Of Enlmoneus? - Of What is said of the Pelasgi?-The Siculi?cal?-And of the ancient state of the people?  of his titles?              |Noleus? - Of the Aloids?- Of Endymion?  The Onotrians? —The Sabelli?-The Latins?
_.....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,...
4                                                                                                                               (25)




THE 16T CENTURY
EGYPT.                                                       SYRIA.                                   INDIA.
THOTHMES I. (or Thothmo-sis,) was one of the heroes of the history of Egypt.    IN the preceding century we have         THE  great Oriental scholar, Sir
According to Manetho, he was the son of Amosis, but the inscriptions prove  noticed the conflict which prevails be-  William Jones, supposes that this centhat he was the sixth descendant of that monarch. His name and fame are co-  tween the historical records, as to the  tury was the epoch of the composition
extensive with the utmost borders of the land, and cover its entire surface. He  exact era of Moses and the Exodus.  of the sacred book called the Yajur
was the builder of the most magnificent monuments of Egypt. The temples of  According to the received chronology,  Veda. He fixes the date of it at 1580
Sermneh, Kummeh, Wady Halfa, Ibrim, and Amada, and the splendid construe-  the birth of Moses is placed in the  B. C. There are four Vedas, but the
tions at Karnak, Luxor, and Medinet-Aboo, owe their origin to him. Of the  year 1571 B. C.  By Dr. IHales it is  fourth is rejected by many learned
principal events of his reign, the inscriptions on these monuments record many  placed in 1728 B. C. By Mr. Clinton,  Hindoos. Each Veda is composed of
particulars. He made war upon the Shepherds, but was not very successful;  in 1705 B. C.; and by Lepsius, in 1360  two parts.  The first, called Mantra,
he thereupon made treaties of peace with them, which remained unbroken during   B. C. The readers of Scripture do not  consists of hymns and prayers; the
the rest of his reign. He conquered Nubia and Ethiopia, and appears to have  require to be reminded of the circum-  second part, called Brahmana, of prereduced under his sway the princes of Lower Egypt, and a portion of Palestine.  stances  attending  the  Exodus (or  cepts which inculcate religious duties,
He reigned forty-seven years, and died about B. C. 1591. His son, Achervres  going out) of the children of Israel  and of arguments relating to theology.
(or Thothmes II.), succeeded him, and carried forward the great works which  from  Egypt. Moses is said to have  Some of these last are embodied in
his father had left unfinished: he also built several temples. ttis reign, which   been 80 years of age when the great  separate tracts, which are sometimes
lasted only twelve years, appears to have been disturbed by wars with the black   movement took place. " A mixed mul-  inserted  in the second part above
races in the South, and with the foreign colonists in the Delta. The next mon-  titude " followed him. Some authors  mentioned, and sometimes are in a
arch was Arma/is, the son of Thothmes II. In honor of him the Great Sphinx  have estimated the number, including  detached collection, forming a third
of Ghizeh was constructed. This was one of the wonders of Ancient Egypt. It  women and children, at four millions.  part, called LJpanishad. Every Veda
was a huge mass of rock, which, partly by sculpture and partly by additions  There were  600,000  men  on  foot  likewise contains a treatise explainbuilt upon it, has been shaped into the form of a lion, with a man's head. It  (Exod. xii. 37), who constituted the  ing the adjustment of the calendar,
was dedicated to the god Re-Athom (" the father of the gods ") in Heliopolis.  strength of the nation. This immense  for the purpose of fixing the proper
Armais appears to have been an unfortunate monarch. We are told in the  multitude was led forth into Arabia,  period for the performance of each of
Greek lists that, after he had reigned five years, he was expelled from Egypt by  where they remained, under the lead-  the duties enjoined.  The Vedas are
his brother, Egyptus, and fled to Greece, where he founded the city of Argos,  ership of Moses and his brother Aaron,  not single works, but produced by
and reigned over the Argives under the name of Dan/aus.  This is probably a  for forty years, until, in short, the  different authors, whose names are
mistake, for there is an inscription to the effect that in the seventh year of his  men who had come out of Egypt had  attached to them. They were probareign he was engaged in a war with the Phutim, or negro tribes of the Sahara.  died, and a younger generation had  bly written at different periods, but
But the end of his reign was disastrous. He had roused the hostility of the  taken their place. While sojourning  were compiled in their present form
religious fanatics of the South by requiring exclusive honors to be paid to the  in the wilderness, Moses framed the  in the 14th century B. C. (Elphingod Amun, and he was expelled by them from Egypt. These people were  system of laws which the Jews have  stone's tistoryof India,vol.i.,ch.iv.).
headed by a young prince, named Amenophis, who was a negro by birth, but  ever since observed. It is a mixture  Sir William Jones fixes the date of
claimed descent from  Menes. His followers were worshippers of the Sun, of  of religious and political ordinances  the compilation in the 12th century
which deity the king was the priest. One of their first acts was to erase from   (contained in the books of Exodus and  B. (J.; and all the other European
the temples the name and reliefs of the god Amun, and they endeavored to  Leviticus), constituting a theocracy  writers who have examined the quesextirpate idolatry. They committed great devastations among the historical  (or religious government), which was  tion, fix  the age of the  compiler,
monuments, and  consequently rendered  the history of the country very   administered by the tribe of L evi, spe- Vyasa, between  the 14th and 12th
obscure.                                                                         cially set apart for that purpose. The  centuries B. C. The Hindoos themAmenophis commenced several temples to the Sun; he also founded a noble  high priest was the head of the nation,  selves unanimously declare him  to
city at Tel-el-Amarna, in Middle Egypt, where he built a vast temple to the  but, in time of war, leaders of the  have lived at least 3001 years before
Sun, the ruins of which are among the most considerable in Egypt. IIe was  Israelitish armies were appointed. It  Christ, but we are not acquainted with
the first monarch of the Middle Egyptian dynasty: the records of his suc-  is a much-disputed point whether or  any evidence for the truth of this.
cessors have been obliterated. Ile was expelled from Thebes by his own fol-  not Moses instituted a national Senate.    The primary doctrine of the Vedas
lowers.  Chebres, one of the constructors of the palace of Luxor, is the next  At the delivery of the law of Mount  is the unity of God; but among the
name on the list. After him, the son of Armais, Amenophis-Memnon, ascended  Sinai he was attended by a council of  creatures of the Supreme Being are
the throne (B. C. 1528). His reign was eminently peaceful and prosperous;  seventy elders; and during a rebellion  some superior to man, who should be
but his success appears to have been mainly owing to the energy and ~ability  in the wilderness he established one  adored, and from  whom  favors and
of his mother, Queen Tai, who was one of the most remarkable women of  of the same number (Numbers xi.).  protection may be obtained through
Ancient Egypt, and erected some of the most notable monuments of that  But this council of seventy is not once  prayer.  The three principal manicountry. He restored the worship of Amun, and endeavored to repair the  distinctly named afterwards, although  festations  of the Deity -Brahma,
mischief done by the Sun-worshippers. Amid the confusion which prevails in  we read of convocations of the people.  Vishnu, and Siva-are rarely named,
the history of this extraordinary country, we find the name of Thothines III.  Each tribe governed its own affairs as  nor are their incarnations alluded
assigned by some historians to the successor of Acherres, and to him are attrib- a separate republic under its owsn to. There seem to have been no
luted the temples of Areadd, Ombi, and Eilithyia. The paintings in the tomb  chief; but the State at large possessed |images, and no visible types of the
of Quorneh show that his dominion extended from Nubia to Mesopotamia; and  no legislative power: all great public  objects of worship.  The general tenthe statistical table at Karnak records a series of expeditions undertaken by decrees had to be ratified by "the con- dency of the Vedas is to show that
him against the Assyrians. He is said to havte reigned thirty-five years, and gregation," or general assembly of the the substance, as well as the form, of
to havte been succeeded by his son, Amenophis II. The student wrho weishes to people. This was the system which all created beings, was derived from
clear up the difficulty, may consult the wtorks of Lepsius, Wilkinson, Kenrick, prevailed before the time of the kings. the will of the self-existing cause.
Sharpe, Osburn, and others, on the subject. As Egypt was divided into two or The student wtill find an excellent ac- This is not the case with the institutes
more kingdoms, each of whose monarchs was ambitious of recording his exploits,  count of the early Jewish polity in  of Menu, of which more will be said
lthe number of kings on the monuments is easily accounted for.            Milmanl's History of th~e Jewes, book iii. |hereafter.
|What is said of Thothmzes I.? —Of Acherres? —Of Armdais?-Of the Great Sphinx? —Is |What wals the date of the birth o.f Moses? |, Whalt is said of the epoch in which the|
Armdis the same person as the Greek Danaus? —Wlho wvere the Phutim?-What of Ameno-  — W'hat is said of the Exodus? —Of the so-  Vedas were written? —Whalt are they? —Who
phis tod his followers? —0f his successors?5lWho was Queen Tai? —Amenophis-Memn~n?  journ in the wilderness? —Of the laws of  wvas their compiler? —What do they inculcate?
L-Thothmues III.?                               M                                \oses?-Of the ancient Jewish polity?  | —How do they differ from the code of Menu? 




ASSYRIA.                                             PERSIA.                                               CHINA.
DURING this century the following names of kings |WE may pause here to take notice of the authori-    THE annals of China during this century are very
appear from very doubtful sources, viz.: Manchale'us  ties from which the preceding account of Ancient  meagre. The reign of Tae-woo was, as we have
(died B. C. 1580), Sphe/rus (1580-1560), Mam/ilus  Persia has been taken. Our knowledge of that part  seen, a happy one, both for the monarch and for his
(1560-1530), Spare/tus (1530-1490).                of it which precedes the reign of Kaiomurs, the first  subjects. Of his successors little can be said, except
Mention is also made of Chushan-Rishathaim,  prince of the Paishdadian dynasty, rests upon the  that their reigns were so inglorious as scarcely to
"King of Mesopotamia," who subdued the Israel-  authority of the Dabistan, a book to which we have  deserve notice. Their names, during this century,
ites, and kept them in subjection eight years; after  already referred (p. 11). It is a Persian work, con-  were:
which he was expelled by Othniel (see Judges iii.  taining an account of twelve religions, written about                                B. C.   B. C.
8-11)? B. C. 1565-1557. The inscriptions and paint-  the close of the 16th century A. C., by a native of    Chung-tang..... 1562 to 1548.
ings of Egypt, during this century, also celebrate the  Cashmere, called Sheik Mohammed Mohsin, sur-        Wae-jin......  1548" 1534.
expeditions of Thothmes I. aad Thothmes III.,kings  named Fani (or, "the perishable"). It was com-          Ho-tan-kea.....   1534" 1525.
of that country, into Armenia and Mesopotamia,  piled by him from ancient Pehlivi manuscripts, and          Tsoo-yih...... 1525 "1506.
which they subdued. They appear also to have  from  verbal communications which he had with                 Tsoo-sin..... 1506 "1490.
exacted tribute from the Assyrians.                Persians, who, in secret, followed the religion of
The Assyrian records, says Mr. Layard (speaking  Zoroaster. One of the books to which he refers is    During the reign of Chung-tang, the barbarians,
of those as yet deciphered), are nothing but a dry  the Dussateer, or, as it is sometimes called, the  who appear in after times under the name of Huns,
narrative of military campaigns, of no importance  Temarawatseer, which is still in existence, and in  and were always a terror to the Chinese, made great
but to those immediately concerned in them.  In  the possession of the priests of the Parsees, or Fire-  inroads into the empire, and were with difficulty
this respect they present a remarkable contrast to  worshippers of Bombay. The Dussateer is supposed  subdued. The frequent inundations of the IIwangthe historical books of the Jews, which they never-  to have been written by fifteen prophets, of whom   ho (or " Yellow river,") compelled this Emperor to
theless illustrate in an interesting manner.  The  the first was Mahabad, and the last Sassan, who  remove his capital to the province of Ho-nan. The
books of the Old Testament, apart from the deeds  lived in the time of IKhosroo Purveez in the 7th cen-  Emperors of China have constantly changed the
of war and blood which they chronicle, contain the  tury A.C. According to Mohsin Fani, the primeval  Capital of their Empire: there is no parallel in the
most interesting of private episodes  and the most  religion of Persia was a firm belief in one Supreme  history of any other country to the frequency of this
sublime of moral lessons. In the Assyrian records,  God. This was followed by the worship of the heav-  change.
the care with which the events of each king's reign  enly bodies, or Sabianism.  To this worship suc-    The religion of the ancient Chinese was pagan.
was chronicled is remarkable. They were usually  ceeded that of fire, which was first introduced by  It was a State religion, which did not consist of
written in the form of regular annals; and, in some  Iiooshung.  The followers of Mahabad worshipped  doctrines which are to be taught, learned, and becases, as on the great monoliths at Nimroud, the  the planets, which they typified by images of a very  lieved, but of rites and ceremonies. It was entirely
royal progress during a campaign appears to have  extraordinary nature. The religion of Zoroaster was  a bodily service, and its ritual was contained in the
been described almost day by day. But, as yet, no  a great improvement upon the system which then  statistics and code of the Empire. The objects wormonuments have been found inAssyria to which an  prevailed. We have already noticed its leading  shipped were chiefly things, but persons were also
earlier date than the 15th century B. C. can be as-  tenets: further particulars may be found in the work  included.  There were three grades of sacrifices:
signed. They are, on the whole, free from the exag-  to which we are so largely indebted, Malcolm's  the great, the medium, and the inferior-collectively
gerated forms of expression, and the magniloquent  History of Persia (see vol. i., chap. vii.).         called the kiun-sze (or " crowd of sacrifices"). The
royal titles, which are found in Egyptian documents, Besides the ancient books above noticed, there  objects to which the great sacrifices were offered
of the' same nature. They are very minute in de-  are the Zend-a-vesta, already mentioned, and the  were four, viz.: tien, the heavens, or sky; ti, the
scribing the amount of the spoil, the two registers,  fragments of the royal archives of Persia preserved  earth; tai-miau, the great temple of ancestors; and
"the scribes of the host," as they are called in the  in the Shah Namah. The deeds of the kings of  the shie-tsih, or gods of land and grain.  The meBible, being seen in almost every bas relief, writing  Persia were written in a work styled the Chronicles  dium  sacrifices were offered to eight objects, viz.:
down the various objects brought to them  by the  of that kingdom. To this work the Greek historian,  the sun, the moon, the manes of former Emperors
victorious warriors: the heads of the slain, the pris-  Ctesias, who was at the court of Artaxerxes Mnemon,  (to which has been added Confucius), the gods of
oners, the cattle, the sheep, the furniture, and the  had access. On the conquest of the country by the  heaven, earth, and the passing year. The inferior
vessels of metal.  (Layard, Arineveh and Babylon,  Arabs, in the 7th century A. C., most of these an-  sacrifices were offered to a number of objects, as,
p. 508.)  Driving away the cattle and sheep of a  cient books, with countless others, were destroyed.  the wind, thunder, rain, mountains, rivers, eminent
conquered people, has ever been the custom of East-  Some fragments, however, were saved and preserved  persons, the North Pole, etc. This State religion is
ern nations who have not altogether renounced a  by the Gheber priests. These were collected and  of very ancient date, and has undergone few modifinomadic life, and whose chief wealth consequently  given to the poet, Dukiki, to form  into an epic  cations in its essential features during the long succonsisted in those animals. When Asa, king of  poem, which should contain the history of Persia  cession of monarchs; and it still retains much of its
Judah, defeated the Ethiopians, "he carried away  from Kaiomurs to Yezdijird. Dukiki only lived to  primitive simplicity. It has been remarked by Mr.
sheep and camels in abundance, and returned to  write a thousand stanzas. He was assassinated by  Williams   (Tie Middle Kingdom, vol. ii., ch. xviii.),
Jerusalem" (2 Chron. xiv. 15). The Assyrian do-  one of his own slaves; and the work was then en-  that the Chinese religion is distinguished from other
minions, as far as we can learn, did not extend much  trusted to the celebrated Persian  poet, Ferdusi,  ancient systems of religion bythe absence of human
further than the central provinces of Asia Minor and  who, under the auspices of Mahmoud, of Ghuznee,  sacrifices, and the non-deification of vice.  In no
Armenia to the north, not reaching to the Black Sea,  in the 11th century'A. C., composed the famous  form is sensuality worshipped: there is no Venus
though probably to the Caspian.  To the east, they  poem above mentioned, called the Shah Namah (or,  in.the list of their deities, nor does their mythology
included the western provinces of Persia; to the  "Book of Kings"). From  this work we derive  teem with licentious amours, as is the case in the
south, Susiana, Babylonia, and the northern part of  nearly all that the Asiatics know of the ancient his-  Greek and the Hindoo mythologies. And though
Arabia; to the west, Lycia, and perhaps Lydia, and  tory of Persia and Tartary; and we have had to dis-  the Chinese are a licentious people, they have never
Syria was considered within the territories of " the  entangle what is really historical from the poetical  endeavored to sanctify vice. In this respect it must
great king."  Egypt, and Meroe, in Ethiopia, were   redundancy of expression and fables with which it  be admitted that they present a remalkable  contrast
the furthest limits reached by the Assyrian armies.  is mixed.                                          t o every other nation.
What names of kings are given in this century? —What    Name the authorities firom which the ancient history of    What is said of the Emperors during this century?- Of
do the Egyptian inscriptions say of Assyria? —What  is the  Persia is derived. —What is the Shah  Namah? —Who was  the removal of the Capital? - Of the ancient religion?character of the Assyrian inscriptions? —T'hat the limits of  its author? —Where did he live? - Under what celebrated  And its superiority over the Greek and the Hindoo?-Of the
the Empire?                                        monarch?                                         | character of the Chinese?
(27),




GREECE.  ITALY.
To this era may be referred the wanderings of Io, a priestess of Juno, if    ABOUT this period the Gauls, pouring from France into Spain, subdued or
such a personage had historical reality.  She is said to have been the daughter  expelled the greater portion of the Iberians settled in the north of that country.
of Iasus, the son of Argus Panoptes, who was king of Argos in the preceding  After a brave resistance they forced their way through the south of France into
century.  According to the Greek fiction, Io was changed by Jupiter into a  Italy, and settled in the northern portion of it. They also settled in Corsica,
white cow, to avert the jealousy of Juno; but the latter drove her from her  Sardinia, and Sicily. But there is much difficulty in tracing the successive
native land by the incessant stinging of a gad-fly, which compelled her to  arrival of the races which peopled Italy.  The number of them  is extraordiwander over many countries.  She gave her name to the Ionian Gulf, traversed   nary. We meet with (Enotrians, Umbrians, Sabellians, Etruscans, Pelasgians,
Asia, and at length arrived in Egypt, where Jupiter restored her to her origi-  Latins, Greeks, Siculians, Iberians, Tyrrhenians, Illyrians, Opicans (Ausoninal form. This myth is referred to in the Prometheus of ZEs/chylus, and is  ans or Oscans), Cascans, Sabines, Marsians, Samnites, Lucanians, Messapians,
repeatedly mentioned by the ancient Greek writers. According to the Phceni-  Ligurians, and Venetians; but, as Niebuhr observes (History of Rome, ch. siii.):
cians, Io was treacherously carried off from Argos by the crew of a ship, and  "No one can mount up to the fountain-head of these streams by which the
sold in Egypt; and this system of forcible abduction of women appears to  tribes of the human race have been borne down; still less can any eye pierce
have been practised  in this and subsequent ages by both Greeks and  across the chasm which there severs that order of things wherein we and our
Asiatics.                                                                     history are comprised, from an earlier one. That a prior race of mankind has
Iasus was succeeded in his kingdom by Croto'pus, Sthen'elas, and Gelatnor.  passed away, is a general, popular belief, and it was shared and cherished by
In the reign of the latter, DANsAUS came with his fifty daughters from Egypt  the Greek philosophers; but, whilst the latter supposed that a few had been
to Argos. This is another of the famous romantic stories of early Greece.  preserved, like embers, from the general ruin, and that from them a new race
Danaus and XEgyp/tus were the grandsons of Io.  2Egyptus had fifty sons,  of mankind had sprung and spread by degrees over the desolated earth, the
who were eager to marry the fifty daughters of Danaus, in spite of the repug-  people regarded the renewal of the life of man as a new creation, as we see
nance of the latter.  To escape from their importunities, Danaus fled with  exemplified in the Lai (stone men) of Deucalion, and the Myrmidons of J4acus;
his daughters from Egypt to Argos. Thither he and they were followed by  and the extinct race were deemed to have been rebels against the heavenly
the sons of _Egyptus, who forced him to consent to the marriage; but, on the  powers, led astray by the consciousness of their enormous strength. Thus the
wedding-night, he furnished each of his daughters with a dagger, and enjoined  Greeks dreamed of the Titans of Phlegra, and the Italians fabled of the Campathem to murder their husbands during the hour of sleep. His orders were  nian giants. The uniform notion, however, was that the times of the giants
obeyed by all except Hypermnes'tra, who preserved her husband, Lyn/ceus,  Were not parted by a gulf from those of the present human race, but that the
thereby incurring the displeasure of her father. He, however, forgave her;  latter gradually gained the upper hand, whilst the former expired as gradand when, by the voluntary abdication of Gela'nor, he became king of Argos,  ually. The simpleness of the understanding identified this race as the archiLynceus was recognized as his son-in-law, and ultimately succeeded him.  tects of the enormous walls and other works, the epoch of which is removed
From Danaus was derived the name of Danai, applied to the Argives and to the  far beyond the limits to which history reaches back. Yet much may be
Greeks generally.                                                             achieved in the way of investigation by a careful analysis of national legends
About the middle of this century, CECROPS founded the city of Athens. He  and traditions."   Allusion has already been made (p. 11) to the Cyclopean and
is generally represented in modern histories as an Egyptian, who brought a  other gigantic remains, and to the supposed race of giants which once inhabited
colony of his countrymen into Greece, but the greater number of the ancient  the earth (see also Genesis vi. 4).  Their existence was believed in down to
authorities say that he was a native of Attica (Grote, History of Greece, vol. i.,  later ages; as is evidenced in the legends of Polyphemus in the Homeric legends,
p. 195). In the fable he is stated to have been the means of deciding the dis-  and the account of Goliath in the Old Testament.
pute between Neptune and Minerva for the possession of the Acropolis, by         Niebuhr thus traces the movements of thetribes which peopled Italy. The
testifying that the latter had planted the sacred olive tree there; whereupon   Pelasgians (of whom the CEnotrians, the Morgetes, the Siculians, the Tyrrhethe council of gods adjudged the prize to her. Cecrops distributed the inhalb-  nians, the Pencetians, the Daunians, the Liburnians, and -the Venetians, were
itants of Attica into twelve local sections.  He also took a census of the  tribes), surrounded the Adriatic with their settlements: they settled also in
population, which he accomplished by the primitive method of commanding   Sardinia and, in Sicily, where they appear as Elymians and Sicelians. They
each person to cast a single stone into a general heap, and afterwards  extended their colonies to the Danube. The Ligurians were in possession of
counting the stones: they were found to number 20,000. He greatly reformed  Lombardy. They were at this time one of the great nations of Europe, posthe people by the institution of marriage laws, and abolishing impious sacri-  sessing the country from Lake Garda to the foot of the Pyrenees: before this
fices.  The country was named Cecropia, after him. It had previously been  time they had also inhabited Tuscany. The Celts and Germans subsequently
called Actoea, from Actueus, who had been king of the country before him, and  poured down from the north across the Alps into Lombardy, and the Liguwhose daughter he married. His son, Erysich'thon, succeeded him. It is by  rians retired behind the Ticino and into the Apennines. The Umbrians and
no means improbable that Egyptians and Phoenicians settled on the coasts of  Pelasgians were also driven from their settlements on the Adriatic by these
Greece. It was so in Argos, and may have been the case in Attica.             conquering races. This took place about the end of the 7th century B. C.
The heroic pedigree of Arcadia commenced with Pelas'gus, who is said by  WTe are anticipating history in this rapid sketch. The irruption into Tuscany
some to have been the brother of Argus. Lyca'on, the son of Pelasgus, and   forced the Cascans and the Oscans southward. These again were pressed
king of Arcadia, is famous (or, rather, infamous) for his ferocity and impiety.  onward by the Sabines upon the Sicelians. The Pelasgians, on the Tuscan
The Greek fable says that Jupiter, in order to witness the misdeeds of Lycaon   coasts, were expelled or subjugated; in CEnotria, they were subdued by the
and his fifty sons, visited them  in disguise. On this occasion they killed a  Greeks; in Daunia. by the Oscans; and on the Adriatic, by the Sabellians
child, and served it up to him for a meal, but the god overturned the table,  and Umbrians.  The continued  progress of the  Sabellians subsequently
and struck dead the king and all his sons, except the youngest. The town  occasioned the Ausonian Opicans to attack the Latins, a people that were
where this occurred received the name of Trapezus (Table-town). Pausa'nias,  sprung from  an earlier immigration of other tribes belonging to their own
the Greek historian, relates that Lycaon, at the solemn worship of Jupiter,  race.
offered up a child to the god, and made libations with the blood upon the altar;    In the space devoted to the history of Italy, during the centuries which
and that, immediately after having done it, he was changed into a wolf. The  intervene between this early period and authentic history, brief notice will be
extraordinary part of the affair is that the historian avows his firm belief in   taken of the nations or tribes above enumerated, and of such particulars as are
the story. He adds that the sons of Lycaon, instead of being slain, bsecame known of their languages and destiny, for which we are.mainly indebted to the
founders of various towns in Arcadia.                                       i researches of Niebuhr.
What is said of Io?- Give the two versions of the legend. —Who were the successors of    What is said of the Iberians? —Enumerate the races which peopled Italy. —What is said
Iasus? —When did Dannus arrive in Argos? —Relate the legend of his daughters. —Give an  of a prior race of mnnkind?- Of giants? —What was the fate of the Pelasgians? —What is
account of Cecrops. —What dispute did he decide? —What else did he do? —What is said  said of the Ligurians? —Give a sketch of the effects of the invasion of Italy by the Celts
of Pelasgus and Lycaon?                                                      and Germans..(....)_
-. __




B.C. 1600- 1500.
BRITAIN.                                 FRANCE.                                 SPAIN.                            GERMANY.
IT is not known who were the first     IN this early period a people called    THE historians of Spain are not be- |WHIrI the Egyptian, Assyrian, and
inhabitants of Britain.  It is probable  Iberians inhabited the southern por-  hind those of other nations in claiming  Chinese Empires were flourishing in a
that about this period the Gauls or  tion of France.  They were a peaceful  immense antiquity for their country.  high degree of civilization, the north
Celts, who emigrated from  Eastern  and industrious race, who crossed the  Thus it is asserted that Tubal, the son  of Europe was a wilderness, covered
Europe  into  Germany, Italy, and  Pyreneesfrom Spain, and spread them-  of Japhet, was the first man that peo-  with immense forests and marshes.
France, found their way also into Eng-  selves over the province of Aquitaine   pled Spain after the flood; and it has  The Baltic and Euxine Seas also were
land. They were of~ Asiatic origin, as  and the northwest of Italy, at a still  been contended by some that he landed  more extensive than they now are, and
is evidenced by their language and  more remote period. They spoke the  in Lusitania, where he founded the  there is reason to believe that at avery
traditions.  Theygave to England the  Euscara (Vascon orBasque) language.  city of Setubal; and by others, that he  remote period  they overspread the
name of "Albion," which is com-  A division of them settled in Liguria,  settled in Navarre, where he founded  whole ofthe country now lying between
pounded of two Celtic words: Alb, "a  a name given by them to the country.  the city of Tudela. It has even been  them. It appears probable that the
mountain," and Inn, "an  island."  The origin of this people is unknown,  gravely stated that Noah came into  ancient Iberian race were the first inThe name of "Britain," or Bretagne,  but they are one of the most ancient  Spain, and founded the cities of Noela  habitants of Central Europe, but at a
was afterwards given to it by the Ar-   of nations.                          and Noega! to such extravagances  periodfarbeyondthe range of history.
morican Celts on the northern coast    The Gauls (Galli, Gael), a nomade  will. national zeal carry enthusiastic  They were gradually dispossessed and
of France, who immigrated thence into  or wandering race, known in after  historians. That this beautiful penin-  driven out by the Gauls, a race origiEngland. This name was latinized by  times in Asia Minor as Galatians, came  sula was known to the ancients at a  nating in Central Asia, who by degrees
theRomans into " Britannia." Lastly,  originally from  Asia, and spreading  veryearlyperiod, isundoubted. Osiris,  spread themselves over Scythia, Asia
its present name, " England," orEngel-  themselves over Europe, separated into  the Egyptian, is said to have rescued  Minor, Thrace, Germany, and France.
land, was given-to it by the Angles, a  various tribes, known as Celts, Bel-  Spain from the tyranny of Geryon, a  At what epoch in the world's history
tribe of Saxons who aided in the con-  gians, Volke, Arecomici, and Tecto-  stranger who had established himself  this vast movement occurred, we are
quest of it in the 5th century A. C.   sages. In the 16th century B. C., the  there, and had founded the cities of  as yet ignorant. In the 16th century
The name of Alb-inn was also given  Oelts settled themselves on the banks  Girona and Cadiz. HIorus, the son of  before our era, a division of the same
by the Celts to Scotland. When the  of the Garonne and in the Cevennes.  Osiris, also performed sundry exploits  race, which has since been denomiCymry, or Cimbri, settled there, they  Here they came in contact with the  against the children of Gcryon, as did  nated Celtic, emerged from Asia, and
gave it the name of "Celyddon," or  Iberians,  whom  they drove further  IIercules in after times.                   passed through Russia, Poland, and
"land of forests," which was subse-  south, and crossing the Pyrenees, pen-    The most modern researches  have   Germany,  on their way to France,
quently changed by the Romans into  etrated into Spain, where they also  proved that Spain was inhabited by  planting colonies or settlements as they
"Caledonia."  The name of Scotland  settled. Another body of Gauls in-  the Iberian race long anterior to the  passed. Another division made their
was given to it by the Scuits, or Scots,  vaded the north coast of Spain, and  dawn of history.  The descendants  way, under leadership of the three
who, immigrating from  the north of  established themselves there, the prov-  and language of this people still sur-  sons of Bor, viz., Wile, We, and Odin,
Ireland, settled there in the 3d century  ince of Gailicia  being named after  vive in the Vascon or Basque prov-  into the far north. These leaders were
A. C                                  them.                                   inces; and, aswehavebeforeobserved,  afterwards deified and worshipped.
Ireland takes its name also from the    In this remote age the Gauls led a  some zealous Spaniards have endeav-  Fifteen centuries subsequently another
Celts, who called it Er-in, two Celtic  pastoral life: they painted and tat-  ored to prove that the Euascaran or  chief of the Scythians assumed the
words signifying " the western island."  tooed their bodies:  their weapons  Basque language was originally the  name of Odin, and founded an empire
This namewastranslatedbytheGreeks  were axes and knives made of stone,  language of all mankind. In the 16th  in Sweden. Of him we shall speak
into " Ierne," and by the Romans into  and arrows pointed with flint; and  century B. C., the Celts, pouring down  when we come to treat of the history
" Hibernia."  It may also mean "the  they used  shields of wood.  They  fiom the Pyrenees, established them-  of Sweden in the first century before
holy island," and by some has been  styled themselves "Celts," the name  selves in the country north of the  the Christian Era.  It is this lastderived from the Persian words, Eir-in,  "Gaul" being that by which other  Ebro, and, mixing with the Iberians,  mentioned Odin, and his two sons,
which have that meaning. That the  nations, particularly the Romans, dis-  formed the Celtiberian and Lusitanian   Thor  and Balder, who  became the
ancient Irish were of oriental origin is  tinguished them. " Ii que lingua sua  nations, and the province of Gallicia  popular heroes and deities of Northern
undoubted, from  the nature of their  Celtce,  nostra  Galli  appellantur."  took its name from them.                Europe.
language, from  their traditions, and  (Coesar, de Bello Gallico, book i., ch. i.)    The Celts in Spain were distinguished  The Gauls, who settled in Germany,
the religious rites which prevailed  They must not be confounded with  by the Romans into Nerie, Proesamarci,  were the progenitors of those tribes on
among them. Traces of the worship  the people of Iberian origin who in-  and Cileni (Pliny, book iii., oh. i.).  whom were subsequently engrafted the
of Bel, or Baal, may be found among  habited the south of France,.and who  They occupied more than half the pe-  Cimbri and Teutons, the ancestors of
them, and in the names of places the  spoke the Vascon, Gascon, or Basque  ninsula.  The limits of the territory  the German people. Of the progress
prefix Bal is oftvery common occurrence,  language, such as the people of Aqui-  which theyoccupied may be represented  of the Celts or Gauls, notice has been
as in Bal-lyshannon, Bal-lina, etc.   taine, and those south of the Garonne;  by a line starting from the frontiers of  already taken in the columns devoted
Wales is derived from Wal,  " the  nor with the Armoricans, or Bretons,  Gallicia, running along the Ebro to the  to France, Spain, and Italy.  The
land of the Gaul."  The Welsh call  in the north, who spoke a language  middle of its course, and then following  student who desires full information
themselves " Cymry," an appellation  analogous to the modern Welsh, and  the Idubedian mountains to the Guadi- I on the earliest known and subsequent
which came into general use in thel were of Cimmerian   origin. Thierry  ana.  (Thierry, ]iistoire des Ganlois,   history of the Celts as a race, is re5th  century A. C. This was latinized   (Histoire des Ganlois, vol. i., introduc-  vol. i., p. 7.) The Iberians forced their  ferred to Thierry's tIDstoire des Gaztlinto " Cimbri," or " Cambri," whence  tion,) maintains that the last men-    way through the south of France into  ois, a very learned and valuable work,
the Latin name "Cambria."   They  tioned language was a dialect of the  the north of Italy.  The Ligurians,   and to a popular treatise on the same
descend from  the Cimmerians, who,  Celtic or Gaulish, and that the Cim-  whom they found there, are supposed  subject by Ritson (Mkemoir s  of the Celts
under Hu Gadarn, their great leader, rmerians themselves were a branch of  to have been of Iberian origin, as the  or Gauls), which, however, is not always
immigrated from the banks of the Don  the great Celtic race, which came orig-  name  is derived from Li-,ora,  an Ibe-  reliable, especially in regard to ancient
into Northern Europe.                  inally from Asia.                      rian word signifying "mountaineer."| geography.
Who peopled Britain? —- Whence  is the   W~ho were the originalinhabitants of France?    What do the Spanish historians say of the    What was the condition of Germany in the
name of Albion derived?-Of Britain? —Eng-  — What is said of the Gauls? —What did they  origin of their nation? —And of the Basque    most ancient tines?-Of the Celtic invasion?
land? —Caledonia? —Scotland? —Ireland?-  style themselves? —What other races inhab-  Ilangunge? — W'hat is said of the Celts? -   — Of Odin and his three sons?-Of a second
Wales?- Camtnbria? —Who were the Welsh?  ited France? —Wliho were the Bretons?  Wlhat became of the Iberians?  Odin? — Of the history of the Celts?
( 29 )




THE 1 5TII C E NTURY
EGYPT.                                                                      SYRIA.
THERE is evidence that forty-three nations owned the sway of Amenophis-    ON the death of Moses, JOSHUA, whom he had appointed to carry out the conMemnon. The celebrated statue which is said by the Greeks to have enmitted   quest of the land of Canaan, and to locate the tribes of Israel therein, assumed
musical sounds at sunrise, and was called by them "the statue of Memnon,"  the leadership of the IHebrews. The details of the conquest of Canaan by the
was erected in honor of him. At his death the repressed fanaticism of the  combined forces of the twelve tribes of Israel, will be found in the Book of
Amonians burst forth with tenfold violence, and Egypt was once more con-  Joshua. The war lasted nearly seven years; during which time, the seven
vulsed with a religious civil war. His immediate successor was Horus, who  nations of Canaan, viz., the Canaanites (properly so called), the Amorites, the
appears to have been heir to the throne, but did not acknowledge that he was  Hittites, the Ilivites, the Girgasites, the Perizzites, and the Jehusites, were
the son of Amenophis. Ele styles himself the son of Thothmosis; from which  entirely subdued, though not extirpated; and thirty-one kings fell under the
we may infer that he was a fierce enemy of the disc or sun-worshippers, and  sword. The conquered land was partitioned and allotted to the twelve tribes:
disapproved of the tolerance shown to them by his father and grandfather. He  those of Reuben, Gad, and half of Manassah, receiving portions on the east of
persecuted the sun-worshippers, and destroyed the works of his grandfather at  Jordan-those of the other half of Manassah, of Dan, Naphthali, Zebulun,
Karnak. Ile constructed many fine temples, and was worshipped as a god  Issachar, Ephraim, Dan, Benjamin, Simeon, and Judah, receiving portions on
during his lifetime. The lists assign to the reign of Horus a duration of 36 or  the west. The tribe of Levi, being set apart for the priesthood, were allotted
37 years, but there are no monumental data wherewith to verify or contradict  their portion, not in land, but in tithes, or tenths of the yearly produce of the
it. The German arrangement of the chronology makes Horus the last monarch  land; however, forty-eight cities, each with a domain of between 800 and 900
of the 18th dynasty. Mr. Osburn (Mfonumental History of-Egypt, vol. ii., ch. vi.)  acres, were bestowed upon them.'The newly-formed republic remained at
supposes that Ramessu, the son and successor of Itorus, should be considered  peace with external foes during the life of Joshua. After his death, Joshua not
the last of that line of kings. A review of the condition of Egypt under the  having appointed a successor to the supreme authority, the separate republics,
18th dynasty, will show that it is characterized by great national aggrandize-  under the control of their own chieftains and other local officers, assumed the
ment, extensive intercourse with foreigners, and increase of public and private  administration of their own affairs respectively.
wealth. Corn, which Egypt produced in abundance, appears to have been the    We now come to the heroic age of Hebrew history. The imperfect conquest
principal article of export. And notwithstanding domestic broils and religious  of the country, for many of the ancient inhabitants had been allowed to remain,
discussions, the arts rose to a high state of development. The decorations of  left many troublesome enemies within its borders, and the Israelites had also
the royal palaces appear to have been gorgeous in the extreme; and we may  powerful adversaries around them. Several wars ensued, in which the Hebrews
gather from the representations on the mlonuments that the Pharaohs of Egypt  gained the advantage; but, from intermarrying with their enemies, they were
maintained a large collection of rare and fierce animals, such as lions, panthers,  led into apostasy to the national religion, and hence fell under the power of the
leopards, giraffes, gazelles, antelopes, and apes. Probably the savage animals  neighboring nations. Chu'shan Rishatha/im, king of Assyria, subdued the
were kept for purposes of hunting.                                          land, and remained master of it for eight years. At the expiration of this
Ramessu, or Rameses, the son of Horus, was reckoned the founder of the  period, OTHNIEL, the nephew of Caleb, of the tribe of Judah, drove out the
19th dynasty, but the reason for this does not distinctly appear. It may have  invaders. The land then had rest for forty years (Judges iii. 11). It was next
been on account of the services he rendered to Egypt by expelling the sun-  assailed by a confederacy of the Ammonites, Amalekites, and Moabites, under
worshippers, and conquering Middle Egypt, which henceforth became a portion  Eglon, king of Moab, who' once more inflicted foreign domination upon it. This
of the dominions of the Theban Pharaohs. His reign was short, not much  oppression lasted eighteen years, and was terminated by EHUD, a hero of the
more than a year and a half. He was succeeded by his son, Sethos I. This  tribe of Benjamin, who assassinated Eglon, and expelled the Moabites. After
monarch appears to have been actuated by the same hatred of the sun-worship-  this exploit there was peace for eighty years (Judges iii. 30).
pers as his father, for he defaced the inscriptions of that sect, and wrote his    The personages styled Soph-etim (or "Judges"), such as Othniel, Ehud, and
own name over them. His great work was the construction of the vast hall in  others who came after them and delivered Israel from oppression, appear, says
the palace of Karnak, which is 320 feet long, by 164 feet broad. The stone  Milman (History of the Jews, vol. i., p. 188), as gallant insurgents, or guerilla
roof was supported by 134 columns, each 40 feet high, and 27 feet in girth.  leaders, rather than as grave administrators of justice, or the regular authoriThrough the centre of the hall was a broad avenue, on both sides of which  ties of a great kingdom. The office of the l-Iebrew "Judge" was rather that
were six pillars, each 66 feet high, and 36 feet in circumference. From the  of a military dictator, raised on an emergency to the command of the national
paintings on the walls, it has been inferred that Sethos offered up human  forces. What his judicial functions were, seems very doubtful; nor do ware find
sacrifices to the god Amun-Ra. Negro captives appear prominently in them,  him exercising authority, or even engaged in war, beyond the boundaries of
as they do in those inscriptions of the time of Thothmosis, whence it is evident  his own tribe; except in the case of DEBORAH, who sat under her palm-tree
that the black races of Africa were as distinct from the Egyptians of ancient  judging the tribes of Israel (Judges iv. 4, 5). Yet even in this case, the condays as they are from the white races of modern times. It is recorded of him   vention here mentioned bears the appearance rather of an organized warlike
that he invaded Canaan, and defeated the Hittites, Ammonites, and Moabites,  confederacy, to break the yoke of the Canaanites, than of a peaceful judicial
and to have made successful war upon the Arabs. The termination of the  assembly: and some of the tribes took no part in the great enterprize projected
Xoite kingdom dates from the commencement of the reign of Sethos; and it  by the prophetess. The vwant of union among the people, and the dissoluteness
appears that he forced the inhabitants of the Delta to labor at the quarries and  of their manners, are fearfully displayed in certain occurrences which took
on the great works then in course of erection. Of these he completed the  place "in those days when there was no king in Israel."  We allude to the
palace-temple at Gournou, in Western Thebes, and his own tomb in the Biban-  tragedy described in the 19th  chapter of the Book of Judges, which produced
el-Mal)ook, consisting of a vast series of galleries and halls underground,  a civil war, and almost caused the extermination of the tribe of Benjamin
covered with painted reliefs, representing mythic scenes connected with death (Judges xx.). The mode in which the national loss was repaired is as remarkand judgment. This famous tomb is known as Belzoni's tomb, firom its having  able as the vengeance taken on the unhappy Benjaminites, but finds a parallel
been discovered and opened by that unfortunate explorer in the year 1819. in the conduct of the founders of Rome toward the Sabine women. The city
The student will find a very interesting account of this discovery in the nar-  of Jabesh, in Gilead, was devoted to destruction, the men slauxghtered, and the
rlative which Belzoni has given of his travels and explorations in Egypt. i women were given to the survivors of the tribe of Benjamin, wh10 were also
The reign of Sethos is said to have lasted fifty-five years.  His leading charac-  allowed to carry off the damsels dancing  at a festival outside of the gates of
teristic appears to have been fanatical exclusiveness for the worship of Amun:  Shiloh (Judges xxi. 21-23). The remark of the author of the Book of Judges,
he made all the rest of the gods mere priests and ministers of this his favorite i " every man did that which was right in his own eyes," (xxi. 25), is a proof of
idol.                                                                       the sad state of the nation.
What is said of the statue of Amenophis? —For what was the reign of Horus remarkable?    Who conquered Canaan? —Where is the history of the conquest to be found? —How long
— What was the condition of Egypt under the 18th dynasty? —Who founded the 19th?-  did the war last?-What became of the tribe of Levi? —What happened after the death of
What is said of Sethos I.?-What  else is recorded of him?-And of his tomb?-What  Joshua? —Who was Othniel?-Ehud?-What were the functions of the "Judges"?-What
celebrated traveller explored it?                                         was done to the tribe of Benjamin?
(30)




I: NDIA.                            ASSY]RIA~                                 PERSIPA.                               CH INA.
THE authors of the Vedas, though       TH-E following names of kings occur    WF, extract the following note from.ITHE reigns of the Emperors of the
they ascended beyond the -early wor-  in this century:                        Malcolm's  History of Persia (vol. i.,  Shazng dynasty, which are recorded in
ship of the elements, and the powers     Satuwode140                         p. 202), as containing'useful informa-  this century, partake of the same inof nature, to a knowledge of the real    Aatdsregd140o150                     tion concerning the ancient languages  glorious character as those of the precharacter of the Divinity, and, though   Amyrntas,   46   1450   1405         o   esa                                 eigoe            h   ae  fterin
anxious to diffuse their own doctrines,                I                          W        r    nomd    ywa   r    n   oacsae
Belochus,          1405   1380        "V     r   nomd   ywa   r    n    oscsae
did not disturb the popular belief; but,                                      deemed the best Persian authorities,                        B. C.   B. C.
actuated either by their characteristic    As regards the religious system of  that, when the Arabs invaded that        0sosn10  o19
respect for inimeniorial  usage, or, per —- the ancient Assyrians, the knowledge  country, they found three languages:  Whka.             40"16
haps, by a regard for the interests of  which we have hitherto been able to  the Farsee, Deri, and Pehlivi; from        Wuke.140        46
the priesthood (from which the most  derive from the inscriptions is hardly  one or other of which, all the various     Tsotn.145        43
enlightened Brahmin seems never to  sufficient to enable us to speak with  dialects now spoken in Persia are de-        Ywang-kea         1433   1408
have been free), they permitted the  certainty. Mr. Layard  observes (Xin-  rived.  There were, according to some       Seaou-sin..  1401   1373
worshiip of the established gods to con-  eveh and Babylon, p. 512), that all we  authors, seven languages in Persia;
tinue, representing them as so many  can now venture to infer is, that the  but the Herowee, the Suckzee, the Za-    It appears that the authority of the
forms or symbols of the real Divinity.  Assyrians worshipped one Supreme  wulee, and the Suodee (now obsolete),  Emperor had become reduced almost
At the same time, they erected no  God, as the great national deity, under  appear to have been mere vulgar dia-  to a cipher by the mandarins and tribtemple and addressed no worship to  whose immediate and special protec-  lects: they were never written: and  utary lords of the different provinces;
the true God. The consequence was  tion they lived, and their empire existed.  Mloullah Mohammed Sazaduck (in whose  and the unhappy people were bowed
such as was to be expected from the  The name of this god appears to have  introduction to a dictionary of the an-  to the earth by the most remorseless
weakness of human nature: the obvious  been Asshur, as nearly as can be de — cient Fars there is a short account of  tyranny on the part of these turbulent
and palpable parts of their religion  termined at present from the inscrip-  the former languages of Persia, ) asserts  and oppressive feudatories. The first
prevailed over the more abstruse and  tions. It was identified with that of  that' a word from any of these tongues  four of the above-mentioned Emperors
more sublime: the ancient polytheism   the empire itself, which was always  would have destroyed a stanza.' The  made few attempts to restrain the pro(or, system of many deities,) kept its  called "the country of Asshur"; it  Pars, or Farsee, is still (though much  ceedings of these petty tyrants. But
ground, and was further corrupted by   entered into those of both kings and  mixed with Arabic since the Mobam-  Pwamsn-kang was a man of a different
the introduction of deified heroes, who  private persons, and was also applied  mnedan conquest,) the general language   stanip: he made a desperate eff~ort to
have, in their turn, superseded the  to particular cities. To this allusion  of the kingdom. TIhe Deri, we are  crush the insolence of the mandarins,
deities froni whom they were supposed  is made in Genesis x. 11, 12: 11Out of  told, was a polished language, spoken  and to free the people from constant
to derive their divinity (Elphinstone's  that land (Shinar, or Mesopotamia,)  in some of the principal cities of the  oppression. He removed the capital
HZistory of India, vol. i., p. 164). Thus  went forth Asshur, and builded Nine-  Empire, and believed by some to have  from Ho0-nan, w~hither it had been rethe theism (or, belief in one God,) in-  veh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah,  been the Court dialect during the pe-  moved by his predecessor, Chung-tang,
culcated by the Vedas  as the true  and Resen, between Nineveh and Ca-  riod of the Kaianian dynasty. The  a century and a half previously, and
faith, in which all other forms were  lah; the same is a great city."  W;Iith  word Deri implies eloquent, and is  transferred it to the Yin district, in the
included, has been supplanted by a  Asshur, but apparently far inferior to  meant to express that in which there  same province. H-e also changed the
system of gross polytheism and idol-  him in the celestial hierarchy, although  is no imperfection. As a proof of the  name of the dynasty from  Shang to
atry; and, though nowhere entirely  called " the great gods", were the twelve  sweetness and elegance of this dialect,  Yin, but notwitb standing tb is arbitrary
forgotten, is never steadily thought of,  other deities, whose names have already  we have a tradition from Mohamme-  alteration, the dynasty is not rememexcept by philosophers and divines.  been given. These twelve gods may  daLn  authors, that their prophet de-  bered in Chinese annals by any other
The Hindoos are, to a certain extent,  possibly be identified with the Greek  clared, that if God had a mandate  name than its original one of Shang
believers in the: existence of a Supreme  deities. They may also have presided  (command) to issue, which was to  (or " supreme "). Pwan-kang bad conBeing, from whom  all others derive  over the twelve months of the year, and  proclaim his goodness and mercy, he  siderable difficulty in reconciling the
their existence, or rather, of whose  the vast number of inferior. gods, which  would deliver it in a gentle tone, and  nation to these changes, although they
substance they are composed; for,  in one inscription is stated to be four  in the Deri language; but when he  were intended for its benefit; nor is it
according to the modern belief, the  thousand, and over the darys of the year,  speaks in wrath, he uses the Arabic  easy for us, in the present age, to ununiverse and the Deity are one and  the. celestial bodies, and the various  tongue.  They assert, on the same  derstand how the mere change of the
the same. But their devotion is di-  phenomena. of nature. The Supreme  authority, that Deri and Arabic are  locality of the Court could have bad
rected to a variety of gods and god-.) God is sometimes represented under a  the only languages spoken in Paradise.  much effect in repressing the turbudesses, of whom it is impossible to fix  triune (or, three in one) form, the in-  The third language is the Pehlivi, a  lence of the numerous chiefta~ins whose
the number. Some accounts, with the  ferior deities being originally mere  word to which many meanings have  depredations extended over the whole
usual Ilindoo extravaLganc~e, make the  names for external things, or symbols  been assigned; but the most probable  Empire. The province of Ho-nan (i. e.,
deitieq amount to three hundred and  and mytbs. Although in the most an-  conjecture is, that it was derived from     south of the river ") is extremely ferthirty millions; but most of these are  cient and uncorrupted age accepted as  Pehleh, the ancient name of the coun-  tile, and is sometimes called Chungministering angels in the' different  such by the ignorant multitude, their  tries of Isfahan, Rhe,, and Deenaw/ar.  Hwa (or, "the middle flower"').  Kaiheavens, or other spirits who have no  true meaning became lost, except to  TPhe Zund is the holy language in  fung-fa, the capital, is the most ancient
individual name or character, and  the priests by whom they were turned  w~hich the Zend-a-vesta of Zoroaster is  city in China. It was there that Fo-hi,
who are counted by the million (El-  into a mystery. Asshur is generally  written; and his followers affirm  that  the first Emperor, resided. The Emphinstone, as above). We shall, in  typified by a wnged figure in a circle:  it can only be known to G~od, angels,  pire was divided into eighteen provthe next century, give a sketch of the  the circle representing infinit~y, having   prophets, and  enlightened  priests. inces, which received their final organH~indoo mythology, which has been  neither beginning nor end; the wings  The sacred volume is in this lan-  ization in the reign of Kien-1111g (-1736
modified into its -Dresent form bv the -beinz emblems of the love and wisdom   gua-ze. but has a Pehlivi translation  -1796 A. C.)- (Wi11i.9,m's hidd1P ~Zing —




GREECE.                                                                         ITALY.
ATTIC..-Of Cran-aus, the successorof Erysich-thon, few particulars are |THE name "Abori'gines" was, as we have seen, given to the earlier inhabitknown.  The ancient inhabitants of Attica were sometimes called Crantai, after  ants of Latium, and that of Latins to the nation which arose out of the conquest
him. Ile was dethroned by Amphic'tyon, who, in his turn, was expelled by  of the Priscans by the foreigners, said to have been the Trojan followers of
Erichtho'nius, the same person, apparently, as Erechtheus. These violent changes  ZEnetas in the 11th century B. C. Ancient writers describe the Aborigines as
prove that the people were still in a savage state. Erichthonius is represented  a horde of uncivilized savages: it is probable that they were the same people as
to have been the pupil and favored companion of Minerva, and he placed in the  the Sicelians, who were gradually driven south into Sicily. The Latins inhabAcropolis of Athens the original Palla/dium, or wooden statue of that goddess.  ited the portion of Italy called Latium, near the Tiber. Their chief town was
IIe also instituted the festival of the Pantathenoe'a in her honor; which festival  Lavin/ium, where was their common sanctuary and council-seat. Their lanwas observed for many ages. Among other things related of him is that he was  guage (subsequently brought to so high a state of refinement, and the parent
the first person who taught the art of breaking in horses to the yoke, and who  of the modern languages of Western Europe,) was the same as that of the
drove a chariot and four (Grote, History of Greece, vol. i., p. 196). In the time  Oscans originally: but it became mixed with the Pelasgian and the early Greek,
of Pandi'on, who succeeded Erichthonius, Diony/sius (Bacchus), and Deme/ter  and by degrees assumed the form in which it appeared in the later days of the
(Ceres), both came into Attica.  In this myth we may recognize the fact that  Roman republic. Words relating to agriculture and to the gentler ways of life
the cultivation of corn and of the vine came into general use; and rites were  agree in Latin and Greek, whilst the Latin words for all objects appertaining
instituted in honor of those two deities, especially at Eleu/sis. Pandion had two  to war or the chase are utterly alien from the Greek; which, as Niebuhr obsons, and two daughters, Procne and Philometla, of whom are related one of the  serves, was probably owing to the Pelasgian origin of the agricultural serfs.
celebrated tales of Ancient Greece. Procne was married to Tetreus, king of  Still, the Pelasgian language was a peculiar one: it was not Greek, although it
Thrace, who was guilty of violence to Philomela. In revenge, the two sisters  possessed an essential affinity to it, and the Greeks were indebted to the Pelasmurdered Itys, the son of Tereus, and served him up as a meal to his father.  gians for many things, especially their theology.
For this combination of crimes the three were changed by the gods into birds:    The CEnotrians were Pelasgians, and became in after ages the serfs of the
Procne into a swallow, Philomela into a nightingale, and Tereus into a hoopoe.  Italian Greeks.  The cities of Cortona, Ccere, Ravenna,  Spine, Pisa, Ardea,
(Ovid's Metamorphoses, 6; Thucydides, b. ii., 29.)                            Saguntum, Antium, Circeii, Trachina (or Terracina), Pompeii, and Caprea-,
SPARTA, L.CEDA;/MON, or LACO/NIA.-The earliest names we meet with in the  were of Pelasgian origin.  Traces of Pelasgian names are also found in such
early history of this afterwards illustrious State, are those of Lelex and his wife,  words as Acheron/tia, Argyrip/pa, Sipon/tumn, and in places along the whole
Cleochari/a.  From them descended Euro/tas, and from him a daughter, Sparta,  coast of the Adriatic. The Oscans were an equally important part of the ancient
who became the wife of Lacedoemon, fabled to have been the son of Jupiter and  population of Italy.  They were the same race as the Opicans and the people
Tayg'ete, the daughter of Atlas. In this manner the Greeks were accustomed  styled Ausonians by the Greeks. Their original land was in the neighborhood
to blend the mythical with the real.  Amyclas, the son of Lacedemon, had two  of Beneventum: they spread over Campania and the southern portion of the
sons, Cynor/tas and Hyacin'thus —the latter a beautiful youth, the favorite of  Peninsula, and were subsequently conquered by the Sabellians. Yet their lanApollo, by whose hand he was accidentally killed while playing at quoits: i.e.,  guage became that of their conquerors, and was one of the roots of the Latin
he was struck down by a sun-stroke while exerting himself in the game. In  tongue.  The Ausonians were probably called, in their native language,
after ages the Lacedemonians observed the festival of the Iyacin/thia, and  "Auruni," or "Aurunci"; the Volsces were of this race. Between the Volsces
traced its origin back to this legend; another illustration of the mode in which  and the JEquians an intimate connection existed. The Faliscans and the Aputhe early history of Greece was moulded to suit the ideal wants of a subsequent  lians were also Oscans.
age.                                                                            The Romans considered the Sabines a tribe, and not a race. They termed
THE BES.- This famous city was the capital of Boeo'tia, a province notorious  them Sabellians, along with the Marsians, Pelignians, Samnites, and Lucanians.
for the deficiency displayed by its inhabitants in intelligence and taste. The  Among themselves these tribes were termed Sabini, or Savini; the Greek word
origin of this city is connected with some of the most famous of the Greek legends,  Samnites is evidently derived from  Savini. Their original home was Amiterand merits particular notice. It has been usually attributed to CADMUS, an  num, in the highest parts of the Abruzzi. Thence they issued in very remote
emigrant from Phoenicia, who led a body of followers thither in quest of his  times, and drove the Cascans before them in one quarter, and the Umbrians in
sister Euro/pa, who had been carried off by Jupiter, who assumed the shape of  another.  The tradition runs that these colonies were sent out in pursuance
a bull; she had been taken by him to Crete, where she became the mother of the  of a religious vow, by which, every twenty years, the cattle were sacrificed or
famous Mirnos, Rhadaman/thus, and Sarpe/don.  Cadmus settled in Boeotia,  redeemed, and the young men compelled to seek employment abroad. We meet
where he founded the city to which he gave the name of Thebes, after the famous  with very frequent mention of the Sabines and Samnites in the course of the
one of that name in Egypt. His choice of the site of Thebes was guided by the  history of Italy. The Hernicans were most probably Marsians: their name is
oracle of Delphi, which-directed him to follow a cow, and begin to build where  said to be derived from the Sabine and Marsian word Hernee, which signifies
the animal should lie down.  Cadmus obeyed the oracle, and came to the foun-" rocks."  It is probable that all these tribes were only branches of the Oscan
tain of Arei'a, which was guarded by a fierce dragon. The hero killed the  stock, for there was an intimate connection between their languages. Niebuhr
monster, and, at the suggestion of Minerva, sowed its teeth in the earth. Thence  says of them (History of Rome, ch. vi.): " The strictness of their morals, and
sprang up armed men, called Sparti, among whom he flung stones, till they  their cheerful contentedness, were the peculiar glory of the Sabellian mounbegan to assault each other, and all were slain except five. For this, Cadmus  taineers, particularly of the Sabines and the four northern cantons. In other
was sentenced by Jupiter to eight years' servitude; after which he married  respects the character of the several tribes was essentially distinct."  Divination
Harmo/nia, the daughter of Mars and Venus, presenting to her the famous  was practised by them. Most of them lived in open hamlets; but the Samnites
necklace made by Vulcan, which had been given by Jupiter to Europa (from   dwelt round the summits of their, hills, which they fortified. A federal league
which it may be inferred that Cadmus had found his sister). All the gods came  existed between them, but it was not adhered to strictly. Their want of union
to the Cadmei'a, the citadel of Thebes, to be present at the nuptials of Cadmus  was fatal to them. The absence of a predominant capital, and of the unity conand Harmonia, which are highly celebrated in the mythology. The daughters  sequent upon it, were the principal causes of the downfall of the Sabellians.
of Cadmus are all illustrious in fable. They will be noticed hereafter. From    The Umbrians were a most ancient people of Italy. According to Thierry
the five surviving Sparti descended the five great families of Thebes. Cadmus  (ZHistoire des Gaulois, vol. i., p. 9), they were Celts, who organized themselves
also introduced an alphabet of sixteen letters.                               under the collective name of "Ombra," or "Ambra"  (signifying, in Celtic,
ARGoS.- This State calls for no particular notice. Lynceus, and his son,  "valiant," or "noble"), and crossing the Alps, made themselves masters of
Abas, ruled over it: after them, it was divided into two kingdoms.            Northern Italy.
Whtlt were the principal events in the history of Attica during this century?-Of Sparta?    What is said of the Aborigines? —Of the Latins?-Of the Latin language?-Of the infiu-Of Thebes? —Of Argos? — What was the festival of the Panathenma? —Relate the legend   ence of the Pelasgians? —Name the Italian cities of Pelasgian origin. —Who  were the (1noof Philomela. —Of Hyacinthus. —Of Cadmus, and the origin of Thebes. —Of Jupiter and  trians? —The Oscans? —The Ausonians? —The Volsces and ~Equians? —The Sabines, MarEuropa.-Of Harmonia's necklace.                                              | sians, and Sabellians? —What is conjectured respecting the Umbrians?
(32)




B.C. 1500 —1400.;
BRITAIN.                                  FRANCE.                                SPAIN.                             GERMANY.
No records exist which throw light    IN the absence of historical infor-    THE conquest of the country ]y the    FROM the remotest antiquity down to
upon the historyof England, Scotland,  mation respecting this period of the  Celts had a permanent result: the |modern times, the Germans have been
or Wales,  during this early period.  history of France, we may turn our  victors remained the predominant race  divided into tribes and nations, and
But Ire-land has traditions which carry  attention to the religion and manners  until subjugated in after times by the  have never been united by any strong
her antiquity back even to a more re-  of the Celts. They were extremely Ca rthaginians. Their history prior to  bond. The authentic history of the
mote age.  Ilow much fable and how   superstitious and cruel, and resorted  the invasion of the land by the latter  country does not commence long prior
little-truth there are in them, it is not  to human sacrifices to propitiate their  is very obscure.  The Spanish histo-  to the first century before Christ; but
easy to determine. The early legends  deities. In their public religious cer-  rian, Mariana, devotes a chapter to an  we have accounts of the occasional outof a nation are, however, always inte-  emonies they prepared huge frames of  account of the fabulous kings of Spain  pourings of the various Germanic tribes
resting, as illustrating the national  osier twigs, into which they put men  (History of Spain, ch. iii.), from which  into other countries, as Greece, Italy,
genius; and by attentively considering  alive, and, setting fire to them, burnt  it would appear that he really believed  Gaul, Asia Minor. Notice of these inthem, the student may find a clue to  the wretched victims, who were; how-  in a great portion of it. We have al-  cursions will be found in the histories
the explanation of many subsequent  ever, mostly criminals.  Impaling on  ready alluded to the legends respecting  of those countries.
events of a dubious character.  Thus  stakes was another favorite torture  Tubal and Geryon, Osiris and Horus.    Pliny divides the Germans into three
the genius of Greece is powerfully   withthem.   Theirdeities had a strong   The dismal conflict in chronology re-  great tribes, viz., the Ingce/vor nes, the
manifested in her mythology and he-  resemblance to those of the Greeks.  specting the eras of these personages  Hermi/ones, and the Istce'vones.  lie
roic legends: the modern characteris-  The names of some of them have been  is sufficient to invalidate the whole  places the first of these on the North
tics of the Oriental nations  China,  preserved. Teuta/tes (Mercury) was  narrative. The G-eryon mentioned by  Sea, the second in the interior of GerIndia, Persia-are manifested in their  the favorite deity: he was the inventor  the Greeks in " the labors of Hercules,"  many, and the third on the Rhine.  He
ancient books. So is it with the le-  of all arts, the patron of commerce,  cannot have been the person mentioned  also mentions two other great German
gends of Ireland, in which there is an  and the guide and protector of travel-  by Mariana, as the first undoubted  nations: the Vendili on the Baltic, and
undoubted admixture of truth. The  lers. He'sus was the god of war:  king of Spain, for the historical IIer-  the Peucini on the Danube, in Hunbardic historians of that country begin  Tar/anis was the king of heaven: a  cules lived in the 13th century B. C.  gary.  These ancient namnes were lost
with  a purely fabulous personage,  deity styled "the Scythian maid" re-  The introduction ofOsiris into the story  amid the migrations of the tribes: the
named Cesa/ra, a niece of Noah, who,  sembled Diana in her attributes (to her  is a mistake; but that the Egyptian  Ingmvones were subsequently known
a few weeks before the Flood, arrived  shipwrecked   strangers  were    imao-  king, IIorus, may have sent an expe-  as Saxons, the Istoevones  as Franks,
in Ireland with an antediluvian col-  lated). That Teutates was identical  dition into Spain, is not improbable,  and the Hernmiones as Goths.
ony! We are not told whether the  with Mercuryis evident from a passage  though no record of it is found in the    The German tribes have likewise
Flood extended to her settlements;  in Livy (Romance historice, b. xxvi., ch.  Egyptian inscriptions. Mariana con-  been divided by some authors into
but the bards say that after her, at  xliv.): "Near New Carthage, in Spain,  founds him with IIercules, and says  Suevi and -Mon-Suevi (or Higlh and Low
different intervals, five or six bands  was a mount called Mercurius Teuta-  that, having slain the three sons of  Dutch). Under the denomination of
of adventurers colonized the island.  tes."  This same god was  also wror-   Geryonin single combat, "in the island  Suevi are comprehended the Suevi,
About the fourth century after the  shipped by the Phoenicians, under the  of Cadiz," IIercules (or IIorus) caused  Alemanni,  Bavarians, Burgundians,
Flood, Ireland was invaded and con-  name of Taau/tus, and by the Egyptians  vast stones and other materials to be  Goths, Alans, Vandals, Gepidm, all of
quered by a chief of the race of Japh-  under that of Thoth (Huet's History of   cast into the sea at the mouth of the  wrhom were originally wandering shepeth, named Par/tholan, who, " landing  the Commerce of the Ancients, ch. 7, 8,  straits, now called the Straits of Gib-  herd tribes, consisting of nobles, fireeat Imbersceine, in Kerry, the 14th day  47). It is supposed also that he was  raltar; and raised two mounds, known  men, and slaves. The Non-Suevi conof May, on a Wednesday," fixed his res-  worshipped by the Germans under the  by the name of "the pillars of Her-  sisted of the Franks, Saxons, Lombards,
idence on an island named Inis-Samer,  name of Theuth, whence they were  cules": that on the Spanish side being  Thuringians, and Frieslanders, who
in the River Erne,  in Ulster.  Romantic  called Teu'tones, or Teutons. Their  called Calpe; that on the African side,  first practised husbandry, had settled
stories are told of Partholan, all of  priestsv were Druids; andDruidism was  A/byla. Allthings beingthus settled,  dwellings, andwere divided into three
which may be found  in  Keating's  prevalent among them, not only in  Horus appointed His/palus king of  classes: one of freemen, the other two
General History of Ireland, a work  France, but in Spain, England, and   Spain, and then visited Italy. It is  of bondsmen, termed Lazzi and SlavTi,
which contains all the fables that the  especially in Ireland; whence their  said that the name "IIispania" was  or Servi. The ancient name " Suev"
lively fancy of the Irish people has in-  Oriental origin is undoubted. Great  derived from  this king Hispalus, or  is still to be traced in the words SwTeden,
vented respecting their own history.  doubt exists as to the origin of the term   from his son Hispa/nus; but this is all  STwabia, Switzerland, which countries
After holding possession of the country  "Druid."' Some have derived it from   bare surmise.  Mariana says that on  were originally peopled by the Suevi.
for 300 years, the race of Partholan  the Greek word drus, "anoak": others  the death of Hispalus, Hercules re-  This division is not irreconcilable with
were all swept away by a plague; and  from the ancient British word, derulid-  turned into Spain, where he reigned  those adopted by the Roman historians.
the hill of Howth, then called Ben-  hen, "wise men": or from the British  once more, and lived to a very great    The name "German" is derived from
Heder, was the scene of the most awful  words, derw, " an oak," and bud, " an  age. On his death he was deified, and  the Latin word Germanus, " abrother":
ravages of this pestilence. Tothis col-  incantation."  A more probable deri-  temples were raised to his honor. It  its root is in the Persian word Iranan,
ony succeeded another (about the time vation is from the ancient Irish word is singular that the Celtic Hercules is " a guest, or companion-in-arms "; but
ofthepatriarchJacob),whowerecalled,  Draoid, "a cunning man."  In the  described by the Roman author, Lucian,   it has been derived from several Gerfrom their leader, Nemedians, and are  Irish version of the Bible this term is  as a decrepid old man, with avery  grey  man words, as ger, " a lance", mann,
said to have come from the shores of  used in place of the words "wmise men,"  beard and wrinkled countenance, draw-  "a man"; beer, "an army"; e]~re,
the Euxine: they were  probably Gauls  and magicians"; as in Matthew  ii. 1:  ing after him a multitude of men all  " honor"; gewehzr,   " security". All
or Celts. They waged war with those   "The Druids came from the East";  tiedbytheears.  This agreeswiththe   these derivations point to one fact, viz.,
African orPhoenician pirates called Fo- and in Exodus vii. 11: " The Druids Spanish historian's account: but then the high estimation in which honor and
moritans, and their exploits are favorite |of Egypt did in like manner with their  the Celtic IHercules must be a different  valor were held among these rudetribes.
topics with the ancient Irish bards.  enchantments."    Their favorite tenet  personage altogther from the famous  The word Celt is supposed to mean
(Moore'st istory ofrIseland, v. i., p. 75.)  was the transmigration of the soul.   |Greek hero.                    | " hero", and Cimmerii, "warriors ".
What is said of the study of national le-    What is said of the religion of the Celts?-|  Wns the conquest of Spain by the Celts    When does the authentic history of Gergends? —What is the earliest fable respecting  Namne their principal deities. —What Greek permanent? —What is said of its legends?-  many begin? -I.ow does Pliny classify the
Ireland? —Who  was Partholan? —Who were  deities do they resemble? - Whence is the  Of Geryon, Horus, and Hercules?-Of th.e pil-  Germans? — WThat tribes were Suevi? —Nonthe Nemedians?-The Fomorians?        name"IDruid"derived? —Whatdoesitmean?  lars of Hercules?-Of the god of that name?  Suevi? —Whence the name German? —Celt?
r)                                                                                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(33)




I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I
THE 14  CENTURY
EGYPT.                                                                         SYRIA.
THE successor of Sethos was Ramses, or Rameses II. His name, written at    THE next oppression suffered by the Israelites was that inflicted on them by
full length, is Ra-me-rois-sotp-ra, shortened and corrupted by the Greeks into  the Philistines, on which occasion, Shamgar, the son of An'ath, acted the part
SEos/TRIs, the greatest king of Egypt, and the hero of her traditional history.  of a deliverer.  He is said to have slain 600 of the enemy with an ox-goad
The name of this monarch occurs on the monuments more frequently than that  (Judges iii. 31), which was a strong pike, eight feet long, and pointed with
of any other. The number of kings who have inscribed their names on monu-  iron. The Canaanites in the north had now become a powerful people. Jabin,
ments, from the foundation of the monarchy to the Macedonian conquest (in the  their king, held his court at IItazor, on the Samach'onite Lake, whence he sent
4th century B. C.), is 150.  The memorials of the reign of Sesostris-Ramses  armies to oppress the Israelites. Under the command of Sis'era, these armies
exceed in number those of the whole of them collectively. Different accounts  subdued the country, and kept it in subjection for twenty years. A deliverer
of this renowned monarch have come down to us. In addition to what has been  at length appeared in the prophetess Deborah, the wife of Lapidoth, of the
ascertained from the inscriptions, wre have the history of him from the great  tribe of Ephraim.  She at that time acted as the Judge of Israel (Judges iv. 4).
Greek historian, Herod/otus of Halicarnas'sus, who visited Egypt about 440 B. C.;  Having formed a plan for the deliverance of her country, she commanded the
from Diodo'rus Sic'ulus, who was in Egypt about 40 B. C.; and from the Roman  northern tribes of Israel to assemble, and confided the conduct of the expedition
historian, Tacitus, who furnishes us with an account of what had been seen and  to Barak, the son of Abin'oam, of the tribe of Naphtali.  The Israelites were
heard there during the visit of Germanicus, the nephew of Tiberius, to that  drawn up on the summit of Mount Tabor: thence they descended, and poured
country A. C. 19 (Annales, book ii.). We are told that on the birth of Sesos-  suddenly on the army of the Canaanites.  The latter were completely routed,
tris, his father collected together all the male children who were born on the  and nearly destroyed.  Sisera took refuge in the tent of Jael, a woman of the
same day throughout Egypt, and caused them to be brought up under the same  Kenite tribe (the descendants of Hobab, the brother-in-law of Moses). She
roof with him.  Their food, studies, and pastimes were all in common, and they  received him  hospitably; but, during his sleep, she killed him by driving a
w-ere specially trained to the use of arms. This practice appears to have existed  tent-nail through his head. For this deed she was declared " blessed above
in Egypt long before the time of Sesostris. When that prince arrived at man-  women", in the hymn of triumph of Deborah and Barak (Judges v.). The
hood he was sent by his father to conquer Lybia (i. e., Western Africa), which  proper rhythmical form of this celebrated hymn is not preserved in the English
task he accomplished.  He next made successful war upon the Nubians and  translation of the Bible, but it will be found in Milman's History of  he Jews,
the Idumnean Arabs; all which exploits are recorded on the monuments. IIe  vol. i., pp. 194-197. Another interval of rest of forty years' duration then
built ships of war on the Red Sea: with them he sailed down the entire length  elapsed before a new enemy appeared. The frequent use of the number forty
of it, subduing the nations that inhabited its coasts. He then entered the Ery-  in Scripture is very striking, and leads us to the belief that it was intended to
throe'an Sea (the Indian Ocean), and pursued his career of conquest along its  represent a long, rather than a definite, period.  Thus, the flood is said to have
shores. I-Ie returned to Egypt with a vast troop of prisoners. On his arrival  been forty days upon the earth. Moses was forty years old when he fled into
at the city of Daphne, on the Nile, he was welcomed by his brother, whom he had  Midian: he was twice forty (80) when he led Israel out of Egypt: he was thrice
appointed viceroy of Egypt during his absence; but while he and his sons were  forty (120) when he died: the Israelites were forty years in the wilderness:
banqueting, the palace was surrounded with faggots, and set on fire. Two of  the land had rest for forty years after the exploits of Othniel, and twice forty
his sons flung themselves into the burning mass; and, over their bodies, Sesos-  after that of Ehud; half of forty before the time of Deborah, and forty aftertris and the rest of his family rushed through the flames and escaped. Ilaving  wards: Jesus was forty days in the wilderness: and so on, in many other
punished the conspirators, he devoted himself to the construction of ornamental  instances;
and useful works. The Greek historians inform us that Sesostris set out with    WVe next read of the oppression of the children of Israel by the Midianites,
an army of 600,000 footmen, 240,000 horsemen, and 27,000 war-chariots, to  who appear to have been masters of Palestine for seven years. This number,
conquer the world: that he subdued ZEthiopia, all Asia from the Red Sea to  seven, performs as important a part in Jewish history as the number forty.
the mouths of the Ganges, and thence pursued his conquests through Tartary to  In ancient times, mysterious power was attributed to certain numbers, viz.,
the Don, overran Thrace, where he nearly lost his army through famine, and  3, 4, 7, 9, 12, and 40, from their supposed correspondence with the divine
thence returned to Egypt. This expedition occupied nine years. The manifest  attributes and the powers of nature; and the Jews were not behind the other
exaggerations on the part of these historians, destroy the credibility of the nar-  nations of antiquity in their belief in mystic relationships. This time, the
rative. They were led astray by the grossly false representations of the Egyp-  deliverance of Israel from their oppressors was effected by GIDEON, the son of
tian priests. It should be remembered, too, that the earliest of these histories  Joash, of the tribe of Manasseh. He was one of the most illustrious of the
(that of Herodotus,) was written 1000 years after the death of Sesostris, and the  ancient Hebrew warriors. His first exploit was the overthrow of the altar of
latest (that of the Roman author, Tacitus), 1500 years.  Sesostris constructed  Baal, or Bel, in the city of Ophrah, for which the citizens demanded his punthe new palace of Luxor, the Memnonium  of Western Thebes, and the great  ishment: but his father replied, " Jerub-baal " (i.e., let Baal plead for himexcavation of Amun, at Abou Simbel, and, from the inscriptions in these edifices,  self); and Gideon escaped. He was thence called Jerub-baal. Having assemit appears tolerably certain that he never was out of Egypt! (Osburn, Xonu-  bled a force of 22,000 men, he advanced against the enemy, who were encamped
mental Histor- bf Egypt, vol. ii., p. 486.) WVhat, then, becomes of the tales of  on the plain of Jezreel.  There he, at the head of 300 chosen followers, each
the historians?  Sesostris, moreover, dug a number of canals and channels for  provided with a trumpet, a lamp, and a pitcher, attacked the Midianites in the
fertilizing the country, and built in every city a temple to the god that was  night, and threw them into confusion. Their whole army took to flight, and
principally worshipped there. In all these constructions he employed captives,  was cut to pieces by the rest of Gideon's troops (Judges vi., vii., viii.). The
and not Egyptians.  He subdued Lower Egypt, and fortified the north-eastern  barbarism of the age is shown in the treatment of the town of Succoth, which
frontier against the Arabs; and it may be inferred that his reign was emi- had refused refreshment to the soldiers of Gideon. The elders of the city weere
nently prosperous.  The reign of Sesostris lasted sixty-six or sixty-eight  scourged to death with thorns: the inhabitants of Penuel were put to the
years.                                                                        sword: and the Midianitish princes, Zeba and Zalmunneh, were likewise put
His son, Amenephthis, succeeded him. His reign was short: and he was to death. The enemy lost 120,000 men by the brilliant victory at Jezreel.
followed by his son, Sethos II., an infant, under the guardianship of the  The Israelites, out of gratitude, offered to Gideon royal authority, which he
dowager Queen, Thouoris. As Sethos grew up, he became depraved and im- declined accepting; but he asked. for the golden trinkets which they had taken
pious. Mr. Osburn maintains (vol. ii., ch. ix.) that Sethos II. was the Pharaoh from the enemy, and with these he made an ephod, or priestly garment, and set
who expelled the Israelites, and was drowned in the Red Sea. To us it appears  up, in his native city, a place of worship distinct from that in Shiloh. Again
that that event must be referred to an earlier period. With Sethos II. ended  "the country had quietness forty years in the days of Gideon" (Judges viii.
the 18th dynasty.                                                            | 28).
Who was the successor of Sethos I.? —What is the commonly-received name of Ramcses?    What is said of Shamgar?-Of Deborah and Ba;rak?-Of Jabin?-Of Sisera and Jael?-What historians have given an account of him? — When did they respectively write? —  Of the number 40, as used in the Bible?-And of other mystic numbers? —Wlho was Gideon?
What were the principal events of his reign? —What is said of his exploits? —Who was his  — Whence the name Jerub-baal? —Relate the particulars of his great exploit at Jezree'l, his
successors? —What is said of Sethos II.?                                    cruelty, and his idolatry.
(.34 1)




INDIA.                               ASSYRIA.                                  PERSIA.                                   CHINA.
THE following  seventeen  are the       CONTINUING our list of kings, as ex-    THIS country has no recorded his-    PWAN-KANG reigned 28 years (1401principal deities of the Hindoo my-  tracted from  the fragmentary history  tory during this and the succeeding  1373). We have already noticed the
thology, the only ones  universally  handed down to us by the Greek histo-  five  centuries. We therefore devote  principal actions recorded of him. His
recognized as exercising distinct and  rians, we find the names of:             the space allotted to it to some further  successor, Seaou-sin,  subverted  the
divine functions, and therefore entitled                                        notice of its languages, and also of its  good institutions which his brother bad
B. C.    B. C.
to worship, viz.:                           aelo/chus         1405 to 1380      "ntiquities.                            introduced. Hewas a prince who lived
1. Brahma, the creating principle;       Belo,'chus        1405 t 1380          The probability isthat the languages  entirely for his own  pleasure, and
Bellepa/'res..1380 " 1348
2. Vaishnu, the preserving principle;                                         o of Persia, before mentioned, were only  greatly contributed to hasten the ruin
3. Siva, the destroying principle;       Sosa/res          1348 " 1316        different dialects of one tongue. The  ofthecountry. Hissuccessor, SeaouSosa,'res1316 " 1296
Z~~~~~~~~~~ftecuntr y which aprochesnerst ort, Seou
with their corresponding female divin-                                          Zund, which approaches nearest to the  yih, who ascended the throne in 1352,
ities, who are mythologically regarded    The fragments of Berosus handed  Sanscrit, may certainly be deemed the  was also an indolent and worthless
as their wives, but, metaphysically, as  down to us by Eusebius and Syncellus  most ancient of these dialects or lan-  prince. But,whilst the Shangdynasty
the active powers which develop the  from Polyhistor, afford us many of the  guages: for in the earliest period of  decayed, there arose another, the Cnow,
principle represented by each member  foregoing particulars of Assyrian his-  which we have any authentic record,  which very soon restored the Empire
of the triad, viz.:                     tory. Berosus states that he obtained  itwas the language of the learned and  to its former lustre.  Koo-kang, the
4. Sereswafit, goddess of learning  his information from  many authors,  religious.  Some of the followers of  patriarch of his family, who was a
and eloquence.                          whose works had been preserved ix  Zoroaster have ascribed its invention  descendant of the former Emperors,
5. Laksh/mi, goddess of abundance  Babylon with  great' care for 10,215  to that prophet; but this is impossible;  removed from his native country, Pin,
and fortune.                            years (as reported by Diodorus). Cte-  and the existence of such abelief proves  to Ke, in Shense province.  Iis good
6. Parva-ti, called also Detvi, Bha-  sias says he had access to these ancient  nothing more than that, in his life-  government attracted crowds of people
va/ni, orIDur/ga; she is represented as  records, and states thatthirtyAssyrian  time, it was a language unknown to  from  all quarters to reside under so
a fury, delightiag in carnage and lust.  kings reigned previous to Sardanapalus,  the vulgar.                            wise and lenient a ruler.  Koo-kang
Then there are:                       during  1300 years. Their names, as    The Pehlivi was, according to Fer-  established regular tribunals to facili7. Indra, god of the air and of the  given, are evidently Greek in their  dost, the language of the.Court in the  tate the affairs of government. All
heavens.                                character: if they have any historical  time of the Kaianian   dynasty; and  his institutions bespeak his great wis8. Varu/na, god of the waters.        reality, their original Assyrian form   probably for a long period afterwards.  dom, and he was a prince so generally
9. Pava-na, god of the wind.          must have been transformed by the  It is to be observed that, except the  beloved that the whole Empire looked
10. Agni, god of fire.                 Greek historians.                       religious works of Zoroaster and others,  up to him. Within a very short time
11. Ya/ma, god of the infernal regions    The student will find'a very learned  all the books written in Persia, before  the-number of inhabitants in his newlyand judge of the dead.                  dissertation on the ancient Assyrian  the Mohammedan  invasion, were in  founded city amounted to 300,000. It
12.  (uve/ra, god of wealth.           chronology in "Palmoni," an Essay on  Pehlivi; but we never hear of a Deri  does not appear, that he set up any
13. Car/tikeia, god of war.            the Chronoqgraphicialand~Yumerical Sys-  manuscript — a fact which makes it evi-  claim  to the Imperial throne; but it
14. Ca-ma, god ofelove.                tems in use among the Ancient Jews, App.  dent that this term was only used to  may be inferred that he exercised regal
15. Su/rya, god of the sun.            pp. 889-895. The object of the essayist  signify the most polished spoken dialect  authority, while the indolent and feeble
16. Soma, god of the moon.             is to prove that the ancient chronolo-  of the common language of the country;  princes of the Shang dynasty were
17. Gane/sa, the remover of difficul-  gies of the Egyptians, Assyrians, and  - and it might, in that sense, equally   wasting their lives in the luxury and
ties, who presides over the entrances  Persians were constructed on a uniform    apply to the Pehlivi, as to the Farsi or  debauchery of their palaces.  That so
to all edifices, and is invoked at the  numerical plan, founded on systems of  Persian. The latter term, previous to  large a number of persons as 300,000
commencementof allundertakings.    cycles of lunar and solar years: but  the Mohammedan  invasion, probably  should have removed to Re in a short
To these may be added the planets,  space does not admit of our doing more  meant the language commonly spoken;  time, proves that the gross misgovernand many sacred rivers, -especially the  than referring to his curious and inte-  for even at that period, all the books  ment of the country had rendered the
Ganges, which is personified as a fe-  resting researches.                      appear to have been written in Pehlivi.  rule of the Emperor in other parts of
male divinity, and honored with every     If we may credit the historians of  The Farsi or Persian language has been  the Empire intolerable. We shall find
sort of worship and reverence.          Egypt, Sesostris, king of that country,  subsequently rendered more copious;  very frequent instances in the Chinese
We have already stated that Brahma,  extended his conquests over the greater  and in its present form  is so mixed  annals, of governors of provinces atVishnu, and Siva, are three manifesta-  part of Asia, and subdued (or, rather,  with the Arabic and the Pehlivi, that  tracting, by their wise administration,
tions of the Supreme Deity. Of Brah-  plundered) the Assyrians, Medes, Per-  it is no very easy labor to separate the  large masses of the population to their
ma, the separate worship is now ne-  sians, and Bactrians, and carried off  words that belong to the different Ian-  districts, and thereby acquiring power
glected: there is but one temple to him   captive vast numbers of them. Fur-  guages of which it is constructed (Mal-  enough either to set up as an indepenin India, though he once had prebmi-  thermore, it is alleged that the expe-  coli, History of Persia, vol. i., p. 204,  dent sovereign, or as Emperor.
nence. But Vishnu and Siva, with  dition against them was undertaken  note)., Seaou-yih died B. C. 1324. He was
their various incarnations, now attract  in consequence of their revolt against    We have already mentioned the di-  succeeded by Woo-ting, who appears
almost all the religious veneration of  the yoke imposed on them by Thothmes  vision of the people into castes by  to have been a compound of indolence,
the Hindoos: the relative importance  and Amenophis II., the predecessors  Giamschid (Jemsheed): the division,  superstition, and common sense. He
of each is eagerly supported by nume-  of Sesostris, from which it may be in-  however, appears to have-been almost  had a wise minister, to whom he enrous votaries; and there are heterodox  ferred that contests between the two  inoperative, as no fact is stated in the  tirely entrusted the affairs of the Emsects of great variety, which maintain  nations, Egypt and Assyria, had been  history of Persia which proves the ex-  pire, and withdrew himself from the
the supreme divinity of each, to -he  of frequent occurrence. The Assyrians   istence of such a system. The division. administration  of the  government.
entire exclusion of his rival (Elphin-  avoided allusion, on their monuments,   is recorded in a Pehlivi work, called  During this reign the first ambassadors
stone, History of India, vol. i., b. ii.).  to death and funeral rites; while the  the Binidad, and in the Shah Namah  arrived from an unknown country, in
Of the incarnations of Vishnu and Siva  Egyptians portrayed them on almost  of Ferdusi; also by the authors of the  order to do homage   to "the Son of
we will speak further on.       every temple and tomb.                     Burbazn K~uttah and the Tarikh Tubree.  Iteaven " (the Emperor).
Which are the principal deities of the Hin-    Name the kings who reignned during this    What is further said of the languages of  Who were the successors of Pwan-kang? —
doosl —What other objects are worshipped?  century. —What are the authorities for the  Persia? —Of the Zund? —The Pehlivi? —The  Who was the ancestor of the Chow dynasty?
— What is the present state of Brahma wor-  most ancient history of Assyria? — What is IDeriP —The Farsi? —Of Jemshced's  division  What is said of Koo-kang? -- Of Woo-ting?
ship? — Of the rotaries of Vishnu and Siva?  said of the Egyptian invasion?   of the people into castes?              — And the first embassy?
(35)




GREECE.                                                        ITALY.                               BRITAIN.
CRETE.-WTVe must not omit to notice the kingdom founded on this island by       IT was not until after a desperate,    THE Phoenicians traded at this time
MI"Nos (B. C. 1407). This famous lawgiver was so renowned for his justice  but fruitless resistance, that the Siculi  with the inhabitants of England and
that the Greeks believed he became one of the judges in Hades after his death;  in the north of Italy abandoned their  Ireland. At a very early period they
and that his brother, RHaDaIKaN/THUs,      was appointed to the like office. The  native land to their Gaulish invaders'  had visited the coasts of the Mediterragrandson 6f Minos (named, after him, Minos,) was also a king and lawgiver in   The battles which they fought with the  nean, and gettled  in Spain; thence,
Crete, and under him the island became a powerful maritime State. He divided  latter are mentioned in history as the  coasting along the north of that counthe island into three portions, and reigned nine years. The Cretans traced  most sanguinary that had as yet been  try, they had found their way to the
their legal and political institutions to him. It is of him  and his daughter,  witnessed in Italy (Diony/sius of Hall-  western coast of France, and finally to
Pasiph/a~, that the story of.the MINOTAUR  is related. The Minotaur was said  ca rnassus, book i., ch. 16). Being at  Britain. Thattheyhad extendedthemto be a monster, partly man, partly bull, born of Minos' daughter, Pasipha~,  length overcome, they retreated south-   selves in this direction at this early
who concealed him at Cnosus, in a labyrinth built by the architect, Doe/dalus.  ward, whence they crossed over into  period, at least as far as the Straits of
About the same time, Minos made war upon Attica and Megtara, and compelled  the island which has taken from them   Gibraltar, is evident from the inscripthese States to send yearly seven youths and seven maidens to be devoured by  the name of Sicily. We may fix the  tion (mentioned by Procopius, Vandal,
the Minotaur in the labyrinth. Minos appears to have been more angry with  year 1364 B. C. as the period when the  b. ii., ch. x.), legible for many ages on
Daedalus for constructing the labyrinth, than with Pasipha~ for harboring the  Gauls became masters of the entire val-  the two pillars near the fount of the
Minotaur.  Dvedalus fled to Sicily, whither Minos pursued him, and was slain.  ley of the Po. Butthe conquerors did not  Magi at Tangiers: " We fly from the
The monster was killed by the Athenian hero, TII/SEUS, who was enabled to  stop there: they pushed their conquests  face of Joshua, the robber."
find his way out of the labyrinth by means of a clue given to him by ARIaDa'N,   further south, until they reached the     There are reasons for believing that
the daughter of Pasiphbai.   Ariadne fell in love with Theseus, and left Crete  mouth of the Tiber; and this river, to- ~Ireland was known earlier, or at least
with him; but, on their arrival at Naxos, he was forced by Bacchus to leave  gether with the Nera and the Trento,   more intimately, than Britain was, to
her. Bacchus then married her. The a.dveptures  of Ariadne with Theseus   became the boundary of an Umbrian  thePhoenicians. The'groundsforthis
and Bacchus have furnished the ancient poets with find subjects for their genius.  or Gaulish Empire, which, extending  belief are set forth in.-Moore's H1istory
These events are more properly referable to the next century.                    thence to the Alps, embraced more  of Ireland  (vol. i., pp. 10, 11).  The
ATTICA.-Erechtheus       succeeded his father, Pandion, as king of Athens. In  than the half of Italy. taving become  waters and harbors of Ireland were
his reign the ELEUSINIA~N MYSTERIES (i.e., festivals and solemnities observed at  the possessors of this beautiful-territory,   better known, through the resort of
Eleusis in honor of Ceres and her daughter, Proserpine,) were introduced at  they settled peaceably in it, and organ-  commerce and navigation, than thos-e
Athens by Eumolpus (B. C. 1356). The immediate successors of Erechtheus  ized their State in accordance with the  of Britain (Tacitus, Agricol.,ch. xxiv.):
were Cecrops II. and Pandion II., the latter of whom was expelled by the Me-  usages of the Gaulish nations. They  so that Ireland was in possession of
tion/ide, or descendants of Me'tion, a son of Erechtheus.                       divided it into three regions, or prov-  channels of intercourse distinct front
SPARTA. — Of this State there is little worthy of notice during this century.  inces, determined by the nature of the  Britain.   Combining the proofs of this
Cynortas was succeeded by his son, Perietres, who married Gorgoph/one, the  country. The first, which was named  early intercourse between Ireland and
daughter of Perseus, and had issue, TYNDA"aEus, Ica/rius, Apha/reus, Leucip/-  by'them  Is-Ombria (whence the Latin  the Phoenician  Spaniards,  with the
pus, and IHippoc/on.  Tyndareus is an important personage in the Greek my-  name " Insubria "), or Low Umbria,' title of " Sacred' bestowed upon Irethological legends.                                                             included all the level plains in the  land in far distant ages, Mr. Moore
Aioos. —Abas, the son and successor of Lynceus, founded the city of Abee, in  vicinity of the Po. The second, which   thinks that her pre-eminence in reliPhocis. His sons, Acris/ius and Praotus, divided the kingdom between them.. they named Oll-Ombria (Olombria), or  gion was the chief source of the disThe former had a daughter named DAN/AE, who was kept prisoner in a tower  High Umbria, comprised the two slopes  tinction to which she attained, and
by her father, in consequence of a prediction that her son would destroy him.  of the Apennines and the rising coast  that she was chosen for the depository
The fable runs that Jupiter, in the form of a shower of gold, visited her.  She  of the upper sea. The third comprised  of the Phoenician  Worship in that porbecame the mother of PER/SEUS; and in consequence of this, her father put her  the coast of the lower sea, between the  tion of the world.  The rites of sunand her child into a chest, and threw them into the sea. They were rescued  Arno  and the Tiber, and received the  worship were practised by the people,
by a fisherman named Dictys, and the child lived to become one of the most  denomination  of Vil-Ombria, or mari-  that luminary being worshipped under
famous heroes of Greece. His. adventures are the subject of many a fable and  time Umbria.  Under these  circum-  the sacred name of " Re."  The moon
poem. The chief of his fabulous exploits was the cutting off the head of Me-  stances, the Umibrians received a con-  (" Mis") was likewise adored. The
dusa, one of the Gorgons, whose countenance was so terrible as to turn all  siderable increaseofpopulation. They  worship of fire also constituted a part
beholders into stone. By means of winged sandals, a magic wallet, and a  counted, in the provinces of Isombria   of the old Irish superstitions. Annuhelmet which rendered him invisible, he accomplished his task. He then went  and Olombria alone, three hundred  ally, at the time of the vernal equinox,
to Ethiopia, which was suffering from an inundation and a sea-monster. To  and fifty-eight great towns, which his-  the great festival of La Baal-tinne
appease Neptune and the latter, ANDRO/MEDA, the king's daughter, was chained  torians have dignified with the title of  (or, "the day of the Baal-fire,") was
to a rock, in order to be devoured by the monster; but Perseus slew the beast,  cities (Pliny, b. iii., ch. xiv.). Their  celebrated; and through every district
and released Andromeda. The-princess having been promised to Phineus, the  influence, moreover, extended over all - in Ireland it was strictly ordered that,
wedding was about to take place, when Perseus quarrelled  with the bride-  the Italian nations to the extremity of  on that night, all fires should be exgroom, slew him, and carried off the bride. He then returned to Argos, where  the Peninsula; and they maintained  tinguished; nor were any, under pain
he accidentally killed his grandfather, Acrisius, and thus realized the predic-  their ascendancy for more than three  of death, to be again lighted till the
tion. He shared the kingdom with his uncle, Praetus, and founded Myce/noe  hundred years. The Insubrians were  pile of sacrifices in the palace of Tara
(B. C. 1313).                                                                   a very tall and strong race of men,  was kindled.   The famous Round
CORINTH, the original name of which was Ephy/ra, was founded (B. C. 1347)  with long hair of a reddish hue, which  Towers of Ireland owe their origin to
by SIsrYPHUs, the son of 2E olus and Euareta.  The Greeks say, that on account  they rendered still more red by artifi-  this fire-worship.  They are round
of his wickedness in this world, he is punished in Ilades by being forced to  cial means.    The women were almost  edifices, being about 40 feet in  aiamroll up a hill a huge block of marble, which, as soon as it reaches the top,  as tall and courageous as the men.  eter, and 120 feet high. Towers exrolls down again. IIe instituted the ISTHMIAN GAM:S, and was a zealous pro-  The Roman historians give strange  actly resembling them have been fbund
rooter of commerce and   navigation.                                            accounts of this people.                 at Bhaugulporie, in Hindostan.
Who founded the kingdom of Crete? —What is said of Minos and Rhadamanthus? — The    What was the date of the conquest of    What is said of th~e trade of Ireland at this
Mirrotaur? —Of Pasiphae? —Of Deedalus? —Of Theseus and Ariadne? —What  were the Eleu-  Northern Italy by the Gauls? — Iow was  early period? — Of the religion of the counsinian mysteries? —Relate the legend of Danae. —0f Perseus and Androm'eda. —0f Sisyphus. their territory bounded and divided? —What try? — Of the worship~ of fire? — And of the
— What  is said of the history of Attica? —Of Sparta?       is sarid of them by the Roman historians?                 Round Towers?
(36)




B.C. 1400- 1300.
FRANCE.                                    S PAIN.                            GERMANY.    ASIA MINOR.
THE characteristics of the ancient-   IN the fabulous history of this coun-    TH'I'E number of tribes into which the    SCATTERED notices of this division
Gauls were, personal bravery, unri-  try, we find that the Celtic tIercules,   Germans were subdivided was very  of the earth's surface appear from time
valled in their time by other nations;  shortly before his death, appointed igreat.  WVe have already noticed the  to time in ancient history, but nothing
an open, impetuous, and eminently  IIes/perus, the brother of Atlas, one  principal divisions: the student will  like a connected narrative is to be
susceptible disposition; and great in-  of his companions, to succeed him.  find a full account of them, and of the  found.  Asia Minor was inhabited by
telligence, combined with extraordi-  This king was so renowned for his vir-  subdivisions, in Menzel's History of   a vast number of tribes, each ruled
nary fickleness, inconstancy, repug-  tues that Spain was named after him,  Germany, vol. i., ch. iv., v., vi.  The  over by its own chief or king. It was
nance to order and discipline, much  "Hespe'ria."  But his merits did not  ancientVendi/li appeartohave inhab-  frequently invaded by the powerful
ostentation, and  excessive  vanity.  preserve his throne to him. His bro-  ited the whole of the -ast tract of  monarchs of Assyria and Egypt: and
Hence theylived in perpetual disunion  ther, Atlas, having gained the good  country between the Elhe  and the  was the cradle of the great Pelasgian
and discord.                            will of the army, deposed him, and   Vistula, and known by the general  race which peopled Greece and Italy.
The sovereignty of the whole. of' took possession of the kingdom. Hes-  name of " Suithiod."  The Peu'cini  We read of kings of Damascus and of
Gaul, says Mr. Ritson (Memoirs qf the  perus fled into Italy, where her was   lay nearest to Asia, their native land,  Colchis; and a number of tributary
Celts, vol. i., ch. iv., and see the autho-  hospitably entertained by Co'ritus, or  and took their name from  an island  princes from Asia Minor are depicted
rities there cited), seems to have been  Co'rythus, king of Tuscany. Atlas  supposed to have been held sacred, and  on the Egyptian and Assyrian mnonupossessed by some particular State,  was so enraged at this, that he invaded    which may possibly have  had some  ments.
and that of each State by some partic-  Italy, and made Coritus prisoner: he  connection with that of Samothrace,          In this century we come to the founular family.  There were frequently  also planted a colony of Spaniards in  where the religions of the north and  dation of a kingdom  immortalized by
two kings, at a time, of the same State.  Sicily. Hesperus died in the mean-  of Greece intermingled, or with the  Grecian poetry, though otherwise of
The multitude, in the most ancient  while, and Atlas remained in Italy,  oracle of Delphi in Greece, which was  very small importance to the world,
times, chose a prince every year, and  having confided the government of  founded by the Pelasgians in the ear-  viz., that of Titor. Mr. Grote observes
likewise a Captain-general of war. It  Spain to his son, Sic'ulus. Mariana  lier ages of antiquity.  Zamolxis, the  (History of G rcece,  vol. i., p. 284), that
was the custom  among the Gauls to  cites Philis'tius Siracusa'nus as his  sage, who first taught the doctrine of  it would require a large volume to
attend  their assemblies  completely  authority for this statement, and for  the immortality of the soul, dwelt, at a  convey any tolerable idea of the vast
armed. They preserved order there by  the subsequent exploits of Siculus in  very remote period, among the Getoe,  estent and expansion of this interesta singular custom. If any one inter-  Italy, after the death of Atlas (History  the principal nation of the Peucini.    ing fable (the legend of Troy), treated
rupted or disturbed the person speak-  of Spain,  b. i., ch. iii.): though he ap-    The Germans were distinguished  as it has been ill every conceivable
ing, the beadle came to him  with a  pears to consider these legends of the  from other nations by their blue eyes,  manner by poets, epic, lyric, and tragic,
drawn knife, and, using threats, or-  ancient kings of Spain as " little better  light hair, and gigantic stature. They  by historical inquirers and by philosoderedhimto be silent; and this hedid  than old women's tales."  The story   destroyed sickly and deformed children,  phers. TheGreeks,however, generally
a second and a third time: and if the  is that Electra, the daughter of Atlas,  and they drowned men who had been  believed in its truth.  The primitive
offender still persisted in disturbing the  married Coritus, the captive king' of  mutilated.  Itwas a commonthingfor  ancestor of the Trojan line of kings is
meeting, the beadle cut off from  his  Tuscany: and that on his death, her  their old men, who had become use-  DARZD.NUS, the son of Jupiter and of
mantle as much as made the rest use-  two sons, Ja/sius and Dar'danus, con-  less, to deprive themselves of life. An  Electra, the daughter of Atlas.  It is
less. On their assembly days the Celts  tended for their father's dominions.  existence devoid of strength and beauty  said that he came from Samothrace, or
met in great numbers in their groves.  Their uncle, Siculus, went over to Italy  appeared to them w-orthless;  and, ac-  from Arcadia, or from Italy. In the
There the Druids presided over the  to pacify them, but Dardanus murdered  cording to their religion, tile joys of  column devoted to the historyof Spain,
public and private sacrifices, and taught  his brother Jasius; whereupon Siculus  heaven were granted only to those who  during this century, will be found an
religion. They also held tribunals for  drove him out of Italy.  Itaving col-  fell by the sword. They despised the  account of the expulsion of a chieftain
the trial of crimes and suits, and de-  lected a number of the aborigines,  refinements of civilized life: they built  of the name of Dardanus from Tuscany
crcedrewarlds andpunishments.   They  Dardanus emigrated into Asia Minor,   no cities, and destroyed those. of the  byoneoftheSpanishmonarchs. Homer
were exempt front military service and  where he founded the famous city of  countries they invaded.  Menzel as-  says nothing about the country whence
from taxes; in short, they enjoyed im-  Troy. Siculusvisitecl Sicily, and gave  serts that no towns were to be found  Dardanus came: the authorities on the
munity in all things.  The nobles de-  the island the name it now  bears.  in Germany before the 10th century  subject are IIellanicus, Diony/sius of
voted themselves entirely to war: this  These legends probably owe their origin  after Christ, except a few sacred places  Halicarnas'sus, Apollodo'rus, and Varwas their whole study and occupation.  to the imagination of the ancient histo-  known by the name of Asenburgen  ro. The first Dardanian town founded
The common people were accounted  rians, who, being desirous of account-  (History of Germany, vol. i., p. 18).  by this chieftain was on Mount Ida:
little better than slaves: they dared do  ing for the nomenclature of countries  The heroism and the powers of endur-  there he established his kingdom. IIis
nothing by themselves, and were not  and cities, invented eponymous per-  ancepossessed by the ancient Germans,  son, Erichtho'nius, became one of the
admittedtothecouncils. Mostofthem   sonages to suit the occasion. The le-  are described by all ancient historians  wealthiestofmen. Hisflocksandherds
were oppressed, either with debt, or  gend of Dardanus is, however, related   as truly extraordinary.  Caesar says  multiplied; hehad inhis pastures three
with the magnitude of the tributes, or  by several ancient writers, and it will  that the Gauls fled  at the sight of them;  thousand mares, the offspring of some
with the tyranny of the powerful; and  be further referred to in the column   and the Emperor Titus exclaimed:  of which produced horses of preternatin order to obtain protection, they vo-  devoted to Asia Mi. nor.               " Their bodies are great, but their souls  ural swiftness.   Ilencethe allegory that
luntarily  became serfs of the nobles,    Siculus, having seated Jasius on the  are still greater!"  In their peculiar  the father of them  was Bo'recas, the
whose powe~5 and quality came to be  throne of Tuscany, returned to Spain,  attachmentto a wandering life, wemay  north wind.  Erichthonius was sucestimated by the number of their vas-  and from this time we do not find an  trace a portion of the Divine plan,  ceeded by his son Tros, the ancestor
sals,  and of those whom  they kept in  account of any other actions of his.  whereby a hardy race of men was pre-  from whom  the Trojans derived their
pay; for these were the only marks of  The names of his successors are prob-  served for so many ages in order to  name.  Tros had three sons: Ilus, Asgrandeur they made any account of.  ably fabulous.  From  one of them,  replace the degenerate inhabitants of  sartacus, andGANY~IEqDE.  Thebeauty
The country was   thus split up into fac-  named Testa, the tribe of Contestani  the Roman Empire, when  the latter had  of the latter induced Jupiter  to steal
tions, from States down to families.    is said to have derived its name.       reached the last stage of corruption.    him to become his cup-bearer.
What were the characteristics of the an-    Who succeeded the Celtic Hercules?- What is said of the Vendili?-Of the Peu- |What is said of the earliest history of Asia
cient G~auls? —The form of government?-   Whence the name Hesperia? —Relate the le-  cini? —Who was Znmolxis? —What were the  Minor? —Of the legend of Troy? —Who was
The functions of the Druids? —The occupa-  gend of Atlas.-Of Dardanus. —The exploits  principal characteristics of the Germans? —  Dardanus? —What city did he found? —What
tions of the nobles?.-Condition of the peopl e?  of Siculus. —What is saLid of his successor? W That did Caesar and Titus say of them?  is said of Tros? —And Ganymede?
(37)




THE 13TH CENTURY
EGYPT.                                                                       SYRIA.
THE preceding series of kings has been deduced from various testimonies    AFTER the death of Gideon, his son, Abimelech, endeavored to obtain the
beside the authority of the ancient historians. Among them  may be men-  crown which his father had refused.  Having formed a conspiracy with his
tioned the Tablet of Aby'dus, made thirteen generations after the death of  mother's kindred at Shechem, he fell unexpectedly upon Ophrah, seized his
Rame'ses III.; the inscriptions of Medinet Aboo (already referred to), made  seventy brothers, and slew them all; and, in a convention of the neighboring
four generations after him by a king who claimed to have descended through  people, was elected king. But his authority did not extend beyond Shechem
this series; the inscription on the Memnonium at Thebes, where Rameses II.  and its vicinity: the other tribes neither assisted nor opposed him. After three
claims these kings as his ancestors. The Tablet of Abydus is broken: one  years the Shechemites attempted to throw off the yoke, whereupon the usurper
king's name is gone wholly, and one partially, and we have only the Theban  destroyed their city; hut in following up his victory he was wounded by a woman
list to depend upon. After the interval of these two reigns the Tablet no  during an attack on Thebes, and, disdaining to die thus, he commanded his
longer agrees with the Theban list, or with the names on the Theban buildings,  armor-bearer to pierce him with his sword. After Abimelech, Tola, of the
and we are led to conjecture that Thebes and Abydus were no longer under  tribe of Issachar, administered the public affairs for 23 years. Next came Jair,
the same king. Rameses III. possibly did not reign over the whole of Egypt.  a Gileadite, who was judge for 22 years.
So much uncertainty prevails about the 19th dynasty, that we pass on to the    We now come to an interesting episode in ancient Hebrew history, which
20th, which commences with the reign of Rameses IV. (B. C. 1251). This  illustrates the piety as well as the ferocity of the age. The Philistines and the
prince, in the 4th and 5th years of his reign, reduced to submission various  Ammonites, combining their forces, attacked the Israelites on the south and the
nations of Asia, and conquered Cyprus. In the 11th and 12th years he again  east. The tribes beyond Jordan were speedily subdued, and the remainder
carried on war in Asia, and probably in Syria; but these foreign w-ars were  were overcome during the year 1263 B. C.  For eighteen years did these opproductive of no permanent  result, and were undertaken mainly for the pur-  pressors " vex Israel."  At length the people turned their eyes to JEPnTHAtI, a
pose of obtaining tribute, plunder, and captives. The Egyptians made use of  natural son of Gilead, who, having been wrongfully expelled from his father's
the latter in their public works, the natives acting as "task-masters," or fore-  house, had taken refuge in a wild region, and became the captain of a band of
men, over them.  Rameses IV. was succeeded (B. C. 1235) by his brothers  freebooters, a profession which was not then held in particular disrepute. They
Ranleses V. and Rameses VI., the duration of whose reigns is not known.  sent for him, and made him chief of the city of Gilead, and empowered him to
The inscriptions do not disclose any historical facts respecting them worthy  treat with the king of Ammon.  He accordingly sent an embassy to that prince,
of notice. Egypt began to decline during the reigns of these princes, and in  remonstrating on his aggression. The king, in reply, demanded the surrender
the succeeding century, in which this family of Rameses lived, it retrograded  of the provinces beyond Jordan, as the patrimony of his own ancestors. Jephconsiderably. Of Rameses VII. there is no memorial left but his tomb.       thah then prepared for war: but before setting forth, he made the memorable
We may here notice the Egyptian mode of computing time. The student  vow that, if he returned victorious, he would sacrifice as a burnt-of.ering "whatwill find repeated mention made in history of the SOTHIC, or SOT11AC CYCLE.  soever should come forth of the doors of his house to meet him."  IIe prevailed
This was a period of 1460 years of 365 days each, at the expiration of which  over the enemies of his country, and, having expelled the Ammonites, he rethe months returned to the same day of the year. The name Sothiac is  turned home, and was met by his only daughter, at the head of her attendants,
derived from Sothis, the dog-star (Sirius), at whose heliacal rising the year  who camne forth out of his house to greet him. The unhappy father, perceiving
was supposed to commence. One of these cycles ended on the 20th of July, in  too late the consequences of his rash vow, rent his clothes in agony. Itis heroic
the year 1322 B. C. The Egyptian priests asserted that 341 generations, or  daughter, however, insisted on his fulfilling it, and only requested permission
11,340 years had elapsed between the creation of man and the reign of Sethos  to retire for a while to bewail upon the mountains the frustration of the hope
(B. C. 1050), which would carry back the era of the first man to 12,390 years  which appears to have been the ruling one among IHebrew women, viz., that of
B. C.; but in this period is included a period of 9000 years, ascribed by  becoming a wife and a mother in Israel. At the expiration of this period (two
Manetho to the reign of Vulcan, prior to the race of mortal kings. These   months) she returned and submitted to her fate. This event was commemo9000 years are probably lunar months of 29 days and 15 hours each (see  rated by the custom of the Jewish maidens to lament four days in every year
Nolan's Egyptians Chronology), in which case they would constitute a period  the sacrifice of the heroic girl (Judges xi. 40).
of 730 years, or half a Sothiac cycle, and the length of time between the    Jephthah was at this time at deadly war with the Ephraimites, who haughtily
mythical reign of Vulcan and that of Sethos would thus be reduced to 3070  resented their not being summoned to take the lead in the Ammonitish war.
years. Herodotus states (book ii., 3, 4), that the Egyptians first defined the   IIaving threatened to wreak their vengeance on him and his adherents, Jephmeasure of the year, which they divided into twelve months of thirty days,  thah marched against them, and defeated them. Here, again, we meet with
adding five days to the end of each year; that they invented the names of the  an illustration of the ferocity of the times. The Ephraimites had a peculiarity
twelve gods; and that Hercules was one of the twelve who were produced from   in their pronunciation, being, apparently, unaccustomed or unable to pronounce
the eight gods before Amosis: that in the course of the 11,340 years (before  the letter h. In driving them across the Jordan they were tested by being made
mentioned), no divinity had appeared in human form; but it was not so pre-  to pronounce the word Shibboleth (i.e., "water streams"): those who pronounced
viously nor afterwards: that during this period the sun had four times deviated  it Sibboleth were put to the sword, and in this manner 42,000 of them perished.
from his ordinary course, having twice risen where he is wont to set, and twice  The word Shibboleth  is now frequently used figuratively  to signify "a test."
set where he is wont to rise. Previous to this period, gods reigned in Egypt  After this sanguinary affair, Jephthah remained undisputed head of Israel for
under one superior. Pan was the most ancient of the gods, and one of the  six years. Of the remainder of his life no incidents are recorded. He was
eight accounted first in order of time. From these eight proceeded twelve gods  buried in Mizpah, one of the cities of his native district, Gilead, B.C. 1239.
of the second order, of whom Hercules was one; and from these twelve pro-  St. Paul (Heb. xi. 32) classes Jephthah among those who, through faith, subceeded the gods of the third order. Of these, Horus, the Apollo of the Greeks,  dued kingdoms, and did other great works, receiving, through their trials, the
and the son of Osiris (Bacchus), was the last, By him Typhon was expelled.  greater reward of their endurance. The story of Iphigeni'a, the daughter of
The demigods, Hercules and the eleven others, reigned 2000 years. From   Agamemnon, seems to have been borrowed from that of Jeph1;hah and his
lBacchus to Amosis a period of 15,000 years elapsed: but the Greeks computed  daughter.  Some learned commentators have endeavored to show that Jephthah
only 1600 years; and from Bacchus to Hercules, 900 years; from Hercules to did not sacrifice his daughter, but dedicated her to the Lord, i. e., to seclusion
Pan, 800 years. From this statement an idea of the value of Egyptian Chro-  and celibacy. As to this, see Calmet's Dictionary  of the Bible, tit. "Jephnology may be formed. The people themselves had no chronology except what  thah."
their priests manufactured for them, and that was mystified in a variety of    The succeeding judges were Ibzan (B. C. 1239-1232), Elon (B. C. 1232-122~),
ways.                                                                       Abdon (B. C. 1222-1214). (Judges xii.)
Name the principal sources of information as to the ancient kings. —Who  was the first of |What was the career of Abimelech? —Who became judges after him? —Who wqs Jephthe 20th dynasty? —Who were his successors? —What was the condition of Egypt under  thah? —Narrnte his principal actions; his vow; his cruelty to the Ephraimites. —What is
them? —What was the Sothiac Cycle? — What is said of the Egyptian computation of time?  the origin and the meaning of Shibboleth? —What does St. Paul say of Jephthah? —What
-- Of the great period? —And of the three orders of gods?                 was the supposed fate of his daughter? — WTho succeeded Jephthah?
(38!




INDIA.                                ASSYRIA.                                   PERSIA.                                     CHINA.
SIVA  is described  as sometimes        TH{E remainder of the kings who           PERSIA abounds with the ruins of    WOO-TING reigned in peace, and died
wandering about drunk and naked,  reigned prior to the revival of the  forgotten splendor.  The poet Ferdusi  B. C. 1265, and was succeeded by his
covered with ashes, ornamented with   Empire under Ninus, are:                     alludes to this fact in the Shah Nameh,  son, Tsoo-kang, an idle and vicious
human skulls and bones, and sur-                                        B.IC       when he says: "The curtains of the  prince. Tsoo-kang's younger brother,
rounded by ghosts and goblins.  I-e |       Lampa'res..... 1296              palace of Coesar are woven by the  Tsoo-kea, who began to reign in 1258,
has three eyes, carries a trident, and       Pany/as......    1266  spider! and the owl replaces the nobut  was a still more vicious man. In conis sometimes seated in an attitude of it    Sosar'mus or Deree'to. 1250          (drum) on the watch-tower of Afra-  sequence of this, the Shang dynasty
profound thought.  Bloody sacrifices            s,                          siab! "  The ruins of Persepolis are  declined more and more in political
were offered to him, and his votaries    This last is the conjectural reading,  the grandest that yet remain, and (ac-  importance. During the reign of the
inflicted the most horrible wounds and  according to Layard, of the name found   cording to Malcolm, History of Persia,  latter-named prince was born the celetortures on themselves (Ward's Hin-  on the inscriptions at Nineveh. vol. i., p. 251), from what is left of this,  brated Wan-wang, father of the founder
doos, vol. iii., p. 15; Iteber's Journal,    About the year B. C. 1230, the second   the  most famous of Persian cities,  of the CHow dynasty, and grandson of
Vol. i., p. 77). IIe does not pay much  Ninus, surnamed  Mithrae'us (from   we may infer that it once contained   Koo-kung.  The  State which Wooattention to the affairs of mankind.  Mith/ras, the sun, on account of the bril-  edifices which  rivalled  in  magnifi-  wang governed having, through his
His heaven is in the midst of the eter-  liancy of his exploits; and called Belus  cence those of Greece and  Rome.  energy, increased continually in prosnal snows and glaciers of Keilas, one  II. by the Greeks), became monarch,  The foundation of this city is, as we  perity whilst the rest of the Empire
of the highest and deepest groups of  and revived the ambition and military   have already stated, attributed to Gi-  declined, the people inclined more and
the stupendous summits of the Hima-  renown of the ancient Empire. His  amschid, who built a fortified palace  more to the Chow family, and looked
laya Mountains.  His consort, De'vi,  predecessors, for a thousand years,  on the fine plain of Murdasht, at the  to them  for deliverance.  Two other
or Bhava'ni, is as much worshipped  had remained comparatively inactive.  foot of a hill. It was of hard black   worthless princes, Lin-sin (B.C. 1223),
as Siva, but is represented in still  Probably the Empire had been divided   granite, each stone being from 9 to 12  and Kang-ting (B. C. 1219), the sucmore terrible colors than he is. At  into a number of small sovereignties;  feet long, and broad in proportion. It  cessorsof Tsoo-kea, rendered the Shang
her temple, near Calcutta, 1000 goats  but now  they became united under  was 90 feet high, with two great flights  dynasty still more despicable.
are  sacrificed  to  her every month.  Ninus, who in a few years made him-  of stairs, so easy of ascent that a man            The foregoing is all that is worth
Secret orgies are also held  in  her  self master of Upper Asia, from India  could ride up on horseback.  There  extracting from the Chinese annals of
honor; in these, both sexes meet to  to the Greek colonies in Asia Minor.  were 40 pillars, each 60 feet high, of  this period. We may devote the space
feast on flesh and spirituous liquors,  The  empire that he established  is  stone carved as delicately as the softest  that remains to noticing some peculiarand to indulge in  the grossest de-  called "the Second Empire."                   wood. It is not known whence this  ities of  this extraordinary  people.
bauchery.                                   Historians are not agreed as to the  granite was brought, for there is none  Their principal characteristic is sameVishnu is represented as a comely   dates of the accession of'Ninus and his  like it now  to be found in Persia.  ness. Not only in outward appearance,
and  placid young  man, of a dark  successors, nor as to the right reading   There are several figures of Giamschid  in the features, the color of the eye,
azure color, and dressed like a king   of their names.  For instance, the king   in the sculpture.  In one he has an   and the shade of the hair, but in their
of ancient days.  He is also painted   who succeeded Ninus is called by the   urn in his hand, in which he burns  mental qualities, do the inhabitants of
in the forms of his ten principal in-  Greeks Teut/amus, and by Mr. Layard   benzoin, while he stands adoring the  the various provinces closely resemble
carnations, which we may mention to  Divanuk/ha, or Divanu/rish (see Lay-  sun. In another he is represented as  each other. Despotism is undoubtedly
illustrate the genius of Ilindoo fiction.  ard's A~ineveh and Babylon, p. 502).  seizing the mane of a lion with one  the primary cause of this phenomenon;
These inca/rnations were:-1. A fish, The latter dates the accession of Di-  hand, while he stabs him  with the  for the multitude, reduced to nearly
to recover the Vedas which had been  vanukha at B. C. 1200, whilst Usher  other.'This famous palace, which was  the same level, and actuated by the
carried away by a demon in a deluge.  places it in 1207, and Clintonin 1186.  styled the Tukht, or throne, of Giam-  same wants and passions through long
2. A boar, who raised on his tusks         We must be content with the mere  schid, is said to have been destroyed  ages, naturally assimilate.  The Chithe world' which had sunk to the bot-  names of these kings, until the re-  by Alexander the Great in the 4th cen-  nese  are very deficient in personal
tom of the ocean. 3. A tortoise, that  searches of antiquaries shall have   fury B. C.  The city of Istakhar, near  beauty.  They are industrious, polite,
supported a mountain, onwhich rested  thrown more light on this portion of   which it stood, long survived its de-  and affable, and frequently kind and
the world. 4. A man, with the head  ancient history. We may, however,  struction.                                            generous. They honor their parents,
and paws of a lion, who tore to pieces  assume that it consisted of very nearly      The ruins of Susa are still to be  and are fond of their children. Their
an infidel king. 5. A dwarf, who ob-  the same incidents as in preceding'and   seen, extending a distance of twelve  women make good wives and mothers.
tained  from  a tyrannical king  as  subsequent ages. On the inscriptions  miles between the town of Desful and  On the other hand, they are cowardly,
much ground as he could step over in  we find successive Assyrian kings fight-  the river Karasoo. They consist of  cunning, and deceitful; cruel to their
three steps. On this occasion, Vishnu   ing with exactly the same nations and   mounds of bricks and colored tiles,  wives, blunt in their sensibilities, and
took the first step over the earth, the  tribes, some of which were scarcely  resembling those found in the ruins  gross in  their enjoyments.  Their
second over the ocean; and no space  more than four or five days' march   of Babylon. At the foot of one of  wishes tend toward this world, and
being left for the third, he released  from the gates of Nineveh.                  them  stands the tomb of the prophet  their hopes do not extend beyond the
the king from  his promise, on condi-    The Jewish tribes, as has long been   Daniel. It is a small building, used  grave. Their principal desires are, to
lion of his descending to hell. 6. A   suspected by biblical scholars, can now   as a dwelling for the holy men who  possess riches enough to enable them
Paris Ram, a Brahmin hero, who ex-  be proved to have held their dependent  watch the remains of that illustrious  to lead an easy life, to have male chilterminated the Cshatriyas.  7. The  position upon the Assyrian king from   man.  The ruins of Kertmanshahz,  dren, and to exercise some public emhero Rama.  8. ]Balla Rama, who de-  a very early period, long, indeed, before  however, are the finest in Persia.  At  ployment.  In these attributes they
livered  the earth from  giants.  9.  the time to be inferred from any passage  Ecbatoana may still be seen the tombs  have undergone but little change for
Buddha, the teacherof afalse religion.  in Scripture. Whenever an expedition   of Mordecai and Esther, to which  very many centuries; they were prob10. Crishna, whom we have previously  is mentioned in Assyrian records, it is  Jewish pilgrims have for centuries  ably, in the 13th century B. C., very
mentioned as one of the two great  stated to have been because these tribes  resorted, and which are still objects of  nearly the same people that they are
heroes of India.                        |had not paid their customary tribute.   veneration.                               |nowa.       
Give an accosunt of the form of Siva. —Of Give the names of the Assyrian kings dur-| What is said of the ruins of Persepolis?-   | Who were the successors of Woo-ting?- 
l evi. — What is said of them? — How i}s ing this century. —Who founded the second Of the palace of Giamschid? —Of the ruins of |Who was Wfan-wang? —Mention some of the|
lVishnu described'? —Which were his ten in- |Empire? —Wrhat is said of the Jewish tribes? |Susa? —The tomb of Daniel? —Of Kerman-.t peculiarities of the Chinese; their merits;
carnations?                           | And the Assyrian domination?           isshah? —The tombs of Mordecai and Esther? |and their defects. 
( 39 )




GREECE.
THIS century is the heroic age of Greece.  PE/LOPS, BELLERiOPHON, HER-CULES,   Apsyrtus. To distract Xetes in the pursuit after them,. Medea cut her brother
CASTOR, POLLUX, THE/SEUS, JArSON, and the ARGONAUTS, (E/DIPUS, NESTOR, AGA-  into pieces, and threw the latter into the sea; and while 2Eetes was collecting
ME3FI/NON, ULYS/SES, ADME/TUS, MELEA/GER, PE/LEUS, TELZAMON, and others,  the fragments, the Argonauts escaped. They visited many countries (aamong
flourished at this epoch.  Their adventures form the staple of Grecian legendary   others, Libya in Africa,) on their return home, and met with a number of adlore.                                                                         ventures (see Grote's History of Greece, vol. i., ch. xiii.). Medea accompanied
ATTICA. —Pandion died in exile, leaving a son named.2Ege'us. The latter  Jason to Greece, where he deserted her for the daughter of Creon, king of Corwas the father of the famous THESEUS, who expelled the Metion'ides from   inth. She revenged herself by murdering Jason's young wife. Various stories
Athens, and replaced him on the throne.  Theseus went to Crete, and destroyed   are told as to her death: but she is said to have become immortal, and was
the Minotaur, thereby releasing his country from the hard conditions imposed  honored with divine worship.
upon it by Minos. On his return he neglected to hoist the white sail, which     THE CALYDONIAN HUNT took place near Cal'ydon, an ancient town of AEtolia,
was to have been the signal of his success; and 2Egeus, thinking that he had  and was instituted to destroy a ferocious boar that caused great havoc. Theperished, threw himself into the sea, which, it is said, was thence called the  seus, Admetus, Castor, Pollux, and other heroes, took part in this famous hunt.
|E ge/an Sea. Theseus thus became kingof Athens (B.C.'1235). Ile abolished       THE CENTAURS (or bull-killers, as the name implies,) were natives of Thesthe separate governments of Attica, and erected Athens into the capital of a  saly, fabled to have been half horses and half men, on account of their expertsingle commonwealth, and thus laid the foundation of its greatness. Among  ness on horseback.  TIHE IAPITHaE were a Pelasgian people, and, at the time of
other exploits recorded of him  are his destroying many monsters, robbers, and  the battle, were governed by Pirith/ous. It was at his wedding that the Centaurs
ferocious beasts that infested the country.  One of the famous robbers slain by  endeavored to carry off the bride, Ilippodami'a; a bloody struggle ensued, in
him was Procrus/tes, who used to tie upon a bed all travellers who fell into his  which the Centaurs were defeated; and in this conflict, Theseus, Castor, Pollux,
hands: if they were shorter than the bed, he stretched their limbs till they   and other heroes took part.
were of the same length; if they were longer than the bed, he made them of   - CASTOR and POLLUX were twin brothers, called also the Dioscu/ri (or sons of
the same size by cutting off some of their limbs. IHence, "the bed of Procrus-  Jupiter).  They were the sons of Leda and Tyndareus, king of Lacedemnon;
tes" became proverbial.  Theseus also overcame the A'a AzoNs, a race of female  hence they-are called Tyndarqide.  They were the brothers of the beautiful
warriors from Asia, who invaded Attica.  He is said to have taken part in the  Helen, who was the wife of Menela/us, and the cause of the famous Trojan war.
Argonautic expedition, the Calydonian hunt, the battle of the Lapithoe with   Castor was famed for his skill in taming horses, and Pollux for his skill in
the Centaurs and the carrying off of IIel/en and Proser/pine.  The history of  boxing. They took part in all the heroic expeditions and exploits of their time.
this great Athenian hero is so mixed up with fables, that it is impossible to say   On the Argonautic expedition, Pollux killed A/mycus, king of the Beb/ryces,
how much of it is worthy of credence. His exploits have doubtless been greatly  in a pugilistic contest.  They recovered their sister Helen from Theseus, who
magnified and added to in the course of ages, but that they have some founda-  had carried her off. Castor was killed in a contest with the sons of Apha/reus,
tion in reality, we can scarcely doubt (see Plutarch's Lives, Theseus; Thucy-  in Messe/ne, and Pollux prayed to be allowed to die with him. According to
dides, book ii., 15).                                                         the fable, Castor was mortal, but Pollux was immortal; and, on the death of
THE ARGONAUTIC EXPEDITION was so called from the name of the ship "Argo,"  the former, the twins were translated to the heavens, where they shine as stars
in which the adventurers sailed. It was under the command of JASON, the son  in the constellation Gemini.  They were worshipped as the protectors and
of AEson, king of Thessaly. His uncle, Pe/lias, dreading his abilities, sent him   helpers of men.
to fetch the golden fleece belonging to the speaking ram that had carried away   PELOPS was another Grecian hero, said to have been cut to pieces, boiled, and
Phryxos and Helle, which was in the possession of AEe/tes, king of Colchis,  brought to life again. Hie was king of Pisa in Elis, and restored the Olympian
and was guarded by a dragon. The principal heroes of Greece accompanied   games with great splendor. He was the father of A'treus, and the grandfather
Jason in the Argo, on this expedition: among them was the celebrated musi-  of the celebrated Agamemnon  and Menelaus.
cian, Orpheus, who enlivened them with his harp. IHercules also was one of      BELLER/OPHON, the son of Glaucus, and grandson of Sisyphus; king of Corinth,
the Argonauts, but there is great discrepancy about his connection with the  was the hero of many adventures.  He killed the CHI.1m/RA, a fire-breathing
expedition. IHe left it when it reached the coast of Mysia; for there his favorite  monster, said to have been compounded of a lion, a dragon, and a goat, which
youthful companion, Hylas, was stolen by the nymphs of a fountain, and ItIer-  caused great havoc in Lycia.  He accomplished this by means of thewvinged
cules, wandering sorrowfully about in search of him, neglected to return. The  horse, PEGrASUS, given to him by Minerva. Upon this horse he attempted to
inhabitants of Prusa, for many centuries, commemorated this search for IHylas,  soar to heaven, but fell down to earth. Bellerophon distinguished himself in
by running around Lake Ascanias, and clamoring for him. The Argonauts,  the war with the Amazons in Asia Minor, and married the daughter of the
having visited Lemnos, Thrace, and Mysia, reached the country of the Beb'ry-  king of Syria. His fate is doubtful. All that is related of it is that he became
ces, where occurred the famous pugilistic contest between their king, A'mycus,  insane, and wandered in the Ale'ian field.
and Pollux, so graphically described by Theo'critus and Apollodo rus. In Bi-    HERCULES, the greatest of all the heroes of Greece and of antiquity, was the
thynia they delivered the blind prophet, Phin'eus, from the Harpies, a set of  son of Amphytrion of Tyrins, and Alcmene. He was born at Thebes about the
winged monsters, who came down from the clouds whenever his table was laid,  year 1263 B. C. It is difficult to distinguish the real from the ideal in the hisand defiled his food. In gratitude for this service, Phineus instructed them   tory of this famous personage, so much have his exploits been embellished by
how to pass through the Sympleg-ades, two roclks which alternately opened and   poets and historians.  Many of them are inventions of a later age. Fables say
shut with violent collision, so that a bird had hardly time to fly through.  that he began them when an infant, by destroying two serpents in his cradle.
Passing Mount Cau'casus, they saw the eagle which gnawed the liver of Prome-  As he grew up his prodigious strength was developed. He also learned music
theus, and heard the groans of the sufferer. Arrived in Colchis, they demanded  from Linus, whom he killed in a passion. When eighteen years old he killed
the golden fleece; but 2Eetes refused to grant it, unless Jason could harness to a  a great lion in Mount Cithbe'ron.  Soon afterward he delivered Thebes from
plough the two fire-breathing bulls, with brazen feet, which had been given to  the annual payment of 100 oxen to the king of Orchome'nus, by defeating the
the king by Hephoestus, and plough a large  field, and sow it with dragon's teeth. troops of the latter. IIe then became insane, and in that state killed his
By the aid of MEDERA, the daughter of YEetes, who was famed for her skill in  children. Whenhe recovered his reason, he, by order of the oracle of Delphi,
medicaments, Jason accomplished the task, and slew the men who sprang up  bound himself to serve Eurys/theus, king of Tyrins. That prince ordered him
out of the furrows after he had cast in the dragon's teeth. Medea having given  to perform TWELVE LABORS, all of which he accomplished, and were as follows:
a magic potion to the dragon that guarded the fleece, Jason obtained possession  1. To kill the Neme an lion.  IIercules strangled this monster, and brought its
of it, and fled from'he fury of 2Eetes, taking with him Medea and her brother  dead body on his shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so frightened at the gigantic
Name the kings of Attica during this century. —What is said of Theseus?-Of the bed of    What became of Juson and Medea? —What was the Calydonian hunt? —Who were the
Procrustes? —The  Amazons?- Of the Argonauts? —Who was Jason? —Who were his corn-   Centnurs and the Lapithme? - Castor and Pollux? —What became of them? —Who was Pepanions? —Who was Hylas? -What were the Harpies? - The Symplegades? - Relate the  lops? - Bellerophon? —What of the Chimsera? — And Pegasus? -Who  was Hercules? -
adventures of the Argonauts.                           -When and where was he born?
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GREECE.
strength of the hero that he ordered him in future to deliver outside of the town  from turning round to see whether she was following him, and he beheld her
the account of his exploits. 2. To kill the Lernaetan IIy'dra, a monster with  caught back to the infernal regions. His grief led him to treat the women of
nine heads, the middle one of which was immortal. Hercules struck off the  Thrace, where he lived, with contempt, and in revenge they tore him to pieces
heads with his club, but two grew in the place of every one. Whereupon, with  in one of their Bacchanalian orgies. Amphion, like Orpheus, moved stones and
the aid of his servant Iola/us, he burned off the eight, and buried the immortal  trees with the music of his lyre.
one. As he had not accomplished the task unaided, he was not allowed to   LNUS was the instructor of Hercules in music, and was killed by him in a fit
reckon it among the twelve. He dipped his arrows in the hydra's blood, which  of passion. But there was another Linus who flourished at an earlier period,
made them poisonous. 3. To capture the Arcadian stag, with golden antlers  and composed dirges and lamentations, which were sung by women at the public
and brazen feet. This was done after pursuing it for a whole year. 4. To de-  sacrifices, and were called, after him, linoi.
stroy the Eryman/thian boar. In executing this exploit, Hercules had a fight    MvsEuvs  was the author of various poetical compositions, the most celebrated
with the Centaurs, and accidentally wounded his friend, Chiron, with one of his  of which were his Oracles. Olen was the earliest Greek lyric poet, and the
poisoned arrows, of which wound Chiron died. 5. To cleanse the stables of  author of several sacred hymns. Pamphos was another poet of this age.
Au'geas, king of Elis, which contained 3000 oxen, and had not been cleansed    2EsCULA/PIUS, the famous physician, also flourished. IIe was so skilful in
for thirty years. This was done by diverting the water from the rivers Alphe/us  restoring people to health, that Jupiter killed him by a flash of lightning, lest
and Pene/us into the stables, whereby they were cleansed in a single day.  men might escape death altogether. IIe was most extensively worshipped in
6. To destroy the Stymphalian birds, which ate human flesh. Hercules killed  after ages as the god of medicine. His sons, Macha'on and Podalir'ius, were
them with his arrows. 7. To capture the Cretan bull. This bull was mad, and  physicians in the Greek army at the siege of Troy. IIis daughters, Hyge-ia
did great havoc. Minos, king of Crete, therefore, gladly allowed Hercules to  (health) and Panace'ia (all-healing) were worshipped as goddesses. His decarry it off to Greece. When it arrived there it escaped, but was killed at Ma-  scendants were called Asclepiladce. They were priests who practised medicine,
rathon by Theseus. 8. To capture the mares of Diome/des, king of Thrac'e,  which they looked upon as a sacred secret, transmitted from father to son in
which fed on human flesh. In this enterprise Hercules lost his friend Abde'rus.  their families.
9. To obtain the girdle of Hippol/yta, the Queen of the Amazons. Hercules    (ED/IPVs  was another hero of this age. His adventures have furnished maaccomplished this by the aid of a band of volunteers. He killed Hippolyta,  terials for two of the finest tragedies of Soph'oeles. He was the son of La/ius
and the two sons of Boreas, Calais and Zetes. -On his way home he landed in  and Jocas'ta, king and queen of Thebes; and, while he was a child, was exTroas, where he rescued HIesione, the daughter of King Laom/edon, from the   posed on Mount Cithaeron, because an oracle had foretold that he should slay
monster sent against her by Neptune. 10. To capture the oxen of Gearyon, in  his father. HIe was found by a shepherd, who named him, from his swollen
Erythi'a (orthe Balearkie Isles). In search of these oxen, Hercules visited Spain  feet, (Edipus. IIe was adopted by Pol/ybus, king of Corinth, with whom he
and the Straits of Gibraltar, where he erected two pillars, one on each side of the  remained until he grew up to manhood. When of age, he quitted Corinth and
strait. He met withmany adventures on his way home through France, Italy, and  went to Delphi. On his way he met Laius driving a chariot: Laius insultThrace. 11. To bring away the golden apples of the Hesper/ides. The Hes-  ingly bade him make way for it; whereupon a scuffle ensued, and Laius was
perides were the guardians of the apples given by Terra to Juno on her mar-  slain. Near Thebes, (Edipus encountered THE SPrINx, a female monster, with
riage with Jupiter. As Hercules did not know where the gardens of the Hes- I the winged body of a lion, the head and upper part of the figure being that
perides were, he had to find them. After various adventures in Europe, Asia,  of a woman. She was seated on a rock, and put a riddle to every Theban that
and Africa, he found them near Mount Atlas, and brought away the apples.  passed by, killing all who were unable to solve it. The riddle was as follows:
12. To bring from the lower world Cerberus, the dog that guarded the entrance  "What being is that, which, having four feet, has two and three feet, and
to Hades. This was the most difficult of all his labors, but he accomplished it  only one voice; but its feet vary, and when it has most it is weakest?"
with the permission of Pluto; and, having shown the dog to Eurystheus, he  (Edipus solved the riddle by saying that it was man, who in infancy crawls
carried him back again. Besides these feats, Hercules performed several others,  upon all fours, in manhood stands erect upon two feet, and in old age supports
which were called "Parerga" (superfluous labors) by the ancients.          his tottering legs with a staff. The Sphinx, enraged at the solution of the
Hercules, among his other exploits, also took part in the Calydonian boar  riddle, threw herself down from the rock. (Edipus, having thus delivered
hunt, the Argonautic expedition, and a variety of other adventures. He was  Thebes from the monster, obtained the kingdom, and married Jocasta, neither
married several times. His last wife was Dejani/ra, who was unwittingly the  he nor she being aware of the close relationship existing between them.
cause of his death. She having been assaulted by Nessus, the Centaur, Her-  When they discovered it, Jocasta hung herself, and (Edipus put out his own
cules slew the latter. Dejanira staunched the blood of the dying centaur with  eyes. His subsequent fate is a matter of doubt. Ile is said by some to have
a garment, which she afterwards gave to Hercules to put on. The blood was  wandered to Colo/nus, in Attica, where he was honorably entertained by
poisonous, and caused Hercules the greatest agony. In his delirium he raised  Theseus, and there he died. Others say he was expelled from Thebes by his
a pile of wood on Mount (Eta, on which he burnt himself (B. C. 1209). He was  sons, whom he cursed. Others, again, say he continued to reign at Thebes,
most extensively worshipped, not only in Greece, but all over the ancient world:  and afterwards fell in battle. Itis sons, Ete'ocles and Polyni'ces, succeeded
but many other nations had their own Hercules. On his death, his sons were  him. The former expelled the latter, who fled to Adras/tus, king of Argos.
expelled from Tyrins. They fled to Attica, and did not regain their inherit-  Adrastus undertook to reinstate Polynices, and induced six other heroes to join
ance until more than a century afterwards, though they invaded Peloponnesus,  him in the expedition. This war is celebrated in Grecian story as that of " the
and remained there one year, until driven out by a plague.                 Seven against Thebes." They all fell, except Adrastus and Polynices. Eteocles
To this age may also be referred the poets and musicians: OR/PrHEuS, Li-nus,  and Polynices then resolved to decide the contest by single combat, and fell by
Amphi'on, Olen, Pamphos, and Musoetus. Orpheus is the most celebrated of  each other's sword.
the early Greek poets, and there are numerous legends respecting him. He    The adventures and exploits of the principal mythical personages of Greece
was said to be so skilful in playing on the harp, that he enchanted wild beasts,  during this, the heroic period, have here been briefly sketched. The student
trees, and stones, and made them follow him. He accompanied the Argonauts  must refer to the detailed history and the poetry of Greece for further particuto Colchis, and, by his music, saved the ship from being crushed by the Sym-  lars. The history of the different States, during this century, offers nothing
pleg'ades. His wife, EVRYDZICE, having died from the bite of a serpent, he  worthy of notice beyond what has already been mentioned. At the close of
followed her to Hades, where his music induced Pluto to restore her to earth,  the century, Agamemnon was king of Myce'nae; Menela'us, of Lacedaemon;
on condition that he should not look back upon her until they had reached the  Nestor, of Pylos; Ulysses, of Ithaca. All of thenl became chief actors in the
upper world. But his love and anxiety were so great that he could not refrain  Trojan war at the beginning of the next century.
En umerate the twelve labors of Hercules. —What other labors did he perform? — What   Who was Amphion?-Linus?-Musa us?-Olen?-Pa mphos?- -Esculapius? —What
were the Hesperides? —How and when did Hercules die? —What became of his sons? —  became of himn?-Name his sons and daughters. —Relate the legend of (Edipus and Laius,
Who was Orpheus?- Relate the legend of his wife, Eurydice. —What was the fate of  the Sphinx, and Jocasta. —What was the war of the Seven against Thebes? —Name the
Orpheus?                                                                | kings at the close of this century.
6                                                                                                                         (41)




iITALY.                                                                   BRITAIN.
ABOUT the middle of this century a colony of Rasena, or Tyrrhenians, origi-    THE identity of the religion of the ancient Irish with that of the Phoenicians
nally from the great city of Rezen, in Mesopotamia, under the command of  may be seen in their rites and ceremonies. They used the sacred grove and
TARCHIUN, landed at Gravisca, in Umbria, where, being favorably received, they  well; the circle of erect stones surrounding either the altar or the judgmentsettled.  Tarchun is supposed to be the same person as the Evander of  seat; the unhewn pillars, adored as symbols of the sun; the sacred heaps, or
Roman tradition.  This great man, Tarchun (or Evander), founded the State  Cairns, dedicated to the same worship; the tomb altars, called Cromlech, supof Etruria, which, under his auspices, became the most polished and civilized  posed to have been places of sepulture as well as of sacrifice; and lastly, those
of all the Italian States. The Rasena, or Tyrrhenians, spoke a language partly  horrible rites, in which children were the " burnt-offerings," which the Jewish
Phoenician and partly Egyptian. It is only known from  inscriptions found  idolaters perpetrated in a place called, from their so doing, "the Valley of
upon sarcophagi (stone coffins) and bronzes in their tombs, upon statues, and  Shrieking," and " Tophet," from the practice of beating drums during the cereliturgical tables and marbles, which have from time to time, within the last  mony, to drown the cries of the children sacrificed in the fire to Moloch. In
two centuries, been dug up in Italy, and are now  preserved in various  Ireland these frightful scenes were styled Magh-Sleacth (or, "the place of
museums. Etruscan words are also found in many of the Greek and Latin  slaughter"). Theworshipofthesunmaystill betraced in the names of places
historians. The Rasena introduced Egyptian arts and sciences into Italy.  in Ireland, such as Cairn Grainey ("the sun's heap"), Grian Beacht ("the
The origin of the laws of Etruria, called the " Tagetic" laws, is narrated by  sun's circle"), Knoc-greine, Tuam-greine (" hills of the sun").  The Celtic word
Cicero (De Divinitale, ii., ch. xxiii., 38), as follows: "Tarchun was one day  grian (" the sun") is the root of the epithet Grynceus, applied to Apollo by the
ploughing, when a child. with a man's head, appeared to him out of the ground.  Romans.
It sang to him the unalterable, eternal, and divinely-inspired laws of his future    It appears that water was also worshipped among the ancient Celts. It was
government, and then sank down and expired. The name of this child was  customary to visit fountains, or wells, especially those in the neighborhood of a
TAGES."  He is the same personage as the Phoenician Tana-tes, or Tauattes, and  blasted oak, or an upright unhewn stone, and to hang rags, or pieces torn from
the Egyptian Thoth (a Coptic word signifying "hand").  These laws were  garments, upon the branches of particular trees. There is scarcely a nation in
propounded by Tarchun to the chiefs and the people, and adopted by them.  Asia among whom this primitive practice has not been found to prevail. The
They were written down in three books, called the Books of Tages. Tages was  Irish professed to do it as a preventive against the sorceries of the Druids.
to the Italians what Menu was to the Hindoos, and Moses to the Jews —their  They also observed the great festival of Samhin (or Heaven), the great Cabiric
inspired lawgiver. It is said by some that a nymph received him before he  divinity (worshipped underthe same name in Samothrace), inApril everyyear.
disappeared; but this is only a continuation of the allegory, and refers to the  On this occasion they offered up their first-born children to their chief idol,
priestess Byg'oB, who, after the death of Tarchun, wrote a commentary on the  Crom-Cruach, a frightfully-deformed image, whose head was of gold, and who
laws of Tages, and is therefore said to have received, nourished, and sung to  was surrounded by twelve lesser idols, representing, probably, the twelve signs
him. The three books of Tages were translated into Latin in the days of Lu-  of the zodiac. The chief scene of these dreadful crimes was a place in the
cretius: they were styled the Libri _Fatales, the Libri Tageticij and the Sacra  county of Leitrim, called the Field of Slaughter. The great circle of stones, at
Acherontica.  They became the foundation of the laws of Rome.                 Stonehenge, in England, which is still to be seen, was a temple to the sun, and
The Etruscans acknowledged one Supreme God, but they had images to re-  used for the like practices, as is proved by the black altar-stone, which was a
present his three great attributes: strength, riches, and wisdom. The first of  peculiar feature in these temples of Moloch. It is composed of immense blocks
these was named Tina, the second Talna, and the third Menerfa (or Minerva, a  of stone, with an opening to the east, and there is a tradition in England that
name evidently of Egyptian origin, and derived from Menef-ra). The national  these blocks were brought from Ireland, having been previously brought to that
divinity was always worshipped as a triad. Every city niight have as many  country by giants from the extremities of Africa.
more gods, and gates, and temples, as the inhabitants pleased; but three sacred  The ancient Celtic inhabitants, both of England and Ireland, reverenced pargates, and one temple to the three divine attributes, was obligatory wherever  ticular stones and rocks, such as the Lia Fail (or Stone of Destiny), used in the
the laws of Tages were received. The only gate tnhat remains in Italy of this  election of Irish monarchs, and the rocking-stones (worshipped also by the
olden time undestroyed is the beautiful " Porta del Arco," at Volterra, and it  Phoenicians under the name of Bwetyli, or animated stones), found in some
has upon it the three heads of the three national divinities, one on the keystone  parts of Cornwall and Wales.  Sacred hills and tumuli (sepulchral mounds,)
of the arch, and one on each of the side pillars.  This gate is the pride of Italy.  were also used by the Irish for a variety of purposes. From the summit of
"It is as old as the walls, and the walls are as old as the foundation, and the  them  the legislator promulgated his decrees, and there the king was presented
foundation is coeval with Etruscan domination, which, according to Virgil, was  with the wand of power. Of these consecrated places, the Hill of Usneach, in
firm and established when Aneas landed B. C. 1180."  (Mrs. IIamilton Gray's  WVestmeath, was the most famous, because upon its summit the limits of the
History of Etruria, vol. i., p. 148.)                                        five provinces of Ireland met, and the Druids held their solemn meetings;
Tarchun built the great national temple at the city of Tarquinii, which he  there also the National Convention frequently met, and peculiar sacredness
founded. IIe dedicated this temple to the gods Tina and Talna, and the god-  attached to the spot. Groves and particular trees were also worshipped. In
dess Minerva. He also established twelve States in Etruria, viz., Lucca, Vol-  Irish history we meet with mention of "the Plain of Oaks", "the Tree of the
terra, Vetulonia, Arretium, Cortona, Perugia, Clusium, Rusella, Felania, Vulci,  Field of Adoration ", and " the Sacred Oak of Kildare ". Under the Tree of the
Tarquinii, and Falerii (or Faliscii).  ile constructed a variety of public works  Field of Adoration the Dalcassian chiefs were inaugurated. The four great
of great size and beauty. He also taught the use of auguries (or divination),  Dalcassian families were the O'Briens, the MacMahons, the O'Kennedys, and
and established Augurs and Vestal Virgins, whose special duty it was to guard  the Macnamaras.
the sacred fire. Omens were obtained by the Augur himself, who drew light-    There is an entire absence of history as regards England and Scotland
ning from a cloud, and pronounced the prayer of consecration, when it was re-  during this century. We meet with accounts among the Irish bards of a great
quired to make ground holy for the building of a temple. The form of this  exploit of the Nemedian colonists of Ireland: this was the storming of the
prayer is given by Miiller (On Etruscan Antiquities, vol. iii.), who proves that  Tower of Conan, the stronghold of the African or Fomorian pirates or traders.
the Etruscan Augurs had complete power over the electric fluid, thus antici-  This fortress stood upon an island on the sea-coast of Ulster, named, after it,
pating Franklin's discovery three thousand years. The Augurs also drew two  Tor-Inis, or "the Island of the Tower". The Nemedians entirely destroyed
lines, intersecting each other at right angles: one named " cardo," the other  this edifice; but the Fomorians, having been joined by fresh forces, gained a
"decumanus."  The four regions thus marked out were called "cardines;"  general battle by land and sea, and the Nemedians were all dispersed and
whence our word "cardinal," as applied to the four points of the compass. By  destroyed. After this event the country lay desolate for two hundred
this means the answer of the gods was obtained.                               years.
l Who were the Rasena?- What Italian State did they found?- Who was Tarchun? —And    How is the identity of the ancient Irish religion with that of the Phoenicians proved?-|
Tages? —What is said of the Tagetic laws?- Of the Etruscan language? —And religion?-  What did they worship beside fire and the sun? — What is said of the Cromn-Cruach? — Of
What cities did Tarchun found? — What is said of the Volterra gate? -And of the practice  Stonehenge?- Of the Lia Fail? —Of the hill of Usneach? — Of tree-worship?-Of the Dalof augury? —Whence is the word " cardinal" derived?                       | cassians? - Of the Tower of Conan, and the Nemedians?
(42)




B.C. 1300  1200.
FRANCE.                                  SPAIN.                             GERMANY.    ASIA MINOR.
IN this century, according to Thierry    SOON after the time of Siculus, a    THE civil institutions of the ancient    THIS century offers no marked feat(Histoire des Gaulois, vol. i., part i., ch.  Greek colony from Zante landed on the  Germans, their customs and supersti-  ures in the history of this country.
i.), some Oriental navigators visited  eastern coast of Spain, and founded the  tions, arose from the peculiar and war-  The famous Argonautic  expedition
Gaul for the first time, and having been  town of Saguntum  (now Monviedro). like form of government necessary for  from Greece to Colchis, if it has any
struck by the natural richness of the   They also erected a great temple to  a nation of free warriors who owned no  historical reality, must be referred to
country, theyreturnedandbuilttrading  Diana on the promontory now called  laws save those of chivalry and honor.  this period. An account of it is given
depots. The French historian asserts  Deni/a.  The next visitors were Dio-  But in these they rose far above the  in the portion devoted to Greece (p. 40).
that gold and silver mines abounded:  nysus, or Bacchus, and his followers,  robber-hordes, who for ages wandered  The Greeks and Phoenicians traded
that iron, precious stones, and coral,  who went about, like knight-errants,  over the vast plains of Asia; which  along the shores, though many of their
were equally plentiful in those days.  deliveringthe peoplefrom theiroppres-  confirms the opinion that the pure  voyages were purely piratical; the carThese Phoenicianvisitors at once opened  sors. In this way, it is said, they ren-  Germans descended at a very remote  rying off of the inhabitants for slaves
a lucrative trade, importing, in ex-  dered good service to Spain. They  period from  some warrior caste of  being one of the principal objects.
change for these valuable productions,  founded the city of Nebrixa, at the  Northern India, from which they in-    WVe will continue the legendary hisglass, woollen cloth, wrought metals,  mouth of the Guadalquiver.  If there  herited a spirit of equality and frater-  tory of that little portion of Asia Minor
tools, and weapons of war. As they  be any truth whatever in this story,  nization, which, strengthened by the  situate on the shores of the Bosphorus
traded at an earlier period with Eng-  which is gravely related as a fact by  lapse of centuries, became at length  and Dardanelles, and called the Troad.
land and Ireland, we may well believe  Mariana (History of Spain, ch. iv.), it  indelibly stamped on the national char-  We have already stated that Tros, the
hat they did the same with France.  must mean that a second Greek colony  acter (Menzel's -History of Germany,  king of this country, had three sons:
The same historian notices (vol. i.,p. 19)  arrived in Spain, and that they intro-  vol. i., p. 20).  The customs of war  Ilus, Assar'acus, and Ganymede. From
the ancient tradition, prevalent among  duced the use of the grape for making   were preserved  even during  peace.  Ilus and Assaracus the Trojan  and
the Celts, that the Tyrian god, Hercules,  wine.                              The land was considered lawful booty,  Dardanian lines diverge; the former
had visited Gaul, and done great works    About the same time a native chief,  and equally partitioned  among the  passing from Ilus to Laom'edon, Pri/there.  This deity was probably the  named Milico, became very powerful,  people, who, nevertheless, generally  am, and Hector; the latter from Assarsame personage already noticed in the  and his successors built the cityof Cas'-  preferred the chase to agriculture. At  acus to Capys, Anchi'ses, and Ene/as.
historyofSpain(see14thcenturyB. C.)  tulo (nowGGazlana),formerlyoneof the  stated times they assembled in the  Ilus founded the city of Ilium  on the
but must not be confounded with the  large cities of Spain. The Spanish his-  open air, armed, to deliberate on public  plain of Troy, which was styled holy,
Greek demigod of that name, although  torian above cited claims forhiscountry  affairs. The place ofassembly was called  because Jupiter cast down upon the
he also is said to have visited Gaul.  the honor of a visit from the Argonauts,  Malstatt, or Dingstatt (council-place),  plafn a " Palladium" (or image of MiThere are several heroes or deities  amongwhom was Hercules, but this is  and was generally distinguished by a  nerva), while the city was in process
named Hercules. Therewere: 1. The  evidently a fable: it may, however,  great tree, either a sacred oak, ash, or  of erection. The god also compelled
Egyptian Hercules, whose Egyptian  have some foundation in the visit of a  lime, or by enormous stones, which  Neptune to aid in building the walls,
name was Sore or Chon, and who was   body of Phoenician colonists, under  were sometimes used as sacrificial  and Apollo to tend the flocks and herds.
the son of Amun. 2. The Cretan Her-  some eminent leader.  The arrival of  altars, and sometimes as seats for the  Ilus was succeeded by Laomedon, a
cules, one of the Idaean Dactyls, who  the Tyrian Hercules in  Spain has  audience, and as places for the orators.  perfidious and cruel tyrant. According
also came from Egypt.  3. The Indian  already been noticed; but we cannot  In this custom we trace the Druidical  to the legend, when Apollo and NepHercules, called, by the later Greeks,  too often caution the student to avoid  system, which prevailed more or less  tune claimed the reward, he refused to
Dor'sanes, and supposed by them to be  being misled by receiving for authen-  among all the Celtic nations of anti-  give it, and threatened to cut off their
their own Hercules, who had visited  tie history what is for the most part  quity. The different tribes appear to  ears, bind them hand and foot, and sell
India, and become the ancestral hero  mythical. It is tolerably certain that  have been held together by a very frail  them  as slaves. For this treachery,
of the Indian kings. 4. The Phoenician   some colonies of Phoenicians had long  federative system. The chief authority  Neptune sent a sea monsterto ravage
or Tyrian Itercules, whom the Egyp-  been settled on the coasts of Spain,  was never vested in one individual, but  the country.  To rid himself of this,
tians considered to be more ancient  and that they had established trading-  was delegated to three or four; some-  the king offered the immortal horses
than their own, and who was worship-  depots on the north shore in Gallicia,  times even to twelve: these numbers  given by Jupiter to his grandfather
ped at Carthage and at Cadiz, and to  even at this early period. The tradi-  being supposedto have mystical power.  Tros, as a reward to any one who would
-whom children were sacrificed.  He is   tionary history of Ireland gives an  The largest tribes were divided into  destroy the monster. But an oracle
evidently the same as, 5.'The Celtic  accountof an ancient Pharos, or light-  communities of a hundred men each,  declared that a noble maiden must be
Hercules, who founded the cities of  house, erected in the neighborhood of  which were subdivided into tens: this  sacrificed to it, and the lot fell on
Alesia (now Arles) and Nemausus (now  the port now called Corunna, for the  regulation remained in force in many  Hesi'one, the daughter of Laomedon.
Nismes), in France.  6. The Greek  use of navigators on their passage  parts of Germany down to late times.  Hercules, returning from  the- ArgoHercules, particulars of whose exploits  between that coast and Ireland. They  The ancient Germans had no public,  nautic expedition at the critical moand career are given on pp. 40, 41.  carried on an extensive commerce with  but onlya private law. All their oldest  ment, slew the monster, and rescued
The Tyrian Hercules arrived at the  that country, and with Britain, espe-  laws refer merely to the mutual rights  the maiden. In return for this service,
mouth of the Rhone, where he was  cially with that portion of it know n in  of the free-born, and to those of the free  the king gave him  six mortal, instead
attacked by the inhabitants, whom he  ancient times as the (Estrum'nides, or I over the slaves or serfs. The State  of the six immortal, horses. IHercules
dispersed. Hepenetratedintothe inte-  Tin Islands (the ScillyIslands). Both  assembly took cognizance of, and de-  then raised a strong force, attacked
rior of France, still subduing his oppo-  Spaniards and Irish had sitnilar cus-  cided, all public and private affairs;  and captured Troy, and slew Laomenents, and founded the two cities above  toms; one in particular, of worshipping  and beyond these decisions there was  don, giving Ilesione to his friend and
named. IIe thence introduced many  a certain god by dancing in the night  no lam.   Every free man was entitled  auxiliary, Telamon.  IIe also placed
arts and sciences till then unknown  ofthefull moon, with their whole fami-  to life, liberty, honor, and property;  PRIaM, one of the sons of Laomedon,
among the Gauls.  By marriages and  lies before their doors, and feasting all  but there were only two modes of pun-  on the throne.  Of this famous king,
other alliances he laid the foundation  night (Ritson's  Memoirs of the Celts,  ishing injuries to either, viz., single  and of his family, we shall say more
of a powerful kingdom.                p. 201).                                combat and fines.             |        hen  treating of the SIEGE OF TROY.
What particular event happened during    When did a Greek colony arrive in Spaiin?    What is said of the civil institutions of the    What is said of Asia Minor? — What was
this century? —What did the Phoenicians  — Where settle? —What is said of Bacchus?  Germans?-Oftheir assemblies? —Their chief  the Troad? —Who built Troy? —Why  was it
trade in? —What is said of the TyriaLn Her-  — Of Milico, and his successors? —Of Her-  authorities? — Divisions of their tribes? -   called the holy city? —-Relate the legend of
cules? —The Egyptian? —Cretan? —Indian?  cules?- Of trade with Ireland and Britain?  Public and private law? —Modes of redress?  Laornedon and his daughter Hesione.
(43)




THE 12TH CENTUTRY
EGYPT.                                                                      SYRIA.
THE reign of Rameses VIII., the last of the four brothers reigning in succes-    AFTER the death of Abdon, ELI, the high-priest, judged Israel for nearly forty
sion, is supposed to have been short. Nothing is known of him.            years. At length those implacable enemies of the iebrew nation, the PhilisRameses IX. was the son of Rameses VII. IIe began a temple to Chons, on  tines, again ravaged Palestine, and remained masters of it for forty years.
the Nile, near Karnak, but left it unfinished.                             (Judges xiii. 1.) They dispersed, and almost annihilated, the tribe of Simneon.
Of Rameses X., nothing is known.                                        Gaza and Ascalon fell into their hands; and they were preparing to march
Rameses XI. is known to have reigned 17 years, from inscriptions found in  northward, when their progress was checked by the most extraordinary hero
Egypt.                                                                    we meet with in the Jewish annals - SAMSON, the son of Manoah, of the tribe
Of Rameses XII., XIII., and XIV., nothing beyond their names is known,  of Dan. He is to the Jews what Hercules was to the Greeks, viz., the embodia fact which is the more indicative of the inactivity which characterized the  ment of prodigious personal strength, combined with the most romantic love of
last years of this dynasty, inasmuch as Rameses XIV. is known to have reigned  adventure. His parents dedicated him in his infancy to the Lord: his hair was
at least 33 years. It is conjectured that there was a Rameses XV., by whom a  never cut, nor was he allowed to drink wine. All Scripture readers are familiar
hall was added to the temple of Chons, at Karnak. Under this dynasty, not  with the story of his slaying the lion with his hands, and of his propounding a
only the power of the country, but its taste and skill in the arts and sciences,  riddle respecting the bees which settled in the carcase. The Philistines on
declined.                                                                  several occasions experienced his prowess; this made them anxious to get him
History has preserved no account of the manner in which the sceptre passed  into their power, and they endeavored to induce his wife (a Philistine woman)
from the preceding dynasty to the 20th, or Tanite. The city of Tanis, or Zoan,  to betray him. Samson, however, repudiated her; and, by the expedient of
had long been the most important city on the coast of Egypt, and was at this  sending foxes with firebrands tied to their tails into their cornfields, burnt their
period of sufficient influence to send forth the sovereigns of the new dynasty,  corn, and avenged himself on them. Upon this they raised a large force, deseven in number, who governed Egypt during 130 years. Reckoning back  stroyed his father and his wife by fire, and demanded him of the men of Judah.
from the first year of Shishak, the founder of the next (21st) dynasty, which is  Samson took refuge in the rock Etam, whither 3000 of the men of Judah purwell ascertained to have been the year 978 B. C., we get the date 1108 B. C.,  sued him, calling upon him to give himself up. He did so on their promise not
as that of the commencement of the reign of Smendes, the first monarch of the  to harm him. Whereupon they bound him with cords to deliver him to the
20th dynasty.                                                              Philistines, but he snapped the cords asunder, and, seizing the jawbone of an
In the absence of more information as to the events of this century, we may  ass, slew therewith a thousand of the enemy. This bold and extraordinary
devote the remaining space to noticing the mythology of Egypt.             action appears to have intimidated them, for we find that after this Samson
SEB, or THORE, was the father of the gods Osiris, Isis, Typhon, Horus, and  became judge or leader in Israel, and ruled the land for 20 years. The close
Athur.  ie is the same as the Saturn of the Greeks. NEITH is the mother of  of his career was disgraceful and melancholy. At Gaza, the capital city of the
the gods, and may be identified with the Grecian Rhea. OSIRIS was wor-  Philistines, he visited a woman of bad character, and escaped being caught by
shipped all over Egypt, though he was only an inferior god. IHe has been  his enemies only through his prodigious strength, which enabled him to burst
identified as the bearded Bacchus, who invaded India, and subdued the country  open, and carry away the gates of the city (Judges xvi. 3). He then became
beyond the Ganges. He is the god of Amenti, the regions of the dead; whence  enamored of Delilah, a woman of Sorek, by whose blandishments he was inhe is styled Petemp-Amentes, and he presides at the trial of the dead. Isis,  duced to give up the secret wherein lay his strength. This woman then betrayed
his sister and queen, generally accompanies him: she is considered to be the  him to the Philistines, who put out his eyes, and set him to grind at a mill.
same as the Grecian Ceres. The city of Bubastis was her especial property.  He was made the subject of their derision, and publicly exhibited; but at length,
She is styled by Ovid (Metamorphoses, ix., 686,) Inachis; and the Greek name  his strength returning, he seized an opportunity of signalizing his strength for
Io (or Ioh, which is the Coptic for the moon,) is borrowed from her. HORUS,  the last time. IHaving been brought out of prison to be made sport of at a public
the son of Isis and Osiris, reigned on earth after his father. IIe is represented  exhibition, in a kind of rude amphitheatre, the main portion whereof, crowded
as the god of beauty and of silence, and is considered to be the same as the  with spectators, was supported by two pillars, he contrived to grasp these pillars,
Greek Apollo: he is sometimes called Aroeris. ANUBIS, the dog, or deity with  and pull them down, whereby the whole building was thrown down, the crowd
a greyhound's head, is sometimes identified with the Greek Hermes, or Mer-  were crushed, and Samson perished along with them.
cury. ATHUR was the Aphrodite, or Venus, of the Greeks. \THOTH, the inventor    About this time was born the illustrious prophet SAMUEL, the son of Elkanah,
of letters, was the Hermes Trismegistus (or thrice great) of the Greeks. NEPH-  a Levite, and Hannah, his wife. Ile was born at Rama-Zophim, a city in Mount
THIS is probably the same as Diana, and is sometimes called Bubastis. TYPHON, Ephraim, and from his infancy was devoted to the service of the Lord, and was
the successor of Horus on the throne, is frequently mentioned by the Greek his-  educated in the service of ELI, the high-priest. During his early youth the child
torians as an evil genius.                                                 displayed great piety, and even ministered in the temple (1 Sam. ii. 18). For
The Egyptians had a variety of other deities. They also worshipped certain  twenty years the Ark of the Lord rested in Kirjath-Jearim, under the ministraanimals, viz., the cow, ram, greyhound, hawk, vulture, ibis, crocodile, frog,  tion of the venerable Eli. But his sons, Hophni and Phineas, were dissolute
asp, crayfish, scaraboeus (or beetle), and some nondescript animals, such as the  men, and brought disorder and licentiousness into the sacred ceremonies. In
Sphinx. Wings also were employed as emblems of divinity: thus there are  fact, they attempted to introduce the impure rites of the neighboring nations,
winged goddesses, winged crowns, winged asps, and winged suns. In after  and are onthis account styled "sonsof Belial" (1 Sam.ii. 12). Samuelwarned
ages other divinities were introduced.  Thus we read of Cano/pus, the pilot of  Eli of the fate which awaited his family, which prediction was soon after realized.
Menelaus, deified in the time of the Ptolemies; Sera/pis, whose origin and attri-  The Philistines again invaded the land: a bloody battle was fought at Aphel,
butes are imperfectly known, but who subsequently became identified with in the northern part of Judah, in which the Israelites were totally defeated. In
Osiris; the River Nile, represented as a man with a lotus on his head, and a their desperation they sent for the Ark, and, placing it in the centre of their
vase in his hand. The Egyptians believed in the immortality of the soul, and  ranks, they again faced their enemies. Another battle ensued, but the Israelites
in the rewards and punishments of a future state. In their pictures they repre- were again routed: 30,000 of them were slain, and the Ark fell into the hands
sent Osiris and the assessors presiding, while the actions of the deceased are  of the Philistines. Hophni and Phineas were slain. The aged Eli sat by the
weighidd in the scales. From the care they took of the body after death it is  wayside awaiting the result of the battle; and when a messenger arrived with
evident that they believed in its resurrection; and there is further evidence of  the news, the blind old mlan, then ninety-eight years of age, fell from his seat,
their belief in an overruling Providence. The priests, however, mystified the  broke his neck, and died. Thus was the denunciation uttered by Samuel veripeople by a system of ceremonies and emblematical processions, so absurd  fled. The wife of Phineas gave premature birth to a male child, whom she
that Cicero wondered " how priest could meet priest without laughing."     named " Ichabod ", because the glory had departed from Israel (1 Sam. iv. 21, 22).
What is said of Rameses VIII.? -Rameses IX.?-Rameses X.?-Rameses XI.? —And    Who judged Israel after Abdon? —Who was the next deliverer?- Relate the exploits of
other kings of the same name?-Of the transition from the 19th to the 20th dynasty?- Of  Samson.-And the manner of his death.-What is said of the youth of Samuel? —Of the
the city of Tanis?-Of the date of the accession of Smendes?-Of the Egyptian mythology?  sons of Eli? — Of the battle of Aphek, and the death of Eli? — Of the power of Samuel?-Name the principal gods.-What else was worshipped?                       What name did the wife of Phineas give her child?-Why?
(44)




INDIA.                              ASSYRIA.                                 PERSIA.                                 CHINA.
INDRA was a god formerly worshipped    OF the first monarchs who ruled the    WE. find from the inscriptions dis-    WOO-YIK, who ascended the throne
as the ruler of heaven, and as king of  second Empire during this century, we  covered at Nimroud  that one of the  B. C. 1198, "feared neither Heaven
the gods. He has been supposed to be  know something more than their mere  monarchs of the second Assyrian Em-  nor man."  He removed the capital to
the same as the Jupiter of the Greeks.  names. The successor of Ninus was,  pine during this century, Divanubar;  Ho-pih, in Ho-nan, but his cruelty and
IIis mansion was of immense extent  according to the Greeks, Teut/amus;   extended his conquests into Persia. It  impiety drove the people into rebellion,
and unrivalled splendor, illuminated  according to the inscriptions, as inter-  is tolerably certain that the western  and many emigrated to Japan and the
with light more brilliant than that of  preted by Mr. Layard, and as already  provinces had long owned the sway of  neighboring isles. He is said to have
the sun, and thronged with Apsa/ras  mentioned (p. 39), it was Divanukha,  the Assyrian and Babylonian princes.  been struck dead by lightning.
(heavenly nymphs) and Gandar/vas  Divanubar, or Divanurish. The dates  The eastern may have had independent    Tae-ting, his successor (B.C.- 1194),
(choristers). Music, dancing, andfeast-  B. C. 1207, 1200, and 1186, have been  rulers of their own: while the north  employed the Chow family in the highing were the occupations of the inhabit-  respectively assigned for the commence-  was subject to the Turanian or Tartar  est stations to reform abuses; but he
ants.  But Indra is now nearly forgot-  mentofhisreign (seealsop. 39). There  chiefs, who dwelt in Bucharia.  A   was a weak prince, and his reign was
ten: so is Cama, the once popular god  are full historical annals of the thirty-  long period of darkness hangs over  short. His son, Te-yik (B. C. 1191),
of love. The Hindoos also believed in  one years of this monarch's reign.  Persian annals, and no researches have  was also a weak prince, but was fortugood and evil genii, who are spread  They are engraved upon the black obe-  as yet enabled us to penetrate it. One  nate in having an upright minister in
throughout creation. The Asu/ras are  lisk, and upon the backs of the bulls  thing alone is clear, viz., that, as a na-  WAN-WANG. To him was confided the
the kindred of the gods, but have been  in the centre of the mound of Nimroud.  tion, Persia had no existence for many  government, and he proved faithful.
disinherited, and cast into darkness.  tDivanubar was a great conqueror, and  centuries. It is not until the 8th cen-    Chow-sin, the last Emperor of this
The Deit-yas are another species of  waged war in Syria, Armenia, Baby-  tury B. C. that she reappears upon the  family, ascended the throne in the year
demon, strong enough to have mus-  lonia, Chaldeea, Media, and Persia.  stage of history as an independent  B. C. 1154. He was a monster of initered armies, and carried on war with  An interesting account of the discovery  monarchy.                             quity, and given up to the most abornthe gods. The Rak/shasas are also  of the palace built by Divanubar, and    The ancient Persians had singular  inable debauchery, in which he was
gigantic and malignant beings, and  which was subsequently  rebuilt by  customs with respect to the burial of  encouraged by his wife, the beautiful
the Pisa/chas are of the same nature,  Pul, or Tiglath-Pileser, is given by Mr.  their dead. The followers of Zoroaster  but infamous Tan-ke. The stories told
though, perhaps, inferior in power.  Layard  (Nineveh and Babylon, p. 534).  exposed the body of the deceased on  of these imperial libertines are almost
Bhutas are evil spirits of the lowest  This palace was situated in the centre, the tops of cemeteries, built " where  incredible. The most disgraceful scenes
order, corresponding to the ghosts and  of the platform  of Nimroud. The  neither man nor water passeth;" and  of debauchery were publicly exhibited.
goblins of modern times. Lastly, the  before-mentioned great inscribed bulls  when the flesh was eaten off by birds,  Those who remonstrated against these
ttindoos  worshipped village gods, a  were found in it, as was also the black  or wasted by exposure, the bones, in-  frightful excesses, were punished by
most extensive body of deities; for each  obelisk. Several chambers were exca-  stead of being separately interred, were  being made to hold a red hot iron vessel
village adores two or three as its espe-  vated by Layard's exploring party, and  thrown into a great cavity in the centre  in their hands. Tan-ke also invented
cial guardians, but sometimes looks  numerous fragments of sculptures were  of the common sepulchre. According  a novel punishment: this was a pole
upon them as its persecutors and tor-  found. The edifice, however, was so  to Herodotus, the Persians did not inter  of brass, which, being well oiled, was
mentors. Many of them are regarded  pulled to pieces by Esarhaddon for  their dead until the flesh had been eaten  laid over a fire; the victim was then
in the present day as the spirits of  materials for his own palaces, that the  by dogs and birds. When they buried  made to walk along this slippery pole
deceased persons (mostly those who had  place of it cannot now be.,-traced.   the body they first enclosed it in wax,  until he fell into the flames, which
died violent deaths), who have attracted  The next monarch is Teutoeeus, who  and afterwards placed it in the ground.  afforded the greatest delight to this
the notice of the neighborhood.        began to reign, according to Hales,  Zoroaster professed to derive his autho-  imperialtyrant. The Emperor was not
The Hindoo gods have always some-  B. C. 1183; according to Clinton, 1154;  rity for establishing such a practice  less ferocious. With his own hands
thing monstrous in their appearance,  according to Usher, 1156. The name  from Espendermad, one of the guardian  he ripped open several persons who
and are represented as wild and capri-  of the successor of Divanubar, accord-  angels of animals and of the elements.  had offended him; and on one occasion,
cious. Theyareof various colors,red,  ing to the inscriptions, is supposed to  These angels appear to have had the  seeing several persons walking over the
yellow, and blue; some have twelve  be  Shamas-Adar, or  Shamsiyar —  names and functions following:                 ice, he ordered their legs to be cut off,
heads, and most of them  have four  Teutaeus being the Greek name given                                              in order that he might inspect the
hands. The powers of the three great  to him by Ctesias.                        Bah/man, guardian of cattle.         marrowof their bones. The people at
gods are coequal and unlimited, and    After Teutoeus follows Thine us, the    Ar/dibehesht/,"    "fire.             length took up arms, but Wan-wang
there is no regular subordination of  date of whose accession is also a matter    Shah/erawart,"    "weapons.        succeeded in pacifying them. After
the other gods to them or to each other.  of dispute. Hales places it in B. C.    Esp/ndermadt".. the soil.       the death of this able minister they
The mythology of the Ilindoos is full  1139; Usher, in 1135; Clinton, in 1114.    Awat,       " "     water.         rose again, and WOO-WANG, his son, put
of legends, relating to the personal ad-  Then follows a king whose name is not    Amardad,,    "    "plants, fruits.  himself at their head, and routed the
ventures, amours, quarrels, sufferings,  in the list given by Ctesias.  The name    Khurshid,    "    "the sun.      imperial forces. Chow-sin fled to his
and punishment of the gods. One of  found by Mr. Layard on the slabs taken    Mohor,           "    "the moon.       palace, set it on fire, and perished in
the most extravagant of them is that  from temples in the northern portion    Gowad,           "    "the air.        the flames. Tan-ke was put to death.
of the churning of the ocean by all  of the mound of Nimroud (Nemrood),    Teshtar Tir,   "    " rain.               Woo-wang became the founder of the
the gods and the Asuras, to procure  on the Bavian tablets, and on other                                             Chow dynasty, B. C. 1122, and removed
the nectar of immortality; after obtain-  monuments and remains, is Anakbar-    These angelic beings are styled Iz,-  the Court to Haou, in Shen-se. He reing which, the gods cheated the Asuras  bethhira, according to Rawlinson; or  ads (angels) and Amshastpands (arch-  established -the five orders of nobility,
out of their share of it. Another is  Shimishbal-bithkira, according to Dr.  angels), who are invisible to men, but  and allotted them lands, thereby crethe descent of the River Ganges from   Hincks. The accession of this mon-  cannot behold the Lord, because he is  ating a feudal system which afterwards
heaven, at the invocation of a saint;  arch is placed by Mr. Layard  in 1130  greatly superior to them, and is with-  caused much misery. IIe died, B. C.
on which occasion it fell with violence B. C.; by Hales, in B. C. 1109. The out shadow and form. (Wilson's Parsi  1115, and was succeeded by his son,
on the head of Siva.                  Greeks name him Dertcylus.              Religion, ch. it.)         Ching-wang.
What is said of the god Indra? —Wha~t were    Who was the successor of Ninus? —What is    What is said of the state of Persia, during    What is said of Woo-yik? —Of Tae-tingo?the Apsaras? —Gandarvas? —Asuras? —Deit- known of Divanubar? —Of his successors? — this century? —Of the burial of the dead by Te-yik? — Wa~n-wang? — Chow-sin and T~qnyas? —Raktshatsas?-Pisachas? —The village Where was his palace? —-What was found the ancient Persians? —The guardian angels'? ke? —Their lust and cruelty? —Who founded
gods? —WVhat  of the Hindoo mythology?  there? —Who  was the last king in this century?  — WlhaLt were their names, functions, and titles?  Chow dynastyv? —WTho succeeded Woo-wang?
(45)




GREECE.
THE great event of this century was the SIEGE OF TROY (or ILIUM, its real  this. We shall notice the adventures of Ulysses and ZEneas on page 49. With
name). The genius of IHOMER has forever consecrated the memory of this  regard to the latter hero, different legends prevail.  Some say he abandoned
famous war between the Greeks and the Trojans, in his great epic poem,  Troy during the conflagration, taking with him his wife, Creusa, his father,
" the Iliad," which relates some of the ekxploits of the chiefs on both sides who  Anchises, and his son Iulus, or Asca/nius, and settled in Mount Ida, where he
took part in the contest.  There is, however, great doubt whether the city of  remained on friendly terms with the Greeks. Others say he was carried off
Ilium, spoken of by IHIomer, ever had any real existence: but there is evidence  prisoner by Neoptol'emus, the son of Achilles, who also took away Androm'that the district in Asia Minor called the Troas, wherein Troy was situated,  ache, the wMife of Hector, and IIelenus, the son of Priam. The popular legend
was the scene of a great conflict at a very early period, between the Thracian  is, however, that which ascribed to ZEneas the foundation of the Trojan kingprinces in the northwest of Asia Minor and the rising power of the Greeks;  dom in Italy. Ante'nor, the friend of _Eneas, settled with a colony of Itene'ti,
and that the victory of the latter was fruitless, owing to their imperfect civili-  or Vene'ti, in Italy, where he founded the city of Pad/ua.
zation.  The date usually assigned to the taking of Troy is B. C. 1184, and    Agamemnon, who had been the commander-in-chief of the Greek forces,
should be carefully remembered, because it is the starting-point of various com-  returned to his kingdom at Mycene, with Cassandra, the daughter of Priam.
putations, but it is of no historical authority.                              There he found his faithless wife, Clytemnes'tra, with her lover, AEgisthus.
The origin of this war is given in the page devoted to Asia Minor (p. 49):  The two invited him  and his companions to a banquet, where the unfortunate
so are the leading incidents of it. HELEN, the wife of MENELAUS, king of  king was killed, along with Cassandra and his followers. His son, ORESTES,
Sparta, having been carried off by Paris, the son of Priam, king of Troy, the  was saved by his nurse. - For seven years AEgisthus and Clytemnestra reigned
injured husband aroused the princes of Greece to fit out an expedition to avenge  in tranquillity at Mycenw; but in the eighth year, Orestes, grown to manhood,
him. After a considerable time a force of 1186 ships and 100,000 men, was   returned to Mycenae, and slew them both. Hle recovered his father's kingdom,
assembled at Aulis, in Boeotia, under the chief command of AGAMEMNON, king  and succeeded Menelaus in that of Sparta. He was aided in his undertakings
of Mycenve, and brother of Menelaus. The other leaders were NESTOR, of  by Pyltades, with whom he contracted a friendship that became proverbial.
Pylus; Idom'eneus, of Crete; DIOME/DES, of Argos; ULYSSES, of Ithaca; AJAX,  The adventures of Orestes and Pylades, in their pilgrimage of atonement for
of Salamis; Elephe/nor, of Eubcea; Peneleus, of Bacootia; AJAX OI/LEUS, Of  the murder of Clytemnestra, are favorite topics with the ancient authors.
Locris; Menes/theus, of Athens; ACHILLES, of Phthi'a; Protesila/us, of Phyl'-    The other incidents of Grecian story, during this century, worth mentioning,
ace; Euryp/ylus, of Armenium; Macha'on and Podalir/ius (sons of ZEsculat-  are: 1. THE SECOND THEBAN WAR. 2. THE RETURN OF TIE HERACLI/DiE (or
pius), of Tricca; Adme'tus, of Pherce; Philocte'tes, of Meliboea; Polypoertes  descendants of Hercules). 3. The AEolian emigration.
(son of Pirith'ous), Gutnous, and Proth'ous, of Thessaly; Tlepol'emus (son of    The second Theban war was undertaken by the sons of the seven who had
Hercules), of Rhodes; Phidippus and An'tiphus (grandsons of Hercules), from   been slain in the former war. These youthful warriors (called the Epig'oni,
Cos; and Ni'reus, of Syme. Ulysses attempted to evade joining the expedition  or descendants,) were 2Egitaleus, the son of Adrastus; Thersan'der, the son of
by feigning insanity, but he was detected by PALAME/DES, Of Ithaca, and forced  Polynices; Alcme'on and Amphilochus, the sons of Amphiarius; Diomedes,
to go. Thetis, the mother of Achilles, also endeavored to dissuade that young  the son of Tydeus; Sthen'olus, the son of Capane'us; Prom/achus, the son of
hero from embarking in the enterprise, but, with his friend Patroclus, he eagerly  Parthenopce/us; and Eury'alus, the son of Mecis'theus. In this celebrated war
obeyed the call.  Alcmoeon plays the principal part. Thebes was taken, the prophet Tire/sias
The Greeks proceeded to Ten'edos (B. C. 1194), whence they sent Menelaus  having advised the inhabitants to abandon the city, and Thersander was made
and Ulysses to Troy to demand Helen.  The Trojans having rejected the de-  king (B. C. 1198).
mand, the attack was resolved upon. It having been foretold that the first    The Heraclidoe, under their leader, Cleodae-us, made an attempt (B. C. 1154)
Greek who landed should perish, Protesilaus devoted himself as the sacrifice,  to recover the Peloponnesus. In this effort they failed. Their fourth attempt,
leaped on shore, and was slain by HECTOR, the son of Priam.  The Trojans  under the guidance of Aristom'achus, also failed (B. C. 1124). But their fifth,
were aided by the Dardanians under 2ENE"AS, the Lycians under Sarpe/don,  under Ox/'ylus, was successful (B. C. 1104). They subdued the greater part
and by the other nations of Asia: Minor: but they could not prevent the Greeks  of the Peloponnesus, gave Argos to Tem-enus, and Messenia to Cresphon'tes;
landing. Achilles drove them within the walls of Troy, and took twelve towns  while Pro'cles and Eurys'thenes, the twin sons of Aristode'mus, the grandson
on the sea-coast, and eleven in the interior. He had previously taken Scyros,  of Hercules, were made joint kings of Sparta.
where he married Deidami'a, the daughter of Lycome/des. iHe also killed    The i2Eolian emigration to the islands and coasts of Asia Minor took place
Tro'ilus, the son of Priam, and captured several other sons of the aged and un-  about the year B. C. 1124. The emigrants were the majority of the Peloponnefortunate king, selling them  as slaves. In these expeditions nine years were  sians vanquished by the Heraclidee, and fled from the subjection forced upon
consumed.  The murder of Palamedes, by Ulysses and Diomedes, occurred  them.  Popular tradition connects Orestes with this great movement of the
about this time; and, soon afterward, the quarrel between Achilles and Aga-  people. Ile or his sons are supposed to have conducted the Achaans and
memnon, with which the poem of " the Iliad" opens. The remaining incidents Eolians to Asia Minor, to escape from their Dorian conquerors.
of the war are briefly sketched in the page devoted to Asia Minor. There re-    We may here notice the legend of TAN/TALUS,     and his daughter NI/OBE, which,
mains now to notice the fate of the leading heroes.                           however, properly belongs to the preceding century. Tantalus, residing near
Protesilaus was the first slain. Achilles fell by the hand of Paris. Ulysses,  Mount Sipylus, in Lydia, had two children, Pelops and Niobe. Ite was blessed
after ten years of wandering, returned to Ithaca, where he was welcomed by  with happiness and immense wealth, and enjoyed free intercourse with the gods.
his faithful wife, PenelVope (see Asia Minor). Menelaus, having recovered  Intoxicatedwith prosperity, he became impious. He stole nectar and ambrosia
Helen, returned to Sparta, and lived happily with her. Nestor, Diomedes,  from the table of the gods, and revealed their secrets to mankind.  He also
Neoptolemus, Idomeneus, and Philoctetes, reached home in safety, according to  killed, and served up to them at a feast, his own son, Pelops. The gods were
some authors, but, according to others, they were doomed to long wanderings,  horror-struck; but Jupiter restored Pelops to life, supplying the piece of his
and founded cities and colonies in Italy and elsewhere. Ajaxr Telamon, on the  shoulder, which had been eaten by Ceres, with an ivory shoulder. Tantalus
death of Achilles, claimed the honor of being the greatest among the Greeks,  was then placed in the under world, with fruit and water seemingly close to
but the decision having been given against him, he fell upon his own sword.  him, yet eluding his touch as often as he tried to grasp them, and leaving his
Teucer, the son of Telamon and IIesione, founded Sal/amis in Cyprus, and  hunger and thirst incessant and unappeased. His daughter, Niobe, was marsome settlements in the Iberian Peninsula. Agape/nor founded Pa'phos, in  ried to Amphion, the musician, and had many children; but setting herself up
Cyprus. The other chieftains settled with their followers in different parts of above Latona, the mother of Apollo and Diana, the latter avenged their mother
the countries bordering the Mediterranean; at all events, the Greeks asserted by killing her children. Niobe wept herself to death, andiwas turned to a rock.
What is said of the historical merit of the legend of Troy? —Relate the origin of the war.   What became of AEnea.s? —Of Agamemnon? —Who was Orestes? -What friendship be-Who were the principal leaders of the Greeks?-Of the Trojans? —What were the prin-  came proverbial? —Which  are the other three leading incidents of Grecian history during
cipal incidents of the war? —What was the fate of Achilles? —Of Ajax? —And of the other  this century?- Relate  the particulars of each of them. —Also the legend of Tantalus and
leaders?                                                                    | Niobe.
( 4_ )




ITALY.
IT appears that Tarchun was a conqueror as well as a colonizer and a law- and therefore were not members of centuries or tribes. They were merchants,
giver. He took the Pelasgic towns of Agylla, Alsium, Pisa, Fale'ria, Fescen/-  peasants, strangers, all who had protection from the State, but were not members
nium, Perugia, and Cortona. The whole of Etruria proper was conquered from   of it. The Isopolites were foreign neighbors or allies, admitted by treaty to an
the Umbrians, and three hundred of their villages were taken and destroyed.  equality with the Rasena. The Municipia were communities having their own
The Umbrians sued for peace, and were offered such equitable terms that the  laws, but allied to the Etrurians, and dwelling among them. The Etrurians
treaty was never afterwards broken. They gradually adopted the religion, laws,  had slaves, who consisted either of prisoners taken in war, or of men sold for
and customs of the Rasena, and joined them annually in the ceremony of wor-  debt among themselves or from neighboring States. These slaves became doshipping in common. It appears to have been the practice of the Rasena to  mestic servants, and were degraded as a caste, but might be emancipated, and
offer to those whom they conquered such terms asogave them an interest in the  thus enabled to act as freemen.
prosperity of the State, whereby they were converted from  bitter enemies into     The Etrurian calendar was instituted by Tages. It consisted of one great
firm friends. To this hour the Tuscans dwell side by side with the Umbrians,  year, called a secle, which comprised 110 minor years, divided into 22 Lusand the small tribes of the Sarsinati and the Camerti inhabit their ancient soil.  trums, or periods of five solar years. The minor years were either civil or
(Mrs. Gray's History of Etruria, vol. i., p. 70.)  The Etrurians also planted  sacred. The civil year began in March, and consisted of 365 days, divided into
colonies between the Po and the Alps.                                           10 months, and two intercalary months. The sacred year began in September,
Tarchun, having conquered a sufficient extent of territory for his purposes,  and consisted of 10 months, and no intercalaries. These 10 months were divided
established the Feciales, a body of men appointed to watch over the public peace,  into 34 weeks, each week consisting of 8 days, which were probably named
whose duty it was to mediate between contending parties, and, in case of war,  after the Jewish fashion: the Jewish days were styled " One of the Sabbath",
to endeavor to bring about a reconciliation before the commencement of hostili-    Two of the Sabbath", " Three of the Sabbath", and so on; the Tuscan were
ties. He also dedicated a temple to Voltumna, the goddess of national union  styled " One of the Feast", " Two of the Feast", and so on. The month was
and concord; whither, once a year, in the spring, the sovereigns or heads of the  also divided into "Ides", "Kalends", and "Nones".  The Ides (from  the
twelve States were bound to repair in order to celebrate their common origin  Etruscan word iduo, " to divide") were the epoch of the full moon, and divided
and union. Their first act was to elect a dictator, styled, variously, "Embra-  the month into half: they occurred on the 13th of the month, except in March,
tur" (whence Imperator), or Meddix Tu'ticus (whence magistratus). Ile was  May, July, and October, in which the Nones occurred on the 7th day, and the
elected either for life, or until the purpose for which he was chosen was accom-  Ides on the 15th. The Kalends were always the first day of the month. The
plished. He was the Lar of the Lares, or protector of the family of States; the  Nones were the fifth day, except in the months before mentioned; they meant
word " Lar " signifying prince, or chief. At this meeting all public questions  each ninth day, counting from the Ides.
were discussed; and the Augurs, Feciales, and Arus/pices (priests), were bound     Tarchun introduced a copper coinage, of which the bronze.ZEs, or As, was the
to attend.  The ceremony of binding together twelve rods, one for each State,  measure. It had on it the double head of Janus, who some say was an Italian
was gone through: this was the origin of the Roman custom of the twelve fasces  king, others an Egyptian, others an Assyrian.  He established a system of
of the lictors' rod. A similar ceremony appears to have been ordained for the  weights and measures, of roads and fairs (or markets), of drains, tunnels, and
Israelites (see Numbers xvii. 2). A great fair was held at the same time, to  channels for irrigation for the cities as well as the fields and marshes; and he
which merchants from all countries resorted.                                     is said to have introduced the vine. He foretold for his people "one day of
The Etruscans had an order of nobility styled "Lucumo". The dignity was  rule" in Etruria, to consist of 1100 years; and he died "old and full of days".
hereditary, and from this class the Augurs and other chief officers of the State  His body was embalmed after the manner of the Egyptians, but the exact spot
were chosen. The Lucumoes were the chief landholders: their eldest sons suc-  of his grave is not known. Some historians suppose that Tarchun and Janus
ceeded them in their dignity and estates; the younger sons were styled "Aruns."  were the same person (Mrs. Gray's History of Etruria, vol. i., p. 306). After
The Senate was composed of Lucumoes, and it elected the king: the ten prin-  his death, we meet with no person of great eminence among the Etruscans for
cipal nobles had a right to the " curule chair" (literally, " a chariot seat," but  several centuries.
here meaning the seat of magisterial dignity). They appear to have lived in        The legend of 2Eneas and his Trojan followers settling in Italy after the siege
clans, like the Highland chieftains of ancient Scotland; and the word "clan"  of Troy, about 1180 B. C., and of his founding the city of Alba, was an invenis actually found in the Etruscan sepulchres (Mrs. Gray's History of Etruria,  tion of later times. Virgil, in his 2Eneid, has but embodied the traditions which
vol. i., p. 196, and the authorities there cited). We read also that women were  were current in his time (1st century A. C.). According to them, not only
held in high esteem among them, and had places of honor allotted to them at |Eneas, but Nestor, Philoctetes, Idomeneus, and Diomed, found their way from
the public games —a conclusive proof of advanced civilization.                   Troy into Italy. 2Eneas landed in Laetium, then ruled by a prince, or chief,
The Rasena were divided into tribes, probably twelve in number. The Senate  named Lati'nus, who at first received him  kindly, but afterwards quarrelled
of each State consisted of Lucumoes, ten of whom, called " the Decurions," re-  with him, and sought the aid of Turnus, king of the Rubtuli, to expel him. A
presented each nation-Etruscan, Umbrian, and Latin. The Decurions, again,  war ensued, in which Latinus was killed. His daughter, Lavin/ia, married
were captains of the " curia," or ten peers, whose votes they represented; for  2Eneas, who then became king of the country, his own people amalgamating
the Senators voted in curias, and therefore ten votes counted only for one. For  with the natives, and calling themselves Latins.  Turnus then applied to the
further particulars as to the Constitution of Ancient Etruria (from which that  Etrurian prince, Mezen'tius, for aid. A battle was fought on the banks of the
of Rome was mainly derived), the student is referred to the histories of Rome  Numi'cius, in which Turnus was killed. 2Eneas disappeared in the river, and
by Miiller, Niebuhr, Arnold, and Livy, and the works of Dionysius of Halicar-  was succeeded by his son, Ascanius, who continued the war. Lausus, the son
nassus, Cicero, Plutarch, and Varro. The States were further subdivided into  of Mezentius, was slain in a night surprise; whereupon Mezentius concluded a
"centuries," or divisions of one hundred families, to whom certain land (called  peace, fixing the Tiber as the boundary of Latium. Thirty years afterwards,
"Fundus") was allotted, and the care of the boundaries was given to officers  Ascanius led the Latins from the low marshy grounds near Alba, to Lavinium
styled "Arvales". Every year they walked round them in procession, to see  Alba, which he founded. But there is another tradition that Lavinium was
that they were uninjured; so that the custom of "beating the bounds", which  founded by 600 Alban and Latin families combined (Niebuhr, History of Rome,
prevails in England at the present day, is one of remote antiquity. They offered  ch. xv.). The leader of this movement was Sylvius, who subsequently became
sacrifices to Terminus, the god of boundaries; at which ceremonies, a pig, a  king of the Albans and Latins. Mezentius, having been expelled from his
sheep, and a bull were slaughtered, and the Arvales were crowned with oak.    capital, Agylla (which name he changed into Coere), by Astur of Tarquinii,
Beside the nobles, with their clans, and the " Plebs" (or people), there were  retired to Ardea, where he died: according to Virgil, he killed himself.'There
three classes who paid taxes to the State, and served in the army. These were seems good reason to believe that he was a real personage, and a bold and
2Era'rii, the Isopol/ites, and the Municip'ia. The 2Erarii were not landholders, wicked man.
What is said of the exploits of Tarchun? —What were the Feciales? —What was Vol-    What were the G~rarii? —The Isopolites? —The Municipia? —What is said of the slaves?~
tumna? —What officers were elected? —What were the Lucumoes? —The Decurions? —The  Of the calendar? —The works and death of Tarchun? —The legend of ~Eneas? —Of Sylvrius?
|Curiae? —The Arvales?                                                       | —And 5Mezentius?
(47)




BRITAIN.                               FRANCE.                                   SPAIN.                            GERMANY.
THE early history of Britain is lost    TiE kingdom founded by the Tyrian     SPAIN, as well as Italy, has her le-    THE mythology of ancient Germany
in the obscurest tradition. Some of  Hercules (or the chieftain who appears  gends respecting the heroes of the Tro-  is peculiar, partaking of the vigor of
the earliest Saxon historians pretend  under that name), did not long flourish.  j an war. Thus, Teueer, the step-brother  the northern mind, as well as of the
that Brutus, the great grandson of  The city of Alesia (Arles) was a great  of Ajax Telamon, is said to have founded  gloomy aspect of nature in cold regions.
2Eneas, the son of Priam, king of Troy,  and magnificent city; and became the  a city called Teu/cria, where Carthage,-  According to this system, the most anhaving collected a number of followers,  " hearth and metropolis of all Gaul."  na now stands. According to Mariana  cient god is Allfa/dur, or Allfa/ter (or
set forth in search of adventures, and  But when Hercules quitted it to go into  (History of Spain, p. 9, and the autho-  the Father of all), the Creator and Preat length found his way to Britain:  Italy, it declined rapidly; for the un-  rities there quoted},there is little doubt  server of the universe, and of the infethat he landed at Totness, in Devon-  civilized people of the neighborhood  that he sailed through the Straits of  riot gods, whom he will one day deshire, in the year B. C. 1109, and finally   mingled with its inhabitants, and all  Gibraltar, and coasted Spain until he  stroy. He will also destroy the present
settled on the banks of the Thames,  returned gradually to barbarism. A   reached Galicia, where he founded the  world, and erect a new one in its stead.
where he founded a city which he  lapse of three centuries occurs, how-  city of Hele/ne (now Ponteve-dra), and  The three Nornen (or fates), the past,
named "New Troy", after the cele-  ever, before the supplanting of these  that of Amphilo-ehia, subsequently  the present, and the future, continually
brated capital of his ancestors. This  Phoenician settlements in the south of  called Aquee Calidwe by the Romans,  proceed from him, and the whole of
was the foundation of the present city  France by the Greeks: but though Ale-  Auria by the Suevi, and Oreuse in  nature'sf creations, both gods and men,
of London. There he was buried, after  sia may have lapsed into barbarism, it  modern times. Tydeus is said to have  are regarded  as merely temporary
a reign of 24 years.                   still remained an important city, and  visited several places on the coast, but  emanations from him.
This legend is found in Geoffrey of  in the history of after ages is frequently  meeting with opposition, he sailed on    Alllater reigned over boundless void,
Monmouth's British History.  He pro-  mentioned.                              to Portugal, where he founded the city  which, by his will, split into two
fessed to have derived it from a very    Of the population of France at this  of Troy, or Tyde, between the rivers  halves: Muspelheim (light) and Nilfancient work in the British language.  early period we have no certain account:  Minho and Lima.  Menestheus landed  heim (darkness).  The Spirit of Light
We insert it here, becausehbaving given  but there is reason to believe that it was  at the mouth of the river Belon (now   was Surtur; -that of Night, tlela.
the legendary history of other nations,  comparatively dense, more so, perhaps,  the Gua/daleqte), where he built a city  Then Allfater commanded them  to
there is no reason why that of England  than that of any other nation in Europe.  of his own name, which is now known  mingle, and accordingly a shower of
should not be given also.             In Ceesar's time (Ist century B. C.) it  as Port Santa Maria; also a temple be-  sparks fell from  Muspelheim  upon
The illustrious poet, Milton, adopts  numbered several millions. Caesar tells  tween the two branches of the Guat-  Nilfheim; fire and water battled tothe fables of Geoffrey of Monmouth,  us that in ten years he defeated four  dalquiv-er, which was called by the  gether until there Sprang forth from
in his own History of England.  His  millions of men; of which, one million  Romans "Orac/ulum Mnesthe/um." It  the ferment the divine cow, Audhum/apology for so doing may be found in. were taken prisoners, and as many  is also asserted that Ulysses came into  la, the symbol of nutrition, and the
the second page of that work. Ile ap-  slain! and that he reduced under his  Spain, and made his way round the  giant Ymer,  the symbol of brute
pears to have thought that the long  obedience four hundred nations (or  coast to the mouth of the Tagus, where  force. Ymer assumed the rulership
line of quasi-historical kings and ex-  tribes), and eight hundred cities! They  he built the city of Ulystipo (or Olysi-  of the world: from his right and left
ploits could notbe altogether unworthy   had the reputation of affluence, but  po), now Lisbon.  But it is tolerably  foot issued  a six-headed  son, the
of belief; the more so as they were  their wealth consisted mainly in gold  certain that these legends, although  father of the Hrymthursen, or wicked
" defended by many, denied by few."  and cattle. It is difficult to believe that  confidently put forward as truth, have  ice-giants. The cow licked the good
In the times immediately following the  gold could have been so plentiful among  no historical reality.              deity, Buri, out of a rock of salt;
age of Geoffrey of Monmouth (the  them, although we are told that there    The only personage, beside the Gre-  from  him came Bbr, from whom demiddle of the 12th century A.C.), the  were gold mines in some parts of  cian heroes above mentioned, whose  scended  the three  brothers, Odin,
history of these ancient kings was im-  France. We are inclined to suspect  aname appears in the annals of Spain  Wile, and We (see page a3).  These
plicitlybelieved. In the dispute which  both the Roman and the native histo-  at this epoch, is Gar/garis, king of the  good gods slew  the wicked Ymer,
took place during the reign of Edward  rians of exaggeration with regard to it.  Cure/res, who held his residence in the  tore his body into pieces, and created
I. (A. D. 1301), between England and    The northern portion of France, ex-  forest of the Tarresii. He was called  the earth out of it. Of his skull they
Scotland, the descent of the kings of  tending from the river Seq/uana ( Seine)  "Mellic/ola," from having discovered  formed the sky; of his brains, the
England from Brutus, the Trojan,was   to the Sealdis (Scheldt), was inhabited  a mode of taking honey from the bee-  clouds; of his hair, the forests; of his
solemnly embodied in a document put  by a division of the Celtic race called  hive. The Trojan war occurred in his  bones, the mountains; and of his
forth to sustain the rights of the Crown  Belgians. This name is a corruption  time, and he is said to have been en-  blood, the sea. They then made man
of England, and it was not impugned  of the word Bolgoe, or Bholgs, given to  dowed with many virtues, but stained  out of the oak, and woman out of the
by the opposing party. The modern  the Tectos/ages in early times; and the  his reputation by his cruelty to his  alder, and ruled over the human race
student, however, must take care not  people here mentioned are the same as  grandson, Ab/ides, whom, on account  and over the universe; but they foolto be misled by it. The historians of  those spoken of in Irish history under  of the misconduct of the child's mother,  ishly allowed Loki, one of the race
Greece and Italy make no mention of  the title of Fir-Bholgs, who sailed from   he caused to be exposed to wild beasts.  of Ymer, to take his seat among them
Brutus and his adventures.            the mouth of the Rhine to Ireland about  The infant was left untouched by these  as the god of evil, who was one day
In Ireland, a Celtic tribe, the Bholgs,  this period. They came from the north  animals, and also escaped being torn  destined to allure them to destruction.
Fir-Bholgs, or Belgians, under the lead-  of Germany.  Thierry (Histoire des  to pieces by the king's dogs. He was  This spirit of evil is perpetually
ership of the five sons of Dela, estab- Ga ulois, introduction, vol. i., p. 57) com-  then thrown into the sea, whence he  struggling against the spirit of good.
lished themselves, and acquired regal  putes that the settlementofthe Belgians  was also miraculously drawn, and pre-  This system  of cosmogony is conauthority. They divided the island into  in France took place about the begin-  served to become one of the greatest  fused: for though nature is supposed
five portions, and each became king of  ningof the4th century, B. C. But if a  of the ancient kings of Spain. This  to have been created out of the body
a separate part. This arrangement  colonystrong enough toconquer Ireland  legend is in keeping with the practice  of Ymer, yet it is also supposed to
lasted for nearly 2400 years 1         could go forth in the 12th cent., B.C., i-  of antiquity —the heralding of great  have  proceeded from  the primary
Of Scotland, we have no accounts at  is very probable they extended over the  men by miraculous signs and deliver-  worlds of light and darkness existing
this early period.                north of France at a much earlier period. duces.             beyond its limits.
WhaLt are the traditions respecting the fdun-   What is said of Alesia? —Of the population    What cities were founded by Teueer? —  What is said of the mythology of Germany?
elation of the kingdom of B3ritain? —Of that of  of France? - Of the wealth of the people? —  Tydeus? -- Menestheus? -- Ulysses? -- Who  — What were the Norhen? — Ml~uspelheim?London? —Wlhat historians narrate them? — Who inhabited the north of France?-What was Gargaris? —What war occurred in his Nilfheim? —Surtur? —Hela? —Ymer? —B3uri?
WVho were the Bholgs? — The sons of Dela?  is said of the Belgians?      time? — W~hat is the legend of Abides?  — The sons of Bb'r? —H-ow was nature formed?
(48)




B.C. 1200- 1100.
ASIA MINOR.
THE origin of the Trojan war is traced back to a dispute between three of  In the night, the heroes concealed inside it come out and open the gate, admitthe goddesses. The legend runs thus: At the celebration of the nuptials of  ting their companions. The city is then set on fire, and sacked. A great
Peqleus, king of the Myrmidons in Thessaly, with the sea-goddess, Thetis, all  slaughter ensues. Priam  and his sons, Deiph'obus and Poli'tes, are slain.
the gods were invited to the marriage, except Eris (strife). Enraged at her  Ielen is carried back to Greece, and thus the war is ended.
exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests, with the inscrip-    The poem, however, does not comprise the scene of the final destruction of
tion, " To the fairest."  The apple was claimed by Juno, Minerva, and Venus.  Troy. It concludes with the burial of Hector, whose body has been ransomed
The dispute was referred to the arbitration of PARnIS, the beautiful son of  by his disconsolate father, Priam. The remaining events of the war are taken
Priam, the king of Troy, who was tending his flocks on Mount Ida. The god-  from a poem called the  Ethiopis, by Arctinus, and from another named Ilias
desses appeared before him accordingly. Juno promised him power and riches,  Minor, by Lesches. The subsequent career of the renowned Grecian heroes
if he would decide in her favor; Minerva promised him glory; Venus promised  who took part in the Trojan war, is sketched on the page devoted to Greece
him the fairest of women for his wife. Paris decided in favor of Venus, and  (p. 46). The historical character of the legend of Troy has been doubted by
gave her the golden apple. She then directed him to visit Greece, and go to  some, and denied by others. It seems improbable that so sanguinary a contest
the court of MENELA. aS, the king of Lacedlemon, whose wife, HELEN, was the  should have originated in the abduction of one woman, and that it should have
most beautiful woman in the world. He did so, and, though hospitably enter-  lasted so long when she might have been restored. Many conjectures have been
tained by Menelaus, he carried Helen off with him to Troy. Menelaus, accom-  made to account for the war, assuming it to have historical reality. Herodotus
panied by ULYSSES, king of Ith'aca, went to Troy to demand her restitution,  asserts that he was told by the Egyptian priests that Helen never was carried
but the journey was of no avail. Thereupon, Menelaus and his brother, AGA-  to Troy, for that Paris, after leaving Sparta, was driven by storms to Egypt, and
MEM/NON, king of Argos, resolved to muster all the forces of Greece, and attack  the Egyptian king, Pro'teus, detained her until her husband should come for
Troy. Among the princes who obeyed the summons were Ulysses, king of  her, at the same time sending Paris out of the country. When the Greeks
Ithaca; the venerable NESTOR, king of Pyqlos, renowned for his wisdom;  reached Troy, and demanded her, the Trojans solemnly assured them that she
ACHILLES, the son of Peleus and Thetis, and the most famous hero among the  was not in their power, but the latter were unable to convince their foes of the
Greeks (said, also, to have been dipped by his mother in the river Styx, and to  truth of this statement, and so the war was prosecuted to the last. The histohave been thereby made invulnerable, except in his heels); AJAX, the son of  rian adds: " It was the Divine will that the Trojans should be destroyed, root
Tel/amon, king of Salamis, the next in renown to Achilles; AJAX, the son of  and branch, in order to make it plain to mankind that the gods inflict great
Oilu'es, king of the Locrians; DIoME/DES, king of the city of Argos; and  punishments upon great crimes."  Menelaus, visiting Egypt on his return from
PATROCLvS, the friend of Achilles. Machaon and Podalirius, sons of 2Escula-  Troy, recovered Helen, who returned with him to Sparta, where she lived happius, also accompanied the expedition as physicians. After two years of prepa-  pily, and, after her death, became immortal. She'was worshipped, with her
ration, the expedition sailed from Aulis, in Boeotia. There, Agamemnon having  brothers, Castor and Pollux.
offended the goddess Diana, the sailing was delayed by a calm. The king    Su&  is " the tale of Troy divine."  It is the basis of two other great epic
offered up his daughter, IPHIGENIA, as a sacrifice, but the goddess carried her  poems, the OD/YSSEY and the CNEsID, with which the student ought to make
off to Tauris, and another victim was substituted. The Greeks arrived in the  himself acquainted. The Odyssey was also composed by Homer, and narrates
Troas in the year B. C. 1194. The war was not confined merely to the siege of  the adventures of Ulysses (or " Odysseus", whence the name " Odyssey"), on
the city of Troy, but extended over the country. Achilles destroyed twelve  his return home from Troy. By a series of calamities he is forced to wander
towns on the coast, and eleven in the interior. In the tenth year of the war  for ten years, so that he is absent from Ithaca twenty years altogether. His
a dispute arose between Achilles and Agamemnon, because the latter had taken  faithful wife, PENEL'OPE, has rejected numberless suitors, and his son, TELEM/away from the former his favorite slave, Brise'is. Achilles thereupon refused  ACHus, has wandered into various lands in search of him. The principal advento take any further part in the war, and shut himself up in his tent. It is at  tures of Ulysses are laid in a variety of places, viz., in the country of the lotus
this point in the contest that the poem of the Iliad opens. The reverses which  eaters in Lybia; in Sicily, where he kills the giant, Polyphetmus, and escapes
befell the Greeks are attributed to the wrath of Achilles, who remains inexo-  from the cannibals called Loes/trigons; in the island of CEoe'a, where the sorrable, and deaf to all entreaties. The Greeks at last are driven to their ships  ceress Cir'ce turns his men into swine, and detains hint prisoner; in the land
by the Trojans, and reduced to the direst extremity. At this juncture, Patro-  of the Cimmerians; in the island of the SIRENS, whose sweet voices enchanted
clus borrows the armor of his friend Achilles, and, heading the troops of the  all who heard them, and lured them  to destruction; on the rock SCYLLA and
latter, repulses the Trojans; but he is slain by EUPHORBUS and HECTOR, tWo of  the whirlpool CHaRYBnDIS, between which he narrowly escaped shipwreck; in
the bravest chiefs of the Trojans, by whom he is stripped of his armor. Achilles  the island of Ogyg'ia, where CALYP/so, the queen, detains him for a long period;
gives way to the deepest grief; but his mother, Thetis, exhorts him to rescue  and finally, in Ith'aca, where he makes himself known, and puts to death the
the body of his friend, and rouse himself to exertion. He rushes into the fight,  suitors of Penelope.
and routs the Trojans, seeking everywhere for Hector. Euphorbus having been    The CEneid is an epic poem, written by the Roman poet, VIRGIL, who lived
killed by Menelaus, Hector, after taking an affectionate leave of his wife,  in the first century of the Christian Era. It relates the adventures of AENE/As,
ANDROMACHE, issues forth to meet Achilles, and is slain by him. Achilles, in  the son of Anchises, and a relative of Priam, king of Troy. On the taking of
triumph, fastens Hector's body to his own chariot, and drags it three times  that city, lEneas and his friends made their escape, and sailed to many places
around the walls of Troy, and thence to his tent. The aged Priam, the father  on the shores of the Mediterranean. Among others, Virgil conducts him to
of Hector, repairs to the Grecian hero's tent, and begs the dead body of his son. ICarthage, where the queen, DIDo, falls in love with him, and destroys herself
His petition is granted. Achilles, after slaying Penthesile'a, queen of the because he deserts her (the poet forgetting that more than 300 years elapsed
Amazons, and Memnon, prince of Ethiopia,  allies of the Trojans, is subse-  between the supposed era of 2Eneas  and that of Dido). 2Eneas finally makes
quently killed at the battle of the Scaean gate by Paris, who shoots him in the his way to Latium, in Italy, after seven years' wandering; there he marries
heel with an arrow. Ulysses then devises the stratagem of the wooden horse; Lavin'ia, the daughter of the king, Lati'nus, who is slain in a war with
a large hollow image of that animal is constructed, and filled inside with armed Turnus, king of the Ru/tuli. 2Eneas was killed in battle also, but his descendmen. It is then sent to the city as an offering to the goddess Minerva-Pallas, ants ruled over the kingdom he founded, and from them the Romans claimed
whose image (or Palladium) was preserved in Troy. The Trojans permit the descent. But the whole story of 2Eneas is mythical, and probably without
horse to be brought inside the gate, in spite of the distrust of LaocoSn, the  foundation. Notice has been taken of it in the page devoted to Italy (p. 47),
priest of Neptune, who, striking the side of the horse with his spear, found it to and fuller details have there been given of the fate of this hero and his sucbe hollow; for which act, two serpents were sent by the gods to destroy him.  cessors.
What was the fabled origin of the Trojan war? —The actual origin? —Name the principal   What was the fate of Priam? —With what does the Iliad conclude? —WThence  is the reheroes among the Greeks. —What is said of Achilles? —Of Iphigenia? —With what does the  maining account of the siege drawn? —What is said of the entire legend? —What is the
Iliad commence? — Relate the story of Patroclus. —The death of Hector. —Of Achilles. —By  Odyssey?- Relate the principal adventures of Ulysses. —What is the (Eneid? — Relate the
what stratagem was Troy taken?                                           chief adventures of REneas. —Who was Dido?. (497                                                                                                                       (49)




THE 1T1 CENTURY
EGYPT.                                                                        SYRIA.
THE reign of Smendes may be com-    THE sons of Samuel were corrupt men. The people, foreseeing the difficulties likely to arise on his death, therefore
puted to have ended B. C. 1082. His  demanded that their republican government should be changed into a monarchical one. Samuel endeavored to dissuade
successors appear to have been:        them from taking this step, but in vain. Ile therefore selected SAUL, the son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin, to be
B. C.   B. C.    king of all Israel, apparently on account of his personal strength and beauty (1 Sam. viii., ix., x.). Moses had made
Psousen'nes I..; 1082 to 1041    provision in the Law for such a contingency (Deut. xvii. 14-20), but Saul and his successors lamentably departed from
I Neperche'res      1041 " 1037   his injunctions.  Saul was elected king by the assembly of the people at Gilgal; and Samuel, at the same time, surrenAmenoph'his..1037 " 10328    dered his judicial authority (B. C. 1095). Thus ended the second period of Jewish history. The first, from the call of
Asinop/a  hes...10372" 10283 
Osochor'.... 1028 " 1022   i Abraham to the death of Moses (a period of about 470 years), relates to the origin and formation of the nation. The
Psinaches.... 1022 " 10213    second (a period of 356 years,) comprises the settlement of the Israelites in Canaan, and the duration of their republican
Psousennes II... 1013 "  978    form of government, ending with the establishment of a monarchy. During this last-mentioned period the people enjoyed
greater happiness than at any other time in their history: they suffered occasionally from foreign invasion and their
Of these kings we know nothing  disobedience to the laws of Moses, but by far the greater part of the time was passed in a state of pastoral happiness and
more than their names; but occasional  simplicity. The rule of the kings, though for a short time it elevated the nation to great power and splendor, ultimately
notices of them occur in the Old Testa-  proved the cause of its downfall, as we shall see in the sequel.
ment.                                    The first act of Saul was to repel an invasion of Nahash, king of the Ammonites. He then formed a regular army,
It is related in the first hook of  and sent it forth, under the command of his son JONAThAN, against the Philistines, who were sweeping the country
Kings (xi. 14-22), that when Joab, in  with fire and sword. The heroism of Jonathan at Gibeah (1 Sam. xiv.) saved the nation, although he came near losing
the reign of David, king of Israelj slew   his life through ignorantly violating a vow made by his father (1 Sam. xiv. 38-46).  Soon after this, Saul was afflicted
all the males in Edom, Ha/dad, one of  with insanity, and his attendants introduced to him a musician to beguile the time. This person was DAVID, the son of
the royal family, made his escape into  Jesse, of the city of Bethlehem, whose skill in music restored Saul to reason (1 Sam. xvi. 23). The king was now able
Egypt, where he was hospitably enter-  to take the field once more against the Philistines, wTho were encamped at Ephes-dammim, in Judea. Here one of their
rained by Pharaoh (or, the king), who  noted warriors, a man of gigantic stature and strength, named Goli/ath, challenged the Hebrew warriors to single
gave him in marriage "the sister of  combat. All of them, however, shrank from the contest; but David accepted the challenge, and slow the giant with a
Tah/penes,the queen."  The name of  slung stone. This heroic exploit intimidated the Philistines: they fled in disorder, and were pursued with great
this queen has not been found on any  slaughter. It also gained for David the love of Jonathan (I Sam. xviii. 14), whose friendship became proverbial, like
monument, andwe cannot decide which  that of Orestes and Pylades, and of Damon and Pythias, among the Greeks. David married Michal, the daughter of
of the above kings was her husband.   Saul; but his high reputation aroused the jealousy of his father-in-law, who sought to take his life. He fled to the
During the reign of Solomon, king  mountains, and took up his abode in the cave of Adullam, where he became the captain of a band of adventurers.
of Israel, an active commerce in horses,  Saul wreaked his vengeance on the priesthood, because they had assisted David in his distress; he hotly pursued the
chariots, and linen-yarn, was carried  latter. But accident having thrown the king into David's power, and the latter having nobly disdained to take advanon with Judea. Solomon not only fur-  tage of it, Saul became reconciled to him for a time. The reconciliation was not of long duration, however.  Saul again
nished his own armies with horses and  sought to take David's life, and the latter fled to Achish, king of the Philistines.  There he married Abigail, the widow
chariots from  Egypt, but sold them   of Nabal, and defeated the Amalekites.  The Philistines, in great force, marched against Saul, and totally defeated
again to the tittites and the kings of  him  at Gilboa. Jonathan and other of his sons wrere slain, and Saul in despair killed himself (B. C. 1055). David
Syria. The Pharaoh whose daughter  escaped to Helbron, in Judea, where he was, by common acclamation of the tribe of Judah, made king. But Abner, the
married Solomon (1 Kings iii. 1), was  commander-inr-chief of the army, set up Saul's only surviving son, Ishbosheth, and a civil war ensued. Ishbosheth was
one of the kings of this dynasty; and  wholly incompetent for the office, and Abner deserted him. The young prince was assassinated, and Abner fell by the
the town of Gezer, in Palestine, was  hand of Joab, whose brother he had slain. The other tribes now concurred in the election of David, who became king
given with her as her dowry. It is not  of all Israel (B. C. 1053).
until the next century that the history  After residing seven years and a half at IIebron, David founded the city ofJERUSALEM, where he established the seat
of Egypt assumes a definite and con-  of religion and of governmlent (B. C. 1048). Thither he removed the Ark, and he built a royal palace, being aided with
nected shape. There is a mysterious  timber and artisans by IHiram, king of Tyre. IlIe defeated the Philistines, and subdued Edom: Hadad, the king, fled
grandeur connected with the earliest  to Egypt. Ie conquered the Moabites, the Syrians of Nisibis and Damascus, and extended his dominions to the
centuries of the existence of this once  Euphrates. IIe raised the Jewish kingdom to a high pitch of greatness, and adorned the land with noble buildings.
mighty land that forcibly strikes us.  He also excelled as a poet and musician, and composed many of the sublimest of the Psalms.  Commerce flourished,
The colossal proportions of the archi-  and the national religion revived. But in the midst of his greatness he fell by his own sins. The particulars of his
tectural remains which survive, enable  dreadful transgression will. be found in 2 Sam. xi. Iis love for Bathshe/ba, and the murder of Uri'ah, drew down upon
ustoform some conceptionof the power   him the denunciation of the prophet Nathan. The Ammonites ravaged the country, but were repulsed by Joab, and
and splendor of a nation which was  treated by David with merciless cruelty. The sons of the king were guilty of the most dreadful crimes. Ab/salom put
already ancient in the days ofAbraham,  to death his brother Amnon, and, under the guidance of Achit/ophel, a man of great intelligence, revolted against his
and was beginning to decay in the days  father, and drove him out of Jerusalem.  There Absalom, contrary to the advice of Achitophel, abandoned himself to
of Solomon. Yet the people who raised  pleasure, and David was enabled to retrieve his fallen fortunes.  His general, Joab, collected an army, and defeated
these magnificent edifices appear to Am'asa, the commander of Absalom's forces. The young prince was slain by Joab's own hand, and Amasa was subsehave been pigmies in stature. From quently put to death. Three years' famine, followed by a desolating pestilence, added to the misery of the nation.
the measurement of a number of mum-  Factions dividecd the army, the royal family, and the priesthood.  Adoni'jah, the brother of Absalom, set up a claim to
mies, it appears that the average height  the succession; but David thwarted him by anointing and proclaiming SOLOMON (his own son by Bathsheba) his sucof Egyptian men was only five feet cessor. Soon afterwards David died (B. C. 1015), having reigned forty years. IIe was the most illustrious man of the
three inches -and of the women, five  age in which he lived, but his glory was eclipsed by that of his successor.
feet. Ancient writers place the dwell-    Solomon was but twenty years of age at his accession to the throne as ruler of Israel. He at once put to death
ings of the Pigmies (a fabulous race of Adonijah, Joab, and Shim/ei, and banished Abi/athar the priest; and, having thus secured his throne, he commenced
dwarfs, alwaysatwarwiththe Cranes,) | his peaceful reign, during which the people enjoyed the greatest degree of prosperity and happiness.  (See 1 Kings
near the sources of the Nile.          iv. 20-25.)
When sid the reign of Smendes end?-Who    Why did the Israelites demand a king?-Who vas appointed?-nmhst did Samuel do?-Whnt is said of the first period of Jewish history?
were his successors? —What is said of them?-  -Of the second period?-TTJhnt vas the first act of Saul?-What vas Jonathan famed for?-Who was David?-How came he to be knovl
Of the Scriptural allusions to them?-Of the to the king? —Relate the story of Golisth. —WVhat is said of the friendship between David and Jonathan?-Of Saul's subsequent conduct and
ancient Egyptians? —Who were the Pigmies?  death?-Of Ishbosheth? —Of the reign and acts of David? —Of his crimes? —Misfortunes? —Character? —Who succeeded him?
_s                      _.)..
(50).




INDIA.                               ASSYRIA.                                  PERSIA.                                  CHINA.
Wr. have already noticed the fact'   ANOTHER century of nothing but the    THE ancient and pure religion of Zo-    CHING-WAaNG was very young when
that great doubts exist as to the age in  names of kings is presented to us.  roaster deteriorated in the lapse of ages.  he ascended the throne (B. C. 1115),
which MENU, or the author of the code  They are as follows:                     The modern Ghebers, or Parsees, have  but the greatest attention was paid to
bearing that name, lived. Sir William                         Hales.  Clintonm   added a variety of absurd doctrines to  hiseducation by his preceptor, ChowJones fixes it at about B. C. 1280, and   Dercylus       B. C. 1109 or 1084    it, so that the fire-worshippers of Bom-  kung, the brother of Woo-kung.  WooMr. Elphinstone computes it at about    Mardokempad, or Mesess/imorda-    bay at the present day bear very little  kang, the'son of the lately-dethroned
B. C. 900, a difference of nearly 400        cus, according to Layard,  but    resemblance to those of ancient Persia.  Emperor, Chow-sin, whose life had been
years. That the code is very ancient        the name is not found in Ctesias'    The standard of faith among the Par-  spared on a previous occasion, rose in
is proved by its obsolete style, and by     list. It has been discovered on     sees is a book called the Vandidad,  open rebellion, and was aided by the
the difference of religion and manners      a cylinder from Shereef Khan.    which professes to report the result of  three uncles of Ching-wang; but though
from those of present times.              Eupa/les             1069 or 1044      an interview of Zoroaster with Hor-  the rebels were joined by large numThe Institutes of Menu proclaim the    Laos-thenes...  1031 or 1006    muzd, the principle of good. This book  bers, the Emperor speedily put down
knowledge of one true God, and that    Adram/melech I. (Layard) began    is considered by them  to be the real, the rebellion, and pardoned all the
the substance and the form of' all ere-     to reign B. C. 1000, but his name    production of Zoroaster himself, but  offenders except Woo-kang, who was
ated beings were derived from the sub-      is not found in Ctesias. It has    there is little doubt that it is the pro-  put to death. This Emperor instituted
stance of the self-existing cause. He       been discovered on bricks from      duction of a much later age. It is  new tribunals, and everywhere superfirst, with a thought, created the waters,  the northwest palace at Nim-    divided into 22 fargards, or sections,  intended the strict administration of
and placed in them a productive seed.       roud.  -                            which contain doctrines and ceremo-  justice. ile built the city of Lo-yang
From this seed sprung the egg in which    Mr. Layard comments upon the entire  nial institutions, most of them of a very  for the adherents of the expelled Shang
he was born in the form of Brahma.  absence of columns and of stone pedes-  puerile kind. We may here notice the  dynasty, and he also brought into cirHe then produced the heavens, the  tals for them  to rest upon, which is  principal features of this work. Ac-  culation the metal money which is in
earth, and the human soul, and gave  remarked in the Assyrian ruins. We  cording to it, Hormuzd created 16 holy  use at the present day. The fame of
names and occupations to allcreatures.  cannot, therefore, form an idea as to  localities upon earth, Persia, Itindos-  so great a prince spread far and wide,
He also created inferior deities. But  the heightof their  great edifices, as we   tan, Khorassan, Bokhara, and China,  and ambassadors came  to him  from
this creation is only to endure for a  can of those of Egypt, Persia, and  being among them; but Ahriman de-  Tun-kin   (Cochin China).  Htis reign
certain period; and when that shall  G'reece.  He supposes, however, that  stroyed their bliss by creating various  was long and happy; and, when near
expire, the divine energy will be with-  there must have been something in the  evils. Jemsheed, the son of Vivanghao,   his death, he called his ministers around
drawn, Brahma  will be absorbed in  shape of columns to support the roof,  promoted agriculture, and removed all  him, and recommended to their special
the supreme essence, and the whole  or that portion of it through which light  disease and wickedness, and during  care his son, Kang-wang. He died
system will fade away. These extinc-  was admitted. But it is very probable  his reign all was happiness. A variety  B.C. 1078, leaving the Empire to Kangtions of creation, with  corresponding  that the inner chambers remained in  of punishments for sin are ordained,  wang, whose reign was also peaceful
revivals, occur periodically, at terms  almost entire darkness, the absence of  which are strikingly absurd. For in-  and happy.
of prodigious length.  According to  light being considered essential to se-  stance, breaking averbal promise is to       Chaou-wang, the son of Kang-wang,
Menu, the inferior deities represent  cure a cool temperature. The sculp-  be punished by 300 years' torment in  succeeded him (B.C. 1052).   The first
the elements: his list varies somewhat  tures and decorations in them  could  hell; breaking an engagement to sell  act of this Emperor was to celebrate
from  the ordinary Brahminical list  then only be seen by torchlight. The  small cattle, by 700 years' torment;  the obsequies of the deceased monarch
(see Elphinstong's History ofIndia, vol.  great halls were probably open to the  and one to sell large cattle, by 800 years:   in the most splendid manner. The
i., ch. iv.). He never alludes to Rama  air, like the court-yards of the modern  while cutting off a limb may be expi-  most gorgeous pomp was  displayed
or  (rishna, nor to Siva and Vishnu.  houses of Assyria, the walls being  ated by 90 stripes:  lights are to be  before the nobles of the Empire, in
Brahma is sometimes named, but his, adorned with sculptured alabaster.   It  kept burning  for a month near the  order to show profound grief and boundmystical union with Vishnu and Siva  is also supposed that the roof was sus-  place where a man has expired, and a  less esteem for the departed Emperor.
is never hinted at.         rained by pillars of wood or of brick-  series of purifications from defilement  But Chaou-wang gave himself  up. enDistinct from the gods are the genii,  work, and rose so far above the sur-  by touching the corpse must be per-  tirely to hunting, and not only neglected
giants, nymphs, demons, and Pitris (or  rounding part of the building that light  formed: dogs are especially to be vene-  the affairs of State, but oppressed the
progenitors of mankind). Man is en-  was admitted by columns and buttresses  rated, and severe punishments are or-  nation. The consequences soon became
dowed with two souls, the vital and  immediately beneath the ceiling. It is  dained for striking them, or giving  apparent: the tributary princes began
the rational. The first gives motion  probable there were two orthree stories  them bad food. Of such trivialities as  to wage war against each other, but
to the body, the second is the seat of  of chambers opening into them, either  these is the ~andidad, the Bible of  Chaou-wvang did not interfere. The
the passions and the good or bad qual-  by columns or windows, as is the case ix  the modern fire-worshippers, composed.  people south of the Yellow River, rising
ities: they are independent of each  modern houses in some parts of Persia.  Professor Stuhr (Religions-ysteme    des  in rebellion, Chaou marched against
other, but are connected with the di-  In these a great central hall, called an   Orients,) appears to think that it was  them. He was suddenly seized by his
vine essence. The vital soul expiates  Iwan, rises to the top of the building,  composed during the period which  passion for hunting, during which he
the sins of man by suffering torments  and has small rooms in two or three  elapsed between the death of King  laid waste the country around, destroyand transmigration into inferior beings,  separate stories, opening by windows   Darius Codoma/nus and the accession  ing the harvests of the farmers for his
animals, and even plants, until it is  into it, while the inner chambers, hav-  of the Sassanide  dynasty of Persian   pastime; but having to cross a bridge
purified, when it recommences a career  ing no windows at all, have no more  monarchs (B. C. 331 to A. C. 226).-   built by the reluctant peasants at his
which may lead to eternal bliss. God  light than that which reaches them   The student will find a full and inte-  command, the bridge gave way while
endowed man with conscience as an  throughthedoor. Sometimestheyopen  resting account of the system of Fire-  he was on the middle of it, and he and
internal monitor, and "made a total  into a centre court, and a projecting  worship, both ancient and modern,  his whole train were drowned, to the
difference between right and wrong,"  wooden roof protects the carved and I in Wilson's Parsi  Religion, as pro-  great joy of his subjects (B. C. 1001).
as well as between pleasure and pain,  painted walls from the weather.  Awn-  pounded and practised by the modern  Muh-wang,  his son, succeeded him
joy and sorrow, a~nd so on.             ings are also used for the same purpose.  Zoroa~striazns.              on the throne.
What w. s the era of Menu? —WYha~t do his  W~ha~t monarchs are mentiomed during this  WThat  changre  has the religibon of Zoroaster    What is said of Chingr-wang? —Wha~ great
Institutes teach? —Wiherein  consists the dif-  century?- In wvhat mode is it supposed that  undergone? —W;5hat is the Yandcidad? —When  city did he build? —WVhat else is recorded of
feteace between him and the ]3rahminical the AssyriaLn palaces were constructed? —How was it written? —W~hat does it contain? — him? — Who was his successor? — WIhat did
code?'W-Shat is his doctrine as to the soul?   do they resemble modern edlifices in Persia?   Mention some of its peculiarities.     Chaou-wang dlo? —What was his end?
(51)




GREECE.                                               ITALY.                                           BRITAIN.
SPARTA.-The conquest of the Peloponnesus by    IN this century a vast horde of the Pelasgi, sup-    To continue the legendary history of Britain.
the descendants of Hercules is not a pure myth, but  posed to have emigrated from Lydia, passed through  Brutus had three sons, Locrine, Albanact, and Camis, in the main, genuine history. In the story we  Thrace and Illyria, and entered the north-east of  ber, between whom the island was divided: Locrine
perceive that the ancient Achaean population was  Italy. Pouring into the plains of Lombardy and  taking England; Albanact, Scotland; and Camber,
subdued by bands of Dorian invaders, and that the  Liguria, they made themselves masters of Umbria,  Wales. The country was invaded in his time by
Achseans became partly the slaves (Ilelots), and  and subdued the Umbrian Gauls. The Etrurians  the Scythians, under a chief named Humber, who
partly the subjects (Periceei), of their conquerors.  also felt their power, but this new influx of people  took possession of Yorkshire. Albanactfell in battle
The country was divided among the three Dorian  soon settled peaceably in the land, and, blending  with him. Locrine and Camber avenged their brochiefs- Tem'enus, Aristode'mus, and Cresphonttes.  with the conquered, communicated to them many  ther's death, defeated the Scythian king, and drove
Temenus ruled at Argos. His descendants were sub-  of their arts.                                      him into the channel, which was named "the Humsequently expelled: they fled to the north of Greece,    But little is known of the history of Etruria. It  ber," after him. In this contest, Estrildis, the beauandfoundedthe kingdom of Macedon. Cresphontes  continued for several ages to be governed by the  tiful daughter of IIumber, was captured by Locrine,
was slain in an insurrection at Messenia. The two  twelve States; and, as Rome grew in importance  who became enamored of her, and sought to break
twin sons of Aristodemus, Procles and Eurys/thenes,  and ambition, it became by degrees mixed up in  off his engagement with Guen'dolen, daughter of
established the IIeraclidan kingdom of Sparta, both  wars with the Imperial City, towhose power it ulti-  Corine'us, duke of Cornwall.  Being forced to marry
being joint kings. From them descended the two  mately succumbed. In this century it is believed  Guendolen, he deserted her for Estrildis: whereupon
royal families of Sparta, hence called the Procli'dse  that the Etrurian chief, JANUS (probably of the tribe  she assembled an army in Cornwall, and defeated
and the Eurysthen'idse. Agis, the son and successor  of the Faliscii), flourished. IIe had a palace on the  her husband in a battle near the river Sture, wherein
of Eurysthenes (B. C. 1059), gave the name also of  Janie'ulum. IHe introduced the cultivation of the  he was killed. His daughter, Sabra, was thrown
Ag'idve to that branch of the family: and Eu/rypon  vine, and the games of the Saturna/lia; and was  into the river, named after her Sabri/na, or Severn.
(B.C. 1028), the grandson of Procles, gave the name  killed in a drunken fray by his subjects, because  Milton alludes to this legend in the Masque of Comus.
of Eurypon'tidae to the other. There is nothing  when the wine mounted into their heads, they fan-  After governing fifteen years, Guendolen resigned
worth recording of these kings.                    cied he had poisoned them. Of his wife, Veniqlia,  the kingdom to her son, Madan, who ruled well and
CORIN'TH. -In the year B. C. 1068, Ale'tes, a de-  and his sister, CAMESE, but little is known. The  peacefully for forty years, and left the throne to his
scendant of IHIercules, expelled the descendants of  latter reigned jointly with him. He had a son  sons, Mempricius and Malim, the latter of whom was
Sisyphus from  Corinth, and established his own  named Fontus, in honor of whom yearly feasts were  murdered by the former.
dynasty there. The family of Aletes ruled Corinth  kept among the Romans, called Fontina-lia. iHe    In Ireland, the sons of Dela had not reigned more
140 years.  -                                      had also four daughters.  Some say he was the  than 30 or 40 years, when the TUATHA-DE-DANAAN, a
ATTICA.-In the preceding century the descend-  father of Tiburi/nus, king of Veil, who was succeeded  people famed for necromancy, coming from Norway
ants of Theseus had filled the throne. The reigns  by Vertum'nus, or ~adimon, and then by Aunus.  to Scotland, crossed thence into Ireland under their
of Demophobn, Oxyntas, Aphi/das, and Thymoetes,  But there is little doubt that his sister Camese suc-  chief, "Nuad of the Silver Hand," and defeating
occupied 60 years; at the expiration of this period,  ceeded him on the throne. Janus was subsequently  the Belgians in a celebrated and most sanguinary
the Dorians from Corinth drove Melanthus and the  deified. Mention of this personage has already been  battle at Moytura (long remembered as "the battle
Neleid family from  Pylus. The expelled princes  made (p. 17): the student will notice the discrepancy  of the field of the tower"), made themselves masters
took refuge in Athens: and soon afterwards Melan-  between the eras assigned to him.                   of the country. The Belgians fled to the Isle of Man,
thus distinguished himself in a dispute between the    Queen Camese was chief of the Vestal virgins, and  North Arran, and the Hebrides.
Athenians and the Boeotians, by slaying Xanthus,  seems to have been the same as Camsena of the    Not long after this invasion, a colony of Spanish
king of the latter, in single combat. For this service  Latins, or Carmenta, or Car-mina, the muse of song,  Phoenicians, under the command of the sons of MILE/he was raised to the throne. Melanthus and his son,  the undying Sybil, the oracle of justice, called also  siurs, the great chief, set sail from Gallicia in Spain
CODRUS, reigned for nearly 60 years: the kingdom   Tethys, whose shrine was afterwards so often visited  for Ireland in thirty ships. They landed at Bantry
wasterminatedby the deathof Codrus. TheDorians  by the Romans, the Sabines, and the Tuscans.  Bay, on Thursday, the first of May, A.M. 2934 (B. C.
from  Peloponnesus, under Aletes of Corinth, had  Feasts, called Carmentalia, were held in her honor.  1070), encountered the Tuatha-de-Danaan at Sliabhinvaded the country, assured, by an oracle, of victory  She uttered oracles in verse, and became the god-  Mis, and achieved the great victory which secured
if they abstained from injuring the person of the  dess of married women. Next to her in renown was  to them and their descendants the supreme dominion
king. This oracle was secretly communicated to the  the Sybil, BYGOi, who wrote a treatise on lightning,  over all Ireland for more than 2000 years. This
Athenians by a Delphian citizen named Cleomantis.  and whose verses and maxims were taught in all  legend, or fable, has been fondly adhered to by the
Codrus thereupon resolved to sacrifice himself for his  the Etruscan schools. They were collected in "the  Irish; they pride themselves on their Milesian origin,
country. Ie entered the enemy's camp in disguise,  Sybilline books."  These books were made either  and trace back the descent of some of their most illusquarrelled with the soldiers, and was slain. As soon  of the leaves of palm trees, or of linen, or of tablets  trious families to this mythical Milesius. The most
as the Dorians discovered what had happened, they  of wood, covered with a thin coating of wax, and  impartial of their own historians have denied the
were struck with despair, and retired; but retained  they were written upon with a small pointed style  historical reality of this Spanish colonization. Moore,
possession of Megtara, where they established per-  of bronze or iron.                                in his History of Ireland (vol. i., p. 91), says that
manent settlers. As no one was thought by the    The other Etrurian heroes of this early period  there are no grounds for believing that this Spanish
Athenians worthy to succeed so patriotic a ruler, the  were Maloeo-tus, king of Tarquinia and Cere, who  (Scythian, or Scotic,) colony settled in Ireland at a
kingly dignity was abolished, the people declaring  resided  at Gravisca, carried on trade with the  remoter period than two centuries before the Christhat Jupiter alone should be king of Athens. Arch-  Greeks, and visited Athens; and Meleus of Pisa, a  tian Era, at the very earliest. The Scots (Scuits, or
ons (magistrates) were elected to administer the  general who ruled over all Turrhenia, and is said to  Scythians,) landed in England and Ireland at a very
government, and were appointed for life. The first  have invented the trumpet.                        remote period. The Picts were also a Scythian race,
Archon was Medon, the son of Codrus (B. C. 1045);    The cities of Fiesole and Veil were founded in  from Thrace, who, roaming in search of a settlement,
after him, Acastus (B. C. 1025).                   B. C. 1090, and Lavinia in B. C. 1083. The first  landed in Ireland, but subsequently settled in EngTo this epoch may be referred the settlement of  Greek colony in Southern Italy was planted in  land. They were the originalinhabitantsof Scotland
the Ionians in Asia Minor (B. C. 1043).            B. C. 1060.  (according to Moore).
What is said of the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Hera-    What is said of the history of Etruria? —Who was Janus?-    Who were the three sons of Brutus? —What is said of them?
clidae? —Who founded the kingdom of Macedon? —Sparta? —  What did he do? — How did he die? —Who was Camese? --  — Relate the legend of Locrine and Estrildis. —Of Guendolen
Corinth? —What became of the descendants of Theseus?-   Forwhat is she celebrated, and underwhat names? —Who was  and Sabra. —Who were the Tuatha-de-Danaan?  Relate the
Why wasMelanthusmadeking? —WhatofCodrus? —Archons?  Bygo6? —Maloeotus? —Meleus?-What cities were founded?  legend of Milesius and his sons.
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B.C. 1100 1000.
FRANCE..                              SPAIN.                            GERMANY.   ASIA MINOR.
IT would seem that the Belgians of    ACCORDING to the Spanish historians,   MISPELHEINM, the empire of Surtur,    THIS is the era of Greek colonization.
this early period were an emanation  Abides was the greatest of the ancient  was far above the heavens, and the sun,  After the destruction of Troy a period
from the great Scythian stock, whence  mythological kings of Spain. Ite was  moon, and stars, were merely streams  of obscurity 9apsed, during which we
came the Nemedians and the Tuatha-  contemporary with David, king of Is-  of light flowingdown fromit. Beneath  meet with but slight notices of Asia
de-Danaans, as well as the Fir-Bholgs  rael. Among the many useful acts  the earth was Nilfheim, the abode of  Minor. The Assyrians extended their
of Ireland. Some antiquarians  say  recorded of him, the following are spe-  Hela, whose palace was Misery; whose  Empire over the eastern portion of it.
that the Nemedians were the same as  cially enumerated. He persuaded his  table was Hunger; whose servant was  The Lydians, the Carians, and other
the Nemetes who inhabited the region  subjects, who previously had lived dis-  Delay; whose threshold, Ruin; whose  nations, had their own kings, but make
where now are Worms, Spires, and  persed, to gather themselves into towns  bed, Sorrow; and whose color, Decay.  no figure in the history of the period.
Mayence (Mentz); and that the Da-  and cities, whereby they became more  All mortals who died like cowards on  But after the death of Codrus, king of
naans were the Danes and Norwegians.  civilized. Herestoredthe useofwine,  their beds had to ride nine nights  Athens, the Greeks turned their eyes
They assert that these Belgians were  and the best mode of tilling the ground.  through dark valleys, until they reached  toward the western shores of this beaua Teutonic people, to whom the Scots  He instituted laws, erected tribunals,  Gioll, the river of hell, and crossed the  tiful country. Medon and Nileus, the
were akin both in origin and language.  and appointed judges and magistrates.  bridge into Nilfheim. Those who had  sons of Codrus, having quarrelled about
The conflicting opinions of historians  By these means he gained great re-  been liars and thieves were cast into  the archonship, referred to the oracle
on these points demand more investi-  nown both at home and abroad, and,  thedeepestpit, calledIHuergelmir, com-  at Delphi for advice. The oracle degation than can here be bestowed upon  having lived to a very great age, he  pletely built of snakes' heads, unceas-  cided in favor of Medon, whereupon
them. But the student will find a full  died full of honors, and universally  ingly spitting poison on the damned.   Nileus resolved to seek a new home.
discussion of the subject in Thierry's  regretted. It is said that his descend-    Between the middle world and Mus-  It happened, too, that Attica abounded
Histoire des Gatnlois, introduction;  ants reigned after him, but none of  pelheim, layanother world called Lios-  with a surplus population of Greeks
Moore's History ofIreland, ch. vi.; and  their actions, nor even their names,  alfarheim, or Lichtalfheim.  Here  and foreigners, who were ready to emRitson's Memoirs of the Celts, and the  have come down to us. No remarkable  dwelt the elves of light, the geniiof the  bark in any enterprise. He, therefore,
authorities there cited.  The name  event occurs in the history of Spain  elements, the Fylgien, or guardian  with other members of the family of
"Belgian'" is a corruption oftheword  for a considerable period, except a  spirits, and theWalkyren, the messen-  Codrus, planned and carried out the
"Volk," which became transformed  most extraordinarydearthwhichlasted  gers of Odin. The fairies, the wood  memorable IONIC EMIGRATION, as it is
into "Volg," then " Bolg" (or Bholg),  twenty-six years, so that many rivers  nymphs, the sylphs, water Nixen and  termed, although the Ionians expelled
and "Belg."  It is not applied as a  were dried up, and a severe famine  Undines, the river and tree elves, also  from the Peloponnesus formed but a
generic term, but solely to denote the  drove thousands of the people into  came from Lichtalfheim.             small proportion of the colonists. The
inhabitants of the north of France, and  other countries. But Mariana doubts    Between the middle world and Nilf-  tribes that joined in it were the Cadof some portions of the British Isles.  the truth of this account (History of  heim lay another world, called Schwart-  mians of Thebes, the Minyve of OrchoThere is little doubtthatthey extended  Spain, ch. iv.) upon very reasonable  alfheim. Here dwelt the black elves  menus, the Abantes of Eubce/a, the
themselves into Bretagne or Armorica,  grounds.                           who infest the mountains, and the  Dry'opes, the Moloss/i, the Phocians,
whence they are sometimes called Ar-    According to Irish tradition, a colony  Kobolds, who watch over mines, and  the Boeotians, the Arcadian Pelasgians,
moricans. In subsequent ages Bre-  of Phoenicians settled in the north of  endeavor to corrupt mankind. These  and the Dorians of Epidaurus. They
tagne, or Brittany, figures as a country  Spain under the leadership of Milesius.  evil beings delighted in subterraneous  settled in the islands of the Cyc'lades
apart from France, and the tribes in-  But a prophecy having foretold that  dwellings. The story of TannhaUiiser,  in the Egean Sea, in the isles of Samos
habiting it formed a confederation dis-  their ultimate place of rest was to be  who entered the Venusberg, and took  and Chios, and on the coast of Asia
tinct from that of the Gallic nations,  an island in the Western Sea, Heber  up his abode underneath with the  Minor, from Phoccea on the north to
and which, indeed, drew into it the  andHeremon, the two sons of Milesius,  mountain-queen, who assumed extraor-  Alile'tus on the south. The cities of
neighboring Celtic tribes, but never-  fitted out a grand expedition, and set  dinarybeauty, and allured him thither;  Smyrna, Cyme, Lesbos, Eph'esus, and
theless entertained much more intimate  sail with thirty ships from Gallicia for  and the legend of Rubezahl, the moun-  others, wrere founded: twelve States
relations with Belgium. Thierry con-  Ireland. There they gained a great  tain-king, who assumed the form of a  were formed, and they adopted the
cludes that the word " Belgian" signi-  victory over the Tuatha-de-Danaan, and  man, and tempted maidens to enter the  Ionic name.
fied nothing more than the title of  divided the country among themselves.  interiorof the Priesen-gebirge, are pop-    The DORIC EM1IGRATION was also a
confederation, and that the Armoricans  They appointed their brother, Amergin,  ular illustrations of this very ancient  consequence of the return of the EHeraallied themselves with the confederates,  Arch-Bard, or presiding minister over  belief in Kobolds. The water-spirits  clidee. The leader of this movement
but that their settlement in Gaul was  Law, Poetry, Philosophy, and Religion.  were sometimes wicked, though gene-  was Theras, a descendant of Cadmus,
much more ancient than that of the  But these Spanish colonists did not long  rally only sportive.              and uncle of Eurvsthenes and Procles,
Belgians. M. deRoches,inhisMemoire  live in harmony. The wife of Heber    The middle world, or earth, placed  kings of Sparta. A numberof Minyme,
sur la religion des peoples de l'ancienne  coveting a portion of the possessions of  between these double worlds of light  of Laconia, joined this expedition.
Belgique, treats them as a people wholly  Heremon, a quarrel ensued between the  and darkness, was called Mannheim   They first landed on the island of Thera,
distinct from the Gauls; but the modern  two brothers, and a battle was fought  (or, " the home of man"). It was di- which took its name from Theras. Some
Belgians entertain diversity of opinion  on the plains of Geisiol, wherein Heber  vided into an upper and a lower part.  settled in Crete and Melos, butthe larger
as to their origin, some claiming it to  lost his life, leaving tIeremon sole pos-  The first was named Asgard, theheaven  number reached the southwest corner
be Teutonic, others Celtic.   The colony  sessorof the kingdom. The otherbro-  of the gods, with its beautiful palace,  of Asia Minor, where they founded the
which settled in Ireland spoke a differ-  ther, Amergin, soon afterwards became Walhalla, from whose windows was  citiesofCos,Cnidus,  Halicarnassus, and
ent language from that of the Celtic  embroiled with the conqueror, and, in  seen the paradise of pious women and  Rhodes. Another Dorian emigration,
natives: the particular form of speech  a subsequent battle, fell a victim to  children. The access from the lower  under Althseemenes, sailed to Rhodes,
used by them was styled by the Irish  Heremon's sword. The latter trans-  part, the earth, to Valhalla, was by  expelled the Carians, and founded the
"the Belgaid;" whence it is fair to  mitted his crown to his descendants.  means of the rainbow, Rifrost; on this  cities ofLindus, Iazlysus, and Camirus.
infer that they were not the same peo-  Such was the (fabulous) career of the  the gods descended to the earth, and    Thus were extended the language and
ple as the Celts of France.          sons of Milesius.                    the souls of men mounted to Walhalla.  institutions of Greece to Asia Minor.
Wh;at is said of the early Belgians?-Of the    For what was Abides celebrated? —What   Where was iuspelheim? —Nilfheim? —De-   What was the condition of the country after
Nemedians?-Of the origin of the word "Bel-  event occurred after his death? —Who was  scribe the abode of tIela. —The receptacle of'the Trojan war? —Who originated the Ionic
gian"? —To whom is it applied? —Were they  Milesius? —Where did his colony settle?-  sinners. —What was between the earth and  emigration? —What cities did they found?Celts, Teutons, or the same as the Gauls?    V What became of his sons? —Is it real history?  M tuspelheim? - The earth and Nilfheim?   ]What ones did the Dorians found?
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t  THE 0TH CENTURY
EGYPT.                                                                          SYRIA.
THE 21st dynasty ended with Psou-    THE reign of Solomon is the most brilliant one in the history of the Jews. The nation attained to its greatest prossennes II., but we are not informed  perity under his administration, and commerce was carried on with all the known world.  Solomon was renowned for
why.  The 22d commences B. C. 978,  his wisdom, and he was visited by persons of distinction from all parts of the earth, who came to bear his wise sayings.
with SHISHAK I. (or Sesonk). This  Among the most frequently mentioned of these visitors was Balkis, queen of Sheba, who was magnificently entertained
monarch is called Shishak in the Old  by the king. The sayings of Solomon were collected, and have been handed down to us in the Book of Proverbs: they
Testament. He is styled Sesonchis by  far surpass in beauty, wisdom, and number, those of all the other sages of antiquity.  Solomon founded Tadmor (PalManetho, and Sesostris by Herodotus.  myra) in the wilderness, to serve as a place of resort and reunion for the traders of various nations who travelled in that
He is the first Egyptian king who is  direction. But his greatest work was the Temple at Jerusalem, which was a building of extraordinary magnificence.
mentionedbynamein Scripture. From   A full description of it is given in 2 Chron. ii. 7. Solomon also built and beautified other cities (2 Chron. viii.), and
this circumstance the epoch of his reign  died full of honors (B. C. 976), after reigning 40 years. The power and magnificence of Solomon was a favorite theme
can be determined with certainty, and  with the poets and writers of the East: by them his seal was said to have power over evil spirits.
hence Egyptian history assumes a more    On his death, his son Rehobotam ascended the throne. The splendor of Solomon had been maintained by heavy taxes.
authentic shape. Jeroboam, to save  The people now clamored for a reduction of their burdens, but Rehoboam refused to listen to their prayer. Whereupon
his life from the jealousy of Solomon,  ten of the tribes revolted, and set up Jerobo'am, the son of Nebat, as king (B. C. 975). Henceforth there were two kingfled to Egypt, and took refuge with  doms, viz., Israel and Judah: for Rehoboam remained king over the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, and held his court
this monarch. Afterwards, when Re-  at Jerusalem. There was continual war between him and Jeroboam.
hoboam was placed on the throne of        In the year B. C. 972, Shishak, king of Egypt, invaded Judea, and plundered Jerusalem, carrying off all the ornaments
Israel, Shishak marched with an army  of the temple, but he did not dethrone Rehoboam, contenting himself with exacting tribute from him. The reign of
into Judea, took Jerusalem, and speed-  Rehoboam came to an end in the year 959. Ile was succeeded by his son, Abi'jah, whose brief reign of three years is
ily reduced the country to subjection,  distinguished by a great victory which he gained over Jeroboam, whereby the revolted tribes were for a time " brought
making Rehoboam his tributary. The  under" (2 Chron. xiii. 18). But after the death of Abijah (B. C. 956), and in the reign of his son, Asa the righteous, it
rule of the Egyptian king over the  appears that the rival kingdom of Israel raised its head once more.
Jews does not appear to have been op-    The reign of Asa is distinguished as an era of revival of piety. The young king did Lis utmost to extirpate idolatry
pressive. He reigned 21 years, and  among the Jews, and great success attended his efforts. In B. C. 941, Judea was invaded by the Egyptians, under
awas succeeded (B. C, 957) byOsorkon I.  Zerah the Ethiopian, but Asa defeated them  at Mare/shahl, with great slaughter, and delivered the country from them.
This monarch is supposed to be the  Continual troubles arose between the rival kingdoms of Israel and Judah; in fact, their normal state was one of warfare.
Cushite king who invaded Judea, but  Jeroboam had died B. C. 955. Ilis successor, Nadab, died two years afterwards (953), and was succeeded by Ba'asha,
was defeated by Asa, and pursued to  who formed the design of blockading Judab. To thwart this, Asa made a league with Benha'dad, king of Syria, and
the southern boundary of Palestine  forced Baasha to discontinue building the fortresses he had begun (B. C. 940). The remainder of the reign of Asa was
(B. C. 941). Of his successors, Pehor,  unmarked by extraordinary events. He died in the 41st year of his reign (B. C. 915), and was succeeded by his son,
Osorkon II., and Shishak II., we have  Jehosh'aphat, a pious prince, who walked in the footsteps of his father. It was in the reign of Asa that IIana'ni, the
no particulars, except that their reigns  prophet, and Jehu, his son, flourished.
occupied 25 years altogether.             In Israel, Baasha, who had slain Nadab, his predecessor, ruled in as wicked a manner. He put to death all the
Takello'this I. (B. C. 917) is the next  family of Jeroboam, and carried on perpetual war with the king of Judah.  Ile died B. C. 931, and was succeeded by
name we meet with, but the notices of  his son Elah, who, after a reign of two years, was slain by Zimri, captain of half his chariots, " as he was in Tirzah,
him  are very meagre. According to  drinking himself drunk" (I Kings xvi. 9).  Zimri completed the tragedy by slaughtering all the family of Baasha:
Manotho he reigned 13 years but in-  then finding that the people were exasperated with him, he set fire to the king's house, and perished in the fla-es.
scriptions have been found which bear  Omri, commander-in-chief of the army, was then set up as king by one faction, and Tibni, the son of Ginath, by another.
date the 25th year of his reign. It is  Omri's party prevailed, and he ascended the throne of Israel. Ile reigned twelve years, and is remembered as being the
said of him that he reigned at Thebes;  founder of the city of SAMA/RIA (1 Kings xvi. 24).  That city was built B. C. 926.
and there is reason to believe that a     Omri died B. C. 919, and was succeeded by his son Ahab, one of the most depraved of the Hebrew kings. Ile revived
new dynasty had arisen at Tanis; that  all the idolatrous rites of Jeroboam, and married Jezebel, the daughter of Ithobal, king of Sidon. His sins were reproved
Memphis, Sais, and Ethiopia, were in-  by the prophets ELIJAH and ELISHAwhos extraordinary powers were manifested in various ways (see I Kings xvii.-xxii.,
dependent; and that there was a Cush-  2 Kings i.-ix.), during this and the following reign.
itc sovereign in the north of Arabia.    PH(NICE, or PH mNICIA, was divided into several small kingdoms. Tyre, Sidon, Arad, Damascus, Hamath, and Zobak,
Thus shorn of its dominions the ruling  had their separate governors. The Greeks say that Age/nor, the son of an Egyptian monarch, leaving Egypt (in the
dynasty bold its court in Upper Egypt, 13th century B. C.), settled in Syria, and  ecame king, and the father of Cadius, Europa, and other children. His son,
but the wealth and powerof the country  Phoenix, from whom the country was named Phoenicia, succeeded him in the kingdom of Sidon. We meet with mention
was never again displayed in architec-  of Phalis, king of Sidon, in connection with the Trojan war. He was an ally of the Greeks, and tried to induce Sarpetture or sculpture. Yet the later kings  don, king of Lycia, to abandon the cause of the Trojans. IIomer styles him "most illustrious" (OOdyssey, b. iv., 627).
preserved the monuments and build-  According to Josepbus (Antiquities, b. i. cb. vii.), Sidon, the eldest son of Canaan (Gen. x. 15), was the founder of the
ings of their ancestors, though they   city of that name.  The Sidontans a          re mentioned frequently in Scripture, but no express notice is taken  of their kings
did no)t add to them.                   until the time of the prophet Jeremiah (Jeremiah xxvii. 3). Of the kings of Tyre, the first mentioned is Abi/bal, who
This portion of Egyptian history is was contemporary with D~avid. He wias succeeded by his son, tHiram, the friend of David and Solomon.
lapproximation to fact canbe attempted.|  alZu(Jptr;Aol;AtreoAhaoh(eu)    eiatuectsor lanrHrue)  Bl
lThe names of the kings, and the order|ofSdn(etn)   hmu(Aoi)teCbradtePtei(mlsttecridinhpsorhertcin
and dates of their accession, are dis-ofsaaigmn.Tepatc fanal origfrtedaho hmu fsuieslaogtePonca
lputed by the best authority. See Bun- |women, wdho, at the ceremony, shaved their head-s, and uttered loud lamentations. The story of Thammuz is the same
lsen's Eg~tptens Stellung in der UWeltge-  astaofAoi(sep17:togM  mndssythtteacetSfashldTmuzohvebnandllschichte, and Kenrick's Ancient Egypt| trous prophet, wvho, preaching to a certain king the doctrine of wvorshipping the seven planets and the twelve signs of the
l  wder the P/~araohs. zodiac, wvas by him put to death: wvhereupon all the gods assembled in the temple of the Sun, and mourned his fate.
With whom did the 21 st dynasty end? —The |Wa srcrelo  ooo  -fRhbnJrba   -hjhAa?5albBah  -eohaha -lhZmi?
Of 0sorkon I., and his successorsO Ta-fAeo?-Ponx-inHrm-Of th heiindiis-ihwa re esng sThmu dnial-Ah s
LkXellothis I.? —Of the state of Egypt?   l said of him?
(54)




IND)IA.                                       AS SYRIA.                                           PERBS IA.                                           CHIIINA.
As regards the belief of the I-findoos            IxN this century we find the names                Tinis country during the preceding,               MATUll-W1AnG gave himself up to perin a future state, the main feature of it   of the following kings:                                 the  present, ai-d  the next century,   sonal gratification.  The  Tartars of
is transmigration. According to their                                            B. C.   B. C.   formed  part of the second Assyrian   Lesser BLucharia (who are now  imentheory, man will either enjoy thousands    Adramqneolech  I...    1000 to 961    Emipire.  It has no annals of its own.  tiened  for the first time in  Chinelse
of years of happiness in some of the    Pyiiae..In the absence, therefore, of history,   hsoyosrighsidlne    n
Pyriti~ades961  "960
heavens, or suffer torments of similar    An/aku-Mer/odak, or                                       the space allotted to it may be devoted   vaded  China,.   Muhi-vang  marched
duration in some- of the hiells.  H~ope is            Shms-a     acr-90                    91       to the consideration of some remarkable   -against them  with  a powerful army,
denied t  none: te most wcked man  in- to   ayard),points connected wvith Oriental chrono-   but they retreated into the deserts, deafter bo ein purged of his crimes by  O prteu..logy.  No reliance can be placed upon   vastating  the country as they went,
"n                   OphratT'us....  931  "930
ages of suffering, and by repeated trans-    Ahua bl, o Sr-any of the ancient systems, Chinese,   and  leaving  the emperor to contend
migrations, may ascend  in  the scale                                              93        10     1indoo, Persian, or Egyptian.  The   with  nothing  but wild  beasts.   The
of beingr until, he enters heaven, and   dn p/si(yrd}93"90main reason of this is that they have   emiperor appears to have reformed his.1-113                        ~~~~~Ophrate/'nes, or Ephecheven atains te highst reiard of  ll  e/rs,                91011 900        been artificially constructed on a  rays-   conduct after this inauspicious expedithe god, wich i incoporaton i  the  ivanuar (Lyard)       900               ical system of numbers,.  The rules of   tion. Just before his death lie uttered
essence of God.                                                                                     this systemn may be thus briefly stated.  a numnber of  wvise maxims relating to
Among the Brahmins there are sev-                 Mr. Layard has found  inscriptions   There were two principal objects in   government, which  have  been  preeral sects.  The three principal are the   recording expeditions of king Ash/ur-   view' 1, the production of coincidences   served in the Shoo-]king~.
Saivas, or followers of Siva; the Vaish-   akhbal/ to Car/chemish, to the country   of equality or proportion between pc-                                Kung-wang, who  succeeded  Muhnavas, or followers of Vishnu; and the   of the Khabour, to the Euphrates, and   riods; and 2, the reduction of numbers   wang B. C. 946, was an old main when
Siktais, or followers of some one of the   thence to the Orontes and Syria.  The   to certain favored scales or cycles. The   he be-an to reign.  Ile governed the
Saktis; that is to say, the female ass()-  last-mentioned  king, Divanubar  (or   motions of the moon formed the basis   country well, but was guilty  of one
cidres or active powers of the members   Temenbar, as Col. Iiawlinson  reads   of the two most favored scales.  From    act of ferocity, which we relate, beof the triad.  Each of these sects has   the name on the inscriptions), was the   the month of 28 days was derived the   cause it is illustrative of Oriental dessubordinate branches, and beside them    son of Ashurakhbal.  The warlike ex-   septchary (i. e., consisting of seven),  potism.  Hainytg, in his old age, had
there are sects which worship Surya   plolts of a former monarch of this name   and from  the month of 30 days that of   the folly to fiall in love with th~ree beau(the sun) and (lanesa (the remover of   are also attributed to him, leaving it   the sexenary (i. e., consisting of six).  tiful young ladies at the samie time, lie
difficulties): these two approach very   uncertain whether the  two  are con-   This is illustrated in a -variety of ways;  forgot his station as emperor, and benear to pure deism.  But the orthodox   founded, or  w-hether  they  achieved   as, for instance, in the labor-day week   hayed so rudely that their father roIlindoos profess a comiprehensive sys-   similar deeds.  But., as has been ob-   of six days, and  the sacred week of   moved them  from  his sight'; but the
tern, opposed to the exclusive worship   served before, these military expedi-   seven. AMultiples of six andseven-were   emperor could  not rest., and,  havingw
of particular divinities, and draw their   tions of the Assyrian kings were con-   frequently used.  The  miotions of the   s                              ougt for them  in vain, lie vented his
ritualfi'omt the Vedas and the Puranas.  fined to the neighboring nations, and   sun furnished another series of inysti-   anger by burning the town of 1e6ih
There are two other religions wihich   alnost always related to the levying   cal numbers.   The -number of re~,olu-   (the birthplace of the young ladies),
belong to the same stock as that of the   of tribute and the procuring of slaves.  tiens of the moon determined in refer-   and razed it to the ground.
Itindoos, although  differing  fromn  it.  It is not at all surprising, therefore, to   ence to them, fu~rnished the numbers                             E-Wang, who ascended the throne in
These are the religions of the Baudhas,  meet with  the constant repetition  of   336, 348, 354, 355, 360, 365, and their   B. CJ. 934, was a truly indolent prince.
or worshippers of Buddha, and  the   the same campaigns.                                            multiples; as, for instance, the Sothic              tteaou-wang, his brother, who sucJains.  The niost ancient of the Budd-              We may here notice the etymology   period, 1460 years -= 365 X  4.  Froni   ceeded him B. C. 909, was just as bad'
hist sects entirely deny the being of   of the name  "1Assyria."    It is corn-  the year of 52  w-eeks was deraived  a   so that the unfortunate empire graduGod, and some of those which  admit   nionly  believed  to  be  derived  from    series running 13, 26, 52, 104, 208, and   ally sank into decay and confusion.
Htis existence, refuse to acknowledge   Ashur: but some antiquaries contend   so on.                                                                     The histories of  Oriental nations
Hlim  as the creator or ruler of the uiii-  that it was deduced fr'om  the Hetbrew                     Then there was the sacerdotal scale   amount to scarcely anything more than
verse.  The formner, or atheistical sect,  -words ash, (fire), and aur~i-m  (lights);  formed of combinations of the numbers   a narrative of the actions and caprices
hold that nothing existed but matter,  i: e., " lights of fire," either fr'om  the   7 and 24, to which peculiar slanctity   of the monarchs who ruled over them;
which is eternal; th-at the power of or-   temples of the fire-worshippers, or from    was attached.  The numbers 7 and 12,   hence the unimproving and uninterestgantization is inherent in matter, and   the mineral fires with which the country   with  their multiples, occupy a very   ing character of such histories.  That
although  the universe perishes from    abounded.  Others derive it from  Ai   prominent place.  Preferential num-   of China is peculiarly so, and is contime toetiree, this power restores it after   Shur', or Ai Tur, which, in Chaldee,  bers were also used; as, 50 timies 168   sequently unusually monotonous.  It
aperiod, and carries it on towards new    signifies "the land of the bull," refer                 - dy  ---   3yas    ec    h   eis 3                 ol    edfiutt   net       tl
decay and  regeneration, without the   ring to the extensive use of the figure   46, 92, and  so on.  The series, 101,  more soreo find, a narrative of anation's
guidance of any external agent.  The   of that animial, which was among the   202, 3803, 404, also frequently occurs,  career conibining so nmuch childishness,
chief good in existence is a state of per-   ancients an emblem  of strength, and   and is expanded into 1001, 2002, 3003,   superstition,wanton feroeity, obscenity,,
feet apathy and inactivity, and those   also of radiating light.  Others again   4004 (this last the commionly-received   practical atheism, and utter absence of
who attained to this are the highest in   derive it from  the Ilebrew ash (fire),   era of the creation of man).  Also, 111,   manliness and, self-respect, aS is to be
the scale of being.  This attainment is   and shurim, (regulators); i. e., " regru-   1111; 222, 2222; 333, 3333.  There   met with in the annals of this country.
effected by the actions and austerities inters of fire."    Some place Assyria   was a variety of combinations beside   In abridging them  for the purposes of
of men who have undergone a long se-   much farther cast thian the Tigris, even   these, in which the priests, who were   the present work, the author has fr'eries of transmnigrations in this and for-   between Persia and India.  The Per-   the mathematicians and historians of   quently been  compelled to lay them
Ie  wols    Th beings     th   s exl e       sin wer onc called "Cph nes                       h ancen worl,   particularly    de-   down   for             a time  _-, II'o Is h eerI I  I   di s u s Iat1I-       




GREECE.                                                ITALY.                                           BRITAIN.
THIS century possesses very meagre interest. Of    TIIE city of Veii is said to have been founded by    BRITAIN.-Mempricius is said to have been dethe different States there is but little worthy of  Hale/sus, who established the dynastyoftheFaliscii.  voured by wolves, after a reign of 19 years. Itis
note,                                               In fragments of popular songs, and in stray quota-  son and successor, Ebrank, reigned 48 years. He
ATTICA.-The Archons who succeeded Acastus  tions, mention is made of several of the kings of  was a man of vast strength and stature, and is said
were Archippus (B. C. 980), Thersip'pus (B. C. 970),  Veii. Morrio was the founder of the Salii, a band  to have crossed over with an army into Gaul and
Phor'bas (B. C. 947), Meg'acles (B. C. 916).        of priestly warriors, all noble, who danced a kind of  Germany, which countries he ravaged. Some of his
CORINTH. — The successors of Ale'thes and Ixi'on  sword-dance in procession in honor of Mars. There  sons settled there. He also founded the city of
were Ag/elas (B. C. 996), and Prymnis (B. C. 959).  were twelve of these Salii, one to represent each  Caer-branke, near York, and built a castle on the
Atribe of the Heraclida, under BACCHIS (B. C.924),  Etruscan State.  Some authors derived both the  site of Edinburgh.  IHolinshed, quoting from Geofgot possession of the supreme authority, abolished  name and the institution of " Morris (or Morrice)  frey of Monmouth, glravely relates all this as autheuthe monarchy, and established an oligarchy, (i. e.,  dancers," once so popular in England, from King  tic history (Chronicles, vol. i., p. 445), and adds other
the rule of a few). The family of the Bacchi'adoe  Morrio: a more probable derivation, however, is  marvellous things; as, that Ebrank had 21 wives,
elected out of their own number an annual Prytfa-  from the Morisco or Moorish dancers. In the days  20 sons, and 30 daughters, and that the latter were
nis, or president, and they kept possession of Corinth  of Morrio, the men of Veil made what was termed  sent to Alba Sylvius, king of the Latins inll Italy, to
for nearly three centuries.                         " the vow of a sacred spring," and sent out a colony  be married to his nobles. His son, Brutus (surSPARTA.-The    descendants of Eurys'thenes and  to build Cape/na, which became an independent  named "Greenshield," from the color of the shield
Procles reigned jointly. We give their names, but  city, but was ever attached to the fortunes of the  which he carried), invaded France, and conquered
there is nothing worthy of note to be said of them.  parent State. Of KingVejo and King Mer'alus but  the greater part of it, but suffered a severe defeat in
little is said. Deheb/eris (latinized into Tiberis,)  Hainault. Ile was cotemporary with Asa, king of
Eurysthe'nidve, or Ag'idte.    Proeli'dae, or Euryponti'doe.  is said to have been drowned in the river Rumon,  Judah.  Ie reigned 12 years, and was buried at
Eches'tratus. 1028      Eu'rypon.  1028    which was named after him the Tiber, an appella-  Caer-branke (York).  After him  came Leil, who
Labo/tas.   989       Pryt'anis.   975    tion which it has retained to the present day. He  founded the city of Caer-Leil (now Carlisle). We
Doryss'us.   952        Eu/nomus.   926    ruled over Alba, whence it would appear that he  are told that this prince was at first upright and
Agesila'us.. 923           (supposed by some to  had conquered the Latins. He is called the son of  just, but as he grew old he became vicious, and
be the same person  Janus.  The city of Fide'nva was founded in the  abandoned himself to excesses of every kind, so that
as Polydec'tes).     time of Tiberis. I/is son, Bia/nor, founded a city  he was detested by his subjects.
which he named Man/tua, in honor of his mother,    InRELAND. —     WC have seen that the Tuatha-deThe Thracians are said to have acquired maritime  Manto, the daughter of Tiretsias; but this legend  Danaan, or Danaanians, were dispossessed of the
ascendancy in the Mediterranean during the early  has been treated as a myth by some historians, and  sovereignty by Ileber and Heremon, the sons of the
part of this century. They were deprived of it by  interpreted to mean that Bianor was styled  the son  Spanish chief, Milesius. The fate of these two
the Rhodians in the latter part, and it was probably  of Tiberis, because he came from the Tiber, and he  mythical heroes is mentioned in the history of Spain
disputed throughout the whole period by the Phce-  was called, after his death, the son of Mantu, the  in the preceding century. IHIeremon, having slain
nicians.                                            Tiresian god of death, or of disembodied spirits. Ie  his brothers, Heber and Amergin, became master of
Itis generally believed that HOMER, the great epic  appears to have been one of the greatest of the  all Ireland. Of his immediate successors little is
poet of Greece, flourished in this century. But his  Etruscan princes, and his tomb was visible inVirgil's  recorded worthy of note, except the death of the
era and his birthplace are alike matters of dispute.  time (Eclogue ix.). Aule/tes was another powerful  idolatrous king, Tighernmas (pronounced Tierna),
Seven cities, viz., Smyrna, Rhodes, Colophon, Sal'-  king of Mantua ((Eneid, b. x., 207).               who, while offering sacrifice to the monstrous idol,
amis, Chios, Argos, and Athens, claimed the honor    At this period the Etruscans had colonized a great  Crom-Cruadh, at the Magh-Sleachta, was mliracuof having given birth to him. The probability is  portion of the northeast of Italy.   The Rhcetian colo-  lously destroyed, together with the vast multitude
that he was born at Smyrna, and that he fled to  nies therefoundedwereveryprosperous. Thevalley  around him.  tie was the first king who erected
Chios (or Scio) when the Ionians were driven out of  of the Erid/anus (the river Po,) was drained as well  Pagan altars in the island. During his reign gold
the former place. He was universally regarded  by  as irrigated by a series of dikes; the river was car —  was first worked in Ireland, a mine having been
the ancients as the author of the two grand poems,  ried through lake Comma/chio, and thence by seven  discovered near the river Liffey. It is recorded of
the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey."  But some modern  canals, known as the "Fossre Filistinar," into the  Tighernmas that he established a law throughout
critics have maintained that he was merely the col-  sea, at the point now called Bron/dolo. The district  his dominions that the quality of every person should
lector of poems that were current in his time; and  of the Milanese was converted from a swamp into a  be known by his garb. The clothes of a slave were
some have supposed that he was no real individual,  well-watered land. A harbor was formed at A'dria  to be of one color; a soldier was-to wear two colors;
but only the embodiment or personification of the  and at Spins (the mouth of the Po), and trade rwas  an officer, three; a gentleman, four; a nobleman,
persons who composed the various Homeric poems.  carried on with Greece, and with the remote tribes  five; the royal family, and persons of great learning,
This subject is fully discussed in Grote's History of  on the Elbe, the Vis/tula, and the Danube. We  six. By this last clause the king showed that he
Greece, vol. ii., ch. xxi. Other poems were attributed  have thus reason to form a very exalted opinion of  appreciated learning more than war, a very unusual
to Homer. His compositions were preserved and  the Etruscans, or ancient Tuscans, who appear to  thing at that barbarous period of the world's hishanded down to posterity by the Rhapsodists, or  have ever retained their Phoenician habits and ideas  tory. A similar fancy for parti-colored dresses exMinstrels, who sung at the banquets of the great,  of commerce, and to have conducted their dealings  isted among the Celts of Gaul' their trowsers were
and at public festivals. They were first collected in  with strangers in a spirit of equity and peace which  plaided, and they derived their name bracce  (or
a written form by Pisis'tratus, king of Athens, about  made them welcome wherever they went. If they  breeches) from the Celtic word brac, signifying anythe year B. C. 535. Homer was the greatest poet of  conquered by the sword, they at once admitted the  thing speckled or parti-colored.  Joseph wore a
antiquity.  Tradition says that in his old age hewas  vanquished to equal privileges with themselves. It  coat of many colors as a sign of rank (Gen. xxxvii.
blind and poor, and that he begged his bread in the  was this same policy which in after ages added so  3). Tamar and the king's daughters wore similar
cities which afterwards claimed the honor of having  greatly to the power of the Romans; but the latter  dresses (2 Sam. xiii. 18): "And she had a garment
given him  birth. Byron alludes to him  as "the  did not adopt it so readily as the Etruscans appear  of divers colors upon her; for with  such robes were
blind old man of Scio's rocky isle."               to have done.                                        the king's daughters that were virgins apparelled."
What is said of Attica? —Of Corinth? —Of Sparta? —Of    What is said of Veii?-Of the early Etruscan kings?-Who    What is said of Mempricius?-Ebrank? —Brutus? —Leil?
the Thracians?-The Rhodians? —Who was Homer? —Where  instituted the Salii? —TVhat was the ancient name of the  -- Heber and /eremon? - Tighernmas? —W'hat law as to
was he born? —What poems did he compose? —Did such a  Tiber? —Who founded Mantua? —W)hat great works did the  dress did he make? —What is said of this custom anmong the
person really exist? —What is the tradition respecting him?   Etruscans carry out? —What is said of their commerce, etc.?  Celts and the Jews?
(56)




-~~~T                                                     Iw lB.C. 1000-900.
FRANCE.                                SPAIN.                           GERMANY.   ASIA MINOR.
THAT interesting portion of France    THE Celts from France helped to    To proceed with the ancient German,    AT the period of the Greek immigracalled Bretagne, or Brittany, was, as  repair the desolation caused by the  or rather Scandinavian, mythology.  tion, Asia Minor was divided into a
has been already stated, peopled by  immigration of the natives mentioned  The earth was believed to be round,  number of States.  On the western
the Cimbri, and subsequently by the  in the last century, and a large number  and to be surrounded by Ymer's blood  coast were Mys/ia (which also included
Belgians.  Allusion has been made  of them settled in that part of Spain  (the ooean), or by the great Mitgard  the Troas), Lyd'ia (including Maeo'(p. 29) to IIu GADARN, who, at a very  north of the Ebro, and east of the river  snake, Jormungardur. In the oceax  nia, and Ca'ria).  On the northern
remote period, led the Cimbri, or Cim-  Idube'da.  They spread southward,  dwelt the god (Egir, and innumerable  shores were Bithyn'ia, Paphlago/nia,
merians, from the shores of the Black  and founded the cities of Segob riga,  sea-nymphs. The giant race of Ymer  and Pontus. In the centre, Phryg'ia
Sea to the west. According to Breton  Belsi'no, Urcetsia, Osma, and Agre'da.  inhabited the mountains and the seas.  (including Lycao'nia), Galaqtia, and
tradition, this chief planted colonies in  Among these Celtic tribes figure the  The extreme north was full of Ilrym-  Cappado'cia; and on the southern
Brittany; but whether he is to be con-  Dura'ci, Neri-tae, Pelenwdones, Presa-  thursen, or ice-giants. Niord was the  coast, Lycia, Pisidqia (including Pamsidered as a historical reality, or as a  mar-ci, and Ciletni.            god of the cold air and of the north;  phyl/ia and Isau'ria), and the two
mythical personage, is a matter of    It is said that the Rhodians, who  Ullerwas the god of winter; Kari, the  Cilicqias (Tracuhea and Campestris).
doubt.  Ile became deified, or reve-  were among the earliest maritime na-  god of the wind; and his sons, the gods  The large and beautiful island of Cyrenced as the representative of God  tions of the world, visited Spain, and  of frost, ice, and snow. In the Saga  prus must also be treated as a portion
upon earth. Many fables are related  built the city of Rhod'ope, or Rhoda  (or legends and war-songs of the Scanl-  of Asia Minor.
of him, of his wife, Koridwen, and of  (now Rosas), upon a large bay near  dinavian bards,) we meet with many    MYsIA was divided into five parts:
his three children, which point to the  the foot of the Pyrenees. In the time  poetical illustrations of the manner in  Mysia Major, Mysia Minor, the Troas
story of Noah and of Moses for their  of the Goths (A. C. 600), Rhodope was  which these giants are mixed up with  (where the kings of Troy reigned),
origin.  Hu Gadarn (i. e., Hu, the  a large city, and the seatof a bishopric,  the operations of nature. "Whelln  Aolis (where the chief cities of the
powerful,) figures in all the traditions  but is now an inconsiderable town.  Gerdha, the daughter of the giants,  Aolian confederacy were planted), and
of Wales, Denmark, and Brittany;  The Rhodians are said to have been  closed herhouse-door, heaven andearth  Teuthra'nia, so called from Teuthlras,
we, therefore, give the principal myth  the first who taught the Spaniards to  were illumined by the reflection of her  who, in the 13th century B. C., founded
relating to him.                     make cables, and to weave rushes for  beautiful white arms;" i.e., the north-  a kingdom there. It is said that he
Itu dwelt near an immense lake,  many uses, and also to make horse-  ern lights.  "As Ivenilda, the daugh-  gave his daughters to IHercules, a1nd
whose waters, being above the level of  mills for grinding corn. They also  ter of the giants, carrying earth in her  was succeeded on the throne by Telethe surrounding land, threatened it  introduced the use of hopper coin, and  apron, was wading through the ocean,  phus, the son of that famous hero.
with inundation. Vast dikes were  built temples to Diana and Hercules.  the apron tore open, and the earth,    LYDIA was at first called Mgeo/nia.
raised to prevent this catastrophe; but    Mariana relates a marvellous legend  falling into the water, formed the  We find traces of an ancient kingdom
a beaver worked his way through one  respecting the Pyrenees. The event,  isle of Hven."  "Uller (the god of  here as far back as the beginning of
of them, and the world was drowned,  if it really occurred, must be referred  winter) challenged Freyr (the sun) to  the 13th century B. C.  Manes was
all except one man and one woman,  to this century. "About twelve miles  single combat, and threw down upon  the name (real or mythical) of the first
who saved themselves by means of a  from Rosas, is Empu/rias, at the foot  the ground a gauntlet (a glacier), in  king. His son, Atys, succeeded him.
ship with sails, which they had had  of the Pyrenees; atwhich place, about  token of defiance, but Freyr was not  After him came his son Lydus, from
the foresight to build. These two per-  this same time, the mountain was fired,  able to take up the glove, although he  whom the country took the name of
sons were Hu and Koridwen. They  whether accidentally or by design, is  strove, and still strives day after day  Lydia.
took with them a male and female of  not known; but certain it is, these hills  to do so, with the point of his bright    CaRIA was celebrated for its figs, and
each kind of animal. But the earth  by the Greeks (Rhodians) were called  lance."  There is great poeticalbeauty  carried on an extensive commerce with
was kept under water by the beaver.  Pyr, that is, "fire," either by reason  in this imagery. The student who de-  Greece in corn, wine, and oil. The
Hu therefore harnessed his bulls to the  of this accident, or for the great light-  sires to familiarize himself with the  people were nearly allied in kindred to
earth, and made them drag it up to  ning that is often on the tops of them.  Scandinavian mythology, is referred  the Mysians and the Lydians, but were
the surface of the water. The bulls  This great fire melted the veins of gold  to the ancient book styled the "Edda"  considered mean and stupid.
died after making the effort. Hu  and silver which were very plentiful  (an Icelandic word, signifying " mo-    BITIIYNIA was inhabited in the earhaving thus saved the earth and the  there, and in many other parts of  therof poetry"). There are, properly,  liest times by the Beb'ryces, Cauco'races of men and animals, founded the  Spain, in such manner that these  two Eddas; one was reduced towriting  nes, and Myg'dones; the northern part
institutions of mankind. He formed  metals ran down the sides of the  from ancient oral tradition, in Iceland, was occupied by the Mariandy'ni.
the primitive race into families, and  mountain, to the great surprise of the  between the years 1056 and 1133;  Mention has been made of Am'ycus,
taught them justice and agriculture.  inhabitants, who admired the beauty,  the other is an abridgment of the first,  king of the Beb'Vryces, who was killed
His chariot is eternally surrounded by  but understood not the value of them.  with a new arrangement of the parts.  by Pollux in a pugilistic contest, durthe rays of the sun; the rainbow is his  But the fame hereof being spread  He may also consult Bishop Tegner's  ing the expedition of the Argonauts
girdle; his oxen are led in heaven by  abroad, induced foreigners to flock  beautiful poem, Frithiof's Saga, and  (p.40). Thecountrywas subsequently
five genii, and are covered with golden  thither, in hopes to gather that ne-  Snorre Sturleson's HIeimskringla.  subdued by the Lydians.
harness and flowers, and coupled by a  glected treasure, or to purchase it of   As in all other mythologies, so in this,    PAPHLcGONIA was visited by the Archain of gold. Htu is the god of war,  the natives for things of small value."  t he primary notions became debased in  gonauts. We read of Paph'lagon, the
the conqueror of the giants, the pro-  ]But as we are told that the Celts of  process of time. The great God of the   son of Phin'eus, as being the eponytector in darkness, the defender of the  France had settled in this locality in  universe, and his wonderful attributes,  mous (or name-giving) hero of the
sanctuary. IIe gives strength to he-  great numbers, and that gold had  became divided and subdivided, and  country.  Pylae'menes, king of the
roes, inspires patience under suffering, been very common among them for a blended with the human. Guodan, or Paphlagonians, was an ally of the Troand constancyin toil. tie is the father  long period, we can hardly reconcile WVodan (God), was first imaged as a  jans. The IIeneti and the Caucones
of the Druids, the king of the bards,  the legend related by the Spanish his-  burning sun, but afterwards as stand-  inhabited the land at a very remote
and presides in the Cromlech (circle of torian, and derived from  the Greek  ing before this sun under the form of a  period. It was sometimes called Pylrestones), representing the world.     writers, with that fact.             human hero, Odin-Sigge.              me'nia, from the king, Pylaxmenes.
What is said of the Cimbri in Bretagne? —    What cities did the Celts found? —Who    What of the earth?- Of (Egir? —Niord?    Into what countries was Asia Minor diWho was Hu Gadarn? —What is the meaning  built Rhodope? —What did the Rhodians  — Uller?-Kari?-Repeat the specimens  vided?-What is said of Mysia?-Lydia?of his name? —What is the tradition con-  teach the Spaniards? —Relate the legend of  given of northern allegory. —What is the  Caria?- Bithynia? —Paphlagonia? —Who
neeted with him? —What are his attributes?  the Pyrenees, and the discovery of gold there.  " Edda"? —What changes in the mythology?  was Teuthras? —Lydus? —Aryeus?
8                                                                                                                         (57)




THE 9TH CENTURY
EGYPT.                                SYRIA.                                 INDIA.                              ASSYRIA.
|WE have placed the reign of King    ISRAEL.-Ahab and his wicked sons    ANOTHER class of Budhists hold that    DIVANUBAR began his reign about
Takello/this in the last century, fol-  and successors, Ahaziah and Jehoram,  there is a Supreme Being, eternal,  this time (B. C. 900). There are inlowing the table of the 22d dynasty,  brought Divine wrath on themselves  immaterial, and intelligent, with free  scriptions on the ancient Assyrian
accordingto Manetho. Bunsen places  by their conduct, and heeded not the  will and moral qualities, but remain-  monuments recording the conquest of
it at the beginning of this century,  warnings of the prophet Elijah.  The  ingin a stateof perpetual repose. He  Armenia, Syria, Persia, and the adjaB.C. 880, and the received chronology  first was slain in battle against the  is the sole eternal and self-existing  cent countries by this monarch. Profixes it in the year 838.             Syrians (B. C. 897); the second died  principle. But there is another class  bably these nations had been in their
There is a gap in the historyof Egypt  from an accident (B. C. 895); the third  of Budhists who believe that matter is  usual chronic state of revolt. We have
atthisperiod, which modern researches  was slain by Jehu, who exterminated  a separate deity, and that from  the  seen that they had previously formed
have not yet enabled us to fill up. We  the family of Ahab, and suppressed  union of the eternal principle with  part of the empire, had revolted, and
therefore pass on to the first monarch  idolatry (B. C. 884).  Elijah was the  matter sprang a third deity who cre-  been as often subdued. The inscripof the 23d, or Tanite dynasty, Petu-  greatest of the prophets. His second  ated the world. From  the Supreme  tions also inform us that he received
ba'tis, or Petubastes. Of him, Euse-  coming was foretold byMalachi (iv. 5),  Being have emanated five (or seven,  tribute from Jehu, kingof Israel (B.C.
bius says that he reigned 25 years.  and affirmed by Matthew (xi. 14; xvii.  according to some,) Budhas, and, from   883). In all probability the Hebrew
Manetho says that he reigned 40 years,  10). Jehu,whenking, fellfromtheright  these Budhas, five (or seven) other  kings were always tributary to the
and that "in his reign was the first  path, and was involved in ruinous war  beings, called Bhodisatwas, each of  Assyrian kings.
Olympiad," which is undoubtedly a  with Haz'ael, king of Syria, who, is  whom is appointed to create a world.    Shamas-Adur, or Shamsiyav, is the
mistake, since the first Olympiad began  the time of his son and successor, Je-  These Bhodisatwas having perfected  name of the next king (according to
B. C. 776. The balance of authorities  hoahaz (B. C. 855-39), almostdestroyed  their creations, return to a state of re-  Layard), and began his reign B. C.
leads us to place the commencement  Israel. Joash, the son of Jehoahaz,  pose, leaving inferior agents to main-  870. The successor of Shamas-Adur
of his reign in the year B. C. 825, and  however, influenced by the prophet |ain them in order. As regards this  was Acrazanes (B. C. 860).  Then
that of his successor, Osorchon, or Osor-  Elisha, retrieved these disasters, thrice  world, the Bhodisatwa who created it  Adrammelech II. succeeded to the
then II. (Chon, in Egyptian, means  defeated the Syrians, and discomfited  also createdBrahma, Vishnu, and Siva  throne. During the reign of this lastl ercules), in the year B. C. 800.    and killed Amaziah, king of Judah. I o operate upon it.                      named prince, the  prophet JONAH
No particulars are recorded of this  Joash was succeeded by his son, Jero-    As regards those who have risen  preached to the inhabitants of Ninedynasty, the people being all the time  beam  II. (B. C. 823), who recovered  through transmigration to the rank of  veh, who, in obedience to his exhortaof little or no account, as is the case  Damascus and Ilamrath. In his time  Budhas, some think them the produc-  tions, "believed God, and proclaimed
with all Oriental history. In fact, as  the prophet JONAH began to prophesy  tions of nature, as men are, and that  a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the
we have elsewhere remarked, the his-  at Nineveh..  when they arrive at the state of repose  greatest of them even to the least of
tory of the nations of the East is little    JUDAH. —eh oshaphat governed the  they retain an independent existence.  them; " and the king, Adrammelech,
nlore than the personal record of sul-  country well, and encouraged com-  S|ome think them emanations from the  is said to have followed their example.
tan, emperor, or king. The names of  merce. His son and successor, Jeho-  Supreme Being, through some of the  On this point Mr. Layard says: "It
the four kings of the 23d dynasty are  ram (B. C. 891), ruled badly, and was  Budhas, or Bhodisatwas, and that they  was not necessary to the effect of his
given by Africanus. For a long time  unable to suppress entirely a revolt of  are ultimately absorbed into the divine  preaching that Jonah should be of the
no monuments of them had been dis-  the Edomites. Ahazi/ah, the son of  essence. There have been a number  religion of the people of Nineveh.  I
covered; but recently Lepsius found  Jehoram, who began to reign B. C.  of these human Budhas in this and in  have known a Christian priest frighten
the escutcheons of the first two, Petu-  885, was slain by Jehu, as being of  former worlds. Some authors enume-  a whole Mussulman town to tents and
bastes and Osorchon, whose names in  the family of Ahab (B. C. 884). Aha-  rate 130 of the first order; but the last,  repentance, by publicly proclaiming
the Egyptian idiom  were  Pet-Pacht  ziah's cruel and infamous mother,  Gota/ma, or Sakya, revealed the pre-  that he had received a divine mission
and Osorkna. The empire continued  Athali'ah, then murdered all the royal  sent religion, and established the rules  to announce a coming earthquake or
to decay under their rule, and in the  family, excepting Jeho'ash, who was  of worship and morality. Although  plague." (2\rinevehandBabylon, p. 507,
next century fell under the swayof the  secreted, and thus escaped. Athaliah  he has passed into a higher state of  note.) Near Mosul, on the supposed
kings of Ethiopia; thus completing the  reigned over Judah seven years. But  existence, he is still the religious head  site of Nineveh, is still shown the tomb
third period of the history of the new   Jehoi'ada, the priest, having accom-  of the world, and will continue to be  of Jonah, now surrounded by a mosque,
empire, according to Bunsen.  That  plished the destruction of Athaliah,  so until hlie has completed his allotted  whichtheMahommedans have erected.
learned writer divides the history of  placed Jehoash on the throne (B. C.  period of 5000 years. We shall notice  The memory of the prophet is held in
Egypt into the following parts:       877). The reign of the latter was trou-  the evidence relating to the historical  great veneration by them, and pilgrims
I. The Old Empire, in three periods. bled by war with the Syrians, whom   era of Gotama (Budha,) when we come  visit this tomb. (Ibid, p. 482.)
1. Menes to end of 4th dynasty.    he was obliged to bribe to leave the  to the history of India in the 6th cen-  The prophet describes Nineveh at
2. End of 4th to end of 11th dynasty.  country, and he was ultimately slain  tury B. C.                         this time to have been " an exceeding
3. End of 11th dynasty to Shepherd  by his own servants (B. C. 837). His    Beneath the Budhas of the first order  great city of three days' journey," and
kings.                         son and successor, Amazi'ah, reigned  there is an infinite number of Budhas  to have contained " six-score thousand
II. The Middle Empire, which is the  well, and was a good king; but beco-  of different orders, mostly consisting  persons that could not discern between
period of the Shepherd kings.   ming elated by his victory over the  of human beings who have exalted  their right hand and their left hand."
III. The New Empire in three periods.  Edomites, he challenged Joash, king  themselves by their superior sanctity    Ton/osema'chus, or Sar/danapa'lus,
1. End of 17th to end of 21st dy-  of Israel, to meet him in battle. This  during their life upon earth. There  is the king who succeeded Adrammenasty.                         challenge was accepted, and Amaziah  are also innumerable celestial and ter-  lech (B. C. 818). And after him (ac2. End of 21st to end of 26th dy-  was defeated byJoash, who then plun. restrial beings in the theology of Bud-  cording  to Layard),  Baldasi (B. C.
nasty.                         dered Jerusalem.   Amaziah was slain  ha.  But there is much diversity of  800). About this time the canal and
3. End of 26th to end of 30th dy-  by conspirators; and the people placed  opinion among the disciples of Gotama;  tunnel of Negoub were constructed for
nasty, or conquest  by Alexander  his son, Azari'ah, or Uzzi/ah, on the  those of Southern India inclining to  the purpose of conveying the waters of
the Great.                     throne (B. C. 808).                    atheism, those of Northern to theism.  the river Zab to Nineveh.
l ~hat is the era of Takellothis?-Of Petu-    Mention the kings who reigned in Israel    Give further particulars as to the tenets of   What is recorded of the kings during this
bastes?-What is said of the 23d dynasty? —  and Judah during this century. —WThat pro-  the Budhists.~What are the Bhodisatwas?  century?-Of the prophet Jolnah?~Of  his
Into what periods does Bunsen divide the  phets lived? —What were the principal occur-  — What is said of Gotama?-?What other  preaching' 0f his tomb?-Of the state of
history of Egypt?                    rences? —When and where did Jonah preach? |Budhas are there in the system?  the inhabitants of Nineveh?
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PERSIA.                                 CHINA.                                                  GREECE.
THE following numbers were used    HEAOU-WANG died B. C. 894, leaving    ATTICA.-In tracing the succession of the Archons, we find the names of
mystically.  The number 3 is mystic  the empire to his nephew, E-wang,  Diogne'tus (B. C. 888), Pher'ecles (B. C. 860), Atriphron (B. C. 841), Thes'piwith almost every nation. There were  who inherited the faults of his father.  cus (B. C. 821).
3 wise men of the East; 3 celestial  The tributary States rose to great im-    CORINTE. -Kings, Ag'elas (B.C. 889), Eudetmus (B. C. 839), Aristodetmus
emperors in China; 3 chief deities in  portance. Among the most powerful  (B. C. 834).
India; 3 fates; 3 furies; 3 gorgons;  of them were Loo, which comprised a    SPARTA. -Soon after the death of Polydectes (B. C. 873), his widow bore a
3 graces; 3 horse; 3 X 3 = 9 muses:  part of Shan-tung, the present Yen-  son, who was named Charila'us. She proposed to LYCvRGUS, the brother of
the use of the triad, indeed, is so com-  choo-foo, the native country of the cele-  the deceased king, to murder the child, and then to share the throne. Ile
mon as to need no further notice here.  brated Kwong-fu-tsze (or Confucius);  seemingly consented, but, when  he had got possession of the child, he openly
The number 4 is that of an Olympiad,  Tse, the other half of Shan-tung; Chin,  proclaimed him king, and acted as his guardian for a time.  The clamors of
of the authentic gospels, of the Evan-  in Honan; Tsoo, in Hoo-kwang; Tsaou,  faction induced Lycurgus  to quit Sparta. He visited many foreign countries,
gelists, of the great prophets, of the  likewise in Shan-tung; Han, in Shen-  and, after a long absence, returned to find his own country in a state of ancardinal points, the elements, the sea-  se; Yen, in Pih-chih-le; Woo, in Ke-  archy. He was hailed by the people as a deliverer, and, at their solicitation,
sons, the weeks in a lunar month. It  ang-soo; Sung, now Kwei-tih-foo, in  undertook the task of reforming the State. He was the great lawgiver who:
was frequently used by the Jews in  Honan; and Tsin, in Shan-se. The   founded the celebrated institutions of Sparta, which raised that State to the
combination with 10, the perfecting rulers of these States became inde-  eminence it afterwards acquired. H e framed a government, consisting of two
number: hence 40, or 4 X 10, signifies,  pendent; their quarrels were inces-  kings, who fulfilled the duties of high priests, judges, and leaders in war; of
generally, the fulness of the time re-  sant, and were the curse of China.    an elective Senate, composed of old men, who for 60 years had performed the
quired.  5 is the number of the senses;    Under the reign of Le-wang,  who  duties of citizens; and of a popular assembly, consisting of every Spartan above
the years of a lustruzm, or Roman pe-  ascended the throne B. C. 878, these  30 years of age, of good character, and able to contribute to the common table.
riod for purification of the people; the  evilsincreased. This prince was solely  The Senate had the sole right of originating measures; the Assembly could
intercalated days of the year, 360 +- 5.  engaged in amassing riches, and re-  only affirm  or reject them. The latter, in a subsequent age, delegated  their
The number 7 relates to the days of  sorted to the greatest cruelties to extort  authority to deputies, called " Ephors," who, in the end, engrossed the whole
the week; 7 X 10 = 70, the years of  money from the people. IHis order to  power of the State. The Perice/ei (part of the ancient Achxeea  population,)
man's life; 70 " weeks" for the coming  his treasurer, Yung-e-kung, has been  were deprived of all civil rights, but allowed their liberty. The Helots (the
of the Messiah; also 62 X 7 -= 434  recorded: " The only thing I want is  remaining part) were reduced to abject slavery.  They were sold with the
(Daniel ix. 25). The number of angels  money; fill my treasuries, and I am   land on which they lived, and their masters had power of life and death over
who made the world (according to an-  satisfied."   The infamous minister  them. The Spartan citizen existed only for the State. He had no property
cient belief), was 7 (see also Amos v.  obeyed the command, and became in-  but what belonged to the State, but all citizens were entitled to anl equal share
8). There were the 7 hills of Rome;  defatigable in his oppression.  The  of the common property.  The Spartans gave their whole attention to war and
the 7 wonders of the world; the 7 wise  people at length became infuriated,  martial exercises; agriculture was neglected; mechanical labor was despised;
men of Greece.  10 was "the number  and broke into the imperial palace,  commerce was obstructed by restrictive laws, and by the use of heavy iron
of perfection," i. e., the number which  but the emperor escaped. Highly es-  money, the only coin allowed. The citizens dined at common tables, the old
multiplied others to the full time. The  asperated, the populace demanded from   men apart from the young. These meals were called "syssit/ia," or "phidit'ia."
Jewish Sanhedrim  had 10 removals.  the minister, CHAOU-KUNG, that the  Arts, science, and literature,were henceforth completely extinguished in Sparta;
12 is the number of the signs of the  emperor's son should be given up to  and while the institutions of Lycurgus remained in force, her history is simply
zodiac, of the months, of the sons of  them; but this faithful minister, in-  that of a band of warriors.
Jacob, of the tribes of Israel, of the  stead of doing so, delivered up to them  Lycurgus having exacted from the people an oath that they would keep his
Apostles, of the Caesars, of the great  his own son, whowas immediately torn  statutes inviolate until his return, quitted the country forever (B. C. 825).
gods of Olympus, of the Asen of the  to pieces by the crowd. Thus the em-  There are no traces of his fate. He was subsequently worshipped as a god.
Scandinavians.  14 was the number  peror's son was saved, but Le-vwang  Charila/us was succeeded by his son, Nicander (B. C. 821). Agesilaus was sucof the family of Jacob (Gen. xxxvii. 9),  himself ied, and ended his life in exile.  ceeded by Archelatus (B. C. 879), and Tele'elus (B. C. 823).
and Mary bore Jesus when she was 14  The maxims of Chaou-kung on govern-        HE/sIoD, one of the earliest Greek poets, was born at Ascra, in Boeotia, in
(Gospel of Mary, v. 3). 15 was the  ment are excellent- one saying in par-  this century. Ile was the author of several poems, the principal of them being
number of the years of " the cycle of  ticular is worthy of remembrance: "It  the Theogony, or an account of the origin of the gods; Works and Days, a
Indiction" (or proclamation); also of  is more perilous to stop the mouths of  homely poem, containing moral and social precepts, and the fable of Prometheus
the stairs of the temple at Jerusalem,  the people than to arrest the rapids of  and Pandora; the Shlield of Iercules and the Catalogue of Women. The latter
andof the Psalms of degrees. 19years  a torrent."                            is lost. The Theogony reduced the obscure mythology of the Greeks into a
is the cycle of the moon, or Metonic   When Le-wang's death was known, his  systematic form, although it differs in many respects from the myths which
cycle=235 lunations. 24, the number  son, Souen-wang (B. C. 827), ascended  were  current in Hesiod's time, and in after ages, concerning the parentage,
of hours in the day.  28 (4 X 7),  the throne. The reign of this prince  adventures, and acts of the gods and the demigods. In this work the order of
the years of "the cycle of the sun,"  was disturbed by the constant inva-  nature, physical and moral, is explained in the personification of principles.
the number of days in a lunar month.  sions of the Tartars, who were repeat-  Very little is known of the life of Hesiod.
39 is the number of stripes allowed,  edlyrepulsed by the celebrated Chinese    Iph/itus, king of Elis, restored the Olympic games, and decreed the cessation
and of purification  days.  72, the  general, Tsin-chung; but at last, in a  of all war during their celebration.  The epoch of this decree has been fxed at
number of generations between Adam   great battle, the emperorwas defeated,  B. C. 884. The Olympic games were celebrated from  the earliest times in
and Christ; the rate of the precession  and Tsin-chung slain. However, the  Greece. They were solemnly dedicated to Jupiter, and were performed once in
of the equinoxes (1 degree in 72years).  people raised another army, and drove  every four years.  They consisted of horse, chariot, and foot races, athletic
84 (7 X 12), and 112 (7 X 16), were  back the Tartars. These troubles, to-  sports, and friendly contentions in music, poetry, and oratory; and were held
cycles used in the western church.  gether with those occasioned by the  on the plain of Olympia, in Elis, at the confluence of the rivers Alpheaus and
223, the years of the Chaldean Saros, I tributary princes, broke the heart of |Cladeus, where woas the saored grove of Jupiter, called Altis. In process of
or cycle of lunar eclipses.           the emperor.                           time numerous public buildings and statues were erected there.
What is said of the number 3?-4?-5? —   What occurred during the reign of E-wang?    Who was the great lawgiver of Sparta? — Relate his history. —What was the peculiar
7? —10? —12?-147 —15?-19?-24?-28?-  — What is recorded of his successor? —What  features of his system of government? —What was its effect? —Who was Hesiodl? —Which
39? —40?-72?-84?-112?-223? —What  is said of Chaou-kung? —What occurred duro were his principal works? —Tho re-established the Olympic games? —What were they?was the Metonic cycle? —The Saros?  | ing the reign of Souen-wang?   W    Ahere were they held?
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ITALY.  BRITAIN.                                                                           FRANCE.
GREAT obscurity hangs over the history of Italy during this period. The     ENGLAND.-In Leil's time there    THE following myth is a specimen
country was divided into several States, the most important of which was Etru-  broke out civil discord, which was not  of the Breton mode of allegorizing.
ria, in the centre. Occasional notices of the kings of these kingdoms are found  appeased until his son Lud, or Lud  Hu and his wife, Koridwen, dwelt in
in the ancient histories. Livy gives the names of several Latin and Alban  Hudibras, became king. This prince  Pen-Lenn. They had three children,
kings (History of Rome, b. 1, sec. 3), but no great reliance is to be placed on  founded the cities of Caer-kin (now   viz., Mor-Vran, their eldest son (the
this portion of his history. According to him, the genealogy of the kings from   Canterbury), Caer-guant (now   Win-  chief of navigators); Creiz-Viou, a
2Enetas to Rom'ulus was as follows: Xneas (whom Livy assumes to have been  chester), and Mount Paladour (now   daughter (the symbol of life); and anthe veritable founder of the race of Latin kings,) was succeeded by his son,  Shaftesbury). He reigned 29 years,  otherson, Avank-du (theblackbeaver),
Asca'nius; but whether this Ascanius was the Ascanius (otherwise called Iiilus)  and died, leaving the throne to his son,  a hideous being. To bestow intelliwho escaped with 2Eneas from the Trojan war, the historian cannot decide.  Bladud, who was skilled in astronomy  gence on the latter, Koridwen resorted
Ascanius' son, called Sylvius (from having been born in the woods by some  andmagic. Havingmetwith medicinal  to the temple of the Just One, in the
accident), succeeded him in the kingdom.  Sylvius' son, i2Eneas  Sylvius, was   waters at a romantic spot in Somerset-   Land of Repose, and instructed the
the next king; and he, in like manner, transmitted the crown to his son, Lati'-  shire, he founded there a city, since  dwarf Gwion (the spirit) to prepare
nus Sylvius, and the surname " Sylvius" was thenceforth given to all the kings  called Caer-bad, or Bath.  Bladud  the waterof divination. Ablind man,
of Alba. From Latinus was born Alba; of Alba came Atys, and of Atys,  dedicated the waters to Minerva, in  named Morda, was placed in charge of
Capys. Nothing but the names of these kings is recorded. But of Cape'tus,  whose temple he kept fire continually  the fire, and of the vase in which the
the son of Capys, we are told that he reigned twenty-six years, and was the  burning. He met with a fate similar  water was to boil for a year and a day.
father of Tiberis (Tiberi'nus, or Deheb'eris), who has been already mentioned.  to that of Icarus; having made wings,  But three drops of the hot liquid having
The latter was drowned in the river Rumon, thence named, after him, the  he was killed in the attempt to fly,  fallen upon the finger of Gwion, he
Tiber (see page 56). His'son Agrippa reigned next; and after Agrippa, Rom-  at Troynovant (or London), after hav-  hastily put the scalded member into
ulus. Sylvius, the son of Romulus, received the kingdom from his father; but  ing reigned 20 years. His son, LEIR,  his mouth, whereby he unthinkingly
having been struck by lightning, demised it to Aventi'nus, who being buried  succeeded him. Leir was a wealthy  tasted the water.  Immediately the
on that hill which was afterwards part of the city of Rome, gave it his name. and prosperous man, and lived to a  future was revealed to him, and he
After Aventinus came Procas, who had two sons, Nu'mitor and Amu'lius, of  good old age. IIe had three daughters,  perceived that Koridwen would seek
whom more will be said in the next century. Thuswve have seventeen monarchs  named Gonorilla, Regan, and Cordeilla,  to destroy him. The water, excepting
reigning during the period which elapsed between the supposed arrival of  and in his dotage resolved to give his  the three drops, was poisoned; he
ZEneas in Italy, B. C. 1180, and the foundation of Rollle, B. C. 753, being an  kingdom  to the one who loved him  therefore broke the vase, and fled. At
average of 25 years to each reign. Beside these, the names of Tarche'tius and  most. The apparently-indifferent con-  the expiration of the year and the day,
Cluillius have come down to us. Plutarch represents Tarchetius, king of the  duct of Cordeilla so angered him that  Koridwen came to the temple, and
Albans, as having been one of the most wicked and cruel of men (Lives, Roiu-  he divided his kingdom between the  finding  her labor frustrated, she set
LUS).  His name is not in the list given by Livy, nor is that of Cluillius, who  other two. These daughters, with their  out in pursuit of Gwion.  The three
is represented to have been as great a benefactor to his country as Tarchetius  husbands, Maglan, duke of Albany,  drops enabled the dwarf to transform
was a curse. Cluillius was the constructor of the immense drain called the  and Hennin, duke of Cornwall, so ill  himself into various shapes to escape
"Fossoe Cluilliae," which, after the foundation of Rome, formed the boundary  treated the old king that he fled to  from her, but she transformedherself
of the territories of Alba toward the west, and made arable the marshy swamp  Cordeilla, who had married Aganippus,  in like manner in order to catch him.
through which it was conducted. It is also probable that he caused other  one of the princes of Gaul. By the  Thus when he became a hare, she beworks, of which the vestiges still remain, to be executed in the immediate  aid of the latter he was re-instated on  came a dog, and so on. He ultimately
neighborhood of Alba. Of Tarchetius it is said that he was dethroned and  the throne, Maglan and Hennin being  assumed the form of a grain of wheat,
punished by certain men, who, in their infancy, had been thrown into the Tiber  slain. Ie died two years afterwards,  in which shape he was swallowed by
by his orders, but were miraculously saved.                                and was buried at Caer-Leir (or Lei-  her, she having assumed the form of a
The south of Italy, comprising Campa/nia, Magna Gre'cia, and Sicily, ap-  cester), which city he had built. -  hen. In consequence of this, Koridpears to have been early brought under the influence of the Etrurians.   After    IRELAND.-The   reign of the cele-  wen brought forth a son, whoml  Hu
founding the Rhoetian colonies, the Lares and Lucumones met at Voltunmia, and  brated OLLAMH  FOD1LA (pronounced  condemned to death. The unhappy
sent colonists to settle in the half-occupied lands of the Ausonian Siculi. These  Ollav Folla,) may be referred to this  mother thereupon concealed him in a
colonists, in the 10th century B. C., founded twelve new States upon the exact  period, though some historians place it  cradle covered with leather, and threw
model of the mother country, but independent of her. The towns which they  in the 14th, some in the 10th, and somne  himn into the sea. This happened near
founded on the coast, directly south from Circe, were Pute'oli, IIercula/neum,  in the 7th century before Christ! He  the palace of King Gouydno, whose
Pompe'ii, Sta'bixe, Saler'num, Phlis'tu, and Ve'lia. Inland they built the  was the great legislator of the ancient  son, Elfin, an unhappy being, was altowns of Nola, Vultur/num,~ Casili/no, Cala/zia, Suessa, Acerra, Trebella, Ca-  Irish, and instituted the great "Fes,"  lowed to wander about by way of
le/no, Abella, Vena'fro, Atella, Nuce/ria, Alfaterna, Compulte'ria, Liturnus,  or triennial convention at Tara, where  occupation. Elfin saw the cradle floatBlera, Acherontia, An/xia, and Heracle'a; also (according to Miiller), Marci'na  the three orders of the community, viz.,  ing, and drew it out of the water. On
Sarras/te. Salernum was probably the capital; it was famed for its Etruscan  the king, the priests, and the people,  opening it he found the child, whom
temple, dedicated to Kupra (Juno). Cuma had been founded in the eleventh  were convened to make laws, and to  he named TALIESIN(radiantforehead),
century, B. C. 1060. It is said that Homer visited this city. Vulturnum be-  record the history of the country in a  and he took him to Gouydno. To the
came a great city, rivalling Carthage and Corinth in wealth. It afterwards  register called the " Psalter of Tara"  king's amazement the infant began to
took the name of Cap'ua (an Etruscan word, signifying "a hawk"). In the  (which was extant in the time of Henry  prophesy, and informed him that he
year B. C. 800, the cities of Croto/na and Syb/aris were founded by Achaians,  II.). In Ollamh Fodhla's time offices  (Taliesin) had been born thrice; that
who carried on commerce withGreece. These cities were at first only fortresses,  and employments weremade hereditary  he held within his bosom the source
but by degrees, as the Greek colonists established friendly relations with the  in families, a custom adhered to by the  of all knowledge, and that he knew all
Etrurians of the interior, they became extensive marts of commerce. The  Irish down to recent times. He in-  thatwastobe. Thismythtypifiesthe
Sybarites (or Achaian Greeks,) conquered from the Siculi the localities where  stituted the " Mur-ollamh-am,"   or col-  origin of man and the development of
subsequently arose Tem/esa, Taran'to, Messa/pi, Brundi'si, and Metapon'tus.  lege of the learned, at Tara.       his faculties.
What does Livy say of the Alban kings from 2Eneas to Romulus? —What is said of Tar-   What is said of Lud Hudibras? —Of Bla-    Relate the legend of Hu and Koridwen.chetius? —And Cluillius? —What great works did the latter execute?-What seaport towns  dud? —Leir? —Relate the story of his three  Of Gwion, Elfin, and Taliesin. —What does
did the Etrurians found in the south of Italy? —What inland towns? —Who founded Crotona  daughters. —Who  was Ollamh Fodhla? —For  the name Taliesin mean?-Of what is the
and Sybaris? —Who were the Sybarites?                                     | what was he celebrated?             I myth typical?
(60)




8 O 
B.C. 900  800.
SPAIN.  GERMANY.   ASIA MINOR.   CARTHAGE.
THE Spanish historians assert that    WHILE we are on the subject of the    PONTUS was the north-easternmost    THE foundation of CARTHAGE has
Sichaetus, of Tyre, the husband of the  ancient German mythology, we may  district of Asia Minor. Itwas origin-  been attributed to Elissa, or Elisa, a
famous queen, Dido, gained all his  mention tile mythological Odin and his  ally part of Cappadocia, and is men-  Tyrian princess, better known by the
wealth by trading with the inhabitants  sons, though the historical personage  tioned in the legends of the Argonauts.  name of DIDo.  The exact era is a matof the eastern coast of Spain. After  of that name founded a kingdom  in  On the east of the river Iris, and on  tcr of dispute. The Roman historian,
having murdered Sichoeus, Pygmatlion   Sweden in the 1st century B. C. The  the banks of the Thermo/don, dwelt the  Livy, states that, at the time of its deset out from  Tyre with a fleet, and  name "Odin" is, perhaps, acorruption  AM/AZONS, a mythical race of female  struction (B.C. 146),it had existed700
landed in Andalusi'a, at a spot where  of the word Wodan, or Guodan (God),  warriors who came from the Cau'casus  years, which would carry the era. back
he built the town of Axis (now Almu-  and thus the supreme deity became  into Pontus, where they founded the  totheyear B.C. 846. Petavius asserts
necar). He also proceeded as far as  represented as a demigod. Of this  city of Themisey'ra. They were go-  that Carthage was founded 137 years
Cadiz, then called Gadi'ra (or " bul- divinity, Odin, many Saga, or legends,  verned by a queen, and they permitted  before Rome, which would, therefore,
wark"). These Tyrians, or Phoeni-  are related.  Ie is represented as  nomales  to liveamong them.  Butto  fixthedateatB.C. 890.   Didowasthe
cians, are said to have built Mal'aga  riding on the eight-legged horse, Sleip-  preserve the race they visited the Gar-  daughter of Agenor (or Mutgo), king
and Abde'ra.  Those.who settled at  nir; and as presiding over the feasting  garetans, in Mount Caucasus, once a  of Tyre, and grand-daughter of IthoChar'taca, in Africa, and founded Car-  that was carried on in the Walhalla,  year. Their male children were sent  bal (or Ethbatal), the father of the inthage, in process of time emulated their  where the souls of departed heroes  away, or put to death, and their females  famous Jez'ebel, the wife of Ahab, king
Tyrian brethren in their ambitious at-  were regaled with mead from golden  were brought up as Amazons. Each  of Israel. She was married to heruncle,
tempts to extend their commerce and  goblets held by beauteous Walkyren,  female had her right breast cut off, to  Acer/bas (or Sichinus), a priest of
acquire  new  territories.  They at-  and with steaks cut from  the bear,  enable her to fight more freely. Many  IIercules, and amanofimmensewealth.
tempted to subdue Sicily, Sardinia,  S-thrimnir, which always remained  warlike exploits are recorded of them.  IIer brother, Pygmalion, having murand Corsica, but were unsuccessful at  whole, no matter how many steaks  They invaded Lydia, in the days of  dered Acerbas in order to obtain the
first. Itwas not until their own power  were cut from him. They also ate the  Iobtates, and were defeated by Bellerz-  treasures, Dido, with a few friends,
had been consolidated at home, that  apples of Iduna, which conferred per-  ophon. They fought the Trojans in  escaped from Tyre with her husband's
the Carthaginians were able to get  petual youth, and they daily rode with  the early days of Priam. Their queen,  wealth. She fled to Cyprus, whence
possession of these rich islands. They  the gods on the plains of Ida, and bat-  Hlippol'yte, was slain by Hercules, who  she subsequently departed with eighty
then directed their course towards  tied with each other in martial sport.  carried away her girdle. In the reign  Cyprian girls for the coast of Africa.
Spain, tind possessed themselves of  Odin personified the brightness of  of Theseus they invaded Attica, where  Arrived there, at a place called CharIviqa, one of the Baleatric islands.  heaven; his wife, Frigga, represented  theywere routed bythathero. During  taca, she purchased as much land as
We find that Majorca and Minorca  the earth, and is described as riding  the Trojan war they aided the Trojans,  could be included in a bull's hide; but
were also attacked, but apparently  in a chariot drawn by cows.  The  and their queen, Penthesile'a, was  cutting the hide into the thinnest poswithout success. The name- "Bale-  twelve Asen (or chief deities subordi-  killed by Achilles. It is said that they  sible strips, she inclosed a piece of land
ares" was given by the Greeks to the  nate to Odin),,were:  1. Thor, or Du-  foundedthe cities of Eph'esus, Smyrna,  wrhereon she built a citadel, which beinhabitants of these islands, on account  nar, the god of thunder, represented  Cyme, Myri'na, and Paphos. The  came the nucleus of acity. Its original
of their skill in slinging stones. The  as drawn by black goats through the  Greeks appear to have believed in the  name was Betz'ura, or Bosra, and it
name of Clumbawas given by the same  air, carrying in his hand the hammer,  existence of this nation of savage wo-  stood upon a peninsula surrounded by
people to Majorca, and that of Nura to  Miilner, and a great drinking-hjrn,  men, but it is difficult to say upon what  the sea on all sides, except the west.
Minorca. If we may believe the Spa-  with which he causes the ebb and flow   grounds.                              There were other Phoenician colonies
nishhistorians, the inhabitants of these  of the tides. He was worshipped by    PURY'GIA.-The early inhabitants  already in the neighborhood when Dido
islands were so fierce that the Cartha-  the Gauls under the name of Tartanes,  of this district were an entirely distinct  settled there. Utica had been founded
giuia.ns dared not land, but returned  and by the Finns and Lapps under  people from those of the rest of Asia  nearly three centuries previously, 27
home, and for a long period did not  that of Tiermes. 2. Balldr, or Balder,  Minor. They claimed for themselves  miles north-west of Carthage. TunDis
molest Spain or her islands.          the god of beauty. 3. Niord, the god  very great antiquity.  There was a  was 10 miles southwest.
The Tyrians and the Greeks intro-  of cold air and the north. 4. Freyr,  tradition that they formerly dwelt in     Iiar'bas, a neighboring king, being
duced into Spain forms of idolatry un-  the son of Odin, the god of the sun,  Macedonia, under the name of Briges;  jealous of the rising State, insisted that
known to the original inhabitants.  If  and guardian of white elves. 5. Tyr,  and it is probable that they were part  Dido should marry him, and threatened
the worship of the one God ever pre-  the god of war (supposed by some to  of the great Thracian family that once  to destroy the city in case she refused.
vailed in ancient Spain, it must have  be identical with Thor). 6. Braga,  occupied the north-western  portion of  The queen, havingvowed fidelity to her
been confined to the Iberians. The  the god of poetry. 7. Heimdall, the  Asia Minor; indeed the Roman poets  late husband, and finding that her
remains of a variety of ancient deities  god of the three classes of men -the  often use the word "Phrygian" as  people wished her to marry Hiarbas,
are found in various parts of the coun-  nobles, the free-born, and the slaves.  equivalent to " Trojan."          erected a funeral pile, on which she
try; also the circles of stones and altars  8. Widar, the god of locomotion, who    GAtLA/TIA was so named after the  stabbed herself in the presence of her
peculiar to the Druids.  The names  walked through and crushed every_- Gaulswho settled there inthe 3d   cen-subjects.  After her death she was
and attributes of these gods are very  thing with his iron shoes. 9. Walt, |ury B. C.                              worshipped as a divinity.  Suchis the
imperfectly understood.  Endobelion  the god of the spring. 10. Uller, the    CAPPADo/CIA is a name of Persian  story ofthismythicalpersonage. Whatwasmuchwbrshipped.  Salambo(Ve-  god of winter.  11. Forsete, the god  origin.  Its inhabitants came from   ever historical truth there may be in it,
nus) was adored at Seville. Ipsistos  of peace and justice. 12. Loki, the  Syria, and were called, from their com-  Carthage was certainly founded by a
(probably "the unknown God") was  god of evil. These gods assist Odin  plexion, White Syrians. It anciently  Phoenician colony. They were peaceful
introducedby the Greeks. Iiauvea'na,  in governing the world.  They are  included Pontus, and was divided into  traders, and remained friendly with the
Bandua, Bariccus, Navi, Eiduo/rius,  considered by some to signify the  Cappadocia Major and Cappadocia  natives, to whom they paid tribute for
Sutu/nius, Viscus, the Lugoves, Togo'-  twelve months of the year, Odin being  Minor. In the earliest ages it formed  the ground on which the city was built.
tis (or Toxotis), Netoz (or Netuce), were  the sun; but it is difficult to trace the  part of the Persian and the Assyrian   This relation between them existed unsome of thedeities worshipped in Spain.  resemblance.                       empires.                              til the Carthaginians subdued them.
What did Sichaeus do? —The Tyrians? -  Mention the attributes of Odin. —Of Frigga. |  What is said of Pontus? —What were the |Who was Dido? —Relate the story of the
What part of Spain did the Carthaginians  -~Name the twelve Asen. —What were their  Amazons? —Whatissaidof them? —Who was  foundation of Carthage. —What was its anattack? —-Whence the name Balearic? —Wrhat   respective attributes? —What do they? —  Hippolyte? - Penthesilea? —What of Phry-  cient name? —What other cities were near it?
deities were worshipped  in ancient Spain?    What do they represent? gin? —Galatia? —Cappadocia?             -|-What was the fate of Dido?
(61)




THE 8TH CENTITJRY
EGYPT.                                                                       SYRIA.
OSORCHON reigned eight years. According to the Greeks, he was called by    THIS century was a fatal one to the Hebrews. It saw the destruction of the
the Egyptians Chon, or Hercules. Psammus (B. C. 791), comes next on the  kingdom of Israel, and the reduction of that of Judah to a tributary State by
list, and, after him, Zet, with whom  ended the 23d dynasty. There are no pri-  the Assyrians. Of this impending visitation, a series of bold and eloquent men,
vate monuments which throw light on the condition of Egypt during this period.  JOEL, AMos, IIOSE"A, ISAqIAH, and MICAH, inspired with prophetic vision, had
That it was one of decline and decay, we may infer from the ascendancy which  warned the corrupt and idolatrous Jews, but in vain. Their sublime prophecies
the Ethiopians acquired in the next dynasty, apparently without an effort.  and denunciations will be found in the books of Scripture bearing their reBoc/choris, of Sais (called, by the Egyptians, Pehor, and by Herodotus, An'y-  spective names.
sis), was the first and only king of the 24th dynasty (B. C. 787). He is said to   IsRAEL.-Jerobo'am II. was on the throne at the opening of the century, but
have been mean, and feeble in body, but to have surpassed his predecessors in  the kingdom fell into confusion on his death. On that occurrence his son,
ingenuity and wisdom. Ile enacted laws which regulated commercial con-  Zachari'ah, the last of Jehu's race, was placed on the throne (B. C. 772); but
tracts, and the prerogatives and duties of the sovereign. He is celebrated,  he had hardly occupied it six months, during which he committed all sorts of
also, for the wisdom of his judicial decisions, many of which were handed down  wickedness, when he was assassinated by Shallum, the son of Jabesh, who
to very late times. He practised strict justice and economy; but all was of no  usurped the throne, but, after a reign of one month, was in his turn murdered
avail to raise the Egyptian character, which had sadly deteriorated; and when  by Mentahem. This last-named chieftain contrived to maintain himself by the
the Ethiopians, under SAB/ACo,  invaded Egypt (B. C. 740), the nation suc-  most ruthless ferocity (2 Kings xv. 16) on the throne for ten years. He averted
cumbed almost without a struggle. Bocchoris is said to have been taken, and  an invasion of the country by Pul, king of Assyria, by paying him a heavy
burnt alive by order of Sabaco; but this is contradicted by Herodotus. The  tribute. He left the kingdom to his son, Pekahi'ah (B. C. 759), who, after an
Ethiopians of this period were little inferior to the Egyptians in civilization.  evil reign of two years, was slain by Pekah, one of his captains, who "reigned
They are mentioned in Scripture in equality with Egypt and Babylon.         in his stead."  This king also "did evil in the sight of the Lord," and conSabaco, or Shabek, the founder of the 25th, or Ethiopian dynasty, surpassed  spired with Rezin, king of Syria, to crush Ahaz, king of Judah; but Tiglathin piety and clemency all his predecessors. IIe abolished the punishment of  Pileser, king of Assyria, came to the assistance of the latter, and, marching
death, and substituted for it compulsory labor on public works, the chief of  against the city of Damascus, took it, slew Rezin, and carried off the inhabitants.
which were embankments that prevented the Nile fromn inundating the towns    IIoshea, the son of Elah, conspired,against Pekah, caused him to be assassiof Lower Egypt.  Sabaco has left inscriptions at Thebes and at Abydus; and  nated, and became king (B. C. 730). His reign was of short duration. Shala Greek inscription at Aboo Simbel, by the Ionian and Carian auxiliaries of  mane/ser, king of Assyria, forced him to pay tribute; but having found out
Psammetichus, proves that this king attempted to recover possession of that  that IIoshea had secretly formed an alliance with So (or Sethos), king of Egypt,
country. Sabaco retired from Egypt to Ethiopia (B. C. 725), leaving the go-  the Assyrian king besieged and took Samaria, and carried away IIoshea and
vernment of the former to Sevechus (Sebichus, Seva, or So; 2 Kings xvii. 4),  the ten tribes of Israel into captivity (B. C. 719). Thus terminated forever the
whose first act was to enter into an alliance with Hoshea, king of Israel (B. C.  independent kingdom of Israel. The captives were settled il Assyria and Media.
722), against Shalmane'ser, king of Assyria. Many Israelites fled from the    In JvDEa the first half of the century witnessed the comparatively peaceful
threatened invasion into Egypt, and settled there. But little more is known of  reigns of Uzziah (B. C. 808-756), and of his son Jotham (B. C. 756-741). During
Sevechus. IIe was succeeded (B. C. 713) by TItA/KAH (Tara'cus, or Tear'co).  their reigns were deliered most of the prophecies of Joel, Amos, IIosea, Isaiah,
This monarch was king of Ethiopia and Upper Egypt during the invasion of  and Micah. Ahaz, the son of Jotham, succeeded to the throne of Judah in the
Judea by Sennacherib, and sent assistance to King Hezekiah. We are told  17th year of Pekah, king of Israel (B. C. 742). Pekah entered into a confedethat after the retirement of the Ethiopian (Sabaco) from Egypt, and the re-  racy against him with Rezin, king of Syria, and invaded Judea. This first
sumption of power by the king who had fled into the marshes, Sethos (Boc-  expedition was not successful; but on the retreat of the Syrians, Ahaz ventured
choris?), a priest of the sun, made himself king, probably of Lower Egypt. In  on a battle, which resulted in the most frightful disaster. 120,000 Jews were
this state of confusion was Egypt when Sennacherib invaded it, but he did not  slain, and 200,000 were carried into captivity. The king's son, Maa'seiah, was
advance so far even as Pelu'sium; for, according to the Egyptians, it happened  slain, and his principal officers also fell. But the victorious Israelites, moved
one night that an immense multitude of field-mice covered the encampment of  with compassion for their suffering kinsmen, treated the captives kindly, and
the Assyrians, and gnawed the strings of their bows and the straps of their  sent them home. Meanwhile the king of Damascus seized Elath; the Edomites
shields. The Assyrians, finding themselves thus defenceless, fled, and many  and the Philistines revolted; and Ahaz, in desperation, solicited protection from
were slain by the Egyptians.                                                Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, who had already subdued the trans-Jordanic
It would seem as if the confusion in Egypt, foretold in the 19th chapter of  tribes. That monarch, as we have seen, took Damascus, and carried off the
Isaiah, came to pass at this time. Mr. Sharpe, in his History of Egypt (pp.  inhabitants; but he also exacted a very heavy tribute from the king of Judah.
158-162), makes use of the Egyptian chronology to determine the date of the  Ahaz renounced the national faith, and fell into the grossest idolatry. EIe estaTrojan war, which, according to him, should be placed between the years 925  blished in his kingdom the worship of the gods of Syria, defaced the temple at
and 900 B. C., on the following grounds. IHerodotus says that Proteus, the  Jerusalem, and made his children pass through fire to Moloch. In the year
king of Egypt who received Paris and Itelen, was contemporary with the Trojan  B. C. 726 this guilty monarch died, and was succeeded by the best and wisest of
war; that there was only one reign between him and Sesostris (Shishak), who  the kings of Judah, HEZEKIZAIr. This upright man at once extirpated idolatry,
conquered Jerusalem B. C. 960; and that there were twelve reigns between him  and restored the ancient religion and priesthood, destroying the last vestiges of
and the Persian invasion of Egypt, B. C. 525. Allowing the computation of  superstition, even to the brazen serpent made by Moses in the wilderness. He
IIerodotus as to the length of these reigns, this period would amount to 390  endeavored to re-unite all the Israelites who remained in Syria under one governyears, which would give the year B. C. 915 as that of the capture of Troy.  ment, but he was unsuccessful. He, however, threw off the yoke of Assyria,
Again, Manetho says that Thuoris, who reigned seven years, lived in the time and gained some important advantages over the Philistines: and he fortified
of the Trojan war, and that he was succeeded by the 20th dynasty, which reigned  Jerusalem. After the fall of Samaria (B. C. 719), Shalmaneser laid siege to
together 135 or 172 years. Assuming that the 21st, 22d, 23d, and 24th dynasties  Tyre, but the inhabitants of that city resisted him for five years, and his death
reigned contemporaneously with it, computing from the reign of So (B. C. 730),  (B. C. 713) put an end to the siege. His successor, Sennacherib, invaded Judea,
we have the year B. C. 900 as the date. Ahab, king of Israel, married (B. C.  levied tribute, and marched on towards Egypt, leaving a large force to act against
918) Jezebel, daughter of Ithobal, king of Tyre; Dido fled to Carthage  on the  Jerusalem.  The destruction of the army of Sennacherib (2 Chron. xxxii. 21)
death of Ithobal; and _Eneas, according to Roman tradition, visited her on his  by a simoom, saved Judea, for the division left there speedily retreated. The
flight from Troy: thus fixing the fall of that city at about B. C. 886.     remainder of the reign of Hezekiah passed in peace.
Whalt was the state of Egypt during the reigns of Osorchon, Psammus, and Zet?-What is   What prophets prophesied during this century? —What is recorded of the kings of Isrnel
said of Bocchoris?-Of Sabaco?-Of the Ethiopians of this period?-What remarkable events  during this century? —WThat became of the ten tribes? — What of the kings of Judah?occurred during the reigns of Sevechus and Tirhakah? —State some of the arguments from  What did Ahaz do?-And Hezekiah? —What of the siege of Tyre? —And the destruction of
Egyptian history for fixing the date of the Trojan war at about the year B. C. 900.  the army of Sennacherib?
(62)




INDIA.                                     ASSYRIA.                                         PERSIA.                                         CHINA.
ThaE Budhists deny the authority of           ACCORDING tO Mr. Layard, Ashurkish              TiiE  student has already been in-             ON the death of Souen-wang (~B. C.
the Vedas and  the  Puranas.  They   reigned after Baldasi. After him came   formed that great discrepancy exists as   781), Yew-wang mounted the throne.
differ very greatly from  the Brahmins   PUL, supposed by some to be the Belus   to the dates of the accession of the an-  He was a prince very like his ancestors,
in  many respects, especially in  their   II. of the Greeks, the date of whose   cient Persian monarchs.  The reign of  indolent, and addicted to low pleasures.
having no castes among them.  Their   accession is'placed by Hales and New-  Zohak (conjectured to mean the dura-  But the indulgence of his desires led
priests are taken from  all classes of   ton in B. C. 790, by Usher in B. C. 769.  tion of the Assyrian conquest,) is said   him  to the commission of great wickthe community, and greatly resemble              Pul invaded Israel, and compelled   to have lasted 1000 years, and that of   edness. Being enamored of a beautiful
European monks. They live in monas-  Menahem  to pay him  1000 talents of   Feridoon 1000 years (according to Fer-  woman, named Paou-sze, he, at her reteries, wear a uniform yellow dress, go   silver by way of ransom  (2 Kings xv.  dusi).  During the period of the Assy-  quest, divorced his wife, and set aside
with their feet bare, and their heads   19).  He built the temple of Belus at  rian rule the finest edifices in Persia  the heir to the crown, thus indulging
and beards shaved, and perform  in a   Babylon.  On  his death  this king's   were erected.  They are attributed to   her whims atrno matter what cost. The
body a constant succession of services  dominions were divided between his  the Assyrian  queen, SE-1r. AIVAIS, of   following extraordinary story is told of
at their places of worship.  They have   two sons, TIGLATII-PILESE.R, who be-  whom  so many marvels are related,  her.  Being unable to make her smile
processions, chanting, incense, and   came sovereign of Assyria, and NABO-  but respecti ng the date of whose reign   and be cheerful, Yew-wang made the
candles, as the Roman Catholics have.  NASSAR, Who ruled in Babylon. At the   historians are not agreed; Ilelvieus   signal of general alarm  by lighting
But they differ widely from the Hindoo   commencement of the reign of the latter   placing it B. C. 2248; Syncellus, B. C.  fires upon the mountains.  The tribupriests in other matters also.  They   (B. C. 747), began the IIEra of Nabo-  2177; Eusebius, B. C. 1984; Usher,  tary princes and great officers conseare strictly bound to celibacy, and to   nassar."  Tthe history of the two king-  B. C. 1215; Herodotus, B. C. 713: a   quently repaired hastily to the palace,
renounce the pleasures of the flesh;  doms here diverges.                                     difference of more than 1500 years!            where they were greeted by the laughthey eat together in one hall; they             AssYRIA. -- Tiglath-Pileser, having            The probability is that Feridoon is  ter of Paou-sze, and sent back in dissleep sitting in a prescribed posture;  been invited by Ahaz, king of Judah,  the Arba,'ces of the Greeks (see Mal-  grace.  The Tartars renewed their inand leave their monastery once a week,  to assist him  against Pekah, king of   colm's History of Persia, vol. i., ch. 7),  cursions, and the people groaned under
when they march in a body to bathe,  Israel, and Rezin, king of Damascus,  who, according to Ctesias, reigned from    the burden of their oppressors, who bad
and once a day when they go out to   went to the assistance of Ahaz, slew    B. C. 748 to 730.  If this conjecture be   now grown very numerous. Yew-waing
receive alms for the community, but  Rezin, and took Damascus.  He then   correct, the exploits of Zal and Roostum    marched  against the  State of Shinl,
they are not allowed to beg.  They do   carried away captive the inhabitants   must also be referred to this period.  where his disinherited son had taken
not eat after noon, nor drink after dark   of the land, and the tribes of Reuben,  Arbaces, the Mede,. was induced by the   refuge, and the prince of that State,
for fear of swallowing minute insects;  Gad, and Manasseh, and planted them    contemptible character of.-Esarhaddon   unable to resist the imperial forces,
and they carry a brush with which to   in  Media  (B. C. 740).  He was suc-  to attack Nineveh, which be took, and   called in the aid of the Tartars.  The
sweep every place before they sit down,  ceeded by SHALIVANASAI. (or Sargon),  for a time overthrew the Assyrian  mno-  emperor's troops then  deserted bim,
lest they should  inadvertently crush   B. C. 730, who, in the fourth year of   narchy.  In this great national move-  and, despised by all, be was slain by
any living creature, so great is their Itezekiah, invaded Israel, took Samia-  ment, Kawah, the blacksmith (already   the Tartars (B. C. 770), and his muchrespect for animal life.  Some even tie   ria (B. C. 719), and carried away the   mentioned, p. 19), took a leading part.  beloved Paou-sze shared the same fate.
a thin cloth over their mouths to pre-  seven remaining tribes to Media, filling   (Persian  history here  repeats itself,                      Ping-wanog, the son of the last eravent their drawing in  small insects   their places with  a mixed colony of   owing to confusion in the chronology.)  peror, ascended the throne by tthe aid
with their breath.  They venerate the   strangers.  He also endeavored to con-                   Arbaces was a just and pious king.  of the prince of Tsin.  ttis first busirelies of holy men, and often erect over   quer Syria and Phocenicia, and besieged   His death took place B. C. 730.  Ile   ness was to get rid of the Tartars,
them    solid  cupolas, or  bell-shaped   Tyre (B. C. 717), but in vain.  Ile was  was succeeded by his son, Mandan'ces   against whom  be had to fight a very
monuments, which are often of a stu-  succeeded  by his son, SENNACH"ERIB   (or Manucheher); but Persia appears   bloody battle.  These barbarians were
pendous size. In India there are many   (B. C. 714), who invaded Judea with   to have been involved in troubles, owing   the scourge of China.  To free himself
of these, also some magnificen.t rem ainis   an immense army, which was destroyed   to the disputes between the descendants  from them the emperor gave the greater
of the former splendor of the Budhist  in one night by a pestilential blast;  of Arbaces.  During this period the   part of the imperial domain of Chbaou
temples.  The most curious are the   after which be returned to Assyria,  Scythians conquered Persia, and re-  to the prince of Tsin, under pretence
cave temples, which consist of excava-  where be was assassinated by his two   mained masters of it for twelve years.  of rewarding him  for his services, but
tions from  the solid rock, in the form    eldest sons (B. C. 711).  EsAu.RIIDoN,  Mandaces was succeeded by his son,  in reality that be might fight his (the
of colonnades, like aisles, with vaulted   on his ascending the throne, had to   Sosarmnus (Nouzer).  During this pe-  emperor's) battles against these leroand ribbed roofs, like Gothic temples.  contend with a revolt of the Medes and   riod of anarchy, two princes, named   cious savages..That valiant prince
Those at Ellora and at Carla are the   Babylonians, who for a time subdued   Artia (Zoo), and Arbianes (Kershasp),  soon cleared the country of them. His
finest specimens.  The Budhists also   Assyria.  This prince is also called   occupied the throne' for a short time.  son took advantage of this to extend
had  nunneries for the seclusion  of   Sardanapa~lus, but is not the monarch   At length the people called a public   his authority and establish his  ladewomen.  They have an extensive lite-  who perished in the final overthrow of   assembly to deliberate on the affairs of  pendence, an example whchasfl
rature, both in India, China, and other   Nineveh.                                            the nation.  At this meeting, Kai-  lowed by many other of the emperor's
countries where their religion prevails.         BABYLON. —After the accession  of   Kobad (better known by the name of   vassals, who, in the year B. C. 758, deIt is all on the Brahmin model, and   Nabonassar, this city became one of the IDE.'ocEs, or  IEX'ocE~s, given to him  by   clared their independence, and formed
all originally from  India  (Iodgson,  most famous in the world; the king's  the Greeks), one of the hereditary chiefs   no less than 21 independent kingdoms.
Asiatic Researches, vol. xvi., p. 433).  mother, or wife, SEMR.~ A~.s (see Hales'  or princes of Seistan, or Nimroz, and   The miseries entailed upon the country
The Pali, or local dialect of Magadha,.New System of Chronology, vol. iii., p.  connected with the ancient royal family   by these numerous masters were very
where Gotama lived, seems to be the   61), erected the most splendid buildings   of Persia, a man  renowned  for his   great, but Pino-wang did not live to
language generally used in the reli-  there. Of the successors of Nabonassar,  wisdom  and justice, was unanimously   see the worst of them.  He died B. C.
gious writings of the Budhists (see   we have but little more than the names.  elected king.  The date of this event is   720, having  previously removed  the
Elphinstone, History of  India, vol. i.,  TheseparationofBabylonfromAssyria Iplaced by some historians in theyear   capital to Lo-yang.   His grandson,




GREECE.
ATTICA. - In this century we pass from the domain of legend to that of his-  of Diana, where the Messenians and Spartans were both offering sacrifices.
tory.  The events recorded, however, are unimportant. In Attica, we have a  This event happened during a fray between the two parties. But the war did
mere list of names of Archons (chosen for life), in the following order:-Thes'-  not break out until some time after, when Alcamenes and Theopompus were
picus, B. C. 801-794; Agamest;r, B. C. 794-777;  Es'chylus, B. C. 777-754.  kings of Sparta, and Antiochus and An'drocles, kings of Messenia. The imAfter this, the Archons were elected for ten years; and Charops was the first  mediate cause of it was a private altercation between the Messenian PolychZares
who was chosen (B. C. 752) under the new system. The Archons above-named  and the Spartan Eueephtnus. The latter demanded redress of the Messenians,
were of the family of Codrus, and the office was held by members of the same  but they refused to give up Polychares, though their king, Androcles, strongly
family down to the year B. C. 714, when Hippom/enes was deposed for cruelty  insisted on their doing so, and was slain in the tumult which his opposition
to his own daug hter.   The office was then thrown open to all the nobility.  occasioned.  The Spartans then began the war, without formal notice, by surARcos.-The system of computing tilne by Olympiads, or the interval which  prising the town of Ampheia, and putting its defenders to the sword. The
elapsed between the celebration of the Olympic games (four years), dates from   Messenians, under their king, Euph'aes, heroically resisted the Spartans with
the year B. C. 776, when the people of Elis inscribed the name of their fellow-  success for four years. In the fifth year of the war, the Spartans, under their
citizen, Corce'bus, as the winner of the foot-race; and thus began the practice  kings, Theopompus and Polydotrus, made a more vigorous effort, and drove the
of inscribing, in like manner, in each recurring fifth year, the name of the victor  Messenians into the recesses of Mount Itho/me. In their distress, the latter
in the same race. It appears either that the Eleians were excellent runners,  consulted the oracle of Delphi, and were told that a virgin of the royal race of
or that the Olympic games were for a long time purely local, for the prize was  XEp/ytus must be sacrificed for their salvation. Aristode/mus, one of that
carried off at the first twelve Olympiads by a native of Elis,: or of its neighbor-  family, thereupon put to death his own daughter; but the war still continued
hood. During the celebration of these games pacific communion prevailed  many years. In the 13th year of it an indecisive battle was fought, in which
among the Grecian States. Sacred legations were sent from each State to offer  Euphaes was slain, and Aristodemus was then elected king in his stead. Five
sacrifices in common on these occasions, and the city where the ceremonies took  years afterwards Arjstodemus gained a great victory over the Spartans, but the
place enjoyed inviolability of territory during the month of their occurrence.  tide soon turned against the Messenians. Aristodemus, agonized with the
Heavy fines were imposed by Elis upon other cities for violation of the truce.   reflection that he had sacrificed his daughter in vain, put an end to his existAbout the year B. C. 770, Phi/don, a descendant of Temenus, made himself  ence. In the 20th year of the war, the Messenians abandoned Ithome, and fled
despot of Argos, and re-established the ascendancy of that city over all the  the country. The few who remained behind were reduced to submission, and
others of her confederacy. He endeavored to acquire dominion over Corinth,  Messenia was annexed to Sparta.
and to extend his sway over the greater part of the Peloponnesus, but it does    CORINTH. — The Bacchitadve, as we have seen, formed the governing caste of
not appear that he succeeded. He further claimed the rightof presiding at the  this State, intermarrying usually among themselves, and choosing their own
celebration of the Agones, or religious games instituted by Hercules, and espe-  prytanis (or president). Of their internal government we have no account,
cially the Olympic Agon; and at the celebration of the 8th Olympiad (B. C.  except the tale relative to one of them, named Ar/chias, whose brutality to a
748), he marched to Olympia with an armed force, and dispossessed the Eleians  youth, named Acte'on, made him so detested that he wa-s forced to flee fromn
of their privilege. But the latter having received aid from the Spartans, Phidon  Corinth. He took refuge in Sicily, where a number of Greek colonists were
-was defeated, and forced to resign his pretensions.                          settled, and there he founded the city of Syracuse, which afterwards became so
This king coined both silver and copper moneyin ZEgi'na, and first established  famous (B. C. 735). Telestes, one of the last of the Bacchiadve, was put to
a system of weights and measures, whith, through his influence, became adopted  death. His successor, Autom/enes, reigned one year; and the people then
throughout Peloponnesus, and ultimately acquired footing in all the Dorian  adopted the system of electing their own chief magistrate annually. At the
States, Boeotia, Thessaly, and Macedonia, under the name of the Eginoean scale.  close of this century (B. C. 703), Amin/ocles, of Corinth, first built triremes
Of this system Mr. Grote observes (History of Greece, vol. ii., p. 319), that it  (ships with three tiers of benches for rowers) for the Samians, and he was
was probably borrowed immediately from the Phoenicians, and by them from   appointed commander-in-chief of the Athenian navy.
the Babylonians. The Euboic scale arose subsequently in Greece, at an uncer-    MACEDONIA. - The foundation of the kingdom of Macedon was laid by Pertain period, and prevailed in Attica and the Ionic cities generally. The ZEgi-   diccas and his brothers, Gaua/nes and Aer/opus, who were of the race of Temrnoean and Euboic scales had cotemporaneous currency in different parts of the  enus of Argos. They settled at Mount Ber/mius, and thence subsequently
Persian Empire, the divisions of the money scale being the same in both, viz.,  extended their dominions (Herodotus, b. viii., 137). This may be referred to
100 drachme to a mina, and 60 mince to a talent.  [The drachma equalled 141  the year B. C. 729. But others say that Car-anus of Argos, a descendant of
cents of United States currency; consequently the mina was equal to $14.50,  IIercules, settled at Edessa, in Macedonia, with an Argive colony (B. C. 750),
and the talent to $871.20.]  The Babylonian, HIebrew, Phoenician, Egyptian,  was the founder of the kingdom, and that Perdiccas was the fourth king. Be
and Greek scales of weight were so nearly conformable as to warrant the belief  that as it may, Perdiccas was one of the earliest monarchs of Macedonia, and
that they were all derived from a common origin, and that origin the Chaldsean  was succeeded by his son Argue/us.
priesthood of Babylon. The Hebrew shekel, which was both a weight and a    Little worthy of notice is recorded of the other States of Greece at this period.
coin, was nearly equal to half an ounce avoirdupois, or 9 dwts., 2.4 gr., Troy,  Colonization set in strongly, and the coasts of the Mediterranean were settled
and its value was about 60 cents. Of Phidon's fall we have no information.  by Greeks, who carried with them everywhere their skill in the arts and sciBut no leader of eminence appeared after him. The line of Argive kings con-  ences, their genius and taste, their laws, and their noble aspiration for free
linu.ed to the last Persian war, but the government became democratic.        institutions and  self-government.  They founded Pando'sia, Metapon'tunm,
SPARTA.-Tele'clus and his son, Alcam'enes, had, at the beginning of this  Rhe'gium, Nax/os, Leon/tium, Cat/ana, Meg'ara-Ilybla, Thas'os, Abyldos,
century, extended their dominions.  The system  established by Lycurgus was  Nicome/dia, Croto'na, Taren/tum, Syr/acuse, and Corcy/va.
in full force.  In the year B. C. 760, the king, Theopom'pus, instituted the    Arcti/nus of Mile'tus, and Cine/thon of Lacedaemon, two of the poets of
Eph/ori —magistrates, whose duty it was to call all public functionaries to ac-   " the Epic Cycle," flourished during this century.  The Epic Cycle comprises
count far their actions. They, by degrees, usurped the duties of the officers  the authors who continued the narrative of the Iliad, and the heroes who figure
over whom they watched, and became possessed of the power in the State.       therein. Of these poets there were several. Arctinus wrote the.2thi/opis, a
The most remarkable event in the history of Sparta during this century is  continuation of the Iliad, and the Destruction of IRion, comprising the subseTHE FIRST MESSENIAN WAR. According to the historian, Pausa/nias, it began  quent events until the departure of the Greeks. A very valuable account cf
in the year B. C. 743, and ended B. C. 723, thus lasting 20 years. The remote |the Homeric poems generally will be tound  in Grote's History of Greece, vol.
cause of it was the killing of the Spartan king, Teleclus, at the border temple I ii., ch. xxi.
What is said of the history of Attica? —In what year was the first Olympiad? —What so-    How long did the first Messeninn war last? —What was its cause? —Who were the chief
lemnities attended the Olympic games? —Who was Phidon? —What were his principal acts?  actors in it? —What was done by Aristodemus? —What occurred at Corinth? —Who wars
Whence was the Greek coinage derived? —What was the value of the drachma? —The mina?  Aminocles? —Who founded the kingdom of Macedon? —What   colonies were planted by the
— Talent? —Shekel? —What became of Phidon?-Who  instituted the Ephori? —And when?  Greeks? —What is the Epic Cycle? —Who were Arctinus and Cinaethon?
(64)




ITALY.
THE great event in the history of Italy during this century is the founding    Romulus and Remus now resolved to build a city on the spot where they had
of the city of RoMrE. This is, indeed, an epoch in the history of the world, as  been exposed, and they assembled a number of their followers to carry out the
well as of Italy. According tothe received chronology, the date of this event  project. But a quarrel arose between the brothers as to the right to name and
is fixed in the year B. C. 753. This is founded on the statement of the great  govern the new city. They thereupon agreed to decide the dispute by augury.
Roman antiquary, Varro, who says that the building of Rome took place in  Romulus chose the Palatine Hill; Remus, the Av"entine, on which to await
the 4th year of the 6th Olymnpiad, which would be the year above mentioned.  their auguries. The first omen, consisting of six vultures, appeared to Remus;
According to Cato, it took place in B. C. 751; according to PolybVius, in B. C.  after which, double that number appeared to Romulus. Each was proclaimed
750; according to Fa/bius Pictor, in B. C. 747; according to Cin'cius, in B. C.  king by his respective followers; an altercation ensued, and on their meeting
728. But universal testimony confirms.the supposition that Rome was founded  they came to blows. Remus was slain, and Romulus assumed the leadership.
about the middle of the 8th century B. C. The year B. C. 753 is reckoned by  He selected the Palatine Hill as the locality for the first buildings, and gave to
most of the Roman writers as the year of the building of the city, (Anno UTrbis  them the name of Rome. There is another account of the death of Remus,
Conditce, whence the initials A. U. C,, which distinguish the Roman Era).  which is more generally received. It is that Remus, in derision of his brother,
The origin of Rome is involved in obscurity. It probably was due to a colony  leaped over the new wall which Romulus was building, and that Romulus killed
from Alba Longa. The word "Rome" is of Greek derivation, and signifies  him in a passion, exclaiming: " So perish every one that shall hereafter leap
"strength."  The account -of the foundation of the city given by the Roman  over my wall."
historian, Titus Livtius, commonly called Livy (History of Rome, book 1), was    Romulus now assumed kingly dignity-caused himself to be attended by
that generally received, until the critical researches of Niebuhr, in the begin-  twelve lictors - established a sanctuary-created a hundred senators   and
ning of the present century (19th A. C.) proved that the early Roman legends  sent out ambassadors into the neighboring States, to form alliances, and to prowere mythical, and that but a small amount of historical truth could be detected  cure wives for his subjects. These ambassadors were everywhere treated with
in them. The student is referred to Niebuhr's great work, the History of  contempt. Romulus then planned the famous stratagem known as "the rape
Rome, for fuller information on this subject; also to Arnold's History of Rome,  of the Sabine women."  Ile ordered solemn games, called Consualia, to be
where it is very ably treated. Having premised thus much, we give the legend  celebrated in honor of the equestrian Neptune (called by him Consus), and he
of ROaVULUS, as related by Livy.                                           invited the neighboring tribes to join in them. The people of Ceeni'ne, CrusIt has already been mentioned that Livy gives a list of Alban kings, from  tu/mium, and Antem'nve, attended with their families; but in the middle of the
_/ne'as down to Nummitor and Amu'lius, the sons of Procas. This monarch at  festivities, at a given signal, the maidens were carried off by the Romans. The
his death bequeathed his kingdom to Numitor, as the eldest son. But Amulius  outraged visitors appealed to Titus Ta'tius, king of the Sabines, for revenge.
dethroned his brother, and put to death the male offspring of Numitor, making  An army was hastily assembled by the three cities, and sent against Rome, but
the latter's daughter, Rhea Sylvia, a vestal virgin, so as to preclude the possi-  was defeated by Romulus, who also pillaged Csenine. IIe gained a victory also
biliy of issue. But the vestal had twins by the god Mars: whereupon Amu-  over the Antemnatians, and at the request of Hersilia (the only married woman
lius loaded her with chains, and cast her into prison, and ordered the children  among the Sabines carried off), who had become his wife, he admitted the vanto be thrown into the Tiber. It happened at this time that the river had over-  quished into citizenship. He did the same with the Crustuminians, but the
flowed its banks, and the trough in which the children were was floated into a  war with the Sabines was more serious. The latter gained possession of the
pool, which became dry when the tide retired. A thirsty she-wolf from the  citadel by bribing Tarpe/ia, the daughter of the governor, Spu/rius Tarpe'ius,
neighboring mountains directed her course to the spot, and, being attracted by  to admit them. As soon as they entered they threw their shields upon her, and
the cries of the children, went to the trough, and licked the babes with her  killed her. The memory of this event was preserved by the name "Tarpeian
tongue. In this attitude she was found by the king's shepherd, Faust'ulus,  Rock," given to a part of the hill (the Saturnian) on which the capitol stood.
who took the children home to his wife, Acca Lauren/tia, to be nursed. They  The contest between the Romans and the Sabines was brought to a conclusion
were named RoMULUS and REmus, and were brought up as shepherds. They  by the mediation of the Sabine women. A treaty was concluded (B. C. 745),
subsequently became very hardy and daring, and were famed for attacking  whereby the two nations were combined into one, and the united people were
wild beasts and robbers. They gradually formed a band of youths, of whom   called Quiri'tes, from the town of Cures. The two kings, Romulus and Tatius,
they were the leaders, and carried on their exploits and their sports. Among  reigned together thenceforward in concord until the death of the latter, who
these sports were those of the Luper'/cal, which were celebrated on the Palatine  was slain some years afterwards in a tumult at Lavin-ium.
Hill, and had been instituted by Evander in honor of the Arcadian Pan, whom  The remaining exploits of Romulus consisted of successful wars against
the Romans afterwards called In-uus.  [This same god, however, was an an-  Fide'nre and Ve'ii. He had consolidated the kingdom which he had founded,
cient Italian deity,/named Luper'cus, who was worshipped by the shepherds  and for nearly forty years presided over its destinies. At length, one day, while
as the protector of their flocks against wolves. On the north side of the Pala-  reviewing his army on the plain, near lake Capra, a sudden storm arose, and he
tine Hill was a cave surrounded by a grove, wherein was worshipped the image  was enveloped in a thick cloud which hid him from sight, and he was never more
of Luperclls by his priests, the Luperci. He is represented as having a wife,  beheld upon earth. Such is the legend of Romulus. He is not a historical perLuper'ca, or Lupa, who, in the shape of a she-wolf, suckled Romulus and  sonage, though the Romans believed in his existence, and deified him. The
Remus, whence she is sometimes identified with Acca Laurentia.]  While the  historian (Livy) adds that on his death the Sabines claimed the right to elect a
youths were celebrating the Luperca'lia (sports of the Lupercal), they were  king, butthe Romans resisted this pretension. The Senators, to prevent anarchy,
surprised by a band of robbers, who carried off Remus, and delivered him up  divided the government among themselves, forming out of their number ten deto the king, Amulius, on a charge of plundering the lands of Numitor. Remus  cades, each decade having a president, and each, in rotation, governing the State
was given up to Numitor to be punishied. Upon this, Faustulus, who had all  for five days. In this manner a year passed, but the people then clamored for
along suspected the youths of being the twins of Rhea Sylvia, which had been  a king. The Senate, thereupon, advised the people to elect whom they pleased.
exposed by order of Amulius, imparted the affair to Romulus. It was also  The choice having been left with the Senate, NU/"A POMPIL/IUS,  a native of
communicated to Numitor, and a conspiracy was organized against the king.  Cures, and a person renowned for his wisdom, was elected (B. C. 713).
Romulus and Remus, with their adherents, forced their way into the palace    This century is further remarkable for the foundation in Italy of several imof Amulius, and slew him. Whereupon Numitor called an assembly of the  portant cities by the Greeks. Sicily and Southern Italy had the benefit of colo)people, and related the case to them. The youths hailed their grandfather as  nization by them; and the cities of Syracuse, Naples, Naxos, Leontium, Catana,
king, and the multitude ratified  the act. Thus Numitor was reinstated in the  Sybaris, Crotona, Locri, and Tarentum, sprang into existence, and became
kingdom of Alba.                                                          flourishing commercial emporiums.
State what dates are assigned to the foundation of Rome.-Which is the usually-   What was the dispute between Romulus and Remus? —What were the first acts of Romulus
received date? —What do the initials A. U. C. mean? —What is said of the origin of the city  when he became king? —Relate the legend of the rape of the Sabines. —What ensued?of Rome? —Relate the legend of the birth of Romulus. —What was the Lupernal? —What  Who was Tarpeia? —Whence the name Quirites? —What was the end of Romulus?- How
happened there?                                                         | was Rome governed after his death? —Who was Numa Pompilius?
9                                                                                                                         (65)




BRITAIN.                               FRANCE.                                    SPAIN.                           GERMANY.
E.NGLAND.-Cordeilla succeeded her I  INaddition to what has been already      THE population of Spain was divided    THE following is the mythological
father, and reigned five years in peace,  said respecting the Druids, we may, in  in these early times into two races,  system of the government and process
until her sons, Morgan and Cunedag,  default of historical accounts of this  viz., the Iberian in the most remote  of the universe which prevailed among
deposed her. The legend adds that  and the succeeding century of the his-  ages, and the Celtic at a more recent  the ancient Scandinavians and Gerthis drove her to despair, and she de-  tory of France, extract some interest-  period.  Added to these were the  mans (Menzel's History of Germany,
stroyed herself. On this story of Leir  ing particulars from Chevalier's admi-  Greek and Phoenician settlers on the  vol. i., sec. 26).
andCordeilla, Shakspeare has founded  rable work, La Bretagne, ancienne et  sea-coasts.                                As the outward frame of the earth
his magnificent tragedy of King Lear,  moderne (ch. i.).                        The Celtic race consisted of five pow-  was supposed to have been created out
but varied the fate of the heroine.    The sacerdotal hierarchyof the Dru-  erful tribes: 1. The Astu'rians, who  of the bodyof the giant Ymer, the ash
Her sons divided the country between  ids consisted of three degrees —the  inhabited Asturias, Leon, and Old Cas-  tree, Ygdrasill, was supposed to reprethem, but quarrelled soon afterwards,  bards, the diviners, the druids. The  tile. They have been in all ages the  sent its external growth and internal
and Morgan was slain. Cunedag ruled  bards were the sacred poets and singers  hardiest and most industrious and vir-  life. This tree reached from the botably for 33 years; according to Holin-  of ancient Gaul (France). At public  tuous of the people of Spain.' 2. The  tom of Nilfheim  far beyond all the
shed (Chronicles, vol. i., p. 449), the  festivals they sang the national tradi-  Can'tabres, who dwelt in Biscay, Gui-  heavens. It had three roots, by each
date of the accession of this king is 45  tions and the exploits of the chieftains;  pusco/a, and Alatva.  They were a  of which there was a source: Urdaryears before the building of Rome.  they encouraged victims on the sacrifi-  very ferocious and quarrelsome race,  born, the sourceof time; Mimer'swell,
As the era of this last event is usually  cial stone, and warriors on the field of  and in many of their customs resembled  the source of wisdom; and Huergelmir,
fixed at B. C. 753, the era of Cunedag,  battle. In their songs they accompa-  the Irish; in their dress and manners  the source of poison. Nidh~iggur, the
the son of Hennin and Regan is B. C.  nied themselves on an instrument with  they resembled the Tartars. 3. The  dragon, the father of all the snakes in
798. These fabulous Chronicles make  three rows of strings. They wore short  Vas'cones (orBasques), who inhabited  Huergelmir, unceasingly gnawed the
up in pretended accuracy what they  vestments and trowsers that descended  Navarre and Aragon. We have else-  roots. The three Nornen, or fateswant in reality. Rivall, the son of  to the heel; they carried a tunic to use  where noticed this very ancient people,  the past, the present, and the futureCunedag, is the next king on the list.  in the cromlech, a cuirass when follow-  who, however, claim to be a primitive  sat around the source of time. Far
He reigned 46 years " in great wealth  ing the army, their musical instrument  race, much more ancient than the Celts.  above, at the top of the tree, perched
and prosperity," and was buried at   slung on the shoulder, and a battle-ase  They are here classed among the Celtic  the fire-eagle, the self-animating phceYork (B.C. 719).   During his reign  in the hand.                             tribes, in accordance with the views of  nix, the symbol of perfection, whilst
flourished  two  famous prophets and    The diviners, or augurs, had charge   modern historians (see Dunham's His-  a squirrel ran busily up and down,
astrologers, named Perdix and Heren.  of the material part of the public wor-  tory of Spain, vol. i., introduction). making mischief between the dragon
After Rivall came his son, Gurgustius,  ship and sacrifices, the druids taking  The student who desires information,  below and the eagle above. As soon
who ruled Britain 37 years.            charge of the spiritual.  They studied  may consult Masdeu's History of An-  as the dragon gnawed through the
IRELAND.-Nothin   g worthy of re-  the natural sciences, astronomy, medi-  cienzt Spain, Aspiros on the Primitive  roots, the noble tree was to fall, and
cord occurs between the reign of O1-  cine, divination by the flight of birds  Laiguage of Spain, and the works of  time and all earthly things were to
lamh Fodhla and that of King Kim-  and the entrails of victims. No public  Larramendi and of Astartoa on the  cease. This beautiful world was not
boath, in the 5th century B. C., when  or private act, civil or religious, could  Basquelanguage. 4. TheCallalici, or  to endure forever. The gods, like men,
the dawn of authentic history appears.  be accomplished without their inter-  Gallicians, who inhabited the northern  mere creatures of Allfater, were subject
If the Bardic historians, says Moore  vention. They wore the priestly robe,  coast of Spain, a very pugnacious race,  to evil and destruction. All that was
(History of Ireland, vol. i., p. 113), in  but without ornaments.             who worshipped the sun and moon.  earthly would pass away, but Allfater
describing the glory and magnificence    The druids were the superior and  5. The Lusitanians, who inhabited  would renovate earthand heaven. Both
of some of these reigns, have shown no  learned class. They were the arbiters  Portugal, Estremadu'ra, and part of  gods and men would be destroyed in
ordinary powers of flourish and exag-  of peace and war,  and senators by  Leon.  They were subdivided into the  expiation of their crimes, but they
geration, it is to be hoped, for the cre-  right; and they had the exclusive con-  Turdeta/ni, Tur'duli, and Lusita'ni.   would perish courageously, fighting to
dit of human nature, that they have  trol of theology, legislation, and edu-    The Iberian race occupied the south-  the last, and falling on the battle-field.
also far outstripped the truth in their  cation. Their teaching was oral, and  ern and eastern parts of Spain. It  The first song of the Edda, called the
accounts of the discord,treachery, and  reduced into verse that it might be  comprised the following tribes: The ~oluspa, is an illustration of the mode
bloodshed, by which almost every one  fixed in the memory. They trusted  Be'tures, in Granada; the Bas/tuli, in  in which the gods carry on their wars.
of these brief paroxysms of sovereignty  nothing to paper, stone, or cloth; thus  Granada also; the Turduli, in Cordova  It runs as follows:
was disgraced. Of 32 kings who are  all that remains of them  is obscure  (these three became mixed up with    A Wale advances into the circle of
said to have reigned in this interval,  traditions, and some rude monuments   Celts, Phoenicians, and Carthaginians);  the gods, and announces their fall and
only three died a natural death, and  which we have much difficulty in deci-  the Bastita/ni, in Murcia; the Edeta'-  the destruction of Asgard at the genethe great majority of the remainder  phering.  The order of druids was  ni, in Valencia and Aragon; the Iler-  ral conflagration of the world. This
fell each by the hand of his successor.  elective, and was recruited by adepts  ca/vones, in Valencia; the Coseta'ni,  event will be caused by the gods, who
The events which are recorded of their  formed by a long novitiate. This no-  in Catalonia; the Laleta'ni, near Bar-  will sin in common with the wicked of
reigns consist chiefly of plagues and  vitiate was very severe; it was passed  celona; theIndige'tes, near the eastern  Ymer's race, and be abandoned bythe
desolating pestilences, of civil strife,  in caves and forests, and sometimes  Pyrenees; the Ilerge'tes, whose capital  inward light which they derived from
and battleswithpirates. Itisrecorded  lasted 20years. An arch-druid, vested  was Ilerda (now Lerida); and the Au-  Muspelheim.  However, the golden
of King Eadna Dearg, that he erected  withpower of life and death, presided  setani, who were a portion of the last-  age is still of long duration; vengeance
a mint, and caused money to be coined  over the order. The druids held tri-  mentioned tribe. The Iberians were  is not immediate. The gods gamble in
at Airgiod Ross; and of King Sior-  bunals for the trial of causes and the  remarkably slender and active. They  heaven, and, heated by play, do not perlamh, it is said that nature had fur-  discussion of public affairs.  Their  worshipped the sun and moon.            ceive the approach of the three daughnished him with hands so long, that  most solemn assemblies were held once    The Celtiberians wvere divided into  ters of the giants, who steal their golden
when  he stood upright his fingers   a year near Chartres, or on the plains  four great tribes, of which the Arevari  Runic tablets upon which Allfater has
would touch the ground.                of Carnac.                            were the most powerful.                 inscribed the laws of the universe.
WThat became of Cordeilla? —What is said    How many degrees of druids were there?-    Into how many tribes was the Celtic race    Give an outline of the Scandinavian mythoof her successors? —What of the period be-  What were the bards?. The augurs? —The  in Spain divided? —Name them, and their  logy of the universe. —What is contained in
tween the reign of Ollamh  Fodhla and that of superior druids? - How was the latter class  respective localities. —Name the various tribes  the Voluspa? —Are the gods immortal? —
Kimboatia?-Cf Eadna Dearg?-Siorla mh?  recruited?-And the order governed?  of Iberian origin. —Whzt of the Celtiberians? |What is Ygdrasill? —And Nidhtiggur?
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I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
B.C. 800-700.
ASIA MINOR.  CARTHAGE.
LYC'IA was a small district on the southwest of Asia Minor, in which are    OF the history of Carthage during this century but little is known. The Carfound the mountain CLIMAX and the river Xanthus. The most ancient name  thaginians and the Phoenicians gradually extended their settlements in Sicily,
of the country was My'lias, and the earliest inhabitants were called - Miyoe,  but met with a check to their progress from the Greeks, who, during the latter
and afterward Sol/ymi. Then the Ter'mile from Crete settled among them;  part of this century, poured into that island in great numbers. The first body
and Lyeus, the son of Pandi'on, king of Athens, fled from his brother AEge'us  of these colonists who landed there was composed of Chaleidians from Eubcea,
to this country, and gave it the name of Lycia.  It was the scene of the exploits  and of Miegarians, led by The'ocles, the Athenian.  They built the town of
of Bellerophon (see page 40), and of the famous legend of the IHarpies and the  Naxos (B. C. 735), and were followed by others who founded the cities of Syracuse
daughters of Pan'dareus of Ephesus, which is as follows:  Abdon, the eldest  (B. C. 734), Leonti'ni and Cattana (B. C. 730), and Megtara-Hybla (B. C. 726).
daughter, was married to Zethus, king of Thebes, the brother of the musician   The Constitution of Carthage was peculiar. It was partly republican, partly
Amphion. As she had but one son, Ittylus, she became envious of Niobe, the  oligarchical.  There was a Senate, partly hereditary and partly elective, conwife of Amphion, who had six sons and six daughters.  She therefore deter-  sisting sometimes of as many. as 600 members. Within the Senate, and selected
mined to murder one of them, Amale/us, in the night; but by mistake she killed   out of it by the body at large, was the Gerusia, or Centumvirate, composed of
her own child. The other daughters, Mer'ope and Cleodotra, being deprived  100 or 104 members, whose duty it was to control the chief magistrates, and to
of their parents by the gods, remained helpless orphans in their father's palace.  watch over the liberties of the commonwealth.  The Gerusia, however, was not
Venus fed them with milk, honey, and wine; Juno gave them  beauty and un-  established until about the year B. C. 400, and therefore does not appear in the
derstanding; Diana gave them dignity; and Minerva, skill in the arts: but  earliest history of Carthage. Of the mode of electing its members wMe have no
when Venus went up to Olympus to arrange the nuptials for her maidens, the  certain information. It would seem that the Senate appointed committees of
sisters were carried off by the Harpies (harpuiai, robbers, or spoilers). The  five, entrusted respectively with the control of certain departments of State
Greek poets differ among themselves as to the nature of these beings. Homer  affairs, and that they nominated the Gerusia.  The latter appointed the military
introduces them as the impersonation of storm-winds; Hesiod describes them as  officers. The executive power was intrusted to two chief magistrates, called
fair-haired and winged maidens; 2Eschylus represents them as ugly creatures  Suffe'tes (from the Hebrew Shoph'etim, i. e., judges). They were elected for life
with wings; and later writers represent them  as disgusting monsters, in the  by the people in general convocation, but whether they were nominated by the
form of birds, with the heads of girls (see p. 40). Their number also varies,  latter or by the Senate is uncertain. Sometimes the two offices were blended in
some enumerating two, others eight.                                          one person. The general assembly also decided questions upon which the Senate
PIsID'IA was an inland district, inhabited by savage tribes. PAMPHY/LIA was  and the Suffetes disagreed, and their approval was necessary to the appointment
a narrow strip on the southern coast, inhabited by a mixture of races, called by  of the Generals of the army. The Suffetes were not paid for their services, and
the Greeks pamiphuloi (of all races), whence the name of the country. The first  they were bound to abstain from wine while they held office. The Gerusia exerGreek settlements were made by Mopsus, after the Trojan war, whence the land  cised a censorship over public morality. That during the earlier period of Carwas sometimes called Mopsopia. ISAU/RIA was an island district, north of the  thaginian history the people enjoyed a lalrge share of influence in the governTaurus, inhabited by robbers. CILIC/IA bordered on Syria, and is said to have  ment, is certain; but in after ages they lost much of their power, and the managederived its name from the mythical Cilix, the son of Agenor, and brother of'ment of public affairs fell into the hands of a few of the leading families.
Cadmus. CYPRUS was colonized by the Phoenicians at a very early period. The    The manners of the Carthaginians were marked by ferocity. Their punishGreeks settled there soon after the Trojan war. It was anciently divided into  ments were very severe, and the usual mode of inflicting death vwas by crucifixion.nine kingdoms, each governed by an independent king. The names of these  They offered up human sacrifices to their deities, which were the same as those
States were Am'athus, Ceryntia, Citqium, Cu'rium, Lapeqthus, Ma'rium, Pa-  of their mother country, Tyre. Ashtaroth and 2Esculapius were especially worphos, Salamis, and Soli. There were two cities named Paphos, styled respect-  shipped; the tutelar deity was styled Melcarth (i. e., king of the city), and was
ively Old Paphos (Palaipaphos), and New Paphos (Neapaphos). The first was  probably the same as the Tyrian Moloch. The Carthaginians excelled in archifounded by the Syrian king, Cinyras, at the beginning of the 12th century B. C.  tecture as well as in commerce, and the neighborhood of Carthage was one of
The other was founded by Agapenor, king of Arcadia, on his return fiom Troy.  the best cultivated pieces of land in thle ancient world. The army of the State
Old Paphos was the chief seat of the worship of Venus, who, it is said, landed  was formed of mercenaries from the adjoining countries.
at this place after birth among the waves, and is hence frequently called " the  Of the rest of Africa during this early period our knowledge is very slight.
Paphian goddess."  She is also styled Cypris, or Cypria, because she was the  The history of Egypt will be found in the column devoted to that country.  So
deity principally worshipped on the island; her votaries were thence called  will the occasional notices which occur respecting Ethiopia and Nubia. The
"Cyprians."                                                                  northern portion of Africa was divided into Numid'ia and Maureta'nia. NuLYDIA.-The descendants of Hercules ruled this country until the year B. C.  midia was inhabited by wild tribes whose occupation was that of herdsmen.
716, when Candaules, or Myrsilus, the last of them, was murdered at the instiga-  They were styled Nom'ades (wanderers) by the Greeks, whence the name Nution of his wife. The latter immediately afterwards espoused the assassin,  midians. Their country extended from Carthage to Mauretania (the modern
GYGES, one of the Lydian family named Merm'nadae, and he ascended the throne.  Morocco), and from the Mediterranean to the Atlas mountains and the territory
BITHYNIA. —In the year B. C. 712, a colony from Megara, in Greece, founded  of the Goetuli. Mauretania extended along the northern and north-wvestern
the city of Ast'acus, which afterwards received fresh colonists from Athens, who  coast of Africa. Its earliest known inhabitants were the Goetulians, a widelynamed it Olbia. In subsequent times it received the name of Nicomedia.       extended nomad race, composed of several tribes, the principal of which were
Aby'dos, on the Hellespont, was founded B.C. 715, by a colony from Miletus.  the Autololes and Pharusii on the west coast; the Darm, or Gaetuli-Darm, in
It was the birthplace of LEasNDER, who, being in love with HERO, the priestess the Steppes of the great Atlas region; and the Mel'ano-Gaetuli, a colored race
of Venus, in Sestos, on the opposite shore, swam. across the Hellespont at night to  resulting from the intermixture of the southern tribes with the negro races of
visit her, and returned before daybreak. But one stormy night he was drowned,  Central Africa. The pure Gmetulians are supposed to have been of Asiatic
and his body was washed ashore at Sestos: whereupon Hero. threw herself into  origin, and are believed to be the ancestors of the Berbers.
the sea.                                                                       Tradition tells of a mighty king of the Gmtulians, named ATLAS, who posWVe may here observe that, by the ancients, Asia was divided into Upper and  sessed great knowledge of astronomy, and taught that heaven had the form of a
Lower Asia, the river Halys, east of Lydia, being the boundary at first, but sub- globe. This personage has been converted by mythology into a mountain bearsequently the Euphrates being chosen. It was also divided into Asia within ing heaven on its shoulders. The conversion was effected by Perseus, by means
the Taurus, and Asia beyond the Taurus. The modern division into Asia Major  of the head of Medusa, because Atlas refused him shelter. Atlas is represented
and Asia Minor was adopted in the 4th century of the Christian Era.        |as the father of the Plei/ades, IIy/ades, IIesper'ides, (Enom'aus, Calypso, etc.
W hat is said of Lycia?-Relate the legend of the three daughters of Pandareus. —WVhat  What cities did the Greeks found in Sicily during this century? —Give an account of the
were the Harpies? —What is said of Pisidia? —Pamphylia? —Isauria? —Cilicia? —Cyprus?-  Carthaginian form of government. —;hat deities were worshipped at Carthage? —What is
What is said of the worship of Venus? —Who was Gyges? -What cities were founded? —  said of the manners of the people? —What of Numidia? —And of Mauretania?- Of the
Relate the legend of Hero and Leander. —Hovw was A.sia divided?             Guetuli?-Of Atlas?
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lT HE 7iTE CENTU RY
EGYPT.                                                   SYRIA.  INDIA.
AT the commencement of this century the Ethiopian power still maintained    HEZEKIAH was succeeded (B. C. 697)    BESIDE the Brahmins and Budhists
itself at Thebes, while Sethos called himself king at Memphis; and another  by Manas'seh, to whose crimes the  there is a third sect of religionists,
power, seated at Sais, claimed to be the depository of legitimate authority.  Jews attribute their ruin and slavery.  called Jains, who occupy an intermeFollowing the list of the Saite kings we have: Stephinates, B. C. 691-684; Ne-  Manasseh restored idolatry and super-  diate position between these two sects.
chepsos, B. C. 684-678; Nechao (or Necho) I.; of all of whom very little is known.  stition of every kind, and revelled in  They originated about the 6th century
When the government of Sethos, the priest, came to an end, a revolution took  bloodshed. By his orders the prophet  A. C., but are mentioned here for the
place. The Egyptians divided Egypt into twelve parts, and set up a king over  Isaiah was sawn in half (Milman's  sake of convenience. They deny the
each part. These kings bound themselves by oath, respectively, that neither  Historyof thie Jews, vol. i., p. 309). The  existence, or rather the activity of God;
of them would attempt to become master of all Egypt. One of their number,  state of the country seems to have in-  they believe in the eternity of matter;
however, PSAMMETICISS, whose father, Neeho I., of Sais, had been put to death  duced Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, to  they worship saints; revere animal life;
by the Ethiopians, and whose dominions lay nearest to the sea, had cultivated  invade it. He took Jerusalem, which  have nohereditarypriesthood; disclaim
the friendship of the Greeks, the Phoenicians, and the Western Arabians, and  offered no resistance, and carried Ma-  the divine authority of the Vedas; use
from them he obtained an auxiliary force which enabled him to project the con-  nasseh away captive.  The ravaged   no sacrifices, and do not worship fire.
quest of Egypt, and to attack the eleven kings. They combined against him,  and desolated country of Palestine was  They also hold that a state of impasand met him at Momemphis, on the shore of lake Mareotis, where a decisive  then peopled by colonists sent thither  sive abstraction is the supreme felicity
battle was fought; some of the kings were slain, the rest escaped into Lybia,  by theAssyrian monarch. After some  to which mortals can attain. So far
and Psammetichus established himself as monarch of all Egypt (B. C. 670).    time passed in prison, Manasseh was  they agree with the Budhists. But
Having done this by means of his foreign auxiliaries, he allotted them, by  released. He returned to his kingdom  they have castes among them, which
way of reward, a district on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, near the city of  an altered man, and passed the re- are as strictly observed as those of the
Bubastis. To his Phoenician allies he gave a location for a settlement at Mem-  mainder of his long reign in the ob- Hindoos. They admit the whole of the
phis. He likewise caused a number of Egyptian children to he instructed in  servance of law and religion.      Hindoogods, and worship someofthem,
the Greek language, so as to form a class of interpreters between that people   IIis son, Amen, who succeeded him  though considering them as entirely
apd his own.                                                              (B. C. 642), fell a victim to a conspiracy  subordinate to their own saints. To
Psammetichus encouraged works of art, and undertook sundry military en-  after a reign of two years.          this extent they agree with the Brahterprises, one of which was the siege of Ashdod, or Azotus, which is said to    At the age of eight years, JOSIAH  mins. But they have changed the rank
have lasted 29 years. A serious revolt of his troops took place at E'lephantine,  came to the throne (B. C. 640). He  and circumstances of the Hindoo gods,
which he was unable to suppress; but fortunately the mutineers, instead of  surpassed his predecessors in zeal for  increased the number of them, and at
turning their weapons against him, betook themselves to Ethiopia. After this  the reformation ofthe national religion.  the same time lowered the position of
he applied himself to ameliorating the condition of his country, and to the cul-  In his reign, Hilki/ah, the high-priest, the superior deities. But the chief
tivation of the friendship of the Greeks, especially of the Athenians. Towards  discovered a copy of "the Law" (2  objects of worship among the Jains are
the end of his reign (B. C. 630), Egypt was threatened with invasion from the  Kings xxii. 8), which had been lost  a limited number of saints, who have
Scythians, but Psammetichus, by presents and entreaties, prevailed on them to  during the troubled times of David,  raised themselves by austerities to a
withdraw from  the frontiers, and carry their depredations elsewhere. He  and had not been seen for 400 years;  superiorityoverthegods. These saints
reigned 54 years, and was succeeded (B. C. 616) by his son, NECHO (or Nechao)  but so little were its contents known,  are called Tirtankaras. They are 72
II. (the Pharaoh-Necho of Scripture).                                     that, on its first reading, the king,  in number: there being 24for the past,
The first undertaking of this monarch was to cut a canal to join the Nile with  struck with terror at its denunciations,  24 for the present, and 24 for the future.
the Red Sea, but he did not complete it, although he sacrificed 120,000 men in  sent to consult with the prophetess,  Of these, the most worshipped are
the attempt. Herodotus says that Necho desisted from completing it because  Huldah, respecting them. The book  Rishoba, Parasnathz, and Maha'vira,
he had been warned by an oracle that he was only constructing it for the use  was read in public, and Josiah and all  who are respectively the 1st, the 23d,
of barbarian invaders. He appears to have cared little for the lives of his sub-  the nation renewed the solemn cove-  and the 24th of the Tirtankaras of the
jects. He invaded Syria, and marched against the'Babylonians, but was inter-  nant with their God (B. C. 623). The  present age. It has been conjectured
cepted at Magdolus, or Megiddo, by Josiah, king of Judah, who was a vassal  king extirpated idolatry throughout  that the last two, Parasnath and Mahaof Babylon, but endeavoring to stop Necho's progress, was defeated, and mor- the land; but, having ventured to op-  vira, were the founders of the sect of
tally wounded (B. C. 609). Necho took Jerusalem, dethroned Josiah's successor, pose the march of Necho, the king of  the Jains. They are supposed to have
Jehoahaz, and placed Jehoiakim on the throne of Judah. Necho advanced to  Egypt, against the Assyrians, he was  attained to the supreme state of apathe Euphrates, where he conquered the Babylonians, took Carchemish, or Cir-  defeated at Megiddo, where he received  thetic beatitude, and to take no share
cesium, and established a garrison there. Four years afterwards (B. C. 605) he  a mortal wound (B. C. 609).    in the government of the world.
marched once more to the Euphrates, but at Carchemish he was totally defeated    Jeho-ahaz, a younger son of Josiah,   The Jains have no monastic establishby Nebuchadnezzar, then viceroy of Babylon for his father, Nabopolassar. The  had been raised to the throne; but  ments, and do not venerate relies. The
effect of this battle was to strip him of all his Asiatic dominions. It is said that  Necho, returning from his expedition  priests are called Jatis, and are selected
he was taken prisoner. Nebuchadnezzar appears to have invaded Egypt after  against the Assyrians, took Jerusalem,  from all castes. They wear loose manhis victory, but he did not retain possession of the country, and Necho was per-  deposed Jehoahaz, and placed Eliakim  ties, do not cover their heads, but cut
mitted to return to his kingdom, where he died (B.C. 600), after a reign of 16  (orJehoi'akim) on thethrone, B.(C. 609.  their hair and beard; they subsist upon
years, and was succeeded by his son, Psammetichus (or Psammis) II. One of    Jeremiah and Uriah, the prophets,  alms, and they never bathe.  Their
lhe last acts of Necho was to send a Phoenician fleet from the Red Sea, with  had in vain warned the king to submit | temples and caves are celebrated for
orders to circumnavigate Africa. This celebrated expedition set sail from the  to Nebuchadnezzar. In the year B. C.  magnificence, and some of the finest
Arabian Gulf, and accomplished the voyage in rather more than two years, re-  604, that monarch took Jerusalem, and  ruins in Hindoostan are remains of
turning through the Straits of Gibraltar to Egypt. It is strange that this exploit,  carried Jehoiakim  away to Babylon.  these Jain structures. This sect has a
a great one for those ancient times, should have proved so barren of results.  Here commenced the seventy years of  literature of its own, but it is far more
The passage to India round the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco di Gama in the 15th  captivity. Jehoiakim was restored to  extravagant than that of the Brahmins.
century A. C., had the effect of an entirely new discovery on the commerce of  his kingdom; but he, three years after,  The sacred language of the Jains is
the world.                                                                revolted against the Assyrians.      the Magadi or Pall.
What revolution took place in Egypt after Sethos? — Who was Psammetichus? — What is    What were the acts of Manasseh? -What   When did the sect of the Jains originate?recorded of him?-Of Necho II.? —What great enterprises did he undertake? —Thy did he  was the fate of Isaiah?-Of Amen? —Josiah?  What are their tenets? —What are the Tirtannot finish his great canal?-What was the result of the Phoenician voyage of discovery round  — Jehoahaz? —Jehoiakim? —In what year did  karas? —How many are there? —Which are
Africa? —Who succeeded Psammetichus?                                    the 70 years of captivity commence?  the principal? —What else is said of the Jains?
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ASSYRIA.                                                         PERSIA.                           CHINA. JAPAN.
TtIERE  were several kings of Babylon in this century, but we are entirely un-    ThE reign of tile Median king, KAI-    ON the death of IIwan-wang (B. C.
acquainted  with their' history, excepting that of the four last.  Their names,  KOBAD, or Dejoces, was very long: the  696), Chang-wang ascended the throne,
which have come down to us, are:                                                    Persian historians say it lasted 120   and became nominal emperor of China;
B. C.  B. C.      years, but if we include the reign of  but of his reign, and of those of his
Bel/ibus......702 to 6993
Phraortes (whom they do not recog-  successors,  Le-wang (B. C. 681-676),
Asorda/nes.....699 " 693
nize), it could not have lasted more  and llwuy-wang  (B. C. 676-651), little
Regiba/lus                                                    693 " 692         than 75 years; and if we exclude the  need be said.
Mlvesessimiordaehus.... 692 " 688
latter, it lasted only 53 years.  This       Seang-wang became emperor in the
(.In~lterr;)ecjncm )........ 688 "6G80
last is the usual mode of reckoning.  yetr B. C. 651.  Towards the close of
Asaridi/nus                                                   680" 667
o6ejoces was celebrated for his justice.  his reign the empire was disturbed by
Saosduchi/nus, or Nabu/chodonosor...667 "'647
Ho6ewas succeeded by his son, Phraortes,  the efforts of the powerful State of Tsin
Nab,'opolas/sarus,  or Snr/scus                               6 " 625 604       B. C. 656.  Of Phraortes, or Aphra,   (which afterwards became supreme
Neb/ucbadnez/zar                                              606 25   562      little is known.  Ile is said to have  over the whole empire), to subdue a
NJeb/uch,~dnez/zr~r.... 606 " 562
conquered all Persia, and to have been   smaller State of the same name.
Those of Assyria were:
Esarbaddon, or Sardanapa/lus I.                               711   C93         involved in war with the Assyrians, by      King-wang,  who began  to reign  in
Esarhaddon, or Sardanapal/lus  I.... 711 " 693                                                          te3"'1.C  1,t-svrvmc 
whom, at the battle of Ragau,    he was  the year B.C. 618, was very much beAlsorcnd/nes, ortaken prisoner, and put to  loved on account of his good qualities;
A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~drfam/mle, tk    pior amuges,.... 691  "6
Adram/melech, or Sammu-ghes                                   691 " 670         ctdeath (B. C. 634).                      but the affection  of his people by no
Axer/dis.....670 "650
Nab/uchodonolsor, or Sardanapa/lus 1.                         650   630      ~    Kai-Kaoos,  or CY.,XX/AnrEs,    said by   means  proved  an  effectual barrier
Saracus, or Ninus, or SaLrdanapa/lus  Ill.Gt" 630 606                           some:  to have been the son, and   by   against the encroachments of his vasothers the grandson,  of DeJoces, suc-  safis.  IIis reign was short.
It appears that some of these kings ruled over both Nineveh and Ba3bylon,    ceeded to the throne of the Medes.    Ilis son, Kwang-wang, who ascended
and it is difficult sometimes to distinguish between the two histories.              After the overthrow of Phraortes  by   the throne in B. C. 612, was not unlike
EsARIIaDDox       reigned over both empires 13 years.  He re-annexed Syria and   the Assyrians,  Cyaxares occupied him-   him.  This prince possessed talents to
Palestine to the empire, carried off a vast number of the people of Israel, and  self at first with consolidating his power  ru~le over the whole empire, but lie wa-s
took prisoner Manasseh, king of Judah, whom lie afterwards released.                 at home.  lie then turned his arms  without a sh ado w, of power.    Hits brief
Saosduchinus (or Nabu/chodono/sor) was the monarch who defeated Phraor-  aganinst Mazenderan  and other pro-  reign of five years came to an end B. C.
tes, king of the Medes, at Ragau, and put him  to death.  Ile appears to have  vinees of Upper Asia, whilst the Soy-  607.
ruled both Babylon  and Nineveh.  In his time, Tobit foretold the destruction   thians were ravaging Cappadocia,  Ar-    During the reign of Ting-waing, his
of the latter city; and in the 18th year  of his reign, his general, Holofernes,   menia,  Pontus, and Colchis. ile next  successor, the vassals grew tired of consent against the Jews, was slain by the Jewess, JUDITH, the beautiful widow of  joined the Babylonian   king, Nabopo-  tinual wars, and resolved finally  to
Manansseh,  of the tribe of Simeon (see Book of Judith, in the Apocrypha of the  lassar, and laid siege to Nineveh, but  enter into a confederation, in order to
Old Testament).                                                                      was called away to oppose the Scythi-   punish those refractory rebels who disSrameus, better known  as SaRDANxAPLvS, or Chinaladanus, was, feeble and   ans, who, after ravaging   Upper Asia,   turbed the public peace. Eleven States
effcminate prince.  Ile passed his time in his palace, unseen by his subjects,    were now movingsouthwtrd.   Cyaxares  embraced this opportunity of pacifying
dressed in female apparel, and surrounded by women.  ttis effeminacy induced   collected all his forces, and met them,  the country, but even this league could
Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, to form  a league with Cyaxares, king of the  but was totally defeated (B. C. 630), i not stem the torrent of dissension, and
Medes, for the subversion of the Assyrian empire.  They advanced at the head   and the Scythians   remiained   masters   new wars and  quarrels  arose to harass
of a formidable army against Nineveh.  But all of a sudden Sardanapalus threw   of Upper Asia for 23 years. At last  the unhappy  land.
off his luxurious habits, and appeared as an undaunted warrior.  IIe twice de-  the king got rid of them by strtagem.           JrAPN. —The    Japanese, like other
feated his enemies, but was at length driven  into Nineveh, where he sustained  HIaving invited their chiefs to a ban-,ancient oriental nations, have three
a siege of two years.  Finding it impossible to hold out any longer, he collected   quet, he caused them to be slain while  eras: the first era is that of their seven
all his treasures and wives, and placing them on an immense pile of wood, he  they were intoxicated,  and the Scythi-    chief gods, and  comprises  an almost
set the latter on fire, and perished with the women in the flames (B. C. 606).  ans, thus taken by surprise, were mas-  infinite number of ages; the second is
This celebrated king was the founder of the cities of Anchialus  and Tarsus,  sacred   by the Medes, who then repos-  that of their demigods,  or five heroes,
according to an inscription on a mionument found near the former of those cities  sessed themselves of the provinces they   and is said to have lasted 2,342,467
by the Greeks, and described by Arrian the historian.  The inscription, descrip-  had lost, and extended their empire to  years; the third is that of the present
tive also of the character of the monarch, ran thus: " Sardanapalus, the son of  the ttalys.  Cyaxares, now at liberty,  race of mortal men, or ecclesiastical
Anncyndaraxes, in one day founded Anchialus and Tarsus.  Eat, drink, play:  returned to aid Nabopolassar  in the  hereditary  emperors,  successors  of
all other human joys are notworth  afillip."  The inconsistencies in the accounts  siege of Nineveh, took that city, and   Avasc-dsuno,   the last of the heroic
of the last Assyrian king are very great.  The student will find them discussed   utterly destroyed it; and, prosecuting  race.  The original mortal emperors
in Mitford's  History of Greece, vol. ix., p. 311.  On the story of Sardanapalus    his victories, made himself miaster  of  of Japan are styled  " Mikaddos."    The
Byron has founded a magnificent drama.  From this time Babylon  became the  all the other cities of Assyria, except  first of them was SiN-iiu,  who began
capital of the empire.  Nabopolassar associated his son, Nabuchodonosor, or  Babylon.    A war ensued  between him   his reign B. C. 660.  Ile civilized his
Nebuehadnezzar, with him in the government, and died B. C. 604.                      and Alyattes,  king of Lydia,  which  subjects, made a thorough reformation
NEBUcHADNEzz   AR was one of the most celebrated princes of tle East.  But  lasted six years.  In the last battle  of the pre-existing 1,aws  and governhis celebrity rests more upon the record of him which we find in Scripture, than   occurred the eclipse of the sun, fore-  ment, and introduced chronology, diupon his exploits as a monarch.  He is there represented as a medium chosen  told by Thales, the Greek philosopher,  viding the time into years and months.
for the display of the power of the Almighty on several remarkable occasions.  which pu t an end to the fight.  During   The grand Japanese ERA OF Ni'-o beAs his father's lieutenant, he marched against the Egyptian king, Necho, who  thifs period the Persians   inhabited only   gins with  his reign.  In the year B.C.
w~as preparing to invade Alssyria, and totally defeated him at Carchemish, on the one province. Their king, A~chm/mc-  601, the worship of foreign idols was
Euphraztes, B. C. 604. He took Jerusalem, and carried many Jews into captivity. nes, wa~s the gratndf~ather of Cyrus. bsrougrht fr~om China and India.
WYhat kings reigned in Basbylon and Assyria during this century? ~Wlmnt is said of Esar- What  is sa~id  of Dejoces? —Phmaortes?-    What:[re  the pri~.~eipal events in the hishaddon? —Of Saosduehinus? —Of Sardannaplus? —WFhat was the fitte of the latter? —Wih.~t Cyaxares? —Of thle Scythinn invasion? —Of tory of China during this century? —W~hatt are
cities did he build? —What inscription was found? —What of N,~bopolass.~r? —And of Nebu- the wanr with the LySdians? - Of' the state of t-he eras of Japan? —Who was the first 5iehadnezzar?                                                                        thle Persians at this period??         kaddo? —WYhen    did the era of ~Nin-o begin?
(69)



GREECE.
SPARTA.-The Messenians, after a state of thraldom, which lasted 38 years,  in the State. In the year B. C. 655, Cypselus, one of the family, contrived to
made another effort to regain their independence; and, having formed an alli-  gain the favor of the people, and eject the ruling dynasty. He became " tyrant,"
ance with the Argives and the Arcadians, they raised the standard of revolt  or ruler, but his rule was mild and just.  After a peaceful reign of 30 years he
under their gallant leader, ARiSTOM/ENES (styled by the oracle " the best of the  left his power to his son, PERIANDER (B. C. 625), a tyrannical prince, yet eleGreeks"), B. C. 685. The struggle lasted fifteen years, and was signalized by  gant in his tastes, a patron of literature, and so wise as to be counted one of the
the most determined bravery on the part of the Messenians, and by the extra-  seven sages of Greece. Itis life was embittered from his having killed his wife
ordinary adventures and escapes of Aristomenes.  Three great battles were  in a fit of jealousy, and incurred the deadly hatred of his son, Lyc'ophron, who
fought during this war: the first with indecisive result at Derve; the second, a  attempted to take his life. After vainly trying, both by rigor and conciliation,
signal victory on the part of the Messenians at the Boar's grave; the third, a  to conquer this feeling on the part of his son, Perian'der sent him to reside at
decisive defeat by the Spartans, who gained the victory through bribing Aris-  Corcy'ra, which was then dependent upon his rule; but when he found himself
toc'rates, king of Orchom'enus, the ally of the Messenians, to desert. Aristo-  growing old and disabled, he recalled him to Corinth. Lycophron refused to
menes carried his incursions into the very heart of Sparta, even into the city  come; whereupon Periander threatened to go over to Corcyra, which so alarmed
itself,- and hung up his shield in the temple of Minerva, in token of defiance.  the people of that colony that they put Lycophron to death. In revenge for
He was thrice taken prisoner, but escaped twice.- The third time he was thrown   this, Periander seized 300 noble Corcyran youths, and sent them as slaves to
down a steep cavity of Mount Taygetus, but escaped unhurt, and groped his  King Alyattes, at Sardis. Periander lived to a very advanced age, and was
way out of the cave by following a-fox which he had caught. But at length  succeeded, after reigning 40 years, by a relative, named Psammet'ichus.
the Messenians were overcome, and their territory became finally annexed to    MACEDONIA.- Perdiccas I. was succeeded by Argoseus (B. C. 678), Philip I.
Sparta.  Aristomenes and his heroic followers forced their way through their  (B. C. 640), ZErlopus (B. C. 602), of whom little need be said.
assailants, and quitted the country. Some retired to Arcadia, and emigrated     Besides Draco,Periander, Aristomenes, and Tyrtoeus, whom we have already
to Rhegium, on the southern coast of Italy, where the sons of Aristomenes  mentioned, this century produced many eminent persons. We may mention:
founded a flourishing community.  Aristomenes passed the remainder of his  Simonqides, of Amergos, author of Iambic poems, principally satirical.  Terdays in Rhodes, where he dwelt along with his son-in-law, Damage'tus, the  pander, of Lesbos, already mentioned; he is called the father of lyric poetry,
ancestor of the noble Rhodian family called the Diagoridae, celebrated for its  and was the improver of the lyre. Thaleqtas, of Crete, a famous musician and
numerous Olympic victories.  Another remarkable personage who figured  poet. Alcman, the lyric poet. Lesches, author of a poem called "the Little
during the second Messenian war was the poet Tyrtoeus, a native of Aphidne,  Iliad," relating the destruction of Troy, and all that happened after the death
in Attica, whose strains greatly animated the Spartan youth, and remained for  of Hector. Pisander, of Rhodes, who wrote a poem on the exploits of Hercules.
a long time popular with that people. The establishment of the Carneian fes-  Mimnermus, of Smyrna, a much-admired elegiac poet. AnIoN, a celebrated
tival at Sparta, for musical competition, also took place during this war, and  musician, and the inventor of dithyrambic poetry. The story of his escape from
the Lesbian harpist, Terpander, gained the first prize. The Spartans continued  being murdered by the sailors on his voyage home from Sicily to Corinth, is
the war with the Arcadians and the Argives without any important results.     very famous. Ile had won great treasure at a musical contest in Sicily, and
ATTICA. —The office of Archon underwent another change, and was made  on his voyage home the sailors determined to kill him for the sake of plunder.
annual (B. C. 683); but instead of one Archon, there were appointed nine, to  After pleading in vain for his life, he obtained permission to play once more on
each of whom different functions were allotted. Three of them bore special  his harp. Placing himself in the prow of the ship, and invoking the gods, he
titles.  There was the Archon Eponymus, from whose names the designation  plunged into the sea, but was rescued by the song-loving dolphins, one of whom
of the year was derived; he determined all disputes relative to the family, and  carried him to Tmenarus, whence he returned in safety to Corinth. Alce'us,
the relations between the gens, the phratry, and the tribe.  (There were, in  of Mitylene, the earliest of the ZEolian lyric poets, and the inventor of the
theory, 30 gentes to one phratry, and 30 phratries to one tribe.)  He was also  Aleaic metre.  SAPPrIO, also of Mitylene, the lyric poetess, and the head of a
the legal protector of orphans and widows. The Archon Basileus, or king  female literary society in her native city, whence she fled to escape some unArchon, had jurisdiction in cases of religious disputes and of homicide. The  known danger, between the years B. C. 604 and 592. She is said to have fallen
Polemarch was leader of the military forces, and the judge of disputes between  in love with a youth named Phaon, but finding her love unrequited, she leaped
citizens and non-citizens.  The six other Archons were styled Thesmothetme, or  from the Leucadian rock into the sea. This story is probably an invention of
framers of ordinances, and had jurisdiction in disputes and complaints gene-  later times. The name of Phaon does not occur in her poems: and the leap
rally.  These new officers abused their authority, perverting the Constitution  from the Leucadian rock is a metaphor borrowed from an expiatory rite coninto an aristocracy oppressive to the working-classes.  The trade of Athens  nected with the worship of Apollo. The ancients professed the most unbounded
flourished, nevertheless, and increased considerably. But the want of fixed  admiration for her poetry; it was contained in nine books, but of these only
laws being much felt, DRACO, one of the Archons, was appointed to frame a  fragments have come down to us. PIT"TACUS, of Mitylene, distinguished as a
code for the State (B.C. 624l).  That which he prepared decreed the penalty of  warrior, statesman, philosopher, and poet, was one of "the seven wise men of
death for the most trivial offences, and was otherwise so unreasonably severe as  Greece."  ZALEUCUS, the lawgiver of the Locrians. His laws were very severe,
to defeat its own ends. Nevertheless it contained some good provisions, but it  and he fell a victim to them. One was that no citizen, under penalty of death,
soon fell into disuse. Draco met with a singular death: he was smothered by  should enter the Senate-house armed. Zaleucus inadvertently transgressed this
the number of hats and cloaks showered upon him as a mark of honor in the  law; whereupon he fell on his sword, thus vindicating his own enactment. Stetheatre at 2Egi'na.                                                           sich'orus, the Dorian choral poet, author of numerous short heroic poems, hymns,
In the year B. C. 612, one of the nobles, named Cylon, seized on the Acro-  and songs. EPIMENrIDEs,     of Crete, a celebrated poet and prophet, said to have
polis, or citadel of Athens, and attempted to make himself master of the city.  fallen into a deep sleep which lasted 57 years. He is quoted by the Apostle
But the people rallied around the Archons, and blockaded the conspirators.  Paul in his epistle to Titus (ch. i., v. 12), and has been, by some, reckoned one
Cylon escaped by stealth; several of his companions died of hunger; the re-  of the seven wise men. THALES, of Miletus, a famous philosopher, and one of
mainder surrendered on the promise of having their lives spared, but this pro-  the seven wise men. He founded the study of philosophy and mathematics in
mise was violated, and they were all put to death. This period, and that imme-  Greece, and accurately predicted an eclipse of the sun. He maintained that
diateLy succeeding, is called "the age of the tyrants."  The first tyrant of  waterwastheoriginofallthings.  I-lHe leftno worksbehind,and diedatninety.
whom we read is Orthag'oras, of Sicyon (B. C. 676). IIe is said to have been    The seven wise men of Greece were: Thales, of Miletus; Bias, of Priene; Pitoriginally a cook.                                                           tacus, of Mitylene; Solon, of Athens; Periander, of Corinth; Chilon, of Sparta;
CORINTH. —The Heraclidan family of the Bacchiade had usurped all power  and Cleobulus, of Lindus.
When did the second Messenian war break out? —What were the exploits of Aristomenes?    What is said of Periander? —Lycophron?-Of the kings of Macedonia? —Who was Simon-Who were Tyrtmeus and Terpander? —What was the Carneian festival? —What change was  ides? —Thaletas? —Alcma.n? —Lesches?- Pisander? —Mimnermus? —Relate thelegend of
made in the office of Archon?-What is said of the laws of Draeo? —How did he die?-What  Arion.-Who was Alcmeus?-What is known of Sappho?-Of her poetry?-Pittacus?-Zaleuis said of Cylon? —Orthagoras? —Cypselus?                                  cus? —Stesichorus? —]pimenides? —Thales? —Who were the seven wise men of Greece?
(70)




ITALY.
THE legend of NUMA POMPILIUS is as follows. He was very pious, and con-  forum. He conquered the Latins, and brought them to Rome, assigning them
suited the godsbefore doing anything. He asserted that he did everything by  the hill Aventinus for their dwelling-place. He divided their lands among
direction of the nymph Ege'ria, who made him her husband, and taught him,  the Romans, and gave up the forests near the sea to be public property.  lIe
in her sacred grove, by the spring that gushed forth from the rock, what he  founded a colony at Ostia, and built a fortress on the Janiculum, joining the
was to do. She made him ensnare the gods Picus and Faunus, in the grove on  hill to the city by a wooden bridge over the Tiber. He constructed a great
the Aventine Hill, and force them to tell him how to ascertain the will of Jupi-  dyke, called " the dyke of the Quirites;" and he built a prison under the hill
ter. When he invited friends to supper, and set before them earthen dishes and  Saturnius. Ile died B. C. 616, after a reign of 23 years.
cups, Egeria would change them  into precious stones; the couches became    At this period the people of Rome were divided into the three tribes of the
covered with costly trappings; and the meats and drinks most delicious. No  Ramnenses, the Titienses, and the Luceres. The Titienses were Sabines; the
wonder the Romans chose him for their king. When he was installed in-his  Luceres, Etrurians; the Ramnenses were probably Latins. Each tribe was
kingdom he divided among the people the' lands which Romulus had won in  divided into ten smaller bodies, called " Curiae," so that the whole population
war: landmarks were set out, and placed in the keeping of the god Terminus.  was divided into thirty tribes. Each curia was made up of " gentes," or houses,
He divided the craftsmen of the city into nine companies. All was peace in  which "gens," or house, was a union of several families, bound together by the
his time, and the gates of the temple of Janus were never opened. He built a  performance of certain religious rites. These families had their dependents,
temple to Faith, and appointed a solemn worship for her.  ie died at the age  who were called clients. These latter held a political (not a domestic) relation
of 80, having reigned -more than 40 years (B. C. 681), and he was buried under  to the houses. They could not intermarry with them, nor share in the governthe hill Janiculum. The books of his sacred laws were buried near him in a  ment or the property of the State; but they might possess property, and reguseparate tomb. It is said that they were discovered by accident 500 years after-  late their own municipal and domestic affairs.' These were the original Plebs,
wards (B. C. 181), on the farm of a notary named Lucius Petillius, which was  plebeians, or commons of Rome; the mass of them were conquered Latins. The
situated at the foot of the Janiculum, by some workmen who were digging  assembly of the curise was the assembly of the people. The Senate consisted
there. These men dug up two stone chests, one of which was empty, but bore   of 200 members chosen in equal numbers from the two higher tribes, the Raman inscription stating that it contained the body of N-uma Pompilius; the other  nenses and the Titienses. The power of the king was ill-defined. He was
contained two bundles tied round with waxed cords. They consisted of seven  absolute over the commons, but he was absolute over the houses only in war,
books, in Latin, on ecclesiastical law, and seven in Greek, on philosophy; the  and outside the city. Within its walls every citizen could appeal from him to
latter were burned by command of the Senate, the former were preserved. But  the great council of the curiae. The king had his own royal lands, and received
the story of their discovery is evidently a forgery.   r                    his share of the spoils in war.
When Numa was dead the Senators again shared the kingly power among    Rome, at this period, occupied seven elevated spots, known by the names of
themselves. But they soon chose for their king TULLUS HOSTILIUS, the grand-  the hills of Palatium, Velia, Cermalus, Cselius, Fagutal, Oppius, and Cispius.
son of IIostus HIostilius, who had fought With Romulus against the Sabines.  The Aventine Iill was a suburb; and the city was distinct from the Sabine city
Tullus was a warlike monarch, yet kind to the poor, among whom he divided  on the Capitoline, Quirinal, and Viminal Hills. The two cities had a separate
the lands which fell to him as king, and he encouraged those who had no houses  existence, and were not blended together until the next century. The hills first
to settle on the Cselian Hill. ie soon found an opportunity for indulging his  mentioned were not the famous seven hills of imperial Rome: they belonged to,
warlike propensities, for the people of Alba were perpetually quarrelling with  or formed part of three of them, viz., the Palatine, the Cselian, and the Esquithose on the Roman borders. The Alban dictator, Caius Cluilius, marched an  line. These three, with the Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, and Aventine, conarmy against Rome, and encamped within five miles of the city. There he died,  stituted the famous seven.
and Mettius Fufetius was chosen dictator in his room. Tullus marched against    The legends respecting the four earliest kings of Rome are not to be accepted
the Albans; but when the two armies were'in face of each other, Mettius pro-  as history. How much of the historical element there is in them, is a question
posed that champions should be chosen on both sides to decide the contest. So  not easy to answer. The student will find the subject elaborately discussed in
three twin brothers, named the Horatii, were chosen out of the Roman army,  Niebuhr's History of Rome. The stories of the three later kings undoubtedly
and three twin brothers, named the Curiatii, were chosen out of the Alban. The  contain much that is historical, mixed up with much that is fabulous, but it is
combat took place in sight of both armies, and was long undecided. Two of  difficult to sift the chaff from the wheat. The legend of TARQUINIUS PRISCUS,
the Horatii were slain, and all of the Curiatii were wounded. Seeing this, the  the successor of Ancus Martius, is as follows. In the days of Ancus Martius
surviving Horatius pretended to flee: the wounded Curiatii followed him as  there came to Rome, from Tarquinii, a city of Etruria, a wealthy Etruscan and
well as they welre able, when he encountered them severally, and slew them all.  hisswife. The father of this stranger was a Greek, a citizen of Corinth, who
Thus the supremacy over Alba was adjudged to RIome. On his return to the  left his native land because it was oppressed by a tyrant, and found a home at
city, the surviving Horatius was met at the Capenian gate by his sister, who  Tarquinii. There he married a noble Etruscan lady, and by her he had two
was betrothed to one of the Curiatii. She recognized the spoils of her lover,  sons. But his son found that, for his father's sake, he was still looked upon as
and burst into tears. At this Horatius drew his sword, and stabbed her to the  a stranger: so he left Tarquinii, and went with his wife, TANAQUIL, to Rome;
heart, exclaiming: " So perish every Roman maiden who shall weep for her  for there, it was said, strangers were held in more honor. Now, as he came
country's foe."  For his crime Horatius was condemned to death, but was let  near to the gates of Rome, riding in his chariot with Tanaquil, an eagle
off on account of the public service he had rendered, being merely made to pass  plucked the cap from his head, and bore it aloft into the air- then flew down,
under a gibbet, with his head veiled, and led by his father. The Albans being  and replaced it on his head. Tanaquil understanding augury, was delighted,
now subject to the Romans, were called upon by Tullus to aid him against the  and interpreted the omen to indicate that her husband would rise to greatness.
people of Veil and Fidenve. But during the battle, their leader, Mettius Fufe-  When he arrived in Rome, they called him Lucius Tarquinius. He was brave
tius, stood aloof; whereupon Tullus caused him to be seized, bound to two cha-  in war, wise in council, and his riches won the good will of the multitude.
riots, and torn asunder. Alba was then destroyed, and the Albans were made  Ie soon became known to the king, who employed him in his service. He
to'take up their abode in Rome. Tullus next made war upon the Sabines; but  served Ancus Martius faithfully, and was held in great honor by him —so much
a plague broke out, and he was seized with it. His death, however, is ascribed  so, indeed, that when he died, he named him  by his will guardian of his
to lightning (B. C. 640)..                                      children. On the death of Ancus Martius the people set aside the sons of that
The Romans then elected for their king ANCUS MARTIUS, the son of the  ruler, and elected Tarquinius king (B. C. 616). An account of the exploits of
daughter of Tullus Hosttiius.  It is related of Ancus Martius that he caused  this monarch, who was celebrated more for his peaceful than for his warlike
the laws of Numa to be published on whited boards, and hung up round the  labors, will be given in the next century.
Relate the legend of Numa Pompilius. —Who was Egeria? —How long did Numa reign?-    What were the divisions into which the people of Rome were divided? —What hills did the
What became of his sacred books? —Who succeeded him? —What were the chief exploits of  city stand upon? —Name the seven hills. —What is said of the history of the seven kings?Tullus Hostilius? —Describe the fight between the Horatii and the Curatii. —What crime did  Relate the legend of Tarquinius Priscus. —Who was Tanaquil? —In what year was T;lrquinius
Horatius commit, and how was it panished?- What were the acts of Ancus 5Martius?  elected king?
(71)




BRITAIN.                               FRANCE.                                   SPAIN.                            GERMANY.
TIIE history of this country during    THIS century is remarkable for the    THE first half of this century pre-    THE Golden Age is at an end. Care
this century offers nothing worthy of  introduction of an additional element  sents us with nothing of historical note;  and anxiety take possession of the
notice, supposing the accounts we have  into the population of Gaul.  The  and,butforoccasional noticesof Spain  gods, who, forgetful of their given
of it to be anything more than the  Celtic tribe of the Cimmerii (Cimbri,  in the historyofothernations, wemight  word, kill Angurbode, one of the three
merest fables or legends, to which it is  or Cymri,) had dwelt for ages in the  almost forget her existence. This epoch  giantesses.  Loki finds her torn-out
impossible to say what credit is to be  north of Europe.  They were of kin-  wasthatof colonization. We haveseen  heart, and falls in love with her; and
attached.  The narrative of Geoffrey  dred race wTith the Gauls, but long  that in the century preceding, and in  as until now he was accounted one of
of Monmouth runs as follows:           separation had made them strangers.  fact for a long time previously, the  the Asen, he goes over to the wicked
"After him (Gurgustius), Sisillius;  The Cimmerii roamed through the vast  Phoenicians had planted colonies on  giants in order to plot the destruction
after him, Jago, the nephew of Gur-  plains of Central Europe and Southern  the coasts, and the Greeks had recently  of his former companions.  At the
gustius; after him, Kinmarcus, the son  Russia, and occasionally carried terror  settled in Catalonia. The aggressions  same time a young wolf, Fenrix,
of Sisillius; after him, Gorbogudo, who  into Asia Minor and Greece. Driven,  of the former at length roused the hos-  which was brought up in Asgard,
had two sons, Ferrex and Porrex."  in their turn, by the Scythians, or Teu-  tility of the Spaniards. Towards the  grows to such an enormous size, that
The Latin form of these names adds  tons, from the Crimea and the plains  close of the century, that is, about the  the Asen begin to feel uneasy.  In
materially to the suspicion that they  of the north, they pressed upon Asia  year B. C. 620, flourished ARGANTO/ -   vain they bind him; he breaks every
are mere inventions of the old chroni-  Minor and the east of Europe; and a  NIuvs, king of the Tartessi, who was  chain. At length they try to bind him
clers.                                vast multitude of them, crossing the  famed for his skill in war. The Spa-  with a charm, but he does not allow
The student will find the principal  lower Rhine, entered Gaul in the year  niards elected him their generalissimo   the chain to be placed upon him until
works of these ancient authors in a  B. C. 631. According to national tra-  against the Phoenicians, who were now  they swear thatitris nota charm.  They
small book edited by J. A. Giles, enti-  ditions, this host was under the lead-  openly aiming at the sovereignty of  forswear themselves, and Tyr has the
tied " Six Old English Chronicles."  ership of Hu, or Hesus the powerful,  Spain. Using policy as well as strength,  courage to lay his hand, as security, in
These consist of: 1. Ethelwerd's Chro-  a great warrior, legislator, and priest  they sowed dissension among the na-  the wolf's mouth, who instantly bites
nicle, written in the middle of the 10th  (Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, vol. i.,  tives, and by that means possessed  it off on discovering the deception.
century A C. 2. Asser's Lfeo qfAlfred,  page 33). Mention has already been  themselves of several places.  The  The gods are no longer worthy of life.
written during the reign of that mon-  made of a great Cimmerian leader,  natives, under Argantonius, not only  Iduna, or immortality, is tempted from
arch. 3. The works of Gildas the wise,  named IIu Gadarn (pp. 29, 57), whose  checked them, but drove them out of  them by a giant; however, they still
supposed to have lived in the 6th cen-  era has been carried back to a more  the province of Betica, or Andalusia,  possess Balder, or enchanting beauty:
tury A. C. 4. Nennius' Hiistory of the  remote period by the Breton traditions.  and even out of the island of Cadiz.  but the ugly quarrel with him, and his
Britons, written some time between the  It may be that there were two chief-  It is alleged that numbers of the Phoe-  only brother, the blind H1idur, is unyears796 and994.  5. Geoffreyof Mon-  tains of the name of Hu, the word  nicians were called away to assist in  wittingly incited to kill him by Loki;
mouth's British History, written in the  Gadarn being merely a descriptive  the defence of Tyre, then besieged by  and his wife, Nana,, burns herself uplon
early part of the 12th century. 6.  term; but it is very difficult to peer  Nebuchadnezzar, and so they were  his funeral pile. Then the Asen take
Richard of Cirencester's Ancient State  through the mist of obscurity which  forced to abandon all their possessions  foul revenge on Loki, and, sinning
of Britain.  Henry of Huntingdon,  envelops the earliest history of such  in Spain. The relief thus afforded to  against nature, they bind him with
Alfred of Beverley, Giraldus Cambren-  unlettered and unsettled tribes.       the Tyrians enabled them to hold out  the bowels of his only son to three
sis, Holinshed, Matthew  Paris, and    History does not furnish us with the  for four years. Nebuchadnezzar being  pointed rocks, and suspend over his
other antiquaries, have drawn largely  details of the conquest of Gaul by the  called away into Egypt, raised the  head a snake distilling poison. His
from these old chronicles. Geoffreyof  Cimmerians, but the relative position  siege. Having subdued the greatest  convulsions produce earthquakes. The
Monmouth was a learned monk, and  of the conquerors and the conquered,  part of Northern Africa, he passed over  end of all things is now at hand. The
was made bishop of St. Asaph, A. D.  after it had been accomplished, enables  into Spain. Mariana quotes Josephus  rage of the gods and the wickedness
1152. His great work was written in  us to form an idea of the course of the  as authority for the conquest of Spain   of men increase.  Enmity and hate
Latin, and first translated into'English  struggle.  The Cimmerians, marching   by Nebuchadnezzar; but that author  have universal rule; then come fear
by Aaron Thompson, of Oxford, in  along the shores of the Northern Ocean,  merely cites Megasthenes' assertion,  and woe, the hatchet and sword age,
1718, who gives us the following ac-  crossed the Rhine, and the first scene  that "he conquered a great part of  the storm  and wolf era.  For three
count of the origin of this very re-  of the war was on the northern shores  Libya and Iberia" (if by the latter we  years there is unbroken icy winter,
markable collection of fables and tra-  of France, in Armorica, or Brittany.  are to understand Spain). See AnLtiq.  the frightful Fimbul weather, during
ditions:                               The Gauls driven thence, maintained  of Jews, b. x., ~ I; Apion, b. i., 8 20.  which everything is buried in frozen
" Walter Mapes, Archdeacon of Ox-  themselves behind the mountains of  The Jews say that many towns in An-  sleep before the awful end.  The
ford, in the reign of Henry I., a zeal-  the Vosges and Auvergne.  The tribe  dalusia and the kingdom of Toledo have  earth begins to shake; the dragon
ous antiquary, happened, while  in  of the Bitu'riges held their ground be-  hence derived Hiebrew names: such  has gnawed through the roots; and
Brittany, to meet with an ancient his-  hind the middle Loire; the Aquita'ni,  as Toledo, from  Toledoth, signifying  the ash tree, Ygdrasill, will fall, and
tory of Britain, written in the British  behind the Garonne, at the mouth of  "families": Escalona, from Ascalon;  crush the whole world.  The wolf,
tongue. He brought it over to Eng-  which river, nevertheless, the Cimme-  Noves, from  Nobe; Maqueda, from   Fenrix, madly  struggles with  his
land, and induced Geoffrey of Mon-  rianBoii established themselves. The  Mageddo; Yopes, from  Joppa; etc.  bonds, and bursts them. Loki also
mouth to translate it into Latin."  struggle lasted considerably beyond the  But though the Spanish historians as-  breaks away from the rocks. Across
This ancient British work is said to  close of the century, and France was a  sert these and other things in regard  the sea come the giants, the Itrymhave been preserved in the Cottonian  scene of bloodshed and confusion.     to the alleged visit of Nebuchadnezzar  thursen, in the ship Nagelfar, entirely
library at Oxford, and several copies    The Phoenician empire of the sea had  to Spain, but little reliance is to be  built of the nails of dead men fastened
of it are extant in the Welsh lan-  been gradually giving way to that of  placed on their statements. After  the  together, a proof of the antiquity of
guage.  It is mentioned by Arch-  the Greeks.  The Rhodians succeeded  return of the Babylonians the Dorians  the world: the Mitgard snake rises
bishop Usher, in his work on the early  the Phoenicians,  and were in their  of Rhodes visited the eastern coast of  from the ocean like a gigantic ghost,
Christian Church of Britain.           turn supplanted by the Phocemans.      Spain, and supplanted the Phoenicians.  and they besiege Asgard.
What palticulars are extralcted from Geof-   What great race poured into France? —    What is said of the first half of this century?    Wh|atis said of Angulbode? —Loki?-Fenfrey of Monmouth? —Who  and what was he?  What is known of the Cimmerii? —What of  — ]Vho was Argantonius? —WThat Asiatic mo-  rix?-Tyr? —The Asen? —IdunaL? —]aldel?
— What account have we of his great work?  Hin Gatdlrn? —The Bituriges? —Aquitani?-  narch invaded Spain? —What does Josephus  — Itodur? —The tortures of Loki?~-The ash
Name the ancient chroniclers of Britain.  Durntion of war? —Rhodians and Phoc~eans?  say? —-What of the Hebrew names of cities?  trhee, Ygdrasill?- The Hrymthursen?
( 72 )




B.C. 700  600.
ASIA MINOR.  CARTHAGE.
BEFORE commencing the authentic history of Asia Minor, we ought not to   IN Sicily, the Greeks continued to arrive in great numbers. The city of Gela
omit noticing two famous personages whose names will be frequently met with  was founded B. C. 691, by Antiphemus of Rhodes. Selinus was founded B. C. 626.
in classic literature, viz., GOR/DIus  and MI"DAS. Gordius was a poor Phrygian    Of the history of Carthage and Northern Africa, during thiscentury, we have
peasant, who, by an extraordinary incident, became king of Phrygia. Civil dis- no particular accounts. There is a chasm of nearly three hundred years after
sensions having broken out, the people consulted an oracle, and were told that  the death of Dido. We are vaguely informed that Carthage was much agitated
a wagon would bring them a king who would heal their differences. While  by civil dissensions, and harassed with the plague, during part of this period;
they were deliberating upon this, Gordius happened to pass in his wagon, and  and that the people had got a strong footing in Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, and elsehe was at once hailed as king. Out of gratitude he dedicated his chariot to  where. But the Carthaginians' archives were destroyed by the Romans, and
Jupiter. The pole of it was fastened to the body by a knot of bark, and an  no accounts have come down to us except what it pleased the conquerors to furoracle foretold that whoever should untie the knot should reign over all Asia.  nish'us with. Throughout the history of Carthage we must bear in mind that
Alexander the Great, on his arrival at Gordium, solved the prophecy by cutting  it was the practice of the Romans to vilify their enemies; they had little or no
the knot with his sword. Midas was the son of Gordius. As he is said to have  magnanimity towards the conquered: therefore we are not to believe that the
been the pupil of Orpheus, the era in which he lived must have been the 13th  Carthaginians were so bad as they are described to have been.
century B. C. He was very wealthy and very effeminate. Several stories are    The traditions (or, rather, mythological fables) relative to the children of the
related of him. Having hospitably entertained Sile'us, the  companion of  ancient Goetulian king, Atlas, are as follows: —His son, Hyas, was killed in
Bacchus, the god allowed him to ask any favor-whereupon Midas requested  Libya by a wild beast. Hyas is also a mystic surname of Diony/sus, or Bacthat whatever he touched should be changed into gold.  The request was  chus. His daughters were numerous, and are classed as the HIyades, Pleiades,
granted; but as all the food he touched was turned into gold, he begged the god  and the IIesperides. The mythological accounts of these personages vary greatly
to take back the favor. Midas was ordered to bathe in the river Pacto'lus:  as to the number of them. According to some statements there were seven
this cured him, but thenceforward the riverhad gold in its sand. Midas was  Hyades-according to others, twelve or fifteen. The common number is seven,
once visited by a satyr, who mocked him. The king thereupon mixed wine in  and their names were Ambrolsia, Eudo'ra, Pedi'le, Coro-nis, Polyalo, Phy'to,
a well, and when the satyr drank of it, he fell asleep, and was caught. Midas  and Thye'ne, or Dio'ne. Jupiter confided to them the care of the infant Bacdecided a musical contest between Pan and Apollo, in favor of the former —  chus, and afterwards placed them among the stars. Dione is, in some of the
whereupon Apollo changed his ears into those of an ass! Midas tried to con-  fables, represented as the mother of Venus. The name of the constellation
ceal them under his cap, but the servant who cut his hair discovered them.  Hyades is derived from the Greek word VEsV, signifying " to rain". The PleiThe secret so troubled the man that, as he dared not divulge it, he dug a hole,  ades were sisters of the Hyades, and were seven in number. Their names were
and whispered it into the ground. But a reed grew up on the spot, which  Electra, Maia, Tay'gete, Alcyone, Celaeno, Ster'ope, and Mer'ope. They died
uttered it to the world, and Midas destroyed himself by drinking bullock's blood. of grief at the fate of their father, and were placed among the stars, where they
The Lydians have a list of 22 kings (beginning with Hercules), who reigned  formed one of the most beautiful constellations in the heavens. Maia, the eldest
over them for 505 years, down to the time of CANDAULES, who was murdered in  and most beautiful of them, was the mother of Mercury. One of them, Sterope,
the year B. C. 716, by his wife, in conjunction with GYGES, captain of the guards.  became the wife of (Enomaus, king of Pisa, in the Peloponnesus, and was thus
Candaules was the last of the Heraclidan dynasty, and Gyges founded that of  lost to the heavenly choir: six of the sisters remaining visible, the other bethe Mermnadee. He reigned 38 years, and died B. C. 678, being succeeded by  coming invisible. This fable of "the lost Pleiad" has furnished a theme for
his son Ardys, who reigned 49 years (B. C. 678-629). This long reign was sig- much beautiful poetical imagery.
nalized by two events of considerable importance to the Asiatic Greeks, viz., an    The Hesperides were the guardians of the golden apples (another name for
invasion by the Cimmerians, and the first collision between the Lydians and  oranges), which Terra (the earth) gave to Juno (the air), on her marriage with
the Medes, who were pushing their empire westward.                       Jupiter. They were assisted in watching them by the dragon, Ladon, which
The Limmerians were at this period the chief occupants of the Crimea. They  was slain by Hercules, when he carried away the apples. They were sisters
were a nomadic people, like the Scythians who inhabited Southern Russia and  of the Hyades and the Pleiades. Their number is variously stated at three,
the regions of the Caucasus. The latter having attacked the Cimmerians, they  four, and seven; and the names of ZEgle, Arethusa, Hestia, Orytheia, and Hesdivided themselves into two parties; the majority agreeing to flee from the land,  peria, have been assigned to them.  They were celebrated for their sweet
while the chiefs, or kings, of the different tribes resolved to perish at home.  singing, and dwelt in the extreme west of Libya.
The latter fell by each other's hands near the river Tyras, where their sepul-    Calypso, the daughter of Atlas (according to Homer), inhabited the island of
chres were still shown in the days of Herodotus. The mass of the Cimmerians  Ogygia, on which Ulysses was shipwrecked. The hero remained seven years
abandoned their country to the Scythians, and passing to the west of Mount  with her, and she promised him immortality if he would remain with her; but
Cau'casus, made their way into Colchis, and established themselves on the north  the gods compelled her to allow him to depart. Hesperus, the son of Atlas,
coast of Asia Minor. They ravaged Paphlagonia, Phrygia, Lydia, and Ionia,  was devoted to astronomy, and disappeared after ascending Mount Atlas to
and, in the year B. C. 635, occupied the town of Sardis, the capital of Lydia,  observe the stars.
sacked Magnesia, and threatened Ephesus. They ravaged Asia Minor during    There is another famous personage who figures in what may be called tile
the reign of Ardys, and that of his son Sadyattes (B. C. 629-617). But Alyattes,  African portion of Grecian mythology, viz., ANTr/US, of whom we have the folthe son and successor of Sadyattes, finally expelled them from Asia, excepting  lowing account. He was the son of Neptune and Terra (the sea and the earth:
those who had settled in the neighborhood of Sin'ope. By some, their occupa-  ill other words, he was born near the sea-side), and became a mighty wrestler
tion of Asia Minor is estimated at 260 years (B. C. 876-617).            and giant in Libya, whose strength was invincible so long as he remained in
The Scythians invaded Upper Asia, and nearly ruined the countries they  contact with his mother earth (i. e., could stand on his legs). The strangers
passed through. The Median king, Cyaxzares, called away from the siege of  who visited his country were compelled to wrestle with him: the conquered were
Nineveh to oppose them, was totally defeated. They advanced to the borders  slain, and with their skulls Antoeus built a temple to his father, Neptune. But
of Egypt, where the Egyptian king met them, and by costly presents redeemed |Hercules discovered the secret of his strength, lifted him from the earth, and
his kingdom from invasion.  Their oppression lasted 28 years. At length,  crushed him in the air. The tomb of Anteeus, which formed a moderate-sized
Cyaxares, having invited the Scythian chiefs to a banquet, slew them when in-  hill in the shape of a man stretched out at full length, was shown near the
toxicated (B. C. 608). The barbarians were then expelled, and the Medes re-  town of Tingis, in Mauretania, down to a late period; but the tradition is about
gained their empire. A war ensued with the Lydians, which was terminated  as authentic as that which at this day points out the tombs of Achilles, Ajax,
by the marriage of Alyattes' daughter to the son of Cyaxares.            and Protesilaus, on the Trojan shore.
What is said of (ordius? —Of Midas? —Who was Candaules? —What dynasty did Gyges   What took place in Sicily during this century? —What is said of the history of Carthage?
found? —What two important events occurred during the reign of Ardys? —Who were the  -Of the mode in which the Romans treated their enemies? —What is the legend of Hyas?Cimmerians? —What befell them? — What did the Scythians do? —What took place between  The Hyades? - Dione? - The Pleiades? - Maia? - The lost Pleiald? - The Hesperides?the Medes and the Lydians?                                             | Calypso? —Antseus? —The tomb of the latter?
10                                                                                                                      (73)




THE 6TH CEN TURY
EGYPT.                                           SYRIA.                                             INDIA.
OF Psammetichus II. no public building remains,    NEBUCHADNEZZAR left the suppression of the revolt    THE best authenticated accounts fix this century
nor is any large work of art extant. Ile made an  in Judea to the neighboring tribes. These, for three  as the era of GOTAMA, or GUATAMA, the founder of
expedition into Ethiopia, died on his return, and  years, ravaged the country, and shut up Jehoiachim. Budhism. This is the epoch given by the Hindoos
was succeeded (B. C. 594) by his son, Uaph-ris (the  in Jerusalem. The latter was killed in a sally, and  and the people of Ava, Siam, and Ceylon; but the
A'pries of the'Greeks, and the Hophtra of Scrip-  his remains were buried (as the prophet foretold),  Cashmerians place his advent 1332 years before
ture). The first object of this prince was to recover  "with the burial of an ass."  Jehoia'chin (Jeconi'-  Christ; the Chinese, Mongols, and Japanese, about
in Palestine the ascendancy which Egypt formerly  ah, or Coni'ah), his son, had scarcely mounted the  1000; of thirteen Tibetian authors, four give an
possessed. He accordinglyfitted out an expedition,  throne when Nebuchadnezzar appeared at the gates  average of 2959 years B. C., and other authorities
took Sidon by storm, reduced all the coast of Phce-  of Jerusalem, and the city surrendered. The king,  differ in like manner (see Elphinstone's History of
nicia, and defeated the Cyprians (who were allies of  the royal family, army, nobility, and treasures were  India, vol. i., pp. 209-211). Gotama was of the race
the Phcenicians) at sea. After this he sent an army  carried away to Babylon. Over this wreck of a king-  of Sakya. I-Ie was a native of Capila, to the north
into Judea to assist king Zedekiah against Nebuchad-  dom, Zedeki'ah (or Mattani-ah), the younger son of  of Gorakpoor; some say he was a Cshatriya, others
nezzar, but this army returned to Egypt without a  Josiah, was allowed to reign for eleven years. In  that he was the son of the king of Magadha. At an
contest (B. C. 587). On the taking of Jerusalem by  the ninth year of his reign he endeavored to assert  early age this sage retired into solitude, where, after
the Assyrians many of the Jewish chiefs fled into  his independence, in connection with Uaphris, king  six years' meditation, he framed his system of reliEgypt, carrying with them the prophet Jeremiah,  of Egypt; but the Assyrians defeated the Egyptians,  gion. He then made his appearance in the city of
who died at Daphne, near Pelu'sium.   Some say he  and laid siege to Jerusalem, which was starved into  Benares, where he taught his doctrines, and made
was stoned to death by the people, others that he  surrender. Zedekiah was seized, his children were  thousands of proselytes.  He attained to eminent
was put to death by Uaphris, foretelling in his last  slain before his face, and his eyes were put out; and  piety and sanctity, and died (about the year B. C.
prophecy the fate of that monarch (Jer. xliv. 30).   the last king of the royal house of David was led  550, in the reign of Ajata Satru,) in his 80th year,
Nebuchadnezzar having, after a siege of 13 years,  away to a foreign prison (B. C. 587). The Assyrians  revered by all. He was styled BUDHA, or "the sage"
taken Tyre (B. C. 591), is believed to have marched  destroyed the cityand temple: thechief priests were  (literally, "intelligence"), by the Hindoos.  In
into Egypt, and ravaged it, but he did not perma-  put to death, thle others led into captivity. The rem-  China he was called Fo-ta and Fo. In Siam, Monnently occupy it.                                 nant of the people were placed under the command  golia, and other countries, he received different apAdicran, king of the Libyans, having implored  of Gedaliah, and the seat of government was fixed  pellations. The religion of Budha became the domlaid from Uaphris against the Greek colony of Cyrene,  at Mizpeh. IIere Gedaliah was assassinated by  nant religion in India in the 3d century B. C., but
the king sent an army to his assistance, which was  Ishmael, a man of the royal blood, who wras driven  did not remain so for more than ten centuries. We
routed and destroyed by the Greeks (B. C. 570). The  out by Joha'nan and the rest of the Jews. These- shall find that after that time it was gradually supernews of this defeat produced a revolt in Egypt, and  fled into Egypt, carrying with them the prophet Jere-  seded by the ancient faith of Brahma, and ultimately
Uaphris sent AMA"sIs, one of his officers, to appease  miah, whom, it is said, they afterwards put to death,  extinguished by the Mohammedan conquerors. In
the mutineers; but they offering the crown to Ama-  though there is a tradition that this was done by  the 3d century B. C. it was introduced into Ceylon,
sis, he accepted it, and marched with them against  order of Uaphris, king of Egypt.               which became the head-quarters of this faith. It
Uaphris, who had only his Greek auxiliaries to rely    The Samaritans remained in the land of their  spread into Nepaul and Tibet. It did not reach
upon. These were defeated, and the kingwas taken  fathers. It is said, by the Hebrews, that they were  China until A. D. 65, and did not make much proprisoner. Amasis delivered him into the hands of  descendants of the Cuthbean colonists introduced by  gress there until the 5th century of the Christian era.
the people, by whom he was strangled (B. C. 569).  Esarhaddon. They preserved the book of the Mosaic  It was carried into Corea A. D. 528, and Japan A. D.
Amasis established a strict administration throughout  law, written in the ruder and more ancient character;  552.
Egypt, and raised it to a high degree of prosperity. the Jews, after their return from Babylon, adopted    It has been already stated that the principal tenets
Itis frank and jovial qualities made him a universal  the more elegant Chaldean letters.           of Budha were that there were three distinct Gods,
favorite. IIe cultivated the friendship of the Greeks,    At one of the settlements of the Jews on the river  each having his own attributes, and never interfering
and it is said that Solon and Pythag'oras visited  Chebar, north of Babylon, dwelt the prophet EZEKIEL,  with the other two; and that he taught the eternity
Egypt in his time. He enlarged the temple of Mi-  who, during their captivity, kept up the drooping  of matter, and the immortality of the soul, but not
nerva at Sais, and erected an immense colossus at  spirits of his countrymen by his encouraging prophe-  its perpetual individuality-for he held that after
Memphis. His reign lasted 44 years, and he died  cies. At length the prophet-DANIEL, who had become  an indefinite number of existences it would be abjust as his kingdom was on the point of being in-  one ofthe principal ministers ofCyrus, king of Persia,  sorbed into divinity. It is on this account that, in
vaded by the Persians under CAMBY/SES (B. C. 525).  prevailed with that monarch to issue his edict for the  the present day, the Grand Lama of Tibet is said to
His son, Psammeni/tus, assembled his Greek and  return of the Jews to their native country, and for  refrain from accepting the highest grade of mortal
Egyptian forces, and met the invaders at Pelusium,  the rebuilding of the temple (B. C. 536).      existence, in order that he may continue to be born
where, after a long struggle, the Persians were vic-    Under Joshua and Zerub'babel the Jewss returned  again and again for the benefit of mankind: were he
torious. Cambyses besieged and took Memphis, and  to the land of their fathers, and commenced the re-  once absorbed into the divine spirit he could return
speedily became master of all Egypt, but failed in  building of their temple (B. C.535). From this period  no more to earth. The disciples of Budha at the
his attempt to conquer the Ethiopians. During his  there was an entire alteration in their national char- present day number over three hundred millions.
|absence on this expedition, Psammenitus raised a I acter.  From being idolatrous, and prone to form  Towards the close of the century, Darius, king of
revolt: this was suppressed by Cambyses with great  alliances with the neighboring nations, they now   Persia, sent Scylas, a native of Caryanda, in Caria,
cruelty, and Psammenitus was put to death. Cam-  became exclusive, and devoted to the observance of  with a flotilla to explore the Indus. That officer set
byses committed great outrages on the unhappy |"the Law." They became most passionately attached  out from the city of Caspatyrus, reached the sea, and
Egyptians: fortunately for them he died on his return  to their country and religion, hating foreigners, and  then sailed west through the Indian Ocean to the
to Persia (B. C. 520). His successor, DARIRUs HYS-  cherishing the idea of the coming of a Messiah to be  Red Sea, performing the whole voyage in 30 months.
ITs/PEs,  gained great popularity by his wise admin-  their king. The building of the temple was corm-  Darius then invaded India with a large force, deistration. He left the government of Egypt to his  pleted in the reign of Darius Hlystaspes (B. C. 515),  feated the armies sent against him, and extended
satrap, Aryan'des, under whom  the country was  through the exertions of Zerubbabel, and the pro-  his dominion over the western provinces, but it is
peaceful during the remainder of the century.    phets-lladoaI and ZECEIaRIAH.                     not known how far he pushed his conquests.
What is said of Psammetichus II.? - Of Uaphris? —Who  W hat befel Jehoiachim?- Jehoiachin? —The last king of    Who was the founder of Budhism? —*Nhat eras are assigned
was Amasis? —Name his principal acts.-Who succeeded him?  Judea? —The remnant of the people? —Jeremiah? —What is  to him? —What was his origin? —Where did he teach? —Into
— What Bersian monarch conquered Egypt? —What became  said of the Samaritans? —Ezekiel? —Daniel? —Rebuilding  what countries did his system spread?-What were its prinof Psammenitus? —Who succeeded Cambyses?       the temple? —The change in the national character?  cipal doctrines? —What expedition did Darius send out?
(74)




ASSYRIA.                                               PERSIA.                                       CHINA. JAPAN.
THE revolt of the Jews continuing under their    ON the death of Cyaxares (B. C. 594), his son,    KIEN-WANG (B. C. 583) was not more fortunate
king, Jehoiachim, and his successor, Jechoniah,  Asty/ages, succeeded, and reigned 35 years, but we  than his predecessors. Under Ling-wang, his sucNebuchadnezzar went in person, and took Jerusalem    have no particulars of his reign. This prince is  cessor (B. C. 571), the empire became a little more
(B. C. 598), plundering the temple, and carrying  called Ahasue'rus in Scripture.  IIe had a son,  peaceable. In the year B. C. 552, in the city of
away the Jewish king. In the place of the latter he  Cyaxares, who succeeded him; and a daughter,  Tsow-yih, in Chang-ping-keang, was born the most
set up Mattaniah, or Zedekiah, the uncle'of Jecho-  Manda'ne, married to Camby'ses, king of Persia,  famous of Chinese philosophers, KONC,-FU-TSZE (or
niah. Zedekiah, however, leagued himself with the  from whom came Cyrus. Cyaxares (called, in Scrip-  CONFU"CICu,   as he is generally called, the name having
king of Egypt, and revolted; whereupcn Nebuchad-  ture, DarVus the Mede,) became king of Media, and  been Latinized), a man who has greatly influenced
nezzar laid siege to Jerusalem  a second time, and,  CYRUS (or Kai-Kbosroo) became king of Persia  the destinies of China through all succeeding geneafter a twelvemonth, took it by storm, put out the  (B. C. 559). Many interesting tales are told of the  rations. His system of religion and philosophy has
eyes of Zedekiah, carried him to Babylon, and de-  latter, which will be found in the works of Herodo-  been adopted by the leading classes of China for more
stroyed the city and temple (B. C. 587). On his re-  tus, Xenophon, and Ferdusi, the Persian poet.         than 2300 years. According to M. Gutztaff (History
turn to Babylon he set up a golden statue, which he    Cyrus's first exploit was to subdue the revolted  of China), he was the author of the only Chinese
commanded his subjects to worship. It was on this  king of Armenia (B. C. 557).  He then compelled  work wherein the doctrine of a Supreme Being is
occasion that the three'Hebrew youths, Anani/as,  the Chaldeans to sue for peace. His next expedition  taught! The Chinese never define their religious
Misa/el, andAzarVas (better known bytheir Persian  was, in conjunction with Cyaxares, against the  ideas; and when talking of God, they confound IHim
names —Shadrach,  Meshach, and Abednego), dis-  Babylonians (B. C. 556i, whom he defeated; their  with a material heaven, and ridicule the idea of a
played their heroism in testifying to the faith of their  king, Nericosolassar, being killed in the battle: but  spiritual being. The principal works of Confucius
fathers (see Daniel iii.).                           he did not follow up his success. IHe made war on  were: 1. The Chun-tsew, a chronological history of
The next exploit of Nebuchadnezzar was the siege  Crcesus, king of Lydia, who had assisted the Baby-  his native State, the kingdom of Loo, for 241 years.
and destruction of Tyre (B. C. 585), which cost him  lonians. Cyrus fought a battle with him  at Thym-  2. The She-king, or Book of Odes, a collection of
incredible efforts for 13 years, and had no permanent  bra (B. C. 546), in which the former was victorious.  popular songs. 3. The I'7h-kivg, a symbolical repreresult; for the Tyrians removed to a neighboring  Croesus retreated to Sardis, which city Cyrus besieged  sentation of nature and its changes, attributed to
isle, one mile from the shore, where they built the  and took. He afterwards (B. C. 544-539) subdued  Fo-hi, and revised by Confucius. 4. The Le-ke,  a
modern city of Tyre, which soon eclipsed the glories  the Greek colonies, thus uniting all Asia Minor to  general code of rites. 5. The Shoo-king (his best
of the ancient city. Nebuchadnezzar spent the re-  the Persian Empire. Iis next grand exploit was  work), a collection of traditions, inculcating moralitv
mainder of his days in the rebuilding or embellishing  the siege and capture of Babylon (B. C. 538). HIe  This work is the text-book of the Chinese in all that
of Babylon, but was afflicted'with mental derange-  made his uncle, Cyaxares, governor of that city; and  relates to science, moral and political philosophy,
mentfor sevenyears.  He died in the year I.C.561,  he framed a scheme of government for the whole  political economy, astronomy, music, etc. These are
and was succeeded by his son, Evil-Merodach  (or  empire, which he divided into 120 provinces, each  the five books, or Woo-king, held in highest estimaIlvarodatmus), who soon rendered himself so odious  governed by a satrap. He appointed three superin-  tion. The morality taught by Confucius is not of a
by his vices that his own relations put him to death.  tendents over these satraps —Daniel, the venerable  high order; much of it consists in external decorum,
His wife, Nitocris, is the queen who raised so many  Hebrew prophet, being one. Cyaxares died B. C.  and obedience to parents and rulers.  He assigned
noble edifices in Babylon, and is, by some histo-  536, and Cyrus then became sole king of the Medes  an inferior position to women, whereby he put a barrians, supposed to be the Queen SEMIRAMIS, of whom   and Persians. In this year he decreed the rebuild- tier against the improvement of society. His words
such marvellous traditions are preserved.            ing of the temple at Jerusalem, and the restoration  and actions are contained in the Lun-yu; his scienNeriglissor (or Nericosolassar), the brother-in-law   of the Jews to their own country. Cyrus died uni-  tific teachings in the Ta-keo; his destiny of man in
of the late king, made war on the Medes, and was  versally lamented in the year B. C. 529. He was  the Chung-yung;  his treatise on filial piety in the
defeated and slain by the Persian king, Cyrus (B. C.  one of the greatest men recorded in ancient history.  Heaou-king.  These are the four classical books put
556). His successor, Laborosoarchod, was a mon-  There are conflicting accounts of his death: the most  into the hands of children as they enter school.
ster of iniquity, and was slain by his own subjects,'probable one is that he was killed in an expedition  More will be said of the doctrines of Confucius in
after a reign of nine months (B. C. 555).            against the Massagetin.'                 the history of the next century.
Nabonadius, or BELSHAZZAR, is supposed to have    He was succeeded by his son, CA~BY"sEs (B. C.    At the same time flourished LAOU-KEUN, or LAOUbeen the son of Evil-Merodach and Nitocris. He  529). This prince invaded and subdued Egypt (B.C.  TszrE, who also promulgated'religious doctrines, which
appears to have been a prince given up to debauch-  526), where he was guilty of very great cruelties.  have been largely adopted by the Chinese, but his
ery and impiety: in him were fulfilled the prophetic  On his way home to Persia he heard that his throne  followers are now idolaters. He taught the perfectidenunciations against the guilty city of Babylon.- had been usurped by Smerdis, the Magian, who pre-  bility of human nature, and passed his life in search
Cyrus, king of Persia, turned his arms against the  tended  to be Smerdis, the king's brother. While  of the Elixir of Immortality.
king, defeated the Babylonians, and laid siege to the  mounting his horse to proceed against this impostor,    Ling-wang died B. C. 544, and was succeeded by
city. He took it, after a long time, by diverting the  Cambyses received a wound from his own sword,  King-wang, who, in turn, was followed by another
course of the Euphrates, which flowed through the  which proved fatal (B. C. 522). As he died without  emperor of the same name, in the year B. C. 519.
midst of it, entering it by the dry channel of the  heirs, the Kaianian dynasty became extinct. Smer-  During their reigns there was nothing but war and
river, while Belshazzar and his court were feasting.  dis was slain by Gushtasp, or Hystaspes, governor of  bloodshed, which tore the empire to pieces.
The prophet Daniel had warned him in vain of his  Persia (B. C. 521); who, being elected king, assumed       JAPAN. —SiN-mu died B. C. 580. Having secured
approaching end.  The words, Mene, Tekel, 5rharsin,  the rifle of Iarawesh (or Darius, by which name he  the succession to his posterity, he was succeeded by
written in luminous characters on the wall, were ex-  is generally known). Darius confirmed the edic-t of  his third son, Sui-sei, who  reigned 38 years, and
plained to him (Daniel v. 25-28); but the impious  Cyrus as to the rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem.  left the crown to his second son, I-to-ku.(B. C. 548).
king heeded not the warning, and was slain that  He then (B. C. 514). led a vast army into Thrace, and  This prince fixed his court at Keitz, and died B. C.
same night. The prophet was spared, and promoted  pursued the Scythians beyond the Danube, where he  511. Ile was succeeded by his son, Ko-si-o, in the
to high office by Cyrus.                             narrowly escaped destruction. His next attempt was  fifth year of whose reign (B. C. 506), a war arose
Such was the end of the famous empire of the  on India, in which he was successful (B. C. 508); but  between the provinces of Yo and Jetz.  This is the
Assyrians and Babylonians.              failed in his attack on the isle of Naxos  (B3.C. 501). first war recorded in Japanese history.
What were the exploits of Nebuchadnezzar? —Who sue-    Who was. Astynages? —Cyaxares? —Cyrus? —What is said    What emperors ruled China during this century? —What
cee6.ed him? —W~ith whom is lNitocris identified? —What is of the latter? —-State his exploits, character, and death. —H-ow great philosopher flourished? —What effect had his teaching?
said of theB succeeding kings?-Of Belshazzarr —What was ful- did he frame the administration of the empire? —What is sazid — What are his princip'dl workrs? —The "five bookrs "? —The
filled in him? —WVhat became of Daniel?            of Cambyses? —Smerdis, the Malgian? —Darius?       " classics "? —Who w as Laou- tsze? —Wh at occurred in Japan?
(75)




GREECE.
ATHENS.-SOLON, a descendant of Codrus, persuaded his countrymen to attack          MACEDONIA.-2Eropus was succeeded by Alcetas (B. C. 576), and Amyn-tas I.
Salamis, then belonging to Megara.  He was appointed to conduct the war,  (B. C. 540).
which was settled by the arbitrationof Sparta in favorof Athens (B.C.596). The        SrARTA. -The military institutions of Lycurgus had made the Spartans the
State being rent by civil commotions, Solon was chosen Archon, and invested  most warlike people in Greece.  They gradually deprived the Argives of the
with full power to remedy the evils complained of (B. C. 594).  One of his  sea-coast of Peloponnesus. ]For many years they contended for the district of
measures was to depreciate the currency, whereby he relieved debtors of one-  Cynuria.  The contest was decided by 300 champions on each side (B. C. 548):
fourth of their liabilities.  HIe repealed the laws of Draco, and remodelled the  in this battle the Spartans were triumphant.  Cleomenes, who became king
constitution. He made property the basis of the citizen's rights, dividing the  B. C. 520, at last subdued the Argives. He also assisted the Athenians to depeople into four classes, graduated and taxed according to their wealth.  Each  throne Hippias; and he dethroned his Own colleague, Demara/tus, who fled to
class sent a hundred representatives to the Boule (or deliberative assembly).  Persia, and afterwards accompanied Xerxes in his expedition against Greece.
The Ecclesia (or assembly of magnates) had the power of vetoing the measures    Beside the eminent men already mentioned, there flourished in this century:
of the Boule, but could not originate any itself. Solon enacted many good laws, iEsop, a writer of fables, who was originally a slave, but received his freedom:
and having exacted from  the Athenians an oath to observe them for ten years,  he was thrown from a precipice by the people of Delphi for refusing to contrihe visited foreign lands.  He had an interview with CRaSUS, king of Lydia, and  bute to the expenses of the oracle. ANAC/REON of Teos, a poet and voluptuary,
in reply to the question, "Who was the happiest man he had ever seen?" said,  wrote many songs, but few of them have come down to us.  SIMON/IDES of Cos,
"No man could be deemed happy till he had finished his life in a happy way."  one of the most famous lyric poets of Greece.  Telesilla of Argos, a poetess
During Solon's absence, the factions in Athens (styled respectively the parties  and heroine, who fought against the Spartans.  PYTHAGVORAS of Samos, one
of the Plain, of the Highlands, and of the Coast,) broke out into open feud.  of the most celebrated philosophers of antiquity.  He discovered that every
PISIS/TRATUS, a cousin of Solon, distinguished for his beauty and ability, headed  triangle inscribed in a semicircle is right-angled, and that the square of the
the party of the Highlands, and gained great influence. He seized the supreme  hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the
power (B. C. 560), and became tyrant (ruler) of Athens, in spite of Solon, who  other two sides. He travelled in Asia and Egypt, whence it is supposed he
died soon after (B. C. 558).  Pisistratus administered the government ably;  derived many of his ideas. He settled at Crotoona, in Italy, where he founded
but the other factions, headed by Megfacles and Lycurgus, drove him  out of  a sect of religious freemasons, 300 of whom were formed into a select brotherAthens (B. C. 556), and he remained in exile six years. Then Megacles offered  hood, sworn to mutual aid and secresy. They held festivals peculiarly conto reinstate him, on condition of his marrying his (Megacles') daughter.  The  nected with the worship of Apollo, and recognized each other by secret signs.
restoration was accomplished (B. C. 548) by a stratagem, and Pisistratus mar-  Pythagoras taught that all things originated in number, and that music, or
ried the lady, but treated her so badly that her father again drove the tyrant  harmony, was the regulating principle of the universe.  Hence arose the celeout.  Ile then retired to Erettria, in Euboea, where he remained ten years;  brated doctrine of the harmony of the spheres, which we have now lost the
when, having collected an army, he retook Athens (B. C. 537), surrounded him-  power of hearing.  He taught that happiness consisted in the perfection of
self with mercenaries, and seized the children of the principal citizens as host-  virtue, and that after death the souls of men transmigrated into animals to
ages for their submission. He, nevertheless, faithfully administered the laws,  undergo purification: if incurable, they were sent into Tartarus; if purified,
and encouraged literature and the arts.  Ile collected the compositions of  they attained to incorporeal existence.  His disciples became famous for their
Homer, and he formed a public library.  Under his auspices, Thespis, the  uprightness, but their exclusiveness excited great animosity. While they were
actor, introduced his form of tragedy at Athens (B. C. 535), and dramatic con-  assembled in the house of MILO, the people of Crotona set the building on fire,
tests were made a regular part of the Dionysia (or festivals of Bacchus). Pisis-  and killed a large number of them. It is not known with certainty what betratus built the famous temples to Apollo and Jupiter, the Lyceum, and the  came of Pythagoras; the tradition is that he fled to Metapontum, and starved
fountain of the nine springs at Athens.  He died B. C. 527, and was succeeded  himself to death. His tomb was shown there in the time of Cicero (lst century
by his sons, HIippias and Hipparchus.  They governed with great virtue and  B. C.). Milo, his friend and disciple, was possessed of extraordinary strength,
ability, and patronized literature and the arts.  About the year B. C. 514, Hip-  and could eat an enormous quantity of animal food.  When he was old, seeing
parchus endeavored to break up the romantic friendship existing between   a tree partly split open by woodcutters, he attempted to rend it further, but the
HARMOVDIUS and ARiSTOGI"TON, two beautiful Athenian youths.  The latter  wood closed upon his hands, and held him fast; and being unable to extricate
attempted to assassinate him  and Hippias.  They killed Hipparchus, but were  himself, he was devoured by wolves.  ANACHAR"SlS, a Scythian prince, visited
both slain before they could reach Hippias. For this attempt they were honored   Athens B. C. 594, and became famous for his observations; some reckon him
as patriots.  Hippias became morose, and put to death great numbers of the  among the seven wise men.  Ile was slain by his brother on his return to his
citizens.  The Alcmeon-idxe conspired to dethrone him, and having obtained  native country.  Anaximoenes of Miletus taught that air was the primary form
aid from Cleom'enes, of Sparta, they drove him  and his family into perpetual  of matter, into which all things could be resolved.  CHILON of Lacedremon was
exile (B. C. 510).  Ite fled to Persia, and instigated Darius to send an expedi-  one of the seven wise men.  He died (B. C. 590) of joy, when his son gained
tion against Greece.  It is said he was present at the battle of Marathon, and  the prize for boxing at the Olympic games.  CLEOBnULUS of Lindus was another
that he fell there; but other accounts say that he died at Lemnos. Ile was the  of the seven wise men (B. C. 580), and the author of several lyric poems.  His
last of the Pisistrat idoe. After his fall, the oligarchs, headed by Isag'oras, and daughter, Cleob'uline, invented the famous riddle on the year: " A father has
the democrats, headed by Clis-thenes, struggled for power. The latter were  twelve children, and each of these has thirty daughters, on one side white, on
successful, and, from  this period, democracy became triumphant.  The four  the other black, and, though immortal, they all die."  Anaximan'derof Miletus
classes were abolished, and ten new ones were substituted.  Other changes were  (born B. C. 610, died B. C. 547,) was distinguished for his knowledge of astromade in the laws of Solon, and the system of ostracism, or banishment by the  nomy, mathematics, and geography.  He introduced the use of the Gnomon, or
people, was instituted. It took its name from the Greek word oiepaxov, a shell,  dial.  Pherecy'des of Scyros, the tutor of Pythagoras, taught the doctrine of
or piece of pottery, on which the vote of acquittal or condemnation was written   metempsychosis, or the transmigration and immortality of the soul. Eu/gamon
by each voter. The sentence of the law ran thus: " If any one aim at obtain-  of Cyre'ne wrote a poem, " Telegonia," a continuation of the Odyssey, concluding
ing superiority over his fellow-citizens, let him go and excel elsewhere."  The  with the death of Ulysses.  Chve-rilus exhibited tragedies at Athens for forty
period of exile was ten years.                                                     years (B. C. 523-482). Susa'rion of Meg'ara improved upon the coarse buffoonery
CORINTH.- Periander was succeeded (B. C. 585) by his son, Psammetichus,  used in comedy.  Hecatoeeus of Miletus was an eminent geographer and histo-ho died B.C. 581, and the "tyranny" expired with him.  The governmend  rian.  Phry-nichus introduced, into tragedy, choruses with music and the use
lthen became an aristocracy.                             of masks representing females.  The poets Onomac/ritus, Lasus, and Ib'ycus.
Who was Solon?-TWhat institutions did he frame? —What of his interview with Croesus?    Wha~t is said of Macedonia? —Sparta? —The 300 champions? —Cleomenes tend Demaratus?
-Who was Pisistratus? —Relate his career,~What famous edifices did he build? —Who was  — What is said of tEsop? —Anacreon? —Simonides? —Telesilla? —Pythagoras and his disciThespis? —Who were Hippias and Hipparchus? —Harmodius and Aristog~iton? —What be- pies? —Milo? —Anacharsis? —Anaximenes? —Chilon? —Cleobulus and Cleobuline? —Anaxicasme of Hippias? —What changes Were made in Athens? —What is said of Corinth?  |mander?-Pherecydes? —Eugamnon? —-Cheerilus? —Susarion? —Hecatreus? —Phr::nichus?
( 76_




ITALY.
THE reign of Tarquinius Priscus was a prosperous one. Successful in his  confederacy, defeated the Volscians, and took Suessa, with the spoils of which
wars with the turbulent neighbors of Rome, the Latins and the Sabines, he  town he began building the capitol of Rome. In the vaults of that temple he
conferred far greater benefits on the city than extending her dominions. He  deposited the Sibylline books, which he had bought from a sibyl.  He took
constructed the Cloaca Maxima, a vast drain, to carry off the water-round the  the city of Gabii by stratagem, but allowed the people to become Roman citizens.
Palatine Hill: he built a forum or market, a circus for horse and chariot races,  While at the height of his power, one of his sons, Sextus, outraged LuCRETIA,
a great temple on the Capitoline Hill, and a wall of stone round the city. He  the wife of his cousin, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. The lady, having revealed
added 100 new members to the Senate: to each of the former centuries he added  the fact to her husband, killed herself. Thereupon the enraged husband, with
another, and he increased the number of the Vestal Virgins from four to six.  LUcIUs JUNIus BRUTUS (the nephew of the king), and PUBLIUS VALERIUS PUBThe king had in his service a young man, named SERVIUS TULLIUS, the son of  LICOLA, or POPLICOLA (i. e., the people's friend), aroused the people to avenge the
a slave. This youth was much beloved by the people, and did the king good  deed. Tarquinius and his family were banished (B. C. 510); the regal power
service, which excited the anger of the sons of Ancus Martius, so that they re-  was abolished, and an aristocratic republic was established, with two annuallysolved to kill Tarquinius, lest he should make Servius his heir. They employed  elected consuls at its head. The first two consuls elected were Brutus and Coltwo shepherds to do the deed, who went to the king's palace, and pretended to  latinus. King Tarquinius and his wife, Tullia, with his sons, Titus and Aruns,
be quarrelling. The king came forward to hear their story, when one of them   went to live at Caere. His other son, Sextus, went to Gabii, where the people
struck him on the head with an axe. Tanaquil, his wife, however, concealed  slew him. Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus was requested to leave Rome, and he
his death for a time, and appointed Servius to rule in his name. But after a  settled at Lavinium; after which, the Senate and the people decreed that all the
time, when the truth was known, the people elected Servius Tullius their king  house of the Tarquinii should be' banished, even though they were not of the
(B.C. 576), and the sons of Ancus Martius were- deprived of the expected result  king's family. A plot to procure the reinstatement of the king was soon afterof their villany.  They fled from Rome, and never returned.                      ward discovered. Among the conspirators were Titus and Tiberius, the sons
Servius Tullius gave a new Constitution to the Roman State, making a two-  of Brutus.  These unfortunate youths were brought before their father, who
fold division of the people —one territorial, the other according to property-| was sitting on his judgment-seat in the Forum. Brutus ordered the lictors to
whereby he gave to the plebs (people) political independence, and to the wealthy  bind them, and scourge them with rods according to law; and, after they had
political influence. He made a law that there should be no king after him, but  been scourged, their heads were struck off in the presence of their father, who
that the State should be ruled by two men chosen by the people to govern them   neither stirred from his seat, nor turned away his eyes. The fortitude of this
year by year. One reason for this may have been that he had no son to succeed  old Roman hero, and his not sparing his children, who had been guilty of
him, his family consisting only of two daughters. He also instituted the festi-  treason to their country, have been much admired.
vals called Paganaq'ia and Compita-lia. The former were celebrated in the          The people of Tarquinii and Veii espoused the cause of the exiled tyrant, and
pagi, or strongholds upon high ground, which were places of refuge in case of  marched against Rome. A bloody battle was fought, in which the two cousins,
invasion. In these the people met once a year to keep festival, and every man, ]Brutus and Aruns, the son of Tarquin, stew each other, but the Romans were
woman, and child, paid a certain sum to the priests. In the city every person  victorious. The matrons of Rome mourned a whole year for Brutus, because
paid a certain sum  at the temple of Juno Lucina for every birth in his family,  he had well avenged Lucretia's death. His colleague, Publius, called the people
another sum at the temple of Venus Libitina for every death, and a third at the  together in their centuries, and they chose Spurius Lucretius, the father of
temple of Youth for every son who came of age. The Compitalia were a yearly  Lucretia, to be consul in the room of Brutus; but Spurius dying in a few days,
festival in honor of the Lares, or guardian spirits, celebrated at all the compita,  they chose in his stead Marcus Horatius. Tarquin then applied to LARS PORzor places where several streets met. Servius incorporated the Quirinal, Vimi-  SENA, king of Clusium, for aid. Porsena marched against Rome at the head of
nal, and Esquiline Hills, with the city; and he formed an alliance with the  a powerful army, and took possession of the hill Janiculum. He would have
Latins, by which Rome and the cities of Latium became members of one great  entered the city by the Sublician bridge, but for the extraordinary valor of
league. A census of the population taken by him  shows that Rome, in his  IIORATIUS COCLES, who, with his comrades, Spurius Lartius and Titus Hermitime, contained 85,000 inhabitants. Hie erected a temple to Diana on the Aven-  nius, defended the bridge against the whole Etruscan army, while the Romans
tine Mount, and made other additions to the public buildings. But he was  broke it down behind them; which done, Horatius plunged into the river and
hated by the patricians because he had thrown so much power into the hands  swam ashore in safety. Porsena, thus baffled, laid siege to the city, which
of the plebeians.  They therefore conspired with Lucius TARQUINIUS, a de-  soon began to suffer from famine. A young Roman noble, named Mucius
scendant of Tarquinius Priscus, to deprive him of life. Lucius had married   SC~E/VOLA, then resolved to assassinate Porsena, and entering the camp, by
one of the two daughters of Servius; his brother, Aruns, had married the other.  mistake killed his secretary. Being seized, and threatened with torments, he
Tullia, the wife of Aruns, a cruel and ambitious woman, aided her brother-in-  thrust his hand into the fire to show how little he feared pain. Porsena,
law, Lucius, in his bloody schemes.  She persuaded him to murder his wife,  admiring his courage, released him.  Scaevola then tried to intimidate the
while she murdered her husband. The guilty couple then married, and pro-  Etruscan king by telling him that three hundred others beside himself had
ceeded to murder Servius. Lucius, arrayed in the royal robes, entered the  sworn to kill him.  But Porsena reduced the Romans to terms. Another
Senate, and summoned the Senators to attend him  as their king. Servius  heroic act was that of the noble maiden, Clmalia, who had been sent as one
hastened thither, and ordered Lucius to descend from the throne; but the latter,  of the hostages to Porsena for preserving the peace. She escaped from the
seizing him, flung his aged father-in-law down the steps, and, as the old man  Etruscan camp, and, persuading her maidens to follow her, swam across the
was hastening home, the servants of Lucius killed him  in the road, near the  Tiber, and reached her home. Porsena completely conquered the Romans, but
Esquiline Hill. His unnatural daughter, Tullia, is said to have driven over his  their historians endeavor to-conceal the fact. He prohibited them from using
dead body in her chariot (B. C. 534). Her equally wicked paramour was then  iron for any other purpose than agriculture, but he did not reinstate Tarproclaimed king.                                                                 quinius.  However, the Romans did not long remain subject to Porsena; for
Lucius Tarquinius, surnamed Superbus (or, the proud), began his reign with-  his son, Aruns, having been defeated by the combined Latin forces, the Etrusout going through the form of being elected. His first act was to set aside the  cans were confined to their own territory, and the Romans took advantage of
privileges granted by Servius Tullius to the plebeians. He then exiled all  this to recover their independence.
whom he mistrusted, and surrounded himself with a body-guard. His tyranny          The only other events worthy of notice in the history of Italy during this cenwas so great toward the people, whom  he compelled to labor at his public  tury are the concluding of a treaty of commerce between Rome and Carthage
works, that  many put themselves to death to avoid it.  But, though cruel a   (B. C. 509), whereby the former was bound not to navigate beyond Cape Bon —
home, he raised the power of Rome abroad. Itc became the head of the Latin |and of a treaty of alliance with the Sabines.
What were the principal works of Tarquinins Priscus? —Who was Servius Tullins? —What    What is said of L~ucretia? —Lucius Junins Brutus? —Publicola? —What became of the
was the end of Tarquinins? —What laws were made by Servius? —What were his great works?Tarquin fiamily? —Of the kingly power? —What form of government was established? —What
— What were the Paganalia and the Compitalia? —What was the population of Rome in his of Brutus and his sons? —Lars Porsena? —Horaltius Cocles? —Mucius Scsevola? —The fate
time? —What was his end? —What is said of Tullia and Tarquinins Superbus?   |of Rome? —What other events are recorded?
-                                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(77)




BRITAIN.                              FRANCE.                                   SPAIN.                            GERMANY.
CONTINUING the extracts from Holin-    IN the year 600 the first Phocean      THE Dorians were, in their turn, dis-    THE Asen and all the Einheriar are
shed and Geoffrey of Monmouth, we  vessel, commanded by Eux'enes, cast  possessed by the Phocseans, who had  armed, and fight their last glorious
come to Gorbogudo, or Gorboduc, the  anchor on the southern coast of France.  founded a prosperous colony at Mar-  battle, nor do they despair of success,
successor of Kinmarcus. He had two  The crew were hospitably received by  seilles, and were settling in the south  until Muspelheim opens from  above,
sons, one named Ferrex, the other Por-  Nann, king of the Segob/riges, w+ho  of France. But the Phoenicians re-  and Surtur issues in flames at the head
rex. The legend of these brothers is  gave his daughter, Gyptis, in marriage  turning, tried to re-establish themselves  of his fiery squadrons, beneath whom the
related by Geoffrey as follows:  " WhLen  to Euxenes, and allotted him the bay,  in the south of Spain. For a time they   rainbow bridge, the symbol of union,
their father grew old they began to  where he had landed. Here Euxenes  were successful, their great adversary,  breaks asunder, and everythingis lost.
quarrel about the succession, but Por-  founded Massilia (Marseilles), and was  Argantonius, being dead. At length,  Heimdall and Loki kill themselves;
rex, who was the most ambitious of the  joined by a number of his countrymen.  BAU/cIvs  CAPEtTUS, prince of the Tur-  Thor slays the Mitgard snake, but dies
two, formed a design of killing his bro-  The colony prospered greatly, extend-  detani (an Andalusian tribe), roused  of his poisonedwounds; Freyr is burnt
ther by treachery, which the other dis-  ing itself along the coast. The Greeks  his countrymen to arms. Having col-  by Surtur; Odin is swallowed alive by
covering, escaped and passed over into  founded Nice, Mon'aco, and other cities  lected a numerous army, he attacked  the wolf, Fenrix, whose openjaws reach
Gaul. There he procured aid from   onthe Genoesecoast. An attemptwas  the Phoenicians, and reduced them to  from  beneath the earth to heaven.
Suard, king of the Franks, with which   made by Coman, the son of Nann, to  such straits that they were forced to  Finally the whole world is destroyed
he returned, and made war upon his  surprise the city of Massilia, but he  apply to the Carthaginians for assist-  by the flames of Surtur, and becomes
brother. Coming to an engagement,  perished in the attempt.                   ance. The latter, glad of an excuse to  Ragna-rok, or the incense of the gods.
Ferrex was killed, and all his forces    During the greater part of this cen-  get a footing in this fertile and beauti-  After this Allfater will create a new
cut to pieces. When their mother,  tury the contest between the people  ful country, sent an expedition, under  world devoid of evil.
whose name was WViden, came to be  and their Cimmerian invaders raged  the command of Meherbal, totheiraid             This is an outline of the ancient myinformed of her son's death, she fell  furiously, but the country was gradu-  about the year 516 B. C. According  thology of the Germans, which was
into a great rage, and conceived a mor-  ally conquered. Aportion of the Gallic  to the Spanish historians, Baucius was  essentially the same as that of the
tal hatred against the survivor; for she  population amalgamated with the con-  successful against the Carthaginians,  Scandinavians.  All the German nahad a greater affection for the deceased  querors; but while the first movement  who were nearly all cut to pieces, Me-  tions, before their conversion to Christhan for him, so that nothing less would  of the invasion drove the greater num-  herbal escaping with great difficulty.  tianity, called their superior gods by
appease her indignation for his death  her of the Gauls from the west to the  They contrived, however, to retain their  the same names, and had the same idea
than her revenging it upon her survi-  east upon the tribes of the Bitu'riges,  hold on the coast. The death of Bau-  of nature, and consequently the same
ving son. She took, therefore, her op-  the JEdui and the Arver'ni, one tribe  cius soon afterwards deprived them of  superstitions, fables, and legends. The
portunity when he was asleep, fell upon  of the Bituriges crossed from the east  their most formidable antagonist. They  student who desires further information
him, and, with the assistance of her  to the west, and established itself be-  next attempted to expel the Phoenicians.  on the subject is referred to Jacob
women, tore him to pieces. From that  tweenthe Gironde and the ocean. The  According to Mariana, the latter fell  Grimm's work on German mythology.
time a long civil war oppressed the  driving of the native population back  unexpectedly upon them in the island    The gods were worshipped in groves
people, and the island became divided  upon the centre and the west necessi-  of Cadiz, and reduced them to extremi-  and forests, where  human sacrifices
under the power of five kings, who mu-  tated emigrations of great magnitude.  ties. The contest ended in a treaty,  were offered, and whoever entered the
tually harassed one another."  The    In the year 587 two grand and simul-  whereby both parties were placed on  groves wore chains in token of submisdeath of Porrex put an end to the an-  taneous migrations ofGauls tookplace;  an equal footing, and trade was re-  sion to the deity. Public worship was
cient dynasty of the Trojano-British  one under the command of Sigove'sus,  established.  Great uncertainty hangs  also solemnized beneath gigantic and
kings, descended from the first Brutus.  the other under that of Belloversus.  over the history of this period. It is,  solitary trees, on whose branches troThe five kingdoms into which Britain  The emigrants numbered 300,000 souls.  in fact, too conjectural to deserve the  phies and the heads of sacrificed horses
now became divided were Cornwall,  Descending the Rhine, and traversing   name of history, though some few facts  were hung. Thegods were worshipped
Albany, Loegria, Cambria, and North-  the Heroynian forest, they encamped  glimmer  through the darkness which  on lofty mountains, in circles of enorumberland.  All tradition concurs in  at the foot of the Alps. Here deputies  surrounds them. But that the Phceni-  mous stones, which may still be seen.
regard to the fact of there having been  from Marseilles arrived to implore their  cians located themselves in the interior  There were three high festivals in the
in very ancient times a kingdom  in  assistance against the Lig/ures, then  of the country, is evident from the fact  year which were held peculiarly sacred,
Cornwall,sometimes called the Lionesse   besiegingthatcity.  Bellovesusacceded  that they left traces of their existence   and the whole nation then assembled
in the romances of the Middle Ages: a  to the request, and drove away the  in the medals, coins, monuments, in-  to offer sacrifice. They were all called
considerable portion of it extending  Ligures  from  Marseilles.  He then  scriptions, religion, language, andman-  sacrifices to the sun, the holiest being
more than thirty miles beyond the  turned his steps toward Italy. The  ners of the people.                           the Yule feast, held during the twelve
Land's End, has been submerged by  Roman historians attribute this act to    The year 501, according to some, was  darkest nights of the whole year, in the
the encroachments of the sea. It is  one Ambigat, king of the Bituriges,  remarkable for a great'drought and  winter solstice. During this period
possible that we have here the dawn  who thus got rid of his superfluous  famine, and for violent earthquakes,  the gods and spirits were supposed to
of authentic history in Britain; and  population.  They also say that an  which did immense damage in Spain.  descend upon the earth.
that the convulsions which are said to  Etrurian citizen, named Aruns, having   Wre may here mention the tradition     The irruption of the Gauls into Italy,
have distracted the country in this cen-  been outraged by a Lutcumo of Clu-  among the Jews of that country, that  through Germany and Switzerland (notury were occasioned by an invasion  slum, persuaded the Gauls to march  a Spanish king, named Pyrrhus, went  ticed in the column devoted to France),
of the Cimmerii, or Cymri, who, in the  into Italy.  Bellovesus subdued the  to Nebuchadnezzar's assistance with  under Sigovesus andBellovesus, caused
year B. C. 631, poured forth from the  northern portion of that country, where  an army, brought back with him many  horrible devastation. But numbers of
Crimea and the Steppes of Russia into  he founded the city of Mediolatnum   Jewish captives, some of whom were of  Germans and Swiss (Helvetii) joined
Asia and Europe, and, in B. C. 587,  (Milan). A second army, underElito —  royalblood, and located them at Seville.  the invaders, and went with them into
reached Gaul.  The foundation of such  vius, subdued another portion of North-  Thence they spread over Spain and  Italy. The other historical notices of
a kingdom  as Cambria (Cumraig, or,  ern Italy, and foundedBrixia (Brescia)  Portugal. Theillustrious Rabbi, Isaac  Germany during this century are very
home of the Cymri), confirms this idea.  and Vero/na.                A       I.aR/BANEL, WaS descended from them.  scanty.
Relate the legend of Ferrcx and Porrex. —    Who founded Marseilles? —Relate the story    Wrho supplanted the Dorians? —Who wvas Relate the legend of the destruction of the
What befel Britain after the death of Porrex?  of Euxenes. —What was the result of the con-  Baucius Capetus? —What is said of the Phoe-  world. —Where were the gods worshipped, and
-— What is said of Cornwall?-And of an in-  test vith the Cimmerii? —What two grand  nicians and Carthaginians? —What is the tra-  how? —How many high festivn.ls were there?
vasion by the Cimmerii?               migrations took place? —And when?    dition respecting the Jews in Spain?  [-Name the principal.-What else happens?
(78)




B.C. 600-500.
ASIA MINOR.                                                                   CARTHAGE.
ALYATTES carried on various operations against the Ionian Greeks. He took Smyrna, but was defeated in the territory    IT is alleged that about the year 600
of Clazomlenve. He reigned fifty-seven years, and, on the whole, peacefully. During this long reign he accumulated  B. C. a Phoenician fleetwas sent by the
those treasures which afterwards contributed to render the wealth of his son and successor, CRc:SUS, proverbial. An  Egyptian king, Necho, from the Red
enormous pyramidal mound, on a stone base, was erected to his memory near Sardis, by the joint efforts of the whole  Sea, to sail around Africa into the
Sardian population. It was situated north of the city, near Lake Gyges, and was a mile in circumference. Itwas con-  Mediterranean. The authenticity of
sidered inferior only to the gigantic edifices of Egypt and Babylon, and may still be seen. Alyattes died in the year  this statement is, however, disputed.
B. C. 560.                                                                                                      In the year B. C. 510 the Carthaginians
WVhen Crcesus ascended the throne, a strong party favored the pretensions of his brother, Panta-'leon, but the king  sent a similar expedition under Hanno,
crushed it with great cruelty, torturing one of the richest chiefs on a spiked carding-machine. His reign lasted fourteen  which reached a point in latitude 10~
years only (B. C. 560-546), but it was occupied in aggressive wars. IIe attacked and conquered the nations of the  north, on the western coast. A similar
Asiatic Greeks, one after the other, and made himself king of all Asia, west of the river Halys. Under him the Lydian  "Periplus", or voyage, around Africa,
empire reached its height, and the treasures which he amassed exceeded anything ever before known. These treasures  is noticed as having occurred in the
were derived from his numerous tributaries, and from mines and the auriferous sands of the Pacto'lus, and the compa-  next century. That the Carthaginians
rison, " rich as Croesus," became a proverb. Herodotus observes (i. 141) that before the reign of Croesus all the Greeks  had commerce with the interior of the
were free; it was by him first that they were subdued into tribute, and that this event was the first of a series out of  continent, south of the desert of Sahara,
which arose their hostile relations with the Persians. The latter, however, became the enemies of Croesus; for that  has been inferred from the number of
monarch extended his dominions to the boundaries of those of Cyrus, and this dangerous proximity soon brought on a  elephants they kept.
war between two such ambitious men as they were. Croesus commenced it by ravaging the country beyond the Ialys.    During this century Carthage was
Cyrus met him on the Pterian plain, south of Sinope, where a battle was fought, but neither party proved victorious.  also extending her enterprise in the
Croesus, however, returned to Sardis, and disbanded his army. On hearing of this, Cyrus suddenly marched against that  Mediterranean. At the solicitation of
city, and besieged and took it. Croesus was forced to surrender, and thus Lydia became a portion of the Persian Empire  the Phoenicians in Spain, a Carthagi(B. C. 546). There is a curious legend connected with the fate of Croesus. The famous Grecian sage, Solon, being on a  nian army was sent to their assistance
visit to Sardis, whither the munificence of Croesus had drawn many illustrious men, the king asked him "who was the  (B. C. 516).  The command of this
happiest man he had ever seen?" the sage replied that "no man could be considered happy until he had ended his life  force was given to Meherbal, who was
happily."  When Croesus was taken by Cyrus, he was condemned to be burned. As he stood by the fire he remembered  unsuccessful: he lost his army, and
the remark of Solon, and uttered his name aloud thrice. Cyrus inquired whom he was invoking, and, on hearing the  narrowly escaped death. But the Carstory, not only spared the life of Croesus, but made him his friend. We find Croesus subsequently accompanying Cam-  thaginians retained their hold on the
byses in his expedition into Egypt (B. C. 525). He was the last of the dynasty of the Merm'nadve, under whose sway  coast of Spain, and, by a treaty with
Lydia had attained to a high degree of prosperity and power.                                                    the Phoenicians, obtained an equal
Cyrus then subdued the Grecian colonies in Asia Minor, and extended his empire from the Indus to the Mediterranean,  footing with them  as regarded trade
and from Scythia to Ethiopia (B. C. 544-539). Of this celebrated man an account is given in the history of Persia. He  with that country. They possessed a
was long regarded, in the East, as the greatest hero of antiquity. His name is derived from the Persian word Kohr,  formidable navy in the time of Cyrus
signifying "the sun". After the conquest of Lydia, the history of Asia Minor merges into that of Persia. It has  and Cambyses. In conjunction with
ever been the fate of this beautifil portion of the earth to be subject to foreigners: it has very little proper history of its  the Etruscans, they attacked the Phoown. Persian, Greek, Roman, Saracen, and Turk, have each in turn possessed it. Strictly speaking, it should have no  cyean colonists in Corsica. A naval
distinct column in this work; but so many important events have taken place on the soil, that the division has been  battle ensued; the Carthaginians were
made for the sake of convenience. Moreover, several minor kingdoms floullrished thereon at different epochs, but they  defeated, but the Phocaeans suffered so
were all ephemeral. One of these was founded at this period, viz., that of PoNTUS, which acquired considerable notoriety  much that they left the island to the
in after ages. It was created by Darius, king of Persia, in the year B. C. 514, in favor of Artaba/zus, a Persian noble-  enemy, who then took quiet possesman. From Artabazus descended a long line of monarchs who filled the throne of Pontus after him.                sion of it. The Carthaginians then
The island of Samos acquired considerable celebrity during this century, owing to the exploits and abilities of its  extended their conquests in Libya and
tyrant (or ruler), POLYC/RATES. In the 13th century B. C. it was the chief seat of the Carians and the Leleges, and be-  Sicily. But their general, Machi/us,
came a kingdom under the rule of Ancetvus, one of the heroes of the Argonautic expedition. The well-known proverb,  having been defeated, they banished
"There is many a slip'twixt the cup and-the lip," was uttered in reference to Ancreus. He had been told that he would  him. In revenge, he returned with his
not live to taste the wine of his own vineyard; and some time afterward, when he was on the point of tasting it, he turned  army to Africa, and laid siege to Carto the person who had uttered the foreboding, and laughed at him. The seer replied to this sarcasm in the words of the  thage. His son, Carttalo, a priest of
proverb. At the same instant Anceus was told that a wild boar was near; whereupon he put down the cup without  Hercules, having offended him, he
tasting the wine, went out to attack the animal, and was killed by it.                                          caused him to be crucified in his robes,
Polycrates was enabled, by the aid of his brothers, Pantagno/tus and Syloson, to make himself master of Samos  in the presence of the city, which soon
(B. C. 532). At first he and they ruled jointly; but he soon put Pantagnotus to death, and banished Syloson. By  afterwards surrendered. Machoeusput
this perfidy he became sole despot, and in a very short time he made his court one of the most celebrated in Greece.  to death ten of the Senators, and enIIe lived in the most extravagant pomp and luxury, and invited to the island the most illustrious philosophers, poets,  deavored to subvert the Constitution:
and artists. To them he was very bountiful. His friendship for Anacreon is celebrated; so was the resplect he testified  for this offence he suffered  condign
for Pythagoras, who, however, did not stay very long in Samos. Polycrates also erected many great public fworks; and  punishment. MAGO, a man of great
he raised a powerful fleet, with which he subdued the neighboring islands and several towns on the main land. He  ability, was installed in the high posts
formed an intimate alliance with Amasis, king of Egypt, respecting which the Greek historian, Herodotus, tells a curious  which Machmus had filled. In the year
story (book i. 77). Amasis thought that the extraordinary good fortune of Polycrates would be followed by some signal  B. C. 503, the Carthaginiansmade their
calamity. He therefore wrote to him, and advised him to throw away one of his most valuable possessions, in order  firsttreatywiththeRomans. It related
that he might, by injuring himself, obviate the anger of the gods. Polycrates accordingly threw a very beautiful and to commerce, but excluded the Romans
costly signet-ring into the sea; but a few days afterwards it was found in the stomach of a fish which had been pre- from all territories subj ect to Carthage,
sented to him by a fisherman.  His predicted fate was realized by the treachery of Orates, the Persian satrap of Sardis,  and prohibited the Carthaginians from
who allured him to the main land, where he was seized and crucified (B. C. 522).                               erecting forts in Latium.
How long did Alyattes reign? —What was erected to his memory?-W~hat is said of Crcesus?-By whom was he dethroned? —What is the    What were the chief maritime exploits of
legend connected with his fate?-W7'Vhat dynasty ended with him?-Wt~hat becomes of the history of Asia Minor? —What kingdom was founded  the Carthaginians during this century? —Who
by Darius? —What was'he early history of Samos? —Relate the legend of Anceeus.~What was Polycrates? —For what is he celebrated?-  was Macheus? —What did he do to Carth age?
What anecdote does Herodotus relate of him? —What was his fate? 7|-Who succeeded him? —What of B. C. 503?
(79)




THE 5TH CENTURY
EGYPT.                                                    SYRIA.                                                     INDIA.
AFTER the defeat of Darius at Mara-    THE history of the Jews during this and the first half of the next century is    THE kings of Magadha always posthon, the Egyptians, hoping to recover   comparatively uneventful. While Greece and Persia filled the world with  sessed extensive authority. For many
theirliberty, revolted. Darius died at  their renown and their rivalry, the Jews lay hid in peaceful obscurity in their  centuries they were Cshatriyas: but
this juncture, and left the suppression  native valleys. Syria and Palestine were provinces of the Persian Empire, but  the last of these, Nanda, was born of
of the revolt to his son Xerxes, a task  they were mildly governed, and the Persian satraps did no more than exercise a  a Sudra mother; and Chandragupta,
which he accomplished without much  general superintendence over the affairs of these provinces. Thus the internal  who murdered and succeeded him, was
difficulty (B. C. 484). Xerxes appointed  government of Jerusalem fell into the hands of the high-priests.         also of a low class. From this time
his brother, Achve'menes, satrap of    The principal events in Jewish history, during the first half of this century,  the Sudras held the ascendancy.
Egypt, who governed the country 24  were the completion of the temple, which was accomplished in the reign of    During this century the kingdom of
years. The Egyptians furnished ships  Darius Hystaspes; and the deliverance of the people from a wanton decree for  Pandya, in the Deccan, was probably
and men to assist Xerxes in his grand  their extermination, issued by Xerxes, the successor of Darius. The latter, on  founded by a person of the agricultural
expedition against Greece, and fought  his return from his unfortunate expedition against the Greeks, maddened by  class, who gave it his name. It apfor him at Artemisium and Platsea.    the defeat of his army, gave himself up to cruelty and debauchery, and issued  pears to have been of small extent, only
In the reign of Artaxerxes Longima-  the decree above mentioned. The influence of the beautiful Esther (or Ames-  occupying what are now the districts
nus, INtAROS, a descendant of the an-  tris), who had become the wife of the Persian monarch, prevented its being put  of Madura and Tinivelly. Yet it surcient Sa'itic kings, organized a revolt  in execution. The elevation of her cousin, Mordecai, to the high rank of vizier,  vived until the last of its royal race (the
against the Persians. The Athenians  and the execution of his rival, Itaman, are events familiar to every reader of  Nayacs) was conquered by the Nabob
aided him with a large fleet, and he  the Bible. In the reign of the mild and humane Artaxerxes Longimanus, a  of Arcot, in the year 1736. Pandya
expelled Achaemenes, and gained pos-  new migration took place from Babylon to Judea, headed by EZRA, the high-  was a State of considerable consequence
session of the country for a time. The  priest, who was invested by the Persian monarch with full powers to raise  in the 9th century.  Strabo, the geoPersians were defeated, and Achaeme-  money for the adornment of the temple, and for establishing magistrates in  grapher, makes mention of an ambasneskilled, atPapremnis; butArtaxerxes  every part of the holy land.                                                 sador from the Pandyan king to Auhaving sent a powerful force into Egypt,    The Persians were compelled by the Greeks to make peace on certain condi-  gustus Caesar.  Such a potentate is
the revolt was crushed, the Athenian  tions, one of which was that they should not approach within three days'  also mentioned in the " Periplus of the
fleet burnt, and Inaros carried prisoner  journey of the sea. To nullify this, they determined to restore the Jews, and  Erythrean Sea", apparently the work
to Susa, where, after five years, he was  enable them to fortify Jerusalem. For this purpose Artaxerxes sent his cup-  of an experienced sailor (Elphinstone,
crucified. This revolt lasted from B. C.  bearer, NEHEMItAH, to rebuild the city with all possible expedition, stealth, and  History of India, vol. i., p. 317).
462 to 456. AMYRTmEUS, another de-  secrecy. This was accomplished by Nehemiah, in spite of domestic treachery  The kingdom of Chola, adjoiningthat
scendantoftheSailtickings, maintained  and the opposition of the Samaritans, Ammonites, and Arabians, under San-  of Pandya, was also founded about this
his independence in the marsh lands  ballat, Tobi'ah, and Geshem. After solemnly dedicating the wall, Nehemiah  time. This State attained to greater
for some years, but ultimately-submit-  returned to Persia for a short time, leaving his brother, Hanatni, and Hana-  importance than Pandya did, and at
ted; and his son, Pausi-ris, was allowed  ni'ah, governors. On his return he caused the genealogies of all the congrega-  one time (about the Christian era),
to rule over the districts lhe had go-  tion to be made out, and a census of the nation to be taken, when it was found  ruled over the Carnatic, Telingana, and
verned. Sarsames was appointed satrap  that Israel numbered no more than 42,000 persons! Meanwhile, Ezra compiled  the country up the river Godavery as
of Egypt in the place of Achmenes.  the sacred books of the Jews, but a considerable portion of them had been lost,  far as Nandidrug. In the 12th century
About this time the celebrated Greek  viz., the Book of Jasher, the Book of the Wars of the Lord, the writings of Gad  the Cholans were driven back within
historian and traveller, HEROD/OTUS,  and Iddo (the seers), and those of Solomon on natural history. Ezra divided  their ancient frontiers, where they convisited Egypt. IIe has given a vivid  the sacred books into three parts: 1st. THE LAW, containing the five books of  tinued until the end of the 17th cendescription of the state of the country.  Moses. 2d. THE PROPHETS, containing the historical and prophetical books,  tury, when.. a brother of the founder of'
Artaxerxes governed his vast empire  excepting Malachi. 3d. THE HAGIOG/RAPHA, containing the Psalms of David  the Mahratta kingdom, who was at that
with great moderation and ability. He  and others, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. The books of  time an officer under the Mussulman
died in the year B.C. 425. Xerxes II.,  Malachi, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther, were added 150 years afterwards, in the  kingofBeejapore, havingbeen detached
Sogdianus, and Darius Nothus, suc-  time of Simon the Just. The Law, thus revised and corrected, was publicly  to aid the last Rajah, supplanted him
cessively occupied the throne of Persia.  read by Ezra, and solemnly ratified by covenant, and the Jewish Constitution  in his government, and was the first
The Egyptians revolted (B. C. 421), but  was finally re-established. Ezra, it is said, died at the age of 120, in Persia;  of the present Tanjore family. The
unsuccessfully. In the year B. C. 414  and his tomb is shown at Zamuza, though Josephus says he was buried at Jeru-  capital of Chola was at Conjeveram,
another revolt took place, and AMYR-  salem. There are four books attributed to him, but only one is certainly his,   west of Madras.
TnE/us, the Saite, was called to the    JOSHUA, the high-priest, died B. C. 480, and his successor, Joi/achim, B. C.    The historyof the other States of the
throne. He was the founder of the  462. Eliashib was the next. During the absence of Nehemiah in Persia, affairs  Deccan is very obscure. The Concan
28th dynasty, but is not the Amyrtoeus  fell into disorder, and the solemn covenant was forgotten, notwithstanding the  was a thinly-peopled forest region.
before mentioned. He died B. C. 408,  remonstrances of MAL"ACHI, the last of the prophets.  So little is known of this  Kerala, which included Malabar and
and was buried with splendor, and the  personage that it is doubtful whether his name is a proper name, or merely a  Canara, was gained from the sea by
Saite dynasty expired with him. He generic one: it signifies " an angel". Many commentators, and most of the an- Paris Ram, the conqueror of the Cshawas succeeded by Nepheriqtes, the first  cient Jews, believed that he and Ezra were the same person. But on Nehemiah's  triyas, and as miraculously peopled by
of the 29th, or Mendesian dynasty. return (B. C. 408), invested with the authority of a Persian satrap, all the dis- him with Bramins: such, at least, is
The Persians were too much occupied  orders that had taken place were reformed, and the observance of the Sabbath  the Hindoo myth.  Chera was a small
with the Greeks and their own satraps  was enforced. Manasseh, the son of the high-priest, Joiada (who  succeeded  State, between Pandya and the Western
to attempt to regain their dominion. Eliashib, B. C. 441), was expelled from the priesthood on account of his unlaw- Sea, and comprehended Travancore,
Nepherites was succeeded (B. C. 402) ful marriage with the daughter of Sanballat. In revenge, Sanballat built a part of Malabar, and Coimbetore. It
by Achoris, according to some; by  rival temple on Mount Gerizim, and appointed Manasseh high-priest, and thus  was subverted in the 10th century
PSArMET/ICHUs (B. C. 400), according the schism between the Jews and the Samaritans was perpetuated. Nehemiah A. C., and its territory partitioned
to others.                            governed the people in peace for about 30 years, and died at Jerusalem.| among the neighboring States.
What happened in the tume of Xerxes? —   What was the state of the nation at this period?-What were the principal events?-What   What was the origin of the kingdom of
What of Ach amenes? —Inaros? —Amyrtmeus?  did Ezra as? —Nehemiah? —What was the number of the people? —What sacred books were  Pandya? —Its extent and fate? —What else.-Pausiris? — Herodotus? —Artaxerxes Lon-  lost?-Xow did Ezra divide the Scriptures? —What books were added?-What else occurred?  is said of it? — Of Chola? — The Concan?gimanus?-Amyrteeus?-Nepherites?    — What is said of Malachi? —Manasseh?-The temple on Mt. Gerizim?          Kerala?- Chera?
(8o)




PERSIA.  CHINA. JAPAN.
ARISTAGORAS having raised the standard of revolt in the Ionian cities (B.. 500), a struggle took place, which lasted    THIE history of China during this
six years, but ended in the subjugation of the revolted cities by the Persians. Having severely punished them, Darius  century is one of confusion, bloodshed,
sent a large army and fleet against the Greeks, who had aided the rebels, under the command of his son-in-law, Mardo-  and decay. The nominal sovereigns
nius (B. C. 493). That general crossed the Hellespont into Thrace and Macedonia. Both of those, and all the neigh-  were:
boring countries, submitted to him; but his fleet having been shattered in a storm near Mount Athos, he returned to                    B. C. B. C.
Asia. A second expedition was then fitted out (B. C. 490), under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, who forced a    King-wang.... 519to475
passage into Greece, stormed Eretria, and had advanced to Marathon, within 30 miles of Athens, when they were encoun-    Yuen-wang...   475 "468
tered by the Athenians, and totally defeated. The disheartened Persians returned home, and the expedition failed.    Ching-ting-wang.   468 " 440
But though unsuccessful in the West, Darius extended his empire in the East beyond the confines of India. He was    Kaou-wang... 440 " 425
meditating an invasion of Greee in person, when a formidable revolt broke out in Egypt, and arrested his movements:    Wei-lee-wang... 425 " 401
he died before this revolt could be suppressed (B. C. 486).                                                       Gang-wang... 401 " 375
It was during the reign of Darius Hystaspes that ZOROAS/TER introduced, or rather revived, the worship of fire. We
have seen that a person of the same name lived and taught the same doctrines many centuries previously. It is a proof    The empire existed only in name:
of the confusion and obscurity which hang over the annals of Persia, that we cannot decide whether there were really  the powerful vassals of the crown betwo Zoroasters, or, if not, which of the two spoken of was the founder of the Magian religion. In like manner, the  ing, in reality, independent kings of
exploits of Zal and Roostum are referred to the age of Cyrus.                                                   their respective provinces.
The first care of Darius' son, XERxES (called Esfendiar, or Isfundiar, by the Persians), was to suppress the Egyptian    The doctrines taught by Confucius
revolt, which he accomplished (B. C. 484). He then made immense preparations to invade Greece, and spent three years  took root in China. His belief that
in collecting for this purpose the largest army ever assembled; and, neglecting no means in his power, he engaged the  man was originally happy and pure,
Carthaginians to attack the Greek colonies in Sicily and Southern Italy. The Persian army amounted, it is said, to  that he fell by his own act from his
nearly 2,000,000 men; but if this were really the case, a very large proportion of them must have been mere servants,  pristine state, and that he can in like
attendants, and hangers-on. It is difficult to conceive how provisions and stores for so vast a number could have been  manner regain his happy condition,
procured. The troops crossed the Hellespont on a bridge of boats, and entered Greece. They were met at Thermopylae  became generally received. He taught
by a small army under Leonidas, king of Sparta, who fell with his gallant band in a heroic attempt to cut his way  the worship of the spirits of ancestors
through the Persian host to the tent of Xerxes. The Persian monarch then marched on to Athens, which city hlie burnt,  and of natural objects, as mountains,
but he was comnpelled to witness the destruction of his fleet at the battle of Salamis, and he returned in dismay to Persia,  rivers, etc. Also that the universe
leaving Mardonius to prosecute the war with 300,000 men (B. C. 480). Mardonius was defeated and slain at Plattea  was generated by the two material
(B. C. 479), and the remains of the Persian fleet and army were destroyed at Mycale. The Greeks in a fer years de-  principles, Yang (heavenly) and Yu
stroyed the power of the Persians in the Mediterranean, and made them tremble for their provinces in Asia Minor.  (earthly). From the continued oppoMeanwhile, Xerxes, maddened by his ill success, returned to Susa, where he gave himself up to debauchery and cru-  sition of these two arose motion and
elty. There is but little doubt that this prince is the same as the Ahasuerus (Achash Zwerosh, or brave hero) of Scrip-  the human race: but there is no Sitture (see the Book of Esther'; but the Persian historians say that Gushtasp (Darius Hystaspes) was not succeeded by  preme Creator in the system of Confuhis son, Isfundiar (Xerxes), but by his grandson, Ardisheer Dirazdust (Artaxerxes Longimanus). The student will find  cius. The philosopher is described as
the subject investigated in Malcolm's History of Persia, vol. i., ch. 7). It is recorded of Xerxes that he yielded to the  tall in person, and imposing in appeardemands of favorites, and exposed his queen to great public indignity by summoning her to display her beauty at a  ance. His descendants have ever engrand imperial banquet. Vashti refused to comply with his command, whereupon she was degraded from her royal  joyedthehighesthonorsandprivileges,
station. The king then caused a number of beautiful maidens to be brought before him, and out of them he selected a  and are the only hereditary nobility in
Jewish maiden, named Amestris (Hadassah, or ESTHER,) for his wife. Her cousin, Mordecai, by her means acquired  the country. In every city in the emgreat influence, which excited the jealousy of Haman, another eminent Jew (a descendant of one of the ancient Amale- |pire there must be one temple dedicated
kite kings), who thereupon represented to the king that the Jews were a dangerous race. The tyrant, to please Haman,  to him, and all rulers are bound to
ordered a massacre of that unhappy people. From this cruel decree they were delivered through the influence of Esther,  worship there.
who procured the death of Haman and his children, but whose subsequent cruelties have stained her name.            JAPAN. —The  sovereigns of this
Xerxes was murdered by a captain of his guards, named Artabanus (B. C. 465), who conferred the crown on ABDESCHIR |country were very long lived. Ko-si-o
BAHMAN (ARTAXERXES LONGIMA/NUS, or, the long-handed), the third son of Xerxes, who, on his accession, put to death  reigned 83 years, and died (B. C. 476)
the murderer and his accomplices. Artaxerxes is celebrated for his just and beneficent administration. Ile commis-  in the 115th year of his age. His sesioned the Jewish priest, EZRA (B. C. 458), to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. The war with the Greeks proved disas-  cond son, Ko-an, who succeeded him
trous to Persia, and Artaxerxes was at last forced to sign a dishonorable peace, by which he recognized the independence  (B. C. 392), lived to the age of 136, and
of the Ionian Asiatic colonies (B. C. 449). He then sent Nehemiah to organize a government for the Jews, and to fortify  reigned 101 years. He removed the
Jerusalem. In/aros and Amyrtaemus raised a revolt in Egypt, which was suppressed with great difficulty (B. C. 463), as  imperial residence to Mu-ro, in the prowas another revolt by Megaby/zus, satrap of Syria (B. C. 447).                                                  vince of Farima, and, some years afterOn the death of Artaxerxes (B. C. 425), his son, Xerxes II., ascended the throne, but within 45 days was murdered  wards, to Khuroda.
by his natural brother, Sogdia/nus, who, in his turn, was deposed by Ochus. This prince, on his accession (B. C. 424),    SIAM. —The history of this ancient
took the name of Darius II., also surnamed Nothus. Under his administration the empire declined rapidly, owing to  empiredatesfromthedeathofSoMMoNA
the power and turbulence of the satraps. Amyrtaus, a descendant of the Sate kings of Egypt, succeeded in establishing I KoDoM (B. C. 544), the founder of the
himself on the throne of that country (B. C. 414), though he owned the nominal supremacy of the Persian monarchs.  Siamese religion. It is very meagre.
The Persians, however, acquired a paranount influence in the affairs of Greece; and Cyrus, the second son of Darius,  What little is known of it will be found
whom his father had intrusted with the government of Western Asia, allied himself with the Spartans, and helped to  in the Modern Universal HRi'story, vol. 7,
overthrow the power of the Athenians. On the death of Darius, his son Artaxerxes (surnamed Mnemon, from the strength  to which work the student is referred
of his memory), ascended the throne (B. C. 405), but was opposed by his brother Cyrus, who was instigated by Parysatis,  for such particulars as are known relathe queen-mother, and aided by Greek auxiliaries under the command of Xenophon. A civil war ensued, and Cyrus was  tive to the history of Cochin China,
slain at the battle of Cunaxa (B. C. 401). The Greeks, who survived to the number of 10,000, made their escape out of  Siam, Pegu, and other kingdoms of the
the Persian dominions under the guidance of Xenophon, who wrote an account of this famous "Anab'asis"', or retreat.  Malayan Peninsula.
W~ho commanded, and what befel, the first expedition against the Greeks? —And the second?-What is said of the remainder of the reign    Virhat emperors reigned? —Wh at is said of
of Darius?-The invasion of Greece by Nerses? —His subsequent career? —His identity with Ahasuerus?-Of Esther and Mordecai?-The  the history of China in this century?-The
death of Xerxes?-Of Artaxerxes Longima~nus? —Ezra? —Inaros and Amyrtaeus?-Xerxes II.?-Sogdianus? —Ochus? —Darius Noths?-  doctrines of Confucius? —His appearance? —
Artaxerxes Mnemon?-Cyrus the younger? —The battle of Cunaxa? —The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks? —Xenophon?  Descendants? —What of Japan? —Of Siam?
11_(81)
II.                                                                                                                 (s




GREECE.
WE come now to the most brilliant period of the history of Greece. In this  fleet following him, and sailing through a canal cut purposely through the
century the great contest took place between the intelligence and courage of  isthmus of Athos. The Greeks were in the utmost consternation. Themistocles
Eastern Europe on the one side, and the barbaric hosts and the luxury of Western  was appointed to the command of the Athenian fleet, and, by his advice, the
Asia on the other, and resulted in the supremacy of the former. Itwas, like the  Athenians deserted their city, and took refuge in the island of Salamis. He
Trojan War, a struggle in which the whole strength of the two parties wasalso induced the other States to send forces to aid them. LEON"IDAs, king of
brought to bear, but in a more extended field of action.                      Sparta, with 6000 men, marched to the pass of Thermop'ylee, in Thessaly, beWhen Darius, king of Persia, returned from his Scythian expedition, he was  tween Mount a(Eta and an inaccessible morass. By this route Xerxes advanced
enabled to make good his retreat, through the fidelity of IIistiaeus of Miletus,  with all his host; and there he was encountered by Leonidas and his troops,
and other Ionians, who had been left to guard his bridge of boats across the  and kept at bay for some time, for it was the only road by which the Persians
Danube. MILTI/ADES, the Athenian, endeavored to persuade IIistiaeus to destroy  could enter Southern Greece. At length, Ephialtes, a Thessalian, whose name
this bridge, but was unsuccessful; and Darius rewarded IIistiveus by making  deserves to be handed down to eternal infamy, pointed out to the Persians a
him ruler of Mityle/ne and part of Thrace. The Persian monarch, homwever,  narrow pathway across the mountain. When Leonidas found that the Persians
grew suspicious of Histixeus, and sent for him to Susa. There he was kept  were passing to the rear of him, he dismissed all his troops except 300 of his
prisoner, though treated kindly. Histiaeus then instigated his brother-in-law,  Spartan warriors, and then rushed upon the enemy. In the desperate encounter
Aristag'oras of Miletus, to excite the Ionian colonies to revolt. Aristagoras  which ensued, Leonidas fell, but his body was rescued by the Greeks. His
went to Athens and Sparta to solicit assistance: the latter State refused to grant  Spartans were all cut off to a man (B. C. 480). On the hillock, in the pass
it; the former sent a fleet and troops. With the aid of these, Aristagoras took  where they fell, a lion of stone was set up in after times, with this inscription,
and burnt Sardis (B. C. 499); but he was defeated at Ephesus, and driven to  written by Simon'ides: " O stranger, tell it at Lacedoemon that we died here
the coast. He-fled to Thrace, where he was murdered, and the revolt was sup-  in obedience to her sacred laws".
pressed (B. C. 494). Histioeus, who had been sent back with orders to quell    The Persians now poured down upon Attica. They pillaged and burnt Athens,
the revolt, participated in it, but was captured and put to death by Artapher'-  but the inhabitants had fled to Salamis and ZEgina. The Grecian fleet, consistnes, the Persian satrap (or governor) of'Ionia. Darius, exasperated with the  ing of 380 ships, surrounded those islands. The Persian fleet, consisting of
Athenians for the part they had taken in the contest, and instigated by Hippias,  1200 sail, was sent to attack it. On this occasion Themistocles saved his country
who was an exile at his court, now resolved to invade Greece. IIe sent an era-  by a stratagem.  Perceiving that Eurybi'ades, the Spartan commander, inbassy to Athens, requiring that city to receive back Hippias.  The Athenialns  tended to withdraw with his ships, he sent a slave to the Persian commanders,
refused to do this: whereupon Darius sent a vast army under his son-in-law,  informing them that if they would cut off the retreat of the Greeks the victory
Mardonius (B. (. 492), to ravage Greece. But the fleet which conveyed it vwas  would be certain. The Persians accordingly did so, and thus the whole Greek
wrecked off Mount Athos, and the Thracians destroyed the greater part of the  force was compelled to fight. Xerxes, from an eminence, was a witness of the
army, so that the expedition was a failure. Darius then sent another army  battle, which ended in the destruction of the greater portion of the Persian fleet.
under Datis and Artaphernes against Athens, having been further instigated   ie hastily returned to Persia, leaving Mardonius with 300,000 men to prosecute
thereto by the conduct of Miltiades, governor of the Chersonese, who had taken  the war.  That general was soon afterward totally defeated at Platoea by the
possession of the islands of Lemnos and Imbros, which formed part of the Per-  Athenians and Spartans, under PAUSAXNIAS, the nephew of Leonidas (B. C.
sian dominions.'The army crossed the Archipelago, and, by the advice of  479); and, on the same day, the allies under Leotychtides and Xanthip'pus,
tIippias, who accompanied it, landed on the coast of Attica, near Mar'athon,  annihilated the remains of the Persian fleet at Myc'ale. From this day the
about 30 miles from Athens (B. C. 490).  The Athenians mustered all their  independence of Greece was assured. Athens was rebuilt and fortified, notforces (about 30,000 men), and placed them under the command of ten generals,  wvithstanding the opposition of the Spartans (B. C. 477), and its supremacy over
who took the chief command by turns, the principal of them being MILTIADES,  the other States commenced. Pausanias followed up his success by taking
CALLIM/ACItUS, ARISTI)DES, and THEMIS'TOCLE S. The Persian troops were four  Cyprus and Byzantium, but afterward entered into treasonable correspondence
times as numerous.  The ever-memorable battle took place on the plains of  with the Persians, wMhich ended in his disgrace and death.  Themistocles, being
Marathon, on the 28th September, B. C. 490, Miltiades having the chief cor-  implicated in it, fled to Persia, where he was handsomely provided for, and
mand of the Greeks on that day. The Persians were completely routed and  where he died (B. C. 449). IIe was a man of extraordinary abilities and elodriven to their ships, and they thereupon returned to Persia. It is said that   quence, but of no morality, and so he died an exile and a traitor. Of him is
IIippias was slain on the field of battle. From this time forth the superiority  recorded the memorable expression-" Strike, if you will, but hear! "- which
of the Greeks over the Persians was established.  Miltiades then persuaded the  he made use of during a dispute with Eurybiades, who was angry with him.
Athenians to intrust him with a secret expedition.  This he conducted against    Aristides was recalled to Athens after the disgrace of Pausanias, and, in conthe island of Paros, but he failed in his plans, and returned home wounded.  junction with CIMON, the son of Miltiades, was appointed to the command of
His ungrateful countrymen accused him of having accepted bribes from the  the Athenian fleet. Aristides revised the laws of Athens, and reduced the taxes.
enemy, and sentenced him to death; but the punishment was commuted to a  This great and good man died B. C. 471, so poor that he did not leave enough
heavy fine, and he was thrown into prison, where he died of his wounds.       to pay for his funeral. Cimon succeeded him in influence and popularity. This
After the death of Miltiades the glory of Athens was maintained by Aristides  enterprising commander expelled the Persians from Thrace, and destroyed a
and Themistocles.  Aristides, surnamed "the Just", became Archon (B. C.  large Persian fleet and army on the river Eurym'edon, in Pamphilia (B. C.466).
489), but his extreme probity excited the envy of his compeers, especially of  But he lost his popularity through the arts of PERICLES, the leader of the demoThemistocles (who said he was weary of hearing him praised), and he was  cratical party, and was exiled for a short time. On his return he negotiated a
ostracised (B. C. 482). It was to him that Themistocles, on one occasion during  five years' truce with Sparta (B. C. 450). Next year (B. C. 449), the war with
the Persian war, confided his plan for treacherously destroying the ships of all  Persia was renewed, and Cimon was appointed to the chief command. He
the Greek allies of Athens, so that the latter might be mistress of the sea, but  sailed with a large force to Cyprus, and laid siege to Cit'ium, where he died.
he nobly refused to countenance it. Meanwhile, Xerxes, the successor of Da-  Pericles had for some years previously assumed the leading part in public
rius, anxious to avenge the defeat at Marathon, fitted out an enormous army  affairs.  By procuring the passage of laws for the more immediate benefit of the
(said to have numbered 2,000,000 persons), with which he crossed the Helles-  poorer citizens, he gained complete control over them, and by his wonderful
pont (Dardanelles) on a bridge of boats. It is related of him that the waves  eloquence  swayed the entire people. IIe concluded peace with Persia, stipuhaving roughly interfered with the construction of this bridge, he ordered them   lating for the freedom of all the Grecian cities of Asia. He lavished immense
to be scourged with rods. He marched through Thrace and Macedonia, his sums on public buildings, festivals, and games, and patronized genius of every
t  What was the cause of the animosity of Darius against the Athenians? —What is said of    Give the particulars of the third expedition under Xerxes.-What is said of Leonidas and
Histieeus? —Aristagoras? —And Hippias? —Give the particulars of the first expedition, under  the pass of Thermopylee?-Of the battle of Salamis? —Platsean? —And Mylyale? —fhnat
Mardonius. —Of the second, under Datis and Artaphernes. —Of the battle of M5arathon, and  became of Pausani~as and Thermistocles? —What is said of Cimron?- Of Pericles?- Of the
the fate of Miltihades.-What is said of Aristides? —Of Themistocles?        acts of Cimon on his return from exile?
(82)




GREECE.
description. Athens was now at the meridian of her glory, and aspired to the  paid little heed to the call, and remained abroad for the next four years, at the
domination of all Greece. Pericles commanded the Athenians in their cam-  head of the Athenian forces. He gained the battles of Cynesse'ma, Cyz'icus,
paigns against the Sicyonians and Acarnanians (B. C. 454); in the Phocian  and Aby'dos, and took Byzantium and Chalee'don. In B. C. 407 he returned
Sacred War (B. C. 448); in recovering the island of Eubea (B. C. 445); and the  to Athens, and was appointed commander-in-chief; but the defeat of his lieuconquest of Samos (B. C. 440). He fostered the commerce and the navy of  tenant, Antiochus, at Natium, by Lysander and the Spartans, caused him to be
Athens, but did not escape the virulent attacks of envious factions. The Spar-  superseded (B. C. 406), and he went into exile in the Thracian Chersonesus.
tans, jealous of the greatness of the Athenians, made demands upon the latter  His successors, Callicrat'idas and Conon were defeated by the Spartans in the
which they knew would not be acceded to. Accordingly, when they were re-  fatal battles of Arginusse (B. C. 406), and 2Egos Potamos (B. C. 40).  The
fused, the Spartans formed a combination with the other States to humble  formerwas put to death, and the latter fled to Cyprus. Lysandernowbesieged
Athens, and the result was "the first Peloponnesian War," which began B. C.  and took Athens (B. C. 404), and that humiliated city was compelled to demo431, and lasted 28 years. All the eminent men in Greece were engaged in it.  lish its port, and bind itself to limit its fleet to twelve ships, and not to underThe Thebans, being allies of the Spartans, began it by attacking Platiea. This  take any military enterprise, unless under the command of the Spartans. Thus
was followed by the invasion of Attica, on which occasion the Athenians, by  the first Peloponnesian war ended. Democracy was abolished in Athens, and
the advice of Pericles, removed their flocks to Euboea, and shut themselves up  the government was entrusted to thirty citizens, since remembered by the name
in Athens, leaving the country to be ravaged by the Spartans. The same policy  of " the thirty tyrants."
was resorted to next year, but it drew down upon Pericles the reproaches of the    These thirty tyrants held their power for eight months, during which time
people.' A plague broke out, and carried off his sons, and he himself sank under  they indulged in such cruelty that most of the citizens fled, and Athens was
the effects of grief (B. C. 429). His fame rests upon many solid bases, but he  almost deserted. Their career was cut short by THRaSYBUtLUS, a leading
introduced an incurable taste for luxury and prodigality, though, in his own  Democrat, who organized a successful revolt against them, and ultimately recase personally, combining with it genius and taste. On his death, Cleon, a  stored the Democratic government (B.C.403). The year previously, Alcibiades,
popular demagogue, became the favorite of the people, and for six years enjoyed  who had fled to Asia Minor, was assassinated by a band of armed men, supthe principal share of power. He was a strenuous advocate for war, and took  posed to have been employed by the Spartans. On the restoration of the
an active part in the great struggle. Many actions were fought by land and  Democracy at Athens, a general amnesty was published, and Thucydides,
sea, and Attica was subjected for some years to an annual invasion. SoC/RA.TEs,   Lysias, Andoctides, and other illustrious exiles, returned to Athens. The year
XEN/OPHON, THUCY/DIDES, ALCIBIXADES, NIC'IAS, and others, distinguished them-  B. C. 401 is memorable as that in which " the ten thousand" Greeks, in the
selves in this great war. The leading events in it may be thus summed up.  service of Cyrus of Persia, after the unfortunate battle of Cunaxa, made good
The Thebans, Corinthians, Spartans, and some of the minor States, were leagued  their retreat from that country, under Xenophon, who has left an interesting
against Athens -Sparta taking the lead. A war had previously broken out  account of it.
between Corinth and Corcy'ra, the latter being supported by the Athelnians    SPARTA. —The history of this State offers fewer events than that of Athens.
and their allies, the Thracians. The first two years of the Peloponnesian war  The kingly republic took an active part in the struggle with the Persians when
were occupied by invasions of Attica, and the siege of Plateea by the allies;  they invaded Greece, as we have already seen. At the commencement of the
Ialso by the siege of Potidrea by the Athenians. It was before the latter place  century, Cleome/cnes I. and Demaratus were the joint kings of Sparta. Demathat Socrates saved the life of Alcibiades. The Athenians took Lesbos, Mity-  ratus was forced to flee firom the country, owing to the intrigues of Cleomenes,
lene, and Potideea, but lost Platina. In the seventh year of the war they took  and he took refuge in Persia. Cleomenes committed suicide (B. C. 491). Ile
Pylos, and captured a Spartan force in Sphacteria. Their general, Nicias, next  was succeeded by his half-brother, the heroic Leon/idas, whose gallant conduct
year ravaged the coast of Laconia, and captured Cythera, but lost the battle of  and death at Thermopylve (B. C. 480) have already been noticed. His colDelium, wherein both Socrates and Xenophon fought (B. C. 424). Thucydides,  league, Leotych'ides, commanded the Greek fleet at Myc/ale, but was afterwards
the historian of the war, also took part against the Spartans at Amphipolis,  dethroned for accepting bribes. The leading man in Sparta at this time was
and was exiled in consequence of the lossofthat city (B. C. 423). He remained  PAUSANIAS, the nephew of Leonidas, and guardian of the young king, Pleistarin exile 20 years. A truce for a year was followed by a battle at Amphipolis,  chus. During the Persian war he marched at the head of a strong force to the
wherein Cleon, the Athenian general, and Bras'idas, king of the Spartans, were  assistance of the Athenians, and assumed the command of the Grecian army at
slain, B. C. 422. Then came a truce for 50 years, which was broken as soon  Plateea, where he defeated the Persians under Mardonius. He then led a fleet
as made. Alcibiades carried the war into Peloponnesus, and effected a league  against Cyprus, which island he subdued. He next sailed to Byzantium, and
between the Athenians and the Argives. Varied success attended the corn-  having mastered the city, he formed the idea of making himself king of all
batants. In the year B. C. 415 the Athenians sent an expedition against Sicily,  Greece, with the assistance of the Persian king. His treachery being suspected,
under the-command of Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lam'achus; but Alcibiades was  he was recalled to Sparta, and tried for treason, but acquitted. Accident,
recalled to take his trial for mutilating the busts of HIermes at Athens, which  however, revealed his treasonable correspondence with Xerxes, and he was
mysterious transaction had excited great fears in the minds of the Athenians.  stoned to death (B. C. 467) in the temple of Minerva, his aged mother having
He fled to Sparta, and was sentenced to death by the Athenians; he was, how-  been one of the first to lay a stone for the purpose of blocking up the door. In
ever, soon driven out of Sparta, and then fled to Tissapher/nes, Persian satrap  the year B. C. 464, Sparta was reduced to ruins by an earthquake, and a revolt
(or governor) of Lower Asia, who had espoused the cause of the Spartans.  By  of the Helots and Messenians broke out, which lasted ten years. Archid'amus
his arts he persuaded Tissaphernes to join the Athenians. For this service he  II., the successor of Leotychides, commanded the Spartan forces throughout
was forgiven, and recalled home (B. C. 411). The expedition to Sicily, under  this war, and also throughout the Peloponnesian war, until his death in B. C.
Nicias, was at first successful: the famous siege of Syracuse was undertaken,  427. His son, AGIS II., succeeded him, and also held the chief command
and the city almost taken, when a Spartan army, under Gylippus, relieved the  during the great war. The most eminent Spartan of this period was LYSANDER,
place. Nicias was compelled to surrender, and was, with his colleague Demos-  who destroyed the Athenian fleet at 2Egospot'amos (B. C. 405), and terminated
thenes, put to death by the Syracusans (B. C. 413). The general dissatisfaction  the Peloponnesian war. At the close of the century he was the most powerful
caused by the reverses paved the way for the downfall of the Democracy of  man in Greece.
Athens. The oligarchical party, headed by An/tiphon, the orator, succeeded    CORINTH. —During the Peloponnesian war this State was one of the bitterest
in establishing the Council of the Four Hundred (B. C. 411), by whom the affairs  enemies of Athens.  THEBES was also very hostile to Athens.  During the
of the State were soon brought to confusion. They were driven out of office, war the citizens abolished their oligarchical government, and established a
and Antiphon was put to death. Alcibiades was recalled to Athens, but he | democracy.
What is said of Cleon? —Give a sketch of the first Peloponnesian war. —Vho distinguished    What is said of the retreat of the ten thousand Greeks under Xenophon? —What was the
themselves in it? —What is said of Nicias, and the siege of Syracuse? —Of the fall of the  fate of Cleomenes and Demaratus? —Leotychides? —Plusanias? —What calamities happened
DIemocracy of Athens?- Of Alcibiades? —Lysander? —The thirty tyrants? —Thrasybulus,  to Sparta, B. C. 464? —Whatis said of Agis and Lys:~nder? —Wlhat is said of Corinth?-Of
and the restoration of the Dernocracy?                                  | Thebes?..'
(,83)




GREECE.
|MACEDONIA.-Alexander I. succeeded his father, Amyntas, and was forced to  wrote an account of his travels, which is most valuable from its truthfulness,
take part with the Persians against the GCireeks. HIe died about B. C. 454, and  and the mass of information which it contains. He also wrote the history of
was succeeded by his son, PERDICCAS II. It was during the reign of this mon-  Croesus, of Lydia, of Persia, of Egypt, and the expedition of Cambyses, and of
arch that the Spartan general, Brasidas, made his celebrated expedition into  the war between the Greeks and Persians.
the country to drive out the Athenians. But a misunderstanding arising be-    THUCYDIDES was an Athenian, born B. C. 471. He studied philosophy under
tween Perdiccas and Brasidas, the former joined the Athenians. His natural  Anaxagoras, and oratory under Antiphon. He commanded a squadron of ships
son, Archela/us, on his death in B. C. 413, obtained the throne by murdering  at Thasus, but was exiled for failing to save that place. He lived in exile 20
his half-brother. But though he began his career with this horrid crime, he  years, and met with a violent death about B. C. 401. He wrote a history of the
proved an able monarch, and greatly improved the internal condition of his  Peloponnesian war, in which he displayed great accuracy and elevation of mind.
kingdom. He was also a munificent patron of literature and art.                 SOCRATES, born near Athens, B. C. 469, was the greatest of all the Greek phiThe century was as fertile in great literary men and artists as in warriors,  losophers. He was the son of a statuary, and followed his father's profession.
statesmen, and orators. Athens has the immortal honor of having either pro-  Ile served in several campaigns. At the battle of Potideea he saved the life of
duced or patronized the noblest intellects of Greece. Foremost among some  Alcibiades; and, at that of Delium, his own life was saved by Alcibiades. In
sixty names of eminence are those of PINDAR, ZEStCHYLUS, SOPH/ECLES, EURIP/-  middle age he went about lecturing, publicly and privately, on the advantages
IDES, IEROD/OTUS, TtUVCYDZIDES, SOC'RATES, PHIDVIAS, ZEUXIS, ARISTOP11tANES,  of morality and self-knowledge. He was hated and ridiculed by the poets and
CRATI/NUS, HIPPOCZRATES, and XENroPHoN.                                       orators, and persecuted by the ruling party, the Thirty Tyrants, and their SucPINDAR was born at Thebes, B. C. 522, and was the greatest lyric poet of  cessors. He was impeached on a charge of corrupting youth, and of despising
Greece. He was the pupil of Lasus of Hermione, the founder of the Athenian  the popular deities, and was condemned to die by poison. During the 30 days
school of dithyrambic (or wild and enthusiastic) poetry; and he was also in-  which intervened between his sentence and his execution, he reiterated his views
structed by the celebrated poetesses, Myrtis and Corinna, of Tan'agra.  Ile  on the immortality of the soul, on religion, and on nature, which are distincomposed poems for many of the then reigning sovereigns of Greece and of  guished for their exalted character. He professed to be attended by a familiar
Syracuse, but only his "Epinicia," or triumphal odes, have come down to us  spirit, whom he spake of as a divine sign, or supernatural voice. His friend,
entire. He wrote hymns, dirges, drinking-songs, and a variety of other small  Crito, in vain urged him to escape, but he refused to make the attempt. IHe
poems, fragments of which are still extant. He died in his 80th year, B. C.  drank the poison with the utmost heroism, and died with calmness equal to that
442, respected by all classes.                                                 of a Christian (B. C. 399). His wife, Xanthippe, is renowned for having been
2ESCYLUS was born at Eleusis, in Attica, B. C. 525, He is styled the father  a quarrelsome shrew to her philosophic husband.  The sentence pronounced by
of Greek Tragedy, from  having introduced so many improvements into the  the court of the Areop'agus against Socrates was formally reversed by the modrama. Ile is said to have written seventy tragedies, but seven only are extant,  dern court at Athens in the year 1859, exactly 2258 years after his death!
namely: " The Persians," "The Seven against Thebes," "The Suppliants,"    PHIDIAS, the greatest sculptor and statuary of Greece, was born at Athens,
the "Prometheus," the "Agamcmnon," "The Choeph'ori," and "The Eumeni-  B. C. 490. His great works were the Propylaea of the Acropolis, the Parthenon
ides."  AEschylus was present at the battles of Mar'athon, Sal'amis, and Plateca.  at Athens, and the colossal statues of Jupiter Olympus and Minerva. As a
He died at Gela, in Sicily, B. C. 456.                                        sculptor he has not been surpassed.  Ile was thrown into prison on a charge
SorPocLES, born at Colo'nus, near Athens, B. C. 495, was the greatest drama-  of impiety, and he died from disease there, B. C. 432.
|ist of Greece.  He wrote 113 dramas, but only seven are extant, namely:    ZEuxis, the great painter, was born at Heraclea, on the Euxinle, and flourished'Antigone," " Electra," "Trachin/iee,"  " C(Edipus Tyran-nus," " Ajax,"  at the close of the 5th century (B. C. 424-400). His famous rival, PARRHASIU-S,
" Philocte'tes," and " (Edipus Colo'nus."  He was the successful rival of YEs-  lived at the same epoch, and was a native of Ephesus, though he practised his
chylus, Euripides, Choeerilus, Arist/ias, Ag~athon, and other poets, and carried  profession of painter at Athens.
off the first prize twenty-four times. In a lawsuit with his son, Iophon, re-    HIPPOCRATES, the most celebrated physician of antiquity, was a native of the
specting the disposal of his property, he was represented as being insane; on  island of Cos, and born about B. C. 460. IIe wrote several works on medicine,
this occasion he uttered his famous reply: "If I am Sophocles, I am not beside  and was the author of many moral reflections: the famous aphorism, " Life is
m yself; if I am beside myself, I am not Sophocles."  Ile then read an extract  short, and Art is long," is one of them.
from his unpublished play, (Edipus Colonus, and gained the suit. He died in      XENOPHON, the celebrated soldier and historian, was born at Athens, B. C.
his 90th year, B. C. 406.                                                      444. His life was saved by Socrates at the battle of Delium. Hie commanded
EURIPIDES, born at Salamis, B. C. 480, on the day of the battle, was one of  the 10,000 Greeks who had been in the service of Cyrus the younger, the son
the greatest tragic poets of Greece. He studied physics under Anaxag'oras,  of Darius Nothus, king of Persia, and were left alone after the fatal battle of
and rhetoric under Prod/icns, and was on intimate terms with Socrates. He  Cunaxa. Xenophon commanded them in their famous retreat along the course
wrote 75 plays, of which 18 are extant: the principal being " Iphigenia  of the Tigris through Armenia to Trebizond. He wrote a history of this retreat
in Aulis," " Iphigenia in Tauris," " Orestes," " Hielena," "Andromache,"  of the 10,000 Greeks; and also a history of Greece, from the time when the
l Elecra," "Medea," and "Alcestis."  Hle was torn to pieces by the dogs of  history of Thucydides ends to the battle of Mantinee'a, B. C. 362. These works
the king of Macedonia, B. C. 406.                                             are styled " The Anab/asis, and " The Hellen/ica."  He likewise wrote " The
ARISTOPIANES, a celebrated comic poet, born at Athens B. C. 444, was a great  Cyropeedia," or youth of Cyrus, a political romance; " The Memorabilia," or
patriot as well as poet, and opposed Cleon and the demagogues. In his plays  conversations of Socrates; " The Apology," or defence of Socrates; " The Symhe satirized the vices of the age. He was a poet of the highest order, and the  posium," or banquet of philosophers; and other works on statistics, horses,
author of 54 plays, but not more than 13 of them have come down to our times.  dogs, domestic economy, etc. The place and manner of his death are uncertain,
The principal are " The Clouds," " The Wasps," " The Frogs," " The Horse-  but it took place subsequently to the year B. C. 362.
men," " Lysistrata," and " Plutus."  He died B. C. 480.                         Beside those, there were many other eminent persons, namely: the poetess
CRATINUS, the rival of Aristophanes, was born B. C. 519. He wrote 21 plays,  Telesilla; the poets, Epichar/mus, Pherecy/des, Emped/ocles, Bacchyl/ides;
and gained many prizes. He was the first who made use of comedy for per-  the historians and geographers, Hellan/icus and Hecatee'us; the philosophers,
sonal attacks. We have only fragments of his works. He died B. C. 422.        Anaxag'oras, Parmen/ides, Democ/ritus, Archela/us, Protagloras; the orators,
|HERODOTUS, the famous historian, was born at Halicarnas'sus, in Asia Minor,  Andoc/ides, Gor/gias, Ly/sias, Isoc-rates; the architects, Ictinus, Callic/rates,
B. C. 484. He was of a noble family, and spent many years in travelling in  and Mnes/icles; the painters, Polygno/tus and Panaenus; the sculptor, PolyEurope, Asia, and Africa.  He settled at Thurii, in Italy, where he died. He  cle/tus; and tl C astronomer, Meton.
What is said of Macedonia?-Of Perdiccas and Brasidas?-Of Archelaus? —Mention the    What is said of Euripides? —Who was Aristophanes? —What is said of Cratinus? —tierodnames of the most illustrious writers and artists of this century. —What is said of Pindar? —  otus? —Thucydides? —Socrates? —What doctrines did he teach? —What was the manner of
What works of his remain? —Who were Myrtis and Corinna? —Who was 2Eschylus? —Name  his death? —When was the sentence reversed? —What is said of his wife, Xanthippe?his extant works. —What is said of Sophocles?-What occurred between him and his son?   Name the other eminent persons of this century.
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ITALY.
TARQUIN, neglected by Porsena, took refuge with his son-in-law, Mamilius  mitting suicide (B. C. 470). After his death the internal dissensions of Rome
Ootavius, of Tusculum. The latter induced the Latin States to espouse.Tar-  ceased for awhile, and the nation devoted its energy to external conquests.
quin's cause, and march against Rome. A battle was fought near Lake Regil-  But the results were not very encouraging. The 2Equi and Volsci drove the
lus, B. C. 496, in which the Romans were completely victorious. Tarquin was  Latin peasantry to take refuge in the city, where the general distress was
wounded, and fled to Cumae, where he died, a wretched old man. Lake Re-  aggravated by pestilence. In the year B. C. 460, Appius Herdotnius, a Sabine
gillus is now a small pool; but the chronology of this period of Roman history  chieftain, with a band of outlaws and slaves, made himself master of the capitol,
is so confused that there is no saying to a certainty when the battle was fought,  but it was retaken four days afterwards by the consul, Valerius Public'ola,
nor, indeed, that it was fought at all.                                          who was killed in the action. The consul, Minucius, having been blockaded
The tyranny of the patricians drove the plebeians to arms, but the strife  by the XEqui in the defiles of Mount A~gidus, the Senate, in the emergency,
ended in the concession of all the demands of the latter, and the restoration of  resolved to appoint a dictator, with supreme powers, to rescue the State from
the Valerian laws. The family of the Valerii, after whom these laws were  its danger. They selected for that office Lucius QUINTIUS CINCINNA/TUS, an old
named, enjoyed great privileges, and always advocated the rights of the ple-  hero, who cultivated his farm with his own hands. He was working at the
beians: the laws which they proposed were the charters of Roman liberty. In   plough when the deputation arrived to offer him the dictatorship. He accepted
the year B. C. 491 there was a severe famine in Rome. On this occasion, a  it, raised troops, defeated the enemy, extricated the Roman army from its danhaughty patrician, CAIuS MARCITS, surnamed CORIOLA"NUS, from the heroism   gerous position (B. C. 458), and, within sixteen days, returned to his farm
he had displayed in the capture of the Volscian town of Corioli, proposed that  and resigned his high office.  Peace was shortly after concluded with the
the corn sent from  Sicily should not be distributed among the people, unless  Volscians.
they gave up their Tribunes (magistrates chosen annually by the people to    The population of Rome at this time was upwards of 130,000. Internal diswatch over their rights). For this he was impeached and exiled. He fled to  sensions broke out afresh.  The people got ten tribunes appointed instead of
the Volscians, then at war with the Romans; and Attius Tullius, the Volscian  five. One of them, SICIVIUs DENTA~TUS (styled "the Roman Achilles," from
king, gave him  command of the army. With this he marched against Rome,  having fought 120 battles, and received 45 wounds), obtained the assent of the
but was induced, by the tears and prayers of his mother and his wife, to desist.  Senate to the framing of a new code of laws. Ten persons (decem viri), called
He led his army back, and it is said that he was put to death on his return, by   " the Decemvirs," were appointed with consular powers for this purpose. No
Attius Tullius, B. C. 488.                                                       appeal from their decision was allowed. By them the laws, known as " the
SPURIUS CASSIUS, who had negotiated the league with the Latins, and that  Twelve Tables," were promulgated (B. C. 449). These laws were favorable to
with the Hernicans, introduced the first Agrarian Law that was ever proposed  the plebeians. But the Decemvirs abused their office; and because Dentatus
at Rome. It enacted that the portion of the patricians in the public lands  endeavored to persuade the people to assemble at the Sacred Mount to oppose
should be strictly defined, and the remainder divided among the plebeians.  them, they caused him to be assassinated. One of their number, Apprus CLAUThis law was passed B. C. 486. But next year the patricians accused Spurius  DIUS, having attempted violence against VIRGINIA, the daughter of a brave
of aiming at regal power, and put him  to death. He was thrown from the  officer named VIRGINIUS, the father slew her in public to save her from dishonor.
Tarpeian rock, a mode of punishment adopted towards State criminals. The  He then roused the people to action. The Decemvirs were deposed. Appius
Tarpeian rock, so often mentioned in Roman history, was a portion of the Capi-  Claudius died, or was put to death in prison, and the rest were banished; and
toline Hill, and, as has been already mentioned, derived its name from Tarpeia,  consuls and tribunes were again elected (B. C. 449). The dismayed patricians
the daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, governor of- the Roman citadel on that hill  yielded still farther to the demands of the people, and the tribune, CANULEIUS,
in the time of Romulus, which was surrendered to the Sabines through her  obtained a law permitting marriage between patricians and plebeians. This
treachery.  She had been induced to open the gates by the offer of all the gold  law was called the " Canuleian Law."  Three military tribunes were appointed
on the Sabine bracelets and collars, but, as the Sabines entered, they threw   instead of consuls, but this arrangement lasted only three months, and consuls
their shields upon her, and thus crushed her to death. The Agrarian Law   were again elected. A censorship was also established (B. C. 443). War was
caused furious disputes between the patricians and the plebeians, and the  also carried on successfully with the AEqui and Sabines, the former being comtroubles of the commonwealth were still further increased by the continued  pletely routed near Rome.
war with the Veientes and Volscians. The illustrious patrician family of the    In the year B.C. 439 a severe famine caused great distress. Spurius Moelius,
FAnBII seceded from the patrician party, and joined the plebeians. As this  a wealthy plebeian, bought vast quantities of corn in Etruria, and distributed
drew down upon them  the animosity of the Senate, they withdrew from the  it among the citizens of Rome. For this he was accused by the patricians of
city, taking up a position near the Creme'ra, with their clients and dependents.  designs upon the State.  They appointed the venerable Cincinnatus dictator
There they were surprised and slaughtered by the Veientes (B. C. 477), 306  once more, and Servilius Aha'la master of the horse. M'elius was summoned
members of the family perishing in the fatal encounter. The Romans suffered  to appear before the tribunal of the dictator, but refusing to do so, Ahala killed
great losses in this war.  The city itself was endangered, but at length a forty  him. For this crime Ahala was brought to trial, but escaped condemnation by
years' truce was concluded (B. C. 474).                                          voluntary exile (B. C. 438). The next event of importance was the revolt of
The domestic strife became more furious than ever. The tribune, Cneius Ge-  the city of Fide'ne. Having placed itself under the protection of Lar Tolumnucius, having impeached the consuls, Fabius and Maulius, was assassinated  nius, king of the Veientes, its inhabitants, at his instigation, murdered the four
by their orders.  The consuls sought to divert public attention by levying  Roman envoys sent to inquire into their conduct. The Romans marched against
troops for a war, but the levy was stopped by a centurion (captain of a hun-  the rebels, and gained a complete victory over Tolumnius, who was killed in
dred), named PUBLIL"IUS ~OLEaRO, who raised a fierce commotion, and compelled  the battle (B. C. 437). Fiden   was destroyed, and Veii compelled to sue for a
the patricians to make further concessions. He effected an important change  truce. A few years afterwards the war was renewed; the Romans were rapidly
in the Constitution, by causing the election of the tribunes to be transferred  growing powerful, and subjecting their neighbors. Towards the close of the
from the centuries to the tribes, to whom was also given the power of delibe-  century (B. C. 405), they undertook the destruction of their ancient enemy, the
rating upon, and determining, all matters affecting the whole nation, and not  Veientes. The city of ~eii was besieged, and, after a siege of ten years, was
such as only concerned the plebs, as had previously been the case. By this  taken by storm, and destroyed (see next century). It was during this war that
law (styled, after him, the Publilia Lex,) he struck a fatal blow at the supremacy  the Romans first established a standing army.
of the patricians.  The consul, Appius Claudius, was                                                                   s enraged at the passing.Domesti agitation contnined g-round, and, in the
of this law, that he vented his fury by decimating the troops who refused to |year B. C. 408, were first admitted to the quEestorship (treasurership and reserve under him. For this he was impeached, but escaped punishment by corm c eivership of taxes).
|What waqs the result of the battle of Lake Regillus? —What of the chronology of this pc-  What is said of Cincinnatus? —The population of Rome? —The appointment of tribunes? —
tied? —What is said of Coriolanus? —Spurius Cassius, and the first Agrarian Law? —The  Sicinius Dentatus? —The IDecemvirs? —The twelve tables? —Virginins and his daughter? —
Tarpcian rock? —The Fabii? —Domestic strife? —The Publilian Law? —Appius Claudius? —| Appius Claudius and the Decemvirs? —The Canuleian Law? —Spurins Mselius and Servilius
Appius Herdonius? —The war with the 2Equi?                                   |Ah~la? —The revolt of Fidense? —The war with Veii? —The progress of the plebeians?
(85)




BRITAIN.                               FRANCE.                                  SPAIN.                             GERMANY,
4FTER half a century of desolating    THEa  Gauls and Cimbri fusing into    IN the year B. C. 482, the Carthagi-    TIIE Getm (called by the Romans
warLlfiare, Dunwallo Molmutius, the son  one people by degrees, joined their  nians sent out fresh troops to Cadiz, ]aci) and the Pannones, German tribes
and successor of Cloten, king of Corn-  forces in those predatory excursions  and planted a colony at the mouths of  dwelling near the mouths of the Danwall, a man of great valor and grace-  wherein they ravaged Italy during this  the Guadalquiver.  Sappho, the son  ube, now appear in history. ZAMOLXIS,
fulness of person, found means to re-  century. But the history of France  of Asdrubal, was appointed governor  the sage, taught them the immortality
duce the whole island into one mon-  at this period is little known; the clas-  of their possessions in Spain. Ile was  of the soul; and their king, Dice/neus,
archy.  Having defeated and.killed  sical historians being chiefly occupied  of great service to Carthage by making  employed him to frame laws for them.
the other kings, he established the  with the miseries inflicted on Italy by, a diversion in Mauritania, when the  Zamolxis  (or Zalmoxis) is said to have
code of laws traditionally known as  thebarbarous Gauls, who are described  city was hard pressed by the army of  derived his name from the bear's skin
"the Molmutine laws," which became  as living in towns without walls, and  that nation, B. C. 470. He was re-  in which he was wrapped up as soon
the common law of the land, and are  houses without furniture, sleeping on  called in B. C. 463, and his cousins  as he was born. According to Greek
said to have been translated into Saxon  grass or straw, eating nothing but meat,  HIMILCO, HANNO, and Gisoo, were sent  tradition, he was a Getan, who had
by King Alfred the Great, 1300 years  occupying themselves with nothing but  in his place. On their way they vis-  been a slave of the celebrated philosoafterwards.  Molmutius  reigned 40  war, and a little agriculture, and caring  ited Minorca, where, it is said, they  pher, Pythagoras, in the island of Sayears and was buried at London, B. C.  for nothing but their flocks and gold  founded Jama, Magon, and Labon.  mos, but had received his freedom. Ile
442, near the temple of Concord, Which  (Polybius, b. 2, p. 106). They ravaged  Hanno explored the southern coast of  acquired great wealth, and travelled
he had built in that city when he first  all Italy, avoiding, however, the moun-  Spain, and suggested to the'Carthagi-  very extensively.  He gained large
established his laws. On his death his  taineers of the Apennines, and the  nian Senate the advantages that might  stores of knowledge from the Egyptians
two sons, Belinus and Brennius, quar-  Romans and Latins. They did not de-  result from an exploration of the west-  and from  Pythagoras.  He then rerelied as to the succession, but ulti-  stroy the cities of Mantua, Ravenna,  ern and northern shores of Spain and  turned among his countrymen, the
mately divided the country between  and Rimini, for these were the mar-  France, and of the western and south-  Getee, and introduced among them the
them. Belinus took Loegria, Cambria,  kets where they disposed of their plun-  ern coasts of Africa. In compliance  civilization and the religious doctrines
and Cornwall; Brennius the rest. The  der. Nevertheless they caused these  with this suggestion, the Senate cor-  which he had acquired, especially the
ambitious Brennius having entered into  cities horrible suffering, and rendered  missioned IIimilco and Itanno to un-  doctrine of the immortality of the -soul.
a league with the king of the North-  their existence precarious and uncer-  dertake these voyages of discovery.  It is said that he retired into a subtermen, whose daughter he had married,  tain. For instance, the city of Melpum   Himilco sailed round the west coast of  raneous cave for three years, and after
was dispossessed of his portion by his  having displeased its new masters, was  Spain, thence northwardly to Britain  that period he again made his appearbrother.  Landing in England with an  suddenly assailed by them, pillaged,  and the Baltic, whence  he returned  ance among the Getre.  The Greek
army, he was defeated, but escaped to  and utterly destroyed.                 after an absence of two years. Hanno,  historian, Herodotus, however, says
France. There his cause was espoused    Every spring bands of adventurers  with a fleet of 60 galleys and 30,000  that Zamolxis lived long before Pyby the chief of the Allobroges, who  set out from their villages to plunder  colonists, sailed from Cadiz round the  thagoras, and expresses a doubt not
sent him with an army to Britain; but  some rich city in Etruria, Campanic,  African coast, planting colonies where  only about the story itself, but as to
through the mediation of their mother  or Greecia Magna, and on their return  he thought proper. It is said that he  %whether Zamolxis were a man or an
peace was made between the two broth-  they threw the spoils into a common  sailed round the Cape of Good Itope  indigenous Getan deity. The latter is
ers, who then joined their forces in a  stock, which became the treasure of  and along the eastern coast of Africa  supposed by many to have been the real
predatory excursion on the continent  the community. Greecia Magna was  into the Red Sea.  Ile returned to  state of the case. The Getrm believed
of Europe. The historian says they  the favorite scene of the excursions of  Carthage B. C. 441, after an absence  that the souls of the departed went to
conquered the Franks in Gaul and  the Gauls, for there they found an in-  of five years. An account of this fa-  him.
marched to Rome, which city they be-  exhaustible booty, and the republics  mous voyage has been handed down to    Darius, king of Persia, invading
sieged, took, and plundered, taking  of Sybaris, Tarentum, Crotona, Locris,   us. (See'Avvravo, Kap2:/ov~wv  BaajZEW   Thrace, crossed the Danube amongst
prisoner the Roman consul Porsenna!!  and Metapontum, so famous for their  ffEitxwov5, or "the Voyage round of  the Pannones, who sought his alliance.
This legend is evidently founded by  luxury and effeminacy, fell an easy  Hanno, prince of the Carthaginians,"    They sent him, as ambassador, a tall
Geoffrey of Monmouth  on the fact that  prey to their audacity. All this por-  translated by Falconer.)  Hannibal   and beautiful girl, bearing on her head
Rome was taken by the Gauls under  tion of Italy was horribly ravaged.  and Mago succeeded Gisgo in the gov-  a vessel filled with water, and spinning
Brennus.                               The entire population of Colon fled  ernment of the Carthaginian colonies  whilst she led a horse by a bridle on
Brennius died in Italy; but Belinus  from these savages and crossed over  in Spain. The former built a town  her arm. On observing the king's surreturned to Britain, which he governed  into Sicily. In these distant expedi-  (now called Albor) near Cape St. Vin-  prise, they informed him that they were
during the remainder of his life in  tions the Cisalpine Gauls generally  cent, A bloody war broke out (B. C.  descended from the Trojans, and that
peace. This prince built several cit-  marched along the coast to the cxtrem-  438) between the inh~:bitants of Betica  their women were all as industrious as
ies, amongst others Caer-leon; and he  ity of the peninsula. As we have al-  and the Lusitani; in which Hannibal,  the maiden he beheld. On his peneadded a gate, a haven, and a tower to  ready observed, they avoided the Ro-  taking part with the latter, was slain.  trating deeper into the steppe, the ScyLondon, on the top of which tower his  mans and Latins, who were very poor    The year B. C. 426 is remarkable for  thians sent him a bird, a mouse, a frog,
ashes are said to have been deposited  but very warlike. Thierry observes  a dreadful plague which devastated the  and five arrows, thereby intimating tha5
in a golden urn.  He was a wise and  (Histoire des Gaulois, introduction, p.  whole world, and created such distress  unless he could fly away like a bird,
able prince, as were his successors,  15) that by a remarkable chance, it was  in Spain, that thousands of Spaniards   hide in the earth like a mouse, or in
Gurgund, or Gurgiunt Brabtruc, and  always under the sword of the Romans  were glad to enlist in the service of  the water like a frog, their arrows would
Guitheline, in whose reign was framed  that the power of the Gaulish nations  Carthage, and fight her battles in Sic-  slay him before he could reach their
that code-of laws known in after ages  fell: as the Roman domination ex-  ily. Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse,  frontiers, -a threat they very nearly
as the " Marchen-lage," or the Mercian  tended, the Gaulish domination receded  endeavored to induce them to desert,  fulfilled, for having enticed the Persian
law, which was incorporated by King  and declined. After two centuries of  but they remained faithful to the Car-  army up the country, they surrounded
Alfred the Grea~ waith the Vest Saxon warfare the Cisalpine Gatuls were sub- thaginians, despite the evils they haid it, and it wras rescued from destr~uction
laws.                                  dued.                inflicted  on their aountry.                             only by a stratagem.
WVhat is said of Dunwallo MoImutius?-0f WThat description does Polybius give of the W  -ha~t is said of Sappho and other Carthat- Who  were the Germ: and Pannones? —Who
the Molmutine laws? —Belinus and Brennius? Oauls? —Which cities in Italy did they spare? ginian chiefs? -- Wh at was the " Periplus " was Zamolxis? —What is related of him? —
— Their history?-What did Belinus erect? —  — Which ravage and destroy? —What does  of Hanno? —What other voyages were made  What does tIerodotus say? — What  befel
WVhat of Ourgiunt and Ouitheline?     Thierry remark as to their domination?  in this century? —What cities founded?    ~IDarius amongr the Scythi. ns?
(s6)




B.C. 500 —400.
ASIA MINOR.                                                                    CARTHAGE.
TiIS part of the world formed a por-    THE, history of Sicily now becomes so mixed up with that of Carthage that it is necessary to give some particulars of
tion of the Persian empire at the be-  it.  At the commencement of the century, Hippocrates, king of Gela, was the most powerful personage in the island.
ginning of this century, but was for  GELON-, a native of Gela, having rendered great military service to him (B. C. 483), acquired such influence that he was
many years filled with commotions by  enabled, on the death of that monarch, to seize upon his dominions.  He next made himself master of Syracuse, giving
the immense Persian armies which tra-  to his brother, IIIhERo, the government of Gela. IIe became so powerful  that his alliance vwas courted by neighboring
versed it on their road to Greece. A   nations, and he made one with the Athenians and Spartans against the Persians. The Persian king at the same time
revolt of the Ionian colonies, instigated  entered into one with the Carthaginians, against the Greeks and their allies. In pursuance of this treaty the Carthaby Histire'us, governor of Miletus, and  ginians invaded Sicily. They sent thither HAMILCAR, the son of IIanno, with, it is said, an army of 300,000 men.
Aristag'oras,hisbrother-in-law, caused  Hamilcar invested the town of Himera, where he fas surprised and slain by Gelon, and his whole army was cut to
greatmiseryand bloodshed.  It lasted  pieces.  This battle was fought on the same day as the battle of Salamis.  The Carthaginians immediately sued for
six years, and though the Athenians  peace, and obtained it on very generous terms. Gelon appears to have been a good as well as a great man.  lIe was
sent aid to the insurgents, the attempt  adored by the Syracusans,  hose happiness he studied; and, on his death, which happened B. C. 471, they raised a
to throw off the Persian yoke was un-  magnificent  mausoleum   in honor of him. He was succeeded by his brother, IIiero, a man  of a different character, who
successful.  Histiaeus was defeated,  was actuated by jealousy of his own brother, Polyzelus.  The latter fled to Theron, king of Agrigentum, and this led to
and taken pyisoner (B. C. 494). IIe  a war between Hiero and Theron, which was ended by a general reconciliation. Hiero expelled the inhabitants of Cawas impaled by order of Artaphernes,  tana and Naxos, and transplanted them to Leontini. In their stead he established a colony of Syracusans and Greeks.
satrap of Ionia, and his head was sent  He died among these new colonists (B. C. 460), and left behind hin two cl-aracters  one, that of a cruel tyrant - the
to the Persian monarch, Darius. Aris-  other, that of a just and generous prince. He was skilled in music, and patronised literary men. I-e invited Simonides,
tagoras fled to Thrace, where he was  Pindar, XEschylus, Bacchylides, and Epicharmus, to his court, who in return sang his praises.
slain by the Edonians.  Sardis was    Hiero was succeeded by his brother, Thrasybulus, a blood-thirsty tyrant, who was speedily driven out of Syracuse
burnt, and Ephesus, Miletus, and Cy-  (B. C. 459). The city was then declared free, and a popular government was established, which lasted fifty-five years.
prus, were taken.  On the suppression  But the republic was torn by the dissensions of those who aimed at power, and a system like that of the Atlhenian ostraof the revolt, Darius, and, after him,  cisim  w'S introduced to remedy the evil, and expel the disturbers of the.public peace. It was styled "petalism" (firom
Xerxes, occupied themselves  ith their  the Greek word  f0ruov, a leaf), because the citizens wrote on a leaf the name of the person whom they desired to banish.
expeditions against Greece, until the Ieanvhile, DUCETIUS, prince of the Siculi, having taken Enna, and overcome the Agrigentines, threatened Syracuse.
year B. C. 479, when, after the battles  IIe defeated the forces of the latter, but was 1imself soonafterwards reduced to the necessity of suing for peace. The
of Platcea and Mycale, the Persians  net important event in the history of Sicily is the war between the Syracusans and the Leontines, the cause of which
returned home in disgrace; and the  is unknown, but it led to the interference of the Athenians in the affairs of the island. The Leontines, having been
Greeks, making themselves masters of  hard pressed by the Syracusans, applied to the Athenians for aid. The latter sent a fleet, under Lachetes and Chabrias,
Thrace, entered  into a confederacy  to their assistance, and committed great devastation.  But the Leontines, fearing that the object of the Athenians wass
wzith the cities of Ionia, which again  the conquest of the island, made peace with the Syracusans (B. C. 426).
revolted from  the Persians, and this    Ten years afterwards a dispute arose between the inhabitants of the towns of Egesta and Selinus, concerning their
time successfully.  The Athenians,  boundary. They, of course, went to war; but the Egestines, getting the worst of it, applied to the Athenians for aid.
under Cimon, following up their victo-The latter eagerly seized the pretext for invading Sicily, and sent Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus,  with a powerful
ries, drove the Persians out of Asia  force, and a commission to regulate affairs in Sicily. They reduced Catana, Naxos, and Hyccara, and advanced against
Minor, and finally triumphing at Eu-  Syracuse.    The siege was undertaken, and it lasted three years. During this time the Spartans and Corinthians sent
rym'edon (B. C. 466), compelled them   aid to the Syracusans.  A number of battles were fought, generally to the disadvantage of the Athenians. In one of
to make a humiliating peace.  The in-  them their admiral, Eurymedon, wMas killed.  Their generals, Nicias and Demosthenes, were several times defeated.
dependence of the Ionian colonies was  They were both forced to surrender, together with all their troops and stores; and were whipped, and put to death (B. C.
fully established, and it endured for  413). The other prisoners were treated with the greatest barbarity during eight months, by which time nearly all of
nearly a century.  The Greeks who  them  perished. 
dwelt in these rich and fertile provinces.The Egestines now called upon the Carthaginians to assist them. The latter agreed to do so, and sent IIannibal, the
became celebrated for their refinement,   son of Gisco, and grandson of IIamilcar, to their aid with an immense army.  The towns of Selinus and Himera were
arts, andliterature. Their restless and  taken and destroyed,' and the inhabitants were massacred. IItannibal then returned to Carthage, where he was received
free spirit fully developed itself, and  in great triumph. Mieanwhile, great disturbances took place in Syracuse.  Hermocrates, one of the popular leaders,
their commerce became extended over  having been expelled, raised an army, and attempted to surprise the city. But he was killed in the attempt, and all
the neighboring countries and the Med-  who had aided him were sentenced to perpetual banishment (B. C. 406). His son-in-law, DIONYSIUS, who had been a
iterranean.  But they gave way to  clerk in a public office, procured the deposition of the successful party, and his own nomination to the chief command
luxury, and subsequently degenerated   of the forces. Having thus raised himself, he secured the fidelity of his soldiers by paying them very liberally.  lie
in force of character.  They produced  then deposed his colleagues, and usurped the whole power of the State.
some of the most brilliant menof genius    The Carthaginians sent a second expedition into Sicily, under Hannibal (B. C. 406), and laid siege to Agrigentum.
ofantiquity: such as Anacreon, Thales,  They lost numbers of men, among them  IIannibal, by the plague. Hannibal's colleague, Imilco, the son of ttanno,
Anaxagoras,    tIecatmus, Zeusis, Apel-  assumed the command, and prosecuted the siege. Dionysius sent an army to the relief of the Agrigentines, and deles, and Parrhasius.                   feated the Carthaginians, reducing them to great straits; but Imilco intercepted the convoy of provisions to the besieged
A kingdom was founded on the Bos- city, whereupon the inhabitants abandoned it, and retired to Gela, having held out eight months. Dionysius then conphorus (B. C. 480), which existed 200  eluded peace with the Carthaginians, they being allowed to retain the western part of the island as far as the river
years, until merged in that of the sue-  Halicus, while  he took possession of Naxos, Catana, and Leontini.
cessors of Alexander the Great.  The    In the year B. C. 470, Carthage was seriously endangered by an attack from the Mauretanians.  Disputes with the
dynasty of the Archma~nactidae, its first  Cyreneans took place respecting boundaries, but were settled by negotiation in a remarkable way.  Two commissioners
kings, reigned 42 years.  To them sue-  on each side met to decide the question; but the Cyrenean, having taken offence, proposed to the Carthaginian that the
ceeded Spartacus I. (B. C. 438), his son latter should either give up the boundary, or suffer themselves to be buried alive. To their surprise, the Carthaginian
Seleucus (431), and Satyrus I. (407).   commissioners assented to this, were buried alive, and thus secured to their country a large extent of territory.
What was the state of the country at this |  Wlhat is related of Hippocrates and Gelon? —What great victory did the latter achieve? —Who  succeeded him? —What is said of Hiero?
period? —WChat were the principal events in  — Thrasybulus? —How long did the republic of Syracuse last? —What was petalism? —Who was Ducetius,? —Wha;t was the next important
its history? —What kingdom was founded? event? —What. occasioned the siege of Syracuse? —Relate the incidents of the wvar. —What did the Egestines do? —What resulted? —Who
— W hat eminent men flourished?        was Dionysius? —What was the result of Imilco's invasion? —What other events occurred? —What of the Carthaginian colnmissioners?
(87)




T H
THIE 4TH CENTURY
EGYPT.                                                                      SYRIA.
ACHORIS assisted Evag'oras of Cyprus, with a fleet and money, against the    FROM the administration of Nehemiah to the time of Alexander the Great,
Persians, and took Cha'brias, the Athenian, into his pay, with an army of Greek   there is scarcely any memorable transaction in the annals of Judea.  Joitada
mercenaries.  Psam'muthis succeeded Achoris (B. C. 376), but nothing is  (or Judas) was succeeded in the high-priesthood by Jonathan I. (B. C. 397).
known of him, or of his successor, Nepherites.                             The latter, jealous of the influence of his brother, Jesus, with Bagoses, the PerNECTANEBUS I.. established himself on the throne (B. C. 375), with the assist- sian governor, murderedhim within the precincts of the sanctuary (B. C. 366),
ance of Chabrias, and founded the 30th, or Sebennytic, dynasty.  He was  for which the whole people were heavily fined by Bagoses. Jonathan swas sucimmediately called upon to defend the country against the Persians, and their  ceeded (B. C. 350) by Jad'dua, who held the high-priesthood for 26 years.
Greek auxiliaries under Iphic'rates, who, at the head of 200,000 men, marched    The peace of Syria was at length interrupted by Alexander the Great (B. C.
into Egypt. Nectanebus made a gallant defence, but would have succumbed,  333), king of Macedon, who, following up his victories over the Persians, laid
had it not been for the dissensions between the enemy's commanders, and also  siege to Damascus and Tyre. Damascus was soon taken, but Tyre offered an
the overflowing of the Nile, which opportunely took place. These two disasters  obstinate resistance of seven months. It was at length captured and sacked;
broke up the enemy's plans, and caused them to retire. Egypt enjoyed peace  and, after this, it never regained its former consequence. Its commerce was,
during the remainder of this reign.                                        for the most part, transferred to Alexandria. But it recovered sufficiently to
Teos, or Tachos, was the successor of Nectanebus (B. C. 363). Ile fitted out  be a strong fortress and flourishing port under the early Roman emperors. It
an expedition against the Persians, and appointed his brother-in-law, Nectan-  was one of the last places held by the Christians during the crusades. The
ebus, to the chief command. But the heavy taxes which Teos imposed on the  Saracens and Turks completed its ruin, and it is now a poor village. Such was
Egyptians caused them to revolt, and offer the crown to Nectanebus, mwho de-  the fate of one of the proudest cities of antiquity. Its destruction vwas foretold
posed his brother-in-law, and established himself on the throne. Teos fled to  by Isaiah (ch. xxiii.), but the period named by him (70 years), for the occurPersia, where he died.                                                     rence of the event, must not be understood in a literal sense.
Nectanebus II., with the aid of the Greeks, suppressed a revolt which broke    After the destruction of Tyre, Alexander marched against Gaza, which he
out on his assuming the crown (B. C. 361), and remained at peace several  also destroyed. On his way he sent to demand the surrender of Jerusalem.
years. At length (B. C. 350) the king of Persia, Daritus Ochus, invaded Egypt  The Jews at first refused, but, on his advancing against the city, Jaddua went
with an immense army, and, principally through his Greek troops, subdued the  forth in his robes, with the priests in their ceremonial attire, and the people in
country. Nectanebus fled into Ethiopia, and Egypt again formed part of the  white garments, to meet him and' make submission. It is related that, on seeing
Persian empire. Thus ended the 30th dynasty of Egyptian kings.             them, Alexander fell prostrate, and adored the Holy Name, saying that he had
Darius Ochus returned in triumph to Persia (B. C. 350), having first razed  previously seen the figure of the high-priest in a vision. But this story is of
the walls of the principal towns of Egypt, and plundered the temples. Of the  doubtful authenticity.
affairs of the country during the rest of his reign, and that of his successor,    Alexander appointed Andromachus commander in Samaria; but some of the
Darius Codoma'nus, but little is known. Meanwhile, ALEXANDER THE GREAT,  inhabitants of that district having rebelled, he ordered the whole people to be
having become master of Greece, turned his arms against Persia. A series of  expelled, and he planted a Macedonian colony in their room. The Samaritans
victories made himmaster of Asia Minor and Syria, and when he reached  retreated to Shechem, whence they are called, in Ecclesiasticus, "the foolish
Peluosium, on the frontiers of Egypt, MIazaeces, the Persian satrap, did not  people that dwell in Shechem."
attempt to oppose his progress. The Egyptians welcomed Alexander as a deli-    Alexander is said to have transplanted 100,000 Jews to his new colony in
verer from the Persians, and that politic monarch did his utmost to conciliate  Egypt (B. C. 331), and to have bestowed on them equal privileges and immuthem. Having visited Memphis (B. C. 332), he returned and founded Alexandria,  nities with the Macedonians. On his death (B. C. 333), Judea came into the
at the mouth of the Nile. About the same time he visited the temple of Jupiter  possession of Laom'edon, one of his generals. Antig'onus, who had made himAmmon, in the desert of Libya, and was saluted by the priests as the son of  self master of Asia Minor, coveted possession of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, ill
that god. Ile appointed Doloaspis, an Egyptian, governor of all Egypt, and, |which latter country, Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, had previously established
leaving a small body of troops behind, rejoined his fleet at Tyre. Alexander  himself. But after the death of Perdiccas (the regent of the Macedonian emnever again visited Egypt, but his corpse was brought thither from Babylon,  pire), Antigonus sent his son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, to subdue these countries.
and deposited at Alexandria in a sarcophagus (B. C. 322).                  Demetrius partly succeeded at first, but was at length defeated by Ptolemy at
On his death (B. C. 323), a contest took place amongst his principal generals  Gaza (B. C. 312), and his career was stopped.
for his vast empire. PTOLEMY (surnamed SOTER, 01or the saver, the son of La-    Ptolemy attempted to seize the whole of Syria. He advanced against Jerugus,) secured Egypt for himself, and fixed his dynasty firmly there. Perdiccas,  salem, where Onias I. was high-priest (he having succeeded Jaddua, B. C. 324),
regent of the empire for Alexander's half-brother, Philip Aridoeus, attempted  and assaulted it on the Sabbath, knowing that the Jews would not violate the
to reduce Ptolemy to submission, but his army, wearied by the long siege of  holy day, even in self-defence. The city fell without resistance (B. C. 320), and
Pelusium, conspired against him, and murdered him in his tent (B. C. 321).    Ptolemy carried away a vast number of captives, whom he settled chiefly in
Antig'onus having established himself in Asia Minor, sent his celebrated son,  Alexandria and Cyrene; but he also endeavored, by kindness and liberality, to
Demetrius Poliorcetes, against Ptolemy, but the latter defeated him at Gaza,  attach the Jews to his cause. He enrolled an army of 30,000 of them, and enand made himself master of Palestine and Phoenicia (B. C. 312). He took  trusted the chief garrisons of the country to their care. Jerusalem, after its
Jerusalem by attacking it on the Sabbath. From Palestine he transplanted  capture by Ptolemy Lagus, in B. C. 320, remained subject to the Greek kings
many thousand Jews to Alexandria and Cyrene, where they settled, encouraged  of Egypt until the conquest of Palestine by Antiochus the Great (B. C. 198).
in their industry, and protected in the exercise of their religion, by the enlight-    Syria and Judea did not escape the anarchy which ensued in the destructive
ened ruler of Egypt. Next year, however, Antigonus retrieved his disasters,  warfare waged by the generals and successors of Alexander.  Twice th'ese proand Ptolemy was forced to resign Phoenicia to him. A short peace followed.  vinces fell into the power of Antigonus, and twice were regained by Ptolemy, to
Three years afterwards (B. C. 308), Antigonus renewed the war, and sent his whose share Ccele-Syria and Judea were allotted, on the partition of the empire,
son Demetrius with a fleet to Cyprus, where he completely defeated the Egyp- after the decisive defeat of Antigonus at Ipsus (B. C. 301). The rest of Syria
tian fleet, and wrested the island from Ptolemy, who, in revenge, sent aid to  fell to the share of Seleucus.  The maritime towns, Tyhre, Joppa, and Gaza, were
Rhodes, then (B. C. 305) besieged by Demetrius, and forced the latter to raise the the chief points of contention between the rival generals, but Jerusalem seems
siege. For this service the Rhodians gave him the title of Soter (saver). Ptol- to have escaped the horrors of war. During this troubled period, Onias, the highemyjoined the grand confederacy against Antigonus; and, after the latter's death priest, administered public affairs. After presiding 21 years, he was succeeded
(B. C. 301), he was fully recognized as monarch of Egypt, Syria, and Palestine.  (B. C. 300) by SIMON THE JUST, whom Jewish tradition has endeared to that people.
What were the acts of Achoris? —Psammuthis?-Nepherites?-Nectanebus I.?-Teos? —    What events occurred between the time of Nehemiiah and that of Alexander the Great?Nectanebus II.? —Darius Ochus? —What did Alexander the Great do in Egypt? —What title  What was the fate of Damascus? —Tyre?-Jerusalem? —Samaria?-The Jews? —ANhich' of
was conferred on him?-Which of his generals obtained Egypt for his share? —What wars  the generals obtained Judea? H-itow  did Ptolemy get possession of Jerusalem? —.How did he
did Ptolemy wage? —Why  was he called "Soter"?                             treat the Jews? —What befell Syria?-What is said of Onias? —Simon the Just?
( 88 )




INDIA.                                                                     PERSIA.
IN this century Hindoo civilization had reached an    TITE weak-minded Artaxerxes was a mere puppet in the hands of his mother Parysattis, whose inveterate
advanced stage. The country was traversed by ex-  hatred of Queen Stati'ra, and of all whom she suspected of contributing to the downfall of her favorite
cellent roads, furnished with mile-stones and houses  son, Cyrus, filled the palace with murders and treason. The Spartans, taking advantage of this state of
of refreshment.  It was divided into three large  things, sent DercylFlidas to attack the Persians in Asia Minor (B. C. 399). Under him and Agesila'us of
kingdoms, besides a great number of petty States.  Sparta, they carried their victorious arms into Caria, Phrygia, and Paphlagonia. The satrap Tissaphernes,
The chief kingdom  was that of the Prasii, whose  who had unsuccessfully opposed them, was put to death; and his successor, Tithraustes, then resorted to
capital was Palibo/thra (now Patna), and extended  the expedient of bribing the other States of Greece to combine against Sparta, — a combination which
over the vast plain of the Ganges.  The other two  compelled Agesilaus to return to Greece (B. C. 394). The Persians under Pharnaba'zus, co-operating with
occupied the Punjab. In the Deccan, there were a  Conon, the Athenian, reduced the power of Sparta at sea. The last-named State at length sent Antal'cidas
variety of kingdoms.  Such was the state of India  to make peace with Artaxerxes. By the treaty which he made, the Grecian States in Asia Minor, and
when Alexander the Great, of Macedon, invaded it.  Cyprus, were abandoned to the Persian monarch (B. C. 387). The Greek cities also submitted to him; but
Having previously subdued the adjoining countries,  Evag'oras, king of Cyprus, was not subdued until after a very gallant resistance (B. C. 376). He was allowed
Persia and Bactria, Alexander advanced with his  to remain ruler of the town of Salamis, in that island, on payment of tribute.
victorious Greeks to the Indus (B. C.' 327), and in-    Artaxerxes next endeavored (B. C. 384) to subdue the Cadusians, who, under their heroic prince, Dat'vaded the Hindoo kingdom  of the Punjab then gov-  ames, successfully resisted him; which so enraged the king that he caused Datames to be murdered.
erned by a monarch named PoRus. He also threat-    In Egypt, Nectan'ebis I. having, with the aid of Cha'brias the Athenian, established himself on the
ened the neighboring kingdom, ruled by a prince  throne, Artaxerxes sent a powerful army of Persians and Greek mercenaries against him (B. C. 375); but
whom the Greeks call Tax'iles. Porus encountered  owing to a sudden overflow of the Nile, and to the dissensions of the Grecian and Persian commanders,
Alexander on the banks of the Hydaspes, where he  the expedition returned without accomplishing the subjection of Egypt.
was defeated, wounded, and taken prisoner. He    The domestic calamities of Artaxerxes were more afflicting than his misfortunes abroad. He was obliged
conducted himself with so much dignity as to win  to put his eldest son, Dari'us, to death for conspiring against him. His youngest son, Ochus, murdered
the esteem of Alexander, who restored to him his  the second son in order to secure the succession to the crown. After losing two sons in this dreadful manliberty and kingdom, and aided him to conquer some  ner, Artaxerxes died of a broken heart. Ochus then usurped the crown (B. C. 359), and took the name
smaller states and annex them  to his dominions.  of Artaxerxes II.  To secure himself on the throne, he put to death 80 of the royal family. Although a
Alexander made no permanent conquests in India,  cruel tyrant, he was conspicuous for his military talents. Artaba'zus, satrap of Asia Minor, aided by the
but built a fort at Pattala, or Tatta, which became  Athenians and the Thebans, sought to dethrone him; but Ochus succeeded in suppressing the revolt (B. C.
a great trading mart. He went as far as the river  355-353), and also a revolt in Cyprus (B. C. 351). He then marched into Egypt, which speedily submitted
Hyph'asis, where his soldiers murmured at the dis-  to him, and was reunited to the Persian empire (B. C. 350). Ochus, at the solicitation of the Athenians,
tance to which he was leading them. There he  sent them assistance against Philip, king of Macedon (B. C. 340). His cruelties at length induced his
erected twelve massy altars as a memorial of his  chief minister, Bago'as, to poison him (B. C. 338), and place Arses, Ochus's youngest son, on the throne.
expedition, and then returned to Candahar. He    The Greek States now declared war against Persia (B. C. 337), and appointed Philip of Macedon their
sailed down the Indus to the ocean, and sent his  general; but Philip having been assassinated, the meditated expeditionagainst Persia was deferred. Arses
admiral, NEAR/CHUS, back with the ships up the  was murdered by Bagoas (B. C. 336), who transferred the crown of Persia to DARIUS CODOMANus, a
Persian Gulf. Nearchus set out on the 21st of Sep-  descendant of Darius Nothus. The new king speedily put Bagoas to death. But the hour for the destructember, B. C. 326, and arrived at Susa in safety in  tion of the Persian empire was at hand. Alexander the Great, crossing the Hellespont (B. C. 334) marched
February, B. C. 325. HIe wrote an account of his  into Asia Minor, subdued Caria, and took the city of Halicarnassus. Darius mustered all his forces to
voyage, the substance of which has been preserved  oppose him, but was totally routed on the banks of the Grani'cus. Alexander then subdued Lycia and
by Arrian, the historian, in his work on India.  Syria, took Damascus, besieged Tyre, and defeated Darius at the battle of Issus, taking prisoners that
Nearchus was a native of Crete, and an intimate  monarch's famiSly (B. C. 333). After the fall of Tyre (B. C. 332), Phoenicia, Palestine, and Egypt subfriend of Alexander. For his services in conducting  mitted to Alexander almost without a struggle. Leaving Egypt, Alexander crossed the Euphrates (B. C.
the fleet in safety to Persia, he was rewarded with a  331), entered Persia, routed Darius's army at Gangamelia, and pursued him 50 miles, as far as Arbela,
crown of gold, and, after Alexander's death, received  took Babylon, Susa, and Persep'olis, and thus extinguished the second ancient Persian empire.
the government of Lycia and Pamphylia, under An-    Darius sought refuge in a remote part of Bactriana, where he was perfidiously murdered by the governor,
tigonus. He also sent Onesiceritus of Egina, who  Bessus (B. C. 330), who was afterwards punished by Alexander for the crime. Darius was a gentle prince,
had been chief pilot of his fleet, to explore India.  and merited a better fate. Alexander speedily subdued the eastern provinces of the empire, and carried
Onesicritus visited a large portion of it, and is sup-  his arms into India (B. C. 330-324). He married Roxa'na, the daughter of Oxyartes, prince of Bactria,
posed to have reached Ceylon: he wrote an account  and returned to Babylon, where he died (B. C. 323).
of his travels, but so mixed up fiction with facts, as    On his death his vast empire was divided amongst his generals. Syria and Phoenicia were given to
to destroy the credibility of his narrative.  On the  Laom/edon; one of the Medias was allotted to Atrop/ates; and the other to PERDICCAS; Persia was assigned
death of Alexander (B. C. 323) one of his generals,  to Peucestes; Babylonia to Archon; Mesopotamia to Arces'ilas; Parthia and Hyrcania to Phrataphernes;
SELEUCUS NICATOR, possessed himself of Bactria, and  Bactria and Sogdiana to Philip; Lycia, Pamphylia, and the greater Phrygia to Antig/onus; Caria to
is believed to have extended his rule over the king-  Cassander; Lydia to Menan'der; the lesser Phrygia to Leonaltus; Armenia to Neoptol'emus; and Capdom of Cabul, and what are now the Sikh States.  padocia and Paphlagonia to EU/MENES. In this manner was the Persian empire partitioned. SELEUCUS,
He sent Megasthenes as ambassador to SANDRACOT-  the son of Antiochus, was placed at the head of the cavalry of the allies, and CASSANDER, the son of
TUS (or Chandragupta), the descendant of Nanda,  Antip/ater, commanded the guards.
who reigned about the close of the 5th century, and    Philip Arrhidoeus (or Arideeus), the imbecile half-brother of Alexander, was placed on the throne of
the successor of Porus, at Patna. From this time  Macedon, and Perdiccas was appointed regent. But the generals aimed at forming independent sovereignto the invasion of the Arabs, little is known of the  ties of the several provinces thus allotted to them, and a series of conspiracies and wars ensued between
history of India. Buddhism supplanted the religion  them, which soon ended in the breaking up of the empire. Antigonus expelled Peucestes and Seleucus.
of the Brahmins in many parts, and extended itself'The latter fled into Egypt, but soon returned to Babylon, where he was welcomed. In the year 312 he
all over the Peninsula. We also find that trade was  totally routed Antigonus, and re-established his own empire. From  this year dates the ERA OF THE
carried on with Egypt and Rome.                    SELEUZCID]rE.  After the battle of Ipsus (B. C. 301) Seleucus was acknowledged monarch of Upper Asia.
What was the state of India at this period? — What did    What effect had the influence of Parysatis? — What was the fate of Tissaphernes? — And of the Spartan expedition?Alexander the Great do? —Who was Porus?- Taxiles?_- What was the treaty of A ntalcidas?-What is said of Evagoras?-What  other wars did Artaxerxes undertake? —What were
Nenlrchus? -Onesicritus? — What occurred on Alexsndcr's his domestic troubles? —What were the acts of Ochus (Artaxerxes III.)? —What was his end and that of Arses? —What
death?-Who was Sandracottus? —What else is said of India?  were the principal events of the reign of Darius Codomanus? —What befel Persia after the death of Alexander?
12                                                                                                                                ( 89 )




CHINA. JAPAN. I                                                                  GREECE.
GAN-WANG reigned from B. C. 401 to    AT the commencement of this century Sparta was the predominating State in Greece. The glory of Athens was
375. Under Lee-wang, his successor,  rapidly declining, through the increasing luxury and corruption of the people. One of the most disgraceful acts of the
the celebrated philosopher, MENG-TSZE  popular party was (as we have seen in the previous century) the persecution and death of Socrates (B. C. 399) on account
(Mencius), was born, —a man who, in  of his religious teachings, which were opposed to the idolatry and superstition of the Greeks. Henceforth the commonthe estimation of the Chinese, ranks  wealth of Athens plays but a subordinate part in the history of Greece; but the city was the seat of learning and the
next to Confucius. He was a disciple  arts, and continued to be so for many centuries, even throughout the most glorious days of Rome. We therefore turn
of Tsze-sze, the grandson of Confucius,  to Sparta, as the State on which the thread of Grecian history now hangs.
and taught the doctrine of the original    The kings of Sparta, Pausa'nias and Agis II., vigorously followed up the war in Asia Minor against the Persians.
and still subsisting goodness of human  At the same time they attacked the State of Elis and reduced it to subjection (B. C. 399). Their generals, Thymbron
nature, and that self-interest was the  and Dercyllidas, attacked Pharnabatzus and Tissaphernes, the Persian satraps, but without much success. But on the
root of all evil. His works form part  death of Agis, Lysander induced the people to elect as king AGESILAtUS II., the half-brother of the deceased king, in the
of the four classics of China, and are  place of the rightful heir, his nephew Leotych'ides; and under the auspices of this celebrated man, the war in Asia was
held in high esteem for beauty of dic-  pushed vigorously for three years -(B. C. 396-5-4). Agesilaus was meditating an advance into the heart of Persia, when
tion and strength of sentiment, accord-  he was recalled to defend his country against a confederation of the Grecian States, which had been organized through
ing to the Chinese standard of excel-  the influence of the gold of Artaxerxes, king of Persia. In the first battle (that of Hlaliartus, B. C. 395), Lysander was
lence. Heen-wang ascended the throne  slain. Agesilaus was victorious at Corone/a, in which battle Xentophon, the famous soldier and historian, fought against
B. C. 368, with the mere title of sover-  Athens, his native State. In revenge, CONON, the Athenian admiral, defeated the Spartan fleet under PISANXDER, at
eign, and if the vassals had not been  Cnidos (B. C. 394). The war was carried on for some years with varied success. In 390 the Persians changed sides,
constantly engaged in mutual wars, he  and for a time espoused the cause of the Spartans. The Attenians then sent aid to EVAG/oRAs of Cyprus, and succeeded
might have lost even this. Chin-tsing-  in humbling the foes of both. The Spartans sued for peace; and their envoy, Antalcidas, concluded a treaty whereby
wang, who came next (B. C. 320), saw   all the Grecian colonies in Asia were ceded to Artaxerxes, who allowed the Athenians to retain Scyros, Lemnos, and
with despair the growing power of the  Imbros (B. C. 387). This disgraceful treaty enabled the Spartans to hold their supremacy in Greece. Agesilaus drove
State of Tsin, which had rendered the  the Thebans out of Plateea, while his colleague, Agesip'olis, who had succeeded Pausanias, gained possession of Manother States tributary, but he was too  tinea after a severe battle (B. C. 385), in which the two famous Thebans, PELoP/IDAs and EPAMINON"DAS, were wounded.
indolent to attempt to remedy the evil.   In B. C. 382 commenced what is calle " The Olynthian War," from Olynthus, a town in Macedonia, of which the
Nan-wang succeeded his father B. C.  Spartans tried to gain possession. It lasted four years, and ended by the submission of the city to the Spartan general,
314, and looked around for help against  Polybi'ades. But the chief interest in Grecian history now centres in Thebes, whose citadel had been perfidiously seized
the overpowering influence of Tsin, but  by the Spartans (B. C. 382), and was recovered by the Theban exiles (B. C. 379). This led to a war between Thebes
saw himself forsaken by almost all the  and Sparta, in which the former not only regained its independence, but forever destroyed the supremacy of the latter.
princes. CHAOU-SEANG, king of Tsin,  Thebes became for a few years theleading power in Greece, owing mainly to the abilities of Epanlinondas and Pelopanablewarrior, then announced totheidas.  The Spartan  kings, Cleom'brotus and Agesila'us II., invaded Bceo'tia: they also made an attack upon Attica.
world that. he was about to claim the  The Thebans and Athenians united against them. The former organized their famous " Sacred Band" of heroes while
imperialcrown forhimself. Theprince  the Athenians improved their feet.  This famous war was distinguished by a series of battles both by sea and land, in
ofTsealonedisputedwithhimthepalm, which the leading actors were the Spartan kings Cleombrotus and Agesilaus, the Theban chiefs Pelopidas and Epamiof victory, but was speedily subdued.  nondas, and the Athenian commanders Cha'brias, Pho/cion, Iphic'rates, Timo'theus, and Callis'tratus. The Spartau
The emperor now invoked the aid of  fleet was totally destroyed of Naxos by Chabrias (B. C. 376); and at Corcyra by Timotheus (B. C. 374). Their army
the other princes, who, however, could  was defeated by the Thebans at Teg/yra (B. C. 375), and Cleombrotus was killed at the battle of Leuctra (B. C. 371).
scarcely help themselves, and were  Jealous of Thebes, the Athenians made peace with Sparta (B. C. 369), but the Thebans carried the war into the Pelopontherefore unable to assist him.  As  nesus, which was the scene of intestine strife. Archid'amus the Spartan defeated the Arcadians and Argives in a battle
soon as the prince of Tsin was informed I called " the tearless", because he won it without losing a man (B. C. 367). Arcadia and Elis were fighting each other;
of the emperor's proceedings, he in-  and in this manner all the States of Greece were hastening'to decay. For the next few years after the fatal battle of
vaded the imperial territories.  No-  Leuctra, Sparta had to struggle for her existence amid dangers without and within, and it was chiefly owing to the skill,
thing then remained for Nan-wang Jut  courage, and presence of mind of Agesilaus, that she survived the many shocks she received. In the year B. C. 361,
to sue for an ignominious peace, at the  he crossed over into Egypt with a body of Spartan mercenaries: there he displayed his ancient skill and valor, although
same-,time offering his cities and sol-  80 years of age. IIe died B. C. 360, and his body was embalmed in wax, and sent over to Sparta, where it was interred
diers to the conqueror, and engaging  with great splendor. The Thebans were ravaging the north of the Peloponnesus, while the Spartans were warring in
to pay tribute to him. Chaou-seang  the centre and south. The former also attacked Alexander of Phero, the tyrant of Thessaly, who had treacherously
accepted the offer, and sent the empe-  imprisoned Pelopidas. Released by Epaminondas, Pelopidas marched against Alexander, but was defeated and slain
ror back to his own country, where he  at Cynoscephtalhe (B. C. 364). Epaminondas fell at the battle of Mantinea soon after (B. C. 362), and after his death
died unregretted and unknown, leav-  the power of Thebes rapidly declined. A general peace now ensued, probably on account of the exhaustion of all
ing no heirs. Chaou-seang irnmedi-  parties.
ately took possession of the imperial    At this period the power of Macedon rapidly rose, soon to overshadow and absorb all Greece and great part of Asia.
domains, and thus became the founder  In the year B. C. 359, PHILIP ascended the throne, and began a vigorous system of government. His career was rapid.
of the Tsin dynasty. He at once pro-  In the first year of his reign he made peace with the Athenians, and defeated the Poeonians and Illyrians. In the next
ceeded to compel obedience from the  he took Amphip'olis. Meanwhile the Athenian colonies of Eubcea, Chios, Rhodes, and Byzantium revolted, and what
rest of the States.                 is termed " The Social War" commenced. At the same time the Phocians seized Delphi, and this brought on the beforeJAPrAN.- Koan, whom we have be-  mentioned " Sacred War" with the Thebans. Thus the discord among the States paved the way for their conquest by
fore mentioned, reigned from the year  Philip. In 356 he took Potidaea; in 353 he seized Peg'asa and laid siege to Methorne. Next year he overcame the
B. C. 392 to B. C. 290, upwards of 100  tyrant of Pheroe, and marched towards Southern Greece. His progress was for a time stopped by the Athenians at
years. But the Japanese annals are  Thermopylee, where, 128 years before, Leonidas had resisted the Persians. Roused by the eloquence of DEMOS/THENES,
singularly barren of events, and but the Athenians sent aid to the Olynthians, who were attacked by Philip; but the star of the latter was in the ascendant.
little more is recorded of this emperor.  Olynthus fell; Euboea was conquered by Philip, who at the same time put an end to " The Sacred War" by the conquest
What were the principal events of this |What was the relative position of Athens and Sparta at the beginning of this century? —Vhat were the principal events of the Persian
century? —What is said of Meng-tsze?-   war?-What is said of Agesilaus II.? —Antalcidas's treaty? —The Olynthialn wa r?-The Theban war?- Pelopidas and Epaminond.ns? —
Who was the founder of the Tsin dynasty? The " Sacred Band"? —What heroes took part in the war? —Which were the principal events? —What was the fate of Pelopidas? —Of Epam~
— WVhat is said of Japan?           inondas? —Relate the career of Philip of Macedon.
19o)




GREECE.
of Phocis. Itaving made peace with Athens, Philip was placed at the head  prince. In the spring of B. C. 327 he marched into India, defeated the Indian
of the Amphyctionic Council. By intrigues he sought to subvert Sparta and  king Porus, and founded the cities of Buceph'ala and Nicoeta. He advanced
Athens. He succeeded as regards the former, but the latter was roused to  as far as the Garra, when his soldiers refused to go further, and he was obliged
action by the orations of Demosthenes. Aided by the Persians, the Athenians  to return. On his way back he was severely wounded in a battle with the
for a time resisted him; but at the fatal battle of Cheronreta (B. C.- 338),  Malli. He founded a city at Patt'ala on the Indus, and there established vast
wherein Demosthenes shamefully ran away, their strength was entirely broken. numbers of his Macedonian followers as colonists. He made the Euphrates and
Philip was now virtually master of Greece. The States, in an assembly at  Tigris navigable, and fixed his Court at Babylon. There he died of fever brought
Corinth, declared war against Persia, and appointed Philip their general; but  on by drinking wine, B. C. 323, at the age of 32. This celebrated man by his
at this juncture his career was cut short by a noble Macedonian youth named  conquests contributed greatly to the spread of knowledge and civilization; but
Pausanias, who, out of private resentment, assassinated him at a festival at  he was guilty of great excesses and occasional cruelty when under the influence
2Egee (B.C. 336), in honor of the nuptials of his (Philip's) daughter with  of wine) as, for instance, in putting to death his friend Parmetnio, with his son
Alexander of Epirus. Pausanias stabbed him as he was walking in the pro-  Philo'tas; and in killing with his own hand Clitus, another of his friends, at a
cession. The assassin was pursued and slain by the royal guards. Philip's  banquet. He left a son, Alexander lgus, by his wife Rosana; but his halfwife, Olympias, and his son, Alexander, were, however, suspected of being  brother; Philip Aridaeus, was elected king of Macedonia, Alexander being
concerned in the plot. Philip was succeeded by his son, ALEXANDER, after-  associated with him. PERDICCAS, one of the deceased monarch's principal genwards surnamed "the Great".                                               erals, was appointed regent; and as Philip was imbecile and Alexander an
The career of this extraordinary man is one of the most remarkable in his-  infant, he assumed the supreme power. MELEIAGER, another of Alexander's
tory. In early youth he gave evidence of his daring and powerful spirit. On  generals, resisted the claims of Perdiccas, and was for a time associated with
one occasion Philomius, the Thessalian, offered a very vicious horse named  him in the regency; but was shortly after assassinated by his orders. The other
Bucepl'alus (or Bucephalas) to King Philip for 13 talents (equal to about  generals of Alexander, viz., ANTIP/ATEr., governor of Macedon, CRATiERUS, gov$14,300); but the king was unwilling to purchase it. Alexander, though quite  ernor of Greece, PTOLEMY, governor of Egypt, and ANTI%'ONUS, governor of
a youth, undertook, for the wager of the price of the horse, to manage it, and  Western Asia, also combined against Perdiccas. ECUMENES, who had been prisucceeded in doing so, in the presence of the Court. When he had done it,  vate secretary to Philip and Alexander, and was now governor of Cappadocia,
Philip kissed him, saying: " Seek a greater empire; Macedonia is too small  Papllagonia, and Pontus, espoiused the cause of Perdiccas; and while the latter
for thee."  These were prophetic words. He ascended the throne at the age  marched against Ptolemy, he attacked Antipater and Craterus. Craterus was
of 20, surrounded by enemies. But he put down rebellion in his own kingdom,  defeated and slain (B.C. 321), but Perdiccas was routed at Pelusium, whereand then completed the conquest of Greece. He was elected to the command  upon his troops rose in mutiny and slew him in his tent.
of the expedition against Persia, by the assembled States. He first marched    The Greeks, excited by the eloquence of Demosthenes, attempted to regain
against the barbarians north of Mount Heemus, defeated and subdued them as  their liberty about this time. IHar/palus, the treasurer of Alexander the Great,
far north as the Danube, and returned by rapid marches to suppress a revolt in  had fled from Babylon with the money intrusted to him, and the gold was freely
Thebes. Hle destroyed all the buildings in that city, with the exception of the  distributed among the Athenians. On Alexander's death they rose in arms,
house of the poet Pindar, and killed or sold into slavery all the inhabitants  and besieged Antipater in La'mia, whence it was called " The Lainian War";
(B. C. 335).                                                               but they were vanquished by him at the battle of Cranon, in B. C. 322. DemosAlexander then (B. C. 334) crossed the HelIespont with 35,000 men. He  thenes fled to Calauria, where he put an end to his life by poison. Thus ended
encountered the Persians at the river Grani'cus, and routed them. The cities  the struggle. On the death of Perdiccas, Antipater became supreme regent.
on the western coast of Asia Minor surrendered to him, one after another, with  The remainder of his regency was occupied in an unsuccessful attempt to subthe exception of Halicarnassus, which was taken by assault. He then marched  due Eumenes. He died B. C. 318, bequeathing the regency to Polyspercehon,
through Lycia and Pamphylia, and thence into Phrygia. At Gordium, the  oneof Alexander's generals. His own son,CAssANtDER, rebelled atthis arrangecapital of that country, he cut the celebrated Gordian knot; the legend whereof  ment, and a war ensued, in which Polysperchon was ultimately overcome (B. C.
is given at page 73, in the column devoted to Asia Minor.. No one had been  316), and Cassander became master of Macedonia. The latter put to death
able to untie this knot, but when Alexander saw it, he drew his sword and cut  OLYM/PIAs, the mother of Alexander the Great, and the instigator of the murder
it, and thus solved the prophecy in his own way. In B. C. 333 he mlarched into  of Philip Aridaeus. He also formed a league with Ptolemy, governor of Egypt,
Cilicia. The Persian king, Darius, who was at the head of a vast army, met  LYSIM-ACHUS, governor of Thrace, and SELEvC US, governor of Babylonia, against
him on the plain of Issus. In this memorable battle Darius was utterly routed.  Antigonus, governor of Western Asia. The war which followed was signalized
Alexander then subdued Syria, and laid siege to Tyre. That memorable siege  by a variety of reverses. Eunlenes had previously been taken and put to death
occupied him seven months; and that of Gaza, which followed, two. He next  (B. C. 316) by Antigonus. Seleucus fled into Egypt, but with the aid of Ptolmarched into Egypt, where, in the beginning of the year B. C. 331, he founded  emy regained Babylon (B. C. 312).
the famous city of Alexandria. He then set out to meet Darius, who had assem-    In Athens, Polysperchon had surrendered PHo/CIoN to the people, who cruelly
bled another enormous army. Marching through Mesopotamia, he reached the  put him to death (B. C. 318). This distinguished man deserves more than a
plains of Gaugame'la, where, in October, B. C. 331, he completely routed the  passing notice. He was a pupil of Plato and Xenoc'rates, and distinguished
Persians. The whole of the family of Darius fell into his hands, but he treated  himself at Naxos under Chabrias, and in the war between Philip and the Athethem with the greatest kindness. He pursued the enemy to Arbela, a distance  nians. He recommended peace with the Macedonian king, and rebuked Demosof 50 miles, and thence to Susa, Babylon, and Persep'olis, all of which cities  thenes for his invectives against Alexander. The latter cultivated Phocion's
surrendered to him. At the latter he set fire to the palace, at the instigation  friendship, who, however, refused to receive the king's presents, begging him " to
of Thais, an Athenian courtesan. Thence he marched into Media' in pursuit  leave him no less honest than lie found him."  He perished at the age of 85, and
of Darius, who fled into Bactria, where he was treacherously murdered by  a brazen statue was erected to his memory by the Athenians. Cassander, havBessus, the satrap of that country. Alexander sent the body of Darius for hon-  ing taken Athens, appointed DEMETRIUS PHALEREUS, a celebrated orator and
orable interment at Persepolis, and pursued Bessus into Sogdiana, where the  statesman, its governor (B. C. 318). Demetrius governed with great popularity
rebel was put to death. From the Oxus, Alexanider marched to the Iaxartes  for about ten years, when he gave himself up to dissipation, and was driven
(Sir), and subdued several Scythian tribes north of that river. In the year  out by DEMETRIUS (surnamed Poliorcetes, or "the besieger of cities"), the son
B. C, 328, he undertook the conquest of Sogdiana, which he completed in to of A.ntigonus.  Cassander, still claiming Athens as his own, endeavored to
years. There he married Roxa/na, the daughter of:Oxyar/tes, the Bactrian   wrest it from Demetrius, but was repulsed (B. C. 303). The political aspect of
What is said of Demosthenes? —The fall of Greece? —The death of Philip? —The youth  W hat is said of Alexander's exploits, death, and character? —Who  succeeded him? —What
of Alexander the Great?-Of Bucephalus? — The revolt of Thebes? — The battle of the  is said of Perdiecas? —Meleager? —Antipater? —Craterus? —Ptolemy? —The Lamiin war?Oranicus? —The Gordian knot? —The battles of Issus and Arbela? —The fate of Darius?-  The battle of Cranon? —Demosthenes?- Polysperchon? —Olylpias? —Philip Aridatus?The marriage of Alexander?                                              | Eumenes? —Phocion? —Demetrius Phalereus? —Demetrius Poliorcetes? —The battle of Ipsus?
(91.)




GREECE.
the Macedonian empire was, however, materially changed by the celebrated   his death. Hle asserted that certain knowledge on any subject was unattainable,
battle of Ipsus, in Phrygia, where the decisive contest took place between  and that the great object ought to be to lead a virtuous life. His philosophical
Alexander's generals for the succession to his empire (B. C. 301). In this battle  system was reduced to writing by his disciple, TIMON of Athens, the satirist.
Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and his son Demetrius: Antig-    DEMOSTHENES, the most celebrated orator of antiquity, has been already
onus was slain, and the victorious allies then agreed to partition the great  noticed. He was a native of Attica, and was born B. C. 385. He received
emperor's dominions. among themselves in independent kingdoms. Cassander  instruction from the orator Isae'us; some say he was taught by Plato and Isocbecame king of Macedon, Greece, and Cilicia; Lysimachus, king of Thrace  rates. He labored under great physical disadvantages. His voice was weak
and the north of Asia Minor; Ptolemy, king of Egypt; and Seleucus, the rest  and his utterance was defective; he could not pronounce the letter R, and conof Asia Minor, the whole of Syria, Persia, Bactria, and Sogdiana. This last  stantly stammered. It was only by unwearied efforts that he overcame these
was the largest and most powerful kingdom. Demetrius obtained Cilicia by  defects. It is said that he spoke with pebbles in his mouth, to cure himself of
marrying his daughter Stratoni'ce to Seleucus (B. C. 300); and thus the great  stammering; that he repeated verses of the poets as he ran up hill, to strengthen
Alexander's empire fell to pieces in little more than 20 years after his death.    his voice; that he declaimed to the sea-shore to accustom himself to the noise
This century, though it produced some of the greatest minds of ancient Greece,  and confusion of the popular assembly; and that he lived for months in a cave
shows a falling off from the previous one. In the world of philosophy, the names  under ground, engaged in copying Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian
of PLATO, ARISTOT IE, and EPICUZRUS stand forth pre-eminent; as do those of  War, to form a standard for his own style. But much reliance is not to be placed
DEMOSTEIENES and AEscIINEs  in oratory; APELLES in painting; CTE/SIAS in  on these tales. HIis first effort at public speaking was unsuccessful, but he was
history; and EUCLID in mathematics.                                       induced by the actor Satyrus to persevere, and he finally overcame all obstacles.
PLATO was born at Athens in B. C. 428. He received the best education of  Of his orations, 61 have come down to us, some of them probably spurious.
the times, and when 20 years old became a pupil of Socrates. He then travelled    ESCHINES, the rival of Demosthenes, was born at Athens B. C. 389, and became
extensively. In B.C. 389 he visited Sicily. On his return to Athens he taught  one of the principal orators of that city. He ultimately founded a school at
and gave lectures at the Academy and its avenues. He received private pupils  Rhodes, where he died B. C. 314.
at his house, over the door of which was the inscription: " Let no one ignorant    CTE'SIAS of Cnidus was private physician to Artaxerxes Mnemon. ile wrote
of geometry enter." In 360 Plato went to Sicily to try to reconcile the disputes  a history of Persia, in 17 books, but portions of it only have come down to us.
between Dionysius and Dion. He was unsuccessful in this attempt, and returned    APELLES, the most eminent painter of Greece, was the friend of Alexander
to Athens, where he resumed his teaching and writing. He died in the 82d  the Great. IIe was born at Colophon in Ionia, but we have not the particulars
year of his age, B. C. 347. His writings have come down to us complete. They  of his birth nor of his death. He was the only artist permitted to take a porare models of elegance and acuteness, and are composed mostly in the form of  trait of Alexander. His greatest work was his picture of Venus rising out of
dialogue. They embrace a variety of subjects, such as politics, morals, religion,  the Sea. PRAXIT"ELES, Of Athens, was the greatest sculptor of the age.
and philosophy. His views were very elevated and pure. He believed in the    MENAN/DER, the most distinguished poet of the New Comedy, was born at
immortality of the soul, and in the power of the Love of Wisdom to bring the  Athens B. C. 342. HIe was the pupil of Theophrastus, and the friend of Epicuhuman soul into communion with the Divine Being. He was the worthy pupil  rus. He wrote upwards of 100 comedies, but only fragments of them have come
of his great master, Socrates.                                             down to us. He enjoyed the friendship of Demetrius Phalereus, and of Ptolemy
ARISTOTELES (commonly called ARISTOTLE) was born at Stagira in Macedonia,  Lagus, who invited him to settle at Alexandria, but Menander declined the honor.
B. C. 384. His father was physician to King Amyntas II.; hence Aristotle  He is said to have been drowned in the harbor of the Piroeus (B. C. 291).
derived his knowledge of medicine. In B. C. 367 he went to Athens and became    DIOG'ENEs the Cynic was born at Sinope in Pontus, B. C. 412. His father was
a pupil of Plato, who highly esteemed him, and named him "the intellect of the  a banker; he himself was very dissolute in his youth. He went to Athens and
school". On the death of Plato, Aristotle left Athens. In 342 he was appointed  became the pupil of Antisthenes. He made himself notorious by his eccentriby Philip of Macedon tutor to the young prince Alexander (afterwards " the  cities and his bold speaking. It is said that he took up his abode in a tub beGreat"). He filled this situation for four years, and to him Alexander was  longing to the Metroum, or temple of Cybele (Rhea), the mother of the gods.
indebted for many grand ideas. In 335 he returned to Athens, and gave lec-  On one occasion he walked about the streets in the day time with a lantern,
tures in theology, physics, and philosophy, while walking up and down, whence  pretending to look for an honest man. On a voyage to Egina he was captured
his school was called iThe Peripatetic.  It became the most celebrated school in  by pirates and sold in Crete as a slave. When asked what business he underAthens; and he presided over it for 13 years, during which time he composed  stood, he replied: " How to command men."  He was purchased by XeniZades
the greater part of his works. On the death of'Alexander, he was looked upon  of Corinth, Mwho took him to that city. At Corinth his celebrated interview with
with suspicion by the Athenians, and he was accused of impiety. He fled to  Alexander the Great took place. The latter said: " I am Alexander the Great."
Chalcis in Euboea, where he died B. C. 322. IRe was buried with great honors  Diogenes replied: "I am Diogenes the Cynic."  Alexander then asked if he
at Stagira, his native city. His works are very numerous, and for nearly 2000  could do anything for him; —to which Diogenes replied: " Yes, you can stand
years were regarded as the standard of philosophy. He wrote on dialectics and  out of the sunshine."  We are told that Alexander admired him so much as to
logic, on theoretical philosophy, physics, metaphysics, mathematics, meteorology,  say: " If I were not Alexander, I should wish to be Diogenes."  He died at
and natural history; on politics and ethics; on art and poetry; and on rhetoric.  Corinth B. C. 323, at the age of 90.
EPICURuS was born at Samos B. C. 342. He studied under Xenocrates at    EuCLI'rDES (Euclid), the celebrated mathematician, lived at Alexandria in the
Athens; taught philosophy for five years at Mitylene; but finally settled at  time of the first Ptolemy, and was the founder of the mathematical school of
Athens B. C. 306, surrounded by numerous friends and pupils. I-e died B. C.  that city. He it was who uttered the famous aphorism: " There is no royal
270, aged 72. He taught that true pleasure was not momentary, but pure and  road to learning."  The place and date of his birth are uncertain. He left
lasting, consisting of mental enjoyments and freedom from pain and disturbance  numerous works, many of whichhave come down to us, and are of inestimable
of the mind; and that it was the highest good. That our knowledge of things  value.
was obtained by means of images of them reflected through our senses into our    These were the principal men of renown in this century. There were many
minds, and that we obtained our knowledge of the gods in like manner. Also,  others of inferior note; as, the philosopher Xenoc-rates; the tragic poet Astyd'that as the gods were perfectly happy, they did not trouble themselves much  amas; the comic poets Antiph'anes, Anaxan'drides, Eubu'lus, Philip'pides,
about the world. Hence he was accused of atheism. His sect fourished long.  Steph'anus, Arched/icus; the historians Theopom/pus and Philis/tus; the oraPYRRHO, the founder of the skeptical school of philosophy, also flourished at  tors Andoc'ides, Dinar/chus, Isoc/rates; and the astronomer Eudox'us; but it
the time of Alexander the Great, but we know not the year of his birth or of  is sufficient here to mention their names only.
How were the dominions of Alexander partitioned, B. C. 300? —Who were the most emi-    Who was Demosthenes? —How did he overcome the defects under which he labored?
nent men of the age? —What is said of Plato? - Aristotle? - The Peripatetic School?-  What is said of 2Eschines? —Ctesias? —Apelles? —Mennnder, and his works? —Diogenes?What influence did its doctrines exercise? —Who was Epicurus? —What were the leading  Relate his conversation with Alexander the Great. — What is said of Eucid? —Name the
doctrines of the Epicureans? —What is said of Pyrrho?                  | other eminent persons who flourished during this century.
(92)




ITALY. 
THE destruction of Veii was one of the exploits of the celebrated Fut/RIuS  the patricians and the plebeians to a happy termination, and may be said to
CAMILL'US. Appointed dictator (B. C. 396), he gained a great victory over the  have changed the destiny of Rome. They procured the enactment of four laws,
Falisci, and took Veil. For this he was honored with a triumphal reception at  or "rogations," which were: 1. That in future there should be no consular
Rome. But being accused of unfairness in the distribution of the booty, he  tribunes, but only consuls, one of whom should be a plebeian. 2. That no one
went into exile (B. C. 391). The story of the fall of Veii is one of the most  should possess more than 500 acres of public land, with a certain number of
interesting in the Roman annals, but it must be received as a poetical legend;  cattle on it. 3. A debtor and creditor law. 4. That the Sybilline books should
it is in fact the last of the poetical legends of old Rome. HIad it been fortunate  be entrusted to ten persons, five of whom should be plebeians. The patricians
enough to meet with a poet like Homer or Virgil to have celebrated it, the siege  offered the mostvehement opposition to these rogations. They even reappointed
of Veil would have taken its place by the side of that of Troy. The student  the venerable Camillus, then 80 years old, dictator. But the latter persuaded
will find it related in full in Arnold's History of Rome, vol. i., ch. xviii.  them to yield to the demands of the plebeians; while he, having accepted the
It was not long before Furius Camillus was recalled from exile, for, in the  office, took the field once more against the Senonian Gauls. The Licinian laws
year B. C. 389, Brennus (or, more properly, the Brenn, or chief, of the Seno-  were passed (B. C. 367), Lateranus being the first plebeian consul elected under
nian Gauls), at the head of a vast horde, issued from the North-eastern Alps,  them. The offices of Praetor and Curule /Edile were also created. The praetor
and, pouring into Italy, laid waste Etruria, and besieged Clusium. The Romans  was a magistrate, answering to the modern mayor. At first there was only one,
sent to Etruria three of their citizens to observe the movements of the enemy.  but in after times there were two. Of these, the one administered justice beThese deputies arrived at Clusium just as the Gauls were beginning to besiege  tween the Roman citizens, and was thence styled " Prwetor Urbanus"; the other
that city, and they aided the citizens in a sally, in which one of them slew a  administered justice between the citizens and foreigners, and was thence styled
Gaulish chief. The Gauls then discovered that these strangers were Romans;  "Proetor Peregrinus". The former held the higher rank; his edicts were named
and they immediately sent deputies to Rome, to demand that the man who had  "Jus honorarium". The days onwhich the praetors held theircourt were called
slain the chief should be delivered up to them. The Senate was in favor of de-  "Dies fasti" (or days for uttering the three words, Do; DIco, ADDIo   (I give the
livering him up;- but his father, who was one of the military tribunes for the  writ; I pronounce sentence; I award damages): the days on which they did
year, appealed to the people against the decision of the Senate, and persuaded  not officiate were termed " Dies nefasti". The 1Ediles Curules were officers
them to annul it. The Gauls then broke up their camp before Clusium, and  appointed to take care of the public buildings, sewers, and roads; to inspect
marched upon Rome. The greatest consternation prevailed in the city. An  markets, provisions, weights, and measures; and to enforce decent behaviour
army of 40,000 men was assembled in the greatest haste, and sent out to en-  among the people. They also had to exhibit public games. When these apcounter the invaders as far as possible from the city. They found the Gauls at  pointments had been assented to, and Lateranus  was installed, Rome tasted
the little stream of the Allia, about twelve miles from Rome, and there they  domestic repose for the first time after long years of discord.
awaited the attack. It was not long in coming. The Gauls showed consummate    In the year B. C. 362 the earth in the forum  at Rome gave way, and a great
ability and bravery, and in a very short time decided this memorable battle.  chasm appeared, which the soothsayers declared could only be filled by throwing
The Romans were utterly routed at the Allia, and pursued to the very gates of  into it Rome's greatest treasure. The legend says that thereupon a noble youth,
Rome. The citizens fled to Veil, Agylla, and Ccere, and the patricians shut  named Mettius Curtius, mounted his steed in full armor, and, declaring that
themselves up in the capitol. The Gauls sacked and burnt Rome, and laid  Rome possessed no greater treasure than a brave and gallant citizen, leaped into
siege to the capitol. It is said that they found eighty of the most aged and  the abyss, upon which the earth closed over him. That part of the forum was
venerable patricians seated immovably in their chairs in the forum, and at  named after him, the Lacus Curtius.
first thought they were statues-but, having pulled the beard of one of them,    Camillusdied B. C. 365. After his death the Senones once more attacked
Marcus Papirius, the insult was fiercelyresented, whereupon they massacred  Rome, and, for more than three years, established themselves on the Alban
them all. The consul, MARCUS MANLIUS, bravely defended the capitol. One  Mount. They were at length dislodged (B. C. 358), and external peace was
night, when the Gauls attempted to surprise it, he was awakened by the cack-  apparently secured. But in the next year the town of Privernum  was attacked
ling of his geese, and, hastily collecting his men, repulsed the enemy. For  and taken by MARCIuS RUTILUS, who was subsequently appointed dictator, being
this exploit he was surnamed Capitolinus. For many months did the Gauls  the first plebeian who held that office.  In his dictatorship he defeated the
blockade the capitol. At length they reduced the garrison to extremity. TheEtruscans with greatslaughter. Thiswarwiththe Etruscans lasted eightyears,
Romans offered a thousand pounds weight of gold as a ransom. The Brennl  from B. C. 357 to 349. Its cause is not known, but it is remarkable for several
accepted this sum, although he had them wholly in his power; but in weighing  incidents. In the year B. C. 356, the people of Tarquinii having defeated the
it, he cast his heavy sword into the scale, and thus compelled the Romans to  Roman consul, Fabius, sacrificed to their gods 307 Roman prisoners. In a battle
pay a greater weight. When the tribune asked him what he meant by it, he  fought two years afterwards, the priests of the Faliscans and Tarquinians, with
replied " Ve victis" (woe to the conquered), a memorable expression.  The  long ribbons of various colors in their hair, and burning torches in their hands,
Romans implored Camillus to return, which he did; but, when he arrived,  fought in front of the army, and so terrified the Romans that the latter were
Brennus had already agreed to depart on payment of one thousand pounds of  driven back in confusion. This disgrace was signally avenged by Rutilus in
gold. The Romans afterwards tried to make the world believe that Camillus  the battle first mentioned; 358 of the noblest prisoners were sent to Rome, and
had killed Brennus, and cut his army to pieces.                            there scourged and beheaded. Three years afterwards peace was concluded for
Camillus, again appointed dictator, persuaded his countrymen to leave Veil,  forty years. In B. C. 349 the consul, Camillus Crassus, defeated the Senones.
and return to Rome. The States formerly in subjection had revolted, but he  MARCUS VALEtRIUS, who served under him, here gained his surname, " Corvus".
again subdued them, Under his influence the patricians recovered the greater  The legend is that he had accepted the challenge of a gigantic Gaul to single
part of their original power, and resumed their harsh treatment of the plebeians.  combat, and, while fighting him, a raven (corvus) settled on his helmet, and
Manlius Capitolinus defended the cause of the latter; for this he was thrown  then flew in the face of the barbarian, who, being thus confounded, was easily
into prison by the dictator, Cornelius Cossus, the successor of Camillus. Upon  slain. In the war with the Samnites, M. ~alerius Corvus was one of the most
this the plebeians threatened to resort to arms; whereupon Manlius was re-  successful generals of the Romans. This war was occasioned by the encroachleased. But next year (B. C. 383), having openly exhorted them to resort to  ments of the Samnites into the valley of the Liris, and by the war between
force, he was condemned to death, and thrown from the Tarpeian rock. After  Rome and the Auruncans in the year B. C. 343. The Romans having advanced
this tragedy the patricians continued their arbitrary career, until the election  as far as Campania, found the Samnites pressing upon Capua; the people of
of CAIUS LICINIUS STOLO and LucIus  SEXTUS LATERASNUS as tribunes of the  that city implored assistance from the Romans and the Latins, and this having
people, for the yearB.C.375.  These eminent men broughtthe disputes between  been granted, war imnmediately ensued.  The consuls, Valerius Corvus and
Which was the principal exploit of Cnmillus? —What befell him? —What was the cause of |WThat were the Licinian rogations? —What offices were created? —What was the preetor? —
the war with the Gauls? —What great battle was fought? —What remarkable scene occurred  What the ZEdile Curule?-Relate the legend of Curtius. —When  did Camillus die?-What
at Rome? —Who  was Mnrcus Manlius? —What saved the capitol?-How was the war termi-  happened nest?-What   of Marcius Rutilus?-The war with Tarquinii? —How did Valerius
nated? —Whalt did Camillus then do? —What was the end of Manlius?       acquire the name of Corvus? —What occasioned the Samnite war?
(93)




ITALY.
Cornelius Cossus, advanced against the Samnites at the head of two armies of  the year B. C. 327. It lasted more than twenty years, but its events are so
the allies: Valerius undertaking to defend Campania, while Cossus attacked  complicated that we can give but the merest outline of them. Their cities,
Samnium. The former defeated the Samnites at Mount Gaurus and at Suess/ula  Palmotpolis and Nea/polis, were betrayed into the hands of Publilius (B. C. 326);
(B. C. 343), and extended the sway of Rome to the river Liris. He was next  and next year, QUINTUS FABIUS (afterwards styled "Maximus", or greatest),
instrumental in appeasing the tumults at Rome (B. C. 341), occasioned by the  gained a great victory over the Samnites, contrary to the order of the dictator,
expenses of the war and the distress of the people. He also figures in thedis-  PAPIRtIvS CURSOR, for which he was threatened with capital punishment. It
reputable law which was passed at the demand of the commons for the relief  was at this time that the fame of Alexander the Great, of Macedon, filled the
of their debts. This was an act prohibiting creditors from recovering their  world; and Rome, and many other Italian States, thought it politic to send
debts. All debtors who had pledged their personal liberty for the payment of  embassies to conciliate the great conqueror of the East.
their liabilities were released from their bond. Thus all existing debts were    The victories of Fabius reduced the Samnites to great straits; nevertheless,
abolished, and the patricians were robbed of the money they had lent. More-  they rejected the terms offered by the Romans. Their despair made them fight
over, a law was passed making even the lowest rate of interest illegal, and  all the more valiantly; and in B. C. 321 they succeeded in surrounding the
enacting that the man who exacted more than the actual sum loaned should  Roman army, in the pass of Caudium (now the valley of Arpaia). The Romans
restore the excess fourfold. This is a specimen of the public morality of the  sued for mercy, and the Samnites generously released them on their swearing
Romans.                                                                     to restore the towns they had taken; but the Senate refused to ratify the treaty.
Peace was then made with the Samnites (B. C. 340), without the consent of  A truce was agreed to, but the war was renewed in B. C. 316. The Romans
the Latins, who were thus left to continue the war single-handed. The latter  laid siege to Satic/ula, while the Samnites captured Sora. But in B. C. 315,
then made proposals to the Romans for a more intimate union between Rome  Fabius was completely routed at Laut'ulm.  This disgrace was retrieved by a
and Latium. They suggested that the two nations should be completely united,  decisive victory gained at Cinna in the following year, after which several
each furnishing an equal number of senators and public officers, Rome being  Samnite towns were taken.
considered the capital.  The Romans indignantly refused to accede to these    In the year B. C. 312, AppiTS CLAUDIUS, the blind, was elected censor without
proposals, insulted the Latin deputies, and determined to annex Latium by force.  having previously been consul, as was the rule. During his censorship, which
They appointed MANLIUS TORQUATUS and DECIUS MIS to take command of their  he held for four years, contrary to law, he constructed the Appian aqueduct,
army, and marched to encounter the Latins near Mount Vesuvius. The famous  and commenced the Appian road from Rome to Capua. He also made a canal
battle which ensued was fought near the little stream Ves/eris (B. C. 340). It  through the Pontine marshes. In the south, the consul, Junius Bubulcus, peneis remarkable for two events. The son of Manlius having been challenged by  trated into Samnium, where he was surrounded by the enemy, but cut his way
Gem/inus Metius, one of the Latin chiefs, went out of the camp, fought, and slew  through with great courage. The Etruscans now took up arms on behalf of the
him;'but, on -returning to the camp, was beheaded in the presence of the whole  Samnites, but were fborced by Fabius Maximus to make peace. The same general
army by order of his father. During the battle the left wing of the Romans,  defeated the Samnites at Allifm (B. C. 308). Three years afterwards they were
under Decius, being hard pressed, that heroic officer sent for the Pontifex Max-  so badly beaten at Bovianum by the consul, Postumius Megellus, that they were
imus (or chief of the' Augurs), to instruct him how to devote himself and the  completely at the mercy of the Romans  Peace was then concluded, and a large
enemy to the gods of death. The augur bade him wrap his cloak round his  territory was ceded to the great republic (B. C. 304). Next year the Romans
head, set his feet upon a javelin, and utter certain words. Having done this,  annexed the territoryof the Hernicans, Equi, and Marsi to their own, and they
)ecius plunged into the enemy's ranks, and was slain. But the battle was only  then became the leading power in Italy.
won by the skill of Manlius; in it three-fourths of the Latins perished, and    In the year B. C. 306, Cneius Flavius, the son of a freed man, and secretary
Campania submitted to the Romans. Next year (B. C. 339), the consuls, PUB-  to Appius Claudius, published his " Calendar of Court Days", divulging certain
LILIUS PHILO and  Emilius Mamerci/nus, defeated the Latins at Trifanum, and  technicalities of law procedure, which had previously been kept secret, as being
the Latin confederacy was broken up forever. Amilius then appointed Publilius  the exclusive privilege of the patricians and the pontifex.  The publication of
dictator, who in'that capacity proposed the celebrated Publilian laws, which  this work gained for him such popularity that he was elected Curule 2Edile;
abolished the power of the patrician assembly of the Curiae, and elevated the  and, having conciliated all the orders of the State, he erected a' temple of conplebeians to an equality with the patricians for all practical purposes:. In the  cord in commemoration of the fact.
year B. C. 338 the Latins were entirely subdued by, and incorporated with, the    This century was a brilliant one in the history of Rome, although the people
Romans.                                                                     went through great trials before they attained the high position they occupied
The proetorship having been thrown open to the plebeians, Publilius was  at the close of it. At one time, indeed, Rome was literally subdued by the
elected to fill that office. In the year B. C. 329 a war broke out with the people  Gauls. But having purchased an ignominious peace, the State resumed its
of Privernum, but the cause is not known. It was excited mainly by Vitruvius  wonderful vitality; and immediately the ancient contest between the patricians
Vaccus, a citizen of Fundi, who had been disappointed in obtaining the consul-  and plebeians, the aristocratic and democratic elements of'the nation, broke
ship. He raised an army, but being defeated, fled to Privernum. The Romans,  out afresh.  The result was the triumph of the plebeians- that is, they
under JEmilius Mamercinus and Plautius Decianus, besieged and took that city,  obtained their share in the government. This was, perhaps, the era of the
but it cost them much trouble to take it. 2Emilius received the surname of  republic in which it attained to its greatest strength. There was unity of
"Privernas", in honor of his exploit. The people of the conquered city sent  councils, and a systematically-resolute national spirit, which, combined with
deputies to Rome to sue for mercy. On this occasion, one of them having been  the central position of their capital, and the natural military genius of the
asked, "What penalty they deserved? " replied, " The penalty due to those who  people, gave to the Romans a preponderance over all the nations of Italy.
assert their liberty."  Having been again asked, " If spared, what peace might  The Latin and Samnite wars not only extended but consolidated their power.
be expected from them?" the same deputy replied: " Peace, true and lasting,  The exploits of their generals and leaders raised the renown of the Romans to
if the terms be good; if otherwise, peace that will soon be broken."  The Sen-  a very high point, and, at the close of the century, there was not a power in
ators, struck with these noble answers, admitted the people of Privernum to  the civilized world, except Carthage, which was capable of contending with
the rights-of Roman citizenship.                                            them single-handed. It is to be regretted that the accounts we have of this
Two years afterwards, some disputes between the Roman settlers in Campania  period of Roman history are so poorly supplied by contemporary native writers,
and the Greeks of Southern Italy brought on a second war with the Samnites.  for during it Rome did not produce a single historian, poet, orator, or philosoThe Romans had encroached on the territory of the latter, who refused all offers pher; there being, therefore, a total want of materials whence to obtain a
to settle the matter by arbitration. This war with the Samnites was begun in  picture of Roman character and manners.
What disgraceful law was passed?-What was the cause of the Latin war? —What befell    Mention the cause of the second Samnite war. —What happened at Caudium? —What
the son of Manlius? —What great battle was fought? —What did Decius do? —What was the  were the principal events of the war? —Who were the chief actors in it? —Who was Appius
result of the war? —Give the particulars of the war with Privernum, and the replies of the  Claudius? —What is said of Cneius Flavius? — Sum up the retrospect of the history of the
deputies.                                                                 | century.
(94)




BRITAIN.                                FRANCE.                                    SPAIN.                              GERMANY.
ENGLAND.-Upon Guitheline's death,    INCREASING rapidly in numbers, the    THis century is noted for the remark-    IN the beginning of this century,
the kingdom passed to his son, Sisilius,  Gauls in Italy resolved to extend their  able earthquakes, floods, and storms  Heltico, a carpenter, came to the Senunder the guardianship of his widow,  territories. Aboutthe same time, 30,000  which desolated Spain, especially dur-  ones, who then inhabited what is now
Martia, to whom was mainly ascribed  of the warriors of the German tribes,  ing the years B. C. 355 and 348.            modern Swabia, and to the Boil, who
the Marchen-lage (or, as Geoffrey of  the Senones and the Bail, crossing the       Hanno, the Carthaginian governor,  dwelt in what is now modern Bavaria,
Monmouth styles it, Pa Marchitle Lage).  Alps, suddenly appeared before the city  being a very avaricious man, was guilty  and brought with him specimens of the
The legendary history gives us the  of Clusium, and proposed to the inhab-  of great extortion, whereby he drove  fruits of Italy. Eagerly desiring to
names of a series of kings, but very  itants a fraternal partition of their  the Spaniards into revolt, so that it was  possess a land which produced such
few incidents concerning them.  If  lands. The people of Clusium set them   found necessary to recall him  (B. C.  delicious fruit, and incited by the dethere be any truth in this history, the  at defiance, and sent to Rome for assist-  355). Of the actions of the governor  scription of it given by Helico, they
country must have fallen into a very  ance. The latter State deputed three  who succeeded Hanno, we have no ac-  resolved to emigrate thither. A vast
disturbed state about this time, since  of the family of the Fabii to mediate  count. The names of Boodes and Me-  horde, under a leader named BRENNVS,
the historian gives us the names of no  between the combatants; but these en-  herbal are mentioned as those of gov-  crossed the Alps and descended into
fewer than 39 kings in'%he course of  voys violated their instructions, and in-  ernors of Spain, but nothing worth re-  the plains of Lombardy.  There is a
three centuries. Of Morvid it is re-  cited the Clusians to resistance. They  cording of them occurred.                  discrepancy here between the French
lated that he repelled an invasion of  suddenly attacked a detachment of the    About the year B. C. 334, the people  and the German historians. Thierry
the Northmen. Gerbonian was cele-  Gauls, who were far -from -suspecting  of Marseilles sent a colony into Spain.  asserts that the name "Brennus" is
brated for his justice.  Arthgallo was  such a breach of the truce. Quintus  These colonists settled at Empurias, at  but the Latin form  of the Senonian
a cruel tyrant, who~was dethroned by  Ambus/tus Fatbius led on the Clusians,  the foot of the Pyrenees. At the same  word "Brenn", wh ich signlfied " king"
his people, but reinstated by his brother  and was recognized by the Gauls as the  time the Spaniards appear to have first  or "leader": and that the Romnans
Elidure, who ultimately succeeded him.  Roman ambassador. Their leader at  become acquainted with the Romans,  mistook this title for a proper name
It is asserted that Elidure was impris:  once ordered the fight to be stopped,  their future masters. The renown of  (Histoire des Gaulois, vol. i. p. 52).
oned in the Tower of London by his  and called a council of the chiefs of the  Alexander the Great also reached the  The German historian Menzel (History
nephews, who divided the kingdom be-  army. It was resolved to despatch a  Peninsula; and the Spaniards on the  of Germany, sect. xxviii) says that it
tween them.  Coillius fell in battle  messenger to Rome to demand the sur-  coast of the Mediterranean sent an em-  was the chieftain's name.  lie also atagainst Fergus, an Irish chieftain, who,  render of the guilty parties. The de-  bassy to him  to solicit his protection  tributes to him  and the Senones the
landing in Scotland with an army of  mand was rejected, owing to the pow-   against the Carthaginians.  The am-  entire glory of the defeat of the RoScots from Ireland (B. C. 330), founded  erful influence of the Fabian family.  bassadors were kindly received at Bab-  mans and the destruction of Rome
the kingdom of Scotland: — the Picts  Exasperated at this, the Gauls turned   ylon by Alexander the Great, and ob-  (B. C. 389). The French historian asretaining the south-western portion of  their arms against Rome, andby forced  tained the promise of his assistance.  serfs that the Gauls took a very importthat country; the Scots keeping the  marches arrived at the Allia, about  They returned home laden with pres-  ant share in the war, especially at the
northern andmountainousportion. Bri-  half a day's journey from  the city.  ents, but the illustrious Macedonian did  battle of the Allia. We incline to the
tain itself was now divided into tribes,  There they met and completely routed  not furnish the promised aid.            statement madeby Thierry. However,
of whom the Brigantes came in time  the Roman arrmy,~ on July 16th, B. C.    About the same time a Carthaginian  it is clear that Brennus, or the Brenn,
to be the most powerful. They had  390. Soon afterwards they marched to  ship, either designedly or forced by  had the chief command at the taking
their separate chiefs or kings. The  Rome, which they found deserted by all  stress of weather, crossed the Atlantic,  of Rome.  His departure was purchased
names of some of them have been handed  except the garrison of the citadel. In  and discovered a very large and beau-  by 1000 pounds' weight of gold, but at
down to us, together with some of their  the vestibule of the Senate, they saw   tiful island. It being uninhabited, sev-  the time of weighing it, Brennus threw
exploits; but there is so little worth  the Senators sitting in silence in their  eral of the crew settled there; the rest  his sword into the scale, and bade the
recording of them, that it will not be  seats. These venerable men remained  returned and gave an account of what   Romans add its weight to the ransom.
necessary to do more than mention a  immovable -until one of the astonished  they had seen. Some are of opinion   The Senones and Boil afterwards setfew of the leading incidents.           Gauls touched the beard of one of them,  that this island was one of the Canary  tled in the north of Italy, but did not
SCOTLAND.-OfScottish history, some  who instantly struck the man violently  islands; others that it was one of the  long remain at peace with the Romans.
of the historians of that country pro-  with his ivory staff. Furious at this,  West India islands, or part of the con-  There arose continual  disputes  and
fess to furnish authentic records from   the Gaul killed his assailant. A gen-  tinent of America. The jealous and  wars, but they terminated in the suthe time of Fergus I. downwards. The  eral massacre ensued, and the city-was   cruel policy of the Senate of Carthage  premacy of the Romans.
authenticity of these accounts has been  burnt. The inhabitants fled to Veii,  is shown in their decreeing that the        In the year B. C. 340, Alexander the
disputed; they are said to have been con-  but the patricians shut themselves up  discovery of this great island be kept  Great, of Macedonia, undertook an excocted by Buchanan and others to grat-  in the Capitol. After a siege of seven  a secret. By their orders the discoy-  pedition against the Getre and the Triify the vanity of James I., by tracing  months, a peace was purchased by the  erers were put to death, lest their glow-  balli, at the mouth of the Danube, to
his descent back to this remote antiquity.  Romans. The war, however, continued  ing reports should induce the Cartha-  punish them for having ravaged Thrace.
According to Buchanan, FERGUS I.  nearly 40 years with varying success,  ginians to seek their fortune in the  On this occasion some of their chiefs
was drowned near Carrick-Fergus, after  until at length a peace was concluded  unknown land. What became of those  visited his camp. Alexander received
reigning 24 years.  He left two infant  (B. C. 349), and these Cisalpine Gauls  who settled there is unknown. It is  them courteously, and invited them to
sons, Ferleg and Main. The chiefs of  were quiet in Italy for half a century.  probable that ships were occasionally  a banquet. Having asked them what
the Scottish clans appointed Fergus's    In the first half of this century, the  driven across the ocean by strong winds,  they feared most in the world, he rebrother, Feritha/ris, king; who gov-  Bolgs, or Belgians, crossing the Rhine,  in these ancient times; and thus the  ceived for answer: "We fear nothing
erned wisely for 15 years. But his  invaded the south of France. Two of  peoplingof South and CentralAmerica  but the fall of the sky; nevertheless, we
domains must have been very circum-  their tribes, the Arecomici and Tecto-  may be easily accounted for; as may  prize the friendship of such a man as
scribed, as the Picts were the principal  sages, acquired apermanent settlement  also the resemblance found between the  thou art."  Surprised and mortified,
inhabitants of the country, and were  in Aquitaine, making Toulouse their  antiqjuities  of Mexico and Peru and  Alexander thought it prudent to make
governed by their own kings.            capital.               those of Phoenicia and Egypt.                            peace with them.
What state was the country in after the    What occurred at Clusium? —What was the    What is this century remarkable for.9 —   WVho was Helico? —WVhat emigration took
death of Guitheline? — What is related of  result??Whazt occurred after the battle of the  What is said of Hanno and his successors.9 —  place? —What   is said of Brennus? —What
Morvid.9 —An d of his successors? —Of F~ergus Allia? —What of the Senate? —What befell Of the Marseillese? —Alexandler th e Great? — became of the Senones and Boil in Italy.9 —
I.? —Aind the history written by Buchanaln?  the Gauls? —What tribes settled in Franuce?   And the discovery of a transatlantic island? W~hat is related of Alexander the Great?
(95)




ASIA MINOR
THOUGEH the principal portion of this country (in which we include the Cauca-  Alexander, and encountered him in a narrow valley near the town of Issus, in
sian States, the Crimea, the Bosphorus, and Armenia,) was under the dominion  the south-eastern extremity of Cilicia; but notwithstanding the enormous disof Persia, there were independent kingdoms in it. That of Caria threw off the  parity between the two armies, Darius was completely defeated, and his army
Athenian yoke (B. C. 380), and chose Mausolus for its king. This personage  was-destroyed. He fled across the Euphrates, but his family fell into the hands
is remembered on account of the magnificent monument raised to his memory  of Alexander, by whom they were treated with the greatest respect. The conby his widow, ArtemisZia (B. C. 354), whence similar structures have received  queror then marched into Syria, having annexed all Asia Minor to his empire.
the name of "mausole'um".  On the death of Alexander (B. (. 323), his empire, which extended from the
In Cyprus, EVAGORAS, a descendant of Teucer, established a kingdom (B. C.  Adriatic to the Indus, was partitioned into provinces, over each of which one
410), which he governed with great virtue and ability for many years. He was,  of his generals was appointed satrap.  Lycia, Pamphylia, and greater Phrygia,
after a stubborn resistance, compelled to -submit to the Persians (B C. 386),  were given to ANTIG/ONUvS; Caria to C.SSANDERR; Lydia to Menander; the lesser
but was allowed to retain possession of Salamis, with the title of king. He was  Phrygia to Leona-tus; Armenia to Neoptolemus; Cappadocia and Paphlagonia
assassinated (B. C. 374), together with his son, Pnytag'oras, and was succeeded  to EVU/MENES. Cappadocia and Paphlagonia had formed a kingdom, ruled over
by his son Nic'ocles, of whose reign very few particulars are known.  It is  by Ariaratthes, and had not been subjected by the Macedonians. Pontus was
related of Nicocles that he rewarded Isocrates, the celebrated Attic orator, with  also a kingdom, founded by Darius Hystaspes in favor'of Artabazus (B. C. 514),
twenty talents (about $22,000), for an oration in praise of Evagoras; also that  and several princes had reigned there after him. The sixth king was Mithrihe died a violent death, but neither the period nor the circumstances of this  da'tes I. (B. C. 404-363); his son, Ariobarza'nes,' succeeded him  (B. C. 363event are recorded. Cyprus and the shores of Asia Minor were the scene of  337). Mithridates II. (B. C. 337-302) fled from the furyv of Antigollus. He
the incessant struggles between the Greeks and Persians for dominion. The  was succeeded (B. C. 302) by his son, Mithridates III.
Spartans, under Agesila'us, had nearly made themselves masters of the country,    The history of Asia Minor, from the death of Alexander the Great to the
and Tissaphernes, the satrap, had been put to death (B. C. 394), when his suc-  battle of Ipsus (B. C. 323-301), is that of the struggles amongst his generals
cessor, Tithraustes, by bribing the other Greek States to combine against Sparta,  and successors for supremacy. The first pretext for quarrelling was the refusal
raised a force sufficient to compel Agesilaus to return home. Sparta, occupied  of Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, to acknowledge the supremacy of Macedon.
with her domestic enemies, sent Antal'cidas (B. C. 387), to conclude a peace  Perdiccas, regent of the empire, sent an army against him under Eumenes, and
with Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia, whereby the Greek cities of Asia  ordered Antigonus and Leonatus to join the expedition.  This they refused to
Minor and Cyprus were given up to him; the Athenians were allowed to retain  do, and Perdiccas then marched in person against the Cappadocian monarch,
only Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros, and the independence of the other Greek  defeated and took him prisoner, and crucified him (B. C. 322). Having crushed
cities was guaranteed.                                                        the Cappadocians, he summoned the disobedient generals before his tribunal.
In the year B. C. 362, a rebellion of the satraps of Asia Minor gave consider-  Antigonus, seeing his danger, entered into a league with Ptolemy, Antip'ater,
able trouble to the Persian king, Artaxerxes, and this spirit of revolt spread  Craterus, Neoptolemus, and other generals, against Perdiccas and Eumenes.
throughout the empire. On the night in which Alexander the Great was born  A civil war ensued. Perdiccas, in order to strengthen his power, assassinated
(Oct. 13th, B, C. 356), the great temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was set on fire  Meleager, who had been associated with him in the regency. Eumenes defeated
and burnt, by a madman named Eros/tratus, who was actuated to do the deed  and killed Craterus and Neoptolemus on the plains of Troy (B. C. 321). The
by the idea of immortalizing his name in connection with this event.          latter was slain by Eumenes with his own hand.  Perdiccas, marching against
The cruelties of Ochus, the successor of Artaxerxes, induced Artabazus, the  Ptolemy, was defeated in Egypt, and murdered by his own soldiers in his tent
satrap of Asia Minor, to revolt (B. C. 356), and in this he was assisted by the  at Pelusium.
Athenians and Thebans; but although victorious in several encounters, he was     Antipater, succeeding Perdiccas as regent, resolved to employ the whole force
ultimately forced to take refuge with Philip, king of Macedonia. He was after-   of the empire to crush Eumenes. He entrusted the conduct of the campaign to
wards pardoned by Artaxerses, and became a faithful adherent of Darius  Antigonus. The struggle was carried on for several years, It was conducted
Codomanus, who raised him to great honors.  So good an opinion of him had  by Eumenes with consummate skill, and, notwithstanding the numerical infeAlexander the Great that the latter appointed him satrap of Bactria, and mar-  riority of his forces, he maintained his ground against his enemies until he was
ried his daughter Barsi'ne.  Ptolemy Lagus married his second daughter,  betrayed; he thereupon fled to Mithridates, king of Pontus.
Artocama; and Eumenes married his third daughter, Artonis.                      On the death of Antipater (B. C. 318), Antigonus, by the aid of a fleet sent
In Bosphorus, Sat'yrus I. was succeeded by Leucon (B. C. 392-353); Spar'taous  by Cassander, made his authority paramount in Asia Minor. Eumenes, supII. (B. C. 353-348); Parys'ades (B. C. 348-311); Satyrus II., who reigned only  ported by Mithridates, still held out for the royal cause; but this brave and good
nine months.  Pryt'anis, who had attempted to seize the throne, was slain by  man was ultimately delivered up by his mutinous soldiers to Antigonus, who
Eu'melus, who became king (B. C. 310), and was succeeded by his son, Spar-  put him to death (B. C. 315). Eumenes was but 45 years old at this time: he
taeus III. (B. C. 304).                                                       was the ablest general and statesman among the successors of Alexander. The
The year B. C. 334 is memorable for the commencement of the career of  reason why he did not occupy a more prominent position under the conqueror
Alexander the Great in Asia. Crossing the Hellespont at the head of 35,000  was that he was a native of Cardia, in the Thracian Chersonese; and was not,
men, he conquered Caria, and took Halicarnassus. He totally defeated the  therefore, looked upon with favor by the Macedonians.
Persians under Memnon, at the river Grani'cus, in Mysia (May, B. C. 334)        Antigonus now openly aimed at the sovereignty of the empire. He banished
This battle was followed by the capture or submission of the chief towns on the  Peucestes from Persia, and Seleucus from Babylon; put Python of Media to
west coast of Asia Minor. Halicarnassus was taken in the autumn of B. C. 334,  death, declared war against Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus. He overran
l   ter a gallant defence by Memnon of Rhodes, the Persian monarch's ablest  Syria and Asia Minor, and took Tyre, carrying on the war with varying sucgeneral, and brother-in-law of Artabazus. Memnon planned the carrying of tess (B. C. 315-312).  But Ptolemy and Seleucus defeated Antigonus's son,
the war into Greece, but his untimely death (B. C. 333) put an end to the  Demetrius Poliorceetes, at Gaza, and Seleucus became monarch of Persia, while
scheme, and relieved Alexander of his most formidable opponent. The Mace-  Ptolemy established himself in Egypt.
donian king then conquered Lycia and Pamphylia, and'marched north into    Alarmed at their success, Antigonus concluded a temporarypeace (B.C. 311),
15hrygia, where he cut the famous Gordian knot (see page 91). In B. (. 333  whereby he was allowed to have the government of all Asia. But the peace
he marched into Cilicia, where he nearly lost his life from bathing, when heated,  did not last more than a year. In B. a. 307, Amrtigonus sent his son, the famous
in the river Cydnus. Darius, king of Persia, collected an immense army of Demetrius Poliorcetes, into Greece against Cassander. Demetrius met with
more than half a million of men, with 30,000 Greek mercenaries, to oppose  great success. At Athens he was received with enthusiasm  by the people as
What is said of Asia Minor generally? —Mausolus? —Artemisia? —Evagoras? —Nieocles?- -    What two great battles did Alexander win? —How was his empire partitioned after his
Continue the history until the peace of Antalcidas. —What was the effect of that -peace.? —  death? —Who were kings of Pontus? —Give an outline of the contest between the successors
When and by whom was tlre temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt? —What is said of Artabarzus?  of Alexander. —What of Perdiccas? —Eumenes? —Antipater? —Antigonus? - Cassander?-Of his daughters? —Give an outline of the career of Alexander the Great.    Demetrius Poliorcetes?
(96)




B.C. 400-300.
ASIA MINOR.                                                                   CARTHAGE.
their liberator. Demetrius Phalereus,    THE peace concluded between Dionysius and the Carthaginians was a hollow one. Dionysius having induced the Greek
who had been appointed Governor of  States to join him, suddenly captured several of the Carthaginian fortresses, and massacred their merchants, at the same
the city by Cassander, was driven out,  time declaring war against them (B. C. 397). The Carthaginians, roused to fury, sent Imilco with a large army into
the fort at Munychia was taken, and  Sicily. Having captured several small towrns, that general laid siege to Syracuse, and would probably have taken it,
divine honors were paid to Poliorcetes.  but a dreadful plague broke out in his camp, and Dionysius, sallying out, slaughtered the enfeebled troops. Imilco surHe was then sent by his father against  rendered, and, on his return to Carthage, committed suicide. The African tribes, who had furnished the greatest number
Cyprus, where he annihilated the fleet  of soldiers to assist the Carthaginians, furious at the sacrifice of their brethren, flew to arms, and laid siege to Carthage,
of Ptolemy (B. C. 306). Next year he  but being without any leader of eminence, they finally dispersed.
laid siege to Rhodes, because the Rho-    The Carthaginians sent another armament, under Mago, to retrieve their losses in Sicily, but this army was routed,
dians had refused to assist him against  and its leader slain (B. C. 390). The younger Mago, having been reinforced, again attacked the Syracusans, and dePtolemy. He employed the most gi-  feated them (B. C. 389), which induced Dionysius to conclude a peace with Carthage. This peace was followed by a
gantic machines to take the city, but  disastrous plague, which desolated Carthage and its provinces, causing great distress and fierce insurrections; but the
after making prodigious efforts formore  Carthaginian Senate, by its firm and temperate policy, restored the State to its former vigor and prosperity.
than a year, he was obliged to give up    Dionysius now turned his arms against the Greek colonies in Southern Italy. He subdued Caulonia and Hipponium,
the siege, and conclude peace with the  and besieged Rhegium, which he took after a long siege, showing great barbarity to the conquered. He was twice again
Rhodians. IIe then crossed over into  engaged in war with the Carthaginians, once in B. C. 383, and the other time in 368, in the midst of which he died
Greece (B. C. 304), compelled Cassan-  (B. C. 367). Ile was a great patron of learned men, and of the arts and sciences, but he was extremely tyrannical,
der to evacuate all the country south  avaricious, and cruel. He took extraordinary precautions to secure himself from assassination, of which he was conof Thermopylse, and. for two years pro-  stantly in dread. Of him it is related that one of his courtiers, Dam/ocles, having expressed a strong desire to enjoy the
secuted the war with the greatest suc-  splendor of the palace for one day, was allowed to do so, but at the feast was compelled to sit with a drawn sword suscess. But in B. C. 302 he was recalled  pended over his head by a single horse-hair, which sight destroyed all his happiness. The well-known incidents illusby Antigonus to Asia to support him  trative of the friendship between DAMON and PHiINTIaS (or PYTHIAS, as he is usually called), occurred in the reign of
against the new confederation, for, in  Dionysius. The tyrant had condemned Phintias to death; and the latter had obtained permission to go home for the
spite of the victories of Demetrius ob-  purpose of settling his private affairs, on condition of finding a friend who would be security for his return. Damon
tained in Greece and Cyprus over Cas-  unhesitatingly offered himself, and was accepted as security; but Phintias returned in time to redeem him, and Dionysander and Ptolemy, those confederated sius was so struck with the magnanimity of both that he released them. He was succeeded by his son Dionysius (usually
generals now united in greater force.  styled "the younger"), a dissolute tyrant, whose conduct filled the State with tumult and distraction.  He disregarded
Cassander attacked Southern Greece,  the counsels of his brother-in-law, DIoN, as well as that of the celebrated philosopher, PLATO, and banished the former,
Ptolemy entered Syria, Lysimachus  while he sold the latter as a slave. Plato was redeemed from slavery by Archytas, the philosopher of Tarentum. Dion,
invaded Thrace, and Seleucus marched  however, returned to Sicily with a small Greek fleet and army, and made himself master of the city while Dionysius was
into Asia Minor with a powerful army  absent in Italy (B. C. 356). ttis reign was short-lived, for he was assassinated by his pretended friend, Callippus (B. C.
from Persia. Thejunctionofthearmies  353), who got possession of the chief power, but was expelled thirteen months afterwards. Dion was one of the distinof Seleucus and Lysimachus in Phrygia  guished men of that age. He was of a proud and stern character, an ardent disciple of Plato, and a despiser of dissolute
brought on a great battle at Ipsus, a  pleasures; nevertheless, he contrived to amass great wealth by his connection with Dionysius. Great confusion ensued
small town in that country, which de-  on the expulsion of Callippus; taking advantage of which, Dionysius returned and reinstated himself (B. C. 347). But
cided the fate of the empire (B. C. 301).  he became more cruel and brutal than before, and the people of Syracuse applied to Icetes, king of Leontium, for help.
Antigonus was aided by his gallant son,  Meanwhile the Carthaginians sent an expedition into Sicily to subjugate the island, upon which the Syracusans applied
Demetrius, but owing to the impetu-  to the Corinthians for aid, and the latter sent TIMo/LEo N with forces to help them (B. C. 343). The career of this celeosity of the latter, was defeated and  brated man was an extraordinary one. He belonged to one of the noblest families in Corinth. His youth was stained
killed. Demetrius fled to Greece, where  by the murder of his own brother, Timophanes.  The latter having endeavored to subvert the liberties of his country,
he went through many vicissitudes of  Timoleon slew him. The Corinthians were debating how to punish him, when the embassy of the Syracusans arrived.
fortune. The Athenians who had pre-  They thereupon decided to send him  in  ommand of the Greek forces-premising that if he conducted himself badly,
viously paid him  divine honors now  they would punish him as a fratricide; but if he behaved justly, they would honor him as a regicide. Timoleon met with
refused to receive him. But Seleucus  rapid success. With 700 men he forced Dionysius to surrender Syracuse, and sent him to Corinth. He then destroyed
married his daughter, Stratonilce, and  the citadel, and established a democracy. Next he proceeded to expel the tyrants from the other Greek cities of Sicily,
granted to that prince the province  but was interrupted by a formidable invasion of the Carthaginians, who sent 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, under Asdrubal
of Cilicia, which, with Cyprus, Tyre,  and Hamilcar to Lilybeum   (B. C. 339). Timoleon, with 12,000 men, gained a complete victory over them at the river
and Sidon, made him  a respectable  Crimi'sus, obtaining immense booty, the greater part of which hlie sent to Corinth. By treaty the river Ialy'cus was
potentate.  On the partition of the  fixed as the boundary between the Greek and Carthaginian possessions in Sicily. Timoleon also crushed Icetes of LeonMacedonian empire, Seleucus became  tium, Mamercus of Catana, and the other Sicilian tyrants-and then, resigning his power, retired into private life, and
monarch of Upper Asia, Ptolemy of  died greatly honored (B. C. 337).
Syria and Palestine, and Lysimachus    In the interval, Hanno tried to make himself master of Carthage by poisoning the Senate, but failed, and was put to
If the northern  provinces of Asia  death. After many years ofdissensions AGATHo/C1ES, a potter, contrived'to raise himself to power, and became master
Minor.                               | of Syracuse (B. C. 317). His first attempt leas to expel the Carthaginians from Sicily, but he was totally defeated by
During this century the historian  the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar, at Himera. The latter shut him up in Syracuse, and besieged the city (B. C. 309).
Cte'sias of Cnidus, the poet Anaxan'- Agathocles, however, contrived to escape, and levy an army. Leaving Syracuse to its fate, he conceived the daring idea
drides of Rhodes, the astronomer Eu- of invading Africa, before Hamilcar could know anything of his movements. The Carthaginians, taken by surprise, sent
doxus of Cnidus, the poet IIeracli/des Hanno and Bomilcar to oppose him, but they were defeated. Agathocles, leaving -the command of the African army to
of Pontus, the philosopher Epicurus  his son, returned to Sicily, where Hamilcar had been defeated and slain; but his Greek and African troops deserted, and
of Samos, and the painter Protog/enes  went over to the Carthaginians. He then returned to Africa, but, unable to retrieve his affairs, he fled back to Sicily,
of Caria, flourished —all being natives abandoning his sons and his army. The latter slew their leaders, and surrendered themselves to the Carthaginians;
of Asia Minor.                        and Agathocles died soon after, from grief, or poison (B. a. 307)..
What is said of Demetrius Phalereus? —    What provoked war between Syracuse and Carthage? —What was the result of it? —Of Masgo's expedition? —What was the character of
Of Poliorcetes? —-Of the siege of Rhodes? —  Dionysius? —The legend of Damocles? —Of Damon and Pythins? —What of Dionysius the younger? —Dion? —Callippus? —What  was the
Of Ptolemy Lagus? —What eminent men  early history of Timoleon?-What was the result of his enterprise in Sicily? —What attempt did Hanno mtake?-What is said of Agathoflourished?                        |les? - His fate, and that of his sons?
13                                                                                                                            (97)




THIE 3" CENTURY
EGYPT.
PTOLEMY SOTER, the son of Ptolemy Lagus, was the wisest statesman among  to a close by a treaty by which Magas acquired undisputed possession of the
the successors of Alexander the Great. His first care, after he had become  Cyrenaica, and his infant daughter Berenice was betrothed to Ptolemy's son.
firmly established on the throne of Egypt, was to regenerate the entire social  The king was engaged in frequent wars with Antiochus, but he terminated them
system of the nation. He revived its ancient religious and political constitu-  at last by giving his daughter Berenice in marriage to that monarch. During
tion, and restored the priesthood. Memphis was made the capital, and a museum,  the remainder of Ptolemy's reign, Egypt enjoyed a large share of prosperity.
university, and library were founded in Alexandria. Thither the most cele- Ptolemy was wise enough to cultivate the friendship of the Romans, then rapidly
brated men resorted for study and society. Euclid, the geometer, Stilpo, Theo-  rising in power. IIe sent ambassadors to them, and received those whom they
do'rus, and Diodo-rus, the philosophers, Phile'tas, the poet, and Zenod'otus,  sent in return with extraordinary splendor, loading them with presents. He
the grammarian, resided there. The painters Antiphilus and Apelles also  was one of the greatest potentates of that age. At the close of his reign, it is
practised their art in Alexandria; Menander and TheOphrastus were likewise  said that he possessed a standing army of 200,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry,
invited, but declined the invitation. The illustrious Demetrius Phale'reus'was  a fleet of 1500 ships, and an amount of treasure estimated at 740,000 talents
one of the chief ornaments of the Court of Ptolemy Soter. I)eprived of the  ($811,000,000) (B. C. 247). HIe was succeeded by his son, PTOLEMY EUERRGETES
governorship of Athens, he fled to Egypt, where he was welcomed by the mon-  (the benefactor), a warlike and enterprising prince, whose first exploit was to
arch; and he rendered great assistance to him in his measures for the encour-  avenge the murder of his sister, Bereni'ce, by Laodtice, the wife of Antiochus, king
agement of literature. Trade and navigation were encouraged; the harbor of  of Syria. WVith a powerful army he invaded the dominions of that monarch
Alexandria and a lighthouse on the island of Pharos were constructed; to reach  (B. C. 245), overran Syria, Babylonia, Persia, and Upper Asia, and returned to
the latter a causeway a mile in length was made. The Jews were allowed to  Egypt with immense booty, bringing back with him the idols which Cambyses
have a temple in the city, and the Septuagint version of the Old Testament from   had carried away from Memphis and Thebes 280 years before. The restoration
Hebrew into Greek was subsequently made for their use. Papyrus for the leaves  of these idols to their respective temples gained him very great popularity, and
of books was brought into general use, instead of linen, wax, or the bark of  the appellation of Euergetes. His queen, Berenice, had made a vow that if he
trees, stone, brass, or lead, as had been previously the case. Alexandria became  should return in safety she would devote her hair to Venus. Accordingly, when
the centre of civilization and of literature.  The conquest of the Syrian fron-  he returned she cut it off and sent it to the temple of Venus at Zephyrum in
tiers, the ancient kingdom of Cyrene, great part of Ethiopia, and the island of  Cyprus, where it was lost. To soothe the anger of Euergetes at this negligence,
Cyprus, added to the external security of Egypt. Towards the end of Ptolemy  the astronomer Conon of Samos pretended that the hair had been carried up to
Soter's reign, the worship of Sera'pis was introduced into Egypt. It is said  heaven and converted into a constellation of seven stars near that of Leo. The
that the king was induced by a vision to send to Pontus for an image of the god.  king and queen were much pleased with this gross flattery, and the constellation
(See Tacitus, Annals, IV. 83.) Be that as it may, a Grecian idol was brought  was named "Berenice's hair" (Coma Berenices). IIe also subdued a great part
to Alexandria, and set up in a very extensive and splendid temple, named (after  of Abyssinia and Arabia (B. C. 225), and opened new roads for trade through
the god) Serapium, built purposely for its reception. It has been supposed that  these countries.
this idol was called in the Coptic language Rhacotis, which word has the same    With the death of Euergetes (B. C. 222) ended the glory of the Ptolemies.
signification as Pluto, in Greek. (Whyte's Egyptiaca, Part I. p. 103.) The  IHis son PTOLEMrY, surnamed PHILoPrATOR (loverofhis father), was a weak and disworship of Serapis appears to have introduced a change into the religious cere-  solute prince, who was always under the evil influence of favorites. At the inmonies of Egypt. Hitherto animals had been held sacred, but with Serapis  stigation of his prime minister, Sosibius, he put to death his brother, Magas,
sacrifices were introduced, and the ancient veneration for animal life died out.  and Cleom'enes, the exiled king of Sparta. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria,
Ptolemy was the greatest monarch of his age.  In the year B. C. 285 he abdi-  took advantage of Ptolemy's incapacity, and made war upon Egypt (B. C. 218),
cated in favor of his youngest son, PTOLEMY PHILArDELPHUS, the child of his be-  but he was defeated at Raphia (B. C. 217). Ptolemy, after this victory, visited
loved wife Berenice. He died two years afterwards (B. C. 283), greatly regretted.  Jerusalem, -and made an attempt to enter the sanctuary of the Temple, but being 
The reign ofPtolemy Philadelphus was as prosperous as that of Ptolemy Lagus.  prevented by the priests, became so enraged, that on his return to Egypt he deThe epithet Philadelphus (signifying "I one who loves his brother") was bestowed  termined to exterminate all the Jews that had settled in his kingdom. For this
upon him in irony, because he put to death two of his brothers. Great public  purpose they were brought from the most distant parts of the country to Alexworks were undertaken. Ports for the Indian and Arabian trade were made on  andria, and cast into the Hippodrome (or Circus), where 500 elephants were
the Red Sea at Arsin'o6 (now Suez), Myos-Hormos (now Cosseir), and Bereni'cc.  prepared to destroy them. These animals were made drunk to increase their
From the two latter stations, caravan roads were made to the Upper Nile, and  fury, but instead of attacking the Jews they rushed upon the spectators, and
the lower river was united to the Red Sea by a canal which wMas continued to the  committed frightful havoc. Ptolemy, struck with remorse, restored to the Jews
harbor of Alexandria.  The character of Ptolemy Philadelphus was stained with  their privileges. He did not carry out his wicked design, but soon afterwards
vice. He put to death his two brothers; divorced his first wife, Arsinoe, and  he murdered his wife and sister, and transferred his affections to Agathocle'a,
banished her on a charge of treason; and he married his own sister ArsinoS,  whose brother, the infamous Agatho'cles, had succeeded to the position and
the widow of Lysimachus.  For this second wife he evinced the greatest affec-  influence of Sosib-ius. At length Ptolemy's dissipation broke down his constition, erecting monuments to her memory, and naming cities by her name. But  tution, and he died (B. C. 205) of premature infirmity, though in the very prime
he had some redeeming qualities.  ie was fond of literature, and under his  of life. He was a monster of infamy. He left behind him an only son, a child
patronage Alexandria became the resort of learned men. IIe went to great  about 5 years old, who succeeded him.
trouble and expense in collecting books of value; and he purchased from Elea-    PTOLEMY EPIPH/ANES (or the illustrious) was placed under the care of regents,
zar, the high-priest of the Jews, an authentic oopy of the IIebrew Scriptures.  who proved unworthy of their trust. The kingdom was menaced by Antiochus
This copy was by his orders translated into Greek, seventy-two learned men  the Great,'king of Syria, who had combined with Philip of Macedon to wrest
being employed in the work. This version has been styled the Septuagint, from   Egypt from the Ptolemies, and had made himself master of Cocle-Syria and
the Latin word Sejptuaginta, signifying seventy, and in reference to the number  Palestine. The regency of the country was therefore offered to and undertaken
of translators, though, in strictness, there were seventy-two.  It became exten-  by the Roman Senate, which saved Egypt from being involved in the Syrian war.
sively used, and is frequently alluded to and quoted by the writers of the New    nAmongst the eminent men of Egypt in this century were EUCLID, the matheTestament.                                                                matieian;  CaLLIM/aCHUS, grammarian, poet, and librarian; ERATOS/THENES of
In the year B. a. 264, the peace of the country was disturbed by Magas, the  Cyrene, geographer; SosIB'Ius,  grammarian; and MANE/TtO, an Egyptian priest,
brother of Ptolemy, who endeavored to re-establish the kingdom of Cyrene, and  the first who gave in the Greek language an account of the religion and history
was assisted in his rebellion by Antiochus, king of Syria. The war was brought of his country, derived from the sacred books of the Egyptians.
What was the character of Ptolemy Soter? —Which were his chief works? —What eminent |What was the condition of Egypt during the reign of Ptolemy Soter? —How did the king
men did he patronize? —What dominions did he acquire? —Who succeeded him? —What was| act towards the Romans? —What  were the exploits of Ptolemy Euergetes?- Relate the
the character of Ptolemy Philadelphus? —What is the Septuagint version of the Old Testa-  legend of Berenice's hair. —What is said of Ptolemy Philopator? —Ptolemy Epiphanes? —
ment? —What new god was worshipped? —What is said of Magas and his rebellion?  What eminent men flourished?
(98)




SYRIA.                                                                            INDIA.
SELEUCUS NICA'TOR being now (B. C2. 300) master of Upper Asia (i. e. the countries between the rivers Oxus, Indus,    THE Bactrian kingdom  founded by
and Euphrates), as well as of Syria, built Antioch for his capital, and consolidated his Syrian kingdom. He also founded  Seleucus, king of Syria, flourished durtwo cities, one on the Tigris, the other on the Oron'tes, both of which he named Seleu'cia. He married the daughter  ing the reigns of several of his descendof Demetrius Poliorcetes (B. C. 299), whom he established as governor of Cilicia. He also gave Upper Asia (B. C..294)  ants, until their own civil wars and
to his own son, Antiochus. Seleucus was the most powerful of all the successors of Alexander. The ambitious designs  the impending revolt of the Parthians
of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who had now become king of Macedonia, once more embroiled the East. Seleucus combined  induced the governor of the province
with Ptolemy and Lysimachus against him, and after a two years' contest he was driven into Asia Minor, taken pris-  to assert his independence. Theod'oner, and kept in captivity for the rest of his life by Seleucus; who, however, otherwise treated him kindly. Demetrius  otus was the first king (B. C. 250).
being disposed of, peace was restored. The next event of importance was a war between Seleucus and Lysimachus, king  There wrere three different dynasties,
of Thrace; which was occasioned by the former espousing the cause of the widow of Lysimachus' step-son Agatbocles,  who had much intercourse with Northwhom the latter had murdered. The two monarchs met on the plain of Corus, where Lysimachus was killed (B. C.  ern India. They are mentioned in the
281). Seleucus was soon after assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, the son of his old friend Lysinglachus, whom he had  Purans as the Yawn, or Ionian kings.
protected and benefited. Seleucus founded a number of Macedonian colonies in Asia, which became centres of civiliza-  Eight of them reigned in the north of
tion. Sixteen of these were named Antiochia, after his father.ntiochus; five were named Laodice'a, after his mother  India.
Laod'ice; seven were named Seleucia, after himself; three were named Apame'a, after his first wife; and one, Stratonicea,    In other parts of the Peninsula, the
after his second wife. He also founded Bereta, Edessa, and Pella. His son, ANTIOCHUS SOTER, reunited Syria to Upper  Maga'di sovereigns were the most powAsia (B. C. 280). He gave up his claims over Macedon to Antigonus Gona/tas, but pursued his father's plans of con-  erful.  Of these, Chandragupta (the
quest in Asia Minor. He was defeated by Nicomendes, king of Bithynia (B. C. 278), and was equally unsuccessful  Sandracottus of the Greeks), already
against Eu'menes, king of Pergamus (B. C. 263). BEROtSus, a Babylonian priest, the historian of Chaldoea, flourished  noticed, was the most celebrated. IIe
about this time. He wrote in Greek a history of Babylonia, comprising the earliest traditions about the human race,  was a man of mean origin, and was the
a description of Babylonia and its inhabitants, and a chronological list of its kings down to the time of Cyrus. Berosus  leader of a band of robbers before he
says that he derived the materials for his work from the archives in the temple of Belus. The work is lost, but frag-  obtained the supreme power. In the
ments of it have been preserved. Ill luck pursued Antiochus in all his enterprises. Aiding Magas, the brother of  troubles which followed the death of
Ptolemy, to set up a new kingdom at Cyrene, his forces were defeated in every engagement, and his coasts ravaged by  Alexander, he extended his dominions
the Egyptian fleet (B. C. 264).  lie then marched against the Gauls (or Galatians), who had advanced to Ephesus, and  over the greater part of Northern India,
by them he was defeated and slain (B. C. 261).                                                                           and conquered the Macedonians who
His son and successor, ANTIOCEUS (surnamed by the Milesians THEOS, or the God, because he delivered them  from   had been left by Alexander in the Puntheir tyrant Timarchus), defeated the Gauls, but was unable to resist the progress of the Parthians, who, under Arsa'ces,  jaub. The history of Chandragupta
were now establishing their kingdom  in Upper Asia. He made peace with Ptolemy and married his daughter Berenice  forms the subject of a IHindoo drama,
(B. C.249), divorcing his own wife, Laodiice, who in revenge poisoned both him and Berenice (B.C. 246). His son,  called the Mudra Rahshasa. He died
SELEUCUS II. (surnamed CALLIN"ICS, or illustrious conqueror) succeeded to the throne, and immediately found himself  about 300 years before Christ, and
engaged in a war with Ptolemy Euer/getes, who was eager to avenge the murder of his sister Berenice, put to death by  was succeeded by his son, Mitragupta,
Seleucus. Ptolemy overran Syria, Babylonia, Persia, and Upper Asia (B. C. 245), defeated Seleucus, and forced him to  who appears to have paid tribute to the
take refuge in Antioch. Eumenes, king of Pergamus, also added a portion of Seleucus's dominions to his own; and  Bactrian princes. The state of India
Antiochus Hierax, the brother of Seleucus, attempted to usurp the throne of Syria. He was at first successful (B. C.  under the Magadi dynasty is described
242), but the ravages of the Gauls (Galatians) had the eect of reuniting all the subjects of Seleucus; and thus strength-  as prosperous and happy. Arts, comened, the Syrian monarch crushed the rebellion, and totally routed the Gauls. He then (B. C. 238) turned his arms  merce, literature, and husbandry, all
against the Parthians, but was defeated by their king Arsaces; and in a second campaign (B. C. 236) was taken prisoner  flourished. A royal road is said to have
by them, and kept so until his death, which occurred B. C. 226, and was occasioned by a fall from his horse. SELEUCUS  extended from the capital, Palibothra,
III. (surnamed in derision CERAUNUS, or the thunderbolt) succeeded his father, but being feeble both in mind and body,  to the Indus, and another to Broach, in
he was assassinated by two of his officers. His cousin, Acheus, secured the throne for Antiochus, satrap of Babylon,  Gujerat. Mitragupta and his succesthe younger brother of the deceased monarch (B. C. 224). ANTIOCHUS III. (surnamed "the Great") was led by the  sors patronizedlearned men, and supintrigues of his minister, Hermeias, into a quarrel with Achaus, whom he drove into rebellion. The brothers of Her-  ported a brilliant Court. In his reign
meias, having been made satraps of Media and Persia, likewise revolted, but were subdued and executed (B. C. 220).  the Sancrit language attained its highMeanwhile Acaelius, having leagued himself with Ptolemy king of Egypt, ravaged Asia Minor; while Ptolemy attacked  est state of polish and refinement. His
Antiochus, and defeated him at Raphia near Gaza (B. C. 217). Achaeus, besieged in Sardis by the joint forces of Anti-  dynasty continued to rule for more than
ochus, and Attalus, king of Pergamus, was there betrayed and put to death (B. C. 216). Antiochus then attacked the  eight centuries, or until about the year
Parthians and Bactrians (B. C. 212), but though he gained some victories over them, he was forced to acknowledge their  450 of the Christian era. This century
independence. He gave his daughter in marriage to Demetrius, son of the king of Bactria, and joined that prince in  is the epoch of the reign of ASO"CA (the
an expedition against Northern India (B. C. 206). He also made some efforts to revive the commercial system founded  third of the line of Chandragupta),
by Alexander the Great, and encouraged the trade of the Persian Gulf. On the death of Ptolemy Philopator, and the  whose influence appears to have exaccession of his infant son to the throne of Egypt (B. C. 205), Antiochus entered into an alliance with Philip, king of  tended from north to south of the Indian
Macedon, to wrest Egypt from the family of the Ptolemies. He conquered Coele-Syria and Palestine, but was prevented  peninsula. He was the great champion
from pursuing his success by the interference of Attalus and the Romans.                                                 ofBuddhism,which made great progress
JUDEA. - This portion of Syria suffered much during the complicated wars of the kings of Syria and Egypt, but the  throughout the land, and was introduced
high-priests appear to have had the management of the affairs of the Jewish people. The history of this period is unim-  into Ceylon by his missionaries. His
portant. SIMON THE JUST, the high-priest, completed the canon of the old Testament by adding to it the books of Ezra,  edicts inscribed on rocks have been deNehemiah, Esther, and Malachi. His successors were Eleazar (B. C. 292-260), Manasseh (B. C. 260-233), Onias II.  ciphered. They relate to the establish(B. C. 233-219), Simon II. (B. C. 219-195).  Of these priests there is not much to record.  The neglect of Onias to pay   ment of hospitals and other charitable
the tibutedue o theking  f Egpt, cusedthat  rinceto treate  an  nvasin of udea  but hinstitryutionavedinstiutioshan  toitemtrumph  ftth
Milman's History of the Jews (vol. ii., page 33).                                   monarch held intercourse with Egypt.
What i said f Antichus oter?-erosus-Selecus Calinicu?-An~tochusHiera~?-Selecus Craunus- Whatohis thaGrea?-ftthe —Greekndkingdom ofr.  Bata?
what was he celebrated? —Who succeeded him? —What did the misconduct of 0nias occasion?                             |dynasty endure? —What is said of Asoca?
(99)




PERSIA.                                                                  CHINA. JAPAN.
THIS country now formed part of the dominions of the Seleucidae, or successors    TRE people of Chow ranged themselves round the standard of Chow-keun, a
of Seleucus, whose capital was Antioch. The history of them  is, for a time,  descendant of the Chow princes, whose heroic efforts to retrieve the fallen forblended with that of Syria.                                                     tunes of his race deserved a better fate. Chow-keun was forced to submit to
BACTRIA and SOGDIANA, situated at the extreme eastern verge of the ancient  the ferocious Chaou-seang, the Tsin general, who had founded the TSIN dyPersian empire, was, on the first division of the empire of Alexander the Great  nasty. On Chaou-seang's death (B. C. 249), his son, Heaou-wan-wang, ascended
(B. C. 323), allotted to Philip, one of his generals. On the second division (B. C.  the throne, but died a few days after his accession. E-jin succeeded him. He
301), after the battle of Ipsus, it became part of the dominions of Seleucus  subdued the provinces of Han, Tsoo, and Chaou; but five of the States formed
Nicator, king of Syria. The government of the province was administered by  an alliance against him, and defeated him. He died of vexation (B. C. 246). His
governors appointed by the Syrian monarchs. One of these, named THEOD'OTUS,  successor was the famous CHE-HWANG-TE, the reputed child of Ejin, but in reality
whilst Antiochus Theos was engaged in war with Egypt, revolted, and made  the son of a merchant, and foisted upon the emperor as his own son, by the artihimself independent (B. C. 250). He then assumed the regal dignity, subjected  fices of his real father and mother. Che-hwang-te was guilty of great cruelty
the cities which remained loyal to Antiochus, and strengthened himself so  to his mother, and, as filial piety has been always accounted in China the first
effectually in his new position that it became impossible to reduce him to obe-  of virtues, he became very much disliked. Many of the "philosophers" of his
dience. IHis example was followed by the neighboring provinces, which were  court remonstrated with him, but in vain; he put twenty-seven of them to death,
thus lost to Antiochus. About the same time (B. C. 250), Agatho'oles, the Greek  and caused their limbs to be suspended outside the palace, in order to strike
governor of PARTHIA, having incensed the people by his tyranny, ARSA"CEs, a  terror into the others. One of them, however, named Maou-tseaou, ventured to
man of humble origin, killed him; and having roused the people, expelled the  upbraid the emperor with his cruelty, and, struck with his intrepidity, CheMacedonians. He caused himself to be elected king of the Parthians, and he  hwang-te pardoned him, retaining him  at court as a faithful adviser. This
established an independent government which was feudal in its form, the meon-  emperor formed the design of subjecting all China to himself.  By dint of
archy being elective, with a proviso that the king should always be chosen from   bribery and artful machinations he contrived to sow such dissensions amongst
the members of his family. Arsaces reigned only two years, and was succeeded  the petty princes as prevented their uniting against him. He was thus enabled
by his brother, Tirida'tes, called also Arsaces II.                             to overcome them one by one..In the year B. C. 245, Ptolemy Euergetes, king of Egypt, then at war with       The northern provinces of the empire having been repeatedly ravaged by the
Seleucus, king of Syria, overran Babylonia, Persia, and the provinces of Upper  Heung-noo (or Huns), whose empire then extended to the west of Shen-se, CheAsia, and plundered them, taking back to Egypt an immense booty, and some  hwang-te resolved to attack them. This he did suddenly (B. C. 215), took them
of the spoils which Cambyses had carried off from Egypt 280 years before. In  by surprise, and slaughtered great numbers of them. To put a stop to their
the year B. C. 243 a treaty of alliance was formed between Parthia and Bactria.  inroads, he resolved to erect a monument which should be a lasting memorial
Seleucus tried to reduce the Parthians to subjection, but was defeated'by their  of his greatness.  This was the GREAT WALL OF CHINA,'commencing in Linking, Tiridates (B. C. 238). In a second campaign (B. C. 236), Tiridates took  teaou, in the western part of Shen-se, and terminating in the sea, at the foot
him prisoner, and kept him in captivity until he died (B. C. 226). In the year  of the mountains of Leaou-tung, a distance of more than 1500 miles. It was
B. C. 220, Media and Persia were the scene of a revolt, instigated by Molon,  strengthened with fortresses, and was so broad that six horsemen could ride
satrap of Media, and his brother, Alexander, satrap of Persia, the brothers of  abreast upon it. Five years were required to build it, and every third man in
Hermeias, the prime minister of Antiochus the Great. But on the appearance  the empire was forced to work on it, under the direction of the architect, Mungof the young king, Antiochus, the troops threw down their arms and submitted.  t~ee. It was completed B. C. 210.
The conspirators were taken prisoners, and executed. Antioehus then made an        When Che-hwang-te became sole master of the empire he assumed the title
attempt to reduce the Parthian~ and Bactrians to submission. He marched into  of Emperor, changed the imperial color from yellow to black, and introduced a
Media, which the Parthians had taken from him, and repossessed himself of  regular system of despotism. But he encouraged astronomy, and published a
that province. Ile also entered Parthia, and obliged Tiridates to retire into  calendar; embellished his chief city, Hbew-yang, and visited all parts of his
Hyreania. Here his success ended, for Tiridates collected an army of 120,000  empire, introducing innovations and improvements everywhere,  This drew
men, and re-entered Parthia. The war was renewed with great fury, but Anti-  down on him the reproaches of the learned, which so enraged the despot that he
ochus, though successful in several battles, found it impossible to subject his  ordered 460 of them to be buried alive, and all the ancient books to be burned.
adversaries, and at length recognised their independence (B. C. 210). He made  This measure introduced the greatest confusion into the annals of China, on
a treaty with Arsaces, by which he resigned Parthia and Hyreania to the latter,  which account the memory of Che-hwang-te is detested by the Chinese.
upon condition that he would assist him  in reconquering the other revolted        His son, Hoo-hae, succeeded him  (B.C. 210), but was a worthless prince,
provinces. Antiochus then marched against Euthyde'mus, king of Bactria, who  living only for his own pleasures, and never quitting the palace. He put to
had succeeded Theodotus in the year B. C. 221, but he was not more successful  death Mung-t4en, the architect of the great wall, and also his own brother. A
against him than he had been against Arsaces, and was obliged to make terms  universal rebellion took place, headed by a robber named LEW-PANG. The emwith him. We know nothing of the circumstances attending the elevation of  peror finding himself deserted by all, put an end to his life. Tsze-ying, the emEuthydemus to the sovereignty of Bactria. On his death, Menander became  peror's nephew, endeavored to repel the army of Lew-pang, but without success;
king; and Antiochus made a league with the new monarch, giving his own  so he submitted to the conqueror, and thus ended the Tsin dynasty (B. C. 206).
daughter in marriage to Menander's son, Demetrius.  Antiochus joined that    Lew-pang marched boldly to the capital.  The prince of Tsoo also endeavored
prince in an expedition against Northern India. Menander was one of the most  to get possession of it, but the people proclaimed the king of Choo, Hwaepowerful of all the Greek rulers of Ba-tria, and made extensive conquests. wang, emperor, and allotted to Lew-pang the provinces of Pa, Choo, and HanTiridates, king of Parthia, was succeeded by his son, Artabanes I. (B. C. 211).  chang. China was desolated by intestine wars until B. C. 202, when Lew-pang,
Malcolm says (History of Persia, vol. i., p. 250): "It is impossible to recon-  master of the empire, and adopting the name of Kaou-tsoo, founded the dynasty
cile the Persian dates with those of either Grecian or Roman historians, which  of HAN.
arises from the simple fact of Asiatic writers having no account of this period    JAPAN.-Ko-re-i succeeded Ko-an (B. C. 290). In the year 285 the lake and
that merits the name of history. They give us armere catalogue of kings; and  river of Oomi were formed in one night by a sudden convulsion of the earth. In
their calculation of the years the monarchs they mention reigned, is less, by some  the year 244 Japan was divided into thirty-six provinces.  Korei died at the age
centuries, than the actual time which this epoch includes."  The Parthian era-  of 128 (B. C. 214).  His son, Kow-kin, removed his court to Karutz.  In his
pire became one of the most Considerable and powerful that ever existed in the  time the Chinese emperor, Che-hwang-te, sent 300 youths.and 300 maids into
lEast. It extended over all Upper Asia, and made even the Romans tremble. |Japan, in search of the Elixir of Immortality.
To whom were Bactria and Sogdiana allotted? —Towhom, after the battle of Ipsus? —Who |For what was Chowv-keun famous? —Who founded the Tsin dynasty? —Mention the acts|
was Theodotus? —Arsaces? —What monarchy did he found? —What did Ptolemy Euergetes  of Che-hwang-te. —Iescribe the great wall, the name, and the fate of the architect.-W~hy is
do?-What befell Seleucus? —What was the result of the contest between Antiochus and  the memory of Che-hwang-te detested? —Who founded the Han dynasty? —What occurred
Tiridates? —And Arsaces? —What is said of Menander?                          in Japan?
(100.    )._ 




GREECE.
AFTER the battle of Ipsus (B. C. 301) Demetrius Poliorcetes fled to Greece,  /ZEtolians. On his death, Antigonus Doson, his cousin, succeeded, nominally
established himself in the Peloponnesus, and commenced a naval war against  as regent for Philip V., the son of Demetrius II.
Lysim'achus, king of Thrace; while Seleucus, king of Syria, supplied him with    In Sparta, Agis IV. endeavored to revive the laws of Lycurgus (B. C. 244),
the means of getting possession of Athens (B. C. 299). On the death of Cas-  but the opposition of Leon-idas, the other king of Sparta, brought about a
sander (B. C. 296), Macedonia was left to the three sons of that general; —one  counter revolution (B. C. 240), and Agis was strangled by order of the Ephori.
of whom, Philip IV., died; another, Antip-ater, having murdered his mother,  Cleomenes succeeded Leonidas (B. C. 236), and endeavored to carry out the
fled to Thrace, where he died. The survivor, Alexander, sought aid against  reforms proposed by Agis. Turning his arms against the Achseans (B. C. 227),
Lysimachus, from PYRRHUS, king of Epirus, and Demetrius Poliorcetes, the  he compelled Corinth and Argos to secede from the league; he also reduced
latter of whom, taking advantage of the necessities of the young prince, got  Aratus to such extremities that the latter was forced to solicit aid from the king
possession of the throne, and Alexander was slain. Demetrius was now (B. C.  of Macedon (B. C. 222). Antigonus, who came to the assistance of Aratus,
294) master of Macedon, Thessaly, Bccotia, and Attica; but a combination be-  routed Cleomenes at Sella'sia, made himself master of Sparta, and restored the
tween Pyrrhus and Lysimachus drove him from Macedon into the Peloponnesus,  ancient constitution. Cleomenes fled to Egypt, where he died. Antigonus died
then governed by his son, Antig'onus (B. C. 287). Pyrrhus seized the throne  soon after (B. C. 220), and was succeeded by Philip V. This prince became
of Macedon, but in his turn was expelled by Lysimachus, who remained master  involved in a contest with the warlike 2Etolians, who attacked him  and his
of it (B. C. 286). Demetrius, driven into Cilicia, was taken prisoner by Seleu-  allies, the leagued cities, and defeated their general, Aratus, at Caphyas; but
cus, and kept in prison till he died (B. C. 284); but his son Antigonus main-  the increasing power of the Romans now became so threatening, that the States
tained himself in the Peloponnesus. Lysimachus, having put to death his own  of Greece were induced to make peace amongst themselves (B. C. 217), and
son, Agathocles, Lysandra, the widow of the young prince, fled with her brother,  unite for the common defence.
Ptolemy Ceraunus, to Seleucus, who forthwith (B. C. 282) espoused their cause,    Philip being recognized as the head of the Greeks (B. C. 215), entered into
and invaded the dominions of Lysimachus. The latter, then in his 80th year,  a league with IIannibal, the famous Carthaginian general, against the Romans;
was defeated and slain (B. C. 281). Ptolemy, with the basest ingratitude, mur-  but excited the indignation of all Greece by causing Aratus, who was an obstacle
dered Seleucus, who had thus assisted him, and made himself king of Macedon.  to his designs, to be poisoned (B. C. 213). That illustrious man has left us a
In the same year, a horde of Gauls (or Celts from Pannonia), poured into Mace-  history of his own times, down to the year 220. The Romans, to distract Philip's
don and'Thrace, and plundered Delphi. Ptolemy was defeated by them, taken  attention, formed a league with the 2Etolians, Sparta, Pergamus, and Elis (B. C.
prisoner, and put to death. He was succeeded by Sos'thenes, a Macedonian  211). With the aid of their ally, Att'alus, king of Pergamus, they soon became
officer of high birth.                                                      masters of the sea; but were too hotly pressed at that time by IHannibal to
The Gauls soon after were cut to pieces by the ZEtolians, and the Achaean  continue their assistance to the AEtolians. Meanwhile PHILOPr/ MEN had sucleague was revived in Southern Greece. Meanwhile (B. C. 280-275) Pyrrhus,  ceeded Aratus as the proetor of the Achsean league, and he, marching against
king of Epirus, having been invited into Italy by the Tarentines, defeated the  the Spartans, defeated and slew with his own hand Machan'idas, the usurper
Romans at Heraclera and As'culum, but sustained severe losses himself. On  of Lacedsemon (B. C. 210). The 2Etolians, after this, made peace, and withthis occasion he uttered the memorable exclamation: "Another such victory,  drew from the Roman alliance. Philip then (B. C. 208) allied himself with
and I am ruined!"  Unable to overcome the Roman general, Fabricius, he  Pru'sias, king of Bithynia, against Attalus, king of Pergamus; and with Anti'crossed into Sicily, where he attacked the Carthaginians and besieged Lily-  ochus, king of Syria, against Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He invaded Asia Minor,
bse'um. Being forced to raise the siege of that city, he returned to Italy, and  but though successful by land, he was defeated at sea by the Rhodians and
was totally defeated by the Romans at Beneven'tum. Meanwhile, Sos'thenes,  Attalus.  He next attacked Athens (B. C. 201), which city applied to Rome for
having been slain in battle against the Gauls (B. C. 277), was succeeded in  assistance. The Romans sent a fleet and army just in time to save the still
Macedon by Antigonus Gonattas, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. Pyrrhus,  illustrious, though fallen, city. Egypt saved herself also by placing the regency
on his return from Italy, excited a revolution in Macedon, and seized the throne  of the country in the hands of the Roman Senate.
(B. C. 273); whereupon Antigonus fled into Southern Greece, pursued by Pyrrhus,    The degeneracy of the Greeks at this period is shown not merely in their
who was also aiding Cleon/ymus to dethrone his nephew, AXreus, king of Sparta.  naval and military undertakings, but in the inferiority of the men of letters
The career of this ambitious prince was here cut short (B. C. 272). From Sparta  who flourished in this century, as compared with those of the age of Pericles.
he marched to Argos to support Ariseteas, the leader of one of the factions in  At the beginning of the century there were four schools in Athens, presided
that city. In the night time Aristeas admitted Pyrrhus into the city; but the  over respectively by ZENO, Arcesila'us, EPICU/RUs, and Strato. The other men
alarm having been given, the citizens flew to arms, and Pyrrhus found it advi-  of eminence were the philosophers CraYtes, Chrysip'pus (who left 705 works),
sable to retreat; but as he was fighting his way out, an Argive woman hurled  Po'lemo, and Evander; the poets Posidip-pus and Bion; the historians Timsemus,
down a heavy tile from a house top upon his head. He fell from his horse, and  Nean'thes, and Phylar'chus; Zenod'otus of Ephesus, the celebrated grammawas immediately dispatched. He was the greatest warrior and one of the best  rian; Erasis'tratus, the physician; and others of less note.
princes of his time. In subsequent times, he was regarded as one of the great-    ZENO was a native of Cyprus: the date of his birth is not known. IIe settled
est generals that had ever lived. Hannibal said that of all generals Pyrrhus  at Athens, and studied philosophy under Stilpo, Philo, and Xenocrates. He
was the first, Scipio the second, and himself the third; or, according to some,  subsequently started a system of his own, which he taught in the famous.porch
that Alexander was the first, Pyrrhus the second, and himself the third. He  (Stoa) of Polygnotus; hence his school was called " the Stoic". He was a man
was succeeded in his kingdom of Epirus by his son, Alexander II. On the  of great probity! and was highly esteemed. The date of his death is unknown.
death of Pyrrhus, Antigonus regained Macedon, and retained it until his    STRATO taught that there is no God out of the material universe; that every
death (B. C. 239).                                                          particle of matter can mould itself, but is without sensation or intelligence; that
In the year B. C. 251, the city of Sic'yon, misruled by tyrants, was freed by  life, sensation, and intellect are but the forms and accidents of matter.
the courage of the patriotic citizen ARA"TUS. The Sicyonians then joined the    THEOC/RITUS, a native of Syracuse, was the creator of Greek pastoral poetry.
other cities which formed the Achlean league. Aratus also by a bold attempt  He studied at Alexandria, but returned to Sicily, where he passed his life.
drove the Macedonian garrison out of Corinth (B. C. 243); and this city, with    ERATOS/THENES of Cyrene was born B. C. 276, and studied at Athens. He
Trseze'ne and Epidaurus, likewise joined the league. In B. C. 229 Athens did  died of voluntary starvation at the age of 80, being tired of life. He was exthe same, and the confederacy became formidable.                           tensively learned in astronomy, mathematics, and geography, and was the first
On the death of Antigonus Gona'tas (B. C. 239), his son, Demetrius II., be- who attempted to measure the size of the earth. In doing this he invented and
came king of Macedon. The ten years of his reign were spent in war with the  employed the method which is used at the present day.
Who obtained the Peloponnesus? - Macedonia? - Relate the changes which took place    What is said of Agis IV. of Sparta?-Leonidas?-And Cleomenes? —Philip V.? —The
in the affairs of Greece. —What befell Demetrius Poliorcetes? —Lysimachus? —Ptolemy Ce-  fate of Aratus? —The war with the Romans? —The fate of Athens? —And Egypt? —Philoraunus? —What is said of the Gaulish invasion?- Of the exploits, death, and character of  poemen? —The literary character of the age? —Zeno? —Strato? —Theocritus? —Eratosthenes?
Pyrrhus? —Aratus? —The Achsean league? —W'ho succeeded Antigonus Gonatas in Macedon?  — What other eminent men flourished?
( 101 )




ITALY.
THPE reduction of the Samnites was one of the first things that occupied the  the Greek States from the Carthaginians. The small States in the south of
Romans at the beginning of the century. That heroic people showed a bravery  Italy speedily fell victims to the Romans, but the Tarentines held out, and imequal to that of the Romans themselves; and, assisted by the Umbrians, Etru-  plored Pyrrhus to return. This he did, but only to be totally defeated (B. C.
rians, and Gauls, they withstood for eight years (B. C. 300-292) the efforts of  275)'at Beneventum, by the consuls, Curius Dentatus and Cornelius Lentulus.
the consuls, FA/BIUS MAXIMUS, DE'CIUS, and Cu/RIUS DENTA/TUS. The veteran  The elephants captured in this battle were sent to Rome to be exhibited. They
Fabius obtained a decisive victory at Senti/num (B. C. 295), where, it is said,  were the first animals of the kind ever seen there. Pyrrhus fled to Greece, and
25,000 Samnites were killed, and 8000 taken prisoners; the Roman loss amounted  the Romans finally established their supremacy over Southern Italy. The city
to upwards of 8000 men killed, and a large number (not stated) wounded. In  of Rome at this time contained about 280,000 citizens.
this famous battle the Gauls took a conspicuous part, but were almost extermi-    The ambitious republic now coveted Sicily, and soon found a pretext for
nated. The Samnites would neither surrender nor disperse, but retreated from   attacking it. The Mamertine mercenaries, who had deserted from the Carthathe field in a body. The consul, Decius, was slain, and his body was found  ginians, and were besieged in Messina, solicited the protection of Rome. This
under a heap of slaughtered Gauls. Fabius pronounced a funeral oration-over  was gladly accorded, and thus began THEr FIRST PUNIC (PHMENICIAN) WAR. The
him, and buried him with military honors. But the Samnites did not give up  consul, Appius Claudius, was sent into Sicily with an army, in the year B. C.
the contest, notwithstanding their severe losses. They raised another army,  264, a year which is memorable for the introduction of the brutal exhibition of
and bound the soldiers by the most solemn oaths to conquer or die. It required  gladiators (combatants with swords) at Rome. The Romans were successful in
several more campaigns to terminate the war. The-consuls, Papir/ius Cursor  Sicily. Claudius defeated Hiero and the Carthaginians. The consul, Valerius,
and Spurius Carvilius, ravaged Samnium; the former gained a great battle near  took Messina and Agrigentum (B, C. 263), whereupon Hiero made peace with
Bovianum, but did not follow up his success. Quintus Fabius Gurges, son of  the Romans, and became their faithful ally. The Romanns then turned their
the great Fabius, was then sent against the enemy, who, under their veteran  attention to naval affairs. They built a fleet, which they sent out under the
hero, Pontius Herennius, had invaded Campania. In this campaign the old  consul Duilius, who gained a complete victory over the Carthaginians, off Mylse,
Fabius served under his own son as lieutenant. In the first battle Fabius was  on the north coast of Sicily (B. C. 260). The consul Scipio attacked Sardinia
defeated, but in the second the Samnites left 20;000 men dead on the field, and  and Corsica, while Malta surrendered without much resistance. The consul,
their commander, Pontius, and 4000 men, were taken prisoners (B. C. 293).  MaRcUS ATIL'IUS REV/ULUS, surrounded by the Carthaginians in Sicily, had a
[Evcn after this blow the Samnites held out for another year, when they were  narrow escape (B. C. 258), but the Romans were progressing fast at sea. An
finally overcome, and a Roman colony of 20,000 persons was planted at their  indecisive naval battle took place off Tyn-daris (B. C. 257), but a complete vicstronghold, Venusia, on the frontiers of Lucania and Apulia. For the successful  tory was gained near Ecno'mus (B. C. 256); after which, the victorious consuls,
termination of the war, a triumph was decreed to Fabius at Rome. But the  AtiIius Regulus and Manlius Vulso, carried the war into Africa. The Carthaglory of the achievement was, however, stained by the wantonly putting to  ginians now engaged the Spartan general, Xanthippus, to conduct the war. By
death of the brave Samnite general, Pontius (B. C. 292). Such was the end of  him Regulus was defeated and taken prisoner, in a sanguinary battle, wherein
the third Samnite war. The subjection of the Sabines (B. C. 290) completed the  only 2000 Romans escaped. A series of disasters befell the Roman fleets at
extension of the domination of Rome over Central Italy. The aspiring republic  sea, which discouraged them from naval warfare. But in B. C. 250, the pronow turned its arms against the south of the Peninsula, notwithstanding the  consul, CECILIUS METELLUS, gained a great victory over the Carthaginian genedistress occasioned by the Samnite war, to relieve which, and to appease the  ral, Asdrubal, at Palermo, and laid siege to Lilybseum. On this occasion, it is
people, the "I Hortensian Laws" were passed. These decreed a general reduc-  said (but on very doubtful authority) that the Carthaginians took Regulus out
tion in the amount of debts, an apportionment of seven acres of land to every  of prison, and sent him on parole to Rome, to make peace; but, instead of doing
citizen, and the depriving of the Senate of its veto. They were named after  so, he exhorted his countrymen to continue the war, returned to Carthage, and
their proposer, Quintus Hortensius. Another law, styled the Msenian, from its  was there put to a most cruel death. The war continued with varying success
originator, Caius Maeenius, was passed about the same time. It took away the  for some years, Hamilcar Barca sustaining the falling fortunes of the Carthaveto from the curiae in the election of magistrates. By these enactments the  ginians in Sicily; but at last the proconsul, LUTAXTIUS CATULVUS, completely
people gained great power.                                                 annihilated their fleet near the Agaltes (B. C. 241), and deprived them forever
The Tarentines, jealous of the growing power of Rome, secretly instigated  of the command of the sea. Hamilcar surrendered his army, and the Carthaother Italian States to hostilities, while they placed themselves under the pro-  ginians evacuated Sicily; paying a tribute of 3200 talents ($3,575,000). Such
tection of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. The Senones suddenly invaded the Roman  was the first Punic War, whereby the Romans obtained Sicily (allowing the
territories, and defeated and killed the consul, CECIL/IUS METEL/LUS, at Arre-  eastern portion of the island to remain under the government of Hiero), and
tium (B. C. 284). This victory cost them dear; for, next year, the consul, COR-  acquired supremacy over all the world at sea. Sardinia and Corsica were given
NE/LlUS DOLABELLA, defeated and almost exterminated them, and followed up  up to them in the year B. C. 238.
his success by routing their allies, the Etruscans and the Gauls, near the Vadi-    A period of tranquillity followed, and the temple of Janus was closed for the
monian Lake (B. C. 283). The military superiority of the Romans was fully  -first time since the days of Numa Pompilius, as a sign of peace with all the
established in these battles. But the people of Southern Italy had yet to be  world. Some troubles occasioned by the Gauls on the northern frontier, and a
convinced of this. The Tarentines and Lucanians commenced hostilities by  revolt in Sardinia, were all that disturbed the external peace of the republic for
attacking the Roman fleet, and insulting their ambassadors (B. C. 282). The  several years.  But considerable dissension was occasioned at Rome by the
Lucanians took Thurium, in despite of the efforts of the consul, Fabricius Lus:  tribune, CAIUS FLAMIN'IUS, who obtained the passing of an agrarian law (B. C.
ci/nus (B. C. 281)  The consul, Emilius Bar/bula, invaded Tarentum without  232), for dividing among the people the lands taken from the Gauls in Pice/success. After him, the consul, Valerius Loevi-nus, entered that territory to  num.
meet Pyrrhus, who had come to the assistance of the Tarentines. Valerius was    The next affair of consequence was the Illyrian war. The piracies of the
defeated at Heraclaa, and Pyrrhus offered to mediate between Rome and Ta-  Illyrians had provoked the Senate to remonstrate with TEUTA, the widow of
rentum (B. C. 280).  This offer was peremptorily rejected, and Pyrrhus then  king Agron, and queen of Illyria. She not only refused redress, but caused
marched upon Rome. He, however, thought it better to turn back, andhe was  one of the Roman ambassadors to be assassinated. War immediately followed,
followed by the Romans, who encountered him at Asculum (B. C. 279). A des-  and the Romans forced queen Teuta to surrender the coast of Dalmatia and the
perate battle ensued, and Pyrrhus nominally remained master of the field, but  island of Corcyra to the republic (B. C. 229). A new treaty with the Carthahe exclaimed, at the close of the day, "Another such victory, and I am ruined! "  ginians bound the latter not to extend their dominion in Spain to the north of
Disheartened by his small success, he crossed into Sicily (B. C.-278) to deliver l the Ebro (B. C. 226).
Who were the leaders in the third Samnite war? —What great battle was fought? —What   What is related of Pyrrhus?-What was the population of Rome? —What was the next
was the result of the war? —How  did the Romans stain their triumph? —What tribe did they  great war? —Relate the principal incidents of it. —What is said of Regulus? —What celebrated
next subdue? What were the Hortensian laws? —What did the Tarentines do? —The | battles were fought? —What was the result of the war? —What was the cause of the Illyrian
Senones?                                             war?
10o2)




ITALY.
In the year B. C. 225 the republic was exposed to great danger from an inva-  cellus was killed, and his colleague, Crispitnus, mortally wounded. Asdrubal,
sion by the Celtic tribes from the Alps and the Po. They advanced in immense  advancing from Spain to the assistance of Hannibal, crossed the Alps, and denumbers, and were met at Clusium by the consuls, Atilius Regulus (son of the  scended into Italy; but was routed and slain at the Metaurus, by the consuls,
famous Regulus) and JEmilius Papus, whom they defeated. In a second battle,  Claudius Nero and Livius Salina'tor (B. C. 207) - and this put an end to the
at Telamon, the Romans gained a bloody victory, but Regulus was slain. The  schemes of Hannibal, who remained inactive in Bruttium. The supineness of
Celts then quitted Italy. The subjection of the Boil followed (B. C. 224), and  Hannibal, after going into winter-quarters at Capua, is almost inexplicable.
the consul, FLAMINIUS  NEPOS, overcame the Insubres (B. C. 223). In the next  There is but little doubt that had he rapidly followed up his victory at Cannee,
year, the consul, CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, gained the Spolia Opima, by killing  and marched upon Rome, there would have been an end to the republic. That
with his own hand the Insubrian chief, Virid'omar, at Clastidium. The Spolia  he should have wantonly foregone the cherished object of his life  the destrucOpima were the richest booty, consisting of the armor and property of the ene-  tion of Rome -is scarcely credible. No satisfactory explanation of his conduct
my's commander. Marcellus dedicated them to Jupiter Feretrius —the third  has been given: the only reason that is at all plausible is, that he may have
and last instance in Roman history of such an offering being made. The Veneti  meditated a sudden return to Carthage to establish himself and family in suand Istrians now submitted to Rome.  Placen'tia (Piacenza) and Cremo/na  preme power, and for this purpose moved to the south of Italy. The intrigues
were founded, and Mutinum (Modena) was fortified (B. C. 221). All Northern  of the Barca family, to which Hannibal belonged, kept the Carthaginians in
Italy became subject to the Romans. The censor, Flaminius, availed himself  constant turmoil. But even this motive would hardly have been sufficient to
of this brief interval of peace to construct the " Via Flaminia', or Flaminian  induce him to refrain from destroying Rome. We are constrained to believe
road, from Rome to Arim/inum, and to build the " Circus Flaminius".         that an overruling Power set limits to his ambition, and preserved the Romans
The most celebrated war in which the Romans were ever engaged now broke  for purposes which the Carthaginians could never have accomplished.
out. This was THE SECOND PUNIC WAR. It is related that HANNIBAL, the son    Scipio, having driven the Carthaginians out of Spain, went to Africa to negoof Gisco, and grandson of Hamilcar Barca, had, when only nine years old, sworn  tiate an alliance with Syphax, king of Numidia (B. C. 206), previously to
on the altar of Baal eternal enmity to the Romans. Arrived at maturity, he  attacking Carthage. Syphax, however, did not ally himself with the Romans,
had displayed extraordinary military abilities, and was appointed commander-  but lent his aid to the Carthaginians; and Scipio, crossing into Africa with a
in-chief of the Carthaginian armies in Spain. There he meditated and secretly  large army, defeated him and took him prisoner, giving a large part of his terprepared the invasion of Italy and the destruction of Rome. In the year B. C.  ritories to Masinissa. Hannibal was recalled from Italy to defend Carthage,
218 he began his- operations. He commenced his march from Spain at the head  and was totally defeated by Scipio at Zama (B. C. 202). The Carthaginians
of 100,000 men. Having previously taken Saguntum, he crossed the Alps by  now submitted to the terms imposed by the conqueror. These were: to make
the pass of the little St. Bernard, and reached the valley of the Po. The consul,  amends for injuries done to the Romans; to restore all prisoners; to give up all
CORNELIUS SCIPIO, endeavoring to stop him, was defeated and wounded near the  their ships of war; not to engage in war without the consent of the Romans;
river Tici'nus (Ticino); and his colleague, Sampro/nius Longus, was routed at  to restore to Masinissa all his dominions; to feed the Roman army for three
the Trebbia. Next year (B. C. 217), Hannibal passed through the marshes of  months, and pay it until it should be recalled; to pay 10,000 Euboic silver
the Arno, being joined by all the Gaulish tribes, but losing the sight of one eye  talents (about $11,750,000), and to give up all their ships. These terms having
from ophthalmia contracted there. The consul, Flaminius Nepos, hastened to  been complied with, peace was concluded (B. C. 201).  Scipio was honored
meet him, but was defeated and killed at the bloody battle near the lake of  with a splendid triumph and the title of Africanus, and the close of the Second
Thrasyme'nus. In this dreadful conflict, 15,000 Romans were taken prisoners,  Punic War left the Romans the principal naval power in the world, and masters
and the remainder were cut to pieces. IHannibal then marched into Apulia,  of Spain and Sicily.
where he spent the summer. The Romans, undismayed, thought not for a mo-    During all these wars literature and art were but indifferently cultivated by
ment of peace. They raised a fresh army, and placed it under the command  the Romans. Livrius Androtnicus, the earliest Roman poet, nwrote several traof QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS, whom they appointed dictator; and they sent an  gedies and comedies. His first drama was acted B. C. 240. Cneius Ne'/vius,
expedition into Spain, under PUBLIUS SCIPIO and CNEIUS SCIPIo. Hannibal  a dramatist and poet, wrote an epic upon the First Punic War. He died B. C.
wasted much time in Southern Italy; but in August, B. C. 216, the consuls,  202. Quintus Fabius Pictor was the earliest prose historian of Rome, but only
TERENTIUS VARRO and 2EMILIUS PAULUS, marched into Apulia, at the head of  a few fragments of his history have come down to us. Cin'cius Alimentus, a
90,000 men, to attack him. He encountered them at Cannw, and annihilated  celebrated antiquary and jurist, wrote Annals of the Second Punic War; fragtheir army. 50,000 men perished on the field in this dreadful battle.  Emilius   ments only of his works have survived. These were the principal literary men
Paulus was slain, and the rest of his troops were dispersed or taken prisoners.  of Rome during this century. Caius Fabius (surnamed Pictor) painted the
But instead of following up his success, Hannibal went into winter quarters at  temple of Salus. This is the earliest Roman picture on record; it probably
Capua, where he remained all the winter. The Scipios gained several victories  represented a victory over the Samnites.
over Asdrubal in Spain, and in Italy the Romans raised another army, but,    We may here introduce the story of the invitation given by the Romans to
under the guidance of Pabius, changed their tactics. Avoiding encounters in  the god.Esculapius to come to Rome, and stay a plague which had been raging
the open field, they harassed the troops of Hannibal, and cut off his supplies;  there for three years. The legend is illustrative of the manners and superand, though he traversed Italy in all directions, he could not, in consequence  stition of the times.  It is as follows: An embassy was sent (B. C. 291) to
of this policy, gain any advantage over Fabius. The Romans regained strength  Epidaurus, the peculiar seat of YEsculapius, to invite him to Rome, and to
and courage. The consul, MARCELLUS, was sent into Sicily to besiege Syracuse,  ascertain how he ought to be worshipped. In answer to their petition, one
which city he took after an obstinate defence of nearly two years, protracted by  of the snakes, sacred to the god (who, it is said, assumed the form of that
the ingenuity of the celebrated mathematician, ARCHrIME/DES, who was slain in  reptile when he visited Sicyon), made its way to the sea-shore, and climbed
the storming of the city (B. C. 212). The Scipios, however, were defeated and  into the ship of the Roman ambassadors. They immediately sailed away with
killed in Spain (B. C. 212). Hannibal then marched to the gates of Rome, but  it to Italy; but when they stopped at Antium, the snake left the ship, went
returned into Apulia, defeating the consul, Fulvius, near Herdonia. PuBLIUS ashore, and coiled itself round a palm tree in the precincts of a temple of
CORNELIUS SCIPIO (afterwards Africanus) was now sent into Spain, where his |Esculapius, where it remained three days. It then returned on board, and
success Mwas brilliant.  He took New Carthage, and drove the enemy to the  did not leave the ship until it arrived in the Tiber, when it again crawled forth,
Atlantic. Fabius recovered Tarentum, and Lievinus subdued the rest of Sicily. but instead of landing with the ambassadors, swam to an island in the middle
Hannibal was now at bay, but his brilliant genius did not fail him. He drew   of the river, where it took up its abode. Upon this spot a temple was erected
the consul, Marcellus, into an ambuscade, and cut his troops to pieces. Mar-  to the god.
What was the Celtic war? —What was the exploit of Marcellus? —What were the Spolia Opi-   What of the inaction of Hannibal? — The tactics of Fnbius? —Marcellus? —The siege of
ma? —What is said of the second Punic war?-Of Hannibal? —When did he commence opera-  Syracuse? —The death of Archimedes? —The exploits of Scipio Africanus?- Of Syphax?-l
tions?-What was his first step? —What happened at the lake of Thrasymenus? —What is |What was the result of the battle of Zama? —What were the terms granted to the Carthaginsaid of Fabius Maximus?- Of Pablius and Cneius Scipio?- Of the battle of Canna?  ianns? —What eminent civilians flourished in this century? —Relate the legend of ZEsculapius.
(103)




BRITAIN.                                      R N@p.                                   SPAIN.   FAE. SP GERMANY.
ENcGLAND..-Th  e records of this con-    THE Gauls played a prominent part    IN th e year B. CJ. 251 a revolt broke           IN this century the Senones, Boii,
fury are very meagre.  The Irish, the  in the affairs of the world during this  out with  great fury, and the Carthagi-  Cimbri, and other nations, uniting unScots, and the Picts now appear in the  century. In Cisalpine Gaultheyjoined  nians suffered severe losses. They sent  der their Brenn   (or leader), invaded
history of England, and their encroach-  the league of' the Italian nations against   1a>MILCArR BARCe with a large tarmy to  Greece, and at first were  successful,
merts provoked a border war, inwhich   Rome, and were  the principal sufferers  subdue the country.  He was success-  enriching themselves wit h avast booty;
the Britons were victorious.  We re-  in the disastrous battle of' Senti/num   ful to a great extent, and recovered all  but, attempting to seize the treasures
cognize purely British names in those  (B. C. 295).  They suffered a second   the territory that had  been lost; buthe  of the temple of Delphi, they were reof kings Uriah, Eliud, Merian, Ble-  defeat at ~adimo by Dolabella (B. C.  was subsequently defeated and killed   pulsed, andlargenumbersoftheni slain.
dun, Oen (or Owen), and Blegabred.  283), and the Romans subdued the  at Castrum. Altum, in Betica (B. C.  It is said tht those who survived, after
Of the last-named prince it is recorded  whole of the territory of the Senlones.  229). Itc founded the cityof Barcelona.  killing  their wives and children, volunby Geoffrey  that he excelled all the       In B. C. 281 a largie number of Tec-  As'DRUBAL succeeded him as governor  tarily burnt themselves alive, to the
musicians   that had been before him.,  tos'ages em-igrated  rom'nToulouse into  of Spain, and founded the city of Car-  number of 20,000 m-en, together with
in singing and playing upon musical  Germany,  where  they joined the Gauls  thagcna.  The Romans    hadnowturned  their booty, in their encampment.
instruments,    " so that lie seemed wror-  and Cimbri, who were then meditating  their ambitious view  towards   Spain,         The Romans a  ttempting  to crush the
thy of the title of the God of Jesters."   a descent on Greece.  This expedition   and formed leagues with several of the   Senones and  Boil who  were settled ill
IRELANxD. —After a lapse of several  was  composed of Teutons, as well as  provinces in the north of that peninsula  Upper Italy, 200,000 Germans,    under
centuries we come to the reign of Kt.,-   Gauls and Cimbri, under the command    against the Carthaginians.  Asdrubal,  Britemar, marched towards Rome, their
BoaTH, who built the splendid palace  of their Brenn, or chief.  In the first  aware of their intentions, made vast  leader vowing that he would'not loosen
of the princes of Ulster at Emania,  campaigntheMacedonianswererouted,  preparations for -war,  and sent to Car-  his girdle until he bad taken the capiwhence  they were called Kings of  and their king, Ptolemy Ceraunus, was  thage for HANNIBAL to take command    tol. They twice defeated the Romans;
Emania.  This is a prominent era in  slain (B. C. 280}.  Next year the Gauls    of the army.    Asdrubal having been   but the whole of Italy rising up to aid
the Irish annals., In the neighborhood   ravaged Thessaly,    but were routed at  assassinated (B. C.221) in the midst of    the latter, Britemar was routed by
of this palace stood the mansion of the  Thermopylve; yet they ravaged 2Etolia,   these preparations, Hannibal succeeded   Paulus 2Emilins, near the river Tel'acelebrated'knights of the Red Branch',  and burnt the temple of Delphi, but  him.    The first measures of this famous   moll: 40,000 Germans were slain, and
whose exploits have so often been the  were  finally overcome    by the allied  geuertdtl were   the sub jugation    of the  Britomar taken prisoner  (B. C. 2925).
themes of the Irish bards.                Greeks, and forced to make a disastrous   people of Toledo, and the siege and de-  Another chief, and all his followers,
The accession of HUGONY THE GREAT  retreat.  Driven out of Greece, the  otruction of Saguntum, which fell after  killed themselves in despair. A third,
(as he was called) is the next event  Gauls entered Asia Minor, placed  Ni-  a most heroic struggle during eight  Ariovisqtus, supported by the Cenoof importance.  By his influence with  comedes on the throne of Bithynia, and  months (B. C. 217).  Oil the last day   manni  and Heneti, fled to the mounthe assembled States at Tara he suc-   made themselves masters of the coasts  of it, the Saguntines collected all their  tains,  whither  he was pursued and
ceeded in  annulling  the Pentarchy,  of the 2Egean Sea (B. C. 278-241).  effects into avast pile,    and placed their   overcome (B. C. 224); and next year,
and prevailed on the four kings to  Dreaded everywhere,  all the cities of  wives and children  on it.  They then   Virid/`miar, with 30,000 Gernmans froom
surrender their right of succession in   Asia Minor paid them tribute for more  sallied forth, and plunged into the ene-  the Rbhine, was defeated and slain by
favor of his family.  Ile then divided  than 30 years.  At last the armies of   my's ranks,  but were cut to pieces.  the hand of the consul, Marcellus.  The
the kingdom  into twenty-five districts  Antiochus, king of Syria, and Attalus,  Their wives  then set fire to the pile, and    Boil joined HTannibal in his invasion
or dynasties-an arrangement which  king of Pergailmus,  drove them. into  periished initwith theirchildren.   The  of Italy, and Ducari/us, their leader,
lasted nearly 300 years.  After the  Upper Phrygia.    Antiochus    pursued   Carthaginia tns   entered a deserted and   slew the  consul, Flaminius,  in single
reign of Hiugony succeeds a long inter-  them night and day as far as the Ado-  desolated city.  This siege will ever be  combat at the battle of Thrasyme/ nus
val of sterile events not worth record-   roan mountains, where  he permitted   memorable            in the annals of mankind.  (B. C. 217), where  25,000  Romans  fell.
ing, except tte return of king Labhra  them to stop and settle on the banks of  The Ilomans, as allies of the Saguntines,      But wrhen Hannibal left Italy, the Rofrom   Gaul with a colony, which he  the river Halys. They made the ancient  then declared war against Carthage,  roans attacked the Boil;  and, after two
established in Wicklow    and Wexford.  cityof Ancyra their capital. The por-   and Hannibal, having   levied an ima-  desperate and bloody battles, in one of
SCOTLAND. —The immediate success-  tion of Asia Minor thus colonized was  mense army, marched into Italy. Mean-   which 35,000, and in another 40,000
ors of Forthar (or Ferith/aris), Main    named after them, Galatia.  On account  while, CNEIvs   Scipri,  with a Rooman   Germans fell, they drove them  to the
and Ieanmdill, were able princes, and  of his victory over the Gauls, Antiochus  army, entered Spain, and routed the  mountains.   Theylong  and obstinately
ruled for more than half a century.  received  the title of Soter (sayiour).        armies of Asdrubal and 1a nno.         The  defended their fortresses beyond Lake
Then came Rothein, who attempted to         After this we find the Gauls sought  war -was carried on with  varied success  Como, but the strongest (Feltsina) ayvconvert the limited monarchy into an  for as mercenaries  by all the Asiatic    on both sides. CorNELIUs ScIPIohaving   ing been taken, they took refuge in the
absolute tyranny, but he was thwarted   monarchs, and swarms of them  left  been sent with reinforcements (B. C.  Alps.  After  some years of desultory
by Donald, a Pictish chieftain from   France to take service in the armies  215), defeated Asdrubal in several bat-   warfare  they were annihilated   in a
Galloway, and slain, anda youth named  of the kings of Egypt, Syria, Cappado-  ties; but the latter, having been rein-  battle, in which 32,000 of them, were
Reuther placed on the throne.   This  cia, Pontus, and Bithynia.  They en-  forced by Masinissa, king of Numidia,  slain (B. C. 191).  This victory placed
caused a war between the Scots and  tered into the service of Pyrrhus, king   gained  a complete victory (B. C. 2101  the whole of the southern side of the
Picts, in which Donald was killed, and  of Epirus, and of Carthage,  at which   at Ilorcis, in which battle  both the  Alps in the hands of the Romans, who
Routher deposed.  TheBritons,taking       place they took part in a sanguinary   Scipios were slain.  This triumph was   quickly opened a route to the western
advantage of these feuds, invaded and  but unsuccessful revolt.                     of short duration, for the Romans  sent  side, and obtained afirm footing in Gaul.
subdued the valleys, driving the Scots    In Italy the Gauls of Insubria were   Lucius   MARnluvs   and PuBmALT SCIPIO          The Illyrian queen, the brave TEUTA,
and Picts into the mountains.   After  reduced to subjection by the]Rio cmans  with another arny   into Spain,  and  -whose ships spred   desolation along
occupying the country for 12 years, a   (B. C. 238-236).  Gallic mercenaries  these two generals ultimately expelled  the eastern coasts of Italy for a long
peace was concluded, and the Britons and atllies also rendered important set- thec Carthalginians. They substituted time, defied the Romans, but w-as a3t
left Scotland.  Reuther wass  then r~e-  vice to H~annibal throughout thne second  the dominion of Rtome for that of Car-  length subdued by them.  She died
stored, and reigned 29 years.             Punic war (B. C. 218-202).                thagc (B~.C. 215).                         of grief (B.  C. 229).
Wthat is said of the history of Britain during  Narrate the exploits of the Gauls in Italy, W~Fhat  is said of Hamilegir Barea? —Asdru-   Wthat is recorded of the Seniones and B~oil
this period?-0f B3legabred?-0f Kimboath?1  Greece, and Asia Milnor. — Wlhat befell them   bMl?-IHannibal? —The siege of Saguntum? —  during this century? —In wha~it  grealt battle
-— Of H-ugony the Great? —0f the Scottish in the last-mentioned country? —What else WVhat Roman grenerals fell in the battle of did they hielp to defeat the PKoma~ns? —Wihalt
kingrs? —And the war with the Britons?   is said  of them?                         Iloreis? —W~lhat befell the Carthaginians?    bcanme  of themn? —Who  wa~s Teuta?
(154 )




ASIA MINOR.
ON the division of the empire of Alexander the Great amongst his generals |tolians and of the Romans, against the Macedonians and the Achiean league
after the battle of Ipsus (B. C. 301), Bithynia, and the provinces on the ITelles-  (B. C. 215-197); and his fleet assisted in the victory gained over Philip V. of
pont and Bosphorus, fell to the share of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, and the  Macedon by the Egyptianrs and Rhodians off Chios (B. C. 201).
southern part of Asia Minor to Seleucus, king of Syria. There were also in the |BITEYNIA was erected into a kingdom about the same time with Pergamus,
north the kingdoms of Cappadocia, Pontus, Paphlagonia, and Armenia. Those  by Nicomedes I. (B. C. 279). Antiochus, king of Syria, tried to reduce this
of Per'gamus and Bithynia shortly afterwards sprang into existence. The his-  prince to subjection; and, during the war, employed against him the descendtory of the first mentioned portions forms part of that of Thrace and Syria.  ants of the Cimmerians, who had settled in Asia Minor 360 years previously.
That of Alexander's successors is very complicated. It is difficult to present a  These people were found to be of the same race as the Gauls, then ravaging
connected summary of it, since it consists of wars and intrigues between the  Asia Minor, and who subsequently settled in Galatia. Nicomedes founded the
rulers of the different kingdoms which arose out of the short-lived empire of  city of Nicomedia (B. (. 264), and was finally triumphant over the Syrians. He
Alexander the Great. Asia Minor was the scene of much of the warfare and  was succeeded by Zielas (B. C. 251), who, after a reign of 23 years, left his
troubles which visited mankind at that epoch. The ambition of the kings of  kingdom to Pru'sias I. (B. C. 220). This monarch assisted the Rhodians against
Syria, Egypt, and Thrace, involved the minor States in perpetual wars; and  the Byzantines, in a war occasioned by the heavy tolls levied by the latter on
the latter are to be found ranged sometimes on one side, and sometimes on the  all ships entering the Black Sea.
other. A system of strengthening alliances by marriages between the members    RHODES.-The little island and republic of Rhodes, after the death of Alexof the reigning families grew up, but was productive of more strife than any  ander the Great, first became remarkable in history for its gallant resistance to
other cause. The universal licentiousness of the people aided the commission  Demetrius Poliorcetes, who besieged it (B. C. 304). In the splendid city of
of the most flagrant crimes by their rulers, and the female members of these  Rhodes, the most celebrated paintings of Protogenes (who was then flourishing)
royal families were not a whit behind the male in immorality. Arsinoe, Berenice,  were preserved. Its neutrality was conceded by Demetrius, and in memory of
and Laodice have acquired an immortality of infamy. The most important cir-  the siege, the famous Colossus was raised. This was a brazen statue of Apollo,
cumstance in the history of Asia Minor during this century, is the appearance  105 feet high, which bestrode the entrance to the port, and ships in full sail
of the Romans on the scene of action. The great republic of Rome was destined  could pass between its legs. It was the work of Chares of Lindus, and occupied
to become the master of these fine provinces in less than two centuries from its  him 12 years. It was erected B. C. 293, and was thrown down by an earthquake
first interference in the affairs of the East. As the leading incidents in the  66 years afterwards (B. C. 227). Its fragments remained on the ground 896
history of this portion of the world will be found mentioned in the columns  years; at last they were sold by the general of the Caliph Othman IV. to a Jew
devoted to Egypt, Syria, and Greece respectively, a cursory view of the principal  of Emesa (A. D. 672), who carried them away on 900 camels. The quantity
events in that of the minor States will suffice here.                         of brass contained in the fragments thus carried away was valued at a sum equal
CAPPADocIA.-After the death of Eumenes, Ariara'thes III., the native prince,  to $4,030,000 of U. S. currency. The earthquake which thus devastated the
having obtained aid from the Armenians, attacked Amyntas, the Macedoniall  island laid the city in ruins, and reduced the Rhodians to the utmost distress,
general, drove him out of the country, and re-established himself on the throne.  forcing them to apply to the neighboring princes for relief. The ready and noble
Ariam'nes, his son, succeeded him, and in B. C. 284 married his eldest son to  response made by them to this appeal deserves to be recorded. Hiero and Gelon
Stratoni'ce, daughter of Antiochus Theos, king of Syria. Ariarathes IV., who  of Sicily, Ptolemy of Egypt, Antigonus, Seleucus, Mithridates, Prusias, and
came next, left the throne to his infant son, Ariarathes V. (B. C. 190). The  others, sent to them immense quantities of corn, money, timber, &c. Ptolemy
inhabitants of this country were proverbial for their infamy.                 alone contributed $330,000 for the people and $3,300,000 for the recasting of the
PoNTvs.-Mithridates III. reigned 36 years (B. C. 302-266). Of his two im-  Colossus: he also sent a million of bushels of corn, and an immense quantity
mediate successors we have but little account. At the close of the century,  of timber for buildings and ships. Rhodes was thus re-established in a few
Mithrida'tes IV. was reigning: he married a daughter of Seleucus Callinicus,  years in greater splendor than before. But the Colossus was never re-erected.
king of Syria, by whom he had Laod'ice, who married Antiochus the Great.      Such deeds form an agreeable episode in the dreary catalogue of crimes which
PERGAMUS.- The little kingdom of Per'gamus, in Mysia, was founded (B. C.  stain the history of Alexander's successors. The Rhodians were a very enter283) by Phileteerus, one of the lieutenants of Lysimachus, during his wars with - prising and commercial people, and extensively patronized the fine arts. The
Seleucus. Philetoe/rus was originally a servant, but Lysimachus having dis-  Byzantines attempted to exclude their ships from the Black Sea, by levying
covered his capacity, appointed him his treasurer, and intrusted him with the  heavy tolls; but the Rhodians, assisted by Prusias I., king of Bithynia, comgovernment of' the city of Pergamus, where the State treasures were kept. He  pelled them to throw the trade open (B. C. 220). They also joined with Attalus,
served Lysimachus faithfully for many years, but at last ArsinoS, the king's  king of Pergamus, in assisting the Egyptians against Philip V. of Macedon,
wife, conspired to destroy him; whereupon he revolted, and retained possession  whose fleet they defeated off Chios (B. C. 201).
of the city and treasure. For 20 years he conducted the government with the    ARMENIA at this time formed part of the kingdom of Syria. The early hisgreatest ability, and laid the foundation of a State which under his descendants  tory of this country is very obscure. It was an independent kingdom  at a
became one of the most powerful in Asia Minor. He was a great patron of  remote period; for the Chaldmean historian, Berosus, mentions the names of two
literature and the fine arts, and vied with Ptolemy Philadelphus in promoting  of its kings, viz., Sytha and Barzanes, and says that Sytha was the first king
them. He founded a library at Pergamus which afterwards rivalled that of  of Armenia, and that Barzanes was his successor; also that the latter was subAlexandria; and the world is indebted to his nephew, Eumenes, afterwards  dued by the Assyrian monarch, Ninus. Plutarch also mentions another king,
king of this State, for the invention of parchment.  The discovery originated  named Araxes, who, having been guilty of great cruelty to the family of Miesin this literary competition with the Egyptian king, who had prohibited the  alcus, one of his principal men, was pursued by him to the river Helmus, and
export of papyrus from Egypt. Philetaerus left his kingdom to his nephew,  was drowned in attempting to swim across it. We have no account of the
Eumenes I. (B. (. 263). This prince defeated Antiochus, king of Syria,  primitive government of Armenia, but in later ages it was purely despotic.
and added AEolis to his dominions; he subsequently (B. C. 242) acquired  The chief deity of the Armenians was the goddess Tanais, or Anaitis, whose
some of the western provinces of Syria. In the reign of his son and successor,  principal temple was in Acilesina, where she was worshipped in a very peculiar
ATT/ALUS I., Pergamus was invaded by the Gauls or Galatians, a Celtic tribe,  manner, and licentious customs were observed. Baris was another deity pecuwho were then pouring down from the North into Asia Minor, Thrace, and Italy.  liar to them, but we have no account of the manner in which he was worAttalus succeeded in expelling them from Pergamus, and was also fortunate in  shipped. Their ancient language was the Syriac, and a knowledge of it is still
resisting the aggressions of Seleucus Ceraunus, king of Syria (B. C. 226). He  cultivated by the learned men who are styled Vertabiets by the modern Armeafterwards took part in the 2Etolian and the Macedonian wars, as an ally of the  nians.
To whose shaLre, after the battle of Ipsus, did Bithynia fall?-And Southern Asia Minor?    What is said of the history of Bithynia? —Who founded Nicomedin? —What of Rhodes?
— What is said of the history of Alexander's successors? —And that of Asia Minor? —Give  — Give an account of the Colossus. —Of the Armenians, and their principal deity; also of
a sketch of that of Cappaldocia.-Pontus.-Pergamus.-Who  was Philetserus? —What of the  their other deities. — Who was their first king? —What is said of Armxes? —What was the
library of Pergamus? —Papyrus?                                              ancient language of the Armenians?
14                                                                                                                             (105 )




CARTHEAGE.
THE cruelties and crimes of Agathocles did not prevent his forming alliances  the Carthaginians after their victory over the Romans at Cannee. His son,
with many powerful princes. Among them was Ophellas, king of Cyrene, who  Gelon, openly espoused the cause of the Carthaginians, and induced the Syraoffered him the use of his army; but no sooner had Agathocles got this prince  cusans to join him, but death suddenly cut short his designs. Hiero did not
in his power than he caused him to be murdered. He then went to Sicily to.long survive his son: he died (B. C. 215) at the age of ninety, deeply regretted,
look after his affairs there. In his absence his African subjects revolted, and,  after having reigned fifty-four years.
though he hastened back, he was unable to retrieve his losses: his troops de-    The first exploit of the Romans, after the alliance with Hiero, was the siege
serted him, and he with difficulty made his escape to Syracuse, where he was  and capture of Agrigentum, which occupied them seven months.  This city
soon after poisoned by Meenon, a creature of his grandson, Archag-athus, who  was the principal Carthaginian arsenal in Sicily. But as the Carthaginians
planned the crime (B. C. 289). On the death of Agathocles the Syracusans  were masters of the sea, the Romans knew they could not hold the island sewere harassed by intestine commotions, and the Carthaginians took advantage  curely. They therefore resolved to equip a fleet, and contest the empire of the
of these disturbances to extend their influence in Sicily, and laid siege to Syra-  ocean with their adversaries. The Carthaginians sent a fleet of 130 ships to
cuse. At this time the ambitious Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, was meditating the  encounter this new foe, who numbered 120 ships, under the command of the
conquest of Italy and Sicily (B. C. 277). The Romans, therefore, entered into  consul Duillius. The two fleets met off the coast of Sicily, near Myloe, when
a treaty of mutual defence with the Carthaginians, and the latter sent a fleet  the Romans, boldly grappling their adversaries' ships, boarded them, and fought
of 120 ships, under Mago, to aid the former, but this assistance was declined.  hand to hand. A horrible slaughter ensued: the Carthaginians were utterly
Mago then visited Pyrrhus in order to find out his designs, but that prince had  defeated, losing 80 ships (B. C. 259). This was the first naval battle between
already promised aid to the Syracusans, and very soon afterward landed in  the two nations, and it put an end to the supremacy of Carthage at sea. The
Sicily, where he made so successful a campaign that, in a short time, the Car-  Romans immediately redoubled their efforts to create a navy, and during the
thaginians had no town left there, except Lilybetum.  But his affairs in Italy  next two years gained several small battles on the ocean. They meditated carrecalled him from Sicily, and he abandoned all his conquests there; exclaiming,  rying the war into Africa, and the Carthaginians made great efforts to repel
as he left the island, " What a fine field of battle do we leave to the Carthagin-  them. In the year B. C. 255, the latter fitted out a fleet of 350 ships, manned
ians and the Romans! "                                                        by 150,000 men, under the command of Hanno and Eamilcar, and sent it to
The Syracusans were fortunate in finding a worthy successor to Agathocles.  the coast of Sicily, where the Romans had a fleet of 320 ships, manned by
HI/ERO, a young man of great personal beauty and ability, had acquired the  140,000 men, under the command of Regulus and Manlius. These twao fleets
esteem of Pyrrhus, and distinguished himself in arms. He was, moreover, l  encountered each other off Ecno/mus, and a desperate fight ensued, which ended
descendant of Gelon, the former king of Syracuse. It happened (B. C. 277)  in the triumph of the Romans, the Carthaginians losing 60 ships.
that disputes arose between the Syracusans and their troops, and the latter    Carthage now found herself endangered.  The Romans, according to their
raised Hiero to the chief command. Having found means to enter the city, he  threat, "carried the war into Africa". They took the town of Clyp'ea, and
behaved with so much prudence and mildness that the citizens unanimously  overran the adjacent country, making terrible havoc.  Their commander, Regconferred on him the office of proctor. His difficulty now was to get rid of the  ulus, took several towns, routed the Carthaginians at A'dis, captured Tunis,
unruly portion of his army. For this purpose he resorted to a very cruel expe-  and advanced to Carthage, offering harsh terms to the city. At this critical
dient. He assembled his troops, and marched against the Mamertines. On  juncture, a reinforcement of auxiliary Greek troops, under the command of
arriving within sight of the enemy he divided his force into two parts, one coni-  Xanthippus, the Spartan, a very able general, arrived at Carthage. The incaposed entirely of Syracusans, the other of troublesome mercenaries, and placed  pacity of the Carthaginian commanders being apparent, Xanthippus was aphimself at the head of the former: then giving orders to advance, he suddenly  pointed commander-in-chief.  He at once changed the system of tactics, and,
withdrew the Syracusans, leaving the mercenaries to be overpowered and cut  having inspired his troops with confidence, he attacked Regulus, and cut his
to pieces by the Mamertines. By this stratagem he rid himself of a dangerous  army to pieces, Regulus himself being taken prisoner (B. C. 254). The Roman
body of men. With his Syracusan troops he subsequently defeated the Malnmer-  general was thrown into prison, and kept there several years. As to his subtines at Myloe (B. C. 271), and on his return to Syracuse was declared king.    sequent fate, see the history of Italy. The blow sustained by the enemy did
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR soon afterwards broke out between Carthage and  not discourage them. They fitted out a fleet of 360 ships, and attacked the
Rome, the scene of which was Sicily. After the battle of Mylee the Mamertines  Carthaginians off the coast of Sicily, capturing 114 of their ships, but they did
were reduced to extremities, and, being divided among themselves, some of  little more; and next year a storm destroyed nearly all their vessels. In Sicily,
them surrendered their citadel to the Carthaginians, while others applied to the  Asdrubal met with a severe defeat, and the Romans laid siege to Lilybaeum,
Romans for aid. The latter sent the consul, Appius Claudius, with an army to  the strongest of all the Carthaginian towns in Sicily (B. C. 248). Strenuous
Messina, of which city he possessed himself by stratagem.  The Carthaginians  efforts were made to save this place, and Hamilcar Barca and Adher/bal, who
at once laid siege to it, and formed an alliance with Hiero, who joined them   commanded at Drep'anum, greatly distinguished themselves in its defence.
with an army. The Romans sallied forth and attacked them, and, after a severe  The Romans sustained a severe repulse before Lilybaeum, and Adherbal comcontest, gained a complete victory. Their prowess on this occasion appears to  pletely destroyed their fleet at Drepanum. These victories paralyzed the opehave opened the eyes of Hiero as to the probable issue of the war; for he at  rations of the Romans for five years. But at the expiration of that time the
once withdrew from his alliance with the Carthaginians, and made peace with  desire to terminate the war became very strong, and they fitted out a fleet under
the Romans. The wisdom of this course became apparent in time, for during  Lutatius, and sent it to Lilyboeum.  There the consul overtook and surprised
therest of his long reign (more than fifty years), he and his people remained  the Carthaginian fleet under Hanno, and entirely destroyed it (B. C. 241). On
in profound peace, while the two most potent States in the western world, Rome  receipt of this news at Carthage the Senate saw that the mwar could no longer
and Carthage, were carrying on fierce wars with each other. ~ He devoted him-  be carried on, and instructed Hamilcar Barcato make terms with the Romans.
self to the welfare of his subjects, promoted agriculture and commerce, and laid  The terms agreed on were: that Carthage should evacuate Sicily, abstain from
down so wise a system of laws and municipal regulations that it became the  war on Hiero, restore without ransom all prisoners, and pay within twenty years
fundamental code of the country, and was kept inviolable during many suc-  3200 Euboic talents of silver ($3,575,000).  The twenty years' delay was subceeding ages. Even the Romans, when they annexed Syracuse to their domin-  sequently reduced to ten, and 1000 talents additional ($1,170,000) were paid
ions, decreed that the laws of Hiero should be observed. Hiero erected many  down. Also all the islands between Italy and Sicily, except Sardinia, were
magnificent public buildings, and was the warm friend and patron of the cele- given up. Thus ended, disastrously for Carthage, the First Punic War.
brated mathematician and mechanician, AaRcnEI/DEs.   We may here conclude    The next memorable event was the Lybian War, or, more properly, the war
our notice of Hiero II. IIe lived to witness the ravaging of his dominions by I against the mercenaries who had been employed by the republic in the contest
What befell Agathocles? —What occurred after his death? —Whazt is said of Pyrrhus?-  How long did Hiero reign? —What was the first exploit of the Romnans? —What is said
Hiero?- The rebellious mercenaries? - The Mamertine War? —Whazt was the origin of the  of the battle of Mylse?-Of Ecn omus? -Xanthippus? —Regulus? -What occurred in Sicily?
first Punic War? —What part did Hiero take?-What did the Romans decree as to his laws?  — What was the result of the victory of Lilybmeum?-On what terms was the first Punic War
— WThat great man did he patronize?                                        | concluded?
(to6)
(106)




B.C. 300 200.
CARTHAGE.
with the Romans.  These troops were composed of men of all nations, and  and extended his conquests to the Iberus, and through the northern parts.
numbered many thousands. Long arrears of pay were due to them, but, owing  In the spring of B. C. 216. ttannibal marched into Tuscany, and defeated the
to the exhaustion of the public finances, these could not be paid off immediately.  Romans  at Thrasyme/nus with great slaughter. But instead of marching upon
In consequence of this the troops became mutinous, and finally broke out into  Rome, he ravaged Adria and Campania, where he got immense booty: he then
revolt. The Carthaginians, who had mainly relied upon mercenaries in their  took up quarters in Apulia. The -Ioman general, Fabius, adopted a new syswars, were at first taken at a disadvantage. They tried negotiation, but failed  tem of tactics, avoiding general engagements, but harassing  the enemy by conin that. Their ablest general, Gisco, having been recalled from  Sicily, was  tinually skirmishing and cutting off their supplies. At one time he very nearly
sent to remonstrate with them, but was seized by the ringleaders, Spendius (a  destroyed Hannibal's army by inclosing it in the pass of Cassilitnum,  but the
Capuan) and Matho (an African), and subsequently put to death. The republic  genius of the Carthaginian general enabled him to save it by a stratagem. The
was in the greatest danger, but the citizens showed a spirit worthy of the great-  student is referred to Polybius and Livy for the details of these remarkable
est honor. All who could bear arms were mustered, ships were refitted, and  campaigns in Italy: they are highly interesting; but while they were in promercenaries invited from all parts. Hanno was appointed commander-in-chief;  gress, Cneius Scipio was gaining victories in Spain. Hannibal remained inacbut, having suffered himself to be surprised by the enemy, he was superseded,  tive till the spring of B. C. 215, when the Roman  general, Varro, spurning the
and Hamilcar Barca took his place. This general at once assumed the offen-  tactics of Fabius, advanced to attack him. The battle of Cannas is one of the
sive, and defeated the rebels near Utica. He followed up his success by a series  most memorable of contests; for Hannibal, with 50,000 men, completely routed
of manceuvres, by which he ultimately hemmed  the enemy in, forced them to  the Roman army, numbering  86,000. Polybius says that more than 70,000
fight at a disadvantage, and completely destroyed their army. It is said that  Romans  fell in this battle, but Livy reduces the number to 43,000. Hannibal
40,000 of them perished in this battle. The cities which had taken part with  lost about 6000 men. Cannas was a little town in Apulia, on the banks of the
them were reduced one after another, until the rebellion was crushed, and Car-  Au/fidus. Why Hannibal did not follow up his brilliant success by marching
thage was once more safe. But the revolt of the mercenaries had spread to  upon Rome, is a much-vexed question. He did not do so, but took up his quarSardinia, where the soldiers rose and massacred all the Carthaginians on the  ters at Capua, a luxurious city, where his soldiers gave themselves  up to enjoyislhnd.   The natives, however, drove out the mercenaries: the latter took  ment, and lost their aptitude for war.  Ile sent to Carthage for supplies and
refuge in Italy, and persuaded the Romans to take possession of the island.  reinforcements;but though the Senate voted them, they were never forwarded:
The Carthaginians remonstrated, whereupon the Romans declared war against  on the contrary, they were sent into Spain.  IIe once advanced to Rome, and
them, but the former were content to avert the storm by ceding Sardinia and  threatened the city, but returned without accomplishing anything. He repaying 1200 talents (B. C. 237).                                                 maiined in the south of Italy thirteen years after the battle of Canna, and was
The indignation of the Carthaginians at this gross injustice, and at the con-  then recalled to Africea.
stant aggressions of the Romans in Spain, brought on THE SECOND PUNIC WAR.         Meanwhile the Romans were regaining ground in Spain. The two Scipios
Hamilcar Barca, their most able general, was appointed to the chief commared   defeated Asdrubal, and drove him out of the Peninsula. But the Carthaginians
in Spain.  Thither he went, taking with him his son, HaNNIBAL (afterwards so  raised three fresh armies, and sent them there, and by these the Scipios were
celebrated, but then only nine years old), who, before starting, took upon the  vanquished and killed. Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal,  set out to cross the
altar an oath of enmity to the Romans.  Hamilear subdued the greatest part  Alps into Italy with one of these armies, but was encountered by the consul
of Spain, and, after holding the chief command for nine years, was killed in   Nero on the banks of the Metaurus, defeated and killed (B. C. 206). It is said
battle. His son-in-law, Asdrubal, was appointed his successor. Asdrubal's  that the Carthaginians lost 55,000 men in this battle. In Spain the younger
first act was to build the city of New Carthage, now Carthagena (B. C. 228),  Scipio took Carthagena, and gained several victories. Ile then crossed into
and fortify it as a basis of operations.  The Romans, perceiving his designs,  Africa, routed the armies of Syphax  and Asdrubal, laid siege to Utica, and
entered into negotiations and made a treaty with him, by which the Carthagin-  threatened  Carthage.    The latter now sued for peace: a truce was granted, and
tans were bound not to make any conquests beyond the Iberus. But Asdrubal  Hannibal was recalled froom Italy (B. C. 202). But while negotiations were
oonsolidated his conquests within the limits, and, during the eight years he was  pending, the Carthaginians violated the truce by seizing some Roman ships
governor of Spain, he furthered the interests of Gaul. Unfortunately he was  that had been dispersed from  their fleet in a storm, and the Senate ordered
murdered by a Gaul, because of a private grudge (B. C. 220). The Senate then  Hannibal to attack Scipio. An interview took place between  these celebrated
sent Hannibal, not without considerable opposition, however, for that body was  men, but they could not agree upon the terms of peace. Recourse was again
distracted by the two factions of Hanno and of the Barca family, but in this  had to the sword, and Hannibal was finally vanquished by Scipio on the plains
instance the Barcinians triumphed. Hannibal at once set to work to reduce all  of Zama (B. C. 201), where the Carthaginians lost 20,000 men and 20,000 taken
the strongholds in Spain which still held out on the Carthaginian  side of the  prisoners. After this the Senate accepted the terms of peace offered by Scipio,
Iberus, and finally laid siege to Saguntum (now Murviedro). That city made  namely: to deliver up all prisoners, and all the ships of the State, and all capa most heroic defence, but was taken, and all its inhabitants were cut to pieces.  tured iessels; not to make war out of Africa without leave of the Romans; to
The Romans were struck with anger and consternation, but they resolved to  restore to Masinissa, king of the Numidians, all they had taken from him; to
stop the progress of the Carthaginians, and at once declared war.   Hannibal   send corn to Rome;  and  to pay 10,000 Euboic talents of silver ($11,750,000)
thereupon began his famous march into Italy (B. C. 217). He started from   within fifty years. 500 ships were delivered up, and burnt by Scipio in sight
Czrthagena early in the spring at the head of 100,000 men; but having to en-  of the city: he also hanged  all the  Roman deserters.  Thus ended the Second
counter several enemies before he reached the Pyrenees, he lost a large portion  Punic W~ar (B. C. 200), haviing    lasted seventeen years, and cost Italy 300,000
of his army, and was forced to leave another portion to maintain open eommu- men, and the plunder of 400 towns.
nication with his rear.  tie reached the Rhone with 55,000 men, highly disei-    In Syracuse, after the death of H~iero, the kingdom fell into the hands of his
plined, and commanded by the azblest g~eneral of antiqulity —himself: thence grandson, H~ieron/ymus, a youth of an odious disposition. He intrigued wfith
he marched to the Durance, and crossed the Alps into Italy. This famous Hannibal against the Romazns, but was assassinated before he could carry out
achievement occupied at fortnight, and cost himl  a lazrge number of men, ele-  his platns (B2.C. 214). Great troubles follow-ed his death, and ultimately drew
phants, and horses, besides loss of time: it beingf five months and aL half- from upon the city the wrath of the Roma~ns. Marcellus laid siege to it, but the
his setting out from Carthagena before he entered Piedmonzt. On the banks of extraordinary genius of Archimedes, the faLmous philosopher, wh-o invented vazthe Tietino he encountered the Roman army, under Publius Seipio, and defeated rious machines to baffle the Rlomans, enabled the Syraeusans to hold out for
it, followring up his success by defeating them  again at the Trebia. H-e then  three yealrs. The city wasL  at length taken, but unfortunately Archimedes wras
went into winter-quarters. Meanwhile Cneius Seipio defeatted Hanno in Spazin, killed by a brutal soldier w-ho had been sent to conduct him to Marcellus.
What was the next memorable war? —Give a sketch of it. —Who  ended it? —Wfhat occurred W~hat great victories did Hannibal gain? —How many fell at Cannse3? —What of the tactics
~ in Sardinia? —What caused the second Punic War? — What did Hannibal do? —What weree of Fabius? - Of Hannibal's subsequent inactivity? - Of the exploits of the Scipios?- The
the ac~ts of Itamilear?-Asdrubal? —Hannibal? —Whazt of Saguzntum? —Of HannibaLl's recall of Hannibal? — The balttle of Zama? - 0n what terms was the second Punic War
march into Italy? -- His victories there?              ended? — What of Syracuse? —Archimedes?
( 107 )




j  THE 2D CEi TURY
EGYPT.                                                                            SYRIA.
THIS century opened with a struggle on the part of Antiochus the Great,    ANTIOCItUS, designing to wrest Egypt from  the Ptolemies, invaded Coeleking of Syria, to get possession of Ccele-Syria and Palestine; in which he was  Syria and Palestine (B. C. 198); but was prevented by the Romans from folfor a time successful. Ptolemy Epiphtanes had married Cleopatra, the daughter  lowing up his success. He then made preparations for the invasion of Greece
of Antiochus; and by this arrangement the revenues of these two provinces  (B. C. 196). TheRomans again interfered. He was defeated at Magnesia (B. C.
became partly his, as his wife's dower. It is said that Antiochus designed by  190), and lost his dominions. He was murdered byhisservants(B.C.187),andwas
this marriage to get possession of Egypt, but Cleopatra was faithful to her  succeeded by his son, Seleutcus IV. (Philop'ator). The reign of this prince passed
husband's interests, and thwarted the schemes of her father. Ptolemy culti-  without any remarkable event. Ile was poisoned by one of his own ministers,
rated the friendship of the Romans and of the Achaean league, sending magnifi-  named Heliodo'rus (B. C. 175). His brother, ANTItOCHUS IV. (Epiph/anes),
cent presents to both. But he was a weak and dissolute prince, and gave loose  succeeded him. This prince tried to enforce a uniformity of civil and religious
to dissipation. His courtiers suspected him of intending to seize their estates  customs among his subjects. A pretext for interfering with the Jews occurred
in order to raise money for making war on the king of Syria, which project he  during the high-priesthood of Oni/as III. (who in B. C. 195 had succeeded Simon
then entertained.  To avert this danger, they caused him to be poisoned (B. C.  the Just). Onias having expelled Simon, governor of the Temple, the latter
181). I-e left two sons, both under age, named Ptolemy Philome/ter and Ptol-  fled to Antiochus, and spread a report that there were vast treasures in the
emy Physcon, and one daughter, Cleopatra. The claims of Egypt on Coele-  Sanctuary. The cupidity of the king was excited: Onias was put in prison,
Syria led to a war with Syria (B. C. 171); in the course of which Antiochus  and Antiochus accepted a large bribe to appoint Joshua (who took the name of
Epiphanes took Philometer prisoner, and placed Ptolemy Physcon on the throne  Jason) in his stead. Under the rule of this Jason, a general apostasy overspread
of Egypt (B. C. 168). The Romans, having been applied to by Philometer for  the Jews. He was supplanted (B. C. 172) by his brother, Menela'us, whose
protection, interfered on his behalf. Upon this Antiochus gave up Egypt, and  iniquitous proceedings provoked riots among the people. While these events
the kingdom was then divided between the two brothers   Philometer taking  were passing at Jerusalem, Antiochus invaded Egypt (B. C. 170). There he
Egypt proper; Physcon taking Cyrene, Libya, and Cyprus (B. C. 164). The  heard that Jason had revolted. Compelled by the Romans to abandon his conlatter visited Rome on this occasion, and while there fell in love with Cornelia,  quest of Egypt, Antiochus returned to Jerusalem, which he entered after a sharp
the mother of the Gracchi. He made her an offer of marriage, but she declined  resistance. He put to the sword 40,000 of the inhabitants, and sold as many.
accepting it, deeming it more honorable to be one of the first matrons of Rome  more into captivity (B. C. 168). IIe profaned the Temple, and was guilty of
than to reign with Ptolemy Physcon in Lybia and Cyrene.  (Plutarch, Life of   great cruelty. The Jews fled for refuge to the mountains and caves, where,
Tiberius Gracchus.)                                                              headed by MATTATHI/AS, a priest of the Asmone'an family, they began a fierce
The conflicting claims of the temples of Jerusalem and Mount Gerizim hav-  struggle for their independence. That venerable warrior sunk under his exering been referred to Philometer, he decided in favor of the former (B. C. 150).  tions (B. C. 166); but his gallant son, JUDAS, unfolded the banner of the " MacIle also permitted the Jews in Egypt to build a temple like that of Jerusalem.  cabees" (a name said to be derived from the initial letters of the Hebrew words
l aving been induced to support Demetrius, king of Syria, against Bala, the   "Xi Kamoka B'Elohim Jehovah," " Who is like unto thee, O Jehovah, among
usurper, who was the son-in-law of Philometer, the Egyptian monarch advanced  the gods?" Exod. xv. 11), and gained a series of victories which re-established
with an army to his support; but though victorious at Antioch over his oppo-  the former independence of the Jews. The Persians revolted (B. C. 165), and
nent, he died of the wounds he received in the battle, and Physcon then became  defeated Antiochus, who died on his road to Babylon (B. C. 164).
king of all Egypt.  The horrible state of immorality which prevailed at this    Antiochus Eu'pator, his son, was placed on the throne; but Demetrius, the
time, may be inferred from the fact that Philometer had married his own sister,  son of Seleucus Philopator, dethroned and put him to death (B. C. 162). Judas
Cleopatra; and that on his death, his brother Physcon married her.  She had  Maccabw/us, having restored the ancient worship of the Jews and Fortified the
borne a son to Philometer; but on the very day of her marriage with his brother,  country, attacked the Syrian army, under Bac'chides, and was slaiv, fighting
the latter murdered the child in his mother's arms. He caused all those who  against fearful odds. Bacchides took Jerusalem; but the Maccabees, under
showed any concern for the murdered prince to be put to death; and some time  JONATHAN, the brother of Judas, still held out. After several indecisive enafterwards, when rejoicing that a son was born to him, he caused several of the  gagements, peace was concluded. Jonathan was made high-priest (B. C. 152),
chief men of Cyrene to be murdered, because they had cast some reflections  and under his administration Judea became a flourishing State. Demetrius was
upon one of his courtesans. He subsequently divorced his sister, and married  slain in battle (B. C. 150) by Alexander Bala, an impostor who had personated the
his niece, Cleopatra, by whom he had two sons, Ptolemy, surnamed Lath'yrus  unfortunate Eupator, and having been supported by the Maccabees and Romans,
(or wart), and Alexander. But the vices and cruelties of this prince drove his  obtained the throne. He was, in his turn, driven away by Demetrius Nicator,
subjects into rebellion (B. C. 130), and he was compelled to abandon his king-  the son of the late monarch (B. C. 146). Theodotus Trypho, claiming the crown
dom for a time. The crown was given to his sister, Cleopatra, but he recovered  for Antiochus, the son of Bala, expelled Demetrius and murdered Jonathan Macit by the aid of a mercenary army, and retained it till his death (B. C. 117). He  caboeus (B. C. 143). He afterwards seized the crown for himself, and Simou
left the kingdom  of Cyrene to his illegitimate son, Apion, and Egypt to his  succeeded Jonathan as high-priest.  Antiochus Side/tes, the brother of Demewidow and to whichever of her two sons she might choose. She named Alex-  trius, overthrew Trypho and obtained the crown of Syria (B. C. 137). He was
ander, but the people of Alexandria compelled her to admit Lathyrus to reign  a good and wise sovereign. After ably administering the priesthood for eight
with her.. This was the occasion of more crime on the part of this incestuous  years, Simon and his two eldest sons were murdered by Ptolemy, his son-in-law
family. Lathiyrus had married his favorite sister Cleopatra; but his mother  (B. C. 135); but his younger son, JoHN  TYRCVTNUS, escaped, and wras recognized
forced him to divorce her and marry his youngest sister, Sele/ne, whom he dis- as head of the nation. Hyrcanus finally threw off the Syrian yoke, and incorliked. He was then nominated king of Egypt. The new king, Lathtyrus, is porated the Idumleans with the Jews. Antiochus fell in a war against the Paralso called Sorer II. IIis reign wras troubled by the intrigues of his mother, thians (B. C. 128). His brother, Demetrius, escaped from prison and regained
Cleopatra, to secure the throne for her son Alexander, to whom Cyprus wras (he throne, but was defeated and slain (B.Ca. 125) by Zebi/nas, a pretended son
given. In the midst of these disorders, Ptolemy A'pion, a natural son of Phys- of Bala. Selcucus, the son of Demetrius, was murdered by his owen mlother,
con, acquired the kingdom of Cyrcne. Cleopatra at length by her artifices who, being assisted by the king of Egypt, defeated and slew Zebinas, and placed
gained such an ascendency over the people, that she compelled Lathyrus to her favorite son, Antiochus Gryphus, upon the throne of Syria. Hlis first act
divorce his sister, Selc'ne, and abandon Egypt and content himself with Cyprus. was to put his mother to death (B. C. 121). A few years afterwards, half of
She then brought thence her youngest son, Alexander, to reign under her in his kingdom was taken from him by his half-brother Cyzice/nus. On the death
Egypt (B. C. 107). The name Ptolemy was by the custom of the royal family of Hlyrcanus (B. C. 107), the high-priesthood of the Jews devolved on Aristogiven to all the males, and that of Cleopatra to all the females.              |bu'lus; and on his decease (B. C. 105), on ALEXANDER JANN2F.US.
|What were the acts of Ptolemy Epiphanes? —What was his fate? —What events occurred |State the principal events of the reigns of Antiochus III., Seleueus IV., Antiochus IV.-|
in the reign of Ptolemy Philometer? —What, is related of Ptolemzy Physcon? —Cornelia? — What did the high-priest 0nias do? —Hove did Antiochus act towvards Jerusalem? —Who was
Of the imnmorality of the royal famcily? —Of Ptolemy Lathyrus, and Alexander?- Of their Mattathias Maccabeeus? —Whence the name "Maccabee"? —What of Judas 5~accabeeu~s?
m other Cleopatra? —Of Ptolemy Apion? —Alexander? —The royal names?         lAnd Jonathan? —Demetrius? —Alexander Balla? —Whalt other events occurred?l
(lo8).                                                                          




INDIA.                               PERSIA.                                            CHINA. JAPAN.
FROM the 2d century before Christ to    THE history of the Greek kingdom      LEW-PANG, having become sole master of the empire, assumed the name of
the 8th century after, was the period  of Bactria presents nothing of interest.  Kaou-tsoo. He endeavored to restore order, and to repair the injury the counin which the principal works of merit  The princes who governed it were con-  try had sustained during the long previous period of anarchy. Meanwhile the
in Hindoo science and literature mere  stantly occupied in wars against their  Huns had again become formidable, and retaken the districts conquered from
written. The philosophy of the ancient  neighbors, the kings of Parthia, and  them by the celebrated general Mung-t-en. Kaou-tsoo sent several of his best
Hindoos merits a brief notice, as it was  the chieftains of the wild Scythian or  generals against them; but these officers turned traitors, and went over to the
undoubtedly the source whence Pythag-  Turanian tribes. In the year B.C. 140,  enemy. The emperor therefore marched against the Huns himself, but was
oras and others derived their own views.  Eucrat'ides, the king of Bactria, allied  drawn into an ambuscade, and forced to buy an ignominious peace. I(Kaou-tsoo
There were six ancient schools of phi-  himself with Demetrius Nicator, king  introduced a new code of laws, and endeavored to revive the ancient literature
losophy, thus enumerated by Mr. Cole-  of Syria, against Parthia, and they in-  of the country, but was arrested by death in the midst of his efforts (B. C. 195).
brook ( Transactions ofthe Royal Asiatic  vadedthatcountrysimultaneously. The  His eldest son, IHwuy-te, succeeded him.  This prince gave himself up to licenSociety, vol. i. p. 19):- ~            result, however, was unfortunate for  tious pleasures, and left the care of the empire to his mother, the empress, Lew1. The prior Mimansa, founded by  both; for the Parthians conquered a  che. This woman was a monster of cruelty. It is related of her that, on her
Jaimani, at a period soon after the pro-  large part of Bactria, and took Deme-  son's accession, the princess of Tse having desired to place her own son on the
mulgation of theVedas.  Itteachesthe   trius prisoner (B. C. 138). Thus enfee-  throne, she sent for that unfortunate person, degraded her to the rank of a
art of reasoning as applied to the inter-  bled, the kingdom of Bactria held out  slave, and made her pound rice.  She then poisoned the princess's son, and
pretation of those books.              but a few years longer, and finally suc-  caused her to be beaten till she fainted; her hair was then plucked out by the
2. The latter or Uttara Mimansa, or  cumbed to the wild Tartar tribes (B. C.  roots, and her hands, feet, and ears were cut off; but as she still showed sympVedanta, attributed to Vyasa, the sup-  127).                                 toms of life, a large dose of poison was given to her, and her mangled corpse
posed compiler of the Vedas, aboutB. C.    Parthia, however, under a series of  was thrown into the common sewer. This narrative illustrates the ferocity of
1400, but certainly not composed earlier  able princes of the familyof the Arsact-  the rulers of China at this epoch of her history. The cruelty of Lew-che horrithan the 6th centy. B. C. It is remark-  idoe, rose in power, and became a for-  fled the imbecile young emperor, -who now avoided all care of his empire, gave
able for denying the eternity of matter,  midable foe to Rome. Artabatnes I.,  himself up to debauchery, and soon destroyed his health. He died without
and for ascribing the existence of the  and his successors Priapa/tius (B. C.  issue. To prevent the crown falling to any but one of her own creatures, the
universe to the energy and volition of   196-181) and Phraa'tes I. (B. C. 181-  empress substituted the child of a peasant as the son of the emperor, and illn
God.                                   174), did not materially advance the  B. C. 188 usurped the throne, as the child's guardian. IIer ambition led her to
3. The Niyaya, or Logical school of  power of the kingdom. ButMithrida'-  commit the most horrible actions, one of them being the murder of the child
Gotama, which treats of metaphysics.  tes I. (B. C. 174-139) was an active and  she had placed on the throne.  She had great talents, and was the first woman
4. The Atomic school of Canade, so  enterprising prince, and at the close  who reigned over "the Celestial" empire.
called from its teaching that the tran-  of a long reign left his kingdom one    On her death (B. C. 180), Wan-te, a descendant of Kaou-tsoo, was chosen her
sient world is composed of aggregations  of the most powerful in the East. He  successor. He was an excellent prince, who aimed only at the welfare of his
of eternal atoms.                      subdued (B. C. 164) a large portion of  country, and was assiduous in the administration of a paternal government:
5. The Atheistical school of Capila.  the kingdom  of Syria, then governed  he encouraged literature and agriculture.  In his reign the Chinese invented
6. The Theistical school of Patanjali.  by Lys'ias, who was regent during the  paper.  The Huns, however, repeatedly invaded China, and Wan-te was obliged
The last two are styled the Sankya  minority of Antiochus Eupator.  He  to pacify them by bribes. I-Iis successor, King-te (B. C. 157) was a very lenient
school, which maintains the doctrine  also repelled a formidable invasion by  prince, but his reign was disturbed by an insurrection of the petty princes.
of the eternity of matter, and disputes  the Syrians and the Bactrians (B. C.  The country was devastated by several earthquakes and plagues of locusts. It
the existence of God. The Vedanta  140). On his death (B. C. 139) his suc-  was a time of general calamity. Woo-te, the successor of King-te (B. C. 157),
school maintains the eternity of God,  cessor, Phraates II., continued the war.  ranks very high in the estimation of the Chinese. He fully deserved the high
and denies the reality of matter.  It is  A large part of Bactria was conquered.  renown he acquired.  IIe conformed strictly to the ancient form of government,
this last-mentioned system which the  Demetrius Nicator, the Syrian king,  and gave the greatest encouragement to literary men; but his peace was disPythagorean resembles. Its leading  was taken prisoner. He was detained   urbed by the disputes between the disciples of Confucius, and those of Laoudoctrines were that God is omnipotent  in captivity ten years. Antiochus Si-  tsze; and the land was desolated by a great inundation of the Yellow River, a
and omniscient; that the creation was  detes made an attempt to crush the  long-continued drought, and swarms of locusts. The IIuns, also, constantly
an effort of His will; that He is the  Parthians, as his predecessors had  attacked the frontiers, though they were as constantly repulsed. On one occasole existent and universal soul into  tried to do; but the expedition proved  sion General WVei-sing routed a whole horde, and took 15,000 prisoners.  After
whom all things are resolved at last;  a failure, and Antiochus was killed  many campaigns, Woo-te struck such a decisive blow that the Huns were unable
that each individual soul is portion of  (B. C. 128). Phraates, however, met  to return for many years.
HIis substance, emanating from and re-  with the same fate immediately after-    Many excellent writers flourished in his time; the most famous of them was
turning to Him after sundry transmi-   wards, in repelling the Tartars, who had  IZE-MA-TSEEN, the father of Chinese history, who was appointed by the emperor
grations; that He makes it act in con-  overrun and destroyed the kingdom of  to the office of "Tae-she", or great historian. He fell into disgrace and was
formity with resolutions produced by  Bactria. Hissuccessor, Artaba'nesII.,  banished, but in his exile he composed his history of China. This work recauses extending backwards to infin-  was fully occupied, during his brief  gained for him the favor of the emperor, and he was promoted to high office.
ity; that it is encased in a subtile body  reign, in resisting the attacks of these  The religious system  of Laou-keun was now in its zenith: the priests had
which accompanies it in all its trans-  savage barbarians.  Artabanes -was   raised numerous temples and idols, and had made many proselytes. But the
migrations, and in a gross body which  slain in a battle with them (B. C. 125).  emperor persecuted them with relentless fury, and destroyed their influence.
perishes; that the mind is distinct  His successor, Mithridates II., put an  The custom of giving the reign of every emperor a "Kwo-haou" (or particular
from the soul; that the object of sulf-  end to these wars. It will be observed,  name) commenced under Woo-te.
fering is to purify and exalt the soul  throughout Persian history, that the    JAPAN.-Kow-kiu died B. C. 157. His second son, Kay-kwo, succeeded him.
towardperfection, whichonce attained,  welfare of the country has depended  In the year B.C. 154, the latter removed his Court to Isagava.  He died B.C.
the individual merges into the Univer- entirely on the character and disposi- 97". The history of this country is devoid of incident and interest, especially
sal Soul.                             tion of the reigning monarch.           during this early period.
What is said of this period of Hindoo his-    What was the fate of Bactria? —What did |  What events marked the reign of Kaou-tsoo? —What was the character of Hwuy-te?- l
tQry? —Name the ancient schools of philoso-  Parthia become? —Name the principal kings  Relate the cruelty of the empress, Lew-che, to the princess of Tse. —Who was the first woman
phy. —Whaqt are the last two styled? -What  of that country in this century. —What were  that reigned over China? —What is said of Wan-te?- And King-te? —Woo-te? —Who wvas
are the leading doctrines of the Vedanta?    their acts, and the results to the people?  Ize-ma-tseen? —What is said of the sect of Laou-keun? — Of Japan?
(109)




GREECE.
HAVING delivered Athens, the Romans marched against Philip, but were at    Among the eminent literary and scientific men of Greece in this century,
first unsuccessful. The Consul Quintus Flamininus, however (B. C. 198), forced  were the philosophers and geographers, Pol'emo and Artemido'rus; the histothe defile of Tempe, and entered Thessaly; whereupon Philip's allies deserted  rian Polyb'ius; the astronomer Hippar'clus, who made a catalogue of the stars;
him, and made peace. Nevertheless, he held out until he was totally defeated  the poets Moschus and Nican'der; Carne'ades, the founder of the third acadat Cynosceph'alm (B. 0. 197), when he submitted to the Romans, who forced  emy at Athens; Diog'enes, the Babylonian, and Antip/ater, the Stoic, philoshim to resign his navy, and his pretensions to supremacy over the Grecian States.  ophers; Philo of Byzantium, the celebrated mechanician, who wrote a treatise
In the year B. C. 196 the Romans went through the farce of proclaiming the  on military engineering, and an account of " the Seven Wonders of the World,"
liberties of Greece at the Isthmnian games; but their real efforts were secretly   which were: 1. The hanging gardens of Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon; 2. The
directed to the weakening of the Achlean league. Philopoemen, however, labored  walls of Babylon; 3. The pyramids of Egypt; 4. The Colossus of Rhodes; 5.
hard to sustain the confederacy, and the independence of his country. HIe at-  The temple of Diiana at Ephesus; 6. The statue of Jupiter Olympius at Athens,
tacked, defeated, and killed Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, who was an ally of  which was the master-piece of Phidias, and was made of ivory and gold; and,
the Romans (B. C. 192). Sparta then joined the league. But a new combina-  7. The tomb, or mausoleum, of Mauso'lus, king of Caria:-the critic Aristarttion of forces took place when Antitochus, king of Syria, having declared war  chus; the philosopher Clitomtachus of Carthage, Who wrote 400 works; the
against the Romans, made an alliance with the 2Etolians, and invaded Greece.  dialectician Diodo/rus; and others of less note. But Athens remained the
The Achaeans then declared for the Romans, and Philip did the same; but the  chief seat of learning in the Roman empire.
latter, after being defeated by Antiochus, and losing much time, returned to    Before concluding our sketch of the history of this remarkable people, we
Asia (B. C. 191). Antiochus was unsuccessful against the Romans, and was  may notice two or three things. Four dialects were in use among them: 1
driven by them out of the country: they then subdued the 2Etolians, and deprived  The Attic, which was spoken in Athens and its vicinity: it was the most elegant
them of their independence.                                                     of the four: Plato, Xenophon, Thucydides, Demosthenes, ZEschylus, Sophocles,
Philopcemen now compelled the Spartans to adopt the laws of the league, and  Euripides, and Aristophanes wrote in it: - 2. The Ionic, used chiefly in Asia
to abrogate those of Lycurgus (B. C. 189). This caused them to carry their  Minor: Herodotus and Hippocrates used it: -3. The Doric, spoken by the
complaints to Rome; and the Achaeans, dreading the vengeance of that power,  Spartans, Cretans, and Sicilians: Theocritus, Pindar, and Archimedes wrote in
mnade an alliance with Egypt. Philip, also, learning that the Romans had be-'it: —4. The 2Eolic, spoken by the Boeotians.
come jealous of the revival of his power, sent his son Demetrius to Rome to        The history of Greece may be divided into four periods. First, the mythical
plead his cause before the Senate. Thus all Greece began to pale before the  and heroic age, extending from the fabulous Jupiter to the siege of Troy. Second,
rising star of Italy. But the greatest calamity of all was the death of Philo-  the transition period, when the different States assumed their definite shapes,
poemen (B. C. 183), who was taken prisoner in a skirmish between the Achlieans  and the colonies were planted. Third, the brilliant period from the war with
and Messenians, and cruelly put to death by the latter. He was the last great  Darius to the death of Alexander the Great. Fourth, from that period until the
general that maintained the glory of the Hellenic race, and has been styled  subjugation by Rome.
"the last of the Greeks". The Achoeans revenged his death by the storming          The rites of burial were held very sacred by the Greeks. In the later ages
of Messe/ne, and the slaughter of every person who had taken part in the mur-  it was customary to burn the body of the deceased. When it was consumed,
der.  The remains of Philopoemen were buried with the utmost honors at Me-  the nearest relative collected the ashes, and deposited them in an urn, which
galop/olis; the historian, Polybius, carrying the urn which held his ashes.      Mas then buried. Libations of wine were poured out during the funeral cereDemetrius, having pacified the Romans, returned to Macedon (B. C. 181);  monies, and part of the clothes of the deceased were thrown into the fire.
but his father and his brother Perseus, jealous of his popularity, put him to  Those citizens who neglected these duties were prohibited from attaining to any
death. Philip soon after (B. C. 179) died of a broken heart. His son, Per/seus,  high office, however well qualified for it.
hated by everybody, succeeded him on the throne. The first act of Perseus was    It is evident that the mission of Greece was to develop the Beautiful.  To no
to form. a league against the Romans; the Achleans, on the other hand, formed  other nation has so lively a perception of what is lovely in Nature, Art, and
an alliance with them. For some years the Romans took no measures against  Philosophy, been vouchsafed.  To this day the sculptures of Phidias and PraxPerseus, who treated their ambassadors with contempt. But at last (B. C. 171)  iteles have been unsurpassed. The architecture of Greece has been the model
they sent Licinlius against him with an army, which met with some reverses.  of that of succeeding generations of civilized men. The Greeks themselves
This emboldened Perseus to form alliances against the Romans with Antiochus,  were physically the handsomest and best-developed people of antiquity; and
Prusias, Eumenes, and other Asiatic monarchs. For three years the Romans  their poetry proves that they entertained the loftiest notions of patriotism, her.
made little progress. At length the celebrated 2EMILIUS PAULLUS took the chief  oism, and endurance. The teachings of Socrates and Plato approach closely to
command.  That general subdued Illyria in 30 days, and forced Perseus to a  the Christian standard. The beautiful speculations of Pythagoras, the heroic
decisive engagement at Pydna, in which the Macedonian tyrant was defeated  poems of Homer, the dramas of 2Eschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the lyrics
and taken prisoner, and he was sent in chains to Rome (B. C. 168). Thus ended  of Pindar and Anacreon, the many beautiful myths by which the operations of
the independence of Macedon. Greece was still left nominally free; but 1000  Nature were typified, the philosophy of Aristotle, the geometry of Euclid, show
of the most eminent Achaeans having been summoned to Rome as hostages, were  what a variously as well as a highly gifted race the Greeks were.  That they
kept there 17 years in prison. On their return from their captivity (B. C. 148),  should have arisen so mysteriously, shone out for so brief a period, done so much
they stimulated their countrymen at Corinth to insult the Roman ambassadors,  in so short a time, and vanished so suddenly, are among the marvels of history.
who had been sent there to settle some disputes between the Achseans and the  The period of this brilliancy lasted but little more than 300 years, yet this sufSpartans. This led to another struggle, which was brief but decisive. The  ficed to bequeath to the world an imperishable influence on its ideas, languages,
Romans defeated the Achseans everywhere.  The Consul Lucius Mum/mius,  and literature. The inspiration of the most gifted minds of modern times has
after routing the army of the league at the Isthmus of Corinth, entered that  been derived mediately or immediately from Greece. Rome would not have been
city without opposition. Corinth was abandoned to pillage, burned, and razed  what she was, but for the ideas and habits she borrowed from her province of
to the ground; the inhabitants were sold for slaves; the finest specimens of  Achaia, and the schools of Alexandria. But Greece did little to elevate the
Grecian art were disposed of by the ignorant Roman generals to the king of  position of woman: the Greek wife was, practically, not much better than a
l ergamus;  the remainder  were sent to Ro-e.  Greece  as formed into a pro  |                 household drudge or slave.  Th is defect in social polity, combined with thewant
lince of the Roman empire under the name of Achaia, and thus disappeared  of a definite standard of religion and morality, vwere the causes of the early
li-om history. Greece reappears no more in history as an independent State until ]downfall of the race. The Greeks became thoroughly demoralized, and remained
lthe beginning of the 19th century, a period of nearly 2000 years.              |so for centuries.  They are only just now emerging from their fallen state.
|What was the result of the battle of Cynoscephalae? —What did the Romans th en do? —| What eminent men flourished? —Which were "athe Seven Wonders of the World"? —Name
lWhat were the acts of Philopoemen?-AWhat w11s his fiute? —How was his death avenged? —| the four dialects of Greece.-Where were they spoken?7-Into howr many periods is the
lWhat was the end of Philip V.?-And his son Perseus? —Who conquered Macedon? —What lhistory of Greece divided? —What is said of the rites of burial? —What was the mission of
provocations did the Achseans receive? —What was the faete of Corinth? —And of Greece?  |Greece?- What were the causes of her downfall?
(,110.)




ITALY.
THE dominions of Rome now embraced all Italy, Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia.   was infallible, wihile his determined will bore down all opposition.  Ile wrote a
Before the close of the century w-e shall find thelmn  extended fromn the Atlantic   work on fiLrmning,  which has come down to us. IIe was the most remarkable
to the Euphrates and the Black  Sea.                                             man of his time, and w-as a true type of the domineering   Rolman character.
Having rescued the Athenians from the clutches of Philip of Macedon, the         During the interval between B. C. 187-172, the lRoians subdued the Celtic
Romans declared war against that-prince, and an army was sent into MIacedo-  tribes in the north of Italy, the Ligulrians and the Istrians.  They also continued
nia, but nothing of consequence was effected (B. C. 200). At length QuINTIUS  the conquest of Spain, and were called upon to arbitrate in the disputes of vaFLAMIINUS was entrusted with the conduct of the war, and he soon forced   rious nations.  About tile year B. C. 168, Perseus, king of iMacedon, penetrnt.ing
Philip into a battle at Cynosceph'alm (B. C. 197), totally defeated  him, and  the ambitious  designs of the Ilomans, organized a conspiracy of several States
compelled him to make peace. Flamininus  proceeded in the work of reducing  against them; and, entering Thessaly,  he attacked and defeated a RPoman army
all Greece. Hle caused it to be solemnly proclaimed at the Isthmian   ganes,  on the Peneus. For some time his successes continued; but the consul, E.fI1LI'US
that all the Greeks who had been subject to king Philip and the Macedonians  PAULL.US, stopped his career at Pydna, totally defeated him, took him  and his
were free and independent (B. C. 196), and he remained nearly two years in  family prisoners, and annexed his kingdom  to the Roman dominions.  The
the country to carry out this proclamation.                                      consul then plundered Epirus; and, on his return to  tome (Nov., B. C. 1G7), reThe next war in which the republic was engaged was with the Spaniards,  ceived the most splendid triumph that had yet been seen.  A thousand of the
who sought to regain their independence.  MARCUS PORCIUS CATO (surnamed  principal Achaeans were brought to Rome as hostages for the tranquillity of  I
"the censor") was sent against them, and carried on the war with such success  Greece.  They were thrown into prison, and detained there seventeen years.
that he was decreed a triumph on his return to Rome (B. C. 194). At the same  The treasure taken in the M1acedonian war paid all debts contracted in its protime Antiochus, king of Syria, hoping to re-establish the empire of the Seleu-   gress; and the tribute annually exacted from Macedon, added  to the revenues
cidoe in Asia, and incited by IIannibal (the famous Carthaginian, who had taken   of other provinces, enabled the government to dispense with all direct taxes
refuge at his Court), crossed over into Thessaly in order to renew the war in  upon Roman citizens in future wars. Thus the Romans became accustomed to
Greece.  IIe was met at Thermopyl.m (B. C. 191) by Flamininus, and defeated  live by the spoliation of other nations, and we are not surprised that their taste
in a sanguinary battle, mainly owing to the conduct of Cato. Itis fleet was  for luxury kept pace with their rapacity for plunder, until allvirtue was crushed
likewise defeated in two engagements.   Antiochus returned to Ephesus discom-   out of them, and they sunk under the yoke of ambitious military chiefs at the
fited.  CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS, who had been previously (B. C. 193) sent  close of the next century.'T'he unhappy Perseus and his three sons were thrown
to arrange terms of peace with Antiochus, was now sent with his brother Lucius  into a loathsome dungeon, finom which they were rescued through the intercesto terminate the war.  They soon reduced him to great straits, defeated him at  sion of Paullus.  The king died soon after, and his eldest son wa-s employed as
Magnesia, subdued his allies (the Galatians), and forced him to give up all his  a public clerk. Such was the destiny of the last heir to the throne  of Mlacedon.
possessions in Europe and Asia, north of Mount  Taurus (B. C. 190). On their    Tihe long-delatyed destruction of Carthage was now resolved upon.'I'he Senate,
return they were accused of having  taken bribes of Antiochus to let him off so  urged on by Cato the censor, found in the disputes between the Numidians and
easily.  Cato, and the two Petilii, the tribunes of the people, called upon Lucius   the Carthaginians    a pretext for fixing a quarrel upon the ill-fated city. Thlat
Scipio to render an account of all the sums he had received from Antiochus.  unhappy State did all that could be done to avert the designs of Rome; but
tie accordingly prepared the accounts, and was in the act of delivering them   finding that nothing short of the entire surrender of its liberties would satisfy
up, when his brother Africanus snatched them out of his hands, and tore them   the Senate, it resolved  to resist to the last.  The Romans fitted out an ilmense
up before the Senate.  But Lucius was declared guilty, and sentenced to pay  expedition (B. C. 148), under the consul, CALPUR/rNIUS PISO CESONI/NuS, and ina heavy fine.  The tribune, MIimi/eius, ordered him  to be dragged to prison,  vested Carthage.  Piso, however, did not accomplish anything of importance.
whereupon Africanus rescued him from the officer's hands. The contest mEight  IHIe was recalled, and the command was given to PUuBLIUS   CORNELIUS SCIPIO
have ended fatally, had not the tribune, TIBE'RIus  GRAC/CIIUS, released Lucius.  (surnamed " Africanus Minor ", the younger son of 2Emilius Paullus, the conCato, Nve/vius, and others, then brought Africanus to trial (B. C. 185). On the  queror of Macedonia, and adopted by the son of the great Africanus), who had
day of the trial Afiricanus reminded the people that it was the anniversary of  already distinguished himself during the siege.  IIe prosecuted the operations
his victory over IHIannibal at Zama, and called upon them to follow him to the  against the doomed city with the greatest vigor, but the Carthaginians defended
capitol to return thanks to the gods.  The people followed him  in crowds, but  themselves with the energy of despair, and it was not until the spring of B. C.
he then quitted Rome, and retired to his country-seat at Liternum.  Tiberius  146 that the Romans forced their way into Carthage.  The work of slaughter
Gracchus persuaded the censors to let the prosecution drop.  Scipio never re-  occupied many days, but the city was finally destroyed.  [A fuller account of the
turned to Rome, and died about the year B. C. 183, being one of the greatest  fall of the great rival of Rome will be found in the page devoted to Carthage.]
men Rome ever produced. Lucius Scipio, however, was condemned, and all his  Scipio is said to have wept over its fate.  I-Ie returned to Rome, Mwhere he was
property was confiscated.  In this memorable affair Cato the censor acted with  decreed a triumph, and was soon after elected censor.  His efforts in that caextraordinary virulence against the Scipios,. and against all those patricians  pacity to repress the growth of luxury were unavailing.
who had introduced Grecian and Oriental luxury.  Ile displayed this feeling        During the third Punic war, an impostor, namred Andriscus, who pretended
during the whole of his censorship.  In the year B. C. 150 he was sent to Car-  to be the son of Philip of Macedon, kindled another war in Greece.  But he
thage to arbitrate between that city and Masihissa, king of the Nulmidians.  was made prisoner, and put to death bythe praetor, Q. Metellus (B. C. 146), and
On that occasion he was so struck with the flourishing state of Carthage that |Iacedon was regained.  The disputes between the Achteans and the Spartans
he insisted on the necessity for destroying it, in order to make Rome safe.  The  furnished the Romans with a pretext for further interference in the affairs of
memoraile expression, "Delenlda est Carthago" (Carthage must be destroyed),  Greece.  Metellus attacked the Achweans, and dispersed them; but at this juncwas his.  IIe died B. C. 149, aged 85.  This remarkable man, in his capacity  ture he was sent back to Macedonia, by the consul, Lucius MIUmi3iIUS, who
of censor of public morals, effected many reforms, some of which died with him,  assumed the conduct of the war. That officer laid siege to Corinth, sacked, and
others survived him. ile labored  strenuously to check the growth  of luxury,  burnt it; and after having plundered it of its statues and paintings, some of
and laid heavy taxes on dress, equipages, slaves, houses, and land.  IIe punished  which he sold to the king of Pergamus, and others he sent to Rome, he levelled
the most illustrious personages for unbecoming conduct, and fiercely attacked  its houses and walls with the ground.  MIuminius was a rude barbalrian, utterly
all abuses.  He had numerous enemies, and was accused forty-four times before  incapable of appreciating works of art, but hle was also indifferent to wealth,
the people, but always came off victorious.  lIe vigorously managed the public  and reserved very little of the plunder for himself. A specin+c   of the ignolanlce |
works, and greatly amended the drainage of the city. His abilities were of a  of this destroyer of one of the most beautiful cities of ancient Greece, is shown|
very high order, but his self-conceit was intolerable.  IIc acted as though he  in his suffering his soldiers to use one of the choicest works of the painter
What of the second Macedonian war? —Name the principal battle, and the Roman general |W*Vhat is said of the third 3lacedonian war? —Of the triumph of 2Emilius  Paullus? —What
who gained it. —Which was the next wvar? —Why   did Antiochus make war? —What was the  befell Perseus and his sons? —And the Achseans? —How did the third Punic war originate?
result? —Who were the leaders? —W hat befell the Scipios? —WCho said "Carthage must be  -What is said of the fall of Carthage? —Of Scipio? —Of the fall of Corinth and of Greece?
destroyed"? —What of Cato the censor?                                         — Of Metellus and Mummius?
(111)




ITALY.
Aristides as a draft-board; and when Attalus offered him a large sum -for the  kingdom and his wealth to the Roman people. This bequest involved them in
painting, he imagined it must be a talisman, and ordered it to be sent to Rome.  a war with Aristoni'cus, the brother of Attalus, who disputed the bequest. The
He told the seamen who contracted to carry the statues and pictures of Corinth  consul, Publius Crassus, was slain, and the Romans had to ask assistance of
to Rome, that " if they lost or damaged them they should make the loss good! "  MITHRIDATES, king of Pontus, before they could subdue Aristonicus. The consul,
Thebes and Chalcis shared the same fate as Corinth, and thus in the same year  PERPENNA, had the honor of annexing this province to the Roman dominions,
(B. C. 146) that Carthage fell, Greece became a Roman province under the  and Mithridates was rewarded by the gift of Phrygia.
name of "Achaia".                                                             While the Spanish war was raging a servile war broke out in Sicily. Slavery
While the wars in Africa and Greece were raging, another contest more fierce  had long been established in the Roman dominions. The slaves were captives
than either was going on in Spain, where the natives fiercely resisted the domi-  taken in war, and sold in the public markets. The number of these unfortunate
nation of the Romans. The Lusitanians (ancestors of the modern Portuguese)  persons was not great, until after the second Punic war. But at the close of
displayed extraordinary bravery in this remarkable contest, which was brought  that great contest, Rome entered on a career of foreign conquest. To punish the
about by the cruelty of the consul, Licin/ius Lucul'lus. For three years the  Bruttians for aiding the Carthaginians, the whole nation were made slaves. On
Romans were uniformly unsuccessful.  MARCUS MARCELLUS  and the praetor,  the conquest of Greece, 150,000 natives of Epirus were sold by 2Emilius Paullus.
Galba,were unableto make anyprogress againstthepatriots underVIRIA/THsUS,  Scipio sent 50,000 home from Carthage. Thousands were sold into slavery
a shepherd. This heroic leader, the prototype of the guerilla chiefs of Spain in  during the Syrian, Illyrian, Grecian, and Spanish wars, and thus slave labor
modern times, drove the Romans out of the west of the peninsula. The consul,  became plentiful and cheap. There was also a regular slave trade in the East,
Fabius Maximus /Emilia'nus, was sent against Viriathus. He remained two  the principal mart of which was " the sacred isle" of Delos. Thither were
years in command, but effected nothing. In the year of his departure (B. C.  brought human beings from Thrace, Asia Minor, Armenia, Persia, etc., and
143), the war assumed a more serious aspect. The Celtiberians suddenly ap-  sometimes as many as 10,000 were sold in one day. Those who were brought
peared in the field in formidable force. Metellus, the conqueror of Macedonia,  into Italy were treated with great barbarity. They were employed in the fields
was sent against them; and in the course of two years he shut them up in their  looking after cattle, for the safety of which they were held responsible, and they
strongholds, Terman/tia and Numan'tia: but at this point he was superseded  were compelled to provide themselves with the necessaries of life. When not
by the consul, Pompeius, an ignorant and unskilful man, who carried on the  thus employed they were shut up in large prison-like buildings. The system
contest two years longer, by which time his army was so reduced that he was  of brigandage, for which the south of Italy has so long been noted, had its origin
glad to make peace on easy terms. His successor, Popill'ius Loenas, however,  in Roman slavery; for the masters would instruct the slaves to obtain clothes
repudiated the treaty and continued the war, but with as little credit as Pom-  and other necessaries from travellers, and the practice once begun could not be
peius.  He was superseded by Manci'nus (B. C. 137), when fresh disaster  crushed out. It became dangerous to travel, especially in Apulia, and the rich
attended the Romans, and the Numantians compelled the new commander to  fled into the towns. The same system prevailed in Sicily, where the slaves
sue for peace. He resigned his command to Lep/idus, and proceeded to Rome  were perhaps worse treated than in Italy. At the city of Enna, the domestic
to justify his acts; but the Senate rejected the treaty, and sent Mancinus back  tyranny of Damoph'ilus, a wealthy land-owner, drove them into insurrection.
to the Numantians as a sacrifice. The latter refused to accept him in lieu of  Headed by a Greek slave, named Eunus, they made themselves masters of Enna.
the treaty, and sent him back to Rome, where he was treated as an alien, until  Eunus assumed the royal name, Antiochus, and became the acknowledged king
a law was passed restoring to him his privileges.                           of the insurgents, who assembled in vast numbers. The Roman troops were
Meanwhile Lepidus attacked the Vacceeans, near Salamanca, without much  defeated, and the cities of Messana and Taurone-nium  were captured. The
success; and Calpurnius Piso, who succeeded him, fared no better. It would  insurrection spread into Italy, but there it was speedily crushed. The consul,
seem that the Romans were no match for the Spaniards in the field, and their  Fulvius Flaccus, was sent with an army into Sicily (B. C. 133), but he did very
continued ill-fortune caused great discontent at Rome.                      little. His successor, Calpurnius Piso, did better: he wrested Messaua from
The contest with Viriathus might have been prolonged indefinitely, had not  the slaves, killing 8000 of them. The extinction of the revolt was reserved for
the consul, Cneius Ceepio, procured the assassination of the gallant chief (B. C.  the consul, Rupil/ius, who took Enna and Tauromenium. The slaves were tor138). The Lusitanians thereupon laid down their arms. But the city of Nu-  tured and massacred: Acheeus, their leader, died bravely fighting; but their
mantia defied all the efforts of the Romans for years, until Scipio 2Emilianus,  pseudo-king, Eunus, was a coward, and ended his days in a loathsome dungeon.
the conqueror of Carthage, undertook to terminate the war. This great man  Thus was the first servile war terminated. The decayed state of agriculture
had led a quiet life after the conquest of Carthage. He served as censor (B. C.  throughout Sicily now claimed the attention of the Senate, and commissioners
142), in conjunction with Mummius, and had been sent on an embassy to Egypt.  were appointed to aid Rupilius in framing laws to meet the evil. The principal
The voice of the people called him to the Spanish war (B. C. 135), and, notwith-  measure was the levying of tithes on the land, which were to be paid to the Rostanding the exhausted state of the country, he raised 4000 men by his personal  mans; and courts of appeal were established to protect the inhabitants. The
influence, and himself advanced the necessary funds. His first step, on assum-  burdens of land-owners were thus lightened, and agriculture again flourished.
ing command, was to organize the demoralized army; the strictest discipline    During these wars the power of the Senate increased rapidly, and the governwas enforced, but considerable time elapsed before he advanced against Nu-  ment of Rome degenerated into a tyrannical aristocracy, whose members, though
mantia. It was not until the spring of B. C. 133 that he and his brother Fabius  distinguished by great courage and abilities, were luxurious and corrupt. The
laid siege to that city. He was joined on the march by Jugurtha, the son of  popular family of the GRACCHI were a noble exception. Distinguished above
Micipsa, king of Numidia, with a large body of African cavalry. Numantia  all Roman ladies for virtue and refinement was CORNELIA, the younger daughter
was reduced by famine, and the wretched inhabitants were sold into slavery.  of Scipio Africanus (the elder), and wife of the censor, TIBERIUS SE4PRONIUS
The town was then so effectually destroyed that its site cannot now be discovered.  GRACCHUS. She was the mother of the two tribunes, TIBERIUS and CATUS GRACFor this exploit Scipio obtained the surname of Numantinus.               CHus, whom she survived. On her death the people erected a statue to her,
In the west of Spain, the consul, DECRiUS JUNIUS BRUTUS, effected the pacifica-  with the inscription, "Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi."  The career of
tion of Lusitania. He founded the town of Valentia, and, marching northward  this family is important in Roman history. Tiberius, observing in the course
across the Tagus, crossed the Western Pyrenees. He was the first Roman who  of his military duties in Spain, Africa, and elsewhere, that the avarice of the
reached the shores of the Bay of Biscay, and saw the sun set in the waters of  aristocracy, combined with the expenses of the wars of the republic, had comthe Atlantic. He remained five years in Spain, and was honored with the title  pletely destroyed the middle class of small land-owners, resolved to attempt the
of Callini cus for his successes (B. C. 133).                             | reformation of the State. Having procured himself to be elected tribune, he
In the same year, Attalus III., king of Pergamus, died, and bequeathed his | proposed the revival of the agrarian law of Licinius, which had been disregarded
Who wovas Viriathus? —Relate the principal incidents in the Spanish war. —Name the prin-   What is said of Mithridates? —Perpenna? —What occurred in Sicily? — What is ssid of
cipal Roman generals, and narrate their exploits. —What is said of Scipio _Zmilianus? — Of  slavery? —How  were the slaves treated in Itazly? — Where did the servile war break out?the Fiege of Numantia? —Of Decius Brutus? —What did Attalus bequeath to the Romans? —.What caused it? —Who headed it? —What was the result?-What of Cornelia?-Of Tiberius
What did it involve them in?                                              and Caius Gracchus?
(112!




ITALY.
for manyyears. The proposalwas vehemently opposed, and one of the tribunes,  consisting of Cimbri, Teu'tones, Ambrotnes, and other tribes, numbering
Marcus Octavius, vetoed the bill. The people, at the instigation of Tiberius,  300,000 fighting men. They had ravaged Thrace, Illyria, Gaul, Spain, and
deposed Octavius, and the bill was carried. Tiberius, his brother, Caius, and  Northern Italy, defeating every Roman army sent against them. The terrible
his father-in-law, Appius Claudius, were appointed to carry it into execution. defeat of the consuls, Coepio and Manilius, near the Rhone (B. C. 104), by the
It was at this juncture that Attalus bequeathed Pergamus to Rome. Tiberius  Cimbri, wherein 80,000 soldiers and 40,000 camp followers are said to have
proposed that the new territory should be divided among the' people. Ile was  perished, struck terror throughout Italy. By common accord Marius was elected
again elected tribune, but the Senate declared his election illegal, on the ground  consul for the second time. Fortunately, the barbarians, instead of pouring at
that no one could hold the office for two consecutive years. Tiberius paid no  once into Italy, turned southward, and crossed the Pyrenees into Spain. Thus
attention to this objection; but while the voting was going on, a band of Sena-  Italy was relieved from immediate danger, and Marius had time to put forth all
tors, headed by ScIPIO NASI/CA, attacked the people in the forum, and Tiberius  his energy in organizing a fresh army..But the danger had not wholly passed
was killed (B.C. 133). His brother, Caius, was elected tribune (B. C. 123). Ile  away. Marius was elected consul a third and a fourth time (B. C. 103). The
carried out more extensive reforms than his brother had done. The Senate were  Cimbri, repulsed in Spain, rejoined the Teutones in the south of France. Marius
deprived of some of their most important privileges, and every branch of the  hastened thither, and fortified a strong camp between Nismes and Arles, on the
administration was modified. Caius Gracchus was elected tribune again next  Rhone, to resist them; but the Cimbri made a circuit through Helvetia (Switzyear, when the Senate, finding it impossible to withstand his influence, resorted  erland), to enter Italy on the north. Luta'tius Cat'ulus was despatched with
to artifice. They induced Caius's colleague, Livius Drusus, to propose measures  an army to meet them. The winter passed away in inactivity, but in the spring
more popular than those of Caius. The people fell into the snare, and, while  of B. C. 102, the Teutones endeavored to entice Marius from his camp; failing
Caius was absent at Carthage, whither he had gone to superintend the founding  in this, they attacked the camp, and were driven off with great loss. They then
of a colony, many of his friends deserted him. Several of his laws were repealed.  marched eastward, and it is said so vast was their number that they were six
Caius returned to Rome, and appeared in the forum to oppose these proceedings.  days in defiling past the Roman entrenchments. As soon as they had disapIt happened on this occasion that one of the friends of the consul, Opim/ius, was  peared Marius followed them until they halted at Aquoe Sextire, where he
slain by the friends of Caius. Upon this the Senate authorized Opimius to resort  attacked them, and drove them  into their camp. Two days afterwards the
to arms. The friends of Caius fought in his defence, but he refused to arm, and  entire barbarian host was drawn up in front of the Romans. The former comfled to the grove of the Furies, where he fell by the hands of his slave, whom he  menced the attack, but were bravely met; and the barbarians, surprised in the
had commanded to kill him. About 3000 of the adherents of the Gracchi were  rear by an ambush under Marcellus, were thrown into confusion. An immense
killed, their property confiscated, their houses demolished, and their friends  slaughter ensued: so numerous were the slain that, in after years, the people
strangled (B. C. 12). With this sanguinary episode perished the freedom of  of Marseilles used the bones from the field of battle to make fences for their
the Roman republic. Henceforth the power of the State fell entirely into the  vineyards, and the plain was fertilized by the putrescent bodies.' 90,000 Teuhands of the profligate aristocracy.                                       tones were taken prisoners, and sold as slaves; their host was annihilated, and
In the year B. C. 118, Micipsa, king of Numidia, died, leaving his kingdom   Western Italy was saved by this great victory.
to JUGURTHA, his illegitimate nephew, and to Hiemlpsal and Adher/bal, his two    The Cimbri marched into the Tyrol, and descended the valley of the Athesis
sons. In the course of the year, Jugurtha assassinated Hiempsal, and defeated  (or Adige), where Catulus concentrated his forces. In the beginning of B. C.
Adherbal, who thereupon fled to Rome to invoke the aid of the Senate. But  101 they crossed the pass of the Brenner, sliding down the frozen slopes on their
Jugurtha, by bribes, counteracted the complaints of Adherbal; and the Senate  shields. They attacked Catulus, and captured part of his army, driving the
decreed that the kingdom should be equally divided between the two. Jugurtha  remainder toward Placentia (Piacenza). There Marius, with his troops, joined
then bribed the Senators, intrusted with the execution of this decree, to give  Catulus. The Cimbrian chief, Boiorix, demanded land and cities enough for
him the larger portion. He followed up his villany by attacking Adherbal,  all: Marius sent him a defiant answer. The chief then asked him to appoint
and shutting him up in the fortress of Cirta. The Romans commanded him to  a time and a place for the battle: Marius accordingly chose the third day and
release Adherbal, but he paid no attention to the command; and at length,  the plain of Vercellve. There the combat took place, and the Cimbrian host
gaining possession of Cirta, he put Adherbal to death (B. C. 112). War was  was literally annihilated: 60,000 prisoners were taken, and the women slew
now declared against Jugurtha, and the consul, Calpurnius Bes'tia, was sent  themselves and their children. Thus Italy was saved, and Marius and Catulus
with an army to Africa (B. C. 111). Jugurtha bribed him to make peace;  were honored with a magnificent triumph.
whereupon the indignant Romans forced the Senate to send for Jugurtha to be    In the year B. C. 100 Marius was elected consul for the sixth time. One of
brought to Rome under a safe-conduct. He came, but refused to plead; and  his first acts was to drive into exile his old commander, Metellus. He then
even assassinated Massi'va, the grandson of Masinissa. In consequence of this  entered into close intimacy with the lowest demagogues. Two of the latter,
act he was forced to leave Italy. The war was then renewed, and Postu/mius  Apule'ius Saturni'nus and Servil'ius Glautcia, having caused great disturbAlbinus, with his brother, Aulus, were sent to conduct it. The army of Aulus  ances, Marius, by order of the Senate, crushed the insurrection by armed force.
was cut to pieces, and he was forced to make a treaty of peace. This treaty was    A census of the population of Rome, taken in B. C. 189, gives a return of
instantly annulled by the Senate; and the consul, METELLUS, was sent into  258,318 citizens. Another taken in B. C. 115, shows the number of 394,336.
Africa with a fresh army. Metellus was inaccessible to bribes, and he repeat-    Rome now appears in the arena of literature. EN/NIus, a Greek by birth,
edly defeated Jugurtha, ultimately forcing him to take refuge among the Gsetu-  but a Roman citizen, wrote an epic history of Rome in eighteen books, and also
lians. In the year B. C. 107, MeteIlus was superseded in the command of the  several tragedies and comedies; fragments only of his works have come down
army by CAIUS Mt/RIUS, a man of humble origin, who had risen by his bravery  to us. PLAUTUS, the most celebrated comic poet of Rome, was his contemporary.
in Spain, and had been popular as a tribune. He had served two years under  He was born B. C. 254, and died B. C. 189, having written more than 100 plays.
Metellus in Africa when he was appointed to conduct the war against Jugurtha.  TEREN/TIUS AFER, commonly called TERENCE, the celebrated comic poet, was
The united forces of the latter and his father-in-law, Bocchus, king of Maureta-  born at Carthage (B. C. 195), and was the slave of a Roman Senator, Terentius
nia, were defeated in a decisive battle by Marius; and Bocchus made peace with  Lucanus, who gave him his freedom. He wrote six plays, and translated 108
the Romans by surrendering Jugurtha to Lucius SYLLA (or Sulla), the lieutenant  of Menander's comedies. He died at the age of 36 (B. C. 159). The comic
of Marius. Sylla thereupon claimed the honor of having terminated the war,  poets, Coecilius Statius and Turpil ius; the satirist, LucilVius; the historians,
P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
and this laid the foundation of the deadly hatred between him and Marius.  Cin'cius, Albi'nus, FanAnius, Cassius Hem-ina, Valerius An'tias, Licin'ius,
Jugurtha was brought to Rome, thrown into a dungeon, and starved to death.  and Quadriga'rius; the tragic poets, Att/ius (or Acc'ius) and Pacu'vius (who
Meanwhile Italy was threatened by a vast horde of barbarians from Germany,  was also a painter) - all flourished during this century.
What  was the fate of the Gracchi? —What was its effect on the republic? —Who was Ju-   What befell the consuls, Ceepio and Manilius? —Give an account of the exploits of Marius,
gurtha?- Give an account of the war in Numidia.-What of Caius Marius?- Of Sylla? —  and of the battle of Aquse Sextime. —Also of the battle of Vercelli. —What did Marius do
What was the fate of Jugurtha? —What danger threatened Italy during this war? —From  afterwards? —What was the population of Rome in B. C. 189? —In B. C. 115? —Name the
what quarter?                                                            authors who flourished.
15                                                                                                                       (113)




BRITAIN.                               FRANCE.                                   SPAIN.                            GERMANY.
ENGLAND.-Of the various kings who     THE Cisalpine Gauls struggled hard,    THE history of this century consists    THE Romans finally annihilated the
ruled there are none worthy of notice  butvainly, against the increasing power  of a series of gallant struggles for lib-  Boil in Italy, in a battle in which
until we come to Cligueill, the son of  of the Romans, and were subdued by  erty, on the part of-the Spaniards, with  32,000 were slain (B. C. 191).
Capoir, aman describedas being"pru-  Lucius Flamininus (B. C. 201-170).   the Romans.  Many bloody battles    The Getse and Bastarnae acted as
dent and mild in all his actions, and    The Asiatic Gauls were likewise sub-  were fought, and it required all the  mercenaries in the service of Perseus,
who, above all things, made it his busi-  dued by the Romans under Cneius Man-  abilities of Marcus Porcius Cato, Pub-  king of Macedon, against the Romans;
ness to exercise true justice among his  lius, after the loss of two sanguinary  lius Scipio Nasica, AEmilius Lepidus,  but he not keeping faith with them,
people." IHe was succeeded by his  battles —one at Mount Olympus, the  Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Caius  Clon'dicus, king of the Bastarnue, in
son, Heli (by some called Nimu'can),  other at Mount Magaba (A. D. 167).  Flaminius, and many other of the most  revenge, ravaged Thrace, and then re
(B. C. 164), who reigned 40 years, and  A twenty years' peace followed, after  eminent of the Roman generals, to pre-  turned to his own country, leaving
is remembered as being the father of  which we find the Galatians ravaging  serve the authority of Rome in Spain.  Perseus at the mercy of the Romans.
king Lud, and of the celebrated Cas-  Pergamus, Cappadocia, and Phrygia.   The Carthaginian yoke had been into-    In the beginning of this century the
sib'elan (or Cadwallo). On the death     Transalpine Gaul (modern France)  lerable, owing to the avidity of the local  Cimbri and Teutones descended from
ofHeli, Ludsucceededhim.  Hebuilt flourished  during this century. The  governors, the exactions andlicentious-  the Danube to the Styrian Alps in imseveral cities, and enlarged and walled  first half of it passed without any par-  ness of a mercenary soldiery, and the  mense numbers. There they remained
the ancient city of Trinovan/tium,  ticular events. But in the year B. C.  rigor with which the captive tribes  several years. At length the Cimbri
where he kept his court. He was a  154, the Marseillese having extended  were made to labor in the mines. But  poured into Gaul. Thence they turned
very warlike prince, and celebrated for  their colony all along the southern  bad as it was, it does not appear that  towards Italy; and, near Marseilles,
the magnificence of his feasts and pub-  coast of France, came into collision  the Spaniards relished that of the Ro-  they met the Roman army guarding
lic entertainments. Although he occa-  with the Ligurians, and a war was the  mans more. At all events, they offered  the frontier, and demanded of Silanus,
sionally resided in the cities he founded,  result.  The Ligurians laid siege to  the most obstinate resistance to it. By  the commander, permission to settle in
he preferred Trinovantium above them   Antibes and Nice; the Marseillese sent  no nation which fell under the yoke of  Italy; which being refused, a battle
all; he surrounded it with towers, and  to Rome for aid, and this was the occa-  Rome  was greater heroism displayed  tools place, and the Romans were decompelled the citizens to build houses  sion for the first entry of the Romans  than by the Spaniards; but they were  feated. Another Roman army stationed
and other structures in it. Ile made  into Gaul. The consul, Opimius, sub-  forced to succumb to the conquerors  near the lake of Geneva was attacked
it his chief city, and named it Caer-  dued a portion of Liguria beyond the  of the w6rld. The country was divided  by the IIelvetii (Swiss), under their
Lud, or Lud's-town (whence London).  Rhone, and relieved the besieged cities.  by the victors into two provinces, viz.,  chief, Div/ico, and so completely deIIe was renowned for his military and  But in B. C. 125, the Ligurians again  IIispania Citerior and Hispania Ulte-  feated that all the Romans who escaped
jovial qualities, and was buried in  attacked the Marseillese, who once more  rior; the lattelr comprisedPortugal and  theslaughterweretaken prisoners,and
London near the gate, called by the  sought the assistance of Rome; and the  Andalusia, the formertherestof Spain.  forced to crawl ignominiously under a
Britons after him, Parth Lud (in Latin,  consuls, Flaccus and Calvinus, were    In the year B. C. 152 commenced the  lance placed horizontally on two low
Porta Lud; and by the Saxons, Ludes-  sent with an army to help them. Teu-  first Numantian war; so called from   posts. Another army, under Scaurus,
gata, or Ludgate).                    tomal, the Ligurian king, was van-  the heroic city of Numantia, which so  was also defeated, and its general was
SCOTLAND.-The history of this por-  quished. The tribes of the Allobroges  long defied the power of Rome.  The  taken prisoner. Scaurus was killed by
tion of Britain during this century pre-  and the Arverni then formed a league  revolt spread amongst the Lusitanians,  Boi'oris, the German chief, for saying
sentsnothing remarkable. Reutha, an  against Rome; but the consul, Domi-  and was not suppressed until after a  that Italy would never become the prey
able prince, was succeeded by There,  tius, defeated them atVenasque (B. C.  desperate struggle, in which Lucius  of the Germans.  Shortly after they
who committed all sorts of excesses,  122), and, with the aid of the celebrated  Mumnmius, Claudius Marcellus, Marcus  were joined by the Teutones. The Robut died after a reign of 12years.  His  Fabius Maximus, subdued them, mak-   Atilius, Sergius Galba, Licinius Lucul-  mans sent two armies, under Manlius
brother and successor, Josin, encour-  ing prisoner their king, Bituitus. The  lus, and Publius Cornelius Scipio, dis-  and Capio, tooppose them. Both these
aged the study of medicine. Finnan  conquered territory was formed into a  tinguished  themselves.   Numantia  armies were cut to pieces, and Rome
passed a law that no king should en-  Roman province (known, inthe Middle  made peace with Marcellus; but the  lay at the mercy of the barbarians.
gage in any affair of importance with-  Ages, as the kingdom  of Provence).  cruelties of Galba in Lusitania incited  They, however, suddenly marched into
out the advice and sanction of the  A Roman colony was planted at Nar-  an obstinate war, in which the natives,  Spain, where they wasted time by lwapublic council. He died reveled, after  bonne by the consul, Licinius Crassus.  under VIRIA/TtUS, a man of humble  ging a futile war of three years' duraa reign of 30 years, and was succeeded    In B. C. 113, a horde of Cimbri  parentage, but ofgreatnaturalabilities  tion, and then returned towards Italy.
by his son, Dethach, who abandoned  and Teutons poured into Helvetia, and  and courage, resisted the utmost efforts  The Teutones and Cimbri separated —
himself to every species of debauchery  thence into Gaul (B.C. 110). The Bel-  of the Romans for 14 years, so that  the latter entering the Tyrol, while the
and cruelty, and was at length slain in  gians, in the east and north of the  at last they were glad to make peace  former attacked the Romans, under
battle by his refractory chieftains, who  country, made a brave resistance, but  (B.C. 140). This peace was, however,  Marius, who was posted at Aix, on the
elected his cousin, Jair (or Ewen), to  at length came to terms with them.  perfidiously broken by the Rtomans.  Rhone.  This celebrated general cut
succeed him.  The kingdom  of the  Central Gaul was next ravaged. The  Capio, the governor of Lusitania, pro-  them to pieces with enormous slaughter
Picts likewise flourished during this  Roman province was attacked, and the  cured the murder of Viriathus. The  (B. C. 102), taking their king, Teutocentury, but the records of these bar-  Romans were defeated in several bat-  last hope of Spain being thus destroyed,  bach, prisoner.  The Cimbri, advanbarians are nothing more than those  ties.  The Cimbri then entered Spain.  the Lusitanians submitted; but the  cing from  the Tyrol, were met by
of border feuds with their immediate  Meanwhile the Roman general, MARIus,|    Numantians still defied the Romans.    Marius on the plains of Vercelli, and
neighbors, the Scots and Britons.      was appointed consul in Gaul, and    The second Numantian war began in  exterminated in one of the bloodiest
IRELAND. —Th e history of this coun-  gained a great victory over the Ambro-  B. C. 139. During its progress the Ro-  battles on record. Boiorix, their king,
try presents the usual storyof domestic  Teutons at Aquse Sextiae. The Cim-  mans suffered a series of reverses until  was slain, with 90,000 of his men;
broils and feuds between the chiefs or I brireturning from Spain through Gaul,  Scipio Africanus was sent into Spain;  60,000 were taken prisoners.  Their
petty kings of the provinces into which  entered Italy, but were cut to pieces  and he, after a long siege, tooik and ut- women  slew those that fled, and then
Ireland was divided. by Marius at Vercellae.  terly destroyed Numantia  (B. C. 132).  killed themselves and their children.
|WThat is recorded of Cligueill? - Heli? -  What happened to the Cisalpine Gauls?- |  Whlat were the principal events of this cen-    What is said of the Gctme and Bastarnse?-|
Lud? —The origin of the name London?-  TheGalatians? —Marseillese? —Whatwasthe  tury?-Whatis said of the Carthiagrinianyoke?   Give an account of the wars of the Cimbri
The Scottish kings -?Records of the Picts?-  first occasion of Roman invasion? —What did  -lIow was Spain divided? —Vhat is said of | and Teutones with the Romans. —What great
The history of Ireland during this period?   they form? —What did the Cimlbri do?  Virillthus?- The siege of Numantia?  battle was gained by Marius?
(lv~r)




ASIA MINOR.
__.                          _.      ~_                _
PERcG.ANus.-Attalus took part in the war writh Philip of Macedon.  IIc went  and destroying all before him.  Attalus sent his brother Athenmus to Rome
to Thebes to secure for the Romans  the alliance of the Bcotians, but while  ad-  for aid, and by the interference of the Senate  the war wars stopped, Prusias
dressing their assembly he was seized with a fit.  IIe -waLs carriedl back to Per-  being ordered to pay a sum equal to g750,000 to Attalus (B. C. 154). The latter
gamus, where he died (B. C. 197), having reigned 54 years, in a just and hu-  died B. C. 138.  WTith him  expired the prosperity of Pergamus;   for Attalus
mane manner.  HIis eldest son, EU/%ENES II., succeeded him.  Thlis prince   ITT., his nephew  and successoor, was a inerciless tyrant, but fortunately died
maintained the alliance with the Romans, and rendered them good service on   after a brief reign of fire yearls (B. C. 133).  IIe bequeathed his kingdom to
several occasions.  He showed his wisdom  in refusing that proposed by Antio-  the Romans; but this bequest wias disputed by his kinsman Aristoni/cus, a
chus, king of Syria, knowing well that if the latter succeeded in his war with   member of his family.'The Senate sent Licinius Crassus to take possession of
the Romans, he would subjugate all the smaller kingdoms of Asia Minor. When   the kin-gtlom,  but that officer was defeated   (B. C. 130), and hle thereupon dewar broke out (B. C. 193), Eumenes joined the Romans.  Pergamus   suffered    stroyed himnself.    The consul, Perpenna, avenged his death, defeated Aristoniseverely at the outset; for Seleucus Philop'ator, the son of Antiochus, besieged    cus, took him prisoner and sent him to Rome (B. C. 129), where he was strangled.
the city, and had very nearly reduced it, when the fleets of the IRhoclians and  The kingdom was reduced to a province of the empire, under the name of Asia;
the Romans arrived to succour it.  Seleucus was obliged to raise the siege and  but Phrygia Major was given to Mithrida/tes Euer/getes, king of Pontus, as a
quit the country.  At the close of the war, a large portion of the dominions of  reward for the aid he had rendered to the Romans during the war.
Antiochus rwas given to Eumenes.    Eumenes courted the alliance of the Achban       BITHYNIA.- PrUSiaS I. reigned over this kingdom  at the commencement of
league, offering it an annual subsidy of 120 talents (about $105,000), the inter-  this century, as we have already seen.  IIe was solicited by Antiochus, king
est to be applied to the support of the members of the public council.  This  of Syria, to join him against the Romans, but he declined doing so. The result
offer was declined.  showted his wisdom, for the Romans were successful.  They demanded of AntiIn B. C. 184 war broke out with Pru/'sias, king of Bithynia.  This war is  ochus the surrender of Ilannibal, wTho had taken refuge with him.  Upon heardistinguished from others of this period by the exploits of H-annibal, the illus-  ing of this, Itannibal fled to Prusias, who  gladly w-elcomed  him, the more so as
trious Carthaginian, who had taken refuge with Prusias. In a naval battle,  he could be useful in the war which that prince -was carrying onl with Eumenes,
HIannibal caused a number of serpents to be put into earthen vessels: he then  king of Pergamus.  IHannibal gained several victories over Eumenies, but the
ordered Eumenes' galley to be attacked, and the vessels thrown aboard.  These   enmity of the Romans pursued him  into Bithynia.  They called upon Prusias
being broken  by this means. the serpents escaped, and caused such confusion  to deliver him up, and that monarch  was base enough to consent to such treachthat the galley was nearly taken, and Eumenes escaped with difficulty. Prusias  cry.  IIannibal, however, dlefeated   their malice by taking poison (B. C. 183).
gained this and other battles, but they did not result in anything important.  Prusias died (B. C. 181), after reigning 48 years.  Prusias II., who succeeded
Eumenes was nest involved in war with Pharna/'ces, king  of Pontus (B. C. 182),  himl, mediated with the Romans on behalf of Perseus of Macedonia.   Ile wvent
who took the important town of Sino/pe. Eumenes complained  to the Romans;         to Rome  (B. C. 166) to propitiate  the Senate; but his real object was to olbtain
the latter mediated between the two, and after somne years peace rwas concluded.  the lands which the Gauls had taken friom Antiochus: these the Senate granted
He also sent an embassy to Rome to complain of Philip of 3lacedon, who refused  to him. Meanrwhile  lie carried on his war with Eumenes, and on the decease
to deliver up certain fortresses in Thrace, pursuant to treaty. But Eumenes  haild  of the latter (B. C. 159) continued it with his son Attalus.  Itaving gained a
lost fltvor with the Romans, for they listened to him coldly.  IIe went to Rome   victory, he entered Pergamus and devastated the country.  But Attalus having
to point out to the Senate the insidious designs of Perseus, the son of Philip;  applied to Ronme for protection, the Senate ordered Prusias to lay down his arms,
but in this case he returned loaded writh honors and presents.  Perseus endear-  and compelled him to give to Attalus tw enty ships, and to pay him 500 talents
ored to poison Eumenes' but the person charged with the task disclosed the  ($550,000).  Thile end of this perfidious prince was a just climax to his whole
design to the king and the Roman Senate, who soon after declared war against  career.  IIe sent his son Nicolem'e/d s to Rome, joining with him in the embassy
Perseus.  Eumenes hastened back to Pergamus, and joined tile Rolomans in the  an agent, who w-tas instructed to murder him; the king designing thereby to
second Macedonian wtar (B. C. 171). Ile took the field in person, witlh his broth-  advance the interests of his clhildren by a second marriage.  But the agent disers, Attalus and Athenseus.  The result was the capture of Perseus by the Ro-  closed the plot to the young prince, who immediately hastened home, gained
mans, and the annexation of Macedonia to the Roman empire. While this wAar  over the people to his cause, and put his father to death (B. C. 148).  Prusias
was in progress, the Asiatic Gauls (Galatians) committed such terrible r:avages  vwas universally hated for his cruelty.  Nicomedes reigned over Bithynia 58
in Pergamus, that Eumenes sent his brother Attalus to Rome for assistance.  years.  ile managed to avoid Imixing himsclf up with the quarrels of his neighAttalus was well received; but the Romans, who suspected  Eumenes of secret  bors, and but little is known of the transactions of his reign.
negotiations with Perseus, offered to deprive his brother of his kingdom and to       PONTu-s.-AMithridaLtes TV. closed his long reign of 50 years in B. C. 190.  lIe
bestow it upon himself.  Attalus at first listened to this; lbut his physician,  was succeeded by Pharna/ces I., of wrhom little need be said.  Ile reigned 34
Stra/tius, persuaded him to adhere to the path of honor. Ie therefore contented   years, and was succeeded by AMithridates V. (B. C. 156). This prince, surnamed
himself wMith demanding the aid required, and then left Rome.  The Senate,  Euer/getes (or, tile benefactor), rendered the Romans good service in their wars
enraged, threw off the mask of fiiendship, and sent an embassy to the Gauls to  in the East.  For this they gave him Phrygia Major (B. C. 128). IIe was asencourage them in their acts.  Eumenes then set out for Rome himself, but was  sassinated by his servants (B. C. 120), and was succeeded by his son, the celeforbidden to enter the city.   ie returned home, and sent his brothers, Attalus  brated MiITIRIDA/TES VI., styled "Eupator" (good father) and "the Great,"
and Atheneus, to the Senate to defend him. They succeeded in appeasing that  then but twelve  years old. The young prince's mother  was appointed his guarassembly: nevertheless, Roman commissioners were sent (B. C. 165) into Asia  dian, and authorized by the will of his father to reign jointly with him; but
Minor to ascertain secretly whether Eumenes and Antiochus were not concoct-  his first act was to put her and his brother to death.  fIis subjects did not resent
ing some secret plan.  These commissioners failed in their mission, but the  the crime, so corrupt and degenerate  had become the Eastern nations which
Romans never trusted Eumenes again.  That monarch ended his troubled reign   formed the dominions of the successors of Alexander.  Little is said of the first
of 38 years B. C. 159.  IIe left his kingdom  to his infant son Attalus (surnamed   years of his reign.   The principal incident was his bribing the Roman  general
Philonmeter), and appointed his brother ATTALUS II. (surnamed Philadelphus)  who commanded in Phrygia, which province had been resumed by the Senate
acting king. Eumenes left his kingdom prosperous and powerful, and rivalled  on the death of his faLther,  to surrender it to him: but the Romans    retook it
his father in virtue and ability; but he is chiefly remembered as the restorer  firom him; hence his enmity to them.
and enlarger of the famous library   at Pergamus,   the rival of that of Alexandria. C.rPeDocI. —Ariarat hes IV.  reigned peacefu         lly duing 58 years.   IIe died
TiE  enmity   which Prusias  had borne to Eumenes ways  continued against  B. C. 190, leaving hiis dominions to his son, Ariarathes V.   This monarch havAtt3lus.    The Bithyni an king invaded Pergamus, and took the capital, burning  ing assisted his Gf'ther-in-larw,   the king of Syria, against the romans,    he found
State particulars respecting Attalus. —What were the leading incidents of the reign of |  What is said of Attalus II. and Prusiis?- Of Attalus  III.? —Of Aristonicus? —What
Eumenes II.?_5-What of the naval battle with  EInnnixal? —Of Eumnenes and the Romans?  became of Pergnamus?-Of Phrygia Major? —What is said of Prusias I.? —Of tIInnibal?-What part did he take in the second Mazcedonian war? —How did the Romans act towards   Of Prusias II.? —WThat did the Romans do? —What is said of Nicomedes?-Of the history
him? —What did he do thereupon? —For what is he celebrated?                     of Pontus prior to 3Iithridates  AI.? —What of Mithridates the Grea t? —Of Cappnadocia?
(115 )




ASIA MINOR.                                                                       CARTHAGE.
himself at the mercy of the latter; but pardon was granted to him on condition    ON the conclusion of peace, Hannibal was employed in several wars in Africa;
of paying 200 talents ($220,000), afterwards reduced one-half at the request of  but the Romans objecting, he was recalled. He was then appointed preetor, an
Eumenes, king of Pergamus, who had married his daughter. Ariarathes soon  office which gave him control of the city. Desirous of reforming abuses in the
after entered into an alliance with Eumenes against Pharnaces, king of Pontus;  administration of justice, he caused a law to be passed whereby the judges were
the Romans offered their mediation, but Pharnaces refused it. The allies,  to be elected for one year only. He made important changes in the public
however, forced him to submit to hard terms for peace. Ariarathes wished to  finances, whereby he acquired the esteem of the people and the hatred of the
associate his son with him in the kingdom, but the youth refused to accept the  nobles. The latter persuaded the Romans that he was intriguing against them
offer because it was inconsistent with the respect due to his father. Such ex-  with Antiochus, king of Syria. Scipio generously defended him, but the Roman
amples of filial duty were rare in that profligate age. The son received for this  Senate demanded that he should be delivered up to them. Hannibal saw that
the cognomen of Philop/ator (lover of his father).  Ariarathes V. died B. C.  his enemies were aiming at his life: he accordingly made his escape from the
162, and was succeeded by Ariarathes VI. (Philopator), who became an excellent  city, and fled to Tyre (B. C. 192), and thence to Antioch and Ephesus, where
ruler. He renewed the alliance with the Romans, applied himself to the study   Antiochus was. He advised that monarch to carry the war into Italy, and
of philosophy, and invited learned men to visit Cappadocia. But his reign was  offered to command the expedition.  Antiochus consented, and thereupon
destined not to be a peaceful one. Demetrius, king of Syria, tried to detach   Hannibal sent word to his friends in Carthage of what was intended. But the
him from  his alliance with the Romans by a marriage with his (Demetrius')  Carthaginians, afraid of another contest with Rome, informed the Senate. A
sister. But he refused to marry her, and Demetrius, in revenge, caused an  Roman envoy was despatched to Ephesus to watch the movements of Hannibal.
impostor, named Holophernes, who many years previously had been put for-  Antiochus, having been overcome by the Romans, agreed to deliver him  up.
ward by the mother of Ariarathes as her son, to be proclaimed king of Cappa-  Hannibal fled -to Crete, and thence to Prusias, king of Bithynia (B. C. 184).
docia -supplied him with troops, and, expelling Ariarathes, established him on  By that prince he was employed against Eumenes, king of Pergamus, and he
the throne (B. C. 157). Ariarathes fled to Rome, and urged the Senate to re-  gained several victories. But the enmity of the Romans still followed him.
instate him. Holophernes and Demetrius both sent ambassadors to Rome to  Quintus Flamininuswasdeputedto Prusias to remonstrate against his employing
defend their conduct; and the Senate, true to their perfidious maxim, "divide  Hannibal, and that monarch agreed to betray him; but Hannibal, finding
and conquer," decreed that Ariarathes and Holophernes should reign jointly.  escape impossible, poisoned himself (B. C. 182). Thus died, at the age of 70,
Fortunately, Ariarathes found a friend in Attalus, king of Pergamus, who re-  the greatest man Carthage ever produced. His character has been vilified by
instated him in his dominions. Holophernes fled to Antioch, where he joined  the Romans, but it is certain that he possessed great virtues, and that he renin a conspiracy against his benefactor, Demetrius, was detected, and imprisoned.  dered illustrious services to his country; he was one of the greatest generals
We hear but little more of Ariarathes, except that he aided the Romans against  the ancient world produced.
Aristonicus (B. C. 129), who had possessed himself of Pergamus; that he died       The next trouble was with MASINIS"SA, king of the Numidians. By the treaty
in the same year, leaving six children under the guardianship of their mother,  with the Romans, Carthage was bound to restore to him  all that he possessed
Laod/ice; that she poisoned five of them immediately, and would have poisoned  before the war. Scipio gave him  also the dominions of Syphax, a Numidian
the sixth, had not his relations saved him; and that the people, in a fury, de-  prince.  Syphax had married the beautiful SoPHoENS/BA, the daughter of Asstroyed the wretched woman, and placed the child, Ariarathes VII., on the throne.  drubal.  She was taken prisoner by Masinissa at the siege of Cirta, when
The Romans; in gratitude for his father's services, added Lycao/nia and Cili'cia  that prince acquired the realm of Syphax, and her charms so infatuated him
to his dominions.                                                               that he married her; but a few days afterward, to appease his queen, he poisARMENIA. -On the defeat of Antiochus by Scipio at Magnesia (B. C. 190), his  oned her.  This crime rendered him odious to the Carthaginians, while his
dominions west of MIount Taurus having been given to Eumenes, king of Per-  continued aggressions caused them great perplexity. He seized part of Syrtis,
gamus, the lieutenants of Antiochus in Armenia proclaimed their independence:  which paid tribute to Carthage, whereupon the latter complained to Rome.
Artax'ias setting himself up as king of Greater Armenia, and Zari/ades of  The Roman Senate sent commissioners to inquire into the affair (B. C. 181),
Lesser Armenia. Antiochus despatched Lysias with an army to regain the  but they did nothing, and it remained dormant for ten years, when fresh comprovince, and Artaxias was defeated and taken prisoner, but Zariades was not  missioners were sent out, who acted as the former had done, and left the dispute
disturbed in his possessions. The successors of Artaxias and Zariades held the  undecided (B. C. 171).  Masinissa, meanwhile, took from the Carthaginians
throne until the time of Tigra'nes, who united the two kingdoms (B. C. 95).      upwards of seventy towns. The grievance became insupportable, and a third
RHIODEs.-The Rhodians aided the Romans against Philip of Macedon. Dur-  deputation was sent to Rome to make urgent remonstrances on the subject
ing the war between the Romans and Antiochus they defeated Hannibal, who  (B. C. 156). The Romans again played the farce of sending commissioners to
commanded the Syrian fleet, and blocked him up in the port of Megis'te, near  the spot to investigate the circumstances. Cato was one of them. On his
Padara (B. C. 191). The Romans rewarded them with Caria and Lycia. In  return to Rome he declared that Rome could never be safe while Carthage
the second Macedonian war the Rhodians would have remained neutral; but  existed. His cry was, "Delenda est Carthago" (Carthage must be destroyed).
the Romans exhorted them to send forces against Perseus, affecting to suspect    Meanwhile dissensions broke out in the city. The people, having acquired
their fidelity. Accordingly they prepared a fleet of forty ships, but subsequently  the ascendency, banished forty of the principal citizens. These persons fled to
sent ambassadors to Rome to plead on behalf of Perseus. These ambassadors  Masinissa, who sent his two sons, Gulus/sa and Micip/sa, to Carthage to proadopted a very arrogant tone; whereupon the amazed Senate briefly replied that  cure their recall. But the gates of the city were shut against them. Upon this
as soon as they had conquered Perseus they would know what to do with the  Masinissa marched against Carthage. The army of the republic was defeated
Rhodians. They also took Caria and Lycia from them. The ambassadors then  in the presence of Scipio, who witnessed the battle from a neighboring hill.
humiliated themselves before the Senate, and obtained forgiveness. But the  The Carthaginians then asked Scipio to arbitrate between them and Masinissa,
Rhodians were ordered to evacuate Caunus and Stratoni'ce, whence they drew   with which request he complied, but could not bring the parties to terms.
an annual revenue of $75,000; and the Senate exempted the island of Delos from   Meanwhile a famine and a plague broke out in the Carthaginian camp, which
the payment of the customs which they were bound to pay to Rhodes, whereby  caused such havoc that the troops surrendered to Masinissa; of 58,000 men,
the income of that State was further reduced to the extent of $105,000. The Rho-  very few returned to Carthage.  The Senate then impeached their generals,
dians submitted to these decrees, and voted a crown of gold, valued at $30,000,  Asdrubal and Carthaelo, for high treason, as being the authors of the war; and
to the Romans. They sent this present by their admiral, Theod/otus, and soli-  they sent deputies to Rome to ascertain what the Senate wished them to do.
citedtheiralliance,whichwasgrantedafterayear'sdelay.   HenceforthRhodes  Afiercedebate ensued in that assembly: Cato advocating Ahedestruction of
became an appendage to the Roman empire, though nominally independent.          Carthage —Scipio opposing it; but at length it was resolved to declare Mwar
l hat is said of Ariarathes Philopator? —Of the enmity of the king of Syria? —Who was |What were the principal acts of HIannibal? —Why did h e fiee?-Whither did he go? —
Holophernes? —What did Demetrius do? —What did Attalus do? —What of Aristonicus?- What befell him? —What is said of the war with Masinissa? —Of Syphnx? —Sophonisba? —
Laodice? —What occurred in Armenia? —What services did the Rhodians render to the 1~o-h e conduct of the Romans? —Cato?-Wha-t famous saying did hie utter? —Re'late the parmas? —What was their reward? —What of the second Macedonian war? —What of Rhodes.? |ticul-ars of the war with Masinissa. —What of Asdrubal and Carthalo? —The debates at Rome?
( 116)




B.eC. 200  -100.
CARTHAGE.
against that city, on pretence of its having sent an army against a prince who  in civilization, although their religious ceremonies were characterized by great
was in alliance with Rome. At this moment the people of Utica voluntarily  ferocity. They greatly extended the commerce of the world, and added to the
surrendered themselves and their territory to the Romans. This city was but  sum of human knowledge by their voyages of discovery. Their literature, if
a few miles from Carthage; the Senriate joyfully accepted it, and at once declared  they had any, has not come down to us: it was probably destroyed by the Rowar against Carthage. Thus began the THIRD PUNIC WAR.                      mans, who at that time scarcely possessed any literature worthy of the name,
The Romans sent 84,000 men to Africa, under the command of the consuls,  and thus were on a par, if not considerably behind, their victims in this reMani/lius and Censori'nus, with secret orders not to end the war but by the  spect. But the names of DIDo, IIANNO, HAMILCAR BARCA, and HANNIBAL, will
destruction of Carthage (B. C. 149). The Carthaginians, ignorant of what was  live as long as any name in Roman history; and the siege of Carthage will be
taking place, sent another deputation to Rome; but these envoys, finding on  remembered with those of Babylon, Syracuse, Saguntum, and Jerusalem. The
their arrival in that city what had been done, delivered themselves up to the  Romans never made so heroic a defence of their own capital, but suffered it to
Romans, together with all that the State possessed. The Senate thereupon  be taken several times. Had any Carthaginian records come down to us, the
granted to the latter its liberties and laws, provided it should comply with the  history of the Romans might have presented a different aspect in some points.
orders of the consuls, and send 300 of the principal young Carthaginians to    Masinissa, shortly before his death, empowered Scipio to dispose of his posSicily as hostages. The Carthaginians complied with these conditions, sent  sessions among his children, of whom he left three legitimate, viz., Micipsa,
their sons to Sicily, and delivered up to the consuls an immense quantity of  Gulussa, and Mastanabal. Hie died B. C. 149, being upwards of 90 years old.
arms and warlike stores. The consul, Censorinus, then informed them that they  Scipio divided the kingdom between the three sons, but two of them dying soon,
must leave the city, for the destruction of it was resolved upon. The Cartha-  Micipsa became sole possessor of it. Of his reign we have but few particulars.
ginians burst forth into the most dismal lamentations, and so moved the consuls  It would possess little interest but for the adventures of JUGURTHA, the son of
as to obtain permission to send another embassy to procure the revocation of  Micipsa's nephew, Mastan/abal. This celebrated man was remarkable for his
the decree. During the absence of these deputies, the citizens of Carthage  talents, courage, and beauty. Micipsa, dreading his abilities, sent him to the
strained every nerve to put the city in a posture of defence-n-men, women, and   Romans, then besieging Numantia (B. C. 134), hoping to get rid of him; but
children worked day and night in making weapons and fortifying the chief  Jugurtha returned from the war unhurt, having greatly distinguished himself.
positions. They appointed Asdrubal commander outside the walls, and another  Micipsa then adopted him, and made him co-heir with his two sons, Adherbal
Asdrubal, the grandson of Masinissa, commander within. The population of  and IIiempsal. On his death-bed the king made Jugurtha swear to defend them,
the city at the beginning of the war amounted to 700,000. The city itself stood  and exhorted them to preserve the friendship of the Romans. But no sooner
on a peninsula 18 leagues round, situated in the centre of a gulf, and joined to  was he dead (B. C. 118), than Jugurtha murdered Hiempsal and expelled Adthe land by a narrow neck. The Romans refused to give up their wicked pro-  herbal. The latterfled to Rome for aid. Jugurtha's agents in that city resorted
ject, and the Carthaginians then displayed a heroism worthy of a better fate.  to the most shameless bribery, and corrupted numerous senators to his interest.
The Romans used every effort for three years to take the city. The consuls,  Commissioners were sent to Numidia to settle the affair, by dividing the kingManilius and Censorinus, were superseded by Calpurnius Piso and Lucius Man-  dom equally between Jugurtha and Adherbal; but they gave Jugurtha the
cinus, and they in their turn by Scipio Amilianus; and it required all the genius  largest share. No sooner had they left than he attacked Adherbal, and shut
of the latter to bring the war to a successful termination. During these three  him up in Cirta, his capital, which he besieged. Adherbal again applied to
years the besieged suffered all the horrors of famine. At length the Romans  Rome for aid. An embassy was sent by the Senate to Jugurtha, which, having
forced their way into the city, and were met by the inhabitants with the fury  been well bribed, returned without effecting anything. Adherbal then surrenof despair. They fought from house to house, till the streets were so strewn  dered upon condition of having his life spared, but he was immediately murwith the dead that it was hardly possible to make way through them. After  dered. This barbarous act roused the indignation of the Roman people, and
seven days and nights of slaughter, the remnant of the population, numbering  the corrupt Senate was shamed into declaring war against Jugurtha (B. C. 111).
50,000, surrendered, and were sent into the fields. Asdrubal with about 900  Calpur'nius Bestia and 2Emilius Scaurus were sent to Numidia with all army;
men held out in the temple of Esculapius. Worn out with fatigue, but anxious  but Jugurtha's bribes proved too tempting to them, and they agreed to a peace.
to save his life, Asdrubal came down privately to Scipio, and threw himself at    The Romans were furious at this treaty; and Mummius, the tribune, caused
his feet. Scipio pointed him out to the besieged, who at once set fire to the  the praetor to bring Jugurtha to Rome under a safe-conduct, to give evidence
temple. Asdrubal's wife, placing herself with her two children in full view   on the subject. But the Numidian prince bribed the tribune to prolong the
of the Roman general and of her husband, upbraided the latter for his baseness,  session, and ultimately to dissolve it. Hearing that a grandson of Masinissa,
and seizing her children, cut their throats, threw their bodies into the flames,  named Massiva, was in Rome applying for the kingdom, he caused him to be
and then rushed into them herself. Scipio abandoned the city to his troops to  assassinated. Jugurtha was thereupon commanded to leave Italy. The war
plunder. Whatever remained of Carthage was destroyed, and orders were given  now recommenced. The Roman army under Aulus was led into a defile, forced
that no one should ever build upon her site. The cities which had aided her  to surrender, and ordered to quit Numidia in ten days (B. C. 109). The celewere razed to the ground, and the territory of the State was reduced to a Roman  brated Metellus was then sent against Jugurtha, and the character of the war
province.  Scipio is said to have wept over the ruins of Carthage; nevertheless,  soon changed. Metellus defeated Jugurtha, and reduced him to great distress.
he went home to enjoy a splendid triumph, and the Romans were elated beyond  But, unfortunately, Ma/rius, the lieutenant of Metellus, succeeded in supplantmeasure with the success of their guilt. Thus perished ancient Carthage (B. C.  ing the latter and obtaining the supreme command. Jugurtha had recourse to
145), the rival of Rome. But the intentions of her conquerors were not fully  his father-in-law, Bocchus, king of Mauretania, and obtained considerable succarried out for 30 years afterwards (B. C. 116). Caius Gracchus settled a Roman   cour from him; but Marius prevailed upon Bocchus to betray Jugurtha into
colony of 6000 citizens on the site of the old city. Julius Cresar rebuilt Car-  his hands.  The Numidian w-as accordingly delivered up to Sylla, the lieutenthage, and it rose to be the capital of Africa, under the Roman emperors.  It  ant of Marius, sent to Rome, and led through the streets in chains. It is said
flourished for 700 years, but was at length destroyed by the Saracens in the  that he went distracted during the celebration of this triumph of Marius. When
7th  century after Christ. The Romans represented the Carthaginians as a peo-  the ceremony was  over he was thrown into prison, the lictors being so eager to
ple stained with avarice, perfidy, and cruelty; but it is certain that the Romans   seize his robe that they rent it in pieces, and tore the jewels out of his ears.
themselves were eminently distinguished for these vices, together with the addi- He was cast naked into a dark dungeon, where, after lingering six days in the
tional one of lying. Whatever   may have been the faults of the Carthaginians,  greatest agony, he died of hunger. His crimes do not entitle him to syrhpathy,
we know that they were an enterprising and industrious commercial people,  but certainly the Romans gained no credit by their barbarous conduct. Numuch attached to free institutions, and considerably advanced in the arts and   midia became a province of the Roman empire.
What was the cause of the third Punic war? —What did the Romans first do? —What was    What is said of the literature of Carthage? —Of the character of the people?-What beimposed upon the Carthaginians? —What did they do?-What was the condition of the city?  came of the kingdom of Masinissa? —Relate the story of Jugurtha. — What part did the
— Relate the particulars of the siege and taking of Carthage. —What of Scipio Africanus? —  Romans take? —Vhat of the Jugurthan war?-Of the murder of Massiva? —Of Metellus?
What became of Carthage? —What character did the Romans give the Carthaginians?  — Marius? —Sylla? —Bocchus? —Of the fate of Jugurtha? —What became of Numidia?
(117)




THE 1ST CEN TIRY
EGYPT. Y                                                                       SYRIA.
TIE new king, Alexander, reigned for some years under the control of his    ANTIOCHiUS GRYPHUS was assassinated by one of his own vassals (B. C. 96).
mother, Cleopatra; but she being unable to tolerate a rival in the supreme au-  Itis brother, Antiochus the Cyzicene, claimed the throne; but being defeated
thority, resolved to rid herself of him. Alexander, however, having been ap-  by Seleucus, the eldest son of Gryphus, killed himself (B. C. 95). Syria then
prised of her design, caused her to be murdered; upon which his subjects re-  was torn by rival claimants. Antiochus Eu/sebes, the son of the Cyzicene, obvolted, and restored his brother, Ptolemy Lath'yrus (B.C. 89). Alexander  tained the greater part of the country (B.C. 94).  Seleucus was drowned in the
perished soon after in attempting to return to Egypt. A rebellion broke out in  Orontes, but his brothers continued the struggle. Philip, a son of Gryphus, for
Upper Egypt; and the rebels having been defeated, shut themselves up in  a time obtained the mastery (B. C. 85); but the Syrians, exhausted by the long
Thebes, where they defended themselves for three years. Lath/yrus at last took  strife of the rival claimants, at length (B. C. 83) invited TIGRAZNES, king of
the city, and reduced it to ruins.' He died B. C. 81, leaving the throne to his  Armenia, to become their king. This prince accepted the invitation, and govdaughter Cleopatra. The Roman dictator, Sylla, sent Alexander, the son of thie  erned them well for 14 yrears; but Antiochus Asiat/icus, the son of Antiochus
dethroned Alexander, to take possession of the crown of Egypt. Alexander  Eusebes, having applied to the Romans for aid to regain the throne, an army
found Cleopatra in possession: he therefore married her, and poisoned her 19  was sent by them, under Lucullus (then recently victorious over Mithridates,
days afterwards (B. C. 80).  The people of Alexandria soon expelled him, and  king of Pontus), against Tigranes, who, after several defeats and a gallant recalled in Ptolemy surnamed Aule'tes (the flute player), a natural son of Lath-  sistance, was forced to flee (B. C. 69). Antiochus Asiaticus wnas temporarily
yrus. Alexander fled to Tyre, where he soon after died, having made the Roman  placed on the throne; but he was subsequently (B. C. 65) expelled by the Roman
peoplehisheirs. Butthe Senatecontentedthemselvesforthepresentwithtaking   general, Pompey, and Syria became a Roman province. The family of the
possession of his personal effects, leaving Egypt to be dealt with at a future time.  Seleucidoe became extinct shortly afterwards in the person of Seleucus CybiosAfter years of oppressive rule, Auletes was expelled by the people of Alex-  actes, the husband of Bereni'ce, queen of Egypt, a sordid wretch, who had no
andria, who placed his eldest daughter, Berenice, on the throne. Auletes fled  thoughts but of amassing money. His first act in Egypt had been to transfer
to Rome for assistance; and the proconsul, Gabin/ius, was ordered to reinstate  the remains of Alexander the Great from the golden coffin in which they reposed
him. This was done (B. C. 55); and Auletes then put his daughter to death,  to one of glass, that he might get possession of the metal. This action and other
and murdered others who had been his enemies. This perfidious monarch died  similar ones so disgusted the queen, that she caused him to be strangled.
B. C. 51, and bequeathed his kingdom to his eldest son, Ptolemy, and his eldest    JUDEA. — Alexander Janncmus reigned with great cruelty. HIe avenged himdaughter, CLEOPATRA, on condition that they should marry, as had long been the  self upon the city of Gaza, which had aided Ptolemy Lathyrus, by entirely
incestuous practice of the Ptolemies. He also appointed the Roman Senate their  destroying it (B. C. 97). Some time after (B. C. 95), while at the Feast of Tabguardians.  This was the celebrated Cleopatra, so remarkable for her beauty  ernacles in the capacity of high-priest, the Jews insulted him with abuse and
and her wickedness, who influenced the destinies of the Roman empire by her  pelting him with lemons. For this he attacked them with his guards, and maspersonal charms, —to which both Julius Cmesar and Mark Antony became slaves.  sacred 6000 persons. A civil war ensued between him and his subjects, which
She was the last of the guilty race of the Ptolemies, a family stained by every  lasted six years, and cost the lives of more than 50,000 persons. Alexander was
crime that can be named. One of her and her husband's first acts of cruelty  guilty of horrible cruelty. Debauchery at length brought him to the grave
was the putting to death of Pompey, who after the battle of Pharsalia (B. C. 48),  (B. C. 79). He bequeathed the kingdom to his wife Alexandra for her life, emfled to Egypt, pursued by Julius Caesar, who also claimed payment of the 6000  powering her to leave it after her death to whichever of her two sons, Hyrcaztalents ($6,600,000) promised to him when consul, by Auletes.  On his arrival  nus and Aristobu/lus, she should think most worthy of it. She conferred the
in Alexandria, he was called upon to mediate between Ptolemy and Cleopatra,  high-priesthood on Hyrcanus, and succeeded in completely conciliating the Pharwho had quarrelled.  The latter having secretly obtained access to Cmesar, won  isees. On her death (B. C. 70) she nominated Hyrcanus to the throne; but his
him by her charms. This roused the jealousy and hostility of her husband,  brother Aristobulus I. deposed him, and usurped it. The latter was not allowed
who, assembling thle Alexandrians, attacked the Romans.  tIe was taken pris-  to reign in peace, however, for an Idumean named Antipas (or Antipater), the
oner; but in the struggle which ensued the valuable library founded by Ptolemy  father of Herod, employed his whole address to reinstate Hyrcanus. Antipas
Lagus 250 years before, and containing 400,000 volumes, was burned - an irre-  having been brought up in the Court of Alexander Janneus, had acquired asparable loss to literature! Caesar took Pelu/sium and subdued Egypt (B. C. 47),  tendency over Hyrcanus, and now persuaded him to apply for redress to Pompey,
and Ptolemy, the husband of Cleopatra, having been drowned in the Nile during  who was then in Syria. Pompey summoned the brothers before him, and heard
the contest, Caesar confirmed her on the throne, and married her to her younger  their respective statements, but deferred his decision until his return from his
brother, PtolemyXII., thenonly 1l years of age. This youth, on his reaching  campaign against Aretas and his Arabs. Aristobulus returned to Jerusalem,
the age of 15, claimed his share of the royal power,-a claim which Cleopatra  and prepared for defence. Pompey took Petra, and made Aretas prisoner. He
speedily disposed of by poisoning him. Caesar was completely fascinated by  then marched into Judea, and with a little management got possession of the
Cleopatra, and would have married her if he could have persuaded the Romans  principal forts and of Aristobulus. The partisans of Hyrcanus opened the gates
to pass a law enabling citizens to have more wives than one. At Cleopatra's  of Jerusalem  to Pompey, but those of Aristobulus fortified themselves in the
instigation he put her sister Arsinoie to death. IIe was called away from Egypt  temple, which was taken in three days by the Romans, and 12,000 Jews were
to Pontus, and thus his connection with her ended: he had a son, named Coe-  massacred (B. C. 63). Pompey abstained from plundering the temple, contenting
sarion, by her. In the Roman civil war, she was suspected of assisting Brutus  himself with restoring Hyrcanus, whose friend, Antipas, retained all the real
against Cesar; and Mark Antony having become master of the East, summoned  power. During the Roman civil wars, IIyrcanus sided with Pompey; but afterher to Tarsus to render an account of her conduct. There this famous pair first I wards assisted Caesar with troops in Egypt. For this service, Antipas' son,
met, and the fatal union began "which lost a world and bade a hero fly." An-  HEROD, wras made governor of Galilee.  In the year B. C. 40, the Parthians intony accompanied Cleopatra back to Egypt, where he became a slave to her  vaded Syria, made Hyrcanus prisoner, and set up Antigonus, the son of Aristocharms, lavishing provinces and kingdoms upon her; until at length Octavius   bulus, as king of Judea; but through Antony's influence, Herod wvas restored
Ca Esar, finding that Antony had detached himself wholly from Rome, resolved  and made king of Judea. He had previously married Mariamne, the grandto bring him to submission. The battle of Actium  decided the fate of Egypt  daughter of Hyrcanus (B. C. 38), and he now began a course of the most atroand of Antony (B. C. 31). He fled to Alexandria, where he destroyed himself.  cious cruelty.  IIe put to death Hyrcanus (B. C. 37), Mariarune (B. C. 29), and
Cleopatra was taken prisoner by Octavius;  and finding that she was destined  two of his own sons (B. C. 6), and plundered the temple. Herod died B. C. 4,
to be exhibited in triumph in the streets of Rome, she contrived to procure poison  and was succeeded by his son Archelaus; but the Jews appealed to Augustus
in the shape of a venomous snake. With this she put an end to her infaLmous   Camsar, who divided the dominions of Herod amongst the children of the latter,
life, and Egypt became a Roman province (B. C. 30).                           giving Judea to Archela'us, with the title of Ethnarch.
What of Alexander and his mother Cleopatra? —Ptolemy Lathyrus? —Alexander II.? — |What of Antiochus Gryphus? —Antiochus Eusebes? —Tigranes? —Antiochus Asiaticus?Ptolemy Auletes? —Berenice? —The famous Cleopatra?- Her character? —IIer cruelty to  The fate of Syria? —Seleucus Cybiosactes? —AIexander Jannseus? —His cruelty to Gaza?Pompey?-To her first husband? —The mediation of Cmesar? —The accident to the Alexandria  What of Alexandra?-Of Hyrcanus and Aristobulus I.?-Antipas?-HIerod? —Antigonus?
library? —To Ptolemy? —What of Ptolemy II.?-Of Mark Antony? —Of Cleopatra's death?  — The siege of Jerusalem by Pompey? —Mariamne? —Archelaus I.?
(118)




INDIA.                                                       PERSIA.                                                 CHEINA. JAPAN.
AmIONG the celebrated names in In-    DURING the early part of this century the Scythian tribes gave great trouble    IT was during the reign of Woo-te
dian history is that of VIK/"mRLDIT/YA.  to Western  Asia.  After the fall of the Bactrian kingdom, they turned their  that the religious system of Laou-keun
He established the commencement of  arms against the western provinces of Persia, but were successfully resisted,  obtained the greatest popularity; but
his reign as an Era, and began to rule  and their best warriors were incorporated with the Parthian army.    Mithrida~  the emperor having  been imposed upon
in Malwa, or Awanti (the modern Ou-  tes II. died (B. C. 91) after a reign of 35 years, generally regretted by his sub-  by the priests of that sect, persecuted
jein), B.C. 56.  This monarch was re-  jects.  On his death the Parthians elected Mnaskiras (or Mnascires),  of whom   them with relentless fury. On his death
nowned for his virtues and bravery.  little is known.  But the prosperity of the country was impeded by a long and   (B. C. 86), his son, Chaou-te, ascended
Ile encouraged learning, and is said to  sanguinary struggle between him and Sinatroces for the throne; tle latter being   the throne.  This prince sunk into inhave worshipped God in secret, de-  another chieftain whom  a certain party among the Parthians set up as king.  dolenee and dissipation, and the land
spising the temple service and idol  Sinatroces was ultimately successful in deposing AMnasciras  and acquiring the  was filled with war and rapine.  The
worship  of the Brahmins.   Ile is de-  crown  (B. C. 76), but did not live to enjoy it many years.  Ie was succeeded   Tartars on the frontiers became very
scribed as being fond of adventures,  (B. C. 68) by his son, Phraa/tes III., who caused himself to be surnamed the  turbulent, and it required the whole
such as were sought by the Caliph  god.  He concluded a treaty of alliance and friendship    with Pompey, then  force of the empire to keep them  in
Haroun-al-Raschid,  and are described   commander-in-chief of the Roman armies in Asia.  One of the results of this  check.  After the death of Chaou-te
in the  /rabian 2iyds' E:ntertahinnezts;  alliance was an attack on Tigranes, king of Armenia, who was then assisting   (B. C. 74), his uncle assumed the govand he is therefore the hero of many a  his father-in-law, the celebrated Mithridates of Pontus, against the Romans.   ernment;  but being worthless and inHindoo  tale.  According to some ac-  Phraates joined Tigranes the younger against his father. ARfter Pompey's re-  dolent, he was soon dethroned by the
counts, the famous Sa/livaha/na, who  turn to Rome, Phraates was killed by his own children, the eldest, Mithridates  nobles; and Seuen-te, a very young
ruled in the Deccan, was his cotempo-   III., succeeding him (B. C. 60).  MIithridates  was expelled by his brother Oro/-  prince, was appointed emperor (B. C.
rary.  But this is open to considerable   des (B. C. 54).  Ile thereupon applied to the Romans for assistance; but failing   73).  About this time the Huns came
doubt; for, according to Elphinstone,  to obtain it, lie was taken prisoner and put to death.  The Romans, who, under  to render homage  to the emperor, so
the era of Salivahana commenced A. D.  the triumvir Crassus, had plundered Jerusalem  and ravaged Syiia, were now   that nominally all the country from
78, or 134 years after that of Vikra-  advancing towards Parthia, intending to subdue that country.  The impetuous  Shen-se to the Caspian, acknowledged
maditya, whence it is evident the two  Crassus, deaf to all remonstrances, advanced along the banks of the Euphrates   the Chinese sceptre. Seuen-te amended
kings were not cotemporary.               as far as Carrbhe, in Mesopotamia. There the Parthians, aided by a strong   the ancient code of laws, and re-coniMention  is made in this century of  body of Armenians under Artavasdes, encountered him, and after one of the  piled the Chinese classics from  fragthe city of Delhi, for the first time in   most terrible battles'on record, completely destroyed his army.  Crassus then   ments found here and there; on which
history.  At this period it appears that  attempted to make terms with Sure/ha, the Parthian commander; but having   accountheisconsideredoneof thegreatthere were  several independent king    been betrayed into his power, he was treacherously  killed.  The loss of the  est monarchs  of China.  Yuen-te, his
doms in the north of India, for we find   battle of Carrhm (B. C. 53) was the most terrible blow the Romans had received   successor (B. C. 48), followed in his footmention made of Magadha, Gout, Mal-   since the battle of Cannae.   They had 20,000 men killed in it, and 10,000 taken   steps, so that this is considered the most
wa, Gujerat, Canouj,  Mithili, Benares,   prisoners.  The rest fled into Cilicia and Syria, and were afterwards collected   glorious literary epoch in the annals of
Delhi, Ajimere,  Scinde, and Cashmere.  by Cassius, who was thus enabled to save those provinces from the Parthians.   the nation.  But continual wars with
The historians of the latter State claim   The Romans were thoroughly humiliated by this defeat, and it was not until 30  the Tartars  and a general scarcity of
for it an antiquity extending    back to  years afterwards that the Parthians  consented to restore the prisoners and  grain, caused great misery throughout
2600 B. C.; but it is first mentioned   standards taken in that fatal battle.  But Surena, the able general of the Par-  its duration. Ching-te, the son of Yuenabout 1400 B. C.                          thians who  had won it, was put to death by Orodes from jealousy of his fame.  te (B. C. 32), entrusted the government
Towards the end of the century, a   Pac/orus, the son of Orodes,.entered Syria and laid siege to Antioch, but was  of the empire to his uncles.  Ile was
body of Scythians, called by the Chi-  driven back and his army dispersed by Cassius and Cicero.                                a weak-minded, vicious libertine, and
nese "Yue-chi", by the Tartars " Jits",      During the Roman civil wars, the Parthians  supported sometimes the cause  died suddenly (B. C. $).  tis nephew
and by Europeans " Getes" or " Gets",   of Pompey  and sometimes that of Caesar.  While Mark Antony was in Egypt,  and successor,Gae-te,was a-man of great
made their appearance in the country   Pacorus invaded Syria (B. C. 40), made the high-priest, Hyrcanus, prisoner, and  intelligence; but he could not stop the
of the Indus.  A division of them had   set up Antigonus  as king of Judea; but Antony's lieutenant, Ventidius, sus-  cabals of the Court, which had long been
conquered Khorassan (B. C. 125), and   tained the honor of the Roman  arms, and destroyed the Parthian army in two   a scene of faction.  Ile died in the year
thence they emigrated into Hindostan.  great battles, in the last of which Pacorus was killed (B. C. 39).  Orodes was  in which Christ was born (according to
They are to this day called Jits, or Jats.  overwhelmed with this blow, and did not recover from it for some time. IIe re-  the usually received chronology); and
Colonel Tod says that they were incor-  solved to abdicate, and selected his son, Phraates IV., as his successor.  This  the grandson of Yuen-te, though only
porated into the Cshatriya caste.         miscreant had scarcely ascended the throne, when he caused all his brothers to  nine years of age, was proclaimed enaIn the year B. C. 75, a numerous body   be put to death, and subsequently murdered his father and his son (B. C. 37).  peror under the title of Ping-te (prince
of Hindoos firom  Calinga crossed over  In the year B. C. 36, Mark Antony invaded Mfedia, where he was totally defeated,  of peace)- a remarkable coincidence.
to Java, where they settled, and in pro-  and forced to make a most disastrous retreat into Egypt.    The Parthians fol-    JAPAN. -On the death of Kay-kwo
cess of time civilized the inhabitants.  lowed up their victory on this occasion by conquering Media and driving the  (B. C. 97), his son, Siun-sin, became
These colonists fixed  the date of their  Romans  out of Armenia.                                                               emperor.  In the year B. C. 93, he
arrival by establishing the Era still    Tirida/tes, having raised a rebellion in Parthia, was defeated by Phraates  moved his Court to Siki.  In the year
subsisting in that island, which   cor-  (B. C. 25). The rebel fled to Rome,  whereupon ambassadors were sent thither  B. C. 90, a dreadful plague ravaged the
miences  with  that event, in the year  by the Parthian monarch  to require the liomans to give him up, —a demand   country.  Stun-sin created the office
aforesaid.  Magnificent    remains  of  with which  Augustus Cazsar refused to comply; and he moreover threatened    of"' Seo-gun",  or 3iinister of War and
temples built by them  are still to be  the Parthians with his vengeance, if the standards and prisoners taken from   commander-in-chief.                 In the year B. C.
seen; and most of the Javanese  in-  Crassus and Antony were  not given up.  The terror of the Roman   army  made  78, the first ships-of-war were  built in
scriptions, and historical and poetical the Parth'ians restore the spoils they had acquired, and they were glad to pur- Japan. Stun-sin died B. C. 29, and his
compositions, are written in a dialect  chase peace on such terms.  In the last year of the century, the designs of  third son, Sy-nin, succeeded him on the
of the SatnserRt.            Phraates on Armenia agrain  brought on a war with  Rome.                                          throne.
Wlho  was ~ikilramaditya?  ~When    did his    What of the Scythian tribes? —Of M~ithridates    II.? —Mnasciras? —Sinatroces? —P'hraates    What of the religion of Laou-keun? —The
Era eommenlee? —Wlhat kingvdoms  existed  in  III.?-Mithridates III.? —Orodes? —The Roman invasion? —Crassus? —The battle  of Car-   Tartars? —The ItIunsY —The Chineseelanssies?
Northern Indiia? —WVhat  are the Jits? —Whalt   rhsze? —Surena?- Paeorus? —The Parthians and the war between Csesar an d Pomrpey? —WVhat  — What  remrkarr~ble  coincidence occurred at
island did the Hindoos colonize, —And when 9  of Ventidius? —The fate of Paeorus and 0rodes? —Phraates IV.? —Antony? —Tiffdates?  the end of the century? —What of Japan?
(1.19)




ITALY.
WE come now to the most important and brilliant century in the history of    Sylla found himself in difficulties at Rome, for the Senate and people were
Rome. At the opening of it, Marius was the most prominent man in the State,  angry at the presence of troops in the city. He, therefore, sent his troops into
which was then the prey of a set of profligate nobles. The first ten years of  Campania, and procured a decree annulling the law obtained by Sulpicius
the century passed with few remarkable events. Marius lived in retirement.  Rufus. But plots were formed against his life; and the consul, Cornelius
He was rich, but had not obtained his wealth unfairly (according to the Roman  Cinna, endeavored to procure his impeachment.
standard). His character for integrity stood high, but he was incapable of    Meanwhile, Mithridates, king of Pontus, having roused all Asia Minor and
using the arts of the forum - hence his popularity soon declined.          Greece to arms, a general massacre of the Romans in these countries took place
A revolt of the slavyes in Sicily was quelled by the proconsul, Marcus Aquilius  (B. C. 88). The king of Pontus (having gathered a strong force under Arche(B. C. 99). Cyrene;.ias. bequeathed to the Romans by Ptolemy Apion (B. C.  la-us in Greece, Sylla, and the quaestor, LICINtius LUCULLUS, escaping from
96). The people:,f:appa;docia, disturbed by the intrigues of Mithridates, king  Rome, and leaving the aristocracy to fight their own battles) marched to Athens,
of Pontu,;.appealed: W:to Rome, and Sylla was sent to watch the proceedings of  and laid siege to that city. During their absence from Rome, Cinna endeavored
that morh:(B,::C.  92). A grave question arose at the same time as to the  to revive the Sulpician law; whereupon a furious battle ensued in the forum
admission of the allies of Rome as citizens. LivqIus  DRusus, the tribune, advo-  between the old citizens and the Italian party. The latter were routed, and
eating this and other reforms, was assassinated (B. C. 91), whereupon several  Cinna, having been driven out of Rome, appealed to the soldiery, collected all
of the Italian States began to revolt. The Marsi took up arms, and the famous  army to avenge himself, and recalled Marius. Cinna and Marius laid siege to
" Social War" began'(B. C. 90). The proconsuls, Caepio and Fronteius, were  Rome; a failure of provisions caused the Senate to yield, and the two exiles
killed by the Picentines at As'culum; the consul, JULIUS CESAR, was repulsed  entered the city as conquerors (B. C. 87). The most frightful scenes ensued.
by the Samnites; and his colleague, Rutilius Lupus, was defeated and killed,  The guards of Marius stabbed every one whom he did not salute. The noblest
at the Liris, by the Marsi. In this campaign, Marius acted as legate to Rutil-  of the Roman aristocracy perished, and the streets ran with blood. Marius and
ius, and commanded the right wing, which was not present in the battle of the  Cinna named themselves consuls for the ensuing year; but the former died soon
Liris. The Marsian consul, Pompaedius Silo, endeavored to force Marius to  after (Jan. 13th, B. C. 86) of pleurisy, and Vale'rius Flaccus was elected in his
fight, saying:'" If you are the great general you are reported to be, come out  stead. The latter, on his march to the East, was assassinated by contrivance
and fight."  Marius replied: " If you are-the great general you would fain be  of Fla'vius Fim'bria, who assumed the command of his army. Sylla took
thought, make me come out and fight."  The Senate now called upon Marius  Athens, and defeated Archelaus; while Fimbria, entering Asia, encountered
to act with vigor, as that officer purposely abstained from decisive action; but  and defeated Mithridates.  Sylla, having subdued Greece, crossed into Asia
they did not trust wholly to military ability.  They empowered the consul,  Minor; and Mithridates, thus placed between two Roman armies, agreed to a
Julius Caesar, to draw up a law (called, after him, the Julian Law), granting  peace, and resigned all his acquisitions (B. C. 84). Fimbria, deserted by his
citizenship to those of the allies who had taken no part in the war, or should  army, destroyed himself, leaving the entire glory of the war to Sylla, who set
cease to take part in it. This concession pacified several of the States, and  out on his return to Rome. Cinna, who had assembled an army to intercept
alienated them from the confederates; and the Senate devoted its utmost ener-  him, was put to death by his own troops. Sylla landed at Brundusium in the
gies to crush the remainder- The consul, Cneius Pompeitus Strabo, was suc-  spring of B. C. 83, and many of the supporters of the Marian party deserted to
cessful against the Picentines; and his colleague, Lucius Porcius Cato, defeated  his standard. A civil war ensued between his partizans and the Marians, whose
the Marsi, but was killed in the battle.  Sylla then took the command in Cam-  chief leaders were the younger Marius, the consul Carbo, Pontius, and Lampopania, subdued the insurgents, and, gaining several victories, penetrated into  nius; but the decisive battles of Sacriportus and the Porta Collina decided the
the strongholds of the Samnites, while Pompeius was no less successful in the  struggle in favor of Sylla. The young Cneius Pompeius (afterwards PoPrrEr
north. He laid siege to Asculum, the first seat of the insurrection, where its  THE GREAT) greatly distinguished himself on the side of Sylla in this war. He
leading spirit, Judacil/ius, was intrenched. Judacilius, finding that he could  defeated the consul Carbo in Sicily, put him to death, and afterwards reduced
not hold the place, raised a funeral pile in sight of his banqueting hall, and,  Africa to obedience. Sylla entered Rome in triumph, and took bloody revenge
after giving a sumptuous entertainment to his friends, drained a cup of poisoned  on his enemies. He drew up a list, which he called a Proscriptio,    of all those
wine, ascended the pile, and bade his guests set fire to it. Pompeius treated  who were to be put to death. To this list he constantly added names. Terror
the garrison with great cruelty; but several of the allied nations submitted to  reigned throughout Italy; for the proscribed parties were outlawed, their prohim, while Metellus and Sylla pursued the others, and brought the social war  perty confiscated, and rewards were offered for their destruction. Many thouto an end (B. C. 88). Most of the refractory Italian States were admitted citi-  sands perished, and Sylla and his friends took possession of their confiscated
zens of Rome, and this removed the chief cause of complaint. In this deadly  property. The Samnites and the inhabitants of Praeneste, Nola, Norba, and
struggle not fewer than 300,000 Italians perished.                          other cities, were massacred, and their towns plundered. All legal authority
The war against Mithridates was the next great affair of interest. Marius  was at an end, and there was now no executive government in existence. The
had set his heart upon obtaining the chief command in it, but Sylla was appointed  consuls, Carbo and Marius, were slain. The Senate was at the mercy of Sylla.
by the Senate. Marius, to thwart this arrangement, allied himself to the tribune,  At his command, Valerius Flaccus was appointed Interrex (regent) by that
Sulpi'cius Rufus, who had brought forward a law for distributing the Italian  body; and Flaccus thereupon proposed that the ancient office of Dictator, which
allies among the Roman tribes, thus adding greatly to the number of citizens.  had been in abeyance for 120 years, should be revived. This having been agreed
This law was carried by violence; and the tribes, having now the majority in  to, Sylla was appointed to the office, and was in express terms authorized to
the government, appointed Marius to the conduct of the Pontic war. Sylla had  make laws, put citizens to death, confiscate property, distribute public lands,
recourse to his army at Nola, and led it to Rome. Marius took to flight, and  destroy old colonies and found new ones, and transfer the sceptres of dependent
after a series of adventures, was taken prisoner near Minturnee.  The magis-  monarchs from one claimant to another (B. C. 81). Sylla proceeded at once in
trates of that place resolved to put him to death, in obedience to Sylla's orders,  the most merciless manner to re-establish the power of the aristocracy. Death
and a Gallic soldier undertook to do the deed, but when he entered the room   was inflicted on every one who in any way opposed him. He reconstituted the
where Marius lay, the latter exclaimed in a terrible voice, " Man! darest thou  Senate to the old number of 300, by filling the vacancies with his own adherents,
murder Caius Marius?" which so terrified the barbarian that he fled. Marius  and invested it with supreme judicial power. He increased the number of
was then placed on board ship, and sent to Carthage. The Roman officer there  quaestors from eight to twenty, and of praetors from six to eight. Thus, though
ordered him away; to which Marius replied, "Tell the praetor you have seen  the republic existed in name and in form, it was in reality a close oligarchy.
Caius Marius, a fugitive, sitting on the ruins of Carthage." Marius and his |He followed up his vindictive measures against the adherents of Marius by cormson then took refuge in the island of Cercina.                             manding all persons connected with them by marriage to divorce their wives.
|What is said of Marius? —Of the slaves in Sicily? —Cyrene?-Cappadocia? —The Socinl   What is said of Mithridates? —The Sulpician law? —Cinna?- The return of Marius? —
War?-Livius Drusus? - Describe the principal events. —What took place at the battle of  The massacres in Rome? —The return of SyltaY~-The civil war? —The rise of Pompey?the Liris? —Who brought the war to an end? —What of Judacilius?-Of the quarrel between  The Proscription?- The state of Italy?- The Interrex? - The constitution f'amed  by
Sylla and Marius? —What befell the latter? 7                              Sylla?
I                        _...... 
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ITALY.
Pompey readily divorced his wife, Antistia, and married Sylla's daughter,  elected consuls. On the very first day of his term of office, Pompey restored the
/Emilia.  But Julius Caesar (then nineteen years old), the nephew of Marius,  power of the tribunes, and repealed several of the obnoxious laws of Sylla. It
who had married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna, refused to obey the decree,  was at this time that MARCUS TULLIUS CICZERO, the celebrated orator and phiand escaped with his life only through the intercession of powerful friends.     losopher, pronounced his famous orations against Verres, Coecilius,; and others
Sylla deprived the tribunes of the people of all real power, and abolished the  who were concerned in the infamous extortions practised upon the Sicilians.
legislative and judicial functions of the Comitia tributa. He established military  The trial of these peculators lasted some months. They were defended by the
colonies throughout Italy, and created a kind of body-guard for his protection,  celebrated advocate, HORTEN"SIUS, and, but for the extraordinary energy of
by giving the rights of citizenship to the slaves of those whom he had proscribed.  Cicero, would have escaped punishment. Verres fled to Marseilles, boasting of
These slaves numbered 10,000, and were called Cornelii, after their patron.   having amassed more than three times enough to make an opulent man. After
While these events were passing in Italy, Mithridates suddenly attacked and  the conviction of Verres, the Senate was forced to withdraw its opposition to
defeated Lucius Muraeena, whom Sylla had left with an army in Asia Minor.  the measure proposed by Pompey and Aurelius Cotta for a reform in the judicial
By Sylla's orders all further operations were stayed; and this ended the second  system, and thus the Syllan Constitution was shattered. It had favored the
Mithridatic war (B. C. 81). In the year B. C. 79, Sylla suddenly resigned the  grossest corruption, as was shown in the case of Cneius Dolabella, who had been
dictatorship, and retired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died the next year  indicted by Caesar for the misgovernment of Macedonia, but was acquitted by
of a loathsome disease. He was the author of several works, and a patron of  the Senate.  Cat/ulus and his friends next restored the censorial office, which
literature, but addicted to gross sensuality. He is also said to have been very  had been suspended for sixteen years. Four censors were appointed, and by
witty. On his death a contest arose between the consuls, JEmilius Lep'idus  them sixty-four senators were degraded. They also revived the high rank of
and Lutatius Cat'ulus.  The former espoused the popular cause, and sought to  Princeps, and bestowed it'on Catulus.
abolish several of the laws of Sylla. Catulus, supported by Pompey, took up arms    The conquest of Cilicia by Pompey (B. C. 67), and of Crete by Metellus (B. C.
against him; and Lepidus, defeated at Rome, fled to Sardinia, where he died.   67), added to the already vast dominions of Rome. The Parthians were still
In the same year (B. C. 78), Quintus Sertotrius, an old officer under Marius,  untamed, a thing which rankled in the heart of the ambitious republic. But
who had been appointed proetor in Spain, took up arms against the partisans  her domestic troubles were far from ended. The famous episode in her history,
of Sylla. Crossing over into Mauretania he routed Paccianus, one of Sylla's  called CATILINE'S CONSPIRACY, took place at this time. Lucius   SERGIUS CATIgenerals. On his return to Spain he was invited by the Lusitani to become  LI/NA was a patrician of infamous character, and had participated in the crimes
their chief. He acceded to their request, and raised the standard of revolt.  of Sylla. Defeated in his efforts to procure the consulship, he conspired with
Metellus Plus and Pompey were both sent against him with a large force, but  his unsuccessful colleague, Autrotnius Peetus, to murder the consuls, Aurelius
could not subdue him. He harassed the Romans by guerilla warfare until the  Cotta and Manlius Torqua'tus (B. C. 65), but the plot failed, owing to Catiline's
yearB. C.72, when hewas poisoned by Perperna and some other Roman officers.  having given the signal prematurely. He then organized a more extensive
In the year B. (. 74, the third Mithridatic war broke out. The bequest of  conspiracy to overthrow the existing government, and seize it for himself. A
Bithynia to the Romans by its king, Nicome'des, was the cause. The consuls,  number of dissolute nobles and discontented plebeians joined him; and, in the
LICINIUS LUCULLUS and Aurelius Cotta, were sent against Mithridates.  Cotta  year B. C. 64, he attempted to control by force the election of the consuls. But
was defeated, but Lucullus contrived to surround the army of Mithridates near  Cicero and Caius Anto'nius were chosen by a large majority in spite of him.
Cyzicus, and to rout and disperse it (B. C. 73). Following up his success, Lu-  Catiline now became desperate. On the night of Nov. 6th, B. C. 63, he assemcullus besieged and took Ami'sus and Eupatoria, and compelled Mithridates to  bled the conspirators, and informed them that he should wait no longer, but
flee into Armenia (B. C. 71). But Tigranes, king of that country, espoused  strike the blow at once. Cicero, however, who had been informed of what was
the cause of the defeated monarch, Whereupon Lucullus crossed the Euphrates,  transpiring, took measures to thwart the scheme. In a series of brilliant oratook Tig'ranocer'ta, and routed the army of Tigranes. He also placed Antio-  tions he denounced Catiline to the Senate.  That traitor was declared a public
thus Asiaticus on the throne of Syria (B. C. 69). He laid siege to Nis'ibis, but  enemy, and several of the confederates, among them the prsetor of the city,
a mutiny among his troops compelled him to return to Pontus (B. C. 67), where  Lent'ulus Suxa, were arrested.  Lentulus, Cethe'gus, and others, were conMithridates had already defeated his lieutenants in several actions. The ene-  demned to death. Catiline fled to the troops that he had collected, pursued by
mies of Lucullus procured his removal. Acil'ius Gla'brio was sent out to super-  Metellus Celer, lieutenant of Antonius, the consul, who attacked him at Pistosede him, but, proving wholly incompetent, was replaced by Pompey (B. C. 66).  ria, and dispersed his men. Catiline and his friends fell fighting w'th desperate
This able commander soon changed the face of affairs. He defeated Mithridates,  valor; and thus ended this affair. For the services which Cicero had rendered
and drove him across the Cimmerian Bos'phorus. Tigranes submitted to him:  to the State he received the appellation of " Pater Patrise" (father of his country).
so did Syria. Recalled thence to oppose Mithridates once more, he again reduced  A full account of Catiline's conspiracy has been given to us by Sallust. It was
that heroic king to such straits that, to.escape from his enemies, he poisoned  asserted thac Crassus and C(esar were implicated in the affair, but the evidence
himseff (B. C. 63). Pompey returned to Syria, took Jerusalem, deposed Aris-  in support of such an assertion is very slight.
tobu'lus, and made Hyrca'nus king. He then returned to Rome (B. C. 61),    Two great men now appear prominently on the stage of Roman history. JULIUS
where he was greeted with a triumph which lasted two days.          (         CESAR (who has been frequently mentioned), and MARCUS CATO (surnamed UtiWhile these events were taking place in the East, Italy was the scene of a  censis, from having been born at Utica). Though a tribune of the people, Cato
remarkable " Servile War". SPAR/TACuS,  a gladiator and bandit, having escaped  became one of the leaders of the aristocratical party; and, along with Cicero,
from prison, and persuaded a vast number of slaves (some say 120,000) to join  vehemently opposed the measures of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. These three
him, collected a large force on Mount Vesuvius, and ravaged Southern Italy   had secretly formed a coalition for the division of power among themselves.
(B. C. 73). He routed the forces sent against him, defeated the consuls, Gell'ius  Caesar, to ingratiate himself with the people, had carried a law for dividing the
Publicola and Lentulus Clodia-nus, and the proetor, Quintus Ar'rius.  At  rich Campanian plain among the poorer citizens, and one for relieving the nobles
length (B. C. 71), the prsetor, MARCUs LCINIUS  CRASSUS, defeated and killed  from one-third of the sum they had to pay for farming the taxes in Asia. Cicero,
him at Petil'ia, in Lucania, and suppressed this remarkable insurrection.     Cato, Metellus Celer, Lucullus, and others, penetrating the designs of Csesar,
In the year B. C. 70, Pompey and Crassus, the former having returned suc-  Pompey, and Crassus, opposed their measures. Caesar, on laying down  his
cessful from the war in Spain, the latter from the Servile War, encamped with  protorship, obtained Spain for his province, and departed for his new governtheir respective armies before Rome, and demanded permission to become can-  ment. Pompey about the same time returned to Italy from the East, and was
didates for the consulship. According to the laws of Sylla this was illegal, but decreed a triumph; but a law to provide land for his veterans was vehemently
the Senate did not dare to refuse, and accordingly the two commanders were  opposed, and withdrawn.  This insult was not forgotten.  Caesar, having
What were the next acts'of Sylla? —His end? —What of iEmilius Lepidus and Catulus?-|  What did Pompey and Crassus do jointly? —What great orator arose?-What of Verres
Sertorius's rebellion in Spain? —The second war with Mithridates? —The third? —The ex-  and Hortensius? —Cneius Do]abella? —What measures did Catulus introduce? —What counploits of Lucullus? —Of Pompey? —The fate of Mithridates? —Tigranes? —Aristobulus?-  tries were added to the empire? —Narrate the outlines of Catiline's conspiracy, and the fate
The Servile War? —Who was Spartacus? —What of his career and fate?          of the conspirators. —What of the designs of Julius Ceesar?
16                                                                                              -( 121 )




ITALY.
acquired spoils enough in Spain to repay the greater portion of his enormous  Marcellus, were appointed dictators to act against him. Ceesar was then with
debts, returned to Rome (B. C. 60) to obtain the consulship. He there joined  one legion at Ravenna: he determined to act promptly. Leaving Ravenna at
Pompey and Crassus in a league to grasp the whole power of the State, and  night-fall, he "crossed the Rubicon," a river which divided his province from
formed the first Trium'virate. Casarwas elected consul, but it was in conjunc-  Italy, and marched to Arimninum. Town after town submitted to him. Cortion with Calpur/nius Bib'ulus, Cato's son-in-law, his violent enemy. Caesar  finium was defended by Ahenobarbus, and other senators for a short period, but
having proposed an agrarian law, Cicero, Cato, Bibulus, and others of the oli-  was taken by Caesar, who immediately pursued the consuls and Pompey. The
garchy attempted to dissolve the assembly by force; but the triumvir ordered  latter left Italy for Greece; and Caesar, returning to Rome, was appointed dicthe arrest of Cato, whereupon the factious troop dispersed, and the bill became  tator (B. C. 49). He at once proceeded to Spain, where he reduced the partia law. Caesar also propitiated the Equites, the tax-collectors, and other influ-  sans of Pompey to submission. He next organized an expedition to Greece,
ential parties; and managed so adroitly that, before quitting office, he obtained  where Pompey was concentrating his forces. Caesar was repulsed at Dyrratthe chief command in Gaul and Illyria for five years. He had cemented his  chium; but, advancing into Thessaly, he encountered his rival on the plains
alliance with Pompey by offering his young and beautiful daughter, Julia, to  of Pharsa/lia (August 9th, B. C. 48), and gained a complete victory. Pompey
that illustrious man. This marriage was productive of singular happiness to  fled to Egypt, pursued by Ceesar; but he was inhumanly murdered, on his
the two parties immediately interested: though Pompey was old enough to be  arrival there, by Ptolemy, the husband of Cleopatra. In Egypt, Caesar became
her father, she was a loving and faithful wife to -him —and he was so much  infatuated by the beauty of Cleopatra, which excited the hostility of Ptolemy.
devoted to her that he became indifferent to public life. So much was Julia  War ensued, and Cesar took Pelusium. Ptolemy was drowned in the Nile,
beloved that, on her death (B. C. 54), the people voted her the extraordinary  and Caesar placed another Ptolemy on the throne (B. C. 47). He then marched
honor of a public funeral in the Campus Martius. Ifer decease broke the last  into Pontus, where Pharna'ces, the son of Mithridates, had revolted. Caesar,
tie between Pompey and Caesar, and the former drowned his grief by plunging  to use his own words, " came, saw, and conquered" ( Veni, Vidi, Vici), and put
into the whirl of public life.                                             an end to the kingdom of Pontus. The Senate again appointed Caesar dictator,
Meanwhile, Caesar, having assumed the chief command in Gaul, proceeded to  and Mark Antony master of the horse. Caesar then proceeded to Africa to disreduce that country to subjection. This he achieved in his first three campaigns  perse the adherents of Pompey. He entirely defeated them at Thapsus (April
(B. C. 58-56). During the next two years he was engaged with the Germans,  6th, B. C. 46), where Juba, king of Numidia, Petreius, and others, were killed.
whom he defeated with terrible slaughter near Coblenz: 150,000 men, it is said,  Metellus Scipio and Cato destroyed themselves. Africa submitted, and Numidia
perished in the battle. He threw a bridge across the Rhine, between Coblenz  and Mauritania were made into one province, of which Sallust, the historian
and Andernach, in ten days —which was considered a miraculous achievement.  of Catiline's conspiracy, was appointed governor. On Caesar's return to Rome
The Heneti and I-Ielvetii also succumbed to him, and Crassus conquered Aqui-  he celebrated four triumphs, but stained his name by putting to death the noble
taine. Thus the whole of Gaul was made a Roman province. While these cam-  Vercingetorix.  Next year (B. C. 45), he overcame the sons of Pompey at
paigns were in progress, the policy of the triumvirs was going on favorably at  Munda, in Spain.  In the battle Cneius Pompey was killed: Sextus, his
Rome. They got rid of Cicero by driving him into exile (B. C. 58), and they  brother, saved himself by flight.
sent Cato to Cyprus to unite that island to Rome. Both ofthem, however, soon    Casar was now appointed consul for tell years, and dictator for life; and bereturned, and the dissensions were renewed.  The triumvirs met at Lucca  came, defacto, emperor of Rome. His last opponent, Caecilius Bassus, who had
(B. C. 55), and procured the voting of their respective provinces to them for five  revolted in Syria, was crushed by Cassius; and Caesar reached the height of his
years more. Spain was given to Pompey, Gaul to Caesar, and Syria to Crassus.  ambition. But his career was destined to be cut short. Cassius, who had ever
Cato was imprisoned for opposing this vote.                                been Cesar's enemy, formed a conspiracy to take his life. He drew over to his
Caesar now crossed the Rhine, but made only a few days' campaign in Ger-  plans the praetor, MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS (whom Caesar had largely benefited),
many. He then invaded Britain, where he met with strong resistance. IIe  and about sixty others. Caesar had vast designs for the benefit of the Roman
returned to Gaul the same year (B. C. 55). Next year he again invaded Britain,  people; and desired the title of king, to give him greater prestige. Mark
defeated the Britons in several engagements, and obtained their submission.  Antony, knowing this, offered him the crown in public, but he declined to reHe then returned, leaving no garrison in the island, which consequently re-  ceive it, seeing that there was general dissatisfaction on the subject. The conmained independent for more than a century. The same year Crassus set out  spirators lay in wait for him; and, on the Ides (13th) of March, B. C. 44, they
on his unfortunate expedition agaihst the Parthians. On June 9th, B. C. 53,  assassinated him at the foot of Pompey's pillar. On seeing Brutus among the
his army was totally defeated, and he was killed, at Carrhae, in Mesopotamia,  assassins, he exclaimed: " Et tu, Brute!" ("And thou too, Brutus! ") —pulled
by the IP'arthians and Armenians. Caesar and Pompey now became the ruling  his cloak over his face, and fell. Thus died the most illustrious man of antimen in the State; but the former was engaged with the Suevi on the Rhine,  quity. He had many vices, but they were those of the age. His abilities were
while the latter was endeavoring to gain supreme influence in Rome.  The  vast, and his energies inexhaustible. He projected many schemes for the
Senate hated and feared Pompey; and the people set up their favorite, Clo'dius,  reformation of the world, but that by which he is best remembered is the reform
a lawless ruffian, who for a time had absolute ascendency. The latter was a  of the Calendar. The Roman year had previously consisted of 355 days, with a
candidate for the consulship, and Milo, a man of dangerous character, was can-  month of 30 days intercalated every third year. The year was now lengthened
didate for the praetorship. Both went about attended by gladiators, and frequent  to 365 days; and the 1st of January, 709 U. C. ( Urbis Conditce, the Roman Era
combats took place in the streets between their partisans. In one of these frays  dating fr6m the supposed founding of Rome by Romulus, B. C. 753), was made
Clodius was slain; and in the confusion which followed, Pompey was appointed  to coincide with what we call the 1st of January, B. C. 45, by adding 67 days to
sole consul. Milo was banished to Marseilles. Meanwhile, Csesar was busily  the year 708 U. C., which thus consisted of 445 days, and was styled " the year
engaged in subduing Vercinget/orix, the Gaulish chief. Having at length taken  of confusion."  It was also directed that one day should be added to February
him prisoner, he completed the conquest of Gaul (B. C. 51). Peace was made  every four years. This arrangement made the Julian year 11 minutes longer
with the Parthians. Cicero was sent out of the way as proconsul to Cilicia.    than the true solar year, and in time necessitated another reform of the CalenWhile Caesar was thus occupied in Gaul, his enemies at Rome were busy in  dar, which was effected A. D. 1582, by Pope Gregory XIII.
endeavoring to destroy his power, and supersede him in his command. But    The selfish and bloody murder of Caesar recoiled upon the heads of the wretched
Curio and Mark Antony (the grandson of Cicero) kept him informed of all that  conspirators, who had no real love for the State, but cared only for themselves.
was transpiring, and thus he was enabled to thwart their schemes. He offered  Mark Antony took possession of the treasures and papers of Caesar, exhorted
himself as a candidate for the consulship; but Pompey and Cato procured a  the people to avenge his death, and in a short time became master of Rome.
decree of outlawry against him -and the consuls, Len/tulus Crus and Caius  In this position he ran riot, and resorted to the most unscrupulous means to
What of the agrarian Inw?- Cats, Cicero, and Bibulus? —What command did Ceesar ob- |  What intrigues were preparing against Cmesar? —What did he do? —What is said of
tain? —What of his daughter, Juia?-Of his exploits in Gaul and Germany? —Who were  Pompey? —Cleopatra?- Pontus?- Pompey's adherents?- Cato?- Cassius and Brutus?the first triumvirate? —How did they divide the provinces? —What of the conquest of Brit-  Of Czesar's death? —His character? —His reform of the Calendar?-Its subsequent correcain? — Of the defeat and death of Crassus?- Of Clodius and Milo? —Of Vercingetorix?   tion? — What did Mark Antony do?
(la.)




ITALY.
carry out his projects. For this he was vehemently denounced by Cicero; and  plished the mission (B. C. 20), and brought back with him the trophies and capthe Senate was divided between fear and interest. Both parties prepared to  tives which had been taken from Crassus and Mark Antony.
resort fo arms. Octavius, the nephew of Julius Caesar, to whom the latter had    In the year B. C. 18 the empire was again voted to Augustus for five years, and
bequeathed all his private property, now appeared on the scene; and, adroitly  Agrippa was appointed tribune for life. Tiberius and his brother, DRUSUS,
taking advantage of the panic of the Senate, obtained the command of forces to   were sent into Germany and Gaul to check the refractory tribes, which occupied
attack Mark Antony. The latter was defeated, and driven across the Alps. He  them for several years. Drusus was killed by a fall from his horse (July 20th,
fled to ZEMILIUS LEP/IDUS, governor of Spain, who united with him in opposition  B. C. 9); and Tiberius, appointed his successor, concluded a general peace with
to the Senate. Assembling a powerful army, they marched into Italy. Octa-  the German tribes. In the year B. C. 8, the imperial power was again vested
vius Deserted the Senate, and joined them; and in October, B. C. 43, they formed  in Augustus, this time for ten years; and the name of the month, Sextilis, was
the Second Triumvirate, dividing the Roman world between themselves.        changed to "August", in his honor.
They then led their forces to Rome, where they ruled with absolute power.    The prevalence of peace throughout the world, and the subjection of the
Bloody proscriptions followed, and numbers were put to death, Cicero being one  greater portion of it to the mild sway of Augustus Caesar, seem to have been
of the victims (Dec. 7th, B. C. 43). Octavius and Antony then marched against  designed to herald the greatest of all events in the annals of the human race,
Brutus and Cassius, who had assembled their forces near Philip'pi, in Mace-  viz., THE COMING OF CHRIST. The exact date of the birth of JESUS OF NAZARETH
donia. Two battleswerefought. In the first,Cassiuswas defeated,afterwhich   is a matter of doubt; some authorities placing it seven years before the received
he was found in his tent beheaded. In the second, Brutus was defeated also,  era; some, three years after: a variation of ten years. Following the ablest
after which he put an end to his own life (B. C. 42). The remainder of the  chronologists (Hales, Clinton, and Blair), it is here placed on Dec. 25th, B. C. 5.
conspirators fled to Sextus Pompey, in Sicily; while Antony marched into the    The reign of Augustus was the most brilliant epoch of Roman literature:
East, and attacked Brutus's ally, the king of Cappadocia. Antony, having dis-  hence the term, "Augustan Era". Under his patronage, and that of his friend,
posed of this adversary, summoned Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, to appear before I Mece'nas, VIRGIL, HORACE, OVID, CATUL/LUS, TIBUL/LUS, PROPERITIUS, LIVY,
him, and account for her conduct in the war. On this memorable occasion he  SALLUST, DIODO/RUS SIC/ULUS, CORNELIUS NrSEPOS, and DIoNY/sIus   of IHalicarfell a slave to her charms, and became so infatuated as to give up all his influ-  nas'sus, flourished. VIRGIL (Publius Virgilius Maro, a native of Mantua, born
ence to her. Octavius followed up his successes, but was defeated in a naval  Oct. 15th, B. C. 70; died Sept. 22d, B. C. 19) was the greatest of the Roman poets.
battle by Sextus Pompey. The victories of Ventid'ius over the Parthians, and  His most celebrated work is the "ZEneid", an epic poem in twelve books, on
of Sos'sius over the:Jews (B. C. 38), consolidated the empire. Octavius and  the adventures of LEneas after his escape from Troy. He also wrote pastoral
Antony concerted the prolongation of their tiriumvirate for five years more. The  poems, called " Bucolics", and poems on husbandry, called " Georgics". HORACE
consul, M. Vipsalnius Agrippa, totally broke up the power of Sextus Pompey;  (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), the greatest lyric poet of Rome, was a native of
and Lepidus, deserted by his soldiers, was ejected from the triumvirate (B. C.  Venusia, in Apulia; born Dec. 8th, B. C. 65; died Nov. 17th, B. C. 8. He was
36), but allowed to retain the office of Pontifex Maximus. Antony was defeated  not a voluminous writer, but exceedingly elegant. His odes are unrivalled.
in Media, and made a disastrous retreat into Egypt, where he lavished kingdoms  IHis satires and epistles are masterpieces. That to the Pisos, on the art of
and provinces on Cleopatra. He removed the celebrated library from Pergamus  poetry, has never been surpassed in justness of sentiment. OVID (Ovidius Naso)
to Alexandria, and detached himself wholly from Rome. Octavius sent his sister,  was born at Sulmo, March 20th, B. C. 43; died A. D. 18. Many of his poems
Octavia, the wife of Antony, to reclaim him, but Antony dismissed and divorced  have been lost, but the " Metamorphoses", "Epistles", and " The Art of Love",
her (B. C. 33). Octavius now prepared for war. The grand contest between  remain. CATULLUS (born at Verona, B. C. 87; died B. C. 47) wrote lyric poems,
the two rivals took place at Ac'tium (Sept. 2d, B. C. 31). Octavius gained a  elegies, and epigrams, distinguished for elegance. TIBULLUS (borm B. C. 54,
complete victory. Antony fled to Egypt, pursued by Octavius. There he put  died B. C. 18) was the author of many elegant lyrics. PROPERTIUS (born B. C. 51,
an end to his life. Cleopatra:tried to fascinate the conqueror, as she had pre-  date of death unknown) wrote many fine elegies. LIvy (Titus Livius), the great
viously done Julius Cesar and Mark Antony; but, finding her blandishments  historian, was born at Padua, B. C. 59; died A. D. 17. He wrote a history of
unavailing, she destroyed lierself. Egypt was then declared a Roman province  Rome from its foundation to the death of Drusus, B. C. 9, in 142 books, of which
(B. C. 30). Octaviuswas now without a rival. In the year B. C. 29 he returned  only 35 are now extant. CICERO (Marcus Tullius; born at Arpi'num, Jan. 3d,
to Rome, and closed the temple of Janus, in token of universal peace. With  B. C. 106; and beheaded, by order of Mark Antony, Dec. 7th, B. C. 43) wrote
the assistance of the learned and wealthy Maecenas, and of Agrippa, he regulated  many admirable orations, epistles, and essays. JULIUS CESAR was an author as
the affairs of State, and beautified Rome. The number of citizens was vastly  well as a soldier, but most of his works have been lost. His" Commentaries",
increased: the census of this year gives it at 4,164,000, whence it has been com-  on the Gallic and the civil wars, are all that have come down to us. They are
puted that the population of the empire was 128,000,000. In the year B. C. 28  remarkable for clearness and purity of style. SALLUST (Sallustius Crispus; born
Octavius resigned his power, but it was conferred on him again by the obse-  at Amiternum, B. C. 86; died B. C. 34) wrote a history of Catiline's conspiracy,
quious Senate for ten years, with the titles of " Imperator" and "Augustus", by  and of the war with Jugurtha.  CORNELIUS NEPOS, of Verona, wrote several
which latter name he was henceforth always called. He was now, in fact, sole  works, which have been lost, and some biographies of distinguished men, which
ruler of the vast empire of Rome. The republic had ceased to have any vitality,  are extant. DIODORUS SICULUS was a native of Agyrium, in Sicily. He spent
though the forms of its ancient institutions were retained; for the Romans,  30 years in collecting materials for a Universal History, portions of which only
gorged with the plunder of the world, had lost their public virtue.         survive. LUCRETIUS CARUS (born B. C. 95, committed suicide B. C. 52) was the
The remainder of the century is not marked by events of much importance.  author of the philosophical poem, De rerum natura (on the nature of things).
Augustus visited Gaul and Spain, and checked some unimportant revolts. He  DIONYSIUS of Halicarnassus wrote a history of Rome, and other historical works;
was elected tribune for life (B. C. 23), and, on the death of Lepidus (B.-C. 12),| also some beautiful criticisms on the classical writers of Greece. VITRU/VIUS
he assumed the office of Pontifex Maximus (high-priest). Thus he became ab-  POLLIO was the author of a celebrated treatise on architecture. VARRO, the dissolute, by blending all the offices of State in his own person. An attempt to   tinguished commander, was also an eminent author and patron of literature.
assassinate him was made by Caeepio and Mure'na (B. C. 22), which proved  He wrote no less than 490 books, but only two of his works are now in existabortive. The death of his nephew and son-in-law, Marcellus, whom he designed  ence: they are on agriculture and on antiquities. We may also mention Asinzfor his successor, clouded his prospects (B.C. 23). His daughter, Julia, the  ius Pol'lio, poet and historian; Cotta, Hortensius, Plotius Gallus, and Licinius
widow of Marcellus, was afterwards (B. C. 21) married to Agrippa, who was  Calvus, orators; Sisenna and Nicola'us of Damascus, historians; Varro AtaciFmade prefect of Rome. Augustus sent his son, TIBEZRIUS, into Armenia to settle  nus and Macer, poets; and Bavius and Meevius, two inferior poets, who have
the disputes there, and establish Tigraznes on the throne. Tiberius accom- I acquired celebrity by their attacks on Virgil and Horace.
Who was Octavius Caesar? —Who constituted the second triumvirate? -What were their   What is said of the republic?-Of the remaining events of the century? —Tiberius and
subsequent acts? —What befell Brutus and Cassius? —Lepidus? —The adherents of Pompey?-  Drusus? —The birth of Christ?-What authors flourished? —What of Virgil? — Horace?Mark Antony and Cleopatra? —Who were Msecenas and Agrippa?-What was the population of  Ovid? - Catullus? - Tibullus? - Propertius? - Livy? - Cicero? — Csesar? - Sallust? - C.
Rome? —The empire? —How did Octavius obtain supreme power? —What titles did he assume?  Nepos? —Diodorus Siculus? —Lucretius? —Vitruvius? —Varro? —And others?
( 123 




BRITAIN.  FRANCE.
ENGLAND.-Lud was succeeded by his brother, (ASSIB/ELAN, or Cassibellanus,    Tnis century is one of the most important in the history of France, for it
prince of the tribe called Cassii. This monarch gained repeated victories over- witnessed the subjugation of the country by the Romans, who implanted in it
his neighbors, and acquired high renown for his valor; but he is far more cele-  their laws and language, and settling there in great numbers, became Permabrated for his heroic resistance to the Romans, who, under Julius Caesar, having  nently incorporated with the original inhabitants. To this influx is to be atsubdued Europe from the Alps to the German Ocean, now desired to add Britain  tributed the formation of the French language. During the civil wars of Marius
to their dominions. Caesar first landed at Deal, in Kent, B. C. 55; but after a  and Sylla in Italy, the Roman province of Gaul took part in the struggle. Sersevere battle with the Britons, in which neither party was successful, he returned  torius, who had distinguished himself in Spain by his heroic opposition to Mato Gaul. According to the British historians, Cassibelan, anticipating a second  rius, persuaded tlhe people of Aquitaine to join his standard. Defeating the
invasion, caused the cities to be fortified, and the Thames to be defended by iron  Romans there, they passed into Italy on the invitation of Lepidus, but were
stakes under the water. Caesar, on his second attempt, sailed up the Thames,  routed by Catulus and Pompey, who drove Sertorius back into Spain, and ravwhere his ships were damaged by the iron stakes, and many thousands of his  aged the south of France (B. C. 77). The cruelties and oppression of which the
men were slain. For this victory Cassibelan offered up an immense number of  Roman governor, Fronteius, was guilty, drove the tribe of the Allob'roges into
cattle to the gods. At this festival one of his nephew's (Androtgeus) sons was  revolt. The deputies which this tribe sent to Rome to complain of the conduct
killed, whence a civil war arose between the respective partisans of Cassibelan  of Fronteius, entered into the conspiracy framed by Catiline, but they subseand Androgeus. The latter being hard pressed, implored the protection of  quently revealed it to the government; and the preetor, Pomptinus, having
Caesar, who, taking advantage of the fued, at once hastened to his assistance.  crushed the conspirators, the Allobroges laid down their arms.
The allied tribes of the Britons placed themselves under the orders of Cassib-    In Central Gaul, the Seq'uani and the Arver/ni, enraged at the encroachments
elan, who met the Romans with great gallantry near Canterbury, but was de-  of the Adui, engaged A/RIOVIS"TUS, king of the Suevi, to assist them in a war
feated. After this he was deserted by his allies. Several of them made terms  against that nation. The 2Edui were overcome, in spite of the heroism of their
with Cesar, and detesting the superiority of the Cassii, led him to the capital  Druid chief, DIVITI/ACUS, who escaped to Rome. But Ariovistus, after having
of Cassibelan, near Verulam, which he took by storm, and secured all the trea-  delivered the Sequani from their enemies, helped himself to their lands. The
sures of the British king. Cassibelan, having failed in an attempt to burn the  Sequani thereupon made peace with the 2Edui, and formed an alliance against
Roman fleet, sued for peace, which Caesar granted him, oncondition of his pay-  him. He, however, annihilated their league at the great battle of AmtagitoVing tribute. After which the conqueror returned to Gaul, leaving the island  bria (B. C. 63), and remained master of a large portion of Gaul. Meanwhile
only nominally subdued; for from this time until the reign of Claudius, a period  the Helvetians, under the leadership of ORGETORIX, the Seq'uani, under that
of 97 years, the Britons retained their original independence. But the Roman  of CASZTIC, and the Adui, under that of DUMNORIX, organized an expedition
invasion had the effect of extending the commerce of the island, which became  into Gaul; and collecting followers to the number of 368,000, attempted to enter
very valuable, —its exports consisting of corn, eattle, gold, silver, tin, lead, iron,  the country by the valley of the Rhone. There Julius Caesar stopped their passkins, slaves, and dogs. The religion of the people at this period was that of  sage. He also formed a league against them with the Gauls and Ariovistus.
the Druids, which had in the most ancient times been introduced by the original  The result was their complete defeat (B. C. 58). Cesar's next exploit was the
Celtic, or Phoenician settlers. Seven years after the conclusion of the war with  expulsion of Ariovistus and his Suevi from Gaul. But the Gauls discerning
Caesar, Cassibelan died, and was buried at York. Androgeus having gone to  clearly the ambitious designs of the Romans, formed a league against them,
Rome, his brother, Tenuantius, duke of Cornwall, was made king. He is de-  and thus began the memorable GAULISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. This heroic
scribed as a warlike and a just monarch. His son, CYM'BELINE (or Cunob'e-  struggle cost the Romans seven campaigns, and very severe losses. The Gauls
line), was educated at Rome, and was a personal -friend of Augustus Caesar.  were beaten in detail by Caesar and Crassus, but the latter sustained some heavy
i There he contracted so strong a liking for the Romans, that afterwards when he  reverses. The Romans were guilty of great cruelty and excesses toward the
became king of Britain, he paid them tribute when he might very well have  conquered people. Their military skill, however, proved too much for the Gauls.
withheld it. IIe was a distinguished soldier and an accomplished man.       The great Gallic leader, VERCINGET/ORIX, whose nobleness of soul, military talIRELAND. - This century is marked by the restoration of the ancient division  ents, and eloquence, made him the worthy rival of Julius Caesar, and who was
of the country into four kingdoms, viz., Leinster, Munster, Ulster, and Con-  one of the greatest men ever produced by the Gaulish nation, made himself
naught, by King ACHY FEDLOCH. It is also distinguished by the famous " Seven  famous by his heroism. The defence of Carnutum, Gergovia, and Alesia, will
Years' VWar" between Connaught and Ulster, occasioned by the seizure of an  bear comparison with that of Numantia, or of Saragossa, or of any other city
immense quantity of cattle by the troops of Maud, queen of Connaught. The  mentioned in history. The details of the war, though very interesting, cannot
exploits of CUCHJLLIN, CONAL-CEARNACu, and other heroes of " the Red Branch  be given here. Suffice it to say that it lasted seven years (B. C. 57-50). In the
knights" in this war, are among the themes on which the old chroniclers and  course of it, Ceesar is said to have taken 800 cities, subdued 300 tribes, and fought
bards delighted most to dwell; and from their songs it is supposed that Mac-  against 3,000,000 of men, of whom 1,000,000 perished in battle, and 1,000,000
pherson derived the groundwork of his " poems of Ossian".                   were reduced to captivity!! Dumnorix, attempting to escape from Caesar's spies,
SCOTLAND. — Ewen I. reigned with great ability, and divided the kingdom into  was killed by the Roman soldiers. After the heroic but unsuccessful defence
circuits for the administration of justice, appointing judges for each circuit.  of Alesia, Vercingetorix surrendered himself to Caesar, who, instead of honorHe assisted the Picts against the Britons, between whom so dreadful a battle is  ing his gallantry, treated him with indignity. The noble Gaul was sent to Rome,
said to have been fought, that both parties, struck with terror at the carnage,  and thrown into a loathsome dungeon, where he was detained six years, at the
returned to their respective homes, leaving the victory undecided. His son  expiration of which time he was brought forth to be exhibited in Caesar's triGillus (or Oilill) having murdered his brothers and relatives, gained the throne  umphal procession, and then consigned to the executioner. This cruel act is a
by force, but was soon dethroned and killed, and the crown was bestowed on  great blot on the fair fame of the Romans. Caesar labored assiduously to conEwen II. This prince turned his attention to arts and commerce, which he pro-  ciliate the conquered Gauls, and met with considerable success. Many years
moted; and hLis example was followed by his successor, Eder-skeol, who died  after his death, his successor, the first emperor, Augustus Caesar, framed a grand
after a peaceful reign of 48 years. His degenerate son, Ewen III., was a most  plan for the administration of Gaul. He divided the country into three provlicentious prince, and procured an ordinance authorizing polygamy and the right  inces, Aquitania, Belgium, and Lugdunum (Lyons), the latter comprising Central
of the king and nobles to the wives of their vassals. He encouraged prodigal-  France from the Rhone to Brittany. He also introduced a fiscal and a military
ity and vice, but was, after a reign of seven years, thrown into jail, and con- system analogous to that of the Romans, and introduced other innovations which
demned to perpetual imprisonment. Some person, however, entered the jail met at first with great opposition from the natives, but the Gauls were finally
during the night, and strangled him.                                        induced to adopt them by the abilities of Drusus.
What is said of Cassibelan? —Relate his exploits. —What did the Romans do after Julius    For what is this century remarkable? —What of Sertorius?-Of the Allobroges? —AriovisCaesar's time? —What was the religion of the people? —For what is the reign of Achy Fed-  tus? —Divitiacus? —The battle of Amagitobria? —Orgetorix? —Castic? —Dumnorix? —The
loch remarkable? —Who were the heroes of Ireland at this time? —What remarkable battle  exploits of Julius Csesar?-What of the War of Independence? —Its results? —The heroism
took place between the Scots, Picts, and Britons? —What other events occurred in Scotland?  and fate of Vercingetorix? —What policy was pursued by Ceesar, Augustus, and Drusus?
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SPAIN.                                                                   GERMANY.
I
THE country was now nominally subject to Rome, but, in reality, it required   THE migration of the Cimnbri and Teutones occasioned great disturbances in
incessant vigilance and exertion on the part of the Roman governors to main-  Germany. A new power, called the Suevic confederation, arose, and devastated
tain their authority., The civil wars in Italy afforded the Spaniards an oppor-  every country in its vicinity. It consisted of a hundred districts, each of which
tunity for regaining their independence which was not lost sight of by them.  annually sent forth a thousand warriors.  These Suevi became a terror to the
QUINTUS SERTO/RIIS, an Italian, who had distinguished himself in the former  rest of the Germanic tribes, and their fame reached Rome. The Germans on
Spanish wars, having been proscribed by Sylla for siding with Marius, fled into  the Rhine owned their inferiority to them. Unfortunately for Germany, the
Spain, where he contrived to gain the esteem  and confidence of the people.  Suevi separated themselves from the western tribes, and instead of aiding them,
Having induced the Lusitanians and Spaniards to join his standard, he organ-  attacked them and drove them into the hands of the Romans. Being thus hemmed
ized a war of independence (B. C. 81). He was at first not successful. The  in on every side, the Western Germans vainly attempted to defend their liberty;
Romans, under Sylla, routed his troops, and forced him to seek safety on the  and the tribes on the Upper Rhine, which had united under A/RIOVIS/TUS, and
deep. He remained for some time in Iviqa, when the Lusitanians offered him  those on the Lower Rhine, which had combined under AMBI"oRIx, were forced to
the chief command of their forces. He accordingly went to Lusitania, where  yield to the victorious legions of Julius Cesar.
he routed the proetors Didius and Domitius. In a short time he became master    In Gaul the A'Edui and the Seqyuani having quarrelled, the latter were worsted,
of the country, and succeeded in forming the Celtiberians and the Lusitanians  and they applied to the neighboring tribes on the Rhine for aid. Accordingly
into one great State, dependent on himself.  He granted to them a government  an army was sent under Ariovistus (B. C. 72), who, uniting his forces with those
exactly like that of Rome: he created 300 senators, Romans by birth, and ap-  of the Sequani, completely defeated the AEdui.  Instead of returning, however,
pointed numerous magistrates.  He organized an army after the Roman style;  he resolved to settle in Gaul, and invited his countrymen to join himn there. The
founded a university at Asca; and beautified his capital, Evora, with the noblest  Gauls then applied to the ROmans for help; and Julius Cmsar, who then conmworks of art.  His success alarmed the Romans.  Metellus Pius and Perpenna  manded in Provence, marching against Ariovistus, ordered him instantly to quit
were sent with a large army to crush him, but he made head against them. The  Gaul. Ariovistus merely replied that " the Romans were not concerned in his
famous Pompey was then sent against him.  Sertorius was victorious on the  affairs."  On marching up the country, Cmesar was informed by his spies that
banks of the Xucar (B. C. 76). Several other obstinate battles were fought, and  the German women having prognosticated evil to their nation on a certain day,
victory alternated; but at length the skill of Pompey and Metellus prevailed,  the Germans would, on that day, either refuse to fight, or, if forced to do so,
and Sertorius was overcome. A conspiracy was formed against him by Per-  would be spiritless. Taking advantage of this, he attacked them on the day
penna, who had joined him against Pompey, and he was murdered while at a  predicted, and they were easily routed.  The two wives of Ariovistus fell into
feast (B. C. 72). His memory was cherished by the Spaniards, who named him  the hands of the Romans, but he escaped across the Rhine (B. C. 58). The
" the Roman Hannibal".  After his death, the war was carried on for a short  great Roman general next subdued the Helve/tii and a number of small tribes,
time by Perpenna, who had succeeded to the chief command; but Pompey de-  who being at feud with each other, easily fell victims to the Romans.  Soon
feated him in the very first battle, took him prisoner, and put him to death. All  after this (B. C. 53), the Teuc/teri and the Usip'etes, who had been driven out
Spain now submitted to Pompey. In the year B. C. 60, JULIUS CMsAR was sent  by the Suevi, crossed the Rhine, and demanded land of Caesar; but he treachinto Spain as prator.  His principal exploit there was the subjugation of the  erously seized their leader, and massacred them.  He then crossed the Rhine
HIerminii, a revolted Lusitanian tribe.  Quintus Caecil'ius, the next governor,  at Andernach, and marched against the Sicam/'bri, who, laying waste their
was overthrown by the Vacci, near Clunia.  The Roman Senate then appointed  country, fled to the Wetterau. The Suevi meanwhile flew to arms. An attempt
Pompey governor for five years.  That great man sent three legates to govern  was made by the conquered Belgae to murder every Roman in that part of Gaul
in his name, viz., Petreius, Afra/nius, and Varro: these officers reduced the  inhabited by them, on a given day.  This plot was organized by Induzi/omar,
revolted tribes to submission (B. C. 52).                                     Ambi/orix, and Cativol'cus; but it failed.  The first of these chiefs was killed;
Spain next became involved in the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. It  Ambiorix fled to the forest of the Ardennes, where he was surprised by the Rowas Pompey's stronghold; accordingly his lieutenants there made great efforts  mans, but he managed to escape; Cativolcus killed himself. After Mwhich, the
to resist the victorious Caesar, but the latter was triumphant, and drove Pom-  Belge submitted to the Romans.
pey's forces out of Spain, at the same time conciliating the natives by his judi-   In the East, King Boirebis-tas, at the head of the Getse, attacked the Boii
cious measures and conduct. He appointed Cassius Longi'nus governor of one  and Tauris'ci, and laid waste their country. The Taurisci were systematically
portion of Spain, and MARcus LEPIDUS of another.  The avarice of Longinus  exterminated by the Romans, under TIBE/RIUS. When Rome was erected into
provoked a mutiny, and he was forced to leave the country. Spain then became  an empire by Augustus Caesar (B. C. 27), all the countries south of the Danube
distracted by two factions, one siding with Caesar, the other with Pompey's sons,  and westward of the Rhine were incorporated with it. Roman colonies were
Cneius and Sextus. A civil war broke out, which was terminated at last by the  planted along the frontiers; German mercenaries were employed in the Roman
return of Caesar into Spain, and by the celebrated battle of Munda, near Mal-  armies; and hence new manners and customs were planted amongst the southaga, where Cneius Pompey was totally defeated, and mortally wounded. Cor-  ern tribes. Augustus Caesar, ambitious of extending his empire, sent his stepdova and Seville were taken, and Spain was regained by Caesar (B. C. 45), who  son, DRUsus, with a large army to conquer the whole of Germany (B. C. 12). In
appointed Asin/ius Pollio governor.                                           three campaigns Drusus laid waste with fire and sword the country between the
On the death of Caesar (B. C. 44), Sextus Pompey renewed the war, and de-  Rhine, the Elbe, the Weser, and the Ems, being victorious everywhere, though
feated and killed Pollio; but Lepidus induced him to leave Spain, and try his  not without meeting with strenuous resistance.  Pushing through the Cherusfortune at Rome. In the civil wars which ensued in that capital on Csesar's  cian forests, he reached the Elbe, on whose bank he beheld a prophetess of gideath, the empire was partitioned amongst the triumvirate, Octavius, Lepidus,  gantic stature, who with threatening gesture exclaimed, "Ah! insatiable Druand Mark Antony.  Spain fell to the lot of Lep'idus.  In the second partition  sus! to what do you aspire? Fate has forbidden your advance through our
of the empire (B.C. 39), Spain was given to OCTAVIUS CESAR, who soon after  unknowrn regions! Fly hence!"  Terror-struck at the omen, Drusus retreated,
became emperor of all the Roman dominions, under the title of AUGUSTUS.       but he was killed by the fall of his horse (B. C. 9). IIe was buried at MayMany Roman colonies were founded in Spain, and the natives rapidly changed  ence (Mentz). After his death, his brother, Tibe'rius, invaded the country of
their manners and language for those of the Romans. But the peace of the  the Usipetes and Teucteri, subdued the Sicambri, and endeavored by conciliacountry was once more broken by the Can'tabri, a fierce people in the north of  tory measures to gain the affections of the people. In this he was not successSpain, who raised a revolt, which was deemed of such importance, that Augus-  ful. Domit'ius commanded another expedition to the Elbe (B. C. 6), which was
tus came into Spain himself, in order to subdue it. He completed the subjuga-  successful, and made the Roman  name feared. Nevertheless, the Germans were
tion of the country.                                                          far from being subdued.
Who was Sertorius? —What is said of him? —What great Roman general was sent against |  What is said of the Suevie confederation? —Of the western tribes? —The _Edui and the
him? —What was his fate? —And that of Perpenna?-What did Pompey do? —And Julius  Sequani? —Ariovistus? —Julius Csesar? —The  revolt of the:Belgse? —What became of their
Csesar? —And Quintus Caecilius? —What of Spain during the wars of Csesar and Pompey?-  chiefs? —The Taurisci? —The countries south of the Danube and west of the Rhine? —Relate
Who fought the battle of Munda? —To which of the triumvirs was Spain allotted?  the exploits of Drusus and Tiberius. —Wlhat befell Drusus?
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ASIA MINOR.                                         I                            AFRICA.
PoNTUS. -This kingdom was now the most important one in Asia Minor, |NUMIDIA. -This State espoused the cause of Pompey during the civil war
owing to the abilities of its sovereign, MITHRIDA/TES THE GREAT. That mon-  between that chief and Julius Caesar. The country had been a short time prearch having subdued the countries on the shores of the Black Sea, and married  viously overrun by Pompey, who had made Hiemptsal king of it. Hiempsal
his daughter to Tigranes, king of Armenia, declared war against the Romans.  having quarrelled with Masintha, a noble native chief, Julius CEesar interfered,
In two campaigns he made himself master of Asia Minor (B. C. 88), but cruelly  and grossly insulted JUBA, the son of Hiempsal. The young prince thereupon
massacred all the Roman merchants residing there. He raised a large force in  warmly espoused Pompey's cause, and defeated Cu-rio, one of Caesar's lieutenGreece under the command of Archelaus, and took Athens. At length (B. C.  ants; and having joined Publius Scipio, he reduced Caesar to great extremities.
8) the Romans sent Sylla against him in Greece, and his party was completely  The latter, having received reinforcements from Rome, and being' aided by Bocbroken up; while Fim/bria, another Roman general, was equally successful in  chus, king of Mauretania, attacked Juba, Scipio, and Labienus, near Thapsus,
Asia. Mithridates was thus compelled to sue for peace, which was granted by  and completely overthrew them. Juba fled into Numidia, where he caused himSylla (B. C. 84). Ten years afterwards, taking advantage of the civil war in  self to be put to death by one of his slaves. His infant son, Juba (afterwards
Italy, he seized on Bithynia, and attacked the Roman forces there, but was de-  king of Mauretania), was carried prisoner to Rome, and compelled to grace the
feated by Julius Caesar (then a young lieutenant), and by Lucullus, who drove  conqueror's triumph. Caesar then reduced Numidia to a Roman province.
him into Armenia. Tigranes now joined him, and the war was renewed, at    MAURETANIA (Morocco). —Of the history of Mauretania we know but little
first with success; but when Pompey assumed the command, the war was brought  until this century, when we find Bogud, king of Tingitana (the second division
to a close. Mithridates fled into Scythia, followed by Pompey, who spent two  of Mauretania), aiding Julius Cesar against Pompey and Juba, king of Nuyears in searching for him, and at- length, believing him'dead, returned to Romc.  midia. IIe also contributed to the defeat of the Pompeys at Munda in Spain.
No sooner had Pompey done so, than Mithridates made his appearance in Pon-  He afterwards sided with Mark Antony against Octavius Caesar, and endeavored
tus with an army (B. C. 64). He was deserted, however, by his family and by  to make a diversion in favor of the former in Spain. But while thus engaged,
his soldiers; whereupon he tried to commit suicide, but was slain by a Roman  the Tingitanians revolted, and being supported by the troops of Octavius and
soldier, who found him lying on the ground bleeding. Such was the end of this  those of Bocchus, king of Mauretania proper, they drove Bogud out; and Bocheroic prince. A few years afterwards (B. C. 47), his son, Pharnalees, attempted  chus was put in possession of Tingitana. Octavius (afterwards Augustus Cxeto recover some of the provinces lost by his father, but was defeated and slain  sar) confirmed Bocchus in this possession, and conferred the privileges of Roman
by Julius Caesar, who put an end to the kingdom of Pontus.                   citizens upon the inhabitants of Tingis. Bogud was at last killed by Agrippa
CAPPADocIA. -The people of this State having applied to the Romans for a  at Methorne; and after the death of Bocchus the whole of Mauretania was reking, to save them from Mithridates, the Senate gave them Ariobarza'ne3 (B. C.  duced to a Roman province.  Soon'afterwards, Augustus conferred the two
94). This country suffered greatly during the wars between the Romanlls and  Mauretaniae (Mauretania proper and Tingitana), with a portion of Getu'lia,
Mithridates, and afterwards became involved in the Roman civil wars. Ario-  upon the younger JUBA, the son of the former king of that name. This prince
barzanes resigned the throne to his son, Ariobarzanes II. (B. C. 63), who, taking  (Juba II.) was one of the most learned men of his time. I-Ie was well versed
part with Brutus against Caesar, was slain by Mark Antony (B. C. 42). He was  in history, and in several branches of science. He wrote a history of Arabia,
succeeded by his son, A'riarathes VII. This monarch was also deposed (B. C.  of the antiquities of Assyria and of Rome, of theatres, painting and painters,
36) by Mark Antony, who made Archela'us king. This prince reigned 50years.  of grammar, and of the nature and habits of animals: he also composed a
BITHYNIA. —Nicome'des II., who 58 years previously had obtained the throne  treatise on the source of the Nile. Ie governed his kingdom in so admirable
by parricide, was killed by his youngest son, Socrates (B. C. 91). He was suc-  a manner, that his subjects erected a statue in honor of him, and ranked him
ceeded by his eldest son, Nicomedes III. This prince, expelled by Mithridates,  among the gods.
was restored by the Romans, to whom at his death he bequeathed his kingdom     GmETULIA. —There     are but scattered notices of this country, in the ancient au(B. C. 74).                                                                 thors. We read of Goetulians serving in the armies of Hannibal and Jugurtha;
ARMENIA.. -T IGRANES  consolidated the two kingdoms of Greater and Lesser  but they were never entirely subdued either by Masinissa or by the Romans.
Armenia, and married the daughter of Mithridates, king of Pontus. He be-  They worshipped the Sun and Fire; whence it has been supposed that they
came involved in the wars which his father-in-law carried on with the Romans,  came originally from Persia.
and suffered accordingly. He was chosen by the Syrians to be their king (B. C. |ETHIOPIA.-Mention has been frequently made of this country in the history
83), and ruled them well until expelled by Lucullus (B. C. 69), who followed  of Egypt. Materials for a connected narrative of its career during the early
him into Armenia. He was finally compelled by Pompey to submit to the Ro-  ages, do not exist. It is believed to have been the Cush of Scripture. The
mans (B. C. 66). He was succeeded by Artavasides (B. C. 56). Artavasdes   people have traditions respecting Moses, who they say conquered them; and
joined with the Parthians in repelling the invasion of the Romans under Cras-  respecting the queen of Sheba, who reigned over Ethiopia proper, and paid the
sus (B. C. 53), and contributed to the defeat of that general at Carrhae. In the  famousvisit to Solomon. The Abyssinians assert that her name was Balkis, or
civil war between Caesar and Pompey, he assisted the latter, and was forced  Make/da, and that she had a son by Solomon, who received the Jewish name
to submit to Caesar. He defeated Mark Antony in Media (B. C. 36), but was   of David (and the Ethiopian one of Menilehec), was educated at Jerusalem by
subsequently (B. C. 34) taken prisoner, and sent in chains to Egypt, where in  the high-priest, and on his ascending the throne of his mother, established the
Mark Antony's triumph he was exhibited in fetters of gold. His son, Artax/-  Jewish religion in Ethiopia, where it flourished until Christianity was introias, was raised to the throne (B. C. 33). Great confusion prevailed in the king-  duced. Ethiopia in ancient times included Abyssinia and Arabia Felix. After
dom for some years, until at length (B. C. 20) the Emperor Augustus sent his  the annexation of Egypt to Rome, Can'dace, queen of Ethiopia, invaded the
son Tiberius to put an end to it; which he did, and established Tigra-nes II. on  Thebais, but was driven back by the governor, Petro'nius (B. C. 29), who purthe throne. On the death of Tigranes (B. C. 10), Artavasdes III. became nom-  sued her to her capital, Nepata. The Emperor Augustus granted her peace on
inallg king, but the country was in fact under Roman control.               her own terms, but the Romans considered themselves masters of Ethiopia.
RHODES endeavored to preserve neutrality amid the wars of her neighbors.  The student of history will find useful notices of the ancient nations of Africa
Mithridates attacked Rhodes (B. C. 87), but was repulsed. During the war be-  in vols. xvii. and xviii. of the Universal History. The name of Candace was
tween Caesar and Pompey, the Rhodians fought sometimes for one side, some-  common to all the queens of Ethiopia, just as Cleopatra was to the queens of
times for the other. Pompey was refused admittance into the island after his  Egypt. The term "Ethiopia" anciently denoted -the kingdom of Me'rog; but
defeat at Pharsalia (B. C. 48), and the murderers of Ceesar were also excluded  in its wider sense it included that of the Axom/itae, and the tribes of the Trog(B. C. 44). Cassius, in revenge, besieged and pillaged the city (B. C. 43); but |lodoytae, the Ichthyoph'agi of the Red Sea, the Blem'myae, Megab/ari, and
the Rhodians were afterwards compensated for this by Mark Antony.            Nubae.in the interior.
State the principal incidents in the reign of Mithridates the Great.-What became of that   What is said of Numidia? —tiempsal? —Juba? —Of his infant son? —Bocchus? —What
monarch? —Of Pontus? —What events took place in Cappadocia? —Bithynia? —Armenia?-| became of Numidia? —What is said of Juba II.? —What of Gmtulia? —Of Ethiopia? —Of
What of Tigranes? —Artavasdes? —Artaxias? —What did Augustus do? —What befell Par-  the queen of Sheba? —Of her son? —The establishment of the Jewish religion in Ethiopia?
thia? —Rhodes? —How were Pompey and Cassius received at Rhodes? —What was the result?  — What did Ethiopia include?-What of Candace?-Of the term " Ethiopia"?
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B.C. 100I -.
SCANDINAVIA.                                                                     NETHERLANDS.
TIHE historical monuments of the north of Europe go no further back than this century.  We-k-now that the Cimmerii    THE earliest accounts we have of
(or Cimbri) had inhabited the land for many ages. Their invasions of Germany and Gaul, and their exploits in the  the Netherlands are derived from  the
south of Europe, have been already noticed; but the events which took place in Denmark and Sweden, subsequently to |Romans. The banks of the Rhine were
their settlement there, are entirely unknown. It is from  the first century before the Christian Era that the history of  peopled by a multitude of German
these countries dates. An entire change in their religion and government was effected by the invasion and conquest of  tribes, of greater or less importance.
the N orth by the celebratedODIN, whose history (such as can be ascertained or conjectured from the imperfect sources  On the Moselle dwelt the Trev-eri at
we have) is as follows: —                                                                                                 Treves; farther down the Rhine, the
In the reign of Grylle (about B. C. 70), Sigge, the son of Fridulph, who had distinguished himself against the Romans  Eburo'nes and Tungri at Tungern; the
in his country east of the Tanrais (or Don), near the Black Sea, set out with his chief priests and a vast concourse of  Guger-ni between the Maes and the
followers for the West. Leaving his brothers to rule at Asgard, the capital of his ancestors, he traversed Russia, and  Rhine; the Mena/pii to the south, and
entered Saxland (the southern shore of the Baltic), subduing all nations as he passed. He then crossed the Baltic, and  the Bata/vi to the north, of the mouth
passed into the island of Funen, where he built a city, named after himself, Odensee. He next subdued Denmark and  of the Rhine; the Caninefa/tes on the
Sweden. In the latter country reigned a prince, named Gylfi, who was so struck with admiration for him, that he paid  islands. Joining these to the west were
him divine honors. The Swedes came in crowds to do him  homage, and, by common consent, bestowed the regal title  the Toxan'dri and Maritni on the coast
and office upon his son, Yngve, and his posterity.  Sigge fixed his abode near Lake Logur (the Mvelar Sea), and erected  of the North Sea, at Dunkirk; to the
a splendid temple at Sigtuna for the new religion which he introduced, and which rapidly spread. He either assumed  south, the Atreba/toe, the Atuat'ici,
the name of Odin, the supreme deity of the Scythians, probably giving himself out as the same personage as the ancient  the Condrutsi, the Ccare/sii, the PceOdin; or, pretending to be the prophet or priest of that deity, the ignorance of succeeding ages confounded him with the  ma'ni, the Nervii, the Veroman/dui at
god, thus producing, out of the attributes of the one and the history of the other, a medley, out of which nothing very  Vermandois, the Ambia/ni at Amiens,
certain can be extracted. He introduced new laws, also the customs of his own country, and established a supreme  the Bellov'aci at Beauvais, the Suescouncil or tribunal, composed of twelve pontiffs or judges, whose duties were to watch over the public weal, to distribute  siotnes at Soissons, the Valiocastsi, the
justice, to preside over the new worship, and to preserve the religious and magical secrets which he intrusted to them. (Caleti, and other tribes. Although
This council held its sittings at Sigtuna (a city now destroyed, situate in the same province with Stockholm). Odin  all these were generally denominated
w as acknowledged as a sovereign and a god by all the petty princes of Sweden and Denmark, and firmly established his | Belgie, each was distinct from and inIempire (B. C. 50), adding Norway to it, and bestowing the crown of that country on his son, SEING, whose descendents |dependent of the other, nor were they
reigned for many generations. Odin, finding his end approaching through a lingering disease, put himself to death by   even in alliance.  They did not all
giving himself nine wounds in the form of a circle with the point of a lance, in the presence of his friends, saying that  belong to the Frankish nation, several
he was going to join the gods in Asgard, where be would receive with honor all who should die bravely in battle. His                   of them having migrated from different
body was solemnly burnt at Sigtuna, conformably to a custom introduced by him. He was a poet and a musician, and  parts of Germany, and some of them
is said to have invented the Runic characters.  This alphabet consisted of sixteen letters, arranged as follows: F, U,  being Cimbri.  Those tribes settled
ID (or TH), O, R, K, H, N, I, A, S, T, B, L, M, V. These Runes were distinguished at first as of four kinds, namely,  north of the Rhine were called Frisii.
bitter, favorable, victorious, and medicinal. The bitter were used to bring evil on enemies; the favorable, to avert mis-  They subsisted chiefly on fish and wild
fortune; the victorious, to procure conquest; the medicinal, to heal, to prevent shipwreck, to counteract poison, and to  beans. Their land was miarshy and
win a woman's love. They were written sometimes from  right to left, sometimes from top to bottom  and back again.  uncultivated, except in the high land
The student will find an interesting account of the Runic alphabet in Bishop Percy's translation of Mallet's Arorther  |in the southern parts, which now form
Antiquities. A summary of the religious doctrines which prevailed in the north of Europe has been already given in  the Walloon country. It was from the
the columns devoted to Germany (pp. 48, 53, 57, 61).                                                                     Romans that they learned the art of
That a great leader, bearing the name of Odin, really achieved what is related of him in Sweden and Denmark, is  constructing dikes to protect themtolerably certain. Many marvellous exploits are said to have been accomplished by him through his skill in magic; but  selves from the inundations of the sea.
allowing-for this belief, so natural aong a barbarous people, it is clear that his superior intelligence and knowledge  They were a very barbarous and warenabled him to overrun a1 vast tract of country, extending from the Don to the Northern Ocean, and to found a new reli- |like people, and wvere continually at
gion, which endured for centuries, and prevailed among the northern German and the Scandinavian tribes so late as the  feud w^ith each other.  Thus wihen Ju12th century A. D. Some learned men have supposed him to have been also the founder of that system of hostile  lius Caesar invaded their country (B. C.
aggression on the Roman empire, which burst forth with such fury in the 2d, 3d, and 4th centuries A. C. They suppose  57), though he met with obstinate rehim to have been actuated mainly by hatred of the Romans, who bad driven him out of his own country; and that his  sistance, especially from the Menapii,
principal object in invading so many distant kingdoms, and there establishing his sanguinary doctrines, was to rouse  who inhabited what is nowthe province
the inhabitants of all nations against the Roman empire. But there is no historical evidence of his having had such a  of Flanders and the neighborhood of
design. Whatever may have been his ruling principle, he was a man who left a deep impression on his fellow-men, and  Antwrp, their valor was powerless
became their guiding spirit for ages, as Zoroaster, Confucius, Budha, and Mohammed have done.                            against him. Fighting singly instead
On the death of Odin his authority descended to his sons. NJiiRD became the supreme chief; BALDE.R became viceroy  of in combination, they fell before him
of the Angwles; ITI  A,- ruleprof Seani; S1iiD_ ruler in Zeala~nd a.nd DePnma~rk;- FREY (or Y-vE FREY) bPecameP k-ingr  n       (in done by one, and he subdued the greater
o  vedn        omhmsrnthdyatofteYgigtelskigof Swhi    eigte2sindescnt fro   reptoheetherlands. Caesa~rinduced
lwas Ingialld Illradi, who reigned in the begin~ning of the 7th century. These heroes Mwere deified along with Odin's other |large numbers of them to enlist under
lchildren, THoR~, Farco,, and TYR. Njord died B. C. 20, and was succeeded by his son, Freyer Yngve, during whose  his banners, and they proved the best
reigns profound peace existed. In Denmark, Skj51d greatly enlarged his dominions by subduing the Saxons, whom he cavalry in the Roman armlies. Bolt hye
subjected to an annual tribute.  lile was possessed of enormous strength and indomitable courage.  He died B.C(. 40, |behaved with perfidy and cruelty to the
and was succeeded by Friedlief I., of whom wre have nothing worthy of record. After a reign of 17 years he died, leaving  Teuc/teri and Usip'etes, who, drliv7en
his kingd.om to Frode I., who enjoyed the reputation of unrivalled prowess as a warrior.  It is said in Danish tradition   across the Rhine by the Suevi, camve to
that Frode carried his victorious armns into Sweden, Germany, England, and Ireland. These expeditions were probably demand land of himl. Itc arr ested their
nothing mzore than piratical incursions along the coasts of those countries.  He compiled a, civil and a military code of  leader, and killed his followlers (B. C.
laws, of which he strictly enforced the observance.  The descendents of Skj51d (a Danish word, signifying " a shield ", )  53). For this, Cato demanded that Crwere called, after him, Skj51dungians.                                                                                   sat should be given up to the Germans.
of the remuarkis upon Odin.                                                                                             | lowv did he act towards the Teucteri?
( 127 )




THE1 ST CENTU:RY
SYRIA.                                                                               INDIA.
ARCHELA'US governed Judea with great injustice and cruelty.  At the end of nine years (A. D. 6), he was summoned               A FLOURISHING trade with Rome is
to Rome to answer the charges preferred against him by his brothers, as well as subjects. There he was tried and con- known to have existed in this century.
demned, and banished to Vienne, in Gaul. Judea was then reduced to a Roman province.  Thus the sceptre finally   About the year 47, Hip/palus, the comdeparted from Judah, and the kingdom of David, Solomon, the Asnionean princes, and Herod, became dependent on the  inander of a trading vessel in the Red
Roman prefecture of Syria, though still remaining a subordinate district, ruled by its own governor.  At this period the  Sea, made his way across the ocean to
supreme judicial authority was exercised by the Sanhedrin, the great ecclesiastical and civil tribunal, at Jerusalem,  Ceylon and the coast of Malabar, and
composed of 71 persons, partly priests, partly Levites, partly elders.  The high-priest usually sat as president: he was  returned after a most successful voyage.
styled Nasi (prince). On his right hand sat the vice-president, styled Ab-beth-din (father of the council), and on his           The Apostle Thomas having made
left "the wise man", or most learned doctor of the law.  This court judged all capital offences, and inflicted punish-  his way into Parthia and made many
ment.  It was also a court of appeal from the inferior Sanhedrins of 23 judges, in the other cities.  The two prevailing   converts there, some of the latter travreligious sects were the Pharisees and the Sadducees.  The name Pharisee is derived from a Hebrew word signifying   elled into India, where they introduced
to separate: the sect pretended to superior righteousness.  The history of its origin is obscure, but it arose soon after the  Christianity.  It is supposed also that
return from the captivity.  The sect of the Sadducees was founded by Sadoe, or Tzadoc, about B. C. 260; they held that  some of the Egyptian, Ethiopian, and
there was no resurrection, nor angel nor spirit, but the Pharisees believed in both (Acts xxiii. 8).  The Essenes were a  Arabian converts came by sea to Hinsmall sect, practising the strictest self-denial, having all things in common, and neither marrying nor carrying on trade.  dostan, but their labors were not sulcFor a full account of this singular sect, see Milman's History of the Jews, vol. ii. book 12.                                  cessful, and the Christian religion took
In the year 8, P. Sulpi'cius Quiri'nus was appointed to the prefecture of Syria, and Copo/nius to the subordinate one  no hold on the people at large.  The
of Judea.  In their time occurred the rebellion of Judas the Gaulonite, who incited the people to resist the making of  historian Eusebius (Eccles. Hist., v. 10)
the general census (or taxation, as it was called).  This rebellion cost the lives of thousands of Jews, Judas himself  informs us that the Apostle Bartholoperishing also. In A. D. 10 Coponius was succeeded by M. Ambivqius, and the latter by An/nius Rufus. On the remo-  mew visited India, but no trace of his
lval of Rufus, the Emperor Tiberius appointed Vale'rius Gratus governor of Judea (A. P. 16), who distinguished himiself  labors is extant. These traditions rest
by his extortions.  He was succeeded (A. D. 27) by PONTIUS PILATE, a man of stern character.  Ile displayed this in   upon very uncertain authority.
causing the massacre of all those who obstructed the building of an aqueduct to supply the-city of Jerusalem with water.    The principal personage in Indian
At this time the two sons of Herod reigned over their respective provinces; Herod An/tipas as tetrarch of Galilee, and  history at this period (assuming that
Philip beyond Jordan. Herod married his niece, Hero/dias, -a marriage which was denounced by JOHN THE BAPTIST,  the tale of his wars with Chandragupta
who was put to death by the tyrant's order for reproving him  thereupon (A. D. 29).  THE PREACHING OF JESUS CHRIST  is fabulous) was SA'LIVA/A'NA, prince
commenced about the same time.  It is not the province of this work to give the details of His mission: they will be  of the Mahrattas, whose era begins
found in the New Testament.  His ministry occupied rather more than three years.  His success excited the liveliest  from  A. D. 77.  He was a powerful
|pprehensions among the Jews, and at their request He was crucified by order of Pontius Pilate ( A. D. 33, according to | monarch, yet scarcely one circumstance
the received chronology).  On His death, His apostles and disciples dispersed themselves over the country, teaching His  of his history has been preserved in an
doctrines.  Pilate was removed from his government by Vitell'ius, prefect of Syria (A. D. 36), on account of his cruelty   authentic or even credible form  (Elto the people, and sent to Rome to answer the charges made against him  by the Samaritan Senate.  Vitellius visited   phinstone, Hist. of India, vol. i. p.
Jerusalem, where he was received with great magnificence. Ite deposed Cai/aphas, the high-priest, and substituted  423). He is said to have been the son
Jonathan, the son of Annas, in the office.  On a subsequent visit (A. D. 37), he deposed Jonathan and substituted his  of a potter; to-have headed an insurbrother Theoph'ilus.  On the death of Philip, AGRIP/PA, the grandson of Herod the Great, was appointed ethnarch of  rection, overturned  a  dynasty, and
the country beyond Jordan in his stead.  On the deposition of Herod Antipas by the Emperor Caligula, his dominions  founded another; and to have estabwere added to those of Agrippa.  He was a mild ruler, and was the benefactor of the Jews on more than one occasion.  lished his capital at Paitan, on the GoPetronius, governor of Syria, having been commanded to place a statue of the Emperor Calig,'ula in the Holy of Holies  davery. His empire was probably in
in the Temple at Jerusalem, the entire Jewish nation rose up to oppose the execution of the order, and horrible scenes  the Deccan, where his name is still rewould have ensued had not Agrippa, at the risk of his life, procured from the emperor a reversal of the decree.  But he  membered, and his era in common use.
lbad the cruelty and weakness subsequently, in order to please the Jews, to put to death the Apostle James the Elder (A. D. |After this period the history of M~ahal42), and imprison Peter (Acts xii. 2). The Jew s suffered horrible persecution in Egypt, especially at Alexandria. Th ose |ras~ltra (or the empire of the Mahratsettled in Mesopotamia waere equally persecuted, and thousands were massacred.  Judea was also a scene of bloodshed  tas) breaks off, and we hear no more
and confusion.  On the assassination of Caligula (A. D. 41), Agrippa rendered great service to Claudius; in return for  of that country until the beginning of
lwhich the emperor conferred on him all the dominions which had belonged to the great IHerod, with the title of king; | the 12th century, when a family of Yaand a decree was issued securing to the Jews throughout the empire the freedom of religious worship.  Agrippa paid   doos became Rajahs of Deogiri. In the
the greatest respect to the Jewish religion, and remitted many taxes.  After a reign of three years over the whole of  year 1294 Maharashtra was invaded by
Palestine, he gave a grand banquet, at which be was seized with violent pains, and died in five days (A. D. 44).  On his  the Mussulmans; in 1306 it was made
death Judea relapsed into a Ronian province, and Cuspius Fadus was appointed governor.  Fadus was succeeded by   tributary to them; and in 1317 it was
lTiberius Alexander (A. D. 46), Ventid'ius Cuma'nus (A. D. 46), and Claudius Felix (A. D. 52), the last of whom wras | entirely subdued.
lguilty of the most flagrant crimes.  The high-priest was assassinated in the Temple, with his connivance.  At length iTowards the close of this century, a
Felixe was recalled. AGRIPPA II. (son of the former Agrippa) wans made king of Palestine by the Roman emperor, and prince of the northern division of the
year 66 the memorable wvar, so graphically recorded by the Jewish historian Josephus, broke out. It lasted four years, obtaining the mastery, divided the king;a nd wvas attended with all imaginable horrors; at the end of that time the Ro)man general, Titus, took and destroyed |dom into 64 districts, and governed it
lJeru salem ( A. D. 7 0), after a si ege th e horrors of wh ich are unlparallelled i n hi story.  Josephu s affirm s th at 1,100, 000 |by m ean sof agen eral ass em bly of th ei r
lJews perished during the war, and that 97,000 weere taken captive.  After the taking of Jerusaleml, 11,000 voluntarily |caste, renting their lands to mren of
died of hunger, or were left by the Romans to starve. Onlly 700 persons above the age of 17 were reserved to grace the the inferior classes. The executive
triumph of Titus; the rest were sent in chains to the Egyptian mines and quarries, or were left to fight with wildpowrer was held by a Brahmin elected
lbeasts.  The remains of the city and the Temple weere razed to the ground; the inhabitants of Judea were dispersed into |every three years, and assisted by a
l   the  coutries  thelongtllretene  veneanceof Gd wasaccoplised, ad th  Jew  ceasd tobe a  atio.ncilouncl offour
What efellArcheaus?*lrht lva the anhedin?_0Tha werethe Parises?-Te Snducee?-Th  Essees?Whattf therebelionfWathissaidofethotrad nof?diteWhih
of Juds theGauloite?-Wat issaid  f Ponius Piate?-erod  ntipa?-Johnthe Bptist-The  inistr ofofSthe RISTWhateo thespostls vistedInia?-  was wsSa..
clidHis  peslesdo?Whatis elatd ofAgrppa -Thesuferins oftheJews?-Th  deth o Agrppa -Th  govrnorhofna??- h e rean   w-ase-his  kingdom?gdorl?-hat
l  elx?-gripa II?-estu?-Forus?-Te sige o Jersaltn?Th eresuts o the wa?-Tl e nd f th n &iobecameof hefJwst??-beameof ih?-Watnedppnindineralala?!!2..




PERSIA.                                                               CHINA. JAPAN.
AuGusTus    CESAR despatched his grandson, Caius, to settle matters with Phraa-    WANG-MANG was now in reality emperor. He stopped at nothing in the purtes. The terror of the Roman arms induced the Parthian monarch to come to  suit of money; but he was liberal of his treasures, and patronized learning.
terms; and peace was concluded between him and Caius, in an interview which  IIe raised the descendants of Confucius of the sixteenth generation to very high
they held on a small island in the Euphrates.  Phraates gave four of his sons  rank, which has from that time been hereditary.  His ambition led him to
as hostages to Augustus. He was a cruel tyrant, and was murdered by his | poison the Emperor Ping-te (A. D. 5), whereby he obtained the regency of the
Italian wife, Thermusa, and his son, Phraat/aces, who usurped the throne, but  empire, as guardian of the heir, Soo-tsze-ying, a child two years old. However,
whose reign was of short duration, he being slain in a rebellion of his own I he soon threw of the mask, declared himself emperor, and degraded all the
subjects six months after his accession (A. D. 13). The Parthian nobility then  descendants of the Han family to the rank of common people. The Han princes
elected Oro'des II. (a distant member of the royal family of Arsaces) for their  resorted to arms, and a fierce civil war ensued, which ended in the death of
king, but his outrageous barbarity caused them to put him to death (A. D. 14)  WVang-mang, and the elevation of Wae-yang-wang to the throne (A. D. 23). But
very soon after. They then asked Augustus to send them one of the sons of  the country was reduced to a state of anarchy, and the brief reign of Wae-yangPhraates whom he held as hostages, to rule over them. The emperor complied  wang was occupied in continual warfare with the leaders of factions. Lew-sew,
with their request, and sent them Vono/nes; but disgusted with his attempts to  his successor (A. D. 25), was forced upon the throne by the soldiers, and took
introduce refined manners amongst them, the Parthians revolted, and invited  the name of KWANG-WOO. He was the first of the EASTERN HAN dynasty, and
Artaba/rnes, king of Media, to take his place. That prince accepted the invita-was a man of great ability. His reign was a glorious one of 32 years, during
tion, and entered Persia with an army to enforce his authority. Vonones bravely  which he sustained the dignity of the empire amidst great troubles.  He supencountered and defeated him, but losing a second battle, he fled into Armenia,  pressed a formidable insurrection in Cochin China, and kept in check the barand Artabanes took possession of the kingdom of the Parthians. The unhappy  barians on the frontiers. His son, Ming-te, who succeeded him (A. D. 58), was
Vonones applied to the Emperor Tiberius for aid, and gave himself up to the  well versed in the learning of his country, and encouraged schools; but he
Roman governor of Syria. He was kept in confinement, and was killed in try-  caused the introduction into China from Hindostan, of the religion-of Budha,
ing to escape.                                                                an absurd system of idolatry and atheism. It is recorded that he did this in
The reign of Artabanes II. was full of those events which constitute the staple  consequence of a vision which brought to his mind the saying of Confucius:
of Oriental history, viz., revolts and intrigues, and acts of cruelty anid perfidy.  " The Holy One is in the West! "  He sent into Hindostan a deputation, which
One of the most remarkable occurrences was the rebellion of two Jews, named  returned with Ho-shang, a Budhist priest, several of the Budhist classics, and
Asinai and Asilai, who contrived by their valor to conciliate the king, and get  a portrait of Budha.  This system unfortunately took root in China, where it
themselves appointed governors of Babylon, which post they retained for 15  has maintained its ground up to the present day; an account of it will be found
years. But their subsequent misconduct involved them in war with the neigh-  in pp. 55, 74. The reign of Ming-te, as well as that of his successor, Changboring chieftains, and was the cause not only of their own destruction, but of  te, who ascended the throne A. D. 73, was disturbed by continual wars with the
that of the Babylonian Jews, thousands of whom were massacred. Artabanes  Tartars. Accordingto Syrian tradition, St.Thomas preached Christianity throughbeing guilty of great cruelty, Phraates was invited to come from Rome, and  out China, and travelled as far as Pekin in this reign. Under Ho-te, the next
retake the kingdom. The Emperor Tiberius aided him, but he died on his arri-emperor (A. D. 89), Tow-heen, the brother of the empress, routed the Tartars
val in Syria. Upon this the emperor set up Tirida/tes, another of the descend- with great slaughter. He penetrated a great distance into their country, and
ants of Arsaces, and he being supported by the leading Parthian chiefs, dethroned  erected on a lofty mountain a monument recording the valor and victory of the
Artabanes. But these fickle and perfidious Orientals could not act loyally towards  Chinese troops. Tow-hben was made a field marshal of the empire, but behaved
any one; and no sooner was Tiridates crowned than they recalled Artabanes;  with such arrogance that he and his family were all degraded and exiled, with
but it was through the mediation of Iza/tes, king of Adiabe'ne, that he regained  the exception of Tow-kwo, at whose instigation Ho-te introduced the pernicious
his kingdom. From this time he governed with great equity, and died gehter-  custom of raising worthless favorites to the highest offices of State, - a custom
ally lamented, leaving seven sons, of whom he selected Barda'nes (or Vardanes)  which subsequently caused the ruin of many an emperor. Under the reign of
to be his successor (A. D. 43). The succession was disputed by these sons, but  Ho-te, lived the celebrated lady, PAN-HWUY-PAN, sister to the historian PAN-KOO.
Bardanes, the second son, having set aside his elder brother, Gutar/zes, ascended  She was famous for her learning, and jointly with her brother wrote a history
the throne. The Roman historian, Tacitus, however, says that Gutarzes and  of China, commencing with the reign of Kaou-tsoo, B. C. 206, and ending with
Bardanes were the brothers of Artabanes; and that the former voluntarily re-  that of Wang-mang, A. D. 23. She was the leading star of the Imperial Court,
signed in favor of the latter, whom  he deemed most worthy of the kingdom   and was the author of " Instructions for females in seven rules."  In this work,
(Annals, book xi. c. viii.). Bardanes met with the common fate of Oriental  so famed in China, she asserts that the female is the lowest of the human spesovereigns, and was assassinated (A. D. 47). Gutarzes now claimed the throne,  cies; that to her belongs the execution of inferior duties; that she ought to be
and indeed actually took possession of it; but the Parthians applied to the Em-  the abject slave of her husband; that all she has belongs to him; that he may
peror Claudius to appoint them a king. He accordingly nominated Meherdattes,  marry as many wives as he pleases, but that in a woman a second marriage is
the grandson of Phraates IV., then a hostage at Rome; but Meherdates, on his  criminal. In one passage she says: "Formerly, when a daughter was born she
journey to Parthia, was betrayed into the hands of Gutarzes by Ab/garus, king  was laid on the ground upon rags, where she was for three days forgotten and
of Edessa, his army was cut to pieces, and himself sent prisoner to Persia.  neglected; on the third day her father presented her to the family, whilst he
Gutarzes died A. D. 50. His successor, Vonones II., reigned but a few months,  laid before her some bricks, her only toys. Think on the degraded state, young
and was succeeded by his son, Volog'eses I. (A. D. 51). This prince appointed  ladies, which nature has assigned to you, and fulfil your duties accordingly."
his legitimate brothers, Pac orus, king of Media, and Tiridates, king of Armenia.  Such are the sentiments of China's greatest daughter upon her own sex! She
Vologeses is celebrated for the skill with which he conducted war with the Ro-  died in the 70th year of her. age,:universally regretted, and has been ever since
mans, and for his successful attempt to establish his brother, Tiridates, on the  held up as the pattern of a wife:)and a mother.
throne of Armenia, which he accomplished by sending him with a splendid em-    JAPAN. -The reign of Sy-nin.iJis!full of marvels, according to the Japanese
bassy to Nero (A. D. 63), who confirmed him in his possessions. With the ex-  historians. In his time the people'began to make fish-ponds and cultivate rice.
ception of an inroad from the Alans, one of the fiercest of the Scythian tribes,  In the year 66, Bupo, or Kobat, came frozm  India, and brought with him, on a
the remainder of the reign of Vologeses was peaceful. He died about the year |white horse, a book containing the mysteyrites of his religion.  A temple, which
90, and was succeeded by his son, Artabanes III., who dying soon after, left the  is still standing, was erected to him.  Sy-nin reigned 98 years, wnd was 139
throne to his son, Pacorus. But little is known of this prince, except that he  years old at the time of his death (A.D. 71). His son, Key-ko, succeeded him
maintained strict friendship with the Romans during the whole of his reign.   on the throne.'.
How did Augustus interfere in the affairs of Persia? —What befell Phraates? —Orodes II.?  What of the descendants of Confucius?-Of the Itan family? —Who founded the Eastern
— Vonones? —Artabares?-WhatofAsinaibndAsilai?-Andthersultoftheirrebelion?- |andynasty?-Whointroduced Budhism?-Why?-What is the tradition respecting St.?
Of the Emperor Tiberius? —Tiridates?-And the reign of Artabanes? —Bardanes? —Gutar-  Thomas?-What were the asts of io-te? —Who was Pan-hwuy-pan? —What were her doezes? —What does Tatcitus say? —What of the reign of Vologeses? —Pacorus?  trines? —What of the history of Japan?
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ITALY.
AT the commencement of this century the boundaries of the Roman empire  was the depravity of morals. Such troops as could be raised were sent to Tibewere the Atlantic Ocean on the west; the Rhine, the Danube, the Black Sea,  rius, who, having been successful in Dalmatia, was now despatched to assist
and the chain of Mount Caucasus, on the north; the River Euphrates on the  Gerinanicus in Germany. He advanced to the Rhine, but did not attempt to
east; and the Syrian deserts in Asia, and the sandy desert in Africa, on the  recover the posts lost in Central Germany, and he soon afterwards returned to
south. Thus the empire included the fairest portions of the known world sur-  Rome, leaving Germanicus to prosecute the war. On the death of Augustus,
rounding the Mediterranean Sea. At the time of the birth of Christ there was  Tiberius was proclaimed emperor (A. D. 14). TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS NERO conmno war of any consequence raging in any part of the empire: the temple of  menced his reign by procuring the murder of Marcus Agrippa, grandson of the
Janus atRome was shut, to denote the prevalence of peace; and the only trou-  late emperor, whom he dreaded as a rival claimant of the empire. The German
bles that clouded the emperor's prosperity were the dissolute conduct of his  and Pannonian legions mutinied, and threatened to place Germanicus on the
daughter, Julia, and the sinister character of his step-son, Tiberius, who was  throne; but this mutiny was quelled by Drusus, the son of the emperor, and by
generally regarded as his successor. The condition of the imperial family was  Germanicus himself, whose destruction was, however, resolved ox by Tiberius.
melancholy, and was but too faithful a reflex of the general depravity of the  After several successful campaigns against the Germans, Germanicus was reRoman people. The Empress Liv/ia was an artful, dissembling woman, who  called to Rome, where he was received in triumph; but he was not suffered to
pandered to the vices of Augustus, and trained her sons, Tiberius and Drusus,  remain there, for Tiberius sent him into Asia (A. D. 17). He there subdued
to every species of deception. Augustus, however, was not blind to her char-  Armenia (A. D. 18), and afterwards visited Egypt, where he died (A. D. 19),
acter, nor to that of her sons, and he became anxious to settle the succession to  it is supposed, by poison.  His ashes were brought to Rome by his widow,
the empire on a more worthy stock than his step-sons. Having no male heirs,  Agrippilna, and the whole city went into mourning. After this, Tiberius began
he gave his daughter, Julia, to his sister Octavia's son, Marcellus, a man uni-  to indulge his natural cruelty, and put to death many nobles ox the ground of
versally beloved. But Marcellus died soon after, and Augustus then caused  high treason, but his depravity was exceeded by that of his minister, the infaAgrippa to marry Julia. All his efforts, however, to prevent Tiberius from   mous Seja'nus, whose name has passed into a proverb. This monster secretly
succeeding him proved fruitless in the end: for in a few years Agrippa and his  aspired to the empire, and, to further his designs, persuaded Tiberius to retire
two worthless sons, Caius and Lucius, died, and then there was no competitor  to the isle of Ca'pree, where he led a life of the most disgusting sensuality.
left. The state, of public morality at Rome, under Augustus, was frightful,  Sejanus procured the murder of Drusus (A. D. 23), the son of Tiberius, and put
though the emperor was not by any means so dissolute as his nobles. He was  to death the most eminent Romans on frivolous pretexts. Ile established a
a man of a cold, unimpressionable nature, and of a cautious and calculating  complete reign of terror, and aimed at seizing the empire; but at last the eyes
temper: hence his success over the wild and reckless Mark Antony. The Roman  of the emperor were opened, and he suddenly caused Sejanus to be put to death,
grandees spread over all countries, carrying with them the luxuries and ele-  together with all his relations and friends (A. D. 31). After this event, the
gancies of life, and diffusing a knowledge of the arts. The wealth of many of  cruelty of Tiberius increased tenfold, but his constitution was undermined by
them was enormous; and they covered Italy with magnificent villas, gardens,  debauchery; finding himself dying, he bequeathed the empire to CAIUS, the surmonuments, etc.; yet, with all their taste and profusion, it appears that the  viving son of his nephew, Germanicus (A. D. 37). Believing the emperor to be
usurious loaning of money was a common method of increasing their wealth.    dead, Caius at once assumed the throne, but had no sooner done so than he
It was just at the time when the last traces of the Roman republic had disap-  learned that Tiberius still lived. In this dilemma extreme measures were necespeared that those nations which afterwards overthrew the empire first showed  sary, and the feeble old emperor was smothered by the advice of Macro, comthemselves as formidable foes. The U/bii, Vangi'ones, Triboci, and Nemoetes,  mander of the Proetorian guards. Caius, nicknamed Calig'ula (from "caligbre",
formed settlements on the left or western bank of the Rhine, and gradually  the military boots that he wore), was then formally proclaimed emperor. The
adopted Roman habits. But those who dwelt on the right bank were fierce  reign of Tiberius is memorable to Christians as that in which the ministry and
barbarians; and even the bold Agrippa, who for some time held the chief com-  the crucifixion of Christ took place (A. D. 29-33).
mand in Gaul, shrunk from a contest with them. They made several incur-    Caius began his reign by liberating all State prisoners, but had not been long
sions into the Roman territories, and on one occasion (B. C. 16), they defeated  on the throne before he was seized with a sickness which disordered his brain.
and killed the consul, Lollius. Tiberius and Drusus had been sent against  On his recovery he was guilty of the wildest extravagances and cruelties. His
them, and in several successful campaigns had kept them in check, erecting a  first victim was Tiberius, the son of Drusus. He then ordered all the prisoners
whole chain of military posts on the right bank of the Rhine. Alliances had  in Rome to be thrown to wild beasts, and amused himself by witnessing their
been made with several of the northern tribes, and Roman habits and luxuries  sufferings. IIe wantonly put to death the rich for the sake of confiscating their
introduced. Thus a peace of several years' duration was effected, and the Ro-  property; and entertained the people with feasts and shows daily. IIe promans carried their dominion into the heart of Germany, but also took with them   claimed himself a god, and erected a temple to himself. He made his favorite
their characteristic arrogance and cruelty, which soon produced a revulsion.  horse, " Incitatus", dine at the same table with himself, giving him gilt oats
The peace of the empire was first interrupted by a sudden outbreak of the  and costly wine, and seriously proposed to raise him to the consulship. At
German tribes, followed by a revolt of the Dalmatians and Pannonians.  Tibe-  length the Romans became weary of his insanity, and he was slain in one of
rius marched against the latter, and GERMAN/ICU S, the son of Drusus, and nephew  the passages of the circus by Cherzea, captain of the Prmtorian guards (A. D.
of Tiberius, was sent into Germany to assist the governor, Quintil'ius Varus, |41). The conspirators raised CLAUDIUS, his uncle, a man of weak intellect, to
whose extortions had provoked the revolt. ARMIN IUS (or Hermann), a young  the throne. This prince became the puppet of wicked favorites, the most infaprince of the Cherusci, who had been educated in Italy, united his countrymen  mous of whom were the Empress Messali'na, and the ministers, Posi/des, Pallas,
in a confederacy, and pretending friendship for Varus, led him and his army  and Narcissus.  Claudius CEesar undertook a campaign into Britain, which
into the forest of the Teutoberg, and cut them to pieces: 24,000 Romans perished  island he subdued (A. D. 43), and was greeted with a magnificent triumph on
with their leader (A. D. 9). This was the greatest defeat the Romans had sus-  his return. In the year A. D. 48 a census was taken, which showed that there
tained since that of Crassus at Carrhoe, sixty-two years before. The emperor  were six millions of Roman citizens. In the same year the infamy of the Emgave himself up to transports of grief, exclaiming repeatedly, " Give me back  press Messalina had reached to such a height that she was divorced by the
my legions, Varus!"  The utmost consternation prevailed in Rome, and the  emperor, and put to death. Soon after this he married his niece, Agrippina,
severest measures were taken to fill up the ranks of the legions in Italy; but it  the widow of Domi'tius AXhenobar/bus, a woman of insatiable avarice, ambition,
now became apparent that the citizens and the people of Italy no longer consti-  and cruelty. She prevailed on the emperor to adopt her son, Nero, and make
tuted the main strength of the Roman armies. The historian, Dion Cassius,  him heir to the throne, in preference to his own son, Britan/nicus, whom she
informs us that there were no vigorous young men left in Rome, so universal subsequently poisoned. The enormous crimes which these two wives of Claudius
What were the boundaries of the empire at the beginning of this century? — What of the IWho succeeded Augustus? —What  befell Marcus Agrippa? —What were the exploits of
temple of Janus? —What were the drawbacks to the emperor's happiness? —What of his  Germanicus? —What was his end? —What of Tiberius and Sejanus? —Drusus? —Caius?family? — Of the morality of the people? - Their luxuriousness?- The barbarians on the  The death of Tiberius? —ror what is his reign mewnorable? —What nickname wa.s given to
L hine? — ermanicus? —Arminius?- The legions of Varus? —The decay of the Romans?   Caius? —What cruelties did he commit? —What of Claudius?- Messalina? —Agrippina?
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ITALY.
committed cannot here be specified.  The imbecile emperor, to divert his mind   colleague and successor. His favorites, Vin'ius, Laco, and I'celus, advised him
from their intrigues, was persuaded to undertake enormously expensive public  to choose Otho, the favorite of the guards of Nero, and the companion of his
works. He completed the great Claucian aqueduct, rebuilt the theatre of  excesses; but Galba chose Piso Licinia'nus, a man of unblemished character,
Pompey, drained Lake Fuci'nus, excavated a harbor at Ostia, and erected a  and presented him to the soldiery as his successor, but he did not comply with
lighthouse there. The draining of the lake occupied 30,000 men eleven years.  the custom of giving a donation to the troops on the occasion. Otho, taking
Agrippina is remembered as having founded Colonia Agrippina (Cologne), on  advantage of this, by extensive bribery gained the good-will of the soldiers and
the Rhine (A. D. 50), but she was possessed by all the vices of which a woman  the people, and formed a conspiracy to assassinate the emperor and Piso while
is capable. Finding that Claudius showed signs of changing the succession, engaged in a solemn sacrifice. It is said that Otho became irresolute when the
she caused him to be poisoned (A. D. 54), and her son, NERO CLAUDIUS CFSAR, hour for executing the plot arrived, but his comrades forced him to stand to his
to be proclaimed emperor. About this time Christianity was introduced into  purpose. Both Galba and Piso were slain by them (A. D. 69), and OTuo was
Rome by converts from Asia Minor.  It rapidly spread. notwithstanding the  raised to the throne. He was hailed as emperor by the legions in Syria, Palesopposition of the priests of the old religion. Nursed'n the midst of crimes,  tine, and Egypt. Meanwhile the German legions proclaimed their commander,
Nero cared only for the indulgence of his passions. IIe murdered Britannicus,  VITELLIUS, a man of notorious vices, emperor; and the principal towns in Gaul
and, at the suggestion of an infamous woman named Poppoea Sabina, caused  also declared in his favor. But he was deficient in activity and decision, and
his mother, Agrippina, to be put to death. He had the unblushing audacity to  wholly given up to. excesses in the pleasures of the table. One of his lieutenants,
publish an apology for this murder; and it is melancholy to think that this work  Fabius Valens, therefore, took his place at the head of the legions, and won all
was the production of the philosopher, SENZECA, the tutor of Nero. He then di-  France; while another, A. Caeci'na, did the same in Upper Germany: the legions
vorced and afterwards murdered his wife, Octavia, and married Poppoea. He  in England, Spain, and Upper Italy proclaimed Vitellius emperor, and Coecina
appointed Tigellitnus, an infamous wretch, and a panderer to his vices, his  andValens marched into Italy.  Otho was incompetent to meet the emergency:
minister, and now no longer kept within the bounds of decency. Ile appeared  he was no general, and too effeminate to be a soldier; yet his troops were heartily
as a singer on the stage at Naples.  He caused Rome to be set on fire, and on  devoted to him, and urged him  to meet his enemies. But be made not the
the ruins of the city erected a vast pal-ace, so profusely embellished as to be  slightest effort to aid his own cause: he took no part in the military movements,
styled " The Golden House". He accused the Christians of having set fire to  nor in the battle which decided his fate. His troops met the lieutenants of
the city, and commenced a cruel persecution against them.  Some were put to  Vitellius at Bedri/acum, on the banks of the Po, where they were entirely defeated.
the torture; others were covered with the skins of wild beasts, and torn to pieces  Otho committed suicide that same night, having reigned only three months;
by dogs; or crucified; or wrapped up in combustible garments, which were set  and was subsequently extolled for having purchased with his life the blessings
on fire. Nero lent his own gardens to the public for these frightful exhibitions  of peace and tranquillity for his country. Vitellius, the 9th emperor, was a slave
(A. D. 64-66). In this persecution, the Apostles Peter and Paul, the philoso-  to gluttony and debauchery, and is said to have squandered $35,000,000 on the
pher Seneca, the poet Lucan, and other eminent men, perished. Nero, having  pleasures of the table in less than four months. But fortunately his reign was
killed the Empress Popp,'ea by a kick, passed over into Greece to exhibit his  destined to be a short one. VESPASIAN, who was carrying on the war in Judea
musical skill at the Olympic games, and took that opportunity of plundering  against the revolted Jews with great success, was requested by his army to dethe Grecian cities. His friends were now selected from among the lowest profli-  clare himself emperor, which, after some hesitation, he did; and thereupon comgates. The banquets given by Tigellinus surpassed in luxury all that had pre-  menced his march towards Europe. The provinces, one after the other, declared
viously been known. Petronius was made Arbite? elegantiarum, or master of  in his favor. Antoninus Primus, and ~arus, at the head of the Illyrian legions,
the imperial pleasures, and the emperor gave loose to all sorts of excesses. To  crossed the Alps, took Ravenna and Cremona, and routing the forces of Vitellius
such a length did he push the indulgence of his wild caprices, that it seemed as  there, marched -on to Rome. Antoninus Primus, wishing to spare the city,
though the machine of State would come to a stand-still. The discontent of the  opened negotiations with Vitellius, who pusillanimously abdicated. So low had
soldiery became ominous, and the emperor was so unwise as to keep them long  the emperor fallen in public esteem, that his own mother put an end to herself
in arrear of their pay: mutiny took place at different points on the frontier.  to avoid witnessing his downfall. But his depraved soldiery forced him to place
A revolt broke out in Judea (A. D. 66), which Vespasian was sent to quell.  himself at their head; and, attacking the adherents of Vespasian, drove them
Several conspiracies were organized in Italy, but a far more formidable and ex-  into the capitol, and set fire to the city.  Sabinus, the brother of Vespasian, was
tensive one broke out in Gaul and Spain. In Gaul, the revolt, headed by Julius  killed; but Antoninus forced an entrance into the city, and cut to pieces the
Vindex, was suppressed by Verginius.  Sulpicius Galba, governor of IHither  riotous troops of Vitellius, who also perished in the massacre. This success was
Spain, having been sentenced to death by Nero without a hearing, was pro-  followed by merciless executions and exactions, which were not stopped until
claimed emperor by his soldiers, and supported by Otho, governor of Lusitania.  the new emperor reached Rome. The civil war began in October, but the city
The Preetorian guards at Rome having joined his cause, he was acknowledged  was not completely subdued until December, A. D. 69. Immediately after that
emperor by the Senate. Nero fled from Rome, and killed himself (A. D. 68).  event, the Senate, by a formal decree, transferred to the new emperor all the
During his reign Armenia was added to the empire by Domitius Cor'bulo; and  rights which had belonged to the people and the Senate during the continuance
the insurrection in Britain, under Boadi'cea, was quelled bySuetonius Pauli'nus;  of the republican Constitution. Tranquillity was restored by the arrival of
but other provinces were harassed by frequent revolts.  Nero was popular  Vespasian, whose virtues and firmness led to great reforms in the social condiamongst the lower classes, whom  he bribed by large monthly distributions of  tion of the empire. His first care was to restore order in the finances, and discorn and wine. The direct line of the Caesars ended with Nero.                   cipline in the army. He disbanded the mutinous soldiers of Vitellius; rebuilt
SERVIUS SULPICIUS GALBA, the 7th emperor, was descended from an illustrious  the streets of Rome, which Nero had left in ruins; and collected and restored
family, but was 63 years of age, and in failing health, and therefore unable to  the numerous tables on which the decrees of the Senate and people had been
restrain the violent passions which animated all parties. His first step was to  engraved. He restored to the Senate its ancient rights, and formed it into an
put to death Nymphidtius, who commanded the guards, and had offered every  imperial council, augmenting the number of members, and expelling the unsoldier a heavy bribe to support Galba, but who had conducted himself as abso-  worthy ones. Ile set an example in his own person of morality and sobriety;
lute master of Rome. This man and his adherents were slaughtered, and the  and presented himself to the Romans as the first of the Senators only, never as
promised bribe was never paid. Several other executions took place, and these, absolute ruler. But he was accused of avarice, and of driving a trafic in
ltogether with the emperor's avarice and ill health,' increased the general gloom |places, public offices, and privileges, and of participating in the profits of them.
and discontent. The legions in Upper Germany demanded a younger emperor. His son, Titus, concluded the Jewish war by the capture and destruction of
Gallon, deprived by the gout of the use of his hands and feet, resolved to elect a Jerusalem, and dispersion of the Jews (A. D. 70). The victories of Cerea'lis
What is said of the aets and death of Claudius? —What of Britanniculs? —lero? Pop-  What is said of Vitellius? —Otho's supineness?-His end? —Who was Vcspasian? —Wvhat
lpsea? —Seneca? —Tigellinus? —What excesses was Nero guilty of? —What is said of Pc- [of Antonlinns Primnus? —~arus? —The mnother of Vitellius? —The siege of Rome? —The
tronius Arbiter? —Galba? —Otho? —The death of Nero? —What were the acts of Galba? — det of Vitellius? —What were the first acts of Vespasian? —What of his private character?
|What was his end?                                                             | —What of his son Titus?ll
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I T A LY.
over the Batavians, and their confederates, restored peace on the German fron-  after the death of Nerva (A. D. 98).  The latter reigned but 16 months, and
tier.  The conquest of the island of Britain was completed by Agricola (A. D.  Trajan succeeded him as sole emperor without opposition.  The persecution of
78), who introduced many useful arts there.  Vespasian restored the capitol at  the Christians was renewed: one of the principal victims being Clement, bishop
Rlome, and began the Colosse/um; but his close attention to business brought on  of Rome, who was cast into the sea with an anchor around his neck.  Trajan
a mortal disease, and he died A. D. 79, being the second of the Roman emper-  was one of the greatest and best of the emperors of Rome.  He reverenced law
ors who had died a natural death, and the first who was succeeded by his son.  and order, and was possessed of much goodness of heart.  He had been trained
TITUS, the 11th emperor, was a most amiable prince, and widely celebrated for  in apure and hardy course of life, and hence he was active and capable of sushis clemency and charity; but the Christians still suffered persecutions, and  taining the greatest fatigue.  But his martial education unfortunately led him
Linus, the first bishop of Rome, was put to death.  From the rigorous mode in  to imagine that the defence of the empire could be best promoted by extending
which he administered the government as prefect and lieutenant of his father,  its limits, and that the public morals could be improved by exciting a passion
combined with the licentiousness of his private character, the people expected  for military glory. IIence arose the evils of his reign.
of himn a second Nero. But the moment he assumed the imperial government    A number  of eminent literary and scientific men flourished  under the Roman
lie gave up every private passion and pleasure, and devoted himself wholly to  sway during this century: L. ANN;US SENECA was a native of Cordova, in Spain.
the welfare of the empire. He repudiated Berenice, the daughter of IIerod  He studied rhetoric and philosophy, and became tutor to Nero, whose vicious
Agrippa, and permitted no secret influence to guide his conduct.  In his time  propensities he endeavored to check.  He was, however, a parasite and avari(August 23d, A. D. 79), the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii were destroyed  cious.  Having amassed a fortune, he was stripped of it by Nero, who also
by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and the celebrated Pliny was smothered in  caused him to be put to death. He wrote many essays on philosophical subjects.
the ashes.  Rome also was devastated by fire and pestilence.  The death of  M. FABIUS QUINTILIANuS (Quintilian) was born at Calahorra, in Spain, A. D. 40.
Titus was attributed to poison, administered to him (A. D. 81) by his brother  He became a famous teacher of eloquence at Rome, and wrote a work on rhetoric.
and successor, FLAV/IUS DOMI/TIAN.   This prince completed the public works  IIe died A. D. 118.  EPICTE/TUS, of Hierap'olis, in Phrygia, was a celebrated phibegun by Titus, and for a short time emulated his brother's virtues.  The his-  losopher, and the originator of the Stoic philosophy.  He lived in the time of
torian Suetonius informs us that Domitinn kept in such control the higher  Domitian, and did not leave many works behind him.  PLUTARCH, of Cheronsea,
class of official personages, of whom the Senate principally consisted, that no  in Greece, flourished in the reigns of Nero and Domitian.  He wrote the famous
one, either in Rome or in the provinces, dared to neglect his duty; and the  work named "Parallel Lives" of forty-six eminent Greeks and Romans, popularly
public functionaries never were more incorrupt than under his government. He  known as " Plutarch's Lives". He also wrote about sixty ethical and other
cleared away the nuisances of informers and calumniators, forwarded the course  essays.  CORNELIUS TACITUS, the greatest of Roman historians, lived during the
of justice, and, during the first years of his reign, was not only free from  all  reigns of Domitian and Trajan.  The date and place of his birth are unknown.
imputation of avarice, but splendid and generous.  During these years he issued  His principal works were an account of the German tribes, "Annals of Rome"
a number of excellent regulations; but found, to his disheartenment, that he  under the Caesars, and the life of Agricola.  DION CHRTSOSTOM, of Prusa, in
made but few friends among the upper classes.  This discovery seems to have  Bithynia, an eminent orator, and the author of numerous orations or essays.
pared the way for his subsequent change of conduct.  He began by endeavoring   VELLEIUS PATER/CULUS (born B. C. 19, in Campania) was the author of a history
to win the people by shows, entertainments, and games; and he enormously in-  of Rome. He was, probably, massacred along with the friends of Sejanus.
creatsed the pay of the soldiery.  At length his real character developed itself,  STRaBO, of Amasia, in Pontus (born about B. C. 54, died A. D. 24), was a disand he ultimately launched into the most horrible excesses. His fury was  tinguished historian and geographer.  POMPONIUS MELA wrote a treatise on
aroused by the repeated disasters sustained by his armies from the Germans.  geography.  IIe was a native of Spain, and lived in the reign of Claudius.
Ile now gave loose to the cruelty of his disposition, and expelledall philosophers  M. ANNEus  LUCANUS (Lucan), the poet, was born at Cordova, in Spain, A. D. 39.
from Rome.  The Datcians, under their gallant king, Deceb/'alus, invaded the  IIis great work was the " Pharsalia", a heroic poem, in ten books, relating to the
empire (A. D. 86-91), and Domnitian purchased a disgraceful peace by agreeing  war between Caesar and Pompey.  IIe committed suicide A. D. 65. M. VALEto pay them tribute.    ie ordered the second persecution of the Christians (A. D).  RIus  MARTIA/LIS (Martial), the epigrammatic poet, was born at Bibilis, in Spain,
95), because they refused to contribute to the rebuilding of the temple of Jupiter  A. D. 43. Ile wrote upwards of 1500 short poems.  PERSIUS FLACCUS (born in
Capitoli'nus.  It would be useless to enumerate his cruelties, or to describe his  Etruria, A. D). 34) was the author of many able satires.  PETRONIUS (SUrnamed
malice in inventing tortures. He kept the Senate and all who surrounded him   ARBITER, from his having been constituted director and judge of the imperial
in a continual state of terror: none could approach him  but those employed in  pleasures) was an intimate companion of Nero.  He wrote a work called
executing his merciless commands. But these creatures became the instruments  "Satyricon", depicting the vices of the age: and committed suicide to avoid
of his destruction, instigated by the Empress Domitia, who accidentally discov-  being accused of treason. DECIMius   JuNIUS JUVENALIS  (Juvenal), the great
ered the intention of the emperor to put her and others to death, whereupon  Roman satirist, flourished at the close of this century.  But little is known of
she caused him to be assassinated (A. D. 96). But the Proetorian guards were  his life. PueADRUS, a Thracian slave, freed by the Emperor Augustus, was the
so much attached to him  that they put to death all those who took part.in his  author of a number of fables composed in verse.  PUBLIUS PAPINIUS STATIUS
murder.  The Senate and the upper classes were overjoyed at his death, but  (born at Naples, A. D. 61; died A. D. 96) was the author of poems styled respectthe people and the army mourned for him.  He was the twelfth and last of the  ively "Sylvae", "Thebais", and "Achilleis", the last two being heroic poems
emperors commonly called "the twelve Csesars".    IIe was succeeded by MARCUS  of considerable merit. SILIUS ITALICUS, who flourished under Vitellius, wrote
CoccEIUS NERVA, who was elected emperor by the Senate.  He was a native of  an epic poem on the second Punic war. VALERIUS FLACCUS, a native of Mantua,
Umbria, and the first foreigner who became emperor.  IIe was an able and   wrote a heroic poem on the Argonautic expedition.  C. PLINIUS SECUNDUS (COMnwise man, but too aged to encounter the disorders which the soldiers and people  monly called PLINY THE ELDER) was one of the most eminent literary men of
indulged in on account of his curtailing their amusements, and reducing the  his time.  Ile wrote several works, the principal one being his " Natural Hispublic expenditure.  His commands were defied, and his authority disregarded.  tory".  He perished in the eruption of Vesuvius, which overwhelmed tIerculaUnder these circumstances he resolved to adopt a young and able colleague in  neum and Pompeii, A. D. 79.  IIis nephew, PLINY THE YOUNGER, was a very
the empire, and selected MIARCuS ULPIUS TRAJAN, a Spaniard, who was on his  learned man: his letters to Trajan and others contain most valuable information.
way to Rome, having been victorious over the Pannonians.  HIe could not have  CORNELIUS CELSUS wrote a valuable work on medicine: he lived in the time of
made a better choice, for Tranjan  was beloved by the army, and feared by the  Tiberius Cesar.   FLoRaUS, the historian; COLUgELn5, the agriculturist;   FaoNpeople. Trajan was elected in October, A. ). 97, and all disorders ceased.  tIe  TINUS, the author of works on war and architecture; and APOLIONIUS, of Tyana,
fixed his residence in Rome, with Pliny and Tacitus for his friends, about a year who pretended to work miracles — all flourished in this century.
What  is remarked of the death of Vesp asian? —What was the character of Titus? —What    What of Seneca?|- Quintilian? —Epictetus? — Plutarch? —Tocitus? —Dion   Chrysostom?
of IIerculaneum and Pompeii?- Titus's death? -- omitian? - H'is change of character? —  -Velleius Patereulus? —Strabo?-Pomponius Mela? - Lucan? — Martial?- Persius? —PeIDecebalus? —WThat cruelties did Domitian commit? —What was his end?- Of what was he  tronius Arbiter? -Juvenal?- Phtcdrus? - Statius? Silius Italicus? — Valerius Flaecus?the last? —What of N ervn? - Trazjan? -HItis  character?                     Pliny the El der? —Piny the Younger? -P Cnlsus? - Florus? — Columella? - Frontinus?
~_.......( 132 )




BRITAIN.                                                                         FRANCE.
ENGLAND.-(Cymbeline (or Cunob/eline) having banished his son Admin'-    TIIE Roman administration was marked by rapacity and cruelty, notwithius, this young prince went to Rome, and there made a surrender of the whole  standing the virtues of Drusus.  The Gauls served in the Roman armies, and
island to the Emperor Caligula (A. D. 40).  This was succeeded by a real  distinguished themselves in the campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius against the
invasion by the Emperor Claudius, instigated by Beric, a British chieftain who  Germans, 40,000 of whom were forced to settle in Gaul.  After the destruction
had been expelled from  his native country.  The Britons, under the command  of Varus and his legions (A. D. 9), Augustus expelled the Gauls from Italy,
of C.RAC/TACUS and Togidum/nus, the sons of Cymbeline, offered a brave re-  and Tiberills spent three years in putting Gaul in a state of defence.  But the
sistance to the Romans, who were commanded by the Emperor Claudius in per-  oppression which the Romans were guilty of drove the country into revolt, and
son; but they were forced to submit (A. D. 43).  Geoffrey of Monmouth and the  JULIus  SAC/ROVIR, an fEduan, and Julius Florus, roused the people to arms. The
other British historians, who have copied him, tell us that the sons of Cymbeline  former was distinguished for his courage and ability, and undertook to raise the
were named Guide'rius and Arvir/agus; that Guiderius was assassinated by a  centre and the west of Gaul. The latter, an eminent general, raised a revolt in
crafty Roman named IHamo, who was subsequently slain by Arviragus at South-  Belgium.  Their plans were well laid; but the impetuosity of the Andega/'vi
ampton; that Arviragus submitted to Claudius, and helped him to conquer the  and the Tu/rones (two of the revolted tribes) marred the projects of Sacrovir.
Orkney islands; that he married the emperor's daughter, Genuis/sa; again re-  The Romans, under Acil/ius Avilola and Sil/ius, took immediate advantage of
volted; was defeated by Vespasian at Exeter; made peace, and reigned quietly  this imprudence, and speedily fell upon the half-prepared Gauls near Angustodzto the end of his days, leaving his kingdom to his son, Marius.  But nearly the  unum (the ancient Bibracte), where they gained an easy victory.  Sacrovir fled
whole narrative is fictitious. Claudius returned to Rome, leaving an army under  with some companions to his country-house, which he set on fire, and then he
Plau/tius and Vespatsian to subdue the island. Vespasian fought 30 battles  and his friends stabbing themselves, their bodies were consumed  in the flames
before he could subdue the southern portion of it; while Plautius was for five  (A. D. 21).  The Emperor Caligula, the successor of Tiberius, took up his abode
years as obstinately resisted by Caractacus, at the head of the Cassii and Silures.  for a long time at Lyons, where he was guilty of the greatest extravagances and
Ostorius Scap/ula, the successor of Plautius, moulded the reduced tribes into a  extortions.  The next emperor, Claudius, who was a native of Lyons, abolished
Roman province, and planted colonies of soldiers in different parts of the island  Druidism and exterminated its priests (A. D. 43).  IIe also conferred upon the
(A. D. 50).  But the Silu'res, under Caractacus, determined to hold out to the  Gauls the right of entry into the Roman Senate, -whereby  Gaul became assiMilast. fortified themselves in Shropshire, at a place still remembered by the name  lated to Italy (A. D. 48).  Schools and libraries were  established, and Roman
of Caer Car'adoc, where a bloody battle was fought, in which the Romans were  literature was very much cultivated in the country.    The Narbonnaise produced
victorious.  Caractacus was made prisoner and sent in chains to Rome, where  many men of genius, such as the poets Terentius Varro, Petronius Arbiter, and
he was generously received and restored to liberty. Ostorius Scapula was suc-  Cornelius  Gallus; the historian Trogus  Pomlpeius;  and the orators Votienus
ceeded in the government of Britain by Aulus Didius, Vera/nius, and Sueto/nius  Montanus and Domitius Afer.  The arts and sciences spread, and vast public
Pauli/nus.  The latter general attacked Mona (Anglesey), the retreat of the  works were undertaken.  The Gaulish nobility became rich and luxurious, and
Druids, whom  he there destroyed, and he struck at their power a blow from   played an important part in the aftairs of Rome.
which it never recovered (A. D). 61).  In the same year an insurrection of the     In the year 64 the beautiful city of Lyons wras destroyed by fire.  Nero conIceni, a British tribe, headed by their heroic queen, BOADI/CEA, broke out.  tributed largely to the succour of the inhabitants and the restoration of the city;
The Roman colony atVerulam was destroyed by these insurgents, but they were   but his vices and cruelty had so alienated the Gauls, that they, under JULIus
totally routed at Sunbury; 80,000 were slain, and Boadicea put an end to her  VINDEx, governor of the Lyonnaise, organized a conspiracy to place Galba on
own life.  In this century C'hristianity was first introduced into Britain.  It is  the throne of the Coesars (A. D. 68).  The Belgians and Germans, however, set'
said that the Apostle SIION ZELOTES was the first who introduced it, and that  up Verginius Rufus in opposition to Galba.  A bloody conflict between the two
he suffered martyrdom in England. This is extremely  doubtful, but Christian-  parties took place at Vesontio, in which the Gauls   fell into the greatest confuity was certainly diffused  by Christian soldiers in the Rotman  armies. The coun-  sion, and slaughtered each other to the number of 20,000. Vindex, in despair,
try was finally subdued by the famous CNEIUS JULIUS AGRIC/OLA (A. D. 78-84),  destroyed himself, and Verginius might then have made himself emperor, but
and reconciled, by his enlightened government, to the Roman yoke. The island  he refrained from doing so. But the harsh and imprudent acts both of Galba
was divided by him  into six provinces, and civil order was firmly  established.  and Verginius  discontented the Gauls, and the legions then proclaimed Vitellius
London is spoken of as being at this time a flourishing trading city.            emperor.  The history of this contest belongs to Rome rather than to Gaul, but
SCOTLAND.-The    reigns of Metellan, Carat/acus, and Corbred I., were peace-  the latter country suffered deplorably while it lasted; and, under the inspiration
ful and prosperous. Dardan, a mad tyrant, was slain after a reign of four years.  of a Boian named Maric, the people rose in insurrection. They were, however,
IIis successor, Corbred II., surnamed "Galgus" or "Gal'gacus" (A. D. 76), was  soon quelled by the Roman legions (A. D. 69).  The subsequent heroic attempt
an able prince, and acquired great renown by his valor against the Romans dur-  of CLAUDIUS CIVItLIS, the Batavian, to expel the Romans,  was equally unsuccessing the invasion of Scotland by that people under Agricola. IIe distinguished  ful. An account of his exploits will be found in the column devoted to the Nethhimself greatly, and even after his total defeat in the battle of the Grampians,  erlands (p. 135). The last blood shed for Gaul wMas that of Julius Sabi/nus, a
he contrived to sustain the spirits of his countrymen, and finally expelled the  noble who had set himself up as Coesar.  This youth was violently enamoured
Romans from Scotland.  IIe died after a reign of 35 years.                       of a young maiden named Eponi'na, with whom he lived for nine years concealed
IRELAND.-Co  N/ARY  THE GREAT, and CRIMTHAN,  were the most eminent mon-  in subterranean  passages beneath his house. Being discovered, they were taken
archs of this century.  The island was never attacked by the Romans, though  to Rome, and put to death by Vespasian.  Gaul finally submitted to Vespasian
Agricola had planned its invasion. Under the auspices of CONQUOVARz, king   (A. D. 70), and became essentially a Roman province.  I-Ienceforward, until
of Ulster, a digest of the ancient laws was made, which code was called " the  the irruptions of the Germanic tribes, the history of this country is identified
celestial judgments".  Crimthan and his successor, Fiach/ad, assisted the Picts  with that of Rome. Gaul was the scene of many conflicts between the rival
to resist the Romans. On the death of Crimthan (A. D. 90), the Celtic population   claimants of the imperial purple; but it flourished in spite of all these scenes
revolted against their Scotic or Milesian masters, and having massacred all the  of confusion, and became very populous.
princes and chiefs, they placed one of their own men, named Carbre Cat-can,    There can be little doubt that Christianity found its way into France, as well
on the throne.  HIe reigned five years.  On his death, his son, Moran, refused   as into Britain, during this century; for there were converts in the army as well
the crown, and reinstated Feredach, the son of Crimthan, in the government. as in the household of Caesar. There is reason to believe that the Apostle Paul
Moran was appointed chief judge.  To his fame is owing the fable of M()RAN'S  visited France and Spain during the interval between his first and second imCOLLAR, which is said to have given him warning, by increased pressure round prisonment in Rome (A. D. 63-64). It has been supposed by some that he also
his neck, when he was about to pronounce an unjust sentence.                     visited England, but this rests on very doubtful testimony.
What is said,fAdmninius? —Claudius? —-Caractacus? —Togidumnns? —Guiderius? —Arvira-  What did the Romans do? —W1hat of Sacrovir? —What was his fate? —What were the acts
gus? —Vespasian? —Plautius? —Ostorius Scapula? —What was the fate of Caractacus? —Who  of Caligula.?- Claudius? —What men of genius flourished? — What of Lyons? - Nero? -
succeeded Scapula? —What of the Druids? —Boadicea? —IIow was Christianity introduced?  Julius Vindcs? —Verginius Rufus? —Vitellius? —Maric? —Civilis? —Julius Sabinus and Epo— What of Agricola? —What wvere the principal' events in the history of Scotland? —Ireland?  nina? —What happened to Gaul? —What of the introduction of Christianity? —St. Paul?
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__~~~~~~~~ _.                                        _
SPAIN.                                                                      GERMANY.
THE country enjoyed tranquillity and prosperity during the reign of Augustus    TIBERIUS was successful in his various expeditions (A. D. 4); and his victories,
Caesar. HIe conferred many benefits on the people: he made numerous roads  combined with the wise and humane conduct of Sent/iuns, prefect of the Rhine,
and bridges; founded new colonies; reduced the taxes; and advanced many of  induced many of the tribes to adopt Roman customs and their useful arts.
the natives to the highest offices.  HIis clemency and magnanimity caused him   Sentius was succeeded by VARUS (an able and learned man, and a confidential
to be adored by them. A remarkable instance occurred in the case of Caracota,  friend of the Emperor Augustus), who sought earnestly to civilize the Germans.
a famous robber, who, at the head of a formidable hand, had long ravaged the  While he remained at his head-quarters, enriched the natives with gifts, and
country, and defeated the forces sent in pursuit of him.  Augustus set a price  took their sons into his army, they loved and treated him  as a guest.  But he
on his head; whereupon Caracota waited on the emperor, confessed his own  was induced by Seges'tus, a treacherous chief of the Cherusci, to enforce the
crimes, promised to forsake them, and ended with demanding not only his par-  Roman laws among that tribe. With 30,000 picked men, Yarus encamped among
don, but the rew-ard offered for his apprehension. The emperor, struck with his  them. But Hermann (or ARafI.vus, as the Romans called him), a noble youth
intrepidity, granted what he required.                                          of the Cherusci, who had learned the art of war in the Roman armnies, secretly
Tl'he reign of Tiberius Caesar (A. D. 14-37) was a scourge to Spain. This  instigated his countrymen to revolt, and managed matters with such ability as
rapacious and remorseless tyrant oppressed the country in the most merciless  to draw the Roman legions into the defiles of the Detmold and the Teutoberg
manner,  shedding the blood of the inhabitants and confiscating  their property,  forest, where they were surrounded and cut to pieces (A.D. 9). Varus threw
just as it suited his humor. I/is proctors were the vile instruments of his crimes.  himself upon his sword, and Germany was liberated from Roman denmilion.
The people revolted, but as the Romans were in military possession of all the  Every trace of the Romans beyond the Rhine was effaced, and all their forts
strongholds, the revolt was speedily suppressed; but the assassination of Lucius  and military roads were destroyed.  Tiberius, on his accession to the empire
Piso, the governor of Itispania Citcrior, whose avarice and cruelty excited gen-  (A. D. 14), sent German/icus (the son of Drusus) with a powerful fleet and army
eral indignation, hall a salutary effect on succeeding governors.                against the Germans.  Germanicus fell upon the Marsi while they were lying
The Spanish historian Mariana asserts that the Apostle James the Elder (the  intoxicated at a sacred feast, and slew immense numbers of them.  Next year
son of Zebedee) came into Spain during the reign of Caligula (A. D. 38-41), and  (A. D. 15) he entered the country of the Cherusci, and took prisoner Thusnel/da,
preached Christianity; that he founded a church at Saragossa, but had very few   the wife of Arminius.   At the news of this, all Germany, to a man, rose up in
followers; also that he then returned to Jerusalem, where he suffered martyr-  arms.  Germanicus boldly advanced to the scene of the defeat of Varus, and
dom (A.D. 4242); that after his martyrdom his body was brought by his disciples  there buried the bones of the slaughtered legions. On this spot he was attacked
fiuom Syria to Iria Flavia (now E1 Padron) in Galicia, and thence transferred to  by the whole force of the Germans, headed by Armiinius, defeated, and driven
Compostella.  There is more reason to believe that St. Paul visited Spain, and  to his ships on the Danube (A. D. 16). Next year he was again defeated on the
preached in Catalonia, Aragon, Valencia, and Andalusia, during his last apos-  banks of the WVeser; so that after a contest of three years Germanicus returned
tolicaljourney: he had previously declared his intention of so dloiug (Rom. xv. 24).  to Rome, leaving only one fort in Germany in possession of the Romans.
The tyranny of the Emperor Caligula (A. D. 37-41) was worse than that of    MIeanwhile the confederation of the Sucvi had broken up, and consequently
Tiberius; so was that of Claudius. The cruelties of Nero reached such a pitch  the tribes on the Danube fell a prey one by one to the ambition of Tiberius.
that Julius VTindex, governor of Southern Gaul, invited SER/VIUS SULPItCIUS  Boirebistas, king of the Getm, having been murdered by his people, MARBOD,
GL-~B., then governor of Spain, to assume the empire.  Galba hesitated, but  uniting the Boii, the Suevi of Upper Germany, and the petty southern frontier
was at length persuaded, by an assembly of the chief men of Spain, convened  tribes, led them  into Bohemia, where he  was joined by the Getrm.  Here he
at Carthatgena, to march to Rome.   In this step he was greatly influenced by  established  a kingdom, and his subjects received the name of Marcomlanni.
OTIOe SIL/VIUS, governor of Lusitania, who supplied him with a large amount  Caring nothing for the independence of Germany, he sought an alliance with
of money.  Galba accordingly commenced his enterprise; and Nero having de-  Tiberius, who was then occupied in crushing the Pannonians, Senones, and
stroyed himself in the meantime, the veteran was proclaimed emperor.  His  Longobardi. This so exasperated the Germans that a league was formed against
reign was very short.  His successor, Otho, menaced by the legions of Germany  him bv Arminius, and Marbed was entirely defeated.  IHe fled across the Danand France, endeavored to conciliate Spain by giving her jurisdiction over Mau-  ube, where he lived for 18 years on the bounty of the Romans.  In the year 21,
retania and Tingitana.  Owing to this arbitrary measure, the people of that  the gallant Arminius was murdered by his own relations, who were jealous of
portion of Africa were forced to resort to the Romnan courts at Cadiz for the de-  his fanme. From this moment the Germans ceased to act with unity. The Frisii
termination of their lawsuits.  The Emperors Vespasian and Titus granted to  revolted from the Romans, who had grossly outraged and oppressed them, and
the Spaniards all the privileges enjoyed by the Italians, and became so popular  they permanently recovered their freedom.  The Cherusci, ruined by internal
in Spain that many towns and places adopted the name of their family, FL.VIUS.  cldissensions, ultimately submitted to Fla'vius Italticus (A. D. 47). The Catti,
The celebrated Roman naturalist PLINY was questor of Andalusia under these  crossing the Rhine, were cut to pieces by the Romans (A. D. 50).  In the same
beneficent emperors, and steadily forwarded their views. But on the accession  year, Agrippi'na, the daughter of Germanicus, led a numerous Roman colony
of the tyrant DOBIITIAN all was changed, and the people became martyrs to his  to the Rhine, where she erected the great fortress, named after her Colo'nia
rapacity and that of his officers.                                               Agrippi/na (now Cologne).  Vast numbers of Germans enlisted in the Roman
Spain was at this time divided into three provinces, Beetica, Lusitania, and  armies, and greatly contributed to the victories of Titus and Vespasian in Asia.
Tarraconensis, each governed by a proctor. In each province were several Roman     The history of Germany presents a continual state of warfare amongst the
colonies, chartered towns, and courts for determining civil suits. The Christian   various tribes, who, instead of uniting against the common enemy, destroyed
religion had not yet taken root in Spain; wherefore EUGE/NIUs, the illustrious  each other, thereby making the war light to the Romans.  The Catti fell upon
disciple of Dionysius the Areopagite, bishop of Athens, was sent to preach to'the Cherusci, and dethroned IKing Chari'omer.  Masy/us, king of the Senones,
the Spaniards.   IIe became the first bishop of Toledo. The converts to Chris-  and their famous prophetess, Ganna, fled to Rome.   60,000 Bruc'teri here detianity in Spain suffered in the persecution under Domitian, as did others ill  stroyed by the Chama'vi and the Angriva/rii.'I'he Goths, under Catual/da, the
Italy and Gaul. Eugenius was martyred in the second general persecution under  successor of Marbod, king of the Marcomanni, drove out the Sueri, who, in their
that tyrant. Domitian forbade the planting of any more vines in Spain. IIe was  turn, under Vibil/ius, expelled Catualda.  The latter went over to the Romans,
murdered A.D. 97, and Coc/cEIus NERVA was chosen emperor, who associated I and was allotted land in Pannonia.  DECEB/Atus, the brave king of the Getx,
with himself MARcus  ULPIuS TRuJANaUS (commonly called Trajan), a Spaniard,   having united the tribes formerly called Pauci/ni, defeated two armies wrlhich
born near Seville.  Nerva died A. D. 99, and Trajan became sole emperor.        the Emperor Domitian sent against him. The latter sued for peace, and agreed
Three Spanish poets flourished at Rome  during this century, viz., M~RTI:~L,   to pay Iecebalus  a heavy annual tribute (A.D. 90). The Romans paid this
CIN/xuS, and DECICNUS; and SEN/EC.i, Nero's preceptor, was a native of Cordova.  tribute for 10 years, when the Emperor Trajan  refused to continue it.
| WVhat is said of Augustus C.'esar? —Caracot.? —Tiberills? —WhiCh  of the apostles visited    Who was Varus? —What befell himn? —And the Roman domination in Germany? —-Wthho
Spain? —Relate the tradition respecting St. James. —What is said of Caligula? —Claudius --  was Arminius?- Germanicus?- Relate the incidents of this war. -Who wvas Marbod?Nero?-Galba? —Otho? —Vespasian and Titus? —Do mitialn? —The planting of Christianity?-  What befell him? —What was the end of Arminius?-What was the state of Germany after
Eugenius? —Nerva? —Trajn? —What famous Spaniards flourished during this century?    | his death? —What is said of Decebalus?
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AFRICA.                                               SCANDINAVIA. NETHERLANDS.
ETHIOPIA.-The Emperor Augustus restored to Candace all the towns taken           SWEDEN.-The annals of the kings    DURING this century the Menapii
by Petronius, and remitted the tribute, but still considered himself master of  of Sweden, during this period, possess  made rapid progress in civilization.
the country. It is believed that the only portion of Ethiopia known to the  little interest. There were a number  They became a maritime people, and
Romans was the kingdom of Meroe, a peninsula adjoining the lower part of  of petty sovereigns reigning at the  carriedon considerabletradewithEngEgypt; and even after their invasion the people preserved their independence.  same time in the different provinces of  land. They even established a colony
Some writers assert that the Christian religion was introduced into Mero6 about  Scania, Norway, Denmark, Gothland,  on the east coast of Ireland, not far
the 19th or 20th year of the reign of Tiberius (A. D. 34), by the treasurer of  and Upsala. Freyer removed his cap-  from  Dublin.  The Batavi and the
Queen Candace, who was baptized by.Philip the deacon (Acts viii. 27), and that  ital from  Sigtuna to Upsala, where he  Belgne, by their intercourse with the
this convert became the apostle of Ethiopia. It is also asserted that the Evan-  built a palace and temple. He adopted  Romans, became rapidly Latinized; but
gelist Matthew preached the gospel to the Ethiopians who had settled near the  the surname of Yngve, hence the sacred  those Batavians and Frisians who inAraxes, and that the Apostle Bartholomew preached to those settled in Arabia  race of the Ynglings derived their ap-  habited Holland retained the manners
Felix. It is very probable that some of the early Christian converts found their  pellation. His death is placed in the  and language of their ancestors. In
way into Ethiopia, and contributed to the spread of the gospel, but there is no  year 19.   Of his successors, Fibl-  A. D. 28, the latter achieved their incertain information on this point. From this period but little mention is made  ner (A. D. 19-24), Svegdir (A. D. 34-  dependence.  The Romans had imof the Ethiopians in history for more than 200 years.                            48),Vanland(A.D.48-98),andVisbur,  posed a tribute of ox-hides on them,
MAURETANIA. —Juba was succeeded by Ptolemy, his son by Cleopatra, daugh-  there is little worth recording. Peace  which was endured until Olennius beter of the famous Antony and Cleopatra. But the country was not destined to  and abundance prevailed, and their  came prefectof the Rhine. That tyranremain long at peace. TACFARI"NAS, a native of Numidia, formerly employed  reigns were the golden age of the  nical officer demanded not only common
in the Roman army, occasioned fresh troubles. He assembled a great number  North. We may mention that Fiblner  hides, but buffalo hides, which were
of barbarians, principally robbers and persons of lawless life, formed an army  was drowned in a vat of mead, into  rare in Friesland.  The wretched peoof them, and disciplined it after the Roman manner. He drew over to his side  which he had fallen while intoxicated;  ple were forced to sell all they possessed
the Masulanians (a wild tribe dwelling near the desert of Sahara), the Cinithi-  hard drinking being then, as well as in   -houses, slaves, cattle, and even their
ans, and a large body of Mauretanians, commanded by their general, Mazippa;  later times, a royal accomplishment.    children — to purchase hides of the
and, being confident of success, attacked the Roman legion under Furius Ca-    DENMARK.-The successors of Frode  neighboring nations. At length they
millus, but was quickly put to flight with the loss of half his army (A. D. 17).  I. were Friedlief II. (A. D. 35-47),  rose up and drove the Romans out of
Next year he renewed the war, but followed different tactics. Laying waste  Havar (A. D. 47-59), Frode II. (A. D.  theircountry(A.D.28). Theyretained
the country as he went, he moved with such celerity that the Romans could not  59-87), Vermund the Sage (A. D. 87-  their freedom, for the Romans made
come up with him. Ile surrounded a Roman cohort commanded by Decrius,  140), of whom we have nothing of in-  no further attempt to subdue them.
near the banks of the Pazida, killed their leader, and put them to flight. For  terest to record.                           In the year 69, CIVI/LIS, a Batatheir cowardice, Lucius Apronius, the commander of the Roman forces, deci-    NORWAY. —Semingve and his de-  vian, who had lost an eye in the setmated them-every tenth man, drawn by lot, being executed with a club,  scendants reigned, but the annals of  vice of the Romans, was thrown into
according to the ancient Roman custom. This rigor appears to have had the  this country are so meagre and unin-  prison by them, being suspected of dedesired efect, for shortly afterwards a small body of 500 men routed the whole  teresting as to require no further notice  signs against them. On his release
army of Tacfarinas at Thala. After this the war was carried on in a desultory  until the 7th century.                    he vowed eternal enmity to the oppresmanner, until an opportunity offered for Apronius to attack the Africans, which    There is reason to believe that before  sors of his country. During a sacred
he did, routing them with ease. Tacfarinas then had the insolence to send  the arrival of Odin, the Danes were  feast at midnight, in a forest, he apambassadors to the Emperor Tiberius, threatening him with eternal war if a  divided into many tribes, living inde-  peared among his countrymen, and
proper settlement were not made to him and his army. Tiberius, exceedingly  pendent of each other, and having their  excited them to open revolt. The people
incensed, ordered Blsesus, the commander of the Roman forces in Africa, to  own chief. Odin had reduced these  rose at once, and simultaneously masoffer a general indemnity to the Africans, and to endeavor to get Tacfarinas into  into subjection, and placed his own de-  sacred the Romans throughout the
his hands. Bloesus, by able manceuvres, dispersed the chief's army, and forced  scendants over them. But it was not  country. Tribe after tribe followed the
him  to hide himself in the desert; but being subsequently joined by a large  long before they recovered their right  example, and the Romans were everybody of Mauretanians, through the connivance or supineness of Ptolemy, Tac-  of electing their kings, and other rights  where defeated. The enthusiasm  of
farinas once more attacked the Romans. Ile was met by Dolabella near the  essential to  national independence.  the people was greatly stimulated by
castle of Auzea, and paid for his rashness with his life: being killed, together  Denmark was for a long time divided  the exhortations of VELLrEDA, a maiden
with a great number of his followers (A. D. 24). This victory restored peace to  into three kingdoms-Scania, Zealand,  prophetess, who dwelt in a lonely tower
the Roman provinces of Mauretania and Goetulia.  Soon after the death of Tibe-  and Jutland-and the kings were elect-  in the Bructerian forest, and was rerius, Caligula, either through avarice or jealousy, caused Ptolemy to be put to  ed by open voting, the electors and  garded with  veneration  throughout
death.  Thereupon 2Ed/emon, one of Ptolemy's freedmen, to avenge his death,  soldiers signifying their approval by  Germany.  The Gauls united with the
assembled a large force, and attempted to expel the Romans. But the Roman  clashing their shields together. The  Belgoe, and all went on prosperously
general, Suetonius Paulinus, ravaged the country, and penetrated as far as  assembly usually met inside a circle  through the winter; but in the spring
Mount Atlas; and his successor, Sidius Geta, drove the Mauretanian general,  of enormous unhewn stones, having one  the Emperor Vespasian sent Cerea'lis,
Salabus, into the desert. But Salabus having been largely reinforced, Geta  stonein the middle larger than the rest,  a veteran general, into Gaul. That
concluded peace with him  on his own terms. It is probable that Mauretania  on which they made a seat for the king.  officer speedily subdued the Gauls: the
was delivered up to the Romans, for we find it soon after divided into two prov-  The remains of these stone circles are  city of Cologne drove out the Germans,
inces: the one called Mauretania Tingitana -the other, Mauretania Coesarien-  still to be seen near Lunden, in Scania;  and gave up the wife and child of Cisis; and a Roman governor was appointed to each province. Tranquillity was  Leyra, in Zealand; and Viburg, in Jut-  vilis.  That chief was defeated, and,
now restored to all the African dominions of Rome.                              land.  In Sweden an oath was recipro-  being deserted b.y his troops, fled to
ARABIA. — There is no complete history olf the Arabs: from time to time  cally taken between the new king and  the 13atavian islands.  But honorable
the name of an eminent chief among them appears, and they are occasionally his subjects When the king was elected  terms being offered, he made peace.
mentioned in the histories of surrounding nations.  The Romavns, under Gallus,  he was lifted upon the shoulders of the  Velleda was taken prisoner by the
in the reign of Augustus, penetrated as far as Negra, on the Red Sea.            chiefs, that the people might see him.  Romans, and carried to Rome.
What did the emperor restore to Candace? —What portion of Ethiopia was known to the |What events occurred in Sweden?7-Den- |What progress did the Menapii mnake? —
]Romans? —What is said of the introduction of Christianity there? —What were the acts of  mark? —Norway? —What was the condition  When and howf dial the Frisii achieve their
Tacfarinas? What was his fate? —What did,~demon do? —What became of Mauretania?  of the Danes before the arrival of Odin? — independence? —Who was Civilis? —Velleda?
| What is said of Arabia?                                                      |How were their kings elected?         | What of their efforts to free their counltry?
(~35)




THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
AT the time of the advent of our Lord, the greater part of the known world  himself out of remorse; and the disciples, at the suggestion of Peter, chose
was under the dominion of Rome, and almost universal peace prevailed. But  MATTHIASto fill the vacant apostleship. BARNABAS was shortlyafterwards added
mankind were sunk in vice; the most infamous crimes were habitually perpe-  to the number of the apostles. The missionary work of Jesus had been limited
trated; the ancient religions, or rather superstitions, had become useless for any  to Judea, and the apostles for some years confined their labors to that country
good purpose; and the necessity for a new Revelation to regenerate the race,  and Samaria.  A period of nearly 12 years firom the crucifixion of Jesus elapsed
coming at the time it did, is to us apparent, but was not so to those amongst  before the gospel was publicly preached to the Gentiles. In the meanwhile it
whom the Saviour taught. The Jews at this time were the only nation which  had reached Antioch, through the medium of certain Greeks, amongst whom
was not idolatrous: they worshipped Jehovah, the God of Abraham, but had  Lucius of Cyrene was pre-eminent.  A number of persons there embraced the
added to the Law of Moses many traditions and observances, which their teach-  new faith, and adopted the name of " Christians" (A. D. 37). The attention
ers, or doctors, held to be of equal force with the Law itself. These were re-  of the apostles having been called to this fact, the Apostle Barnabas, taking
corded in their TALMUD, a book consisting of two parts, the Mischna and the  his friend PAUL with him, was deputed by thenm to that city, and authorized to
Gemara-the former being the written law, and the latter a collection of tradi-  take the necessary steps for organizing there the first Christian Gentile church
tions and comments of Jewish teachers.  Those Jews who taught this, and  (A. D. 40). The Jewish converts had already founded a church at Jerusalem,
insisted on the strict observance of the Ceremonial Law, were called Pharisees  over which James the Just was appointed bishop (a title frequently given in
(from the Hebrew word perushim, signifying persons separated from others).  Scripture and early ecclesiastical history, but there is considerable controversy
Their rivals, the Sadducees (so named from being the disciples of Sadok, the  as to the precise duties attached to the office: the word is derived from the Greek,
pupil of Antigonus Sichaeus, president of the great Sanhedrin about 260 B. C.),  episcopos, "an overseer").  Many interesting events had occurred, such as the
were freethinkers and scoffers, who taught that there was no resurrection,  deaths of Ananias and Sapphira, the martyrdom of Stephen, the conversion of
neither angel nor spirit (Matt. xxii. 23); that the soul perished with the body;  Cornelius, the call of Peter to preach to those Gentiles who believed in the
and rejecting all tradition, they preferred the Law of Moses. The sect of the  Mosaic dispensation, the conversion of Paul, and the writing of a gospel in
Esse'nes, whose origin is obscure, was composed of men who led a recluse life in  Hebrew by Matthew, for the use of Jewish converts. But the dark days of
caves and deserts, and were unqualified fatalists. These three were the prin-  the Church were at hand. The fanatical Jews  incited Herod Agrippa to percipal sects prevailing amongst the Jews at the time when JOHN THE BAPTIST  secute their converted brethren; the Apostle James, the son of Zebedee, was
appeared, preaching repentance, and announcing the immediate coming of the  " slain by the sword"; and Peter was thrown into prison (A. D. 42): nevertheMessiah- a spiritual Messiah, not a temporal monarch - to restore the glories  less, Christianity spread in defiance of all this.  Paul and Barnabas returned to
of their nation upon earth, as the Jews expected. John was the son of Zacha-  Antioch (A. D. 45), where the former was called to become an apostle for the
ri/as (a Levite, and priest of the family of Abi'a), and of Elizabeth his wife, a  great work of preaching the gospel to the heathen world, and the two were sent
cousin of Mary, the mother of Jesus. He was a man of fervid piety, and lived  forth from that city on their first mission, accompanied by John, surnamed
a solitary life in the desert, when not preaching to the Jews. He was put to  MARK, the nephew of Barnabas. For seven years these three preached throughdeath (A. D. 32) by Herod An'tipas, at the request of Salo'me, the daughter of  out Asia Minor, founding churches in various places; but Malrk subsequently
Hero'dias, the wife of Herod Philip (Matt. xiv.). The name "John" signifies  left them, and his place was filled by TITUS. On their return to Antioch (A. D.
"filled with grace".                                                          52), they were deputed to Jerusalem to consult the apostles and elders of that
The precise date of the birth of JEsus (Jehosuah, or Joshua, a name signify-  church respecting a question which then agitated the Christians at Antioch, viz.,
ing "he who shall save") is uncertain.  IHistorians differ amongst themselves  the necessity of circumcision for Gentile converts.  This question having been
as much as ten years: some fixing it at seven years before the usually received  answered in the negative, they were deputed to go on a second mission to the
date, and others at three years subsequently.  The more recent authorities,  Gentiles. On the journey disputes arose between Paul and Barnabas, on account
including Hales, Blair, and Clinton, fix it at five years before the received era,  of which they separated.  Paul, accompanied by SILAS, TIMOTHY, and LUKRE,
and this accords better with contemporary history. The use of the present Era  accomplished his second apostolical journey, visiting (A. D. 53-55), Cilicia,
was brought into general adoption by the monk Diony'sius Exig'uus, in the  Phrygia, Galatia, Thrace, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth, and
reign of the Emperor Justin/ian, A. I). 527.                                  Ephesus, where he founded churches. During this journey he wrote his Epistles
We will assume, then, that the birth of Jesus took place on the 25th of De-  to the Galatians and the Thessalonians. He then returned to Jerusalem, but
cember, B. C. 5. It occurred at Bethlehem, in Judea.  Of the early life of  remained there only a short time, starting on his third journey (A. D. 55-60),
Jesus very few incidents are known.  At 12 years of age He was found in the  during which he revisited Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus, Macedonia, Corinth, Phitemple disputing with the doctors (teachers of the law). His coming and  lippi, and the Grecian islands, and wrote his Epistles to the Corinthians and
actual presence had been announced by John the Baptist, whose preaching cor- the Romans. On his return to Jerusalem the Jews raised a great tumult (A. D.
menced about the year 26: Pontius Pilate being then the Roman governor of  60), accusing him of sedition and blasphemy.  He was thrown into prison, and
Judea; and Herod Antipas, the son of Herod the Great, being tetrarch of Galilee.  brought before Felix, the Roman governor, who remanded him to prison. Felix
About the year 29 Jesus began to teach. His ministry lasted about three years  was soon after superseded by Festus, before whom Paul was again brought (A. D.
and a half, and was terminated by His crucifixion on the Mount of Olives, near  62). On this occasion he availed himself of his privilege of Roman citizenship,
Jerusalem, on the 3d of April, A. D). 33. He left no written instructions for the  and demanded to be sent to Rome for trial. His request was complied with, and
guidance of His disciples, but confided the promulgation of His doctrines to a  he was sent a prisoner to Rome, accompanied by Timothy, Luke, Aristar'chus,
band of faithful and heroic men, selected generally from the poorest class, who,  Tych/icus, and Mark. Meanwhile the ferocious Jews, disappointed in making
during His life, imperfectly comprehended Him; but after His decease, were  Paul their victim, turned their fury against the Christians at Jerusalem, and
enlightened as to the true nature of His mission, and were endowed with divine  stoned to death James the Just (A. D. 62), who had just before written his genpower to preach the gospel (" good tidings") to all nations. Of these disciples  eral epistle to the "Jews in dispersion".  After this the Christian church at
twelve were most conspicuous, and were called Apostles (from the Greek word  Jerusalem was broken up for a time, and the apostles dispersed themselves in
apostellein, signifying "to send out").  Those selected were SIMON PETER,  various directions, preaching the gospel and founding churches.  The accounts
ANDREW, JAMES the Elder, and JoaN (the sons of Zeb'edee), PHILIP, BARTHOLO-  of their acts and their fate are meagre, and of doubtful authenticity. Tradition
AfEW (or Nathan/ael), THOMIAS, MATTHEW (or Levi), JAMES the Less (the son of  says that ANDREW went to Scythia, Russia, Sogdiana, Colchis, and Greece; and
Alpheus, and brother of Jesus -surnamed " the Just"), JUDE (surnamed Leb-  that he was crucified at Patras, in the Morea, on a cross of a peculiar const,'ucbeus and Thadde/us), SIMON   (called "Zelo'tes", and "the Canaanite"), and  tion, named after him, "St. Andrev's cross". TnoaaAs visited Parthia and India,
Judas Iscariot.  The lastmentioned apostle, having betrayed his Lord, destroyed | where he founded the church known as " the Christians of St. Thomas". He
What was the condition of the world at the advent of Christ? —What were the leading |Who replaced Judas Iscariot?-Where and when was the name of' Christians first used?sects among the Jews? — What is said of the Essenes? - Of John the Baptist?- Of his  What events occurred before the " dark days" of the Church?-What did Herod do? - St:Lte
name?-Of the date of the birth of Jesus? - Of his youth?- Of his mission? — His death?  the order of Paul's journeys. —WThat befell him at Jerusalem? —Vhat were the acts and fate
— To whom did he confide the preaching of the gospel?                        of Andrew? —Thomas?
(136 )




A.C. 1] 100.
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
devoted himself to death to save his church from persecution, and suffered mar-  until near the close of his long life. During the second persecution of the Christyrdom by being shot with arrows. JUDE was sent to Abgarus, king of Edessa,  tians, under Domitian (A. D. 95), he was banished to the island of Patmos,
in compliance with a promise alleged to have been made in a letter written by  where he wrote his "Revelation", addressed to the seven churches in Asia,
Jesus to that monarch (which is contained in Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History,  foretelling what would shortly happen to them, and condemning the doctrines
but the tradition, as well as the authority of Eusebius, is of doubtful value).  of the Nicolaitans (ii. 6, 15), who held the same doctrines as the Gnostics reThis tradition runs thus: Abgarus had written to Christ to invite HIim into his  specting the two principles of all things, the XEons, and the origin of the world
kingdom, and begging to be cured by Him of a distemper with which he was  (see next century). The name "Nicolaitan" was probably symbolical: but in
afflicted. To this request Christ sent the following answer: "Abgarus, Blessed  the 2d century a sect was founded by one Nicolaus, holding the same doctrines.
art thou, because thou hast believed in me when thou sawedst me not; for it is  On John's return from exile (A. D. 97) he wrote his gospel, having previously
written of me that they which see me shall not believe in me: that they which  seen and approved of the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. He died A. D.
see me not shall believe and be saved. Concerning that thou wrotest unto me  100, at the advanced age of 96, having lived to see the firm establishment of the
that I should come unto thee, I let thee understand that all things touching my  kingdom of Christ upon earth, and thus " tarried till He came" (John xxi. 23).
message are here to be fulfilled, and after the fulfilling thereof I am to return    TIMOTHY was made bishop of Ephesus, and is said to have been stoned to death
again unto Him that sent me; but after my Assumption I will send one of my  there (A. D. 97). TITvS became bishop of Crete, where he died in the 94th year
disciples unto thee, which shall cure thy malady, and restore life to thee, and  of his age. LUKE preached in Gaul, Italy, Macedonia, Bithynia, and Greece,
them that be with thee."  Jude (Thaddeus) was the disciple selected by the  after the death of St. Paul. He was crucified at Elaea, in the Morea, at a very
Apostle Thomas for this mission; but there appears to be great doubt whether  advanced age. MARK was sent into Egypt, and became bishop of Alexandria.
this Jude was the same person as the Apostle Jude. Eusebius states that Ab-  After a successful ministry there of more than twelve years he was seized by
garus was healed, and that he and a number of his subjects were baptized. The  the mob, tied to an ox, and dragged about the streets until he died (April 25th,
Apostle Jude preached in Palestine, Syria, Lybia, Persia, and Armenia, and is  A. D. 68). PHILIP THE DEACON, the same who converted the treasurer of Queen
said to have been tied to a cross, near Mount Ararat, and killed with arrows.  Candace, settled at Coesarea, where he probably died. His four daughters made
His general epistle was written about the year 70. BARTHOLOMEW  chose India  a vow of celibacy, and were reputed prophetesses.
for the scene of his labors, and a copy of St. Matthew's Gospel was found there    Having thus briefly noticed the career of the founders of Christianity, we may
at the close of the second century, amongst the descendants of his converts. He  now mention some of the circumstances which influenced its progress. The
was flayed alive and crucified at Albanop'olis, in Armenia, on his return from  first of these was the appointment, by the apostles, of bishops to preside over
the far East. PHILIP preached in Phrygia, and lived to an advanced age. He  the principal churches. At JERUSALEM, the Apostle JAMES THE JUST was consesettled and died at Hierap'olis, where he brought up his family, which was a  crated. After his martyrdom  (A. D. 62), SIMEON, the son of Cleopas, was orlarge one, in the service of the Church — his daughters becoming deaconesses.  dained bishop. At ANTIOCH, EUoDIUS and IGNATTIUS were successively ordained.
SIMON ZELOTES visited Egypt, Cyrene, and Barbary, and is said to have found   At EPHESUS, TIMOTHY (who was styled an apostle as well as bishop). At CRETE,
his way to England, where he suffered martyrdom, but it is more probable that  TITVS. At ATHENS, Dionysius the Areop'agite; and after him, Publius Quadhle was crucified at Suanir, in Persia. BARNABAS probably settled in his native  raltus. At PHILPPI, EpaphrodiFtus. At SMrRNA, POLYCARP. At HIERAPOLIS,
country, Cyprus, but all authentic traces of him, after his separation from Paul,  PA/PIAs. At ROME, LINrs, ANACLE/TuS, and CLEMENT. The order of succession
are lost. There is a tradition that he lived to an advanced age, and was stoned  betwseen these last three is not easily determined. It is most probable that
to death at Salamis. MATTHIAS'S destination is not known with certainty: he  Clement was appointed by St. Peter to preside over the church of the Jewish
is said to have preached in Cappadocia, and on tFhe-coasts of the Cacpian Sea.  converts founded by him at Rome; and that Linus was appointed by St. Paul
Some say that he was put to death at Colchis. MATTHEW'S fate is equally uncer-  to preside over that of the Gentiles: that Linus was succeeded by Anacletus;
tain: it is supposed that he preached in Persia, and was martyred at Nadabar'.  and that Clement, having survived both, at length became sole bishop of Rome.
The fate of JUDAS ISCARIOT, JAMES (the son of Zebedee), and JAMBS THE JUST,  Eusebius asserts that St. Peter and St. Paul were joint founders of the Church
have already been mentioned. Of the fifteen apostles, there remain the three  of Rome. Clement I. died A. D. 100, and was succeeded by Euaresqtus.
greatest to be mentioned further, viz., Peter, John, and Paul.               The next important event was the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans,
PETER probably preached throughout the northern portion of Asia Minor. He  A. D. 70, and the consequent final dispersion of the Jews. With this great event
went to Rome about the time that PAUL was sent thither a prisoner (A. D. 62).  the Jewish polity came to an end: thenceforth all distinction between the various
It is most probable that he fulfilled there his peculiar mission to the " proselytes  classes of converts ceased, and there was no longer a peculiar law or a peculiar
of the gate", or Jewish Gentiles, and founded a church amongst them at Rome.  apostle for Jewish converts, proselytes, or idolaters; all the nations were to beAt his request, and under his supervision, Mark wrote his gospel there; and it  come members of the Church of Christ. The Jews, in fact, were deprived of
was at Rome that Peter wrote his general epistles. Paul was tried and acquit-  their central rallying point.
ted; and having made many friends "in the household of Caesar", he founded    The third point to be noticed is the early rise of heresy in the Church. A
the first Christian Gentile church at Rome, and at his request Luke wrote his  system of philosophy, combining the theories of Plato with the Oriental philosgospel and his history of the Acts of the Apostles. Paul wrote at Rome his  ophy, was very popular in the time of the apostles, and was taught in all the
epistles to the Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Laodiceans (now lost), He-  great schools, especially in that of Alexandria. Attempts were made to engraft
brews, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. He then preached in Italy and Spain,  this system on Christianity, and thus originated the heresy called Gnosticism
and thence homeward through Crete and Jerusalem to Antioch, where he ended  (from the Greek word gnosis, signifying "knowledge"). Dosith'eus, Cerinqthus,
his fourth apostolical journey. He soon (A. D. 65) resumed his travels; and,  and others of inferior note, were the promulgators of this heresy during the first
on his fifth and last journey, passed through Colosse, Philippi, and Corinth, to century of the Church. A detail of its peculiar doctrines cannot here be given:
Rome.  On his arrival there (A. D. 66), he found the persecution of the Chris-  they will be found in the pages of Mosheim, Eusebius, Neander, and others.
tians by Nero in full activity, and this greatest of the apostles became one of its  Beside the Gnostics there were " false Christs", impostors named Simon Magus
victims. He was beheaded. Peter, after witnessing the execution of his own and Menan'der, who pretended to be Messiahs, and to work miracles. They
wife, was crucified with his head downwards (said to have been at his own re-  had numerous followers. Even so late as the fourth century, believers in their
quest, as he deemed himself unworthy to die in the same posture as his Divine divine mission were to be met with. Simon Magus is said to have broken his
Master had died 33 years before him). After their death, JOHN undertook the neck in an attempt to fly from the roof of the capitol at Rome. Dositheus died
superintendence of the famous seven churches of Asia Minor (Ephesus, Smyrna,   of hunger in a cave. It was partly with a view to combat the heresy of CerinPergamus, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodice'a), which he retained thus that St. John wrote his gospel (Revelation ii. 6, 15).
What is the tradition relating to Abgarus? —Vhat were the acts and fate of Jude? —Bar-    What did John do? —What is said of the Nicolaitans? —Where and when did John die?
tholomew? - Philip? — Simon Zelotes? - Barnabas? - Matthias? — Matthew? -Where did  — What befell Timothy?~Titus? - Luke? —Mark? —Philip the Deacon? — What bishoprics
Peter preach? -At whose request, and where, did Mark write his gospel? —Where did Paul  did the apostles found? —'What is said of the destruction of Jerusalem? —The rise of heresy?
preach? —What was the manner of his death? —And that of Peter?          - -Gnosticism and false Christs?
18                                                                                                                        ( 137 )




THE 2D CENTUJRY
INDIA.                                                                        PERSIA.
A PRINCIrALITY was founded, A..    ON the death of Pacorus (A. D. 106), his brother CIosRois  (or Khosroo) succeeded. This monarch, on his accession,
144, at Ballabi in Gujerat, by Kanak  became involved in a war with the Romans, through attempting to expel Exedatres, the son of Tiridates, king of ArmeSena, a prince of Oudc. It lasted until  nia. That prince applied to the Emperor Trajan for aid. The emperor, though advanced in years, led an army into
destroyed by the Persians (A. D. 524).  Armenia, and speedily subdued it; and Chosro&s was glad to save himself in the recesses of Parthia. Trajan then carThere were two principal marts in the  ried the war into Assyria (A. D. 114), and routing all the armies brought against him, took Ctesiphon and Susa. ile
Deccan at this period. One of them,  was proceeding further, when Chosroes submitted, and Persia was nominally added to the Roman empire. But on the
Tagara, is still well known by name,  return of Trajan to Rome, the Parthians rose again in arms, and threw off the Roman yoke. The death of Trajan (A. D.
though its position is forgotten. It is  117) put an end to the struggle; for his successor, Hadrian, declared the river Euphrates to be the boundary of the
said to have been a very great city; but  empire, and renounced all claims on the countries to the east of it. The remainder of the reign of Chosrobs was devoted
its site is fixed with so little precision,  by him to alleviating the miseries which the war had brought upon his subjects, and he died (A. D. 121) universally
that we can only guess it to have lain  lamented. Iis son, Volog'eses II., succeeded him. He was a prince of a very mild and beneficent disposition, and had
about 100 miles east of Paitan, on the  no tincture of the tyranny and barbarity which disgraced so many of his predecessors. The commencement of his reign
Godavery. The other was Plithana,  was an unhappy one, for Pharas'manes, king of the Iberi, stirred up the Alans, or Massag'etse, to invade Parthia. Acconjectured to have been identical with  cordingly, these barbarians ravaged thetnorthern provinces with fire and sword. They were, fortunately, driven out by
Paitan: its locality is as uncertain as  the Roman governor of Cappadocia.  ~ologeses then made complaint to Rome of the conduct of Pharasmanes, but the
that of Tagara. Wherever the latter  latter had influence enough to procure a decision in his own favor.
was situated, it afterwards became the    Parthamas/pates, king of Armenia, dying, his son, Achsetmenes, applied to the emperor, instead of to Vologeses, for
capital of a race of kings of the Raj-  investiture of his father's kingdom.  Resenting this, the Parthian king resolved to destroy the power of Rome in the
poot family of Silar, with whom the  East; and on the death of the Emperor Antoninus Pius (A. D). 161), Vologeses invaded Syria, where he defeated Attidius
ruler of Calian, near Bombay, in the  Cornelianus, the governor. He then invaded Armenia, and drove out Soemas (who had succeeded his father Achsemenes),
11th century, and of Parnala, nearCol-  and cut to pieces a Roman army sent to the assistance of the latter. These successes alarmed the Roman emperors,
apore, in the 12th, boasted connection.  Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, and the latter was sent to the East to stop the progress of the Parthian monarch;
We have alluded to the schools of   but he wasted his time in luxurious ease n Syria, and had it not been for the valor and ability of his generals, Lucius
philosophy, established among the an-  Statius Priscus and Avidius Cassius, the Romans would have been driven out of Asia. As it was, Vologeses suffered a
cient Hindoos at a very early period.  series of defeats, and Selcucia, Ctesiphon, and Babylon were taken by the Romans.  The Parthians, in despair, drove
Space does not admit of our examining  Vologeses out of the kingdom, and placed Monne'ses on the throne. They did not benefit by this, however; for the
them in detail. But we may observe  Romans, following up their successes, forced them to sue for peace. On which they recalled Vologeses, who, on the conthat they made considerable progress  elusion of the war, devoted the remainder of his long reign (as his father had done) to repairing the misfortunes he had
in logic, and used syllogisms. Their  brought upon his people. He died about A.D. 167, and was succeeded by his son, Vologeses III., whose reign was
categories, or predicaments, are in some  marked by anotler war with the Romans. The Emperor Severus penetrated to Ctesiphon, and nearly took the king
casessimilartothose ofAristotle. But  prisoner, by surprise. On the death of Vologeses, his son, Artabanes IV., defeating a conspiracy of his brothers,
one of the most remarkable facts in their  mounted the throne.
system was that they joined a sixth      The account here given of the history of Persia is extracted from the Greek and Roman historians, and as far as the
or external sense to the five senses-this  occurrences of the various wars waged by the Romans with the Parthians are concerned, they are sufficiently reliable.
sixth sense is the mind, which connects  But they give us very little insight into the internal condition of the tribes which composed the Parthian or Persian
the other five, and answers exactly to  kingdom. The accounts of this period which we receive from the Persian writers are vague and contradictory, and are
the common or internal sense of Aris-  unreliable as regards dates.  The names they give to their chiefs and princes are different from those given by the
totle. Dr. Thomas Brown, the Scotch  Roman historians, and it is not always easy to identify one with the other. From the death of Shahpoor (Sapor), who
philosopher, has gone a step further,  after a long contest with Antiochus the Great obtained Parthia and Hyrcania (B. C. 212), there is a lapse of two centuand endeavored to prove that we have  ries in the Persian annals. They inform us that the successor of Shahpoor was Baharam Gudurz, but if this is the
a sixth sense, viz., that of resistance to  prince whom western writers term Gutarzes, as there is every reason to believe, he was the third prince of the second
touch. The Hindoos and Greeks over-  dynasty of the Arsacidse, and it was he who avenged the death of John the Baptist upon the Israelites (Malcolm's Hislooked this.  Some of their religious  tory of Persia, vol. i. c. 5). Shahpoor (or Sapor) was probably the Artabanes of the Greeks. Persian authors inform us
and philosophical tenets existed among  that Gudurz was succeeded by his son Volas (or Pallas, as his name is sometimes written): they pass over his son VonotheancientEgyptians,whencetheBrah-  nes, who reigned for a short period.  ~olas was the Vologeses of the Greeks, whose war with the Emperor Nero and
rins may have derived them. It is an  embassy to his Court are mentioned (p. 129). From Volas the crown descended to Hoormuz, who appears to have been
interesting inquiry which have the prior  the Artabanes III. of the Romans; and then to his brother Narsi, who is not noticed under that name by any western
claims. On this point it has been wrell  writer. At his death another of his brothers, whose name was Firoze (probably Pacorus), obtained the throne. His
observed that our accounts of theEgyp-  successor, Khosroo, was the Chosro&s mentioned above; but some Persian writers omit even this prince. Hence the
tians are found only in books written  student may understand the difficulty there is in elaborating a connected and authentic narrative out of such discrepant
long after these tenets had reached  and imperfect materials.  For this reason we give both the Roman and the Persian accounts.
Greece through other channels; that    Khosroo's successors were (according to the Persian historians) ~olas and Volasin (the Vologeses  II. and III. of the
if they existed in Egypt, they did not  Roman historians), and the latter left his crown to his son, Arduan (Artabanes IV.), who was slain by the celebrated
form a system, but were held as scat-  Ardisheer (Artaxerxes) in the early part of the next century. Fr om the death of Alexander the Great ( B. C. 323) to
eteed opinions; that in Greece they rthe commencement of the reign of Ardisheer (A. D. 226) is a period of nearly five centuries and a half, and the whole
were clearly foreign; while, on the con-  of it may be termed a blank in Persian history. Yet the Roman writers record exploits on the part of the Persians of
trary, in India they were the main prin-  which the vainest nation might be proud; and Parthian monarchs whose names cannot now be found in the history of their
ciples on which the religion of the peo-  own country, were the only sovereigns upon whom  the Roman  arms, in the very zenith of their power, could make  no
lie was founded, andtheirentirephilos- |permanent impression.  This may, however, be attributed as much to the nature of the country and to their singular
ophy depended (Colebrooke: Transac-  mode of warfare, as to their valor. Lofty and barren mountains, broad and rapid streams, and wide-spreading deserts,
tlions of t/e Royat AsiatTc Society, vol. i.  characterized Persia from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. As the enemy advanced the country was laid waste,  and |
p. 579).                               the Parthiaal horseman took unerring aim at his foes while his fleet steed was carrying him away from them.
Which were the two principal marts in the    What is said of Chosroe s  -Trjan?-The eign of Chosroes?-Of his snecessor?-His exploits in Syria?-Their result?-Whllt of
Deccan at this period? —Where were they sit-  Vologeses   III.?-Artabanes IV.?-AThat is the haracter of the reeords of Persian  history, Rx an and Persian?-What of the two centuuated? —What is said of the Hindoo philoso-  ries after the death of Sbpoor?-Identify sole of the Peisian with the Roman nanles. —Whnt of the period between the death of Alexphy?-Of its priority over the Egyptian?    ander the Great and the accession of Ardisheer?
_l)                                                      _
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CHINA. JAPAN.                                                                      ITALY.
SHANG-TE was a child in the cradle when he was proclaimed emperor (A. D.    ONE of the first acts of the Emperor Trajan was the discontinuance of the
106). His mother assumed the regency, and on his death (A. D. 107) she ap- payment of yearly presents to the Dacians. That people retaliated by making
pointed her nephew, Gan-te, a boy 14 years old, emperor. The empire, under  inroads on the Roman territories; whereupon the emperor proceeded with an
her administration, was distracted by the most dreadful inundations and fam-  army to the Danube, crossed it, and ravaged its shores. In two years he comines; robbers everywhere set her authority at defiance; and the Tartars rav-  pelled Decebalus to submit to terms: he retained possession of (what is now)
aged the frontiers. The Chinese general, Chang-kiang, penetrated to the Cas-  the Banat, and placed a Roman garrison there. He then returned to Rome and
plan, and brought back the vine, which soon became extensively cultivated.  celebrated his triumph (A. D. 103). But Decebalus and the Dacians were not
The young emperor seized the government, but died shortly afterwards (A. D.  disposed to remain subject to him. The Dacian monarch organized a well126); and Shun-te, at the age of 12 years, was declared emperor. This prince,  disciplined army, and sought to form alliances with his neighbors. Trajan
as he grew up, showed a sincere desire to render his people happy: he sought  thereupon caused the Senate to declare him an enemy of Rome, and he marched
out the best counsellors at first, but ultimately gave himself up to the pernicious  again to the Danube. At Severin he constructed the famous bridge over the
counsels of favorites, and public affairs fell into confusion. On his death (A. D.  river: he levelled roads and turned streams, and hunted Decebalus from place
145), Chang-te, a mere infant, ruled for one month, and died. The nobles then  to place, until the latter, rather than fall into his hands, put himself to death.
chose Chih-te, a prince only 9 years of age, emperor. Young as this prince  Trajan then planted Roman colonies in the conquered provinces, founded towns,
was, he was sensible enough to decree that all children should be sent to school.  and made Latin the language ofrthe country. Thrace and Mcesia flourished
He was poisoned by Leang-ke, a brother of the empress, who placed Hwan,  greatly in consequence of these measures. HIe returned to Rome, where he
their creature, on the throne (A. D. 146). A formidable conspiracy against  celebrated his triumph by erecting a column, 110 feet high, with inscriptions
them was suppressed with some difficulty, and was followed by so dreadful a  recording his victories. He also carried a road across the Pontine marshes; but
drought, that more than 100,000 families, of the province Ke-choo, left their  he wasted enormous treasure in a series of games and festivals, which lasted
homes in search of a better country (A. D. 153).                           123 successive days, wherein 11,000 wild beasts and 10,000 gladiators were exAbout this period the Huns began their great movement westward. It is in-  hibited (A. D. 106). He caused the Pontine marshes to be drained, a road to be
teresting to trace the course of this great inundation of barbarians, which, taking' made from Beneventum to Brundusium, and a harbor to be constructed at Anits rise on the western frontiers of China, overspread the countries north of the  co'na: he also founded schools for poor children. But he yielded to the clamor
Caspian Sea, and pouring through Southern Russia, forced forward the Sarma-  of those connected with the heathen temples, whose means of Iiving were damtian and German tribes upon Italy, France, and Spain. Some of the tribes of  aged by the progress of Christianity, and permitted the Christians to be persethese Huns submitted to China; others were engaged in warfare with their  cuted afresh. This was the commencement of the third persecution (A. D. 107).
western neighbors. One branch of them marched towards the Volga and Oxus,    Trajan next conceived the idea of subduing the Persians, who were perpetuand settled in the steppes east of the Caspian, where they became partially civ-  ally troubling the eastern frontier. He accordingly proceeded to Antioch (A. D.
ilized. A second division went by the northwest route, and crossed the Imaus,  107), where he wintered. In the spring of A. D. 108 he marched into Armenia,
where they encountered and subdued the Alans, a nation as fierce and warlike  and drove out the king, Parthemas/iris, whom the Persian monarch Chosro&s
as themselves. The Alans sought refuge in the mountains of the Caucasus.  had established there. Armenia then became a Roman province. The sequel
The Huns continued their progress towards Europe. It is recorded that about  of this expedition is not known with any certainty; but it appears that he
this time an embassy arrived in China from the Roman Emperor Antoninus.    marched into Mesopotamia, took several cities on the Tigris and the Euphrates,
Another boy, Sing-te, 12 years old, succeeded to the throne (A. D. 168), but  and assisted the Persian monarch against his own people. He also attempted
was a mere tool in the hands of the empress dowager and of her favorites. A   to clear and restore the navigation of the canal constructed by the Babylonian
dreadful plague ravaged the country (A. D. 184), and Chang-keo, a disciple of  kings, which joined the Euphrates with the Tigris. He returned to Rome, where
Laou-keun, raised a rebellion remembered as "the insurrection of the yellow   he spent several years, having, as he imagined, securely fixed the boundaries
caps", from the badge assumed by his partisans. This rebellion was not put  of the Roman empire in Dacia and in the East; the cities of Petra and Bostra,
down until several severe battles had been fought. The emperor died soon after  with the surrounding part of Arabia Petraea, having been added thereto by Cor(A. D. 189), and his memory is stigmatized with infamy, especially by the learned,  nelius Palma, in A. D. 106. But the nations of Asia Minor preferred the Perof whom he put 1000 to death..  sians to the Romans; and therefore a second expedition to the East became
A furious conspiracy now broke out against the favorites of the Court. The, necessary, in order to retain what had been acquired in the first. The emperor
mob set fire to the palace, and massacred 2000 of its inmates. The unhappy  started from Rome A. D. 114, and entering Mesopotamia, conquered Seleucia
young emperor, Peen-te, was compelled to drink poison. Another youth, Heen-  and Assyria, took Ctesiphon, and reached the Persian Gulf. While there, the
te, was raised to the throne, but became the blind instrument of Tung-cho, one  nations and towns in his rear revolted; the Jews also took up arms; the emof the principal generals, a ferocious tyrant, whose conduct filled the whole  peror's generals, Hadrian, Lucius Quintus, Erucius Clarus, and Julius Alexempire with bloodshed and anarchy. He was at length murdered, and China  ander, devastated the provinces with fire and sword; but the emperor grew
became a prey to factions. The emperor was a mere cypher, and his whole life  weary of the war, and procured from the Senate his recall. He at once set out
a concatenation of misery. The " yellow caps" gained strength, and plundered  for Rome, leaving his army and the government of Syria to his kinsman Hadrian,
the country with impunity. Such was the state of this unhappy land during  but he died at Seli'nus in Cilicia (A. D. 117) on his way. It is said that he had
this century!                                                              not named his successor; but IIadrian, aided by Trajan's widow, Ploti'na, preJAPAN.- Key-ko reigned 60 years. In his time the island of Tsicuba-sima  tended that he had, and forged an act of adoption in Trajan's name. The Senrose out of the sea, and a temple was built on it. Key-ko died A. D. 131, and  ate appointed him emperor while he was at Antioch, and he at once assumed
was succeeded by his fourth son, Sey-mun. This prince, in the year 137, set-  imperial authority.
tied the confines of all the provinces of his empire, and removed his Court to    HAiDRIAN was a man of singular character.  He professed the deepest venerSiggu, in the province of Oomi. He reigned 60 years, and died at the age of  ation for the Senate, and declared that he regarded his powers as solely derived
108 (A. D. 192). The next emperor was Tsian-ai, a grandson of Key-ko, who  from that body. He possessed wisdom, but was actuated by violent caprices;
murdered the lawful heir to the throne, but only enjoyed it 9 years.       was at one moment merciful, at another cruel; had much zeal for art and science,
If we may credit the Japanese account of these early ages, their princes  but persecuted their professors. Hypocrisy abounded in IHIadrian's Court, and
were remarkable for longevity. The average duration of life among the first 14  his honest advisers, Ta'tian and Sim'ilis, resigned their offices in consequence.
emperors was 110 years! that of their reigns was 61 years. No other history |He remained in the East until the following year (A. D. 118), for Armenia had
can show the parallel of this.                                             revolted, and the Parthians assembled on the Tigris.  Perceiving.the inatility
|   fention some of the incidents in Chinese history during this century. — What is said of    What occurred with the Dacians? —What great works did Trajan construct? —What of the
the Huns? —Who were the " yellow caps"? —WVhy do the Chinese execrate Ling-te?-What  third persecution of the Christians? —What were his exploits in the East? —What was the
was the state of the country? —What  events occurred in Japan? —What is said of the lon- result of his wars? —When and where did he die? —To what artifice did his successor resort?
gevity of the Japanese princes?  — What was the character of Itadrian?
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| I - _ITALY. 
of extending the empire, he made the Euphrates its eastern boundary; and hav-  however, died before himll; and Hadrian then adopted AR/RiUS ANTONI/NIJS, a
ing quelled the rebellious Jews, he returned to Rome. On his arrival there, he  man specially fitted for the duties of government; but Antoninus was only
discovered a conspiracy to remove him, and quelled it with great severity. Four  adopted on condition of declaring Lucius Verus and Marcus Aure/lius his sucsenators and many distinguished persons were put to death, and the emperor  cessors. fIadrian soon afterwards died (A. D. 138), detested for his cruelties.
deliberately set to work to destroy all who might put forth rival pretensions to  On his death the Senate declared null and void all the regulations of the latter
the imperial dignity. Among the most eminent of these were Lucius Quintus,   years of his reign, and would have deprived his remains of the ordinary honors,
Cornelius Palma, Celsus, Nigrinus, and the famnous architect, Artemido/rus of  had not Antoninus persuaded them to renounce their purpose.  IIe thereby acDamascus.  In about two years Hadrian got rid of those whom  he considered   quired the surname of " the Pious".  During the reign of Itadrian, the philosdangerous.  He adopted a system of visiting the various provinces of the em-  ophy of the Stoics, as taught by Epictetus and Arrian, became very popular.
pire, keeping strict watch over the armies and their generals, the governors and   These men inculcated the insignificance of external evils, the inward dignity
the other officers, and taking pride in embellishing the provincial capitals with  of human nature, the duty of acting vigorously one's part in life, and of selfpublic works and monuments. Rome was left to the care of the Senate, which  denial and self-sacrifice.   The administration of public affairs, and the practibody comprised members of the best families, and was highly respected.  IIa-  eal applications of science, had never previously been carried to greater perfecrdrian visited Motesis, where he repelled an invasion of the Sarmatians and the  tion than under the reign of Hadrian.
Roxolani (A. D. 118); Campania (A.D. 119); Gaul and Germany (A.D. 120),    ANTONINUS PIUS succeeded to the imperial throne without opposition.  No
wahere he ordered the construction of a fortified barrier to protect the open fron-  complete history of his life or reign has descended to us: all that we know is
tier between the Neckar and the Danube; Britain (A. D. 121), where he caused  from fragmentary notices. He adopted (in pursuance of the will of IIadrian)
a wall to be built between Newcastle    and Carlisle for the protection of the south-  Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius (afterwards  known as Antoninus the WVise)
ern portion of the island; Spain (A. D. 122); whence he returned to Rome, and  as his successors.  But he soon perceived that Verus would be unfit to be a
thence passed over to Athens, his favorite city. Ile spent the winter there, re-  ruler; nevertheless, he scrupulously obeyed the injunction of the late emperor.
built a bridge over the Cephitsus, and ordered other public works, and then  Ite conferred on Marcus Aurelius the title of Cmsar, and gave him his daughter,
crossed over to Asia (A. D. 123). IIe restored Nicome/dia, Ccesare/a, and other  Faustins, in marriage.    IIis reign was the happiest period of Roman  history.
cities which had been destroyed by recent earthquakes; and endeavored by  TWars were scarcely heard of; some insignificant revolts in Britain, Mauretania,
means of treaties and presents to retain w-hat Trajan had acquired by arms.  Judea, Greece, and Egypt, were easily quelled; the war with the Germann s allnd
This occupied the mwhole of the year 124 and part of 125, when Hadrian visited   Dacians was brought to a close; the princes of the East sought alliance withl
the Greek islands, returned to Athens, and wintered there.  He was initiated   Rome; and even in Southern Russia the chiefs of the wild tribes appealed to
into the Eleusinian mysteries, and he adorned the city with the Olympeiunm,  Antoninus as an arbiter. This excellent emperor liberally assisted the ee'cion
theatres, and other edifices. It was at this period that Quadrattus and the phi-  of public works, and devoted especial attention to the Civil Law. IIe f aramed
losophler Aristi/des presented to him an Apology for Christianity; after perusing  new  judicial regulations, employing for that purpose the celebrated jurists
whlich  he addressed a letter to Minu/cius Funda'nus, proconsul of Asia, putting   Vin/dius Verus, Salvius Valens, Volu/sius Mietiatnus, Ulpius Marceliut-, and
a stop to the persecution of the Christians. Next year (A. D. 126) he sailed to  Diabole/nus.  The empire enjoyed a, mild monarchical government.  A love of
Sicily, and thence to Rome.  He was accompanied on his first journeys by a  the arts and sciences was generally diffused, and men devoted themselves to
very beautiful youth, named ANTIN/OUS, who was drowned in the Nile (A. D.  tranquil pursuits.  Nevertheless, great corruption of morals prevailed, and the
122).  The emperor's grief was excessive: he enrolled Antinous among the  people suffered from heavy taxation.  The system of gratuitously distributing
gods, erected a temple to him at Mantine'a, and founded the city of Antinoopt-  corn to citizens entailed great expense.  Upwards of 200,000 persons received
olis in honor of him.  Works of art of all kinds were executed to his memory,  alms. Trajan had added 5000 children to the number, and Hadrian had inmany of which are still extant.                                                  creased it still further.  This was a very serious tax upon the resources of the
Three years afterwards (A. D. 129), Hladrian again set out for the East, and  emperor, but the early Coesars who had encouraged and established this system
passed the winter at Athens, where he patronized the learned and enlarged the  of bribing the people, found the cry of " panem et circenses" (bread and circus
libraries.  In the spring and summer of A. D. 130, hle revisited Asia Minor,  shows) too dangerous to be silenced, and their successors continued the evil
Syria, Palestine, and part of Arabia.  In the autumn he visited Egypt, where  practice.  Antoninus Pius died on March 7th, A. D. 161, in the 75th year of
sailing on the Nile his favorite Antinous was accidentally drowned.  In A. D.  his age, and the 23d year of his reign.
131 Isadrian returned to Syria, where he took a fancy to plant a Roman colony |MARcus    AURELIUS and Lucius VEBUS became joint emperors on his death.
in Jerusalem, or, rather, amid the ruins of that city.  Accordingly, a colony  Verus was addicted to pleasure, and being younger than Aurelius, yielded to
was settled there, and the new colony was named X4/lia Capitoli/na, in the midst  him in all things. But the peaceful days of the empire were drawing to a close.
of which a temple was raised to Jupiter.  This pollution of the sacred site of  Those vast national movements among the northern tribes, which had been long
lMount Zion roused the Jews to fury.  That people flocked together from  all  fermenting, now began to assume terrible proportions. On the eastern frontier,
cluarters to Palestine, and rallied round a personage named Barchoch/ebas, or  too, the Parthians renewed their incursions. In the year 162 the Parthian prince,
Bar Chozba, who was pronounced by the Jewish priests to be the true Messiah.  Vologeses, invaded Syria and defeated the Roman governor, Attidius Cornelianus.
Under his auspices the Jews revolted, and made as furious a resistance to the  To repel him, Aurelius persuaded Verus to take the conduct of the war. Aided
Roman legions as they had made in the time of Titus.  All the efforts of Ticin-  by his lieutenants, Statius Priscus and Avidius Cassius, Verus went to Syria,
ins Rufus, the governor of the province, to quell the insurrection proved abor-  where he left the war to their care, and gave himself up to pleasure. Priscus
tive: at length, Julius Seve/rus, governor of Britain, the ablest of the Roman   and Cassius conducted matters successfully. Seleucia and Ctesiphon were taken,
generals, was recalled and sent to Syria, and the measures he adopted crushed  and the war was terminated A. D. 165. Verus on his return from Syria abanout the revolt. The Jews were forbidden to approach the site of their former  doned himself to frightful excesses. IIe gave extravagant banquets, one of which
Temple; and Severus was made governor of Bithynia.                              is said to have cost $200,000. Aurelius could not restrain him, but contrived to
| Iadrian, being childless, resolved to adopt a successor.  For this purpose he  retain all the power in his own hands.  In the year 1G7, the Mareomanni, with
chose Ceso/nius Com'modus Verus, a person wholly unfit to rule the empire;  other tribes, committed such ravages on the Roman frontiers, that Aurelius found
and in his gloomy jealousy put to death several members of his owvn family   it necessary to take the field against them. Verus was persuaded to go with him
(A.D. 136).  Next year he constructed  a tomb for himself, called the 3[oles  into Aquileia, but nothing could induce him  to remain.  Fortunately for the
Hladrianai, near the Tiber, where the Castle of St. Angelo now stands, and re-   empire he died suddenly  at Alti num in Venetia (A. D. 169), andl thus Aurelius
tired to his -palace at Tibur, where he was attacked by a fatal disease.  Verus,   was fieed from one cause of anxiety. But he had another in his depraved wife,
Itow  did IRadriann limit the empire? —What were his next acts? —What provinces did he    IIow did Antoninus acquire the surname " Pius"? —What of the Stoic philosophy? —Whomn
visit? —What public works did he construct? —What effect had the "Apology" of Quadratus  did Antoninus adopt as his successors? —And why? —What are the ch aracteristics of his reign?
for Christianity on him?-Who was Antinous? —What was his fate?-What caused a revolt — What famous jurists flourished? —What of public morals?-Of bribing the people? —What
of the Jews? —Who,uppressed it? —What is said of Verus?                      events took place on the death of Antoninus? —What is salid of Lucius Verus?
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ITALY.
Faustina, who shamelessly interfered in public affairs, and so educated her son  having been induced to give up Cleander to the fury of the people, the tumult
Com/modus that he subsequently became one of the most sanguinary tyrants  was appeased. After this the emperor became more ferocious than ever. He
that ever disgraced a throne. To add to the emperor's difficulties, a dreadful  compelled the Senate to worship him in public as Iercules and Mercury: he
pestilence brought by Verus from the East desolated Italy, and the German  extorted money from everybody, and put to death any one who offended him,
tribes ravaged the northern provinces on the Danube. Hundreds of thousands  however slightly.  The inmates of the palace then resolved to destroy him.
of persons were carried off by these barbarians, and the Roman legions were  The accounts of his death vary: it is believed that they administered poison to
disorganized by losses from war and pestilence. The emperor found it neces-  him, but that proving ineffectual, a powerful wrestler was called in to strangle
sary to negotiate separately with each tribe, and treaties were made, which the  him (Dec. 31st, 192).
Germans did not hesitate to break almost as soon as made. Aurelius at length    HELVIUS PERTINAX, an able soldier, was made emperor by the conspirators.
set out on a second expedition to the Danube, fully resolved to press the war  But his age incapacitated him from controlling the State; he therefore asked
vigorously. Before leaving Rome, he directed the sale of all the ornaments in  the Senate to choose another ruler.  The Senate replied by annulling all the
the imperial palaces and treasuries.  This sale lasted two months, and brought  acts of Commodus, and destroying the statues and inscriptions erected to him.
in a large sum of money. The emperor had chastised the Quadi and wholly  The Prmtorian guards became furious. Pertinax endeavored to gain their favor
exterminated two small tribes, when he received intelligence that Avidius Cas-  by bribery, but was unable to soothe them. A mutiny broke out, and Pertinax
sius had thrown off his allegiance in Syria, and proclaimed himself emperor.  was slain, having reigned four months. The soldiers, finding themselves absoBut Avidius was slain by two of his officers (A. D. 175); the Empress Faustina  lute masters of the empire, put it up for sale to the highest bidder. A senator
died about the same time; and it was not until after these events that Aurelius  named Did/ius Julia/nus became the purchaser; he promising to pay to each
proceeded to Syria. He went through Judea to Egypt, and the-nce through Asia  soldier 25,000 sesterces ($100); but he was too insignificant a person to mainMinor to Athens, giving aid and encouragement everywhere to learned men.  tain his authority, and the army at once declared against him.  SEPTII/IUS
He attended the lectures of the philosopher Aristides at Athens, and gave lect-  SEVE/RUS in Pannonia, CLODIUS  ALBI/NUJS in Britain, and PESCEN/NIuS NI/GER
ures himself. Meanwhile the war  raged oh the Danube, and the emperor re-  in Syria, were proclaimed emperors by their respective legions. Didius took
solved to return to his post there. He gained a decisive victory over the Quadi  measures to defend himself, but Severus rapidly crossing the Alps at the head
and the Marcomanni (A. D. 179). But the following year he fell ill, and died  of 600 men, boldly entered Rome; the guards and the Senate declared for him,
before the termination of the war. He was one of the best of the emperors of  and Didius was beheaded (June 9th, 193).
Rome. From his death, which took place at Sirmium on March 17th, A. D.    Severus resorted to stern measures to save the empire. He put to death all
180, commences "the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire".  The famous  who had been concerned in the murder of Pertinax, disarmed and disbanded
work of Gibbon on this subject protracts the history of it to the destruction of  the Proetorian guard, and marched against Pescennius, who had abandoned
the Eastern or Byzantine branch of the Roman empire at the capture of Con-  himself to pleasure at Antioch.  At the same time he pacified Albinus by givstantinople by the Turks in 1453.                                             ing him the title of Caesar. HIe defeated the troops of Pescennius near Cyzicus,
CoMMODus, who was with the army of the Danube at the time of his father's  Nicsea, and Issus. Niger was taken prisoner and put to death (A. D. 194).
dleath, concluded a peace with the barbarians as soon as possible. The terms  Severus laid siege to Byzantium, and marched against the Parthians. Crossing
w-ere advantageous to the Romans.  The Marcomanni and Quadi promised not  the Euphrates, he conquered Adiabe/ne, and added a new province to the emto advance their settlements within a league of the Danube, and to hold their  pire, which he named Arabia (A. D. 195). Next year Byzantium  was taken,
popular assemblies only once a month, and that, too, in the presence of a Roman  and the emperor then marched against Albinus, who had brought his legions
officer; and the Romans razed their forts on the farther side of the Danube, and  into Gaul. The rivals met at Lyons, where Albinus was defeated and killed
withdrew  the garrisons. The barbarians faithfully observed this treaty for many  (Feb. 10th, 197). Severus returned to Rome, and celebrated his victories. IHe
years. But Commodus inserted an article in it which hastened the downfall of  then set off for Parthia, where he gained several victories, and took Ctesiphon
the empire, viz., that 15,000 Quadi and the same number of Marcomanni should  (A. D. 198). He made a portion of Armenia into a kingdom forVologeses (A. D.
enter his legions.  This contingent was subsequently made an annual one, and  199). Ile also divided Britain into two provinces, and raised his sons, Bassia'thus the fierce warriors of Germany acquired the art of war, while the luxu-  nus (also named Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, but better known by his nickrious Romans gradually abandoned to them-the task of guarding the empire.  name "Caracalla", i. e., long tunic) and Geta, to be colleagues with him in the
The emperor was weak and timid, and soon fell into the hands of designing  empire.
persons, who induced him to plunge into debauchery and neglect public affairs.    Of the literary men who flourished at the beginning of this century, we have
IIe thus gradually became merciless and cruel. IHis sister, Lucilla, and her  already noticed Martial, Juvenal, Plutarch, Epictetus, and Pliny the younger.
husband, formed a conspiracy to murder him. The assassin employed to kill  Among those who lived towards the middle and the end of it were:
him missed his aim, but in so doing exclaimed, " The Senate sends thee this";    ARRIaN of Nicomedia in Bithynia, the great Stoic philosopher, the disciple
and henceforth Conmodus conceived a deadly hatred of that body.               and apologist of Epictetus, born A. D. 90: he wrote several valuable works on
After this event the emperor trusted wholly to his guards, and the commander  philosophy and history.
for the time being of that body became all powerful. Perennis, Niger, and Cle-    PAUS./NIKAs   of Lydia, the traveller and geographer, who wrote an Itinerary
ander, were the most notorious of these men. Perennis induced the emperor to  of Greece.
plunge into all sorts of excesses, but having failed to propitiate the soldiery,    DION CASS/IUS, the historian, born at Nicoea in Bithynia (A. D. 155). The
the latter, headed by Cleander, sought his ruin.  A deputation of 1500 men  grammarians Hlermip/pus and Nica/nor, and the architect Apollodo/rus.
from the army in Britain marched through Gaul to Rome, and charged Peren-    IIERoDEs ATT/ICUS, born at Marathon A. D. 104, was a famous rhetorician,
nis with aiming at the empire. Commodus abandoned him to their fury (A. D.  and the tutor of Marcus Aurelius and Antoninus Pius. AULvS GELCLIUS, the
185), and Cleander soon after obtained the vacant post (A. D. 186). HIe retained  grammarian, and author of a compilation entitled _hoctes Atticce, lived in the
it for three years, during which time Commodus degraded himself by the lowest  reign of Marcus Aurelius.  ArULEI/Us   of Medaura in Africa, born A. D. 130,
vices.  His favorite amusement was slaying wild beasts, and he celebrated the  author of the " Golden Ass" and of the beautiful allegory, " Cupid and Psyche".
circus games with fearful extravagance while Rome  was desolated by a pesti-  LU/CIAN of Samos/ata in Syria, born A. D. 120, w-as the author of " Dialogues
lence (A. D. 189). At the same time Cleander put to death one distinguished   of the Gods" and " Dialogues of the Dead".  IxM/'BLCIHUS, the Platonist philosperson after   another; and his cruelty, combined with  the famine   which pre-  opher, of Chalcis in  Syria; CLauDIUS GALEN, the farmous   physician of Pergavailed, drove the Romans into insurrection.   The troops joined the populace,  mus;  CL.UmDUS PTOLEMIY,  the astronomer; Ar/PrAN, the historian; and S.LvIAXand a desperate conflict ensued. The emperor was in the greatest danger; but  Nus JULI./NUS, the jurist.
What is said of Faustina? —Comrmodus? —The northern barbariaLns? —The expedition of    What is said of the death of Commodus?-Pertinax? —His end? —The sale of the empire?
Marcus Aurelius to the Danube?- To Syria?- Against the Quadi? —When did he die? —  -The fate of Didius Julianus? —What of Septimius Severus? - Of Pescennius Niger?What of Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Emrpire"? —What policy did Cornmodus  Arabia?-Albinus? —The Parthians? —Armenia? —Caracalla and Oeta?-Arrian? —Apuleius?
adopt? —What of his character? —That is said of Perennis? —Cleander?        |-Galen? —Ptolemy? —What other eminent men flourished?
(141)




BRITAIN.                                                       FRANCE.                                       SPAIN.
EN'GLAND. —The Romans introduced many laws and customs which increased              THE history of France during this          TIHE history of Spain presents little
the prosperity and happiness of Britain, and the country would have enjoyed   century presents little that is remark-  that is remarkable during this century.
profound peace but for the repeated incursions of the Caledonians  and Picts,  able.  The country enjoyed peace and   The country flourished under the Emwho advanced so far that the Emperor Itadrian came over to the island to repel  prosperity. The emperors founded sev-  perors Trajan,    Hadrian,  Antoninus
them.  It does not appear, however, that he did much more than construct a  eral cities -Nismes in particular, —   Pins, Marcus  Aurelius,  and Verus
ditch and rampart across the island from the Solway   Firth to the mouth of the  and they greatly  embellished others.  (A.D.100-181).  Trajan was the greatTyne (A. D. 120), which he left strongly garrisoned.  In A. D. 146 the tribes of   Bordeaux   became celebrated for its  est man of his time, and one of the
the Mawtva and Brigantes revolted.  The Emperor Antoninus sent Lollius Ur/-  trade, and Toulouse  for its schools.  ablest of the Roman  emlperors.    Spain
bicus to quell them.  In this he was successful; and, by order of the emperor,  Arras, Langres, and Saintcs manufac-  is justly proud of having produced him.
constructed a similar fortification across the island from Alcluid, on the Clyde,  tured cloth and rich robes.  The vine  Under him, peace and the arts flourto Kinneil, on the Forth, which  wall he called "the valium  of Antoninus".   was extensively  cultivated, and the  ished in the peninsula.  New roads
N\ evertheless the Caledonians  persisted in their incursions, and in A. D. 180 the  produce of the grapes of Eastern and  were constructed by his orders, and the
Emnperor  Conimodus sent Ul/pius Marcellus  to repel them.  This general drove   Southern France  acquired  great celeb-  old ones repaired: the beautiful  arch
them back to their mountains, but was soon after recalled through the jealousy   rity.  The country had been divided   of Torre de Barca, in Catalonia; the
of the emperor.  The British legions sent a deputation of 1500 men to Rome to  into three provinces by Augustus  in  stupendous bridge of Alcanta/ra,  in
demand the head of the minister, Perennis; and the weak and cruel emperor,  the previous century, viz., Belgium,    Estremadura; and the splendid colonmneeting them at the gates of the city, surrendered him to their vengeance.          Aquitania,  and the Lyonnaise.   The  nade of Zalamna de la Serena; perhaps
The government of Britain was next (A. D. 190) conferred on Clo/dius Albi/-  city of Lyons became the capital of the  also the beautiful circus at Italica (Old
nus, who was made C~sar  by the Emperor Severus.  Clodius soon after (A. D.  country, rivalling Rome   in  luxury.  Seville), the tower  of Corunna, the
198) assumed the imperial purple, and led the British legions into Gaul; was  The city of Tr'ves, however, was the  Monte  Ferrada in Galicia, and  the
met by Severus on the plain of Trevoux, near Lyons, defeated, taken prisoner,  residence of the imperial lieutenants,  celebrated aqueducts  at Tarragona and
and beheaded.  Severus divided the island into two governments, bestowing one  and rose to great political importance.  Segovia, attest  his patriotism  and his
on IIeracliatnus, and the other on Virtus Lupus.  According to the British his-  The plain of Trevoux, near Lyons, was  magnificence.    ttis successor, IHadriam,
torians the native kings reigned as independent princes, save that they paid  the scene of the famous battle between   was also a Spaniard, and though not
tribute to the Romans. Marius, the successor of Arviragus, is described as a   the Emperor Severus and the preten-  so able a man, was not inferior to him
man of wisdom and prudence, and as having gained a great victory over a swarm   der, Clodius  Albinus, Feb. 17th, 197,  in love of his native land, and adorned
of Picts in the north of England.  I-le was succeeded  by his son, Coillus, who  which resulted in the defeat and death  it with lnany beautiful works.  It is
was very popular on account of his jovial and munificent  disposition, and who,  of the latter.  An account of this con-  said that the soldiers of the 7th legion
by paying tribute to the Romans, enjoyed his kingdom  in peace.  Coillus  test will be found in the history of Italy.  founded thecityofLeon.   tIadrianvishad but one son, Lucius, who  succeeded him, and rivalled him  in popularity.          It was about the year 160 that some   ired Spain, where he narrowly escaped
Lucius sent letters to Pope Eleutherius, desiring to be instructed by him in the  Christian priests from Asia Minor, hav-  assassination          at the hands of a madChristian religion. The Pope sent two divines, who baptized him, and instructed  ing at their head a bishop namied Po-  man.  Spain at this time was divided
him  in the Christian faith. The king's example was followed by his people,  T1r1"Nus, arrived at Lyons to found  a  into three provinces, viz.,  Lusitania,
and sundry bishops and archbishops    were appointed.  The seats of the arch-  church there. The celebrated  IgrEN,.e s  Tarraconensis, and Boofica, with which
bishops were at London, York, and the city of Legions, the ruins of which last  was one of their number, he having   last the Emperor Otho incorporated
are to be seen on the river Usk, in Wales (see Geoffrey of Monmou.th's British   been sent as a missionary by Polycarp,   MaurCtania Tingitana.  The governors
History, ch. xx.).  Lucius  died at Gloucester (A. D. 156), without issue.  Great  bishop of Smyrna.  Many of the princi-  of Hither (citerior)  and Farther (ultedissensions thereupon arose among the Britons.  The Romans    sought to take  pal persons of this church were Greeks.  rior) Spain  had supreme control over
advantage  of these, and additional forces were sent under Severus to subdue the   Their labors were successful, though   the civil and military affairs of the hanatives.  A long contest ensued, wherein Fulge/nius, a British chief, gained   the heresy of the M~Iontaniists caused  tion, and were termed consuls, or prxeseveral battles, but was subsequently slain.                                         them  great trouble.  This sect was  tors.   Their office was an annual one,
SCoTLAND.-Galgaeus  was succeeded by his son, Luctacus, a flagitious prince,  formed by Montanus,  of Phrygia, who   and those who held it longer than a
who was killed by the people.  He was succeeded by his nephew, Mogaldus  asserted that he was the promised Cor-   year were  termed proconsuls, or pro(A. D. 113), who gave the Romans great trouble, and, after a dissolute reign of  forter, that he had come to perfect the  prttors.  The governors of Lusitania
36 years, was slain by a conspiracy, headed by his son, Conary, who succeeded   precepts of Christ, and that all polite  and Tarraconensis  were also styled
him.  This prince was  dethroned for his vices.  His cousin, Ethodius (A. D.  literature should be swept away.    ile  Zegati  Augcustales (huperial Legates),
163), subdued the Hebrides, and was murdered by an Irish harper, after a reign   also inculcated    rigid austerity, and   and each had deputies, or vice-legates.
of 30 years.  Satracl, who succeeded him  (A. D. 195), fared no better, being   abject submission to persecution. But    The Christians in  Spain  suffered
strangled  by his servants after a reign of four years. Donald, the brother of   his doctrine had been condemned, and   greatly during the persecutions under
Ethodius, was then elected king.                                                     he himself' expelled from  the Church.  Trajan (A. 1).103) and Hadrian.  In the
IRLAND. —The        principal event of this century was a popular insurrection,  The rapid increase of the congregations  reign of the latter, Marc, a disciple of
which  broke out in A. D. 126, and drove Tuathal from  his throne.  Having   of Pothinus and Irenoeus excited the  Basil/ides, introduced Gnosticism into
taken refuge in Scotland, he returned with an army of Picts, and, marching to  enmity of the pagan populace, and a   Spain, where it took root, and spread.
Tara, was re-elected sovereign (A. D. 130).  He then convened the General  violent persecution broke. out (A. D.    The reign of Antoninus Pius (A. D.
Assembly  of the States at Tara, and induced them to swear allegiance to him   177), in which many of the Christian   138-161) is almost a blank in history,
alone.  Ile also ordained that there should be held, annually, three assemblies  leaders and disciples were martyred;  owing to the suspension of war and vioof the kingdom.  ile imposed a cruel fine on the province of Leinster for the  amongst others, the venerable Pothi-  lence.  Throughout the entire empire
miscondu ct   of its ruler.  This fine was exacted every second year, and was  nus, then 90 years of age.  Irenxus   of Rome  the people enjoyed  peace and
called "the Boromean tribute": it was the source of continual bloodshed, and   was chosen to succeed Pothinus in the  prosperity.  The reign of this emperor,
was not abolished until the year 693 - -1                        --   I. D164)  bishopric.  On the accession of Conto   o-     and that of his successor, Iarcus Anthe criminal code was ameliorated, a~nd municipal courts ~were erected for the dus (A. I). 150), the sunccessor of Mar- rclius, are reckoned the happiest period
regulation of trade.  Fcidlim was succeeded by CoN of "the hundred battles".   cus Aurelius, the persecution ceased.   in the history of the human race.
Wthat did the Emperor Hadrian do? —Lollins  Urbicus? —Ulpius MaIrcellus? —W\That did the Wthat was the state of France? —WVhat cities Wthat benefits did Trajan  confer on Spain?
British legions  doi —W~hat did Clodins Albinus? — Severus? — What is said of Marius? -   becamen fa~mous? — Who  founded the bishop-  — WThaLt  of Ha:drian? —Who foun ded Leon?Lucius? —Coillins? — Who was the first Christian king of England? — What happened on his ric of Lyons? — What befell him? —Who was IIow wvas Spa~in divided? ~Whho introduced
death? —What wrere the principal events in Scotland in this century? — In Ireland?  his successor? —Who wvere the Montanists?   Gnosticism? — WVhat of Pins and Aurelius?
(142)




GERMANY.                                                     AFRICA.                          SCANDINAVIA.
THE Emperor Trajan conducted the war with such skill that Decebalus (De-    THERE is no event of consequence    SWEDEN. —The pontiff-kings of the
zebal) was overcome, but not without great difficulty, and was forced to con-  to record in the history of this century.  Yngling dynasty, of this century, are
clude a shameful peace (A. D. 103). Filled with mortification at his defeat, and  Considerable trade was carried on be- ~isbur (A. D. 98-130), Domald (A.DP.
with fears for his country, he once more attempted to arm the neighboring tribes  tween Rome and the northern coast of  130-162), Domar (A. D. 162-190),
against Rome, setting before them the danger to which they were exposed, un-  Africa, and even with Ethiopia. The  IDyggve (A. D. 190-220)i but we know
less they united against their common enemy. His entreaties were vain, and  dominion of the emperor of Rome was  little more of them than their names.
he was forced to stem the torrent unassisted and alone. A long and desperate  quietly acquiesced in by the nations  The latter was the first that assumed
struggle ensued, and at length, completely defeated and driven to desperation,  dwelling on the shores of the Mediter-  the regal title, his predecessors being
he killed himself, after making a vain attempt to poison the emperor.  Dacia  ranean, but the tribes inhabiting the  merely called Drottar, or lord, and their
became a Roman province (A. D. 106); and a stone bridge, of immense length,  interior of the continent never owned  queens Drottingar. Domaldwas slain
thrown across the Danube, still records the success of Trajan.                more than a nominal subjection to it.  by the advice of his councillors, under
The Emperor Hadrian, the successor of Trajan, followed the plan commenced  Christianity spread rapidly, notwith-  the superstitious idea that a severe
by Coesar, and established an immense line of fortified encampments at the  standing the hostility of the pagan  famine which  afflicted the country
most important points, and castles along the left bank of the Rhine and the  priests, and the terrible persecutions  could only be removed by sprinkling
right bank of the Danube, thus surrounding that frontier with forts. He con-  permitted by the emperors: the history  the altars of the gods at Upsala with
nected, them by high and straight roads, provided with watch-towers at short  of its progress will be found in the  the blood of their king.
intervals apart: these roads were carried over the mountains, instead of through  pages devoted to the Christian Church.    DENMARK. —The kings of Denmark —
the valleys, so as to prevent surprise. He also spared no expense in fortifying    As the speculating Christians of the  Nermund  the Sage (died A. D. 140),
the Black Forest, especially that point where it penetrates into Basle; and he  early ages of the Church assigned to  Olaf I., surnamed the Mild (A. D. 140constructed a great wall, which extended from Pfarring, on the Danube, to Mit-  ANTICHRIST, when he should come upon  190), and Dan, surnamed Mykillati (or
tenberg, on the Maine, and is now known as the Teufelsmauer, Heidenmauer,  earth, the empire of Egypt, Ethiopia,  the Magnanimous) - call for no notice,
or Pfahlgraben. It was completely fortified from one end to the other. A large  and Libya, it may not be amiss to  except the last named, who, in the next
number of towns arose near these forts, on the wasted and desolate frontier,  notice their traditions and opinions on  century, united all the petty kingdoms
which was gradually repeopled and cultivated by Roman colonists, or by poor  the subject. "Antichrist" is the name  into which Denmark was divided. Such
German fugitives and deserters. These lands were called agri decumates (it is  of that MAN oF SIN, mentioned by  unionis were constantly effected, but
uncertain whether on account of a tenth paid by the cultivator, or from a Roman  St. Paul in 2 Thess. it., 3, 4, who is  they lasted only during the life of the
measure for marking out the fields, or from choosing one out of every ten peas-  expected to precede the second coming  authors of them, and on their decease
ants to form the garrison of the fort). Of the cities which thus arose, the most  of our Saviour.  The Mohammedans  the monarchy was  immediately disconsiderable were Trbves  and Mentz (Mayence), at the latter of which the re-  also expect him, and give him the name  membered.  The north swarmed with
mains of a vast Roman aqueduct are still to be seen. The country was placed   of Daggiel (liar, or impostor). The  " kings": we read ofthirtybeingassemunder military government, the proconsul having unlimited power and authority  name "Antichrist" has been applied to  bled together on one occasion: probain the province. The people soon adopted the customs, language, and luxurious  many persons, especially to Nero, Tra-  bly  many of them were tributary.
habits of their masters. Hadrian and Trajan also planted powerful colonies in  jan, Diocletian, Julian the Apostate,  When  any sovereign of Jutland, or
Moldavia and Wallachia. The right bank of the Rhine was divided into four  and Martin Luther.   St. John describes  Scania, or Sigtun, or any other place
provinces, viz., Rhoetia, Noricum, Pannonia, and Mcesia; and the left bank also  him  as having a mark, and a name,  in Denmark, Sweden, or Norway, obinto four, viz., Helvetia, Germania Prima, Germania Secunda, and Belgica.     with a number expressing it: this  tained much celebrity as a warrior, the
A long interval of peace had elapsed, when one of those great and mysterious  number is 666 (Rev. xiii., 17, 18). But  local chiefs, who always assumed the
movements amongst the tribes of the East agitated the whole of Germany. A   it was disputed whether this number  title of kings, were always ready to
sudden and terrific irruption burst forth, in the year 162, from the interior of  was to be discovered in the letters in  seek his protection, and serve under his
Germany, and spread like a torrent over the Roman empire, which was simul-  Iiis name (the letters in the Hebrew,  banner.  Though this obedience was
taneously attacked on the RhinQ and the Danube by these barbarians, and in  Greek, and Latin alphabets being used  temporary, a preference was usually
Asia by the  Parthians.    The Catti were the first who crossed the Rhine: they  as numerals), or whether it was to be  given to such of the more powerful
were defeated by Pertinax. The Marcomanni, followed by various tribes, next  understood as simply an arithmetical  kings as were of the divine race of Odin.
poured into Italy, and laid siege to Aquileia (A. D. 166). The brave defence  number. A vast amount of learning  They passed their lives in warfare, piof this city, and the sudden appearance of the emperor, Marcus Aurelius, with  has been expended on this subject, but  racy, and hunting. Their thirst for
a powerful army, induced them to recross the Danube. The emperor followed   no definite result has ever been oh-  adventure appears to have been insathem, and, in a desperate battle fought on the frozen Danube, was completely  tained. Equally unsuccessful have been  tiable.   The student who desires to
victorious, recovering more than 100,000 Roman prisoners. ile afterwards  fol-  the endeavors to fix the time of his  learn  what exploits were considered
lowed the Quadi into their own country, where his army had nearly perished  coming. The early fathers (Tertullian,  honorable, and were attributed to the
from thirst, when a sudden fall of rain (occasioned, it was said, by the prayers  Cyprian, Hilary, Basil, Jerome, Chry-  most renowned of the Scandinavian
of the Christian soldiers, who thence obtained the name of " the thundering  sostom, and Gregory the Great) thought  heroes, should consult Suorro Sturlelegion") relieved them, and enabled them to subdue their enemies. Marcus  it was near at hand. Later writers  son's Heimskringla, which  has been
Aurelius restored and garrisoned the ruined fortresses on the Danube. His suc-  have fixed it variously at A. D. 1326,  translated into English. The legends
cessor, Commodus, however, concluded a shameful peace with the Germans.       1540,1734,1789,1800, and 1994. There  of Arngrim, and his magic sword; of
During this century the small tribes were gradually fusing together, and many  was anciently a tradition that he would  Swafurlam, and his twelve sons; of
of them now disappear from history. The tribes on the Lower Rhine were hence-  be born of a Jewish family of the tribe  the incantation of Htervbr; of Anganforth known only as the Catti and the Sicambri; those on the Northern Ocean,  of Dan, settled in Babylonia; that he  tyr, and the Berserks; of Sterkodder,
as the Frisii, the Chauci, and the Angli; those of Southern Germany, as the  would become master of Egypt, Ethio-  the Hercules of the North; of Gorm's
Alemanni and the Boioarii; those of Central Germany, as the Htermunduri, the  pia, and Libya, and then establish him-  wonderful voyage, and the palace of
Longobardi, and the Burgundians;   those of Eastern Germany, as the Goths, the  self at Jerusalem for three years and a  Geruth, are illustrative of these fierce
Gepidae, and the Vandals. The Franks. and the Saxons soon after appear in half: after which the Saytour would Northmen. They will be found in
place of the Sicam]~ri and the Chauci.                                        reappear on earth, and subdue him.    Dunham's History of DenmarkT.
W~hat was the fate of Decebalu.~? —WChat was the policy pursued by Hadrian? — What is WVhat was the condition of Africa, during    Who first assumed the regal title in Swethe I-eidenmauer? — WChere were colonies planted? —How was Roman Germany divided? — this century? —What of Antichrist?~-What den? —WVhat is recorded of Domald?~-The
What took place A. D. 162? —What great exploits did Marcus Aurelius perform? ~Whence of his number? — The time of his coming? kings of Denmark? -- Of Scsndinavia? --
arose "the thundering legion"? —What else occurred during this century?      — His end?                            Their lives? —Their legends?
(143)~




NETHERLANDS.                                                        CENTRAL AMERICA.
THE Frisii retained their indepen-    THERE can be little doubt as to the high antiquity of the original population of America. The extraordinary number
dence. The tribes, and the provinces  of languages spoken in Central America, at the time of its discovery by the Spaniards, proves either that the country
into which the country was divided,  was peopled from a variety of foreign nations, or that the indigenous race must have been established there so long as
have already been noticed. The people  to enable the laws of Providence, relative to the multiplication and distribution of the human race, to have come into
on the Lower Rhine gradually became  gradual but full operation. There is no evidence that any considerable or varied migration took place from the Old
known only as the Catti and the Sicam-  World into the New; although it is highly probable that adventurers from time to time found their way across from
bri; and all those on the Northern  Africa to Brazil, and from Asia across Behring's Straits, or through the Aleutian Islands, or from Japan to the western
Ocean, as the Frisii, Chauci, and Angli.  shores of America. We are therefore constrained to adopt the former hypothesis: and we may further assert that no
The Franks soon afterwards appear in  subsequent immigration has been of sufficient magnitude to alter the distinctive character of this indigenous population.
placeoftheCatti, Chama'vi, Sicambri,  The languages of Guatemala, Chiapas, and Yucatan, have their common origin in the Maya idiom. According to
Bruc'teri, and Cherus'ci; all which  Ximenes, the Calehiquel, Quiche, Zutuhil, Tzotzil, Zendal, Chanabal, Conoh, MamS, Lacandon, Peten, Ixil, Cakchi,
changes prove that the small districts  Poconchi, and many other languages, are of this class.
(formerly separate from, and indepen-  American traditions frequently allude to the journeyings of the tribes of the Quichs, who came from the East, from a
dent of, each other) had everywhere  cold and icy region, across a stormy sea, to a region not less inhospitable on the American continent, whence they directed
united, and had formed into large  their footsteps southward. Their march was slow and painful; they encountered terrible privations; but at length they
communities. This alliance may have  reached Central America, where they settled, and where their descendants are still to be found. The primitive civilizabeen induced by several circumstances,  tion of the southern portion of the continent probably arose in the countries now known by the names of Tabasco, Chisuch as common origin, the superiority  apas, Oaxaca, Yucatan, Guatemala, San Salvador, and Honduras. The multitude and variety of the ruins found there,
of a powerful tribe over its weaker  combined with the traditions of the past, all point to this region as the source of the culture and splendor to which the
neighbors, and finally the necessity of  Mexicans afterwards attained. According to the ancient Tzendal tradition, the banks of the Tabasco and of the Uzumaleaguing together on account of the  cinta were the scenes of the wondrous works performed by VOTAN, the most ancient of American legislators, many cenrenewal of the war with Rome, which  turies before the Christian Era. These rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico from the snowy chain of the Chuchumatanes
took place A. D. 162. A simultaneous  (Cordilleras of Guatemala). The ruins of Palenqub, the most ancient of American cities, are still to be seen in Guateattack on the Roman empire was made  mala; and, it is said, that even at this day there exist among the Lacandons, dwelling between the Uzumacinta and
by the German tribes. Those on the  Vera Paz, populous cities, the last refuge of the ancient civilized Indians of Central America, who preserve their religion
Rhine were the first in motion. An  and their antique costume. In this region Votan began his labors: he found the people savage, and instructed them in
account of this war is given in the his-  the arts of civilization.  That Votan was a real personage there is good reason to suppose, but he has been elevated to
tory of Germany (p. 143). The Chauci  the rank of a god, and of a mediator between the Supreme Being and man, and it is impossible to decide whether all
appeared on the Northern Ocean in  the attributes and actions ascribed to him are all his, or due to others of the same name. The analogy in the Tzendal,
their pirate vessels, and ravaged the  the Quich, and the Mexican traditions, relative to the personages presented under the names of Votan, Cukulcan, and
coasts of Gaul and Britain.           Gucumatz or Quetzalcohuatl, leads to the belief that they are one and the same person. Votan was the founder of
The word Frank signifies "free",  Palenqub, Paxil, and Cayala, and of those famous temples and palaces whose magnificent ruins still astonish the beholder.
and the tribes that confederated for the  The Tzendal tradition says that he came originally from Cuba, with a number of his countrymen; that he first explored
preservation of their freedom were dis-  the thousand islands of the lagune of Terminos, and then ascended the Uzuacinta, on the banks of which river, at the
tinguished by that name. It may be  foot of the Tumbala mountains, he settled; there he founded Nachan (city of serpents), afterwards called PalenquS. He
ascribed to Civilis, who, in the prece-  was welcomed by the Tzendals, and became their ruler. In the course of a long reign Votan four times visited his native
ding century, roused all the Lowerland; and he wrote a treatise on the origin of the Indians, in which he proved that they descended from Imos, of the
Germans in the name of freedom, and  race of Chan (the serpent), and originally came from Chivim (wherever that may be: the Spanish historian, Ordoniez
is said to have uttered these words to  says it means the land of the Hivites, in Canaan). He divided the monarchy which he had established into four parts,
thepeopleofCologne: "Youwillbefree  and one of them was given to the foreign chieftains: their capital was Tulha, the ruins of which have been found near
(frank) among the free" (franken).   Ococinco, on the other side of the Tumbala mountains. A curious tradition is still preserved among the Tzendals, that
The Saxons consisted of the Chauci,  a subterranean road of prodigious length traversed the mountains, and connected the temple of Tulhauwith thatof PaFrisii, and the remnants of the tribes  lenqub, and that it was dug by order of Votan. He also founded the city of Ghowel, or Tzequil, or Huey-Zacatlan, in a
on the Northern Ocean and the Baltic.  valley of the lofty mountains of Ciudad Real.
Their name was derived from the an-    As to the era of Votan there is nothing to guide us; but all American tradition refers it to a very remote period.
cient Sacce (Sikhs) on the Indus, and  About the same time another great chief and lawgiver, named ZAMNA (or ITZAMAL), arrived in Yucatan, accompanied by
from Sachs (race), and Sasson (free-  a number of priests, warriors, and artists. He established himself there, and founded a kingdom, into which he introholders). Accordingto tradition, they  duced laws, arts, and sciences. He built the city of Mayapan for his capital; and he divided his territory into large
camebyseafromthearmyofAlexander  provinces, which he granted as hereditary fiefs to the principal chiefs who had accompanied him, but subordinate to the
the Great to Hadel, where they landed,  prince of Mayapan. It.is said that he introduced figures or characters for letters. He died at an advanced age, and wras
and buying from the Thuringi a gown-  buried at a place where subsequently arose the city of Itzmal-U1 (or Itzamal). He was held in equal veneration with
ful of earth, spread it over a large ter-  Votan in subsequent ages. The descendants of Votan sank into insignificance, and some centuries afterwards succumbed
ritory to which they laid claim, and  to the Toltecs: the last of them, Chinax, was hung and burnt by the " nagual" (Toltec leader).
then inviting the Thuringian chiefs to    The annals of Mexico dwell upon two facts: 1. The arrival of a foreign race, led by an illustrious personage, and
meet them unarmed, murdered them   coming from the East. 2. The existence of an ancient empire, known by the name of Huehue-Tlapallan, whence the
during the banquet with knives con-  ancestors of the Toltecs (or Nahuas) migrated in consequence of a revolution, and after much suffering established themcealed beneath their dresses. Accord-  selves in the Aztec plateau. It is supposed that this last-mentioned Toltec emigration took place either during the first
ing to their legend, the Saxons, and  century before, or the first century after, the Christian Era. These emigrants were termed Nahuatl, Nahual, or Nawal
their first king Ascan, sprang from the  (a word signifying wise or skilled), and their language became the predominant one throughout Central America. The
Hartz mountains; and the proverb,  illustrious personage who came from the East, heading the foreign colony above mentioned, was styled QUETZALCOHUATL
"There  are.Saxons wherever pretty  (pronounced Ketz'al-whotl), or GUCUMATZ.  Under him they arrived in Tamoanchan, where he founded the citS of
girls grow out of trees", is still in use. Xicalanco, which became one of the most flourishing  cities in Central America. He extended his influence into the
What changes took place among the Bel-   What is said of the original population of Central America?-Languages?-The Quiches?-The earliest seat of civilization?-Votnn?
ginn tribes?-Whnt  was the origin of the  Paenque?-Nachan?-The traditions relating to Votant?-And to the temples of Tulha and Palenque?-Who was Zamna? —:hat is said
Franks? —Who were the Saxons? —What is  of him? — Of the descendants of Votan? —What two leading facts are insisted on in Mexican annals? —When did the Toltec emigration
the tradition respecting them? —The legend?  take place? —What  of the Nahual language?- Of Quetzalcohuatl? —What  city did he found? —What were his exploits?
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CENTRAL AMERICA.
neighboring empire of Xibalba (Palenque), and attempted to conquer it; but in  arrived at the holy city they chose Nanahuatl, who was suffering from a loaththis he failed, and he then returned to the land whence he came. On his de-  some disease, which became honored afterwards! That chief was accordingly
parture,- the four leading chiefs —Oxomoco, Cipactonal, Tlaltetecui, and Xuchi-  burnt, with his servant Metztli, and they reappeared as a bright sun and moon
caoaca-convoked at Huehue-Tlapallan the assembly of the Nahuan nation, and  in the heavens. This is doubtless an astronomical allegory, for it is spoken of
established the new calendar for astrological as well as astronomical purposes,  with mysterious reverence, and it installed a new period styled Nahui-Ollin
which remained in use until the destruction of Mexico by the Spaniards. Oxo-  (the fourth movement), or of Ollin-Tonatiuh (the sun in movement). It coinmoco and Cipactonal assumed the government of the entire empire of the Toltecs.  cides with the Mexican year I Silex, and probably commences the era of the
Their sons, Hunhuahpu and Wucub-Hunahpu, having endeavored to gain pos-  calendar of which Oxomoco and Cipactonal were the authors. This apotheosis
session of the empire of Xibalba, were put to death. Another son, Exbalanque,  of the sun and moon gave rise to the erection of the two principal pyramids of
retired into the mountains of Quichb, where he founded an independent king-  Teotihuacan, and the Mexicans obrerved several festivals in honor of it until
dom, of which the sacred city of Utlatlan became the capital. Here we have the  the Spanish invasion. It also was the commencement of the horrid practice of
old story of barbarous exploits: one king or chief dethrones another. Exbalanqub  offering up human sacrifices to the gods, which in after ages was carried to such
was driven out of his kingdom, and another Hunahpu replaced him. Chalcatzin  a frightful extent.
and Tlacamitzin succeeded the latter, when a fresh revolution drove the Toltecs    It has been already stated that the Mayan chronology fixes the year 174 of
to the shores of the Pacific, where they built the city of Tlapallantonco. Thence  the Christian Era as the date of the departure of the four Tutul-Xius " from the
they removed towards the northwest, and established several kingdoms in  house of Nonohual and the land of Tulapan, which is to the west of Zuyna (or
Southern California. Some, however, turned towards Yucatan; of these were  Zuywa), having at their head IIolon-Chan-Tepeuh.'"  This epoch was also that
the Tntul-Xius, who subsequently established their dominion over that country.- of their arrival in Chacnouitan. After this event the chronology remains silent
The epoch of this dispersion of the great Nahuan or Toltec nation has been care-  until the year 268, when a second emigration of the Tutui-Xius took place. But
fully preserved: it is the first precise date we meet with in the annals of Central nowhere are we told who were the Tutul-Xius, nor why they left their country.
America, and is fixed at the year 174 of our era. For a full account of these  It appears certain that'they belonged to the Nahuatl race, and that they powerearly ages, and of the national archives whence they are derived, the student is  fully aided the spread of Toltec civilization in Yucatan. We are entirely ignoreferred to the work of the learned Abb6 Brasseur de Bourbourg, entitled  rant as to the length of time which had elapsed since Zamna laid the foundations
Histoire des _Xations civilisles du Mexique et de l'Amgrique-Centrale, durant les  of civilization in that country, until the appearance of the Tutul-Xius there;
sicles antdrieurs a Christophe Colomb, to which we are mainly indebted for our  and owing to the barbarous fanaticism of the Spanish priest, Diego Landa, bishop
information respecting the heroic ages of Central America.                of Merida, who destroyed all the native archives and records that he could find,
Like all other countries of antiquity, Central America had its giants, the  we have no connected history of what occurred during that long period. NeverQuinamibs, whose dominion extended over the interior provinces of Mexico and  theless some traces have been left. We can also ascertain certain particulars
Guatemala, but of whose origin and form of government we are ignorant. They  with regard to a small number of the deities worshipped by these Tutul-Xius.
were a brutal race, addicted to the grossest vices; but subsequently became partly  These gods were kings, who had, in their time, been either good or bad, and to
civilized by a race whom they styled Olmecs and Xicalancas, and finally were  whom altars had been erected, either through love or fear, but no dates can be
exterminated by them at a solemn festival on the plateau of Huitzilapan. A   assigned to their existence. The principal deity, or rather demigod, after Zamna,
few escaped, but their descendants were exterminated by the Toltecs some cen-  was Kinieh-Kakmo.  He dedicated a magnificent temple to the sun in the city
turies afterwards. The only reminiscence of them left was the name of one of  of Izamal, where, personifying the god, he received divine honors. After his
their divinities, Tlaloc (or Tlalotl), who had also been one of their great kings.  death his renown increased considerably, and he had the reputation of being
Contemporary with the Olmecs were the Mixtecas (called also Zapotecas), the  able to allay pestilence or famine. The priests in his temple appear to have
Totonacs, and the Othomis. The Totonacs claimed to have been the builders of  understood the art of setting fire to objects by directing upon them the sun's
the great pyramids in Teotihuacan, and to have been the first settlers in Anahuac.  rays concentrated in a focus, for we are told that when sacrifices were offered,
They came from Chicomoztoc, while the Chichiecs were still settled there.  they brought down the divine fire by the aid of a mirror, and burnt the victims.
Some of them settled in Xalpan; others near Lake Xaltocan. The Othomis were  Kinieh-Kakm6 also instituted an order of " Virgins of the Sun ", whose duty it
a distinct race, speaking a monosyllabic language like the Chinese, which they  was to keep the sacred fire perpetually burning in honor of the great luminary.
called Hiang-hiung (" the permanent speech": the name Othomi signifies "never  His daughter was the first who inaugurated the dignity of Ixnacan-Katun (or,
tranquil"). They inhabited Mexico before the Toltecs; and they worshipped  Superior of the Vestals). Her chastity and piety caused her to be worshipped
one deity, O-kha (" the holy remembrance"): they styled heaven Ma-he-tze.  after her death, under the name of Zuhui-Kak (or, the Virgin of the Fire), as
Their principal heroes, whom they worshipped as demigods, were Otomitl (or  the protectress of young girls. The rules of this order of Vestals were far more
Othon Tecuhtli), Atetein, and Yoxippa; the last named being the most honored.  rational than those of the Roman Vestals: for, 1, no one could be compelled to
They shaved their head, with the exception of one tuft or tail, after the Chinese  become a member of it. 2. The vows were made for a limited time only; but if
fashion, and it may reasonably be inferred that they were of Chinese origin.  they were broken before the expiration of that time, or if the fire should become
But being subdued in turn by the Toltecs, the Chichimecs, and the Aztecs, they  extinct, the offender was shot to death with arrows. 3. When the time had exbecame the most abject of men, and their name synonymous with all that is  pired, the Vestals might marry; their lovers merely demanding them of the
base. Their principal cities were Mam-he-ni (afterwards Tollan), Otompan, and  chief priest, who could not oppose any obstacle to the union, but was expected
Teotihuacan (their sacred city). Omeacatl is the most famous of the Totonac  to give his consent as a matter of course.
princes of Teotihuacan. Xatontan, his successor, who lived at the time of the    Next to Kinieh-Kakm6, in dignity, was Ahchuy-Kak, the god of war. ITe
Toltec invasion of Mexico, was buried in one of the vast pyramids of Teoti-  was, in his lifetime, a famous warrior, but the details of his exploits have not
huacan.                                                                    been handed down to us. But among the Tutul-Xius, in time of war, the image
Allusion has already been made to the wearisome migration of the Quichbs  of this god was dressed in regal ornaments, and borne before the soldiers by
from Tulan, that distant eastern country whence they came. The particulars  the four most valiant captains in the army, and the greatest honors were paid
are given in the Abbe de Bourbourg's work, above cited (book ii., ch. ii.). The  to it on the march.  The Spanish historians, Lizana (Historia de _Xuestra
most remarkable incident connected with it is TLE APOTHEOSIS or NANAHUATL,  Senora de Izamal) and Cogollado (Historia de'ucatan), mention other deiwhich is constantly referred to in Mexican traditions. The chiefs of the Quich6s  ties; but it is not easy to determine whether these heroes preceded the epoch
had vowed that if they ever reached the end of their journey, Teotihuacan, and of the Ttuul-Xius, or whether they reigned after that race made its appearance
subdued the land, they would sacrifice oneof their number to the gods. Having  in Yucatan.
Whazt occurred after the departure of Quetzalcohuatl? -Who founded Utlatlan? —What | What of the migration of the Quichks? —The Apotheosis of Nanahuatl and Metztli?-The
befell the Toltecs? —What of the Tutul-Xius?- The era of their dispersion? —The giants, or  Mexican calendar? —The origin of the two pyramids of Teotihuacan?-And of human sacriQuinamies?-The Olmecs? —The Mixtecas? —The Totonacs? —The Othomis? —The Othomi fices?-What of the migration of the Tutul-Xius into Chacnouitan? — Of their deities?heroes, language, and manners? —Who were the most famous Totonac chiefs?  Kinieh-Kakmb?-The Vestal Virgins?-Aychuy-Rak? —Iow was he honored?
19                                                                                                                      (1445)




THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
THE Christian religion, in defiance of persecution, had now made great pro-  the world, and governed it, until they quarrelled. God then sent his own Son,
gress. We are assured by the most unexceptionable testimony that it prevailed  Christ, the chief of the Eons, to restore peace: he united himself with the
extensively throughout the whole East, as well as among the Romans, Greeks,  man Jesus, who was crucified by the Aon who presided over the Jews. These
Germans, Spaniards, Britons, Gauls, and other nations. Numerous Latin ver-  absurdities were surpassed by Carpocerates of Alexandria, who adopted them,
sions were made of the Scriptures, the most valued being that known as the  and taught that it was lawful for men to give full license to their passions.
Italic, which was followed by the Syriac, Egyptian, and Ethiopic. Indeed, such  Valentine, the Egyptian, first promulgated his doctrines at Rome, whence they
progress had Christianity made, that numbers of persons, whose means of living  spread through Europe, Asia, and Africa. His doctrines were very singular,
depended on the services of the heathen temples, were thrown out of employ-  and, as they developed the Oriental philosophy, are deserving of note. He
ment. This occasioned serious outcries against the Christians, and led to the  taught that in the "Plero'ma" (immensity of space) there were thirty Aons,
third persecution (A. D. 107-115), which was too readily assented to by the  half male, half female, and four more of neither sex. These four were Horus,
Emperor Trajan. Great cruelties were perpetrated. Amongst the most illus-  Christ, the Holy Ghost, and Jesus. The youngest of the female Zeons, Sophia
trious victims were CLE"OPHAs, bishop of Pella, who was crucified at the request  (wisdom), brought forth a daughter, named Ach'amoth, who being banished
of the Jews (A. D. 108). The illustrious and venerable IGNA"TIuS, bishop of  from the Pleroma, fell into and arranged the undigested mass of matter; and, by
Antioch, the disciple of the Apostles Peter, Paul, and John, was condemned by  the assistance of Jesus, produced the Demiur'ge (subordinate workman). This
Trajan to be torn to pieces by wild beasts in the amphitheatre at Rome (A. D.  Demiurge separated the animal from the terrestrial matter, and out of the former
115). But in no portion of the empire did they suffer more than in Bithynia,  created the heavens, and out of the latter the earth. He also made man, uniting
of which province PLINY THE YOUNGER was governor. That officer having ap-  in him the subtile and the grosser matter, but Achamoth added to him also a
plied to the emperor for instructions as to how he was to act towards them,  spiritual and a celestial substance. Valentine further taught that this world is
received for answer that " the Christians were not to be officiously sought after,  a compound of good and evil; whatever is good in it comes down from God, and
but that such as were accused and convicted of an adherence to Christianity  to Him it shall return, and then the world shall be destroyed by fire. The sect
were to be put to death as wicked citizens, if they did not return to the religion  of the Valentinians became divided into several branches, some of which took
of their ancestors."  Such was the famous edict of Trajan, under which numbers  the name of the originators. Thus there were the Ptolem/aites, the Secun'disuffered death. It was renewed and confirmed by the Emperor Hadrian, who  ans, the Herac'leonites, and the Marco/sians: some that of their peculiar tenets,
was, however, more disposed than his predecessor to protect, the Christians,  as the Ad'amites, who professed primitive innocence; the Serpentin'ians, who
partly owing to the noble refusal of Sere'nus Grania'nus, proconsul of Asia, to  held that the serpent which tempted Eve was Christ, and therefore worshipped it.
encourage the fury of the multitude, and to that officer's remonstrance to the    Marcion of Pontus believed in two principles -one good, the other evil; to
emperor, and partly owing to the Apologyfor Christianity, addressed to him by  these he added a third, or intermediate Deity, to whom he ascribed the creation
QUADRAXTusVs,   bishop of Athens, a disciple of the apostles. In Judea the furious  of this lower world, and - the legislation of the Jews. AmMOZNIUS SAC/CHAS of
Barchoch'ebas, the fictitious king of the Jews, vented his wrath against all those  Alexandria was of the sect of the Eclectics, or Neo-Platonists. He taught that
Christians who refused to join the revolt which he had raised against the Roman  true philosophy came from the East into Greece, where it was held in all its
power (A. D. 131). But though the edicts of Trajan and Hadrian afforded some  purity by Plato, but that it had become corrupted, and therefore Christ came to
protection to those Christians who were not disposed to avow their faith publicly,  purify it. IIe considered the Deity and the universe as constituting one great
and prohibited any malicious search after them, yet their enemies soon found  whole, and he maintained the eternity of the world, the empire of Providence,
means to evade these edicts; and, under the reign of Antoninus Pius, they in-  and the government of mankind by demons. IIe commanded his disciples to
vented a new method of attacking them by accusing them of impiety and athe-  mortify the flesh, in order that they might become Theurges, or able to see deism. This calumny was refuted in an able manner by JUSTIN MARTYR (A. D.  mons; and he asserted that Christ was the chief Theurge (the workman of God).
141), in an "Apology" addressed to the emperor. The effect of this composition  This new system of philosophy had a most injurious effect on Christianity, for
was such that that equitable prince issued an order to the effect that all pro-  its doctrines became mixed up with all kinds of theories arising out of Platonism,
ceedings against the Christians should be regulated by the edict of Hadrian;  respecting the nature of the soul, the destiny of man, the efficacy of faith, the use
and, in order further to stop the atrocities which were practised, he promulgated  of reason, etc.
a fresh edict, denouncing capital punishment against such as should, for the    Besides these sects there arose various others. Prax/eas denied that there was
future, accuse the Christians without being able to prove them guilty of crime.  any real difference between the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost: hence his followers
Nevertheless the position of the Christians was not improved by these measures  were named Monarchians, and also Patripassians, because they said the Father
of the emperor. In the reign of Marcus Aurelius they were charged with the  suffered with Christ on the cross. Hermog'enes (the painter), Carpocrates, Barmost monstrous crimes, and that emperor unhappily lent a willing ear to these  desa/nes, Elxai, Saturni nus, and Tatian, were all more or less of the Eclectic
calumnies, paying little regard to the Apologies written by Justin Martyr,  school, and had numerous followers; but it is impossible to give here even an
Athenag'oras, and Ta'tian.  Though famed for his humanity, Marcus Aurelius  outline of their doctrines, which comprehended various degrees of absurdity
did not display any leniency towards the Christians; but, on the contrary, list-  But the most audacious of all the heretics of the second century was MONTa/NUs,
ened willingly to the accusations brought against them. With his sanction the  an ignorant fanatic of Phrygia, who declared that he was the Paraclete, or Commost cruel torments were inflicted on them: torture, crucifixion, burning, and  forter, promised by the Lord; and that he was sent to perfect the precepts of
beheading, were freely used. Thousands of Christians perished; among the  Christ. He taught no new doctrines, but inculcated excessive austerity, and
most illustrious victims were Polycarp and Justin Martyr. Many churches,  condemned all care of the body and the cultivation of literature. His severe
particularly those of Lyons and Vienne, in France, were nearly destroyed (A. D.  doctrines gained him many proselytes, and his followers afterwards spread over
177). The Emperor Verus was not behind Marcus Aurelius in urging this per-  Asia, Africa, and part of Europe, the most eminent being TERTULLIAN of Carthage.
secution of the Christians (A. D. 164). During the reign of Com'modus the    During this century the form of Church government progressed. One EpisChristians suffered very little; but at the end of the century, when Seve-rus was  copus (inspector or bishop) presided over every Christian assembly, and he was
proclaimed emperor, Asia, Egypt, and other provinces were literally dyed with  assisted by a council of presbyters (elders). Deacons of various classes were
the blood of the martyrs.                                                     subordinate to both. It became customary for the churches to assemble at stated
Numerous heresies, too, sprang up in the Church, the most important of which  times to deliberate on their common interests. These assemblies were termed
were those of BASIL/IDES, VAL/ENTINE, and MAR/CION. Basilides was an Egyp-  Synods by the Greeks, and Councils by the Latins; and the laws enacted by
tian Gnostic. He taught that the Supreme Being produced from himself seven  them were called Canons. The authority of the bishops was considerably in|  ]ons (eternal natures), who, again, engendered 365 angels. These angels made  creased by these Councils, and it became usual to appoint one of the provincial
What progress had Christianity made? —What versions of the Scriptures were made?- |  What is said of Valentine? —What was the Pleroma? - The /~on?- Demiurge? —What
What is said of the third persecution? — Of Pliny the Younger?- Serenus Granianus?-  were Valentine's doctrines? —Into what sects were the Valentinians divided? —What of the
Quadratus? —Justin Martyr? —The edict of Hadrian? - Marcus Aurelius? —Verus?- Com-  Serpentinians? —What of Marcion? —Ammonius Sacchas? —Praxeas? —What other heresies?
modus? —What heresies sprang up? —Who was Basilides? —What were his doctrines?  — What of Montanus? —Tertullian? —Church government? —What new orders were created?,....(
( 146 )




A.C. 100 200.0
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
-bishops to preside over them. Then, again, as the Church spread, a new order  succeeded that pontiff, down to Symmachus, in A. D. 498, are honored among the
of ecclesiastics was created to superintend the bishops themselves: these were  saints by the Roman Catholic Church; and out of 248 bishops and popes, from
styled Patriarchs. They resided at the capital cities, such as Rome, Antioch,  Linus to Clement XIII., 78 are included in the Roman martyrology.
Alexandria, and subsequently Constantinople.  The usages in the Church also        The successor of Pius I. was Anice'tus, who has been already mentioned as
received some modifications, owing to the adopting of Jewish analogies. Thus  having a dispute with the Eastern bishops respecting the observance of Easter.
the bishops were held to occupy the place of high-priests, the presbyters that  His interview with Polyearp, bishop of Ephesus, on the subject, was not proof priests, and the deacons that of Levites.  Tithes, firs-t fruits, and sacrifices  ductive of good. Anicetus was bishop of Rome more than ten years (A. D.
were talked of; and, in imitation of the Greek and Roman mysteries, many terms  157-168). He died a natural death, and was succeeded by Soter (A. D. 168were introduced which had mystic meanings.  Symbols also were used; thus  177), of whom few particulars are recorded. The next bishop was Eleutherius,
milk and honey were given to converts in token of their regeneration. Turning  a Greek, who had been deacon of the Church under Anicetus. It is said that
towards the east, while praying, was a common custom. The religious meetings  Eleutherius was applied to by Lucius, a petty king of Britain, to send some
of the early Christians were held generally on the first day of the week, which  missionaries to instruct the Britons in the Christian faith. The bishop sent
hence received the name of " the Lord's day"; though some observed the fourth  several, the two principal being Fuga'tius and Damia'nus (or, as the old Welsh
day, on which Christ was betrayed; and some the sixth, as being that of his cru-  chronicle calls them, Fagan and Dwywan). These two died at Llandaff, and
cifixion. The hour of assembly was generally after sunset, or before dawn.       appear to have made many converts. Another act of Eleutherius was his conBaptism was celebrated publicly twice a year, viz., at Easter and Whitsuntide  demnation of Flori'nus, who taught that God was the author of evil; and of
(Pentecost), by the bishops. It was performed on adults by immersion, after  Blastus, who maintained that the Eastern mode of observing Easter ought to be
repeating the Apostles' Creed, and the confession of sins. After immersion they  observed at Rome. He governed the Church 15 years, and died A.D. 193. His
were anointed, and milk and honey were given to them. Great disputes arose  successor was Victor I., a native of Africa, an active and vigilant man, whose
between the Eastern and Western Churches as to the time and mode of observing  pontificate was passed in disputes with heretical teachers, and with the Eastern
Easter.  They both fasted during Passion week, but the Eastern Christians kept  Churches regarding the observance of Easter. He died a natural death, A. D. o01.
the Paschal day (or anniversary of the crucifixion) on the fourteenth day of the    In this century, in addition to the gospels and epistles now generally co'first Jewish month, at the time the Jews kept their Passover. Three days after-  ered the only authentic Scriptures, there were many others in circulation, whose
wards they celebrated the resurrection. But the Western Christians held their  date, origin, and authenticity are apocryphal (doubtful), viz., 1, an Epistle of
Paschal feast on the night preceding the anniversary of Christ's rising from the  Ab'garus; 2, eight gospels, viz., the Protevangel of St. James, the Gospel of
dead. For so doing they pleaded the authority of the Apostles Peter and Paul.  St. Thomas, the Acts of Pilate, the Descent of Christ (all four in Greek), the
This practice led to severe contentions between the Eastern and the Western  History of Joseph, the Gospel of the Infancy (both in Arabic), the Gospel of the
Churches. Polyearp, bishop of Smyrna, went to Rome to confer with Anicetus,  Infancy by St. Matthew, and the Gospel of the Nativity of St. Mary (both in
bishop of that city, upon the subject; but the conference was without effect.  Latin); 3, several acts and journeys of St. Peter and St. Paul; 4, the heretical
Subsequently Victor I., who was bishop of Rome frum A. D. 193 to A. D. 201,  gospel of Marcion; 5, the Sibylline Oracles; 6, the Book of Ezra; 7, the Book
commanded the Asiatic prelates to celebrate Easter as the Western Churches  of Enoch; 8, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs; 9, the Ascension of
did. Polyc'rates, bishop of Ephesus, flatly refused to obey him. Some say that  Esaias; 10, Vaticin'ia Hystas'pis; 11, the General Epistle of St. Barnabas;
thereupon Victor excommunicated all the Asiatic bishops, but was ultimately  12, some epistles of Clement and Igna'tius. The other writings attributed
pacified by the remonstrances of Irenceus, bishop of Lyons. The dispute was  to Clement were the Apostolical Canons, the Apostolic Constitutions, the
not settled until the fourth century, when the Council of Nice abolished the  Recognitions of Clemens, and the Clemcntina.  The Apostolic Canons consist
Asiatic practice, and ordained the observance of Easter throughout Christendom   of 85 ecclesiastical laws, and contain a view of the Church government and disaccording to the Western mode. It may here be observed that the word Easter  cipline received among the Greek and Oriental Christians in the 2d and 3d cenis of Saxon origin, and imports the Eastern goddess, Astarte (Astaert), in honor  turies. The Apostolical Constitutions are in eight books, and contain rules for
of whom  sacrifices were annually offered in the spring, about the time of the  Christian worship, to which the author (whoever he was) has prefixed the names
Passover; hence the two observances of the Passover and of Astarte became  of the apostles. The Recognition of Clemens, and the Clementina, were the
confounded, and finally the Saxon word came to represent the Jewish observance.  productions of an Alexandrian Jew, writtten as an answer to the objections
The sacrament of the Lord's Supper was generally administered on Sundays,  brought by the Jews, Gnostics, and Philosophers, against the Christian religion.
and was considered so essential to salvation that it was administered to infants.  The Epistles of Ignatius to Polyearp, the Ephesians, the Magnesians, the TralIt was called the " Eucharist" (thanksgiving), because Christ, in the institution  lians, the Romans, the Philadelphians, the Smyrnaeans, and the Philippians, are
of it, gave thanks to God.                                                       asserted by some to be genuine. Dr. Mosheim says it is not easy to determine
We have already seen that the Church founded at Rome by the apostles was  the question (Ecclesiastical History, vol. i., part ii., ch. ii.). The Epistle of Barpresided over at first by Linus, Anacletus, and Clement I. The latter was suc-  nabas is supposed to have been written by a Jew.  The Shepherd of Hermas
ceeded by Evaristus (A. D. 100-109), who, it is said, divided Rome into parishes,  was another religious work in vogue at this period; it was the production of
assigning a priest to each, and seven deacons to attend the bishop.  lie was mar-  Hermas, the brother of Pius I., bishop of Rome. Jerome ranks Seneca, the
tyred at Rome, and was buried on the Vatican mount. The next bishop of  preceptor of Nero, among the holy writers of the Church, on account of his
Rome was Alexander I., who held the see ten years (A. D. 109-119), and was  (alleged) correspondence with the Apostle Paul.
a10 martyred. His successor was Sixtus or Xistus I. (A. D. 119-127), of whomn                                 TheAre kno yna of "The Apos tles' Creed"  was not framed by
little is recorded. It is probable that he was martyred in those sanguinary the apostles, although it contains apostolic doctrines; nor did it exist as a creed
|times. After him came Teles'phorus, a Greek by birth, who became seventh |in their time. Various accounts have been given of its origin. Ambrose of
bishop of Rome. He also was martyred (A. D. 139), after holding the see more |Milan, who lived in the latter part of the 4th century, affirms that it was cornthan eleven years. tEyginus held the see not quite four years (A. D. 139-142), posed by the twelve apostles, each one contributing a clause. But Luke, who
and ended his life peaceably. In his reign Valentine promulgated his famous wrote the Acts of the Apostles, makes no mention of so remarkable an event.
heresy at Rome; and Cerdo came from Syria to the imperial city (A. D. 140), Many learned writers have discussed this subject.: the student is referred to
teaching the doctrines of Marcion. Hyginuswfas succeeded by Pius I., a native M. Justice Bailey's Common Prayer, and Sir Peter King's History of the
of Aquileia, who excommunicated Valentine and Marcion. It is said that he |Apostles' Creed, for further information.
died by the sword (A. D). 157), and was buried at the foot of the Vat-ican hill. |The first use of the phrase " Catholic (universal) Church" occurs in'an epistle
lThe first 36 bishops of Rome, down to Liberius, and, excepting him, those who frMom the Church of Smyrna to that of Lyons, written A. D. 170.
lWhat is said of tithes and first fruits? -Symbols? -Religious meetings? -Baptism?- |  How many bishops of Rome are saints? —How many of them martyrs? —What of AniceEaster.? —i'-? an account of the dispute between the Eastern and Western Churches. —Whence  tus?-Sorer?-Eleutherius?-Lucius, king of Britain? -What gospels and epistles were
the name Easter? —What of the Lord's Supper? —What is recorded of Fvaristus? —AlexC-circulated? —What of the writings of Clement? —Of Ignatius? —The Epistle of Barnabas?
lander I.?- Sixtus I.?- Telesphorus?-/Iyginus? —Pins I.?! —/ermas? —Scneca'?-What is said of the origin of the Apostles' Creed?
( 147 )




r                                                                                                              — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ir- 
r~ ~THE 3D CENTUERY
INDIA.                                                                      PERSIA.
THIERE is no doubt as to the progress    THE reign of Artaba'nes IV. (the last of the dynasty of the Arsacidee) was marked by an invasion of the country by
made by the ancient Hindoos in astron-  the Roman Emperor Caracalla.  The historian Herodian says that Caracalla endeavored to entrap the Parthian prince
ony.  Some of the most eminent of  in a base manner.  He asked his daughter in marriage, and having been betrothed, he invited Artabanes and his Court
modern European astronomers, Cassini,  to a banquet, in the midst of which the Romans fell upon the unarmed Parthians, massacred some and plundered the
Bailly, and Playfair, maintain that au-  rest. But according to Dion Cassius, Caracalla made an unexpected inroad into Media, and ravaged the country before
thentic Hindoo  observations of the  the Parthians could prepare for its defence; that he spent the winter in Edessa, intending to renew his invasion in the
movements of the heavenly bodies so  following summer, but was prevented, having been assassinated by some of his guards at the instigation of Macrinus.
far back as 3000 years before Christ,  The Parthians retaliated by levying an immense army, and pursuing the Romans. The Emperor Macrinus hastened to
are still extant; and it is certain that  meet them. Twro engagements took place, in which the Parthians got the better of him. They very nearly surrounded
the exactness of the mean motions  him, and so reduced him  that he found it prudent to enter into negotiations with them. He was fortunate enough to
which they have assigned to the sun  escape by restoring the year's plunder, and paying an indemnity for the costs of the war. Dion Cassius says the amount
and moon, could only have been at-  was 50,000,000 drachmas (about $213,000,000), but it is scarcely credible that he could have raised such a sum in time.
tained by a comparison of modern ob-  Peace was concluded A. D. 217.
servations with others made in remote    Meanwhile, ARDISHEER (or ARTAXERXES) BAzIGA.N (the son of Babek, a descendant of SASSAN, the grandson of Isfunantiquity.  The strongest opponents  dear), who had risen to eminence by his genius and courage, having resolved to attempt the revival of the Persian monof the claims of the Hindoos to this   archy, contrived to make himself master of Kerman, Ispahan,, and nearly all Irak, before Artabanes attempted to check
merit, admit that their division of the  his progress.  The latter then seeing his danger, resolved to risk all on one battle. The armies met on the plain of
ecliptic into 27 lunar mansions was  Hoormuz, where, after a desperate conflict, Artabanes lost both his crown and his life, and Ardisheer was hailed on the
made 1442 years B. C. The astronom-  field of battle with the proud title of " Shahan Shah", or king of kings. Following up his victory, he subdued the
ical rulerelatingtotheCalendar,which  remainder of the empire, and having thus subverted the dominion of the Parthians, which had lasted 475 years, he
is found in every Veda, and is placed  frmly established the SASS/ANIDE dynasty of Persian princes on the throne (A. D. 226). The Sassan'ide occupied it until
there for the purpose of fixing the pro-  the conquest of Persia by the Arabs (A. D. 651). From  the commencement of the Sassanide dynasty the history of
per periods for the performance of re-Persia assumes anew character, and there is as fair an agreement between eastern and western writers as can be expected
ligiolls duties, was drawn up in the  from authors of different nations.  The Persian writers have no dates even at this epoch, but the period they assign to
14th century B. C.; and Parasara, the  the reign of each prince generally accords with the more exact chronology of western authors. With regard to the
first writer on astronomy of whose wri-condition of Persia under the dynasty of the Arsacidee, the following remarks by Gibbon (Decline and Fall of the Ronan
tings any portion remains, appears to  Empire, vol. i. p. 329) will give the student an accurate idea of it: " The weak indulgence of the Arsacides had resigned
have flourished about the same time.  to their sons and brothers the principal provinces and the greatest offices of the kingdom, in the nature of hereditary
But the priests made astronomy sub-  possessions. The vitaxe, or eighteen most powerful satraps, were permitted to assume the regal title; and the vain
servient to their own purposes; they  pride of the monarch was delighted with a nominal dominion over so many vassal kings. Even tribes of barbarians
invented  an extravagant system  of  in their mountains, and the Greek cities of Upper Asia within their walls, scarcely acknowledged, or seldom obeyed,
chronology, which carried back history  any superior; and the Parthian empire exhibited, under other names, a lively image of the feudal system, which has since
millions of years; and they concealed  prevailed in Europe."
thesources whence their knowledge was    After a reign of 14 years, Ardisheer resigned the throne to his son, SIAHPOOw I. (called bg the Romans SAPOR) (A. D
derived.  As they could have made  240). IIe (Ardisheer) was one of the wisest and best princes that ever ruled Persia. But with all his great qualities,
but little progress in astronomy with-  Ardisheer was a bigot. EIe labored to introduce order and uniformity in religion as well as in every other branch of his
out considerable knowledge of mathe-government: he endeavored to restore the authority of the Magi, and enforced by sanguinary persecutions a strict attenmatics, so we find that the ancient  tion to the orthodox religion (that of Zoroaster). Amid the general confusion into which the empire had been thrown,
Hindoos were far in advance of other  the established worship, as fixed by Zoroaster, had been neglected, and numerous schisms had sprung up. Several of
nations in this respect, and had discov-  the Parthian monarchs had inclined to the pagan philosophy of the Greeks, but Ardisheer Babigan was determined to
ered much that wras unknown in Eu-  eradicate all heresies, and vigorously enforced the decrees he issued thereupon. The name " Parthia" now disappears
rope even in the 16th century.  In a  from history; it is unknown to Asiatic writers. In the ancient Scythian languages, it meant " exiles", according to some
work entitled "Surya Sidhanta", writ-  authors.  There seems to be considerable doubt, however, as to its origin. Strabo asserts that the Parthians whose terten in the 5th  century after Christ, a  ritories were upon the banks of the Tigris were formerly called Carduchi: the Carduchi inhabited Carduchia, the modern
system of trigonometry is given which  Kurdistan, and the character of the Kurds accords remarkably with that of the Parthians. The name Parthian is
goes far beyond anything known to the  probably identical with Parsi or Farsi, the inhabitants of the Persian province of Fars.
Greeks. The IIindoos discovered the      Shahpoor is celebrated for his military exploits. He subdued Mesopotamia and Armenia, took the celebrated fortress
proportion of the radius to the circum-  of Nisibis, and successfully resisted the Romans under Gordian. Ile so seriously threatened the Roman dominions in
ference of the circle, and they invented  the East, that the Emperor Valerian marched against him; but in an attempt to relieve Edessa, then besieged by the
the decimal notation. In algebra they   Persians, the Roman emperor was drawn into an ambuscade and taken prisoner (A. D. 260). Valerian was kept in capexcelled all their cotemporaries. Arya  tivity during the rest of his life. Shahpoor set up Cyri/ades, an obscure fugitive of Antioch, as emperor of Ronle; but
Bhatta, one of their greatest algebra-  the resistance he ret with from Odena'thus, king of Palmyra, caused him to abandon Cyriades and return to Persia.
ists, flourished about A.D. 360.  He  He founded Nishapore, Shahpore, and other cities. His capital was Shiraz, 30 miles from Shahpore. At the same time
discovered a mode of resolving equa-  the great dyke of Karoon was erected for the purpose of fertilizing the plains of Deoful. Shahpoor was beloved for his
tions involving several unknown quan-boundless generosity, and was succeeded (A. D. 271) by his son, Hoormuz (or Hormisdas),  who reigned only one year,
tities, and indeterminate problems of  and founded the city of Ram Hoormuz, where is still shown al orange tree which he is said to have planted.  His
the firset degree. But he was not the  successor, Ba/haram I., a mild and munificent prince, is remarkable for having put to death Manes or Mani (the founder
inventor of algebra among the Hin-  of the sect of the Manichaeans), who pretended to be the Paraclete or Comforter promised by the Saviour while on earth.
doos: it is evident that the science in  Ba/haram II. (A. D. 276) wfas an indolent and tyrannic prince, in whose reign the Roman Emperor Carus nearly subdued
his time had been brought to its then  Persia. Ba/haram III. reigned four months (A.D. 293). Narsi (or Narses), his brother, subdued Armenia and defeated
state by the labors of the mathemati-  the Emperor Gale/rius (A. D. 296); but next year (A. D. 297) was in his turn overcome by Galerius, and forced to conclans of preceding ages.               cl ude a disgraceful peace, by which he resigned Mesopotamia and five other provinces to the Romans.
What was the state of astronomy among    What events distinguished the reign of Artabanes IV.? —What of Macrinus? —-Who was Ardisheer Iabigan? —What were his exploits?
the ancient Hindoos? —Who was Parastra?  — What change takes place in Persian history? —What does Gibbon say of the Arsacidae? —What dynasty did Ardisheer found? —What was
-What is said of mathematics?-What of the  character?-What of the religion of Zoroaster?-Of the name " Parthia"?-What were the exploits of Shahpoor 7-What cities did he
Surya Sidh'nta? —Who was Arya Bhatta?   found? —What of Valerian? —The great dyke of Karoon? —Iioormuz? —Baharam I.? —Baharam  II.? —Iaharam  III.?
(148)




CHINA. JAPAN.                                                                             ITALY.
IIERN-TE was the last of the celebrated Han dynasty, which had ruled for 408    TEI commencement of this century found the Emperor Severus still in Syria
years.  This dynasty is remembered for three things: 1. Foreigners from Ara-  with his sons.  He remained there until the year 202, when he took a journey
bia arrived by sea, bringing tribute to the emperor, and seeking permission to  into Egypt, visiting Memphis and the Pyramids; after which he returned to
trade at Canton, which request having been granted, the Arabs have the credit  Rome. Ile had raised almost to an equality with himself his friend and counof introducing maritime intercourse between the Chinese and foreign nations.  tryman Plautiatnus, made him prefect of the guards, and allowed him to indulge
2. The art of printing from blocks was invented. This statement is made upon  in the most arbitrary acts.  This man's daughter, Plautilla, was as cruel and
the authority of the Chinese historians, quoted by Gutzlaff in his History of  arrogant as her father, and spared no violence to gratify her lightest wishes.
China.  It is generally supposed that block printing is a European invention   Such influence had they with the emperor that Caracalla was forced  to marry
of the Middle Ages, but it is not improbable that the idea was borrowed from   Plautilla, whom he detested. The imperial household became a scene of discord.
the East, as many other notions were, and imported into Europe by the Crusa-  Caracalla and Geta, completely corrupted by the prevailing licentiousness, hated
ders, and by travellers from Persia, India, and China. 3. The system of choosing  each other with deadly hatred.  Caracalla was animated with like fury against
the mandarins from learned men, who should have passed an examination in  Plautianus, and, to get rid of him, accused him of a plot to mlurder the emperor.
literature and science, and obtained a degree, was first introduced, and for a  Severus called the accused before him, but while he NAas listening to his defence,
time gave great stability to the constitution of the empire.  HeI-en-te died A. D.  Caracalla suddenly cut Plautianus down, and caused his head to lbe sent to his
220, and Tsaou-tsaou, a man of great talent and wisdom, assumed the reins of  nmother and wife (A. D. 203). Whatever weakness Severus showed towards his
government, but died shortly afterwards.  He founded the State of WVei, in the  sons and favorites, he was impartial in the administration of justice.  ITaving
north of China. The capital of the empire was at this time Loy-ang, in lIonan.  been bred a lawyer,; he presided in the tribunals, and gave judgment  with inesTsaou-tsaou was succeeded by his son Tsaou-pe. Four other princes laid claim to  orable rigor: he corrected all abuses which had crept in, and selectel the ablest
the empire, but Chaou-le ajsumed the imperial dignity, dethroned Tsaou-pe, and  jurists to aid him in his decisions and reformns.  PAPIN'/AN b ecame the first of
founded the HOW-HAN (or After Han) dynasty. This dynasty lasted until A. D.  the twoo prefects of the guard, who, in these times, also held the administration
2063, taking its name from the State of How-han, or Shuh, whose capital was at  of justice; the one taking cognizance of judicial, the other of nlilitary matters.
Ching-tao, in Sze-chuen.  The State of Woo was founded by SUN-KEEN, who is  Papinian called in, as assessors, PAULUS  and UL/PIAN; and all three distincelebrated in Chinese history for exterminating the faction known by the name  guished themselves in so brilliant a manner by knowledge of lawv and adminisof " the yellow caps". His son, Ta-te, declared himself emperor, and estab-  tration of justice, that in later times Valentinian III. gave the authority of a
lished his Court at Nankin.  His dominions comprised the southern provinces  legislative decision to the opinions of Papinian.  Severus displayed equal wisof' Chiina.  Thus the empire was divided into three States, whose history is one  dom in every other branch of the administration, and many instances of goodof wars waged against each other with unrelenting fury, and is called by Chi-  ness are related of him. Never was Rome better governed than during the last
nese historians "the heroic age of the San-kwo" (or three States).  Chaou-le  years of the reign of Septimius Severus. But the emperor's health began to
died A. D. 223, and was succeeded by How-te, the last of the After Han dynasty.  fail, and his spirits were broken by the wickedness of his sons, especially of
But the States of Woo and Shuh became so enfeebled by continual wars, that  Caracalla, who, it is said, made an attempt upon his life.  In the year 207 the
the State of Wei acquired the ascendency.  How-te resigned the throne to the  IHIighlanders of Scotland made an irruption into Britain. The Roman garrisons
prince of Wei, in spite of the remonstrances of his son, Lew-chiu, who exhorted  were unable to check their incursions; whereupon the emperor resolved to prohim to fight to the last, and who, when his father had abdicated, took his own  ceed to the spot with a powerful army, and conduct the war in person. He
wife and children into the hall of his ancestors (a chamber set apart in the pal-  accordingly set out, taking both his sons with him, for he dared not leave them
aces of the Chinese emperors and grandees for preserving and recording memo-    behind him: Papinian also accompanied him. He drove the Scots back into
rials of their predecessors), beheaded them, and then put an end to his own life  their fastnesses, penetrated into the remotest Itighlands, cleared woods, made
(A. D. 265).  Thus ended the celebrated IIow-han dynasty, during the rule of  bridges over rivers, constructed roads over morasses, and turned the course of
which flourished the greatest literary men that China has ever produced, at  streams.  But the severity of these labors and the ambuscades of the enemy
least so the Chinese say; but the names of these great writers are not known  cost him 40,000 men, and so exasperated him that he resolved to extirpate the
by the world at large: a few men learned in the language and literature of  population of the north of Scotland.  I-Ie strongly fortified the line between
China are the only persons who are acquainted with them. This period is the  Edinburgh and Dumbarton, erected to protect Britain from the incursions of
heroic age of China.  The Han heroes are famous.  Ilaou-han (a good Han)  the IHighlanders, and was proceeding to lay waste the north, when Caracalla
signifies a brave man, and " the Men of Han" is a name in which the Chinese  was detected in an attempt to assassinate him, and to seduce the army from its
still glory.                                                                    allegiance.  The emperor could not find resolution enough to put his son to
Sze-ma-yen, a prince of Tsin, having forced the prince of Wei to abdicate,  death, but sank under grief and bodily afflictions.  He died at York (A. D. 211),
raised himself to the throne, and founded the second Tsin dynasty (A. D. 265).  leaving the succession to the empire to his sons jointly.
IIe endeavored to unite the whole empire under one head, —a work which was    CARACALLA and GETA were at once acknowledged emperors by the army. The
accomplished by his successor, Woo-te, after many a hard-fought battle. WToo-  former was obliged against his will to recognize his brother as his colleague;
te passed the latter years of his reign in debauchery, and left the empire to  but he determined to get rid of him, and notwithstanding the watchfulness of
HIwuy-te (A. D. 290), a youth without any talent, who was entirely governed by  their mother, Julia Domna, Caracalla's satellites at last surprised and murdered
his wife, Kea-she, a cruel, vindictive woman, who had murdered several persons  Geta in her arms (A. D. 212). This murder exasperated the army, and Caracalla
with her own hand.  She indulged her sanguinary propensities still more when  was forced to resort to bribery to regain its good-will. He then gave loose to
raised to the throne; but her conduct at last caused her to be repudiated by the  his ferocity, and put to death all who had been in the slightest degree connected
emperor, and sent into exile.                                                   with his brother.  It is said that 20,000 persons were executed on this pretext
JAPAr.-Siu-ku-co-gu, a woman, succeeded Tsian-ai.  She was the widow of  alone, Papinian among them.  Caracalla having squandered all the public
that emperor, and is celebrated as one of the heroines of Japan. She made war  money, caused the rich to be executed, in order to confiscate their property.
on the Coreans, commanding her army in person.  She held her Court at Tsi-  He plundered the whole empire, and surrounded himself with Sarrmatian and
ku-seu, in Mikassa.  She reigned 70 years, and was numbered among the god-  German barbarians, whom he attached to his person by sharing in their amusedesses after her death, by the title of Kassino-day-miosin. Her son, Woo-sin,  ments, occupations, and hardships: he also wore false flaxen hair, in order to
succeeded her (A. D. 270), and proved a great prince, both in peace and war.  resemble them, and he allowed them unlimited license. He marched against
IHe reigned 40 years, and on his death divine honors were paid to him. IIe was  the Alemanni, whom he defeated near the river Main  (A. D. 214), but he realstyled Jamata-fatz-man (or, the war-god of Jamata).                            | ized nothing by his victory.  Proceeding down  the Danube  into Thrace, he
Who was the Inst of the ISan dynasty?-For what three things is it famous?-A~hich city| Where  was the emperor? —What is said of Plautianus? —Plautilla? —Caraealla? —Geta?wvas the capi.tal of China? —Into how many States was the empire divided? —What is said  The death of Phlutianus?- The administration  of Severus? —Papinian? —Paulus and U1of Lewv-chiu?- Of the How-han dynasty? — Of " the Men of Han "?- Of the second Tsin  plan?-Of their decrees?-Of the government of Rome? —The war in Scotland? —The death
dynasty? —What occurred in Japan?                                             of Severus? —Of Geta? —And his death? —The cruelties of Caracalla?
(149)




ITALY.
attacked the Getee without success. He then passed over into Asia Minor to  at this, tried to depose him, but failed. He then endeavored to procure his
Nicomedia, where he wintered. Next spring he went to Antioch, and thence  assassination, but in this he failed also, for the soldiers took Alexander under
to Alesandria, where he was received with all possible honor and solemnity.  their protection. The emperor ordered him to be secluded in the palace, but
In return for this, he assembled the citizens, surrounded them with his guards,  was forced to retract the order. At length he visited the camp, where Alexand gave orders for the indiscriminate slaughter of all present. The number  ander was received with enthusiasm, while he was hooted. -Heliogabalus gave
of the victims was increased by the precipitating of men alive into enormous  orders to punish the rioters, but they turned upon him and his guards, and slew
pits which had been dug for the bodies of the murdered, and many of the sol-  him and his mother, Sovemis (March 11th, 222).
diers themselves were dragged down along with them. No other known cause    ALEXANDER SEVERUS became sole emperor, under the guardianship of his
can be assigned for these frightful outrages than that at an earlier period, before  grandmother; but she dying shortly afterwards, his mother, MAMMEA, assumed
the emperor visited the city, the Alexandrians had indulged in bitter scoffs at  the government. This great and good woman was, it is tolerably certain, a
him. The slaughter continued several days and nights. The emperor drove  Christian. All laws emanating from the Imperial Cabinet were discussed in
all strangers out of the city, prohibited assemblies and public amusements, and  the Senate. The administration of the government was conducted by a council
divided the several quarters of the city from each other by walls. On his return  of sixteen experienced statesmen; and that of justice in the capital was confided
from Egypt (A. D. 216), he made a sudden irruption into Media, and perpetrated  to fourteen distinguished jurists. The illustrious Ul'pian, the greatest lawyer
cruel ravages before the Parthians could prepare for defence. Herodian states  and most upright man of his time, was the intimate friend of the young emperor.
that the emperor made a delusive offer of marriage to the daughter of their  Many good laws were framed by him, and all persecution of the Christians was
king, Artabanes; that he gave their chiefs a splendid banquet in his camp,  stopped. But good intentions failed to propitiate the lawless soldiery, and the
during which he caused them to be massacred; but Artabanes escaped, and  strict regulations of Ulpian caused them to mutiny frequently. The city of
levied an army, with which he invaded Syria. Caracalla was preparing to take  Rome was kept in perpetual tumult, and burnings and massacres took place, in
the field against the Parthians, when he was assassinated at the instigation of  one of which Ulpian lost his life. The emperor's wife, Sulpit'ia Mem'mia,
Macri'nus, the proetorian prefect, in his camp near Edessa (April 8th, 217).    conspired against him, and was banished, and her father was executed. The
MACRI/Nus did not dare to proclaim himself emperor at once, but he secretly  Persians also became troublesome. Their king, Artaxerxes, laid claim to Asia
gained over to his side the guards who were in Edessa. For four days the em-  Minor and Syria, and Alexander undertook a campaign in Mesopotamia to resist
pire was without a head; but the troops at Edessa at length proclaimed Macri-  him. No decisive result was obtained, and the emperor returned to Antioch
nus, and their choice was ratified by the Senate.  Iis first concern was to con-  (A. D. 232), and thence to Rome (A. D. 233), where he celebrated a triumph.
elude the war with the Parthians. After two unsuccessful engagements, he  The inroads of the Germans in Gaul next claimed his attention, and he accordentered into negotiation with them, restored the preceding year's plunder, and  ingly hastened thither. He found the army attached to Max-imin, a Thracian,
paid them an enormous sum as an indemnity. Peace having been thus obtained,  a man of gigantic stature and strength, who disputed the orders issued by the
Macrinus returned to Antioch, where he abandoned himself to luxury, and be-  emperor. The army forced Maximin to place himself at their head: the Gauls
came voluptuous and effeminate. It was in this city and at this time that the  joined them, and Alexander fled to his mother for refuge. Both of them were
unhappy Julia Domna, the widow of Severus and mother of Caracalla and Geta,  slain near Mentz (Feb. 10th, 235). Maximin was proclaimed emperor, and this
starved herself to death. The army was offended at the mode in which the  election was confirmed by the Senate and the people.
Parthian war had been terminated, and provoked by the strict discipline which    MAxIMIN was a ruthless barbarian, devoid alike of fear or mercy. He exthe emperor attempted to enforce. Maesa, the aunt of Caracalla, with her two  eluded all Alexander's friends from public employment; and despising the
daughters, Mammoeea and Soaeemis, took advantage of this to put forward Bas-  effeminacy of the Romans, he suppressed the public games and the doling out
sianus, the son of SoEemis, as the son of Caracalla, and as a claimant of the  of corn to the populace. A conspiracy was formed to overthrow him by Magnus,
empire. He was young, handsome, rich, and popular with the army. IIe was  a Roman noble, but it was suppressed with a slaughter of 4000 persons. Ana priest of the sun, and pretended to divine favor. Assuming the name of his  other one, headed by Quartinus in Syria, was visited with like severity. Maxgod, Heliogab/alus, or Elagahbalas, he was hailed by the soldiers as emperor.  imin, however, showed great energy in his campaign against the Germans (A. D.
Macrinus sent troops against him, but they mutinied and killed their commander.  236), but his ferocious tyranny excited universal horror. A revolt broke out in
lie then fled to Antioch, near which city Heliogabalus encountered him. A   Thysdrum in Africa, and the people raised to the throne GoR/DIAN, the proconbattle ensued, but the cowardice of Macrinus ruined all. His troops laid down  sul of the province, a man 80 years of age, together with his son, and they slew
their arms, and acknowledged Heliogabalus as emperor. Macrinus fled to Chalce-  the friends and servants of the tyrant. But Capellia/nus, governor of Mauredon, where he was arrested. He was sent to Cappadocia, and there beheaded,  tania, an enemy of the Gordians, declared for Maximin; and marching against
along with his young son, whom he had proclaimed emperor (A. D. 218).      Carthage, took the city and slaughtered the rebels. The younger Gordian was
HELIOGAB'ALUS was only 15 years of age when he became emperor; and find-  killed; the elder fell by his own hand (A. D. 238). Meanwhile the Senate doing himself possessed of unlimited power and wealth, he rushed into every  dclared Maximin the enemy of his country, and prepared to defend Italy. They
excess of sensuality and vice. In this he was encouraged by his mother, though  nominated CLODIUS PAPIE/NUS MAX/IMUS and DEC/ImuS C/ELIUS BALBI/NUS emhis grandmother, Meesa, attempted to check him. When he arrived in Rome,  perors; but the people, unwilling to obey the tools of the Senate, clamored for
every day was signalized by fresh extravagance. He brought his Syrian idol  a new emperor. Accordingly, MARcus ANTo'NIus GORDIA/NUS, grandson of the
with him, and passed his time in the most frivolous amusements and the mum-  elder Gordian, a mere boy, was nominated. Maximin marched into Italy, but
meries of the mystical Syrian ceremonies, linked with the most scandalous prac-  wasted time by delays, until at last his troops, suffering from severe hardships,
tices. He sacrificed human victims to Baal and Moloch, caused children to be  mutinied and slew him, with his son. At the same time the tumults in Rome
slaughtered in order to:draw presages of futurity from their entrails, and spared  were unceasing: the people were at open war with the Senate, and the Preetono one whom he suspected or took a dislike to. The government was wholly  rian guards were blockaded in their fortified camp. But watching their opporconducted by Meesa and Sovemis, who even took their seats in the Senate. But  tunity, a party of the latter surprised Maximus and Balbinus in the palace, put
Mesa saw that Heliogabalus must be removed; and she resolved to bring for-  them to death, and carried off young Gordian to their camp. All parties now
ward her other grandson, Alexia/nus, the son of Mammeca, who had been ad-  recognized this youth as emperor, and peace was once more restored (A. D. 238).
mirably educated by Julius Fronti nus and the most eminent philosophers. She    GORDIAN occupied the throne but a short time. He was fortunate in having
induced Heliogabalus to adopt him as his son and present him to the soldiery as  an able and upright prefect at the head of the army. This man, Misith-eus,
his colleague in the empire, though only 12 years old. Alexianus was declared  carried on the government with honor and success, and Gordian married his
Caesar under the name of Alexander Seve/rus (A. D.221). The emperor, vexed  daughter. The principal event of this reign was the war with the Persian
What is said of the massacre at Alexandria? —Caracalla's subsequent acts there? —The    What is said of the death of Heliogabalus? —The character of Mammma? —Her adminisinvasion of Persia? —The death of Caracalla? —What of Macrinus?-His exploits and effem-  tration? —Sulpitia Memmia? —The exploits of Alexander? —His death? —Maximin?-His
inacy? —The falte of Julia Domna? —Msesa?-Mammsea? —Who was Hetiokabalus? —What tyranny? —The conspiracy of Magnus? —The Oordians? —Maximus and Balbinus? —The
is said of the death of Macrinus? —Tbe reign of Heliogabalus? —Alexander Severus?  younger Gordian? —Misitheus?
( 150 )




ITALY.
monarch, Sapor.  Misitheus conducted it successfully, and recovered Mesopo-  caused the city to surrender.  Zenobia attempted to escape into Persia, but was
tamia, the young emperor accompanying him.  Unfortunately Misitheus died,  captured.  I-Ter friends were treated with the utmost rigor: her chief counseland Julius Philippus, commonly called Philip the Arabian, succeeded him  as  lor, the celebrated LoNGI'/NUS, was put to death. Aurelian carried off immense
prefect. Ile was a most ambitious and unprincipled mrn: he patched up a peace  treasure, but otherwise spared Palmyra.  Ite took Zenobia back with him to
with Persia, caused the emperor to be slain, and assumed the purple (A. D. 244).  Rome. On his return he set off for Gaul, encountered Tetricus near Chalons,
PHILIP governed wisely, and kept the Germans in check for a short time. But  and took him  prisoner (A. D. 274). Ile then celebrated a grand triumph at
the legions in Syria and on the Danube simultaneously revolting, he sent Decius  Rome, in which Zenobia and Tetricus figured; but they were both generously
against the Danubian rebels, who forced that general to proclaim himself em-  treated, and they passed the remainder of their lives in affluence and peace.
peror, and lead them  into Italy. Philip encountered them near Verona, was  Zenobia was one of the most remarkable women of antiquity. She was posdefeated and slain (A. D. 249).                                                    sessed of rare beauty, great purity of soul, cultivation of mind, eloquence, courIDEcius was not more fortunate than Philip. His reign is chiefly remarkable  age, and wisdom.  She had an extraordinary talent for conciliating those with
for a violent persecution of the Christians (A. D. 250).  The Goths and other  whom  she came in contact.  Her Court was splendid, but tasteful: her dress
tribes conquered Dacia, and under their king, Cniva, marched towards Euste'-  was half Greek, half Oriental, and in public she always wore a, helmet.  She
rium (Novi) and Philippop/'olis, where they surprised and routed a Roman army.  had extended her empire over the greater part of Asia Minor when Aurelian
Deeius marched into Mcesia against them, and was there defeated and killed   marched against her. The people of Palmyra, however, after her departure,
(A. D. 251).  GALLUS, the new emperor chosen by the soldiers, paid the Goths  revolted and massacred the Roman garrison. Aurelian instantly returned, took
a heavy sum to quit the empire, and returned to Rome, where a fearful pesti-  the city at the first assault, massacred its inhabitants, and laid it in ruins. From
lence broke out, and ravaged Italy for more than 15 years.  Other barbarians  this blow it has never recovered.  The emperor next suppressed a revolt in
having invaded Mcesia and Pannonia, were met and defeated by ZEMILIA"NUS,  Egypt, organized by Fir/mius.  On his return a revolt took place in Rome, and
who was saluted emperor by his soldiers. Gallus thereupon marched against  Aurelian lost 7000 of his best troops in suppressing it. Ile then started on a
the insurgent legions, but was assassinated with his son at Interam/noe (A. D.  fresh expedition to the East, and had reached Byzantium, when he discovered
253). But 2Emilianus was in his turn killed by the troops of VALEnRIAN, who  certain frauds committed by Mucapor, his private secretary. -To escape punishhad come to the assistance of Gallus (A. D. 253). Valerian, proclaimed emperor,  ment, Mucapor caused Aurelian to be assassinated (March 20th, 275). Ile was
made his son, GALLIE/NUS, his associate. The Franks ravaged Gaul and Spain;  one of the ablest of the later emperors, and was adored by the army and the
the Alemanni attacked Italy; the Sarmatians invaded Pannonia; the Goths  people. After a delay of six months, the army and the Senate elected Tac'itus,
plundered Macedon, Greece, and Asia Minor; the Persians entered Mesopota-  an old and respectable Senator.
mia. Gallienus endeavored to check the Franks, while Valerian marched against    TACITuS reigned but six months; for, having offended the army, he was murthe Persians, in which expedition he was taken prisoner. Pretenders to the  dered while repelling the incursions of the Goths. His brother, Floria/nus, was
throne started up in all directions.  They were named " the thirty tyrants",  acknowledged emperor by the Senate; but the army proclaimed PROBUS, wherethough theii real number was only nineteen.  The most distinguished of these  upon Florianus withdrew (A.D. 276). Probus introduced the strictest discipline
were Post/humus, who for ten years maintained his independence in Gaul, and   into the army, and speedily cleared Gaul of the Franks and Burgundians (A. D.
Odena'thus, who, with his celebrated wife, ZENo'B.A, ruled at Palmyra.  The  277); expelled the Goths from Thrace; forced thePersiansto make  peace (A.D.
latter stopped the progress of the Persians westward, after their victory over  278); overthrew the Blemmyes in Egypt (A. D. 279); and crushed the rebellion
Valerian. For his services Gallienus appointed him generalissimo in the East,  of Saturni/nus in Syria, and that of Bono/sus and Proc'ulus in Gaul (A. D. 280).
and gave him the titles of Coesar and Augustus.  Under his rule Palmyra be-  But the labors he imposed upon his soldiers excited a mutiny, in which he was
came a flourishing city.  Odenathus was assassinated by his nephewv, Maeo'nius  slain; and the prefect of the guards, CARUS, was nominated emperor. When the
(A. D. 267), but Zenobia avenged him, and carried on his government with ad-  death of Probus was known, the German tribes renewed their inroads, and the
mirable vigor, extending her empire into Egypt. While these events were pass-  Persians attacked the eastern provinces. Carus marched against the latter, and
in, in the East, the empire was rent by factions and civil war. It is difficult to  sent Cari/nus, his eldest son, to meet the Germans. Carus died mysteriously il
follow  the thread of the history. Valerian was suffered to die in captivity.  his tent near Ctesiphon (A. D. 283), and his son-in-law, Aper, assumed the eniGallienus, feeling himself unable to regain ascendency in the empire, confined   pire, but was killed by Diocletian (or Dioclesian), Ca rus's most distinguished
his efforts to preserving Italy.  Aure'olus, a pretender to the throne, having   officer, who was immediately proclaimed by the army.  Carinus disputed his
raised a revolt, the emperor's general, Claudius, drove him into Milan, where  election, and the struggle between the two lasted several months. But at length
he besieged him.  There Gallienus was assassinated (A. D. 268), and Claudius  Carinus was slain, and then both armies recognized Dioclatian as emperor.
was elected emperor in his stead.                                                     DIOCLExTIAN fixed his residence at Nicome'dia.  tis reign having been sigCLAUDIUS was the ablest general of his time.  Under his vigorous rule the  na]ized by a furious persecution of the Christians, its commencement (August
empire regained its consistency.  The revolters were crushed one by one, and   29th, 284) was reckoned by them the first day of the ERA OF DIOCLETIAN, or of
the barbarians were driven back. But the great movement which was finally to  the martyrs.  The empire being too vast and disjointed, Diocletian associated
overwhelm the empire had begun, and Claudius and his general, Aure'lian, could  IN.AXIM/'IN with him, giving him the western portion, and himself retaining the
only check it for a time. The emperor routed the Alemanni at Verona, and the  eastern.  He subsequently associated CONSTAN/'TIUS CHLORUS with Maximian,
Goths at Naissus in Moesia (A. D. 269).  Claudius died of the plague soon after  and GALY'Rlus with himself.  Constantius was charged with the recovery of
this last victory (A. P. 270).  His brother, Quintillus, assumed the empire, but  Britain, which he effected (A. D. 296).  Galerius was sent against the Persians;
hearing that the army had chosen Aurelian, he put an end to his life.              and though he at first suffered reverses, he ultimately reannexed Mesopotamia
AURE/LIAN found himself called upon to resist fresh invasions. The Alemanni,  and other provinces to the empire (A. D. 298). Diocletian in person suppressed
Vandals, and Goths poured into the different provinces; and he was glad to make  the formidable revolt of Achil/leus in Egypt (A. D. 297), and the last year of
peace with them by giving up Dacia, and taking numbers of them into his pay.  the century weas one of tranquillity.
These mercenaries filled Italy with terror, and the emperor was compelled to         But few names of eminence are met with in literature, science, and art, in
find them occupation.  Zenobia reigned independent over Syria and Egypt, and  this century.  PAPINIA'N, ULPIAN, and PAULUS have already been mentioned.
Tet'icus had declared himself emperor  in Gaul. Aurelian resolved to subdueLoXcN-Gus, the philosopher and grammarian,    w         eas the m1f inister of Zenobia: his
them both.  Ite started for the East in t.he year 272.  Tyana, Emesa, and An-  information wras so extensive that he was styled " a living library", anad a " walktioeh surrendered to him.  Zenobia's, army wias defeated near Emesta, and the   inlg museum".  The historians PnILOS/TR.XTUS, DIoxE CAssIUS, and ~ZE/LI.XN, also
queen fell back upon Palmyra. But Aurelianl pursued her dlosely, and famine   floulrished.A                                                _ _
What is said of Philip. the Arabian? —Ieeius? —Gallus?-A~Imilianus? —Valerian? —Gal- What is said of Zenobia? —Longinus?-Tetrieus? —The revolt of Firmius? —The death
lienus? —The state of the empire?-'" The thirty tyrants"?-Odenathuls and Z enobia? —What  and character of Aurelian? —Taeitus? —Probus?-Carus? —Diocleti~an? —ttow was the emnpir e
befell Valerian? —What of Aureolus? —The assassination of Gallienus? —Claudius? —The  divide(}?_AWhat of 5fa~ximuian? —Constalntius CShlorus?-The recovtery of Britain? —Galemovement of the northern barbarian s? —The d.eath of Claudius?-Wh a t of Aurelian?  |rius?-Wh at emninent men flourish ed? —What was said of Longinus,9
( 151 )




BRITAIN.                                                                     FRANCE.
l   EN;LAND.-Lupus purchased from the Caledonians a respite from their incur-    ThE Emperor Septimius Severus had little love for Gaul, and was guilty of
ENLND]u    prhsedfoms n  then solitedon  the prespite fom theieprr witancur-y Seeu
sions, and then solicited the presence of the emperor with an army. Seve'rus  great cruelty towards its inhabitants. His son and successor, Caracalla, who
accordingly set out with his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, and gave the former  resided in this country chiefly, took the command of an expedition against the
the command. The expedition (A. D. 211) mras a fatal one for the Romans,  Germans in A. D. 214, in which he was successful, Gaul furnishing him with
who lost 40,000 men. They penetrated to the Firth of Cro'marty, and exacted  men and supplies. During the reign of Alexander Severus the Germans invaded
a nominal submission from the natives.  Severus, on his return to York, ordered  Gaul, but were speedily driven out. The Gauls themselves conspired against
the construction of a stone wall across the island, twelve feet high and eight  the emperor, and the legions of the Rhine revolted. The whole country fell into
feet thick, in order to stop the barbarians.  This great work was executed, and  confusion. On the assassination of Alexander, the Gauls rose against the fero-'its remains are still to be seen.                                           cious tyrant Maximin, his successor. This savage, having crushed the German
The island was tranquil during the period front A. D. 211 to 284. But, in  tribes, turned his armies against Gaul, and would have laid it waste, but he
I he year 284, CARAU/SIUS, who was commander of the fleet appointed to protect  was recalled to Italy by the movement against him there, headed by the Gorthe coasts from the Saxon pirates, persuaded the Britons to support him in his  dians. The aid of the Gauls against the tyrant having been solicited by the
assumption of the imperial purple. The Emperors Dioclettian and Maximian  Senate, they sent a large number of volunteers to assist the latter. The result
for a time admitted him as their colleague (A. D. 293), but at length they sent |of the civil war in Italy was the death of Maximin and of the Gordians, and the
Constantius against him. Carausius was, however, murdered at York by Allec-  establishment of Philip the Arabian on the throne of the Coesars.
tus (A. D. 294), who for three years enjoyed the fruit of his treachery, when    Fabian, bishop of Rome, desirous of extending Christianity and the influence
Asclepiodo/tus, prefect of Maxima, reduced the island once more to subjection.  of his see into Gaul, sent thither seven bishops: Gatia/nus, Martial, Troph/irnus,
Allectus perish ed in the struggle. Constantius sailed up the Thames, and  Paul, Saturniinus, Stremo'nius, and Dionysius (popularly called DENIS). The
entered London, where he was hailed as a deliverer, and under his equitable  first preached at Limoges, the second at Tours, Trophimus settled at Aries,
rule the country enjoyed great happiness. During this century the Christian  Saturninus at Toulouse, Paul in Provence, Stremonius in Auvergne, and Denis
Church in Britain was modelled after the Churches in Gaul and Spain; and  on an island in the Seine, where then stood a little village named Lutetia, now
bishops were appointed over the principal dioceses, such as London, York, and  magnified into the beautiful city of Paris. Trophimus, however, was weak
Lincoln.  Britain was divided by the Romans into six divisions: 1. Britanniaenough to assist at pagan sacrifices.  He was therefore deposed, and replaced
Prima, which comprised the principal portion of the island, extending from   by Marcian. The Gallic Church, too, became infected by the Novatian heresy,
Southampton water to the Humber, and from Wales to the German Ocean.  and on the accession of De'cius, the Gaulish Christians suffered greatly under
2. Britannia Secunda, which comprised Wales. 3. Flavia Coesariensis, which  the cruel persecution which he decreed.  Trophimus, the former bishop of
included the counties of Wilts, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Gloucester,  Arles, and Saturninus, of Toulouse, were among the victims. The persecution
and parts of Hants and Berks. 4. Maxima Coesariensis, which comprised all  was renewed with -great fury under the Emperor Vale/rian. Dionysius (or
England, north of the Humber to the wall of Severus. 5. Valentia, which in-  Denis), the great apostle of the Gauls, was beheaded on the top of Montmartre,
eluded the south of Scotland, from the Firth of Forth to the wall of Severus.  and other eminent Christians were sacrificed (A. D. 257).  Under the mild
6. Vespasiana, the small strip between the Firth of Forth and the Murray Forth.  administration of CASSIA"NIuS LATIN/ICUS POST/HTUMUS, governor of Gaul, in the
The northern portion of Scotland was called Caledonia, but was never subju-absence of Aurelian, this persecution ceased.
gated. Britain was at first a proconsular province. The Emperor Constantine    The piratical Franks now began their incursions on the northern coasts of
the Great raised Maxima andValentia to consular provinces, and Prima, Secunda,  Gaul, and devastated the country'. They were repelled with some difficulty.
and Flavia to presidials. Over the whole island was a deputy governor, under  Posthumus had to defend the Rhine against them. On the deathof Valerian
the authority of the preetorian prefect of Gaul. There were also great officers  (A. D. 269), the army proclaimed Posthumus emperor, and Gaul separated itself
styled " Count of the Britons", " Count of the Saxon coast", " Duke of Britain".  from Rome. The new emperor, Gallie'nus, in vain endeavored to recover the
ScoTLAND. —Resumin g the legends recorded or invented by Buchanan: King  province. Inthis war the celebrated VICTORIA (or VICTORI/NA), and her son,
DONALD is said to have been converted to Christianity, and to have endeavored ~ICTORI/NUS, distinguished themselves. Victorinus was a skilful soldier, and
to establish it in his kingdom, but the invasion by Severus overturned all his  of a wealthy and illustrious family. His mother was a woman of masculine
labors. The Scots opposed a heroic resistance to the Romans, and Severus was  mind and beauty, who had passed her life in camps with her husband and son,
compelled to be content with their nominal submission. Donald died after an  and acquired extraordinary influence over the soldiers. She was named by
excellent reign of 21 years (A. D. 216). After this the country was the scene  them "La mere des camps" (the mother of the camps), and medals, representing
of various disorders. Etho'dius II., after a reign of 21 years, was slain in a  her in armor, were struck in honor of her. Posthumus, after gaining a battle
family quarrel (A. D. 237). tis three immediate successors also met with vio- with Loelia'nus, a pretender to the throne, was slain by his own soldiers because
lent deaths. Donald II., who came next (A. D. 264), was dethroned by Donald  h6 would not give up the city of Mayence to plunder. He was one of the greatest
of the Isles, who was in his turn assassinated by Crathilinth. This usurper  men of that age, and was distinguished for his love of justice, his bravery, and
aided Carausius in his resistance to the Romans. He died A. D. 301.          his military talents. On his death Victorinus assumed the government of Gaul,
IRELAND.. " Con of the hundred battles " signalized himself by his wars with  but his licentiousness soon provoked the hatred of his subjects, and he was killed
the other native chieftains. His successor (A. D. 254), CORMAC ULFADHIA, was  in a tumult at Cologne, together with his infant son. The soldiers offered the
the most learned of all the Milesian princes. Ile founded three academies at  empire to Victoria, but she declined it, recommending them to choose Aure'lius
Tara, in which jurisprudence, history, and the science of war were taught. He  Ma'rius. That officer was accordingly elected, but having been assassinated
is also said to have embraced Christianity. His son-in-law, FINN MACCUMHAL  soon afterwards, Victoria procured the election of her relative, TET/RICVUS, the
(or FINGAL/), the popular Irish hero, was an illustrious warrior and bard, whoseRom     governor of Aquitaine. Gaul then became split up into factions. Vicname still lives in the traditions of his country, together with those of his son,  toria died suddenly (A. D. 268), and was buried with the honors of an empress.
Oisin (or OSSIAN), and his grandson, Osgar. Fingal died by the lance of an  The Emperor Aurelian, victorious from the East, marched into Gaul, defeated
assassin, A. D. 273. His exploits are the theme of Macpherson's celebrated  Tetricus at Chalons, and took him prisoner. He at length (A. D. 273), reunited
collection of poems, passing by the name of " Ossian's Poems", and they were  the whole country to the empire, and founded the city of Orleans. He was soon
achieved in the reign of Carbre, the son of Cormac. In the year 258, Carbre-  after assassinated (A. D. 275). Gaul was now overrun by the Germans, and beRia'da, the son of Conary II., led and settled a colony of Irish in Argyleshire.  came the theatre of civil war. It was devastated by bands of robbers, called
lHe named the district Dalria'da. It grew up into a kingdom, and on the de-  "Bagauds", who were subdued after a bloody struggle by the Emperor Maximian.
|struction of the Picts by Kenneth McAlpine, became the kingdomn of all Scotland. Under his administration, and that of CONSTAN/TIrS, Gaul recovered its prosperity.
W11hat was done to the Caledonians?-What did Severus do? —Who was Carausius? —What   What occurred to the Gauls during the reign of Septimius Severus?- Caracalla?-Alexdid he do?-What of Allectus? —Constantius? —The Church?-How was Britain divided by  ander Severus? —Maximin? —What did Fabian do?-What bishops are mentioned?-Whnt
the R.omans? —How governed? —Who was the first Christian king of Scotland?-Of Ireland?- of Trophimus? —The persecution under Decius? —And Valerian? —What is said of Denis?I  Who was Fingal? —Odsian? —What of them and other princes? —How was Dalriada founded? |Posthumus?-Viotorinus? —Victoria? —Tetricus? —Aurelian? —The Bagauds?-Maximian?
Il~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(152)




SPAIN.                                                                    GERMANY.
THE Spaniards were well contented with the mode in which they were gov-    THE Alemanni now appear prominently in history. They first appeared in
erned by the Romans, as they made no attempt to shake off the Latin yoke.  Suabia after the great war of the Marcomanni.  The Emperor Caracalla took
They had, in fact, become Latinized, and the language of their conquerors super-  them into high favor, but suddenly vented his mad ferocity on them. On one
seded the ancient native dialects.                                            occasion he sent for a number of young Alemanni, under pretence of enrolling
In the reign of the Emperor Gallienus (A. D. 262), the empire was distracted   them in his army, and then ordered them to be put to death.  A general insurby the rival pretensions of no less than nineteen candidates for the imperial  rection followed, but Caracalla was victorious, and after his victory caused the
purple. They were nicknamed "the thirty tyrants".  One of them, PESU/vIUs  captive women to be brought before him: having asked them which they preTET/RICUS, set up the standard of revolt in Spain, but not being cordially sup-  ferred, death or slavery, he was answered by their killing their children, and
ported by the Spaniards, he had recourse to the Suevi, the Franks, and other  then themselves (A. D. 213).
fierce tribes from Germany for aid. Responding to his invitation, these barba-   During the campaign of the Emperor Alexander Severus in Parthia, the Gerrian auxiliaries poured into Spain, and laid several flourishing towns in ashes.  mans crossed the Rhine, and spread universal terror (A. D. 234).  Severus died
During twelve years this destroying flood overspread the wealthy but defenceless  before he could reach the seat of war. Maxsimin, his successor, collecting an
country, and so great was its'fury that a century of peace hardly sufficed to  immense army, crossed the Rhine, and carried war and desolation into the very
obliterate its ravages. Tetricus maintained his authority while it lasted; but  heart of Germany. He marched 400 miles in different directions through the
at length the barbarians were overcome by Posthumus, the rival of Gallienus,  land, burning and destroying all before him. A great battle took place in a
and driven across the Strait of Gibraltar into Mauretania, and Tetricus was van- |now unknown morass, in which the emperor narrowly escaped with his life. To
quished by the Emperor Aurelian at Chalons in Gaul (A. D. 272), taken prisoner,  him is ascribed the transplanting of 11,000 British maidens into Gaul, who on
and exhibited in triumph at Rome, along with Zenobia, queen of Palmyra.  their way were killed by the arrows of the wild Saxons, near Cologne, on the
Tetricus was generously treated by the emperor, and died in peace and opulence.  Rhine. There is reason to doubt the truth of this popular legend, with which
The introduction of the Christian religion into Spain softened the ferocity of  the name of St. Ur/sula has so long been identified.  The basis of this story is
a fierce people; but its progress was gradual, and it had to encounter every spe-  a false translation of an ancient Latin manuscript, wherein " MD.XI. (undecicies of opposition before its truth was recognized, and its authority established.  milla) virgo (the eleven thousandth virgin), was construed into eleven thousand
None suffered more than the Christians in Spain did during the fearful perse-  virgins."  It was subsequently pretended that a revelation from heaven, made
cutions under the Emperor Severus (A. D. 202-3), Decius (A. D. 250), Valerian  in the year 1163, pointed out their bones to a company of monks. —(IIase's ttisand Gallienus (A. D. 254-276), and Diocletian (A. D. 284-304); and nowhere  tory of the Christianl Chlzrch, period 1, div. ii., ch. i., sec. 56.)
was greater heroism displayed by martyrs to the faith. In the persecution under    In A. D. 253 the Alemanni invaded Gaul. In the course of six years sixty
Gallienus an edict was published by 2Emilianus, the governor of Hither Spain,  Gallic cities were utterly destroyed, not one stone being left on the other. But
commanding the Christians, under pain of death, to sacrifice to the gods. This  in Italy they were defeated with severe loss near the lake of Garda, where, it is
order was openly disobeyed by FRUCTUO/SUS, bishop of Tarragona; who, with his  said, 300,000 of them were routed by 12,000 Romans. In A. D. 265 the Emperor
deacons, Augurius and Eulogius, was accordingly condemned to be burned. The  Aurelian repelled a fresh invasion of Gaul by them, and in A. D. 273-277 they
three met their fate with the utmost calmness, astonishing even the savage  were again unsuccessful against the warlike emperor, who, for a short time,
Alnlilianus. But it was under Diocletian that the persecution raged with most  even restored the Heidenmauer and the fortresses of Hadrian; but after his death
fury in Spain. The emperor's most sanguinary agent was Publius Dncia/nus,  they again crossed the frontier, and attacked the Emperor Maxim/ian at Treves,
long remembered for his ferocious attempt to destroy the entire Christian popu-  where they met with a sharp repulse.  The emperor, however, ceded to them
lation of Saragossa.  Having promised a free pardon to all who should quit the  the waste lands lying on the frontiers, and entered into an alliance with them,
city on a certain day in search of another abode, a great multitude of men,  thereby laying the foundation of their future importance.
women, and children assembled, and marched forth; but the troops of Dacianus,    Christianity meanwhile progressed in Germany, notwithstanding the persewhich had been placed in ambush, fell upon them, and massacred every indi-  cution to which the Christians were subjected. But strict reliance is not to be
vidual.  The most, illustrious victim of the persecution was Vincent of Saragossa,  placed in the accounts that have come down to us of the sufferings of these
deacon to Valerius, bishop of that city. A description of his sufferings will give  martyrs. It is said that Maximian caused a whole legion, called " the Theban
the student an idea of the cruelty and ferocity of the times, and the perils to  legion", with their leader, Maurit/ius- to be cut to pieces (A. D. 287) on account
which the Christians were exposed. Dacianus committed Valerius and Vincent  of their profession of the Christian faith, with which he feared they might infect
to a dark dungeon, heavily fettered, where they were kept for some days without  the rest of the troops. This event took place at Sitten (or Sion), in the Valais, on
food. They were then brought before the tyrant, and exhorted to sacrifice to  the spot where the large monastery of St. Moritz now stands. About the same
the gods; but Vincent, in a speech of surprising eloquence, denounced the ab-  period, at Augsburg, which was then a Roman city, St. Afra, a dissolute female,
surdities of paganism, and vindicated the superiority of Christianity. Dacianus  who had been suddenly converted to Christianity, zealously preached the new
thereupon gave orders that his limbs should be dislocated; but this failing to  faith; for this she suffered martyrdom, and w-as afterwards canonized.
extort a groan from the victim, he ordered that the flesh should be torn from his    The intestine feuds of the Germans alone saved the Roman empire, which was
bones: he was then laid upon an iron bed covered with sharp spikes; boiling   now hastening to decay. The efforts of Maximian and Diocletian to stem the
liquids were poured into his wounds; his bones were crushed by blows with iron  threatened dangers were of little avail; but the Goths and Vandals, pressing
bars, and his body was then thrown upon a heap of flints. As he was not quite  forcibly onwards, wrere opposed in a bloody struggle by the Thuringi, Burgundead, the fiendish tyrant had him placed upon a comfortable couch, and directed  dians, and Alemanni, and extorted from the Roman, MIamerftius, the exclamathat every effort should be made to restore him, so that he might be subjected to  tion: " ttoly Jupiter, at length they bathe in their own blood!"  But the exulfresh torments; but in a few hours Vincent expired, his tormentors having been  tation of the Romans was only momentary. Helvetia was soon invaded by the
throughout unable to extort from him a single cry of pain. The fame of his  Alemanni, who, during this irruption, destroyed all the works of the Romans,
superhuman constancy spread throughout Christendom; but we may well doubt  particularly the magnificent cities of Vindonis'sa and Aven/ticum, which were
whether the legend has not greatly exaggerated the sufferings of the Christian  so completely razed to the ground that, fifty years later, a forest, known as " the
martyr. Lauren/tius, Oren/cius, Eula/lia, Patien/tia, Narcissus, and Felix, also  HIelvetian wilderness", covered their sites.
acquired celebrity by their heroism under torture. Basil'ides, bishop of Astorga,    The Franks also now come prominently forward. In A. D. 260 they invaded
having been deposed by a council for heresy, applied to Stephen, bishop of  Gaul and Spain. Probus caused several thousand of them to be transported to
Rome, who commanded the Spanish bishops to restore him, which they refused  Asia. But they seized a Roman fleet at Constantinople, with which they plunto do, and they were sustained in their conduct by Cyprian, bishop of Carthage.  dered the coasts of the Mediterranean, and returned home laden with booty.
What is said of this century? —Tetricus? —The Suevi?- Their ravages? —The effects of |What is said of the Alemanni?-Maximin? —St. Ursula and the 11,000 virgins? —The inChristianity? —The Spanish martyrs? —Fructuosus, Augurius, and Eulogius? —Dacianus?-| vasion of Gaul? —The progress of Christianity?-The Theban legion? —St. Afra?-The inThe massacre at Saragossa? — Relate the torments inflicted on Vincent of Saragossa.-| testine wars? —The exclamation of Mamertius? —The subsequent exploits of the Alemanni?
What is said of the legend? — Name other eminent martyrs.-What of  Basilides?  — The Franks?-Their expatriation? —And how they returned?
20                                                                                                                              ( 153 )




AFRICA.  SCANDINAVIA. NETHERLANDS.
THERE is little to record of Africa during this century. In the beginning of     SWEDEN.-The kings of Sweden in    THE Franks now appear in two great
it there was extensive intercourse between Rome and Ethiopia. About the year  this century were Dyggve (A. D. 190-  divisions.  Those dwelling near the
270 the Emperor Probus undertook an expedition against the Blemlmyes, a  220), Dag Spaka the Wise (A. D. 220-  river Saal are distinguished as the
tribe of banditti in the Theb/ais, in Upper Egypt, and vanquished them; but,  260), Agne (A. D. 260-280), Alrek and  Salic Franks; those on the banks of
though subdued for a time, they remained a constant sourc.e of trouble to the  Erik (A. D. 280-300). On the death  the Rhine, as the Riparian, or Ripuaemperors. They were so wild a looking race that the inhabitants of Rome were  of Agne (A. D. 280) the kingdom was  rian Franks (from the Latin word riipa,
greatly surprised at their appearance when exhibited in the triumph of Probus.  divided between his two sons, Alrek  signifying "a bank").  Their history
Towards the close of the century the Blemmyes and the Noba/tm, a people in-  and Erik, which very much weakened  more properly belongs to that of France
habiting the banks of the Nile in Upper Egypt, committed great depredations  it. Sweden was exposed to the occa-  and Germany than to that of the Nethon the Roman territories; and the adjacent part of the Thebais being, probably  sional attacks of the kings of Denmark  erlands, but as they acquired power
on this account, but thinly peopled, the Emperor Diocletian found his revenue  and Norway, but the Swedes faithfully  and territory in the Low Countries,
from that province so reduced as to be scarcely sufficient to maintain the garri-  adhered to the sacred race of the Yng-  they must be noticed here. They had
sons placed there to keep the Ethiopians in check. IIe therefore assigned to  lings, and expelled the invaders. The  among them  many petty leaders, or
the Nobatte lands in the Roman dominions, and gave both them and the Blem-  history of this barbarous period is en-  dukes, who were oftener at war with
myes a considerable annual sum to desist from their plundering. But notwith-  tirely devoid of interest.             each other than with their neighbors.
standing their assurances to the contrary, they continued pillaging the Roman    DENMAR. — Dan   (surnamed Mykil-    The first half of this century passed
subjects down to the time of Justinian (6th century).                         lati, or "the Magnificent") reduced all  without any remarkable occurrence.
Christianity spread rapidly throughout the north of Africa during this cen-  the provinces of Denmark under his  But about the year 250 the Salian
tury. Alexandria and Carthage were two of the most important bishoprics in  sway. The marriage of his sister with  Franks crossed  the Rhine and the
the Church. The celebrated Cyprian, bishop of the latter city, asserted an  Dyggve, king of Sweden, is the first  Meuse, and settled intheneighborhood
authority equal to that of the bishop of Rome, with whom he frequently differed,  matrimonial alliance recorded between  now occupied by the cities of Antwerp,
especially with regard to receiving back into the Church those who abandoned  the two crowns.  After a very long  Breda, and Bois-le-duc. All the tribes,
heretical sects. The Eastern Christians established a law that all heretics were  reign he died, A. D. 270, and was suc-  except the Menapians, subdued by the
to be rebaptized before their admission to the comnmunion of the true Church.  ceeded by Frode III., surnamed "the  Romans, opposed the invaders. The
Stephen, bishop of Rome, therefore broke off communion with the Asiatics, and  Pacific", from his peaceful disposition,  Menapians took part with them, and
excluded them from the Church of Rome. Cyprian assembled a council, which   the like of which was very rarely met  fought against the Romans and their
adopted the opinion of the Asiatics.  Stephen then threatened Cyprian with  with in those barbarous times, and  allies.  They were defeated by the
his displeasure, who replied by calling a second council at Carthage, wherein   among the fierce  Northmen, who de-  Emperor Gallienus (A. D. 256).  Subit was declared that baptism, administered by heretics, was void of all efficacy.   lighted in war. He must have been a  sequently (A. D. 260) the tribes made
Stephern thereupon excommunicated the African bishops, who had acted with  man of singular wisdom to have main-  an irruption into Gaul, and thence
moderation  throughout, but his death put an end to the controversy. Sabel/-  tained his position for 40 years. The  penetrated  into  Spain, where they
lius, bishop of Ptolemais, an African by birth, taught certain doctrines with  list of thekings here givenis extracted  maintained  their position for twelve
regard to the Trinity. Origen and Dionys'ius of Alexandria  were also distin-  from the Danish historian, Suhm, by  years, when they were driven back by
guished ornaments of the Church in Africa during this century.               I Mr. Dunham, in his HIistory of Den-  the Roman general Post'humus. The
ARABIA. -Although the vast peninsula of Arabia properly belongs to Asia,  mark, who makes the following remarks  Emperor Aurelian repelled a fresh insome brief notice of its history here will not be amiss. The first division of the  on the subject: " No two chroniclers  vasion of Gaul by them in A. D. 265;
peninsula was into Kedem  and Arahah —the former comprehending the east-  agree as to the series of the kings. All  and in A. D. 273 the Emperor Probus
ern, the latter the western portion. Ptolemy, the geographer, divided it into  differ, not only as to the order of succes-  successfully resisted a third invasion,
Arabia Petrve'a, Arabia Deserta, and Arabia Felix. The first contained the  sion, but as to the names themselves.  and he defeated both them  and the
most celebrated localities, such as Mount Sinai, the wilderness of Sin, the desert  Whence this difference?  Doubtless  Alemanni (A. D. 277). Numbers of
of Sinai, the cities of Petra, Bostra, and Moca. The second comprised the  from a variety of causes. In the first  the captive Franks were transported to
region bordering on Babylonia.  The third comprised the southern portion,  place, the title of'King of the Danes'  Asia. The contest lasted nearly half
between the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Persian Gulf.  Arabia was  was applied to the governors of Jutland  a century, and the Romans sustained
peopled in ancient times, as it is now, by independent tribes.  They traced  no less than to those whose seat was in  many reverses. CARAUSIUS, originally
their origin to the remotest antiquity, and some of them appear from time to  Zealand and Scania. As either became  a Menapian pilot, but promoted to the
time in the histories of the neighboring nations.  The Midianites, the Amalek-  the more powerful he claimed a place  command of a Roman fleet, made comites, the Horites, the Hadarites, the Casluhim, the Caphtorim, the Ishmaelites,  among the descendants, or at least the  mon cause with his fellow-citizens, and
were all Arab tribes.  They worshipped the sun, moon, and stars.as deities,  successors, of Skiold. In the second  proclaimed himself emperor of Britain
but as being inferior to the Supreme Being, whom they styled "Allah Taala"  place, it frequently happened that Jut-  (A.D. 287).  Having possession of the
(the Most High God).  Some believed in a future state; others did not. A few  land, or Zealand, or Scania, was sub-  sea, he was enabled to aid the Franks
idols were worshipped under the names of Wadd, Saw', Yaghath, Yafk, and  dued by the neighboring kings of  very materially in their struggles with
Nasr, who, it is said, were men of great piety and repute in their time. Jupiter  Norway and Sweden, and they were  the Batavians and the Romans. The
Ammon and Bacchus also mwere worshipped in later ages. An account of the  without hesitation admitted as kings  Emperor Maximian, having subdued
ancient Arabian kings and princes, with their exploits, will be found in the  of Denmark. Add the number of re-  Gaul, prepared another fleet to attack
Universal History, vol. xviii., book iv. Christianity was introduced into Arabia  volutions inseparable from such a law-  Carausius.  This fleet was completely
by the apostles and their disciples, but speedily became corrupted by heresies.  less state of society-where king after  destroyed by the latter, who also took
The Jews fled into Arabia after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus (A.D.70),  king was driven into exile, or put to  Boulogne, and deprived the Romans
and became very populous and influential there. In after times they persecuted  death, or forced to bend for a while  of their navalresources. Having seized
the Christians with great fury. One of their leaders, Dhu Nowas, burnt 340 in  before the torrent of invasion —and we  on the islands of the Batavians, and
the city of Najran alone, and offered large sums for their destruction in other  can scarcely be surprised at the differ-  massacred nearly the whole of their
places. At the instigation of the patriarch of Alexandria, the king of Ethiopia  ence, extreme as it is, between the  inhabitants, he there established his
invaded Yemen, and deposed Dhu Nowas.                                         lists of Scandinavian kings."          faithful friends, the Salian Franks.
What is said of the Blemmyes? —The Nobatme? —The spreadof Christianity? —Cyprian?-    What events in Sweden are mentioned?-|  Into what two great divisions were the
His controversy with Stephen? —Baptism by heretics? — What other African prelates flour-  What in Denmark? —What of Frode III.?-  Franks formed? —Where did the Salic Franks
ished? — How was Arabia first divided? — How did Ptolemy divide it? — How was it peo- WVhat of the Danish chroniclers? —What  are settle?- What wars did they carry on?pled? —What religion prevailed? — What of Christianity?- The Jews?- Dhu Nowas?  the three reasons assigned for their differing?  Who wvas Carausius?
( 154)




i~~~~~~~~~ 11
CENTRAL AMERICA.
ONE Of the great obstacles to mastering the history of Central America will  Baklum-Chaam, answering to the Priampus of the Romans. An artificial hill
be found in the difficulty of pronouncing the names of its localities, cities, and  of considerable extent occupied the centre of the city, and upon its broad surpublic men. The youthful student cannot readily remember such words as  face was erected the sanctuary of Baklunl-Chaam, which equalled in magnifiIxtlilxochitl, Quetzalcohuatl, Tetzeatlipoca, Mixcoatepetl, Nonohualcatl, Tlama-  cence the temples at Izamal. It bore the title of Yahau-Kuna (the great
eazqui, Tlacatlacuilolli, Huexotzineo, etc., chiefly because he cannot pronounce  temple), and was renowned for the delightful groves which surrounded its base.
them. A few simple instructions may, perhaps, remove some of this difficulty.  The Spaniards, on their arrival, found a number of vast and sumptuous edifices
The ancient languages of Central America, especially the Mexican, were sym-  in Tiho6. Cogolludo, the historian, gives the following extract from a letter to
bolical or hieroglyphic (like the Egyptian), phonetic (sounds expressed by signs),  Philip II. on this subject: " The city (Tihoo, or Merida) is thirty leagues in
and oral. The roots of the words were monosyllabic; but as the languages were  the interior. It is called Merida. It received this name on account of the
not copious, it became necessary to compound these roots and their derivatives,  magnificent edifices which it contains, for, throughout the entire extent of the
in order to express abstract ideas or complicated descriptions: henfice the length  country which we have discovered in the Indies, we have found none so beauof the words. For example, the word Teocaltitlan is compounded of the words  tiful. They are well built of stones of an immense size. We know not who
Teotl (God), calli (a house), ti (used as a grammatical link between two words,  erected them. It appears that they must have been built before the birth of
but frequently omitted), and tlan (the teeth); it signifies "near the temple".  Jesus Christ, for there were trees above as tall as those which grew below at
The Mexican language has no b, d,f, A,j,,orr, and no word begins with 1. The  the foot. These buildings are five toises (32 feet) in height, and are made of
x is'pronounced like sh; the z like s; ch, as in church; uh, hu, like w, in wood;  hard stone. At the summit of these edifices are four apartments, divided into
qu, like k; q, z, s, and c, before e and i, like ss; u, like oo. Thus, Ixtlilxochitl  cells like those of monks, twenty feet long and ten broad: the jambs of the
is pronounced Ish'tlil-shochitlt'; Quetzalcohuatl, like Ketztal-whotl; Huexotzinco,  doors are of one block, and the ceiling is vaulted. The monks have established
like Weshotsinco; Mexico, like Meshicot; etc. The Mexicans had a complete sys-  a convent of St. Francis in the edifices situated in the part we have discovered.
tern of hieroglyphics, many of which have been deciphered. Had the ruins of  It is right that that which has served for the worship of the devil should be
their temples been less fragmentary, it might have been possible to obtain from   transformed into a temple for the service of God. It is in this sanctuary that
these inscriptions as complete an insight into the ancient history of that singular  we have celebrated the first mass that has been heard in the country."
people as has been obtained into that of Egypt, by the researches of Dr. Young,    We have previously noticed the Apotheosis of Nanahuatl and of Metztli
Champollion, and their successors. As it is, considerable progress has been  (symbolical of the rising and the setting of the sun), and of the institution of
made in investigating it, thanks to the labors of the Abbe Brasseur de Bour-  human sacrifices in honor of the divinity. These abominable sacrifices conbourg, M. Aubin, and others, who have discovered many documents of the ancient  tinued more than a thousand years, notwithstanding the resistance from time
Mexicans.  These chronicles consist mostlyof a series of dates, with a summary  to time offered by the disciples of Quetzalcohuatl. But this resistance occaof corresponding events.  Sometimes are added the remains of oral traditions  sioned only momentary interruptions, the triumph of these sectaries having
or historic songs. It was the custom of the Mexicans to learn these by heart,  rarely been of long duration. Among the solemn ceremonies instituted to the
and to recite them  in public: they were taught in the schools and colleges for  glory of the sun and the moon, the Tuetleco was one of the principal: blood
the training of orators. M. Aubin is of opinion that the tlatolli, or harangues,  then flowed in torrents.  On the evening of the day whereon it was supposed
so frequently recited from memory by the Indians in modern times, are the re-  that the gods had made their entrance into Teotihuacan, it was the custom to
mains of these ancient orations; and that this origin is sufficiently indicated by  go in procession to wash the feet of those who were charged to represent them
extreme conformity to the literal language, the modern dialects of which seldom   at the festival, and the night was passed in festivities of every kind. For this
preserve more than a third of the words, and by the certainty that the dialogues  occasion a large number of captives taken in war were reserved: these unfortuare derived from ancient native compositions, dramatic or oratorical, adapted to  nate beings were burnt alive, in huge fires made of logs of wood prepared for
Christian subjects by monks since the Spanish conquest.                       the purpose.  Troops of young men, dressed in a fantastic and monstrous
The year 258 is the epoch of a fresh emigration of the Tutul-Xius, and of  manner, pretending to be companions of the gods, danced around the flames,
their establishment in the province of Zyan-Caan, to the southeast of the penin-  throwing into them from  time to time one after the other of the miserable
sula of Yucatan. It was then that they left Chiapas, and, ascending the Uzu-  captives.  These horrible practices remind us of those of the ancient Camacinta, entered the mountains which separate Vera Cruz from Peten-Itza and  naanites.
Yucatan. Across these inhospitable regions they took their Way to'found the    History and tradition are both silent as to the destinies of the Nahuas and
first kingdoms of Guatemala, to which succeeded those of the Quichbs and the  of'the city of Teotihuacan. Up to the moment of the arrival of the Toltec tribes
Cakchiquels.  The Tutul-Xius had at their head a prince named Ahmecat  on the Aztec plateau we meet with nothing but dates'and names more or less
Tutul-Xiu (a title signifying " head of the family of Tutul-Xiu").  In a few   obscure, indicating their march across the countries which lie between Chicoyears theymade themselves masters of all the territories situated between Bak-  moztoc and the valley of Anahuac. It may here be noticed that all the tradihalal and Chichen-Itza. The inhabitants of the last-named city, driven out by  tions in tile Nahuatl language invariably give the name of "I(hichimecs" to
the victorious Nahuans, took refuge in Potonchan (now Champoton), on the  the nations or tribes who invaded the soil, whatever may have been their disGulf of Mexico. It appears that the cause of quarrel between the people of  tinctive characteristics. In the eyes of the invaders of Anahuac, this title,
Chichen-Itza and the Nahuan Tutul-Xius was a difference of religious opinions;  instead of being a subject for contempt, was, on the contrary, consecrated as a
and on this occasion the Tutul-Xius applied to the king of Mayapan for aid,  title of nobility.  The Chichimec was the stranger who had come from another
offering' at the same time to become his subjects. The king accepted this offer,  country, who had conquered with  his bow and arrows the soil whereon he
sent them assistance, and established them in Chichen-Itza, where they became  came to fix his dwelling, or hunt the game: he gloried in it, while the more
faithful feudatories; he also invited them to establish a colony in the metropol-  ancient possessors saw in it nothing but a title of repulsion and hatred. It is
itan kingdom, and accorded to them the same privileges as those'possessed by  thus we may obtain an idea of that mistrust with which the population of
the nobles of Yucatan.  From this alliance dates the foundation of the city of  certain modern colonies receive foreigners. IHence the pride of the Chichimee,
Mani, in the plain which extends to the north of the mountain of that name.  who, after long years of residence among these native inhabitants, often reIt increased in prosperity so rapidly that in a few years it became one of the  fused to mix his blood with theirs, for fear of spoiling its purity; hence that
most important settlements of the Tutul-Xius.  Tradition also says that at this  nobility of which he was so proud, and which was held in such high esteem in
same period they founded the city of Tiho-, upon the site whereon  the Spaniards  later ages by  the  population of the  Aztec  plateau.   We are thus reminded of
afterwards built Meri/da, the present capital of Yucatan. There, in the most  the " sixteen quarterings"  of the Germans, and the " sangre azul"  (blue blood)
ancient times, was worshipped a god named Ahchun-C(aan, and another named  of the Spaniards.
What is the chief difficulty as regards Mexican history? —What of the Mexican   language?    What god was worshipped at Tiho? —What is said of the temples of Tiho? —What
— Its pronunciation? —Hieroglyphics?-Traditions and historical songs?- Tlatolli? —The  description is given of the city? —When and where was the first mass celebrated? —Describe
year 258?-What route did the Tutul-Xiu!s take?-What of Chichen-Itza?-The foundation  the ceremony of the Tuetleco.-What became of the Nahuas and Tcotihuacan?-What of
of Mani? —Of Tihob?-What city did the Spaniards build there?              | the Chichimecs? — Of Aztec pride?
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THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
IN the beginning of this century the Church suffered calamitics of various  emperor ordered them to be decimated; but they still refusing to sacrifice, he
kinds throughout the provinces of the Roman empire. These sufferings were  surrounded them with his army and massacred them, not a man of them offerincreased in a terrible manner in consequence of a law made A. D. 203, by the  in( resistance, but each one encouraging the other to suffer with fortitude and
Emperor Severus, by which every subject of the empire was prohibited from   faith in Christ.
changing the religion of his ancestors for that of the Christians or Jews.  This    Gallus, the successor of Decius, rekindled the fury of the persecution, which
edict became an additional instrument of torture in the hands of corrupt magis-   was beginning to flag.  The Ctn'istians again fell victims to the blind rage of the
trates, and many disciples of Christ were put to death. Yet the emperor showed   heathens; moreover, a fearful pestilence desolated the Roman empire, and the
the Christians many marks of favor; it is even said that he paid a certain sort  pagan priests persuaded the people that it had been sent by the gods on account
of worship to Christ.  He was influenced, probably, by his mother, Julia Mam-  of the lenity shown to the followers of Christ: thus the measure of their suffermna, who had a very favorable opinion of the Christian religion, and had on  ings was filled up. But when Valerian ascended the throne (A.D. 253), he
one occasion sent for the celebrated Origen to instruct her in it. From the death  stopped the persecution, and restored tranquillity.  This interval of repose,
of Severus to the reign of Maxsimin (A. D. 211-235), the condition of the Chris-  however, was of short duration; for, in A. D. 257, at the instigation of Macriatians improved, and became even prosperous.  In the army, and at Court, were  nus, he issued an edict prohibiting the Christians from assembling together, and
many Christians who lived quite unmolested, and who evren assembled together  sent their bishops and doctors into banishment.   Next year numbers were put
for public worship, with the connivance of the magistrates.  But with the ac-  to death in the most cruel manner: amongst those who suffered were CYPRIAN,
cession of the Emperor Maximin affairs changed.  That unworthy emperor  bishop of Carthage, STEPHEN, bishop of Rome, VINCENT of Saragossa, and LAUcaused the bishops to be seized and put to death, and the Christians suffered in   RENTIUS (or LAWRENCE), a Roman deacon, who was consumed by a slow fire.
a barbarous manner.  Fortunately his reign was brief; and his successors, the  The taking prisoner of Valerian by the Persians (A. D. 260), placed his son,
Gordians and Philip, were protectors of the Christians; the latter emperor is  Gallienus, at the head of the empire, and peace was subsequently restored to
said, indeed, to have embraced Christianity.  The accession of Decius Trajan  the Church.  Matters went on tolerably well until the fifth year of Aurelian
to the imperial throne (A. D. 249) raised a new stormni, which fell with the utmost  (A. D. 275), who prepared a tremendous attack on the Christians; but he was
fury on the Church; for this emperor issued the most cruel edicts, commanding  fortunately murdered before his edicts were published throughout the empire.
the pretors everywhere, upon pain of death, either to extirpate the whole body  Few therefore suffered martyrdom, and during the remainder of this century
of Christians without exception, or to force them  by tortures of various kinds  the Christians enjoyed considerable ease and tranquillity.  Christianity now
to return to the pagan worship. Hence, in all the provinces of the empire, mul-  numbered  in its ranks the most wealthy and influential persons, and the profestitudes of Christians were, during the space of two years, put to death by the  sion of it was no bar to public preferment.
most horrid methods that human ingenuity and cruelty could invent.  Fabian,    The form of the government of the Christian Church became more defined in
bishop of Rome, was amongst the martyrs.  This dreadful persecution had the  this century.  At the head of each local church was a bishop, assisted by a
effect of causing many to fall fromn the profession of the faith, and save them-  presbytery, both being elected by the community; and in each province one
selves by offering sacrifices to the pagan gods.  This defection of  so great a  bishop was invested with a certain superiority over the rest in rank and authornumber of Christians produced great commotion in the Church on the cessation  ity, but his powers were not accurately defined, nor does it appear that this auof the persecution; for those who had lapsed from their profession were desirous  thority was always conferred on the bishop of the metropolitan church. The
of being restored to the Church communion without submitting to the peniten-  bishops of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria, as rulers of primitive and apostolic
tial discipline which the ecclesiastical laws required. The bishops were divided  churches, had a kind of pre-eminence over all others, and were not only conin opinion on the subject, some being willing to show lenity, some insisting on  sulted frequently in affairs of a difficult and momentous nature, but were also
rigidly observing the law.  In Egypt and Africa many of the lapsed, in order  distinguished by peculiar rights and privileges. These privileges appear to have
to obtain pardon, procured firom the martyrs " letters of reconciliation and peace",  been, the right of presiding in general assemblies, of calling councils and prewherein they (the martyrs) declared in their last moments their belief that the  siding therein, of admonishing their brethren in a mild and fraternal manner,
lapsed were worthy of being readmitted into the Church.  Upon the authority  and of executing such offices as these ecclesiastical meetings required.  Thus
of these letters, some of the bishops and presbyters received back many of the  Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, called a council of bishops in that city, A. D. 252,
apostates.                                                                       and another, A. D. 256, in which the questions of the readmission into the Church
To this period (A. D. 250) is referred the memorable legend of " The Seven  of those who had apostatized during the terrible persecution under Decius, and
Sleepers of Ephesus".'The story is that, during the persecution, seven Chris-  of the baptism of heretics, were discussed. In this controversy, Cyprian treated
tian youths took refuge in a cave near Ephesus, were thrown into a trance, and  the opinions and the arrogance of Stephen, bishop of Rome, with the most permiraculously preserved until the year 447, when they were awakened by the  feet contempt. But the government of the Church wras fast degenerating into
opening of the cave by the proprietor.  One of them, nanmed Iamblichus, was  a monarchical form; the clergy were becoming arrogant, ambitious, and domisent into the city to buy bread; but his antique dress and language caused him   neering; and notwithstanding the danger attached to the episcopal office, the
to be arrested. The cave was visited by the authorities, and the seien sleepers,  increasing wealth and importance of the hierarchy made it a subject of fierce
having related their story, bestowed their benediction on their visitors, and ex-  contention. In this century minor or inferior orders were added to the bishops,
pired (Gibbon's Decline and Fall, c. xxiii).  The account given by Butler, in  presbyters and deacons.  Sub-deacons were appointed to assist the deacons in
his Lives of thle Sailnts, is that they were seven grown up persons, named re-  their smaller duties, such as preparing the sacred vessels of the altar, and despectively Maximian, Malchus, Martinian, Dionysius, John, Serapion, and Con-  livering them to the deacons in time of Divine service; to attend the doors of
stantine, who, having confessed the faith before the proconsul at Ephesus, were  the church during the communion service; to carry the bishop's letters and meswalled up in a cave in which they had hid themselves, and their remains were  sages, etc.  They were considered so inferior that the Council of Laodicea foraccidentally found in the year 479.  Another famous Christian legend is that  bade their sitting in the presence of a deacon without his leave.  Acolytes (atof the Theban Legion. This legion was raised in the Theb'ais, in Upper Egypt,  tendants) were employed to light the candles of the church, and to attend the
and consisted entirely of Christians; Mauricius (or Maurice), Exuperius, and  ministers with wine for the Eucharist.  Ostiarii (doorkeepers) were appointed
Candidus being the commanding officers. It numbered 6600 men, and was one  to open and shut the doors, and to give notice of the times of prayers and of
of the legions sent by Diocletian  out of the East to compose his army in Gaul.  assemblies.   Readers  were  appointed to read the Scriptures in the church.
In crossing the Alps they arrived at Octodurum (now Martig nac), where  Max-  EGxorcists were  employed to drive evil spirits out of persons possessed: this class
imian ordered the whole army to sacrifice to the gods.  The Theban Legion  of ministerial assistants had long been known in the Church, but wrere  first
thereupon withdrew to Agacenum (now St. Maurice), three leagues off. The  made an ecclesiastical order in this century.  C(opiatc,  or fossarii  (sextons),
What calalmities  did the Church suffer? —What was the law of Severus? —His sentiments?  What took place on the accession  of Gallus? —What distinguished men were martyred?
— What of Maximin? —The Gordians and Philip? —Decius? —Fnbian? —WThat wnas the effect  — What of Gallienus? —Aurelian? —The position of the Christians? -The government of
of the persecution under Decius?-What controversy arose?  — What of the Seven Sleepers  the Church? —The three principal bishops? —The corruption of the clergy? —AWhat  inferior
of Ephesus? —Of Maurice and the Theban Lcgion?                                 orders were created?
(156)




A. C. 200 300.
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
were instituted to take care of funerals and provide for the decent interment  Ghost was a portion of the Father. These doctrines were condemned by Dioof the dead. The use of exorcisms and spells, fasting, making the sign of the  nysius, bishop of Alexandria. But Sabellianism prevailed extensively. PAUL
cross, burning incense and preaching long sermons in church. and the practice  or SaMOS/ATa, bishop of Antioch, founded a sect called " Paulians" or " Paulof celibacy, became general.  Marriage was generally allowed amongst the  ianists", who held that Jesus was a mere man, but that the wisdom of God declergy of all classes, but many advocated celibacy, and thereby acquired a  scended upon him  and enabled him to work miracles; and on account of this
higher reputation for sanctity.                                             | union of the Divine power with human nature, Christ might be called God.
A mystic theology arose in the early part of the century, maintained princei-  For teaching these doctrines Paul was condemned by a council held at Antioch
pally by the celebrated ORIGEN, a presbyter and catechist of Alexandria, who  (A. D. 269), and degraded from the episcopal order. A variety of minor sects
taught that there was a mystical and spiritual, as well as a natural, mode of  sprang up, which cannot be noticed here; but there was one sect which gave
interpreting Scripture.  He was a man of vast ability, piety, and learning, and  rise to the most deplorable divisions, and made an unhappy rent in the Church.
exercised immense influence in the Church. He drew a prodigious number to  This was founded by NOVA/TIAN, a presbyter of the Church of Rome, a man
his views, and it was he who brought into prominent notice the controversy re-  of great learning, but of austere character, who bitterly opposed the readmisspecting the Millennium, and the baptism of heretics. Next in celebrity to him  sion into the Church of those who had separated from its communion during
was JULIUS AFRICANUS, the greater part of whose writings is lost. Hippolytus,  the persecution under the Emperor Decius. The other presbyters differed from
Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, Methodius, Tertullian, Cyprian, bishop of  him, especially Cornelius. The latter was chosen to succeed Fabian as bishop
Carthage, Minucius Felix, Arnobius, Cyril, Clement of Alexandria, and Lac-  of Rome, but Novatian opposed his election with great bitterness, and after
tantius, were much esteemed Christian writers of this century; but most of  Cornelius had occupied the pontifical chair, he withdrew from his jurisdiction.
their works are lost. Gregory, bishop of New Caesarea, acquired the title of  Thereupon Cornelius called a council at Rome (A. D. 251), and cut off Novatian
Thaumaturgus (wonder-worker), on account of the miracles he is said to have  and his followers from the communion of the Church. Novatian being joined
wrought. For a full account of these writers, and of the doctrines and writings  by Novatus, a Carthaginian presbyter, founded a new society, of which he beof Origen, the student is referred to Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, Century  came the first bishop. This community flourished until the 5th century, under
3d, Part II. In the year 228, Origen, on his road from Alexandria to Achaia,  the title of " Novatians", though there was no difference in point of doctrine
was ordained presbyter by the bishops of Cesarea and Jerusalem.  This gave  as between them and the orthodox Christians; but pretending to hold the faith
great offence to Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, who declared Origen unworthy  in greater purity, they compelled all who joined them to be rebaptized.
of the priesthood, because he had mutilated himself, and asserted that the two    The bishops of Rome during this century require notice. Victor, who occubishops had exceeded their jurisdiction.  A violent controversy arose in the  pied the See from A. D. 193 to A. D. 201, has been already mentioned. He was
Church on these points: Origen was obliged to leave Alexandria (A. D. 231),  a native of Africa, and was distinguished for his zeal in suppressing the numerand two councils were called at that city, - one of which condemned him and  ous heresies which had crept into the Church, especially those of the Montanists,
deprived him of his office, and the other degraded him from the sacerdotal dig-  the Patripassians, and the followers of Tatian, who taught that marriage was
nity. A full account of this celebrated controversy will be found in Eusebius's  criminal, and the use of wine unlawful, even in the Lord's Supper. These
Ecclesiastical History.                                                       fanatics were termed Encratitm (the continent). Victor died peaceably A. D.
A new sect was founded by MANES (or MANICHEmUS), a Persian, and a Magian  201. His successor, Zephiri/nus, held the See more than 17 years, but there is
priest, who asserted that he was the Comforter promised by Christ, and taught  nothing remarkable to record of his administration of the affairs of the Church.
a system of doctrines which was a mixture of Christianity with the ancient re-  Calix/tus (or Callis/tus) I. (A. D. 219-222) instituted the four fasts called Ember
ligion of the Persians. He also insisted on the mortification  of the body, and  days; and he bestowed much care and money in beautifying the ancient cemethe suppression of all the natural appetites. These Manichleans were among  tery at Rome wherein the Christian martyrs were buried. The catacombs
the most remarkable of the heretics who troubled the Church at this period.  were used for this purpose by the Christians, who never burnt the bodies of
Their general assembly was headed by a president who represented Christ;  their dead, as the Romans did, -nor preserved them, as the Egyptians did,with him were joined twelve rulers representing the twelve apostles; and these  nor cast them to wild beasts, as the Persians did. The origin of the catacombs
were followed by seventy-two bishops, representing the seventy-two disciples.  of Rome appears to be attributable to the caverns and pits dug by the ancient
These bishops had presbyters and deacons under them, and all the members of  Romans to get sand and other materials for building; and the Christians availed
these religious orders were chosen out of the class of " the elect", or perfect  themselves of these for cemeteries, digging lodges on each side, in each of which
Christians; the other class, or imperfect Christians, styled " hearers", being  they deposited a corpse, and then walled up the entrance of that lodge. The
ineligible. The Manichaans were at one time very numerous, especially in the  Roman Christians gave up the native custom of burning the dead, and adopted
East, and caused much disturbance to the orthodox Christians. Manes himself  the Jewish custom of burying them, believing that the body must return to dust
was put to death by Var/anes I. (Baharam), king of Persia, at the solicitation  until the general resurrection (Butler's Lives of the Saints, vol. x. p. 280).
of the Magi, because he had mixed up Christian doctrines with those of Zoro-    Callistus was put to death (probably in some tumult) at Rome, on Oct. 12th,
aster; but some authors say he was punished for having attempted to cure the  A.D. 222. Urban I., his successor, died peaceably A. D. 230. Pontia/nus, the
king of a painful disease by miraculous power, and failed (A. D. 272).        next bishop, was banished by the tyrant Maximin to Sardinia (A. D. 235), where
The sect of the Hieracites was founded by Hierax, a bookseller of Leontium,  he died. ~Anterus, or Ante-rius, held the See only one month and ten days,
who taught that all indulgence of the outward senses was abrogated by Chris-  and was martyred. Fabian was elected his successor. He governed the Church
tianity; that 3Ielchizedek was the Holy Ghost; that those who died while chil- 15 years, and perished in the persecution under Decius (A. D. 250). The See
dren did not go to heaven; and that there was no resurrection of the body.    remained vacant 16 months. At length, while the emperor was absent from
The controversies relating to the Trinity, which originated in the Gnostic and  Rome, Cornelius was elected by the Roman clergy. He condemned the NovaPlatonic Christianity of the preceding century, now began to spread extensively  tians, and called a council to confirm the readmission of the " lapsed" Christians
and cause fresh dissensions in the Church. NoETUS of Smyrna affirmed that  into the Church. He was banished to Centumcellse, where he died (A. D. 252).
the Supreme Being, whom he styled " the Father", had united himself to the  Lucius held the See for a few months only. Stephen I., his succeosor, was beman Christ, and was born and crucified with him, thus making it out that the headed (A. D. 257). Sixtus II. held the chair for a few months. The
Father had suffered on the cross. For this opinion Noietus and his followers See remained vacant a year: Dionysius was then elected. Hie governed the
were termed " Patripassians". About the middle of the century; SABEInuS,  an  Church with great wisdom for 10 years, and died A. D. 269. His successor, Felix
African presbyter, taught that it was not the person of the Father, but a cer-  I., was martyred A. D. 275. Eutych'ian (A. D. 275-283), Caius (A. D. 283-296),
tain energy only, proceeding from Him, was united to Jesus; and that the IIoly | Marcelli nus (A. D. 296-304), occupied the See during the rest of the century.
What is said of marriage? —What   did Origen teach? —What of Julius Africanus? —What What is said of Paul of Samosata? —What    contest was provoked by Novartian?-What
other Christian writers flourished? —What was the controversy relating to Origen? —What is  step did Cornelius take? —What is related of Victor? —Tatian?-Zephirinus?-Callistus I.?
said of Manes? —The Manicheans? —Their government?-The  fate of Manes? —The Hier-  — The Christian mode of burial? —What of Urban I.?-Pontianus?-Anterus? —Fabian?acites?-What controversies sprang up? —What did Noetus teach? —Sabellius?  Cornelius? —Lucius? —Stephen I.? —Dionysius? —Felix I.? —Eutychian, Caius, Marcellinus
I
_ r ~ les.  ~...
( 157 )




THE 4T CENTUJRY
INDIA.                                                                      PERSIA.
IN  their chronology the ancient    NARSI resigned the throne (A. D. 303) o his son, Hoormuz II. (Ilormisdas), in whose reign no events of importance
Eindoos surpass all other nations in  occurred. On his death he left no children born, but one of his wives bore a son shortly after his death (A. D. 310), who
absurdity. According to their system   was named SHAHPoon  II. (Sapor), and whose long and splendid reign lasted 71 years. It is stated by some historians
a calpa, or day of Brahma, consists of  that he was not crowned until he was born, and that the crown was then suspended over his infant head; others, as
4,320,000,000 years, at the expiration  already noticed, say that the crown was suspended over his mother before he was born, in token that the infant about to
of which time a complete revolution  come into the world was to be the future sovereign of the country. But the difference between the two accounts is of little
of the nodes and apsides of the earth's  consequence, the principal fact to be noticed in reference to it being the loyal and wise conduct of the nobles of Persia.
orbit will have taken place. In this  In order to preserve the country from the evils of a disputed succession, they gave to their resolution to sustain the rights
period are included fourteen manwan-of the infant monarch all the impression that it could receive from the strictest observance of outward forms. They
taras, or periods, during each of which  either were, or pretended to be, satisfied  ith the assurances of their priests that the child would be a male; and when
the world is under the control of one  he was born they unanimously gave him the name of Shahpoor. The same wisdom which led them  to preserve the
Menu. Each manwantara consists of  crown for the infant prompted them to give him an education worthy of the future sovereign of Persia, and their care
seventy-one maha-yugas, or great ages,  was well rewarded.  During the minority of Shahpoor the empire was invaded by most of the neighboring nations,
and each  maha-yuga contains four  especially by the Arabs, who carried fire and sword into the most fertile valleys of Persia. But the young king, as soon
yugas, or ages, ofunequallength. The  as he was able, took terrible vengeance on the invaders for their cruelty, and acquired the title of Zoolaktaf (or " lord
first, or satya-yuga, extends through  of the shoulders"), from his causing the shoulders of the Arab prisoners to be dislocated by a string passed through holes
1,728,000 years, and answers to the  pierced in the shoulder-blades.  He then commenced his celebrated expeditions against the Romans by laying siege to
golden age of the Greeks. The second,  the famous fortress of Nisibis (A. D. 338). This war with the Romans lasted with varying success for half a century.
or treta-yuga, extends through 1,296,-  Eastern historians have narrated many marvellous tales relating to Shahpoor II. One of them is dwelt upon by them
000 years, and answers to the silver  with great zest, perhaps on account of its improbability.  It is said that the proud and powerful Persian monarch left
age.  The third, or dwapar-yuga, en-  his kingdom to go as a spy to Constantinople, where he was detected, at a royal feast, through the striking resemblance
dures 864,000 years, answering to the  which he bore to a portrait of hinself in the possession of the emperor; that while a captive he suffered every degradabrazen age; and the last, or cali-yuga,  tion that could be inflicted on him; that he  as carried, harnessed like a horse, with the Roman army, to Witness the
432,000 years, answering to the iron  most dreadful scenes of pillage and devastation committed upon his kingdom; that he made his escape while his guards
age. Of the last age (or cali-yuga) of  were enjoying themselves at a feast; and that he retaliated upon his enemies all the disgrace inflicted on him, by capthe present manwantara, 4960 years  turing the Roman emperor, keeping him ten years in close confinement, and forcing the Roman prisoners to repair by
hare elapsed, and within this period  their labor the injury they had done in Persia, even to the replanting of the smallest trees which they had destroyed.
most historical events have occurred,  (Malcolm's History of Persia, vol. i., p. 108.) But reliable history gives us a different aspect of affairs.  Twice was
but some are carried much farther  Shahpoor obliged to raise the siege of Nisibis, though at the battle of Singara he totally defeated the Emperor Constanback: thus the " Surya Sidhanta" was  tius (A. D. 348). A third time he failed in his attempt on Nisibis (A. D. 350). I-e next invaded Mesopotamia, and
revealed  in  the  satya-yuga, about  besieged and took Amida, Singara, and Bezabde (A. D. 359-360), and became the terror of the Eastern empire. JULIAN
3,000,000 years ago; the Institutes of  (surnamed THE APOSTATE), the greatest military genius of the age, resolved to humble the pride of the Persians, and led
Menu were written more than 4,320,000  an immense army into their country. He encountered Shahpoor near Ctesiphon, and so completely routed him that the
years ago; Rama lived 1,000,000 years  Persian king barely saved his life by flight with a few followers (A. D. 363). The sudden death of Julian allowed Shahsince. These are some of the absurdi-  poor to recover himself, and, raising a fresh army, he pursued the retreating Romans, who were glad to make terms with
ties of the Hindoo chronology.         him. By the treaty of Dura the Emperor Jovian ceded Nisibis to Persia. Shahpoor caused this city to be colonized by
Of their literature in these ancient  a body of Persians.  Mesopotamia and five other provinces were restored to him. The Romans also abandoned Armenia,
times vwe know but little beyond the  and Shahpoor soon annexed it to his empire. He seems to have been a prince exactly suited to the Persians, who justly
works already mentioned, namely, the  account him one of their greatest monarchs. Of all the princes of the Sassanide dynasty, not one caused greater terror
Vedas, the Ramayana, and the Mahab-  to Rome than Shahpoor did; but he was a cruel persecutor of the Christians, who suffered severely during his long
harata.  The first two are evidently of  reign. IIe died A. D. 381, aged 71 years. He was as remarkable for his wisdom as for his valor. Some of his sayings
remote antiquity. We have already  have been handed down, for instance: " Words may prove more vivifying than the showers of spring, and sharper than
spoken of Vyasa, author of the Vedas  the sword of destruction;" "The point of a lance may be withdrawn from the body, but a cruel expression can never
(p. 26). Valmiki, the author of the  be extracted from the heart that it has once wounded."  Shahpoor, however, did not always merit the high encomiums
Ramayana, lived some time after the  which the Persian historians bestow upon him, for he occasionally resorted to treachery, as was the case in the mode in
epoch of Rama, but at what precise  which he annexed Armenia to his dominions after the Romans evacuated it. It is said that he persuaded Tiranes, the
period is not known; at all events the  king of that country, to come to his court; that he seized him at a festival, and threw him into adungeon, where his
poem is very ancient.  The Mahabha-  life soon terminated (Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. iv., p. 312). Such acts as these, however,
rata is attributed to Vyasa, the author  tended little to diminish his glory in the eyes of his subjects; and subsequent generations of Persians have been so inured
of the Vedas; but it was put in its  to perfidy on the part of their rulers that these shortcomings of one of their best and greatest monarchs appear very
present form by Sauti, in a more recent  small.
age. Internal evidence proves that    Ardisheer II. (rtaxeres) succeeded Shahpor, and reigned four years, during which no event of any importance
part of it was written in the 4th cen-occurred   He was deposed by Shahpoor III. (A. D. 385), the son of Shahpoor II., a virtuous prince, who, after a reign
tury B. C., and it was in familiar use of five years, was accidentally killed by the fall of his tent, the cordage of which was broken by the violence of a whirlin the 3d and 2d centuries B. C. The wind, and the pole struck the monarch as he slept. These whirlwinds were, and are still, very common in Persia. He
l eneral characteristics of ancient Hin-  was succeeded by his brother, Baharam I j, surnamed Kermanshah, from having been ruler of the province of Kerman,
doo literature are poverty and diffuse-  and from founding the city of Kermanshah, now a large and prosperous town. iBaharam is the Varanes IV. of Roman
ness of style, deficiency of ornament, history. Ee reigned 15 years, and was killed by an arrow while endeavoring to quell a tumult in his army (A. D. 404)
and incessant repetition: according to Some of the sculptures at the Tauk-e-Bostan, near Kermanshah, are the work of this prince; for a description of them,
Mr. Colebrooke and Sir William Jones  see Malcollll's History of Persia, vol. i., ch. vii. The tomb of the prophet Daniel is still shown at Susa; and that of
there is no sign of imagination or of  Mordecai and his adopted daughter, Hadassah (or Esther), the beautiful queen of Xerses, is yet visited by pilgrims to
vigor of thought in the Vedas.         Hamadan.
What are the divisions of Hindoo chronol-   What is said of Narsi?-Hoormuz  II.?-Shahpoor II.?-What remarkable circumstances attended his birth?-What were his frst acts
ogy? —With  what ages do the yuca~s corre —What  title di he aequire?-What of his w a rs with the Romans?-What  curious tale is related of him?-What reverses did he meet
spond?-What of the ancient literature? —  with?-What were his subsequent exploits?-His character?-His conduct to Tiranes?-What of Ardisheer II.?-Of Shahpoor III.?Whben        w      ere the three great works composed?  Baharam IV.?-What was his end?-Wbat scu ptures are mentioned?-Wbat of the tombs of Daniel, Mordeeai, and Esther?
( 158 )




CHINA. JAPAN.                                                                        ITALY.
HWAE-TE, a wise and intelligent prince, did his utmost to restore peace to the    THIS century commenced with the most furious persecution of the Christians
empire, but the king of Han, Lew-tsung, drove him from the throne, took him  that had yet taken place. It was decreed by Diocletian, at the instigation of
prisoner, and, after subjecting him to the grossest indignities, put him to death  Galarius. Much doubt exists as to the motives which induced the two emperors
(A. D. 313). Ming-te, another prince of the Tsin family, was set up as emperor,  to act thus, but there is none as to the fact that the 23d of February, A. D. 303,
but, after vainly contending against Lew-tsung, he surrendered to the con-  was fixed upon as the last day of Christianity. The persecution commenced at
queror in a novel manner, i. e., seated on a cart drawn by oxen, with a coffin  Nicomedia, where the churches were destroyed. On the next day appeared the
by his side. However, he fared no better than his predecessor, and was ulti-  edict of Diocletian, decreeing that the Christian churches throughout the empire
mately put to death (A. D. 317). The year 315 is memorable for the introduc-  should be demolished; that all persons who should hold secret assemblies for
tion of the tea plant into China from Assam and Yunnan. On the death of  religious worship should be put to death; that the bishops should deliver up
Ming-te, Sze-ma-juy was chosen emperor by the unanimous voice of the people,  their sacred books to be burnt; that the property of the Church should be conand with him begins the TUNG-TSIN (or EASTERN TSIN) dynasty. On his acces- fiscated; and that its communicants be placed out of the pale of the law. This
sion he adopted the name of Yuen-te. He was a kind and affable prince, well  barbarous edict was savagely enforced, the fury of Diocletian having been inversed in ancient literature, but he proved wholly incapable of checking the  creased by the fact that his palace was twice set on fire. Further edicts were
ferocious excesses of his nobles. The details of their atrocities on this occasion  issued from time to time, increasing the severity of the persecution. It lasted
will give a faithful picture of the state of China under the Tsin dynasty. The  ten years (A.D.303-313), and such multitudes of Christians suffered death that
nobles, having resolved to avenge themselves upon the Han family for all the   the emperors believed they had completely extirpated Christianity. Rome witcrimes they had committed, assembled a body of soldiers, and entering the  nessed, in A. D. 302, for the last time, the ceremony of a triumph, which was
palace, drove them into the street, and massacred them without distinction of  awarded to Diocletian and Maximian. Diocletian celebrated the twentieth year
age or sex. Kin-chun, the leader of this movement, then proceeded to the tombs  of his reign (A. D. 303) by festivities at that capital; but being disgusted with
of Lew-yuen and Lew-tsung, and severed their heads from their bodies. But  the freedom of manners which prevailed there, he quitted the city abruptly on
the friends of the Han family mustering a strong force, slaughtered Kin-chun  the eve of his ninth consulship. A severe illness followed his return to Nicowith his whole family, and burnt the palace and all the public buildings at  media, said to have been occasioned by vexation at the ill success of his attempts
Ping-yang. This engendered retaliation on the part of the nobles, in the midst  to extirpate Christianity.  Soon after this, Diocletian resigned the empire (May
of which confusion Yuen-te died of grief (A. D. 322). His successor, Ming-te,  1st, A. D. 305), and retired to his country-seat at Salona, where he amused himultimately subdued the rebels, but died A. D. 325. A child of five years old,  self with gardening, and died nine years afterwards. Maximian also abdicated
named Ching-te, was now placed on the throne, and another general rebellion  on the same day at Milan, and retired into Lucania. This joint abdication of
broke out. Some of the nobles made themselves emperors in their respective  the two emperors of the world is the most remarkable instance recorded in hisprovinces, and particularly in the Chaou principality, where Chih-le had estab-  tory. CONSTAN/ TIUS and GALE"RIUS became emperors, assuming the title of
lished himself. Here his successor, Shih-hoo, erected a magnificent palace,  "Augustus"; and they made SEVE/RUS and MAX/IMIN their associates, with the
wherein more than 10,000 persons lived. Ile was attended wherever he went  title of " Coesar". Constantius and Severus took the western provinces; Galeby a body-guard of tall ladies on horseback, splendidly attired and armed; but  rius and Maximin, the eastern. Constantius went into Britain to quell an inhe was a heartless tyrant, and his extortions reduced the country to such dis-  vasion of the Picts, and died there at York (July 21st, A. D. 306), where he was
tress that many of his subjects committed suicide to escape starvation.     buried. The humanity of this great man, during his administration in Gaul
The history of the empire during the remainder of the century is but a repe-  and Britain, greatly alleviated the sufferings of the Christians in those countries.
tition of the same scenes: children placed on the throne; the government in  The principal officers of his household were Christians; and he instituted a noble
the hands of women and priests; the powerful nobles proclaiming themselves  system of toleration, which was adhered to by his son and successor, CONSTANemperors, and at feud with each other and with the crown; while the distressed  TINE (afterwards surnamed "the Great"), who had accompanied him to Britain,
people were crushed under foot, starved, massacred, and tortured, just as it  and, on his decease, was proclaimed emperor by the army. At the same time,
pleased the fancy of their merciless oppressors. To Ching-te succeeded Kang-te,  MAXENTIUS, the son of Maximian, caused himself to be proclaimed emperor in
a youth (A. D. 344); and after him, Muh-te, a babe two years old (A. D. 344).  Gaul, and persuaded his father to remount the throne. Severus led an army
The next prince, Gae-te (A. D. 362), gave himself up to the dreams of the Taou  against them, but being deserted by his troops, was taken prisoner at Ravenna,
sect, and was persuaded to live upon a mixture called " the liquor of rejuve-  and put to death there. Galerius then marched against them, but failing in an
nescence", by which his health and mind were ruined, and he died a miserable,   attempt to take Rome, he ignominiously returned to Greece, and conferred the
lingering death (A. D. 365). His brother, Te-yih, the next emperor, reduced  title of emperor on his friend LICINx/IUS; he also acknowledged Constantine as
the State of Yen to obedience (A. D. 372). After him, Keen-wan, who died in  Augustus, and allowed the same title to Maximin in Syria. Thus the empire
the year of his accession to the throne. Heaou-woo was 10 years old when he  was shared by six sovereigns, viz., Galerius, Licinius, Maximian, Maximin,
began to reign (A. D. 373), and at 14 he assumed the reins of government. Ie  Maxentius, and Constantine, though Maximian held only nominal power in the
began by contending with the northern Tsin princes, whom he finally overcame.   Court of his son-in-law, Constantine. This state of affairs, however, did not last
He then gave himself up to drinking; but in a drunken fit he was strangled  long. Maximian, having conspired against Constantine, was made prisoner at
by one of his wives (A. D. 397). His son and successor, Gan-te, took no part  Marseilles, and put to death (A. D. 311). The following year (A. D. 312) Galein the government, but remained in his palace entirely ignorant of the state of  rius died. The cruel Maxentius was the next to succumb to the rising fortunes
affairs. It was under his reign that LRw-YU, the founder of the celebrated  of Constantine, who, called into Italy by the voice of the people, defeated and
Tsung dynasty, became known. His parents were very poor: his mother died  cut to pieces the army of the tyrant (Oct. 27th, A. D. 312), at Saxa Rubra, on
at his birth, and his father deserted him. He was adopted by a charitable  the Cremera, nine miles from Rome, a spot where, 789 years before, the Fabii
woman, and he displayed great intelligence as he grew up. He gained his  had perished (see page 85), the tyrant himself being drowned in the Tiber while
living by selling sandals, but subsequently enlisted as a soldier, and raised  attempting to make his escape. It was during this campaign that Constantine
himself to eminence by extraordinary valor.                                is said to have seen a miraculous vision of a luminous cross in the heavens, a
JAPAN. —Woo-sin was succeeded (A. D. 313) by Nin-to-ku, who was also a  little before sunset, and to have been warned in a dream to take this sacred
great and good prince. tIe reigned 87 years, and died A. D. 400. A temple  symbol as his standard. His first acts, on becoming master of Rome, were to
was built to his honor in Tsino-kuni. If these Japanese annals can be relied  disband  the Preetorian guards, restore the authority of the Senate and magison, the climate of the country must have been eminently favorable to longevity  trates, recall the exiles, revoke all edicts against the Christians, and patronize
in those times.                     -                                      their clergy. Galerius had done the same in the East, towards the Christians,
Mention some particulars of the history of the early part of this century.-What dynasty    What event marked the commencement of the century? —What of the edict of Diocletian?
was foushded? — What is recorded of the prince of Chaou?- Of the state of the empire? -   — The sufferings of the Christians? —What did Rome witness for the last time? —What of the
Of Gae-te, and the liquor of rejuvenescence? —Of Hteaou-woo? —What is recorded of  closing events of the reign of Diocletian?- Of Maximian? — Constantius and Galerius?Lew-yu? — What of Japan?                                                 Severus and Maximin? -Maxentius? - Licinius? — Constantine? — The Christians?
(159)




ITALY.
shortly before his death (May, A. D. 311). This toleration on the part of the  held May 22d, 330. To whom the city was dedicated is not quite evident: the
two emperors increased the hostility of Maximin to the Christians, and he per-  Christians assert that it was consecrated to the Virgin Mary; but from that time
secuted them with greater fury in the East. He also conceived the idea of  Constantinople took its place among the great cities of the world.  Constantine
dethroning Constantine and Licinius; the latter, however, met him near Adrian-  also changed the form of the government of the empire, converting it into a
ople (A. D. 313), and so totally defeated him that he fled to Nicopolis, where he  simple despotism. He divided the empire into four great prefectures, viz., that
died of rage. Licinius now became sole master of the East, and Constantine of  of the East, of Illyricum, of Italy, and of Gaul. Rome and Constantinople had
the West. Licinius married Constantine's sister, Constantia; and an edict was  prefects of their own. These officers had control of the civil government of their
issued, in the year 313, relieving the Christians of many disabilities. In the  respective provinces.  Constantine also appointed new great officers of State,
same year died their greatest persecutor, Diocletian. The ambition of Licinius  and reconstituted the army and the system of taxation. He instituted "The
led him to attempt the acquisition of the whole empire, and for this purpose he  Indictions", so important in fixing the chronology of the Middle Ages. The
made war upon Constantine, but he was unsuccessful.  He was defeated at  emperor subscribed the Indiction, which was fixed up in the principal city of
Cibalis in Pannonia, and at Mardia in Thrace; after which he agreed to a peace,  each diocese, imposing the amount of taxation required for the pay of the army.
by which he ceded to the conqueror all his provinces in Europe (A. D. 314).  The period of service for the soldiers being fifteen years, a new assessment of
Constantine, in an edict issued in A. D. 315, further favored the Christians by  property was made at the expiration of every cycle of that duration, and the
condemning to be burnt alive all Jews who should persecute or ill treat converts  public accounts were regulated accordingly. The Council of Nice ordained that
from their sect to Christianity. The Donatists also appealed to him as an arbi-  years should be reckoned from the Indictions, to commence Jan. 1st, 313. Christrator. In the year 317 he conferred upon his sons, Crispus and Constantine,  tianity became the established religion of the empire, revenues being approand on his nephew, the younger Licinius, the title of "Caesar".  He, in con-  priated to the endowment of churches and the support of the clergy. Constanjunction with Crispus, carried on successful operations against the German  tine, when dying, received the sacrament of baptism from Eusebius, the Arian
tribes, the Goths, and the Sarmatians, on the Danube (A. D. 319-322). Hostil-  bishop of Nico-media, and expired May 22d, A. D. 337.
ities were soon after renewed between Constantine and Lidinius. They met in        Constantine left three sons -CONSTANTINE, CONSTANTIUS, and CONSTANS —to
hostile array at Maritza, near Adrianople, where Licinius succumbed to the  inherit the empire. The three met and settled the extent of their respective
all-conquering Christian emperor (July 3d, 323). The fallen monarch fled to  jurisdictions,-Constantine taking the capital; Constantius, Thrace and the
Byzantium, where he was immediately besieged.  Thence he passed into Asia.  Asiatic provinces; and Constans, the Western provinces. Constantine II. began
Crispus destroyed his fleet in the Hellespont, and Licinius, finally overcome at  by causing the massacre of all his kinsmen of the Flavian family; the only two
the battle of Chrysopo0is (Sept. 28th, 323), resigned his imperial dignity, and  who escaped being Gallus and Julian, the youngest sons of Julius Constantius.
surrendered himself to Constantine. At the intercession of Constantia, the em-  A sanguinary war broke out with Sapor (Shahpoor), king of Persia (A. D. 339),
peror promised to spare his life; but he shortly after put him to death (A. D. 324).  which lasted nine years, and led to no decisive results, but occupied all the
The controversies in the Church, between the respective followers of Arius  attention of Constantius. Meanwhile Constantine, having wrested Africa from
and Athanasius, led to the convening of a general council of Christian bishops  Constans, invaded Italy (A. D. 340), where he fell into an ambuscade, and was
at Nice, in Bithynia (A. D. 325), at which the emperor was present. At this  slain, whereby Constans became master of two-thirds of the empire. But the
celebrated council the Nicene Creed was framed, and was sanctioned by the  latter disgraced himself by his vices, residing usually in Gaul, and addicting
emperor. The doctrine of the Trinity was authoritatively laid down and defined;  himself to hunting and to the most rapacious extortion. A revolt at Autun,
Arius was banished; his writings publicly burned, and all those in whose pos-  headed by MAGNENTIUS, commander of the imperial forces, caused Constans to
session they were found capitally punished. The Empress Helena, the mother  flee towards Spain, but he was overtaken and put to death. Constantius returned
of the emperor, was a zealous convert to Christianity, and visited Palestine, where  from the East to put down the new pretender to the crown, and met him on the
she founded many churches. For his great services to the Church, Constantine  plains of Mursa (Essek), where a dreadful battle ensued, in which 54,000 men
was fanatically admired (we might say idolized) by the Eastern Christians. On  were slain, and Magnentius was defeated. It is said that this battle absorbed
this point the great German historian, Niebuhr, remarks: " His motives in  the strength of the empire, for it was found that no such noble bands of veterans
establishing the Christian religion appear to have been very strange. Whatever  as fell in it eould ever afterwards be collected. Magnentius destroyed himself;
religion was in his head must have been a confused mixture. On his coins he  and Constantius, freed from rivals, gave way to all kinds of excesses. JULIAN,
has the Sol invictus (unconquered sun); he w orships pagan deities; consults the  the only surviving descendant of Constantius Chlorus (except the emperor), was
haruspices (professors of divination); holds heathen superstitions; and yet he  appointed governor of the northern provinces, then harassed by the Germanic
shuts up the temples, and builds churches. As president of the Nicene Council  tribes. He acquired a brilliant reputation by his military achievements against
we can only look upon him with disgust: he was himself no Christian, and would  the barbarians, whom he nearly subdued; and by his able government, by which
never be baptized until he was at the point of death. He had taken up the  he raised Gaul to unexampled prosperity. In the East, Sapor renewed his
Christian faith as a superstition, which he mingled with his other superstitions.  attacks on the empire (A. D. 359), and Constantius was called away to resist him.
When, therefore, Eastern writers speak of him  as an isapostolos (equal to an  During his absence the army in Gaul proclaimed Julian emperor, and escorted
apostle) they do not know what they are saying,- and to call him a saint is a  him in triumphal procession through the streets of Paris. Julian at first refused
profanation of the term" (Lectures on Roman History, vol. iii., p. 303). The  the crown, but ultimately accepted it, and entered into negotiation with Conemperor was induced by jealousy of the popularity of his eldest son, Crispus,  stantius for the recognition of his elevation to the empire, at the same time he
to murder him on false accusations; to which crime he is said to have added that  prepared for war. Constantius commanded him to return to his allegiance, but
of the murder of the empress, on discovering his error. His unpopularity with  Julian in reply publicly declared that he committed his owq safety to " the
the Romans on account of abandoning the ancient religion, and also on account  immortal gods", thus renouncing Christianity, although he had a few weeks
of the murder of his wife and son, made him  resolve to quit Rome, and give a  previously celebrated the festival of the Epiphany: he was hence styled " the
new capital to the empire. For this purpose he selected Byzantium, to which Apostate". The new emperor hastened to his eastern capital by a daring journey
he gave the name of SECOND or NEW ROME, but the people named it Constanti-  through Germany, and down the Danube. On his arrival, the whole population
nop'olis, or city of Constantine, which it has ever since retained. Thither he  of Constantinople went out to meet and welcome him. Constantius had started
removed his Court, and he lavished immense sums in beautifying his new capital.  from Antioch with an army to encounter him, but he fell sick on the march, and
He divided Constantinople into fourteen departments or regions, bestowed on its  died near Tarsus (A. D. 361), having, it is said, named Julian his successor.
municipal council the title of Senate, gave to its citizens the privileges of Rome,    Julian the Apostate began his reign by reforming the abuses prevalent in the
land raised numerous edifices of public utility.  The festival of dedication was |Court, and abolishing its luxury.  He restored and beautified Athens, Corinth,|
What befell Maximnin? —What of Licinius and Constantine? —The edict of the latter? —    What changes were made in the gov ernment of the empire? -What of the Indictsions?The Donatists? —Crispus? —The fate of Licinius? —The Council of Nice? —The Nicene  What did Christianity become?-Whatt did Constantine do when dying? —Who succeeded
Creed? —The punishment of Arius?-The Empress Helena? -The mnurder of Crispus? —The  him? —What were the first acets of Constantine II.? —Of the war with Sapor? —The fate (,f
fibundation of Constantinople? — Its privileges? — Dedication?               |Constantine? —Constans? —Magnentius? —Constantins? —Julian? —The acts of the Ilatter?!!60)




ITALY.
Argos, Delphi, and Elis, but he revoked the edicts against idolatry, and closed  East and West, associated with himi in the empire THEODOSIUS, afterwards surthe schools kept by the Christian clergy. He disliked the Christians, and was  namied " the Great", the son of the Theodosius whom he had put to death. This
an enemy to Christianity, although he proclaimed universal. toleration.  He  able prince not only defeated the Goths, and suppressed the revolt, but converted
decreed the rebuilding of the city and the temple of Jerusalem, in order to prove  these fierce foes into friends.  Ile then sumimioned a council of bishops at Conthe falsity of the prophecy that they should never be raised again. The work  stantinople to repress heresy, and issued several edicts t'hereupon. Meanwhile
was commenced with ardor, but was arrested by the untimely death of the ema-  Maximus, governor of Britain, revolted against Gratian, who, abandoned by his
peror.  The Christian writers of that period alleged that it was stopped by the  troops, was taken prisoner and put to death (A. D. 383).  His body was claimned
bursting forth of subterranean fires, or by the ignition of foul air, which so  by Ambrose, bishop of Milan, fand honorably interred in the Cathedral there.
alarmed the superstitious workmen that they refused to continue their labors  Theodosius suppressed the revolt of Maximus, who was given up by his own
(A. D. 363).  Julian was summoned to take the field against the Persians, who,  soldiers, and put to death (A. D. 387). Valentinian was murdered by Arbogastes
under Sapor, had invaded Assyria.  He displayed unusual valor and ability,  (A. D. 392), a Frank, whom  he had taken into favor, and who now set up one
but was killed in a desperate battle which proved favorable to the Roman arms.  of the royal secretaries, Eugenius, as emperor. Theodosius, however, defeated
IHis death occurred after a brief reign of twenty months. Ie was the most able  the forces of Eugenius, who was murdered by his own soldiers (A. D. 394).
and accomplished man of his time, and was the author of an elaborate work  Arbogastes committed suicide, and the empire was then, for the last time, united
against Christianity, composed amid the preparations for the Persian war: frag-  in the hands of one sovereign. Theodosius divided the empire between his two
ments of this work have been preserved by Cyril of Alexandria. He was suc-  sons,  oNoRius and ARCADIUS, and died universally lamented (A. D. 395).
ceeded by JOVIAN, the chief of his attendants, who was saluted emperor by the         Roman history henceforth diverges into two parts, distinguished respectively
army (A. D. 364).  This prince saved his famishing forces by concluding an   as the Western and the Eastern Empire.
ignominious peace with the Persians. He speedily restored the Christian reli-    T1E WESTERN EMPIRE was fast hastening to destruction.  Honorius, the
gion to its supremacy, although personally indifferent to it.  Itis career was  younger son, left the cares of empire to his celebrated minister, STILICIIO, who
short, for, after a reign of eight months, he died on his way to Constantinople.  had been expressly named by Theodosius as the fittest person to be intrusted
During ten days the empire was without a sovereign, but at length VALENTINIAN,  with the administration of both empires.  An attempt was made to carry this
who had held important commands under Julian, was elected.  He was the son   out with regard to the Eastern Empire, but as it threatened to bring on civil
of Count Gratian, a native of Cibalis, in Pannonia, who had raised himself from   war, it was abandoned.  Stilicho then devoted him self to the affairs of the West.
obscurity to distinction.  Having been acknowledged by the army, Valentinian   iIis first act was to suppress a revolt in Africa, led by Gildo, the brother of
divided the empire with his brother, VALENS, to whom he gave the East, reserv-  Firmius, which was put down through the agency of Mascezel, another brother
ing to himself the West, and making Milan the seat of government.  Ite found  of Gildo.  Stilicho's next exploit was to repel, with the forces of the Western
full occupation in checking the Germans in Gaul during the commencement of  Empire, the Goths who had invaded Greece. By his masterly manceuvres he
his reign.  He sent THEODOSIUS, one of the ablest generals of the age, to repel  drove AL'ARIC, their king, into a corner of Elis (A, D. 397).  Alatic, however,
an invasion of Britain by the Picts and Scots (A. D. 369), and that officer having   made his escape, and not only made his peace with the Emperor Areadius, but
been successful there, was also employed against the Germians in Gaul, and in  obtained the appointment of governor of Illy/ricuin; whereupon Stilicho resuppressingtheformidable revoltofFirmius inAfrica (A.). 372). Valens nearly  turned to Italy (A.D.398), which he was soon called upon to defend from  an
lost his enpire in the East through the revolt of Procorpius, a kinsman of Julian invasion by Alaric (A. D. 400).
the Apostate, which was put down with difficulty (A.D. 373).  Soon afterwards         THE EASTERN EMPIRE was, as we have seen, bestowed upon Areadius (the
(A. D. 375) Valentinian died suddenly from the effects of passion.  He was an   elder son of Theodosius the Great), who was a feeble and indolent prince, and
able though severe ruler, and he protected the Christians from the persecutions  resigned all power into the hands of his minister, Rufinus, a wretch stained with
of his brother, Valens, who took part with the Arians, and was guilty of great  every species of crime, who tried to force him into a marriage with his daughter.
cruelty to the orthodox clergy. Valentinian was succeeded by his sons, GRATIAN   The courtiers, however, persuaded him  to marry Eudoxia, the most beautiful
and VALENTINIAN II., the latter a child only five years old, who was added as a  woman of the age.  Rufinus was murdered by the contrivance of Gainas, corncolleague to Gratian by the general council of the army. Gratian stained the mnander of the forces, who, with the grand chamberlain, Eutropius, and Eudoxia,
beginning of his reign by putting the illustrious Theodosius to death on false  obtained complete control over the feeble emperor, and excluded Stilicho, the
accusations.  He enacted several laws for the advancement of the interests of  minister of Ilonorius, from  the administration of affairs. Yet to that extraorthe Church, and the punishment of heterodoxy.                                       dinary man Areadius was indebted for the salvation of his empire from Alaric,
The whole empire was now at peace (A. D. 376), when the Huns, a people  who, on the refusal of the emperor to pay the tribute promised by Theodosius,
more ferocious than any that had yet appeared, attacked the northeastern pro-  led his soldiers into Greece, as above mentioned. The concluding years of this
inces, and, crossing the Don and the Sea of Azof in innumerable hordes, swept  century are stained with the atrocities of Eutropius, who had obtained possesthe territories of the Goths and Visigoths of their inhabitants.  Joined by the  sion of the principal influence in the State.  The career of this wretch was cut
Alans, and other barbarous tribes whom they had conquered, they drove all  short by an invasion from the Goths, under their king, Tribigild (A. D. 399), in
before them.  The Goths were forced into the Roman provinces.  Athan'aric,  which the imperial forces fared badly, and by an insurrection headed by Gainas,
their king, fortified himself on the Pruth, and his people obtained leave of the  who, combining with Tribigild, extorted from  the emperor the destruction of
emperor to settle in Thrace. It is computed that a million of persons established  the unworthy favorite.  They filled Constantinople with their troops, but the
themselves in that province. At the same time Arianism was implanted among  citizens suddenly falling on them, expelled them with great slaughter (A. D. 400).
them. by their bishop, ULPHILAS, who edited the Gothic Alphabet, and translated       The same poverty of intellect which characterized the preceding century also
the Scriptures into their language.  The officers appointed by Valens to super-  marks this.  The Christian Church produced the men who most distinguished
intend the settlement of the Goths in Thrace practised the greatest extortions,  themlselves and influenced the world.  Such were LACTANTIUS, PORPH}YRY, EusEand even attempted to murder the Gothic chief, Fritigern.  This caused a revolt,  BIUS. JEROIE, CYRIL, AUGUSTINE, BASIL, MARTIN, HILARY, CIIRYSOSTO-1 (who
and Fritigern, at the head of his barbarians, ravaged Thrace, Macedon, and  are emphatically styled "the Fathers of the Church"), EPIIIANIUS, GRECOrY
Thessaly, and having obtained aid from  the Ostrogoths, threatened the very   OF NAZIANZEN, GREGORY OF NTYssA, AMBROSE, ULPHILAS, ARIus, and ATHANASIUS.
existence of the empire.  Valens, attempting to check them, was defeated near  The historians, EUTRo/mius, AM3II-kZNUS MARCELLINuS, AURELIUS VICTOR, and
Adrianople (A.D. 378).  Having been wounded, he was carried to a neighbor-  others of less note; the mnathematicians, THEON and DIOPIIANTUS; the geogrfaing cottage, but the enemy pursuing him, set fire to it, and the emperor wvas |pher, P.VrPUS; and the grammarian, DON,~TUS-oWerC the most distinguished
burnt to death. Grafian halving, by the death of Valens, become master o)f the literary and scientific muen of the age.
WNhy was Julian styled "the Apostatte"?-Whalt wats his fate? —Who was his successor? —    Wh~at is said of Theodlosiuls thle Great? —Gratialn?-Ambarose of MVi]lan? —ar~lcntinian?W0h at of Jov~ian? —Valcn tinian I.? —Valens? —Milatn?-Th eodosiuls? —Grattian? —~rlcn tin ianEugen ius? —Arbogalstcs? —The division of the empire? —And of Roman h istoryr? —Hol]or ius?
IT.?-The Huns? —Atha1naric? —For what is Ulphilals famled? — What wa1s the fatte of  — Stilichlo? —Gildlo's revolt?-A1laric? —Arc'tdius?~Rufin~us?~Eudoxia? —Gainals? —EutroValenls? —Whoml did Grafilan associatte with hint?!pius? —Tribig'ild? —The (a}tlhs ill Co~nstatntinaople?7-Whallt eminent men flourishecd?




BRITAIN.                                                                      FRANCE.
ENcLAND.-Asclepiodotus, who recovered Britain for the Romans, was "proe-    THE opening of the century was marked by the continued persecution of the
fectus pretoris" under Constantius Chlorus, but he is scarcely mentioned in the  Christians under Diocletian. On the abdication of that prince (A. D. 305), Conauthentic history of the period. Geoffrey says that Asclepiodotus crowned him-  stantius was made Augustus. IHis son, the illustrious Constantine the Great,
self king, and governed the country in justice and peace for 10 years. Coel,  was promoted to the empire by the army of Britain on the death of his father.
duke of Caer-colvin, or Colchester, revolted against Asclepiodotus, and killing  The history of his career will be found in that of the Roman empire. On his
him in a pitched battle, took possession of the kingdom. The Romans sent  embracing Christianity, the Gauls flocked enthusiastically round his standard,
Constantius, the illustrious Senator, to subdue Coel, but the latter made sub-  and materially contributed towards making him master of the empire. With
mission, and was allowed to retain his kingdom on payment of tribute. Coel  him ceased the persecution of the Christians by the pagan emperors, and Chrisdied very shortly afterwards: he is the hero of the old popular ditty, " Old  tianity became the State religion. Constantine's son, Crispus, was appointed
King Cole was a merry old soul". Geoffrey also asserts that Constantius married  Caesar of Gaul- an office which he held until his murder by his father (A. D.
Helena, the beautiful daughter of Coel, and that she became the mother of Con-  326). On the death of Constantine the Great (A. D. 337), the empire was divided
stantine the Great; but this does not tally with the Roman account.        between his children, and Gaul fell to the lot of the eldest, Constantine. This
The Christians in Britain suffered greatly during the persecution under Dio-  young prince declared himself the protector of the Catholic faith, and the Church
cletian (A. D. 303-306). This was principally owing to the cruelty of Maxim-  of Gaul became the centre of orthodoxy. Constantine took an active part in
ianus Herculius, general of the Roman army, who ordered all the churches to  the great Arian controversy, and reinstated Athanasius in Egypt. But in enbe pulled down, and all the copies of the Scriptures that could be found to be  deavoring to deprive his brother Constans~ of his share in the empire, he was
burned in the public markets. The priests were put to death, and many females  slain in Italy, and Constans became master of Gaul, where his depravity and
were tortured and killed. The most distinguished of the martyrs was Alban  mal-administration soon rendered him odious.  A conspiracy was formed against
of Verulam. His confessor, Amphibalus, having been pursued, Alban con-  him; and MAGNEN/TIUS, a native of Armorica, and an ambitious soldier, was
cealed him in his house, and then offered himself to die for him; thus becom-  encouraged to set up as emperor. Constans attempted to escape, but being overing THE FIRST BRITISH MARTYR. On the accession of Constantius, religious  taken was slain by the conspirators (A. D. 350). Magnentius took energetic
freedom was restored. This excellent prince died at York (A. D. 306), and his  measures to sustain his own authority, which was speedily acknowledged through-'
son Constantine (afterwards surnamed " the Great") assumed the government  out Gaul and Italy. He persuaded Vetranio, prefect of Illyricum, to join in the
of the island. When he became sole emperor, he placed Britain under the  revolt; and in this he was seconded by Constantinn, the sister of the murdered
jurisdiction of the prefect of Gaul, and appointed subordinate ministers called  Constans. Ambassadors were sent to Constantius in the East, to propose a treaty
the vicar of Britain, the two consulars of Valentia and Maxima, and the three  of friendship - an offer which was indignantly rejected. With great ability,
presidents of Flavia, Britannia Prima, and Britannia Secunda, to administer  Constantius detached Vetranio from the conspiracy, and being joined by his
the affairs of the island. Under Constantine and his sons, Britain enjoyed  legions, he marched against Magnentius. After a decisive campaign, in which
more than 50 years of tranquillity and prosperity, and exported annually great  the usurper sustained severe reverses, the revolt was crushed, Magnentius dequantities of corn to the continent. The Picts and Scots gave great trouble  stroyed himself, and Gaul was once more annexed to the Roman empire.
during the reign of Valentinian, who sent Theodosius to quell them (A. D. 367).    Constantius declared himself an Arian, and began a persecution of the orthodox
This great man was eminently successful, and restored peace to the island (A. D.  Christians. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, was banished into Phrygia, and the
379). Maximus, an ambitious officer, contrived to gain the affections of the sol-  Church suffered greatly. At this period the northern and eastern portions of
diers, and made-himself master of the country; but his defeat and death in  the country were ravaged by the Alemanni, the Franks, and the Vandals; and
Pannonia, in A. D. 388, again restored it to the empire.                    Constantius appointed Julian (afterwards emperor, and surnamed " the AposSCOTLAND.-The persecuted Christians from Britain took refuge in Scotland,  tate") governor of Gaul. The great military abilities of Julian soon restored
and the purity of their lives contributed largely to the spread of Christianity.  peace to the country: he obtained a brilliant series of victories over the barbaIn the list of kings (authentic or otherwise) furnished by Buchanan, we find in  rians, and drove them across the Rhine (A. D. 355-359). Under his administhis century the names of Fin-Cormac, Romach, Angus, Fethelmach, and Eu-  tration, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce revived, and national prospergenius, nearly all of whom met with violent deaths. The history of the period  ity began to develop itself. Julian was particularly attached to the city of
is filled with bloody disputes between the Picts, Scots, Britons, and Romans, -   Paris, which he styled his "beloved Lute'tia" (the ancient name of the subsethe latter of whom, under Maximus, in conjunction with the Picts, expelled the  quent metropolis of France, which in this century was styled " Lute'tia ParisiScots from the island, and drove them to take refuge in the Hebrides, Ireland,  orum", from the Parisii, a tribe which occupied that part of Gaul). He fixed
Norway, and Denmark. Maximus then reduced the country of the Picts to a  his winter residence there; but at that time the city was confined to the small
Roman province.                                                            island in the Seine, and was accessible only by two wooden bridges. A forest
IRELAND.-The native chiefs made alliances with the Picts, and harassed the  covered the northern bank of the river, but on the southern side a palace, an
western shores of Britain. The Irish joined the Picts and Scots in their famous  amphitheatre, houses, baths, and an aqueduct were constructed, and a field of
invasion of England, which was repelled by Theodosius (A. D. 367), who fol-  Mars was laid out for the exercise of the Roman troops. Julian was so beloved
lowed them to their own shores. Towards the end of the century the throne  in Gaul, that he was proclaimed emperor. He was escorted in triumph through
was usurped by Huas Colla, one of three brothers bearing the same name.  the streets of Paris, and soon after started on his memorable expedition to ConThe rightful monarch, Fiach, lost his life in the great battle of Dubcomar, where  stantinople. The death of Constantius (A. D. 361) left him master of the empire.
the' fighting Druid" was slain. The usurpation had lasted five years, when    During the remainder of this century, the country was distracted with incurthe three Collas fled to Scotland. Next year they returned, and assisted the  sions of the German tribes, and with the political convulsions occasioned by the
king, Muredach Tiry, in an invasion of Ulster. The princely palace of Emania  candidates for the imperial throne. The Arian controversy added fury to all
was entirely destroyed, after a battle which is said to have lasted six days, and parties. HILARY of Poitiers (restored by Constantius), MARTIN of Tours, and
not a trace of its glories was left. In the year 396 an invasion of Britain on a  AMBROSE of Milan, ultimately acquired dominant influence in the West. The
grand scale was undertaken by NIAL " of the nine hostages", one of the most  rulers of Gaul were Gratian, who was assassinated; the usurper Maximus (degallant of all the princes of the Milesian line. After plundering Lancashire  feated and slain by Theodosius); and Valentinian II. The last reaction of
and Wales, he Tas compelled to return, leaving marks of ruin everywhere. It  pagnism took place in the year 392, when Arbogastes of Toulouse raised a
~as against him that the Roman minister, Stilicho, took those precautions which revolt and proclaimed Euge'nius of TrBves emperor. This movement was
so excited the admiration of the poet Claudian. The Attacotti, a  fierce tribe  promptly suppressed by Theodosius, who issued edicts against paganism,  and
of Irish, greatly distinguished themselves in this invasion.              I the empire became definitively Christian.
|What is said of Asclepiodotus? —Coel? —Constantius? —The persecution under Diocletian? |  What marks the opening of the century? —What is said of Constantine the Great?-Cris-Alban of Verulam?-Constantine the Great? —The Picts and Scots? —Maximus? —The  pus? —Constantine II.?~Constans?-Mngnentius? —What followed the suppression of the
history of Scotland during this century?-Of Ireland?-Of the palace of Emania?-Of the  revolt? —What were the exploits of Juilian the Apostate? —What of his administration?-: invasion of Britain by Nial? —Of Stilicho? —And of the Attacotti?          Arianism? —ttilary? —Ambrose? —Arbogastes?-The edicts of Theodosius?
L,                       _




SPAIN.                                                                    GERMANY.
ON the division of the Roman empire, consequent on the abdication of Dio-    THE Alemanni rose again in great force and ravaged Helvetia (A. D. 303),
cletian and Maximian, Spain fell to the lot of Constantius, the father of Con-  and Con-stantine the Great owed his elevation to the throne to the friendship
stantine the Great. He died in A. D. 306, and Constantine succeeded to his  of their leader, Crocus, who assisted him with troops (A. D. 306). This aid he
dominions. About this time flourished the native poet, PRUDEN'TIUS; RUFUS  repaid with base ingratitude. They aided his successor, Constantius, in his war
FESTUS, the historian; and Ho/sIus, bishop of Cordova, one of the most learned  with the Franks; but after the latter were subdued, the faithless emperor turned
men of that age. When the Arian controversy broke out, the emperor sent  against his allies (A. D. 353). The Alemanni were defeated at the Bodensee
Hosius to Alexandria to reason with Arius, and endeavor to put a stop to the  (A.D. 355) and at Strasburg by Julian (afterwards emperor, and surnamed
dispute. Hosius failed in this embassy. He afterwards was called upon to  "the Apostate"), where their king, Chnodemar, was taken prisoner. Julian
preside at the great Council of Nice, by which Arius and his doctrines were  forced the nation to submit to his arms (A. D. 359). On hisdeparture the Alecondemned.  Another council was held at Ilib'eris (Grenatda) soon after, in  manni again rose, but were routed byJovi'nus (A. D. 360). Theywere not subwhich other weighty matters were discussed. Some authors, however, place the  dued, however: on the contrary, under their leaders, Viticatbius and MacriatCouncil of Ilibleris before that of Nice, in point of time. If this be correct,  nus, they defied all the efforts of the Emperor Valentinqian to reduce them to
this is the most ancient council whose acts have come down to us. It consisted  obedience. Macrianus was murdered by the Franco-Roman commander, Melloof 19 bishops, 36 presbyters, and a still greater number of deacons. Its 81  bauddes (A. D. 375), who cut to pieces a large army of the Alemanni at Colcanons treat of baptism, confirmation, the Lord's Supper, penance, holy orders,  mar, and forced the remainder to quit Gaul. They then turned to the Alps and
matrimony, celibacy, fasting, and many matters of doctrine and of discipline.   settled in Helvetia, where their descendants, the Swiss, still dwell.
Constantine divided the empire into four prsetorian prefectures, one of which  The Franks play an important part in the history of Germany and of Gaul
included Italy, France, and Spain. The residence of the prsetor was established  in this century. Constantine the Great labored hard to subdue them. Having
in France, and under him a vicar governed Spain. Constantine also separated  instigated them to revolt, he attacked and overcame them, and threw several of
Tingitana from Boetica, and severed the governments of Carthagena and Galicia  the noblest prisoners to the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. The Germans,
from Tarraconensis: hence he formed six provinces, viz., Tarrago'na, Cartha-  Franks, and Alemanni, enraged at this cruelty, united against the emperor, who,
ge/na, Galicia, Lusitania, Boetica, and Tingitana. The Emperor Theodosius the  entering their camp in disguise, gave them false information of his departure,
Great subsequently added a seventh, viz., the Balearic Isles. It is said that   and of the place and time when he would be most open to attack. This strataConstantine the Great owed his conversion to Christianity to a Spaniard. On  gem completely succeeded, and the allied Germans were entirely routed (A. D.
the death of Constantine, the empire of the West was given to his son, Constans.  310). In a subsequent expedition (A. D. 318) he suddenly crossed the Rhine at
In the year 337, Magnentius having made himself master of France and Spain,  Cologne, and unexpectedly attacking the Franks, he gained another important
set up a claim to the imperial throne; but his defeat put an end to his ambitious  victory over them. Yet they aided him  in his war with Licinius! Magnentschemes.  He fled to Lyons, where he killed himself. Constans having been  tius, who contended for the imperial throne, was a Frank, as was also Arbogastmurdered, Constantius became emperor of the West, and the empire was for a  tes, who aided the Romans against his own countrymen. In A. D. 388 they
time reunited under one head.                                                 invaded Gaul and aided Arbogastes in setting up Euge'nius as a candidate for
Nothing calls for mention respecting Spain during the reigns of Constantius,  the empire. The Goths sided with his rival, Theodosius, and the Franks were
Julian the Apostate, Jovian, Valentinian I., and Valens, except the elevation  completely routed at the battle of Aquile'ia. Arbogastes fled to the Alps, and
of a Spaniard, DAMA"SUS, to the bishopric of Rome. Gratian and Valentinian  put an end to his own life (A. D. 394). The Franks then became closely allied
II. were princes of no ability.  Gratian appointed THEODO'SIUs  (a Spaniard,  with the Romans, and this alliance contributed materially to alter their character.
afterwards styled " the Great") to the chief command of the Roman armies.    The Goths also now become prominent in history. Extending their migrations
This celebrated man proved himself qualified for the position. The Romans  from Norway to the Volga, they had in the preceding century carried terror and
had sustained a sanguinary defeat from the Goths, who, exulting in their vie-  desolation throughout Thrace, Asia Minor, Greece, Illyria, and Italy. In this
tory, were threatening to destroy Rome. But Theodosius gained two signal  century, under their king, Atraric, they resisted and defeated Constantine the
victories over them, and forced them to conclude peace (A. D. 382). In the fol-  Great (A. D. 331). The emperor then incited the Vandals against them, but this
lowing year Maximus, governor of Britain, having assumed the imperial pur-  attempt failed also. The Goths were early converted to Christianity, and seveple, invaded Gaul.  The Emperor Gratian, in opposing him, was slain; and  ral Gothic bishops took part in the Council of Nice (A. D. 325). Araric and his
Maximus was acknowledged emperor in Spain, Gaul, and Britain. In 387 Max-  successor, Geb-eric, subjugated the Alani, the Vandals, the Gepidee, and the
imus endeavored to expel Valentinian, the brother of Gratian, from Italy; but  Burgundians. Their successor, HER/MANRIC,      also subdued the Heruli, the VisiTheodosius espoused the cause of the latter, and marched into the West at the  goths, and several Slavonian tribes; and he extended his empire from the Balhead of a powerful army, defeated Maximus in Pannonia, and drove him across  tic to the Black Sea. He made an alliance with Rome, and spread his conquests
the Alps to Aquileia. There Maximus was surrendered to the victor and put  far into Russia. But a new and terrible enemy now appeared on the scene.
to death. Theodosius now became sole emperor. He died A. D. 394, and divided  THE HUNS, an immense swarm of misshapen barbarians, from the far east of
the empire between his sons, Arcadius and Honorius; the latter becoming em-  Asia, appeared on the frontiers of his kingdom. Distracted by domestic troubles,
peror of the West, the former of the East.                                    the old king put an end to his life in his 110th year. Bal'amir, prince of the
The Church in Spain was much disturbed by the teachings of PRISCILLIAN,  Huns, subdued both the Ostrogoths (or Eastern Goths) and the Visigoths (or
a native of Galicia, who wasjoined by many followers. Having been cited to  Western Goths). The latter fled into Thrace, where, being ill treated by the
appear before a synod at Saragossa, he refused to attend. He was accordingly  Romans, they raised a revolt. Having invited the Alans and Huns to join them,
excommunicated, and he and his followers were expelled from their churches.  they annihilated the Roman army under Valens at Adrianople (A. D. 378). This
They then had recourse to the Emperor Gratian, and procured an edict for their  disgrace was avenged by Theodosius the Great, who, aided by the Franks, drove
restoration. Not succeeding in getting reinstated, they appealed to the usurper  the Goths across the Danube. The Visigoths settled in Thrace, and elected
Malximus, who, instead of befriending them, ordered them to be tried at Treves.  AL/ARIC their king. This celebrated man planned and executed the most daring
There Priscillian and his friends were sentenced to death, and executed.  His  enterprises.  Suddenly invading Greece, he plundered and destroyed the most
doctrines were formally condemned by the Council of Toledo, held A.D. 400.  considerable cities (A.D. 396), sparing Athens alone. Alaric fixed himself in
This was the first council held at that city: it was attended by 19 bishops, and   Illyria, where, being half-waybetween Rome and Constantinople, he threatened
a corresponding number of inferior ecclesiastics. These bishops seem to have  both. In the year 400 he invaded Italy, at the head of numerous German tribes,
been equal in power, and independent of one another. They were elected by and attacked Aquileia; and notwithstanding the efforts of the celebrated StilFthe people. The Spanish Church had as yet no primates nor archbishops.       icho to arrest his progress, he pressed gradually onward.
What is said of Constantine the Great? —Hosius? —Th e Council of Iliberis?-What changes    What befell the Alemanni during this century? —And the Franks? —Who was Magnendid Constantine introduce? —What other incidents occurred in succeeding reigns? —Wlho was  tius? —Arboge stes? —What is said of the Goths?-Of their kings, Araric, Geberic, HermanDnmasus?-What is said of Theodosius? —Grntian? —Mnximus? —Priscillian and his fol-  ric? —Whence  came the Huns? —Who  was Bnlamir? —And  Alaric? —Mention  some of his
lowers? —The Council of Toledo? —The Spanish hierarchy?                     exploits. —What were the Ostrogoths? —The Visigoths?
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AFRICA.                                              SCANDINAVIA. NETHHERLANDS.
IN the year 335, FRUMENtTIUS, a native of Tyre, undertook to convert the Ethi-    SWEDEN. - Alrek and Erik I. were    WE may now trace an entirely new
opians to Christianity, and having obtained leave of the queen of Ethiopia, and  succeeded by Yngve and Alf, but the  population in the Netherlands.  The
been appointed bishop of Axutma by Athanasius, he proceeded on his mission.  divided authority was restored to one  Batavi (or Batavians), who inhabited
He met with the greatest success, and founded many churches. Being a zealous  ruler in the person of Htugleik, who  the island formed by the Rhine, the
disciple of Athanasius, he refused to tolerate Arianism, and all the efforts of the  was subsequently expelled by Hakon,.Waal, and the Maas, were annihilated,
Emperor Constantius to introduce that heresy into Ethiopia were vain. At this  a Norwegian pirate. Towards the end  almost without resistance, by the Salian
time there reigned in that country Abra and Asba, as joint kings, between whom   of the century two kings ruled jointly,  Franks. The Menapians, under the
the harmony was so great as to become a proverb. We have but few details of  viz., Jorunder and Erik II., who were  name of Armoricans, united themselves
the history of Ethiopia  during this century. The Abassines (or Abyssinians,  succeeded by Aun-hinn-Gamle the Old.  with their people who bordered the
as they are now termed) were the leading tribe.                                 The manners and religion of the people  channel. The Frisii (or Frisons) joined
The incidental notices of the Arabs are likewise scanty. We find them men-  were ferocious and licentious. Cap-  the tribes settled on the shores of the
tioned as ravaging Mesopotamia  in the time of the Emperor Constantius, and as  tives, slaves, children, and animals,  German Ocean, and formed with them
joining the Persians against Julian, because the latter had discontinued the  were sacrificed to the gods: wizards  the famous Saxon league. Thus was
pension which his predecessors had paid for the maintenance of a body of Arab   and diviners abounded, and the most  framed on all p~ints a union between
troops for service in the Roman army. An Arab queen, named Mavia, sent a  grovelling superstition prevailed.             the maritime races against the inland
force to aid Valens against the Goths, who were besieging Constantinople.          DENMARK. —tIalfdan    I. succeeded  inhabitants, and their mutual antipaThe history of the Roman  provinces in Africa is intimately connected with  Frode III. (A. D. 310). This prince  thy became more developed as the dethat of the Christian Church. They suffered severely during the persecution  subdued Sweden.  He defeated the  cline of the Roman empire ended the
under Diocletian and Maximian (A. D. 303-313). After the abdication of Dio-  king in many battles, and having driven  former struggle between liberty and
cletian they were governed under the name of Severus, and were exposed to the  him from the throne, fixed his residence  conquest (Grattan's History of te 2Nthimplacable  resentment of Galerius. The revolt of Maxentius immediately re-  in Upsala, where  he died after a reign  erlands, ch. ii.). The Salian and other
stored peace to the Church in Africa, and this tyrant, so merciless to his other  of 25 years.  Friedlief III. occupied  Franks occupied the high lands. Besubjects, was humane towards the Christians, even when they gave him provo-  the throne after him.                       tween the Saxon tribes and the Franks
cation.  This was illustrated in the case of Mensu-rius, bishop of Carthage, who   The study of a list of kings is profit-  the ancient feuds were renewed. In
had shielded from the officers of justice a deacon of the Church who had published  less enough, but it is all that is left of - the year 355 the Varni, a race of Saxa libel on the emperor, for which offence he was summoned to Court, but instead  this early period. We will turn for a  ons from Denmark, made a descent on
of being punished, was permitted to return to his diocese.                       moment, therefore, to the legend of  the ancient isle of the Batavians, then
The Donatist schism, in the African Church, afflicted the country above 300  Hamlet, immortalized by Shakspeare.  inhabited by the Salians. They exyears, and was extinguished only with Christianity itself. The origin of this  It is given in full in Saxo Grammati-  pelled the latter completely, notwithmemorable schism was a double election for the bishopric of Carthage. The  cus' History of Denmark, book iii., but  standing the efforts made by Julian
candidates were Cvecilianus and Majori/nus; the ordination of the former was  is too long to be extracted here. The  the Apostate to save them. From this
performed in the absence of the Numidian bishops (seventy in number), who,  outlines of it are as follows: tIamlet  time the Salians disappeared from the
on their arrival in Carthage, condemned Coecilianus, and consecrated Majorinus.  was the son of HornmenditF, governor  Low Countries, and joining the other
The latter died soon after, and the party of Majorinus then elected and conse-  of Jutland, a famous pirate and vassal  Franks, passed into Gaul, where they
crated Donalus, a man of great ability. Coecilianus claimed supremacy because  of Ruric, the son of Hoder, who exer-  established themselves, their numbers
of priority of ordination, but the other party contended that he had been ille-  cised sovereignty over a portion of  being recruited by continual emigratally elected and ordained in the first instance, and refused to recognize him.  Denmark in the days of Odin (Ist cen-  tion from  Germany and the NetherA violent controversy arose, which was tried in five successive tribunals appointed  tury B. C.). Hormendil and his brother,  lands.  The Varni remained settled
by the Emperor Constantine, and the whole proceedings, from  the first appeal  Fengo, held joint sway over Jutland,  -near the mouth of the Rhine, where
to the final sentence, lasted over three years (A. D. 312-315). Judgment was at  and the former married Gertrude, the  they remained until near the year 500,
length pronounced bythe emperor himself, in his sacred consistory, in favor of  daughter of Ruric.  The envious Fengo  when they became lost in the general
Coecilianus, and the latter was universally acknowledged by the civil and ecclesi-  murdered Hermendil, and marriedGer-  emigration of the Saxons. The latter
astical powers as the lawful primate of Africa. But the Donatist faction obsti-  trude.  Hamlet, aware of the facts,  spread themselves over the shores of
nately refused to acquiesce  in the decision, and the emperor found it necessary  assumed madness, in order to disguise  the adjoining countries, and as their
to banish some of the leaders. The Donatists then became more violent than   his intention of avenging his father's  numbers increased they carried out
ever. They excommunicated Coecilianus and his supporters, denounced the rest  murder. The succeeding incidents of  expeditions beyond the sea, where they
of the Church throughout the world, and in numberless ways outraged the feel-  the legend are introduced in the play,  settled.  Some established themselves
ings of the orthodox Christians. They concentrated their'strength in Numidia,  and need not be recapitulated.  On his  near the mouths of the Loire; others,
where they had 400 bishops; and having acquired complete ascendency over the  return from England, where he had  subsequently (in the next century),
ignorant and ferocious population, they set at defiance the attempts of the Roman  married the daughter of a British king,  settled in Britain.
emperor to restore peace to the Church; Styling themselves " Circumcellio/nes"  tIamlet killed Fengo in his bedroom,    Paganism was the prevailing religion
(wanderers from cave to cave), and arming themselves with huge clubs, which  and not in public, as Shakspeare has  among the tribes of this country. Many
they called Israelites, they ravaged the country. Attacking the Roman troops  represented it.  The people elected  attempts were made to introduce Chrisat Bagai, hundreds were slaughtered'; those that were taken were put to death,  Hamlet their governor. He then re-  tianity, but none of these took permabat these fierce Africans were not subdued, and they gave continual trouble for  visited Britain, married the widowed  nent root; at all events, no extensive
many years.                                                                     queen of Scotland (his first wife having  conversion of the people was effected.
The peace of the provinces was broken by the revolt of Firmius, a Moor, occa-  died), and returned to Jutland; soon  The western portion of the Netherlands
sioned by the rapacity of Romanus, the governor. This revolt was suppressed  after which hewaged war with Wiglet,  was laid desolate by Clovis -and his
by the elder Theodosius (A. D. 373). A more formidable one occurred A.D. 386,    a king of Denmark, the successor of  Franks from Gaul, at tho close of the
hea ded by Gildo, the bronther of Firm;us, who maintained his sway over Africa  his grandfather R uric, and fell in bat-   next century; but the eastern portion
for twelve years, but was at length defeated and deposed by an army sent from tie — his wife becoming a prize to the was exceedingly prosperous, and the
Italy under his younger brother, Mascetzel. Gildo destroyed himself (A. D. 398).  conqueror.                   land was well cultivated.
Who preached Christianity in Ethiopia? —What is said of him? —What accounts are there    What is related of Sweden? —The manners  WVhat became of the Batavians? —Whaqt is
of the Arabs? — What are the principal events in the history of the RomaLn provinces? — of the people? -Denmark? —The legend of said of the Mcnapii? — The Frisons? - The
W~hat of Mensurius? — The    Donatist schism? —Who  were the "Circumcelliones"? —What   Hamlet? —Wherein does it differ from the  Salian Franks? —The   Vanmi? —The progress
befell them? —Wh,~t of the revolt of Firmius? — And of Gildo?                   play? —What  befell H-amlet?          of C~hristianity? —The  state of the country?
(164)




CENTRAL AMERICA.  THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
IN the absence of authentic history during this and the following century, we    TIIIs century opened with a furious persecution of the Christians, set on foot
may notice some of the early myths of Guatemala. It is remarkable that all  by the pagan priesthood and by Galerius, who persuaded Diocletian to issue an
primitive nations have a tradition of a deluge. The Quichbs, whlo, so far as  edict (A. D. 303) directing the pulling down of the churches of the Christians,
has yet been ascertained, were the earliest inhabitants of that portion of Cen-  the burning of all their books and writings, and the depriving them of all their
tral America, are no exception. Th-ey have their cosmogony, or sacred account  civil rights and privileges. This was followed by another, commissioning the
of the creation of the world, which probably veils under symbolical language  magistrates to force them all, without distinction of age or sex, to sacrifice to
the primitive events of their history. According to this " Genesis", the Supreme  the gods, condemning them to be punished as incendiaries if they refused to do
Being employed several agents in the work of creation. The first portion of  so; and by a third, which directed that all ministers and bishops should be cast
the universe that was made was Heaven. The language of the legend will  into prison, and that all sorts of torments should be employed to induce them
give an idea of Mexican reasoning. "When its angles were laid down, its  to renounce their religion. Thousands perished under these cruelties. It has
limits fixed, its lines and parallels put in their respective places, it received  been computed that in this tenth persecution, as it is commonly termed, not
its name from the Creator and the Maker, the father and mother of life and of  fewer than 17,000 Christians were put to death in one month. It lasted ten
existence, through whom everything acts and breathes, the father and the pre-  years, and during that time no fewer than 150,000 persons, in Egypt alone, died
server of the peace of nations, the father of his vassals, the master of thought  by the violence of their persecutors. Five times that number perished through
and of wisdom, the excellence of all that is in heaven and upon earth, in the  the fatigues of banishment, or in the public mines wherein they were condemned
lakes and the sea. It was named when all was tranquil and calm, when all was  to labor. Gaul, which was then under the mild rule of Constantius Chlorus,
peaceful and silent, when nothing as yet moved in the void of the heavens.  was happily exempted from these horrors. The accession of Constantine the
There were then neither men, nor animals, nor birds, nor fish, nor crabs, nor  Great in the West (A. D. 307) checked the persecution there, and soon afterwards
wood, nor stones: neither valleys, nor herbs, nor forests: there was nothing but  the death of Galerius (A. D. 311) and the defeat of Maxentius (A. D. 313) reheaven. The image of the earth had not yet appeared. There was but the sea,  stored tranquillity to the East.  Shortly before his death, Galerius, desirous of
surrounded on all sides by the sky: nothing had a body, nothing which moved  repairing the mischief he had done, published in his own name, and in those
from place to place: nothing had motion, and not the least breath agitated the  of Licinius and Constantine, an edict by which, admitting that he had failed in
air: there was but the calm and peaceful sea: nothing but the sea, which was  convincing the Christians of their folly, he permitted them the free exercise of
calm. In the midst of this calm and tranquillity, there was but the Creator and  their religion, and added: "We hope that our indulgence will engage the ChrisMaker, TEPEu-GucuMATZ, in the obscurity of the night: there were but the  tians to offer up their prayers to the Deity whom they adore, for our safety and
fathers and generators upon the whitening water, and they were clad in azure  prosperity, for their own, and for that of the republic."  This edict was issued
vestments, whence the name of Gucumatz (literally, plumed serpent) has been  at Nicomedia on April 13th, 311; but Galerius did not long survive its publicabestowed upon these illustrious sages, these great masters of science. It is  tion, for he died in the beginning of May, in the most excruciating torments.
owing to them that Heaven exists, that in like manner exists The Heart of  Constantine and his colleague, Licinius, subsequently issued edicts (A. D. 313)
Heaven, and this is the name of God."                                       granting to the Christians the full power of living according to their own laws
The legend then reveals the creation of man, and the emistence of a Trinity  and institutions, and the former prince embraced Christianity. Universal tolin the Supreme Being. It thus continues: "Then the word came to them from   eration now prevailed. Licinius some years afterwards made an attempt to free
Tepeu-Gucumatz in the darkness of the night,'and said, It is time to consult  himself from the authority of Constantine, and, excited by the heathen priests,
together, to understand and unite and hold counsel among yourselves, to unite  he persecuted the Christians in a cruel manner, putting to death many of their
your speech and your wisdom, in order to light your path and become mutual  bishops; but aspiring to become sole emperor, his enterprise proved abortive:
guides. Then they saw men appear: they distinguished what had been formed,  Constantine was everywhere victorious, and Licinius was ultimately obliged to
what existed, all that had received life and existence in the obscurity of the  submit to the conqueror, who ordered him to be strangled (A. D. 325).
night from the hands of the Creator of the heavens. And His name is'A Voice    The reign of Constantine the Great is one of the grand epochs in the history
that roars', Hurakan; the first is the Voice of Thunder; the second is the  of Christianity. Its external troubles and trials were now over. It was firmly
Lightning; the third is the Thunderbolt: and these three are The Heart of  established as the religion of the Court, and soon became predominant throughHeaven: they descended near Tepeu-Gucumatz when he was considering the  out the Roman empire. Henoeforth, the foes of the Church were those of its
work of creation, and how the seeds would be made when the day should ap-  own household. An exception must, however, be made as to the reign of Julian
pear, and who should be the servants and sustainers.' Know that this water  the Apostate, who abandoned the principles of Christianity in which he had
will retire and give place to land, which will exist and be everywhere. There  been educated, and exerted himself to restore the heathen worship. This aposwill be seeds to make: there will be light in heaven and upon earth: but as  tasy was, doubtless, mainly owing to his aversion to the family of Constantine,
yet there is no being fashioned and formed by us, who shall respect and honor  who had murdered his father, brother, and kinsmen. He did not resort to open
us.' They spake, and the land immediately existed. Like a cloud and a fog  violence to destroy the Church, but tried stratagem. He revoked the privileges
was its being; and like lobsters extended in the water appeared the great moun-  granted to Christians and their spiritual rulers; he shut up the schools in which
tains. Then came the plains, and on them cypresses and pines: the streams - they taught; and he not only encouraged sectarians and schismatics, who brought
divided themselves, winding at the foot of the hills; and the lofty Cordilleras  the Church into disrepute, but wrote books himself against the Christians. He
arose."  would have proceeded further, had not his sudden death freed the Church from
Then came Man, not from the hands of the Deity, but from those of inferior  its most dangerous enemy, after a reign of 20 months. The Emperor Theodoagents: he was made out of mud, to render homage to them. The names of  sius the Great exerted himself vigorously to extirpate pagan superstitions, and
these agents (supposed to be those of the first rulers or legislators of the  enacted severe laws against such as adhered to them. Honorius and Arcadius
Quiches) are Hunahpu Wueh, Hunahpu Utiu, Zaki Nima Tziz, and Tepeu-  pursued the same course; so that at the conclusion of the century the Gentile
Gucumatz. In the legend the Supreme Being and his agents are sometimes  religions irrecoverably lost their authority and splendor.
confounded.  The Mexican Genesis says that when heaven and earth were    But while the Church ws thus prospering in theWest, sad reverses attended
created, man had already been formed four times (evidently alluding to the four  it in Asia. A most dreadful series of persecutions of the Christians was ordered
attempts at civilization mentioned in the earliest annals); that God made man  by Sapor, king of Persia. Three times were they subjected to incredible cruelout of ashes on the seventh day, Ehecatl (a word signifying " the breath of  ties in that country. The last persecution, which began in the year 330 and
life"), but that Quetzalcohuatl perfected him. There are several points in which lasted 40 years, proved almost destructive to Christianity in the far East. Inthis cosmogony resembles that of Moses.                                     credible numbers of Christians perished: those who escaped took refuge in the
State the particulars of the Quiche myth of the Cosmogony. —Of the creation of man.-    What of the persecution under Diocletian? —Itow many perished? —What stayed the perThe Trinity. — In what order did the various portions of nature make their appearance?-  secution? —What of Constan tine the Great? —Licinius? —Julian the Apostate? —What course
What is said of the creation of man? —How many agents aided? —That do the Mexican  did he adopt? —What did Theodosius attempt? — Wheat became of the Gentile religions?legends add?                                                             | What did Christianity become? —What happened in the East?
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THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
inaccessible mountain regions of Armenia and Georgia. Their descendants  ander, bishop of that See, expressing his sentiments on the subject of the Trinsubsequently embraced the doctrines of Nestorius, and these are now the pre-  ity, maintained that the Son was not only of the same dignity but of the same
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
vailing tenets among the modern Armenians.                                 essence with the Father. This doctrine was opposed by ARIUS, one of the presIn the internal history of the Church there occurred many most important  byters, who maintained that the Son was totally distinct from the Father; that
events. The first was the Meletian Controversy, occasioned by the deposition  He was the first of beings whom God had created, and by whom He formed the
of MELEtTIuS, bishop of Nicop/olis, by the bishop of Alexandria, on a charge  universe, and therefore was inferior to Him in every degree. Great uncertainty
of having lapsed into idolatry (A. D; 302) —a measure which was treated with  prevails as to the real tenets of Arius on other points, but on this there is
contempt by Meletius, who was supported in his opposition by many other  none. -He soon had numerous followers, especially among the learned and inbishops. This dispute caused a breach in the Alexandrian Church which lasted  fluential classes. Alexander, at the instigation of his secretary, ATHANAtSIUS,
more than a century. The second was the institution of the MONASTIC SYSTEM  called a council at Alexandria (A. D. 321), wherein Arius was condemned and
in Egypt by ANTONY (about A. D. 307), an illiterate man, a native of Coma, a  expelled from the Church. In the same year, the Emperor Constantine issued
village in Upper Egypt, and born A. D. 251. His parents were Christians, and  an edict prescribing the observance of Sunday (Dies Solis). This was followed
very rich, but they neglected his education. From early youth he had been  by another inflicting punishment on all who should exact from Christians the
addicted to solitude, penance, and contemplation; and in the year 285 he took  observance of heathen ceremonies. Meanwhile Arius retired into Palestine,
up his abode in the ruins of an old castle on the top of a mountain, where he  where he wrote letters to the most eminent men of the time, demonstrating the
secluded himself for 20 years, seeing only o'ne man, who brought him bread and  truth of his opinions, with such surprising success, that vast numbers were
salt. His fame spread abroad, and at length, having been importuned to quit  drawn over to his views. The controversy reached such a height at last, that in
his solitude, he came down from the mountain (A. D. 305), and founded his first  the year 325 Constantine assembled the famous COUNCIL oF NICE, in Bithynia
nmlonastery at Phaium. During the persecution of the Christians (A. D. 311)  (also styled "the first general council"), whereto the deputies of the Church
Antony went to Alexandria, courting martyrdom, but he was not harmed, and  universal were summoned. It was attended by 318 bishops, under the presihe returned to his monastery (A.D. 312). Soon afterwards he built another  dency of HosIus, bishop of Cordova; the emperor himself also attending. The
near the Nile; but he himself withdrew with his disciple, Maca'rius, to a cell  council began their discussions on June 19th, and ended them on August 25th.
in a mountain of difficult access. In A. D. 355, being 104 years old, he went  After many keen debates, and a great display of virulence from Athanasius,
- to Alexandria to preach against the Arians. He died A. D. 356, in his lonely  the doctrines of Arius were condemned by the majority. Arius was banished
cell, attended only by his disciples Macarius and Amathas. Legends say that  to Illyria, and his followers were compelled to assent to the creed which was
the disease called the " sacred fire", which raged violently in Europe in the 11th   drawn up by the council (thence called " the Nicene Creed"), and sanctioned
century, was stayed through his prayers; hence it was called St. Antony's fire.  by the emperor. This summary of the orthodox faith may be found in the epistle
The monastic system founded by him spread rapidly. Fifty monasteries were  of Eusebius to the Caesareans, and runs thus: —"We believe in one God, the
planted to the south of Alexandria by his disciples. A Syrian youth named  Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord
Hila'rion took up his abode on a sandy beach about seven miles from Gaza,  Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only begotten; begotten of the Father, that
where he persisted in austere penance for 48 years. His example found numer-  is, of the substance of the Father; God of God; Light of Light; true God of
ous imitators, and monasteries were established all over Palestine. Martin of  true God; begotten, not made; consubstantial with the Father, by whom all
Tours founded a monastery at Poictiers, and thus introduced the system into  things were made, things in heaven, and things on earth; who for us men, and
France; and so numerous did monks become there, that it is said 2000 of them   for our salvation, came down and was incarnate and became man, suffered and
attended his funeral. Every province of the Roman empire was filled with  rose again the third day, and ascended into the heavens, and comes to judge the
them. The disciples of Antony penetrated into Ethiopia. In Britain the mon-  quick and the dead. And in the Holy Ghost. And the Catholic and Apostolic
astery of Bangor was established, and soon held 2000 devotees: thence a num-  Church doth anathematize those persons who say there was a time when the Son
ber crossed over to Ireland, to spread their practices there; and Iona, one of  of God was not; that he was not before he was born; that he was made of nothe western islands of Scotland, became celebrated as the abode of learned and  thipg, or of another substance or being; or that he is created, or changeable,
pious recluses. Females also began to retire from the world, and devote them-  or convertible."  This creed was sent to Sylvester, bishop of Rome, who, in the
selves to solitude and devotion; and the practice was sanctioned by the Council  Thirteenth Council of-Rome, which was attended by 275 bishops, solemnly conof Carthage (A. D. 397). They were strictly secluded from worldly intercourse,  firmed it. The Nicene Creed, as it then stood, therefore became the established
and subjected to severe discipline. There were several classes of monks, as the  exponent of the articles of the Christian faith. Eusebius of Nicomedia and 16
Anchorites, the Eremites (or hermits), the Saraba'ites, etc.                other bishops rejected the word " consubstantial"; but finding that the emperor
The third great event was the contest between Coecilia-nus and Majori'nus  was determined to enforce the decisions of the council, they all (except four)
for the bishopric of Carthage (noticed in the history of Africa), which gave rise  subscribed the creed. The writings of Arius were publicly burnt, and it was
to the DONATIST CONTROVERSY; SO called from DoNA"Tus, bishop of Casae-nigroe,  decreed that all persons in whose possession they should be found should be
who made himself conspicuous in the dispute. The Donatists espoused the  capitally punished. But the controversy was not put down; and the question
cause of Majorinus, and appealed to the Emperor Constantine, who referred the  as to whether Christ was of the same nature (homoousios) with God, or of a
case toMelchiades, bishop of Rome, and to three bishops of Gaul. These referees  similar nature (homoiousios), occasioned furious contests. These two Greek
decided against Majorinus; but the emperor again, atthe request of the Dona-  words differed from each other only in one letter, but that fact was enough to
tists, called a council at Arles (A. D. 314) to settle the dispute. The decision  excite the bitterest enmity between the Homoousians  and the Homoiousians.
of this council was also against the Donatists. They now appealed to the em-  This celebrated Council of Nice also settled the Meletian and Novatian schisms,
peror in person, who inquired into the whole affair, at Milan (A. D. 315), in  and the disputes as to the time of observing Easter. It defined the jurisdiction
presence of the contending parties, and decided against the Donatists. The  of the greater bishops, and very nearly imposed celibacy on the clergy.
latter, becoming furious, loaded the emperor with invectives; whereupon he de-    Soon after this the Empress Helena, the mother of Constantine, visited Palprived them of their churches in Africa, and banished their seditious bishops;  estine, where she was baptized: she founded many churches there. Athanasius
some of them he put to death. But worse disorders ensued (see history of  was elected bishop of Alexandria (A. D. 326). The penal laws against the Arians
Africa), and at last the emperor repealed the edicts against the Donatists.  were relaxed, and the exiles were recalled (A. D. 328). But the most important
But the most furious schism which ever rent and disgraced the Church, in event was the transfer of the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople, and
this or any other age, was the ARIaN CONTROVERSY.  This celebrated dispute  the establishment of a metropolitan See there (A. D. 330). This caused that
originated in an assembly of presbyters at Alexandria (A. D. 320), when Alex-  rivalry between the two Sees which terminated in a permanent breach between
What was the first important event in the internal history of the Church? —Who was Mele-    What is said of the Arian Controversy? —W~hat did Arius teach?-Who was Athanasius?
tius? —Whgt was the second important event? —Who   was Antony? —State  some particulars  — What  edicts did Constantine issue? —What of the Council of Nice?-Its decree? - The
of his history. —His death.-What of his system? —Of Macarius? —Hilarion? —Martin?-  Nicene Creed? —The opposition to it?-Its ratification? —What was done to Arius? —What
lFemale recluses? —Other monks? —What was the third great event?           else was settled? —What of Helena? —Athanasius?
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A.C. 300 400.
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
the Eastern and Western Churches.  The emperor leaned towards Arianism;  Thessalonica.  The Emperor Constantius (A. D. 343) exempted all ecclesiastics
and the restored Arian prelates held councils at Coesarea, Tyre, and Jerusalem,  and their property from new imposts, and the Emperor Gratian (A. D. 377) aoand voted the deposition of Athanasius, who consequently was ordered by the  corded them extensive immunities.  On the other hand, the Emperor Valentinemperor to retire to TrBves (A. D. 335). NText year Arius died suddenly, not  ian issued an edict (A. D. 370) prohibiting the arts practised by the ecclesiastics
without suspicion of poison. Constantine also died (A. D. 337), having pre-  to obtain wealth, and Gregory of Nazianzen inveighed against their pride and
viously been baptized by EcsEBIUs, the Arian bishop of Nicomedia.            luxury. The growth of hierarchical power kept pace with the decay of intelNo character has been exhibited in more contrary lights than that of Con-  lectual energy, and education was generally neglected. Among the controverstantine. Christian writers have exalted him, while the pagans have blackened  sies and heresies which disturbed the Church during this century, may be menhim. Convinced of the impiety of paganism, he exhorted his subjects to em-  tioned the controversy respecting Origen; that set on foot by 2Erius, a semibrace the gospel, and employed all his authority to abolish heathen worship.  Arian presbyter of Asia Minor, who condemned the ceremonial observances that
The story of his conversion to Christianity has been much disputed. According  had crept into the Church; that of Jovinian; the heretical teachings of Eustato his own account, he was marching against Maxentius, oppressed with the  thius, Meletius, Lucifer (bishop of Cagliari), XEtius, Eunomius, George of Laocritical importance of success, and reflecting that he needed a force superior to  dicea, Basilius, Apollinaris the younger, Marcellus of Ancyra, Photinus, Macearms for subduing his adversary: he therefore anxiously invoked the aid of  donius, Ardaeus, the Messalians or Euchites, the Antidico-Marianites, and the
some deity. About noon, while praying for this aids a luminous cross above  Collyridians.  Priscillian, who taught that sensual pleasures were sinful, was
the sun was seen by him and his army, inscribed with the words, In hoc signo  condemned by the Councils of Saragossa (A. D. 380) and Bordeaux (A. D. 385),
vinces ("In this sign shalt thou conquer").  Amazement overpowered all he-  and beheaded with his followers at Trives.
holders. ~ Constantine continued to ponder on the event until night, when, in a    Many ceremonies were introduced into the Church during this century. Some
dream, Christ appeared to him, confirming the vision, and directing him to  of the rites of the heathens were now adopted, with alterations.  Robes, mitres,
adopt the cross as his symbol. Eusebius, who received the account from Con-  tapers, crosiers, images, and gold and silver vases, were used. Churches were
stantine himself, and wrote the life of that emperor, did not credit it, though  everywhere erected and consecrated with great pomp; and the " right of patronConstantine attested it by an oath. No date nor place is assigned for the occur-  age" (or of appointing ministers) was accorded to those who founded them. The
rence, nor is there any evidence that any one in the army save the emperor saw   worship consisted in hymns, prayers, reading the Scriptures, a sermon, and the
the phenomenon. The opinions of the different writers on the subject will be  celebration of the Lord's Supper, but a variety of liturgies were in use. The
found in the appendix to the first volume of Dr. Gregory's History of the Chris-  Psalms of David were sung as hymns: during the sermons, the audience testitian Church. Constantine in one of his edicts commanded that places of wor-  fied their satisfaction by clapping of hands and loud acclamations: the first day
ship and other effects should be restored to the Christians; in another, he re-  of the week (Sunday) was the ordinary time for religious assembling: Christstricted[ the edict to " The Catholic Church". Upon this "grant" great preten-  mas day was observed as a holy day, and festivals and commemorations of saints
sions were based in after ages.                                               and martyrs were multiplied. Fasting was much practised, but consisted merely
Athanasius returned to Alexandria, but was again deposed (A. D. 341) by a  in abstaining from meat and wine. Baptismal fonts were erected in the porch
synod held at Antioch.  IIe fled to Rome, where a synod was held (A. D. 342)  of each church, and baptism was administered during the vigils of Easter and
to support him. The Arian bishops met at Antioch (A. D. 345), and published  WThitsuntide: in some places salt was thrown into the mouth of the person bapa confession of their faith; and the bishops of the West did the same at Milan  tised, as a symbol of purity and wisdom, and he was obliged to wear white
(A. D. 346), declaring their adherence to the Nicene Creed. This was followed  garments for seven days after the ceremony.  The Lord's Supper was adminby a general council at Sardica, wherein the Athanasian party were triumph-  istered in church on Sundays and sometimes during the week, and at the tombs
ant; but the majority and minority mutually excommunicated each other. Ter-  of martyrs and at funerals; but catechumens, penitents, and those supposed to
rible tumults occurred at Alexandria (A. D. 349), in which Bishop Gregory was  be possessed by evil spirits, were not allowed to partake of it.
killed.  The Emperor Constans threatened to restore Athanasius by force: this    The government of the Church underwent modification.  Constantine the
threat caused him to be reinstated in his See. Dreadful commotions also took  Great modelled it according to the civil form. There were four pre-eminent
place at Constantinople respecting the rival claims of Paul and Macedonius to  bishops or "patriarchs", viz., those of Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, and Conthat See. Paul was banished and put to death (A. D. 352), and Macedonius was  stantinople: -" exarchs" were appointed to inspect several provinces each: —
installed by force. The whole Church was a scene of scandalous confusion:  "metropolitans", to govern one province each:-archbishops, to rule over a
bishops mutually excommunicated each other, and their deposition became quite  district:-bishops, over one or more churches. The administration was divided
common. The Councils of Arles and Milan (A. D. 355) deposed Athanasius and  into external and internal.  The forlmer related to the discipline, possessions,
his supporters, and he was expelled by violence from Alexandria. Liberius,  and privileges of the Church, and was assumed by the emperor; the latter related
bishop of Rome, was amongst those treated in like manner by the Arians; but  to controversies, worship, offices of the priests, &c., and was committed to bishops
having subsequently, it is said, conformed to Arianism, he was reinstated in his  and councils. The bishops of Rome during this century were Marcellinus (296bishopric (A.D. 358). Athanasius afterwards returned to Alexandria; his pre-  304); the See vacant (304-308); Marcellus (308-310); Eusebius (310-311);
decessor, GEORGE OF CAPPADOCIA, having been killed there by the people, in  Melchiades (311-314); Sylvester I. (314-336); Marcus (336-337); Julius I.
consequence of his odious tyranny.  Ile was a man of infamous character; but  (337-352); Liberius  (352-366); Damasus I. (366-384); Siricius (384-398);
the Arians honored him as a Christian martyr. He became revered in Palestine  Anastasius I. (398-402).  They call for no particular notice, except Damasus,
and Armenia, and after the Crusades his popularity spread over Europe. The  whose election was the cause of bloody strife in Rome-a rival, Ursicinus, havEnglish adopted him as their patron saint. A full account of him will be found ing been set up by another party. As yet the bishops of Rome had not acquired
in Dr. I-Ieylin's History  of St. George (see also Gibbon's Decline and Fall, ch.  that pre-eminence they afterwards enjoyed; and none of the other bishops acxxxiii.). Athanasius closed his turbulent career in A. D. 373. The Arian con-  knowledged that they derived their power from the Apostolic See.
troversy continued to rage after his death. In 380 a council was called at An-    The most eminent men in the Church during this century were: EvSEBIr'S
tioch to depose the Arian bishops. At one held at Constantinople the bishops  PArUPEILL'S, the ecclesiastical historian, bishop of Cfesarea; BASIL of Czesarea;
quarrelled and fought: Gregory of Nazianzen, one of the bishops present, was  C1RIL of Jerusa, lem;  JoHN C1RYSOSTOM (John, the golden-mouthed), bishop of
so disgusted that he resigned his bishopric. The power of the Church was  Antioch, afterwards of Constantinople, renowned for his eloquence; EPIPHAshown in the conduct of AMnBROSE, bishop of Milan, who refused to allow the | Nvs;  GREGORY NPAZIANZEN; GREGORY of Nyssa; IIIL.RU  of Poictiers; LACEmpress Justina even one church for Arian worship at Rome, and enjoined pen-  TANTIUS; JEROME, a monk of PaLlestine, and a voluminous writer; AUGUSTIN,
ance on the Emperor Theodosius for a massacre committed by his orders at bishop of Hippo; Optatus, Paulinus, and Rufinus.
What is said of the removal of the capital to Constantinople? —What was its result? —  What more of the Arian controversy? —What of Priscillian? —Ambrose of Milan? —The
What did the Arians do? —What of the death of Arius?-Of Constantine?-His character?  wealth of the Church? —What of minor heresies? —What new ceremonies were introduced
— His conversion to Christianity? —His grant to the Church? —The confusion in the Church?  into the Church service? —What of Divine worship? —Fasting? —Baptism?-The government
— St. George? —The death and character of Athanasius?                       of the Church? —What eminent men flourished?-What of the bishops of Rome?
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TH.E 5TH CENTURY
INDIA.                                                                          PERSIA.
Tims century is the epoch of the        BAHIARAM IV. was succeeded (A.D. 404) by Yezdijird I. (the Isdigertes of the Greeks), surnamed Uilatbim  (or "the
highest degree of perfection in Indian   sinner"), a prince described by the Persian historians as devoid of every Airtue, and abandoned to luxury; but the Greek
science. We find the Brahmins, at  historians represent him as a wise and good man, so much so that the Emperor Areadius appointed him protector of his
this earlyperiod, discussing the subject  young son, Theodosius, a trust which Yezdijird fulfilled with the greatest fidelity.  The truth of this story has, however,
of the precession of the equinoxes, and  been doubted (Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. v., p. 413). But whether true or not, it proves that
the diurnal revolution of the earth,  the reputation of the Persian monarch was high among the Western nations, and perhaps this circumstance has caused
which last doctrine, though suggested   his name to be execrated by the bigots of his own country.  Some of his sayings have been preserved, which show a
by Heracli/tus of Ephesus, in the 6th  lofty sense of morality. One was: " The wisest of monarchs was he who never punished when in a rage, and who folcentury B. C., wasnotrevivedinEurope  lowed the first impulse of his mind to reward the deserving."  Another was: "Whenever a king ceases to do good actions
until the time of Coper'nicus, in the  he necessarily commits bad; and the thoughts of eternity cannot for a moment be absent from  the mind without its
16th century.  There is no doubt that  verging towards sin."  After his death (A. P. 420), his son, B.ARARAM V. (who had been educated by Noman, an Arab
the Brahmins were well acquainted  chief), asended the throne, fnd became one of the best and greatest sovereigns that ever ruled Persia.  There was
with the astronomy and mathematics  opposition to his succession, however, for the nobles dreaded a monarch who had been raised among the Arabs, and they
of the Greeks, and it is very probable  set up Khosroo, a prince of the royal family, but Baharam made good his claim without much difficulty.  The romances
they made use of both to improve their  of Persia say that he proposed that the crown should be placed between two lions, and that he and his competitor should
own knowledge.  They appear to have  try Mhich could get it from them; that Khosroo shrunk from the challenge, and that Baharam  then killed both lions,
had considerable skill in medicine.  and was proclaimed Shah. His munificence is the theme of Persian historians of every subsequent age. He encouraged
They used metals and minerals, as well  music, and went to great expense to induce musicians to come into Persia.  ftis reign commenced with troubles. First
as herbs, in the treatment of diseases,  (A. D. 422) came a war with Theodosius, which was remarkable for failures on both sides, and was inglorious to both
and understood how to prepare oxides,  Romans and Persians. It ended in a truce for a hundred years. It was during this war that Aca'cius, bishop of Areida,
sulphurets, and carbonates; they ad-  sold'the plate of his Church to redeem 7000 Persian captives.  Then the Khan of the Transoxiana tribes of the Itiatilla,
ministered mercury and arsenic, the  or White Huns, invaded Persia (A.1D. 430) at the head of 25,000 men, and spread terror over the country. Baharam
first in the form of calomel and corro-  disappeared, and, concealing himself, secretly raised a small army, while the Persians crowded in to submit to the consive sublimate.  Their knowledge of  querors, believing resistance to be useless. The Huns, thrown off their guard, were surprised one dark night by Bahasurgery was remarkable, and they were  ram, at the head of 7000 chosen warriors, and cut to pieces, and the country was thus freed from them. The use he
able to perform some of the most difi    made of this great victory aas to establish peace with all his neighbors, and after this -%as concluded he returned to iffis
cult operations.  In music and paint-  capital. Baharam's ruling passion was a love of the chase, and particularly of tie wild ass, or " gourd whence be was
ing, the ancient IHindoos never attained   surnamed Baharam-gour.  In pursuit of one of these animals lie lost his life: having in the chase come suddenly upon
to a high degree of excellence, nor did  a deep pool, in a valley between Shiraz and Isfahan, into which his horse plunged, and neither the animal or his rider
they ever approach the Greeks in sculp-  was ever seen again. IIe had reigned 18 years. Yezdijird II., the worthy son of a worthy father, succeeded him (A. D.
ture and architecture.                   438). In his reign Persia enjoyed prosperity and tranquillity, with the exception of a short dispute with the Romans,
The history of India at this period  which was soon settled amicably.  This prince was surnamed Sipahdost (or "friend of the soldier"), so popular was he
furnishes but few details.  A dynasty   with the army.  IIe died A. D. 456, and was succeeded by his younger son, IHoormuz III.; but his eldest son, Firoze
lf princes, styled the Andras, reigned   (tle Peroses of the Greeks), enraged at being thus set aside, fled across the Oxus into Turan, and solicited Kboosh-Nuaz,
in the valley of the Ganges over the  king of the White Iluns, to place him on the throne of Persia.  That monarch sent an army of 30,000 men to the assistkingdom of Magadha.  The accession   ance of Firoze, whereupon the Persians deserted the weak Hoormuz, who was speedily dethroned and put to death
of this race to power dates from  the  (A.D. 458).
beginning of the Christian Era, and        A drought of seven years' duration followed the accession of Firoze. It is said to have been so severe that there was
they continued to reign until the year  not even the appearance of moisture left in the beds of the Oxus and the Jaxartes.  During the dreadful famine wN hich
436, when a period of confusion ensued,  ensued, it was mainly owing to the care of Firoze that his subjects were saved firom total destruction. But his other acts
and different parts of India were seized  show him in the most disadvantageous light, notwithstanding the eulogiums of Persian historians.  This prince show ed
by different races, of whom  nothing  the basest ingratitude towards Khoosh-Nuaz, who had so generously aided him. Ite invaded Tartary with the intention
further is known. The Andra dynasty  of dethroning his benefactor.  There he was led into a snare, and his whole army perished. Firoze himself was taken
is mentioned by the Roman historian,  prisoner, but was generously pardoned, and sent back by the victor. Ile did not, however, profit by this lesson, but
Pliny, as being a powerful one. The  invaded Turan a second time, when he was defeated and killed (A. D. 484).
ancient kingdom of Magadha existed         His son Pallas, or Palasch (the Valens of Roman history), succeeded him. No event of any consequence occurred
as far back as the war of the Mahab-  during his reign, which lasted four years. On the death of Pallas (A. D. 488), his brother Kobad became Shah, or king.
harat, or about 1450 B. C.  Nanda  It was in the tenth year of Kobad's reign (A. D. 497), that the religious impostor, Mazdak, began to propagate his creed.
(about 400 B. C.) and Sandracottus  Ile is sometimes called Mozdek, and was a native of Istakhar (or Persepolis).  He forbade the use of flesh, and, clothed
(about 320 B. C.), who have been al-  in coarse woollen, gave in his own person an example of an abstemious life. He taught that, as all things belonged to
|ready noticed, werethe two most famous lGod, it was impious in mhan to claim property in anything, even in his w~ife; therefore all things should be in comnmon.
kings of this nation.  The Chinese  H    ol   rbbyhv   ukit   bcrthdh   (t  yapeeddmrce  curdcmlt   sednJroe
annals mention the arrival, in the year  Kobad.Thsmrcecnitdocovri   wt  hsardfaeitetmpeffradwsmngdbynas
408, of ambassadors from Yajna, the of al confederate skilfifily concealed. ltits doctrines were embraced by the Shah, but they soon became mzost pernicious
last king of the Andra dynasty. Therc   nteiefetpouignacyeeyhr;rthvoais(fMzkseedhewet   ultradpoetyf
was also a dynasty of the same nameoth-ers without hesitation, and the king coulld not punish them, he havting adopted their creed. Under these circumin the Deccan. After the period of con- stances the nobles combined against both Kobad and M~azdak. The latter wuas too powerful to be seized, but the former
fusion above referred to, adynasty of wras dethroned, and put in prison; cand his brother, Jcamasp,was rcaised to the throne. Kobcad, howAever, was releasedl,
princes, called the Guptas of Mtlgadha, |through the address of one of his sisters, and esca~ped to Tartary. By the aidl of the TIartar king he regained his throne,
ruled ailong the valley of the Ganges to  adMzckadhsdcrnsMeealwdfl  ovy  u  hygaulyfl nodseue  n   ea(   boee
ePrayagta, from the 5th to the 8th con- Duigthis century the great migration of the Huns, from the north of China into Europe, took place. Persia suffury.                                   fered little, as the barbarians wenlt round by the north of the Caspian Sea.
arts? —-Who were the Andlras?-CWhat inet- dijird II.?-I-Hoormluz. III.?-Firoze? —Khoosh-N~uaz? —The drought and fluntine? —The falte of Firoze? —Wrhat of Pal~las?-IKobad? —
Ldents ale related of Magadha?          |Malzdllk? —What miracle did he pretend to performl?-AWhalt wvere the effcets of his doctrines? 
(16s)




CHINA. JAPAN.                                                                             I TALY. 
THIS century is one of the darkest in the annals of China: the country was    THE close of the career of the once mighty Roman empire now draws near.
a scene of rapine and crime, scarcely any emperor having either the power or  We have seen that the Emperor Theodosius divided his dominions between his
the wish to put a stop to an archy. The infinou    s religion of Budha had greatly  two sons, Itonorius  and Arcadius: the fmruner  receiving the western portion,
increased; the temples were very numerous, and the priests swarmed; but  which comprised Italy, F1tane, Germany, Spain, Britain, and Afirica; the latter
though some of the northern princes prohibited this superstition, their decrees  receiving the eastern portion, comnprisinlg Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt.
were unavailing.  Lew-yu, who had greatly distinguished himself against the |3ad either of these princes possessed ordinary capacity this divisioni might have
northern Tartars, was declared protector of the empire.  IIis first step was to  prolonged the life of the empire, by enabling them to devote their attention to a
cause Gan-te to be strangled (A. D. 419), and his brother, Kung-te, to be placed  more limited sphere of action.  Unfortunately they were both youths of feeble
on the throne.  But he soon forced Kung-te to abdicate, and having murdered  intellect, and easily swayed by favorites.  The Roman people, too, hlad become
him, and almost all the imperial family, he put an end to the Tsin dynasty  thoroughly effeminate; the most shameful profligacy was everywhere indulged
(A. D. 420), and ascended the throne, under the name of Kaou-tsoo, being the  in; the soldiers became unequal to the fatigues of war, and laid aside their
first of the NORTHERN SUNG dynasty.  Kaou-tsoo died soon after (A. D. 422).  defensive armor, whereby they were exposed to easy defeat whenever brought
He was gifted with splendid talents, but was capable of any crime.  His son,  into the field.  The only reliable forces were the German and Gallic m-ercenaShaou-te, who succeeded him, gave himself up to hunting.  The nobles there-  ries.  Theodosius had appointed Stilicho guardian of both empires during the
fore dethroned him, and placed his brother, Wan-te, on the throne (A. ]). 424).  minority of H-Ionorius and Arcadius, and we have seen how ably he checked the
This prince erected colleges, and encouraged literature. He also improved the  progress of Alaric in Greece, and crushed the revolt of Gildo in Spain.  IIis
calendar, and patronized all useful arts, so that the country began to revive  vigorous and impartial administration for a time saved the empire fromn becomunder him, but his career was cut short by domestic feuds, and he was assassi-  ing a complete wreck. At the opening of this century he was again called on
nated by one of his sons (A. D. 454), who, in his turn, wts murdered by his  to meet his old antagonist, Alaric, who had long cherished the scheme of invabrother, who seated himself on the throne under the name of WVoo-te.  Having  ding Italy, and now carried it out. At the head of a powerful army he miarched
exterminated the partisans of his late brother, this prince gave himself up to  upon Milan. Honorius fled in dismay to the fortress of Asta, in Piedmont, where
debaucheries, which soon ended his life (A. D). 465).                            he was besieged by the Gothic king.  MIeanwhile Stilicho collected an army,
His son and successor, Fe-te, was so cruel and abandoned that the Chinese  suddenly fell upon Alaric at Pollentia, and dispersed his troops. I-He then offered
historians are loath to assign him a place in the line of emperors. This fero-  to the Goth a pension, and permission to retreat from  Italy: Alaric accepted
cious monster murdered every one around him, but was himself murdered while  this offer, peace was concluded, and Italy was saved.  IIonorius celebrated the
consulting the Taou priests as to exorcising evil spirits (A. D. 466). IHIis sue-  victory at Pollentia by a triumphal procession at Rome, and by the celebration
cessor, Ming-te, seeing himself surrounded by rivals, killed fourteen of his  of public games on a magnificent scale.  This was the last occasion on which
nephews, and waged a war of extermination against all of the imperial blood.  the inhuman combats of gladiators were allowed to pollute the amphitheatre.
A revolt of the entire nation was stopped by his timely death (A. D). 472), but'T'he Emperor Theodosius had previously issued an edict forbidding them; but
the people were no better off with his successor, Tsang-woo-wang, who associated  it was reserved for a Christian poet, Prudentius, and for a monk, Telemachus,
with the dregs of the populace, and often amused himself by running through  to be the means of putting a final stop to them.  IIonorius listened to their
the streets with a drawn sword, killing every one who came in his way.  One  remonstrances, and issued an edict abolishing gladiatorial exhibitions forever.
day, however, coming home drunk, some attendants cut off his head (A.D. 477),  The incensed Romans stoned Telemachus to death, but submitted to the edict.
and proclaimed the brave general, Seaou-taou-ching, emperor. This man ap-    The recent danger to which IHonorius had been exposed led him to fix his resipointed Shun-te, the adopted son of Ming-te, to the throne -an arrangement  dence at Ravenna.  That city owed its origin to a colony of Thessalians who
which lasted but a short time.  Shun-te was forced to abdicate in favor of  settled there in the 7th century B. C., and afterw7ards (B. C. 520) resigned it to
Seaou-taou-ching (A. D. 479), who ascended the throne under the title of Kaou-te,  the Umbrians.  The Emperor Augustus had established a naval arsenal there,
and founded the TSE dynasty, which took its name from  the State of Tse, be-  for the nature of the surrounding country made it almost impregnable; but in
longing to the new emperor.  Shun-te was shortly after put to death, and thus  the time of IIonorius the sea had receded, and the port of Augustus had become
the Northern Sung dynasty ended.                                                 converted into orchards.  This situation was now strongly fortified, and, amid
The reign of Kaou-te was disturbed by the usual amount of rebellion.  He  the walls and morasses of Ravenna, Honorius and his feeble successors sought
died in the year 482, and his son, Seaou-tse, succeeded him, under the name of  safety from the political and social storms which from time to time devastated
Ou-te: he decreed that the mandarins should hold office for three years only,  Italy (A. D. 404). Ralvenna remained the capital until the 8th century.
and give an account of their stewardship.  His passion for hunting induced him     In the year 405, Radagai/sus (or Rhad/agast), chief of the Obotfrites (a tribe
to leave the affairs of the empire to one of his sons, who died A. D. 493.  The  of Germans inhabiting the territory now known as Mecklenberg), led a horde
emperor grieved so for his loss that he died immediately after.  His grandson,  of barbarians into Italy.  200,000 warriors followed his standard, accompanied
Seaou-tehao-ye, succeeded him, but soon manifested so vile a disposition that  by a like number of women, children, and slaves.  This vast host was composed
his relative, Seaou-loun, formed a conspiracy to dethrone him.  The emperor  of Vandals, Suevi, Alans, and Burgundians, collected on the shores of the Baltic.
was put to death, and the young prince, Seaou-tchaou-ouen, was decorated with  Leaving their homes, they poured down on Southern Europe, and one-third of
the imperial title for a few days.  Ie, in his turn, was murdered, and Seaou-  this immense number entered Italy.  Stilicho with difficulty collected an army
loun placed himself on the throne by the title of Ming-te (A. D. 494).  Con-  of 40,000 men, whom he assembled at Pavia; but he was unable to stop the
tinued cruelty and civil war stain the wearisome annals of China.  To-pa-hong,  progress of Radagaisus, who pillaged and destroyed many cities.  Florentia
the prince of Ouei, deprived Ming-te of a large portion of his domains, and the  (Florence) was the first that offered serious resistance.  This celebrated city
emperor died of rage (A. D. 498).  His son and successor, tIoen-hoen, took the  owed its origin to the triumvirs, in the Ist century B. C., who planted there a
name of Pao-kuen: he was as licentious and cruel as his predecessors.            colony which soon becameflorens (" flourishing"), and had become an important
JAPAN.-The reigns of the Japanese princes during this century were remark-  trading republic in the days of 1Ionorius.  Its Senate and citizens defended it
ably short. They are: Ritsin (400-406), Fan-sey (406-414), Inkioo (414-454),  to the last extremity, but Stilicho contrived to relieve them. With consummate
Ankoo (454-457), Jurukia (457-480), Se-nei (480-485), Gen-soo (485-488), Nin-  skill he hemmed in the barbarians with long lines of fortifications, and, cutting
ken (488-499), Buretz (499-507). Jurukia was the first who coined the putties  off their supplies, he starved them into surrender. Radagaisus was  beheaded,
(round copper coins, with a hole in the middle for stringing).  He also enacted   and his followers were sold into slavery (A. D. 406).  Thus a second time had
a law, valid to this day, that the children of such one of the I)airo's (emperor's)  Stilicho earned the title of "Deliverer of Italy".  He made an alliance ws ith the
wives as should be declared empress, should be lawful heirs to the crown.        Franks and the Alcmanni, and purchased the silence of Alaric by a treaty, in
What is said of this century?-What befell the Tsin dynasty?_WThat of the Northern    What were the characteristics of:Tonorius and Arcadius? —Of the Romans of that timne? —
Sung dynasty?-~Wan-te?- Fe-te? — Mention  some of the:[cts of the emperors.-What of W NVhat were the exploits of Stilicho against Alaric? —What of the gladiators? -Where did
the Tse dynasty? Mention some of the remaining incidents in Chinese history.-And in  Honorius fix his Court? —What is said of Ravenna?-The invasion by ladagaisus?Y- orJapanese.-Whatt coins and laws were made?                                       ence? —Stilicho's exploit and title?
22                                                                                                                                 ( 169 )




ITALY.
which that chief was formally declared master-general of the Roman armies  phies, was constructed in the bed of the small river Busenti'nus, the waters
throughout the prefecture of Illyricum. But it soon became evident that the  having been diverted from their course. The remains of Alaric were then deGothic king had designs on the empire, though professing allegiance to IHono-  posited in it, and the river was restored to its natural channel; and in order that
rius. Stilicho assembled the Roman Senate in the palace of the Coesars, and  the grave might never be discovered, the prisoners who had dug it were put to
submitted to it the condition of affairs. That body, thus suddenly called back  death. Adolphus was elected the successor of Alaric. He at once declared his
to life, condemned the purchase of a truce with a barbarian king; and one of  intention of befriending Italy, made terms with IHonorius, and accepted the chief
them, Lampa'dius, declared that " it was not a treaty of peace, but of servitude."  command of the Roman army. He married the emperor's sister, PLACIDnIA, SO
At the same time, Olympius, a crafty attendant of Honorius, poisoned the mind  famed for her beauty. Peace was restored to Italy; beneficent laws were passed;
of the emperor against Stilicho, and a conspiracy was formed against him. His  and so great was the change in the administration of affairs, that, in less than
friends at Pavia were massacred: he fled to Ravenna, and took sanctuary in the  seven years, the traces of the great Gothic invasion were almost obliterated.
Christian church there, but was dragged from thence by Heraclian, a servant  Adolphus became in reality emperor, though not assuming the title. He marched
of Honorius, and put to death. His son, Eucher'ides, was also slain; and the  into Gaul against some revolted tribes, and thence into Spain, where he was
emperor divorced Maria and Therman/tia, the two daughters of Stilicho, both of  assassinated (A. D. 414). Placidia was detained a prisoner.
whom he had married. Such was the gratitude shown to the deliverer of Italy.    The peace of the empire had in the meantime been disturbed by sundry reAlaric now threw off the mask, and having no Stilicho to oppose him, entered  volts. Herac/lian, count of Africa, landed with an army near Rome, but having
Italy with a large army. He marched direct to Rome, plundering and exacting  been boldly encountered, fled ignominiously. Con'stantine, governor of Britain,
ransom from the cities on his route. The Romans closed their gates, and de-  proclaimed himself emperor of that province, and of Gaul and Spain (A. D. 409).
fended themselves for a time, showing their barbarity by causing the pious and  He extorted from Honorius a recognition of his title, promising to deliver Italy
amiable Sere/'na (the widow of Stilicho, and daughter of Theodosius) to be  from the Goths. But Geron/tius, the usurper's lieutenant in Spain, set up
strangled. Famine at length compelled them to surrender, and Alaric granted  Max'imus, and, suddenly marching into Gaul, attacked the unprepared Conthem their lives on condition of their paying 5000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds  stantine and his son, Constans. The latter was taken, and put to death. Conof silver, 4000 robes of silk, 3000 pieces of scarlet cloth, and 3000 pounds of  stantine was besieged in Arles, but was unexpectedly relieved by an army sent
Indian pepper. This last-named article was expensive, but much used by the  by HIonorius, under the command of Constantius, a general of great ability.
Romans in their cookery, and at that time was sold at about $2 a pound. The  Gerontius fled to the confines of Spain, where he killed himself. Constantine
Romans complied with the demands of the conqueror, who compelled his troops  was induced to open the gates of Arles, when he and his son were made pristo refrain from pillage and insult, and to respect the sanctity of the Christian  oners, sent to Ravenna, and executed (A. D. 411). The revolt of Jovi'nus and
churches (A. D. 409). Having been reinforced by a body of Goths and Huns,  Sebastian, in Germany, was suppressed by Adolphus at the request of Placidia,
under Adolphus (or Ataulph), the brother of his wife, Alaric marched into Tus-  and their heads were sent to IIonorius (A. D. 413). But their followers, the
cany. He then declared himself the friend of peace and of the Romans, and  Goths, the Franks, and the Burgundians, permanently settled in Gaul.
persuaded the Senate to send three of their number to Honorius as ambassadors,    The death of Adolphus was avenged by his successor, Wallia, and by a Roman
stipulating for himself the provinces of Dalmatia, Noricum, and Venetia,' with  army under Constantius. Placidia was honorably restored to her brother; the
the rank of master-general of the armies of the West. But Honorius, by the  Spaniards, after three obstinate campaigns, were reduced to nominal obedience
advice of Olympius, rejected these terms. Popular indignation thereupon be-  to IIonorius (A. D. 419); and Constantius was subsequently rewarded with the
came irresistible. The attendants of the emperor transferred the government  hand of Placidia, and made emperor. But he died in the seventh month of his
of IIonorius and the empire to Jovius, the Prwetorian prefect. Olympius was  reign, and was followed to the grave soon after by Honorius (A. D. 423). That
flogged to death at a subsequent period. The Court of Honorius was a scene  miserable tyrant had grossly insulted his sister, Placidia, who had consequently
of corruption and anarchy.  Instigated by Jovius, the guards mutinied, and  fled to Constantinople; but on hearing of his death, she hastened back to Italy
demanded the heads of two of their generals; the great chamberlain was beaten  to secure the empire for her son, Valentinian III., then only six years old.
to death with sticks in the presence of the emperor; and Jovius obtained the  During her absence, John, the primice'rius (or private secretary) of Honorius,
free disposal of the public money. But the demands of Alaric were insultingly  usurped the throne. But Theodosius II., who had succeeded Arcadius in the
refused, and that prince now resolved to take summary proceedings. He marched   Eastern Empire, sent an army under Ardabu'rius and Aspar to maintain the
to Rome, took possession of the port of Ostia, and summoned the Romans to sur-  claims of the young prince. Ravenna was entered by stratagem, and John was
render at discretion, which they did. He then declared Honorius deposed, and  taken, and put to death. Placidia was appointed regent of the empire. She
he bestowed the purple on At-talus, prefect of the city (A. D. 409). The greater  reigned 25 years in the name of her son, and is supposed to have purposely
part of Italy submitted to the new emperor, and troops were sent into Africa to  enervated his character by a dissolute education. The person who principally
secure the obedience of that province. Alaric marched to Ravenna to negotiate  shared her confidence at first was the celebrated 2Eti'us, the son of Gauden'tius,
with Honorius, but the latter obstinately refused to communicate with him. The  an illustrious citizen of Scythia, and master-general of the cavalry. He became
expedition to Africa proved unsuccessful: the troops of Attalus were defeated;  her minister, having previously acquired a brilliant reputation by his military
the supply of corn and oil was cut off from Rome; and both Alaric and the people  exploits.  HIe and Boniface, count of Africa, another equally distinguished
complained. Attalus acted in defiance of both-wherefore he was publicly de-  officer, have been styled " the last of the Romanrs". The two became rivals for
prived of his crown, in the presence of an immense multitude at Rimi'ni (A. D.  the imperial favor, but 3Etius being present at Ravenna, had great advantage
410). Alaric now made another attempt to negotiate with Honorius at Ravenna,  over Boniface. The former was, however, called away to take up arms against
but his advances were repelled, and a body of his troops cut to pieces by his old  Theod'oric, king of the Visigoths, who was besieging Arles. Successful in his
enemy, Sarus, whom the emperor had taken into his pay. The exasperated Goth  expedition, he returned to Ravenna to thwart the intrigues of Boniface, who had
thereupon marched to Rome, and delivered that city up to pillage by his bar-  been recalled from Africa by Placidia. The artful Etius persuaded Boniface
barous troops. 40,000 slaves were liberated, and permitted to gratify their ven-  to resist the imperial orders, and to call in the aid of the Vandals from Spain
geance without remorse. It is not known how many thousands of Romans  (A. D. 429). The African general followed this advice, but found too late that
perished in this fearful scene, which lasted six days. It has been computed that  he had ruined himself by so doing. The Vandal king, Gen/seric, whom Boniface
Rome, at this period, contained about 48,000 houses and 1,200,000 inhabitants.  had invited into the Roman provinces in Africa, kept possession of them. All
After the sack of Rome, Alaric marched to Capua and Nola, and meditated  efforts to expel him wrere fruitless, and at last Boniface returned to Ravenna.
crossing into Sicily, when death put an end to his projects. He died at Con-  On hearing this, 2Etius, who was occupied in repelling an invasion of the Franks
sen'tia (now Cosenza), A. D. 412. A splendid sepulchre, adorned with tro-  in Gaul, hastened with  his army into Italy. Boniface, with the imperial troops,
What treaty was made with Alaric? —What of the Senatc? —The fiall of Stilicho? —And of |  What of the death and burial of Alalric? —Who succeeded him? —Whom did he marry?-|
his friends? —What of Olympius?- The invasion by Alaric? —The siege of Rome? —The  Wlhat of his administration? —His death? —What cornmotions troubled the empire? —What
negotiations with Honorius?-Of his Court? —Of the second siege of Rome? —The size and E becamlle of Placidia? —Constantius? —What of Honorius? —John, the prinlicelrizls? —Theodopopulation of the city?                                                   I sius II.? —Valentinian III.? —Placidia's regency?-iEtius?- Boniface? —Genseric?
(.o)
(170)




ITALY.
encountered and defeated him, but received a wound of wvhich he died.  2Etius            We have thus traced the rise and fall of the most remarkable empire the worldl
fled to the Huns, and by their aid regained his power (A. D. 432).                    has yet seen.  Founded in violence, its whole career was distinguished by unThe greater part of Africa was ceded by treaty to Genseric (A. D. 435).  The  principled aggression and rem-orseless lust of conquest.  Its annals are derived
provinces of Gaul and Spain were perpetually harassed by the barbarians.  chiefly from its own historians; but had we the accounts which its victims could
Spain was lost to the empire, but the great military talents of 2Etius for a time  give, a different story would doubtless be told.  A system of domination, based
preserved Gaul.  He gained a series of victories over the Burgundians and   solely upon force, fitly gave way to force.  The RIomans, after having subdued
Visigoths, but for many years his utmost vigilance was required to resist their  all that portion of the world extending from  the Atlantic shores of Europe to
encroachments.  He was forced to withdraw the Ronman troops fromn Britain,  the Euphrates, including England, France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, the North
which province was finally abandoned by the Romans (A. D. 442).  At length   of Africa, Egypt, Italy, Greece (as far north as the Danube), Asia Minor, and
the illustrious Roman was called upon to roll back the fearful tide of barbarism    Syria, gorged themselves with the spoils of those countries, and gradually sank
from the far West.  AT/TILA (or Etzel), king of the Huns, who was at the head   into effeminacy and debauchery.  The state of society in Italy under the emperof 500,000 barbarians, and styled himself "the Scourge of God", moved to  ors, as depicted by the satirists, Juvenal, Martial, and Petronius, was frightful.
the West to plunder Germany and Gaul.  2Etius, having formed alliance with   The wonder is that the fabric raised to such a height by Julius and Augustus
Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, and Merovae'us, king of the Franks, assembled   Coesar, and brought so low by the vices of Commodus, should have been so long
their united forces, and encountered Attila on the plains of Ch'lons-sur-Marne.  in falling.  For more than five centuries after the death of Julius Coesar did the
One of the most terrible battles recorded in history ensued, and Attila was de-  name of Rome carry yresliye with it, and to the last there were men anxious to
feated with immense slaughter (A. D. 451).  Ile then withdrew into Pannonia.  secure the dangerous and empty title of emperor.  Yet with all its violence,
This great victory, which saved France and Spain from devastation, was pur-  faults, and vices, the Roman republic had a great mission. This was to bring
chased with the life of the brave Theodoric.  Next year Attila recruited his  the myriads of small and discordant States, into which the world was divided,
army and entered Italy.  He laid siege to Aquileia, which held out for three  under one vigorous sceptre; to civilize them by a central and enlightened system
months.  He then marched to Rome, but was dissuaded from attacking the city   of jurisprudence; to expand conimmere by grand public roads and buildings;
by Leo the Great, bishop of Rome, who boldly visited the fierce king in his camp,  and to lay the foundation of future empires by implanting its beautiful language
and remonstrated with him.  Attila recrossed the Alps towards the end of the  and literature among the conquered countries of Europe.  From this source are
year 452, and died soon afterwards.                                                   derived the modern Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese languages, and a
The power and influence of 2Etius excited the jealousy of Valentinian III.,  large portion of the English language is borrowed from it.  The Roman literawho caused him to be murdered (A. D. 454).  In the following year the emperor  ture is inferior to the Greek, for the Roman mind was deficient in imagination.
himself was killed by Petro'nius Max.inius, whose wife he had outraged. From   Greece w              as drawn  th e inspi ratio n o f  the great writers of Rome.  Iter phiPetronius assumed the imperial purple, but three months after was stoned to  losophy, arts, and science, came from the same classic soil, and Athens was her
death by his subjects. At the same time Rome was plundered by Genseric, who   chief university. In a word it may be said that, except in the departments of
carried off many thousands of its inhabitants.  By the assistance of Theodoric  jurisprudence and military science, Rome was inferior to Greece.  But from
II., king of the Visigoths, Avi/tus was made emperor. After a year's reign he  these two empires of antiquity we derive much of our modern civilization.
was deposed by RI/CIMER, commander of the barbarian auxiliaries in Italy, who            Odoacer ruled Italy for many years with prudence and humanity. He mainplaced Majo'rian on the throne (A. D. 456).  Majorian made vigorous efforts to  tained the laws of Rome, and the country began to recover fiom the anarchy
remedy the disorders of the empire, but it was a hopeless task.  Ile made vast  which had so long prevailed.  I-le also added Dalmatia and Norqicum  to his
preparations for attacking the Vandals in Africa, but the immense fleetl he had   dominions.  But in the year 488, the Eastern emperor, Zeno, threatened by
collected for the purpose was destroyed by them in the harbor of New Carthage,  Theod'oric the Ostrogoth, diverted the attention of that chieftain fiom Greece to
in Spain (A. D. 460).  Ile thereupon concluded peace with Genseric; but his  Italy.  Theodoric was induced to abandon his projects on Constantinople, and
popularity excited the jealousy of Riciimer, who forced him to resign. Majorian   march westward. At the head of an immense force he entered Italy. Odoacer
then committed suicide (A.D. 461). Ricimer was de facto emperor, but it pleased   bravely met him, but was defeated in two severe battles   one at Aquileia, the
him to place Seve/rus on the throne. After a reign of four years S-everus died   other at Verona.  Milan surrendered to Theodoric (A. P. 489). Next year
a natural death (A. D. 465), and a nominal interregnum ensued.  The increas-  Odoacer sustained a final defeat on the Adda.  IHe then retired to Ravenna,
ing power of the Vandals induced Ricimer to consult the Eastern emperor, Leo;  where he fortified himself.  Theodoric besieged him for three years in that city.
and, with his concurrence, Anthe/mius was named emperor (A. D. 467).  After  At length, moved by the sufferings of his soldiers and the liberal offers of Thea time, disagreements sprang up between Anthemius and Ricimer. The latter  odoric, Odoacer surrendered (A. D. 493). But a few days afterwards he was
laid siege to Rome, and Anthemius was killed on the capture of the city (A. D.  treacherously stabbed at a banquet, and all the foreign mercenaries were mnas472).  Ricimer, still refraining from assuming the title of emperor, conferred it  sacred, by order of Theodoric.  Master of Italy, though nominally a subject
on Olyb/rius, who died three months afterwards.  Ricimer died about the same  of the Byzantine emperor, Theodoric founded THE ITALIAN KINGDOM OF THIE
time.  Glfce'rius then became emperor, through the assistance of Gundebald,  OSTROGOT~IS.  Great prosperity attended his administration, and his fame for
the Burgundian.  But the Eastern emperor refused to acknowledge him, and   wisdom and munificence spread far and wide.  The barbarism of the age overproclaimed Julius Nepos emperor.  Glycerius was dethroned by his rival (A. D.  looked his treacherous murder of Odoacer.  He married Audefleida, sister of
474), and forced to become a priest.  From an obscure soldier he was raised to   Clovis, king of the Franks, and he strengthened himself by other alliances. Ile
the dignity of bishop of Salona! Julius Nepos did not long enjoy the imperial  visited Rome, and stopped the demolition of the works of art there, causing
sceptre.  Orestes, commander of the mercenaries, deposed him, and proclaimed   many of them to be restored, and appointing an officer to take care of them.
himself regent for his own son, Romulus (called, in derision, Augus/tulus, or            The inhabitants of A'enetia, who had fled from Alaric and his Visigoths to the
"little Augustus").  Nepos fled into Dalmatia, where he was assassinated some   numerous islands in the north of the Adriatic, there founded the little town of
years afterwards by his former rival, the bishop of Salona.  But the end of the ]~ialto (A. D. 421).  Thirty years later the towns of Grado, Palestrina, Caorlo,
Roman empire had now arrived.  It had been founded by a Romulus, and was  and Malaniocco were founded by them.  These little towns were the beginning
destined to end with a Romulus, after a duration of 1229 years.  ODOA/CER, at  of the famous 1EPUBrLIC OF VENICE.
the head of a promiscuous horde of barbarians called Ite'ruli, entered Italy.    Literature and art were almost extinct. The Christian Church contained w.hat
Oresres encountered him at Placentia, but was defeated and killed.  Romulus  light was left.  JETo/,E, AU/A USTTT          E,  CRIL, H IIL/IRX,-   P ATT./CTUS (P atrick), PVwas deposed, but allowed to live in retirement; and Odoacer, asstuming the title  LXt/GUS, and Eu/TvcX wIE  aere the most promlinent teachers and writers of the age.
of king Of Italy, declared THIE ROMAN  EMPIRE AT AN ENTD (A.D. 476). ICr2AU,/DI.&, tile friend (of Stiltoho, wvas the best poet of this degenerate epoch. 
ANThat was th e fate o f B on ifite? —W hast of th e abanldonml aenlt o f Brli talin? —A tti la? —The  W ha t are th e cah racteri stic s of th e tloma n em p ire?-Wih a t wvas its missHion? —Whallt of its|
baittle of Ch~lons?-Leo the Great? —The fiate of _/tius?-0f Vralentinian III.? —Petronius?   literatulre? Its excellencies? — Whereinl wvas Romle inferior to Greece? —What of the rule
-Genserie? —Avitls? —Rich~ner? Najorian?-Severus?-Anthemius?-Olybrius??-  of 0doaeer? —Ilis faite? —Wi~a t kingdttom (lid Tlheodoric establish? —What is said of him?G~lyeerius? —Julius Nepos?-0restes? —Romulus Augustulls?- 0doaeter?             |Of Venlice? —W~hat eminient muen flourished? 
( 171 )~




TEE EASTERN EMPIRE....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
AFTER the death of Gainas, the Emperor Arcadius resigned himself to the  of Placidia, the sister of Honorius, a powerful armament, under the command
sway of his wife, the beautiful Eudoxia.  The first years of this century are  of Aspar, was sent to Italy, and thence to Africa, against the Vandals (A. D. 431);
marked by the tumults occasioned by the persecution of the celebrated Chry-  but the latter proved victorious, and the Roman legions returned discomfited. A
sostom, archbishop of Constantinople. The fearless preaching of that prelate  new danger threatened the Eastern Empire: this was the advance of Rugilas,
against the corrupt practices which prevailed in the Church raised up against  king of the Huns, who menaced the provinces, and even Constantinople, with
him a host of enemies, especially among the ladies of the Court, but his immense  an attack (A. D. 433). The meek-spirited Theodosius was glad to avert the
popularity rendered it dangerous to attack him openly. The empress, inviting  danger by stipulating an annual payment of 350 pounds of gold. But the imthe aid of the hostile bishops, especially of Theoph'ilus, archbishop of Alexan-  patience of the barbarians, and the intrigues of the Court, created disputes which
dria, formed a plan for his destruction. A body of Egyptian marines was sent  might have led to disastrous results, had not the emperor listened to the voice
to Constantinople to encounter the populace, while a synod of bishops was con-  of the Senate, and sent ambassadors to negotiate with the king of the Huns.
vened in a suburb of Chalcedon, surnamed " the Oak", in order to condemn him.  Rugilas had died, but his nephews and successors, At'tila and Ble'da, consented
Chrvsostom, having refused to attend this synod, was arrested; but the people  to receive the envoys, which they did on horseback, in a plain near the city of
fell upon the monks and the Egyptians, and slaughtered them without mercy  Margus, in Upper Mcesia. They dictated the terms of peace, viz., an increase
in the streets of Constantinople. The terrified Eudoxia implored the emperor  of the tribute to 700 pounds of gold; a fine of eight pieces for every Roman capto recall the archbishop, and Chrysostom was accordingly reinstated in triumph  tive who had escaped; the renouncement of all treaties with the enemies of the
(A.D. 403). But this triumph was of short duration. A council of the Eastern   Huns; and the surrender of all fugitives from justice. At this time Attila was
prelates was called, and his deposition was decreed. A body of troops was  ruler of all the country between the Rhine and the Volga, and it was said that
introduced into Constantinople: Chrysostom was arrested, but not without strong  he could bring an army of 700,000 men into the field. He was, therefore, the
opposition from the people, who set fire to the cathedral, the Senate-house, and  terror of the Eastern as well as the Western Empire, and it was not long before
other buildings, and was banished to Caucasus, a small town in Lesser Armenia.  he found a pretext for making war upon the former. By the treaty of Margus
There he lived three years, and was then removed to the desert of Pityus, where  a free market had been established on the northern bank of the Danube, near
he expired (A. D. 408).  Soon after this event Eudoxia died, leaving an infant  the Roman fort, Constantia. - A troop of barbarians violated the commercial
son, Theodosius.  The emperor also died (A. D. 408), having previously re-  security, killed or dispersed the unsuspecting traders, and levelled the fortress
quested Yezdijird, king of Persia, to act as guardian of the young prince-a  with the ground. The Huns justified the deed as an act of reprisal for an alleged
trust which he honorably fulfilled.                                              attempt of the bishop of Margus to steal the treasure of their kings, and deThe actual administration of affairs was assumed by the prefect, Anthemius,  manded the surrender of that prelate.  Theodosius refused to comply with this
who, by his superior abilities, obtained the ascendant over the minds of the  demand.  The Huns at once swept through Illyria, destroying the cities of
people. One of his first measures was to expel Ul'din, king of the Huns, from   Sirfmium, Singid'unum, Ratiatria, Marcianop'olis, Nals/sus, and Saradiea:
Thrace. Half of these barbarians were exterminated; the remainder were'taken  they spread across the whole breadth of the country between the Euxine and
prisoners, and sold into slavery. New fortifications were erected around Con-  the Adriatic, and desolated it with fire and sword (A. D. 441). Theodosius restantinople, and a strong fleet was stationed in the Danube. But the rule of  called the army of Aspar from Italy, and the garrisons from the Persian fronAnthemius was terminated by the assumption of the government by PULCHE"-  tiers, and sent them  to meet Attila. But they were defeated in three several
RIA, the youthful sister of the Emperor ~heodosius II.  She was two years older  engagements, and the emperor was left to such protection as the walls of Conthan'her brother, and was then but sixteen (A. D. 412). This extraordinary  stantinople could afford. Theodosius then solicited the clemency of Attila, who
woman governed the empire nearly forty years.  She and her two sisters, Area-  dictated humiliating terms of peace. The conditions were: 1. The cession pf a
dia and Marina, dedicated themselves to perpetual celibacy, though Pulcheria  strip of territory between Belgrade and Novse, in Thrace. 2. The augmentation
subsequently nominally married Marcian, the senator. Her palace was con-  of the tribute from 700 pounds of gold to 2100 pounds, and the immediate payverted into a monastery, from which all males, except the clergy, were excluded.  ment of 6000 pounds of gold to defray the expenses of the war. 3. The release,
She and her ladies formed a religious community, renounced the vanities of  without ransom, of all the Huns taken prisoners, and the payment of 12 pieces
dress, and lived on spare diet, fasting and praying incessantly. She built nu-  of gold for the redemption of all Roman captives. Theodosius consented to these
merous churches, founded extensive charities, and zealously combated the here-  terms (A. D. 446), but in order to raise the necessary funds he was forced to levy
sies of Nestorius and Eutyches; yet she did not neglect the government of the  heavy contributions on his nobles for the payment of Attila's demands. That
empire, which enjoyed peace and prosperity under her administration.  The  terrible Hun continually imposed fresh demands upon the feeble Theodosius,
emperor was a weak-minded youth, who passed his time in frivolous amuse-  and several embassies took place between the two monarchs. In one of these
ments, and acquired the epithet of Calligoraphes (or, fair writer), from  the  the unworthy favorite, Chrysaophius, who had acquired complete ascendency
elegance with which he transcribed religious books. At the instigation of Pul-  over the weak emperor, endeavored to bribe one of the Hunnish envoys to assascheria he married Athenals, the daughter of Leontius, the Athenian philosopher.  sinate Attila; but the faithful Ed'econ revealed the plot, and the result was a
This lady on her marriage renounced paganism, and was baptized, receiving  demand for more money, and for the head of Chrysaphius. With difficulty the
the Christian name of Eudoxia.  She composed several literary works, among  emperor raised the first, and obtained a remission of the second. A few days
them a poetical paraphrase of the first eight books of the Old Testament, and  afterwards he was thrown from -his horse while hunting, and so much injured
of the prophecies of Daniel and Zachariah; verses on the life and character of  that he died (A. D. 450). His sister, Pulcheria, at once ascended the throne,
Christ; the legend of St. Cyprian; and a panegyric on the Persian victories of  and her first act was to cause the execution of Chrysaphius without trial, and
Theodosius, alleged to have been gained in a war occasioned by the fierce per-  the confiscation of his ill-gotten wealth.  She then married MARtCIAN, a senator
secution of the Christians by Baharam, the successor of Yezdijird. But in truth  sixty years of age, who was accordingly invested with the imperial purple. He
no decisive successes of any kind were achieved on either side, and the contest  was a man of ability, mild disposition, and useful talents. He reigned three
was terminated by a truce for a hundred years (A. D. 422).                      years as the husband of Pulcheria, and after her death (A. D. 452) he remained
The Empress Eudoxia visited Palestine, where her munificence exceeded that  to the close of his life the undisputed sovereign of the East. He promulgated
of Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great. On her return she aspired to  some severe edicts against heretics, for which he received great encomiums from
the government of the empire, but the influence of Pulcheria was too powerful.  the Catholic writers. Yet he quietly endeavored to repress the ambition of the
The principal adherents of Eudoxia were executed or disgraced, and she herself  priesthood. Under his auspices the Council of Chalcedon reversed the acts of
was exiled to Jerusalem, where she died sixteen years afterwards. The affairs  the "robber Synod" of Ephesus; deposed Dios'corus, the violent primate of
ofth Western Empire next occupied the attention of the Court. At the request |Egypt; and restored Theod'oret and the other bishops who had been expelled.
What was the conduct of Arcedins?-~What befell Chrysosto)m?-~When did Eudoxia and    What of the expedition of Aspaqr?-~Of the Huns? —How did Theodosius act? —What of
lArcadius die? —What wias the last act of Arcadius? —Who succeeded him? —What of An- |Attila and Bleda? —The treaty of Malrgus? —Its violation? —The results? —What did Thethemins? —Pulcheria? —What was her character? —That of Eudoxia?-And of Theodosius?  odosius then do? —What were the terms granted by Attila? —What of the plot of Chrysal —What of the war with Persia? —The fate of Eudoxia?                         |phius? —The death of Theodosius? —What of Pulcheria? -Marctan?-His principal acts?
(172)




THE EASTERN EMPIRE.
The death of Marcian (A.D. 457) would have exposed the empire to the danger  of the West, but the barbarians under his command mutinied for increased pay
of a popular election, if the influence of Aspar, the patrician, had not been suffi-  and privileges, and, under the leadership of Odoacer, finally extinguished him,
cient to incline the balance in the favor of any candidate who might have been  and along with him, the Western Empire (A. D. 476). In the East, the empire,
named. Being unable to assume the crown himself, in consequence of being a  on the death of Leo the Thracian (A. D. 474), devolved on his grandson, Leo II.,
heretic (Gibbon's Decline and Fall of tle Roman Empire, ch. xxxvi.), he nomi-  whom he had associated with him. This prince survived but a few months.
nated LEO the Thracian, a military tribune, and the principal steward of his  The patrician Zeno then procured his own elevation to the throne, but he was
household, for emperor, who was accordingly elected.                        destined not to occupy it without a struggle, for Verina, the widow of Leo I.,
Leo I. (also styled "the Great") was a man of singular firmness and prudence.  persuaded her brother, Basiliscus, to take up arms, and assert his claim. Zeno
Aspar had hoped that he would have proved a mere instrument to carry out his  fled into Isauria, whither he was pursued by an army sent from Constantinople.
own designs, but Leo soon undeceived him, and having secretly introduced a  Three years he remained in exile, but at the expiration of that time he contrived
body of Isaurian troops into Constantinople, he disarmed and expelled Aspar  to gain the good will of the troops, and being likewise encouraged by Theodoric,
and his adherents. HIaving freed himself from this obstacle, he turned his  king of the Ostrogoths, he marched back in triumph to Constantinople (A.D.
attention to the Western Empire, which was then in the throes of dissolution.  477). He was at once reinstated on the throne, and Basiliscus was banished to
The Italians had implored his aid against the Vandals, and Leo now declared  Cappadocia, where he died. Verina fled to Syria, and thence to Egypt, where
Anthe'mius, the son of the patrician general, Proco'pius, his colleague and em-  she raised a revolt which she maintained to the close of her life. All her relaperor of the West (A. D. 467). Anthemius had married Euphemia, the daughter  tives and friends were subjected to the most cruel tortures, and their property
of the Emperor Marcian, and had distinguished himself by gaining a victory  was confiscated.
over the Huns on the Danube. Accompanied by a splendid retinue and a strong    Meanwhile Theodoric, who had contributed so much to the restoration of
guard, he left Constantinople and marched to Rome, entering that city in tri-  Zeno, and had been profusely rewarded by him, suddenly spread the flames
umph, and being welcomed there by all parties. Great rejoicings took place;  of war to the very gates of Constantinople, devastating Thrace with merciless
his daughter married Ricimer, the Gothic prince, and the nuptials were osten-  severity. Zeno was unable to resist these ravages, but at length succeeded in
tatiously celebrated -the poet and orator, Sido'nius, pronouncing a panegyric  persuading him to try his fortune in Italy, agreeing that if successful there he
thereon, for which he was rewarded with the prefecture of Rome. Leo professed  should rule as the emperor's lieutenant. Theodoric accordingly led his swarms
great affection for Anthemius, and resolved to deliver Italy and the Mediterra-  of barbarians into that unfortunate country, and effected its subjugation after a
nean from the Vandals. The troops of Egypt, Thebais, and Libya were assem-  severe contest with Odoacer. Zeno died in the year 491, and his widow, Ariadne,
bled, and embarked under the command of Herac'lius, prefect of Constantinople.  giving her hand to Anasta/sius, an aged domestic of the palace, raised the latter
Heraclius landed on the coast of Tripoli, and surprised and subdued that prov-  to the throne amidst the exclamations of the people. This prince issued an edict
ince. At the same time another grand expedition, consisting of an army of  granting liberty of conscience in religious matters, and he remitted many op100,000 men and a fleet of 1113 ships, sailed from Constantinople for Carthage,  pressive taxes; but his reign was disturbed by the rebellion of his brother-in-law,
under the command of Basilis'cus, the brother of the Empress Veri/na, wife of  Longi'nus, in Isauria. This convulsion lasted six years, and was terminated by
Leo. This force joined that of IIerac'lian and the troops from Italy under  the capture and deathof the rebel. The most remarkable portionof the history
Marcelli'nus, who had (A. D. 464) expelled the Vandals from Sicily; and the  of the reign of Anastasius is that relating to the circus factions of Constantinople.
combined armies landed at Cape Bona, 40 miles from Carthage. The Vandals  The descriptions transmitted to us of the scenes of tumult and violence which
who opposed them were successively vanquished, and if Basiliscus had boldly  disgraced the capital in consequence of the rivalry of these disorderly parties,
advanced on Carthage, that city must have surrendered, and the kingdom founded  almost exceed belief. They represented in a striking light the fearful degenerby Genseric would have been extinguished. Genseric, however, saw his danger,  acy of the Eastern Empire, which was in fact but the decrepit remains of the
and offered to submit himself and his dominions to the will of the Emperor Leo,  once mighty empire of Rome, and lingered on in a life of feebleness and decay
and obtained a truce of five days. During this interval he manned his largest  for nearly a thousand years. We cannot do better than conclude this portion
ships of war with his bravest Moors and Vandals, and sent them against the  of its history with an extract from Gibbon's great work, The Decline and Fall
Roman fleet. Towing after them large barks filled with combustible materials,  of the Roman Empire (to which we have already been so much indebted), dethey attacked their enemy in the night, and burnt or sank half their fleet.  Ba-  scriptive of these horrors of the Hippodrome:
siliscus fled disgracefully at the beginning of the engagement, and returned to    " The games (of the circus) were exhibited at the expense of the republic, the
Constantinople with the remains of his army (A.D. 468), and took sanctuary  magistrates, or the emperors, but the reins were abandoned to servile hands;
in the cathedral of St. Sophia, where he remained until his sister obtained his  and if the profits of a favorite charioteer sometimes exceeded those of an advopardon from the incensed emperor.  Eeraclius effected his retreat through the  cate, they must be considered as the effects of popular extravagance, and the
desert to Libya, and Marcellinus returned to Sicily, where he was assassinated.  high wages of a disgraceful profession. The race, in its first institution, was a
Thus ended this great enterprise, which cost the empire about $26,000,000.  simple contest of two chariots, whose drivers were distinguished by white and
After its failure Genseric again became the tyrant of the sea: the coasts of Italy,  red liveries; two additional colors, a light green and a cerulean blue, were afterGreece, and Asia were exposed to his depredations, and Tripoli was reannexed  wards introduced; and as the races were repeated twenty-five times, one hundred
to his dominions.                                                           chariots contributed in the same day to the pomp of the circus. The four facAfter the death of Anthemius (A. D. 472), Olybrius, the senator, was elected  tions soon acquired a legal establishment and a mysterious origin, and their
emperor of the West, with the secret connivance of Leo. But meanwhile the  fanciful colors were derived from the various appearances of nature in the four
election of a new colleague in the empire was seriously agitated in the council  seasons of the year: the red dog star of summer, the snows of winter, the deep
of the Eastern emperor. The Empress Verina was anxious for the selection of  shades of autumn, and the cheerful verdure of spring. Another interpretation
Julius Nepos, prince of Dalmatia, who had married one of her nieces; but while  preferred the elements to the seasons, and the struggle of the green and the blue
the matter was under discussion, Glycerius, an obscure soldier, was invested  was supposed to represent the conflict of the earth and the sea. Their respective
with the purple by his patron, Gun'dibald, the Burgundian king. But the latter  victories announced either a plentiful harvest or a prosperous navigation, and
not sustaining him, Julius Nepos easily displaced him, and was acknowledged  the hostility of the husbandmen and mariners was somewhat less absurd than
emperor of the West by the Senate, the Italians, and the provincials of Gaul.  the blind ardor of the Roman people who devoted their lives and fortunes to the
His triumph was but brief, for next year (A. D. 475) the barbarians under Orestes  color which they had espoused. Such folly was disdained and indulged by the
advanced to Rome. Nepos fled to Dalmatia, where he was assassinated five years wisest princes; but the names of Caligula, Nero, Vitellius, Verus, Commodus,
afterwards by Glycerius.  Orestes then placed his son, Romulus, on the throne  Caracalla, and Elagabalus, were enrolled in the green or blue factions of the
How was the successor of Marcian elected?-What is said of Leo the Thracian? —Of    Who succeeded Leo the Thracian? —What is said of Zeno?-Basiliscus? —The restoration
Aspar? —Anthemius? —What great expedition did Leo fit out? —Relate the particulars of its  of Zeno? —The fate of Basiliscus and Verina? —What of Theodoric? —How was he got rid
exploits. —What did it cost? — What of Genseric?- Olybrius? —Julius Nepos? —Glycerius?  of? -What of Ariadne and Anastasius?- Of Longinus? —What was the condition of the
— Orestes? —And Romulus?                                                | empire?-What of the circus factions?
( 173 )




THEIE EASTERN EM1PIRE.                                                                      BRITAIN.
circus; they frequented their stables, applauded their favorites, chastised their    ENGLAND.-This was an eventful century for England. The Roman legions
antagonists, and deserved the esteem of the populace by the natural or affected  were withdrawn, and the natives established petty States under kings whose
imitation of their manners. The bloody and tumultuous contest continued to  violence soon filled the island with confusion. The Picts and Scots renewed
disturb the public festivity till the last age of the spectacles of Rome; and The-  their incursions; the disunited Britons, unable to resist them, vainly implored
odoric, from a motive of justice or affection, interposed his authority to protect  aid from Atius, the Roman general in Gaul. Vortigern, king of Kent, then
the greens against the violence of a consul and a patrician, who were passion-  invited the Saxons to aid him, and a body of them, under HENGIST and IIoRsA,
ately addicted to the blue faction of the circus.                          landing at Ebbsfleet, in Kent (A. D. 446), were cantoned in the Isle of Thanet.
" Constantinople adopted the follies, though not the virtues, of ancient Rome;  For six years they served Vortigern faithfully. Hetmarried Rowena, the beauand the same factions which had agitated the circus raged with redoubled fury  tiful daughter of Hengist, whereby he forfeited the love of his people  About
in the hippodrome. Under the reign of Anastasius this popular frenzy was  the same time, ST. GERMAIN, bishop of Auxerre, and Lupus, bishop of Troyes,
inflamed by religious zeal; and the greens, who had treacherously concealed  arrived in England, and preached the gospel, combating especially the Pelagian
stones and daggers under baskets of fruit, massacred, at a solemn festival, three  heresy, which had infested the Christian Church in Britain. Hengist invited
thousand of their blue adversaries. From the capital this pestilence was dif-  numbers more of his countrymen over. The Britons, perceiving their object,
fused into the provinces and cities of the East, and the sportive distinction of  refused to supply them with provisions. Moreover, they deserted ~ortigern,
two colors produced two strong and irreconcilable factions, which shook the  and set up his son, Vortimer, as king. This was the signal for war. A battle
foundations of a feeble government. The popular dissensions, founded on the  was fought at Aylesford, on the Medway (A. D. 455), in which Horsa and Catimost serious interest or holy pretence, have scarcely equalled the obstinacy of  gemrn, another son of Vortigern, killed each other. The remarkable monument,
this wanton discord, which invaded the peace of families, divided friends and  called " Kit's Cotty house", still marks the grave of Catigern. Vortimer drove
brothers, and tempted the female sex, though seldom seen in the circus, to  the Saxons to their ships, and they returned to Germany. The British hero
espouse the inclinations of their lovers, or to contradict the wishes of their hus-  having been poisoned by Rowena, Vortigern was reinstated in his kingdom, and
bands. Every law, either human or divine, was trampled under foot; and as  Hengist was invited to return, which he did with a large number of followers.
long as the party was successful, its deluded followers appeared careless of  An assembly of the British chiefs was convened at the monastery of Ambrius
private distress or public calamity. The license, without the freedom, of de-  (Ambresbury) to treat with the Saxons; but at a given signal the latter fell
mocracy, was revived at Antioch and Constantinople, and the support of a fac-  upon the former, slew 460 ofthem, and took Vortigern prisoner. Another disastion became necessary to every candidate for civil or ecclesiastical honors. A   trous battle was fought near the Cray, and Kent was abandoned to the invaders.
secret attachment to the family or sect of Anastasius was imputed to the greens;  The last struggle was at Wsppedsfleet, in which twelve British chieftains were
the blues were zealously devoted to the cause of orthodoxy and Justinian, and  slain (A. D. 473). Hengist and his followers contented themselves with the postheir grateful patron protected, above five years, the disorders of a faction  session of Kent, where they founded the first Saxon kingdom in Britain.
whose seasonable tumults overawed the palace, the Senate, and the capitals of    In the year 477, 2ELLA, another Saxon chief, landed with his sons at Selsey,
the East. Insolent with royal favor, the blues affected to strike terror by a  and established himself there after vigorous opposition. He founded the kingpeculiar and barbaric dress: the long hair of the Huns, their close sleeves and  dom of the South Saxons (Sussex). In the year 495, CERDIC and his son CYNRIC
ample garments, a lofty step, and a sonorous voice. In the day they concealed  landed at Charmouth, in Dorsetshire, and founded the kingdom of Wessex (or
their two-edged poniards, but in the night they boldly assembled in arms and  West Saxons), the third of the Heptarchy (or seven kingdoms). But he met
in numerous bands, prepared for every act of violence and rapine.  Their  with the most determined resistance from the Britons of Cornwall and South
adversaries of the green faction, or even inoffensive citizens, were stripped, and  WTales, under their native princes, Natanleod, Aidan, Brochvael, Geraint, Cadoften murdered by these nocturnal robbers, and it became dangerous to wear  wallo, Ambrosius, and Uther Pendragon.  The Britons believed that Uther
any gold buttons or girdles, or to appear at a late hour in'the streets of a  was aided by the enchanter, AMBROSE MERLIN, whose prophecies were often cited
peaceful capital. A daring spirit, rising with impunity, proceeded to violate  in the middle ages. They are given in Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of Engthe safeguard of private houses; and fire was employed to facilitate the attack,  land. Uther was the father of the famous King ARTHRUR, whose exploits belong to
or to conceal the crimes of these factious rioters. No place was safe or sacred  the next century. AURELIUS AMBROSIUS was elected king of Britain (A. D. 484).
from their depredations; to gratify either avarice or revenge they profusely    SCOTLAND. —Fergus, son of the last king of the Scots, had taken refuge in Norspilt the blood of the innocent; churches and altars were polluted by atrocious  way, whence, having acquired great fame, he was invited to return to Scotland.
murders; and it was the boast of the assassins that their dexterity could  Assembling a vast number of Scottish exiles and Danes, he landed in his native
always inflict a mortal wound with a single stroke of their dagger. The disso-  country, united his forces with those of the Picts and the Britons, and attacked
lute youth of Constantinople adopted the blue livery of disorder; the laws were  the Romans. One of their chiefs, named Groeme (or Graham), broke through
silent, and the bonds of society were relaxed; creditors were compelled to  the wall of Severus. Fergus and Durst, the Pictish chief, were both slain, and
resign their obligations; judges to reverse their sentence; masters to enfran- Graham  was appointed regent (A. D. 404). He divided Scotland into districts,
chise their slaves; and fathers to supply the extravagance of their children.  and recalled the exiled monks. The next king, Eugenius, fell in battle against
The despair of the greens, who were persecuted by their enemies and deserted  the Saxons (A. D. 449). Itwas in his reign that Palladius was sent from Rome
by the magistrates, assumed the privilege of defence, perhaps of retaliation;  to Scotland to preach against the doctrines of Pelagius. That legate created
but those who survived the combat were dragged to execution, and the un-  the first Scottish bishops. The successors of Eugenius were Dungard, Constanhappy fugitives, escaping to woods and caverns, preyed without mercy on the  tine I., and Congal I.
society from whence they were expelled."-(ch. xl.)                           IRELAND.-The      great event of the century was the preaching of Christianity
In one of these riots the hippodrome was burnt, great damage was done to  by PATRICIUS (or PATRICK), a native of Scotland, whose family name was Succoth.
the city, and the statues of the Emperor Athanasius were thrown down and de-  Aided by his disciples —Benig'nus, Ailbe, Declan, Ibar, and Secundi/nus- he
stroyed (A.D. 491).                                                        rapidly converted the Irish, and established churches and bishoprics. He landed
Such was the deplorable condition of Greece and its new capital at the close  in Dublin, A. D. 432, and died March 17th, 465. King Nial was succeeded by
of the fifth century of the Christian Era, and of the first century of its exist-  Dathy, the last of the pagan kings of Ireland. Leogaire, to whom St. Patrick
ence. We have not mentioned all the horrors that were perpetrated, for they  preached, embraced Christianity. tie was succeeded by Olill Molt, who was
cannot be described without offence to propriety.  The succeeding centuries of  killed in the great battle of Acha (A. D. 483), whereby the family of the Nials
the Eastern Empire present the same sad picture of licentiousness and utter  became masters of all Ireland. Lugard was the first king of the race of the
w  ant of principle on the part of both rulers and people.  Hy Nial. At this time the Irish poet Sedulius (or Shiel) lived.
How long did the tumult continue? —What of the hippodrome? —U'hat increased the dis-   What of the withdrawal of the Romans? —What of Vortigern? —The Saxons? —Rowena?
cord in the time of Athanasius? —Give an outline of the. conduct of the factions?- To whom  — St. Germain? —Hengist and Horsa? —Vortimer? —Catigern? —E11a? —Cerdic and Cynric?
were "the greens" and "the blues" respectively attached? —What befell "the greens"?-  — What kingdoms were founded? —What of the British chiefs? —Merlin? —Arthur? —Am-'hat occurred in A. D. 491?                                              | brosius? -What of Scotland?- Ireland?- St. Patrick?'(1'74)




FRANCE.                                                                           SPAIN.
TIIIS country formed part of the dominions of IIonorius on the partition of    AFTER tile destruction of the army of Radagaisus by Stilicho in Italy (A. D
the Roman empire. In the year406 the Vandals devastated the land: Constan-  407), the Vandals under Gunde'gisil, the Alani under Respen/dial, and the
tine, governor of Britain, crossed over thence, and defeated them at Cambray;  Suevi under Hertmanric, crossed the Rhine into Gaul-w-hence, unsuccessfully
and having been joined by the Franks and Burgundians, made himself master  combating the Franks, they suddenly turned south, crossed the Pyrenees, and
of Gaul. About this time, CONAN MERIADEC, who in 385 led a band of adven-  entered Spain. There they were well received.    The Basques and the Iberians
turers into the country, founded the kingdom of Brittany (Bretagne or Armor-  willingly submitted to them, and the three great tribes found no difficulty in
ica), then peopled by the Cimbri, a nation identical with the Cymry or Welsh.   acquiring possession of the land, and making terms with the Romans,  whose
In the year 409 he formed a league with the Salic Franks, and in conjunction  dominion in Spain was now limited to a small portion of the country.
with their king, Theodomir, inflicted a severe defeat on the Vandals, who lost    The Vandals, under Gun/deric, the successor of Gundegisil, ruled at Seville,
their king, Gundegisil, in the battle. After this the Gauls leagued themselves  and gave their name to the province of Andalusia. The Suevi settled in Castile
with the Franks, and Constantine formed the design of dethroning Honorius.  and Galicia, and the Alani on the Ebro and in Lusitania.  The latter, a more
He marched into Italy; but finding himself unsupported, returned into Gaul,  fierce and restless tribe than the others, drove the Vandals out of Boetica, and
where he was put to death by order of Honorius. Meanwhile, Joviyus had been  the Romans out of Celtiberia. Adolphus, king of the Goths, was the next invader
proclaimed emperor by the Belgians (A. D. 411). He was at first supported by  of Spain (A. D. 417); but his career was cut short by assassination at BarceAdolphus, the successor of Alaric; but the latter afterwards caused him to be  lona, and his successor, Sigeric, shared the same fate (A. D. 418). Wallia was
put to death, and resolved to re-establish the authority of Honorius in Gaul.  chosen in the place of the latter. This prince subdued the Alani and incorpoThe war was a fierce one, both Gauls and Franks fighting ardently for liberty.  rated them with the Goths, which gave rise to the Gotho-Alanic nation and the
The Romans recovered the south of Gaul, but left the northern portion of it to  province of Catalonia. Wallia held his Court at Toulouse, which became the
the Franks. The Romans divided (A. D. 418) their portion into seven provinces,  capital of the kingdom of the Visigoths. He died A. D. 419, and was succeeded
making Aries the capital, and Agricola prefect. The emperor subsequently  by THEOD/ORIC.   On the death of WVallia, Gunderic, king of the Vandals, aspired
(A. D. 419) put Wallia, king of the Visigoths, in possession of Aquitaine. On  to the sovereignty of all Spain. Attacking the Suevi, he drove them  into the
the death of WaVllia, his successors, Theodoric and Euric, made themselves mas-  mountains of Leon; but he died suddenly at Seville. IHis brother, GEN/SERIC,
ters of the south of France, fixing their royal seat at Toulouse.             having been invited by Boniface into Afirica, led an army of 80,000 men into
At this time, it is alleged, PHARAMOND, a chief of the Ripuarian Franks, was  that country, and founded a kingdom there. This movement relieved the Suevi
elected king by those who had settled in Gaul. He is said to have died in A. D.  from their difficulties, and they soon recovered their power. IIernmanric, their
428, but as nothing is known of him but his name, the account is scarcely worthy  king, died A. D. 440, leaving the government to his son, Rechtila, who added
of credit.  Clodion the IHairy, the next king of the Franks, resided beyond the  the provinces of Toledo, Lusitania, and Carthagena to his dominions.  His son
Rhine, and endeavored to make himself master of Roman Gaul; in which attempt  and successor, Rech/iar (A. D. 448), was the first Christian prince of the Suevi.
he was foiled by the celebrated Roman general 2Etius. He, however, established   Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, eager to extend his dominions into Spain,
himself at Amiens, which he made his royal residence.  His successor, MERO-  attacked the Suevi, but was called away to resist the terrible advance of the
v'ucs (A.D. 447), wasthenextchiefelected kingafterthemanneroftheFranks,  IIuns under Attila, who threatened to desolate France and Spain, as he had
and became the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. He was soon called upon  done Eastern Europe. The victory at Ch'alons (A. D. 451), gained by 2Etius
to defend his kingdom against Attila and his tuns, and, joining with the Ro-  and Theodoric, cost the life of the latter. IIis death was bloodily avenged by
mans under,tius, and the Visigoths under Theodoric, took part in the ever-  his son, Thorismund, and the Huns were driven out of France. Thorismund
memorable-battle of Chalons (A.D. 451). After the defeat of Attila, and the  was murdered by his brothers, Theod/oric and Fred/eric, the former of whom
murder of ZEtius, the Franks established themselves permanently in Northern  became king of the Visigoths, and embraced Arian Christianity.  IIis great
France.                                                                       ambition was to make himself master of Spain. He accordingly invaded it
On the death of Merovaeus, his son, Chil'deric, was chosen his successor (A.D.  with a powerful army (A.D. 456), and overpowered the Suevi, whose king,
458). The debauchery of this prince soon disgusted the Franks, who elected  Rechiar, perished in the struggle.  After the death of Theodoric (A. D. 467),
AEgidius (Giles), the commander of the Roman militia, for their king. Childe-  his brother and successor, Euric, completed the conquest of Spain, with the exric, however, regained his throne, with Paris, Orleans, Angiers, and Beauvais.  ception of Galicia, which was still held by the Suevi; and the Roman dominion
The reign of Childeric I. ended in A. D. 481, when CLOVIS, the young chief of  in the Peninsula was finally extinguished.
the Franks at Tournay, was elected king. He is generally considered the founder    EuRIC was the founder of the Gothic kingdom of Spain. Bcetica and Cataof the French monarchy.  In A. D.485, he attacked Syagrius, governor of Sois-  lonia had submitted to his father, and he resolved to subdue the Suevi.  This
sonrs, and took possession of his territory and capital.  Soon after this he mar-  he accomplished, leaving them in possession of Galicia, Leon, and part of Porried Clotilda, niece of Gundibald, king of the Burgundians, a Christian prin-  tugal; but they were thoroughly humbled by his prowess. He then extinguished
cess, by whom he became instructed in the Christian religion. In a desperate  the remains of the Roman colony of Tarraconensis, with Lusitania and the cenbattle with the Alemanni at Zulpich, in A.D.496, he vowed to become a Chris-  tre of Spain. Being then master of the Peninsula, he invaded Gaul, and made
tian if he proved victorious. Being successful, he was baptized, with the greater  such rapid and extensive conquests there, that the Emperor Julius Nepos was
number of his followers, by REMIGIUS (or Saint Remi), bishop of Rheims, an  glad to make terms with him. Subsequently, Odoacer, king of Italy, gave up
orthodox prelate; and the, king, being supported by the clergy of Gaul, who  to him all the Roman provinces beyond the Alps, as far as the Rhine and the
were hostile to the Arians, received the appellation of "Most Christian King"  ocean. Euric established his seat of empire at Arles, where he died (A. D. 483),
-a title borne by his successors, kings of France, down to the most recent times.  having induced his subjects to elect his sonl Alaric as their king. Euric was the
He first held his Court at Soissons, but afterwards transferred it to Paris. His  first legislator of his nation, and originated and collected the code of laws called
kingdom, however, was not very extensive; for Euric, king of the Visigoths,  the Forum Judicum, or Fuero Julzgo. He was undoubtedly a great prince. Being
was master of all the south of France. Nor was his authority very despotic, for  an Arian, he persecuted the orthodox Christians. Alaric had not the ability of
the Franks assembled in council every spring in their Csampus Martis, or Champ  his father: he was of a less warlike temperament, and labored to purchase peace
de Mairs, where they deliberated on public affairs, and controlled them by their  on terms which would have been rejected by his predecessors. With the infusion
votes. The kingdom or duchy of BURGUNDY was founded in A. D. 413 by Gun-  of this Gothic element into Spain, the history of that country assumes a new chardicar, or Gunthacar, who, with 10,000 men, fell heroically resisting Attila. His  acter.  The Roman lawrs were altered or abrogated, and those rude principles
successors, Gunderic (436-466), Chilperic (466-491), and Gundibald, call for no  of liberty common to the Northern barbarians were introduced. The era of
particular notice. This kingdom comprehended Alsace and Lorraine.             romantic adventure began, and the Spanish character was considerably elevated.
What is said of Constantine? —Conan Meriade?-Jovinus?-How was Gaul divided  Wlhat nations invaded Spain? —What of Adolphus? —Wallia?-Theodoric? —Genseric?-|
between the Romans and the Franks? —What of Phararond?-Clodion?-Merovmus? —  The invasion of Afric,?-Hermanric?-Rechiar?-The battle of Chalons?-Thorismund?Childeric I.? —Clovis? —Clotilda?-The conversion of Clovis? —His new appellation? —The  Euric? —What kingdom did Euric found? —-What were his principal acts?l-Where did he
extent of his kingdom? —The Champ de M9ars?-The duchy of Burgundy?          establish himself?-What of Alaric? —What; was the effect of the irruption of the Goths?
( 15 )




GERMANY.                                                                                     AFRICA.
TarE exploits of Alaric a're referred to in the histories of the Eastern and Western Empires.  Having been foiled in his                THis century is memorable in the
invasion of Italy and Greece by Stilicho, be retired into th    onan  A.43.  Radagass    at the bead of thie Ale-  history of Africa for the establishment
manni, having poured into Italy (A. D. 405), met with a similar fate at the bands of Stilicho.  This famous general,  of the kingdom of the Vandals in Maubeing suspected by the Emperor Honorius of carrying on a secret understanding with Alaric, and even of aiming at the   retania and Numidia. Count Boniface,
imperial crown, was put. to death, together with the wives and children of 30,000 Germans in his service.  This insane   the Roman governor of those provinces,
proceeding of the emperor at once roused the fury of these mercenaries, and Alaric, being joined by them, suddenly re-  having conspired against the party of
appeared, mharched to Rome, and forced the city to pay a heavy ransom.  He then attacked Ravenna, but being foiled   A~tius in Italy, who was all-powerful
there, returned to Rome, which he took and plundered (A. D. 409).  Yet the city was not destroyed, and the defenceless  with the emperor, called in the aid of
ones were spared.  The church of St. Peter, and the valuables deposited therein, were left untouched.  The Goths even   GENSsR, ac, king of the Vandals in Spain.
joined in a solemn procession to the cathedral, and in the religious services.  Leaving Rome, Alarie marched into Lower   In the year 428 Genseric crossed into
Italy with the intention of visiting Africa, but his fleet was wrecked off Messina, and he died suddenly in his 54th year.  Africa at the head of a large army; but
The river Busentinus (Baseno) was diverted from its course, and the Gothic monarch was buried with an immense treasure   Boniface, having in the meantime made
in  ts  ed;aftr wichthestram   as esore  toitsnatralcouseandthesecetof  is  uril-pacewasseaed  y te.his peace with the emperor, requested
murder of the laborers.                                                                                                                 Genseric to return.  The Vandal king
In A   D.407 th   Vadals AlnsandSuei enere   Gal,  ndpasing  hene ito  pai, esablshe   thmseves returned him a disdainful answer, and
there.  InA.42  h    rnsadBrudashvn    ondi   rcamn     oiu     meoHnrueprr in a very short time expelled him and
of the West, persuaded Adolphus, the successor of Alaric, to march against them, which be did, and having been victo-  the Roman forces from  the province.
rious, took possession of the south of Gaul and north of Spain.  The motive which mainly actuated Adolphus in following   The enterprising but cruel Vandal in
the advice of Honorius, was the passion entertained by the Gothic monarch for Placidia, the beautiful and talented sister   eight years made himself master of all
of the emperor, who had been taken prisoner by Alaric at Rome.  After the conquest of Northern Spain, the nuptials  that country now called Barbary. Beof Adolphus and Placidia were celebrated at Narbonne (A. D. 414) with barbarous magnificence..  Adolphus was mur-  ing an Arian, Geriseric savagely persedere  atBareloa (. D  41), nd  igeic  sured  he hroe, ut  as n hs trn  lai  byWaliawhofixd hs Curtcuted the orthodox Christians. He also
at Toulouse, and founded the province of Catalonia.  Theodoric, his son and successor, greatly extended his dominio s destroyed all the works of art of the
The E mperor Honorius allotted to the Burgundians the territory of Alsatia as a fief of the empire.  The ancient Hel-  Romans in Africa, and devastated the
vetians no longer existed a s an independent people, the fierce Alemanni and Suabians being sole possessors of the country.  country in a horrible manner.  The
The worship of Odin prevailed exclusively amongst these tribes, from the Alps to the Northern Ocean.  The Franks and   Eastern  emperor, Zeno, made peace
Salii settled in Gaul, where they founded the kingdom of France.                                                                        with him, and yielded up the Roman
Abot tis im   thre  roe apowrfu  lade  amngt te Hnscaled byth  Roans ATIL, ad b  te Grmasprovinces to him.  Genseric became
Etzel.  He united beneath his rule all the Huns and the Ostro-Germanic tribes, whose kings were his servants.  Hlewas  more tolerant towards the orthodox
one  f thse  ight  sprits bor  torulemilions an   wascalld "he Soure ofGod, frm th  deastaionwhic  he Christians at the. close of his reign, but
caused.  He laid waste the whole of Greece: Constantinople was saved by ransom  (A. D. 451).  Attila, with his brother,  on the accession of his son, Htunerie
Bleda, then ravaged Germany, putting men, women, and children to the sword.  One attempt only to arrest his progress  (A. D. 477), they suffered more cruelly
was made, and that was by 10,000 Burgundians, under Gunthachar, on the right bank of the Rhine, who fought and fell  than ever.  The horrors of this reign
like a second Leonidas, with all his gallant followers.  Attila continued his route to France, and was met on the plains  surpass anything in African history.
of Chftlons by the combined Roman, Frank, and Gothic armies, under AEtius, and there, in one of the most fearful battles   Huneric died mysteriously (A.DP. 484),
which history records, he was utterly defeated: 200,000 Huns were slain, and the tide of barbarism -westward was stayed.  and was succeeded by a grandson of
Attila then passed into Italy, and marched against Rome, intending to pillage it, but be was induced to spare the city,  Genseric, namedGutamund, a generous
by an unlooked-for incident.  Pope Leo, an aged and dignified man, set forth to meet the Huns, at the head of the Roman   and amiable prince, who immediately
clergy in their priestly robes, and chanting hymns.  He and they were received with marked respect by Attila, who   stayed the persecution, and, although
promised to spare the city, and retire from Italy.  This ferocious tyrant died on his way back, some say from the bursting   an Arian, restored the African Church
of a blood-vessel, others from the dagger of a maiden named Ildegunda.  He was buried with great pomp, but those who   to its pristine state. Unfortunately be
buried him were put to death, that the place of burial might never be known.  His sons quarrelled among themselves,  died after a reign of eleven years (A. D.
and  he Grmas thew of te yoe oftheHuns whower defatedon  he bnks f te Nead ad te Daubeand 496), and was succeeded by his brother,
driven beyond the Black Sea.                                                                                                             Thrasamund, a prince of an opposite
GENsERIxC, the Vandal, established an empire in Africa; and RICIME~R, king of the Visigoths, became master of Italy.  temper, who quickly revived the perse-,
The latter dying in A. D. 472, ODoacER, prince of the Heruli, accomplished the destruction of the Roman emnpire in the   cution against the Church, banished
West, dethroning Romulus Augustulus, the last of the emperors, and causing himself to be proclaimed king of Italy   the orthodox Christians, shut up their
(A. D. 476).  Hie made Ravenna his capital (see Italy, page 171).                                                                       churches, and sequestered their monasAt this period of history, Germany was inhabited by a number of tribes formed into confederations, the principal of   teries.  120 bishops, at the head of
which were the Teutonic races of — 1. The Franks, on the Rhine and in Gaul, which gave their name to the country.  whom  was the learned FULGEN;TIUS,
2. The Alemanni, on the east ern bank of the Rhine, and thence to Lake Constance and Bohemia.  3. The Saxons, in   were banished to the island of Sardinia.
Bremen and Holstein, Saxony, and Hanover.  4. The Vandals, in Mecklenburg, Pomerania, and as far as the Oder.                              E THIOPIA.-In the reign of Alamid,
5. The Goths, who were divided into the Burg-undians, dwelling on the confines of Germany and Poland; the Heruli,  vast numbers of mionks and Anchorites
who dwelt near Pains Mseotis; the -Lombards, in the north of Pannonia; and the Gepidee, also in Pannonia.  6. The   came out of Egypt, and settled in EthiTh uringians, from the Mein to the Harz forest.  There were also Slavonian tribes in Bohemia, Lusatia, Mecklenburg,  opia, and Christianity flourished for a
and Misnia.  The tteruli and Lombards penetrated into Italy; the Suevi, Alans, and Vandals traversed Gaul, and entered   time.  But the nation (or, at least, its
Spain; the Burgundians settled in the east of France; the Franks settled in Gaul and the Netherlands.  The Suevi and   rulers) relapsed into paganism, and the
Alemanni united, and settled in Switzerland and Rhmetia, and were afterwards called Suabians; while the Boil settled   Christian faith was then forcibly rein Bavaria.  The Franks were divided into two great confederacies, the Salian and the Ripuarian (from ripua, the bank   stored by Aidog  (or Adad), king of
of a river).  The former, under Clovis, founded the French monarchy (A. D. 481).  Clovis extended his sway over the   Axuma (A. D. 521), in pursuance of a
Suabians, Thuringians, and Bavarians, and married Clotilda, niece of Gundibald, kingz of the Burgundians (A. D. 493), Ivow made by him  p~re-viously to a severe




.SCANDINAVIA.   | NETHERLANDS.C E N T RAL AM E R I CA.
SWEDEN.-Aun-hinn-Gamle (or," the    TIIE history of this century is nearly    THE Quiche legend adds, that when Gucumatz and the gods made man they
Old") was king for many years, but was  a blank. It is in fact compounded of  first made him of clay, but that the rain having spoilt hil, they called to their
twice expelled from his kingdom,-once,  that of the Saxons, who were pouring  aid Xpi-Yacoc and Xmucan6, the chiefs of magic, who advised that the man
after an obstinate contest, by Halfdan  forth their colonists over the northern  should be made of wood and the woman of cibak (thle Quiche name for the
I., king of Denmark, who reigned at  shores of Europe and into Britain, and  marrow of a species of sword-grass out of which matting is made). From these
Upsala 25 years, and again by Ole-hinn-  that of the Franks, who under Clovis  two sprang ungainly children, devoid of intelligence, but capable of speech to
Frviekni (or, " the Active"), the son of  and his successors had established the  praise their creator. But having failed to glorify IHurakan, they were destroyed
lriedlief III. Aun immolated nine of  kingdom of France, and were extend-  in a flood: a heavy rain of bitumen and rosin fell from heaven upon them: wild
his sons to the gods, in order to obtain  ing their empire to the Rhine. The  birds and beasts devoured them: but a few were saved, and their descendants
what he most desired, viz., extreme old  inhabitants of the Western Netherlands   are those apes which inhabit the woods. Then a new creation took place, and
age, and after an immensely long reign  were involved in perpetual contests with  a race of intelligent beings was formed, which praised God and obeyed IIis
lie died A. D. 448. Ilis successor, Egill,  these fierce and lawless conquerors, and  laws. Such is the mythical account of the creation of man which prevailed
l Ad to contend with insurgents, one of  appear to have been brought to such a  among the ancient people of Guatemala.
whom, named Tunni, defeated him in  state of subjugation and despondency    The traditions collected by Las Casas, the Spanish historian, have something
eight battles. Egill, however, slew him   as to wish to denaturalize themselves,  like history in them. According to them, in the ages anterior to the Deluge,
with his owvn hand, whence he took the  and become as though they were for-  the Grandfather and Grandmother'Who dwelt in heaven were adored in Guatename of Tunnadolgi. Ile died A. D.  eigners, even on their own soil. The |ala; and for a long time afterwards the Deity was invoked by these two names,
456. IIis successor, Ottar, fell in a  Frank (or French) nobles appear to  until a woman of great authority taught them to address Him otherwise, having
naval action with  Frode IV. of Den-  have considered the district of the Ar-  learned by a special revelation His true name. This tradition undoubtedly refers
mark,  in the Linn Fiord, after having  dennes, and the beautiful region of the  to a queen much celebrated in the antique legends of the Guatemalians, and whose
r:lvagedthedistrictofVendila; whence  Moselle and the Herbesthal, as their  memory is connected with a number of places in Central America. She was
le is surnamed by Danish historians  own peculiar hunting grounN]s. The  called ATIT (grandmother). The volcano Atit-al-huyu was named after her.
V endilkraka.  Adils,thenextking,was| land in those days was cov-eed with  According to the legend, Atit lived four centuries, and from her descended all
involved in a protracted quarrel with  dense forests, abounding in beals, and  the royal and princely families of Guatemala. This probably refers to the period
the No)rwegians, whichwas at length  it was to indulge in their favorite sport  during which her dynasty or family reigned. She married Copichoch, who was
terminated in his favor by a pitched  of bear hunting that they nade it un-  the first that established his dominion in Guatemala. According to the chronbattle on the ice, on Lake Wener.     inhabitable. We are told that those  iclers, Copichoch, the son of Tamub, had previously reigned at Tulha, whither
DENMARK.-  Frode IV. succeeded  parts oftheNetherlands which belonged  he had come from the East, after having crossed the sea with other chiefs named
lriedlief III. Of Ingild, Halfdan II.,  to France resembled a desert, and the | ochochlam, Mahquinalo, and Ahcanail. They brought with  them from that
-and Frode V. little need be said. Half-  monasteries which were there founded  distant country the famous black stone, since worshipped in the temple of Cahba
lan's sons, Roe and Helge, inherited  were established,accordingto thewords  at Utlatlan. Their descendants, having settled in Guatemala and multiplied
the kingdom and agreed to divide it  of their charters, amid immense soli-  exceedingly, founded those kingdoms of which Utlatlan, Atitlan, and Iximche|
letween them. Roe built the city of  tudes. Under this new rule not a ves-  (or Quanhtemalan), were subsequently the capitals. The race of Tamub, to which
Roskilde, but gave up his patrimony  tige of the ancient nations of the Ar-  the later Quiche princes traced their origin, is undoubtedly.the most ancient in
for the Danish possessions in England,  dennes was left: the civilized popula-  the annals of Guatemala: that of Ilocab (which name comes after that of Tamub)
lhere he established himself. Helge  tion either perished or was reduced to  appears to have succeeded it in power, or to have reigned conjointly with it over
invaded Sweden, plundered Upsala, and  slavery, and all the high grounds were  Iome of the neighboring provinces. Exbalanqu', who has been already menlarried off the queen, who became his - added to the previous conquests of the  tioned (p. 145), came from the city of Utlatlan when he marched against Xibalba.
life, and mother of the famous hero,  Salians.                              Whatever may have been his claims to the seeptre of the Quiche States, and
lrolf-(or Rolf) Krake. To Helge and    A different fate awaited the Eastern |whether acquired by violence or not, he went to reign over other countries;
Roe succeeded Frode VI., whose reign  Netherlands.  The Alemanni in the  and it was, according to all appearance, the race of Tamub or of Ilocab which
extended into the next century. These  Gallicterritories, having acknowledged  obtained or resumed the crown of Utlatlan   after his departure. But he was
lbarbarous chieftains of an equally bar-  the superiority of the Franks, were per-  worshipped afterwards in Guatemala, and down to the time of the Spanish conbarous people passed their time in pi- |itted by the conquerors to enjoy their  quest, the people continued to pay him divine honors, and to sacrifice human
ratical and plundering excursions, rude  peculiar manners and institutions, un-  victims to him, of which hideous custom he had been the founder. This is all
field sports, and carousing. The history  der the government of official and, at  that tradition furnishes respecting the primitive epochs of the history of Guaof one century is very nearly that of  length, of hereditary dukes. After the  temala. It is not until a later period that the first Toltec emigrations appear,
another, for a long time to come, and  conquest of the western provinces, the  of which formal mention is made. They are those of the populations known
is involved in the greatest uncertainty.  Franks alone maintained their ancient  afterwards by the name of Xuchiltepees and Pipiles, which coming from ClioThe student will find in the introduc- habitations beyond the Rhine. They  lullan established themselves on the shores (now desert) betw een Tehuantepe|
tion to Dunham's History of Denmark,  gradually subdued and civilized the ex-  and Soconuseo (anciently Xoconochco). We know not the motives which inan interesting discussion of this obscure  hausted countries as far as the Elbe and  duced them to abandon the Aztec plateau; but the tradition which relates to
portion of history, and notices of the  the mountains of Bohemia.           them  appears to coincide with that of the taking of Cholullan by Huemae in
original races of Scandinavia, the Sui-   It has been supposed that the expe-  the 9th century.
ones, Gettones,Dankiones,Jutes,Lapps,  dition of Hengist and Horsa, the cele-    Through the mists of tradition, it may reasonably be inferred that the ancient
Finns, and Quens, with their mytholog-  brated Saxon chieftains,for the conquest  civilization of Central America wvas introduced by some enterprising European
ical kings and heroes who lived long  of Britain, sailed from the Netherlands.  or African adventurers.  We know that the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians
prior to the time ofOdin.   Among these  Certain it is that the shores of the North-  fitted out expeditions for the purposes of discovery and colonization; that they
there was one named Ju/binal, who is  ern Ocean were inhabited by the hardy  were acquainted with the Northern Ocean; and that they sailed round the Cape
still invoked  by the Lapps.  But space |  Northern tribes  ho owed no allegiance  oGood Hope.  Some of these  navigators may have anticipated Co lumbus,  or I
cannot be devoted to further mention  to the Franks, but lived in perpetual  been driven by storms and tides across the Atilantic, and thus been the means 
of these topics here.                 enmity with them.                     of introducing the arts and sciences of the Old WVorld. 
Mention the incidents in the history of |What vans the condition of the Western    What more is said of the creation of man?-Of the first race of llumlan beings?-Of other|
Sweden. —And of Denmark. —What-of Roe? Netherlands during this century? —What did traditions of Guatemala?-Of Queen Atit?-Of Copichoch? —Thc r~acc of Tnamub? —Esxbnl-Hrolf IDrake? —What  were the original the French nobles do? —What of the Eastern  anqlu? —Subsequent tr~tditions?-What maybhe inferred as to the origrin of the ancient
races of Scandinavia?| Netherlands? —Hengist and Horsa?                |civilization of Central America?l
23                                                                                                                         (177~)




ITHE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
THE Church being now the State religion of the Eastern and Western Empires,  of barbarians, the supineness or feebleness of distant bishops, and the policy
it made great efforts to spread Christianity amongst the heathens. The Bur-  of the western kings, who advanced their own interests in co-operating with the
gundians readily embraced the faith: the Vandals, Suevi, and Alans were like-  bishop of Rome. LEO THE GREA.T, who filled that See from 440 to 461, asserted
wise converted, but by whom and at what precise time is unknown. The Ger-  with great vigor and success the pretensions of the See of Rome; but he met
mans and Goths had already been partially converted. The Roman pontiff,  with much resistance, especially from the African bishops. The vices of the
Celestine, sent PALLADIUS into Ireland to preach to the savage people of that  clergy were carried to enormous lengths, and the licentiousness of the monks
country, but his labors were not very successful. He was of more use in Scot-  became proverbial. The practice of invoking the spirits of' departed Christians,
land, where he combated heresy. The same pontiff sent SUccoTH, a native of  and of praying for their intercession, became habitual. Images were worshipped,
Scotland, who had studied in Gaul, under the famous Martin of Tours, to Ire-  and the relics of saints and martyrs were eagerly sought after and enshrined.
land in the year 432. This eminent man, better known by his assumed name  Public processions and pilgrimages to holy places became extremely common,
PATRICIUS (or PATRICK), was completely successful in planting Christianity in  and were sometimes carried to ridiculous extremes; for instance, some Christians
that island; and in the year 472 he founded the archbishopric of Armagh, which  journeyed to Arabia in order to see the dunghill on which Job sat, and to kiss
has since remained the metropolitan See of Ireland. The convents he estab-  the ground which had absorbed his blood (see Chrysostom's Homily to the Anlished, until some time in the 7th century, were the centres of a fervent eccle-  tiochians). The doctrine of the purgation of souls by fire after death also besiastical activity for the island, which was thence styled " the Isle of Saints".  came prominent, and was elaborately discussed by Augustine. It was held that
IHe has been justly called "the Apostle of the Irish". In Britain, however,  all mankind have to pass through this fiery purification to judgment, and will
Christianity was nearly exterminated by the idolatrous Saxons, who, on the  suffer more or less, individually, in proportion to the degrees of iniquity waiting
abandonment of the island by the Romans, invaded and settled in it, and finally  to be burnt out. In time, this hypothesis was displaced by the belief in a permade themselves masters of it. The British Church continued only in Wales  manent purgatory, in which the process of burning out worldly pollution is
and in the mountains of Northumberland, and the national hatred between the  constantly going on. New rites were'introduced into the Church service; such
Britons and the Saxons was too intense to allow the latter to receive the gospel  as, perpetual hymns, which were chanted day and night; the adoration of images
from the former. In Gaul, the Franks committed the greatest cruelties on the  of the Virgin Mary with the Child Jesus in her arms; the addition of a vast
Christians, and it was not until the year 496, when Clovis embraced Christian-  variety of ornaments to the sacerdotal robes; and the confession of sins privately
ity, that these persecutions ceased, and France became Christian. The conver-  to a priest, instead of publicly before the congregation, as had been the practice
sion of Clovis was mainly owing to the zeal of his Christian wife, Clotilda. At  heretofore. The Roman festival of the Birth of Jesus, on the 25th of December,
the battle of Tolbiacum (Zulpich), when he saw his ranks give way, he raised   was adopted in the Eastern Churches. Love feasts, which had originated in the
his hands in supplication to the God of the Christians; and having gained the  charitable feelings of the early Christians towards their needy brethren, and
victory, he was baptized at the cathedral of Rheims by St. Remigius (Remi):  had subsequently taken the form of repasts for the poor provided by the whole
he was saluted as a Christian king and a second Constantine. He soon distin-  Church, fell into disuse during this century. The tonsura Petri (shaving the
guished himself by his zeal for the Catholic faith, and being then the only or-  crown of the head) was adopted by the clergy of the Roman Church. The
tholdox king, he professed to feel bound in conscience to obtain possession of the  building of churches became a desire as well as a necessity, especially after the
territories of the Arian princes, and in his attempts to do so received much  establishment of Christianity as the State religion. They were generally erected
assistance from their Catholic subjects. The Franks and Alemanni followed  over the graves of martyrs, in the form of the Basilica (imperial palace or court of
his example; in consequence whereof Arianism  began to decline, and in the  judicature).  This was an oblong parallelogram,, divided lengthwise by double
8'th century, when the Lombard kingdom was overthrown, its independence as  or quadruple rows of pillars, and terminating in a semicircular hall (or sanca national religion was entirely lost.                                      tuary). On these pillars rested a beam, on which rested a second row of pillars
In the East, SIMEON, a Syrian, persuaded the wild inhabitants of the Libanus  with arcades, and above these a rather flat gable-roof. Before the entrance was
and Northern Arabia to adopt the Christian religion, by imitating that kind of  a quadrangular court surrounded with colonnades, and with a fountain in the
penitence or penance practised by the fakeers of India. When a boy, he had  centre. In the sanctuary, separated from the other parts by lattice-work and
been more than once saved from fanatical suicide in the convent wherein he had  curtains, stood the main altar, behind which were the seats for the priests, with
taken refuge; and when of mature age, he passed his life on the tops of pillars,  the episcopal throne in the centre. Before the altar was an elevated chair for
alternating between one and another, they being respectively 9, 18, 33, 54, and  the singers, by the side of which was a pulpit, sometimes two. Such was the
60 feet high, in the neighborhood of Antioch. He asserted himself to be a me-  style of the principal churches in the 5th century.
diator between heaven and earth, and preached repentance to the astonished    The controversy respecting Origen raged with great fury (see 2d and 3d cenmultitude. For 37 years (A. D. 420-457) he lived in this manner, his food being  turies), and JEROME, Rufinus, Theophilus, and CHRYSOSTOm distinguished themconveyed to him in a basket. He was much venerated, and became an umpire  selves in it. Efforts were made (A. D. 401) to expel the latter from Constantiand an apostle to the Arabs. The Greeks gave him the appellation of "Styl'-  nople; and by a synod held at Chalcedon (A.D. 403) he was banished, but was
ites" (from stylos, a column). He had many imitators, even down to the 12th  soon recalled, through fear of a popular tumult. The faction of the Donatists
century, in the East; but these "pillar saints" (sancti columnares) never ac-  still troubled the Church by their obstinacy, and the brutal violence of their
quired influence in the WTest. But in Persia the imprudent zeal of the bishop  soldiery. Councils were held at Carthage in 404 and in 407, which sent depuof Suza, who pulled down one of the temples erected by the worshippers of fire,  ties to the Emperor Honorius, requesting him to enforce the laws against them.
drew down upon the Christians in that country a fierce and inhuman persecu-  He accordingly fined those who refused to return into the Church, banished their
tion, and their churches were levelled to the ground (A. D. 414). This perse-  doctors, and issued stringent edicts against them; but he allowed them to plead
cution was renewed in 421, and continued for a great number of years, during  their cause before his tribune, Marcelli nus, who was sent expressly into Africa
which time a prodigious number of Christians were tortured and put to death,  to settle these unhappy disputes. The hearing lasted three days, and Marcelliand the faith became all but extinct in Persia.                             nus pronounced in favor of the Catholics, chiefly through the exertions of AuThe internal history of the Church shows the increasing development of the  gustine, who took the principal part in the controversy. After this the greater
power of the hierarchy. The influence of the bishops was much augmented,  number of the Donatists returned to the Church, but many remained obstinate,
especially of the patriarchs of Constantinople, between whom and the Roman  and suffered fines, imprisonment, and even death; and though they were afterpontiffs the direst hostility existed. The latter were gradually building up the  wards aided by Genseric and the Vandals, who invaded Africa in A. D. 427, they
great fabric of Papal power which was soon to enslave the western world. A   never recovered their former influence.  The Arians, also, oppressed by the imvariety of circumstances contributed to this. Among  them were the inroads  perial edicts, took refuge among the Goths, Suevi, Vandals, and Burgundianls.
What is said of the spread of Christianity?-Palladius?- St. Patrick? —What title did |  Wha~t were the leading causes of the increase of the Papal power? —What of Leo I.?Ireland acquire? —What of Christianity in Britain? —The conversion of Clovis? —The de-  What new practices grew up? —What of the doctrine of purgatory? —What new rites were
dine of Arianism? —Simeon Stylites? —The "pillar saints "? —The persecution in Persia?  introduced? —That of love feasts?- Sharing the crown? —The building of churches?-Thc power of the hierarchy? —The influence of the bishops?               Chrysostom? —The Donatists? —The ArilLns?
(178)




A.C. 400-500.
------- ~ ~ ~ ~   ~   ~   ~   ~.. 
TIE CHRISTIAN CHEURCH..
A new sect, which became the source of the most fatal divisions in the Church,    Another controversy was raised by PELA/IGuS and CELES/TCUs,   the former an
was formed by NESTO/RIuvS, bishop of Constantinople, a man remarkable for his  English monk, the latter an Irish one, who about the year 410 went into Sicily
learning and eloquence, as well as for his unbounded arrogance. Apollina/ris,  from Rome, and taught that the doctrine of the original corruption of human
bishop of Clermont in France, having taught that Christ wasnot endowed with  nature and the necessity for Divine grace to restore it, was false. Several couna human soul, but with the Divine Nature, which was substituted in its place,  cils were held to suppress this heresy, and by dint of edicts and penal laws, the
and performed its functions, Nestorius vehemently opposed this doctrine, and  Catholics demolished this sect in its infancy. In the course of the controversy,
sought to exterminate its supporters. He contended that the Divine and human  AURELIUS AUGUSTINE, bishop of Hippo (now Bona in Algeria), promulgated his
natures in Christ were entirely distinct; and he commanded his disciples to  famous doctrine of Predestination. This celebrated man was born at Tgaste,
distinguish carefully between the actions and'perceptions of the Son of God,  in Numidia, in November, A. D. 354. His father was a pagan, but his mother,
and those of the Son of Man. As this doctrine favored the notion of there  Monica, was a Christian. He became a Manichavan, but was subsequently conbeing two distinct persons in Christ, and as Nestorius also taught that the Vir-  verted to orthodox Christianity. His works are voluminous, and much esteemed
gin Mary ought not to be styled " Mother of God", but " Mother of Christ",  -the most remarkable of them being his treatise De Civitate Dei, or history of
he was furiously attacked by CYRIL, bishop of Alexandria, who, joining with  the visible kingdom of God, from the creation to his own times. This doctrine
Celestine, bishop of Rome, assembled a council at Alexandria (A. D. 430), and  of Predestination was the occasion of further controversy, especially in Europe;
issued no less than 12 anathemas against him. Nestorius treated these fulmi-  and the Western Church was divided by the contest between the followers of
nations with contempt, and charged Cyril and Celestine with heresy. To settle  Augustine and those who were called Semi-Pelagians. The latter had for some
the controversy, the Emperor Theodosius called a council at Ephesus (A. D. 431),  time the advantage, especially in France, owing to the unpopularity of the docover which Cyril presided. Nestorius was cited to appear before it. This he  trine of the absolute decrees of God; but in Rome and Africa the doctrines of
refused to do, because it was proposed to decide the matter before the arrival  Augustine were zealously upheld.
of the Eastern bishops. He was therefore judged without being heard, deprived    The patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch were now fast losing their importof his bishopric, banished to Petra in Arabia, and thence to the oasis in the  ance, and the patriarch of Constantinople absorbed supreme authority in the
great desert of Africa (A. D. 435), where he died about the year 450. This cele-  East. He styled himself " the Universal Bishop." — a pretension which was
brated Council of Ephesus, the proceedings of which were conducted without  fiercely resented by Gelasius I. and the succeeding bishops of Rome, especially
the least fairness or decency, established the doctrine which has since been  by Gregory I. (surnamed "the Great"), towards the close of the 6th century.
adopted by the majority of Christians, viz., "that Christ was one Divine Per-  But though Gregory refused to assume the title, his successor, Boniface III.
son, in whom two natures were most closely and intimately united, but without  (A.D. 605), obtained fiom the Emperor Phocas the privilege of bearing it, and
being mixed or confounded together" —a doctrine which many have thought was  of transmitting it to his successors. The emperor at the same time declared the
in reality the same as that of Nestorius. Be this as it may, the progress of Nes-  Church of Rome to be the head of all other Churches, and Boniface assumed
torianism was prodigious in the East. All the Oriental provinces of the empire  to himself alone the appellation " Papa" or " Pope", which had formerly been
embraced it: the Persian Christians adopted it with ardor. The celebrated  applied indiscriminately to all bishops; and from this period (A. D. 606) dates
school of Edessa translated from the Greek into Syriac the works of Nestorius,  the rise of the Papacy, which will be more fully discussed in the second part
and instructed youth in them. Thus his doctrines spread throughout the East,  of this work, comprising Mediaeval History.
and were afterwards carried into Tartary and China, where they flourished for    The bishops of Rome during this century were: Anastasius I. (A. D. 398many centuries, and to this day they form the tenets of the Armenian Church.  402), Innocent I. (402-417); Zosimus (417); Boniface I. (418-422); Ccelestinus
His most ardent disciple was Barsu'mas, who preached with great zeal, and  (422-432); Sixtus III. (432-440); Leo I. (440-461); Hilatrius (461-468); Simpersuaded the Persian monarch to appoint him to the bishopric of Seleucia —a  plicius (468-483); Felix III. (483-492); Gelatsius I. (492-496), who abolished
post which the patriarch of the Nestorians has since always filled. Barsumeas  the observance of the Lupercalia, the last remnant of idolatry; Anasta'sius II.
also founded a school at Nisibis, whence issued those NTestorian doctors who, in  (496-498); Sym'machus (498-514).
this and the following century, spread their tenets throughout Asia.           A considerable number of controversial and of didactic writers flourished in
Further contests were occasioned by EUvTYCnES, an abbot of Constantinople,  this century. Among the Greeks and Orientals the most distinguished were
who taught that there was but one nature in Christ, viz., "that of the incarnate  CYRIL, bishop of Alexandria; Theod/oret, bishop of Cyprus; Isidore, bishop
Word".  For this he was excommunicated: he thereupon appealed to the deci-  of Pelusium; Theoph'ilus, bishop of Alexandria; Palladius; Theodore of Mopsion of a general council. Accordingly, the Emperor Theodosius convened one  suestia; Nilus; Basil of Seleucia; Theod'otus, bishop of Ancyra; Gelasius
at Ephesus (A.D. 449), which was conducted with such turbulence and want  of Cyzicus; Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais; Nestorius, bishop of Constantinoof decency, that it was called by the Greeks "an assembly of robbers". Eu-  ple (already noticed); Eutyches; and others. Among the Latin writers were
tyches, however, was acquitted, and Flavia/nus, one of his opponents, was pub-  Leo the Great, Symmachus, Innocent I., Boniface I., Gelasius, and Felix, bishops
licly scourged. The latter then appealed to Leo, bishop of Rome, who with  of Rome; Orosius; Sidonius Apollina'ris; Vigil'ius of Tapsus; Arnobius;
great difficulty procured of the Emperor Marcian the convoking of the Council of  Zosqimus; Isidore of Cordova; HILARY, bishop of Arles; PATRICK, the apostle
Chalcedon (which is reckoned the fourth general council), (A. D. 451), in which  of Ireland; and others. One of the celebrities of the 5th century was HYPAtTIA,
the acts of the Council of Ephesus were revoked and annulled, and its president,  the daughter of Theon, a famous mathematician of Alexandria. She was born
Dioseorus, condemned  and banished. But this Monoph/ysite (or one nature)  at the close of the 4th century, and was educated by  her father, whom she soon
controversy became the cause of incredible discords, and even of civil war. The surpassed in celebrity. Her beauty and genius attracted crowds to her school,
Emperor Basiliscus, having espoused the cause of the Monophysites, summoned where she taught mathematics, and gave lectures on science. She refused to be
all the bishops to condemn the Synod of Chalcedon. The restoration of Zeno  converted to Christianity, obstinately adhering to paganism.  This excited the
-to the throne changed the posture of affairs. In 482 that emperor issued his anger of Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, who attributed to her influence the per" TIenot icon" (or one nature dogma), to be subscribed by the contending par- secutions Mwhich the Christians endured from Orestes, governor of the city. The
ties; but many of the Syrian bishops refused to sign it, and were displaced.  partisans of Cyril seized her as she was going to her school, dragged her from
The Western bishops offered the most determined opposition to all union with her carriage into a neighboring church, stripped her, and beat her to death.
tlhe Monophysites. Felix II., bishop of Rome, issued an anathema against Aca-  They then cut her body into pieces, which they carried about the streets, and
cius, patriarch of Constantinople, and all communion between the Eastern and  finally burnt publicly in a place called Cinaron (March, 415). Hypatia wrote
Western  Churches was broken off (A. D. 484). Attempts were  subsequently  several works, but they have not come down to us. An interesting aceount of
made to renew it, but the breach was never healed.                           her will be found in Kingsley's beautiful tale, " IIypatia".
What is said of Nestorius?-Apollinaris? —The Council of Ephesus? —Vhat doctrine did    What is said of Pelagius and Celestius?-Augustine? —His doctrine of Predestination?it establish? —What of the progress of Nestorilanism? —Of Barsumas? —The bishopric of  The position of the patriarchs of Antioch and Alexandria? —What title did the patriarch of
Suza? —The heresy of Eutyches?- The second Council of Ephesus? - The Monophysite  Constantinople assume? —What of that of "<Pope"? —Who were bishops of Rome during
Controversy? —Zeno's Henoticon? —The schism between the two Churches?! this century? —What eminent men flourished? —Wyhat is said of Hypatia?
(179).... _.... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(~~




S r Al M A R Y.
WE have now completed the sketch of the history of that restless period in  little germ of faith which one thousand years afterwards developed itself in the
the life of the human race which has, by common consent, been designated  form of THE HEBREW THEOCRACY, and the wealth and wisdom of SOLOMON. Yet
"Ancient".  It corresponds with the infancy and childhood of man. At the  another thousand years, and the work of ABRAHAM was crowned by the appearcommencement, all is vague and uncertain; what is known is but a dim, shad-  ance of THE MESSIAH. But much had taken place in the interval. Eighteen
owy outline of events, imperfectly remembered, whose significance is not per-  centuries before the Christian Era were laid the foundations of Grecian power
|eived nor understood. The early traditions of mankind resemble those obscure  and intelligence; small was their beginning: the petty Hellenic tribes formed
impressions which have been left on the mind of a child by passing events,  themselves into little communities, and remained ignorant of their strength
which he beheld but did not comprehend.  The primitive races found " the  until there arose a great conflict between the barbaric power of Asia and the
world all before them where to choose", and, either by destiny or by chance,  intellect of Europe. This conflict is popularly known by the name of TIIE
located themselves in the lands wherein we first meet with them.  India,  SIEGE OF TROT, and has been consecrated by the genius of HOMER. In it the
Persia, Asia Minor, Chaldea, and Syria testify to the presence, at a period far  Greeks acquired the knowledge of their power. We soon find them sending out
beyond our knowledge, of the great Aryan (or Indo-Germanic) race, upon whose  colonies, and bending their energies to the ridding their land of the obstacles
language have been erected the structures of the classic tongues of antiquity  to its proper cultivation.  These labors are typified under those of HERCULES.
and of modern Europe. Their native land was the eastern portion of the Per-  The Phoenicians extend the wings of commerce to remote regions, and the Celtic
sian empire. India was the scene of their first exploits, yet there they found a  race, having already overrun Europe by land, now invests it by sea; carrying
still earlier race of men, whom they subdued. Their influence extended through  with it, however, that most horrible form of idolatry known as DRUIDISMZ. The
Asia into Egypt.  The root, AR, of their name (signifying " noble"), is traced   distant coasts of Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavia, are explored by these merin the words Aramiean, Arah, Aroer, Ararat, Armenia, and in a multitude of  chants.  The great continent of Africa is circumnavigated by sailors from
other words in the Persian, Chaldee, Greek, and Latin tongues. We may con-  CARTHAGE, which has now risen up a prosperous Phoenician colony. Hints are
sider them the fathers of the great Caucasian race, with its stock of kindred  thrown out that another and more westerly continent has been visited, V'ut the
languages.  But what affinity, or whether there was ever any, between them   penalty of death is laid upon him who utters them. Yet it must have been
and the Mongolian and the. Negro races, the present state of our knowledge  about this time that VOTAN and ZAMNA arrived in Central America, bringing
does not enable us to discover. In the "Ante-historical period" this subject  with them a new form of civilization.  The foundations of ROME are laid, and
was mentioned, and we need not dwell on it further now. We may observe, |we soon become occupied with listening to the march of nations contending for
however, that as regards races of men, all ancient traditions, except those of  empire or for liberty. Races more energetic are in the field. Egypt subsides
the Hebrew, inculcate the belief in the appearance and disappearance of a suc-  into fatuity under the later Pharaohs; but it is still the, land of wonders, the
cession of them, rather than the idea of one common origin for all nations.  region of the dead. Nineveh expires with SARDANAPALUS, and Babylon with
This has been shown in the histories of India, Persia, and Egypt.            I BELSHAZZAR. CYRUs, with his Persians, establishes a mightier empire on their
W~e have traced the development of this Caucasian family of nations from   ruins, and his successors add Egypt and Asia Minor to their dominions. Their
the earliest dawn of history to the formation of great empires. Egypt, Baby-  career of conquest is, however, checked at MARATHON; and a second struggle
lInia, Assyria, Persia, India, and China claimed our first attention.  Obscure,  between the barbaric power of the East and the intelligence of the West takes
imperfect, and even contradictory as their annals sometimes are, we found  place. It lasts two centuries, at the expiration of which the Macedonian empire
abundant evidence of their having attained to a high degree of material pros-  has extended over Asia, and swallowed up the liberties of Greece. The fabric
perity and power, under forms of government suited to the infancy of the race,  raised by ALEXANDER THE GREAT falls to pieces under his successors; but a
the will of one man being accepted as the rule of right. We may here notice  show of power is left in the SELEUCID2E and the PTOLEMIES for a time. While
the curious fact that the names of the first king, or lawgiver, of these different  these events are passing in the East, Rome and Carthage are contending for
nations strongly resemble each other.  Thus in Egypt we find Menes; in  mastery in the West. The star of ROMULUS prevails over that of DlDo, and
l hrygia, MIanis; in Lydia, Manes; in India, Menu; in Crete, Minos; and in  Carthage is blotted out from the page of history. But the Roman eagle has
Germany, Mannus.  It is not an unfair inference that these personages are one  also fixed its talons on Spain and Greece, and the latter dies, bequeathing to
and the same being, who, at a -very remote period, framed laws for the Aryans  her destroyer her literature, her science, and her arts. After this, the conquest
in their native regions, and that they carried these laws, together with the  of the known world becomes a mere question of time with the Romans. JULIUS
remembrance of their author, with them into the new lands which they colo-  CXESAR and POmPEY plant their standards in the far East and the far West.
nized.  If it be allowable for a historian to indulge in surmises, we should say  Having subdued the world, the Romans have but to enjoy it, and they accordth at TIIE INSTITUTES OF MENU were the great original code of Asia, whence the  ingly abandon themselves to sensual pleasures, become too indolent to govern
other codes were derived, and that the antiquity of this code should be carried  their empire, and therefore confide the task to the CESARS.
back to a far more distant age than has been assigned to it (see page 51). The    How these rulers fulfilled their trust has been shown in the latter centuries
recent researches of the great philologists of Germany have already thrown  of this work. In the height of their arrogance they failed to perceive that a
much light uponathe primitive history of Asia, and will probably throw more;  Power far higher than their own was supplanting them, and that it would in
we may, therefore, without presumption, doubt the accuracy of the conclusions  time issue its edicts from their palace. We have traced the rise of CHRISTIANITY
of Sir WVilliam Jones and other Oriental scholars of the last century.        until it became an engine of State in the hands of CONSTANTINE THE GREAT and
We traced the rise of Egypt, whence the ancient world drew its store of wis- | his successors, and we leave it at the close of this first portion of our history
| om. For a thousand. years-perhaps more —this extraordinary nation was the |about to become the ruling power of the Western world. We have also pointed
predominant power of the world as it then stood: its people hazd become ancient |to the gradual overrunning of Europe by tribes pressing each other forward
when the first Assyrian empire arose. The old Persian empire yielded to the from Central Asia: they are fresh incursions of the Indo-Grermanic lace, whose
I nterprise of the followers of NIN1JS, and two rival powers appeared on the |mission was to extirpate the feeble remnants of Roman power, and lay the founl tage. Syria became their battle-field, but no permanent results followt\ed from |dations of the leading nations of modern times. The Anglo-Satxons have settheir desolating tarars. A few monumental inscriptions are all that remain of tled in Britain, which now becomes Anglo-land, or England; the Franks have
| he grand expeditions of SESOSTRIS and of SEMIRAMIS. Nineveh and ]Babylon |converted Gaul into France; the Bavarians, Saxons, Burgundians, and others,
| urvived to compete in luxury and splendor writh Memphis and Thebes. Unno-| have laid out the map of Germany; and the Goths are masters of Spain and Italy.
ticed by the powerful despots of the Nile and the Euphrates, an upright man, | Iere Ancient History terminates. The childhood of the race has come to an
| corning the prevailing idolattry, went out from the midst of its abominations |end: it noes enters on its youthful career with higher nspiraztions. Its achieve| o worship THIE ONE TRUE GOD on the plains of Syria. There he planted that| ments9 and crimes will form the theme of the second part of our history.
|  W~hat is said of pr~imitive history? —The Aryans? -Their name? —Their first exploits?- |  What is said of Abraham? -The foundations of Grecian ponver? -The siege of Troy? -
| ncient traditions? —Alhat empires first arose?-What of their government?-O0f the names| The labors of Kercules? -Th e Phoenicians? -Druidism? -Afric? —America?-Rome?of the first lawgivers? —The Institutes of Menu? —Egypt?-A8ssyria? -Syria? —The results Egypt? —Ninereh and Bsbylon? —Persin? —The second contest? —The Macedlonian empire?
of their wars? | -Carthagre? —The Roman empire.iChl isti~lnity?-The irruptions of the barbarians?
( 18Q )




I N ID E X9
[NOT.E.-Where there is a difference between the accent or the spelling given in the text and that given in the index, the latter is to be preferred; and where
the -strictly classical pronunciation differs from  the customary, the latter has been preferred, as in II Alexan"dria    instead of " AlexandrVa
A.                      Bgildus, Mount, battle of, 85              Alans, the, 33, 129, 138,139               Amnon, 50                                  Antioebus Tbeos, 99
Agineltan money, 64; weights, 64   Allaric, k. of 6e Ostrogoths, 161,   Almon, 68                                               An'tipas, 118
Aaron, 26                                 Agisthus (Eji8'thU8), 46                        163, 169 170, 176                    Amonians, the, 30                          Antiplater, succ. of Alexander, 91,
Abue founded, 36                          Algospotlamos, battle of, 83               Alaric, k. of the Visigoths, 175           Amlorites, the, 1.3                             96
Abas, 32, 36                              Agyptus (EgypltU8), 26, 28                 Alba, city of, 47                          Amos, 62                                   Antipater, s. of Cassan'der, 101
Abassilnes, the, 164                      Bllia Capitolilna, 140                     Alba, k. of Latium, 52                     Amolsis, 12, 24                            Antipater the Stoic, 110
Abdelra founded, 61                        ZE'lian, 151                              Alban, St., 162                            Amlphiaralus, 46                           Antiph'anes, 92
Abde'rus'41                               Alla, 174                                  Albanact, 52                               Amphiblalus, 162                           Antipbe'mus, 73
Abdon, 38                                 Bmil'ia, d. of Sylla, 121                  Albany, 78                                 Amphieltyon, 19, 32                        Antiphlilus, 98
Abedlnego, 75                             Bmilialnus, Fabius, 112                    Albilnus, g. of Judea, 128                 Ampbiloebi'a (Orense), 48                  An'tiphon, 83, 84
Abel, 10                                  Anelas, 43, 46, 47, 49, 60, 62             Albinus, the historian, 113                Ampbillochus, 46                           An'tiphus, 46
Abella founded, 61                        Aneas Sylvius, 60                          Albinus, Clodius, 141, 142                 Amphi'OD, 25, 41, 67                       ADtisltra, 121
Ablgarusk. of Edessa,129,137,147   Anelid, the, 47, 49, 123                         Albinus Posthumius, 113                    Ampbiplolis, 90; battle of, 83             Antonilnus Pius, 138, 139, 146; wall
Abi'a, 136                                Aolian dialect, 110; emigration, 46   Allbion (Britain), 29                           Ampbitrilte, 17                                 of, 142
Abilatbar, 50                              Nlolus, god of the winds, 17              Alemus (Al-gee'u8), 70                     Arn'raphel, 14                             Antoninus Primus, 131
Ab'ibal, 54                               Bolus, s. of Hellen, 19, 21                Alca'ic metr, 70                          AMsbRspands, the, 45                       Antony, Mark, 118, 119, 12"', 123,
Ablides, 48, 53                           Bons, the, 146                             Aleamlenes, 64                             Amullius, 60, 65                                125, 126
Abigail, 50                               Aqui, the, 32, 85                          Aleantalra, bridge of, 142                 Amlun-Timvelas, 18                         Antony, St., 166
Abi'jab, 54                               Aralrii, the, 47                           Alcibilades, 83                            Amyellas, 32                               Antony's fire, St., 166
Abimleleeb, k. of Pbilistines, 18         Alrius, 167                                Alemeelon, 46                              Amlycus, 40, 57                            An Wbis, 44
Abimeleeb                                 A'ropus, 70, 76                                                                       Amyn'tas, k. of Assyria, 31., s. of Gideon, 38                                                      Alempeonlidee, the, 76                                                                ADxia (An'xitr' founded, 60
Albius, 14                                AiSrlopus, 64                              Aleman, 70                                 Amyntas I., of Macedon, 76                 AD'ysis (Boelchoris), 62
Abner, 50                                 As (A8), an, 47                            Alcyone (Al8y'ony), 73                     Amyntas II., of Macedon, 76                Ap-ame'a, 99
Aboriglines, the, 25, 28, 32              Aslebines (Eilc'ine8), 92                  Alecto, 16                                 Amyntas, k. of Macedon, 105                Apa-ppus Phiops, 12
Abra and AsIba, 164                       Bslcbylus, a. of Athens, 64                Alemanni, the, 33, 143, 153, 163,   Amyrtoelus, revolt of, 80, 81                     Apelles, 92, 98
Abraham, 12, 13, 18                       Aschylus (E87cliIUO, the poet, 84               176, 177                              Amyrtueus the Saite, 80, 81                Aphalreus, 36, 40
Absalom, 50                               Asculapius (E8cula'pitw), 41, 67,   Ale'sia (Arles), 43, 48, 124                      Amyrtalos, 12                              ApWides, 52
Abydelnus, 18                                  103                                   Alexander I., k. of Macedon, 84            Anacbarsis (AnakarW8), 76                  Aphra (Phniortes), 69
Aby'dos founded, 64, 67; battle of,   Alson, 40                                      Alexander II., k. of Macedon, 101    Anaele'tus, 137, 147                             Aphrodi'te (VeDUS), 16, 17, 67
83                                   ZE'sop, 76                                 Alexander the Great, k. of Macedon,   Anaclreon, 76, 79                               Alpion, 108
Aby'dus, tablet of, 38                    Atbilopi8, the, 49, 64                          88, 89, 91y 94, 95, 96, 118           Anahuac (Annaivak), first settled,   Apocryphal Scriptures, 147
Ab'yla,.33                                Atius (E'8hu8), the heretic, 167           Alexander I., b. of Rome, 147                   145                                   Apollinalris, 167, 178, 179
Abyssinia, 126; Christianity planted   Atius, the general, 170, 171, 174,   Alexander, b. of Alexandria, 166                    Anani'as, 136                              Apollo. 15, 16, 17, 54
in, 164                                   175, 176                              Alexander Bgus, 91                         Anastalsius Ly b. of Rome, 167             Apollodolrus, 1.41
Acalcius, 168                             Alfer, Domitius (Domil8h118), 1.33         Alexander Bala, 108                        Anastasius II., b. of Rome, 179            Apollolnius of Tylana, 132
Acastus, 52, 56                           Afra, St., 153                             Alexander, s. of Cassander, 101            Anasta,-.ius I., emp. of East, 173, 174   Apolphis, 20, 22
Acca Laurentia, 65                        Afralnius, 125                             Alexander Jannee'us, 108                   Anaxagloras, 84                            Apostles, the, 136; creed, 147
Aclcius, Atltius, 113                     Afralsiab, 21, 23                          Alexander, Julius, 139                     Anaxan'drides, 92, 97                      Apostolical canons, 147
Acer'bas (Sichoe'us), 61                  Africa, 67; circumnavigation of, 68,   Alexander, s. of Persia., 100                  An'aximan'der, 76                          Ap'pian, 141
Acerra founded, 60                             79                                    Alexander of Pheroe, 90                    Anaxim'enes, 76                            Appian aqueduct, 94; road, 94
Acha (A'Ica), battle of, 174              Africalnus, Jullius, 157                   Alexander, s. of Physcon, 108, 118   Ancoe'us, 79                                     Aplpius Clauldius, consul, 85
Acbvean (Akeean) league, the, 101,   Agamem1non, 40, 41, 46, 49                      Alexander, Tiberius, 128                   Anchialus (AnkilaIU8), 69                  Appius Claudius, decemvir, 85
110, 115                             Agamesltor, 64                             Alexandra.118                              Anchises (Anki'U8), 43, 46                 Appius Claudius, the blind, 94
Acbueus (Alceeu.8), s. of Hellen, 19, 21   Aganiplpus, 60                            Alexandria, city of, 88, 91, 98, 150;   Ancolna, 139                                  Appius Claudius, consul, 102, 106
Achoeusc.of Seleucus Ceraunus,99   Agapelnor, 46, 67                                     library of, 118; bishopric of, 154   AnIcus Martius (Xar'8hU8), 71, 77    Appius Claudius, f.-in-1. of T. GracAchoeus, 1. in Servile war, 112           Agathoclela, 98                            Alexialnus, 150                            Ancy'ra, 104                                    ebus,113
Aeboomenes (Akee'niene8), king of   Agathlocles of Syracuse, 97, 106                 Alimen'tus Cincius (Sin8hu8), 103          Andegalvi, the, 133                        Alpries (Uapblris), 74
Persia, 69                           Agathocles of Egypt, 98                    Aliltes, 52 -                              Andoclides, 83, 84                         Aprolnius, Lucius, 135
Achoemenes, s. of Egypt, 80               Agathocles, s. of Lysimlachus, 99,   Allec'tus, 152                                   Andras, the, 168                           Apsaras, the, 45
Achoemenes, k. of Armenia, 138                  101                                  Alllia, battle of the, 94                  Andrew the Apostle, 136                    Apulelius, 141
Achaia (Aka'ia), 110, 112                 Agathocles of Parthia, 100                 AlIlifoo, battle of, 94                    Andrislcus, Ill                            Apulians, the, 32
Achamoth (Aklamoth), 146                  Aglathon, 84                               Allob'roges, the, 124                      Andro'cles, 64                             Aquoe Sexltive, battle of, 113, 114
Acberontia (Akeron.'8her), 60             Aglelas, 56, 59                            AloWus, 25                                 Andro'geus, 124                            Aquilelia, battle of, 163, 171; siege
Acherres (Aker're8), (Thotbmes II.)   Age'nor, k. of Argos, 23, 25                   Allolds, the, 25                           Andromlacbe, 46, 49                             of,143
26                                   Agenor, f. of Cadmus, 54                   Allpheus, 41                               Andromleda, 36                             Aquillius Marcus, 120
Achilles (Akil'le8), 17, 46, 49           Agenor (Mutgo), f. of Dido, 61             Alsa'tia (Al8a'8he)'), 176                 Andronilcus, Livlius, 103                  Aquita'nia, 124
Aebilleus (ANI'lit8e), 151                Agesilalus I., 56, 59                      Altaldes, 21                               Angli, the, 143, 144                       Alrabab, 154
Acbish (A'ki,3h), 50                      Agesilaus II., 89, 90, 96                  Altbeelmenes, 53                           Angrevalrii, the, 134                      Arabia, 126, 135, 139, 141, 154
Achitophel (Akitlofel), 50                Agesiplolis, 90                            Altilnum, 140                              Angus, h. of Scotland, 162                 Arladus, IS
Aeboris (AlroW8), 80, 81                  Ag'idw, the, 52                            Alyat'tes, 69 73, 79                       Aniceltus, 147                             Arlaric, k. of Gotbs, 163
Achy Fedloch (AkIcy Fedlock), 124   A'gis I., 52                                     Amla-lekites, the, 13,174                  "Another such victory, and I am    Araltus, 101
Aclolytes, institution of, 156            Agis II., 83, 90                           Amlasa, 50                                      ruined", 1.01, 102                    Arax'es, 105
-Acrazalnes, 58                            Agis III., 90                              Amalsis, 74, 79                            Antoolus, 73                               Arbalces, 19, 63
Acrislius, 36                             A-is IV., 101                              Amlathas, 166                              Antallcidas 89, 90, 96                     Arbella, battle of, 89, 91
Actuela, 28                               Agla'ia, 16                                Amlathus, 67                               Antarladus, 18                             Arbogasltes, 161, 162, 163
A C tge'O D, 1 7                          Agolnes,.the, 64                           Amazilah, 58                               Anteminve, 65                              Arcaldius, 161, 163, 169, 170, 172
Actoe'us, 28                              Agrarian Laws, 85                          AmlazODS, the, 40, 57                      An'terus, b. of Rome, 151                  Arcesilalus, 101
Actisalnes, 12                             Aare'da, 57                               Ambialrii, the, 127                        Anthe'mius, 1.71, 172, 173                 Arebueanaeltidw, dynasty of, 87




INDEX.
Ardisheer Bab'igan   (Artaxerxes   Arver'ni, the, 78, 124                      Aventilnus, 60                           Benbaldad, 54                           Brutus, k. of Britain,  48, 52
Sassan), 138, 148                  Arvir'agus, 133, 142                    Avid'ius Cassius, 138, 140, 141         Benignus, 174                            Brutus, Dicius Junius, 112
Ardisheer II., 158                     Arya Bhatta-, 148                        Avi'ola, Aeil'ius, ]33                  Benjamin, 20                             Brutus, Lucius Junius, 77
Ar'dys, 73'                            Aryan'des, 7.4                           Avi'tus, e. of West, i71                Bereqb, 99                              Brutus, Marcus Junius, 122, 123
Arecom'ici, the, 29                     Ary'ans, the, 13, 14                    Axer'dis, 69                            Bereni'ce (Berryni'see),  w. of Ptol-   Brutus, Tiberius, 77
Areop'agus, court of (see "Greece").  As (.Es), tie, 47                        Ax'is, 61                                     emy Philadelphus, 98               Brutus, Titus, 77
Ares (Mars), 16                        A'sa., 54                                Axomi'tae, the, 126                     Berenice, port of, 98                    Bubul'cus, Junius, 94
A'rctas, 118'                         As'ba and Abra, 164                     Aylesford, battle of, 174               Berenice (s. of Ptolemy Euer'getes),   Bucenti'nus, river, 170
A'rethu'sa, 73                          As'ca, university  of, 125              Azari'ah,   58                               hair of, 98, 99                    Buceph'ala, 91
Areva'ri, tie, 66                       As'ca n, 144                            Az'erabad', 11                          Berenice, w. of Ptolemy Euergetes,   Buceph'alus, 90
A r-ga3'u s, 64 1Asca'nius  (Iiilus). 46, 47, 60                                Azo'tus (Ashdod), 68                         98                                 Bucol'ics, the, 123
Arganto'nius, 72                        Asclepi'ade, the, 41                    Aztecs, the, 145                        Berenice, w. of Titus, 132              Budha, 55, 74, 129
Arginu'sew, battle of, 83               Asclepiodo'tus, 152, 162                                                        Boric, 133                               Budhists, the, 54, 58, 63
Ar'gonauts, the, 40                    As'culum, battle of, 101, 102, 120                         B.                     Bero'sus, 10, 18, 35, 99               Bu-po, 129
Ar'gos, 19, 25                          As'drubal, g. of Spain, 104                                                     Berserks, the, 143                      Burhan-Kuttah, 35
Argos Panop'tes, 25                    Asdrubal, g. of Sicily, 102, 106         Baal, 14, 17, 24, 54                    Bery'tus (Beyruth), 18                  Burgundians, the, 33, 143, 176
Ariad'ne, 36                           Asdrubal, b. of Han'nibal, 103, 107   Baal-berith, 54                            Bessus, 89, 91                          Burgundy, duchy of, founded, 175
Ariam'nes, 105                         Asdrubal, s.-in-1. of Ham'ilcar, 103,   BaaRsha, 54                              Bes'tia, Calpur'nius, 113, 117          Buri, 48
A'rianism  among the Goths, 161;            107                                 Babel, tower of, 14                     Bethlehem, 136                          Burial, Greek mode of, 110; Chrisdecline of, 178                   Asdrubal, g. of Masinis'sa, 117          Babylon, founded, 14; hanging gar-   Bet'zura (Bosra or Carthage), foun-             tian mode of, 157
Ari'ans, race of, 13, 14               Asdrubal, def. of Carthage, 116, 117         dens of, 110; destroyed, 75;             dation of, 61                      Byblus (Berytus, Beyruth), 18
Ariara'thes I., 96                     Asen, the, 61, 72, 78                        language of, 21                     Bharata, the, 13                        Byg'o', 52
Ariarathes If., 96                     Asen Tek'tera, 12                        Bacchi'adw  (Baki'adee), the, 56,  1Bhavani,    39                              Byzantine empire, 141
Ariarathes III., 105                   Asgard, 53, 66, 72, 127                       64, 70                             Bheels, the, 13                         Byzan'tium, 83
Ariarathes IV., 105                    Ash'er,  18                              Bac'chides,  108                        Bhodisgatws,  58
Ariarathes V., 105, 115                 Ash'toreth  (Astar'te), 17, 54, 67, 147   Bac'chis, 56                          Bholgs, the, 48                                           C.
Ariarathes VI. (Philop'ator), 116       A'sia, 15, 67                          Bacchus,   16, 32, 36, 38, 42, 73, 154   Bhrigu, the, 18
Ariarathes VIL., 116, 126               Asilai and Asinai, 129                  Bacchyl'ides, 84                        Bhutas, the, 45                          Cab'ades (Kobad), 168
Ar'iobarzafnes, 96                     Asin'ius Pol'lio, 123, 125               Bac'tria, 100, 109                      Bhyse, the, 13                           Cabitri, the, 11, 42, 54
Ariobarzanes I., 126                    Asmone'an   family, 108                 Bae:tyli,   the, 42                     Bia'nor, 56                              Cades'sia (Kadessia), battle of, 19
Ariobarzanes II., 126                   Aso'ca, 99                              "Bagauds",   the, 152                   Bias, 70                                 Ca diz (Gadira), 61
Ari'on, 70                              As'par, 170, 172, 173                   Bago'as, 89                             Bible, the, 80                           Cadme'ia, the, 32
Ariovis'tus, the Boian, 104             Assh'ur, 24, 31                         Bago'ses, 88                            Bib'ulus, Calpurnius, 122                Cadmus, 32
Ariovistus, k. of Suevi, 124, 125       Astar'te  (Venus), 17, 54, 67, 147      Bahh'aram   I., 148; II., 148; IIL,   Bilhah,  18                                Cadwal'lo (Cassibelan), 114, 124
Ar'iphron, 59                           Asty'ages,  75                               148;IV.,  158, 168;V. ("Gout"),   Binidad, the, 35                          Cadwallo, k. of Britain, 174
Aristasg'oras,  81, 82, 89              Astyd'amas, 92                               168                                Bion, 101                                Coecifia'nus,  164, 166
Aristar'thus, the critic, 110           Asu'ras, the, 45                        Baharam   Gudurz, 138                   Bishops firstappointed, 136, 137,146   Cmecil'ius, 121
AristarChus- the disciple, 136          Ataci'nus Varro, 123                    Bahman, 45                              Bithyn'ia, 57, 67, 105                   Cacilius,  Quintus, 125
Aris'teus, 101                          Ataulph (Adolphus), 170, 175, 176    Bakhalal, 155                              Bituiqtus, 114                           Caeina, Aulus, 131
Aris'tias, 84                          Atellve founded, 60                      Baklum-Cha-am, 155                      Bitu'riges, the, 78                      Carni'ne, 65
Aristi'des the Just, 82                 At'etein', 145                          Bala, 108                               Biy'res, 12                              Cae'pio,  Cneius, 112
Aristides, the painter, 112            Athali'ah, 58                            Bal'amir, 162                           Blacksmith's apron (Persia), 19          Ca-pio, the consul, 113, 114 
Aristides, the philosopher, 140, 141   Athbn'aric, k. of Goths, 161             Balbilnus, 150                           Bladud, 60                              Caepio, 123
Aristobu'lus, the high-priest, 108      Athana'sius,  160, 161, 162, 164, 166,   Balda'si, 58                           Blaesus, 135                             Caere (Agylla), 47
Aristobulus, k. of Judea, 11, 121          167                                 Balder, 29. 61, 72, 127                 Blastus, 147                             Coeresii, the, 127
Aristoe'rates, 70                      Athenee'us, 115                          Balealrie Isles, 61, 163                ]]leda, 172, 176                         Caesars, the twelve  (see respective
Aristode'mus, g. of Hercules, 46, 5'2   Athenag'oras,   146                     Balkh, 14                               Bledun, 104                                  names).
Aristodemus, k. of Corinth, 59          Athena'is (Eudoxia), 172                Balkis, 54, 126                         Blegab'red, 104                          Ceesare'a, 140
Aristodemus, k. of Messenia, 64         Atho'thes I., 12                        Bal'labi, principality of, 138          Blem'myw, the, 126, 154                  Caesili'num, pass of, 107
Ar'istogi'ton, 76                       Athothes II., 12                        Bangor, monastery of, 1.66              Blera, 60                                Cae'us, 15
Aristom'achus, 46                      Athur, 44                                Baptism, 147, 167                       Blue faction of the circus, 173, 174   Caer-bhd (Bath), 60
Aristom'eies, 70                        Atil'ius, Marcus, 114                   Barak, 34                               Boadicera (or Boadi'cea), 131, 133    Caer-brank (York), 56
Aristomenes, 112, 115, 116              Atit, 177                               Bar'bula, AEmil'ius, 1.02               Boc'choris (Anysis), 62                  Caer-Caradoc, 133
Aristoph'anes, 84                      At'las, 15, 67, 73                       Barcelona founded, 104                  Bocchus, 113, 117, 126                   Caer-guent (Winchester), 60
Aristotle, 14, 92                      Atlas, k. of Spain, 37                   Barchoch'cbas, 140, 146                 Bodenzee, battle of the, 163             Caer-kin (Canterbury), 60
A'rius, 160, 161, 162, 164, 166, 167   Atreba'tee, the, 127                     Bardalnes, 129                           Bdr, 29, 48                             Caer-Leil (Carlisle), 56
Ark, capture of the, 44                A'treus, 40                              Bardesa'nes, 146                        Boe'tica, 134                            Caer-Leir (Leicester), 60
Arles (Alesia), 43, 48, 124             Atropaltes,   89                        Barie, 105                              Bogud, 126                               Cahba, temple of, 177
Armagh, archbishopric of, 178          At'tacot'ti, the, 162                    Barnabas, St.,136,137; epistle of,147   Boialrii, the, 143                       Caitaphas, 128
Arma,'is, 26                           At'talus I., 101, 104, 112, 115          Barsilne, 96                            Boii, the, 103, 125                      Cain, 10
Armenia,   105                          Attalus II. (Philadelphus), 115         Barsu'mas, 179                          Boi'orix, 113, 114                       Cairns, 42
Armin'ius, 130, 134                     Attalus III., 112, 115                  Bartholomew, St., 128,135,136, 137   Boirebis'tas, 125, 134                      Caius Caesar, 130
Artnor'ica (Bretagne), 53, 57           Attalus, e. of West, 170                Barza'nes, 105                          Bom'ilcar,   97                          Cakchi language, 144
Armoricans,  the, 29, 164              At'ticus Hero'des, 141                   Basili'des  the Gnostic, 146            Boniface, count of Africa, 170, 171,   Cala'zia, 60
Arno'bius, 15-7                         Attid'ius Cornelia-'nus, 138, 140       Basilides, b. of Astorga, 153                175, 176                            Calchiquel (Kalshikel') language,
Arnobius, 179                          At'tila (Etzel), 171, 172, 175, 176      Basil of Caesarea, 167                  Boniface I., b. of Rome, 179                 144
Arphaxad, 13, 14                        At'tius, Ac'eius, 113                   Basil of Seleucia, 179                  Boniface II., b. of Rome, 179            Caledo'nia (Scotland), 29
Arras, 142                             Attius, Tullius, 85                      Basilis'cus, 173, 179                   Bono'sus, 151                            Calendar, the Julian, 122
Ar'rian, 13, 141                        Atuat'ici, the, 127                     Basilqius, 167                          BoS'des, 95                              Calendar of Court days, 94
Ar'rius, Quintus, 121                   Atys, k. of Lydia, 57                   Basques, the, 27, 66                    Bordeaux, 142; council of, 167           Calends, the, 47
Arsa'ces I., 99, 100                    Atys, k. of Latium, 60                  Bassus, Caecil'ius, 122                 Bo'reas, 17                              Ca le'no, 60
Arsaces II., 100                        Aulgean Stable, the, 41                 Bastitalni, the, 66                     Borome'an tribute, 142                   Calleti, the, 127
Arsacidw (Arsasqdee) the, 109          Au'geas, 41                             Bas'tuli, the, 66                       Bos'phorus, kingdom of, 87               California, 145
Ar'ses, 89                              Augulrius, 153                          Batavians, the, 127, 135, 154, 164      Bosra (Carthage), 61                     Calig'ula, 128, 130, 133, 134
Arsin'o6, w. of Lysimabchus, 98, 105   Au'gurs, the, 42                         Bath (Caer-bad), 60                     Bostra, 139                              Calix'tus (Callistus) I., b. of Rome,
Arsino6, s. of Cleopatra, 118          Au'gust, month of, 123                   Bathsheba, 50                           Bounds, beating the, 47                      157
Artaba'nes I., 100, 109                Augus'tan Era, 123                       Batu'res, the, 66                       Bovia'num, battle of, 94, i02            Cali-yuga, the, 158
Artabanes II., 109                     Augusltine, St., 171, 179                Baudtius  Cape'tus, 78                  Braga, 61                                Calla'ici, the, 66
Artabanes III., 129, 138               Augustodulnum (Bibracte), 133            Bavarians, the, 33                      Brahma, 13, 18, 26, 35, 51              Callic'rates,  84
Art~batnes   IV., 138, 148, 150        Augus'tulus, Rom'ulus, 171               Ba'vius,  123                           Brahmins, the, 13, 24                    Callicrat'ides, 83
Arttnba'nus, 81                        Augusqtus  (0ctatvius) Caesar, 118,   Beb'ryces, the, 40, 5'7                    Brasqidas, 83, 84                       Callim'achus,  82
Artsab'zus,  k. of Pontus, 79               119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 134   Bedri'acum, battle of, 131              Bren'nius, 86                            Callim'achus, 98
Artabazus, the satrap, 89, 96          Aule'tes, 56                             Beel-samen, 54                          Bren'nus, 93, 95                         Cnlli'ope, 16
Artapher'nes,  82, 87                  Auqlus, 113, 117                         Beershe'ba.,  18                        Bres'cia (Brixia),  78                   Callip'pus, 97
Artavas'des I., 119                     Aulus IDid'ius, 133                     Bel (Belus), 14, 17, 24, 54             Bretagrne (Armorica, Brittany), 53,  Callis'thenes, 14
Artavasdes  II., 126                    Aulus Gel'lius, 141                     Belgre (Belgians), the, 29, 48, 53,          57                                  Callrs'tratus, 90
Artavasdes IIL., 126                   Au'nus, 52                                    125, 127, 135                      Bretons, the, 29; traditions of, 57    Callis'tus (Calixtus) I., b. of Rome,
Artaxerx'es I. (Longimasnus), 80        Aure'lian, 151, 152, 153, 154           Belgaiid, the, 53                       Bria'reus, 16                                 1571
Artalxerxes  IL. (Mnemon), 81, 89, 96   Aure'lius, Marcus, 138, 140, 141,142,   Belgium, 124                             Brigantes, the, 95, 142                 Calpe, 33
Artaxerxes III. (Ochus), 89, 90, 96         143, 1468                            Belqibus, 69                            ]]rise'is. 49                           Calpur'nius  Bes'tia, 113, 114
Artaxerxes, Sassan (Ardisheer Bah-   Aurelius, Ma'rius, 152                     Beli'nus, 86                            Brit'ad~e, the, 23                       Calpurnius Piso, 111, 112, 117
igan), 138, 148                    Aurelius,  Victor, 161                  Bellep'ares, 35                          Britain, 29; legendary history of,   Calvi'nus, 114
Artax'ias, 116, 126                     Aure'olus, 151                          Beller'ophon, 40, 61, 67                     48; invasion  by Ceesar,   124j   Cslvus Licin'ius, 123
Artemnidotrus, the geographer,  110    Aurun'ci (Auru'ni, Auso'nians), 25,   Bellov'aci,  the, 12'7                          abandoned by the Romans,     171   CMl'yce, 25
Artemidorus, of Dsamscus, 140               28, 32                             Bellove'aus, 78                         Britan'nia (see "Britain").              Calydonian hunt, 40
Ar'temnis (Diana), 16, 17               Auseta.'ni,  the, 66                    Belon (Guadalete), the, 48               Britantnicus,   130, 131                Calyptso, 49, 67, 7(3
Artemis'ia, 96                          Auso'nians, the, 25, 28, 32             Belshazzar,  715                         Brit'omar,  104                         Cama,  35, 45
Arthur,  King, 174                      Auster, 17                              Belus I. (Bel), 14, 17, 24, 54          Brittany,  53, 57                        Cmbi    Wls,2
Attocalma, 96                           Autol'oles, the, 67                     Belus II. (Ninus), 39, 63               Brixi,~ (B3rescia),  718                 Camby'ses,   74, 75
Arto'nis, 96                            Autom'enes,    64                       Belzo'ni, 30                            Brochvael, 1'74                          Camer'ti, the, 47
A'runs, 47                              Auze'a, battle of, 135                  Bena'res, kingdom  of, 119             B3rontes,   16                            Came'se, 52
Aruns,. of L.Tsrquinus, 71   venlticm, 153Beneventum, battle  of, 101, 102;   Brundi'si  (Brundusium),  60, 139                             Camil'lus, 93
Arva'les, the, 47                       Av'entine mount, 60             road to, 139                                   1 Brute  Greenshield, 56                  Cazmillus, Fu'rius, 135




IND EX.
Cami'rus, 53                           Celoe'no, 73                           Churches, how built, 178                Compulte'ria, 60                       Curia'tii, the, 71
Camce'na, 52                           Celer, Metellus, 121                   Chushan- (/iish'cts ) lishathalim,  Con "of the 100 battles", 142, 152   Ca'rio, 122, 126
Campus Mqrtis, 175                     Celesti'nus, b. of Rome, 179                27, 30                             Conan Mer'iadecl, 175                  Cu'rium, 67
Canaan, 13, 22                         Celes'tius, b. of Rome, 178, 179       Cibalis (Sibtalfs), battle of, 160      Conan, tower of, 42                    Cursor, Papirqius, 102
Can'ace, 25                            Celibacy of clergy, 157                Cicero (Sis'8ero), 121, 122, 123        Conlary the Great,  133, ]42           Cur'ltius, Metftius, 93
Canlade, 109                           Celsus, Cornelius, 132                 Cile'ni, 29                             Condru'si, the, 127                    Curulle Chair, 47; 2Edi'le, 93
Cana'ra, 80                            Celsus, 140                            Cilicia (Silsh'ia), 49                 Confulcius, 27, 75, 90, 129            Cush, 13
Can'dace, 126, 135                     Celtiberians, the, 66                  Cilix, 67                               Connaught, 124                         Cuve'ra, 35
Candau'les, 67, 73                     Celts, the, 29, 33, 66                 Cimbri, the, 86                         Conoh' language, 144                   Cyax'ares (Kai-Kaoos), 69, 73, 75
Can'didus, 156                         Celyd'don (Britain), 29                Cimme'rii (Cimbri or Cymry), 33,   Colnon, 83, 89, 90                          Cybiosac'tes, 118
Cannwe, battle of, 103, 107            Censori'nus, 117                            72, 73, 86, 126                   Canon, the astronomer, 98               Cyclo'pes, 11, 15, 16, 17
Canons of the Church, 146              Centaurs, the, 40                      Cimon, 82                               Constan'tia, w. of Licin'ius, 160      Cylon, 70
Cano'pus, 44                           Central America, 144                   Cinse'thon, 64                          Constantine the Great, 159, 160, 162,   Cym'beline  (Cunobeline), 124, 133
Canouj, kingdom of, 22, 119            "Centuries", the, 47                   Cincinna'tus, 85                            163, 164, 165, 166, 167            Cyme, 53, 61
Can'tabres, the, 66                    Cephqisus, bridge over the, 140        Cincius (Sinlsh'iu8), 103, 113         Constantine II., 160, 162               Cymri (Cimbri, Cimmerii), 28, 72
Canterbury (Caer-kih), 60              Ceph'ren, 12                           Cinderella, story of, 12                Constantine, g. of Britain, 170, 172   Cynesse'ma, battle of, 83
Canule'ian Law, 85                     Cer'berus, 17, 41                      Cini'thians, the, 135                   Constantinople, made the capital of   Cynor'tas, 32, 36
Canuleqius, 85                         Cerdic, 174                            Cin'na, 120                                 the East, 160, 166; factions of   Cynoscephtalve, battle of, 90, 110,
Capane'us, 46                          Cerdo, 147                             Cinna, battle of, 94                        the Hippodrome,173,174; coun-           111
Capellia'nus, 150                      Cereallis, 131, 135                    Ciny'ras, 67                                cil of, 167                        Cynric, 174
Cape'na, 56                            Ceres, 15, 16, 32                      Cipactonal, 145                         Constan'tius Chlorus, 151, 152, 158,   Cynlthia (Diana), 16, 17
Capeltus, 60                           Cerin'thus, 137                        Circe, 49                                   159, 162, 163, 165                 Cyplrian, b. of Carthage, 153, 154,
Capetus Baulcius, 78                   Cerinlya, 67                           Circumcelliornes, 164       -           Constantius, 152                            156, 157
Caph'torim, the, 154                   Cethe'gus, 121                         Circus factions, 172, 174, 175, 178     Constantius, e. of Rome, 160, 162,   Cy'prus, 57, 67, 83
Caph'yoe, battle of, 101               Ceylon (Taprob'ane), 13                Circus Flaminqius, the, 133                 164, 168, 170                      Cyp'selus, 70
Cdpila, 109                            Cha'brias, 80, 89, 90                  Citium  (Sishlium), 21                  Constantius, h. of Placidia, 170       Cyrelne, 120
Cappado'cia, 57, 61, 105               Chalcatzin', 145                       Civi'lis, 133, 135, 144                 Consua'lia, the, 65                    Cyrilades, 148
Ca'prewe, isle of, 130                 Chalcedon (Kalsee'don), council of,   Civilization, course of, 6               Contesta'ni, the, 37                   Cyril, b. of Alexandria, 15-7, 161,
Cap'ua, 60, 103                            179                                Clarus, Eru'cius, 139                   Cepia'tm, 156                               167, 171, 179
Ca'pys of Latium  (Lashiu.m), 60       Chaldoeans, the, 21                    Clastid'ium, battle of, 103             Copo'nius, 128                         Cyrus, 75, 79
Capys of Troy, 43                      Chalons, battle of, 171, 175, 176      Clauldian Aqueduct, 131                 Coptic language, 12                    Cyrus the younger,. 81, 83, 89
Caracalqla, 141, 148, 149, 150, 151,  Chamalvi, the, 134, 144                 Clauldian, the poet, 162, 171           Corvecbus, 64                          Cytherela (Venus), 17
152                               Champ de Mars(CampusMart~is),175   Clauldius, Appius (see "Appius").    Corlbulo, Domitius, 131                        Cyzicelnus, 1H)8, 118
Caracolta, 133                         Chan, race of, 144                     Claudius Caesar, 128, 130, 133, 134   Corcy'ra, 64; battle of, 90              Cyz'icus, battle of, 83
Carac'tacus (Caradoc), 104             Chanaball language, 144                Claudius, 151                           Corde'lia (Cordeilia), 60, 66
Carlanus, 64                           Chan'dragup'ta, 80, 89, 99, 128        Clean'der, 141                          Corinvelus, 52                                          D.
Carau'sius, 152, 154                   Chaos, 15                              Clem'ent I., b. of Rome, 132, 137,   Corinnra, 84
Carbo, 120                             Chaou- (Chow) kung, 59                      147; epistles of, 147; " Recog-   Corinth founded, 36; destroyed,110,   Dabistanf, the, 11, 27
Carbre-Catcan, 133                     Chares (Karees) of Lindus, 105              nitions" of, 147; "1 Clementina",       111                                Dacia'nus, Pubius, 153
Carbre McCormac, 152                   Charilaus (I(arilafus), 59                  14:7                               Corliola'nus, 85                       Dosed'alus, 36
Carbre Ri'ada, 152                     Chariomer (Kari'onzer), 134            Clement of Alexandria, 157              Cor'itus (Corlythus), 37               Daggiel, 143
Carlehemish, battle of, 69             Charon (Karon), 17                     Cleobluline, 76                         Corne'lia, m. of (racehi, 108, 112,   Dalgon, 24
Cardinal points, 42                    Charops (Karops), 64                   Cleoblulus, 76                              121                                Dalcassian chiefs, 42
Cardulchi, the, ]48                    Chartaca (Karltakar), (Carthage),   Cleob'ulus of Lindus, 70                   Corne'lii, the, 121                    Dal'ilah, 44
Ca'ria, 57-.                           61, 67                            Cleoehari'a (Kle'okary'a), 32           Corne'lius, b. of Rome, 157            Dalriada, 152
Carilnus, 151                          Charybdis (Karib'di8), 49              Cleodae'us, 46                          Cornelius, the centurion, 136          Damageltus, 70
Carla, temples at, 63                  Chasdim (Kalsdim), the, 21             Cleodo'ra, 67                           Cornelius Nepos, 123                   Dama'sus, b. of Rome, 163, 167
Carmentalia, 52                        Chased (Eased), 21                     Cleoman'tis, 52                         Cornelius Palma, 139, 140              Damialnus, 146
Carnatlic language, 20                 Chauci (Tchausi), the, 143, 144        Cleom'brotus, 90                        Cornwall, 78                           Dam'ocles, 97
Car'nelades, 110                       Chebres (Keebrees), 26                 Cleomlenes I.,?6, 83                   Corone'a, battle of, 90                Damon and Pythbqas, 97
Carneian festival, 70                  Chedorlaomcr (Kedorla'omer),13,14   Cleomenes II., 98, 101                     Corolnis, 73                           Damoph'ilus, 112
Carpot'rates, 146                      Che-hwang-te, 100                      Cleon, 83                               Cor'sica, 79, 102                       Dan, 18
Carrhee, battle of, 119, 122, 126      Chenes (Tche'ne8), the, 25             Cleon'ymus, 101                         Corunna, 43, 142                        Danlai', 36
Cartaqlo, 79                           Cheops (Kee'ops), 12                   Cleopaltra, w. of Ptolemy Epiphl- Co'rus, battle of, 99                         Dan'ai, the, 28
Carthage  (Chartaca), 61, 67; de-   Chera (Kelra), 80                              anes, 108                          Corvus, Valerius, 93                    Dan'aus, 28
struction of, 111, 117; bishop-   Cheroea (Keree'a), 130                  Cleopatra, w. of Ptolemy Lathlyrus,   Cor'ythus (Coritus), 37                  Dan'iel, 74, 75; tomb of, 158
ric of, 154                       Cheronwaa(  Ker-ronee'a),battleof,  91     108, 118                           Cos, 53                                 Dan'ube, Trajan's bridge over, 142
"Carthago, delenda est", 111, 116    Cherusci (Kerussi), the, 134, 144        Cleopatra, n. of Ptolemy Phys'oon,   Cosetalni, the, 66                         /)are, the, 67
Carthallo, 116                         Chiapas (Tcheearlpas),  144; lan-           108                                Coshaqla, kingdom of, 22                Dardan, 133
Cartike'ia, 35                             guages of, 144                     Cleopatra; m. of Mark Antony, 118   Cos'sus, Cornelius, 93                      Dar'danus, 37
Carus, 151                             Chichen-Itza (Tchitchen-Itza), 155    Cle'ophas, 146                           Cotta, Aurelius, 121, 123               Dari'us I. (Hystas'pes), 74, 75, 80,
Carvil'ius, Spurius, 102               Chichimecs(Tchichimecs'),the, 145,. Climax, Mt., 67                            Cottus, 16                                  81, 82, 86
Casci (Cassi), the, 25, 28                  155                               Clio, 16                                Cran'aus, 32                            Darius II. (Ochus or Nothus), 80,
Cashmere, 119                          Chicomoztoc, 145                       Clis'thenes, 76                         Cranes and Pigmies, 50                      81, 88
Casili'no, 60                          Chil'deric I., 175                     Clitom'achus, 110                       Crassus, Camillus, 93                   Darius III. (Codomlanus), 88, 89
Cas'luhim, the, 154                    Chilon (Kiqlon), 70, 76                Clitus, 91                             Crassus, Licinqius, 112, 115            Datlames, 89
Cassan'der, 89, 91, 92, 96, 97, 101    Chil'peric of Burgundy, 175            Cloaca Maxima, 77                       Crassus, Marcus L., 119, 121, 122,  Datis, 82
Cassan'dra, 46                         Chimue'ra (Kimee'ra), the, 40          Clodia'nus,   L., 121                        124, 126                           Daunia, s, the, 28
Cassib'elan (Cadwallo), 14, 124        China, traditions of, 11; titles of   Clo'dion, 172                            Crassus, Publius, 112                   David, 50, 126
Cas'sii, the, 124, 133                     emperors of, 19, 25; language   Claldius Albilnus, 141, 142                Cratlerus, 91, 96                       Deb'orah, 30, 34
Cassius (Cashins), Avidius, 138,140,       of, 19; literature, 19;' State re-   Clodius, 122                          Crates, 101                             Deccan, the, 22, 80
141                                    ligion, 27; mythology, 27; an-   Clon'dicus, 114                          Crati'nus, 84                           Deceb'alus (Dezebal), 132, 134, 139,
Cassius, S. C. Longi'nus  (murderer        cient capital, 31; great wall of,   Clotil'da, 175, 176, 178               Cray, battle of the, 174                    143
of Cwesar), 122, 123, 126              100; introduction of the vine,   Clovis, 164, 175, 176, 178                Crem'era, battle of the, 85            Decem'virs, the, 85
Cassius Spulrius, 85                        139; heroic age of, 149           Cluilqius, Caius, 71                    Cremo'na, 103; battle of, 131           Decialnus, 134
Castic, 124                            Chinax (Tchinash), 144                 Cluilqlius, 60                          Cresphon'tes, 46, 52                    Decianus, Plautus, 94
Castor, 40                             Ching-tang, 23                         Clumlba (Majorca), 61                   Crete, 36                               Delcius, 102
Castrum. Altum, battle of, 104         Chilron (Ki'ron), 16, 41               Clu'nia, battle of, 125                 Creii'sa, 46                            Decius, e. of Rome, 151, 152, 156
Casltulo (Gazlanq), 43                 Chiv'im (Hiv'im), 144                  Clu'sium, 93, 95; battle of, 103        Crishna, 13, 20, 24, 51                 Decius Mus, 94.Catacombs at Rome, 157               Chlofris, 25                            Clylpea, 105                            Crispi'nus, 103                        Declan, 174
Caffana,   64, 65, 6'                  Chnod'omI r, 163                       Clyt'emnes-1 ra, 46                     Crispus, 160, 162                       Decu'rions, the, 47
"'Catholic Church", first use of the   Chcerilus (K~ee'rilTs),  76, 84         Cni'dus, 53                            Crius, 15                               Deheb'eris, 56, 60
termn, 147                         Chola (Tchola), 80               Cniva, 151                           Crcesus,  75, 76, 79                            Deidami'a, 46
Catqigern, 1'74                        Chart (Koni), 43                        Cochin China, 81                       Crom-Cruach, 42                         Deiph'ObUS, 49
Cat'iline, 121, ]23, 126               Chosro~s (IKosroees), 138               Co'drus, 52                            Cromlechs, 42                           Deiffyns,  the, 45
Catival'cus,  125                      Chow dynasty, 35, 39, 45                Ccelestinus, b. of Rome, 179           Cron'us (Saturn),  15                   Dejani'ra, 41 
Cato the Censor, 111, 114, 116         CHa~ST, B~nTU OF~,  123; gospel of   Coel, d. o~f Colchester, 162              Cross, making the sign of the, 157    Dej'oces (:Kai-Kobad),'63,  69
Cato, Lucius P., 120                        the descent of, 147                Cole, 01d King,  162                   Croto'na, 60, 64, 65                    Dela, the five sons of, 48
Cato Uticen'sis, 12I, 122, 127         Christian, burial, 157; Era, 136;  Calla, the three brothers, 162    Crotonpus, 28                           "'Delenda est Carthugo", 11], 116i
Catti, the, 134, 143, 144                   name first used, 136               Collati'nus, L. T.,  77                Crus, Lentulus,  122                    Delhi, 119
Catual'da, 1341                        Christianity, made the State religion,   Collyridqanns,  the, 167              Crustu'mium, 65                         De'lium. battle of, 83, 84
Catulqlus, 123                              160                                Colmar, battle of, 16j3                 Cshatriyas (Shatree'as), the, 13, 24   Delos,`112
Ca~t'ulus, Luta'tius,  proconsul, ]02    Christians, persecution of the, 132    Cologne founded, 131, 134; battle   Cte'Ysis, 18, 27, 35, 92, 97              Delphi, ] 04; oracle of, ] 7
Catulus, Lutatius,  consul, ]13, ]14   Christmas day, 16'7, 178                    of. 163                            Ctesqiphon, battle of, 158              Delta, the, 22
Catulus, Lutatius, s. of the consul,    Chronology, ancient systems of, 55   Colosse'um, the, 132                     Cuchul'lin, 124:                        Deluge, the, traditions of in Central
]21, 124:                         Chrysayphius, 172                       Colossus of Rhodes, 105, 110           Cu'hulcann, 144                              America, 165
Caucasiian race, 10                    Chrysip'pus, 101                        Columel'la, 152                        Cuma, 60                                Demara'tus, 76,  83
Cautcones, 57                          Chrys'ostom, Dion, 132                  Coma Bereni'ces, 98                    Cumatnus, Alexander,  128               Deme'ter (Ceres), 15
Cau'dium, pass of, 94:                 Chrysostom,  St., 161, 167, 172, 17~8  Caman, 78                               Cunaxta,  battle of, 81, 83             Demettrius Pallorcertes, 88, 91, 92,
Cayaqar, 144                           Chuen-hueh, 15                          Comma'ohio, lake of, 56                Cu'nedag,  66                                96, 97, 99, ]01, 105
Cecro'pia, 28                          Church, heresy in. 13]'; government   Comtmodus, 141, 143, 146                 Cunob'eline (Cymbeline), 124, 133    Demetrius Phale'reus, 94, 97, 98
Cecrops It, 28                              of, 156, 167; readm~ission  of   Compitaqiia, the, 77                     Cupid, 17; and Psyche, 19, 141          Demetrius, 99
Ccerops II., 36                             apostates. 156                     Compostel'qa St. Iago de, 136          Cutria, the, 47, 71                     Demetrius II., 101
(183 )




INDEX.
Demetrius, 108 Eches'tratus, 56                                                    Eucher'ides, 170 Felix Claudius, 128, 136                                           Garga'reans, the, 61
Demetrius Nica:tor, 108,109,110,].16 Eclectics, the, 146                           Eu'chitcs, the, 167 Felix, St., 153 Gaffanus, 152
I)emetrius, b. of Alexandria, 157        Echo'runs, battle of, 102, 106            EWelid, 92, 98                            Felix I., b. of Rome, 157                 Gaua'nes, 64
I)emoc'ritus, 84 Edda, the, 57, 66                                                 Eucrat'idcs, 109 Felix II., b. of Rome, 179 Gaudcn'tius, ]70
I)emoph'otin, 52 Eden, garden of, 7                                                Eude'mus, 59 Felix III., b. of Rome, 179 Gaugameqa, battle of, 89, 91
I)emos'theues, 83, 87, 90, 91, 92 Edessa, 99                                       Eudo'ra, 73 Ferdu'si, 21, 27                                                        Gauls, the, 29, 37
Demotic Alphabet, 12 Edeta'ni, the, 66                                             Eudoxqa, w. of Arca~dius, 161, 172 Fer'gus I., 95 Gaza, 91
Denis, St., 152 Edqpus ((Edipus), 41 Eudoxia (Athena'is), w. of Theedo-   Fergus II., 174                                                                              Gazla'na (Cas~tulo), 43
I)enmark, kings of, 127, 154 Edom, 20 sius II., 172 Ferqdoon, 19, 63 Gebric, 163
I)enta'tus, Cu'rius, 102 Ege'ria, 71 Eudox'us, 92, 97                                                                        Festus Por'cius, 128, 136                 Geda]i'ah, 74
Dentatus, Sicin'ius, 85, 102 Egesqa, 87 Eu'gamon, 76                                                                         Festus Rufus, 163 Ge'la, 73
Dercylqidas, 89, 90 Eglon, 30 Eugc'nius, 134                                                                                 Fide'nee, 56, 65, 85 Gela'nor, 28
I)eri, the, 31                           Egypt, earIy traditions of, 11; lan-   Eugenius, revoIt of, 161, 162, 163           Fiesole (Fee(~9'soly), 52 Gela'sius I., b. of Rome, 179
Derufsh e Kawanee, 19 guage, 12; mode of computing Eugenius I., 162; II., 174                                                Fim'bria, Flayins, 120, 126               Gelasius of Cyzicus, 179
Deucaqion, 19 time, 38 Eulaqia, St., 153 Fin-Cormac, 162 Gelqius, Auqus, 141
I)hu Nowas, 154 Egyptians, average height of, 50 Eulo'gius, 153                                                              Fingal (Fin-McCum'hal), 152 Gelon I., 87; II., 106
Diabole'nus, 140 Egyptus, 26, 28 Eu'melus, 96 Fin-McCum'hal (~Fingal), 152                                                                                             Gema/ra, the, 136
I)iagorqdse, the, 70                     Ehecatl (the 7th day), 165                Eu'menes, 89, 91, 96, 99 Finns, the, 177                                            Gemqni, 40
Dial, invention of the, 76 Eiduo'rius, 61 Eumenes I., 105, 116 Fir-bolghs, the, 48, 53 Gens, the, 71
"Dialogues of the dead", 141             Elagab'alus (I-Ieliogabfalus), 150        Eumenes II., 115 Fir~mius, 151                                                      Gen'seric, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176
"Dialogues of the gods", 141 Elah, 54                                              Eumenqdes (Erin'yes), the~ 16             Firmius, revolt of, 161, 164 Gensoo, 169
I)ianta, 16, I7; temple of at Ephe- Eleazar, 99 Eumol~pus, 36                                                                Firotze, 138 Genu'cius, Cneius, 85
sus, 96, 100 Electra, 37, 73 Euno'mia, 15                                                                               ZFiroze, 168 George, St., 167
I)ictse'an Cave, 16                      Elephetnor, 46 Euno'mius, 167                                                       Flac'cus, Cnetius, 94 George of Laodicc'a, 167
Dicttys, 36 Eleusynqan mysteries, 36 Eutnomus, 56 Flaccus, Ful'vius, 112, 114                                                                                          Oeorgics, the, 123
Did'ius, 125 Eleuthe'rius, b. of l~ome, 142, 147    Eunus, 112 Flaccus, Per'sius, 132 Gep'idse, the, 33, 143, 176
Didius, Aulus, 133 Eli, 44                                                         Euo'dius, 137                             Flaccus, Valetflus, 120, 132 Geraint, 174
I)idius, Julianus, 141 Elitashib, 80                                                Eu'pales, 51                             Flamin'ia Via, the, 103 Gerbo'nian, 95
Dido, 49, 61, 62, 1~7 EIFjah, 54, 58 Eupato'ria, 121 l~laminitnus, Caius, 114 Getmain l'Auxerroi~, St., 174
Dies fasti, 93; nefasti, 93 Eli'sha, 54                                            Eu'phaes, 64 Flamininus, Lucius, 114 German, name of, 33
Dinah, 18 Elito'vius, 78                                                            Euphe'mia, d. of Marcian, 173 Flamintius circus, the, 103 German'icus, 130, 134
Dinarhus, 92 ENkanah, 44 Euphor~bus, 49 Flaminius, Caius, 102 Germans, character of, 37; laws and
Diocle'sian, or I)iocle'tian, 151,152, Ello'ra, temples of, 63 Euphra'tes and Tigris canal, 139 Flaminius Nepos, 103, 104 customs, 43; mythology, 48, 53,
159, 160, 162, 163, 164; Era of, Elon, 38 Euphros'yne, 16                                                               Flaminius, Quintus, 110, 111, 116              66, 73
151 Elpis, 16 Euric, k. of Visigoths, 175 Flanders, 127                                                                                                            Geron'tius, 170
Diodo'rus, 98 Elyme'ans, the, 28 Euridqce (Eurydqce), 41                                                                     Flaviathus, 179 Gertrude, m. of Hamlet, 164
Diodorus, the dialecticJan, 110           Elysqan fields, the, 17                   Euripqdes, 84 Fla'vius Ital'icus, 134                                               Geru'sia, 67
Diodorus Sic'ulus, 123 Elxai, 146                                                   Eurotpa, 32 Flood, the, 10 Getwon, 29, 33, 41
Diog'enes, 92                             Ema'nia, palace of, 104, 162              Eurottas, 32 Florence, city of, 169 Geqa, 141, 149, 152
Diogenes of Babylon, 110                  Ember days, 157                           Eu'rus, 17                               Floriatnus, ] 51 Getse, the, 125
Diogn(Vtus, 59 Eme'sa, battle of, 151 Eury'alus, 46 Flori'nus, 147 Getto~nes, the, 177
Dieme'des, mares of, 41 Emped'ocles, 84                                             Eurybi'ades, 82 Florus, Ges'sius, 128 Ghebers, the, 51                                                                 o
Diomedes, 46, 47, 49 Encrati'tse, the, 157                                          Euryd'ice, 41                             Florus, the historian, 132                Ghowel, city of, 144
Dion, 97 Endabe'lion, 61                                                            Eurym'edon, battle of the, 82, 87         Florus, Julius, 133 Giamschid (Jemshecd), 1.4, 39
Dion Cassius, 141, 151 Endy'mion, 17, 25                                            Euryntome, 16 Fo-hi, 15 Giants, 16
Dion Chrys'ostom, 132 Enna, 112                                                     Eu'rypon, 52, 56 Fomo'rians, the, 33, 42 Gid'eon, 34
Dio'ne, 73                                En'nius, 113 Eurypon'tidse, 52 Fontina'lia, 52 Gil'do, 161, 164 /
Dionys'ius, 87, 97 Enoch, 10; book of, 147                                         Euryp~ylus, 46                            Fontus, 52 Gilqus, 124
Dionysius the younger, 97 Eos, 15                                                   Eurys~thenes, 40, 52 Forty, the number, 34                                          Giso, 107
Dionysius of Halicarnas~sus, 123 Epaminon~das, 90                                   Eurysthcn'idee, 52 $'orum Ju'dicum, the code, 175 Ois'go, 86
Dionysius Exig~uus, 136                   EpaphrodNtus, 137                         Eurys'theus, 40 Fossse Cluillise, 60 Gla~brio, Acilius, 121
Dionysius the Areop'agite, 137            Eph'esus, 53, 61; council of, 179; Euse~bius, b. of Csesarea, 161 Fossse Filisti'nse, 56 Gladiators instituted, 102; abelDionysius (Denis), St., 152 temple of Diana at, 96, 110; Eusebius, b. of Nicomedi~, 160,166,   Fossa'rii, 156 ished, 169
Dionysius of Alexandria, 154, 157 seven sleepers of, 156                                 [67                                  Four hundred, council of, 83 Glau'cia, Servilqus, 113
Dionysius of Ephesus, 156 Ephial'tes, 25, 82 Eusebius, b. of Rome, 167:Franks, the, 33, 127, 143, 144, 153, Glyce'rius, 171, 173
Dionysius, b. of Rome, 157                Ephri, the, 59, 64                       Eustaqhius, 167                                154, 163, 176, 177 Gnomon (Dial), the, 76
I)iony'sus (Bacchus), 16, 32, 36, 38 Epic cycle, the, 64                            Euter'pe, 16                              Frederic the Visigoth, 175 Gnosticism, 137
Diophan'tus, 161                          Epicharmus (Epikar~mus), 84               Euthyde'mus, 100                          Freemasons, 76 Golden Age, the, 17
Dies'corns, 172, 179 Epictc'tus, 132 E utro'pius, 161 Freyr, 57, 61, 78 "Golden Ass", the, 141
Divanu'bar;39, 45, 55, 58 Epicurus, 92, 97, 101 Eutropius, the historian, 161 Frigga, 61, 127 Goli'ath, 50
I)iv'ico, 114 Epicu'reans, the, 92 Eu'tyches, 171, 179 Frisqi, the, 33,127,135,143~144,164 Gon'cril, 60
I)olabel'la, Corneqius, 102, 104 Epigni, the, 46                                   Eutych'ian, b. of Rome, 157               Friffigern, 161 Gor'dian knot, 73, 91, 96
Dolabella, Cneius, 121 Epimcn'ides, 70                                             Euxnes, 78                                Frontequs, 120, 124 Gordian, Marcus A., 148, 150, 156
Dolabella, 135                            Epime'theus, 15,16 Eux'ine, the, 29:Fronti'nus, 132 Gordian the Elder, 150, 156
Domitia (Domish~ia), 132 Epini'cia, 84                                              Evagras, 89, 90, 96 Frontinus, Julius, 150 Gordian the Younger, 150, 156
Domitian (Domish'ian), 132, 134           Epipha'nius, 161, 167' Evan'dcr, k. of Etruria, 42 Fructuo'sus, 153 Gor'dium, 91
Demitins (Domfsh'dus), 125 Eponi'na, 133 Evarider, the philosopher, 101 ];rumen'tius, 164: Gor'dius, 73
Domitius Afer, 134 Erasis'tratus, 101 Evaris'tus, b. of Rome, 147                                                             FucFnus, lake, 131 Gor'gias, 84
Donald I., k. of Scotland, 142, 152 Es'ate, 16 Evil-Mcrodach, 75                                                              Fuero Juzgo (Fooa'ro Hoothgo),the Gorgons, the, 17
Donald II., k. of Scotland, 152 Eratos'thenes, 12, 98, 101                         Evo'ra, 125 code, 175                                                                Go'sheri, land of, 20, 22
Donald of the Isles, 152 Er'ebus, 15                                               Exarchs, 167                              Fufe'tius, Met'tius, 71 Gota'ma, 58, 109
Donatist Controversy, the, 166 Erecheus (Erichtho'nius),23,32,36   Exbalanqug (Esh'bala~tkay~), 145~   Fuga'tius, 147 Gothic Alphabet of Ulphqlas, 161
D,)natists, the, 160, 164, 166, 176 Esmites, the, 166                   ~               177                                  Fulge'nius, 142 Goths (Getse), the, 33, 143, 163, 176
Dona'tus, the grammarian, 161 Erictho'nius of Troy, 37                             Excda'res, 138                            Fulgen'fius, 176                           Gour, kingdom of, 119
Donatus, b. of Carthage, 164, 166 Erid'anus (Po), the, 56 Exig~uus Dionysius, 136                                            Ful'vius, 102 Grac'chi, the, 112, 113
Dorians, the, 19 Erik I., 154, 164; II., 164                                       Ex'odus of Israelites, 20, 24, 26         Funda'nus MinWcius, 140 Grachus, Caius, 112, 117
Doric dialect, the, 110 Erin (Ireland), (see "Britain"). Exorists, the, 156 Gracchus, Tibe'rius, 111
Derus, 19, 21 Erin'yes (Eumenides), the, 16                                        Exupe'rius, 156 Gracchus, T. Sempro'nius, 112, 114
I)orys'sus, 56 Eros (Cupid), 15 Eze~kiel, 74                                                                                                   O. Graces, the, 16
Dosith'eus, 137                          Eros'tratus, 96 Ez'ra, 80, 81; book of, 147                                         Gabin'ius, 118 (}r0eme (Graham), 174
Drachma, the, 64                         Eryman'thian boar, the, 41 Gad, 18 Grampians, battle of the, 133
Draco, 70                                Erysich'thon, 28 r. Gadi'ra (Cadiz), 61 Grania'nus, Sere'nus, 146
])rep'anum, 106 Esarhad'don, 63, 69 Geetuqi, the, 67                                                                                                                   Grani'cus, battle of the, 89, 91, 96
Druids, the, 33, 66, 124 Esau, 18, 20 Fa'bian, b. of Rome~ 152, 156, 157   Gsetu'lia, 126 Gra'fian, Count, 161
Drusus, Livius, 112, 120 Escula'pius, 41, 67, 103 Fa'bii, the, 85 Gai'nas, 161                                                                                         Gratian, b. of Rome, 161, 163, 167
Drusus, b. o.f Tiberius, 123,124,125   Esp'endermad', 45 Fa'bius, the consul, 85 Gala'tia, 57, 61, 104: Gratian, r. of Gaul, 162
I)ubco'mar, battle of, 162 Esse'nes, the, 128, 136                                 Fabius Ca'ins (Pictor), 103 Gala'tians, the, 29 Gra'tus, Valetflus, 128
Duca'rius, 104 Esther (Ames'tris, Itadas'sah), 39, [Fabius Maxqmus, 94, 102, 103, 107, Gal'ba, 112, 114 Greece, early traditions of, 11; first
Ducetius (Dusee'shfus), 87                    80, 81; tomb of, 158 114                                                        Galba, Servius S., 131, 133, 134 inhabitants, 11; seven wisemen
Duil'ius, 102 Estril'dis, 52 Fabius, M. 2Emilianus, 112 Galen, Claudius, 141 of, 70; rites of burial, 110; misDum'norix, 124 Estrum'nides, the, 43 Fabius, Q. A., 95 Gale'flus, 148, 151, 159, 164, 165 sion of, ll0
Dura, treaty of, 158 Ereties, 41 Fabri'cius, 101 Gal'gacus (Galgus), 133, 142                                                                                         "Greeks, the last of the", 10], 110
Dussateer, the, 27                        Ethba'al (Ithobal'), 61                  Fa'dus Cus'pius, 128                      Gallie'nus, 151, 152, 153, 154 Green faction of the circus, 173, 174
Dwapar-yuga, a, 158 Ethiopia, 126, 135, 164; Christian- Fa'gan, 147                                                          Gal'lus, Plotflus, 123 Gregory of Nazianzen, 161,166, 167
ity in, 164; monks in, 166          Falis'cii, the, 32, 56                    Gallus, Corne'lius, 133, 135 Gregory of Nyssa, 161, 167
E.
Etrurians (Etruscans), the, 28, 42 Fan'nius, 113 (]allus, e. of Rome, 151, 156 Gregory Thaumatur'gus, 157
Etzel (Attila), 170, 176                  Farsee, the, 31, 35 Gallus, b. of Julian, 160 Gregory, b. of Alexandria, 167!!
Easter, origin of, 1471 observance ~E~hseph'nus, 64 Fasces, the, 47                                                          Gandar vas, the, 45 Gregory I., b. of Rome, 179
of, 147, 166                         Euan'nes, 10, 11 Fasting, 157, 167                                                 Ganc'sa, 39 Orena'da (Ilib'eris), council of. 163
Eastern Empire erected, 16l Euascara (Basque) language, 29 Fautnus, 71 Ganges, the, 39 Guata'ma(Gota'ma, Budha), 58,109
Eburo'nes, the, 127 Eubo'ic weights and measures, 64 FaustFna, 140, 141 Gan~na, 134 Guatemaqa, early history ot, 144;
Ec'basus, 25                             Eubu'lus, 92 Fausqulus, 65 Gan~ymede, 17, 37, 43 languages of, 144, 145
Ecbat'ana, 39 Eu'eharist, the, 147                                                 Fccia'les, the, 4]' Garda, lake of, 153 Gucumatz', 144, 165, 177
(!84)




INDE X.
Heraclia'nus, 142                     Hondu'ras, 144                         Infancy, gospel of the, 147            Jemsheed', 14, 39
Guen'dolen, 52                        Heracli'dao, the, 46                   Hono'rius, 161, 163, 165, 169, 170,  Ingoe'vones, the, 33                    Jeph'th-h, 38
Gugerlni, the, 127                    Heracli'des, 97                            176, 178                          Innocent I., b. of Rome, 179           Jeremi'ah, 68, 74
Guidelrius, 133                       Heracliltus of Ephesus, 168            ileoormuz  (Hormis'das) I., 138, 148;  In'subres, the, 103                   Jerobo'am I., 54; IT., 58, 62
Gujerat', kingdom of, 119             Heracqius, p. of Constantinople, 173       II., 158; III., 168               Insu'bria, 36                         Jero'me, St., 171, 178
Gulus'sa, 116, 117                    Herculalneum, 60, ]32                  Hooshung, 14                           Io, 28, 44                            Jerub'baal, 34
Gun'debald, d. of Burgundy, 173,   Herleules, the Celtic, 33, 37             Hophlni, 44                            Iob'ates, 6L                          Jeru'salem founded, 50; temple of,
175, 176                         Hercules, the Cretan, 43               Hoph'ra (Uaphbris), 74                 Iola'iis, 41                               54. 74; destruction of, 128, 131,
Gundegoisil, 175                      Hercules, the Egyptian, descendants   Hor'ace (Horaltius Flaccus), 123        Ion, 19, 21                                137; attempt to rebuild, 161
Gun'derie, d. of Burgundy, 175            of, 43                             Ho'rze, the, 15, 16                    Io'na, 166                            Jes'se, 50
Gunderic, k. of Vandals, 175          Hercules, the Greek, 37                Horaltii, the, 71                     Ionian Gulf, the, 28                   Je'sus, b. of Jonathan I., 88
Gunldicar.(Gunthadar), 175, 176       Hercules, the Indian, 43               Horaltius, Cocles, 77                 Ionian emigration, 53; dialect, 110;  JEsus   CHnIST, 128, 136
Gunpowder, invention of, 7            Hercules, the Tyrian, 43, 48           Horatius, Marcus, 77                       race, 19                          Jewish Law, the, 80
Gun'thacar (Gundicar), 175, 176       Herdo'nius, Appius, 85                 Horatius, Q. Flaccus, 123             Iphqiclus, 25                          Jez'ebel, 54, 61
Gup'tas, the, 168          ierlemon and Heber, 53, 56                        Ho'rites, the, 154                     Iphic'rates, 88, 90                   Jits, the, 119
Gur'ges, Quintus F., 102              Helren,.66                             Hormis'das (Hoormuz), 148              Iphigeni'a, 49                        Jolab, 50
Gushrasp (see "Darius  Hystaspes").  Heren'nius, Pen'tius, 102               Hormizd, 14 -                          Iph'imedia, 25                       Jo'ash, 58
Gu'tamund, 176                        Heresy, rise of, 137                   Hor'sa, 174, 177                       Iphqitus, 59                           Job, 13, 14
Gutarises, 129, 138                   Hermann (Arminius), 130, 134           Hortensian Laws, 102                   Ipsis'tos, 61                          Jocas'ta, 41
Gy'ges, 16                            Her'manric, 163            -Iforten'sius, Quintus, 102                        Ipsus, battle of, 89, 92, 96, 101, 104   Jolel, 62
Gyges, k. of Lydia, 67, 73            Hermanrio, k. of Suevi, 175            Hortensius, 121                        Iran (Persia), 14                      John the Baptist, 128, 136, 138
Gylip'pus, 83                         Hermas, Shepherd of, 147               Ho'rus, 29, 30, 33, 38, 44, 146        Ireland (see "Britain").               John, St., 136, 137
Herme'ias, 99, 100                    Hosea, 62                             Irende'us, 142, 147                    John of Eph'esus, 156
H.                     Her'mes (Mercury), 16, 17             Hoshe'a, 62                            Ire'ne, 15, 16                         John the Primice'rius, 170
Ha'dad, 50                            Hermes Trismegisltus, 44               Ho'sius, 163, 166                      Ilsaae, 13, 18, 20                     Joi'aehim, 80
Had'arites, the, 154         -          erminqius, Titus, 77                 How-han dynasty, 149                   Isag'oras, 76                          Joi'ada, 80, 88
Hadas'sah  (Esther), 80t Hermi'ones, the, 33                                 trymthur'sen  (Rimtoorlsen), the,  Isa'iah, 62                                Jo'nah, 58
Ha'des, 15, 17                        Hermip'pus, 141                             48, 57, 72                        Isau'ria, 57, 67                       Jon'athan, 50
Had'rian, 138,139,140,142,143,146 i ermoe'rates, 87                          Huas Cella, the brothers, 162          Isdigerltes, 168                       Jonathan I., high-priest, 88
Hadrian's rampart, 142                Hermog'enes, 146                       Huehue'-Tlapallanl, 144, 145           Ish'bosheth, 50                        Jonathan Maccabin'us, 108
Hacg'gai, 74                          termundu'ri, the, 143                  Huey Zacatlan', 144                    Ish'mael, 13, 18                       Jonathan An'hsa, 128
Hagiog'rapha, the, 80                 IIer'nicans, the, 32                   Hu Gadarn, 29, 57                      Ish'maeli'tes, the, 154               Joseph, 18, 20, 22
Hale'sus, 56                          Hetro, 67                              Hutgony the Great, 104                 Ishtar, 24                            Joseph, n. of Oni'as, 99
Haliarltus, battle of, 90             Herlod, 118                            Huitzilapan', plateau of, i45          Is'idore, b. of Coredova, 179          Joseph, gospel history of, 147
Halqicarnas'sus, 53, 91               Herod An'tipas, 128, 136               Hul'dah, 68                            Isidore, b. of Pelu'sium, 179          Joselphus, 128
Ham, 13                               Herod Philip, 128, 136                 Hum'ber, 52                            I'sis, 44                              Joshlua, 30; inscription respecting,
Harman, 80, 81                        Hero'des At'ticus, 141                 Hunahpul Utiuhl, 165                   Isoclrates, 84, 92                         36
H~amqlcar Bar'ca, 102,104,106,.107,   Heroldias, 128, 136          Iunahpul Wuehl, 165                              Isopollites, the, 47                   Joshua., high-priest, 74
117                               Herod'otus, 12, 80, 84                Hunhuahpu', 145                        Is'ral,  exodus of, 23, 28; institu-   Joshua (Jason), high-priest, 1.08
Hamilcar, 87                          Herowee, the, 31                       Hun'neric, 176                             tions of, 26                       Josi'ah, 68
Hamilcar, 106                         Hersillia, 65                          Huns, the, 27, 100, 139, 161, 163      Islsachar, 18                          Jo'tham, 62
Hamlet, legend of, 164                Her'uli, the, 171, 176                 Hulrakan, 165, 177                     Is'sus, battle of, 89, 91, 96          Jove (Jupiter), 15, 16, 17
Ha'me, 133                            Helsiod, 59                            Hyacin'thia, 32                        Iste'vones, the, 33                    Jo'vian, 158, 161
Han dynasty, 100                      Resi'one, 41, 43                       Hyacin'thus, 32                        Istakharl (Persep'olis), 14            Jovin'ian, 167'Han (Eastern) dynasty, 129, 149       Hespelria, 37                          Hylades, the, 67, 73                   Isth'mian games, 36                   Jovi'nus, 163
Han, the men of", 149, 159          Hesperia the Pleiad, 73                ttylas, 73                             Is'trians, the, 103                    Joyinus, revolt of, 170, 175, 176
Hauns'i, 54                           Hesper'ides, the, 41, 67, 73           Hygelia, 41                            Itallicus Silqius, 132                 Jo'vius, 170
Hanani, 80                            Hes'perus, 37                          Hygilnus, 147                          Itfali, the, 25                        Juba I., 122, 126; II., 126, 135
Hanani'ah, 80                         Hesperus, 73                           Hyksos (Shepherd Kings), the, 18    Italie'tes, the, 25                       Ju'binal, 177
Han'nah, 44                           HIesltia (Vesta), 15                   Hyqlas, 40                             It'alus, 25                            Judacilqius, 120
Han'nibal, g. of Spain, 86            Hestia the Pleiad, 73                  Hy-Nial, dynasty of, 174               Italy, origin of name, 25              Ju'dah, 18
Hannibal, s. of Gisco, 87, 101        Hesus, 33                              Hypa'tia, 179                          Ith'obal, 61                           Juldas Maccaboolus, 108
Hannibal the Great, 103, 104, 107, -ezekilah, 62, 68                         Hyperion, 15                          It'ylus, 67                            Judas the Gaullonite, 128
111, 115, 116, 117               Hiarlbas (Iarbas), 61                  Hypermnesltra, 28                      I'tys, 32                              Judas Iscarliot, 136, 137
Hanlno, 79                            Hiatilqba (White Huns), the, 168       Hyrca'nus, 108                         Itzamall, 144                          Jude, St., 136, 137
Hanno, the navigator, 86              Hiber'nia (see "Britain").             Hyrcanus, 118, 119, 121                Itsral-U1, 144                         Judges of Israel, 30
Hanno, g. of Spain, 95, 97            IIiem'psal, 113, 117                   Hystas'pes, Daritus, 74, 75, 80, 81,  Iiilus (Asca'nius), 46                  Ju'dith, 69
Hanno, the admiral, M6, 107           Hiempsal, 126                               82, 86                            Ivi'la, 61                             Jugur'tha, 112, 113, 117
Halran, 13                            Hi'eraci'tes, the, 157                                                        Iximch6 (1shimtehayO), 177             Ju'lia, w. of Pompey, 122
Harmo'dius, 76                        Hilerax, 157                                I.                               Ixion, 56                               Julia, w. of Agrippa, 123
Harmolnia, necklace of, 17, 32        HiHero I., 87                          Ial'ysus, 53                          Ixnacan- (Is8hnaan') Katun, the,  Julia, d. of Augustus, 130
Har'palus, 91                         Hiere II., 102, 106, 107'Iam'blichus,  the philosopher, 141         145                                Julia Domna, 149, 150
Harpies, the, 40, 67                  Hieroglyphics, 12                      Iamblichus, the martyr, 156            Iza'tes, 129                           Julia Marmmae'la, 156
Haz'al,  58'                         Hieron'ymus, 107                       Iarlbas (Hiarbas), 61                  Ize-ma-tseen, 109                      Julian the Apostate, 158, 160, 162,
Hea dynasty, 15                       Hila'rion, 166                         Ilasus, 23, 28                         Izzards, 45                                163, 165
He'be, 16, 17                         Hila'rius, b. of Rome, 179             Ilbar, 174                                                                    Julian Calendar, the, 122
tHelber, 13                           Hillary, b. of Arles, 171, 179         Ibe'rians, the, 11, 28, 29, 66                         J.                     Julian Law, the, 120
Heber and'Herlemon, 53, 56'         Hilary, b. of Poitiers, 162, 167       Iblycus, 76                                                                   Julia'nus Did'ius, 141
Heblrides, the, 142                   Hilkilah, 68                           Ib'zan, 38                             Jalbin, 34                             Julialnus Salvia'nus, 141
Hecatw'us, 76, 84                     Himlera, battle of, 87, 97             Ica'rius, 36                           Ja'cob, 18                             Ju'lius Africalnus, 157
Hec'ate (Diana), 17                   Himil'co, 86, 87                       Icletus, 131                           Jad'dua, 88                           Julius Coesar, 117,118,120,121,122,
Hecatoncheires (Heklatonkcyrrees),   Hindoos, algebra of, 148, 168; as-   Ileetes, 97                               Jalel, 34                                  123, 124, 125, 126, 127
the, 16                               tronomy, 148, 168; chemistry,  Ich'abod, 44                              Jaimani, 109                           Julius Nepos, 171, 173, 175
Hector, 43, 46, 49                         168;'chronology, 158; com-   Ichthyophlagi, the, 126                    Jains, the, 68                         Julius I., b. of Rome, 167
Heidenmauer (Hydenmowler), the,            merce, 24; languages, 20; med-  Icti'nus, 84                             Jair, 38                               Ju'no, 15, 16, 17
143, 153.               icine, 168; mythology, 30, 35,, Ides, the, 47                            Jams, 86                               Ju'piter (Jove), 15, 16, 17
Heqla, 48                                  45; philosophy, 138; science,  Idom'eneus, 46, 47                        Jamaspl (Zamas'phes), 168              Jupiter Olymlpius, statue of, 84, 110
Hellen, 40, 46, 49, 62                     20, 24; traditions, 11            Idu'na, 61, 72                         James the elder, St., 128, 134; 136   Jupiter Amlmon, 154
Hellena, Empress, 160, 162, 166       Hip'palus, 128                         Ierlne (Ireland), (see "Britain").    James the less, St., 136, 137           Juruki'a, 169
Hellene (Pontaveldra), 48              Hipparlehus, 76                       Igna'tius, 137, 146; epistles of, 147   James, St., protevangel of, 147       Justi'na, the Empress, 167
Heqli, 113                           Ilipparchus, the astronomer, 110        Ildegun'da, 176                        Jannnee'us, Alexander, 108, 118        Justinqian I., 174
Hel'ico, 95                            Hip'pias, 76, 82                      Ilerca'vones, the, 66                  Jan'nes and Jam'bres, 20               Jus'tyn Martyr, 146
I-eliodo'rus, 108'Hippoo'oiin, 36                                      Ilerge'tes, the, 66                    Ja'nus, 17, 25, 47, 52; temple of,  Jutes, the, 177
H~eliogab'alus (Elagab'alus), 150     Hippot'rates, 84, 87                   Iler'da (Letida),  66                      102, 123, 130                      Ju'venal, Decius Junins, 132
He'lios (Apollo), 15, 16, 17, 54       ttHip'podami'a, 40                    II'iad, the, 46                        Japant, 69; eras of, 69; ships of   Jy'abad, 11
Hellan ions, 84:            Hippodrome, factions of the, 173       II'ias M~inor, the' 49                     war, 119                          Jyaftfram,  11
Hel'len, 19                           Hippol'yta, 41, 61                     Ilib'eris (Grena'da),  council of, 163   Jap'etus, 15                         Jya'nian dynasty, 11
Helle'nes (Oreeks), the, 1 9          Hippol'ytus, 1571                      II'ium, 41                             Japh'eth, 13
Hel'ots, the, 52, 59         Hippom'enes, 64                                 Illyrqlans,  the, 28                   Ja'son (the Argonaut), 40                              K.
Helve'tia, 153, 163                   Hiram,-kb. of Tyre, 50, 54             Illyr'ian War, the, 102                Jason (high-priest), 108
Helve'tii, the, 125, 1716             His'pains, 33                          Ilocab', race of, 1'77                 Ja'sius,  37                           Kades'sla., battle of, 19
He'mmera, 15                          Hispg'~nia,  name of, 331 Citetier,  Ilor'cis, battle of, 104                 Java, 119                              Kai-Kaoos, 69
Hem'insa, Cassius, 113                     114; Ulterior, 114                I'lus, 37, 43                          Jeb'usites, the, 13                     s-hb   (e'c) 6   9
Hen'eti, the, 57                      Hispa'nus, 33'Ilythy'ia, 16                                                 Jeho'ahaz, k. of Israel, 58             a-hso   Cr) 7   9
H~en'gist, 1'74, 1'77                 Histime'us, 82, 87                     Images, worship of, 178                Jehoahaz, k. of Judah, 68              Kai'omurs, 11, 14
Henot'icon of Zeno, 179               Hit'rites., the, 13                    Imil'co, 87, 97                        geho'ash, 58                 K     ~    ari, 57
Hephees'tus (Vulcan), 16, 17          Hivqites, the, 137                     In'achis, 44                           Jehoi'achin, 74, 75                    K'aroon, the dyke of, 148
Hep'tatrchy, the, 174                 Hiidur, 72                             In'achus, 19, 21, 23                  Jehoi'ada, 58                          K~aw~ah, 142, 19, 63
He'ra (Juno), 15                      Holopher'nes, 69                       In'aros, 80, 81                       Jehoi'akim, 68, 741, 75                Kedem, 154
Heraclea  60;'batfie  of, 101       Holophernes of Cappadocia, 116         Indictions, the, 160                 Jeho'ram,  k. of Israel, 58             Kenneth MeAlpine, 152
Iteracle~onites, the, 146             Homer, 56, 76                          Indige'tes. the, 25, 66               Jehoram, k. of Judazh, 58              Kent, kingfdom  of, founded, 1714
Heracqlian, g. of Stilicho, 1'70      Homoi-ousians and Homo-ousians,  In'dra., 35, 45                             Jehosh'aphat, 54, 58                   Kera'la, 80, 128
Hcracliian,   Count of Africa, 170         166                     Induzi'omar, 125                                Je'hu, 54, 58                          Ker manshah', 39, 158
24                                                                                                                                                           ( 185)




INDEX.
Kershasp', 19, 63                     Leotychtides, 82, 83, 90               Lynce'us, 28, 32                       Mar'athon, b. of, 81, 82              Mcberlbal, 95
Kew-tan,  23                          Lep'idus, 2Emil'mks, 121,123,124,125   Lyons (Lugdunum), 124, 133, 142    Mar'bed, 134                              Mcherdaltes, 129
Khonds, the, 13                       Lepidus, 112, 114                      Lysan'der, 83, 90                      Marc, the Gnostic, 142                Mei-ilres, 12
Khoosh Nua, 168                       Lepidus, Marcus, 125                   Lysanfdra, 101                         Marcelli'nus, b. of Rome, 157, 167   Me'la, Pompolnius, 132
Khosroo (see "Chosro~s").             Lertnean Hydra, the, 41                Lysqias, 83, 84                        Marcellinus, Ammiatnus, 161           Melamtpus, 25
Khor'sabad, 22                       Leri'da (Ilerda), 66                   Lysias, 109, 116                       Marcellinus, 173, 178                 Melan'thus, 52
Khur'shid, 45                         Les'bos, 53                            Lysim'achus, 91, 92, 96, 97, 99, 101,  Marcel'ins, Claudius, 103, 107        Melcar'tus (Melcan'der, Melcarth),
Kil~lare, Sacred oak of, 42           Les'ches, 49, 70                           105                                Marcellus, Marcus, 112, 113, 114           54, 67
Ki~nboath,  66, 104                   Leucip'pus, 36                                           [.                   Marcellus, Caius, 122, 123             Melchilades, 166, 167
Kiinmar'cus, 72                       Leuc'tra, battle of, 90                                                      Marcellus, 130                         Mele'ager, 91
Kish, 50                              Lefvi, 18                              Maasai'ah, 62, 63                      Marcellus, Ul'pius, 140, 142           Meleltian Controversy, 166
Kit's Cotty-house, 174                Lew-pang, 100, 109                     Maca'rius, 166                         Marcellus of Ancy'ra, 167             Mele'tius, 166,'167
Kolbad (Cab'ades), 168                Leyra, 135                             Maclcabees, the, 108                   Marcellus, b. of R.ome, 167           Me'leus, 53
Kobat, 129                            Libe'rius, 147                         Macedo'nia (see "Greece").            Marehen-lage, 86                       Me'lian nymphs,  16
Kob'olds, the, 53                     Liberius, b. of Rome, 167              Macedo'nius, 167                       Marci'na Sarraclte, 60                Melicarqthus (Melcarth), 54, 67
Kon g-fu-tsze (Confalcius), 27, 75, 90   Libur'nians, the, 28                Malcer, 123                           Mar'clan, e. of East, 172, 173, 179   Mellobau'des, 163
Koridwen, 57, 60                      Lib'yan  War, the, 106.                Machee'us, 79                          Marfcion, b. of Aries, 152             Melpom'ene, 16
Kuleer Shah, 11                       Licin'ian Laws, the, 93                Machan'idas, 101                       Marcion, the heretic; 146; gospel  Memnon, 49; statue of, 30
Kurdistan', 148                       Licinialnus, Piso, 133                 Macha'on, 41, 46, 49                       of, 147                           Memnon, 96
Kwo-hao, the origin of, 19, 109       Liein'ins, 1.10                        Mac-Mathons, the, 42                  Marcoman'hi, the, 134, 140, 141,  Mem'phis, 12
Licinius, 159, 160, 165               Macnama'ras, the, 42                        143.            Menoeqius, 15
Licinius the younger, 160             Macrialnus, 163                        Marcolsians, the, 146                  Men'ahem, 62
L.                     Licinius, the historian, 113          Macrianus, 156                         Marcus Auref ius, 138, 140, 141, 142,  Menan'der, 89, 96
Lalban, 18                            Licinius Stole, 93                     Macrilnus, 148, 150                        143, 146                           Menander, the poet, 92, 98
Labie'nus, 126                        Ligurians, the, 28, 29                Malcro, 130                            Marcus, b. of Rome, 167                Menander, 100
La'bon, 86                            Lilybaolum, 106                        Moeveqtme, the, 142                    Marfdia, battle of, 160                Menander, 137
Laboltas, 56                          Lin'dus, 53                            Meace'nas, 123                         Mardelnius, 81, 82                     Mcna'pii, the, 127, 135, 154, 164
Lablyrinth, the, 18                   Li'nus, 40, 41                         Maollius, Spurius, 85                  Mar'duk, 24                            Menche'res I., 12; II., 12
Lacandon' language, 144               Linus, b. of Rome, 132, 137, 147       Moolnian Law, 102                      Matres, 12                             Menlcius (Meng-tsze), 90
Lacedalmon  (see "Greece').           Lionease, the, 78                      Maeenius,  Caius, 102                  Mareshlah, b. of, 54                   Menef-Ra (Minerva), 16, 17, 42
Lacha  (Lakka), Mount, 16             Liris, battle of the, 120.             Mawonia,.57                           Marlgus, treaty of, 172                Menelafus, 40, 41, 46, 49
La'co, 131                            Lisbon (Ulis'ipo), 48                  Mweolnius, 151                         Mariamine, 118                         Menelaus, 108
Laco'nia (see "1 Greece").            Lituranus, 60                          Maefsa, 150                            Mariandyfni, the, 57                   Mehnes, 12
Lactan'tius,,157, 161, 167           Liqia, the Empress, 130                 Maoovius, 123                          Malric, 133                            Menesqtheus, 46, 48
La'don, 73                             Livius Andron'icus, 103               Magad'ha, kingdom of, 13, 80, 119,  Mari'na, 172                              Meng-tsze (Mencius), 90
Lamlialnus,  152                      Livius Salinaltor, 103                      168                               Mariani, the, 127                      Menilelhec, 126
Loostri'gons, the, 49                  Livy  (Titus Livius), 123             Maga'di dynasty, 99                    Maritrza, battle of, 160               Mensu'rius, 164
La-nas, Popilius, 112                 Locri, 65                              Ma'gas, 98, 99                         Mafrius, Caius, 113, 114, 117, 120,  Menthesulphis, 24
Iaovilnus, Valerius, 102, 103        Locrine, 52                            Magh-Sleacht, 42                            124, 125                          Menthno'pis, 12
La'ius, 41                            Loefgria, 78                           Magian religion, 14                    Marius the younger, 120                Mentu'phis, 12
Lak'shmi, 35                          Loki, 48, 61, 72, 78                   Magflan, 60                            Marius, s. of Arvir'a-us, 133, 142    Mentz (Mayence), 143
Laleta/ni, the, 66                    Lolqlius Urlbicus, 142                 Magnenftius, 160, 162, 163             Mark, St., 136, 137                    Menu', Institutes of, 13, 26, 51, 158
Lamlachus, 83, 87                     Lombards   (Longobardi),  the, 33,  Magnetsia, b. of, 108, 111                Mark Antony, 118, 119, 122, 123,  Merlalus, 56
La'meeh,   10                              143, 176                          Maglnus, 150                                125, 126                          Mercian Law, 86, 95
Lalmia, 91                            London (Lud's Town), 48, 114; first   Margo, 79, 86                           Mars (Marers, Mayors), 16              Mer'cury, 16, 17
Lamian War, the, 91                        bishop of, 142                    Mago, 86, 97                           Marseilles (Massillia), 78             Melrian, 104
Lampaldius, 170                       Longi'nus, Cassius, 125                Mago, 106                              Marsi, the, 28, 120                    Merilda, city of, 155
Lampolni-is, 120                      Longinus, 151                          Ma'gon,  86                            Marqtia, 95                            Merfin, 174
Landa, Diego, 145                     Longinus, rebellion of, 173            Ma'gus, Simon, 137                     Marltial, 132, 134                     Mermlnadoe, the, 67
Langres, 142                          Longobardi (Lombards), the, 33,  Ma'habad, 11                                 Martial, b. of Tours, 152              MerloU, kingdom of, 126, 135
Laoc'obn, 49                               143, 176                          Ma'habh araqta, 13, 23, 158            Martin of Tours, 162, 166              Mer'ope, 73
Laod'ice, 99, 105                      Lord's day, the, 147                  Malharash'tra, 128                     Martyrs, relies of, 178                Merovoe'us, 171, 175
Laodice, 116                          Lord's supper, the, 147, 167           Ma'ha-yutga, a, 158                    Mary, St., 136; gospel of the na-   Meshach, 75
Laodice'a, 99                         Lot, 13                                Mahratttas, the, 128; language  of,        tivity of, 147                     Messaflians, the, 167
Laom'edon, 43                         Love feasts, 178                            20                                Masce'zel, 161, 164                    Messali'na, 130
Laomedon,  88, 89                     Lo-yang, 51, 149                       Malia, 73                              Masinissa, 103, 104, 107, 111, 116,   Messalpians, the, 28, 60
Laos'thenes, 51                       Lucan, 131, 132                        Main, 95, 104                               117                               Messenian War, the first, 64; the
Laou-keun (tsze), 75, 109, 119        Lucanians, the, 28                     Major'ca, 61                           Massil'ia (Marseilles), 78                 second, 70
Lape'thus,  67                        Lu'ceres, the, 71                      Majoria'nus, 171                       Massilva, 113, 117                     AESSI'AIf, TIE, 136
Lap'ithoe, the, 40                    Lucian, 141                            Majori'nus, 164, 166                   Mastan'abal, 117                       Metapon'tus, 60
Lapps, the, 177                       Lu'cifer, b. of Cagliari, 167          Make'da, 126'  Masula'nians, the, 135                 Metau'rus, battle of the, 107
Lares, the, 17, 47                    Lucil'la, 141                          Mal'achi, 80                           Masy'us, 134                           Metel'lan, 133
Lar'tius, Spurins, 77                 Lucil'lus, 113                         Malaeo'tus, 52                         Ma'tho, 107                            Metelqlus, Coecilqius, 102
La'sus, 76, 84                        Lucifna (Juno), 15, 16, 17             Mal'aga, 61                            Mattathi'as Maccaboe'us, 108           Metellus, Quintus, 111, 112, 113,117
Latera'nus,  S. L., 93                Lucius, Marcins, 104                   Mata'yan Peninsula, 81                 Matthew, St., 135, 136, 137            Metellus Pius, 121, 125'Lath'yrus, Ptolemy, 108, 118          Lucius of Cyrene, 136                 Mal'ta (Melqita), 102                  Matthi'as, St., 136, 137               Metellus Celer, 121
Latin language, the, 32               Lucius,   k. of Britain, 142, 147      Malqva, kingdom of, 119                Maud, q. of Connaught, 124             Metho'dius, 157
Latins, the, 25, 28, 32               Lucius, b. of Rome, 157                Mam6 (Mamay) language, 144             Maureta'nia, 67                        Metia'nus Volu'sius, 140
Lati'nus, 25, 47, 49                  Lucre'tia, 77                          Mamerci'nus, AEmil'ius, 94             Maurit'ins (Maurice), St., 153, 156    Meftion, 36
Latinus, Sylvius, 60                  Lucretius, Carus, 123                 Mamer'Cus, 97                          Mansole'ur, 96, 110                    Metion'idue, the, 36
Laltium,   47, 49                     Lucretius, Spu'rius, 77                Mamers (Mayors, Mars), 16              Mausoelus, 96, 110                     Me'tis, 16
Lat'mus,   Mount, 17                  Lucta/cus, 142                         Mamerti'nes, 106                       Malvia, 164                            Me'ltius Gem'inus, 94
Lato'na, 15, 16                       Lucullus, 112,114,118,120,121, 126   Mamer'tius, 153                          Mayors (Mars), 16                      Meton, 84
Lau'sus,    47                        Lucu'mones, the, 47                    Mamil'ius, Octa'vius, 85               Maxen'tius, 159, 164, 165              Metropolitan bishops, 167
Lau'tulve, battle of, 94              Lud, King, 114, 124                    Mam'ilus, 27                           Max'imin, 150, 152, 153, 156           Metztli, 145
Lauren'tius (St. Laurene), 153, 156   Lud-gate, 114                         Mammo'oa, 150                          Maximin, e. of Rome, 159, 160          Mexqico, traditions of, 144,155, 165;
Lavinqia,  47, 49, 52   -Lud's Town (London), 48, 114                        Manas'seh, 68                          Maximian,  151, 152, 153, 154, 159,        language of, 155
Lavi'nus (Latinus), 25                Lud Hudibras, 60                       Manasseh, high-priest, 80                  164                                Mezen'tius, 47
Layin'ium,    47                      Lugard, 174                            Manasseh, 99                           MaximiaDnus, Herculius, 162            Micah, 62
Lazzi, thie, 33                       Lugdu'num  (Lyons),  124               Manci'nus, 112, 117                    Maximus, C. P., 150                   Micip'sa, 113, 116, 117
Le'ah,  18                            Lugesyes, the, 61                      Manda'ces, 63                          Maximus, revolt of, 161, 162, 163     Midas, 73
Lean'der,   67                        Luke, St., 136, 13'7                   Manda'ne,  75                          Maximus, Petronius, 171               Midianites, the, 154
Learv (Leir),  King, 60               Lunden,  135                           Mane'the, 12, 98                       Maximus, the pretender, 170            Micsal'cus, 105
Lecto'nia, 11, 15                    Luper'ca   (Lupa),  65                  Ma'nes (Maq'ieee),  57                 Maya idiom, the, 144                   Mikad'do, the, 69
Legions, City of, 142                 Lupercal. the, 65                      MasheS (MaLnichseus),  148, 157        Mayapan', 144, 145                    Mil'an (Mediola'num), 78; made the
Leicester  (Caer-Leir), 60           Luperc~zlia, the, 65, 179          M     ~ani, city of, 155                   Mt~ayence  (Mentz) founded, 143             capital, 161; council of, 167
Leil,  56, 60                         Luper'cus,  65                         Manichse'ans (Ml~anllykeea l~s),  the,  Mayrink, 168                          Mile'sins, 52, 53
Leinster,  124                       Lupus, Rutil'ius, 120                        148, 157                          Mazip'pa, 135                          Milqico, 43
Lel'eges,   the, 1    1               Lupus, Vir'ius, 142, 152               Manichseus   (Manes), 148, 157         Mecis'theus, 46                        Millen'nium, the, 157
Le'lex, 32                             Lupus,  b. of Troyes, 174             Manil'ius, the consul, 85              Mede'a, 40                             Milo, the athlete, 76
Len'tulus C~'us,  122                 Lusci nus Fabric ins, 102              Manilius, 113, 117                     Mediola'num  (Milan), 78               Milo, 122
Lentulna Cornelius, 102                Lusita'nia, 66, 134                   Manq'ius, M. Capitolinns, 93           Medon, 52, 53                          Milti'ades, 81
Lentulus  Sara, 121                    Lusita'ni,   the, 66                  Maulins, Torqua'tus,  94               M~edu'sa, 17, 36                       Miman'sa, the, 109
ILeo I., e. of East, 171, 173        Luta'tius  Cat'ulus,  102               Maulins, 106                           Meganb'ari, the, 126                   Mimicius (M-iv, ishilts),  111
Leo IlL, e. of East, 173              Lute'tia (Paris), 162                  Maulins, Cueins, 114                   Megaby'zus, 81                         Mimner'mus, 70
Leo I., b. of Rome, 1'71, 176, 178, 179  Lyca'on,  28                        Mannheim  (nrclla,~ime),  53           Meg'aeles, 55                          Mina, the, 64
L eogaire, k. of Ireland, 174         Lyeao'nia, 57                          Mano'ah,   4.1                         Megaeles, 76                           Miner'va  (MeneLIRa), 16, 17, 42
Leon founded, 142                      Lyeqa, 57, 67                         Manfin e'a,  b. of, 90                 Megmc'ra,  16                          lMinor ca (Nera), 61
Leona2'tus,  89, 96                   Ly~%ophron,  70                        Ma~n'lo,  56                           Meg'ara (see "Greece ).                Minos, 1'7, 32, 35
Leon'idn. s,   101.                   Lyeur'grus,   59, 716                  Man'gu, 56                             Meg'ara Hy'bla,  64, 67                Mi'notaur, the, 36, 40
Leonidas,  81, 82, 83                Ly'cus,   67                           Mian'tua, 56                            Megas'thenes, 89                       Minu eius (M~intlsh 4us),  85
Leon'tium. 64, 65, 67                 Lyd'iaL,  57, 67                       Manucheher, 21, 63                     Megelqlus  Posthu'mius, 934            Minueius FelliS, 157
Leom'tius,   1712                    Ly'dus,   57                            Man wanta ra,   a, 15    8             Meherbal, 78, 79                       Minucius  Funda'nus, 140
(1so).




IND EX.
Mischna, the, 136                      Nalthan, 50                             Numan'tia, siege of, 112, 114          Otho'mis, the, 145                     Paul, b. of Provence, ]52
Misith'eus, 150, 151                   Nathanlael (Bartholomew), St., 128,  Numbers, mystic, 34                       Othon~Tecuhtli, 145                    Paul of Samos'ata, 157
Mithqili, 119                               135, 136,.137                      Numic'ius, battle of the, 47           O'thrys, Mount, 16                     Paul, b. of Constantinople, 167
Mithrse'us, 39                         Nax'os, 64, 65, 67; battle of, 90       Numid'ia, 67              0t'omitl', 145                                      Paulians, the, 157
Mithrida'tes I. (of Par'thia), 109;  Nean'thes, 101                            Nu'mitor, 60, 65                       Otompan', city of, 145                 Pauli'nus, b. of Nola, 107
II., 109, 119; III., 119          Neap'olis (Naples), 65.               Nuns instituted, 166                   O'tos, 25                               Paulinus, Sueto'nius, 131, 133, 135
Mithridates I. (of Pontus), 96; II.,   Near'chus, 89                           Nux, 15                                Oude, 13                               Paulus, 149, 151
96; III., 96; IV., 104, 105;  Ne'bas, 54                                  Nymphid'ius, 131                       O'vid (0vidius Naso), 123               Paulus,  Emnil'ius,  103, 1-04, 110
V., 112, 115; VI. (the Great),   Ne'bo, 24                                                                       Owen, 104                               Pausa'nias, 82, 83
115, 119, 120, 121, 126           Nebrix'a, 43                                            O.                     Oxomoco (Oshonzoco), 145               Pausanias, 91
Mitiragup'ta, 99                       Nebluchadnez'zar,  14, 69, 72, 74,                                             Oxylartes, 89, 91                      Pausani-as, 141
Mixtecas (M3ishtecas), the, 145             75, 78                             Oak, synod of the, 172                 Ox'ylus, 46                            Pausi'ris, 80
Mnaski'ras (Mnascires), 119            Nechep'ses (Nekepses), 68              Oaxaca (Washar'ka), 144                 Oxynttas, 52                           Paxil (Pashil), 144
Mnemon (Artaxerxes), 96                Ne'cho (Neko) I., 68; II., 68          Obot'rites, the, 169                                                           Peg'asus, 40
Mnemos'yne, 15,,16                     Nechu'bus, 14                          O'Briens, the, 42                                                              Pegul, 81
Mnesqicles, 84                         Necranlebus I., 88, 89; II., 88        Oceanqides, 15                          Paccianus (Paksialnz!s), 121           Peh'livi language, the, 31, 35
Mo'dena (Mu'tinum), 103                Negoub', tunnel of, 58                 Ocetanus, 15                            Pac orus, 119                          Pe'hor, 54
Moe'rse, the, 15, 16                   Negro race, the, 10                     Ochus (Darius II.), $0, 81, 88         Pacorus, 129, 138                      Pe'kzah, 62, 63
Moe'ris, 18                            Nehcmi'ah, 80, 81                      Ochus (Artaxer'xes),.96                Pactoqlus, the, 79                     Pekahi'ah, 62
Moeris, Lake, 18                       Neil (Hy-Nial), dynasty of, 1.74        Octa'via, 123                          Pacu'vius, 113                         Pela'gian heresy, 174
Mo'har, 45                             Neith, 44                               Octa'vius (Augustus) Cesar, 118,   Paetus Anto'nius,  121                      Pela'gius, 171, 174, 179
Mol'mutine Laws, 86                    Neqleus, 25                                 119,123,124, 125, 126, 129,134   Pagana'lia, the, 77                      Pelas'gi, the, 11, 15, 28, 52
Mol'mutius, 86                         Nemausus (Nismes), 43                   Octavius, Marcus, 112                  Paishda'dian dynasty, 14                Pelas'gia, 15
Moqloch, 13                            Neme'an lion, the, 40                   Odena'thus, 148, 151                   Palametdes, 46                          Pelas'gus, 15, 23, 28
Motion, 100                            Nemetdians, the, 33, 42, 53             0'din, 29, 48, 57, 61, 78, 127, 135    Palasch' (Pallas), 168                  Pelen'dones, the, 57
Mo'na (Anglesey), 133                  Nem'etes, the, 130           0doatcer, 171, 173, 175, 176                      Pal'atine Hill, 65                      Pe'lias, 25, 40
Monuaco, 78                            Nen'nius, 72                           Od'yssey, the, 49                       PalenquB (Palenkay'), 144, 145         Peqlion, Mount, 25
Monarchians, the, 146                  Neo-Platonists, the, 146               (E'dipus, 41                            Pall language, the, 63                 Pella, 99
Monastic system founded, 166           Neoptol'emus, 46                       (E'gir, 57                              Palibo'thra, 89                        Pelop'idas, 90
Mongolian race, the, 10                Neoptolemus, 89, 96                     (Enom'aus, 67, 73                      Palla/dium, the, 32, 43                Peloponne'sian War, 83
Mon'ica, 179                           Neperhe'res, 50                        (Eno'trians. the, 25, 28, 32           Palla'dius, 174, 178, 179              Peqlops, 40, 46
Monne'ses, 138                         Nepheri'tes, 80, 88                    (Eno'trius, 25.                        Pal'las-Athe'nee (Miner'va), 16, 17,   Pelutsium, battle of, 91
Monoph'ysite Controversy, 1719         Nepthtthis, 44                         (Eoea, isle of. 49                         42                                 Penaltes, the, 17
Mon'tanists, the, 142, 157             Ne'pos, Cornelius, 123                 (Estrum'nides, the, 43                  Pallas, 130                            Peneqleus, 46
Monta'nus Votie'nus, 133               Nepos, Flaminius, 103                   Ogtyges, deluge of, 23'                Pallas, k..-of Persia, 138              Penel'ope, 46, 49
Montanus, 142, 146                     Nepos, Julius, 171, 173, 175            Ogyg'ia, isle of, 49, 73               Pallas (Palasch), 168                   Pene'us, 41
Mop'sus, 67                            Neptune, 16, 17                         Oisin (Os'sian), 152                   Pal'ma, Corneqliu$, 139, 140            Pcnthesile'a, 49, 61
Moran's Collar, 133                    Nera (Minorca), 61                      O'Kearneys, the, 42          "1 Palto'hi", 35                                  Penu'el, 34
M-or'deeai, 39, 80, 81; tomb of, 158   Ne'rise, 29                            O-kha, 145                              Palmy'ra, 54, 151                       Perdic'cas I., 64; II., 84
Mor'gan, 65                            Neriglis'sor, 75                       Olaf I., 143                            Pamphyl'ia,  57, 67                    Perdiccas, s. of Alexander the Great,
Morge'tes, the, 28                     Nerilta,,, 5-7                         Olen, 41                                Pan, 16, 17, 38, 65                         88, 89, 91, 96
Morrice (Mforris) dancers, 56          Nero, Claudius,!03, 107               Olen'nius, 135                          Panace'ia, 41                          Per'dix, 66
Mot'rio, 56                            Nero, 131, 134                         Ollamh-Fodhla (011av Folla), 60, 66   Panse'nus, 84                             Peren'nis, 141, 142
Mos'chus, 110                          Nerva, 132                             Ollin-Fonatiuh, 145                     Panathene'a, 32                        Per'gamus, 105, 112; library of,
Mo'ses (Osar'siph), 24, 26, 126        Nervii, the, 127                       Olmecs, the, 145'                       Panda'reus, 67                              105, 115, 123
Moytu'ra, battle of, 52                Nes'sus, 41                            Olom'bria, 36                           Pandi'on I., 32; II., 36, 40           Perice'ci, the, 52, 59
Muca'por, 151                          Nes'tor, 41, 46, 47                    Olyb'rius, 171, ]73                     Pando'ra, 16                           Perian'der, 70, 76
Mum'mius, Lucius, 110, 111, 114        Nesto'rius, 166, 179                   Olym'piads, 64                          Pando'sia, 64                          Per'icles, 82
Mummius,  117                          Nestolrians, the, 166, 179             Olym'pias, 91                           Pandul dynasty, 20                     Perie'res, 36
Mun'da, battle of, 125                 Nial (Neeal) of the nine hostages,   Olympic games, 59, 64                     Pandy'a, 80                             Per'iplus, 79, 80; of Harno, 86
Municip'ia. the, 47                         162                               Olympe'ium, the, 140                    Pan-hwuy-pan, 129                       Peripatet'ic School, 92
Mun'ste.,124                           Nial (Neil) dynasty, 174               Olym'pius, 170.                         Pannia, 17                             Perizzites, the, 13
Muroe na,-Lucius,  121                 Nicm'a (Nisee'a), 91                    Olymtpus, Mount, 16                    Pan'nones, 86                           Pero'ses, 168
Mure'na, 123                           Nican'der, 59                          Olyn'thian War, 90                      Pantagno'tus, 79                        Perpen'na, 112
Mur'sa, battle of, 160                 Nicander, 110                          Olyn'thus, 90.                          Panta'leon, 79                          Perseph'one (Proserpine), 16
Murvie'dro (Sagun'tum), 107            Nica'nor, ]41                          Oe, 13                                  Panylas, 39                            Persep'olis, 14, 39, 91
Mus, Decius, 94                        Nice, 78; Council of, 160, 163, 166   Omeacatl, 145                            Papacy, rise of the, 179                Per'seus, 36, 67
Musee'us, 41                           Nicene Creed, the, 160, 166       0      mri, 54                               Paper invented by the Chinese, 109   Perseus, 110, 111, 114
Muses, the nine, 15, 16                Nic'ias (Nish'ias), 83, 87             Onesic'ritus, 89                        Paphqlagon, 57                         Persia, early traditions of, 11, 21;
Mut/go (Agenor), 61                    Nic'ocles, 96                           Oni'as I., 88; II., 99; III., 108      Paphlago'nia, 57, 105                       chronicles of, 27; languages of,
Mu'tinum (Modena), 103                 Nicola'itans, the, 137                 Onibal'lus, 14                          Pa'phos (Cyprus), 46, 61, 67                31, 35; customs of, 45; religion,
Muspelheim, 48, 53, 78                 Nicolalus of Damascus, 123             Onomacritus, 76                        Pa'pias, 137                                45; persecution of Christians
Myc'ale, battle of, 81, 82             Nicolaus, 137                           Oomi, lake of, 100                     Papin'ian, 149, 151                         in, 165; extinction of ChrisMyce'nue, 36                           Nicome'des I., -99, 104, 105; II.,   Ophel'las, 106                            Papir'ius Cursor, 94, 102                   tianity in, 178
Myceritnus, 12                              115, 121, 126; IIL, 126            Ophratoe'us, 55                        Papirius, Marcus, 93                   Per'sius, 132
Myg'dones, the, 57                     Nicomedila, 64, 105                     Ophrate'nes, 55                        Pappus, 161                            Perqtinax, 141, 143
Mylve, battle of, 102, 106             Niger, 141                             Oplicans (Oscans), the, 25, 28, 32      Papus, _Emilius,  103                  Pescen'nius Niger, 141
Myl'ias, 67                            Niger, Pescen'nius, 141                Op'ima Spo'lia, 103                     Papy'rus first made, 98                Petalism, 87
Myri'na, 61                            Nigrirnus, 140                         Opimqius, 112, 114                      Parasa'ra, 148                         Pete-Athyres, 17, 18
Myr'tis, 84                            Nile, 18, 44                           Orse'tes, 79                            Parchment, 105                         Peten language, 144
Mys'ia, 57                             Nilleus, 53                             Oren'cius, St., 153                    Pariahs, the, 13, 22                  Peter and Paul, acts of, 147
Mystic numbers, 55, 59                 Nilfheim, 48, 53, 66                   Oren'se (Amphilotchia, Au'ria,Aquve   Paris, s. of Priam, 46, 49, 62           Peter, St., 128, 131, 136, 137
Myths, 15                              Nilomteter, the, 18                         Calide), 48                        Paris (Lutetia), 162                   Petilqii, the two, III
Mythology, Greek, 15, 16; German       N i'lus, 179                           Ores'tes, 46                            Paris'ii, the, 162                     Petil'lius, Lucius, 71
and Scandinavian, 66              Nimrod, 14                             Orestes, g. of Alexandria, 179          Parmen'ides, 84                         Petra, 139
Nimroud, 22                            Orestes, k. of Goths, 171, 173         Pa.rme'nio, 91                          Petre'ius, 122, 125
Nin'eveh, 14, 22, 58                   Orgctlorix, 124                        Parrha'sius, 84                         Petro'nius, 126, 128
Nin-o, Era of, 69                      Orligen, 154, 156, 157, 167, 178       Parsees, the, 51; language of, 31       Petronius Ar'biter, 131, 132, 133
Nabis, 110                             Ni'nus I., 14, 17, 105; II., 39        Ori0on, 14                              Parthamas'pates, 138                   Petronius Max'imus, 171
Nabona'dius (Belshazzar), 75           Ni'obe, 17, 23, 46, 67                 Oris'sa, language of, 20                Par'themasi'ris, 139                   Petuba'tis (Petubas'tes), 58
Nabo~nas'sar, 63; Era of, 63           Nit'eus,. 46                            Orleans (Aurelianurn) founded, 152   Par'thenon, the, 84                      Peuces'tes, 89, 96
Nab opolas sat,   69                   Nish'apore, 148                 0    s    o'des I,, 119; II., 129              Parthenopse'us, 46                      Peuce'tians, the, 28
Nab'uchodlono'sor, 69'Nis'ibis, 121, 148, 158                          0 s o'sins, 179                              Parthia, 100                  Peuci'ni, the, 33, 37'
Natchan,  144:                         Nisme~s (Ne~eme),(Nemausus),43,'142    Or'pheus, 40, 41                        Par'tholan, 32                         Phse'drus, 132
Na'dab, 54                             Nitocris of Babylon, 14           0      rthag'oras, 70                        Parystades, 96                         Ph.Me'reus,  Demetrius, 94, 97, 98
Nm'vius,  Cneius, 103                  Nito'cris of Egypt, 12                 Orythe'ia, 73                           Parysattis,  81, 89                    Phaqlis, 54
Na'hor, 13                             Nitocris, 75                           Osatrsiph  (Moses), 24                  Paschall feast, bhe, 147               Pha'on,'70
Nahuas  (Nawoars), the, 144, 145       Nixen, the, 53                 0         scans (0picans), the, 25, 28, 32      Pasiph'a~~, 36                         Phar'amond, 175
Na~huatl (Nawohotl), 144, 145          Not ah,  13, 15                        Oscar (or Osgar), 152                   Passion week, 147                      Pharastma.nes, 138
Nahui-Ollin, period of, 145            Noba'tme, the, 154                     Osi'ris,  29, 33, 44                    Pnate'i, the, 54                      Pharisees, the, 128, 136
~~Tajrnn', 154              ~Noe~'tus, 157                          Osma, 57                                Pater'culus Velleqius, 132             Pharnaba zus,   89, 90
Nanahuatl (N, rlnawhotl),  apotheosis   No'la, 60                             O'sochor', 50                          "PaL'ter pa'triee ", title of, 121       hrRc       I  15.  2,  6
of, 145                 ~~~~~Nomtades,  the, 6'7          0        sorkon' I., 54; II., 54, 58, 62     Patienttia, St., 153                    Pha'ros, 98
Nanda, 80                              Norman,   18S                 0          s'sa, Mount, 25                      Pat'ha, 89                              Pharesaqia, battle of, 122
Nanda, 168                             Nones, the, 47                         Ostsian, 124, 152                      Patriarchs of the Church, 146, 14'7 "LPharsa.lia,  the", 671, 132
Nankin, 149                            Northumberland, 78                     Os'tia, 71, 131                        Patriarchs, testaments of the twelve,   Pharu'sii, the, 67
Nann, 78                               Noqtus, 17                             Ostia'rii, 156                              147                                Pherec'les, 59
Naph'tali,  1&              ~~Novat'tian,  157/, 166                Os'tracism, 76                          Patsic'ins (Patrishiits),  (Patrick),   Pherecf'des, 76, 84
Naples(Neapolis),65    Noatian  eresy 152,157                  Os'trogot~hic kingdom of Italy, 171l        St., 171, 174, 17i8, 179          Phid'ias, 84
Nazrcis'sus, 130                       Nova'tus,  157                         Ostrogpths, the, 163                   Patripas'sians, the, 146, 157           Phidip'pus,  46
nar'si, 138, 148, 158                  Nuad of the silver hand, 52            Oth'niel, 27, 30                       Patro'clus, 46, 49                      Phidit'ia (Phidishia),   the, 59
Nasr, 154                              Nuce'ria, 60                           Otho, 131, 134                         Pauci'ni, the, 134                      Phi'don, 64
Na'tanle'od,  174                      Numa Pompilius, 65, 71            0      tho'i~s, 12                          Paul, St., 131~ 133, 134, 136, 137      Philetse'rus, 105
(~87 )




INDEX.
Phile~tas, 98 Polqio, Asin'ius, 123, 125 Psin'aches, 50 Rhadamanqhus, 17, 32, 35
Saranitc War, first, 93; ~ocond, 94
Philip I., 70; II., 89, 90, 91; III., Pol'lux, 40, 57 Psousen'nes I., 50; II., 50 l~ha~tian colonies, 56 third, 102
100; IV., 101; V., 101, 105, Polybi'ades, 90 Psy'che, 19 Rhe'a, 15 Sa'mos, 79, 83
110, 111                            Polyb'ius, 110 Ptolema'ites, the, 146 Rhea Syi'via, 65 Sam'son, 44
Philip Aridoe'us, 88, 89, 91            Pol'ybus, 41 Ptol'emy A'pion, 120                                                  Rhe'gium, 64, 70                         Sam'uel, 44, 50
Philip, s. of Gry'phus, 118 Pol'ycarp, 137, 142, 146, 147 Ptolemy Cerau'nus, 99, 101, 104 Rhodes, 53, 105; siege of by Po- Sanbal'lat, 80
Philip the Deacon, 135, 137             Polych'eres, 64 Ptolemy Clau'dius, 141 liorcetes, 97; Colossus of, 105, Sandracot'ms (Chandragupta), 89,
Philip, St., 136, 137                   Polycle'tus, 84 Ptolemy, s. of Juba, 135 110 99, 168
Philip the Arabian, 151, 152, 156        Polyc'rates, 79 Ptolemy I. (La'gus), 91, 92, 96; II;. Rhodo'pis (Rosas), 12                                                San'hedrim, the, 128
Philip'pi, battles of, 123 Polycrates, b. of Eph.%sus, 147                            (So'ter), 88, 97, 99; III. (Phil- RiM'to founded, 171                         Sankya school, 109
Philip'pides, 92 Polydo'rus, 6~                                                       adel'phus), 98; IV. (Euer'ge- Rib'bu, the, 18 San'scrit, 13, 20, 23, 35, 99
Philis'tines, the, 18 Polygno'tus, 84 tes), 98, 99, 100; V. (Philop'- Ric'imer (Rdss~'mer), 171, 173, 176    San Sal'vador, 144
Philis'tus, 92                           Polygnotus, 101 ator), 98; VI. (Epiph'anes), 98, Ripua'rian Franks, the, 154                                               Saosduchi'nus, 69
Phi'lo, Publil'ius, 94 Polyhis'tor, 18 108; VII. (Philome'ter), 108; Risho'ba, 68 Sapphi'ra, 136
Philo, 101                              Polyhym'nia, 16                               VIII. (Phys'con), 108; IX. Ritsin, 169 Sappho (Saffo), 70, 86
Philoete'tes, 40, 47                    Polyni'ees, 41 (Lath'yrus), 108, 118; X. (Au- "Robber Synod", the, 172, 179 Sa'por (Shahpoor), 138
Philome'la, 32 Polypce'tes, 46 le'tes), 118; XI., 118; XII., Rodah'ver, 23 Sarab~aites, 166
Philo'mius, 91 Polyphe'mus, 49 118 Romach, k. of Scotland, 162 Saracus (Sardanapalus), 55
Philopec'men, 101, 110 Polysper'ehon, 9l Publie'ola, Oel'lius, 121 Roman empire divided, 160, 161;   Saragos'sa, 134; Council of, 167' Philos'tratus, 151 Polyze'lus, 87                                                Publieola, P. Vale'rius, 77, 85 end of the, 171 Sa'rah, 13
Philo'tas, 91                           Pompe'ii, 60, 132 Publil'ian Laws, 85, 94: Romans, the last of the, 170                                                     Sardanapa'lus I., 55; II., 58, 69;
Phin'eas, 44 Pompe'ius, 112 Publilqus Vole're, 85 Rome, founded, 65; seven hills of, III., 69
Phine'us, 36, 40, 57                    Pompeius Tro~gus, 133 Pub'lius Quadra'tus, 137                                         71; siege of by the Oauls, 95; Sar'diea, Council of, lg7
Phintias (Pythias), 97 Pompey the Great, 118, 119, 120, Puharrees; the, 13 siege of by Primus, 131; sack Sardin'ia, 102
Phlis't.u, 60                                121, 122, 124, 125, 120              Pul, 63 of by Alarie, 170, 176; popu- Sarpe'don, 32, 46
Pho'eas, 179 Pompey, Gne'ius, 122, 125 Pulehe'ria, 172 lation of, 170; Thirteenth Coun- Sartsames, 80
Pho'eian Sacred War, 83 Pompey, Sex'tus, 122, 123, 125 Punic War, first, 102, 106; seeond~                                      eil of, 166                         Sarsina'ti, the, 40
Phoeion (Pho'shion), 90, 91 Pompo'nius Me'la, 132 103, 107, 110; third, 117                                                Rom~ulus, k. of Latium, 60               Sa'rus, 170
Phoe'be, 15 Pompti'nus, 124 Purgatory, 178 Romulus, founder of Rome, 65 Sassan, 148
Phoebe (Diana), 16, 17 Pontia'nus, b. of ~ome, 157.                              Pure'oil, 60 Romulus Augus'tulus, 171,173, 176   Sassan'idm, the, 148
Phoeni'eians, the, 13, 18, 36, 54        Pontinc Marshes, the, 139 Pyd'na, battle of, 110, 111                             Roosturn (Rustam), 21 Sat'rael, 142
Phoe'nix, 54 Ponqius Heren'nius, 102 Pygmaqion, 61 Ro'sas (Rhod'ope), 21, 23, 63, 81                                                                                Sat'urn, 15, 16) 17
Phor'bas, 56                             Pon'tius, 120                            Pyltades, 46                             Roset'ta stone, 12 Saturna'lia, 52
Phoro'neus, 23 Pon'tus, 57, 61, 79, 105, 126                                      Pylmmtenes, 57                           Rothein, 104 Saturni'nus Apule'ius, 113
Phoro'nis, 23 Pope, the, title of, 179 Pylmmetnia, 57 Round towers of Ireland, 36                                                                                   Saturninus, 146, 151
Phos, 15 Popil'ius Lie'has, 112 Pyr'amids, the, 12, 110 Rowe'ha, 174 Saturninus, b. of Toulouse, 152
P'hoti'nus, 167                          Poppm'a Sabi'na, 131 Pyrenees, the, 57                                            Roxatna, 89, 91                          Sattya-yu'ga, 158
Phraat'aees, 129 Por'phyry, 161                                                   Pyriti~ades, 55 Ru'bezahl, 53 Saty'rus I., 87; II., 96
Phraa'tes I., 109; II., 109; III., Poffsena, 77 Pyr'rha, 19 Ru'bieon, crossing the, 122 Saul, 50
119; IV., 119 Porta Celli'na, battle of, 120                                 Pyrrho, 92 Rufi'nus, 161 Sauti, 158
Phraor'tes, 69 Po'rus, 89, 91 Pyr'rhonists, the, 92 Rufinus (Christian writer), 178                                                                                 Sawt[, 154
Phruo'ro, 18                             Posei'don (Neptune), 15 Pyrtrhus (of Epitrus), 101~ 102, 10~, Ruffus, An~nius, 128                                         Saxa rubra, battle of, 159
Phratapher'nes, 89 Posi'des, 130 106 Rufus, Sulpie'ius, 120 Saxon league, the, 164
Phryg'ia, 57, 61                        Posidip'pus, 101 Pyrrhus (of Spain), 78 Rufus, Tiein'ius, 140 Saxons, the, 143, 144, 164, 176
Phryn'ieus, 76                           Posthumus, 151 Pythag'oras, 76, 109 Rufus, ~irgin'ius, 133 Semv'ola Muius, 77
Phylar'ehus, 101 Post'humus, C. L., 152, 153, 154 Pyth'ias, 97                                                             Ru'gilas, k. of Huns, 172 Seal'dis (the Scheldt), 48
Phy~to, 73 Pothi'nus, 142                                                        Py'thon, 96                               Rutmen, the, 54,.60                      Seandina'via, 126
Piaeenza (Plaeen'tia), 103; battle Potida,'a, 83, 84:                                                                      Runic Alphabet, 127; tablets, 66, Sca'nia, 135
of, 171 Pot'iphar, 20 Q. 127 Scap'ula, Osto'rius, 133
Pieter, Caius Fabius, 103                Potonehan' (Champeton), 155 Qua~di, the, 140, 141, 143 Rupil'ius, 112 Scautrus, 2Emil'ius, 114, 117
Pieter, Quintus Fabius, 103              Pra~samar'ei, the, 29 Quadra'tus, 140. 14:6                                       Ruric, k. of Jutland, 164: Scheldt (Sealdis), the, 48
Picts, the, 52, 114: Printer, office of, 93 Quadriga'rius, 113 Rustam (Roosturn), 21                                                                                Sehwartalfheim, 53
Pi'cus, 25 Prse'tus, 36                                                           Quaestorship. 85 Ru~tilus, M., 93 Seip'io, Corneqius, 103, iz()4
Pieus, 71 Pra'sii, the, 89 Quarti'nus, 150                                                                                 Ruttull, the, 47                         Seipio, Cneius, 103, 104, 107
Pi~'ria, 10                              Praxas, 146                             Quan'htemMan', 177                                                                Seipio, Publius, 103, 104, 107!
Pig'mies, the, 50 Praxit'eles, 92                                                 Quens, the, 177                                                                   Seipio, P.~. Aft'lea nus, 103, 111
S.
Pilate, Pontius, 128, 136; gospel Predestination, 179                             Qaetzaleohuatl (Ketz'alwho~lt), 144, Seipio, Lucius, 111
of the acts of, 147 Pres'byters, 156 165 Sab~aeo, 62 Seipio, P. C. A~milia~nus, 111
Pilgrimages, I78                         Pri'am, 43, 49                    ~      Quieh~s (K'eechay,), the, 144, 145, Sabelqianism, 157                             Seipio, Fatbius, 112
Pillar saints. 178 Primus, Antoni'nus, 131 165, 177                                                                        SabeVlians, the, 25, 28                  Seipio, lgas'iea, 112, 114
Pin'dar, 84, 91 Printing, art of, 7; from blocks, 149 QuinamiSs, the, 145 Sabel'lius, b. of Ptolematis, 154, Seipio, Publius, 126
Pip'iles, the, 177                       Pris'ei, the, 25 Quintil'ian, 132 156, 157 Scotland (see "Britain"), kingdom
Pirithiis, 40                           Priseilqian, 163, 167'                   Qnintil'lus, 15l                         Sa~bianism, 18, 27 of, founded, 95
Pisa'ehas, the, 45 Pris'eus, L. S., 138, 140 Quin'tus, Lucius, 139, li0                                                    Sab'ines, the, 28, 85 Seylax, 74
Pisan'der, 70 Priver'num, 93, 94                                                  QuiWnus, 128 Sabine women, rape of the, 65 Seyl'la, 49'
Pisander, 90 Prous, 151, 153, 154                                                Quiri'tes, the, 65; dyke of, 71          Sabitnus, Julius, 131, 133 Seyth'ian Maid, the, 32
Pisidqa, 57, 67                          Pro'eas, 60                                                                       Sabri'na, 52 Seythqans, the, 29
Pisistra'tus, 76                         Pro'des, 46, 52 Sae'ehas Ammotnius, 146                                                                                    Seaou-kea, 25
Piso, Calpur'nius, 111, 112 lq;.
Proeli~dse, the, 52 Saera'ni, the, 25 Seb, 44
Piso, Lucius, 134 Proe~ne, 32 Rahel, 18, 20 Sacred band (Theban), 90                                                                                               Sebas'tian, revolt of, 170
Pitris, the, 51 Proeo~pius, 161 RadagaVsus (Rhadtagast), 169, 176 Sacred war (Phoeian), 83, 90 Sebechus (Seveehus), 62
Pit'tacus, 70                            Proerus'tes, bed of, 40 gagau, battle of, 69 Saeriporqus, battle of, 120                                                   Sebennytie dynasty, 88
Plus I., 147 Proe'ulus, 151                                                       Raksha~shas, the, 45 Sae~rovir, Julius, 133 Seeundinqans, the, 146
Plaeenttia (Piaeenza), 103; battle Prod'ieus, 84                                  Ra'ma, 13, 20, 158 Sad'dueees, the, 128, 136                                      SeeundFnus, 174
of, 171 Prom'aehus, 46                                                      -Ramaya'na, the, 13, 20, 158              Sad'oe, 128, 136                         Sedu'lius (Shiel), 174
Plaeid'ia, 170, 172, 176                 Promeheus, 15, 16                       Rametses I., 30; II., 34; III., 38; Sadyat'tes, 73 Segesqus, 134
Platse'a, battle of, 81, 82, 83 Pron'uba (see "Juno"). IV., 38; V., 38; VI., 38; VIL, Saga, the, 57                                                                 Segob'riga, 56
Pla'to, 92, 97                           Proper'flus, 123 38; VIII., IX., X., XI., XII., Sagun'tum  (Murviedro), 43, 104, Sego'via, aqueduct of, 142
Plautia'nus, 149 Proscriptions (of Sylla), 120 XIII., XIV., XV., 44 106 Seine (Sequana), the, 48
Plautil'la, 149 Proser'pine, 16                                                   Ram-Hoormuz, city of, 148 Salutes, 142                                            Seja'nus, 130
Plau'tius, 133 Protag'eras, 84                                                   tlamnen'ses, the, 71 Saints, invocation of, 178; relies of~   Sele'ne, 15
Plau'tius De0ia'nus, 94 Protesila~us, 46 Raphqa, battle of, 98, 99 178 Selene, 108
Plautus, 113 Pro'teus, 62                                                        Rasen'a, the, 42 Saivas, the, 55 Seleu'cia, 99
Plei'ades, the, 67, 73 Protevqmgel of St. James, 147                              Raso~sis, 12 Saktas, the, 55 Seleu'eidee, Era of the, 89
Pleistar'ehus, 83                       Proth'oiis, 46                            Raven'ha founded, 169 Sakya (Gotams[), 58, 109                                    Seleueus, 87, 91, 92; I. (lgieaqor),
Plero'ma, the, 146 Protog'cues, 97 Readers in churches, 156                                                                Sal'abus, 135 88, 89, 96, 97, 99,100, 101; II.
Plin'y the elder, 132                    ProtoRcheS, 105 Rech'iar, 175                                                     Sala-m'bo, 61 (Callin'icus), 99; III. (Cerau'Plin'y the younger, 132, 134, 146        Protogeni'a, 19 Reeh'ila, 175 Sal'amis,,16, 67; battle of, 81, 82 nus), 99; IV. (Philop'ator),
Plitha'na, 138 Provence, 114 Red branch knights, 104                                                                       Sal. a'tis, 18                                108, 115, 118; Cybiosae'tes,
Ploti'na, 139 Proverbs, book of, 54 Re'gan, 60                                                                             Salerfnum, 60 118
Plo'tius Oal'lus, 123 Pruden'tius, 163, 169 Regib'alus, 69 Salle Franks, 154, 164, 176                                                                              SeWnus, 73
Plu'tareh (Phttark), 132 Prutsias I., 101, 105, 115, 116; IL, Regil'lus, lake, battle of, 85 Sa'lii, the, 56                                                        Semem'pses, 12
Plu'to, 16                                   115 Reg'ulus, 102, 103, 106                                                   Salina'tor, Livius, 103 Semingve, 135! t
Pnytag'oras, 96!
Pryre'his, 56                           Rehobo am, 54 Sal ivaha ha, 119, 128 Semi-Pelagians, 179
Po (Erid'anus), the, 56 Pryt'anis, 56 Rein'i, St., 175, 178 Sallust, 122, 123 Sem ir'amis, 14, 63, 75
Poeonehi' language, the, 144             Prytanis, 96 Remig'ius, 175, 178 Salmo~neus, 25 Semit'ie languages, 14, 18
Podali'rius, 41, 46, 49 Psa. mmeni'tus, 74 Re'mus, 65 Salo'me, 136 Semphu'crates, 12
Poe'mani, the, 127                       Psammet'iehus I., 68; I[., 68 Respen'diM, 175 Salvia'nus, 141 Sempro'nius Longus, 103
Pol'emo, 101, 110 Psammetichu:~, 70 Reu'ben, 18 Sam, 21 Sen'eca, 131, 132, 134, 147
t!                                                                                                                                                        t
Polioree res, Demetrius, 88, 91, 92, Psammefiehus, 76 Reuther, 104, 114                                                    Sama'ria, 54, 62, 63, 88                 Sennach crib, 62, 63
96, 97, 99, 101 Psammetichus, 80 Revelation of St. John, 137 Samar'itans, the, 74                                                                              Sen'ones, the, 93
t                                             t
Poll res, 49 Psammu this, 88 Re'zin, 62, 63 Samhin, 42                                                                                                              Senti'num battle of, 102, 104
Pollen'tic, battle of, 169 Psam~mus, 62 R, had'agast (Radagai'sus), 169, 176   Samni'tes, the, 28, 102                                                              Sen'tius, 134
(188)




INDEX.
See-gun, the, 119 Simplicqus, 179 Sues~sa, 60 Tar~tarus, 16, 17                                                                                                     Then, 161, 179
Sep~tuagint version of the Bible, 98 Sinat ro~ces, 119 Suessio~nes, the, 127                                              Tarttary, 21                             Theophqlus Annas, 128
Seq~uana (Seine), the, 48 Singa~ra, battle of, 158 Suesfsula, 94                                                          Ta-te, 149 Theophilus, b. of Alexandria, 172,
Seq~uani, the, 124~ 125                  Sin-mu, 69, 75 Sueto~nius Pauli~nus, 133~ 135                                    Taian, 139, 146 178, 179
Sera~pion, 156 Siorlamh, 66                                                       Sue~vi, the, 33, 127, 134 TatJan, the heretic, 157 Theophras'tus, 98
Sera'pis, 44, 98                         Siphtha, 18 Suevie Confederation, 125                                            Taius, Titus, 65 Theopom~pus, k. of Sparta, 6~
Sera~pium, 98 Sirens, the, 49 Suez Canal, 68 Tau~nus, 25 Theopompus, the historian, 92
Sere'ha, 170 Siric'ius (Sirishfi,8), 167                                          Suffeed I)eev, the, 21, 33 Tauris'ci, the, 125 The~ras, 53
Scre'nus Grania'nus, 146 Sirios, 12 Suffees, the, 67 Taurome~nium, 112 The~re, 114
Serswa~ti, 35 Sisen~na, 123 Suines, the, 177                                                                            Taxqles, 89 "There's many a slip'twixt cup
Sermons, used, 157                      Sisra, 34 Sulla (see "Sylla"). Tay~gete, 32                                                                                    and lip," 79
Serpentinqans, the, 146                 Sisil'ius, 95                             Su]picqan Law, 120 Te, Chinese prefix of, 19 Therman~tia, 170
Serto'rius, Quintus, 121, 124, 125 Sisilqius, 72                                 Sulpicqus Ruffus, 120 Tea plant, introduction of into Chi- Thermop'ylse, 81, 82, 83, 104, 111
Servile War in Italy, 112, 121 Sis~yphus, 36                                     Sulpicius Servius, 134 na, 158 Thermu~sa, 129
Ser'vius, Tulqius, 77                   SVva, 13, 26, 35, 39, 51 Sulpit'ia Maremocha, 150 Tearco (Tirhakah), 62 The'ron, 87
Sesorche'res I., 12; II., 12 Six~tus I., b. of Rome~ 147; II,   Sunbury, battle of, 133 Tectos'ages, the, 29 Thersan'der, 46
Sesorte~sen I., 18; II., 18; III., 18        157; III., 179 Sunday, observance of, 166                                    Tegy~ra, battle of, 90                    Thcrsip~pus, 56
Sesorto'sis, 12 Skenio'phris, 24                                                  Sun-ke~n, 149 TeUamon, Ajax, 46, 49 The~seus, 36, 40, 61
Sesos~tris, 12                           SkjSld (Sleierld), 127                   Sun-worship in Egypt, 26, 42 Telamen, Oileus, 46, 49 Thesmotht~e, the, 70
Sesostris the (]rear, 18 Skj51dungian dynasty, the, 127 Sung, Northern, dynasty, 169 Telamen, 43                                                                    Thes~picus, 59, 64
Sesostris the Conqueror, 34 Slavery in Italy, 112                                 Suedee, the, 31 Telamen, battle o5 104 Thes~pis, 76
Seth, 10 Sla~vi, the, 33 Sura, Lenulus, 121                                                                               Tel'chin, 23 The'tis, 16, 46
Se'thos I., 24, 30; II., 30, 34          Slavo~nians, the, 176                    Sure~na, 119 Telecqus, 59, 64: Theurges, the, 146
Sethos (Bo~'choris), 62, 68 Sliabh-Mis, 52 Surtur, 48, 78 Telcdqce, 23 Thi%  15
Seva (Sevechus), 62 Smen~des, 44, 50 Sury% 35 "Telegoni'a", the, 76                                                                                                 Thinus, 45
Sev'echus (So), 62 Smer~dis, 75                                                  Sury~a Sidhan~ta, the, 158 Telem~achus, 49 Thinitc dynasty,!2
Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, 156 Smyrna, 53, 61 Salsa, 14, 39 Telemachus, the monk, 169 Thirty tyrants, the (Athens), 83
Seven Wonders of the World; 110 So (Sev'echus), 62 Susa'rion, 76 Telphus, 57 Thirty tyrants, the (Roman EmSevrin, bridge of, 139 Som~mis, 150 Sussex, kingdom o5 174 Telesilqa, 76, 84 pire), 151
Seve~rus, Alexander, 150, 152, 153 Social War, the, 90, 120                      Suttee, 13 Teles'phorus, 147 Thomas, St., 128, 129, 136; gospel
Sevc~rus, Julius, 140                   Soc'rates, 83, 84, 87, 90 Sutu~nius, 61                                            Tcles~tes, 64 of, 147
Seve'rus, Septimqus, 138, 141, 142, Socrates, k. of Bithynia, 126 Svegdir, 135 Telugu' language, 20 Thor, 29, 61, 127
146, 149, 152, 156, 159, 164       So~mas, 138 Sweden, 127 (see "Scandinavia"). Tem'enus, 46, 52 There, 44
Seve~rus, Wall of, 152 Sogdia'na, 100                                            Sya'grius, 175                           Tem'esa, 60 Thorqsmund, k. of Visigoths, 175
Seve'rus, e. of West, 171 Sogdia~nus, 80~ 81                                     Syb'aris, 60, 65 Ten thousand Greeks, retreat of the, Thoth, 44
SevqIle, circus at~ 142 Soikunis, 12 Sybql, the, 52 81, 83, 84 Thoth~mes I., 24, 26, 27; II., 26;
Sextons, instituted, 156                 Soqi, 67 Sybqlline books, 52; oracles, 147 Tenuanttius, 124                                                                    III., 26, 27
Shabek (Sabaco), 62 SoYomen, 50, 54, 126                                          Sylqa, 113, 117, 118, 120, 124, 125, Tes, 88 Thrasharound, 176
Shad~rach, 75                            Soqon, 70, 76: 126                                  Teot'ihuacan~, 145, 155; pyramids Thrasybu'lus, 83, 87
Shafra, 12 Sol'ymi, 67                                                            Sylson, 79 of, 145                                                               Thrasyme'nus: battle of, 103, 104~
Shaftesbury (Mr. Paladour), 60 Sore, 43                                          Sylves~ter I., b. of Rome, 166, 167   Tepeu-Guumatz', 165, 177                         107
Shah Iffa'mah, the, 27, 35 Selma, 35                                             Syl~vius, 47, 60 Te~rah, 13, 14 Thucyd'ides, 83, 84
ShahSpore, city of, 148                  Sommona-Kodom, 81 Sylvius, k. of La~tium, 60 Ter'ence, 113 Thundering legion, the, 143
Shah'poor (Sapor)I., 138, 148; II., Soph'ctim, the, 30                           Symtmachus, 147 Te'rcus, 32 Thuris, 24, 34
158, 16l, 165; III., 158 Sophia, 146                                         Symmachus, b. of Rome, 179 Ter'milm, 67                                           Thurin~gians, the, 33, 176
Shalqum, 62 Sophcles, 84                                                        Sympleg~ades, 40                         Ter~minus, 47, 71 ThusneUda, 134
Shalmane'ser, 62, 63                    Sophonis'ba, 116                         Syne~sius, 179 Terpan'der, 70 Thye~ne (Dione), 73
Shamach, 24 Sosa~res, 35 Synds, 146                                                                                       Tcrpsich'ore, 16                         Thyma~tes, 52
Sham~gar, 34:                            Sosar~mus, 39 Sytphax, 103, 107, 116 Tertulqian, 146, 157                                                                  Thymra, battle of, 75
Shang dynasty, 23 Sosarmus, 63 Syr~acuse, 64, 65, 67; siege of, 83, Teshtar-Tir, 4:5 Thym'bron, 90
Shaou-kaou, 15                           Sosibqus, 98 87, 90, 103 Tes'ta, 37 Tiber, the, 56
Shasters, the, 13 Sos'sins, 123 Syr'iac language, 105 Testament, the Old, 99 Tibris, 56
Shen, queen of, 54, 126                 Sos~thenes, 101 Syssit'ia (Sississhia), the, 59 Tehys, 15 Tibe~rius Ceesar, 123, 125, 129, 130,
Shek'el, the, 64                         Sos'ychis, 12 Sy'tha, 105 Tethys, the Sybil, 52 133, 134:.
She-king, the, 75 So'ter, 147 Sze-ma-juy, 159 Tet'ricus, 151, 152, 153 Tib'ui, 54
Shem, 13 So'thio Cycle, the, 38                                                   Sze-ma-yen, 149 Teu'cer, 46, 48 Tibul'lus, 123
Shepherd kings, 18, 20, 24:              Spar'ta (see "Greece"). Teuc'teri, the, 125, 127 Tiburi'nus, 52
"Shepherd of ttermas", the, 147 Sparta, d. of Euro'tas, 32                                         T. Teufelsmauer, the, 143 Tici'nus (Ticino), the, 103, 107
Shib'boleth, 38 Spartacus I., 87; II., 96; III., 96    Tabas'co, 144 Tcu'ta, 102, 104 Ticr'mes (Thor), 29, 61, 127
Shiel (Sedulius), 174 Spartacus, 121                                              Tacfari'nas, 135 Teut~e'us, 45 Tigelli'nus, 131
Shim'ei, 50 Sparti, the, 32 Ta'chos, 88 Teu'tamus, 39, 45 Tighernmas (Tier~a), 56
Shin-nung. 15 Spen'dius, 107 Tac'itus (Tasslt~s), Cornelius, the Teuta'tcs, 32 Tig'lath-Pile'ser, 62, 63
Shiraz (Sheeraz), 148 Spherus, 27, 31 historian, 132 Tcuthra'nia, 57 Tigra'nes I., ] 16, 118,119,121, 123,
Shish'ak I., 54; II., 54 Sphinx of Egypt, 26 Tacitus, 151 Teu'thras, 57 126; II., 126
Shoo-king, the, 15, 75 Sphinx of Greece, 41 Tad'ruer (Palmy'ra), 54, 151 Teu'tobach, 114 Tigranocer'ta, 121
Shun, 15 Spi'na, 56 Taga'ra, 138 Teu'toberg, battle of the, 130, 134 Tihoo', city of, 155
Si'am, 81 Spo'lia Op'ima, 103 Tage'tic laws, 42 Teu'tons, the, 29, 33 Timoe'us, 101
Sicam'bri, the, 125, 143                Spu'rius Carvilqus, 102 Ta'ges, 42 Thaddeus (Jude) St., 136, 137                                                            Timoqeon, 97
Sichindus, 61 Spurius Cas'sius, 85 Tah'amurs, 14 Tha~is, 91 Ti'mon of Athens, 92
Sichee'us, Antignus, 136               Sta~bim, 60 Tah~penes, 50 Thaqa, battle of, 135 Timoph'anes, 97
Sicily (see "Carthage"~. Stati'ra, 89 Tai, queen of Egypt, 26 Thale'tas, 70 Timo'theus, 90
Sic'uli, the, 18, 25 Sta'tius, Ceecil'ius, 113 Takelie'this, 54, 58                                                       Tha'les, 69, 70 Tim'othy, 136, 137
Sic'ulus, 37                            Statius, P. P., 132 Ta-keo, the, 75 Thali'a (the Grace), 15 Ti'na, 42
Sid'ius Geta, 135 Stephen, St., 136 Talent, the, 64: Thalia (the Muse), 16 Tira~nes, 158
Si'don, 22 Stephen, b. of Rome, 153, ]54,156, Talies'in, 60 Tham'muz, 54 Tire~sias, 46, 56
Sidon, s. of Canaan, 54: 157 Tal'mud, the, 136                                                                            Thamphthis, 12 Tirha~kah, 62
Sido'nians, the, 18                      Stephina~tes, 68 Tal'na, 42 Thap'sus, battle of, 122 Tirida'tes, 100
Sido'nius, 173 Ster'ope (Astrape), 16 Ta~no'anchan~, 144 Tha'sas, 64 Tiridates, 119
Sidonins Apollinatris, 179 Sterope, 73 Tamub', race of, 177 Theb'ais, the, 154                                                                                      Tiridates (Armenia), 129
Sigric, 175, 176                        Sthenlas, 28 Tamul~ language, 20, 21 Theban legion, the, 153, 156                                                         Tiridates (Parthia), 129
Sigge (see "Odin"). Sthenlus, 46 Tan~ais (Don), the, 105 Theban war, first, 41; second, 46                                                                         Tirtanka~ras, the, 68
Siggu, city of, 139 Stil'icho, 161, 162, 163, 169, 176                            Tan'aquil, 71, 77 Thebes (Egypt), 20 Tisiph'one, 16
Sigove~sus, 78 StiVpo, 98, 101                                                    Tarnitc dynasty, 44 Thebes (Greece), 32 Tissapher~nes, 83, 89, 90
Sigtu'na, 127 Stoic philosophy, 101,140 Tannhaiiser (Tanhizer), 53 Thebes, seven against~ 41 Titans, the, 15, 16
Sikhs, the, 144                          Stoqo, C. Licinqus, 93 Tanttalus, 46 Thelxi'on, 23 Tithe'a, 15
Sila'nus, 114 Stonehenge, 42 Taprobtane (Ceylon), 13 Them'is, 15 Tithraus~tes, 89, 96
Si'lar, 138 Stra~bo, 101 Tarfa, 60, 142 Themiscyffa, 61 Titien~ses, the, 71
Siqas, 136                               Strabo, Pompe'ius, 120        -         Tar'acus (Tirhakah), 62 Themis'tocles, 82 Titus, 128, 131, 132, 134
Silqus Italqcus, 132                     Strabo, the geographer, 132 Tar'anes (Thor), 32, 61 ThecIes, 67 Titus, b. of Crete, 136, 137
Si'1o, Pompe'dius, 120 Strasburg, battle of, 163 Tarantto, 60 Theoc'ritus, 101 Tlacamitzin~, 145
SiUures, the, 133 Stratoni'ce, 92, 97 Tarche'tius, 60 Thc'odore of Mopsuestia, 179 Tlaloc' (Tlalotl), 145
Sire'con, 18 Stratonice, 105 Tar'chun, 42, 47 Theod'orct, 172, 179 Tlaltecui', 145
Simeon, b. of Jerusalem, 137            Stratonice'a, 99 Taren'tum, 64, 65 Theod'oric, k. of Ostrogoths, 17], Tlap'allantonco', city of, 145
Simeon Stylites, 178                    Stremo'nius, 152 Tarikh-Tubree, 35 173, 174                                                                                Tlatol'li, the, 155
Sim'ilis, 139 Styl'ites, Simeon, 178 T.~rpe'ia, 65, 85 Theodoric, k. of Visigoths, 170, 171, Tlepol'emus, 46
Si'mon the Just, 88, 99 Stylites, the, ]78 Tarpe'ian rock, 65, 85 175, 176 Tobi'ah, 80
Simon II., 99                       * Stymphaqian birds, the, 41                 Tarpequs, Spu'rius, 65                   Theodotrus, 98 To'bit, 69
Simon, ]08 Styx, the, 17 Tarquinqus, Artuns, 77~                                                                          Thcodotsius, 161, ]62                    Togidum'nus, ]33
Simon Maccabmtus, 108 Sub-deacons appointed, 156                                 Tarquinius, Lucius, Superbus, 77, 85 Theodosius I. (the Great), 161, 163, Togo~tis, 61
Simon Zelo'tes, St., 133, 136, 137      Suc'coth, 34 Tarquinins Priscus, 71, 77 165, 167; II., 168, 170, 172, 178 Toichros, 12
Simon Ma'gus, 137                       Succoth (St. Patrick), 171, 174, 178 Tarquinius, Titus, 77                        Theodottus, k. of Bactria, 99, 100 To'la, 38
Simonqdes of Amertgos, 70 Suckzel, the, 31 Tarffaconen'sis, 134 Thcodotus of Rhodes, 116                                                                           Toletdo, 104
Simonides, 76                           Su~dras, the, 13, 24 Tarrago~na, aqueduct o5 1/2 Theodotus, b. of Ancyra, 179 Tolum~nius, 85
(189)




IND EX.
Tomiacphtha, 12                           Tyrtuelus, 70                              Vas~cones (Basques), the, 66               Vitruvius Vaec~us, 94                      Yafik, 154
|Tonsu'ra Petri, 178                       Tzendal traditions, 144:                   Vascon language, 66                        Volas, 138                                 Yav, 24:
JTorqua'tus, Manlius, 94, 121              Tzequil (Zekeel), city of, 144        ~      ash'ti, 8.1                              Volasin', 138                               "Yellow caps", the, 139, 149
Torredi Baca, ach of 142        Tzotzil language, 144                      Vaticintia tHystas'pis, 147                Volke, the, 2-9                            Yessan-Ajum (Yessaun'-A-djoovz'),
Tosimualres, 12                                                                      Vedanta school, the, 109                   Vologleses I., 129; II., 138; III.,             1
Totonacs., the, 145                                          U.                      Veldas, the, 13, 18, 26, 31, 109, 148,           138, 140                             YezdijirdW I., 168, 172: IT., 168
Toulouse, 142                                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~158                      Vollsccs, the, 32                          Ygldrasill', the tree, 66, 72
Toxan'dri, the, 127             Uaph~ris (A'pries), 74                     Veqil, 52, 56, 65, 85, 93                  Voltum'na, 47                              Yih-king, the, 75
Toxo'tis (Tgotis), 61U'bii, they 130                          ~eis'yas, 24                                            Volustpa, the, 66                          Ymer, the giant, 48, 57, 66
Tolblacm (ulpeh) batleof,178 U. C. (Urbis Conditte), 122                   Vejo ( Veho), 56              ~ono'nes I., 129; II., 129                              Ynglings, the, 127, 1.35
Toltec, the,144, 15, 155Ul'din, 1-72                                       Ve'lia, 60                                 Vor'tigern, 174:                           Yngve Frey, 127
Trajn, 32,134 138 13y 12, 43, Ul'er, 57, 61                  ~el'leda, 135                              ~orttimer, 1741                                          York (Caer-Brank), 56, 142
[[  146; column of, 139                   Ulph'ilas, 161                             Venalfro, 60                               Votan', 144                                Yoxip~pa ( Yosh.ipp~er), 145
l/Traplezus, 28                             Ul'pian, 149, 150, 151                     Ven'dili, the, 33, 37                      Vullcan, 16, 17                            Yu, 15
}[Treb'bia, battle of the, 103, 107         Ul'ster, 124                               Venetians, the, 28, 103                    Vul'so, Manqlius, 102                      Yucatan', history of, 144; languafge
Trebel'la, 60                  ~~~Ulys'ipo (Lisbon), 48                    Veni, vidi, vici, 122                      Vultur'num, 60                                  of, 144
~{Treta-yuga, a, 158                        Ulys'ses, 41, 46, 49, 73                    Venice founded, 171                       Vyalsa, 26, 109, 158                       Yu'ga, a, 158
Trev'eri, the, 127                         Um'brians, the, 28, 32, 36, 47             Venillia, 52                                                                          Yule feast, 78
Tr~yes, origin of, 143                     Un~dines, they 53                          Venus (Aphrodite), 16, 17, 67                                WV.Z
[    Trevoux, battle of, 142                Upalnishads (see "Vedas").                 Ventidqius, 119, 123                        W~s(e   1Bian.)
Trib'igild, 161                ~Ur of the Chaldees, 13, 14, 21            Veralnius, 133                              Wlala   3   1Zcaia,6
Tribloci, the, 130                         Urli,1                                       eel~a   ateo,13   1                        ai  1Zachari'as (father of John the BapTribunes, 85                              Uralnus, 15, 16                            Vereinget'orix, 122, 124Wakrete5361is)    6!JTrinity, doctrine of the, 160             Urban I., 157                              Verginqius Rufus, 1~93                      Wa'i,10   7,16Zaki-Nimna-Tziz, 165
Trinovan'tium, 114                        Ur'bicus, Lolqlius, 142            ~         eri~na, 173                              Wnwn,3,4                                     a,2,2,6,S!Trip'olis, 18                              Urcelsia, 57                               Vermund, the Sage, 135                     Wrthusso,                                  Zalamea de la Serena, colonnade of,
[!Triremes, 64                               Ur'darborn, 66                            Veroman'dui, the, 127 -                       e  9  8142
[[Triumvirate, the first, 122; the sec-   Uri'ah, 50                                    Vero'na, 78; battle of, 171                Wsekndmo,14Zaleulcus, 70
J[  ond, 123                              U'rien, 104                                Ver~res, 12                                WsenEprcead,11Zalmun.'neb, 34
[[Troglod'ytmT, the, 126                     Ursici'nus, 167                            Ver'tabiets, 105                                                                      Za'mna, battle of, 103, 107
Widar, 61!]Tro gus, Pompeius, 133                     Ur'sula, St., 153                         Vertumnlnus, 52                             Wia   9  8Zanias'phies (Jamasp), 168
[[Tro'ilus, 46                               Usipletes, the, 125, 127                   Verlulam, 1133; battle of, 124             Wilt.o    emr,14Zam~na, 144, 145![Troph'imus, b. of Arles, 152               Usher, Archbishop, 6                      Ve'rus, Cesolnius, 140                     Wnhse    CrGu t)60Za~mollxis, 37, 86
[[Tros, 37, 43                               Usneach (0osnee'akh), hill of, 42   ~        erus, Lucius, 138, 140, 146                                                         Zapate'cas, the, 145
Wippidsfiect, battle of, 174
[!Troy, 37, 43, 46, 49, 62                   U'ther Pendrag'on, 174                     Verus, Vin'dius, 140                                                                  Zarilades, 116
Wom~an, condition of, among the
[[Try'pho, 108                               Ultica, 61, 117                            Vesleris, battle of the, 94                                                           Zawulee' language, the, 31
[[Tse dynasty, the, 169                      Ultlatlanl, 145, 177                       Veson'tio, battle of the, 133                   Gres    0Ze'ba, 34                                      i
[[Tsicuma-Sima, 139                          Uz, 13                                     Vespa'Mian, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135    Wo-i,,te   5Zebi'nas, 108
/~Tsin  dynasty, t.he first, 90, 100;   Uzzilab, 58, 62                                 Ves~ta, 16, 17                             110-ag   5  D9Zeb'ulun, 18
]]  second, 149                                                                      Vestal Virgins, 1.6, 42                    Wodr  fh   oltesvn    0 Zechari'ah, 74
Tsung dynasty, the, 159                                     ~.Vetra'nio, 162                                                     Wcb-uap'  4                                 eeia,7
V.                                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~Wuh-ting, 23
[!Tutatha de Danlaan, 52, 53, 56                                                       Via, Flaminia, 103                                                                    Zedekiah, 75
[ [Tuathal, 142                              Vaccus, Vitru'vius, 94                     Vibil'ius, 134                                               X.                       Zentdal language, 144
Tuetqlocot, ceremony of, 155              Vad'imo, battle of, 104                    Viburg,, 135                               Xalpan (ShalpanW) first settled, 145   Zend'a ves'ta, 14, I7
~!Tulan', 145                                Vadtimon, 52                               Victor I., b. of Rome, 147, 157            Xaltocan (Shaltocant), lake, 145          Ze'no, 101
[[Tula~pant, 145                             Vadlnio'nian lake, battle of, 102          Victory Aure'lius, 161                     Xanthiptpe, 84                            Zeno, e. of East, 17], 173, 176, 179
[!Tul'ha, city of, 144:                      Vaishna'vas, the, 55                       Victotria (Victorina), 152                 Xanthiptpus, 82                           Zeno'bia, 151
|[Tultlia, 77                                Vatlens, Fatbius,'131                     Victorilnus, 152                           Xanthippus, 102, 106                      Zenodlotus, 98, 101
[[Tul'lus'Hostil'ius, 71                    Valens, Sal'vius, 140                      Vigil'ius of Tapsus, 179                   Xntu,5;rv,67Zep'hyri'nus, 1157
[[Tu'muli, 42                                Valens, Emperor, 161, 163                  Vik'ramadit'ya, 119                        Xtun  Saotn',15Zephtyrus, 17
[!Tun'gri, the, 127                          Valen'tia founded, 112                     Vil-0m'bria, 36                            Xenoc'rates, 92, 101                      Ze'rah, 54
11Tung-tsiu. dynasty, 159            ~         altentine, 146                           Vinleent of Saragos'sa, 153, 154           Xen'ophon, 81, 83, 84, 90                 Zerdoosht' (Zoroaster). ]1, 27, 45,!      TD'is, 61, 106                        Valentinqian I., 16], 162, 163; II.,   Vin'dex, Julius, 131, 133                      Xerlxes (Baleus), 18                            51, 81
|/Tuntni, 177                                     161, 162, 163,167; III., 170,171   Vindonistsa, 153                              Xerxes, 80, Sly 82, 83, 87                Zerub'babel, 74
]]Tunnadollgi, 177                          Vale'rian, 148, 151, 152, 156              Vinlius, 131                               Xibalba (Shibalba'), empire of, 145.  Zet, 61
Turan' (Tartary), 21                      Valerian Laws, the, 85                     Vir'gil, 47, 49, 123                                                                  Zeus (Zoos), (Jupiter), 15, 16, 17
Turdetalni, the, 66             Valetrii, the, 85                          Virgin and child, 178                      Xsu(Sxs)I,17Zeux'is, 84
Tuftduli, the, 66            ~aletrius Corvus, 93                                   Virgin Mary, adoration of the, 17S,   X-Zie'las, 105
[Tur'nus, 47, 49                            Valerius, b. of Saragossa, 153                  179                                  Xinthucane  (Smokn0, 177                   Zilpah, IS
[ITurpil'ius, 113                            Va'liocastsi, the, 127                    Virgins of the Sun, 145                    Xpi-Yanoc (Shwooe-anayt), 177              Zitn'ri, 54
[Tutul-Xius  (Tootool-Shioos), the,   Valmi'ki, 158                                    Virgin'ia, 85                              Xp-ao   Spe   ao',MZinzi'rus, 14
Xoite (Zoqite), kings of Egypt, 20, 24
/   [145, 155                             Van'dals, the, 33, 143,.176          ~       irgin'ius, 85               Xuhcoc,15Zo'hak, 149 19, 63
[~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                                                                      Xuh/oc, 4
Twelve Tables, the, 85                     Van'didad, the, 51                        Virginius, 131                              Zuhlee   Soo-cite~d, 637
Z5                Xuchiltepec (Shoo-tchiltel~~~ec'           Zoo, 6
Tychicus (Tikckiku8), 136                 Vangi'ones, the, 130                       Viria'thus, 112, 114                       Xtu   Zhu)21Zoroas'ter (Zerdoosht), 11, 27, 45,
Tydeus, 48                                Vanqland, 135                              Virid'omar, 103, 104:                                                                      51, 81!    Tynda'reus, 36                          Vardalnes, 129                             Vir'ius Lupus, 142                                           Y.                      Zos'imus, 179
Tyndarlidee, the, 40                      Var'ni, the, 164               ~is~bur, 135, 143                                                                                 Zosimus, b. of Rome, 179!    Tyn'daris, battle of, 102               Var'ro, Teren'tius, 103, 107              Vis'cus, 61                                Yadul, tribe of, 24, 128                   ZbnKk   4!]Typhon, 38, 44                             Varro, the author, 123,'125                Vishnu', 13, 26, 35, 39, 51               Yagh'Ifit, 154                             Zlpc           ob'cmbtl                  f
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~u~ih (Tliru),btlDf
[Tyr, 61, 72, 127                           Varro Ataci'nus, 123                       Visigoths, the, 163                       Yahau-KUna, 155                                  175, 178
[T'yre, 18, 22, 54, 63, 75, 88, 91          Varu'na, 35                                Vitel'lius, 128, 131, 133YauVe,26Znlngaete 3     5
Ty'ro, 25                     ~~~~Valrus, 131                              Viticalbius, 163                          Ya'ma, 35                                  Zutuhill language, 144
Tyrrhe'nians, the, 25                     Varus Quintilius, 130, 134           ~       itrulvius Polqlio, 123                   Yaou ( Yow), 15                            Za-on   5