THE
HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN VIRGINIA
DURING
THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
PREPARED FOR
U. S. COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION,
BY
E DWARD D. NEILL TL
WASHIN G TON:
GOVERNMIENT PRINTING OFFICE.
18 6 7.








I. VIRGINIA. 
PERIO ID  Io 1618-1100.
VIRGINIA COMPANY.
The Virginia Company were the first to take steps relative to the establishment of schools in the English colonies of America.  In a letter
written to the authorities of the infant settlement at Jamestown, on November 1S, 161S, they use these words: " 7hereas, by a special grant
and license from his Majesty, a general contribution over this realm hath
been made for the building and planting of a college for the training up of
the clhildren of those infidels in true religion,:moral virtue, and civility,
and for other godliness, we do therefore, according to a former grant
and order, hereby ratify and confirm and ordain that a convenient place
be chosen and set out for the planting of a university at the said'Henrico in time to come, and that in the mean time preparation be there
made for tile building of the said college for the children of the infidels,
according to such instructions as we shall deliver.  And we will
and ordain that ten thousand acres, partly of the land they impaled,
and partly of the land witllinl the territory of the said I-enrico, be
allotted and set out for the endowing of the said university and
college with convenient possessions."
A week after the date of this communication, a ripe scholar in England, tihe Rev. Thomas Lorkin, subsequently distinguished as secretary
of the English embassy in France, writes to an acquaintance: "A
good friend of mine proposed to.me within three or four days a condition of going over to Virginia, where the Virginia Company means
to erect a college, and undertakes to procure me good assurance of
o200 a year, and if, I shall find there any ground of dislike, liberty
to return at pleasure.'
The offer, after due consideration, appears not to have been accepted,
and nothing more was done until the reorganization of the company
in April, 1619, and the election of Sir Edwin Sandys as its presiding
office.r




4          EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA.
By his integrity, patriotism, scholarship, and great administrative
talent, he infused new life into the expiring society, and associated
with him Nicholas Ferrar, the honorable merchant of London, Sir
John Danvers, the step-father, and Edward Lord Cherbury, the brother
of the sweet poet, George Herbert, also the Earl of Southampton, who
in early life extended a helping hand to a poor boy that is said to have
held horses for gentlemen at the doors of play-houses, and became
Shakspeare, the portrayer of all the varied emotions of the soul, whose
reputation as a dramatist has increased in lustre as the centuries have
advanced.
The new managers of the company proceeded to reconstrnct Virginia with the most liberal views. By their permission the first representative and legislative body in America was convened at Jamestown,
on July 30, 1619, in the church, the most convenient place they could
find, the minister of which was Mr. Buck.
During the sessions of this body, which continued until the fourth
of August, a petition was presented relative to the erection of a university and college. From  this period until the dissolution of the
Virginia Company the design of a university and college was never
forgotten.
The collections taken up by order of the King for a college in
1619 amounted to ~2,043 2s. 123d., and at a meeting of the company
on May 26th, Sir Edwin Sandys, as treasurer, propounded to the court
a66  thing worthy to be taken into consideration for the glory of God
and honor of the company, forasmuch as the King, in his most gracious
favour, hath granted his letters to the several bishops of his kingdom
for the collecting of moneys to erect and build a college in Virginia for
the training and bringing up of infidels' children to the true knowledge
of God and understanding of righteousness.  Ie conceived it the
fi;i;; that as yet they should not build the college, but rather forbear awhile, and begin first with the advances they have to provide
and settle an annual revenue, and out of that to begin the erection of
said college. And for the performance hereof also moved that a certain piece of land be laid out at Henrico, being the place formerly resolved on, which should be called the college land, and for the planting
of the same send presently fifty good persons, to be located thereon, and
to occupy the same."
On June 14, 1(619, it was moved by Ml'. Treasurer, "that the court
would take into consideration to appoint a committee of their gentlemen and other of his Majesty's counsel for Virginia concerning the




I. VIRGINIA. PERIOD 1618 —1700                    5
college, being a weighty business, and so great that an account of
their proceedings therein must be given to the State,   Upon which
the court, upon deliberate consideration, have recommended the rare
trust unto the right wortly Sir Dudley Diggs, Sir John Danvers,
Sir Nath. Rich, Sir Jo. Wolstenholme, Mr. Deputy Ferrar, Mr. Dr.
Anthony, and Mr. Dr. Gulson, to meet at such time as Mr. Treasurer
shall order thereto."
On June the 24th the committee by the last court appointed for the
college having met, as they were desired, delivered over their proceedings, which the court, allowed, being this that followeth:
"A note of what kind of men and most fit to be sent to Virginia in
the next intended voyage of traknsporting one hundred men.
"A minister to be, entertained( at the yearly allowance of forty pounds,
and to have fifty acrles of land for him and his forever; to be allowed
his transportation and his man's at the company's charge, and ten
pounds to furnish himself withall.
"A captain thought fit, to be considered of, to take charge of such
people as are to be plnted on the college land.
";All the people at this first sending, except some soon to be sent as
well for planting the college and public land, to be single men, unmarried.
"A warrant to be made and directed to Sir Thomas Smith for the
payment of the collection money to Sir Edwin Sandys, treasurer,
and that Dr. Gulstone shall be entreated to present unto my Lord
Primate of Canterbury such letters to be signed for the speedy paying of the moneys from every diocese which yet, c;n nll  piolpaid.
"The several sorts (o l'l.-t awi (,.:I  I-m     -, n:,    e land:
S113 1h:s, c:,'pentors, b: icll;,et: s.,; ts?:1.,;:; i',,   ck
maket's.'Anid whlereas, acco  i l:o to lthe'.::',?;!K. ( ~..  s. r  7':  ('  lw chosen by
the court to be of the conmmittee for the c(-,leg',, thle s::itl:('  wil;lxving no more, and, inasmuch as Mr. John Wroth came in error to be
left out, he is therefore now desired to be an assistant with them, and
to give them meeting at such time and place as is agreed of."
At a meeting of the company held in London, at Mr. Ferrar's house,
on July 21, 1619, the Earls of Southampton and Warwick, Sir
Thomas Gates, and others being present, the following anonymous letter was read:




6          EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA.
I. H. S.
"SIR EDWIN SANDYs, Treasurer of Virginia:
"Good luck in the name of the Lord, who is daily magnified by the
experiment of your zeal and piety in giving beginning to the fouldation of the college in Virginia, sacred worlk due to Heaven and so longed
for on earth.
6Now know we assuredly that the, Lord will do you good and bless
you in all your proceedings, even as He blessed the house of Obed
Edom and all that pertaineth unto him because of the ark of God.,
Now that you seek the kingdom of God, all things shall be ministered
unto you. This I well see already, and perceive that by your godly
determination the Lord hath given you favor in thle siglht of all His
people, and I know some whose hearts are much enlarged because of
the house of the Lord our God to procure you wealth, which greater
designs I have presumed to outrun with tlhis oblation, which I humbly
beseech you may be accepted as the pledge of my devotion, and as
an earnest of the power which I have vowed unto the Almighty God
of Jacob concerning this thing, which till I may in part perform I desire
to remain unknown and unsought after,
", The things are these: a communion cup with the ewer and vase; a
trencher plate for the bread; a carpet of crimson velvet; a linen
damask cloth."
On Wednesday, November 17, 1619, at a great and general quarterly meeting of the Virginia Company, the treasurer referred to the
instructions sent out by the new governor of the c(1lony, Sir George
Yeardley, by which were to be selected tell thousand acres of land for
the university to be planted at Henrico, of which one thousand was
reserved for the college for the conversion of infidels.
On December 1st, " It was propounded that in consideration of
some public gifts given by sundry persons to Virginia, divers presents
of church plate and other ornaments, two hund[red pounds already
given toward building a church, and five hundred pounds'promised by
another toward the educating of infidels' children, that, for the honor
of God, and memorial of such good benefactors, a tablet might hang in
the court with their names and gifts inserted, and the ministers of
Virginia and the Sommer islands may have intelligence thereof, that for
their pious works they may recommuend them to God in their prayers;
which generally was thought very fit and expedient."
On February 2, 1619-20: "A letter from an unknown person was




I, VIRGINIA. PERIOD 1618-1700.                   7
read, directed to the treasurer, promising five hundred pounds for the
educating and bringing up infidels' children iin Christianity, which M3r.
Treasurer, not willing to meddle therewith alone, desired the court to
appoint a select committee for the managing and employing of it to
the best purpose. They made choice of: Lord Pagett, Sir Tho. Wroth,
IMr. J. Wroth, iMr. Deputie, IMr. Tho. Gibbs, Dr. Winstone, Mr.
Bamfourde, and Mr. Keightley.
Tle copy of the letter.
"SIRn:  Your charitable endeavour for Virginia bath made you a father,
me a favourer of those good works which, although heretofore hath
come near to give birth, yet for want of strength could never be
delivered, (envy and division dashing these younglings even in the
womb,) until your helpful hand, with other favorable personages, gave
them both birth and being, for the better prosecuting of which good
and pious work, seeing many casting gifts into the treasury, I am encouraged to tender my poor mite; and although I cannot with the princes
of Issaker bring gold and silver covering, yet offer you what I can,
some goats' hair, necessary stuff for the Lord's tabernacle, protesting
here in my sincerity, without Papistical merit or Pharisaical applause,
wishing from my heart as much unity inl your honorable undertaking
as there is sincerity in my designs, to the furtherance of which good
work, the converting of infidels to the faith of Christ, I promised by
my good friends L500 for the maintenance of a convenient number of
young Indians taken at the age of seven years, or younger, and instructed
in the reading and understanding the principles of Christianity unto the
age of twelve years, and then as occasion showeth, to be trained and
brought up in some lawful trade with all humanity and gentleness until
the age of one and twenty years, and then to enjoy like liberties and
privileges with our native English in that place.
"And for the better performance thereof you shall receive;50
more, which shall be delivered into the hands of two religious persons
with certitude of payment, who shall unto every quarter examine
and certify to the treasurer here, in England, the due operation of
these promises, together with the names of those children thus taken,
the foster-fatfhers and overseers, not doubting but you are all assured
that gifts devoted to God's service cannot be diverted to private and
secular advantages without sacrilege.  If your graver judgments can
devise a more charitable course for the younger, I beseech you inform
my friend, with your security for true performance, and my benevolence shall be always ready to be delivered accordingly.




S           EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA.
"The greatest courtesy I expect or crave is to conceal my friend's
name, lest importunity might urge him to betray that trust of service,
which he hath faithfully promised, who hath moved my heart to this
good work. I rest, ab famo,
"DUST AND ASHES.
" Sir Edwin Sandys,
" TheAfaidtfMI  Treasurer for Virginiao"
On the sixteenth of February the following was passed:
"6 Whereas, at the last court a special comminttee was appointed for
the managing of the C500 given by an unknown person for educating
the infidels' children, lMr. Treasurer signified that they have met and
taken into consideration the proposition of Sir John Wolstenholme,
that John Peirce and his associates might have the training and brings
ing up of some of these children; but the said committee, for divers
reasons, think it inconvenient, first, because they intend not to go this
two or three months, and then after their arrival will be long in settling
themselves; as also that the Indians are not acquainted with them, and
so they may stay four or five years before they have account that any
good is done.
"'And for to put it into the hands of private men to bring them up. as
was by some proposed, they thought it was not so fit, by reason of the
difficulty unto which it is sulbject.
"'But forasmuch as divers hundreds and particular plantations are
already there settled, and tle Indians well acquainted with them, as
namely, Smith's Hundred, ]Martin's Hundred, Ba'rtlett's Hundred, and
the like, that, therefore, they receive and take charge of them, by which
course they shall be sure to be well nurtured and have their due so
long as these plantations shall hold; and for such of the children as
they find capable of learning shall be put in the college and brought
up to be Fellows, and such as are not shall be put to trades and be
brought up in the fear of God and the Christian religion.
"'And being demanded how and by what lawful means they would
preserve them, and after keep them, that they run not to join their
parents or friends, and their parents or friends steal them  not away,
which natural affection may inforce in the one and the other, it was
answered and well allowed that a treaty and agreement be made with
the King of that country concerning them, which if it so fall out at any
time, as is expressed, they may by his command be returned.
"Whereupon Sir Thomas Roe promised that Bartlett's Hundred
should take two or three, and Mr. Smith to be respondent to the com=




I. VIRGINIA. PERIOD 161S  1700.                   9
pany, and because every hundred may the better consider thereof they
were licensed till Sunday in the afternoon, at which time they sit at
MNIr. Tieasnvter's to bring ill their answer how  many they will have,
and b ritg!' Iilese tiat, willx ti,t re' e,rjb(tlt; for them, and those that others
wvil not I-,-7lke Mr. cTro (slIrer, i, behlalP' fof S aftit's Hundred, hath promised to take into tlhcir lo;:g "reo'
"The Treasurer signified, on Febru tary 9Cd,,6tht the corporation of
Smith's Hundred very well accepted of the charge of ittfidels' childrenlre commended unto them by the court, in rega t d (if their( good disposition to do good; but, otherwise, if the court shall ple-'ase it  t ake it
firom  them they will willingly give X100.  And for their e':tolutions,
although they have not yet set them  clown in writiltg, liy reason of
some things yet to be considered of, they will, so soon as mrny be, prepare the same and present it."
A box standing upon the table with this direction, "6 To Sir Edwzin
Sanudis, the faitful Treasurer for Virginia," he acquainted them that
it was brought unto him by a man -of good fashion, who would neither
tell him his name nor from whence it came; but, by the subscription
being the same as the letter, he considered that it might be the X550
promised them.
And it being agreed that the box should be opened, there was a bag
of new gold containing the said sum of X550.
Whereupon Doctor Winstone reporting that the committee had
requested for the managing thereof, and that it should be wholly in
charge of Smith's Hundred.  It was desired by some that the resolution should be presented in writing at the next court, which, in regard
of the Ash-Wednesday sermon, was agreed to be upon Thursday afternoon.
At a meeting held at the house of Sir Edwin Sandys, on April 9,
1620, intelligence was given that AMr. Nicholas Ferrar, elder, being
translated from this life unto a better, had by his will bequeathed XC300
towards the converting of infidels' children in Virginia, to be paid unto
Sir Edwin Sandys and Mr. Jo. Ferrar, at such time as, upon certificate
fiom there, ten of the said infidels' children shall be placed in the college, to be there disposed of by the said Sir Edwin Sandys and Jo.
Ferrar, according to the true intent of the said will; and that in the
mean [time] till that was perfoimned he bath tied his executors to pay
eight per cent. for the same unto three several honest men in Virginia,
(such as the said Sir Edwin Sandys and John Ferrar shall approve
of,) of good life and fame, that will undertake each of them to bring




10          EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA.
-up one of the said children in the grounds of Christian religion, that is
to say, ES yearly apiece.
About this period Mr. George Thorpe, a gentleman of sterling character, of his M:ajesty's privy chamber, and one of his council for Virginia, sailed for the colony, having been appointed by the company
deputy to take charge of the college lands.
At a meeting of the company on November 15, 1620, as' the reading
of the minutes of the previous meeting were completed, "a stranger
stepped in," and presented a map of Sir Walter Raleigh's, containing
a description of Guiana, and with the same four great books, as the gift
of one that desired his name might not be knownr.  One of these was
a translation of St. Augustine's City of God; the otlers were the works
of thle distinguished Calvinist and Puritan, Jfr. Perkins, "which books
the donor desired might be sent to the college in Virginia, there to remain in safety to the use of the collegiate educators, and not suffered
at any time to be lent abroad."
For which so worthy a gift my lord of Southampton, desired the
party that presented them to return deserved thanks from himself and
the rest of the conmpany to him that had so kindly bestowed them.
The next year the interest of the company in establishing schools
in America was increased by another unexpected donationh
The Rev. I'atrick Copeland,* a devout man, like the celebrated and ac.
complished Henry Martyn, a century and a half later, became a chaplain
of the East India Company, and in 1613 arrived at Surat. Thenext year
there was sent to England an East India youth, that had been taught to
read and write by Mr. Copeland, and he was sent to school by the East
Indil Company, " to be instructed in religion, that hereafter he may be
sent home to convert some of his nation."
On July 18,:1615, letters were read at a meeting of the East India
Company firom Patrick Copeland, informing them how much the Indian
gouth recommended to his care had profited in the knowledge of thlle
Christian religion, so that le is able to render an account of his faith
and desiring to receive directions concerning his baptism,'" being' of
opinion that it was fit to have it publicly effected, being the first fruits
of India."' The company instructed their deputy to speak with Abbot,
archbishop of Canterbury, to understand his opinion before they resolved on anything in so weighty a matter.
Mir. Copeland retulrning   home fiomn India in 1621, met some ships on
the way to Virginia, and learning thle destitution of the New Worlc' The manuscript records spell the name in two ways, Copland and Copeland.




I. VIRGINIA.  PERIOD 1618-1700.                   11
colony in churches and schools, hle longed to do them  good.  Tlhe
mode devised for helping them is fully explained in the minutes of
the Virginia Company.
At a court held 24th October, 1621, Mr. Deputy acquainted the
court "t that one Mr. Copland, a minister lately returned from the East
Indies, out of au earnest desire to give some fturtherance unto the
plantation in Virginia, had been pleased, as well by his own good example as by persuasion, to stir up many that came with him in the
ship called the Royal James to contribute towaird some g-oodl work to
be begun in Virginia, insomuch that he had  already procured a
matter of some sf70 to be employed that way, and  ad d also written from  Cape Bona Speranza to divers parties in the East Indies to
move therm to some charitable contribution thereunto   So, as he hoped,
they would see very shortly his letters would produce some good
effect among them, especially if they might understand in what manlner
they intended to employ the same.  It was therefore ordered that a
committee should be appointed to treat with  1r. Copland about it.
And forasmuech as he had so well deserved of the company by his
extraordinary care and pains in this business, it was, thought fit and
ordered that he should be admitted a free brother of this company,
and at the next quarter court it should be moved that some proportion of land might be bestowed upon him in gratification of his worthy
endeavors to advance this extended work; and further, it was thought
fit also to add thereanto a number of some other special benefactors
unto the pialntation whose memorial is preserved.'rhe conmmittee to
treat with him  are these: IMr. Deputy, Mr.. Gibbs, M1r. Nicholas
F'errar, fMr. Bamfoicle, Mr. Abra. Chamberlyne, Mfr. Roberts,  M{r.
Ayres."
On the last of October, 1621, 5Mr. Deputy signified that, "1oorasmuch.
as it was reserved unto the company. to determine whether the said
money should be employed towards the building of a c(lurch or a.
sch1ool, as aforesaid, your comlmittee appointed  have h!ad conference.
with iMr. Copland about it, and do hold it fit, ffor many important
reasons, to employ the said contribution towardcls the erection of a
public free school in Virginia, towards which an unkniownri person hath
likewise given X;30, as may appear by the report of said committee,
now presented to be read.
"At a meeting of thle committee on, Tuesday,. tlhe 30tll of October,
1621, present Mr.. Deputy, Mr.r. Gibbs,, Mro. Wroth, M.   Ayres,.  y r.
Nicholas L'errar, MAr. Poberts.




12         EDUCATION A, DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA.
"The said committee meeting this afternoon to treat with Mr. Copland touching the dispose of the money given by some of the East
India Company that came with him in the Royal James, to be bestowed upon some good work for the benefit of the plantation in Virginia, the said Mr. Copland did deliver in a note the names of those
that had fieely and willingly contributed their moneys hereunto,
which money Mr. Copland said they desired might be employed towards the building either of a church or school in Virginia, which the
company should think fit. And that although the sum of money was
but a small proportion to perform so great a work, yet MIr. Copland
said he doubted not but to persuade the East India Company, whom
he meant to solicit, to make some addition thereunto; besides, he
said that he had very effectually wrote (the copy of which letter he
delivered and was read) to divers factories in the East Indies to stir
them up to the like contribution towards the performance of this pious
work, as they had already done for a church at Wapping, to which,
by his report, they have given about ~400.
"' It being, therefore, now taken into consideration whether a churCh
orl a school was most necessary, and might nearest agree to the intentions of the donors, it was considered that foraslmuch as each particular plantation, as well as the general, either had or ought to have
a church appropriated unto them, there was therefore a greater want
of a school than of churches.
"6As also for that it was impossible, with so small a proportion, to
compass so great a work as the building of a church would require, they
therefore conceived it most fit to resolve for the erecting of a public free
school, which, being for the education of children and grounding them
in the principles of religion, civility of life, and human learning, seemed
to carry with it the greatest weight and highest consequence unto the
plantations, as that whereof both church and commmolwealth take
their original foundation and happy estate, this being also so like to
prove a work most acceptable unto the planters, through want whereof
they have been hitherto constrained to send their children from thence
hither to be taught.
"4Secondly. It was thought fit that the school should be placed in
one of the four cities, and they conceived that Charles City, of the
four, did afford the most convenient place for that purpose, as well in
respect it matcheth with the best in wholesomeness of air, as also for
the commodious situation thereof, being not far distant firom Henrico'awnd other particular plantations,




I. VIRGINIA.  PERIOD 1618-1700.                  13
"It was also thought fit that, in honor of the East India benefactors,
the same should be called the East India School, who shall have precedence lgbtcofe any ollcer to i}esent their children there, to be brought
up in the  ond'mte:;s (? ]-:.' lming'.
"It was also hln-,g'h  fit lhat ibis. as a collegiate or free school,
should have dependence!,onl the college in Virginia, which should
be made capable to receive scholars fiom the school into such scholarships; and fellowships of said college shall be endowed withal for the
advancement of scholars as they arise by degrees and desert in learning.
" That, for the better maintenance of the schoolmaster and uslier
intended there to be placed, it was thought fit that it should be moved
at the next quarter court that one thousand acres of land should be
allotted unto the said school, and that tenants, besides an overseer of
them, should be forthwith sent upon this charge, in the condition of
apprentices, to manure and cultivate said land; and that, over and above
this allowance of land and tenants to the schoolmaster, such as send
their children to the school should give some benevolence unto the
schoolmaster, for the better increase of his maintenance.
"' That it should be specially recommended to the governor to take
care that the planters tlhere be stirred up to Ipiut lheir lbcil),ing hands
towards the speedy building of dlhe s;tidl:rltol,;'. i-lt r(',spc.'t!tht Itleir
children are likely to receive the greatest benefit I1ieh't.Qv)y, in It ftir education; and to let them  know that those tlhat excf.rd oitlihesi iin tleir
bounty and assistance hereunto shall be privileged   ili lthe!:TifTerment of their children to these said schools before others that shlall be
found less worthy.
"It is likewise thought fit that a good schoolmaster be provided,
forthwith to be sent unto this school.
"Ii t was also informed, by a gentleman of this committee, that he
knew one, that desired not to be named, that would bestow ~30, to be
added to the former sum of ~70 to make it an ~100, towards the
building of the said school."
This report, being read, was well approved of, and thought fit to be
referred for confirmation to the next quarter court.  On November 19,
1621, the company again considered the matter.
"Whereas the committee appointed to treat with Mr. Copland about
the building of the East India church, or school, in Virginia, towards
which a contribution of ~70 was freely given by some of the East
India Company that came home in the Royal James, did now make
report what special reasons moved them to resolve for the bestowing




14            EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN  VIR(INIA.
of that money towards  the erection of a school, rather than a church,
which report is at large set down at a court held last October.
",And further, that they had allowed one thousand acres of land and
five apprentices, besides an overseer, to manure, besides that benevolence ~that is hoped will be given by each man that sends his children
thitler to be tanrlght, for the schoolmnaster's maintenance in his first
beginning; which allowance  of land  and tenants, being put to the
question, was well approved of, and referred  for confirmation to the
quarter court: provided that in the establishment hereof the company
reserve unto themselves power to make laws and orders for the better
government of the said school and the revenues and profits that shall
tllereunto belong.
"It was further moved that, in respect to AI'r. Copland, minister,
hath  been a chief cause of procuring  this former contribution  to be
given by thle aforesaid company, and had also writ divers  letters to
manyv  factories  in  the  East Indies  to  move  thern  to  follow  this
good examplh, for the better advancement of this pious work, that
therefore  the company would  please to gratify him  with some proportion of land.
Whereupon the court, taking it into consideration, and being also
informed that Mr. Copland was furnishing out persons to be transported
this present voyage to plant and inhabit upon said lands as should be.
granted unto them  by the company, they were the rather induced to
bestow  upon him  an  extraordinary  gratification  of three  shares of
land, old adventure, which is three hundred acres, upon a first division,
without paying rent to the company, referring the further ratification
of the said gift to the quarter court, as also his admittance of being a,
fiee brother of this company."
About this time a young Puritan minister, John Brinsley, a nephew
of the English Seneca, the distinguished Bishop Hall, and the private
secretary of his uncle  at the synod of Dort, who in after life became the
author of many classical and theological treatises, prepared a little book
suitable for the projected school in Virginia. *
* In 1622 Brinsley published "A Consolation for our Gramlmar Schooles; or a faithful and
most comfortable encouragement for laying of a sure foundation of a good learning in our
schooles, and for prosperous building therefor; more specially for all those of the inferior sort,
and all rude countries and places, namely, for Ireland, Wales, Virginia, with the Sommer
islands, and for their more speedie attaining of our English tongue by the same labour, that
all may sp)eake one and the same language. And withall, for the helping of all such as are
derirous speedlie to recover that which they had formerlie got in the granmnar schooles: and to
pr'oceed aright therein, for the perpetual benefit of these our nations, and of the churches of
Christ. London: Priated by Richard Field, for Thomas Mann, dwelling in Paternoster Row,
at the sign.of the Talcot; 1622."




Y. VIRGINIA. PERIOD 1618-1700.                 15
At a court held for Virlginia the 19th of December, 1621, Mr. Balmfield signified unto the court of a book " compiled by a painful schoolmaster, one Mr. John Brinsley;" whereupon the court gave order that
the company's thanks should be given unto him, and appointed a select
committee to peruse the said book, viz: Sir John Danvers, Mr.
Deputy, Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Wroth, Mr. Bamfield, Mr. Copland, Mr.
Ayres, and Mr1 Nicho. Farrar, who are entreated to meet when Mlr.
Deputy sha ll1 appoint, and after to make report of their opinions touching the same at thle next court.
At a court held for Virginia, on Wednesday, tile 16th January,
1621, [1622,] the comimittee appointed to peruse the book which MIr.
John Brinsley, schoolmaster, presented at tbe last court, touching the
education of the younger sort of scholars, forasm;uch as they had as
yet no time to peruse the same, by reason of imany businesses that did
arise, they desired of.the court some longer respite, which was granted
unto them.  Mr. Copland, being present, was entreated to peruse it in
thle mean time, and deliver his opinion thereof to the committee, at their
meeting, about it.
At a quarter court'held on January 30, 1621-'2, "the letter subscribed D. and A., brought to,the former court by an unknown messenger, was now again presented to be read, the contents whereof are
as follows:
"''JANUARY 28th, 1 621.
"6M,'IOST 5WORT'IHY COMPANY': W'hereas I sent the Treasurer and
yourselves a letter, subscribed'Dust and Ashes,' which promised
~550. and did, some time afterward, according to my promise, send the
said money to Sir Edwin Sandys, to be ddlivered to the company.
In which letter I did not directly order the bestowing of'the said
money, but showed my' interest for the conversion of infidels' children,
as it will appear by that letter,.which I desire may be read in open
court, wherein I chiefly commended the ordering thereof to the wisdom
of the honorable company.  And rwhereas the gentlemen of Southampton Hundred have undertaken the disposing of the said ~550, I
have long attended to see the erecting of some schools, or other way
whereby some of the children of the Virginians might have been
taught and brought up in the Christianl religion and good manners,
which are not being done according to my intent, but the money
detained by a private hundred all this while, contrary to my mind,
thouglh I judge very charitably of that honorable society. And as
already you have received a great and the most painfully gained part




16         EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA.
of my estate towards the laying of the foundation of the Christian
religion, and helping forward of this pious work in that beathen, now
Christian, land, so now I require of the whole body of the honorable
and worthy company, whom I entrusted with the disposal of said
moneys, to see the same speedily and faithfully converted to the work
intended. And I do further propound to your honorable company,
that if you will procure that some of the male children of the Virginians, though but a few, be brought over into England here to be
educated and taught, and to wear a habit as the children of Christ's
Hospital do, and that you will be pleased to see the X550 converted
to this use, then I faithfully promise to add X450 more, to make the
sum X 1,000, which, if God permit, I will cheerfully send you, only I
desire to nominate the first tutor or governor who shall take charge
to nurse and instruct them. But if you, in your wisdom, like not this
motion, then my humble suit unto the whole body of your honorable
company is that my former gift of ~550 be wholly employed and bestowed upon a free school to be erected in Southampton Hundred, so
it be presently employed, or such other place as I or my friends shall
well like, wherein both English and Virginians may be taught together,
and that the said school be endowed with such privileges as you, in
your wisdom, shall think fit. The master of which school, I humbly
crave, may not be allowed to go over except he first bring to the company sound testimony of his sufficiency in learning and sincerity of life.
"' 6 The Lord give you wise and understanding hearts, that his work
therein be not negligently performed.
"' Do and A.
"' The Iiglt Honorable and Worthy the
"'Treasurer, Council, and Company of Virginia.'"
The letter being referred to the consideration of this court, forasmuch as it did require an account of this company how they have
expended the said money, viz: the d550 in'gold for the bringing up
of the infidels' children in true religion and Christianity, Sir Edwin
Sandys declared that the said money coming unto him enclosed in a
box in the time of his being treasurer, not long after a letter subscribed
~  Dust and Ashes" had been directed unto him in the quality of treasurer,
and delivered in the court and there openly read. He brought the money
also to the next court in the box unopened, whereupon the court,
after a large and serious deliberation how the said money might be best
employed to the use intended, at length resolved that it was fittest to
be entertained by the societies of Southampton Hundred and Martin's




T. VIRGINIA.  PERIIOD 1618-1700.                    17
Hundred, and easy to undertake for a certain number of infidels' children to be brought up by them and amongst them in Christian religion,
and some good trade to live by according to the donor's religious desire.
But lartini's Hundred desired to be excused by reason their plantation
was sorely weakened and then in much confusion; whlerefore it being
pressed that Southampton Hundred should undertake the whole, they
also considering, together with the weight, the difficulty also and hazard of the business, were likewise veiry unwilling to undertake the managing thereof, and offered an addition of 7100 more unto tile former
sum of Xc550, that it mighllt not be put upon them.
But being earnestly pressed thereunto by the court, anc finding no
other means how to set forward that great work, yielded in fine to accept thereof.
Whereupon, soon after, at an assembly of that,ociety, the adventurers entered into a careful consideration how this great and mighty
business might, with tile most speed and great advantage, be effected.
Whereupon it was agreed and reported by them to employ the said
money, together with an addition out of the society's purse of a far
greater sum, toward the furnishing out of Captain Blulett and his com.panions, being so very able and sufficient workmen with all manner of
provisions for the setting up of an iron work in Virginia., whereof the
profits arising were intended and ordered iii a ratable proportion to be
faithfnlly employed for the educating of thirty of tile infidels' children
in ChristiLan reliuion, and otherwise as the donor bhd required.
To whilch  end they writ very effectual letters unto Sir George
Yeardlley, then governor of Virginia, and captain also of Southampton
plantation, not only co-mmending' the excellence of the work, but also
furnishingi   him  at large with advice and direction how  to proceed
therein, with a'~ most earnest adjuration, and tlhat often iterated in all
their succeedilng letters, so to employ his best care and industry therein,
as a work wherein the eyes of God, angels, and menl were fixed.  The
copy of' my letter and direction, throujil somne omission of their officer,'was not entered in their book, but.a course should be tlaken to have it
recovered.
In answer of this letter they received a letter friom  Sir George
Yeardlley, showing how difficult a t1hingi it was at that time to obtain.
asny of their children with the consent and good lilking of their parents,
by oreason of their tenderness of them, or fear of hard usage by the
English, unless it might be by a treaty with Opachankano, the King,
which treaty was appointedt to be tlat summer, wherein hle would not
fail to do his uttermost endeavors.
2




:18         EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPNIMENT IN VIRGINIA.
But Captain Bluett dying shortly after his arrival, it was a great
setting back of the iron work intended; yet since that time there had
been orders to restore that business with a fresh supply, so as he hoped
will the gentleman that gave this gift should receive good' satisfaction
by the faithful account which they should be able and at all times
would be ready to give, touching the employment of the said money.
Concelrning  lhich Sir Edwin Sandys further said that; as he could
not but highly commend the gentleman for his worthy and most
Christian act, so he had observed so great inconvenience by his modesty and eschewing of show of vain glory by concealing his name,
whereby they were deprived of the mutual help and advice which they
might have had by conferriDg with him; and whereby also he might
have received more clear satisfaction with what integrity, care, and
industry they had managed that business, the success whereof must be
submitted to the pleasure of God, as it had been commended to his
blessing.
He concluded that if the gentlemen would either vouchsafe himself
or send any of his friends to confer with the said society, they would
be glad to apply themselves to give him all good satisfaction.  But for
his own partiular judgment he doubted that neither of the two courses
particularized in this last letter, now read in court, would attain the
effect so much desired. Now, to send for them into England and
to have them educated here, he found, upon experience of those brought
-by Sir The. Dale, might be far from the Christian work intended.
Again, to begin with building of a free school for them in Virginia, he
doubted, considering that none of the buildings they there intended
had yet prospered, by reason that as yet, through their doting so much
upon tobacco, no fit workmen could be had but at intolerable rates, it
mignht rather tend to the exhausting of this sacred treasure in some;.small fabric, than to accomplish such a foundation as might satisfy
men's expectations.
Whereupon, he wished again some meeting between the gentleman
uor his friends and Southampton society, that all things being debated
at full, and judiciously weighed, some constant course mighl; be re-,solved on and pursued for proceeding in and perfecting of this most,pious work, for which he prayed the blessing of God to be upon the
anuthor thereof; and all the company said Amen.
In the midst of this narration a stranger stepped in, presenting four
books, fairly bound, sent from a person refusing to be named, who
had bestowed them upon the college in Virginia, being from the same




:. VIRGlNIA. PERIOD 1618-1700.                19
mall that gave heretofore four other great books; the names of those
he now sent were, viz: a large church Bible, the Common Prayer
Book, Ursinus's Catechism, and a small Bible richly embroidered.
The court desired the messenger to return the gentleman that gave
them, general acknowledgment of much respect and thanks due unto
him.
A letter was also presented -from one that desired not as yet to be
named, with X25 in gold, to be employed by way of addition to the
former contribution towards the building of a free school in Virginia,
to make the other sum 0t125, for which the company desired the
messenger to return him their hearty thanks.
Mr. Copland moved that, whereas it was ordered by the last quarter colurt that an usher should be sent to Virginia, with the first convenience, to instruct the children in the free school there intended to be
erected, that forasmuch as there was now a very good scholar whom
he well knew, and had good testimony for his sufficiency in learning
and good carriage, who offered hiamself to go for the performance of this
service, he therefore thought good to acquaint the court therewith, and
to leave it to their better judgment and consideration, whereupon the
court appointed a committee to treat with the said party, viz  i Mr.
Gibbs, Mr. Wroth, Mr. Wrote, Mir. Copland, Mr. Balmford, Mir. Roberts, who are to join herein with the rest of the committee and to meet
about it upon Monday next, in the morning about eight, at Mlr.
Deputy's, and hereof to make report.
On February 27, 1621-'2, the committee's report touching the allowance granted unto the usher of the free school intended in Virginia
being read, Mr. Copland signified that the said usher having lately
imparted his mind unto him, seemed unwilling to go as usher or any
less title than master of the said school, and also to be assured of
that allowance that is intended to be appropriated to the master for
his proper maintenance.
But it was answered that they might not swerve from the order of
the quarter court, which did appoint the usher to be first established,
for the better advancement of which action divers had underwritten to
a roll for that purpose drawn, which did already arise to a good sum of
money, and was like daily to increase by reason of men's affections to
forward so good a work. In which respect many sufficient scholars
did -now offer theminselves to go upon the same condition as had been
proposed to this party, yet in favor of him, forsomuch as he was




20          EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA.
specially recommended by Mr. Copland, whom the company do much
respect, the court is pleased to give him some time to consider of it
between this and the next court, desiring then to know' his direct
answer, whether he will accept of the place of usher as has been
offered unto him.  And if he shall accept thereof, then ttle court have
entreated fMr. Balnford, Mr. Copland, Mr. Caswell, 3TIr. Mollinge,
to confer with him about the method of teaching, and the books bhe
intends to instruct children by.
On the thirteenth of MIarch the court, taking into their consideration certain propositions presented unto them  by lMr. Copland in behalf of Mr. Dike, formerly commended for the usher's place in the
free school intended at Charles city, in Virginia, they have agreed in
effect unto his several requests, namely, that upon certificates from
the governor of Virginia of his sufficiency and diligence in training up
of youth commit ted to his charge, he shall be confirmed in the place of
the master of thle said school.
Secondly, that if he can procuile an expert writer to go over with
him  that can withal teach the grounds of arithmetic whereby to instruct the children in matters of account, the company are contented
to give such a one his passage, whose pains they doubt not but will
well be rewarded by those wlhose children shall be taught by him.
And for the allowance of one hundred acres of land he desires for
his own proper inheritance, it is agreed that after'he hath served out
lis time, which is to be five years at least, and longer during  his own
pleasure, he giving a year's warning upon his remove, whereby another may be provided in his room, the company are pleased to grant
hinl one hundred acres.
It is also agreed that he shall be furnished with books, first for the
school for which he is to be accountable; and for the children the
company have likewise undertaken to provide good store of books,
fitting for their use, for which their parents are to be answerable.
Lastly, it is ordered that the agreement between him and the company shall, according to his own request, be set down in writing, by
way of articles indented.
Upon the same day the following minute was entered on the journal
of the company:
"Whereas, M1r. Deputy acquainted the formluer court with that news
he had received by word of mouth, of the safe arrival of eight of their
ships in Virginia with all their people and provisions sent out this
last summnner, le now signified that the general letter has come to his




T. VIRGINIA.  PERIOD 161S-1700.                    21
hands, imparting as much as had been formerly deliverel, which letter for more particular relations did refer to the letters sent by the
George, which he hoped they should shortly hear of.
"Upon declaration of the company's thankfulness unto  God for
the joyful and welcome news from Virginia, a motion was made that
this acknowledgment of their thankfulness might not only be done
in a private court, but published by some learned minister in a sermon
to that purpose, before a general assembly of the company, which motion was well approved of and thought fit to be taken into consideration upon return of the George, which wxas daily expected, when they
hoped they should receive more particular advertisement concerning
their affairs in Virginia."
Early in April, 1622, the following action was taken:
"]Forasmuch as the George was now safe returned from Virginia,
confirming the good news they had formerly received of the safe arrival of their ships and people in Virginia, sent this last time, it was
now thought fit and resolved according to a motion formerly made to
the like effect, that a sermon should be preached to express the company's thankfulness unto God for this his g'reat and extraordinary
blessing.
"' To which end the court entreated Mr. Copland, being present, to
take the pains to preach the said sermon, being a brother of the coImpany, and one that was well acquainted with the happy success of
their affairs in Virginia this last year.
"U Ipon which request, Mr. Copland was pleased to undertake it, and
therefore two places being proposed where this exercise should be performed, namely, St. Michael's in Cornhill or Bove church, it was by
erection of hands appointed to be in B3owe church, on Wednesday
next, being the 17th day of this present month of April, about 4
o'clock in the afternoon, for which purpose Mr. Carter is appointed to
give notice of the time and place to all the company."*
In the month of June there sailed from England Leonard Hlidson,
a carpenter, his wife, and five apprentices, for the purpose of erecting
the East India school at Charles city.
The governor and council of Virginia were at the same time informed,
that as the company had failed to secure an usher, upon second consideration it was thouglht good to give the colony the choice of the schoolmaster or usher, if there was any suitable person for the office. If:' The sermon wvas delivered, and printed in quarto with this title:' Virginia's God be thanked;
or, a sermon of thanklsgiving for the happie successe of the affaires in Virginia, this last yeare.
Published by commandment of the Virginia company. London, 1622.




22          EDUCATIONAL I)EVELOPMENT IIN VIRGINIA.
they could find no one, they were requested to inform them what they
would contribute toward the support of a schoolmlaster, and they would
then again strive to provide " an honest arid sufficient man."  The letter concludes by saying, " there is very much in this business that we
must leave to your care and wisdom, and the help and assistance of
good people, of which we doubt not?"
On July 3, 1622, the court gave order that a receipt should be
sealed for X47 1Gs., which the gentleman mariners had given to the
East India Company to be employed in laying the foundation of a
church in Virginia.
The coturt thought fit to make Captain -Martin Prim (the captain of
the Royal James) a freeman of the company, and to give him  two
shares of land in regard of the large contribution which the gentlemen and mariners of that ship had given towards good works in Virginia, whereof lie was an especial furtherer.
The placing and entertainment of IMr. Copland in Virginia being
referred by the former court to the consideration of a committee,
they having accordingly advised about it, did now make report of
what they had (lone therein, as followeth, viz:
1. First, they thought fit that he be made rector of the intended
college in Virginia for the conversion of the infidels, and to have the
pastoral charge of the college tenants about him.
2. In regard of his rectorslhip, to have the tenth part of the profits due
to the college out of their lands and arising from the labors of their
tenants.
3. In regard of his pastoral charge, to have a parsonage there erected,
according to the general order for parsonages.
And for that it was now further moved that he might be admitted of
the council, thern it was referred to the former commitee to consider
thereof and of some other things propounded for his better accommodation there.
The committee appointed for the college for this present year are
the ensuing, viz: Sir Edwin Sandys, Sir John Danvers, MIr. Gibbs,
Mr. J. Ferrar, Mr. r. Smith, AMr. Wrote, Mir. Barbor.
The report of the committee touching Mr. Copland's placing and entertainment in Virginia was now read, they having thought fit he be
made rector of the intended college there for the conversion of the
infidels, and to have the pastoral charge of the college there for the
conversion of the infidels, and to have the pastoral charge of the college
tenants about him; and in regard of his rectorship, to have the tenth




I. VIRGINIA.  PERIOD 1618-1700.                 23
part of the profits due to the college out of the lands and arising from
the labors of their tenants; and in respect of his pastoral charge, to
have a parsonage there erected according to the general order for parsonages which this court hath well approved of; and have likewise
admitted him to be one of the council of Virginia.
The memorable massacre by the savages, in the spring of 1622, was
a great obstacle to all educational progress.  Among the mutilated
bodies of the slain was that of the refined and educated gentleman,
George Thorpe, who had the oversight of the college lands and tenants.
After the company received intelligence of his death, they made a
particular request that George Sandys, the brother of Sir Edwin, a
poet and translator of the MIetamorphoses of Ovid, then Treasurer of the
colony, should take charge of the college interests; and they wrote 
6we esteem  the college affairs not only a public but a sacred business." After this we know of' but one allusion to the college. In
1623, Edward Downes petitioned 1" that his son Rlichard Downes,
having continued in Virginia these four years, and being bred a scholar,
went over in search of preferments in the college there, might now be
free to live there of himself, and have fifty acres of land."
One year after the dissolution of the Virginia Company, in 1624,
another attempt was made to erect the East India free school.  Mr.
Caroloff and others were sent over for the purpose, but he seems to
have become unpopular.'The governor and council, under date of
June -15, 1625, write:
"We should be ready with our utmost endeavors to assist the pious
work of the East India free school, but we must not dissemble that,
besides the unseasonable arrival, we thought the acts of M3r. Caroloff
will overbalance all his other sufficiency though exceeding good."
Fuller, in his'"Worthies," speaks of another attempt to establish an
academy in Virginia by one Edward Palmer. IHe says, " his plenteous
estate afforded him  opportunity to put forward the ingenuity, implanted by nature, for the public good, resolving to erect an academy
in Virginia.  In order whereunto he purchased  anl island, called
Palmner's island unto this dazy, but in pursuance thereof was at many
thousand pounds' expense, somen instrumenlts employed therein not
discharging the trust reposed inl them with corresponding fidelity. He
was transplanted to another, world, leaving' t6 posterity the monument
of his iworthyv but unfinishled intentionl.  This Ecdward Pl-Talmer died in
London, aibout 1625."
r'Turnil-m, to tie imanuscript records of tile Virginia Comlpany, we




24           EDIJCATIONAL DEVELOPME INT IN VIRGINIA.
learn that on July 3, 1622, " Francis Carter passed over sixteen shares
of land in Virginia to iMr. Edward Palmer, of the Middle Temple,
London, esquire," who may have been the individual referred to by
Fuller, and Palmer's island, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, is where
Clayborne traded with the Indians before Lord Baltimore obtained a
grant for Maryland.
Although unforeseen circumstances prevented Copeland's acceptance
of the rectorship of the proposed college at Hlenrico, he continued to
feel an interest in the American plantations.'The leading men of the
Virginia Company were also members of the Somers Island or Bermudas Company, and under the auspices of the latter Copeland became
a non-conformist minister at those isles of the sea.
Since 1615 the Rev. Richard Norwood, a distinguished surveyor
and Puritan, had tau-ht school there, and old records show that both
Copeland and Ferrar were contributors to the free school in that
locality.
Norwood continued as school teacher for more than thirty years, and
in 1648 Copeland, when nearly eighty years of age, accompanied Governor Sayle to establish a new plantation at Eleuthera, one of the Bahamas.  In the charter of the colony it was stipulated that each settler
should enjoy entire freedom of conscience.
Sayle, shortly after he reached Eleuthera, visited the Puritan parishes
of Virginia, and invited the parishioners, who were uncomfortable under
the strictness of Governor Berkeley, to remove to the new colony.
qTlie Rev. Brr. HIarrison, formerly Berkeley's chaplain, but now a
Puritan, was sent to Boston to ask the advice of thle ministers there
relative to emigration to Eleuthera.  They decided that it was inexpedient, partly because an entire separation of church and state was
proposed by the projectors of the new settlement.  From this period
we can lea'rn nothing of Copeland, and probably this early friend of
education in America died at the Bahamas.
^Four years before John Harvard, tle gentle minister of Charlestown, died, and bequeathed his estate to the college at Cambridge,
M3Iassachusetts, Benjamin Symmes, of Virginia, left the first legacy by
a resident of the American plantations for founding' a school.  In a
will, made in 1634, he gave two hundred acres on the Poquoson, a small
stream. that enters Chesapeake bay below Yorktown, " with the milk
and increase of eight cows, for the maintenance of a learned and honest
mani, to keep upon the said ground a fiee school, for the education and
instruetion, of the children of tlhe adjoining parishes of Elizabeth'l City




I. VIRGINIA. PERIOD 1.618-1700.              25
and Kiquotan, ftrom Mary's Mount downwards, to the Poquoson river."
The author of a little pamphlet on Virginia, published iln 1649, alludes to the early friend of education in this language: " I may not
forget to tell you that we have a free school, with two hundred acres
of land, a fine house upon it, forty milch kine, and other accommodation to it. The benefactor deserveth perpetual mention, Mr. Beinjamin
Symmes, worthy to be chronicled.  Other petty schools we have."
A long period now elapsed before another benefaction to schools was
chronicled. Dr. Gataker, in a work dedicated to Oliver Cronmwell, and
published in 1657, deplores the neglect of education in Virginia. In
March, 1660-'1, the assembly of the colony enacted: "That for the
advance of learning, education of youth, supply of the ministry, and
promotion of piety, there be land taken upon purchase for a college
and free school, and that there be, with as much speed as may be convenient, houseing erected thereon for entertainment of students and
scholars;" and at the same session a petition to the King was-drawn
up, praying for "letters patent to collect and gather the charity of
well disposed people in England, for the erecting of colleges and
schools." The year after the restoration of Charles the Second, a
pamphlet, dedicated to the Bishop of London, written by a minister
who had lived many years in.America, was published, called "Virginia's Cure, or an Advisive Narrative Concerning Virginia," in which
it was suggested that charitable persons in E!ngland should endow
Virginia fellowships in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. He
stated that schools in the colony were so few that "there was a very
numerous generation of Christian children born in Virginia, unserviceable for any employment of church or state;" and also adds that the
members of the House of Burgesses were "usually such as went over
servants thither, and though by time and industry they may have
obtained competent estates, yet by reason of their poor and mean condition were unskilful in judging of a good estate, either of church or
commonwealth, or of the means of procuring it."
Berkeley, who had been deposed from the governorship during the
Cromwellian era, was reinstated in 1661, and proved more churlish than
before. In 1671, the home government made a number of queries, the
last of which was: " What course is taken about instructing the people
within your government in the Christian religion; and what provision
is there made for the paying of your ministry 2" To which he answered:
"The same course that is taken in England out of towns; every man,
according to his ability, instructing his children.  We have forty-eight
3




26         EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA.
parishes, and our ministers are well paid, and by my consent would
be better, if they would pray oftener and preach less. But, as of all
other commodities, so of this, the worst are sent us, and we had few
that we could boast of, since the persecution in Cromwell's tyranny
drove divers worthy men hither. But, I thank God, there are no free
schools, nor printing, and I hope we shall not have these hundred
years; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects,
into the world, and printing has divulged them and libels against the
best government."
Notwithstanding this splenitive declaration of the aged governor,
in 1675 Henry Peasley bequeathed six hundred acres in Abingdon
parish, Gloucester county, "together with ten cows and one breeding
mare, for the maintenance of a free school forever, to be kept with a
schoolmaster for the education of the children of the parishes of Abingdon and Ware."
About the period of the accession of William and Mary, a new element in the emigration to Virginia appeared.  They were men of
angular manners and brawny frames, but also of educated minds and
warm hearts. They had been nurtured in a land which for more than
a hundred years had enacted in solemn assembly that there should be
a school in every parish, for the instruction of youth in grammar, the
Latin language, and the principles of religion; and at a later period
that the school should be so far supported by the public funds as to
render education accessible to even the poorest in the community.
Macaulay, in his HIistory of England, referring to the school law of
Scotland, says the effect of its passage was immediately felt: " Before
one generation passed away it began to be evident that the common
people of Scotland were superior in intelligence to the common people
of any other country in Europe. To whatever land the Scotchman
might wander, to whatever calling he might betake himself, in America
or India, in trade or in war, by the advantage which he derived from
his early training, he was raised above his competitors."
When these men, bearing the names of Gordon, Monro, Inglis, Irvine,
Blair, Porteus, the ancestor of a bishop of the church of England, came
to Virginia, there was a stirring of life in communities long torpid.
They felt that they had no home unless they had a school-house near,
and began anew to agitate the subject of establishing the free school
and college. The leader of the movement was the Rev. James Blair,
a graduate of the University of Edinburgh in 1673, and gifted with the
"fervidam vim Scotorum."  His projects met with opposition, but he




1. VIRGINIA. PERIOD 1618-1700.                27
was canny and did not shrink from a good fight; and, after controversy
with Sir Edmund Andros, of Connecticut fame, and with the assembly
of Virginia, and his brethren of the church, toward the close of the century succeeded in establishing the College of William  and Mary, of
which, in a sketch of education during the eighteenth century, it is
proposed to give a full history.  The preamble to the statutes of William and Mary College, published at an early period both in Latin and
English, fully states the influences that led to the organization of the
institution, with a portion of which we conclude this historical sketch:
"Nowhere was there any greater danger on account of ignorance
and want of instruction than in the English colonies of America, in
which the first planters had much to do in a country overrun with
weeds and briers, and for many years infested with the incursions of
the barbarous Indians, to earn a mean livelihood with hard labor.
There were no schools to be found in those days, nor any opportunity
for good education.
"Some few, and a very few indeed, of the richer sort, sent their
children to England to be educated, and there, after many dangers
from the seas and enemies, and unusual distempers occasioned by the
change of country and climate, they were often taken off by small-pox
and other diseases. It was no wonder if this occasioned a great defect
of understanding and all sort of literature, and that it was followed
with a new generation of men far short of their forefathers, which, if
they had the good fortune, though at a. very indifferent rate, to read
and write, had no further commerce with the muses or learned sciences,
but spent their life ignobly with the hoe and spade, and other employments of an uncultivated and unpolished country. There remained
still, notwithstanding, a small remnant of men of better spirit, who had
the benefit of better education themselves in their mother country, or
at least had heard of it from others. These men's private conferences
among themselves produced at last a scheme of a free school and college," which was exhibit-d to the president and council in 1690, a little
before the arrival of Lieutenant Governor Nicholson, and the next year
to the assembly, when Blair was sent to England to collect funds for
the college.








NOTES
ON
AMERIICAN HEISTORY.
BY
EDWA R D  D. N EILL.
From the NEW-ENGLAND HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL REGISTER for October, 1876.
BOSTON:
DAVID CLAPP & SON, PRINTERS.
187.6.




NOTES ON AMERICAN HISTORY.
No. 1.  Capt. THOMAS JONES, of "May Flower."
N. E. H. & G. REG., Vol. 28, p. 314
No. 2. RICHARD FROBISHER, Ship-builder.
Ibid,  "   p. 317
No. 3.  Chancellor WEST on Colored Suffrage.
Ibid, Vol. 29, p. 295
No. 4.  GEORGE RUGGLE, writer on Virginia.
Abid,  "   p. 296
No. 5.  Marylander's Legacy to Glasgow University.
Ibid,  "   p. 298
No. 6. Governor DINWIDDIE.
Jbid,  "   p. 298
No. 7. BERKELEY'S Speech.
Ibid, Vol. 30, p. 231
No. 8. WASHINGTON'S Letter concerning JOHN PARKE.
Thid,  "   p. 299




NOTES ON AMER.ICAN HISTORY.
No. IX.
ENGLISH MAIDS FOR VIRGINIA PLANTERS.
4 MONG the most important measures, inaugurated after Sir
Edwin Sandys became the presiding officer of the London
Company, was the transportation of virtuous young women to
Viroinia.
On the 3d of November, O. S., 1619, Sandys at the usual weekly
meeting of the Company suggested "that a fit hundred might be
sent of women, maids young and uncorrupt to make wives to the
inhabitants."
At the regular quarterly meeting held on Wednesday the 17th of
the same month he again alluded to the subject. "He understood
that the people thither transported, though seated there in their
persons for some four years, are not settled in their minds to
mllke it their place of rest and continuance; but having gotten
some wealth to return again to England.  For the remedying of
that mischief and of the establishing a perpetuity of the plantation
he advised to send them over one hundred young maids to become
wives, that wives, children and families might make them less
movable, and settle them together with their posterity in that soil."
First Shipment of Jiaids.
The first shipment to the number of ninety was made by the
"Jonathan," and "London Merchant," vessels which arrived in
May, 1 620, at Jamestown.
In a circular of the London Company dated July 18, 1620, they
declare their intention to send more young women like "the ninety
which have been lately sent."
Shipment per "' Marmaduke."
In August, 1621, the Marmaduke left the Thames for Virginia
with a letter to the Governor, from which we extract the following:
"We send you in this ship one widow and eleven maids for wives
for the people in Virginia."
A choice Lot.
"There hath been especial care had in the choice of them for there
hath not any one of them been received but upon good commendations, as by a note herewith sent you may perceive."




To be cared for.
"We pray you all therefore in general to take them into your care,
and most especially we recommend them to you Mr. Pountes, that
at their first landing they may be housed, lodged, and provided for
of diet till they be married, for such was the haste of sending them
away, we had no means to put provisions aboard, which defect shall
be supplied by the Magazine ship.  In case they cannot be presently
married, we desire they may be put to several householders that
have wives, till they can be provided of husbands."
MIore to come.
"There are near fifty more which are shortly to come, sent by
the Earl of Southampton, and certain worthy gentlemen, who taking
into their consideration, that the Plantation can never flourish till
families be planted, and the respect of wives and children fix the
people in the soil, therefore have given this fair beginning."
Price of a Wife.
"'For the reimbursing of whose charges, it is ordered that every
man who marries one of them  gives 1201b weight of best leaf
tobacco, and in case any of them die, that proportion must be
advanced to make it up, upon those who survive."
Marriage to be Free.
"We pray you to be fathers to them in this business, not enforcing
them to marry against their wills; neither send we them to be
servants but in case of extremities, for we would have their condition
as much better as multitudes may be allured thereby to come unto
you. And you may assure such men as marry these women, that
the first servants sent over by the Company shall be consigned to
them, it being our intent to preserve families and proper married
men, before single persons."
The Mcarmadukie Mlaids Married.
With the help of an old Virginia muster roll, we have found out
that four of the twelve that came in the Murmaduke were married,
and alive in 1624.
Maiden.              Husband.           His arrival.
Adria    married     Tho's Harris    Ship Prosperous, May, 1610
Anna       "         Tho's Doughty    " Marigold,      1619
Katharine   "        Rob't Fisher     " Elizabeth,     1611
Ann       "'         Nich. Bayly      " Jonathan,      1620
Cons.ignment by the" Warwick" and " Tiger."
On Sept. 11, 1621, the London Company again write:
"By this ship [Warwick] and pinnace called the Tiger we also
send as many maids and young women as will make up the number
of fifty, with those twelve formerly sent in the Marlnaduke, which
we hope shall be received with the same Christian piety and charity
as they were sent from hence."




Price of a ti7fe raised.
"The providing for theem  at their first landing and dlislosi.  () of'
them  in marriage we leave to your care and wisdom  to take thlat
order as may most conduce to their grookd and the satlsfaction of the
Adventurers for the charges disbursed in setting them forth, which
coming to ~12 and upwards, they require 150!bs of the l)est lea:t
tobacco for each of them.  This increase of thirty pounds weight
since those sent in the Marinaduke they lhave resolved to make,
finding the great shrinkage anl(t other losses upon the tobacco ftom
Virginia will not bear less."
Extraordinary (,iare in, Selection.
"We have used extraordinary care and diligence in the choice of'
them, and have received none of whom we have not had good testimony of their honest life and,carriagle, which together with their
names, we send enclosed for the satisfaction of' such as shall marry
them."
Marriage of " WTVarwick " Mcids.
The following maids were living as wives in 1624, who came in
the Warwick. i
Maiden.               Husband.                  His arrival.
Margaret   married    Hezekiah Rauglihton   in    Bona Nova, 1620
Sarah         "       Edward Fisher       "    Jonathan,
Ann          "        John Stoaks
Ellen        "        Michal Batt         "    Hercules,  1610
Elizabeth             Theo's Gates        "    Swan,       1609
Bridget      "        John Wilkins'   lMarigold,  1618
Ann          "        John Jackson        "    Warwick.
"6 Tigetr" Maids.
The following who came in the Tiger were alive in 1624.
Maid.                 Husband.                  His arrival.
Joan     married      Humphrey Kent    in       " George,"  1619
Joan        "'Tho's Palmer      66
At a quarterly meeting' of the London Company on Nov. 21,
1621, it was mentioned that care had been taken to provide the
planters in Virginia with "young, handsome and honestly educated
maids," whereof sixty were already sent.
No. X.
THE MAYFLOWER PEOPLE.
The action of the passengers of the Mayflower in forming a
social compact before landing at Plymouth Rock seems to have been
in strict accordance with the policy of the London Company under
whose patent the ship sailed.
On June 9, 1619, 0. S., John Whincop's patent was duly sealed
by the Company, but this which had cost the Puritans so much
labor and money was not used. Several months after, the Leyden
1*




people became interested in a new project.  On Feb. 2, 1619-20,
at a meeting at the house of Sir Edwin Sandys in Aldersgate, he
stated to the Company that a grant had been made to John Peirce
and his associates.  At the same quarterly meeting it was expressly
ordered that leaders of particular plantations, associating unto them
divers of the gravest and discreetest of their companies, shall have
liberty to make orders, ordinances, and constitutions for the better
ordering and directing of their business and servants, provided they
be not repugnant to the Laws of England.
Five hundred pounds sterling had been presented to the Company
for the education of Indian children, and it had been proposed by
Sir John Wolstenholme, that John Peirce and his associates might
have the training of' some of these children, but on the 16th of
February a Committee reported "that for divers reasons they think
it inconvenient.  First, because after their arrival they will be long
in settling themselves: As also, that the Indians are not acquainted
with them, and so they may stay four or five years before they have
account that any good is done."
Under the Peirce patent the Mayflower sailed in September, 1620.
She did ilot return to England until May, 1621.  The next month
John Peirce and associates took out a new patent front the "Council
of New Englalnd."  In view of this action on July 16th, at a meeting of the London Company, "It was moved seeing that Mr. John
Peirce had taken a patent of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and thereupon,seated his company within the limits of the Northern Plantations as
by some was supposed, whereby he seemed to relinquish the benefit
of the patent he took of this Company, that therefore the said
patent migiht be called in, unless it might appear he would begin to
plant within the limits of' the Southern Colony."
From this minute it would seem as if Peirce had some understandring with Gorges, in view of the profits from fishing, of settling the
Leyden people beyond the confines of the territory of the London
Company, although he did not until June 1, 1621, receive a patent
from the "Council of New England."
No. XI.
TRANSPORTATION OF HOMELESS LONDON CHILDREN.
Sir George Bowles or Bolles, the Lord Mayor of London, and
the Aldermlen thereof in 1617, " fearing lest the overflowing multitude
of inhabitants should, like too much blood, infect the whole city with
plague and poverty," devised as a remedy, the transportation to
Virginia of their overflowing multitude, and in 1618-19 one hundred'children were sent to Virginia.
The next year, 1619, the Mayor Sir William Cockaine resolved
to ease the city of many that were ready to starve, and conferred
with the Virginia Company.  The following memorial from the,Company was' presented to the Mayor and Aldermen.




7
"The Treasurer and Company of Virginia assembled in their great
and general Court, the 17th of November, 1619, have taken into
consideration, the continual great forwardness of this honourable
City, in advancing the plantation of Virginia, and particularly in
furnishing one hundred children this last year, which by the goodness of God have safely arrived (save such as died on the way) and
are well pleased we doubt not, for this benefit, for which your
bountiful assistance we in the name of the whole Plantation, do
yield unto you deserved thanks.
"And forasmuch as we have resolved to send this next spring very
large supplies for the strength and increasing of the Colony styled
by the name of the London Colony, and find that the sending of
these children to be apprenticed hath been very grateful to the
people, we pray your Lordship and the rest, to renew the like favours
and furnish us again with one hundred more for the next spring.
"Our desire is, that we may have them of twelve years old and
upward, with allowance of ~3 apiece for their transportation, and
40s. apiece for their apparel as was formerly granted. They shall
be apprenticed, the boys till they come to 21 years of age; the girls
till like age, or till they be married. ^ * * And so we leave this
motion to your honourable and grave consideration."
The City co-operated in procuring the second company of children,
but some were unwilling to leave London, as the following letter of
Sir Edwin Sandys, the presiding officer of the Company, written in
January, 1620, N. S., to Sir Robert Naunton, one of the King's
Secretaries, indicates.
"The City of' London have appointed one hundred children from
the superfluous, multitude to be transported to Virginia, there to be
bound apprentices upon very beneficial conditions.  They have also
granted ~500 for their passage and outfit.  Some of the ill-disposed,
who under severe masters in Virginia may be brought to goodness,
and of whom the City is especially desirous to be disburdened,
declare their unwillingness to go.  The City wanting authority to
deliver, and the Virginia Company to transport these children against
their will, desire higher authority to get over the difficulty."
The necessary authority was granted, and the second company of
children duly shipped.
In April, 1622, it was proposed to send a third company, but no
data can be found to show that they sailed.
INo. XII.
SHIPS ARRIVING AT JAIMESTOWN, FROM"  THE  SETTLEMENT OF
VIRGINIA UNTIL THE REVOCATION OF, CHARTER OF
LONDON  COMPANY.
It must always be regretted that the London Company did not
keep a proper ship and passenger register.  The good Nicholas




8
Ferrar, Dep. Gov. of the Company, on Oct. 23, 1622, alluded to
the errors of management in the transportation of persons and
goods. He alluded to ships now going from London and other
parts, and that "there was no note or register kept of the names of
persons transported whereby himself and other officers were not able
to give any satisfaction to the persons that did daily and hourly
enquire after their friends gone to Virginia."
The following list of vessels, made up from various sources,
although not complete, approaches to accuracy, and is submitted
for correction.
Ships which arrived at Jamestown.
1607-1624.
YEAR. MO.              SHIP.                            REMARKS.
1607 April   Susan Constant' 100 Tons Capt. Chris. Newport, 71 passengers
"'    "' God Speed      40 "       "   Bart. Gosnold,  52    "
"     "      Discovery        20  "      "   John Ratcliffe,  20     "
1607-8 Jan'y  John and Francis2            "   Newport, 50 colonists
1608 April   Phcenix3                      "   Nelson,  70    "
"   Oct.    Mary Margaret                 "   Newport, 60    "
1609 July    Discovery4                    "   Robt Tindal, Factor Sam. Argall
"   Aug.   Diamond                       "   Ratcliffe, Gates & Somers Fleet
4    " 4     Falcon                      "   Martin, Nelson Master.... Blessing                       "'  Archer, Adams
Unity                       "   Martin, Pett       "."    "      Swallows'   Moore
L"  I'       Virginia6                    "   Davies, Built in 1607 at Sagadahoc
1610 May       Deliverance 70 tons7      Built at Bermudas, and brought.. "         Patience 30             5  Gates and Somers with 100 colonists
"   June    Delaware                    Lord Delaware's fleet... " Blessing....''"    "     Hercules                    "       "        "
"   Oct.    Dainty                      Brought 12 men, I woman, 2 or 3 horses
1611 April   Hercules                        "     30 colonists
May    Elizabeth                   Dale's fleet
L"    "      Mary and James.            "
tr"    "     Prosperous                   "' 
"   Aug.   Star8                        Gates
6         Swan..i.       Trial...... Three Carvills                   "..
TI'he Susan Constant, Capt. Newport, left Jamestown for England with mineral and
forest specimens on 22 June, 1607, and arrived in the Thames in less than five weeks.
2 Loaded with iron ore, sassafras, cedar posts, and walnut wood, sailed from Jamestown
10th of April, and on 20th of May reached England. The iron ore seems to have been
smelted, and 17 tons sold to East India Co. at ~4 per ton.
3 Capt. Nelson returned to England in July, 1608.
4 Discovery brought no passengers nor supplies, but was intended for private trade.
" Twenty-eight or thirty were sent in ship Swallow to trade for corn with the Indians.
They stole away with what was the best ship, and some became pirates. Others returned
to England and told the tragicall story of a man at Jamestown so pinched with hunger as to
eat his dead wife.-See Purchas, vol. iv. p. 1757.
6 This vessel was bulilt at Sagadahoc by the Pophanm colonists in 1607. Disheartened by
Popham's death they set sail for England in a ship from:e xeter, "and in the new pynnace
the Virginia."-Haklhyt Pub., vol. vi. p. 180
7 The Deliverance was built by Richard Frobisher.-See 5New-Eng. Hist. and Gen. Reg.,
vol. xxviii. p. 317, for a sketch of this shipwright.
8 In the autuimn of 1611 the Star, of 300 tons, sailed from Jamestown for England with
forty fair and lalge pines for masts.-Hakluyt Pub., vol. vi. p. 130.




9
1612 -             John and Francis      A small ship
-                Sarah                  "  "    "'
"   Sept.        Treasurer              Capt. Argall, 50 men
1613               Elizabeth             Brought thirteen persons
1614                  "                  Second trip
1615               John and Francis      Brought twenty persons
c"               Treasurer'       "    "it'
1616 Oct.          Susan                 Came in October laden with supplies
1617 May           George'               Gov. Argall and Rev. Mr. Keith, passengers
Pinnace               Owned by Capt. Martin
1618 April         George
Diana
-'"               Sampson
Lord Delaware died on the voyage;
"   Aug.         Neptune                   among. the passengers Win. Ferrar
who settled Ferrar's Island
Treasurer             Capt. Elfred, Gov. Argall part owner
1619 I~fMasrch    VWm. and Thomas2    Probably the vessel in which Blackwell
and other puritans sailed
"   April        Eleanor                Swift pinnace in which Argall secretly
escaped
"     "          Gift                   Gov. Yeardley passenger. 14 persons died
G ift
on the voyage
"   May          George
6.               Duty.~ sProsperous
6"               Marigold
t"                Edwin
"   June         Trial
it  Aug.         Privateer3             Commissioned by Duke of Savoy, consort
of Treasurer, brought "20 negrars"
"   Nov.     Boa Nov4              Of 200 tons. Brought Rev. Jonas Stockton, son and 1'20 colonists
In April when the George arrived the number of men, women and children in Virginia
was about 400, " and but one plough was going iin all the country."-Sir Edwin Sandys to.
Virginia Conmpany.
2 The "William and Thomas " was without doubt the vessel in which the first body of
Puritans embarked under Blackwell, formerly an Elder in the Amsterdam Church.
In Bradford's History, Cushman the Agent of the Leyden people writes under date of
London, May 8, 1619, as follows: "Captain Argol is come home this week, *  * X came away
before Sir Geo. Yeardley came there.  * * He saith Mr. Blackwell's ship came not there till
Garch, but going towards winter they had north-west winds which carried them to the southward beyond their course. And the master of the ship and some six of the mariners
dying, it seemed they could not find the Bay till after long seeking and beating about.
Mir. Blackwell is dead, and Mr. Maggner the captain; yea,, there are dead he saith 130G
persons one and other in that ship; it is said there were in all 180 persons in the ship,.
so as they were packed together like herrings. They had; amongst them tilhe flax, and
also the want of fresh water, so as it is here rather wondered at that so many are alive,
than that so many are dead. The merchants here say it was Mr. Blackwell's fault to pack
so many in the ship."
3 The Treasurer with a commission as privateer from the Duke of Savoy against the
Spaniards left Virginia on a cruise to the West Indies, where she consorted with the Flemish.
ship, and captured a Spanish vessel with some negroes. The Flemish ship brought twenty
negroes to Virginia in August, 1619, the first introduced.
On February 16, 1623-4, there had been but a small increase.
At Fleur Dieu Hundred 11 negroes
" James City          3
"James Island         1   "
" Plantation opposite   1   "
Warasquoyak         4   "
" Elizabeth City      1   "
21
4 The Bona Nova with the seven ships that follow in the list brought out 871 persons.
Hist. Virginia Co. of London, p. 181.




10
Of 70 tons, Capt. Damyron, brought 50
1620  May       Duty                       Bridewell vagabonds
ii   Am  Jonat1han'     Of 350 tons. Brought maids for planters'
wvives.. 66. Trial                     Of 200 tons, Capt. Edmonds, 60 kine, 40
persons
"i             Falcon                  Of 150 tons, Capt. Jones, 4 mares, 52
kine, 36 persons
o"            ]London Merchant         Of 300 tons, Capt. Shaw, 200 persons
Swan                    "  100  "  brought 71 persons
"(                                     (( 240  " N151               Rv. David
Nov.      Francis Bona Ventura2       240  "    "   151  "
Sandis passengers
1621 Jan'y      Supply
c",Abigail
i'        Adamn
i;             Margaret and John't           f~~Bona Nova3
Charles
Ott.       George                  Gov. Wyatt, Rev. Haut Wyatt, Dr. Pott,
George Sandys, poet, passengers
Eleanor
Sea Flower              Rev. W. Bennett, passenger
Concord
Duty
"   Nov.        Iarmaduke              Capt. John Dennis, brought for wives, 1
widow and 11 maids
Capt. Cornelius Johnson, a Dutchman,
Flying Hart4               brought cattle of Daniel Gookin from
Ireland
"   Dec.       Temperance
Warwuick                This ship and the Tiger brought 38 maids
fo)r wives
Tiger5                  Captured by Turks and released
The Jonathan was a supply ship, and was among the first to bring maids for wives.
On Nov. 3, 1619, Sir Edwin Sandys at a meeting of Virginia Company " wished that a fit
hundred might be sent of women, maids young and uncorrupt to make wives to the
inhabitants." The girls were sent from time to time, but not in one ship.
2 On Dec. lf6, 1620, Sir Edwin Sandys reported to the Virginia Company " that they had
received certiticate of the safe arrival of all their ships sent the last Spring, as namely, the
Francis Bonat Ventura with all save one, the Trial and Falcon with all their passengers,
ttae London Merchant with all theirs, the Duty with all save one. And so likewise the
Swan of Barnstable. But the Jonathan, in her tedious passage, had lost sixteen of two
hundred. So by this last supply they had landed in Virginii, near the number of 800 persons,
for which great blessing, lie rendered unto the Almighty all possible thanks."
3 The ships sent out by the London Company in 1621 were nine in number: the George,
Sea Flower, Bona Nova, Concord, Marmaduke, Warwick, Tiger, etc. Upon the return of
the " George" in 1622, the Company invited the Rev. Patrick Copland to preach a 1 hanksgiving Sermon in view of the safe arrival of all their ships at Jamestown. Upon the 18th
of April, Copland in accordance with the request preached at Bow Church. Alluding to
the vessels he uses these words: "The fittest season of the year for a speedy passage being
now far better known than before, and b)y that means, the passage itself made almost in so
many weeks as formerly it was wont to be made in months, which I conceive to be, through
the blessing of God, the main cause of the safe arrival of your last fleet of nine sail of
ships that not one (but one, in whose room there was another borne), of eight hundred
which were transported out of England and Ireland should miscarry by the way."
4 The Flying Hart brought Daniel Gookin of Ireland, with fifty men of his own, thirty
other passengers, and a number of cattle. The London Company writing to the authorities
of Virginia under date of Aug. 12, 1621, allude to Gookin. They say: "Let him have very
good tobacco for his cows now at his first voyage, for if he make a good return, it may be the
occasion of a trade with you from those parts, whereby you may be abundantly supplied,
not only with cattle, but with most of those commodities you want at better and easier
rate.'" Clarke seems to have been the pilot of the ship.
5 The Tiger was captured by the Turks and released. Copland in his sermon alludes to
it in these quaint words:
"When God brought some of the ships of your former fleets to Virginia in safety, here
God's providence was seen and felt privately by some; and this was a deliverance written
as it were on quarto, on a lesser paper and letter.
"But now, when God brought all of your nine ships, and all your people in them, in




11
1622 April        Bona Nova'            200 Tons.  Capt. Johln Hudleston
6... Discovery2           Capt. Thos. Jones
July       Charity                Came by way of Plymouth in New
England
(("              God's Gift
"I              FDarling
Furtherance           Nathaniel Basse, PassenZger
Abigail               Catherine, wife of Rev. W. Bennett,
Passenger
"6 sSouthampton
James                 Rev. Greville Pooley, Palsen:ger
163 April roidence3            Capt. Clarke, chartered by D'aniel
1623 April        Providence3
Gookin
66               Margaret and John
66 ~             Sea Flower'  July          Samuel
"r''True Love
" Aug.           Ann
" Oct.           George
1624              Prosperous
Jacob
Susan
Due Return            Capt. Winm. Peiree
safety and health to Virginia, yea, and that ship Tiger of yours, which had fallen into the
hands of the Turkish men-of-war, through tempests and contrary winds she not being able
to bear sail, and by that means driven out of her course, some hundreds of miles, * * *X 
* * * * * When this your Tiger had fallen into the hands of those merciless Turks who
had taken from them most of their victuals, and all of their serviceable sails, tackling and
anchors, and had not left them so much as an hour-glass, or compass to steer their course,
thereby utterly disabling them from going fiom them; when I say God had ransomed her
out of their hands, by another sail which they espied, and b)rought her likewise safely to
Virginia, with all her people, two English bovs only excepted, for which the Turks gave
them two others, a French youth and an Irish, was not here the presence of God printed
as it were in folio, on royal crown paper, and capital letters."
Capt. Hudlestone arrived at Jamestown sixteen days after the first great massacre of
the whites by Indians. In June, 1622, he was fishingr off the coast of Maine, and sent a boat
to the Puritans of Plymouth Rock with a letter containing the sad news. He said, " I will
so far inform you that myself with many good fiiends in the Southern Colony of Virginia
have received such a blow, that 400 persons large will not make good our losses."-See
Bradford.
2 For Sketch of Capt. Jones, see vol. xxviii. p. 314.
3 Clarke had been captured by the Spaniards in 1612. On June 20, 1620, Cushrnan
writing to his pastor Robinson at Leyden said,'; We have hired another pilot here, one Mr.
Clarke who went last year to Virginia with a ship of kine."
On Feb. 13, 1621-22, the Presiding Officer of the London Company acquainted them
"that one Mr. John Clarke being taken from Virginia long since by a Spanish ship that
came to disarm that plantation, forasmuch as he hath since that time done the Company
good service in many voyages to Virginia and of late went into Ireland for the transportation of cattle to Virginia, he was an humble suitor that he might be admitted a free brother
of the Company."
Soon after he arrived in the "Providence" he died.








EARLY SETTLEMENT
QF
VIRGINIA  ANI) VIRG(INIOLA
AS NO'I'iT 11) V
PO(ETS AND PLAYERS
IN'IlE TI''IIE OF S}IAKSPEIARi, WI''II SOMlE Ir,ETTEI'RS ON THE I   N(I.ISH C1()l.(1)NIZA''ION OF AMERICA, NEVER Il'll,1ORIE PRIN'TEI)D
3By REV. IEDWARD 1). NEIII, A. B.,
Author of " ringhsh Colonization of Amnierica," " Virginia Comnpany of Londoln," "Virginia Colonial
Clergy,";'erra Marie," " Founders of MIaryland," " F'airfaxes of
England and America," and " History of Minnesota."
MIINNEAPOLIS, MINNT.
JOHNSON, SMIIT'H & LARRISON.
1878.
















EARLY SETTLEMENT
OF
VI GINIA AND VI RA
AS NOTICED BY
POETS AND PLAYERS
IN THE TIME OF SHAKSPEARE, WITH SOME LETTERS ON THE ENG(LISH1 COLONIZATION OF AMERICA, NEVER BEFORE PRINTED.
By REV. EDWARD D. NEILL, A. B.,
Author of -".English Colonization of America," "Virginia Company of London," "Virginia Colonial
Clergy,'' Terra Mariae," " Founders of Maryland," "Fairfaxes of
England and America," and "History of Minnesota."
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.:
JOHNSON, SMITH & HARRISON.
1878.








VIRGINIA AND VIRGINIOLA.
A     PUPIL of Westminster School, in London, one day visited
a relative at the Middle Temple, upon whose table were
opened books of travel and a miap of the world. As distant seas
and vast kingdomns but little known were exhibitedcl, the schoolboy
resolved, if he ever entered the University, he would pursue geographical studies, and in consequence of the purpose then formed,
became Richard Hakluyt, the best autlhority of his period, in
England, relative to the climate, races and productions of the forl
quarters of the globe.
At the time that Sir Francis Drake was fitting out his expedition
for America, he was chaplain to the English Embassy in Paris, and
so great was his interest in the project, that he wrote that he was
ready to fly to England'"with wings of Pegasus," to devote his
reading and observation to the furtherance of the work. And after
the gallant navigator sailed up the Pacific coast to the fortieth
degree north, "the first to loose the girdle of the world, and enecompass her in his fortunate arms," 1 he was delighted in listening to t5he
tales of returning mariners.  The Muscovy, Greenlland, and other
trading companies did not plan expeditions without seeking his
advice.  Ini the minutes of the East India Comlpany, under date of
January 29, 1601-2, is the following:-"Mr. Hakluyt, the historiographer of the East India Company, being here before the Commit tees, and having read unto them  out of' his notes and books,
was requested to set down in writing a note of the principal places
in the East Indies, and where trade is to be hadcl, to the end that
the samie miay be usedl. for the better instruction of our factors in
the said voyage."
1 Purhclhs's Pilyrimcaye, p. 1779.
2 Cal. of State I'apers, Easl;  1ins ies,   151 3-1616, P-, 120.




4              GOSNOLD, HIAKLUYT,  WEYIILO UTH.
On the 14th of May, 1602, Bartholomew  Goslold, a man of
integrity, landed from  the ship'b Concord," with Gabriel Archer
and others, on the coast of what is now  called -Massachusetts, and
passed a month in examining the shores, to-day conspicuous with the
domes and monuments of Boston, the church spires of peaceful
villages, and the tall chimneys of manufacteturing towns, and gave
to one of its headlands, a name still retained, Cape Cod.  Embarking for the return voyage on the 18th of June, he cast anchor in
English waters on the 23d of July, and astonished the mercantile
world not only by the shortness of his passage by the new route,
but by his calm and reasonable statements as to the healthfulness
of the region visited, and its capabilities for sustaining an English
speaking population.
Prominent among eager listeners to his statement was Hakluyt,
then connected  with the  cathedral at Bristol. who  cordially
seconded his desire to found a Nova Britannia on the western continent.  Many meetings were held by Gosnold and Hakluyt with
the Bristol merchants; and Robert Salterne, who had accompanied
the former in the voyage to America, was appointed with Hakluyt
to obtain permission from Sir Walter Raleigh to make a settlement
under his patent.1   Raleigh's consent obtained, Salterne in 1603
made  a second visit with an expedition that left Bristol, who
was followed in 1605 by Captain George Weymouth, who returne(I
with several Indians, wlho remained for more than two years in
England.
These successive voyages, under the auspices of the most distinguished and enterprising men of Bristol, Plymouth and London,
deepened the conviction that British pride and interests demnanded
that they should separate thel French settlements on the St. Lawrence, and the Spanish plantations near the Gulf of Mexico, by an
English colony.  The stage is always quick to allude to the absorbing' questions of the hour, and in 1605 thle play of "Eastward Ho, "2
in the coarse language of the period, reproduced the conversations
1 Gorges.
2 " Eastward -lo "  was the united production of Marston, (Chlatpmn and " ra.rLe lIen
Jonson."'    LIa.ngainie writes of Chapan, "II ca give himi 110 no bett;er colimmnndatiol
than tllat lie was so inltimate withl the f;lamous Johnson ias to e(llgag'e ill a tlrilvllllirte
wvithl him and Marston illn a play called'Ea.stwa;rd(l Ho.'"




PLA,,     OF' "EAiSTTIARD  TO."' 
that had  taken  place on  the  pavements  around  the  Royal Exchange:"Sea Gull.-Come, drawer, pierce your neatest hogsheacl, andcl let's have
cheer, not fit for your Billingsg'ate tavern, but for our Virginian Colonel; he will
be here instantly.
" Draca er. — You shall have all things fit, sir; please you have any more wine?'"Speld All.-More wine, slave! whether we drink it or no; spill it and draw
MllO'e.
"Sea Gall. —Comle, boys, Virginlia longs till we share the rest of her maidenhead.
"Sp))ed  Il1. —Why, is she inhabited already with any English?
Sea Gu, ll.-A whole cou.ntry of English is there, man, brecl of those leftthere in'79; they have ima1rried with the Indians, and malke'heml bring forth as
beautiful faces as any we have in England; and therefore the English are so in
love with'hemll that all the treasure they have they lay at their feet.
" Scacpeethl ift. —But is there such treasure there, Captain, as I have heard?''Sea Gall.-I tell thee, gold is more plentiful there than copper is with us,
and for as much red copper as I can bring I'll have thrice weight in gold. Why,
man, all their dripping-pans and chamlber-pots are pure gold;. and all the chains
with whi.ch they chain up their streets are massive gold; all the prisoners they
take are fettered in gold; and for rubies and diamonds they go forth in holy
days and gatlher'hem by the sea-shore to hang on their children's coats and
stick in their children's caps as coinmmonly as our children wear saffron-gilt
brooches and g'roates with holes in'heml.
"Sccapeth7?i/t. —A nd it is a pleasant country withal?
"Sea Golli.-As ever the sun shill'cl on; temperate and fllll of all sorts of
excellent viand-l,; wild boar is as commlon there as our tanlest bacon is here;
venison as llutton.  And then you shall live freely there, without sargealnts or
courtiers, or lawyers or intelligencers.  T'hen for your imeans to advancemlentthere it is simlpie, ancl not preposterously mixt. You nlay be an alderiman tiere,
and never be a scavenger; you ulay be ally other officer, and neaver be a slave.
You lmay comlle to prefermelnt enoughl, and never be a pander; to riches and
fortune and have never the mllore villany nor the less wit.  Besides, tlhere we
shall have no more law thalln conscience, and not too much of either; serve God
enough, eat ancl drink enouglh, and'enough is as good as a feast.'
The statesmen of the day were not indifferent to  the enterprise,
for since the war with Spain had ceased, the streets of London had
been filled with men, -N who had been soldiers in Irelailtd  and in the
Nethetlands, averse to return to the quiet peasant life from  which
they  ladl been  pressed into military service, ancd yet unfitted to
obtain a living by honest incldustry.  Too indolent to  handle the




6          FIRST CHIARTlR OFl' VJIJGIN1:t COMPiANY.
spade, they were forced to beg or to steal, and became a terror to
the peaceable citizen on the side-walk, or the traveller on the higllway.
Military offieers also favored the scheme, inl the hope that the
development of a new  eommoinwealth would furnish an occasion
for thein to draw once more the swords that hulng upon the wainseoted walls of their houses, and beginning to rust in the scabbards.
-MAerchants were willing to make peecuniary advaneces, believing thl-lat
their money would be returnedl with interest; and clergymen were
eloquent in urging their parishioners to aid in an effort which
might lead to the conversion of the savages.  Gosnold occupied a
whole year in obtaining associates to engage in founding a commonwealth in Armeriea, and then a second year in obtaining
colonists, and procuring shipS and s upplies.i  In answer to a petition to King James, on the 6th of April, 1606, a patent was sealed
for Sir Thomas Gates, an officer in the employ of the Netherlands,
Sir George Somers, well acequainted with navig'ation, Riechard
Halkluyt, who had become Prebendary of Westlminster; Edward
Maria I Wingfield, Bartholomew  Gosnold, andc: others, "to reduce a
colony of sundry people into that paurt of Alierica colmmonly
called Virginia," between the 34th aind 4:5th  degrees of north
latitude.
The patentees contemplated two plantations.  Gates, Somers,
Hakluyt, and others, chiefly of London, under the charter, were
designated the First Colony, and authorized to settle between the
34th and 41st degrees of north latitude, while Hannam, Gilbert,
Parker, Pophaim, and associates of Plymouth, were called the
Second Colony, and permitted to plant between the 38th and 45th
degrees of the same latitude.
Early in the winter there was gathered, as a nucleus for a colony,
a hundred meni, nlo better than those that surrounded ]David at the
cave of Adullain.
The direetions prepared for the firist Counlcil of Virginia, by the
London Company concludes as follows:
"You  must take care that your niariners that go for wages do
not mar your trade, for those that mind not to inhabit, for a little
1 Purchlas, iv., 1705.




DIRECTIONS TO'0 COUNCIL IN VIRGINIA.                  7
gain will debase the estimation of exchange, and hinder the trade
for ever after; and therefore you shall not admit or suffer any person whatsoever, other than such as shall be appointed by the
President and Counsel there, to buy any merchandizes, or other
things whatsoever.
"It were necessary that all your carpenters, and all other suchlike unknown about building, do first build your store-house, and
those other rooms of public and necessary use, before any house be
set up for any private person; and though the unknown may belong
to any private persons, yet let them all work together-first for the
Company, then for private men.
"And seeing order is at the same price with confusion, it shall be
advisably done to set your houses even, and by a line; that your
street may have a good breadth, and be carried square about your
market-place, and every street's end opening into it; that from
thence, with a few field pieces, you may command every street
throughout, which market place you may also fortify, if you think
needful.
"You shall do well to send a perfect relation by Capt. Newport 1 of
all that is done, what length you are seated, how far into the ]a-nd,
what commodities you find, what soil, woods, and their several kinds,
and so of all other things else, to advertise particularly; and to
suffer no man to return but by passport from the President and
Counsel, nor to write any letter of anything that may discourage
others.
"Lastly and chiefly, the way to prosper and achieve good success
is to make yourselves all of one mind, for the good of your country
and your own, and to serve and fear God, the Giver of all goodness;
for every plantation which our Heavenly Father hath not planted
shall be rooted out."
Newport was an experienced mariner, and about a year before
had returned from the West Indies with a present to King James,
who was fond of the rare and curious, of a wild boar and two young
crocodiles.
1 A Relation wa\s prepared by Newport, but not published by Purclhas, who had exnlinled it. The MS. is in the Lambeth Library, and the Relation -was lately, and for the
first time, printed by the Amnerican Antiquarian Society. It is a fair and accurate
description of the first Virginia exploration.




S                       J)IIDRA YTOiVN'S ODilE.'As the hour for the sailing of the expedition arrived, many p)rayers ascended for its welfare.  Scholars, divines, statesmlen,  ile'rchants, labourers, all classes and conditions of men heartily adopted
the sentiment of Drayton's spirited ode called theVIRGINIAN VOYAGE.
" You brave, heroic minds,         "Ln kenning the shore,
Worthy your country's name,        Thankks to God, first given,
That honour still pursue,           0 you, the happiest men,
Whilst loit'ring hinds             Be fiolic then,
Lurk here at home with shiane;     Let cannons roar,
Go, ancl subdue!                    Fighting the wide heaven.
" Britons! you stay too long,       "And in regions far,
Quickly abroad bestow you;         Such heroes bring ye forth,
And with a merry gate              As those from whence we camle,
Swell your stretclh'cl sail,       And plant our name
With vows as strong                Under that star
As the winds that blow you.        Not known to our north.'Your course securely steer,'And as there plenty grows
West and by south, forth keep,      Of laurel, everywhere
Rocks, lee shores nor shoals,      Apollo's sacred tree,'When Eolus scowls,                 You, it may see
You need not fear,                  A poet's brows
So absolute the deep.              To crown, that may sing there.
"And cheerfully at sea,            "Thy voyages attend,
Success you still entice,          Industrious Hackluit,
To get the pearl and gold,          Whose reading shall infllanel
And ours to hold                    Men, to seek fame
Virginia,                          And much comnmend
Earth's only paradise.            Tro after time, thy wit."
On the 19th of December the vessels started do wn the Thames, but
owing to the weather, did not sail from the Downs until the 1st of
January, i606-7.
Newport, in command of the fleet, sailed in the i Susan Constant," a ship of one hundred tons, with seventy-one passengers.
The zealous promoter of the project, Capt. Bartholomew  Gosnold,
and fifty-two colonists were in the' Godspeed," a small vessel of




EXPLORI  TION OF J:lJ.Xl,  R1I- ER.                        9
fifty tons; and Capt. John Ratcliffe, with twenty others, sailed in
the " Discovery," a pinnace of only tvwenty tons burthen.
Among those who embarked was a quiek-wittecl, illiterate and
self-reliant man, JohnL Smlith, who in six weeks after they were ont
of sight of the coast of England, was suspected of a design to lead a
mutiny.
On the 26th of April 1.607, the expedition entered the broad and
beautiful Chesapeake Bay, and  that night the sealed orders were
opened, and the following persons wer:o designated as members of
the  Colonial Council:   Edward  Maria  Wtingfield, Bartlholomew
Gosniold, John  Smith, Christopher Newport, Johnl Ratcliffe, John
Martin and John  Kendall.  Tmhe Council, in accordclance with their
instructions, soon selected Wingfield, a man of hononurable birth and
at strict disciplinarian, as their President.lOn the 29th a cross was planted at Cape Henry, and the country
claimed in the name of Kiiing  Janmes; and the next clday the ships
anchored off Point Comfort, now  Fortress Aonroe.  The 1st of iMay
they began cautiously to ascend the  James river: and on the 13th
lauded on a peninsula, in front of which there was good anchorage.
All of the Councillors were duly sworn, except Smlith, whose conduet during the voyage had been disreputable.
Tn accordance with the orders prepatred at London, Captain Newport, in a shallop, with five gentlemen and nineteen others, explored
the river above the site of Jamestown.
A.t one of the Indian villages, not far from  where is now  the city
of Richml ond, they saw a lad ten years of age with yellow hair and
light skin, probtably  the offspring   of' one of the colonists, left at
Roanoke by WThite, and an i      ndian concubie.2  0n the 2-ith of May
at the foot of the falls of the James River, Newport planted a cross
on  which were inscribed his own  naime and that of King James.
On the 26th, a day before the return of the explorers, two hundred
1 He wias tlhe grandson of Sir Rot)eilt Ailgfield of Hunltinglollslhire, and the son of
T'loiis Maria Wi ligfo lde,  wh iho wvas thus chrilisteneld, inl comiillimenut to {Queen Mary, by
Calrdinal Pole. —Camdcle  Society Pub., A'o. 43. 1n 1588 Ferdlinan11d11o G orges aiid Edward
WillTfiel \ere )prisonlrs of wair at -isle.
2 Strlahell  sa ys: H"fis Majesty hatl been aeC( tlint  th ilt the oo(n, women and
clillhe il of tlhi firt I iilta ti(ill it; on le, i  o reok,  Iyt i  by I (cll omii  (iiet () 1owiiattalln, he
lIrstIz(le( tli hereto 1)y his lpriests, iniseribly slaughlltlered, witliout   y o(ffenlce given iy
the first pllante(l, w\lho twellty aiid odd yeais 11hd icaeably lived illtelllrmixed el     itli tlose
sawvaces, and(l werle out of Iiis territory. — Hakltt Society Pab., vol. vi. p. 8T5.




10               FIRST Oi'FFICIAL DOC UM1IENT.
savages attacked Jamestown, and Wingfield bravely resisted them,
being foremost in danger, and an arrow  of the enemy passing
through his beard.
After they had been nearly a month on shore, on the 10th of June,
John Smith was permitted to take the oath of councillor.  On Sundaty, the 21st, the communion was administered by the devoted
Chaplain of the colony, Robert Hunt, and in the evening Newport
gave a farewell supper on board of his vessel, and the next day, lifting anchor, sailed, and reached England in less than six weeks by
the new and more direct route, bearing the first official communication from an En.glish colony in North America, which is still preserved among the Percy papers with its endorsement in the library
of the Earl of Northumberland.
COPPIE OF A LETTER FROMI VIRGINIA, DATED 22-D OF JUNE, 1607, THE
COUNCELL THEIR TO THE COUTNCELL OF VIRGINIA HERE IN ENGLAND.
AWee acknowledge our selues aecomptable for ol time here spente
were it but to giue you satisfaccon of or industries and affecons to
this moste Hoble accon, and the better to quicken those good spirritts
wCve haue alreadie bestowed themselues heere, and to put life into
such dead understandings or beleefs that muste firste see and feele
the wombe of o0 labour and this land before they will entertaine anie
good hope of vs or of the land:
Wtllin less than seauen weekes, wee are fortified well against the
Indians, we haue sowen good store of wheate, wee haue sent yow a
taste of Clappboord, wee haue built some houses, wee haue spared
sonme hands to a discouerie, and still as god shall enhable vs wt1'
strength wee will better and better our proceedinges.
Our easiest and richest comodity being Sasafrax rootes were gatlhered vpp by the Sailors wtlh losse and spoile of manie of our tools
and wtlldrawing of or men from our labour to their vses againste our
knowledge to our preiudice, wee earnestlie entreat yow (and doe
truste) that yow tak:e such order as wee be not in this thus defirauded,
since they be all our waged men, yet doe wee wishe that they be
reasonablie dealt wtilall so as all the losse, neither fall on vs nor
them.  I beleeue they haue thereof two tonnes at the leaste well if
tlhey scatter abroad at their pleasure will pull down our price for a




FIRS T REPORT PROiM VIOM   RGJNLAr:I.             11
long time this wee leane to your wisedomles.  The land would fflovwe
wth mi]l.e and honey if so seconded by yor carefull wisedomes and
bountifuill hands, wee doe not perswade to shoote one Arrowe to seeke
another but to finde theim both.  And wee doubt not but to send
tlheml homlle wtll goulden leads at leaste our desires. laboures and liues
shall to that engage tbemselues.
Wee are sett downe 80 nmiles wtllin a River, for breadth sweetness
of water, length navigable vpp into the country deepe and bold
ehannell so stored wth' Sturgion and other sweete Fishe as no mans
fortune hath euer possessed the like.  And as wee thincke if more
mlaie be wished in a River it will be founde.  The soile is moste
fiuietfull, laden wtll good Oake, Ashe, Wallnut tree, Popler, Pine,
sweete woodes, Cedar and others yett wtllout names that. yeald gumes
pleasant as Franckumcense, and experienced ainongest vs fo) greate
vertewe in healing greene woundes and aches, wee entreat your
succours for o' seconds wtll all expedition leaste that all deuouringe
Spaniard lay his rauenous hands uppon theas gold showing mounntains, well if it be so enhablecl he shall neuer dare to thinc(.,k one:
This noate doth malke known  where o' necessities do moste
strike vs, we beseech yor present releiffe acecordinlglie otherwise to
o' greatest and laste griefes, wee shall against our willes not will that
w'Il' wee most willingly would.
Captaine Newporte hath scene all and knoweth all, he can fullie
satisfie yJour further expectations, and ease you of our tedious letters,
wee most humbilie praie the heauenly King's hand to bless or' labours
wtl such counsailes and helpes as we may further and stronger proceede in this our Kinges and countries service.
James towne in Virginia this 22th of June An0 1607.
Your poore Friends,
EDWARD MARIA WTGrI:GFELD,             BARTHOLOrEW C GOSSOLD,
JOHN SITH,                            JOHN IRATTCLIFFE,
JO0:-IN MARTINE,                      GEORGE KEENI)ALL.
After a speedy voyage from  Jamestownl. of thirty-seven days,
Newport anchored in Plymouth Sound, and the same day wrote a
letter, which. is also in the Percy manuscripts, witlh ain ancient endorsement:




~12        LE"TTER  F0F CAllPTAIN NETFPOR7'.
(:OPIE OF A LETTER TO y': LORD OF SALISBYRIE FROMI CAPTAINE NEWPORT Y': 29TTI OF JULIE, 1607, FROI PIMOUTH.
Riil/ht Hol/ze:
JiFy verie goood Lo. my duty in most hlumlble wise irememlbred it
maie please yor good L~'P I arrived here in the Sound of Plillouth
this daie from the discourie of that parte of Virginia imposed uppon
me and the rest of the Colonie fbr the South parte, in w-1h wee haue
performed or duties to the Lttermost of or powers.  And have dcliseouered into the country near two hlunldrecl niles, and a River nauigable for greate Shippes one hundred and fifty miles.  The contrie
is excellent andcl very rich in gold and copper, of the gould we lhale
brought a Say and hope to be wtll yr Lo'lP' shortlie to showv it biis
MatY and the rest of the Lords.  I will not deliver the expectaunce
and assurance we haue of great -wealth but will leaue it to yor Lo p's
censure when you see the probabilities.  I wish I might have come
in person to haue brought theis glad tidings, but my inability of
body, and tihe not having any man to putt in trust xwith the shippe
and tihat in her maketh nme to deferre my  couning till winde and
weather be fiauourable.  And so I moste hIumbly take my leaue.
Froli Plinmouth this 29th of Julie, 1607.
Your LPS most humbly bounden,
CHRISTOPHER INEWPOItTE.
Onl the 18th of August, 1607, a gentlemian ill London wrote to a
friend " that Captain -Newport has arrived without gold or silver.
and that the adventurers, cumbered by the presence of the natives,
had fortified themlselves at a place called Jaimeestown, no goracefuli
name, and doubts not the Spaniards will call it Villiaco.  A Dutch.
man. writingi in Latin, calls the town Jacobolis, but George Percy
names it Jamues Fort, which we like the best of all, because it conles
near Chelmsford."
The low situation. of the settlement, witll the swamps in the rear,
soon produced sickness, and duritng' the summer nearly every day a
new grave was dug. 011 the 22ld of August, the man iwho had projected the expedition. and expended money in its behalf, " that worthly and religious gentlerman," Barthlolomew  Gosnold,-1 was buiied,
1 Antholly, a brother, and Anthony, also a relative, l)erlilp)s a. soni, accompanied
Captain Gosllold to Virginia.-London Co. MSS.




COUNCIL DISSENSIONTS.                              1
and the saddelled survivors manifested their respect by firing volleys
of musketry over his relmains.
The colonists, disheartened by the loss of their associates, and the
discomforts of immigrant life, chafed tunder the prudent measures
and military exactness of Wingfield.  In  September the members
of the Council demanded a larger daily allowance of food, but he
refused, because, with strict economy their supplies would last but
thirteen  and a half weeks.  As a precautionary measure, he also
withheld the ration from any that had upon any day obtained firesh
fish or wild game-.  The two gallons of sack and aqua vitce reserved
for the sick and sacramental purposes were even coveted by niembers
of the Council. The President says they " lolnged for to sup up that
little remnant, for they had noow enmptied their own bottles."
As Wingfiell  would not yield to the clamor of his associates, Rateliffe, Smith and Martin, they deposed himu, and forml ed a triumvirate.  On the 11th of September he was arraigned before them, and
Ratcliffe accused himn  of refusing him  a chicken, a penny whittle, a
spoonful of beer, and of giving him  damlaged corn.  Martin charged
him with calling himi an indolent fellow, and Simith alleged that he
called hiin a liar.  After this procedure, contrary to all forms of law,
he was imprisoned on board of the pinnace.
The colonists soon discovered that it was easier to live by angt'ling,
hunting,  and roaming with the Indians, than by tilling the earth.
The first winter they pursued their own pleasure, and cared little
for the interests of the company they had contracted to serve.
On the 10th  of December, Captain  Smith  ascended the Chichalhominy  to  trade  with  the  Indians, and was treated with great
respect and kindness by Powhattan,l  although two colonists, Emery
and Robinson, who went with him, were killed by some hostile savages.
Upon his return to  Jamestown, Gabriel Archer, who had become
a mnember of the Council, on  the 8th of January, 1607-8, placed
1 Smitlh speaks of this kinlldness in his Relation of 1608, I)ut sixteen ye'ars after leaving
ATirgiiiia lhe published another nara.tive il which lhe contradicts iis first staltemlent.
Honest Fuller, the Histol'ian, whose schoolmaster was Arthur Sllith, a Ireltive of tle1
captaini's, ill his W'Vorthies of'Enlcandz, gives the following ol)inion of tlhe Captalin's last
ork: "From t;lle urks il Europe lie p)assed( to the PI'algans iln Alneriea, where suclh his
lperils, presel'vatiois, (aingers, deliveranices, they seeiii to most s21es ab7ove belief, to some
teyond trcth. Yet wve lhave two witnlesses to attest tllelm, tle prlose alll tlle pictures,
bot7l in 7lis otw 7hoolt:, anld it soundethll ilnch to the dlimilutioll of hiss ldeeds, tllt lie aloie
is the herald to publish and l)roclaimi tlihem."




14                    CAPTAIN JOHIV SMITtH.
Smith under arrest for allowing his companions to be killed, but that
day Captain Newport again arrived from  England, and ordered the release both of Wingfield and Smith.
After recovering from the fatigue of the sea-voyage, Newport explored the Pamunky river, and was " lovingly entertained" by
Powhattano  Returning to Jamestown on the 9th of March, he
loaded his vessel with cedar, walnut boards, sassafras, and iron ore.
On the 10th of April, 1608, with Archer and Wingfield as passengers, he left Virginia, and on the 20th of May arrived in England.
Wingfield, in reply to the complaints made against him, prepared
a full stateenent of his administration in Virginia for the perusal of
the London Company.  In it he remarks  1 " To the President's
and Council's objections I say that I do know courtesy and civility
became a Governor.  No penny whittle was ever asked me, but a
knife, whereof I had none to spare.  The Indians had long before
stolen my knife.
" Of chickens I never did eat but one, and that in my sickness.
Mr. Rateliffe had before that tinle tasted of four or five.  I had by
my owln housewifery bred about thirty-seven, and the nmost part of
them  of my own poultry, Lof] all which at my conming away I did
not see three living.  I never denied hiim, or any other, beer when
I had it.  The corn was the samle which we all lived upon.
" Mr. Smith, in the time of our hunger, had spread a rumlor in the
colony that I did feast myself and my servamts out of the common
store, with intent, as I gathered, to have stirred the discontented
conmpany against me.  I told him  privately in Mr. Gosnold's tent
that indeed I had caused half a pint of pease to be sodden with a
piece of pork of my own provision for a poor old man -which, in a
sickness whereof he died, he much desired; and said if out of his
malice le had given ott otherwise, that hle did tell a lie.
"It was proved to his face that he begged in Ireland, like a rogue,
without a license.
" Mr. Archer's quarrel to nme was because he had not the choice
of the place for our plantation, because I nmisliked his laying out
1 W;Vingfielld's discourse htld( beeni pertused by Purclias, lbut lie wars warped in favor of:
the senitimieints of thle plausible Sllith. It was col)ied from the manuscript in Lanbleth
Lil)rary, and printed for the first tiace with Newport's Relatci on, in vol. iv. of Amerie.al
illtiquarianl Society's Collections.




WINGFIELD'S EXPLANATIONS.                               15
of our town in the pinnace, because I would not swear him  of the
council for Virginia, which neither would I do nor he diserve; Mr.
Smnyth's quarrel, because his name was mentioned in the intended
and confessed mutiny by Galthropp; Thomas Wooton, the surgeon,
because I would not subscribe to a warrant to the Treasurer of Virginia to deliver him  rmoney  to  furnish  him   with  drugs and other
necessaries, and because I disallowed his living in the pinnace, having many of our men lying sick and wounded in our towln, to whose
dressings by that means he slacked his attendance.
" Of the same nmen also Capt. Gosnold gave me warning, misliking
much their dispositions, and assured nme they would lay hold of me
if they could."
Newport, in accordance with his written instructions, also umade
a report of his explorations.  The manuscripts of NWingfield and
Newport were both known to Purchas, yet were not published in
his collection of voyages, probably because Sir Thomas Smith, who
had furnished him  money to aid in printing his "Pilgrimage," did
not approve of their statements.
In the autumn of the year 1608 he completed his third voyage' to
Jamestown, bringing  seventy  passengers, among  them   Francis
West, brother of Lord  Delaware, Daniel Tucker, and  Raleigh
Crashaw.  He carried back on his return voyage iron ore, which was
smelted and sold to the East India Company.2
t For the fourth tilme lie left England for Jamestown with Gates and Somers, but was
wrecked at Bermudas, and did not arrive until the 23d of Miay, 1610, at Jamellstowul.
011 November 8, 1610, Sir Thomas Smith, Sir M1laurice Berkeley, Sir George Collin a(il
the distinguished lawyer, Richard Martyn, styled on his portrait " Pr.erco ViZrpirnice ac
Parenls," attorney and founder of Virginia, entered a book at Stationers' Hall, praising
the soil and climiate of Virginia, and confronting scandalous reports.
When Sir Tliolnas Dale (in 1611) arrived at Jamnestown lie was much disappointed in
the appearance of the country anld the prospects of the Colony; and the authorities of
Virginia, in a communicationl to the London Company, state tllat "lie pulled Captain
Newport by the beard and threatened to hang himi for that lie affirmed Sir Tlihomas
Smith's relation to be true, dema.nding of himl whether it were lieant that the people
here iiT Virginia should feed upon trees."
In the aLntumni of 1611 the ship Star, of 300 tons, fitted and prepared in England, with
scupper-holes to take in masts, sailed from Janmestown with forty fine and la rge pines.
InI thils vessel Newport was probably a passenger. Johln Chamberlain, of London, oni
Deceiiiber 18, 1611, writes to Sir Dudley Carleton: " Newport, the Admirall of Virginia,
is newly comie homle." Soon after this he was appointed one of the six AMlsters of the
Royal Navy, and was employed by thle East Indlia Company to carry Sir Robert Sherley
to Persia. He was theni a married main, as that company allowed -d24 to his wife during
his absence. On the 13th of June, 1613, lie was in the ship Expedition at Saldanlia, oil
2 Straclley ill Iakc ytt Society Pnub. vol. vi. and Cal. of State Papers, East Indies, A.
1). 15131-1618.




VIRGINIOLA.
More than three  centuries ago  an  adventurous  S ianiard, John
B3ermudez, espied the collection of islets set, in a coral reef, situated
in the Atlaintic Ocean about six  hundred  miles frolm  tlhe  coast of
Carolina.
In the days of Queen Elizabeth, a roving  Englishman, Job Hortop, in a "' Book of rare travail," declared  that near Bermudas he
had sight of a sea-monster, which three times showed himself from
the middle upwards in shape like a man, and of the  complexion of
a "mulato," or tawny  Indian.   An  old  chronicler  wrote:   "This
island   has  been  accounted   an  uninhabited  pile  of  rocks  and
desolate inhabitation for devils, but all the  fairies of the rocks are
tlhe coast of Africt. He returned to England in the saummer of 1614, and was minnch
coimended bly his emiiployers for Is service to Sir Ptobert Sherley and explorations of
tlhe Persian Gulf.
Before mlaking another voyage to the East Indies Newport requested a salary of
~240, but tile Company acldvised him to " rest awhile," atnd at length he accepted
a1 stalary of ~1920 o  year —one hailfl of what lie desired.
Ca(itaill Tlioinas Barwick wIvis also emlemuployed by the company at this time, and a.
request of Captaiin Salmuel ArgSall was referred to Newport for consideration..
Ilefore lie left Gr-avesendil in Jnuitry, 1615, the E.ast India Company raised hIis salary
to ~180 a year, with tie undlelstanding tlhat lie was inot to tra.de upon his own accolnit
with the people of Indlia, Cliiiia md Japai.
On the 16th o:f Aiy, 1617, Newport wais at Salllldana ready to sail for Bantall, oii the
isle of Java.
In January, 1618, the sh3ip Hope, Captain Newport, was cruising in Asiatic seas.
lie alrrived in Aug'ust (It Biantain, Land soon  ied there. HIe had but one child, namled
Jolhn. At a meeting of the Viroginia Company, of London, held oin the 17th of Novciu -,er. 10619, the followinig minute Aras miade:
"Whereas, the Complany hath forll-erly granted to Calptain Ne~wport a, bill of advellture for 400 poumds, anl f hins son nlow desiring order fromll this court for the laying out o:f
solme lpart of the samle, Mir. Treasurer was authollized to write to Sir Georgoe Yeardlev
and the Counsell of State for the effecting thereof."
The lauld selected wias pobablly called NNewport's iNews. Mis. Mary Tue, ca daughbter
of 1-fulgh Crouch, an heir a lld executrix of Lieutenant Rlichard Crouch. did assignl, in
1622, one hundred andI fifty acres of lands at "Newport's News" to Daniel Gookin.
Ca-ptain Thom1as Barwick,  whlio had been in the sanie fleet with Neewport in the East
Indies, in 1619, in a fight withll tlhe Ilollanders near Ballntam, gave lup thle shil) Bea.r, says
an old letter, either "out of cowardlilness or siucerity of religion."  Upon his returnl to
Enlgland, in 1620, lie  was sent to Newvgate a.lnd thieii to the Marshialsea.
n11 the summier of 1622  Barwick. IIdCer the Loldonl (Co)mpany, wNent to Vilginia with
twenty-five shllipwriglis to builtl boats and piniices for tle use of the ColonyS. The
(-overnor lnd Council, inl a ltter written duringlli   the nexst JaInulary, states: " Capt.
liBarwick and his company at thleir arrival w-ee accommiiodatedl accor(ling to their desire
iii James City, where tlhey have spent thlleir tie inll  ousing thllelmselves, aind are now
voilkilig l, aion slialleos.  Sillce his i.rril Iv y sicknie ss lte hiithl lost 11llnny of his l) inCill)aL
mvol<hnieu, nd(1l h' lilllnself at l)esenlt vel'y (illl'neronvIdy  si(l(." s' is sickllless was 1iilto




ISLAND OF DEVILS.                        17
but flocks of birds, and all the devils in the woods are but herds of
swine."
Strachey, who was wrecked with Gates, Somers and }Newport,
speaks of the Bermudas as an Archipelago of many islands, which'seem rent with telmpests of thunder, lightning and rain, which
threaten in time to drown them  all; the storlms keep their unchangeable round, winter and summer, rather thundering than
blowing.'."
WAillian Crashaw, the eloquent divine, preacher of the Temple,
and father of the poet whom Cowley touchingly eulogized as "poet
and saint," in 1613 used this language:;' Who did not think till
within these four years but that these islands had been rather a
hiabitation of devils than fit for a man to dwell in?  Who did not
hate the names when he was on landC, (and shun the place when he
was on seas?  But behold the misprision and conceits of the world!
For time and large experience hath now  told us, it is one of the
sweetest Paradises that be upon the eartht"
Henry NWriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, the last presiding
officer of the Virginia Conmpa-ny of London, the first patron and
life-long  friend  of Shalkspeare, in a dispatch to King James
-announcing the arrival of the first colony at the islets, stated "that
the Spaniards, dismayed at the frequency of hurricanes durst not
adventure there, but call it Damnoniorum  Insulam, and that the
English merchants had sent home some amber and seed pearls,
which the devils of Bermudas love not bet.ter to retain, than the
angels of Castile to recover.'
To the English speaking world the Bermudas islands have become familiar in consequence of the wreck in A. D. 1609, on a reef,
of the ship Sea Venture, on board which, were Sir Thomas Gates,
Sir George Somers, and a num ber of colonists on their way to Virginia. For several days the vessel, like the grain ship in which the
Apostle Paul sailed for Rome, was driven about by the winds,
i "neither sun. nor stars appeared, and no small tempest lay on them,
and all hope that they thould be saved was taken away."
The ship's seams opened, and from  noon on Tuesday until noon
on the following Friday, the 28th of July, A. D. 1609, O. S., the
men worked the pumps by day and by night, and yet ten feet of
2




18               WTIRECK OF TIHE SEA  VENTURE.
water was in the hold.  Some in despair went below  the hatches,
and finding'some good andl comfortable waters,"' drank one to
another, and "made themselves ready in the cabin for the mischance of the hour." I Sir George Somers. three score years of age,
remained undaunted, andc] for -three (lays and three nights. to use
the words of Prospero,
"Infused witlh a forLtitude friol Heaven,'v
sat, wide-awake, on the poop of the vessel, giving orders and awaiting the decrees of Providence, when he descried land ahead.  This
unlooked for and welcome intelligence  hulrried up those who had
been in drunken, sleep or iimoalningo  below the hatches' to look for
that they  durst not believe."  Hloisting every  sail, they  made
toward shore until the ship struck one of the tortuous passages and
stood upright between two rocks about one fourth of a mile from
the main island of Bermudas.
Tlhe wreck of this ship, and the safe deliverance of the rest of
the fleet created a deep impression upon the Earl of Southampton,
and from him Shakspeare would learn many particulars, as well as
from the printed narratives of some of those who were passengers
in the vessel.  How vividly has the dramatist reproduced the events
in the play of the Tempest in tile conversation of Prospero  and
Ariel.
Prospero.               Hast thou, Spirit,
Performled to point, the telllpest I bade thee'?
Ariiel.  To every article..     *.          *  The fire and cracks
Of sulphurous roaring', the most muighty Neptune
Seemed to besiege, and nmake his bold waves tremble.
Yea, his dread trident shake.
ProsIpe)o.                  My brave Spirit!
Who was so firm, so constant, that, this coil
Would not infect his reason?
Ariel.                      Not a soul
But felt a fever of the mad, and played
Some tricks of desperation; all but mariners,
Plunged in the foaming brine and quit the vessel..-      
1'Tempest, Act 1, Scene 1.
2 Tempest, Act 1, Scenle 2.




FIRST MARRIAGE AT BERMIUDAS.                        19
Prospe;ro. But was not this nigh shore 9
Ariel.                          Close by, my master.
Pflosfpero. But are they, Ariel, safe?
Ariel.                        Not a hair perish'd;
01n their sustaining garments not a blemish,
But fresher than before   r  
Pi'os)pe'o.               Of the king's ship
The mariners, say how thou hast disposed,
And the rest of the fleet?
4,riel.                  Safely in harbor
Is the king's ship; in the deep nook where once
Thou call'dst me up at midnight to fetch dew
From the still vex'd Bermoothes, there she's hid:
The mariners all under hatches stow'd;
Whom with a charm join'd to their suffer'cd labour
I have left asleep; and for the rest o' the fleet,
Which I dispers'd, they all have met again. 1
It rejoiced Gates, Somers and Newport that, while the ship was a
loss, there was no loss of life.  Their residence froom August to the
following May on the Island, was a succession of surprises.  What
superstitious sailors had asserted were harsh voiced monsters, proved
to be grunting hogs, the offspring' of black swine that years before
had found their way to shore foiom  some Spanish wreck.  Fish
eagerly leaped upon the hooks placed in the waters; the birds with
beautiful plumage and the simplicity of little children  hovered
around or rested upon the shoulders of the castaways.  The palmetto tree furnished food, and its broad leaves were used in constructing light cabins.
Each morning and evening, at the ringing of a hell, the whole
company assembled to listen to the prayers according to the order
of the Church of England, read by the good Chaplain, Richard Buck.
In this " wilderness of sweets " amid the " voiceful music of the sea,'
Thomas Powell, the cook of Sir George Sonmers, was lifted above
the atmosphere of pots and pans and inspired to tell his love to
Elizabeth Persons, a servant-maid of a Mistress Horton, and took
her to his wedded wife " for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer,
in sickness and in health."  Godsips or gossips were busy over the
birth of a boy christened Bermudas, and of a girl who received the
1 Tempest, Act:1, Scene 2.




20               BAPTISM  OF BERMUDA ROLFE.
name of Bermuda.  At the baptizing of the latter, Captain Newport and Strachey, afterwards secretary of Lord Delaware, stood, says
an old chronicler, as "witnessesses"   Bermudlla just peeped into the
world, and then -went to a "'better land.,"'  ut is deserving of mention, as the daughter of John.R olfe and his white wife-the same
John Rolfe who 1by a wonderful alcheumy appears in American history as a devout unliarried young Englishman, praying earnestly
for thie conversion of Pocahontas, marrying her, says Hamor, " of
rude education, manners, barbarous and cursed generation, merely
for the good and honor of the Plantation," but in the mlatter-of-fact
transactions of the London Conmpany for A. D). 1622 is spoken of as.
John Rol-fe, lately deceased, with a surving widow  and children,
besides "'a child hliad by Powhattan's daughter." 1
Among the conmpany was also Itiehard Frobisher, an experienced
ship carpenter, who afterwards wAas emuployed by the East India
Company, and lived for a timne at Mlalacca with his wife and two
sons.  Under his guidance two cedar vessels, the DelivTerance, of
seventy tons, and the Patienlce, of thirty tons, were built, their
bealms fastened together by wooden pegs, and their seams rendered
tight by a smearing of lime made firom shells, and oil extracted from
fish or swine.  -Upon a palmetto tree near the ship-yard was a Latin
inscription, dated Mcay 10th, 1]610, the timle they sailed fiom the
island, which stated that a ship had been built by Frobisher to transport the castaways to Viroinia.  It was in these words:'"Conditur, in hoe loco, per Ricardum n    robisherlum   qur   Virginiao nos onmnes hinc transportabit."
The portion of the tree upon which this statement was, in 1671
was an honored relic, and hung in the hall of the Governor of Bermudas.
Strachey, in his narrative, mlentions another nmonument which was
set up in these words:
"Before we quitted our old quarter, and dislodged to the water,
with our pinnasse, our Gouernor set up in Sir George Sumnmers'
1 The following is from the transa.ctions of that company und(er date of October 7th
1622: "Mr. Henry Rolfe in his petition (lesiring the estate of his brother Johln Ifolfe'
deceased, left in Virginia, iight be enquired out for tile maintenance of his relict wife
anod children, and for his indemnity in rearing up thle clild his said brother hlad by Powhattan's daughter, is yet living alld in his custody.'(




DEA TilI O0F' SIR GEORG&E SOM1lERPS.              21
garden, a faire Minemosynon in figure of a crosse, made of the timber of our ruined shippe, which was screwed iln with strong and great
trlullmmels to a mightie cedar, which grew in the mnid.dest of the said
garden, andl whose top and upper branches he caused to be lopped,
that the violence of the winds and weather mllight have less power
ouer her.
"In the iniddest of the crosse ovr G-onernor fastened the picture
of his Maiestie, in a piece of silver of twelve pence, and on each side
of the crosse. he set an inscription, graven in copper, in the Latine
and English to this purpose: In nmeliory of ore' great deliverance,
both fromn  a nlightie storm  and leake, we ihaute set vp this to the
honour of God.  It is the spoyle of an English ship of three hundred tuune, called the Sea Venture, bound with seven ships Imore,
fromu whichll the storm  divided vs, to Virginia, or Nova. Britannia,
in America."
When Gates and Somlers and Newport with their fellow passengers emubarked for Virginia, two persons relmained on the island who
were fugitives from justice, Edward Waters andcl Christopher Carter.
The Deliverance,nd the Patience arrived at Jamestown on the
23d of May, and when Sir George Sonmers found -that the colonists
were famishing anld feedingl  upon frogs,'he good old gentleman
out of his own love a-Ind zeal1," says a dispatch of Lord Delaware to
the authorities in Enllglalnd.' not motioning but iliost cheerfully
and resolutely" re-embarked, in his little cedar pinnace of thirty
tons, for the Bermudas, to procure a supply of black hogs there so
numerous.  While there le died fronm eating' too much of the ilieat
which he had hoped to have carried to the colonists of the James
River.  His kinsiuan' and fellow passenger, but not his heir, as
has been stated, Matthew  Somers betrayed his trust, and persuaded
all the crew but onle, Edward Chard, to sail direct to England.
There were now three human beings left as companions for the
birds, and they enjoyed at first their lonely residence, feelinlg that
they were " mlonarchs of all they surveyed."  Each could appreciate
the language of Gonzalo iii the Tempest:1
1.Act 2, Scene 1.




22                )DESCRIPTION OF' BERMIUDAS.
Had I a plantation of this isle, my Lord,
No namle of magistrate;
Letters should not be known; no use of service,
Of riches, or of poverty; no contracts,
Successions; bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none;
No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil;
No occupation; all mein idle, all."
Time was wiled.away in prying into crannies and crevices of the
coral reefs constructed by millions of polypi, and one day they
stumbled. upon a mass of ambergris, weighing many pounds.  Prosperity did not increase the happiness of the triumvirate; the golden
age began to vanish with  the discovery of treasure'  each urged
claims which to the others seemed unreasonable; Chard and Waters
quarreled, called each other hard names, and were about to fight a
duel,, when Carter had a happy thoug'ht, and hiding their weapons,
enforced peace.
Matthew  Somers gave a glowing  description of the Bermudas
when he returned home, and urged its occupancy.  He declared that
it was not an isle of devils; in language resembling Caliban's, he
asserted:1'The isle is full of voices,
Sounds, and sweet airs, that give delight, ndcL hiurt not.
Sometillles a thousand twanging instruments
WVill hum about mine ears; and sonmetlnes voices
Tl'hat if I then had wak'dcl after long sleep,
Will make me sleep agaiin; a. nd then in dreaming
The clouds mIethought would open, and shew riches
Ready to drop upon Ine."
But the merchants of London classed his stories with the travelers'
tales"That there are unicorns; that in Arabia
There is one tree, the phlenix throne: one phcenix
At this hour reigning there." 2
Virginia had been so highly extolled in the days of Raleigh's attempt to colonize America that the stage players often brought down
the house by some allusion to the New \World.
1 Tempest, Act 3, Scene 2.
2 Act 3, Scene 3.




STA GE PLA PYE,-RS' iALL US ION S.                  23
The stage caricatures of Virginia were an annoyance to those interested inl planting of an English civilization there, and Crash'aw
in a sermon preached February 21st, 1609-10 in one of the London
churches before the'stockholders. of the Virginia Company and Lord
Delaware, the Governor-General elect of the colony, pours out the
following invective:
"As for players, pardon ime rig'ht honorable and beloved for so
wronging this place and your patience wit1h so base a subject; they
play with prillCes and with potentates, magistrates alnd ninisters,
nay, with  God and religion, and all holy t~hingS;  nothinog that is
good, excellent, or holy cain escape theml   how, then, can this nation?
But this may suffice that they are players; they abuse Virginia, but
they are players; they disgrace it, but they are but players; and
they hatve played with better things, and such for which if they repent not vengeance awaits them.'0 But let them  play on; they lma.ke mlen laugh on earth, but He
thtt sits in heaven laughs them  to scorn, because, like the fly, they
so long play with the candle, till first it singes their wings, and at
last burns them  altogether.
" But why are the players enermies to the plantation?  I will tell
you the cause; first, for that they  are multiplied here that one
cannot live by another, and they see that we send all trades to Virginia. but will send no players, -which if we would do, those that
relmlain would gain the more at home."
In September, 1610, Sir Thomas Gates,eand Captain Christopher
Newport arrivedl. in London and corroborated the statements concerning the Bermudais; and only a few nmonths l:ater Lord Delaware
came back; and an Indianl boy who was brought to England by his
order, at this timne attracted attention as lie wallked the streets, and
perhaps Shakspeare saw  hin  and was led to place these words in
Trinculo's month.
"What have w e here, a mtn or a fish? Detld or alive?  A fish, lie smells like
a fish; a very anncient ancid fishlike smi.ell; a kind of not of the newest Poor John.
A strange fish! Were I in England now, (as once I was) and had but this fish
painted, not a, holidy -fool there but would give a piece of silver: then would this
monster Imake a, lmaii  ay straniie beast there lmakes a manl.  When they will
not give a doit to relieve a lalme beggalr, they will lay o-ut ten to see a deadl.
Indian. " 
1 Act 2, Scene 2z, of Tlelmplest.




24                DISCOVERY OF AMBERGRIS.
Early in the year 11612, members of the Virginia Company of
London sent an expedition to Virgilniola as Bermudas was first called
but soon changed to Summer Islands. in respect of the nlild, unvarying temperature, and also in remt;embrance of Sir George Somers.
In April of this year the three dwellers on the island were filled with
joy at the sight of an approaching ship with the flag of England,
which proved to be the Plough  with a party of colonists under a
Governor aMore.
"As soon as we landed," says one of the passengers, "we went to
prayer, and gave thanks unto the Lord for our safe arrival, and
whilst we were at prayer we saw three men coming down to us."
Another wrote:  The climate I hold to be very good, and agreeable with our constitution of England, for the men which were left
tlere are very fat and fair, not tanned nor burned in the sun, so
muc1h as we."
Chard, one of the tlio, being asked by Governor More as to the
discovery of anmbergris. denied any knowledlge, and secretly made an
arrangem ent. with the captain of the Ploug'h to have the lumnp conveyed to England.  Carter at length disclosed the plan and confessed that they had the treasure, when Chard was arrested, but was
subsequently released, and Governor More in behalf of those he represented, received one-third of the anmbergris.
In a few weeks the amlbergris was offered for sale in London, anld
the East India Company bought of the Virginica Company two boxes
at sixty-two and sixty-three shillings all ounce.  Children stopped
a-t the windows of jewellers' to look at the ornaiments made of Bermudas' products; and exclaim, in substance, as in later years t he
poet Pope:
"Pretty! in amber to observe the foarms
Of hairs, or straws, or dirt, or worlls."
Chapman, the dramatist, wrote a piece which was played by
members of Lincoln's Inn, alnd the NMiddle Temple, in February,
1613, at the White Hall Palace, London, in honor of the marriage
of Frederick, the Prince Palatine, and the Princess Elizabeth, the
daughter of King' Jalies.  The chief umaskers were dressed as
Indians, with vizards of olive color, feathers on their heads, and




TlE MiISK OF FILOFERvS.                      25
long  black hair down their shoulders.  On the stage was an
Island of rocks and eaves. and Plu-tus. Prince of the Virgin land,
was prolinient.  One of the maskers speaks as follows:  "A  rich
island lying in the South Sea, called Pha, na, being for strength
and riches called the ravel of the South Sea, is by earth's round
motion moved near this Britain shore, in which island, being ye'
in command of the Virginian continent, a troupe of the noblest
Virginians, attended hither the (od Riches all triumplhantly shining in a mine of gold.  For hearing of the most royal solemnity
of these nuptials they crossed the ocean in their honour and are
here arrived."
John Rolfe, soon after his arrival ini Virginia fr'om  Bermudas,
opened the first tobacco plantation, in English  North  America,
and others followed, until Virginia tobacco becamle known in London stores.  In a debate in the House of Conmmons early in 1614
a member said:  "The shop-keepers sent over all kinds of goods,
for which they received tobacco instead of wine, infinitely to the
prejudice of the Commllonwealth.  Many of the divines now smell
of tobacco, and poor men spend 4d. o-f their day's wages, at night,
in smloke."
In the Mask of Flowers, lerforllled at'White Hall on Twelfth
Night, 1612-13, by gentlemen of the Inner Temple and Gray's
Inn, under the auspices of Sir Francis Bacon, afterwards Lord
Verulam, and others.  Silenus challenges Kawasha, the God of the
Florida Indians, and declares that wine is more worthy of praise
than tobacco.  Kawasha was personated by a masker with a cap of
red cloth of gold, pendants in his ears, a glass chain about his
neck; his body and legs covered with olive colored cloth, and in
his hand a bow and arrows, and "the bases of tobacco colored stuff
cut like tobacco leaves."  The colloquy is spirited and well sustailed:
Silelmts.' Kawasha comLes in majestie,
Was never such a God as he:
He's come fiom a farre countrie
To make our nose a chimney.
Karzasha. The Wine takes the contrary way
To get into the hood,
But good Tobacco makes no stay




26                 PRAiSE OF GOO)D TOBACCO.
But seizeth where it shoulld.
More incense hath burned at
Great Kawashae's foote
Tlhanl to Silen and Bacchus both,
And take in Jove to boote.
Silcnes.  The Worthies they were nine,'tis true,
And lately Arthur's Knights I knew,
But now are come up Worthies new,
The roaring' boys, Kawashae's crew.
Kcwrashct. Silenus toppes the barrel, but
Tobacco toppes, the braine
And makes the vapours fire and soote,'I hat manl. revives againeNothing but fulligation
Doth charm away ill spirits,
Kawasha and his nation
Found out these holy rites."
[t is worthy of note that on the same nuptial occasion the
Tempest was acted by John Heming and the rest of the King's
Company before Prince Charles, the Prince Palatine Elector and
his bride, the Princess Elizabeth.
To such representations Crashaw appears to allude in the introdluction to Whitaker's Good News from  Virginia, when he speaks
of the calumnies against the colony "' and the jests of prophane
players and other sycophants, and the flouts and mockes of some
who by their age and profession should be no mnockers."
The good clergymnlan, Salmuel Purclhas, wrote about the same
time:  "God Almighty  prosper that the word may  goe out of
Bermuda, and the law of the Lord fronm Virginia, to a true conversion of the American world than hitherto our humorists. or Spanish insolence have intended."
In the Daily Prayer appointed for the Virginia Plantation, and
published A. D. 1C) 12, is this petition:  "And, whereas, we have
by undertaking this plantation undergone the reproofs of the base
world, in so much as many   of our owll brethlen laugh vs to scorne,
O Lord, we pray Thee to fortifie vs against this temptation; let
Sambullat and Tobias, Papist anid I'laryers. and such other Armonits




THE LAUGHS OF STAG~E POET7'S.                     27
and Horonits the scum and dregs of the earth, let them  lnocke such
as help to build vp Jerusalem, and they that be filthy let them be:filthy still."
The introductory epistle to a little book called " New  Life of
Virginia," also published A. D. 1612, asserts that "'the malicious
and looser sort, with the licentious vain stage poets, have whet
their tongues with scornful taunt against the action itself, insomuch as there is no common reproach nor public name of any
thing this day, except it be the name of God. which is more wildly
defamed, traduced and derided by s-uch unhallowed lips, than the
name of Virgainia."
In John Cook's play of; Tu Quoqule, or The Cittie Gallant," published in London A. D. 1616, a penniless fellow says'"I dare not
walk abroad to see my friends, for fear the sergeants should take
acquaintance of ime  my refulge is Ireland or Virginia."
John 0. Halliwell, whose pains-taking research has thrown much
light upon the writings of Shakspeare, discovered a poetical tract,
" Newes fromt Virginia," published in A. D. 1610, in the library of
the Earl of Charlemont, in Dublin, and knowing of no other copy
in existence, in 1865, he had twenty-five copies printed, of which
fifteen were destroyed, and ten were distributed.'  As the earliest
narrative which was published of the wreck of the Sea Venture,
upon the Island of Devils,'" otherwise called Bermoothawes," it is
of interest to the students of the early English colonization of
America.  The writer, R. Rich, was one of those on board the Sea
Venture, at the time of the wreck. and in a brief preface to the
poem he calls himself a "soldier blunt and plain."  In the list of
the adventurers of the Virginia Company   y appear the niimes of Sir
Robert Rich, who contributed seventy-five pounds, and one Robert
Rich, who paid twe';ve pounlds and ten shillings.
Sir Robert Rich, in A.. D. 1617, sent out Capt. Thonlas Jones, in
thle ship Lion to trade ill the waters of India and Japan, and ill
1619, Rich,now becolle the Earl of Warwick, hired Jones to go to \irginia, with a ship load of cattle. tocl. after this, Jones, under a patent of the Virginia Colmpany, siled ini the May Flower, with the
Puritans who were landed on Plymouth Rolck.
01On August lC), 1611,,John W1right, Iookseller, entered at Stationers' i-Hall "A ballad.
The last news fron Virginia, being an encouragement to all others to follow that noble
enterprise." No copy of this ballad is kno\wn to have been preservecl.




28                    POEll 0M' 1O. RCHI.
It may be that R. Rich, the writer of the poem, was a relative of
Sir Robert Rich.
Shakspeare's latest composition is supposed to have been the
play of the Tempest. and was composed at the time when the Earl
of Southampton, his friend, was disposed to talk much of the
wreck of the Sea Venture, and the escape of its passengers, and
was fitting out colonies to settle in Virginia, and Virginiola, as
Bermudas was once called. It is not therefore surprising that we
should find in the Tempest, allusions "to the vexed Bernmoothes,"
the constant play of thunder and lightning, and a monster living
on an isle of the sea.
The poem of Rich is of interest not only on account of its great
lrarity, but also of its being the first printed account of the wreck
of the Sea Venture.
It was introduced to the reading public in a small quarto with the
following title:




NEVVES FROM VIRGINIA.
THE LOST FLOCKE TRiUMPHANT;
With the happy Arrival of that famous and
worthy knight Sr Thomas Gates: and
the well reputed and valient Captaine Mr Christopher Newporte, and others, into
England.
With the manner of their distresse in the Iland of Devils
(otherwise called Bermoothawes) where they
remayned 42 weekes, and builded
two Pynaces, in which
they returned into
Virginia.
By R. RiCH, GENT., one of the voyage.
LONDON:
Printed by Edw. Allde, and are to be solde by John
Wright, at Christ-Church dore. I6to.




TO THE READERI.
RE1ERAD  — how to stile thee I knowe not, perhaps learned, perhaps uniearned;
happily captious, happily envious  indeed, what or how to tearme thee I know
not, only as I began I will proceede.
Reader: Thou clost peradventure imntagine that I anm mercenarie in this busines, and write for money (as your' noderne Poets use) hyrecl by some of those
ever to be admired adventurers to flatter the world. No; I diseclaime it.  I have
knowne the voyage, past the danger, seene that honorable work of Virginia, and
I thanke God am arrivd here to tell thee what I have seene, don, and past.  If
thou wilt believe me, so; if not, so to; for I cannot force thee but to thy owne
liking.  I am a soldier, blunt and plaine, and so is the phrase of my newes; and
I1 protest it is true. If thou aske why T put it in verse, I prethee knowe it was
onely to feede mine owne hulmour.  I must confesse, that, had I not debarde
myselfe of tlhat large scope which to the writing, of prose is allowed, I should have
mulch easd myselfe, and given thee better content. But I intreat thee to take
this as it is, and before many daies expire. I will promise thee the same worke
more at large.
I did feare prevention by some of your writers, if they should have gotten
hut some part of the newes by the tayle, andcl therefore, though it be rude, let it
passe with thy liking, and in so doing I shall like well of thee; but, however, -I
have not long to stay.  If thou wilt be unnaturall to thy countryman, thou maist,
-T Illust not loose my patrymonie.  I ani for Virginia againe, and so I will bid
the hartily farewell with an honest verse:
As I canme hether to see my native land,
To waft nie backe lend me thy gentle halcld.
Thy loving Coountry-man,
R. t.




NEWES FROM VIRGINIA,
of the happy arrival of that famous
and: worthy knight, Sir
Thomas Gates
and well reputed and valiante Captaine
Newport, into England.
"it is no idle fabulous tale,
Nor is it fayned newes,
For T rUth herself is heere arriv'd,
Because you should not muse.
With her both Gates and Newport come,
To tell Rejlo't cloth lye,
Which did clevulge into the world,
That they at sea did dye.'Tis true that eleaven mouthes and more,
These gallant worthy wights
Was in the shippe Sea-Ven1.tulr/e nam'd,
Deprived Virginia's sight:
And bravely did they glyde the maine,
Till Neptune'gan to frowne,
As if a courser proudly backt
Would throwe his ryder downe.
The seas did rage, the windes did blowe,
Distressed were they then;
Their shippe did leake, her tacklings breake.
In daunger were her men,
But heaven was pylotte in this storine,
And to an iland nere,
Be rmoothacLves called, conducted them,
Which did abute their feare.




32                     NE: VS FROM  TTIRGINIA.
But yet these worthies forced were,
Opprest with weather againe,
To nlnne their ship between two roekes,
Where she doth still remlaine;
And then on shoare the iland came,
Inhabited by hog'ges,
Some foule, and tortoyses there were,
They onley had one dogge.
To kill these swyne to yield themn foode
That little had to eate,
Their store was spent, and all things scant,
Alas! they wanted mreate.
A tliousand hogges that dogge did kill,
Their hunger to sustaine,
And with such foocle, did in that ile
Two and forty weekes remaine,
And there two gallant pynases
Did build of seader-tree
The -brave Deliveraunce one was call'd
Of seaventy tonne was shee,
The other, Patience had to name,
Her burthen thirty tonne;
Trwo only of their men which there,
Pale death did overcome.
And for the losse of these two soules,'Which were accounted deere,
A sonne and daughter then was borne,
And were baptized there.
rl'he two and-forty weekes being past,
They hoyst sayle and away;
Their ships with hogs well freighted were,
Their harts with mickie joy.
And so to Virginia camoe,'Where these brave soldiers finde
The Einglish-nien opprest with griefs
And discontent in mindce;
They seeml'd distracted and forlorne
For those two worthies' losse,
Yet at their home returne, they joye'd,
Amongst them some were crosse.




NEWI~S FROM  VIRGINIA.
And in the midst of discontent
Came noble Delaware;
And heard the griefes on either part,
And sett thellm free from care:
He comforts them, and cheeres their hearts,
That they abound with joy;
He feedes them full, and feedes their soules,
With God's word every day.
A discreet counsell he creates
Of men of worthy famle,
That noble Gates, leiftenant was,
The admiral had to name;
The worthy Sir George Somers, knight,
And others of command;
Maister George Pearcy, which is brother
Unto Northumberland..
Sir Fardinando Wayneman, knight,
And others of good fame,
That noble lord his company
Which to Virginia came,
And landed there, his number was
One hundred seaventy; then
Ad to the rest, and they make full
Foure hundred able men.
Where they unto their labour fall,
As men that mean to thrive;
Let's pray that heaven may blesse them all
And keep them long alive:
Those men that vagrants liv'd with us,
Have there deserved well,
Their governour writes in their praise
As divers letters tel.
And to the adventurers thus he writes,
Be not dismayed at all,
For scandall cannot doe us wrong,
God will not let us fall.
Let England knowe our willingnesse,
For that our worke is good,
Wee hope to plant a nation,
Where none before hath stood,
9




2,4                    TNEWS F'ROM'FIRGIL1A.
To glorifie the Lord'tis done,
And to no other encd;
He that would crosse so good a worke,,
To (God can be no friend;
There is no feiare of hunger here
For come mulch store here growes,
Much fish the gallalnt rivers yield,'Tis truth, without suppose.
Great store of fowle, of venison,
Of grapes and. mulblerries,
Of chesnuts, walnuts and such like
Of fiuits and strawberries,
There is indeed no want at all
But sonle, conclicion'cl ill,
That wish the worke should not goe on,
With words doe seeme to kill.
And for an instance of their store,
The noble Delasware
Hath for a present hither sent,
To testifipe his care
In managing so good a worke,
Two gallant ships, by nLme
The Blessing and the tler;crales
Well fraught, and in the same
Two ships, are these comlmoclities
Furres, sturgeon, caviare,
Black walnut-tree, and some deale boards,
With such they laden are;
Some pearle, some wainscot and clapbords.'With somle sasafras wood,
And iron promnis't for'tis true
Their mynes are very good.
Then maugre, scanclall, false report
Or any opposition,
Th' adventurers doe thls devulge
To men of good condition,
That he tJat wants shall have reliefe
Be he of honest mninde,
Apparel, coyne, or anything,
To such they will be kinde,




NEWS FROM VIRGINIA.                            35
To such as to Virginia
D.) purpose to repaire;
And when that they shall hither come,
Each man shall have his share,
Day wages for the laborer,
And for his more content,'
A house and garden plot shill have,
Besides'tis further ment
That every man shall have a part,
And not thereof denied
Of generall profit, as if that he'
Twelve pounds, ten shillings paid;
And he that in Virginia
Shall copper coyne receive,
For hyer, or commodities,
And will the country leave
Upon delivery of such coyne
Unto the Governour,
Shall by exchange, at his returne,
Be by their treasurer
Paid him in London, at first sight,
No man shall cause to grieve
For'tis their general will and wish
That every man shall live.
The number of. adventurers,
That are for this plantation,
Are full eight hundred worthy men,
Some noble, all of fashion;
Good, discreete, their work is good,
May heaven assist them in their worke,
And thus our newes is done."




36           DAVENANT, SHAKSPEARE'S GODSON.
Gates, Newport, and Rich found Virginia, everywhere, evil
spoken of, upon their arrival in September, 1610, in London.
The seven ships from which' they had been separated in the
storm, had safely arrived in the summer of 1609, at Jamestown.
The passengers were an L unhallowed crew."  Twenty-eight or
thirty were seht in the ship Swallow to trade for corn with the
Indians, and never returned. Those who reached England told
horrible tales, the recital of which caused the hair of the flesh to
stand up. They asserted that the colonists were starving and feeding upon rats, mice, snakes and toad-stools; that an Indian had
been dug out of his grave and eaten; and that one man killed his
wife as she slept upon his bosom. cut her in pieces, powdered her,
and fed upon her, till he had eaten all of her body except the head.
Sir Thomas Gates found that this story met him everywhere, and
he softened it somewhat by stating that the man hated his wife and
killed and cut her in pieces, and as an excuse plead hunger, but he
was tried, found guilty, and burned to death.
It was necessary by "Newes from Virginia," and other pamphlets,
to reassure the London merchants, who had become despondent,
and bravely assert"For scandal cannot do us wrong,
God will not let us fall,
Let England know our willingness
For that our work is good,
We hope to plant a nation
Where none before hath stood."
Shakspeare died.A.D. 1616,before his patron,the Earl of Southampton, became the presiding officer of the Virginia Company of London.
The great dramatist loved to stop at the Crown Inn, Oxford, and
was godfather to a son of the handsome landlady. The godson
became a poet, and early in 1650, as Sir William  Davenant, was
commissioned by Charles the Second as Governor of that part of
Virginia, known as Maryland.  On his voyage he was captured by
one of the ships of Parliament, brought back to England and
lodged in the Tower, where he finished his poem of Gondibert, and
was at length set free by the friendly intercession of the great Puritan, John Milton.




D OCU1 E NTS
FOR THE FIRST TIME PRINTED,
ILLUTSTIA TIVE OF THE
ENGLISH COLONIZATION OF AMERICA.
The foll,)wi:g correspoindence copied by the courtesy of the Mayor
of' Sandwich. frolm the ancient archives of that town, will be read
with interest by all students of Virginia history alnd the English
Colonization of America.
Sir Edwin Sandys was knighlted by King James in 1.603, the same
year that the philosopher F'rancis B13acon'received the honor.  The
second son of the Archlishop of York, he attended one of the colleges of Oxford in 1577 whell. about sixteen years of age.  In early
manhood he traveled on. the continent and wrote "' Europme Speculuml, or The St.ate of deigoll     in ithe Western Palts of the World,"
ancl was several timles a memblljer of the House of (o(nmlllons.
With the celebralted L(ord Bacon he l)repared. in 1_604, a remoinstrance aoalilst the title of the Kvingo of Great Britain being assumed
by James, in which were set forth the now accepted principles of
popular liblerty.  Fori services renlIered the government he received
an estate at Norbuarne  or Northbulle, six iiiles in the country.
from the port of Sandwich, and here hle established his residence.
For years hle was atl active promoter of the colonization of America,
and on the 26th of April, 161!.) was elected the presicding officer of
the Virginia Company of London, in. place of Sir Thomas Smith.
The town of Sandwichl in 6Ii20 chose hiui, lfter a "m tultuous election," as their representative in ParliamenIt,  and during the recess,
by order of the King, he was placed under arrest, with the Lords




38                     SIR EDWIfN SANDYS.
Oxford, Southampton, and other opponents of arbitrary rule.  When
the House of Commons assembled again in November, 1621, the
members were indignant at the confinement of Sandys.  Sir George
Calvert, the King's secretarly, also a member, afterwards the projector
of the province of Maryland, with acrimony told James the First
the feelings of Parliament, and he wrote an angry letter complaining of the " fiery, popular and turbulent spirits " of the House, and
denying their right of petition in points he had forbidden to be discussed.  Pym  aind other members of a committee, carried to the
King a reply, and he again answered in arrogant sentences.  Hallam states that the court now  becamne alarmed, and sent Calvert to
the House of Commons with an explanatory message, but the storm
could not be allayed by calling the King's language "a slip of the
pen, at the close of a long letter."  The HIlouse, to the last, firmly
asserted that there should be freedom  of debate, and " from all impeachment, imprisonment and molestation" for anything said on
the floor of Parliament.
While Sandys was under arrest officers were sent to search his
house.  His high-toned wife, with womanly dignity, bore the inquisition of her drawers and jewelry casket, but when the key to her
husband's  papers was demanded, an indignant heart forced this
utterance fromn her lips,' I wish his majesty had a key to unlock
her husband's heart, that he might see that not anything was there
but loyalty."
A few months after Sandys becanme the head of the Virginia Company, on the 9th of June, 1619, 0. S., a patent was granted largely
by his influence to John Whincop  fobr the use of the Puritans at
Leyden, which was never used, but on the 2d of the next February
at a meeting held in his house near AldersgaLte, a patent was granted
to John Peirce and associates, under which the May Flower sailed
and landed its passengers at Plymlouth Hock.
On the 9th of June, 1620 Sandclys wrote from his country seat at
Northburne to Buelkingha-mn, that hle would cheerfully serve one
1 In the London Coipany'sL transactions of MIay 26, 1619, Whincop is spoken of as
"One Mr. Whincop comindlded to the company by the Earl of Lincoln, intending in
person to go to Virginia." On Easter Sundlay A. D. 1632, three brothers, John, Samuel
and Thomas Whincop, preached in the church of St. MIary's Spittle, London. In A. D.
1642, the chaplain of the Puritan Lord Say was a Rtev. Dr. Whincop, Itector of St. Martin's in the field, London,




GEORGE SANDYS, THE POET.                                     39
year more as the head  of the Virginia Company, but the King was
opposed,  and  said  to  some  of the  members tha-   Sanclys   was his
greatest enemy, anld that he could':-aridly think well of any one who
was  his  friend,  anrd  worklingl   himsalf into  a passion  exclaimed,
"Choose the devil if you will, but lot Sil Edwin Sanlys."   In view
of this opposition  t.he Clclmpay, on  the  -19th  of June elected the
Earl of Sout hcampton as his successor.
Sandys lived  until he wats telalrly  sevenuy  years of age, died  in
Oetober. 1629, ancd -w~  buried a-t lNorthlb arne.   In his will he left a
legacy  of  3!t,500  to  et-lablish a lecture on rneraphysics at Oxford.
He was married four times.   One of his sonls, Edwin, a colonel under
Clromlwl ell, fell in balttle on the 3tl of September, 1651. at tWorcester.'
Th'he first of his lehtters  on file  i n  the  atrc1hives of Sandwich was
written akt \N'orthborne on the 21ist of   lalrchh,  A. D. 1610, Old Style,
but A. D. I >  11, Iaccording   to modern co-iput ation, and addressed to
the Miayor and Jurats of r'hat, port.
1 In Oc(t)ober, 1621, GTeorge, thle brotlhe  of Sir Eidiln Sanlys. arrived at JamlestownD
as Treasurerl  o'i Virginia. His fatlher, tArchblishopl Sandys, mlalde this entry in the family
I-Bible:   " Ceoge Saiildes, boirn the sevenlth (lay  of Marcl, at six of t:he c(lock in the
morning, 1577. HIis god-of latlelrs, (e or'e, Earl of Cumbh)erland and William, Lord Ewer.
His god-im-ot;ler, Catlharine, Conitte:s o  I-Iuntingtol."'
Before lle left Englandl hlie hlad published a tratlslitioll of live books of Ovid, to which
the poet l)rayton allnded in a r1hyliing letter sent to Virgiilli 
"And woirtiy (:org, t)' y' ilndustry and use.
Let's see wiht line;. Virginia c, will produce;
(o on vith Ovid, as vol have b egnii
With. the first five booleks; let. youlr iUibers 1111
GClib as the fOl'lllrmer,so  ill it le long,
Aniid do iiuch lioinour to the lnglislh tOllll(e.
Entice the IMllses, tlither to repair,
Inttreat them g(entl, train theni to tha t air,
But you Inely save your labour, if you olease,
To write to me asught of yori savaLges,
As savage slaves, l)e in Grea t Briitain helre,
As you can sho\xw Oe tthere."
While at Jamestown " worthy George" translaLted( the renmiinlg books of Ovid, and
in 1626, after lie returned to Elgland, the whole was publ)lisled at Lonldon, in an elegant
illustraterl folio. Fuller, thlle historian, irolte " naster Sa ndys was altogether as dexterous at inventing as tralnslatiing, and his ovnl poems as s)priteful, vigorous and masculine. He lived to be a very ageid mi  whlonl I sawv in the Saxvoy, in 1641, having a
vouthful soul in a diecavyed body.'
Hle resided at, the house of his nliece, the widow of Frsancis Wyatt, Governor of
Virginia. II1 the Register of Blexley Abbey, Hent, is this entry  " Georgius Sandy.$,
Poeta.ruml Anglorrun sui scs.culi facile prinlceps. sepultus fuit i lrtii 7 stilo Anglico. An.
l')ol. 1643,o"




LETTER OF EDWIN  SANDYS.
Sr.
I am  requested by his Maties Counsil for Virginia to  conveigh
these  inclosed, to  yor hands &  to procure yor answer against the
beginning of the next term.  The effect is to  inuite yor town  &
such particular persons of worth as shall be so disposed, to partnership
in the great action of Virginia, w'ch after manifold disasters doth
now, under the government of noble  & worthie leaders, begin  to
revive, and we trust ere long shtall flourish.
I acquainted  them  that yor Town had been much  hindered by
sickness: in  regard whereof the  lesse  will be perhaps  expected.
But they would not pass over so principal a port, in an action tending  generally  to  the good  of the  whole  Realm, but the  profit
whereof will chiefly fall to the  Hauen Towns, &  principally  in
them, to merchants.
But I will leave you  to the letter itself; only  thus much  (to
acquaint yU wthl the  present state of the busines): we have sent
away Sr Thomlas Dale wth 300 men &  great abundance of victual
& furniture.   We  send  after  them, this next month  two ships
mlore  wth 100  Kyne & 200 swine for breed.1  And if monie come
in, whereof we are in very good hope, in  May next we shall send
Sr Thomas Gates wth other 300 men  of the best and choicest we
1 Sir Thomas Dale before reaching manhood entered the. armly of the Netherlands,
and rose to a position of honor. Winwood, the English Ambassador to that country,
in March, A. D. 1604, was informed by the Secretary of State, that Kinpg Jamles wished
him to " take notice of his giracious opinion of the merit of Cal)tain Dale, both for
having been a valiant and long servitor, anlled havillg for the most part" serveci at his own
charges.
In June, 1606, the King of England knighted him as Sir Thomas Dale of Surrey.
Retaining his commission in the army of the Netherlands, he left the Thamnes with a
party of colonists in February, and reached Jamlestown on the 12th of May, A. D. 1610.
With John Rolfe. Pocahontas and a party of Indians lie returlned to England in June,
1616. His wife was Elizabeth. daughter of Sir Thomas Throclnlorton, lit, and sister of
Sir William Throcknlotoin, Baronet. Toward the close of the year 1617, lie was made
commander of the fleet of tlhe East India Coniplany. In February, 1618, after imaking
his will and provision for his wife, he embarkedl for the Indian Ocean. On the voyage
from Elngano in the Malay Archipelago, to Masulipataml le became sick and on the
19th of July, 1619, soon after his arrival at the latter place, died.
He left no children. His Awife's will, made on 4th of July, anld proved on 2d of December, 1640, directad tllhat her debts should be paid out of the estate in the hands of
the East India Conipa.ny anld ler estate in Virginia. The statement that SirThiomlnas
Dale had been twice married appears to be incorrect.




SKETCH OF SIR THOM AS GATES.                                41
can procure.'  W'ch done, and God blessing  them, the  busines we
account is worn.
Thus wtll my very heartie salutations, I betake yu to the Tuition
& Direction of the Highest, & rest,
yr very loving  friend,
EDWIN SANDYS.
Norborn,
21 Miartii. 1610.
The letter forwarded fiom  the Virginia Company  by Sandys was
sent from  Sir Thomas Smith's house. in  Philpot Lane, London,
where the  meetings of the  corporation  were then  held, and is as
follows:
LETTER  OF VIRGINIA  COMPANY.' The eyes of all Europe looking upon our endclevours to  spread
the  Gospell among  the  Heathen  people of Virginia, to  plant or
English  nation  there, &  to  settle  at in  those  p'ts  wCl maie be
peculiar to ol nation, so that we may thereby be secured fronm  being
eaten out of all proffits of trade, by our more industrious neighbors,
wee cannot doubt but that the  eyes of also of y)or best judgments
a-nd affections are fixed no lesse upon a designe of soe great consequence.
The reasons that action hath not yet received the successe of or
desires and and expectac'ons are published in print to all the world,
To repeat thenm  all were idlenes in  us &  must bee tedious to  you,
yet to oumytt mention  of' that lmayne reason  wv'eh  hath  shaken the
whole frame of this business & w'ch halth begott theise or requests
to you. would but returne unto us a fruitiesse  aceoipt and  consequentlie a hatzard to destrole t.hat lilfe w'ch  yet breatheth in this
action.
1 Sir Thomas Gates, while in tthe military service of the Netherlands, obtained leave
of absence to go switll thle exp)edlitionl to Virginia. Ill the sumiimer of thle year 1610, lie
was sent bac(k to En-gldanld by,ordl Dtelaware to plroture supplies lanld replresent the
initerest of tlhel Colony. Inl June, 1611, Ih sailed Iagail. for  irlginia in charge of a nuniber of iiniiigranlts,   a tnd aOlanltllied by his wifet aind daughters. Eiis wife (lied at sea,
a-llnd in August: lie ireaclhed Jamll(Ltown. In il)c( illll)er his daughllters returned to Englanid with (Ca.ptaiin tewlT)otlt. I11 tie splrin' of 1614 Gates left Virginia, and never returnedC. It has beenl said that leie tled in the service of thie East India Compail)ny. Sir
I)udley Digges, while sojourniuiiLg at Aimsterdam, in 1621, in a letter to the English
Ambassador at the HIague, senlds his " love to the honest Sir Tho's Gates..'




42              LETTER OF VIRGINIA COMIhPANY.
That reason in few  wordes was want of' meanes to imnploie
good men, & want of just payment of the meanes which weave
promised, so disabling us therebie to set forth or supplies in due
season.
Now  that we have established  a form  of gonrlient fitt for
such members in the p'sons of the Lord La Warr and S' George
Sommlers allready in those p'ts,. as also in Sr Thomas Dale ellbarqt
w'th 300 men & provisions for them, and the Collony to the value
of many thousands of pounds. who is already falne downe the
ryver, in  his waie thither. & in Sr Thomas Gates whom  we
reserve to second this expedicon, in Maie next, with 300 more of
the choicest p'sons wee can gett for moneys through your means
& our own cares.
Wee accompt fromi many advised consultacons that 30,000kt to bee
pacl in two years, for three supplies, will be a sufficient sum  to
settle there, a very able and strong foundacon of anexing another
kingodome to this Crowne.1
Of this 30,0000   there is allready signed by diverse p'ticular
noblemen, gentn and  merchants  the some of 18,000 as maie
appeare unto you by a true copy of their names and sonies, written
with their own hands in a Rlegister booke w'ch remaynes as a
recorde in the hands of S1 Thomas Smith.  Threr, for that plantacon, so that the adventures to be procured from all the noblemen,
the Byshopps & Clergie that have not yet signed from  all the
Gentrie, Merchants and Corporate townes of this Kingdome, doth
but amount to 12,000~ payable as aforesaid.
To accomplish w'ch sum  wee entreate yor favours no farther
than amongst yorselves, and as shall seeme good unto you upon
respect of your judgments, ranck and place: we endevour by theis
o' requests to gaine as helpes unto vs. in such poor measure as wee
have begun toward the advancement of soe gloryous an action.
Wee are farther to entre'ate yor helpes to procure vs such inoabers of mien & of such condieon as you are willing and able;'wee
send  you herewthl the list of the nombers & qualitie that we
entende, God willing, to employ in Maie next.
1 In 1619 the Virginia CompanIy adopted as a motto of its Seal: "En! dat Virginia,
quintanl." Behold! Virginia gives a fifth crown.




LETTER OF -VIRGINIA4 COMPANY.                       43
As soon as you can wt1' convenieney wee desire yor resolucons
touching rmeanes and mene, upon receipt thlereof wee shall acknowledge due thanks, lymnitt the tile of their appearance, wherein
wee shall not forgett the pointe of charge to the undertakers, howsoever we preferre so farre as lyes in us, a seasonable dispatch to the
first place of o' consideraeons.
The benefitt by this action, if it sha-lll please God to blesse these
begynnings wthl a happye successe must arise to the generall good
o- this Common we'ldth.  To hlae then. a stron-ge foundaceon of soe
great a work wee hold orselves c& or request to yols, warranted by
the reasons aforesaid & by the rules of honour & judgment, &:-'or as wee olselvese the p'sent adventurers eannott receive the whole
benefitt, soe can it nlot be expected  that we should undergoe the
whole chl'rge.  The oftei-n renewedd complaints against Companyes
heretofore hath htappened by reason of the MIionopolizings of trade
into a f(ew mien's hanlds and thougoh the ice of this busnes hath
been broken by the purses, cares, andl adventures of a few, yet wee
seclude no subject foren  the future benefitt of ol present care,
charge  and hazard of p'son &   c'dventures, all w'ch we leave to
yor judicious consicleracons & only importune yor speedy resolucos,: that according' to thle warrants of duty wee maie either wash
o0 hands from  further calre or cheerfully  embrace strength  from
you to the furtherance o- tlis action, that, t[ends so directly to advance the glory of GOd, the honor' of o' English nation & the
profitt and seenuritie in or judgment, of this Kingclome,
And soe leaving you to that sence hereof w'eh his goodness shall
please to infuse into you, who is of absolute power to dispose of all
things to the best, wee rest.
Yol' very loving friends,
From Sr Thomas Smyths'                         PEMBROKE,,
house in Philpot Lane, the                     MO1; TGOMERY.
28th of February, 16i.                        SOUTIIAMPTO3,3
LISLE,4
Si] WALTETR COPE.  [S0ilr'HOIAS GATES,
G. COPPIN,                 ROBERT MIANSELL,
"['Illeo ible,          E" rvrWx   SANDYS,
o  SMOIYTHE.           BAPTIST HICIKS,
---  H. kFANSIHATW.
William, Earl o! P'embroke.
2 Phliip,   M' Iont;gomlery.
3 Helnry,     SoutlIlimpton..
4 Robert, Lord Lisle, afterwards Lord of Leicester.




LETTER OF EDWIN SANDYS.
Boys, in " Collections for the history of Sandwich," states that
the town in 1609 granted ~25 as a venture for the settlement of
Virginia, and it is without doubt in reference to this that the following letter was addressed on the 8th of April, 1612" To the Right:Tfot'lie, lvey very loving friends, the Mlcayor and Jurates
of Sandw(hich:
GENTLExIEN-I am required by his Maties counsel for Virginia,
to call on you for the twenty-five poundls well long since yu promised
to adventure wtll them, towards the fuirthering of that plantation.
And have received from them a Bill of adventure under their seale
to be delivered unto you upon painment of that sulm, wo1l Bill I have
sent you by Mr Parke to be disposed accordingly.
I am also in their names very earnestly to pray yor furtherance,
towards the furthering of a Lotterie lately granted to them by his
Matie.  The use and nature thereof yu shall perceive by the proclamation concerning it, which I have also sent.  And Mr Mayor
of Sandwich is particularly desired to receive & return such monies
as men shall be disposed to adventure in it, according to such instrnetions as are contained in a book sent to you for that purpose:
presuming greatly of your affectionate rediness to aid & advance
so worthie an enterprise tending so greatly to the enlargement of
the Cristian truth, the honlor of or nation, and benefit of English
people, as by God's assistance the sequell in short time will manifest.
The example also hereof, now  benficiall in yor best & most needfifl occasions, it may prove unto y~rselfs I know  in your wisdome
yu will easily see and consider.  So with my very hartie salutations
I commend yu to the divine tuition and rest.
Yr -very loving friend,
NoRTHBORN.                          EDWIN  SANDYS.
8 Aprile, 1.612.
Less than a month after Gates arrived, Lord Delaware landed, on
the 10th of June, 1610, at Jamestown, but on March 28th, 1611, he
visited England on account of ill health, leaving George Percy
Deputy Governor. At that time, the only other place inhabited by
whites, was Point Comfort, which consisted of a small iort fenced
with palisadoes, one dwelling, a store, and a few thatched cabins,




HONORXBLE GEORGE PERCY.
After the name of Robert Hunt, preacher, in the list of the
members of the expedition who settled at Jamestown in 1607, is
that of George Percy. An honorable man, the descendant of an
honorable house, uncomnplaining under peculiar hardships, and
faithful to his trust, it is to be regretted that so so few incidents of
his life have been preserved.
He was the brother of the Duke of Northumberland, and his
narrative of the plantation of the southern colony in Virginia, ending at September, 1607, abridged and published by Purchas, is full
of interest.
With Gabriel Archer and John Smith he accom:panied Captain
Newport in the first explorations of the James river in the vicinity
of Richmond, After Captain Smith's term  as President of the
Council expired, the colonists, in the absence of Sir Thomas Gates,
who had been wrecked at Bermudas, chose Percy as president.
A dispatch to the Earl of Salisbury, Secretary of State under
King James, dated October 4, 1609, written by one of the senior
captains of the vessels of the Gates and Somers expedition, states
that "they found all the Council dead but Captain Smith, who
reigned sole Governor, and is now sent home to answer some misdemeanors. George Percy, brother to my Lord Northumberland, is
elected President, and Mr. West, brother to Lord Delaware, of the
Council, with Captain Martin."
Among the papers in the library of the present Earl of Northumnberland there is evidence that there was an affectionate interest
felt by the Northumberland family in their representative in Virginia. Amid many entries in an expense-book, kept in the days of
James the First, the following are found: A charge of ~9, 2s., 6d.
for clothing sent to hMr. George Percy by Captain Newport; and
also a payment of 14 shillings to Mr. Melshawe for many necessaries which he delivered to Mr. Percy toward the building of a
house in Virginia. On February the 6th, 1610, payments to the
amount of ~432, Is., 6d. were made by the head of the Northumberland family for Mr. Percy. There appears also a payment by




46                LETTER OF GEORGE PERC'Y.
the Duke of Northumberland in 1607-'8 of 3 slillings for rings
and other pieces of copper given to the Virgilnia Prince; of 8 shillings for cutting a large and small Virginia stone; 24 shillings for
gold, and 15 shillings foir setting the large Virginia stone in gold.
In 1610 a Declaration of the State of V/ irginia was printed, and a
copy was purclhased for 6 shillilngs for the Northumberland/ family.
Upon tlhe arrival of Sir Thomas Gates in M-ay, 1610, fronl the
Bermudas, Percy ceased to act as President, and Gates became the
Governor under the new cha'rter until the coming of Lord Delaware, two weeks lat;er.  Delaware, as Governor-General, made
Percy one of the Council.  In AMarch, 1611, Delaware, on account
of ill-health, sailed from  Jamestown, and Gates, the Lieutenant
Governor, being ill Englandi, Percy was appointed Deputy-Governor.  Amnong the Northumberland papers there is the following
letter, written to his brother Henry, and dated August 17, 1611,
which probably was brought to England in the ship Star, which
arrived there about the 1st of Decenlber with Captain Newport.
Right Hozo.noe
I am not ignorant, and cannot be tiherefore unnlindfull in what
I may so satisfie your LoP for your manifold and conltinuall curtesies
well 1 dayly and at the reprotch of everie shipping do abundantly
taste of, and I must acknowiedg freely that this last yere hath not
bin a little chardlgable unto your Honlnor who I hope will continue
so noble and hono'ile opinion of me as you shall not think any thing
prodigally by m1e wasted or spent wel' tendeth to my no little advancemlentt: True it is the place well I hold in this Colonie, (the
store affording 110 other imeanes then a pound of mleale) cannot be
de defraied wth small expense, it stanlding upon my reputation (being
Governeur of James Towne) to keepe a continuall and dayly Table
for Gentlenlen of fashion aboute mne, my request unto y' LoP?. at this
present is to intreate your Honnlor to be highly pleased to disclardg
a Bill of mny hand made to IYW Nellson, and likewise a Bill of eight
pounds unto Mr Pindle Burie of Lond~o merchant and I shall ever be
in all humble dutie bound unto your Lo P: And thus wishing all
honnor and happines to accompalnie you in this world and eternall




PORTRAIT OF1f GEORGE PERCY.                     47
blisse in the other to come I cease to be further vnnecessary troublesome vnto your Lop. ever vowing my self and the vttmnost of my
services in all duty unto your Honnol. andl rest.
Your Lordship's
loninge brother
VIRGINIA, Janmes                        GEORGE PERCY.
Towne, August 17, 1611.
[Addressed:] To the right IHonolle my singuler good
Lord and Brother, The Earle of
Northumberland, give these.
The Secretary of the Virginia Historical Society, R. A. Brock,
Esq., states that tIhere is among the collections of that Society a fine
portrait of Captain George Percy, which, together with one of Lord
Culpepper, was donated to the Society by Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., of Leeds Castle, England, in 1853.  The frames accommodating each of these portraits are of solid British oak, handsomely
carved and gilded, and were presented with them by William Twopenny, Esq., of London.
E R 1 A TA,
Page 9. " John" should read " George" Kendall,
Page 13. "Narative" should read "narrative."
Page 20. "Surving" should read "surviving."




Amber discovered...................   24                 Kendall, George......................   9
Archer, Gabriel................  4, 13, 14, 45
Argall, Capt. Samuel..................  16   Mansell, Sir Robert....................  43
Marston, John, Poet...................   4
Bacon, Lord Francis.............. 25, 37    Martin, Capt. John................... 9, 13
Barwick, Capt. Thomas...............  16  MI ask of Flowers.................... 25. 26
Berkeley, Sir Maurice................. 15    ay Flower and Puritans.............  38
Bermudas described............. 16, 17? 31    Milton, Johln, Poet..................  36
Allusions by Shakspeare... 8, 19    Montgoimery, Earl of.......43....  43'    Marriage and baptism  at. 19, 20
Bermudez, John.6.......................   16             Newport, Capt. Christopher...7, 8, 9, 11, 12
Biographical sketch of-                                                           14, 15, 16, 10, 20, 21, 23, 45
Sir Thomas Dale................   40    News frolm Virginia, a poem...........  29;' Thomas Gates........N.........  41 Nolthumlberlandc,                  Earl  of..............  46
Capt. Christopher Newport......    15
Hon. George Percy..............           45      Peirces. John, patent..................  38
Sir Edwin Sandys...............  37    lPembroke,   Earl of..............  43
George Sandys...........  39    Percy Mal nuscripts................... 10-12
Edw. Maria Wingfield...........   9    Percy. George......... 12. 14, 33, 45, 46
Brock, R. A.............................  47    Persons, Elizabeth,  marriage of.......  19
Buck, Chaplain Richard....1...........  19    Pope the Poet, quotations from.......  24
Powell, Tlhomas,  his marriage.........           19
Calvert, Sir George..................  38    Powhailttanls kindness to Smith.....    13, 14
Carter, Christopher, left at Bermudas,  21    Purchas.  Sanluel......................  15
Chapman's writings...   9............... 25    Puritans of May    lower..............  38
Chard, Edward, finds amber........   21, 24
Christening of Bermuda Rolfe........   20                Ralcigl. Sir \Walter.............                  4
Coffin, Sir George.......n.......... 15, 43    Ratclifl, Capt. John................... 9, 13
Cook's, John Play......................  27              iich, R., poetical tract......... 2... 27-39
Cope, Sir Walter.......................  43 " Sir Rtobert.....2...7.........  27
Crashaw, Raleigh......................  15    PReoanoke colonists......................   9
"      Win., on stage players.... 23. 26             oolfe, John, tobacco planter.... 19, 20, 25
Crouch, HIugh...........................    1(
Richard........................  16    Saltern,  Robert.......................    4
Sandys,  George.........................  39
Dale, Sir Thomas................... 15, 40                   "     Sir Eclwin...............        37, 40, 43
Davenant, Shakespeare's Godson.....              36    Sea Venture, wreck of............... 17, 31
Delaware, Lord.............. 33, 42, 44, 46     Shakespeare's Tempest.. 18, 19, 22, 23, 28
Directions to Virginia Council........                          "           godson..................  36
Dog, first at Bermlndas...............   32           RSheley,     Si  Rolbert.................. 15, 16
Drake, Sir Francis.....................   3              Smith,  Join, suspected............... 9, 14
Drayton, Michael, verses of.......... 8, 39                         " " escribed by Fuller...... 13
Somers, Sir George...... 15, 17, 33
"Eastward Ho," play of............... 4! 5                 t"       Matthewn................... 21, 22
Southampton, Earl of...............  43
Frobisher, Richard, ship builder......            20    Stage Players rebuked.......... 23, 26, 27
Fuller's notice of John  Smlith.........   13    Strachey, William......................   9
(I"     ".      ~George Sandys......  139
Tempest, play of.....     18, 19, 22, 23
Cates. Sir Thomas...6, 15, 17 21, 23, 33, 46                  "    acted before tile King's family   26
" " "              sketch of...........  41    Tobacco denounced....................  25
Gookin, Daniel.....................  16                     "      praisedl.................... 25, 26
G-osnold, Anthony......................  12.Tucker, l)aniel.......................   15
"      Bartholomew......... 4, 8, 9, 12    Tue Mar1y..............................  16
Haklu.,t, Richard.................. 3, 4, 6    Virginia C'onlI)any............... 6, 41, 43
Halliwell, John 0...................    27                    "      Council, first report..........       10
Hogs of Bermudas...............            19, 21, 31     Virginiola.........................  24
Horton, Mistlress.....1.......  19    Virginian Voyage, Draytonl's Ode.....                           8
Hortop, Job..............  16
Hunt, Chaplain Robert.............. 19. 45    Wayneman, Sir F......................   33
Waters, Edward, castaway............               21
Iron ore of Virginia...................     15     West, Francis.........................  15
Island of Devils.................... 17, 29             Whincop, John, Puritani.............38
Wife eaten by her husband............  36
James the First dislikes Sir G, Sandys  39    Wingfield, Edward Maria.. 6, 9, 13, 14, 15
Jones, Capt. Thomas, of May Flower 27, 38    Wooton, Thomas, Surgeon.............  15
Jonson, Ben..........................   4    Wyatt, Gov. Francis...................  37




N OTES
ON THE
VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.
BY
EDWARD D. NEILL,
PRESBYTER OF REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
REPRINTED FROM EPISOOPAL REEORDER.
PHILADELPHIA:
1220 SATS OO     S T R: R. T
1877.




-Extract from  Sermwon of Patrick C'opland, before the Virginia Company,
preached at Bow Church, London, Thursday, April 18, 1622.
"' And, that I may bend my speech unto all, seeing so many of the
Lord's worthies have done worthily in this noble action; yea, and seeing
that some of them greatly rejoice in this, that God hath enabled them to
help forward this glorious work, both with their prayers and with their
purses, let it be your grief and sorrow to be exempted from the company
of so many honorable-minded men, and from this noble plantation, tending so highly to the advancement of the Gospel, and to the honoring of our
dread Sovereign, by enlarging of his kingdoms, and adding a fifth crown
unto his other four: for' En dat Virginia quintam' is the motto of the
legal seal of Virginia."




-
CHAPTER I.
CHAPLAINS OF EARLY EXPEDITIONS.
Edward Maria Wingfield, the President sermon; he said he was prepared for it. I
of the First Council of Virginia, makes the made answer, that our men were weary and
following statement, relative to the first hungry, and that he did see the time of the
clergyman who arrived, in 1607, with the day far spent (for at other times he never
founders of Jamestown: —                made such question, but the service finished,
he began his sermon), and that if it pleased
REV. RO~BERT HUNT.             him, we would spare him till some other
"For my first worke, which was to make time. I never failed to take such notes, by
right choice of' a spiritual pastor, I appeeled writing, out of his doctrine as my capacity
to the remembrance of my Lo. of Caunt., would comprehend, unless some rainy day
his Grace, who gave me very gracious hindered my endeavors."
audience in my request. And the world   On rainy days the place of worship was
knoweth when I took with me truly a  man, not very comfortable. The congregation
in my opinion, not any waie to be touched assembled in fair weather under an old
with the rebellious hunmor of a papist spirit, sail, suspended frorn trees, but when it
nor blemished with the least suspicion of a rained service was held in a rotten tent. In
factious schismatic."                    time the colonists constructed a barn-like
The appointment of Robert Hunt as edifice, with a roof ofturf and earth resting
chaplain of Newport's expedition to Vir- upon rafters, and in this place, as humble as
ginia came through the direct agency of the manger of Bethlehem, Hunt officiated as
Richard Hakluyt, Prebend of Westminster, long as he lived.
who was an earnest advocate for the planting   In the winter of 1609 a fire broke out,
of an English colony in America.         which destroyed Hunt's library, and before
Anderson supposes that he had been a the summer of 1609 he had died, but the
rector in Kent, before he received the posi- precise time has not been ascertained.
tion of chaplain. Amid all the dissensions
of the first colonists, he proved himself a          REV. MR. (LOVER.
gentle shepherd, and won the respect of all  In June, A. D. 1611, Sir Thomas Gates
classes. President Wingfield speaks of him  left England on a second voyage to Virginia.
as follows: "Two or three Sunday mornings William  Crashaw, the celebrated divine,
the Indians gave us alarms; by that times father of the poet, says that the Rev. Mr.
they were answered, the place about us well Glover accompanied him, who had been
discovered, and our divine service ended, "an approved preacher in Bedford and
the day was far spent. The preacher did Huntingdonshire, a graduate of Cambridge,
ask me if it were my pleasure to have a reverenced and respected," but he soon died,




4                         VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.
Crashaw writes, "H' e endured not the sea- has learned the scriptural doctrine, and exsickness of the countrey so well as younger plained it to the people, then that is a true
and stronger bodies; and so, after zealous and  perfect Church  which receives and
and faithful performance of his ministeriall cherishes such doctrine."
dutie, whilest he was able, he gave his soule   The son had been taught, also, that hapto Christ Jesus (under whose banner he went tism purifies none, except those who receive
to fight, and for whose glorious name's the promise of gratuitous justification in
sake, he undertook the danger) more worthy Christ, and that there was nothing like a
to be accounted a true confessor of Christ real, express presence in the elements upon
than hundreds that are canonized in the the Lord's Table.
Pope's Marytyrologie."                      But one of Alexander Whitaker's sermons was published. In 161.3 it was printed
ALEXANDER  WIHITAKER,  MINISTER  AT in London, and contains the following senIHENRICO, VIRGINIA, A. D. 1611-1617.   tence:Crashaw, the father of the poet, and   "Let not the servants of superstition, that
a distinguished divine, in the year 1613, think to merit by their good works, go
alludes to the ministers who had gone to beyond us in well-doing, neither let them be
America as able and fit men, "all of able to open their mouths against us, and to
them  graduates, allowed  preachers, sin- condemn the religion of our Protestation,
gle men, having no  pastoral cares, nor for want of charitable deeds."
charge of children," and exhorts them  in   Sir Thomas Dale had passed many years
these words: " Though Satan visibly and among the Presbyterians of Holland, before
palpably reigns there, more than in any coming to Virginia. His first wife was a
other known place in the world, yet be of relative, and his second wife a sister of Sir
courage, blessed brethren; God will tread W. Throckmorton, a man of Puritan affiniSatan under your feet shortly, and the ages ties. MPany of the settlers at Henrico were
to come will eternize your names, as the Dutchmen, and it was to be expected that
apostles of Virginia."  Among  these so- Whitaker's views would be in sympathy
called apostles, one who came with Sir with Low-Churchmen, the prevailing party
Thomas Dale, in  1611, was Alexander among the people of England.
Whitaker. He had been comfortably set-   Hamor, the secretary of the Colony, in a
tied in the north of England for five or six narrative published in London, in 1615,
years, after graduating at Cambridge, when prints a letter of Whitaker's, written in
he tore himself away from  comforts and June, 1614, which contains the earliest acfriends, and "his warm nest," constrained count of a church organization among the
by the love of Christ to become a mission- English  of North America. He writes:
ary. He was the son of the great scholar, "Every Sabbath day we preach in the foreWilliam Whitaker, for many years Profes- noon, and catechize in the afternoon. Every
sor of Divinity, and Master of St. John's Saturday, at night, I exercise in Sir Thomas
College, Cambridge, of whom a poet said: Dale's house. Our Church affairs be con"He was the shield of truth, the scourge of sulted on by the Minister and four of the
error."  With his father he held the then most religious men. Once every month we
prevailing opinions of the Church of Eng- have a communion, and once a year a soland. He taught that a bishop and pres- lemn fast."
byter in the New Testament were of the   The weekly religious service, or exercise,
same order, and that the only Apostolical on Saturday night, was a characteristic of
Succession was based upon the presentation the Puritans within the Church of England.
of Scriptural truths.  "If," said the elder Purchas states that the surplice was not
Whitaker,  "he is a perfect minister who even spoken of in Whitaker's parish. The




'VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.                           5
consultation with four of the most religious faults oftentimes they had their deserved
men resembled a Dutch consistory.       payments.  And many times they gave
Before June, 1617,Whitaker was drowned, good testimonies of their great valor and
and William Wickham, a pious man, with- resolution. To handle them gently, while
out Episcopal ordination, conducted the gentle courses may be found to serve, it
services at Henrico. In 1621 Rev. Jonas will be without comparison the best; but
Stockton took charge of the parish.     if gentle polishing will not serve, the one
The unreliable John Smith published a shall not want hammerers  and  rough
letter, purporting to have been written by masons enow-I mean our old soldiers
the Rev. Jonas Stockham, on May 20th, trained up in the Netherlands-to square
1621, which Purchas states was addressed to and prepare them to our preachers' hands."
Alexander Whitaker. Alluding to the In-   No such letter could have been written
dians, he remarks: "We have sent boys to Whitaker, as alleged, in 1621, for in
among them  to learn their language, but 1617 he was drowned. There was no Rev.
they return worse than they went; but I Jonas Stockham in Virginia, but in 1620
am no statesman, nor love I to meddle with there arrived, in the "Bona Nova," the
anything but my books, but I can find no Rev. Jonas Stockton, about thirty-six years
probability by this course to draw them to of age, with a son Timothy, ten years old,
goodness; and I am persuaded if Mars and and for a time he was minister at HenMinerva go hand-in-hand, they will effect rico and N1ew Bermudas.
more good in one hour, than- these verbal   At the instance of Sir William  ThrockMercurians in their lives. And till their morton, in 1620, one of the Indian girls
Priests and Ancients have their throats cut, brought to London by Sir Thomas Dale in
there is no hope to bring them to conversion." 1616, being weak with consumption, was
This sentiment, attributed to Stockham, sent to the house of a cousin of Whitaker,
we find in almost similar language in a the Rev. William Gouge, who "took great
letter written on April 15th, 1609, by the pains to comfort her, both in soul and
historiographer, Richard Hakluyt, to the body."  Gouge was a Cambridge graduate,
Virginia Company. His words relative to noted for scholarship, oratory, piety and
the Indians are, "They be also as uncon- philanthropy. He was a member of the
stant as the weathercock, and most ready Westminster Assembly of Divines, and
to take all occasions to do mischief. They died in December, 1653, after a pastorate
are great liars and dissemblers, for which of forty-five years at Black Friars, London.
CHAPTER II.
CLERGY FROMI A.D. 1619 TO A.D. 1630.
Hunt, Glovwr, and Whitaker had all commended to honest Sir Thomas Gates by
been summoned to the " better land " before Bishop Ravis, of London, one of the transthe assembling at Jamestown, on July 30th, lators of the King James' version of the
1619, of the first American legislature.  Bible, a prelate of mildness and liberality.
He embarked in 1609, in- the " Sea VenRICHARD BUCK, CHAPLAIN OF THE "SEA ture," with Gates, Somers, and Captain
VENTURE."               [Newport, and during a violent storm in the
Richard Buck, who had been an Oxford last days of July, the ship was wrecked at
student, was " an able and painful preacher," Bermudas. -Here the passengers and sailorp




G                        VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.
remained several months, and Buck was   Every Sunday two sermons were delivered
faithful in the discharge of his duties.  by Buck, or Glover, or Whitaker; and the
Strachey-, Secretary of Virginia, says:-  Puritan custom of a sermon or lecture on
During our time of abode upon these Thursday was also observed. During the
islands, we had every Sunday two sermons services, if present, Lord Delaware sat in
preached by our minister, besides every the chancel, in a. green velvet chall. Ill
morning and evening, at the ringing of a health soon compelled Delaware to go back
bell, we repaired all to public prayer, at to England., and then the rude church again
what time the names of our whole comp-any began to decay.
were called, and such as were wanting were   Crashaw speaks of all the clergymen who
duly punished."  He was occupied while left, England, as being "single men."  If
there in baptizing, burying, and marrying,  this statement is correct, Buck must have
John Rolfe, whose name has become married  some of tle fe male passengers
distinguished as the first; man who estab- wrecked at Bermudas, or some one in
lished a tobacco plantation in Virginia, and Virginia, soon after, for in 1611 there is
linked with the romance about Pocahontas, evidence that he was a husband, Toward
was, with his white wife, passenger on the the latter part of that year, in the midst of
"Sea Venture."  Mrs. Rolfe gave birth to great destitution, his wife bore a daughter,
a daughter, and on the 4th of February, which was appropriately  named  Mra;a.
1609-10, she was christened  Bermuda; The mother, in her desolation, thought, no
Strachey and Captain Newport standing as doubt, of the green hedges and good cheer
"Cwitnesses.". After a brief existence the of dear old England, and appreciated the
child was buried on the Island.          language of Naomi, in the Book of Ruth —A  ship of seventy tons, named  the "Call me not Naomi, call me Mara, for
"Deliverance," having been built, in it, and the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with
a small pinnace, called the "Patience," the me. I went out full, and the Lord bhath
party left, and in the latter part of May, brought me home again, empty."
1610, arrived at Jamestown. Sir Thomas   Three years after Mara's birth the Lord
Gates, before he unrolled his commission gave the wife of Buck a son, which was
and commenced his duties as Governor, named Gershom. The good man thought
caused the bell to be rung, and then the of Moses, no doubt,, who, when his wife,
emaciated and desponding colonists listened Zipporah, bare him a son, "he called his
to the "zealous and sorrowful prayer of M/r. name Gershom, for, he said, I have been a
Buck."  On Sunday, the 10th of June, stranger in a strange land."
Lord Delaware arrived as Governor Gen-   In the year 1616, the minister's wife
eral, and  immediately went ashore and became the mother of a son, which proved
heard "a sermon made by Mr. Buck." a child of sorrow, and was well called
The  church  in which this sermon was Benoni. IHe did not chuckle and laugh in
preached a chronicle of that day described childish glee, he had a vacant stare, and it
as " a homely thing, like a barn set upon was soon evident that he would not be able
crutchets, covered with  rafts, sedge and to measure a yard of cloth, number twenty,
earth; so was also the walls."           or rightly name the days of the week, and
Lord Delaware ordered the church to that he, under the English Statute, would
be repaired, and when completed it was be called "a natural fool."
twenty-four by sixty feet in dimensions,   The fourth child was born about the time
the pews made of cedar, the communion. that the first legislature met, and the colony
table of black walnut, a baptismal font was " pelegged," or divided  into  many
hollowed out of a log like a canoe, and two election precincts, and the boy was named
bells on the west gable.                 Peleg.




VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.                              7
Mr. Buck died before the year 1624, but he was the first minister of Bermudas, he
the precise time has not been ascertained. was a nonconformist.
Ambrose Harmar, who in  1645 was a
member of the legislature from Jamestown,            WILLIAM MEASE.
in a petition presented in 1637, states that
he had for thirteen years had the care of the   William Mease came about the time of
idiot Benoni Buck, the first in the colony, Glover and Buck, remained ten years in
and appears to have been the guardian of Virginia, and in 1623 was living in Engthe other children.                      land.
By Buck's will, his wife had  a life             THOMAS BARGRAVE.
interest in his lands, and after her death
they were to belong to the children. Hen.-  Thomas Bargrave, who came in 1618, was
ing's Statutes state that the attention of the the nephew of Dr. Bargrave, the Dean of
legislature of Mlarch 1654-5 was called to Canterbury, and came out with his uncle,
the will of Richard  Buck, and it was Captain John Bargrave, who spent several
decided that his lands descended to his thousand pounds, with a Mr.  Ward, in eschildren, and not to Bridget Bromfield, late tablishing a plantation on the south side of
wife of John Burrowes, and that Elizabeth the James, above Martin Brandon, in the
Crompe was -to remain in possession.     district through which runs a creek, to this
Thomas Crompe came to Virginia as day called Ward's. IHe probably succeeded
early as A.D. 1624, and was a delegate to Wickham  at Henrico, and Whitaker at
the legislature that met in February, 1631- Bermuda lHundred. He died in 1621, and
32, from  James City. Elizabeth Crompe left his library, valued  at one hundred
may have been the daughter of Thomas marks, or seventy pounds, to the projected
Crompe and Mara Buck, and the grand- college at Henrico.
child of Rev. R.ichard Buck.
In 1624 Mara Buck, then unmarried,:DAVID SANDS, OR SANDYS.
was living with John and Bridget Burt James City. Could Bridget Bavid Sands, or Sandys, came in the;'owes, at James City.   Could Bridget Bur"Bona Ventura," in 1620, and first dwelt
rowes have been the widow of Buck, andalc,
after the death of BurrowYes,  could  Mr. at John Uble's plantatiort in  I4g slaxld
after the death of Burrowes, could Mr. but early in 1625 he was at the plantation
Bromfield have become a third husband?         v                       X M
of Captain Samuel 1 atthews, within the
precincts of James City. In July, 1624, he
GEORGE KEITH.               petitioned for relief from calumny derogatory to his profession.
A minister named George Keith, thirtythree years of age, with a wife, and son
John, aged six years, in 1617 arrived in the
ship " George," and settled at Elizabeth City. Arrived in January, 1621, in the ship
He may have been the same person who was "Bona Nova," and was about thirty-six
the first minister at the Bermudas, whose years of age. His residence was at Elizagovernor at this time was Daniel Tucker, beth City, but for a time he preached at
who had been a councillor and prominent Henrico. In January, 1625, he was alive,
citizen of Virginia.                     but after this he is not mentioned in any of
He entered one hundred acres, by patent, the records we have examined.
and for some time a creek in the neighbor-   Governor Yeardley, in the spring of 1619,
hood of Elizabeth City, now Hampton, was found a" poor ruinated church" at Henrico,
called Keith's.                          and at Jamestown "a church built wholly
His wife appears to have died, 1624.  If at the charge of the inhabitants of that




8                       VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.
city, of timber, being fifty foot in length this year, throughout all the plantations at
and twenty foot in breadth."            the Eastern Shore, ten pounds of tobacco
In  1621 Sir Francis Wyatt became and one bushel of corn for every planter
Governor, and a number of clergymen and tradesman, above the age of sixteen
came to Virginia, but the General Assem- years, alive at the crop: these are to require
bly of 1623 stated that "divers had no Captain William Epps, commander of the
orders."                                said plantation, to raise the said ten pounds
of tobacco and one bushel of corn," etc.
ROBERT PAULET.
Robert Paulet, in July, 1621, was an-             HAWTE WYATT.
nounced as one of the Governor's Council,   Hawte Wyatt, named after his maternal
and was at that time residing at Martin's grandfather, Sir W. Hawte, also came in
Hundred. He had been engaged in 1619 October, 1621, in the same vessel with his
to go to Southampton Hundred, fobunded by brother, Gov. Wyatt. On the 16th of July,
Tracy, Throckmorton, Thorp and others, in a few days after Boiton's appointment, it was
the triple capacity of "preacher, physician, signified to the London Company that Sir
and surgeon," and arrived in the month of Francis Wyatt's brother, " being a Master of
December. He never took the oath of Arts, and a good divine, and very willing to
Councillor.  The Virginia Company of go with him this present voyage, might be
London, in a letter dated July 22d, 1622, to entertained and placed as Minister over his
Governor Wyatt writes, "Mr. Robert Paulet, people, and have the same allowance tothe minister, was he whom the court chose wards the furnishing of himself with necessato be of the Council; the adventurers of ries, as others have had; and that his wife
Martin's Hundred desire that he might be might have her transport free, which motive
spared for that office, their business was thought very reasonable," and it was
requiring his presence continually."    ordered that he should have the same allowanice as that which had been granted to Mr.
ROBERT BOLTON.
Bolton.
In the records of the London Company   It is probable that the minister's wife
is found the following minute: —" Upon the went back in the summer of 1623, as a comRight Honorable the Earl of Southampton's panion of the Governor's wife, and in 1626
recommendations of Mr. Bolton, minister, he came to England, his father having
for his honesty and sufficiency in learning, died. Upon his return to England  he
and to undertake the care and charge of the found a great deal of ecclesiastical controministry, the Company have been pleased to versy, and his sympathies were with the
entertain him  for their minister in some Puritans. Opposed to the retrogressions of
vacant place in Virginia."              Archbishop Laud, he was arraigned before
Mr. Bolton came with Governor Wyatt, the High Commission. On the 3d of Octoin October, 1621, and was sent to Elizabeth ber he became Vicar of Bexley, Kent, the
City. He was engaged by the planters of seat of his ancestors. He was twice married,
the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay, and on the 31st of July, 1638, died. Some of
as their first minister, and preached for two his descendants came back to Virginia. Anyears there, and perhaps a longer period. thony Wyatt, one of Governor Berkeley's
He may have been the Robert Bolton who, councillors in 1642, may have been his son,
in 1609, took the degree of A. B. at Oxford. and perhaps Ralph Wyatt, who married the
On  November 21st, 1623, Governor widow of Captain William Button, a gentleWyatt issued the following:-            man who had received from the Privy Coun"WHEREAS, it is ordered that MIr. Bol- cil of England a grant of 7000 acres on
ron, minister, shall receive for his salary, both sides of the river Appomattox,




VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.                            9
WILLIAM BENNETT.             on a certain Sunday, in the afternoon, on the
About the same time, in 1621, that second verse of the 9th chapter of Isaiah, at
Hawte Wyatt came, arrived William Ben- Saint Scythe's Church,  which was surnett, in the ship " Sea Flower." He preached rounded by handsome mansions in Saint
at the plantation settled under the auspices Swithen's lane, near London Stone.
auspices -He appears to have made a favorable
of Edward Bennett, a prominent London   He appears to have made a favorable
merchant, in the Warosquoyak  district, impression.  In a letter to the colonial
hich extened on the south side of Jaes   uthorities, the Company write, on 10th of
river. There is a warrant dated November July, 1622, 0.  5: —"  We send over Mr.
20th, 1623, for collecting of the estate of William  Leate, a minister recommended
Robert Bennett the salary of William Ben- unto us for sufficiency of learning and
nett for two years.  integrity of life."  In less than six months he
His: for twif ceame. in tdied. Governor Wyatt, the next January,
Hlis wife came in the " Abigail," in July,          
1622, and shortly after his marriage, toward
the close of the year 1624, he died.    Mr. Leate made good your commendations
On the 22d of January, 1624-5, Catha- of him, and his death to us very grievous."
rine, the widow of the minister, aged twenty-      GREVILLE POOLEY.
four, was residing at Shirley, with William,
Greville Pooley arrived in the ship
her infant, three weeks old.
"James," in 1622, and resided on the south
TI-IOMAS WHITE.             side of James river, at Fleur-dieu Hundred,
one of Governor Yeardley's plantations,
In December, 1621, Thomas WVhite  ar- adjoining Jordan's plantation.
rived in the ship Warwick.  Governor   Samuel Jordan, a few  months after
Wyatt and Council, in a letter to the London Pooley's arrival, died, and the burial serCompany, written the next month, uses these vice was conducted by the neighboring
words:-" The information given youof the minister. He left a young widow about
want of worthy ministers here is very true, twenty-three years of age, named Cecilia,
and therefore we must give you great called Siselye, and a daughter Mary, two
thanks for sending out Mr. Thomas White. years of age, and Margaret, an infant.
It is our earnest request that you would be   Pooley asserted that a few days after the
pleased to send us out many more learned funeral he courted the widow, and was
and sincere ministers, of which there is so encouraged, but afterward she accepted the
great want in so many parts of the country." attentions of William  Ferrar, a neighbor,
White appears to have died before 1624, and brother of the Deputy Governor of the
and his place of residence in the colony has Virginia Company in London. The affair
not been ascertained,                   caused a great deal of gossip, and CGovernor
Wyatt referred Pooley's  complaint of
breach of promise to the London Company.
Humphry Slany, one of the prominent In the Company's Trcansactions is the followmerchants of London, at one of the meetings ing minute, under date of April 21st, 1624:
of the London Company in 1622, informed " Papers were read, whereof one containing
them that Mr. Leate, a man of " civil and certain examinations touching a difference
good carriage," formerly a preacher in New  between  Mr. Pooley and Mrs. Jordan,
Foundland, was desirous to go to Virginia, referred unto the Company here for answer,
and would put the Company to no charge, and the Court requested to confer with
except for necessaries and such books as some civilians, and advise what answer was
should be useful to him.  A  committee fit to be returned in such a case."  A few
conferred with him, and asked him to preach months later the Governor of Virginia
2




10                       VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.
issued the following order against flirting: by fine or otherwise, according to the guilt
" Whereas, to the great contempt of the of the persons so offending."
majesty of God and ill example to others,   Poor Pooley at last found a woman to
certain women within this colony have, of love and be his wife, but in 1629 he and
late, contrary to the laws ecclesiastical of his family were massacred by the Indians.
the realm  of England, contracted them-                    FENTOL.
selves to two several men at one time,,   At Elizabeth City, on the 5th of Septenwhereby much trouble doth grow between    A
rouble doth grber, 1624, a Rev. Mr. Fenton was buried,
parties, and the Governor and Council of
who had recently arrivedo
State much disquieted.  T'o prevent the
like offense to others hereafter, it is by the         HENRY  JACOIB.
Governor and Council ordered in Court that   Henry Jacob, the eminent scholar and
every minister give notice in his church, to writer, and founder of the first Independent
his parishioners, that what man or woman  Church in London, was induced to come to
soever shall use any words or speech tend- Virginia, about 1624, and soon died. It is
ing to the contract of marriage, though  supposed that he may have gone to the
not right and legal, yet so may entangle  Puritan   plantations  of  Warasquoyak,
and breed struggle in  their consciences, established by Edward Bennett and other
shall for the third offense undergo either London merchants, and perhaps succeeded
corporal punishment, or other punishment William Bennett.
CHAPTER III.
CLERGY FROMB A.D. 1630 TO A.D. 1660.
WILLIAMB COTTON.              days, during  divine service, and then ask
William Cotton is the second minister re- Mr. Cotton's forgiveness for using offensive
siding on the eastern shore of Chesapealke and slanderous words concerning him."
Bay, and may have been the immediate   Stephen Charlton, who left, on certain
successor of Robert Bolton, whom we have conditions, property to the Episcopal Church
noticed. It was a law of the colony " that in Northampton, or lower Accomac, was
whosoever should disparage a minister with- probably the son of this offender.
out sufficient proof to justify his reports,
whereby the minds of his parishioners                 I   FALKNER.
might be alienated from him, and his min-   Mr. Falkner, in the proceedings of the
istry prove the less effectual, should ask the Assembly of 1643, is mentioned as the
minister forgiveness, publicly, in the con- rector of the large parish of the Isle of
gregation."                               Wight county, but we find no further record
Henry Charlton, who, at the age of nine- of his life.
teen, came in 1623 to Virginia, and was a    It was not until after the year i.630 that
servant of a planter in Acconmac, Captain  the colonists of Virginia began to increase
John Wilcocks, one day in 1633 called the in wealth and population.  In May, 1630,
Rev. Mr. Cotton "a black-coated rascal," the population of the Colony was reputed
and it was ordered by the County Court, to be twenty-five  hundred. But in  five
"that Mr. Henry Charlton make a pair of years it had doubled. In 1636  twenty-six
stocks, and sit in them  several'Sabbath  ships arrived, bringing  sixteen  hundred




VIRGINI-A  COLONIAL CLERGY.                            1i.
and six immigrants. After this period there mary, and also contained apple, cherry, pear
was some improvement in architectureO      and peach trees. Panton's field of labor
The Virginia planters, in a document was in t-he new plantation of York, and the
written in 1623, state " that the houses were parish of Chiskiak, created 1639-40 by the
most built for use and not for ornament."  legislature.
The laboring Inen's houses in EDgland, to   In 1629 a law relative to the observance
which class they say "' We chiefly profess of the Sabbath was reenacted in these words:
ourselves to be, are in no wise generally, for' That there be an especiall care taken by
goodness, to be compared unto them."       all commanders and others that the people
To stimulate improvements, ill 16:38 the doe repaire to their churches on ]the Saboth
authorities at Janmestown offered land for a day, and to see that the penalty of one
house and garden to any who would build pound of tobacco for every time of absence,
a dwelling.                                and fifty pound of tobacco for every month's
In 1640 twelve houses were built, one of absence, sett down in the act of the Generall
brick, owned by Secretary Kemp, and con- Assemibly, 1623, be levyed, and the delin..
sidered the "fairest in the Colony," and at quents to pay the same, as also to see that the
the same time the first brick church in Vir- Saboth day be not ordinarily profaned by
ginia, twenty-eight by fifty-six feet in size, working in any imployments, or by iourneywas commenced at Jamestown. Many years ing from place to place."
afterwards, A. D. 1676, it was destroyed by    About the time of Panton's arrival, in
fire, and another church, the ruins of which view of the scarcity of lministers, the legisare still seen, was erected.               lature enacted:  ". Ill such places where the
A levy of tobacco, at the same period, extent of the care of any rnynister is so
was ordered, to repair Point Comfort and large that he cannot be present himself on
build a State-house at Jamestown, and Afene- the Saboth dayes and other holy dayes, It is
fie, sometimes spelled MIenify, a prominent thought fitt, That they appoynt and allow
merchant, was sent to England to dispose of mayntena.nce fior deacons, where any having
the tobacco and procure workmen.           taken orders can be found, for the readinge
common prayer in their absence."
ANTHONY PANvTON.
The Virginians had been indignant at
Anthony Panton was the most prominent the intrusion of Governor Calvert upon one
of the Virginia clergy, from the beginning of their plantations in Chesapeake bay,
of the reign of Charles the First until the which had sent, a representative to the legdeath of Charles the Second.              islature at Jamestown, and when one of their
At the solicitation of George.i3,enify, a citizens, of the isle of Kent, ha d been killed
prominent man  in Virginia affairs, and in a collision with Marylanders, they beothers, Panton, in 1633, came to America.  cam e indignant at Governor Harvey's symMenify had arrived in July, 1623, in the pathy with those whom they considered inship " Saimuel," and became, in a few years, a truders, and on the 27th of April, 1635, a
prosperous merchant of James City corpora- meeting of influential persons was held at
tion, and  agent for London  merchants. the York plantations, to adopt measures of
He lived on a plantation called Littleton, redress for the many grievances they had
between Jamestown  and Warwick river, suffered from  their Governor.  The next
and his surroundings were more refined day a meeting of the Council was held at
than the other colonists. He was the first Jamestown, and after excited  discussion,
person who raised peach trees in the valley Governor Harvey was arrested for treason,
of James river, and gave great attention to and sent over to England. The following
horticulture.  His garden of two acres was December, at a meeting of the king's Privy
full of primroses, sage, marjoram and rose- Couneil, it was charged that one Rabnet, of




12                      VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.
Maryland, had said that it was lawful and contempt toward the Governor in refusing
meritorious to kill a hereticking, which was to answer Panton's counsel.  In April,
offered to be proved by one Mr. Williams, 1641, the Privy Council having heard both
a minister, but Governor Harvey refused Kemp and Panton, the sentence against the
his testimony, because he married two per- minister was removed.  On the 30th of
sons without a license.                 October, Anthony Panton, calling himself
Another charge was that he had silenced "Clerk and Minister of God's Word in
a minister by the name of White.        Virginia, and Agent of the Church and
To this Governor Harvey answered that Clergy there," presented a petition to the
White, in two years' time, had never shown House of Lords, in which he complained of
any orders.                             the conduct of Governor Harvey, Secretary
Archbishop Laud, who was present at the Richard Kemp and others, at whose hands the
examination, sustained Harvey, by saying, colonists had suffered many arbitrary and
" that no man may be admitted to serve as a illegal proceedings, in speedy trial, extorMinister in any of the King's ships, until he tionate and most cruel oppressions which
has shown his orders to the Bishop of the have extended to unjust whippings, cutting
Diocese."                               of ears, fines, confinement of honest men's
Harvey was upheld by the King, and re- goods, peculation, and the supporting of
appeared in Jamestown in 1637, with in- Popery. He also stated that Kemp had
creased authority, and the increased dislike secretly fled from  Virginia, carrying away
of the Virginians. The Secretary of the the charter and divers records, and with his
Colony and warm  sympathizer with the associates had, by misrepresentations to his
Governor was Richard Kemp.              Majesty relative  to  Governor  Francis
Acting both as accuser and judge, in Wyatt, who had only served under his last
1638, Kemp charged Anthony Panton, Rec- commission eighteen months, obtained a new
tor of York and Chiskiack, with calling government and a new charter.
him " a jackanapes; that the King was mis-   After the reading of these cornplaints, it
informed, and that he was unfit for the place was ordered by the House of Lords that the
of Secretary, that he was poor and proud, new Governor, Sir W. Berkeley, Kt., Richwith hair-lock tied up with a ribbon as old ard Kemp and Christopher Wormsley be
as Paul's," and also that he had preached stayed their voyage, and forthwith answer
against his pride; upon these charges, Har- to the charges of the petitioner. Berkeley's
vey banished the minister for "mutinous, commission as Governor had been signed in
rebellious and riotous actions."        August, but owing to this and other delays
Panton complained to the King's Privy he did not, before February, 1642, enter
Council.  Harvey was soon removed from  upon his duties in Virginia.
office and his successor, Governor Wyatt, was
ordered to inquire into the Panton difficulty. JAMES, KNOWLES, AND  TOMPSON, PURIBefore he could enter upon the examina-                TANS.
tion, Kemp, without permission, sailed for   While Laud in England was having the
England, and Thomas Stegg, of Westover, "Book of Sports" read in the churches,
an influential merchant, who was once and the youth, on Sunday afternoons, were
Speaker of the Assembly, was fined 50 pounds encouraged to engage in games and dances,
sterling and to be imprisoned during the and the Court on Sunday evenings were at
Governor's pleasure, for aiding and assisting balls, plays, and masquerades, the Virginia
him to go out of the country, and furnishing Legislature, in March, 1643, enacted: "For
him with money, because it endangered the the better observation of the Saboth, no
colonial records, some of which he had person or persons shall take a voyage upon
carried away, and because he exhibited the same, except it be to Church, or for




VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.                           13
other cause of extreme necessitie, upon the glebe and parsonage house that now is
penaltie of the forfeiture, for such offence, of shall be appropriated and called East Parish.
twenty pounds."                         The third parish to begin on the west side
It had already, in 1629, been ordered of Nansirnum river, to be limited from Cool"that the Saboth day be not ordinarily pro- ing's creek, as aforesaid, and to extend
faned by workeing in any imployments."   downward to the mouth of the river, includThe assembly of 1643 provided for the ing all Chuckatuck on both sides, and the
spiritual independence of the parishes outside Ragged Islands, to be known by the West
of James City, by a law, which gave to the Parish."
vestry of a parish and the county commis-   The request was prayerfully considered
sioners the right to elect and make choice by the churches and ministers of Boston
of their ministers, which ministers should and vicinity, and three good men offered
not be suspended by the Governor, except themselves-John   Knowles, pastor  at
by complaint made by the vestry, and that Watertown, and a ripe scholar from Imfinal removal from the parish pulpit was to manuel, Cambridge; William  Tompson,
be left to the Legislature.             minister at Braintree, who had graduated
In the summer of 1641 the minister of at Oxford in 1619; and Thomas James,
the large parish of Upper Norfolk, afterward for two years the minister at Charlestown,
Nansemond county, signified his intention and then removed to New Haven.
to leave. In May, 1642, a letter was written   Early in 1643 they arrived at Jamesand signed by Richard Bennett, Daniel town, bearing a letter of introduction from
Gookin, John Hill, and others, " to the Governor Winthrop to Governor Berkeley.
pastors and elders of Christ Church in New  They were coldly received, and Thomas
England," which was carried to Boston by Harrison, as Chaplain, used his influence
Philip Bennett, one of the best men of Vir- to have them silenced, and thus prevented
ginia, and contained a request for three from preaching in the churches; but Winpastors to occupy parishes which had been throp, in his journal, says, "Though the
created by the legislature a few  weeks State did silence the ministers because they
before.                                 would not conform to the order of England,
The act was in these words: " For the yet the people resorted to them  in private
better enabling  the inhabitants of this houses, to hear them."
colony to the religious worship and service   Knowles and James returned after a few
of Almighty God, which is often neglected months, but Tompson, of "tall and comely
and slackened by the inconvenient and presence," remained longer."  Mather, in
remote vastness of parishes,            a commemorative poem, alludes to his
"Resolved, That the county of Upper success in VirginiaNorfolk be divided into three  distinct
Norfolk be divided into three  distinct "A constellation of great converts there
parishes, viz't.: one on the south side of  Shone round him, and his heavenly glory
Nansimum river, from the present glebe to
wear;
head of said river, on the other side of the
Gookin was one of them; by Tompson's
river the bounds to be limited from Cool-     pains,
ing's Creek, including both sides of the  Christ and New England a dear Gookin
creek, upward to the head of the western
gains."
branch, and to be nominated the South
Parish.                                   Daniel Gookin was the son of the Daniel
"It is also thought and confirmed that Gookin, of County Cork, Ireland, who in
the east side of Nansimum river, from pre- 1621 commenced a plantation at Newport's
sent glebe downward to the north of said News. The father and son were both nariver be a peculiar parish, to which the tives of Kent County, England. In 1637




14                        VIRGINIA  COLONIAL CLERGY.
Daniel Gookin, Sr., obtained a grant of after the massacre had his full sympathy,
twenty-five hundred acres upon the branch  and indicates a reviving of religious life.
of Nanselnond river, and in 1642 he was  It is as follows:president of the county court there, and one    "Be it enacted by the Govern"our, Counsell,
of those wNho invited the ministers from New  a,:nd Burgesses of this present Grc'and AsseemEngland, and  by  Tompson's  preaching  bly, for God's glory, adt the publickbenefitt
his son Daniel, about twenlty-five years old, of the Collony, to the end that God might
became a imember of the Church, and inl  avert his heavie judgments that are now
1644 went to Bostonj to reside.  Here he  upon us, That the last W\ednesday be sett
became a mnan of influence, a friend of apart for a day of ffist and humiliation,
Eliot, the missionary and superintendent of And that it be wholly dedicated to prayers
Indian affairs. H-e died in March, 1687, and preaclhing, And because of the scarcity
aged seventy-five years, and his tombstone  of pastors, many ministers having charge of
is still seen in the graveyarcd at Cambridge. two cures,
Sewall, the Chief Justice of Massachusetts,    "Be it enacted, that such a miiiSter shall
visited him when dying; in his diary he calls  officiate in one cure upon the last W\edneshim " a right good man."  H is descendants  day of everie month; and in his other upon
were very numerous.                        the first Wednesday of the ensuing month,
And inz case of haveing three cures, that bee
THOMiAS HII.URISON, D.D.           officiate in his third cure upon the second
Thomas Harrison first appears in Vir-  W'ednesday of the ensuing month, which
ginia as the chaplain of Governor Berkeley. shall be their day of fast; That the last act,
He was a man of learning, eloquence and  made the 11 of January, 1641, concerning
pathos, and upon his arrival a strict con.- the ministers preaching in the forenoon and
ormnist to the Canons and liturgy of the  cateehiseing  in  the afternoon  of every
Church of England.                         Sunday, be revived and stand  in force,
On -the 13th of April, 1644, there was a  Ancd in case any minister do faile so to doe,
naval engagement between a ship whose  That he forfeit 500 pounds of tobaccoe, to be
captain adhered to the cause of Charles -the  disposed of by the vestrey for use of the
First, and btwo ships whose officers were in  parish."
sympathy with Parliament.  The divisions    The arbitrary and choleric Berkeley disand strifes caused by the civil war in Eng-  liked  Harrison's  changed  nlanner, and
land had been noticed by the Indians, and  dismissed hin1, as too grave a Chaplain. Ile
on the 18th, a black Good Friday in the  then crossed over to the parishes of NanseColonial calendar, the savages suddenly  mnond, whose ministers he had helped to
swarmed around the feeble settlements in  drive away, and preached to the -people.
the Valley of the James River, and as    In October, 1645, the House of Commons
quickly disappeared, with their hands full ordered that there should be liberty of
of reeking  scalps.  Strong  men  fain-ted  conscience, in matters of God's worship, in
with horror, some mourned and refused to be  all of the American plantations.  The next
comforted, for their children  were not, year Captain Sayle, afterward Governor of
and all felt it was a heavy judgmen t.      Carolina, and dthe venerable Patrick Copland,
From this time Harrison was a changed  in his youth the friend of Nicholas Ferrar,
man.  His sermons became more solemn  anda preacher before the London Company
and spiritual. 1-Ie expressed his regret that, in 1622, of a sermon which was printed
while keeping a fair exterior to the minis-  with the title "V'irginia's God be Thanked,"
ters from New England, he had quietly used  left Bermudas with a party of sympathizers,
his influence to have them silenced.        and saiied to Eleuthera, a small isle of the
The Act passed by the legislature soon  Bahamas group, to  establish  a colony,




VIRGINIA  COLONIAL CLERGY.                              15
where each person was to be at perfect  Church Cathedral, Dublin, he preached a
liberty to worship as he pleased, without sermon on the death of Oliver Cromwell,
molestation from  the State.  The ship in   frioom thetext, Lamentations, chapter v, verse
which  they embarked, when near their  16th, which was published with the followdestination, struck upon a reef, and they  ing title -
lost much of their supplies. As soon as    " Threi Aiiberl,-ici; or, Irreland syrepossible Captain Sayle built a pinnace, and  pathizinl with Englyanld and Scotland in a sad
with eight men steered for Virginia, and  lramentation for the loss of their 3rocsiath.   Reparrived there in nine days, and received  resented in a serv,ion at C ristS  Cu rch, in,?
succor from the Nansemond non conllftj-.DuLbblbnr,  before his Exceleetnclz    the iord
ists. Finding that Governor Berkeley was Depulty, with Cdivers of the nobility, gentry
bitterly opposed to Puritanism, Sayle pro- and comLwnality there assembled, to celebrate
posed to I:tIrrison that his parishioners  a funercal solez-nity, ucpon the death of the
should cast in their lot, w-ith Copland and  Lord  Protector, by Dr. J114c1rison, Chief
others at Eleuthera, but the proposition  Chccaplain to h'is said Excellency."
was not accepted.
Among the " VWinthrop Papers" there is               TEIOMAS HAM1PTOI'
a letter of Harrison, written at; Elizabeth    Thomas Hampton seems to have been the
~River, on the 2d of N ovember, 1646, and  sumessor of H4arrison atJamestown; and in
sent to Boston by Captain Edward Gibbons,' Hening's Statutes " he is  mentioned as
"the younger brother of the house of an  consentin'g, in February, 1645, to the formahonorable extraction," in which he writes  tion of a new parish called tHarrope, includthat if the proposition had "found us risen  ing the Williamsburgh region. At a later
up in a posture of removal, there is weight period ~Wallingford was also set off from the
and force enough [in yours] to have staked  old parish.  Upon  an old tombstone at
us down again."                            Williamsburgh Bishop Meade found this
After this the Nansenmond Puritans, upon  inscription: —" The Rev. Thomas Hampton,
the express condition that there would be a  Rector of this parish, in 1647."
public legal acknowledgmrent of toleration
-L  +   4    r      wi r   1  1    aROBERT BRACEWELL.
in religion, migrated  to  Marylandl andRT                              LL
settled on the shores of the Chesapeake,    Robert Bracewell was elected a burgess
near Annapolis.  Harrison, in the fkll of to the Assembly of'1653, but it was ordered
1648, visited Boston, mnatried a cousin of "that Mr. Robert Bracewell, Clerk, be susGovernor Winthrop, one Dorothy Symonds, pended, and is not in a capacity of serving
and returned to England.                   as a Burgess since, since it was unpresidenOn October 11th, 1649, the Council of State  tial, and may produce bad consequences."
wrote to Governor Berkeley that they were    The obstacles to his taking a seat in the
informed by petition of the congregation of legislature cannot be ascertained. John HamNansemond, that their minister, Mr. Harri- mnond, for seventeen years a resident of Virson, an able, man of unblamable conversa- ginia, in 1652 represented the Isle of Wight
tion, had been banished the colony because  County in the Assembly, was expelled from
he would not conform  to the use of the  that body and the colony, for libel and other
Common Prayer. book, and as he could not be  illega.J practices, and then went to Maryland,
ignorant that the use of it was prohibited  and from  thence to England, where he
by Parliament, he was directed to allow Mr. appeared  as a  partisan  pamphleteer in
Harrison to return to the ministry.        def-ense of Lord Baltimore and his officers
Harrison did not return to Aimerica, but in Maryland.
became Chief Chaplain of H1:enry Cromwell,   In a publication call ed'Leah and Rachel,"
T.ord Lieutenant of Ireland, and in Christ  which appeared in 1656, and is reprinted




16                       VIRGINIA  COLONIAL CLERGY.
in the Force Historical Tracts, he writes: try, and very diligent in endeavouring the
"But Virginia, savouring not handsomely in  advancement of all those meanes that might
England, very few of good conversation would  conduce to the advancement of religion in
adventure thither, as thinking it a place  this country, It is ordered, that he be desired
where the fear of God was not; yet many  to undertake the soliciting of our church
came, such as wore black coats, and could  affaires in England, and there be paid him a
babble in a pulpit, roar in a tavern, exactfrom I gratuity for the many pains he hath
the parishioners, and rather, by their disso-  alreadie and hereafter is like to take about
luteness, destroy than feed their flocks."  the countrey's business, the sum of eleven
He continued: " The country was loth  thousand pounds of tobacco."  In 1664 he
to be wholly without teachers, and therefore  was still rector of Hampton parish.
rather retain these than to be destitute;
yet still endeavors for better in their places,         SAMUEL COILE.
which were obtained, and these wolves in
About the year 1650, in the absence  of
sheep's clothing, by their Assemblies were  an    y vestry   Samuel Cole,  Bishop Meade
questioned, silenced, and some forced to        n s                e  i
says, was appointed minister in one of the
depart the country." 
new counties of the Potomac, by the County
ROGER (mEE~N'.               Court. In 1657 Mr. Cole was minister to
the twro parishes in Midcldlesex  County.
In July, 1653, Roger Green, minister of
Nansemond, is spoken of as contemplating
a journey to North  Carolina.  FrancisFRANcr s DOUGHTY.
Yeardley this year was a representative    Francis Doughty is mentioned as having
of Lower Norfolk County in the Legisla- preached in Lower Accomac, now Northture, and Green probably accompanied his  ampton.  He was the brother-in-law  of
brother, Argall Yeardley, this year, in his Willliam Stone, of Hungar's parish, who
explorations to the Roanoke region. The  became the first Protestant governor of
Yeardleys were sons of the former Governor, Maryland, and introduced the Puritans of
and, as the Nansemond people, were Puri- Virginia to the shores of the Chesapeake in
tan in their sympathies.                  1648, on condition that there was a law
passed securing liberty of conscience.
PHJILIP MALLORY.                pFrancis Doughty  first lived  in New
As early as the year 1644 a Mr. Mallory  England, then went to Long Island, and
was rector of Hampton.  In  Hening's  while there used to preach to the English in
Statutes is the following Act of 1656:-" For  Manhattan, now New York City. His wife
the encouragement of the ministers in the  was the widow of Rev. John Moore.
country, and that they may be the better    After Stone became governor, Doughty
enabled to attend both public commllands  resided  in  Maryland, and  on Sunday,
and their private cures, It is ordered, that October 12, 1659, visited the Dutch Comnfrom henceforth each minister, in his owne  missioners from Manhattan, who were dining
person, with six other servants of his family, at Philip Calvert's house.
shall be free from publique levies, Allwaies    The only letter extant of John Washingprovided they be examined by nMr. Philip  ton is one dated September 30, 1659, in
Mallory and Mr. John Green, and they do  which he tells the Governor of Maryland
certify their abilities to the Governour and  that he cannot attend the October Court at
Councill, who are to proceed according to their St. Mary, "because then, God willing, I
judgement." The Assembly of M/arlh, 166(0-  intend to get my young son baptized. All
61 enacted, " Whereas, Mr. Philip Mallory  of ye company and gossips being already inhath been eminently faithfull in the minis- vited."




VIRGI'NIA COLONIAL CLERGY.                          17
Perhaps Doughty crossed the Potomac to  him, presented to the Governor by John
perform  the baptismal act for one of the Catlett and Humphrey Boothe, for refusing
pioneers of Westmoreland, Virginia.     to allow them  "to  communicate in the
Doughty's daughter first married Adrian  blessed ordinance of the Lord's Supper," in
Vanderdonk, a graduate of Leyden, a law- which the complainants state that Doughty
yer at Manhattan. After his death she be- is a " nonconformist," and that on a certain
camte a wife of Hugh O'Neal, a planter on  occasion " he denied the supremacy of the
the Patuxent River, Maryland.           king, contrary to the canons of the Church
The Rev. Mr. Doughty at one time  of England."  A century later one George
preached in Setlingbourne Parish, about ten  Washington, a relative of one of Doughty's
miles from the plantation of John Washing- parishioners, also denied the supremacy of
ton, and there is extant a complaint against. the king.
CHAPTER IV.
CLERGY FROAM AoD. 1660 TO A.D. 1688.
Virginia, from the death of Oliver Crom- Cromwell's tyranny drove divers worthy
well until the accession of William and  men hither. But I thank God there are no
Mary to the throne of England, was largely  free schools, nor printing; and I hope we
given up to ignorance and riotous living. shall not have, these hundred years; for
Berkeley was again made Governor in A. D. learning has brought disobedience, and
1-660, and retained the position until A. D. heresy, and seots into the world, and print1677. He hated the restraints of religion, ing has divulged them and libels against the
indulged in profanity, and was the comnpan- Government."
ion of the pleasure-loving Charles the Second.   With a Governor and clergymen that did
Having ejected hundreds of clergymen of not command the respect of good men, yet
Puritan sympathies from the pulpits of Eng- laying stress upon the efficacy of its ordinland, there were many vacancies for strict ances of baptism and the Lord's Supper, it
conformists to the Prayer-book, and few de- is not strange that religious people began to
sired to go to the forests of' America. Gov- hold meetings in their own houses, and place
ernor Berkeley's dislike of nonconformist a low estimate upon any kind of ritualism,
ministers was also so great that they could  and listen to the preachers of the Society
not live in Virginia without molestation,    of Friends.
To the question of the English Govern-   In 1663, John Porter was expelled from
ment, propounded in 1671, " what course is the House of Burgesses, because, in the lantaken about the instructing the people  guage of the Act, he had been " loving to
within your Government in the Christian  the Friends."
religion, and what provision is there made
for the paying of your ministry?"  Berke-      GEORGE WILSON, FRIEND.
ley bluntly replied, " We have forty-    The itinerant ministry of the Society
eight parishes, and our ministers are well of Friends, visiting from  plantation to
paid, and by my consent, would be better, plantation, neatly attired, temperate  in
if they would pray oftener and preach less. the use of meat and drink, appealing only
But, as of all other commodities,' so, of this, to the New Testament, could but make a
the worst are sent us, and we had few that we favorable impression upon the fair-minded;
would boast ofi since thle persecution of while it stirred up fi)rma!ists of the Colony,




1 8                      VIRGINIA  COLONIAL CLERGY.
to cause the passage of a law, ordering "that i attained competent estates, yet, by reason of
all Quakers, for assembling in unlawful as- I their poor and menan condition, were unskillsemblages and conventicles, shall be fined, fhl in judging of a good estate, either of
and pay, each of them  there taken, two  Church or Commonwealth, or the means of
hundred pounds of tobacco."               procuring it."
George Wilson, a minister of the Society    The  immodest (and imnmoral poetess,
of Friends from England, was imprisoned, Aphra Behn, who lived at this period, in
and there is preserved a letter, dated, " From   one of her plays, alludes to the above state
that dirty dungeon in James Town, the17th of of things, by introducing two friends at
the Third Month, 1662," in which he writes, Jamestown, who converse as follows:"If they who visit not such in prison as    "ffazard.  This unexpected  happiness
Christ speaks of shall be punished with  o'erjoys! who could have imagined to have
everlasting destruction, 0! what will ye  found thee in Virginia!
do? or what will become of you, who put us' Friends. My uncle's dying here left me a
into such nasty, stinking  prisons as this  considerable plantation, * * * * * but
dirty dungeon, where we have not had the  pr'ythee what drew thee to this part of the
benefit to do what nature requireth, nor so  new world?
much as air to blow in at the window, but   " Hczard. Why, faith, ill company, and
close made up with brick and lime?"       the common vice of the town, gamiing.
~  * * * * * I had rather starve abroad,
R. G., PERHAPS, ROGER GREEN.         than live pitied and despised at home.
About the time that the Colonial authori-    "Friend.'Would he [the new Governor]
ties were holding Friencds, in Jamestown  were landed; we hear he is a noble gentles
prison, a small quarto was published in  man.
London, in 1662, under the signature of R.    "Hazard. He has all the qualities of a
G., entitled " Virginia's Clure; or an Ad- gentleman; besides, he is nobly born.
visive Concerning Virginia, Discovering the    "Friend. This country wants nothing but
True Ground of that Church's Unzhacpi- to be peopled with a well-born race, to make
ness." The writer thereof states that he had. it one of the best colonies in the world,
been for ten years a resident of Virginia, * *  * * but we are ruled by a Council,
and he was, perhaps, Roger Green, who in  some of which have been, perhaps, trallsHenry's Statutes is mentioned, in 1653, as ported criminals, who having now acquired
Minister in Nansemond. R. G., in 1661, had  great estates, are now become your Honor,
returned to England, and in his pamphlet, and R't. Worshipful, and possess all places."
the importance of concentrating the populationl of Virginia in two, the establishment     MORGA N GOIWYN OR GODWvIN.
of Fellowship in Oxford and Cambridge,    Morgan Godwyn came to Virginia after
for the supply of an educated ministry, and  the publication, and perhaps was stirred to
the appointment of a Bishop for Virginia, leave his warm nest in England by the
are earnestly urged. His representations  reading, of R. G.'s pamphlet.  He was an
made an impression, and a patent for the  earnest young student, about twenty years
creation of a Bishop was drawn, and the  of age, when the essay was -published, and
Rev. Alexander Murray was nominated for belonged to a family of theologians. His
the office, but difficulties arose, and the  great-graindfather was -the learned Thomas
scheme was abandoned.                     Godwyn, Bishop of Bath and Wells. His
Speaking of the members of the Virginia  grandfather, Francis, was the Bishop of
Assembly, R. G. writes, they were "usually  Hereford, and his father, Morgan, Archsuch as went over servants thither, and  deacon of Shropshire.  He entered Oxford
though by time an(i industry they may have  in 16;61, amtld received, on March 16th, 1664-5,




VJIRMGINIA mf-LON; iAL A  C'Lkt..9
the degree of A. 1., and soon after came to  at all, or to reduce them to their own terms."
Virginia. *His residence in the Colony was  In another place he asserts "Two-thirds of
not pleasant.  He was horrified at the state  the preachers are made up of leaden layof morals, and the abject condition of the  priests of the vestries' ordination, and are
Africans and Indians, who were treated with  both the shame and grief of the rightly orless consideration than the dogs of a plant- dained clergy there."
er's kennel. Returning to England, after
sojourning for some time in the West Indies,          THOMAS TEACKLE.
he engaged in the crusade against slave-    Thomas Teackle was the son of a royalist,
holders, which a century later was taken up  who was killed in the war between Charles
by Clarkson and Wilberforce.  In 1680 he  and the Parliament. 1He came to Virginia
published a dissertation called' The Negroes' in 1656; and settled at Cradock, in lower
and Indians' Advocate suing for their admis- Accomac, now Northampton County. He
sion into the Church, or a Persuasive to the  married Margaret, daughter of Robert Nelinstruqcting and baptizing the Negroes and In- son, a merchant of London, and remained
dians in our Plantations; showing that as the  in that county until the day of his death,
compliance therewith can prejudice no man's January 26, 1695. His son John, born
just interest, so the willful and neglectful op- September 2, 1693, married, in 1710, a
posing of it is no less a manifest apostasy  daughter of Arthur Upshur, a gentleman
fiomn the Christian Faith."                whose house was open for Friends' preachers.
Five years later he preached a discourse  The descendants of this early Virginia clerin Westminster Abbey, exposing the inhu- gyman are wide-spread. The writer values
inanity of slaveholding, from the text, Jere-  the acquaintance of one of them, a lady of
miah ii, 34. "In thy skirts is found the  quiet culture and retiring disposition, one of
blood of the souls of the poor innocents: I  whose parents was a Teackle, of Virginia,
have not found it by secret search, but upon  the other a lineal descendsnt of a graduate
all these."  It was printed under the title  of Trinity  College, Cambridge, Old Engof " Trade preferred before Religion, and  land, and an early President of Harvard
Christ made to give place to Mammon, repre- University, at Cambridge, in New England.
sented in a Sernmon relating to Plantations."
Under his influence, it is supposed that        EDMUNDSON, THE FRIEND.
the law was passed by the Virginia Asse:n-    William  Edmundson, once a soldier in
bly of 1667, declaring that the baptism of Cronuwell's army, came to the Chesapeake
slaves did not make them freemen; in order with George Fox, the great leader among
that, in.the language of the Act, " divers  the Society of Friends. While the latter
masters, freed from  this doubt, may more  visited New England, Edmundson traveled
carefully  endeavor  the propagation  of in North Carolina and Virginia.  In 1672
Christianity by permitting children, though  he visited Governor Berkeley, and in his
slaves, or those of greater growth, if capable, Journal writes:to be admitted to that sacrament."           "As I returned, it was laid upon me to
His description of religion in Virginia is visit the Governor, Sir William  Berkeley,
startling.  He writes " The ministers are  and to speak with him about Friends' sufmost miserably handled by the plebeian  ferings.  I went about six miles out of my
junltos, the Vestries, to whom tle hiring (that way to speak with him, accompanied by
is the usual word there) and admission of in- William Garrett, an honest, ancient Friend.
isters is solely left. And there being no law  I told the Governor I came from Ireland,
obliging them to procure any more than a  where his brother was Lord Lieutenant,
lay reader, to be obtained at a very moder- who was so kindL to our Friends, and if he
ate rate, they either resolve to have none  had any service to his brother, I would




20                       VIRGINIA C OLONI. i.LERGY.
willingly do it; and as his brother was ginia, with Major General Robert Smith,
kind to our Friends in Ireland, I hoped he  remained seven years as a minister in Midwould be so to our Friends in Virginia. dlesex County, and then went back to EngHe was very peevish and brittle, and I  land, and became minister of St. James,Clerkcould fasten nothing on him  with all the  enwell. He died on the 12th of January,
soft arguments I could use."             1726, and was buried in the parish churchyard. He had a son, Duell, a graduate of
Sidney College, Cambridge, in 1712, who
John Cluff was one of the ministers de-  became a minister and came to America.
nounced by young Nathaniel Bacon in the  By the will of the senior Pead, some horses
civil war of 1676, for upholding Governor  and cows were left to his old parish in
Berkeley. In the year 1680 he was Rector  Virginia.
of Southwark, in Surry County.
JOHN CTLAYTON.
JOHN PAGE.
Buck, Harrison, Hampton, and  GodJohn Page was another clergyman de-  win, have been  noticed as ministers at
nounced in 1676 by Bacon. In 1680 he  Jamestown. By a law of the colony, the
had charge of all the churches in Elizabeth  appointment of a rector for this place was
County. In 1687 he was in New Kent made by the Governor. Godwin asserts
County, and in 1719 he was still alive and  that, with brief intervals, Jamestown for
in Elizabeth County.                    twenty years was without a rector.
About the time that Godwin was preMR. WADING..
MR. WADING.  paring his discourse in England, on "Trade
When Bacon led the  insurgents to  before Religion," John Clayton was the
Gloucester County, a minister named Wad- parson at James City. The following letter
ing refused to acknowledge his authority, was addressed by him  to  the Christian
and encouraged others to follow his exam- philosopher, Robert Boyle:ple. Bacon placed him under arrest, telling
him that it was his place to preach in the    "VIRGINIA, JAMES CITY, June 23d, 1684.
Church and not in the camp. In the Church    " HON. AND WORTHY SIR:-In England,
he could say what he pleased, but in the  having perused, among the rest of your
camp he was to say no more than what valuable treatises, that ingenious discourse
should please Bacon, unless he would fight to  of the Noctiluca, wherein, as I remember,
better purpose than he could preach. The  you gave an account of several nocturnal
second in command under Major Laurence  irradiations; having, therefore,.met with
Smith, during the Bacon insurrection, was  the relation of a strange account. in that
a minister, who, says a chronicler of the  nature, from very good hands, I presumed
day, "had laid down the miter, and taken  this might not prove unwelcome, for the
up the helmet."                         fuller confirmation of which I have enclosed
the very paper Col. Digges gave me thereof,
DUELL PEAD.                under his own hand and name, to attest the
On the 16th of April, 1663, in the West- truth, the same being likewise asserted to
minster Abbey font, then newly set up, me by Madam Digges, his lady, sister to
Duell Pead, one of the King's scholars, the said Susanna Sewell, daughter to the
about sixteen years of age, was publicly  late Lord Baltimore, lately gone for Engbaptized. He entered, in 1664, Trinity Col- land, who I suppose may give you fuller
lege, Cambridge. Ordained by the Bishop  satisfaction of such particulars as you may
of Lincoln, in 1671, he was chaplain of H. be desirous to be informed of.
M. Ship Rupert.  In 1683 he came to Vir-   "I cannot but admire the strangeness of




VIRGIN1A   COLON-  IA - CTERPGY.                    21
such a complicated spirit of a volatile salt third John Clayton some years before the
and exalted oil, as I deem it to be, from its Declaration of Independence, who was
crepitation and shining flame; how it shall Attorney-General of the colony.
transpire through the pores, and not be i1flamed by the joint motion and heat of the         WILLIAM SELLICK.
body, and afterward so suddenly be acti-   William  Sellick was in charge of St.
nated into sparks, by the slacking or burst- Peter's Parish, New Kent, in 1680.
ing of her coat, raises mly wonder.
"Another thing, I am  confident your               ROBERT CARR.
honor would be much pleased at the sight   Robert Carr appears  to have been
of a fly we have here, called the fire-fly, officiating in New Kent for six years from
about the bigness of the cantharides; its body  A. D., 1680.
of a dark color, the tail of it a deep yellow
by day, which by night shines brighter than         THOMAS VICARS.
the glow-worm, which bright shining ebbs and    Thomas Vicars came to Virginia about
flows, as if the fly breathed with a bright 1677, and was connected with the parishes
and shining spirit. I pulled the tail of the  of Gloucester county for twenty years.
fly into several pieces, and every parcel
thereof would shine for several hours, and         JUSTINIAN AYLMER.
cast a light around it.                    Justinian Aylmer, Bishop Meade states,
" Be pleased favorably to interpret this was at Elizabeth  City from   1667 to
fond imnpertinency of a stranger. All your 1690, a period of twenty-three years, yet his
works have to the world evidenced your name does not appear in 1680 among the
goodness, which has encouraged the pre- Rectors of Virginia.
sumption, which is that which bids nme hope its
pardon. If there be anything in this coun-          JOHN SIHErPPARD.
try I may please you in, be pleased to com-   John Sheppard appears in Middlesex
mnand; it will be my amlbition to serve you, county as early as 1668, and in 1680 was in
nor shall I scruple to ride two or three charge of Christ's Church parish. Sir
hundred miles to satisfy any query you  Henry Chichely was one of his parishionshall propound.rs.
"If you honor me with your commands,
you may direct your letters to Mr. John
Clayton, parson of James City, Virginia.   Ill addition to those we have enumerated,
" Your humble servant, and, though un- the following ministers were in Virginia
known, your friend,                      between A. D. 1675 and 1688.
"JOHN CLAYTON."        Rowland Jones, James City county, A. D.
1674 to 1688.
The writer appears to have returned to    Paul Williams, Surrey county, A. D. 1680.
England and become Rector of Crofton at   Robert Park, Isle of Wight county, A.
Wakefield in Yorkshire. In May, 1688, D. 1680.
he prepared for the Royal Society an    William Housden, Isle of Wight county,
account of his voyage to Virginia, and the  A. D. 1680.
things worthy of observation, which, in   John Gregory, Nansemond county, A. D.
1708, was published at London. Another  1680.
John Clayton, an eminent botanist and    John Wood, Nansemond county, A. D.
physician, when about twenty years of age, 1680.
came in 1706 to Virginia, and in 1773 died,   John Laurence, Warwick county, A. D.
aged eighty-seven years. There was also a  1680.




t2J;2                      VJWrR,.B:h >.RGINIA,OiON!AL CfIiRG-Y
William  Nern, ~.qoirdk.i:{)tiXryt, A.:.r.    (hiarles Davies, Rappahannock county, Ao
1680.                                       o. 168)0.
James Portelr, Noriflk county, A, D. 1 680.    Joh1 l Wouglh, Stafford county, A. D. 1680.
Edward Foliott, York county, A. D. 1680. |Williall Butler, Westmloreland county,
John Wright, York county, A. D. 1680.   A. D. 1680.
Thomas Taylor, New  Kent county, A D. i   John Farnefold, Northumberland county,
1680.                                      A. D. 1680.
Willianm  Williamls, New Kent county, A.    Henry Parker, Accomiac county, A. In
i. 1680.                               o   1680.
Michael Zyperius, Gloucester county, A.    Benljaminl Doggett, Lancaster county, A.
D. 1680.                                   D. 1680.
John  Gwyim, Gloucester county, A. D).    Cope D'Oyley, Elizabeth county, A. D.
1680.                                      1677 to 1687.
CHAPTER IV.
LIFE AlND TIMES OF JAMES 1 BLAIiR, D.D., FOUNDER AND FIRST RECTO01' OF WILLIAM
AND MA.nrY C0:iEGEf l3,
After the death of Sir William Berkeley, at the Ulniversity of Edinburgh, and in time
Lord Culpepper, and  Lord  Howard, of' became a Presbyter oftheEpiscopal Church
Effingham, in succession, acted as Governors in Scotland, without Episcopal ordination.
of Virginia, and, though noblemen in name, Burlnet, once Archbishop of Glasgow, who
proved themlselves corrupt and avaricious lived in Scotland fromu A. D. 16043 to 1688,
in practice.                               asserts: " No bishop in Scotland, during
During their terms of office there was a my stay in that kingdom, ever did so much
large accession of Scotchmen to the popula- as desire any of the Presbyters who wTent
tion of Virginia.  Inlmediately after the over from the Church of Scotland to be rebattle of Bothwell's Bridoge a  number of ordained."  Blair, for several years was
the hardy insurgents were transported to rector in the parish of Cranston, in EdinAmerica, and about the salme time another burgh county, but relinquished his office, and
element not quite so desirable. Luttrell, iIn 1684 received froml the Bishop of Edinconnected with the Government offices of buroghl, the following certificate:London, writes, in his diary, under (late of   "To' all concerned,  These are to certifyNovember 19th, 1692: —-"A  ship lay in  anld deelare that the bearer hereof; Mri.
Leith, going for Virginina, on board Arhich James Blair, presbyter, did officiate in the
the  mlagistrates had ordered  fifty  lewd service of the Holy Ministry, as Rector in
women out of the House of Correction, and the parish of Cranston, in  lly diocese of
thirty others who walked the streets after Edinburgh for several years preceding the
ten at night." In addition to exiled soldiers year 1682, with extreme diligence, care and
and bawds, there came, as a foill, men fit to gravity, and did in ail the course of his
mold a State, men of angular nmanners, ministry behave himself loyally, peaceably
provincial  accent, wrarm  hearts, strongl  and canonically; and that this is' the truth,
minds, and religious principles, whose de- I certify by these presents, and subscribed
scendclants yet remain a power in the Coin-. with mny own hand, the 19th dlay ofi August,
monwealth.                                 in the year 1684."
In the year 1673 James Blair graduated    When Blair, in 1685, arrived at James



VIRGINIA  COLONIAL CLERGY.                              23
town, he found the social condition the  tioned  therein  as  among  the original
widest contrast to his native land, where  trustees. In the preamble to the statutes
the poorest cottager owned a well-thumbed  of the College, published at a very early
Bible; had reasons for the faith that was in  period, in Latin  and English, the conhim; and although not clothed "in purple  dition of Virginia at that time is thus
and fine linen," felt that —               stated  
"Some few, and very few indeed, of the
"The rank is but the guinea's stamp,    richer sort sent their children to England
The man's the gowd f)r a' that."      to  be educated, and there, after many
dlangers fronm the seas, and enemuies,'and
With  no  schools in  the colony, the  unusual clistempers occasioned by the change
planters had grown up in ignorance, and  of country and climate, they were often
were -the -tools of a few rich land and slave  taken off by small-pox and other diseases.
owners,  who, in  conjunction. with  the  It was no wonder if this occasioned a great
Governors, enriched themnselves by oppres- defiect of understanding, and all sorts of litsive fees and unjust taxation.             erature, and -that it was followed with a new
The religion which Blair had learned  generation of men, far short of their foretaught hirm to think of the comllmon people,  fathers, which, if they had the good fortune,
andcl that his calling as a minister of the  though at a very indifferent rate, to read
Gospel would be a fiailure if their elevation  aid \ write, chad no further commerce with
was not secured.  His policy, and those of  the muses, or learned sciences, but spent
the oligarchy who camle to Virginia to grow  their life ignobly with the hoe and spade,
rich suddenly, did not harmonize, and great  and other employments of an uncultivated
heat arose from  the contrariety.           and Ilpolisec  country."
When he landed in Virginia he found    Blair, upon his return, was appointed
Thomas Teackle, of' lower Accomac, James  rector of' the college, and  turned'his
Sclater, Duel Pead, Jonathan  Saunders,  energies towarcl the erection of a building
Cope D'Oyley, Rowland Jones, and a few  at the point afterward known as'Williamsother clergymen in the Colony, but they  burgh.  From  this time the number of
did not possess the "perfberviclam vim  Sco-  Scotch clergymen increased in the parishes.
torum' by which he was characterized.     In 1696 there were ministers with these
In 1689 he was appointed therepresenta-  names: Francis Fordyce, John Alexander,
tive of the Bishop of London, with the  Christopher Anderson, George Robinson,
title of Commissary, but with no power to  Andrew Monro, John Monro, Blair's brotherconfirm or ordain.                         in-law, and Andrew  Cant, who may have
As a Scotchman, he could not rest until  been the son of Andrew Cant, the Presbyschool-teachers were in the land, and he  terian zealot, who was Professor oft Latin,
kept up an agitation for a college, both in  and the parish minister of Aberdeen, handed
private and public conferences, until lie  down to posterity in the well-known linesovercame  the  objection  that education
would take planters off from their mechani-  "From Dickson, Henderson and Cant,
cal employments, and  make them  grow    Apostles of the Covenant,
too knowing to be obedient and( submissive.   Almighty God deliver aus."
Proceeding to England, on February 8th,
1692-93, the charter for William  and    Andrew, his son, entered the Scotch EpisMary College was duly signed, and he and  copal Church, in time became the Bishop
three other clergymen, John  Farnefold,  of Glasgow, andl in 1728 died.,tephen Fonace, who afterwards returled   T'lhe clownright earnestness and strong
to Eg:tlt ad.l, mdteplel  Gray, were menf- conL v:ictiolms of Blar roused oppositionl among




24                         VIRGINIA  COLONIAL CLERGY.
the clergy and politicians.  Sir Edmund I  A  pasquinade printed in A. D. 1704, is
Andros, who was made governor of' Vir-  very severe upon some of the clergy.
ginia, after leaving a memory by no means I  Edward Portlock is lampoonedl asfiragrant in New England, suspended himl
from  the Council, because of his alleged  "The cotcquean of the age;
restless " conduct," and the clergy in sympa-   A doughty clerk and reverend sage,
thy with the governor, opposed him because   Who turns his pulpit to a stage,
he did not carry on affairs in the high and   And barters reformation;
dry way of the old English rectors.             Rude to his wife, false to his friiend,
Nicholas Moreau, a minister of French    A clown in conversation."
parentage, on the 12th of April, 1697,
writes to the Bishop of' Lichfieldl: " Your  Jwacobs  Ware,  who, from  1690 to 1696
clergy in these parts are of very ill exanim- was   inister of St. Peter's parish  New
ple; no discipline nor canons of the Churchll Kent i portrayed asare observed. The clergy is composed for    "Well warmed and fit for action;
the most part of Scotchmen, people, indeed,     A nlongrel parti-colorec  tool,
so basely educated, or little acquainted with   Equally mixed of knave and fool,
the executing of their charge and duty, that    By nature prone to faction."
their lives and conversation are fitter to
make heathen than Christians."                 Ralph Bowker is stigmatized asNot long before this letter was written,
the wife of' Conmlissary Blair was grossly         Abwlsngpulo tHector;
insulted.  Philip Ludwell, formerly secre-         A sot, abanedone  to his paunch
tary of the colony, had married the widow          Profane without temptation."
of' Sir William  Berkeley.  By invitation    Soloman Whateley, another ofthe clergy,
Mrs. Blair was accustomed to sit in Lady  is
Berkeley's pew in church.  Colonel Daniel
Parke, a gay, violent and dissipated man,       A tool no person cal describe;
had become much offended aLt a sernrlon         W'Who sells his conscience for a bribe,
which Eburne, the rector, had preached,         And slights his benefctors."
upon the observance of the seventh comnTrhese lines were probably written by one
mandment, as he had been faithless to his          ts w                   w
of the friends of Governor Nicholson, who
marriage vows.  One, clay in ill humor,
arre   vw   o i, ad  findi    Mr   disliked Blair as much as his predecessor,
Parke went to church, and finding Mrs. Si  dun   Ad.    Nicoso   wa  a
Blair in the pew of Ludwell, who was his
fatherilaw  he rudely pulled her out.*  Gascon in speech and manner.  One night,:fther-in-law, he rudely pulled her out.*
while riding, he met the minister, Stephen
~ Parke had been appointed by Andros Collector  Fouace, who camne into the colony A.D. 1688,
and Naval Officer for the Lower James River Dis- allld ordered  him  not to visit a certain
trict. Leaving two daughters in Virginia, he was      When rede, the
with the Duke of Marlborough in 1704, and was the
Aid who brought to EnDgland the news of the victory  Governor said, excitedly, " When you came
at Blenheim.                                      h      ad more rags than bags!" The
Queen Anne made him Governor of the Leeward
Islands; he was very unpopular, and on the 7th of reply of the clergyman  was: "It was no
December, 1710, was killed by a mob at Antegoa.
His daughter Lucy married Col. Win. Byrd, and  Bruton; formerly of Hungar Parish, on the Eastern
Fanny became the wife of John Custis, Collector of' Shore of Virginia, and County of Northampton,
Customs in Accomac, a descendant of a Rotterdam  agecd 71 years, and yet he lived but 7 years, which
inn-keeper.                                  was the space of time he kept a bachelor's home, at
The inscription on his tombstone indicates that Arlington, on the Eastern Shore of Virginia."
he did not have much domestic felicity:-      His son, John Parke Custis, married Martha Dan" Heere, under this marble, lies the body of John  dridge. When a widow, Martha Clustis, shle was
Custis, Esq., of the city of Williamsburg, PaJ4ish of' married to the great George WaCshington.




VI-' i(iNIA  J(J)LNIA., CLi,(RG Y                    2;D
harm to have been poor."  The Governor Friends ill his neighbtorlood iti Nanseiondl
then rode up and pulled his hat from his county, one of whom was John Copeland,
head, and asked how he had the impudence whose ear had been cut off in Boston in
to ride in his presence with covered head.   1658, as a disturber of the peace.
The dispute between Governor Nicholson    In A.. D. 1698 there appeared another disand Blair divided the c(olony into parties. ciple of Fox iI Virginia, alnedC Thomas
Nicholson wrote to the Honme Government Story, a brother of' the Dean of Lismore, of
concerning the Blair factilc; "If they  th:le Church of England and Ireland, fully
had the power of' using the Scotch way of the equal of Blair in culture, scholarship,
using the thunlmikins, or the French way  and logical acumen. Toward the close of
of the rack, or the Barbary way of inmpal. 1698, o.s., lie held the first Friends' meeting
ing or twistinig a cord about peoples' heads, at Yorktownl. Two days later he was at the
to nlake them confess, they would scarcely  house of Thomas Cary, in Warwick, who,
find any to swear up to what they would  with his wife, had lately become Friends
have them."  In another letter he writes of and while visiting there, Miles Cary and his
Blair: "He might have had a sort of wife "were made partakers of the heavenly
spiritual militia, but into whom, no doubt, visitation."
he would have endeavored to have infused    Crossing the James river into Nansemond,
some worldly principles, as that they might he stopped at the house of the aged Copehave enjoyed a comfortable terrestrial sub- land, whose single ear attested what he had
sistence before they  had endeavored to  lost and suffered for the faith, in Boston, forty
have secured themselves a celestial labita- years before. On the 10th of the Second
tion."                                    month, 1699, he visited -the Chickahominy
Blair, in 1705, was relieved of' Nichol- village, of eleven wigwams, on Pamunkey
son's abuse, by his recall and the appoint- neck, and then went one mile, to the house
ment of Edward Nott as deputy of Earl of' of a son of the distinguished William ClayOrkney, Governor.                         borne, for many years secretary' of the
By the year 1700 a number of French  Colony. Two weeks later he preaches at
clergymen  had  been  licensed  by  the  the house of a Baptist minister in Yorktown,
Bishop of London to preach in Virginia, and from thence travels to Pocoson, where
and we find the namles of Moreau, Boissean, he found a large congregation, and was enterBurtell and Lewis Latan6e, the ancestor of tained by Thomas Nichols and wife, the
the esteemed Presbyter of the Reformed  latter, he says, in his journal, "though a
Episcopal Church who bears the same name.  mulatto by extraction, yet not too tawny
The inhabitants divided into parties upon  for the divine light of the Lord Jesus
questions of public policy, leading to angry  Christ."  At Kecoughtan, now Hampton,
discussion and social alienation, many of he tarried with George Walker, whose wife
the clergy preaching for the love of money, was the daughter of the once noted Quaker
rather than constrained by the love of preacher, George Keith.
Christ, it is not surprising that plain people    A second visitation was made by Story, in
began to attach themselves to the Society of A.D. 1705. On the 26th of the Fourth
Friends, whose ministers accepted no corn- month he was at Williamsburgh, conversing
pensation, and that not a few in high places  with Governor Nicholson upon the reasonwere influenced by their earnest declarations  ableness of "all people that are of opinion
concerning the love of Christ for sinners.   that they ought to pay their preachers payBefore Blair left the University of Edin- ing their own, acnd not exacting pay fronm
burgh, Richard  Bennett, who had been  others who do not employ nor hear thenm."
Governor of Virginia, a manl of wealth and  Two days afterward he called at the house
influence, had  sympathized  with  the of Miles Cary, -Secretary  of Warwiak
4




VIRGINIA (C1()0ONIA.L Il(.1 (G~ Y'..
county. On the 5th of the SeveLnth mon;llh  elln who did:not; lay stress upon the power
his traveling companion, Joseph Glaister, of' the Holy Spirit; had but few hearers.
had a discussion with Andrew Monro, a I  Blair, amtid all of the distractions within
Scotch clergyman, at the mansion of Colonel  iMs owni. branch of the Church, and the conBridges, at the south side of the James troversies caused by the presence of Friends'
river. The weather being hot, Monro, who  preachers, was studlious anld faithful in his
was an elderly man, became so faint and  sermons. At a Convention of the Episcoweary as scarcely to be heard; at length he pal clergy, in Ai.. 1.719, held at Williamscalled for a pipe of tobacco and a tankard  burgh, the question was conlsidered, whether
of ale, and soon, on his part, the discussion  the Commissary had ever been Episcopally
"9 ended in drink and smoke."             ordained?  A majority voted that they had
Five days afterwards James Burtell, the n.o evidence of the fact. The men who
French clergyman, came to the house of placed  themlselves on record  upon this
Thomas Jordan, a county judge, to hold  point, were  Pownlal, Seagood, Emanuel
a public discussion with Story, as to the Jones, Lewis Latane, Bartholomew Yates,
baptism  intended in the words of Jesus John Skaife, Hugh Jones, John Worden,
Christ: "'Go ye, therefore, and teach all John Bagge, James Falconer, Alexander
nations, baptizing them in the name of the Scott, and Ralph Bowker.
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy    Yates was one of the most devoted clerGhost."                                   gymen in the Colony. Ordained at FulBurtell affirmed that water baptism  only  ham, by the Bishop of London, in A.D. 1710,
was commanded.  Story argued that the he arrived in Virginia, and became the
baptism of the Holy Ghost was intended. minister of Christ Church parish, in Mid"I grant," said the latter, "the apostles dlesex county. He was chosen Professor of
could not baptize with the Holy Ghost at Divinity in William and Mary College, but
their own pleasure, when and whom  and  still continued rector of his old parish, until
where they would, in their own wills, as your July 26th, 1734, the day of his death. N'ot
ministers can and do administer what they  far from  the Rappahannock river, in a
call, and have taught you, Christ's baptism; deserted churchyard, is now seen the stone
but that the apostles could not instrument- over his remains, erected by his parishioners,
ally  baptize with  the  Holy  Ghost, I and the inscription thereon states that he
deny."  *' * *  At the same time he re- was a tender husband, indulgent father,
ferred to the text, "Go ye into all the world  gentle master, and that "he explained his
and preach the Gospel to every creature. doctrine by his practice, and taught andi
He that believeth and is baptized shall be led the way to heaven."
saved; but he that believeth not shall be    Lewis Latane, another respected minister,
damned."   And that this was not water came to the Colony about the year 1700,
baptism  plainly appeareth, for Jesus said: and for twenty-three years preached  in
" John truly baptizeth with water, but ye South Farnham parish, Essex county.
shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not   Emanuel Jones, of Petworth, Gloucester
many days hence."                         county, arrived the same time as Latane,
Story, also, declared that the baptism  and was a tutor of the college.
here spoken  of was contra-distinguished    Skaife, who had been a curate in Canmfrom  John's baptism, and could only be bridgeshire and Bedfordshire, came to Viradministered by the power of the Holy  ginia, in 1708, and for many years had the
Ghost, co-working in them, with them, and  charge of the parish of Stratton Major, in
by them.                                  King and Queen county, and was one of the
These discussions caused the people to trustees of the college.
" search the Scriptures,"  and those clergy-   Bagge had been a curate in the dig



VYRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.                              27
cese of Lisinore, and in 1709 came to the the Governor of Virginia announced that
Colony.                                    one-half of the population capable of bearLHugh Jones arrived in Maryland 1698; I ing arms was composed of negroes and inabout 1703 was elected Profiessor of Mathe- i dentured servants.
mnatics in'William and Mary College. In    In the Legislature of 1722-23 a law
1724 there was published at London a relative to suffiage was passed, which caused
duolecimo of one hundred and fifty pages, some discussion.
with the title,'" The Present State of Vir-   For alnost a half century after. the setginia, and Short View  of Maryland and  tlement at Jamestown universal suffrage
North Carolina.  By Rev. Hugh  Jones, prevailed, but in 1653 it was limited to " all
A.Mr., Chaplain to the Honorable Assembly, housekeepers, freeholders, leaseholders or
and late Minister at Jamestown, Virginia."  tenants," but two years after universal
The book contains the fillowing descrip- suffrage was restored, with the proviso that
tion of the mode of worship durilti the termn the votes were to be given by subscription
of Comunissary Blair.                     instead of viva voce, and the Act was pre" In several respects the clergy are obliged  ficed with a preamble stating that the
to omlit or alter parts of the Liturgy, and  Assembly conceived "it something hard
deviate froml the strict discipline, to avoid  and unagreeable to reason that any persons
giving offense, or else to prevent absurdities shall pay -taxes and have no votes in elecanid inconsistencies.  Tlhus surplices disused i tion."
there for a long time in most churches, by    Af'ter the restoration of monarchy in
bad examples, carelessness and indulgence, England, and the return of Sir William
a;re now beginning to be brought into fash- Berkeley to the governorship, suffiage was
ion, not without difficulty; and in some  again restricted to freeholders and houseparishes where the people have been used to  holders.  The preamble of the Act of 1670
receive the communion in their seats, a is in these words:custom introduced for opportunity for such    " Whereas the usual way of choosing buras were inclined to presbytery to receive the gesses by the votes of all persons, who,
sacrament sitting, it is not so easy a matter having served their time, are freemen; who
Lo bring them to the Lord's table, decently, having little interest in this country, do
on their knees."                           oftener make tumults at the election, than by
At the time of' this publication, the college  making choice of fit persons, and whereas
at Williamsburgh is described as " without the laws of England grant a voice in such
a chapel, without a scholarship, without a elections only to such as by their estates,
statute."  On the 28th of June, 1732, the real or piersonal, have interest enough to tie
College chapel was opened by President them' to the endeavor of the public good;"
Blair, preaching a sermon from  Proverbs then followed the restrictive clause, already
xxii, 6. " Train up a child in the way he alluded to.
should go, and when he is old he will not   In a fiew years the republican feeling was
depart from it."  A year later the folunda- strengthened by Bacon and others, and in
tion for the President's house was laid, the  1676 the restrictive clause was revoked, and
President and each of the faculty laying  universal suffrage again became the law of
one of the first five bricks.             the land.
About the year 1700 the African popu-   Eight years pass, and in 1684 it is again
lation began to increase. Governor Nich- enacted that none but freeholders should
olson writes in July of that year, that exercise thle right of suffrage.  It was not
nleglroes were bringing  "lfrom twenty-eight until more than. a hundred years after the
to thirty guineas a head," and adds, " I meeting of the first legislative assembly that
believe two thousand'would sell."  In 1712  any effort was made to prevent the voting




28'RGTNIA  COLONIAL CLERGY.
of Inclian.s or -free negroes. The Assembly  they have not in like manner assented, for
of 1722-23, however, enacted that " no free  the common good."
negro, mnulatto, or Indcian whatsoever shall   Amid all tfhe distractions of an active
have any vote at the election of burgesses or life, CommIissary Blair found time to preany other election wha.tsoever." As required, pare one hundred and seventeen discourses
the statutes passed by this Assembly were 1 on the sermon on the Mount, which were
sent over to England for approval by the  first published in London, in five octavo
Coinmmissioners of Trade and Plant:ationsI%, volumes. Dr. Doddridge, the Scripture exand they were referred to their attorney, I positor, pronounced it the best commentary
Richard West, afterward Lord Chancellor onil the fifth, sixth atoid seventh chapters of
of Ireland, for examination.  He reported  Matthew extant, and adds:adversely to the restrictive suffrage, using    "He appears to have been a person of
this language, "I cannot see why one free- the utmost candor, and has solicitously
man should be used worse tlhaln another, avoided all unkind and contemptuous remerely upon account of his conilplexion."   flections on hlis brethren. He has an excelBut, notwithstanding the opinion of the lent way of' bringing down criticism to comnjurist, the Commissioners allowed the law  mon capacities, and has discovered a vast
to exist. When George Mason drew tihe knowledge of Scripture, in the application
first Declaration of Rights in  America, of them."  A second edition of the work
which was adopted by the Virginia Conven- appeared in 1740, in four volumes, with a
tion in June, 1776, as part of their first preface by Bishop Waterland.
Constitution, he reincorporated the idea    George Whitfield, in his Diary, under
set forth in the Suffrage Law of 1656, that date of 15th of December, 1740, writes:
it was " something hard and unagreeable to    " Paid my respects to Mr. Blair, Commnisreason that any persons shall pay taxes and  sary  of Virginia.    His discourse was
have no votes in election."               savory, such as tended to the use of edifyThe sixth Article of the Declaration of' ing. He received me with joy, asked me
Rights was in these words:-               to  preatch, and  wished  my  stay  were
"That elections of members to serve as longer."
representatives of the people in the Legis-   In 1743, after a ministry in Virginia of
lature ought to be fiee, and that all men  more than fifty yearls, he died, having
having sufficient evidence of permanent, proved himself an  "eteritus nmiles," by
commnon interest with, and attachmlent to,  " enduring hardnless as a good soldier of
the comnmunity, have the right of suffrage, Christ."
and cannot be taxed or deprived of their    His son John, lived to see the independproperty for public uses without their own  ence of the United States of America, anld
consent, or that of their representative so  to be one of the first judges of the Supreme
elected, nor bound by any law to which  Court, appointed by President Washington.




VIR.GNIA COLONTA    CLERGY.                          29
CHAPTER VI.
LIFE A ND TIM FS OrF JONATHAN BOUCHER, THE TORY CL'ERIuYIMAN,.A.D. 1759-1775.
Jolathall Boucher was one of the best new  field of labor, anld  remained  seven
representatives of the colonial clergy, from  years.  Here he established  a boarding
the period succeeding the defeat of Brad- school in his own house, and at one time
dock until the colonies declared themrselves had  thirty  pupils.  Among  his  pupils
fiee and independent States.                was John  Parke Custis, the step-son of'
He was born on the 12th of March, 1738, General Washingto;2. "This," sayshe, " laid
at Blencogo, in Cumberland county, Eng- the foundation of a very particular intimacy
land.  While completing hiMs education in  and friendship, which lasted +,ill we finally
mathematics, under the direction of a Rev. separated, nlever to unite again, on our
Mr-. Ritson, who lived at Workington, near taking different sides in the late troubles.
the mouth of the Derwent, he received an    " Mr. Washington was the second of five
appointment tis private tutor in the family sons, of' parents distinguished neither fobr
of Captain Dixon, who lived on the Rap- their rank, nor fortune.  Lawrence, their
pahannock river.                           eldest son, became a soldier, and went oni
In July, 1759, lie reached his destination the expedition to Carthagena, whtere, getting
at Port Royal.  In his autobiography he into somie scrape with a brother officer, it
writes: "'Being  hospitable, as  well as was said he did not acquit himself quite so
wealthy, Captain Dixon's house was much well as he oug'ht, and so sold out.
resorted to, but chiefly by toddy-drinking    "George, who, like most people therecompany.  Port Royal was chiefly  in- abouts at that tile, had no other educahabited by factors from Scotland, and their tion than readinlg, writing and accounts,
dependents, and the circumjacent country which lie was taught by a convict servant,
by planters in general, in middling circuml- whom his father bought fir a schoolmasstances.  There was not a literary man, for ter, first set out in the world as Surveyor
aught I could find, nearer than in  the of Orange  County, an  appointment  of
country I had just left, nor were literary about half the value of a Virginia Rectory,
attainments, beyond merely reading or writ- perhaps ~100 a year.
ing, at all in vogue."                       "W' len the French mnade eneroachnments
In A.D. 1761, he was unexpectedly asked on  the  Western Frontier, in  1754, this
to enter the ministry.  A Rev. Mr. Giberne, Washington was sent out to examine, on,
who lived on the north sitde of' the:Rappa- the spot, how far what was alleged was
hannock, opposite Port Royal, about to true, and to remuolstrate oni the occasion.
marry a rich wvidow ill Richmond county, He published his journal, -which in Virresigned his parish, and the vestry asked ginia, at least, drew on him  some ridicule.
him to fill the vacancy. He went to London,   *: *         * At Braddock's defeat, and
was ordained by Bishop Osbaldiston, and in every subsequent occasion throughout the
July, 1762, became the rector of the parish war, lie acquitted himself much  inl the
in King George county, and preached at sante manner as, in my judgment, he has
Leeds. In less than six months he -was since done, decently, but nlever greatly. I
called to a parish near Port, Royal, in Ca:ro- did know Mr. Washington well. * * * * >*
line county, made vacant by the death of * * 1Ie is shy, silent, stern, slow and cauthe Rev. Thomas, Dawson, Commnissary of tious.   *        I  in his lmral clharacter, he
Virginia, which he accepted.               is regular, temperate, strictly just and
In the spring of 1763 he moved to tlhis honest, and, as I always thought, religious,




`30                       %VIRGINIA  COLONIAL CLERGY,
haviing  heretofore  been  pretty  constant, there are not six organs; the Psalmody:is
and even exemplary in his attendance on  everywhere ordinary  and  mean, and in
public worship in the Church of England. not a few places there is none."
But he seems to have nothing generous or I  Unlike Blailr, he had no sympathy, with
affectionate in his niature.,Just betile  Whitfield and his followers.  Davies, nore
the close of the last war lie Illmrried the  than his equal in eloquence, scholarship and
widow Custis, and thus ca'le into the pOS- Spirituality, afterward Presidelt of Princesessioin of her iarge jointure.   He Ilne er ton, lie looked down upon as a common dishad any children, and lived very nluch  senter. He used every 1mealns to plrevent
like a gentlemlan, at Mount;  Vernon,  in  the growth of iolconfornity, aind in one of
Fairfax  County, where the  niost distinl  his sermons regrets its ilicrease, and stated
guished part of his character was, thitt lie that thirty years ago there was not a cliswas an admirable farmer."                   sentinlg  comlgregation  in  Virginia, while
This estimate of Washington, fromn  a  then there were eleven ministers, and each
Tory, can now be perused with complacency, with from two to four ciongregations.
since the world has long ago declared-         In his autobiography he remarks, " I
attributed much of nly success in this (keep"He was a man; take him  for all in all, mig l down no0conCformists), to my avoiding
I shall not look upon his like again."    all (lisputation with their ministers, whom
I spoke of as beneath such condescension, on
The French charged that Washington, the score of their ignorance and their impuunder excitement, fired upon Jumonville, dence. And when one of them publicly chalthe  French  commander, while  he  was lenged mento a public debate, I declined it, but
bearing a flag of truce.  De Villiers, in  at the sanle timne set up one Daniel Barksdale,
his report of Washington's surrender at a carpenter inl my parish, who had a good
Fort Necessity, wrote:-                     front, alld a voluble tongue, and whoml,
"We made the English consent to sig'n  therefore, I easily qualified to defeat his opthat they had assc.ssinacted,ny brother."  In  ponent, as he effectually did.  And I amn
the articles of agreement it is'so written. still persuaded that this methodl, of treating
In 1756, these fkcts were brought to light the preachers with well-;judgecl ridicule and
by William   Livingston, of  New  Jersey, contempt, andc their followers with gentleand no doubt caused some criticism  and  ness, persuasion, and attention, is a good
ridicule of Washington.                     one."
Boucher, in one of his sermons, gives a    Upon thle subject of Africtan slavery,
picture of the bald and desolate appear- he held the views of Henry, Jefferson and
ance of the parish churches at the period  WashingOtonl.  Destitute oforal cowardice,
of the Revolution.  He remarks:  "Our in 1763 he preaclhed a sermon, in which he
churches in general are ordinary atnd mean  remarked-m
buildings,  composed  of  wood, -without    "Were aln impartial and comprehensive
spires or towers, or steeples or bells, and  observer of the state of society in these
placed, for the most parlt, like those of our Middle Colonies asked whence it happened
remotest ancestors in  Great Britailn, in  that Vir'ginia and Maryland, which were the
retired and solitary spots, and ContigllOus first pln-tecd, nd are superior to many coloto springs or wells.'Within thenl, there  nies, a-ln inllerior to none in point of every
is rarely even an attenpt to introiduce any iatutral advantage, are still so exceedingly
ornaments; it is alInost as uncoml(  on to bI)ehiind itost of the other British  Armerifind a chutirch that has any comralltiuon  can PI ho-vil.ces, imn all th. ose iltpriovements
plate, as it is in England to find one -that which brigin  credit and consequence to a
has not; in both Virginia and Mariyland, I country?   he would  answer: They  are




VIRGINIA COLONinAL CLERGY'.   ]
so, because they are cultivated  by slaves. Rector of the church at Anlapolis, the
I believe -it is capable of demonistral;ion, capital of Maryland, and took with him his
that except tlhe money inlterest whiich every i)ulpil, John Parke Custis, the step-son of
man has in the property of his siaxves, ii; t Washington.
would  be for every mall's interest thait    The State House now used by the legislathere were nlo slaves, and for this p)1:in.  ture of Marylalnd had not then beenerected,
reason, because the free labor of a firee  and the church edifice was in a dilapidated
man, who is regularly hired and paid for condition, while the town boasted a handthe work which  he does, is in the end  some theater, in which Hallam  and others
cheaper than the extorted eye-service of a  played, built on land owned by the church.
slave. Some loss and inconvenience would  To stimlulate his parishioners to the erection
no doubt arise firom the general abolition  of a new church, he published, soon after he
of slavery in the Colonies, but were it done  became the Rector of St. Anne's, in the
gradually, with judgment and good temrn- Maryland Gazette, a poetical epistle, adper, I have never yet seen. it satisfactorily  dressed:
proved that such injury -would be either
great, or lastiing."                       " To the very worthy and respectable inlhabitDuring Boucher's residence in Caroline    Ctt of Annapolis, the hmble pettion  of
County, he manifested an interest for the  te old Churchsheweth:slaves, and on the 31st of March, 1766,    A potion of this effision is as follows
Easter Monday, baptized  three hundred
and thirteen negro adults, and preached to  "That late in Century the last,
upwards of a thousand.   le, moreover,   By private bounty, here were placed
employed two or three intelligent blacks   My sacred walls, and tho' in truth
to teach the children on Sunday afternoons.   Their stile and manner be -uncouth,
In time, twenty or thirty were able to use   Yet whilst no structure met mine eye
the Prayer-book at the Sunday services,  That even with myself could vie,
and thirteen became communicants.           A goodly edifice, I seemed,
Calim  and fearless in manner, logical  And pride of all St. Anne's was deemed.
and intellectual in his discourses, he suc-   How changed the times! for now all rollnd
ceeded in obtaining the entire respect of   Unnumlbered stately piles abound,
the planters among whom he resided. In   All better built and looking down
one of his sermons he states that "he had   On one quite antiquated grown:
lived among them more than seven years, I Left unrepaired, to time a prey,
as minister, in such harmony as to have   I feel my vitals fast decay;
had no disagreement with any man, even   And often have I heard it said
lor a day."  While in Virginia, he was inti-   That some good people are afraid
mate with the Rev. James Maury or Marye,   Lest I should tumble, on their head,
a clergyman, of French parentage, born at   Of which, indeed, this seems a prloof,
sea, trained  in  England, e~ducated  in   They seldom come beneath my roofi
America, and settled in Albemarle county.            *            *           *
At Maury's request, he wrote a poem, which   Here in Annapolis, alone,
was well received, on the dispute between   God has the meanest house in town.
the Clergy and the Assembly of Virginia,   The premises considered, I,
relative to the injustice of the act allowinog   With humble confidence, rely,
two pence a pound to be paid instead of the   That, Phoenix like, I soon shall rise,
16,000 pounds of tobacco in kind, due as I From my own ashes, to the skies;
salary of a parish minister.                Your mite, at least, that you. will pay,
In 1770, he left Virginia, to  become   And your petitioner shall pray."




e32                         V IRGIJPSNiA  COtLON.IAL (T, CLER,,
While residino' in   A nall,:polis he cleter-  1 phia, to concert.nleasutres t;o suppot't the
ariled to know  soi3ethilag besldtes5 "' Jcs.S  WMotlle Coult:'y ill the -pending controverChristalnd Hil crucified." He becaulle:lncllh:sies.  "It is too well known," he says,
ablsorbed iin the social, li-terali   iid(l  po.itical " how little the clergy of Philadelphia r:epursuits  of  tlhe  c{)n:nu11ity.  He  wrote   a g'aded thi s agreement."
some verses.on all actlres, alndl a, prologue    11'le ancestral  residlence  of his wife's
for tie -theaterl, alld was naltle  firit Pre-  f:arily was at Oxon Hall, nearly opposite
sideint of the  fIHoimainy  Clubl, (.  so(c,,iet   A lexandria. In his reminiscences lhe writes:
formed  to promote iunnocenlt mirth.  Ie    "  happened to be going across the Potowas recogonized as Governlilor Eden's right mac with mry wife and soile other of our
hand man aililnd most intillate friiend.  He -I  friends, exactly at the time that General
says':  "I wta, in:. ct, the most efficinlit Washington was crossing it on his way to
person  in the atmi-nistration: of()  GovernJ- tile northward, whither lie was going to
rm.ent.  The nianag'enn t of tlhe, Asselnbly  take command of the Continental army.
-was left very m:uchl to b:t.e, a:ll(ti hAtrdly't There had been a great meeting of people,
Bill was brought iln which I didl 3(iolt either and great doings in Alexandria on the ocdraw, or at least re-vise."  The Governor's casion; anlid everybody seemed to be on fire,
speeches, m:nessages  an.ld  other i:1mpo rtanlt either with  rum  or patriotism, or both.
papers were also fiom  his pen.  In thl e  Solne patriots in our boat huzzaed, and
defense  of' what he  supposed  were the  gave three cheers to the General as he
rights of the Maryland clergy, he htad a  passed us, while Mr. Addison and myself'
sharp controversy witi two lawyers, Wil-  contented ourselves with pulling off our
liam.  Paca  and  Samuel Chase, both  of' hats.  Then General (then only Colonel)
whom, in 1776, were in the Continental  Washington beckoned us to stop, as we did,
Congress,  and signiers of' the Declaration. just to shake us by the hand, he said.
Paca, smarting  under some remark, was    " His behavior to me was now, as it had
disposed to fight a duel with the rector of always been, polite and respectful, and I
St. Anne's, but was quieted by the gentile- shall forever remember what passed in the
man whom he consulted as his second.          few disturbed moments of conversation we
Governor Eden, who valued his talents and  then had.  PFrom his going on his present
friendship, in 1772 off-red himn the lower errand, I foresaw and apprised him of muchl
church  of Queen  Anne's Parish, Prince  that has since happened; in  particular,
George county, Md., which  he accepted. that there would certainly then be a civil
About this time he was iLarried to a Miss  war, and that the Americans would soon
Addison, a native of this county, niece of the  declare for independency.  With more earnRev. Henry Addison, educated at Queen's  estness than was usual with his great reCollege, Oxford, daughter of' Thomas Addi- serve, lie scouted my apprehensions, adding,
son, and grandchild of John. Addison, Sur- and I believe with perfect sincerity, that if
veyor-Genreral of' the Province of Maryland. ever I heard of his joining in such measures,
His controversy with the lawyers, Paca  I had his leave to set him down for everyand Chase, gave him a reputation among  thing wicked.               * *   *  This was the
the Episcopal clergy of' New  York  and  last time I ever saw  this gentleman, who,
New  England, alnd Kinlg's College, now  contrary to all reasonable expectation, has
Columbia, in  New  York city, conferred  since so distinguished himself; that he will
upon him  the degree of' Master of Arts. probably be handed down to posterity as
The Rev. Dr. Cooper, President of King's  one of the first characters of the age."
College, visited him, and in company they    From this period, party feeling deepened
proceeded to tile r:esidence of Rev. Dr. in Maryland, and Boucher thought it pruSmith, Provost of' the College of Philadel.- dent to leave his residence in the lower




VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.                           33
parish of Prince George county, and he re- not injuring him, forced him  out of the
moved to the "Lodge," the home of Rev. church, and escorted him to his residence, a
Henry Addison, his wife's uncle, inll the fifer playing the tune ofthe "Rogue's March."
upper part of the county.  During his Fearless and persevering, he appeared at the
absence, services were held by, his curate, a church next Sunday, and, amid much conRepublican, a brother of Robert Hanson  fusion, preached the sermon he had preHarrison, one of Washington's aids. He pared for " Fast-day."
became increasinlgly unpopular, and when-   From this time his feelings were embitever he preached there was more or less tered against the Republicans, and on the
disapprobation.  "For more  than  six  16th of August, 1775, he wrote, under
months " he writes, " I preached, when I (did excitement, a long letter to Washington,
preach, with a pair of loaded pistols lying which he concludes in these words:on the cushion, having given notice that if  "I' have, at least, the merit of consistany man or body of men could possibly be ency; and neither in any private or public
so lost to all sense of decency and propriety  conversation, in anything I have written,
as to drag mae out of my own pulpit, I nor in anything that I have delivered fromn
should thirnk myself justified before God the pulpit, have I ever asserted any other
and man in repelling violence."         opinions or doctrines than you have repeatIn 1775 the Republican authorities set edly heard me assert, both in my own house
apart Thursday, the 11th day of May, for and yours. You cannot say that I deserved
prayer and fasting, and Mr. Boucher an- to be run down, villified, and injured in the
nounced that he would preach in his own manner which you know has fallen to my
pulpit. The text he had chosen was from  lot, merely because I cannot bring myself
Nehemiah vi, 10, 11: "Afterward I came to think, on some political points, just as
unto the house of Shemaiah, the son of you and your party would have me think.
Delaiah, the son of Mehetabeel, who was shut And yet you have borne to look on, at
up; and he said, let us meet together in least as an unconcerned spectator, if not
the house of God, within the temple, and  an abetter, whilst, like the poor frogs in the
let us shut the doors of the temple, for they fable, I have in a manner been pelted to
will come to slay thee; yea, in the night death. I do not ask if such conduct in you
will they come to slay thee. And I said, was friendly; was it either, just, manly,
should such a man as I flee? and who is or generous?  It was not; no, it was actthere that, being as I am, would go into the ing with all the base malignity of a virulent
temple to save his life? I will not go in."    Whig.  As such, Sir, I resent it; and
Fifteen minutes before the time of service oppressed and overborne as I may seem to be,
he arrived at the church, but found the by popular obloquy, I will not be so wantRepublican curate, Harrison, already in the ing in justice to myself as not to tell you,
desk, and a crowd of armed men around the as I now do, with honest boldness, that I
church. A Mr. Osborne Sprigg, who was despise the man who, for any motives,
the leader, told him that they did not wish  could be induced to act so mean a: part.
him to preach. He replied that they would You are no longer worthy of my friendhave, then, to take away his life; and with  ship; a man of honor can no longer, withsermon in one hand, and a loaded pistol in out dishonor, be connected with you. With
the other, moved toward the pulpit, but was your cause, I renounce you."
instantly  surrounded  by  excited  men.   In this frame of mind, he became odious
Seizing Sprigg by the collar of his coat, and to the friends of Congress, and in a month
with cocked pistol, he told him he would was a refugee.
blow his brains out if any of the crowd    On the 10th of September, with his wife
should dare attack him. The crowd, while and her uncle, the Rev. Henry Addison,
5




34                       VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY.
and his son, he went on board a small last child, a daughter, died. One of his
schooner, the Nell Gwynn, and, sailing  grandsons, bearing his name, is a valued
down the Potomac, entered the Chesapeake, contributor to the London Notes and Queand was taken aboard a vessel, which, on ries, and to him we are indebted for extracts
the 20th of October, reached Dover, in from his grandfather's journals.
England.  For nineteen years he was   In concluding this article, a brief referVicar of Epsom, and devoted much time to ence will not be out of place, to Rev. Walter
philological studies. He died, A.D. 1804, Dulaney Addison, who became Rector of the
at the age of sixty-six years. His engraved parish from  which his uncle had been
portrait shows a firm, benevolent, round- ejected a few months before the Declaration
faced man, with expansive forehead.     of Independence. He was the son of Thomas
In 1797 he published " A View of the Addison, whose wife was Rebecca Dulaney,
Causes and Consequences of the American of Annapolis; and also the nephew of the
Revolution," which he gracefully dedicated wife of Jonathan Boucher. In 1788, while
as a kind of peace offering to his old friend, on a visit to his uncle, by marriage, in Engwho had been the first president of the land, Mr. Boucher requested him to make a
United States of America. Washington, in catalogue of his library. In doing this, he
reply to the compliment, in a letter from  fell from a ladder while examining some
Mount Vernon, dated 15th of August, 1798, books on a high shelf, and was much injured.
wrote, " For the honor of its dedication and While confined to his room he became very
for the friendly and favorable sentiments serious, and determined to enter the ministry.
therein  expressed, I pray you to accept Returning to this country he married a Miss
my acknowledgment and thanks.  Not Hesselius, of Annapolis, and then went to
having  read  the  book, it follows, of reside with his mother at Oxon Hall, on the
course, that I can express no opinion with Potomac. For several years he occupied
respect to its political contents, but I can the same pulpits which Jonathan Boucher
venture to assert beforehand, and with con- had preached from in Prince George county,
fidence, that there is no man in either and formed a wide contrast to his relative in
country more zealously devoted to peace and his views of religion. With what was cona good understanding between the nations sidered Puritanic strictness, he frowned upon
than I am: no one who is more disposed to duelling, horse racing, card playing, and
bury in oblivion all animosities which have theater-going. While attached to the liturgy
subsisted between them and the individuals of his Church, he maintained friendly relaof each."                               tions with those whom he recognized as minHe was married three times. His first isters of other branches of the Church. For
wife, Miss Addison, noted for her beauty, many years he was deprived of sight. God
had no children, neither had the second. took him, in 1848, ripe in age, and fit for
By his third wife he had several children, heaven. His friends deposited his remains
one of whom was the Rev. Barton Boucher, in the burial place of his ancestors, at Oxon
of Wiltshire. It was not until 1871 his Hall.
FINIS.




A P LAIN T
OF SAMUEL PURCHAS, RECTOR OF ST. MARTIN'S, LUDGATE, LONDON, A.D. 1625.
"My prayers shall be to the Almighty for Virginia's prosperity, whose dwarfish growth
after so many years' convuisions by dissensions, Tantalean starvings amidst rich magazines and fertilities, subversion here and self eversion there (perverseness I mention not),
rather than conversion of savages, after so many learned and holy men sent there;
poverty, sickness, death in such a soil and healthful climate —what shall I say?
"' I can deplore, I do not much admire, that we have had so much in Virginia, yet
so little; the promises as probable as large, and yet the premises yielding, in the conclusion, this Virginian sterility and meagerness, rather than the multiplied issue and
thrift of a worthy nation, and mother of a family answering to her great inheritance.
But what do I in plaints, when some, perhaps, will complain of my complainings?"