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AN
HISTORICAL VIEW
OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.




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AN


HISTORI.CAL VIEW
OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS:
EXHIBITING
THEIR DISCQVERY, POPULATION, LANGUAGE,
GOVERNMENT, MANNERS, CUSTOMS,
PRODUCTIONS AND COMMERCE.
FROM THE SPANISH OF
MARTINEZ DE ZU9LGA.
PUIBLISHED AT MANILA, 1803.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
WITH
A NEW AND ACCURATE MAP OF THE ISLANDS,
FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE.
TRANSLATED
BY JOHN MAYER, ESQ.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. ASPERNE, CORNHILL; AND NONAVILLS
AND FELL, NEW BOND-,STREET;
By T. Davison, Whiteefiars.
1814.




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T  g. of "whh the f olwi... r s.l *io
is ffeedto Wthe English reaider is, probably the
iycopy we i ah h  yet re ch d ithis counitr.
oi the translatori ab deemed fortunate or
th... is......e... l.e.. t... *di i n  o  
candid pubtlic;d but it appeare to himi ithat the ~
i     H.. i      i..i*ii**,
inomton itcontisresetn     aSpans
iooy the most inteesiting~ of, anyther toW
Briis6h subet, suples that desidertmso..:**:*.....  "*::,:'*.***:"?~ **:-  *..***'.*.*"...
m  h wan I     rO lang  e:-; cor   i
n  a  te  'od  t e penisfi esalishthe    M
meats in the PhI t es it
The position of t  island
thati ofithie eater ArcIpelgoagneraly.we...        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. p o.  of i. s         m  t     They
formthe ntre~tbe  /uope  ndin Chna the
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vi


INTRODuC'FrOi.


north-eastern coasts of the old world; and in the
storms which at present convulse the political
atmosphere of Europe, as well as that of both
the Americas, it is not easy even to conjecture
what may be their fate.
The productions of these islands are various,
and of a value and importance unquestionably
high. In the hands of an industrious population, and under a fostering government, there
is scarcely any vegetable substance which, by
slender exertion, they may not be made to
yield, whilst the choicest treasures of the mineral kingdom, lodged beneath their irregular
surface, minister largely to the cupidity, and
furnish materials for the more enterprising labours of man.
Gold is in abundance; iron, steel, copper,
lead, pitch and tar, hemp, cotton, indigo, sugar,
cocoa, pepper, betel, cowries, tortoiseshell,
mother of pearl and pearls, hides, coyar, to.
bacco, corn and rice excellent and abundant,
with a variety of other productions, contribute to
the wants of commerce; while in this enumeration will be found all the articles which, with
the aid of the finest building timber in the world,
are requisite for the construction and complete equipment of ships of every description.
The established intercourse of these islands
with Japan and China offers a ready transit for




INTRODUCTION*


VI1


manufactures; and although it is understood that
the East India Company furnishes an adequate
supply of our woollen staple to the China market, we may yet fairly expect that British enterprize will not overlook the advantages which
the opening of the India trade holds out in this
quarter; nor will he introduction of British ma.
nufactures into these islands, either with an ultimate view to the above markets, or to those of
Spanish America, in any material degree inter.
fere with the staple trade of the Company:
there is full scope for adventure in this new
vineyard, and labourers will not be wanting.
The political jealousy, and the national and religious prejudices of the Spaniards, have till lately
opposed a bar to an extended intercourse with
the Philippines; but the tide which hitherto has
flowed in that direction seems of late to have
commenced its ebb. The events ofthelast twenty
years have been in their nature so extraordinary, and in their effects so powerful a solvent
of all the prejudices, fostered by ignorance and
superstition, that the dawn of a new day seems
to open upon mankind,   Let us hope that
while these clouds vanish before the morning
sun, the great bonds of society will remain unbroken, and that the liberties of Europe, and
consequently those of the world, will be fixed on
a permanent foundation.




INTRODUCTION.


amelioration, have been suffered to make under
the Spanish monarchy during the period in
question. At any rate, we have grounds for
supposing that if any alteration, favourable or
unfavourable, has taken place, Zuniiga has contrived to weave it into the work; for it is asserted
by those whose residence renders them competent judges, that the view he gives of the settlement is correct to the latest period.
The origin and language ofthese islanders have
engaged the attention of our ablest orientalists.
From certain similar characteristics in the persons of the inhabitants of the interior, or aborigines of the islands, they have hitherto had an
African origin assigned to them; and nearly
from the same source (Madagascar), it has been
supposed that the Malay population has flowed,
which has in a great measure inundated the
Archipelago, as well as some parts of the continental coasts.
Similarity, or even approximation of language
and manners unquestionably offer great facilities in enquiries of this nature, and they have
accordingly been resorted to by all our oriental
physiologists in their researches respecting the
eastern Archipelago; and so far as regards the
Malays and Malayan language, these researches
have been attended with corresponding success;
but in respect to the aboriginal language, or




INTRODUCTION.


XI


Tagalic, very slight attempts have been made
to trace it beyond the quarter in which it was
found to prevail. Our author has not failed to
enter into the discussion, and from the premises
he lays down, not unreasonably, draws the conclusion that the Tagalic language and original
population of all the islands westward of the
coast of South America derive from that con.
tinent.
It is certainly consonant to reason to presume that the aborigines, or mountaineers of the
interior of these islands, in their primitive state,
were more likely to change their residence (if
intentionally) by committing themselves to a
favourable breeze blowing pretty constantly in
one direction from the eastward; or if in con.
sequence of misfortune, by finding their efforts
unavailing to encounter an adverse wind, and
again reach their own coasts; than to suppose
even with all the aid the monsoons could afford
them in an erratic navigation from Africa
through the Indian ocean to the Archipelago,
that they should diffuse themselves from that
point in every direction over the South Sea, in
the face of an almost constant current of wind,
blowing occasionally with extreme violence.
The Malay population most probably had
its origin as stated. The superior acquirements
of that nation doubtless might enable them to




xii


INTROLDUCTIO N.


encounter those difficulties which have been
mentioned, and either by their extensive conquests, or acknowledged commercial activity, to
induce their language to be received as the general medium of intercourse. On the subject
of this language, and its different dialects in
these islands, some variety of opinion may be
fairly allowed to prevail; and Sir W. Jones,
Dr. Wilkins, Mr. Marsden, Mr. Raffles, and
other authorities, may not be decided as to its
source; but it is generally allowed that the language spoken by the Papuans, Samangs, and
Negritos of the Philippines, and adjacent islands,
is totally different from the Malayan; and as
Mr. Marsden expiesses himself, " presents a
subject of research as curious as it is obscure."
This latter gentleman, in the ingenious introduction to his valuable grammar of the Malayan language, says, that the large islands of
this archipelago have their own peculiar language spoken by the inhabitants of the interior,
while the Malayan is generally used in the districts bordering on the coasts, at the mouths and
on the banks of navigable rivers, and has thence
acquired the appellation of the Lingua Franca
of the east. The antiquity of this insular or
original language, we are, he says, without the
means of ascertaining; but he well supports its
stability by the strong proof he adduces of Piga.




INTRODUCTION'.


xiii
Xlll


fetta's Vocabulary of the Tidore language, in
1521, differing in no respect from that of the
present day. Mr. Marsden seems to conclude that
the'Malay population of this archipelago has its
root in Sumatra, the inhabitants of which island
claim immediate descent from some of the companions of Noah, landed there from the ark;
and both Mr. Marsden, and Mr. Raffes, the
present Governor of Java, assert, that the lan.
guage spoken in Sumatra differs in no material
respect from that spoken in the Malayan
peninsula.
Upon any occasion where additional light
could be thrown upon the subject of these islands,
the translator has not scrupled'to avail himself of
the best authorities for that purpose. The Voyage
de Sonnerat aux Indes orientales et a la Chine,
edited and enlarged bySonnini, has been of great
service in this respect, as containing the most
authentic information which was possible to be
procured by a foreigner, aided by every facility
which the influence of the court of France over
that of Madrid could furnish, and entering upon
the undertaking with the express intention of
seconding the views of France on the colonial
establishments of her European neighbours.
The translator hopes that, on the whole, the
notes and extracts will not be found unimport.
ant or useless.




xiv


INTRODUCTI ON.


On the subject of the map of the Philippines,
accompanying this work, the translator trusts
he will be excused expressing the gratification
he feels in presenting it to the world as the only
correct delineation of these islands ih existence.
A collection of the existing authorities he found
answered no purpose, as being at variance not
only with each other, but still more with the unpublished manuscript, and other authentic information he derived from the mQst competent
private sources. To John Barrow, Esq. second
Secretary, and Captain Hurd, Hydrographer to
the Admiralty, he feels greatly indebted for the
communications they favoured him with, and
for amenity and politeness which accompanied
them.  To the first eastern scholar in this
country, probably in Europe, Dr. Wilkins, Librarian to the East India Company, he owes
more obligations than he can express. He takes
this opportunity of expressing his gratitude for
the kind assistance afforded by Captain Horsburgh, Hydrographer to the East India Company, who has had full opportunity, for the exercise -of his practical and theoretical acquirements as a navigator in the eastern Archipelago,
and who surveyed the western coasts of these
islands, and in particular the northern extremity
of the island of Luzon; to him he owes the correction of many errors, in respect to latitude




INTRODUCTION.


XV


and longitude, which disgrace the existing
charts; and to him likewise the map is indebted,
for a more perfect delineation of the coasts, and
for the disappearance of certain dangerous rocks
which he has ascertained to have no existence.
From these sources, aided by the suggestions of
commanders in the India service, in regard to
the nautical part, and from John Guise, Esq. of
Baker-street, whose residence of nine years in
Manila afforded him ample means of information respecting the interior of Luzon, the map,
it is presumed, may be deemed the most correct
extant. To this latter gentleman he has to acknowledge further obligations on the score of
the general information he has kindly furnished.
To his friend, John Jackson, Esq. whose literary attainments do him so much honour, the
translator is under particular obligations for the
kind assistance afforded him in regard to the map.
To Peter Guichenet, Esq. he feels particularly
indebted, as well as to another friend, for the
permission to extract from his excellent manu.
script translation of Sonnerat as much as an.
swered his purpose.
The merit of a translator is very limited.
He is answerable for little beyond the actual
transfusion of his author's meaning in appro.
priate language: whatever the present translator has attempted beyond this is contained in




XVI             INTRODUCTION.
the notes, and is added with the hope of rendering the publication as valuable as possible,
and as replete with information on the religious, moral, political, and commercial state of
these dependencies on the Spanish crown' as the
existing sources are capable of furnishing. He
lays it before the public with diffidence, but
with the hope that it will add to the stock of ge.
neral knowledge; equally useful to the moralist, the politician, and the merchant.;~




It


PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
CHAPTER 1.
T,~heir Description.-Productions and Comm
merce.
TuV hilippi'ne Islands were so, named by
Ruy -.,,,Lopez de Villalobos, in complimnent
to P-lpteSecond, when Prince of AstWMas   Th ey originall were called the
Weseri Isesor heArchipelago of Saint
Lazrsthnaa        wich Magellangv
thbeml whnfs4sover-ed by him. These
isl ands9, W are n ourie'~s theirappearance on
the map is that' of a large blanket full of
holes and rents. The principal of them is
Luzon, so called, because at the doorway
of each house stands a large wooden rnore~
tar, which, in the language of the country,
is called Losong, and in.which the Indians
VOL. I. 




2       DESCRIPTION OF THE     CH. I1
wash their rice. This island resembles the
arm a little bent, and in the part which
corresponds to the elbow is situated the
city of Manila, on the shore of a fine bay,
thirty leagues in circumference, and which
receives some considerable rivers, among
others the Pasig, which flowing from'a large
lake, situated to the east of Manila, at
the distance of three leagues, washes its
walls on the north side: its water is very
soft and salubrious.
Before the Spaniards arrived this district was occupied by the nation Tagala,
inhabiting many towns and mud villags,
governed by petty chiefs. It is now::di.
vided into various provinces, under the
government of their respective Alcaldea
Mayores, whol collect the royal tribute,
and administer justice among the Indians,
At three leagues distance from Manila, to
the southwest, lies the port of Cavite, so
called from the word cauit, a fishhook, to
which the tongue of land on which it




CH. I.   PtILIPPINE ISLANDS*


3


stands-bears a strong resemblance. Cavite
is defended by an indifferent fort, the governor of which is nominated by the court
of Madrid, It is likewise provided with a
complete arsenal for the accommodation,
as well of the Acapulco ships, and a few
small vessels for the defence of the islands
from the Moors, as for general use.
To the north from the nation Tagala, we
found the nations Pampanga, Zambales,
Pangasinan, Ylocos, and Cagayan, Each
of these nations formed a distinct commu.
nity, with a distinct language, or dialect of
the same language, and was distributed in
mud villages, lhaving no king or supreme
head to govern them; but in lieu of that,
a number of petty chiefs, or rajahs, whose
authority scarcely extended over fifty or
an hundred families respectively: after the
conquest, each of these nations was constituted into a province, governed by a
Spanish Alcalde Mayor. To, the east from
the nation Tugala are the Camarines, whose
B 2




4


PDESCRIPTION OF THhE


CHI I1


diistrict has been divided into two provinces,- that of Camarines, and that of
Albay, each under an Alcalde Mayor. The
greater part of the island is mountainous;
it is crossed from the north to the south by
an immense chain, from which diverge
those raniifications that spread through the
whole island, in many cases even forming
detached mountains, like insulated cones
in the midst of extensive plains. The whole
of this elevated part of the country occupying nearly all the interior, is either a desert,
or inhabited by a set of wretched people
who do not acknowledge the Spanish government. There are in this island several
volcanos, as that of Mayon, which is between the provinces of Albay and Camarines. It has a sugar-loaf figure, and is of
such altitude that it may be discovered at
an immense distance at sea.   The de
Taal is of a similar form, and stands in
the middle of a large lake, called de
Bombon; it exhibits sufficient proof that




CH. I.   PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.        5
the mountain in whose top the volcano
was, while in its active state, has sunk, remaining, however, still pretty much elevated above the water. There are other
volcanos, and many warm springs, indji
cating the fermentation in the bowels of
this island, from which, no doubt, arise
those earthquakes to which it is subject,
and which, one day, may produce new
eruptions. We know that these volcanos
at times throw out ashes, stones, sand,
water, and lava, inundating and destroy,
ing the habitations, and rendering the
fields a desert.
To the south of Luzon lie the principal islands of Mindoro, Panay, Marinduque, Negros, Masbate, Zebu, Bohol,
Leyte, Samar, besides some very small
ones, the whole of which we denominate
Bisayas, or Islas de Pintados, Painted
Islands, their inhabitants having been accustomed to paint their bodies before our
arrival in this quarter. All these islands




-


6  t DESCRIPTION OF TH1 


c H. I.


Acknowledge the Spanish government, and
pay tribute to the king, which the corregidores, or Alcaldes Mayores of the provinces
into which they are divided, collect. More
to the south from these islands are Mindanao and Jolo. In Mindanao the provinces
of Misamis and Caraga are subject to the
Spaniards: the rest of the island has not
submitted, and is engaged with Jolo and
other islands in constant hostility against
them; and although there have been occasional intervals of peace, they have been
of short duration.
For these two centuries past these islanders have been plundering the coasts of
our provinces, have taken an immense
number of vessels, pillaged many villages,
burnt many towns, destroyed many inhabitants, and made slaves of a very great
number of the clergy, both Spaniards and
Indians'.
We have in Mindanao the garrison of
Zamboanga, with a Spanish governor, to




CH. I.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


7


check these depredations; but as yet we
have found little benefit from this establishment.
To the east of these islands, at the dis.
tance of three hundred leagues, are found
las Marianas, las Carolinas, and the islands de Palaos, or Pelew. Of these, the
Marianas alone are under the dominion of
the Spaniards. Here there is a governor,
with a detachment of troops, to overawe
the Indians, and three Franciscan friars
to instruct them in the Christian religion.
Tllese islands have no other communication, with the rest of the world than what
is afforded by the Acapulco ship, which,
in returning to Manila, touches there, with
the portion of the revenue appropriated to
the support of this presidency. By this
opportunity they likewise receive wine for
mass, grain, furniture, clothing, and a few
other necessaries; this obscure corner producing only horned cattle, hogs, fowls, and
' a few vegetables, such as the bread-fruit




pk.::


DESCRIPTION OF TUE


CHR  I. 


and others, which serve the inhabitants
instead of bread. These supplies are annually imported by the governor; and as
there is no other store ir the island than
his, the price he fixes is at his own option.
From this commerce he draws 411 his in,
come; and under such oppression it is not
to be wondered at that this colony is as
poor as the first day it was discovered",
Rice, Indian corn, and wheat would grow
abundantly in these islands, but every attempt to raise them in any quantity, has
been rendjered of no avail by the swarms
of rats, which pour down frpm the mpountains, and sweep all before them. From
the combination of these political and patural causes, the situation of the inhabitants of these islands is so miserable, that
some of our historians would persuade us,
they entertain no wish to propagate the
species, that their children may avoid their
unhappy lot. On this account, it is added,
the Indians diminish considerably in num



CH. I.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.         9
ber; but this seems to be a mistake, as the
diminution of the Indians, if it may be
so called, may be rather attributed to the
following cause.
The population of the Marianas, independent of the native Indians, consists of
many from New Spain, some Philippine
Indians, and some Chinese, who come in
the suite of the governors. These men
being married to women of the country,
the children born of these marriages, are
registered by the friars on a list of casts,
distinguished from the Indian casts, from
which it clearly appears that, in proportion as these mixed casts have increased,
the Indian casts must have diminished,
and, in all probability, in a short time this
latter cast will be annihilated, as has already happened in some of the Spanish
settlements. This being the case, we ought
not to say the Indians diminish but change
their cast. With all these casts united, our
historians would wish us to believe, that




10      DESCRIPTIONS OF THE     CH. I.
there are, at present, fewer inhabitants in
the Marianas than formerly; but that can-i
not be the case, since the Jesuits, in quitting these islands, left a greater population
than they found in the year 1738; and the
Franciscans'report that that has increased
progressively since. It is certain the population does increase, as is clearly shewn
by the lists of the casts. Indeed the inhabitants of the Philippines have doubled
every century; and I believe it is the case
with all the population of America, although foreigners charge us, with occasioning thediminution ofthe Indian population,
by- our oppressive and bad management,
quoting our own historians in support of
the.charge. It ought to be recollected,
however, that by these, the number of inhabitants which the Spaniards found on
their arrival, is considerably exaggerated,
whenever they are desirous of giving additional splendor to the actions of the
heroes they celebrate; and, on the con



CH. tI:PHILIPPINE9t t A:q.  1


11


trary, when it is their object to detract,
they draw a very opposite picture, and,
attempting to diminish their numbers, assert that their diminution is the consequence of oppression. From the amount
of the tributes, however, referred to by
these historians, and levied at different
times, the evident conclusion is, that the
Spaniards did not find the tenth part
of the inhabitants, which are now in
existence.
The geographical description of the
Philippines is, that they are in the torrid
zone, between five and nineteen degrees
of northern latitude; the sun twice passes
its zenith, and produces those vapours
which, descending in copious showers, and
being again absorbed by the earth, form
fountains, hot springs, and large lakes.
This rainy or wet season lasts while we
have the Sun to the north, that, is, from
about May till September, and at times till
the beginning of December, from which lat



1g2    tDESCRIPTI0N OF TIIE     CH. H.
ter period till May there is continual springp.
The regular winds, are the north, the east,
and the south-.ivest, and they each prevail
beween three and four: months 'at a timwe,.
the change of one wind for another, being
attended with violent storms of thunder,
lightning, and, at times, whirlwinds. JnV
deed these storms are complete hurricanes,
which run all round the compass in less,
than twenty-four hours, tearing up trees
by the roots, and laying waste the whole
country. These are so frequent, that we
may justly complainconsidering our proxi,
inity to the line, of the waat of sufficient
solar influence, to render the climate of
these islands more agreeable. It cannot
be said that we have oppressive heat in the
Philippines3; there reigns throughout the
greater part of the year, a most beautiful
spring, and if the atmosphere were less
moist,j -it would be the most, deliciousl cli-lmate j') the world. Tothis moist atmo-,
sphere, and moderately warm temperatulney




CH. I.   PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.       13
is joined of course a great fertility. The
trees are always covered with leaves, and
the soil with vegetation. The harvests of
rice are most abundant; the plants shoot
up with great beauty immediately, but the
luxuriance of the soil renders it necessary,
continually to clear away the weeds, which
harbour many insects of a destructive
kind, and others so dangerous as to diminish greatly the comforts and enjoyments of a country, which, in point of fertility, returns one hundred fold of rice, the
common food of the Indians.
Rice is the principal production of these
islands, and it was- cultivated to much
greater extent before the Spaniards arrived
here4. They have likewise some pulse, as
mongos, patani, kidney-beans, and millet.
The inhabitants breed up, under the same
roof with themselves, pigs, fowls, ducks,
goats; and even buffaloes. In the mountains there are many deer, and the woods
and fields produce all sorts of pigeons,




14


D1ESCRIPTION OF TIHE    CI. IL


small birds, quails, a species of partridge;
woodcocks, &c. Few are disposed to indulge themselves in this latter kind of
sporting; they apply themselves ardently
to hunting the deer, to which they are par.
ticularly partial. The sea abounds with
very rich fish, such as the pargo, the eel,
the sole, the pampano, the mojarra, the
garropa, the shad, the tunny, the corvina,
the tanguingui, and an infinite number of
others, caught either with hooks or common nets, and likewise with a species of
net very mnuch used in these rivers, and
even out at sea, so constructed that the
fish may enter, but are unable to escape5;
In this occupation the inhabitants.of
these islands take more delight than in any
thing else, as it is a pursuit which at once
indulges their indolent habits, and gratifies'
their partiality to fish in preference to
animal food, Throughout the country are
found many other productions, contributing to the support of life, and. whicbh




Co. 1.  P3IILITPPTIN  ISLANDS&..15


though not so relishing as those enumerated
above, are probably better stited to their
relaxed habits; and the pith of the palm,
shoots of the sugar-cane, green withs, and
other succulent productions, serve for food
to those, who have no desire to labour
for their subsistence.- They cultivate the
bread-fruit, beans, the cacauate, &c. and
they pay particular attention to the palm
tree, from  which they procure both a
spirit and an oil, together with a sweets
meat, which they call chancaca. There
are few fruit-trees, and those are bad,
with the exception of the plantain, of
which there is a great variety, and all
excellent and fine flavoured, and the
orange, of which there are two kinds.
The mango, a very rich fruit, it is imagined, the Spaniards imported fiom the
coast of South America. We finish our
enumeration with the cultivation of a species of the palm tree, which bears a very
hard, little fruit of the form of a green nut.




16      DESCRIPTION OF TUHE    CH. T
This being cut,:a highly scented kernel,
or eye, is found enclosed, which is called
Itmo. This is laid in lime, to make what
they call Buyo, which being chewed, produces a. red saliva, together with a disorder
in the mouth, to which they are so habituated, that they are uneasy when without
it, This custom prevails generally, and
even many Spaniards adopt it with great
avidity. There are in this country mines
of iron and gold, but of little value, either
from the indolence of the natives, or the
insignificance of these objects to the Spa
niards, affording too little profit in their
commerce with Acapulco to deserve attention. Gold is likewise, by washing, separated from the sand, which the waters
bring down from the mountains.
In Paracale they work the mines in the
same manner as they do in New Spain,
but the natives are so addicted to sloth,
it is not possible to render them so productive as those of South America. In the




CH. I.  PHILIPPINE ISLAND S


17


mountains there is excellent timber for
building ships or houses, and the canes are
of an immense size, very long, and as
thick as a man's thigh; of these latter the
Indians construct their houses, covering
them with the leaf of the palm. They raise
cotton for clothing, which they dye various colours with logwood, indigo, and
the achiote, a large tree, whose seed is
used for that purpose. There is great
abundance of wax and wild honey, amber*:
pearls, mother of pearl, marble, tar, brimstone, and many other objects of less
ralue in a commercial point of view.
To these productions the Spaniards have
added horses and horned cattle, which;
have multiplied so much that they are to
be found in the mountains without anm
owner, and where those that want may
supply their wants at pleasure. They likewise introduced sheep, geese, grapes, figs,
wheat, pepper, coffee, cocoa, sugar, to
bacc, and various species of plants, which
V. 0              C




18      DESCRIPTION OF THeE    CH. I.
thrive so well, and produce so much, that
the Indian, with all his sloth, acknowledges
the utility of cultivating them.
There are, in these islands, some natural
curiosities deserving particular notice, such
as the paxarilo, a species of small swal.
low, which forms its nest chiefly of the
froth of the sea6, and which is held in such
estimation by the Chinese, as a principal
dish -at their table, that they purchase it
at any price.
The Balate is a species of sea worm,
which, likewise, is sold in China at a high
price. The Siguey, is a small shining shell,
which forms the current money of the Ma-'
lays. The Tabon, is a bird, which lays eggs
similar to those of the turkey, burying
them very deep in the sand on the sea
shore, and when hatched by the heat of
the sun, it tears away the sand that covers
them, and the young come out. The Caiman, is a species of crocodile; a large and
uncouth animal, the more curious in this
d.




CH. 1.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


19


respect, that it is produced from an egg,
of the same size as that of the duck. The
Chacon, is a lizard, which takes up its abode
in the houses, and repeatedly articulates
clearly the word toco. The Calo, is a bird,
which has a kind of hollow shell in his
head, and crows, at certain hours of the
day, the same as the cock. The Taclobo,
is a large species of the oyster, the shell
of which will hold a pitcher of water; indeed they are used as vessels for holy water in the churches. Our historians mention many curiosities even more rare than
these, but I do not enumerate them, as
they seem to have been ill informed on the
subject, and I fear with good reason,
having been too much under the influence
of the marvellous, they have given credit
to the Indians, who are always desirous of
distinguishing themselves by the relation
of something very uncommon.,
With all these productions, the Indians
formed a species of commerce, or barter,
c 2




10      Dist}rESCRIPTION OP THE  CM. I.
among each other, still considering gold
as the representative of general value, or
medium of exchange they were likewise
in the habit of trading with the Chinese, and
with the Moors of Borneo, for flag-stones,
copper, articles of furniture, &c. but in very
small quantitiesj their wants being necessarily few, going almost naked, baking
their rice in green canes, and eating it with
the leaf of the plantain.
The Spaniards, soon after they came
into possession of these islands, commenced
an extended commerce with India and
China, which brought to New Spain, a
proportionable increase of profit; and in a
little time, Manila became so rich a colony,
that it created a jealousy among the merchants of Seville, and, in consequence of
their petition, its commerce was restricted.
From this period it began to decline, and
to the great detriment of these islands,
which cannot subsist by the exchange of
their own productions alone, these being




CH. I.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


very limited in their nature, and incapable
of much extension, surrounded as they are
by other nations, more industrious, and
who can work at a cheaper rate 8
The luxuriant nature of ttie soil of these
islands, has been much and justly extolled,
but, proper allowance has not been made,
for the sloth of the Indians, the hurricanes or tempests, which sweep every thing
before them, the destructive insects, the
rats,and many other things, which diminish
greatly the fertility of these beautiful
islands.




22      DESCRIPTION OF THE    Cei. II.
CHAPTER II.
Of the Inhabitants the Spaniards found in
the Philippines-their Language, Customs, and Religion.
'OR historians, affecting always the marvellous, divide into different classes, the inhabitants the Spaniards found, on their
first arrival in the Philippines. They denominate them satyrs, men with tails, sea
monsters, and whatever else of the fabulous, is calculated to raise wonder in the
human mind. In reality, however, they
found only two classes, that which we
know by the appellation of Negroes, and
that of the Indians. The Negroes are very
small in stature, and more of a copper
cplour than those of Guinea, with soft hair
and flat noses. They lived in the mountains, almost in a state of nature, merely




CH. II.  PHLtEIPPINE ISLANDS.     2
covering the forepart of the body, with a
piece of the bark of a tree; and they subsisted upon roots, and such deer, as in
hunting, they could kill with the bow and
arrow, at which they were very dexterous.
They slept where night overtook them,
and they possessed no idea of religion or
civilized habits, rather, indeed, ranking
with beasts than as human beings. The
Spaniards, have at length succeeded, in
domesticating many of them, and converting them to christianity, to which they
give no opposition, so long as they get
subsistence, but if they are obliged to labour, for the maintenance of their family,
they return again to the mountains.
The Negroes, without doubt, were the
primitive inhabitants of these islands, and
they retired to the mountains, on.the arrival
of the Indians. These latter, settling on
the sea shore, continual hostility prevailed
between them, but the Indians were never
able, to establish themselves sufficiently, to




24      DESCRIPTION OP TIE     CH. II.
be permitted,- even to cut wood in the
mountains, without paying a tribute for it.
At present, the influence of the Negroes is
very limited, but their antipathy to their
first invaders, continues unabated; for, if a
Negro is killed, or dies suddenly, it is customary for another, to bind himself to his
countrymen by an oath, that he will disappear from among them, and that he will
not return, until he has avenged the death
of his firiend, by killing three or four Indians, to accomplish which, he watches
their villages, and the passes in the mountains, and if any unfortunately stray from
their companions, he murders them.
The origin of these Negroes,some believe
to be, from Angolal~, though they are not
/so black as their ancestors, which it is pretended, proceeds from, the temperature of
these islands being milder, and less scorching than that of Africa. This possibly
may be so, for it is well known, that by
changing, from a sultry to a temperate




CH. II.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


25


climate, the blackness of the Negro may be
diminished, in the course of a long series of
generations; yet; the flat nose, and using
a dialect of the same language, which the
Indians of these isles speak, appears to
prove satisfactorily enough, that the origin
of one and the other, is nearly the same.
The reason assigned, for their not being
more numerous, is, the influence* of the
rain, wind, sun, and all those inclemencies
natural to the climate, to which they are
exposed; the errors of the government,
having reduced them to the condition, almost, of wild beasts, in which we now
see them 1. The Indians whom the Spaniards found here, were of regular stature,
and of an olive complexion, with flat noses,
large eyes, and long hair. They all possessed some description of government
better or worse, and each nation was distinguished by a different name; but, the
similarity of their dress and manners, proves
that the origin of all of them is the same.




26.     DESCRIPTION OF THE     CH. II.
They had chiefs, who held their situations, either on account of personal valour,
or by succession to their fathers, where
they had abilities to retain it. Their dominion extended over one or two villages,
or more, according to the means they possessed, of extending protection. They were
continually at war with the neighbouring
villages, and continually making each other
slaves. Out of these wars, arose three
classes of people; the chiefs or masters of
the villages, the slaves, and those whom
the chiefs had enfranchised, with their descendants, and who, to this day, are called
Tinavas, properly signifying children of
liberty. In some places, were found Indians whiter than others, descended, without doubt, from Chinese or Japanese, who
had been shipwrecked on these coasts, and
whom -the Indians, naturally hospitable,
received, and allowed to intermarry with
them; and it is generally believed that
the Ygorrotes of Ylocos, whose eyes re



CH[. II.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     27
semble the Chinese; must have originated
from the companions of Limahon, who
fled to those mountains, when Juan de
*Salcedo compelled him to his disgraceful
retreat, from the province of Pangasinan.
It is not, however, after all, easy to ascertain theorigin of these people, but their
idiom throws some degree of light on the
subject. Although the languages these Indians speak, are many and different, they
have so much intercourse one with another,
that it may clearly be discovered, they are.dialects of the same language, as the Spanish, French, and Italian, are derivatives
from the Latin.  The prepositions and'
pronouns, are nearly the same in all of
them; the numeral characters, differ very
little, and they have many words in common, and of one and the same structure.
No doubt can be entertained, that the
radical language, from which all those dialects spring, prevails from Madagascar to
the Philippines, with local shades of dif



28    DESCRIPTION OF THE    CH. II.
ference. It is spoken too in New Guinea,
and in all the islands to the southward, in
the Marianas, in the islands of San Duisk,
in those of Otaheite, and in almost all the
islands in the South Sea. In one collection of voyages, there are given various vocabularies, with such corresponding terminations, as the respective travellers, were
able to distinguish among these islands.
It is remarkable, that in these almost all the
pronouns, are the same with those of the
nation Tagala; the numerals, are common
to all the dialects, used in these islands, and.
most of the words are the same, and with
the same signification, as in the language
Tagala. But, I am the more inclined to
believe the identity of the dialects, from a
conversation which I had with Don Juan
Hovel, an Englishman, who spoke that of
San Duisk, and who had a slave, a native
of one of those islands. The structure, appeared to be the same, as that of the languages spoken in the Philippines; and oh




CH. II.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      29
the whole, I feel confident in the opinion,
that they are all dialects of the same language, so widely diffused over so large a
portion of the earth. It is ascertained, that
this language, is in common use for many
thousand leagues, extending from Madagascar to the isles ofSan Duisk, Otaheite,
and the isle of Pasquas, which latter, is not
more than six hundred leagues distant, from
the coast of South America. Yet, the Indians of the Philippines, do not understand
the people of these last mentioned islands,
when they have occasional intercourse with
them; nor, even in these islands, do the inhabitants of one province, understand those
of another.  So neither does the Spaniard understand the Frenchman, nor the
Frenchman the Italian.
In the same collection of voyages, already referred to, we find a vocabulary of
only five terminations, which the Spaniards
have distinguished on the coast of Patagonia, and which they have been able to




so30


DESCRIPTION OF THE   CU. I:I,


assimilate to the language of these islands,
and one of those is the word balay, which
in that country signifies a house; and by
this same word they designate a house
among the Pampangos, and the inhabitants
of the Bisayas in general. This may be
more matter of accident than of proof, that
the languages of one and the other is the
same; but on observing, besides this, that
the proper names of places about the
middle of the continent of South Amnerica
are very similar to those of the Philippines, I endeavoured to procure a vocabulary of this country, and did not fail to
examine, with great diligence and attention, the few words of the language of
Chili which Ercilla mentions in his Araucana, and which I found perfectly conformable to the language Tagala. The
name Chili is a derivation from this language: the Cormorant is called Cachile,
and thisis a name which the Malays give
to the sons of their kings. Chilian, which




CH. IT.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.,    3.1!
is a town of Chili, is a compound from the
language of Tagala, in which language the
termination an gives the signification town.
Thus from Cachile we draw Cachilian,
meaning a town, where there are cormorants. Mapocho, which is the situation
where the city of Santiago stands,is another.
word of Tagalic composition, signifying
a town, and pocquiot being a kind of herb,
we form the name Mapocquiot, a town in
which there is abundance of this herb.
In Chili they frequently double the syllables in forming a word, as ytayta, biobio,
lemolemo, colocolo, &c. and this. occurs
in the Tagala language; for instance, we
say ataata, bilobilo, lebomlebom, colocolo.
A great many other words are either actually of Tagalic derivation, or assimilate
closely to that language. In examining
the structure of these two languages we
are compelled to conclude that they flow
from one and the same source, and I dare
affirm that the Indians of the Philippines




32    DESCRIPTION OF THE    CI.II.
are descended from- the aborigines of Chili
and Peru, and that the language of these
islands derives immediately from the parent source, -those of the neighbouring
islands being dialects of this. Many will
urge the absurdity of this supposition, on
the plea that the more immediate vicinity
of the Philippines to Malacca must have;
occasioned them to be colonized by the
Malays, as our historians generally assert.
I do not deny that these islands could
easily have been peopled by the Malays,
but how could they colonize the Isles de
Palaos and Marianas, which are distant
more than three hundred leagues? and it is
still more improbable that they colonized
the islands of San Duisk and Otaheite,
which are distant two thousand leagues
from the Philippines. All these people,
however, have the Same language, the same
manners and customs, and consequently
the same origin as our Indians, There is,
in my opirion, this other reason for supi



CH. II.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      33
posing these latter islands could not be
peopled from the westward, viz. that in all
the torrid zone the east wind generally
prevails, which being in direct opposition
to the course from Malacca and the adjacent islands, it is fair to conclude that
the inhabitants of all the islands of the
South Sea came from the east, sailing be'
fore the wind; for we have seen it often
happen, that the Indians from the Palaos
have arrived at the Philippines, precisely
under those circumstances. On the con.
trary, we have no instance on record, of
any of the Philippine Indians having been,
even by accident, carried by the winds to
the islands to the eastward. Indeed we
know the reverse of this to be true, since
at times the most experienced pilots, in
attempting this navigation, have been
compelled to return, without falling in with
the islands they went in search of, from
the necessity.there is in the voyage of being
provided with proper nautical instruments,
VOL. I.                D




-~$4


4 DESCRIPTION OF THUE  eH. II.


Here, therefore, we appear to have found
the most probable solution of our difficulties, that is, that the first settlers came out
of the east, we may presume from  the
coast of South America, and proceeding
gradually to the westward through the Pacific Ocean, studded as we find it with
islands, and clusters of islands, at no very
great distance from each other, and of
course of. easy access before the wind, it
follows that to whatever point, in an eastern direction, we can trace the Tagalic
language, we may conclude that at that
point emigration must have commenced
Some however dissent from this, on the
ground, that the mode of writing in use
among the Malays, is similar to that practised by the inhabitants of the Philippines,
This consists in forming the lines from the
right to the left, like the Arabians, Pert
sians, &c. and not like the Chinese, Tartars, and Japanese, from top to bottom.
Their characters are totally different from




CH. II. LPHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     S5
ours; they have only three vowels, a, e, u,
and by placing a point either above or bc
low the consonant, or leaving it without
one, the corresponding vowel is readily
known, and equal facility given as if the
vowels were specifically inserted. Although
they can write, they have no written laws;
decisions are made on traditionary law generally, but too often by the right of the
strongest. The Rajah, or chief, with the
assistance of some of the elders, decides in
all civil cases; but in criminal cases, the
kinsmen are accustomed to compound with
the aggressor, for a sum in gold, unless in
cases of murder, when the only atonement
admitted, is retaliation; and if the murderer is of a different tribe or village, all
the community of which the deceased was
a member, make a common cause, against
the tribe or community of the murderer,
and numbers are generally made slaves on
both sides. When it is suspected that o&ie
man has robbed another, he is obliged to
D 2




DESCRIPTION OF THE  CH. II

draw a stone, from- the bottom of a cauldron full of boiling water, and if he does not
accomplish this, which is the vulgaf test,
he is- fined in a certain quantity of gold,
the greater part of which goes to the Rajah
or chief. Adultery is likewise punished
with a pecuniary fine12, as is the crime of
disrespect to the elders, but for fraud, and
cheating in their dealings, there is no
punishment, and usury is very general
among them. Their matrimonial customs
are peculiar; they are allowed to marry
only one woman, and although the principal people have several concubines, yet
they commonly are slaves. They are accustomed to marry a relation (not a sister);
with whom if they find themselves unable
to live, or if they become tired of her, they
return her to her parents, without their being
required to assign a cause for the divorce.
The dowry given on the day of marriage is
merely restored: this dowry is of two kinds,
wnd which the bridegroom always pays,




Crt Ii.  P HILtPPINE ISLAND-s.


37'


The one is called bigay suso, and is paid
to the mother, as a compensation for the
milk"with which she nourished her daughter. The other is called bigay caya, or
green dowry, which is set apart for the
maintenance of the newly married couple,
although very often, by the expences of
the wedding and apparel, there remains
little or nothing for this desirable end.
Besides these dowries paid by the bride.
groom, he is obliged, for some years, to
serve the parents of the bride 13 and assist
them on certain days, particularly at the
sowing of the rice, and getting in the harvest. It is incumbent likewise, on all the
relations of the bridegroom, to behave with
courtesy and respect to the bride, and her
parents and family, during these years of
service, and if they are guilty of any lapse
in this respect, the marriage is declared
to be annulled, which is always very agree
able to the parents of the woman, as a new
suitor presents himself, and they reap the




D sC R S I PTI&OFTHOF   e L H.*
benefit of a new service, The -bridegon,
to console himself -for his -sufferings, as'
soon. as. the -term- closes,and his service is
it,(a an end, treats hisvwife as a slave; she
iscobiged; to work for the niaintenanc e of
the family, whilst the husband is quite
idle, and thinks herself happy, if, after
having donethis, she is not beaten. The
iflterest which the parents of the girl, thus
hav:e-in her -,disposal, is highly pernicious to
mnorals; and we have not succeeded to this
our, in thoe abolition of it, either by the
influence of royal edicts, or the regulations
of-the bishops, by both of which, it is discourag~ed and prohibited. -The ceremony
of marriage is performed, by sacrificing a
hog, which a priestess. slays with a thou.
sand grimaces; after which, she- bestows
many -benedictions on the parties, and an
old woman presenting them    with somen
food, the ceremony is closed.by many
obscenities.  Dancing,- according to their
fashiQn, succeeds, and drinking the rest Qf




ct.!it. PHILITPPINE I:LAND.


the day ends the feast, which is always
proportionate to the circumstances of the
newly married pair. The principal contributions to this feast, arise from presents
made to the bride and bridegroom by their
friends, of which particular notice is taken,
in order that similar presents, may be returned to the parties on a like occasion.
In their religious ceremonies, they use
neither idols nor temples; their sacrifices
are offered in arbours, which they raise for
that purpose. They have priestesses, whoi
they call babailanas or catalonas, to whose
function it belongs, to perform the sacrifices. The priestess, taking a lance in her
hand, with extravagant and ridiculous gestures, works herself up to apparent frenzy,
accompanied by foaming at the mouth,
when uttering something, which is received
as prophecy, she pierces the hog with
the lance, and immediately distributes the
carcase among those present:' the cere



440,


40     ~DISC~RIPTION OX TI111?        CH. IIL.


-mony, a usual, is closed by dancn and,
d4rinking.
These sacrifices, are offered to the infer-1,nal Ideities4 ~as well as to the souls of, thei~r
ance stors, who they are taught to believe inhabit very, large trees, rocks of uncommon
appearance, or any natural object which, in
poin t "of mnagrnitude or form, varies from:
the. usual course. They are so fully persula-de of-this,~ that, they never pass any
ohject of this description, without fir St ask.
ing thAbeniin of its-,visionary inha-p.
bitant, ad to this hour the custom  re
vails. When any Person was dangerously'
ill, his friends offeed up to their de~itWies
rice, wvine, anidflesh, which, was then given
to the.sick person, and which they were of
opinion would, e:ffect~ his- cu re, a cus-totu
even yet, followed, by some people. rfhey,.
have many other, superstitious, ~s -that of
the, patianac, a spirit. or ideal. being, whose
employment or wuusemaent~ consists in pre



CH. II.  PHILIPPINE ISLANPD St


41"
WI;


venting, by certain means peculiar to itself, the delivery of a woman in labour;
To counteract the malignity of this spirit,
the husband, fastening ttie door, reduces
himself to a state of complete nudity,
lights a fire, and arming himself with his
sword, continues to flourish it furiously,
until the woman is delivered. The tigba.
lang is another object of which they stand
in great awe. It is described as a phan,
tom, which assumes a variety of uncouth
and monstrous shapes, and interposes its
authority, to prevent their performing the
duties, prescribed by our religion.
These and other superstitions, formerly
llad extensive influence, and are still resorted to by impostors, who find their account in persuading those, who are sillyi
enough to listen to them, that they are
able to cure them of dangerous illness, or
to recover any thing they may have lost;
by having recourse to such absurdities;
and so much do the love of life, and our




~T'1SCRXPTI0N OF TUE  ICH- IT.


own individual interests prevail, that although they believe these customs sinful,
and although they do not entirely give credit to their efficacy, yet they put them in
practice, because, they say, chance may be
in their favour: this is a proof that as yet
they are very superficial christians". Indeed, all their religious impressions, seem
rather the result of a slavish dread, than the
effect of rational piety.
They practise no external adoration, and
have no other form of address to their gods,
than what has been mentioned. They do not
believe, that the good will be rewarded, or
the wicked punished, but they acknowledge
the immortalityof the souls of the deceased,
and that they are capable of doing them
mischief. They persuade themselves, that
these retain all the natural wants incident to
the mortal state, and accordingly, place on
their tombs, clothes, arms, and food, and on
the fourth day, when the funeral ceremony.
is performed, a vacant seat is left at the




dH. II. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


table for the deceased, whom they believe
to be actually present, though not obvious
to sight. To prove this, sand is strewed on
the floor, on which the prints of the feet
of the deceased are often found.  This
may be presumed, to be the pious trick of
some of the friends, but it answers the
purpose, of inducing a belief in the actual
presence of the party; and in order to deprecate the injury he may do, offeringo
of eatables are made to him, and which
ceremony, is perfectly conformable, to the
cowardly and timorous nature of the In.
dians.




44      HISTORY OF THE     CH..II.
CHAPTER III.
ANNO DOM. 1519 to 1564.
Comprising the Discovery of the Philippines.
AFTER the conquest of the Americas, and
discovery of the South Sea, Hernando de
Magellan, a Portuguese, affirmed there
must be a communication with that sea
by the antarctic pole, and proposed to his
sovereign, to make the discovery by the
route of the Moluccas. The king, Don
Manuel of Portugal, either not believing
there was such a passage, or prejudiced
against Magellan, received his proposal
with contempt. This disgusted him, and
he came into Spain, where, at Saragossa,
he was presented to Charles V., to whom
he promised the complete discovery of the




CH. III. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


45


Moluccas, and the adjacent islands, within
the Spanish line of demarcation, by a
distinct route from that used by the Portuguese, pursuing his object by the expected'
antarctic passage to the South Sea. By
the brief of Pope Alexander VI., expedited
at Rome the 4th of May 1493, Magellan
secured a patent, attaching such discoveries
to the crown of Castile. This brief enjoined, that tie globe should be equally
divided, by a line drawn from the north,
by the isles of the Azores, towards the
south, embracing the conquests, which
formed the western boundaries of the At.
lantic; the portion to the west, to belong
to the crown of Spain, and leaving to the
crown of Portugal, the hemisphere to the
eastward of this line. Having discovered
the Brazils, however, and the king of Portugal being desirous of preserving it, he requested his Holiness, that the line might be
drawn, four hundred and sixty leagues more




4 


1LZSTP]Y OP THE    n Ik


cta 1task 


to the westward of the Azores, in orde,
that no other power, might interfere with
that valuable acquisition. The line was
so drawn on the map, and the Moluccas,
were accordingly, placed out of the line of
territory, thus appropriated to the Portuguese, and within that of Spain 5: they
were not able, however, at that time, to
adjust the other point as to the route; but
the Cape of Good Hope, interposing in
their voyages to India, it was not doubted,
that America might be like this hemi.
sphere, and finish also in a cape, and passage to the South Sea. The desire of the
Spaniards to take possession of the Spice
Islands, or, as they were called, the Moluccas, instigated them  to ascertain the
truth of this conjecture; and a squadron
of five ships, was fitted out for that purpose, viz. La Trinidad, in which Magellan himself embarked; San Antonio, H
Concepcion, Santiago, and La Victoria;




CfEf ]IB  FHIL PUPTIPIPNE ISLANDS.


47


the whole manned with two hundred and
thirty-four men, and paid and victualled
for two years.
Magellan sailed from Seville with this
armament on the 10th of August 1519, and
on the 13th of December he arrived at the
Brazils, and coasting the land in quest of
the expected passage to the South Sea, on
Easter day, he entered the Bay of Saint
Julian, in fifty degrees of south latitude,
where-he intended remaining, finding the
winter had commenced in those regions;
Here his people mutinied, upon an idea
that their provisions were exhausted, and
that it was impossible to discover the pass
they were in search of. Magellan quelled
this mutiny; but immediately after understood, that another had broken out inl
the ship San Antonio, and that the cre'w
had murdered the commander, and con,
fined his cousin Alvaro de Mesquita, who
was made captain on the arrest of Jtlan
de Cartagena. The leader on this occa,




I HISTORY OF THI E   COH. 111


sion was Gaspar de Quezada, whom he
ordered to be hanged; and setting on
shore a Franciscan friar and Juan de Car,
tagena, on account of their turbulent disposition, he sailed in prosecution of his
voyage, by the much desired pass to the
South Sea, On the 1st of November 1520,
he discovered the straits which bear his
name; and having occupied twenty days
in passing through them, he found himself
in the South Sea with three ships, the Santiago having been wrecked, and having
separated from the San Antonio, which his
cousin commanded, and which, by the
route of the coast of Guinea, returned to
Spain, Magellan, with fair winds and
pleasant weather, ploughed that sea, which
never before had been navigated. Uninterrupted in the pursuit of his object, he
discovered, on the Sunday of Saint Lazarus, a great number of islands, which he
named the Archipelago of Saint Lazaruse
and on Easter Day, he arrived at the island




CH. III. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     49
of Mindanao, where he ordered the first
mass which was said in the Philippines.
This took place in the townof Batuan, in
the province of Caraga, where he set up
the cross, and took possession of these
islands, in the name of the King of Spain.
From Batuan, Magellan proceeded- to
Zebu, and, in passing the island of Dimasaua, he formed an alliance with its chief,
who accompanied him to Zebu. The inhabitants of Zebu, received him with such
kindness, that their king, Hamabar, his
whole family, with the chief of Dimasaua,
and many of the people of the island, were
baptized. The King of Mactan alone, a
very small island in front of the town of
Zebu, resisted the Spaniards, and was sufficiently confident in his strength, to challenge Magellan, who was weak enough to
accept the challenge. He selected for the
enterprize fifty Spaniards, who attacked
the Indians in morasses, the water up to
their breasts, and approached so near them,
VOL. I.                 E




HISTORY OP THE


CH. III
~0


that Magellan.was wounded with an arrow,
and died on the field with {six other Spaniards, the rest saving themselves by flight.
The friar Calancha, an Augustine, re*
marks in his history of Peru, that all those
engaged in the discovery of the South Sea,
came to no very enviable end: for, that
a seaman of the name of Lopez, who was
the first that beheld it from the mast-head,
renounced his faith, and turned Moor.
Basco. Nunez de Balbua, who took pos.
session of those regions, lost his head; and
Magellan himself, finished his days in the
abovementioned manner. I can add, that
almost all; those, who have been concerned
in the discovery of the Philippines, have
suffered so much, that the history of these
islands, forms a tissue of tragedies.
On the death of Magellan, the Spaniards
chose Juan Serrano as Commander of the
expedition; and, alarmed at their defeat
at Mactan, they remained on board their
ships, apprehensive of the treachery of the




cr11. Iitd P iIiftl: -P PIN E ISLAI'I(D~DS.


i.


otherIndians. In fact, the people of Zebt,
began to think lightly of the strangers,
whom they had hitherto considered as in*+
vincible, and proceeded to plan their destruction. Abundantly deceitful by nature,
they concealed their designs, and succeeded
in persuading our General to be present,
with twenty-four Spaniards, at a feast,
which the chief of Zebu had prepared for
him. In the middle of the feast, a, great
number of armed Indians, whom:Hamabar had concealed,rushed in, and murdered
them  all, Serrano alone excepted, who
escaped to the sea side, and implored the
assistance of his companions; but they,
fearful of some new treason, were witnesses
of his massacre, which the Indians effected
in view of the squadron, without their attempting to relieve him, or revenge the
injury. Juan Carvallo now became General of the armament, and he resolved to
go from thence, in search of the Moluccas:
E 2




52        HISTORY OF THE     CH. III
he burned the ship Concepcion, as he had
not men suMfcient to man her, and sailed
from Zebu with the Trinidad and the Victoria. On the 8th of Novejmber he arrived
at Tidore, one of the Moluccas, and was
Well received by its chief, who granted him
a factory for the purpose of collecting
cloves, &c.; and on the 21st of December, he
loaded the two ships with spices, preparing
for the return to Spain. Gonzalo Gomez
de Espimosa commanded the Trinidad, and
it was his intention to proceed to Panama,
but he was captured by the Portuguese.
Sebastian del Cano, went in the Victoria, by
the way of the Cape of Good Hope, and,
after losing many of his crew on the voyage,
arrived at San Lucar de Barrameda, with
only eighteen people, on the 7th of September 1522, three years from the time of
their departure from Seville. He was thus
the first, who had sailed round the world;and on this account, among other honours,




CH. Ii1I. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    55
the Emperor gave him for his arms, a terrestrial globe, with this motto, Hic primus
geometros.
The account which Sebastian del Cano
gave of the expedition, induced the Emperor, to send other armaments to the Moluccas. The first was that of Esteban Gomez, who proposed, by the way of Newfoundland, to discover a shorter passage to
the South Sea. A squadron was accordingly despatched in the year 1524; but
in a little time, news was received of its
dispersion by zbad weather. In the year
following, Don Fray Garcia Jofre de Loaysa,
was despatched from Corurna with seven
ships, well appointed with good officers,
and four hundred and fifty picked men;
among these was Andres de Urdaneta, who
afterwards -became a friar of the order of
San Augustine, and directed the expedition of Legaspi to these islands. They
passed the Straits of Magellan, with the
loss of one ship, and entering the Soujth




4


5  HISTORDt OF THE  ICH. III.


Sea, they encountered so severe a storm,
that the whole squadron was separated.
Loaysa pursued his course; and in a
short time afterwards died. By order of
the Emperor, Sebastian del Cano was to
succeed to the command, but he surviving
only a few days, it devolved on Martin Yaiiez, a Biscayan.  They arrived at
Tidore on the 31st of December 1526,
as did, in a short time, the remainder of
the squadron, with few men, and those unserviceable. Here they found, that the Portuguese had declared war against the chief
of Tidore, for having entertained the squadron of Magellan, and it was deemed on
our part proper, to undertake the defence
of those benefactors of the Spaniards. They
had several encounters with the Portuguese,
but of no moment, and few were killed on
these occasions; but the number of sick
increased considerably, from the length and
hardships of the voyage; and from the
humid nature of the climate, the.whole




CH. III. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


were threatened with rapid dissolution; being therefore already reduced to one hundred and twenty, they constructed a fort,
and surrounding it with a palisade, placed
themselves under the command of Hernando de la Torre, who was chosen General
after the death of Martin Yanez.
In this situation, were the remains of the
armament under Loaysa found, when the
Viceroy of Mexico, by orders from court,
despatched to Molucca three ships, under
the command of Alvaro de Saavedra, who
arrived at these islands, by the route of the
Ladrones, now called Marianas, of which
he took possession, in the name of his Majesty the King of Spain, in the year 1528.
Saavedra pursued 'his voyage to Tidore,
where he found the hundred and twenty
Spaniards, shut up in their fortress. They:considered him, as an angel sent to their
relief, in the extremity of misery: but this
joy was of short duration, new quarrels
springing up with the Portuguese, who




56        HISTORY OF THE     CI. III.
had succeeded in destroying, nearly all the
Spanish ships.  They at last, however,
commenced their voyage to New Spain.
Twice they made the attempt, twice they
were driven back; and they suffered so
much, that the General, with many of
the crews, fell a sacrifice; the few that
remained, being compelled to submit to the
Portuguese. This was a most lamentable
conclusion ofthe expedition; but all our
squadrons, having represented the Moluccas as extremely valuable, on account of
theirsspices, war was on the point of being
declared, between the two kingdoms, about
the possession of them. The Spaniards
alleged, that it could not be denied, these
islands were in the line of demarcation of
Spain; and the Portuguese, were unwilling
to quit the spice trade, of which they were
in )possession, and which so much enriched
the mother country.  These differences
were adjusted about the year 1529, the
Emperor, renouncing his right to the Mo



CH. III. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      57
luccas, for three hundred and fifty thousand ducats, by way of loan, advanced by
the King of Portugal.
Thus abandoning the Moluccas, the Emperor turned all his thoughtseto the conquest of the Western Isles, or Philippines.
He despatched instructions to the Viceroy
of Mexico, to send a squadron for that
purpose, with directions not to stop at the
Moluccas, in order to avoid creating jealousy among the Portuguese., In obedience to these orders from court, the Viceroy immediately fitted out five ships in the
Puerto de Natividad, and nominated as
Commander of the expedition, Ruy Lopez
de Villalobos, directing him, to take with
him four Augustine friars, for the conversion of the conquered inhabitants. The
squadron sailed on the day of All Saints,
in theyear 1542, and arrived safe off the
Philippines; but they were driven so much
to leeward, by the south-west monsoon,
prevalent at that time, that they were com



"58        HI ITORY OF THE    CH. III.
pelted to anchor at thee island of Sarragan,: which lies n the opposite coast of
Mindanao, and at forty leagues distance.
In- this miserable island, they suffered so
much front hunger, that Villalobos sent
soie of the smaller vessels, in search of
provisions, to the other islands: but, their
return being delayed beyond his expectation, he resolved to sail for the Moluccas,
though it was in direct opposition to
his orders, without having effected any
other object, than administering baptism
to one child. The Portuguese received
liim very ungraciously, and compelled him,
immediately to make the best of his wy
tt Spain. In passing Amboyna, he died
of a deep melancholy, arising out of the
disasters of the expedition, and tie idea of
having disobeyed tie orders of his- sovereign, which were, on no account to visit
the Moluccas. By the death of the General, the whole armament was deranged;
indeed it was, eventually, almost all anni



CH. III PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      59
hilated; and the few Spaniards who remained, found means to embark in different Portuguese ships. The Augustine
friars went to Goa, from whence they
found a passage to Europe, #nd arrived
at Lisbon in August 1549, seven years
after they had departed from the Puerto
de Natividad.
As his Catholic Majesty, was fully determined on the conquest of the Philippines, it is necessary to notice the title, by
which he laid claim to them. Our writers
have brought forward a number of arguments, to prove the right, which the Kings
of Spain have to the Americas, and the
islands they have conquered; but I -find
them very superficial, and only one incontestable document, by which our sovereigns
hold these dominions, that is, the concession of the Roman Pontifs. It is now the
received opinion of churchmen, that the
Popes have not the power to make such
grants, but at the period in question, the




60      h~IISTORtY O1P THE  ii.III
contrary opinion prevailed, and was generally acknowledged. in the schools.- Supported by this jidea, "thn souiesal,. the
Papal See, granted to the respective Kings,,,
not -only w'hat they conquered, but, as we
have seen, assumed -the right, of even partitioning the' globe.




CE. IV. PHILIPPINE ISLA!NDS.


CHAPTER IV. 
ANNO DOM. 1564 to 1565. 
Of the Conquest of Zebu, and Discovery of
the Route to Nerw Spain.
THE glory of conquering the Philippines,
was reserved for his Catholic Majesty Philip II., by means of, the valour of Miguel
Lopez de Legaspi, the prudence of the
Augustine friars, and the skill of one of
those friars, Andres de Urdaneta, who had
been a captain in the armament of Loaysa,
but subsequently took the habit of San
Augustine in Mexico, in the year 1552.
His Majesty issued an edict, encouraging
and recommending an expedition; to be
sent by the Viceroy of Mexico, to the western isles. Friar Urdaneta acquiesced in
the will of his sovereign, and the Viceroy




I IST6tY 1O01 THE  C e. IV,


chose five other religious of the same order,
viz. Andres de Aguirre, Martin de Rada,
Lorenzo Ximenes (who died in the Puerto
de Natividad), Diego Herrera, and Pedro
Gamboa, with the view to a spiritual, as well
as temporal conquest. This squadron was
composed of two ships, one small galleon,
and a patache (a vessel so called). The
command was given to Miguel Lopez de
Legaspi, a noble Biscayan, from whose
valour and prudence, the Viceroy expected
greater results, than had been obtained from
the other expeditions.  The fleet sailed
from Puerto de Natividad on the 2lst November, 1564, with sealed orders; and
when about a hundred leagues from the
coast, the seals being broken, they found
directions to proceed to these islands. Urdaneta had formed his plan, on the idea
conceived by the Viceroy of first making
New Guinea, but, obliged to conform to
the royal instructions, he shaped his course
nearly due west, in order to arrive 'at tlh




CHi. IV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


ninth degree of latitude, and from thence
to run direct west, to demand the submission of those islands, which lie between the
ninth and tenth degree, passing by the
islands of Arrecifes and Matalotes, together
with those of La Nublada and Rocapartida,
the two latter being too far out of the
track. On the 31st of December, the
patache separated, as if by accident, and
never rejoined the squadron; Don Alonzo
de Arellano was her commander, and Lopez Martin, a Mulatto, the pilot; and
there was reason to believe that the separation was intentional, as it afterwards
proved, that they went to Mindanao, where 
taking in a cargo of. gold and spices, they
proceeded to New Spain. The squadron
pursued its course, and on the 9th of January, 1565, discovered an island, which
Legaspi called Barbudos, because the-inhabitants wore longer beards than the
other Indians: On the 22d they disco.
vered the islands Ladrones, where they




64        HISTORY OF THE     CH. IV,
remained some days, taking in water and
purchasing fresh provisions, which they procured from the Indians, in exchange for
European commodities, especially iron, an
article in great esteem with them. These
Indians pilfered whatever they could lay
their hands on, and assaulted our people
while procuring water; yet, many Spaniards were desirous of remaining among
them, and petitioned the General to found
a colony there, and despatch a ship to
Acapulco for that purpose; but having no
orders to that effect, he prosecuted his route
on the 3d of February, and on the 13th discovered the Philippines. At Tandaya, and
Abuyo, he attempted to make an amicable
arrangement with the inhabitants, for provisions, making presents to them, and promising, that he would pay liberally for every
thing; but he could only procure one fowl
and one egg. The stock of provisions, was
now, however, becoming so short, that he
deemed it necessary, to run in more among




Cu. IV.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      63
the islands, in search of a supply. They
arrived -at Bohol, and found the Indians
had retired to the mountains. They had
behaved so kindly, in selling provisions to
those, whom Ruy Lopez de Villalobos had
sent for that purpose, that Legaspi was
astonished at their reserve, and could not
conceive the cause of this change, until
the pilot of a Bornean vessel discovered it.
This vessel was taken by Colonel Matheo
del Sauz, in the following manner. The
General, had sent him to reconnoitre the
vessel, and the Borneans, little acquainted
with Europeans and their customs, and
believing they came to make prisoners of
them, received them in a hostile manner
with their cannon,16 killing one soldier,
and wounding twenty. The Colonel returned their fire, and killed-their captain;
when part of the crew escaped, in a small
boat, which they carry in the prow of their
junk (the name they give their vessels), and
the pilot, with six men, delivered them.
VOL. I.




66         HISTORY OF THE     CEH. IVIv
selves up, without further resistance. All
this having taken place, without the knowledge or participation of the General, he
was extremely solicitous, to do away the ill
impression, which the transaction might
make, and ordered them to restore the
junk, with all the effects which they had
taken; and which conduct so satisfied the
Borneans, that they immediately declared
publicly, they should interest themselves
particularly,in favour of the squadron. They
informed Legaspi, among other matters,
that about two years since, some Portu.
guese of the Moluccas, had landed on their
island, had been guilty of great extortion,
and had done considerable injury to the
inhabitants; and as they could not distinguish between the two nations, they
had imagined that the people of his squadron were Portuguese.
Legaspi was aware, that it was necessary,
above all things, to undeceive the Indians
in this respect; he,- therefore, earnestly re



CH. I.. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


67


quested the pilot of the Bornean vessel, to
go on shore, and effect a reconciliation with
the natives of Bohol! bringing on board the
Rajah of the island, if possible. The Moor,
in gratitude to the Spaniards, exerted himself, and returned on board with the Rajah,
Sicatuna, who was persuaded to enter into
an amicable understanding with them, to
be consecrated and confirmed, in the manner usual with these islanders, which is
thus; the parties entering into a treaty of
friendship being bled at the arm, and the
blood mixed with a little water, or spirit,
they reciprocally drink each other's blood,
so diluted, in token of amity. Legaspi,
with this view, sent a soldier of the name
of Santiago on shore, to go through the
ceremnony with Sicatuna; but the latter,
thinking it below his dignity, to allow his
blood to- be drawn, with any but that of
the General, ordered his son to take his
place, promising, that the day following,
he would proceed on board, and.be bled
F 2




70


HISTORY OF TIHE


ctV. IVA


island, against whose natives, they seldom
have been obliged to use fire-arms,
Oni Easter day, the 22d of April, Legaspi accordingly sailed from Bohol, and
on Friday the 27th, he arrived at Zebu,
when he immediately despatched an interpreter named Pacheco, to propose amity
with the natives, and that the Rajah might
be sent to conclude the terms. Tupas, who
was then King of Zebu, immediately sent
some of the chief men, requesting Legaspi
would not fire his artillery, which would
alarm the town: and he promised to see the
General, altholgh he had no such intention,
merely wishing to gain sufficient time, for
the inhabitants to retire into the mountains,
with all their moveables. It appearing
tlie following day, that Tupas did not
comply with his promise, three notifications were, in the space of two hours, sent
to him by a notary, accompanied by Friar
Urdaneta, who had the title of Protector
of the Indians; but he paid no attention




CH. IV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      71
to this, and placed troops on the shore,
and in canoes, to resist the landing of the
Spaniards. Legaspi then determined on
the assault, and ordered his men to fire on
the canoes and Indians, who were posted
to oppose them; but they retreated with
such rapidity, that when the Spaniards
leaped on shore, no enemy was to be seen.
They followed them to the town, and found
it in flames, the moveables having been
taken away, and carried to the mountains,
and little of any value remaining. The soldiers plundered those houses, which as yet,
were not on fire, and among some things
of little importance, they found a jewel,
consisting of the image of a child, which
they understood, was an object of adoration with the Indians, and which is at this
day, in the church of San Augustine de
Santo Ninro of Zebu. The Indians, it appeared, had been in possession of this
image, from time immemorial; and they
were accustomed, when they wanted rain,




7?


72USTOflY OF TUY  c1{ Iv.


ctL. M IV


to make a solemn feast, and public supplie
cation to it, and, carrying it to the sea
side, they immersed it in the water until it
rained; honours or stripes, followed the
concession or refusal, of what they had pe.
titioned for, and it was believed among
them, that this Santo Nino was the cause
of the disgrace of Magellan. At firstthe
Spaniards found very few eatables in Zebu,
but continuing their search, they stumbled
upon thirty fanegas ofrice, and some millet.
In returning from the town, they encountered three hundred armed Indians; but
upon our musquets being fired, they fled
immediately. The General established his
camp on the sea shore, and took out the
Royal treasure which came in the Capitpnaj
in order, to be enabled to examine her
bottom, and put her in a proper state, for
her return to New Spain. The Spaniards.
found themselves perfectly secure in this
encampment, in the day-time, because the
Indians dared not attempt to molest them,




CIH. ItV  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


73


through fear of their fire-arms; but at
night, they occasioned them -continual
alarms, and on several occasions, set fire to
their camp, doing however, little damage to
the soldiers, who were defended by the palisades. The General however, in consequence of this, ordered the whole to be
destroyed, and built a fort, which at once
checked all further attempts. As yet, Legaspi kept on the defensive, expecting that
Tupas would soon arrive, with whom he
was desirous of being in amity, with a view
to the conquest of the island by fair means.
After repeated messages he at last appeared, accompanied by another chief,
called Tamayan. Legaspi received them
with cordiality, treated them handsomely,
and, in the name of his sovereign, forgave
the treachery, they had been guilty of towards Magellan. They made many excuses for their conduct, and promised that
in three days they would return, with
all the principal people, and establish a




74~.       HISTORY OF THE    CH..IV.
friendly intercourse with the Spaniards.
These people will readily promise, whatever
is demanded of them, but without any intention of performing their promise. Tupas, though King of the island, did not appear better entitled to respect, than any of
the rest, and thought nothing of breaking
his word, always, however, making some
excuse on the succeeding visit.
Notwithstanding the peaceable demeanor
of the Indians, the General ordered, that no
one should be permitted to quit the camp,
as he apprehended an ambuscade, which
might have a fatal issue. This, in fact,
happened to Pedro de Arana, one of Legaspi's aides-de-camp, who, disregarding
this order, passed the lines alone with his
gun, and before he was able to save himself, he was run through with a lance, and
his head cut off, and carried on board a
parao, which was lying at a little distance. The General felt the loss of Pedro
de Arana much, and gave orders to the




CH. IV. PHILIPPINE iSLANDS.


75


Colonel, to chastise the insolence of the Indians, and reduce them. Whilst the Colonel was employed in this expedition, the
General, who had been accustomed to sleep
on board ship, determined to pass his
nights on shore in future, through some
distrust he entertained, of the officers of the
navy, and ordered, that his aides-de-camp
should keep guard over him. They did
not relish the thoughts of this, persuading
themselves, they would be degraded, by
obeying the orders. The day following
therefore, at a general review of the force,
Pedro Mena, in the name of the whole,
came forward, and, with very little ceremony, intimated that they would not keep
guard, as it was the duty of the privates.
The Colonel reprehended them sharply,
suspended them, and struck them'out of
the list of aids-de-camp of the General.
This punishment for their insolence, though
fully merited, exasperated them to such a
degree, that they set fire to their tents, and




76       HISTORY OF THE      CH. IV.
had nearly burnt all the effects belonging
to his Majesty. The principal perpetrators
of this crime, were Pedro de Mena, and
Terresan, who were executed the following
day, and by this act, the subordination of
the rest was secured.
The ship Capitana, was by this time prepared, for her voyage to New Spain. Her
commanderwas Phelipe de Salcedo, grandson of the General; and there went in her,.
the friars Andres de Urdaneta, to conduct
her to New Spain, and Martin de Aguirre,
to solicit assistance for the conversion of
these islanders. They sailed from Zebu on
the 1st of June, 1565, and reaching the
36th degree of latitude, in search of the
north-west winds, they directed their course
to Puerto de la Natividad, where they arrived, after a. four months voyage; but
considering the distance of this port from
Mexico, they pushed forwards to Acapulco,
which was nearer, and they arrived there on
the 30th of October. In Mexico, their ar,



CH. IV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


77'
I I


rival occasioned much exultation, as they
were considered to be lost, by the accounts
which had been given, by the Captain
Arellano and the pilot Lope Martin, who,
three months before, had arrived at Puerto.4
de la Natividad. The friars Urdaneta and
Aguirre went to Madrid, where they met
with Arellano, who was soliciting a reward,
for the discovery of the track from the
Philippines to New Spain.  i e had persisted in his pretensions, till the arrival of
these friars, when he altered his tone; he
was put in confinement, and ordered to
Mexico, to he from thence sent to Manila,
to be punished by Legaspi as his conduct
deserved. The Mexicans, however, were of
opinion, that he should not be sent to Manila, until the death of Legaspi was ascertained. The friars Urdaneta and Aguirre,
having favourably completed their mission,
embarked for Mexico, where Urdaneta
died on the 3d of June, 1568, in the 70th
year of his age.




HIISTORY OF THE 


eCH. V~


CHAPTER V.
ANNoO DOM. 1565.
Of the complete Conquest of the Island of
Zebu, and of some Towns in other Islands.
THE day following that, on which the
Capitana sailed, a Moor of Borneo, called
Cid Hamal, established in this island, arrived in our camp. He recommended it
to the General, to invite Tupas to a conference; and upon this being done, he ac*
cordingly presented himself a second time,
with some of the chief men of the island,
and the conference terminated, in their resolution to preserve a good understanding
with the Spaniards. They paid homage
to the king of Spain, promising, that the
squadron should be supplied with provi.
sions, at the price usual among themselves,
and granting land, and every means of
founding a Spanish city, with fortifications




, CH. V.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     79
for its defence. Amity thus restored, the
Indians began to re-build- their town, and
a very short time, exhibited the pleasing
sight, of the individuals of two different
nations, establishing themselves at a little
distance from each other.
The Zebuans lost all apprehensions of
the Spaniards, and came to their town to
sell fruit, goatsf and provisions. Anlong
the least reserved was Tupas, who, under
the pretext of accompanying other chiefs,
visited the General, making him presents;
and so contrived that his women should
visit him likewise, dressing themselves in
rich clothes, with ear-rings and bracelets
of gold on the feet and arms, and accompanied by a great concourse of men and
women; which visit was not ill received,
the General always treating them handsomely. Tupas likewise, gave Legaspi his
niece, who was a widow, and other women
to attend him. The General directed them
to be instructed in the Christian doctrine,




80


MISTORY OFP TIlE


CtH. V,


and they embraced our religion, and were
baptized. The niece of Tupas, had the
name of Isabel given her, in memory of
the deceased lady of the General, whose
name this was, and in a little time she was
married to Maestre Andrea, an officer of
the squadron.
The provisions which they had in the
island of Zebu, were not sufficient for the
Indians and their numerous guests; in consequence of which, Legaspi directed Tupas,
to send two chiefs to the island of Panay,
to purchase rice. Whilst these men were
on their mission, the Spaniards sailed, in
vessels which they had constructed at Zebu,
on an expedition against some towns, belonging to the enemies of the Zebuans,
and were enabled to send some rice to
those in the camp. The Moors likewise
of the island of Lugon, who came for
commercial purposes to Zebu, sold them
two hundred baskets of this grain; but as
the return of the two ships which had gone




CH." V.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,


81


to Panay, was still delayed beyond the expected time, Legaspi was compelled to
put every man on an allowance, which produced great discontent among the people,
and some even adopted the resolution of
escaping with the patache San Juan, with
the intention of lying in wait behind the
islands, to rob the small barks that came
there for commerce, and with their spoils
to retire to France. The authors of this
conspiracy were Pablo IHernandez and
Juan Maria Venecianos; and they were
joined in it by the pilot Francis Pierres
Plin, Jorge el Griego, Maestre Andrea,
the husband of Tupas's niece, Geronimo
Foxa, and some foreigners. They fixed
on the 26th of November, 1565, for their
undertaking, intending previously to endeavour to disable all the ships-, in order
that they might not be pursued, It pleased
Heaven to retard their scheme one day
beyond the time fixed, and Juan Maria.VOL. I.              G.




82        HISTORY OF TItE     C1I. V.
Venecianos repenting of his treason, dis.
covered the conspiracy to Colonel Matheo del Sauz. The conspirators were
immediately all apprehended, except Pablo
Hernandez, who escaped into the country
among the Indians. The whole underwent
an examination, and Legaspi ordered that
Francis Pierres Plin, and Jorge el Griego,
should be hanged by break of day. It
~was his intention to have followed up the
punishment of the conspirators, and he
was proceeding to hang Maestre Andrea.
The clergy, however, entreated him to pardon him, on account of his near relationship to Tupas, to which he assented. Pablo Hernandez, pressed by hunger, was
compelled to deliver himself up, and as he
was the ringleader, he was executed in the
middle of the day by proclamation, and
his head placed on a pole, as a warning to
others. A pardon was granted to all the
rest in the name of the King, and by this




CH. V.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,      83
due mixture of severity and lenity, the
minds of the General and the friars were
tranquillized.
Famine, at this time, was likely to be
the lot of the Spaniards, as the chiefs who
had been sent to Panay had not appeared;
and as six more paraos had been despatched
for the same purpose, it was apprehended
that they had entered into a combination
with the first, to reduce the Spaniards by
famine. In this situation, Captain Martin
de Goite set sail, with the intention of
taking by force, from the enemies of the
Zebuans, as much provision as could be
procured, and executed his plan with so
much success, that by Christmas he sent
to the camp a small vessel laden with borona (bread made of Indian corn and millet). This proved the most acceptable
new year's gift, which could have been offered under their circumstances; by degrees provisions became more plentiful,
and the people began to revive, and forget
G2




84        HISTORY OF THE       CH. V.
the famine they had endured. The chiefs
now made their appearance from Panay
with the rice, but they assigned little of it
to the Spaniards, and the largest quantity
to the Indians.
The General was well aware of the treachery of the Zebuans, of the little faith to
be placed in them, and their doubtful intentions; but he dissembled his sentiments,
as they were necessary to his views, and
our camp was tolerably well supplied. By
the expeditions, which Martin de Goite and
others made round the adjacent islands, it
was discovered that some of the towns
courted the friendship of the Spaniards,
while others planned their destruction by
famine, for which purpose all the provisions were conveyed to the mountains. The
Moors of Luzon, however, found it their
interest to bring sufficient rice to Zebu,
and Legaspi, who did not Wish to see a recurrence of the same danger as had happened, sent the Colonelin search of provi



CHLX V.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     85
sions to the neighbouring islands; but here
he encountered another inconvenience, in
leaving too small a force for the defence of
Zebu; the consequence of which was, that
a plot was formed to seize a vessel belonging to the Moors of Luzon, at that time
trading at Zebu, to murder all on board,
and escape with the vessel to the Moluccas, where the Portuguese would willingly
receive them. Juan Nunes de Carrion, and
Miguel Gomez Cavecillas, were executed
for this piece of treason, after due repentance of their villainy. Captain Martin de
Goite, with the provisions he forwarded, at
length sent information, that many nations
were desirous of becoming vassals of the
King of Spain, and the Colonel soon after
arrived with above one thousand fanegas
of rice, after having stopt at the islands of
Mindanao, Negros, and Panay, where he
ransomed a Mexican Indian, who had been
in the squadron of Villalobos, and had
been taken prisoner. Captain Juan de la




HISTOR: Y OF TH{E c'{ v. 


CH. ~, V


Jela, who had likewise gone out in search:
of provisions, had the good fortune to discover the ship San Geronimo, which he.
conducted to Zebu; a circumstance which
filled every one with joy, mingled with regret, at the thoughts' of the tragic scenes
which had been acted on board that ship.
The Royal Audience of Mexico had des-.
patched the ship San Geronimo from Aca-,
pulco to relieve those at Zebu, and to advertise theam of the arrival of the Capitana
at that port. They sent as captain of the
ship Pedro Sanchez Pericon; as second in
command, Juan Ortez de Mosquera, and
as pilot the mulatto Lope Martin, who was.
sent for the express purpose of being pu.
nished by Legaspi, for having separated,
intentionally, from the squadron in the
patache San Lucas. Pericon and Mosquera had been, before the commencement
of the voyage, inimical to each other, and
in its progress their mutual antipathy was
apgmented. The pilot, Martin, dreading




CH. V.: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


87~
Aft~W I


the idea of being confronted with Legaspi,
entered into a plot with Mosquera, and.
they gained over to their party most of the
crew, among whom was Philip de Ocampo,
a brave man, but of the worst character.
Thinking their strength sufficient, they
commenced their operations by beinginsolent to the commander, and one night
they killed a horse which he had brought
in the galleon. The friends of Pericon conjured him to be on his guard, as they concluded that those who had begun by killing the horse, would end in murdering him,
if he was not sufficiently vigilant. But
Pericon's confidence was too great, and he
slighted the advice of his friends. The
conspirators by this forbearance increasing
every day in boldness, at last resolved to
put in practice their diabolical design of
murdering the commander, and getting
possession of the vessel; accordingly one
night, after having placed guards on those
of the crew whom theycould not confids




/i88      a -ISTO RY oF- THE  C; EL. T.
in, Mosquera entered the captains bedc
room, accompanied' by two seamen, one
of the rname of Bartolome de Lara, and
the other Morales, and ordered them to
stab Captain Pericon and his son, a young
mran about twenty-five years of age, who
had a sub-command in the ship. They
effected their purpose, and threw the bodies overboard; and placing some chests
on the deck for the accommodation of the
people, Mosquera thus harangued them;
" Gentlemen, let us recommend to Heaven the souls of Captain Pericon and his
son; they came by their death for reasons
which, when we arrive at Zebu, siall
be given to General Legaspi,;every thing
shall remain unaltered, and I, as a good
subject of his Majesty, will conduct the
ship to that island."
Many days had not elapsed before Mosquera and the pilot quarrelled; it was a
difficult task for the latter to reconcile himself to his situation, and put on the mask of




C1.:V. PHIL!PP1NEIS         89


89


friendship to the former. He whispered to
Mosquera in confidence, that the people
were much irritated at the murders which
had been committed, and among other
things, he proposed to tranquillize them, by
putting in irons some person who had been
concerned in the affair, and afterwards
to discharge him, under the authority of a
notarial process, drawn up for that purpose, delaring his innocence. This appearing a plausible measure enough, Mosquera,
with this view, foolishly convened the ship's
company, and the pilot seized upon him,
and put him in confinement. The day
following he ordered breakfast, of which
Mosquera partook in his irons, and when
finished, he requested the pilot would set
him at liberty, as there had been time sufficient allowed for the ceremony. The
views of the mulatto, however, were very
different; he ordered him to be hung at the
yard-arm, without giving him time to'confess, observing, that Divine Providence




9{0      -'HISTORYi OF THE    CH. V.
had ordered he should die without partaking the sacrament, as had been the case
with the two whom he had murdered. The
mulatto now remaining captain of the,
ship, Philip de Ocampo, who was his favourite, made a speech to his companions,
telling them, " That Captain Lope Martin
did not intend going to Zebu; that those
who were desirous of accompanying him,
should go to a part of the world where all
might acquire great riches, but that those
who were of a different opinion, should be
set on shore on an island in the immediate
neighbourhood of Zebu, from whence they
might easily reach Legaspi." All were
silent, and nothing was done till they arrived at the islands of Barbudos; when
Lope Martin landing on one which was
desolate, gave out that it was necessary
to careen the ship there, but his real intention was to leave most of his companions on this island, exposed to famine.
He was not, however, able sufficiently




CHI V,  PHILIPPINB ISLANDS.


91:


to conceal his intentions. The Friar Capellan, a venerable priest, suspected him,
and consulted with Juan de Vivero on some
means of averting this blow. Rodrigo de
Angle, the mate of the ship, a man of approved courage, determined to appeal to
his Majesty, if it cost him his life, broke
the matter to 'others, and eventually drew
to his party Bartholome de Lara, by promising to make him captain of the ship,
although he had no such intention. Rodrigo
finding he had gained most of the crew
on board to his side, weighed anchor, and
hallooed to those on shore, that all the true
and faithful vassals of his Majesty might
embark immediately, and that the ship
belonged to the King. By this means all
were received on board but Lope Martin
and Philip de Ocampo, and about twentyfive others, among whom were some loyalists, who were unable to reach the ship in
time.
Bartholome de Lara, disappointed in




IIISTORY 0OF THE


CH. V.


his expectations of being made captain of
the ship, began to form a party, and was
joined more from necessity than otherwise
by Hernando de Morales, his accomplice
in the murder of Pericon and his son; but
the new captain contrived means to try
and hang them, after which the crew remained free from further molestation, and
they arrived at Zejbu. The General Legaspi, to deter others, hanged the notary
Juan de Zaldivar, for being accessary to
the aforesaid murder. He rewarded Rodrigo del Angle, Garnica, and Juan Enriquez, with all the loyalists, and granted
a pardon, in the name of the King, to all
those who had acted any subordinate part
in this transaction.
The Colonel, at this time, had gone to
ratify a treaty of peace with some of the
towns, and falling in with a small Portuguese galleon of superior force, which bore
down upon his patache, he was compelled
to escape as well as he could. About the




CH. V.   PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      93
same time, two Portuguese vessels having
appeared off Zebu, Legaspi ordered them
to be acknowledged as friends, and invited
into the harbour, but they excused them,
selves, and prosecuted their route. These
proved afterwards to be ships belonging to
the squadron of Pereyra, which was coming against the Spaniards, but being dispersed by storms, they could not pursue
their first intentions. The General fortified
his camp, and entertaining no fears of the
Portuguese, he despatched Martin de Goite
on an amicable treaty with some ad jacent
towns, and to receive the tribute of those
who had already submitted. He likewise
sent the Colonel to Mindanao, for the purchase of cinnamon, to be shipped to New
Spain. This expedition was unfortunate
in the death of this great man, who was a
severe loss to the Spaniards. He caught
a fever, and being in great danger, he told
Morones, his second in command, and to




94


HI SlI8TORY' OF THE  C. 


CH. lVuf


whom he entrusted the ship before he died,
that he suspected an intention of mutiny
among the crew; the object of which was,
to go off with the patache, because they
had not been allowed to purchase cinnamon for themselves, and which being the
only valuable object for which the voyage
was undertaken, belonged to the King, as
being the first purchase made of that article. - Legaspi paid him 'the usual funeral honours in Zebu, and punished those
who were found to be concerned in this
mutiny. He likewise named as his successor Martin de Goite. The General sent
Morones to Caraga, and Pedro de Herrera
to Leyte, for tar,- for careening the ships.
The Indians of this island are excellent
porters and labourers, and our soldiers had
such confidence in them, that leaving their
arms, and relying on their friendship, they
received the tar in an unguarded manner.
This, however, in the end, cost them dear,




CH. V.   PHILIPPINiE ISLANDS.   95
as on a sudden they found themselves surrounded in an ambuscade, by eight or ten
Indians to one Spaniard; and Matheo
Sanchez Gaditano not being able to extricate them, the Indians murdered all but
one Spaniard, who escaped to relate the
news of this tragedy. Whilst this was
passing up the country, others came down
to plunder the ship, who finding our people
in unsuspecting security, possessed themselves of their arms, and destroyed every
tbhpg they could not take away.
On the 10th of June, 1567, there arrived at Zebu two Portuguese caracoas, with
letters from Captain Pereyra to Miguel Lo.
pez de Legaspi, in which he observed, that
he supposed they were the Spaniards who
had taken refuge in Zebu,in consequence of
bad weather, and were unable to return to
New Spain, as had happened to those of
the other Spanish squadrons which had
navigated those seas; and on this supposi.




96         HISTORY OF oTHE     CH. V
tion he invited them  to the Moluccas,
where he promised to receive them with
every degree of friendship, and furnish
them with proper necessaries to prosecute
their voyage.
Such were the contents of his letter on
the occasion, but some invalid Spaniards
who came with the messenger, affirmed that
Pereyra had been despatched by the Viceroy of India to drive the Spaniards out of
Zebu, and not being able last year to effect
it, in consequence of the storms they had
encountered, they had remained in Tidore
with the intention of completing it this
year. Our General, aware of the snare
which Pereyra was laying for him, answered this specious letter with corresponding dissimulation, and that he had given
notice to his court of the capture of these
islands, and was in daily expectation of
hearing from his sovereign. Surrounded
by these interruptions and difficulties, the




C H. t  PHILI;PPINE ISLtADS.      97
Geterial sent to Acapulco thB patache San
Lucas, Captail Juant de la Isla, requiestirig
such assistance as might prevent tle thre tatented suspension of their intercourse with
New Spain, and which appeared highly
probable. The Augustiri friars sent, on
this occasion, Friar Pedro de Gamboa fo
sblicit some additiorial aid for the conversion of these infidels, who had already be"gun to be baptized, and which, they urged,
Nwould securely establish the authority of
the Spaniards in the Philippines, but the
friar riever arivted, having died on the
voyage  i
On the 20th of August, this year, Philip
de Salcedo arrived with two ships, and
accompaniedd by isi brother Juan de Salcedo, who had been of great use irn the first
conquest of these islands. The Generxal
was rejoiced at the arrival of such consi-deable relief, at a period when he had reason    think Pereyra intended to attck
VOL. I.-               H




a^
f J    A


HISTORY OF THE


CH. V.


Zebu. When Legaspi saw, however, that
the Portuguese did not make their appearance as he expected, he despatched his
grandson, Philip de Salcedo, to Acapulco,
with directions to go by the route of the
Ladrone Islands, where he was shipwrecked; but, all the people being saved,
he built another vessel, and returned to
Zebu in such happy time, that he made up
for his disappointment, by the importance
of his appearance, at the period of Pereyra's arrival, on the 30th of September 1568,
with as quadron of three galleons, two galeots, three fustas, and twenty smaller vessels. Every thing, however, on this occasion, indicated perfect amity; the Generals
visited reciprocally, and held meetings, to
ascertain whether these islands were in the
line of demarcation of Spain, or not, with
the view of avoiding hostilities. Pereyra,
by an artful line of conduct, protracted
these discussions, in order to gain time, if




CHI. V.  PHILIPPVINE -SADS.      9


Tin
%1u


possible,, by stratagem, to gtpssession- of
the port and of our, camp, ts- he foun d it
could not be effected by force. Disap..,pointed, howe'ver, in.,his views, he, eturned,on Christmnas-eve to the Moluccas, having.been dismissed with great civility by Le-.
gaspi.


U i2




400


HIISTORY OP THE


CH. VI.


CHAPTER VI.
ANNO DOM. 1569 to 1571.
Of the Conquest of Manila.
THE supply of provisions having been very
short, in consequence of the Portuguese, in
some measure, blockading the port, the
General, to guard against being exposed to
the same danger a second time, determined to change his position, and establish himself in a more fertile country than
that he then occupied. He ordered the
camp to be immediately removed to the
island of Panay: with this commission he
charged his grandson, Philip de Salcedo,
who was very cordially received by the
natives, because he had formerly assisted
them against their enemies, and enabled
them to make many prisoners. Captain
Luis de la Haya was ordered to go'with




CH. VI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      101
his detachment, to the river Araut in the
same island; Captain Andres de Ybarra
to the island of Masbate; and the Colonel
was ordered to remain in Zebu. In the
interim the camp was established in Panay,
and the patache San Lucas remained at
Zebu, preparing to depart for New Spain.
Juan de Salcedo ordered his brother Philip to Panay with another vessel, which
conveyed the books and effects of his
grandfather, all of which were lost in a
storm; which loss, although he felt it severely, Legaspi bore with exemplary patience and fortitude.
Philip de Salcedo having loaded the pa.
tache San Lucas, sailed from Zebu, and,
in a few days after her departure, fell in
with the San Juan, which had sailed from
Acapulco, and was commanded by Captain Juan Lopez de Aguirre; Salcedo re.
turned with her to Zebu, and, on the 10th
of July, sailed a second time on his voyage.
By the San Juan the Augustine fathers had




MISTORY OF TI1     CI


CH. Vti.


sent Friar Herrera, having appointed him
a provincial; or clerical head of a province,
which was the first they had established in
the Philippines. Their intention was by
this appointment, to increase the importance of the religious orders, and induce
higher respect from the new converts; the
effect, accordingly, was the addition of
many to the number, stimulated too, by
the example of Tupas and his son: Legaspi stood godfather to Tupas, who was
christened Philip, in compliment to the
King of Spain; and his son was christened
Charles, and had, as his godfather, Juan de
Salcedo. The feasts which were held on
the day these two new Christians were baptized, contributed, at the same time, to the
conversion of many others. This was a measure of great expediency, although the duty
of the fathers became necessarily so much
more enlarged. It was determined that
a friar, whose name was Juan Alba, should
be sent to attempt the conversion of the




CIt VI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


103


isle of Masbate; and another, by the name
of Alonzo Ximenes, to the river Araut, in
the island of Panay, where he made many
converts. Friar Martin de Rada remained
in Zebu, and the rest of the clergy accompanied the General in the conquest of
Manila.
The General Legaspi arrived at Panay,
accompanied by the Colonel, who, however,
immediately returned to his command at
Zebu, together with his wife, who had just
arrived from New Spain with Captain
Juan Lopez de Aguirre, in the ship San
Juan. Legaspi was received by the natives of Panay with every demonstration
of joy, and they appeared more sincere
in their professions than those of Zebu,
He constructed, with all expedition, some
works, to enable him to resist the attempts
of the squadron of Pereyra, and check the
proceedings of a swarm of pirates, which
had issued from Jolo and Borneo in twenty vessels, called zireyes, and had captured




104


HISTORY; OF THE


CEHl    - Vl.


a Spanish vessel, with the crew. The Colonel attacked these pirates with nine
proas:he took four vireyes, and would
have taken the whole, had not seven of his
vessels been too much astern. Having
forwarded the account of this engagement
to the General, he was now at liberty to
assist the inhabitants of Aclan, who had
sustained considerable injury from the pirates of Mindoro. In the month of January, 1570, Juan de Salcedo sailed on
this expedition with thirty Spaniards and
many friendly Indians. He entered the
town of Mamburao, and, having made
himself master of it, compelled the inhabitants. to?ransom themselves with gold;
after which he proceeded to the isle of
Lucban, where the pirates of Mindoro had
taken refuge, and had protected themselves by some indifferent works; he, with
ease, forced their intrenchments, attacked
them  with fire-arms, and, aas they were
unable to resist this mode of warfare, they




CH. VI., PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    105
agreed to ransom themselves with gold, asthe inhabitants of Mamburao had done.
Salcedo divided the spoil among his soldiers and the Indians, and returned to
Panay, to give an account of this expedition.
The General, who was determined above
all things on the conquest of Manila, named
the Colonel as commandant, and sent with
him his grandson, Juan de Salcedo, with
an hundred and twenty Spaniards, and
many friendly Indians, to accomplish it.
They sailed from Panay the beginning of
May 1570.   The Colonel went directly
against Manila, but Juan de Salcedo
turned aside to the country about the
lake of Bombon, which is now called the
Province of Batangas, to treat with the
natives. He sent the usual peace-offerings, but they answered him with their
arms. He engaged them, and would have
succeeded, but received so severe a wound
in his leg from an arrow, that he was corn



106       'TISTO$UY OF THE- CIX. VI.
pelled to abandon his enterprise, and follow the Colonel to Manila. The Colonel
made terms with th Rajah, who was a good
old man, and whom history calls Raxa
Matanda, that is, the old Rajah; he bad a
nephew of the name of Raxa Soliman, who,
likewise, made terms with the Colonel; but
little dependence could be placed on him,
as he evidently was no friend to the Spaniards, and had, as it was supposed, secreted provisions. He was accused, likewise, of exciting the Indians to murder the
Spaniards, while on shore, which obliged
our people to behave with great circumspection toward them.  One day Raxa
Soliman even ordered his men to fire upon
our shipping, and, after having done us
considerable damage, he embarked on
board a large junk, and left the river, firing
at us as he passed'. The Colonel instantly landed, leaving Juan de Salcedo in
charge of the ships, and, with eighty men,
stormed the fort which the Indians had at




CIt. VI. PHILIPPIN E ISLANID S.


107


the mouth of the river, and where at presentstands the fort oef Santiago   He oT.dered his soldiers to attack the guns, and
they were so fortunate in their attack, as
in their first onset to kill the principal artillery officer, who appeared to be an European, as he was seen to cross himself
before he died18; the remainder, were by
the vigour of the assault, compelled to fly
towards the town, which they burnt in
their retreat, that the Spaniards might not
profit by their success.  Among other
things, a foundery for cannon was destroyed, and it was supposed they had
thrown many pieces of artillery into the
sea, as only twelve, and a few falconets (a
piece so called), were found in the place.
The old Rajah was not a party in this disturbance, as neither he nor any of his
people Swere engaged; and his fidelity was
proved, by his having displayed from his
house a white flag, during the time the
action lasted. The Colonel, fearing that




108       ITSTORY OF THE      CH. VI.
if he remained longer, he should encounter
the south-west monsoon, and be unable to
return, retired immediately to Cavite, to
do the needful repairs to his ships, and in
two days sailed for Panay.
On the 23d of June of this year, Captain Juan de la Isla arrived with three
vessels, in which came the Friar Perrera
with two other religious, viz. Friar Diego
Orduhne, and Friar Diego de Espinar, who
came to labour in this new vineyard. Despatches were brought by them from his Majesty, by which Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
was constituted President of the islands of
the Ladrones, and he was recommended to
settle the Philippines; at the same time his
Majesty bestowed portions of lands, with
their inhabitants, on all who might be engaged in the conquest. With a view to put
these orders in execution, Legaspi first
despatched from Panay, the same Captain
Juan de la Isla, with two ships to Acapulco,:and sailed for Zebu, where he ordered




CH. VI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      109
it to be proclaimed, that he intended to
erect the town which had been built into
a city, and to give every encouragement
to increase the population, directing those
who wished to settle in it to go before the
notary, to be enrolled by five hundreds.
On New Year's day, 1571, he named two
ordinary alcaldes, six regidores, a notary,
and two alguazils, who immediately took
the customary oath on entering their office,
and he strictly enjoined them the discharge
of their respective duties. He likewise directed that the town, which had till then
been called San Miguel, should be named
the City del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus,
in memory of the discovery of the sacred
child, as before related. He settled the
manner, in which rewards should be distributed among the tributary Indians, who
were in the neighbourhood of the city, and
left them under the care of the treasurer,
Guido de Labezares, in order that he might
have the opportunity of finishing a stone




"110


1  H ISTO RY 1O TH CE -:


CII. YVI.


fort, which he had ordered to be constructed. All these and many subordi.
nate objects, being attained by the end of
January, he returned to Panay, to attempt
from thence the conquest of Manila.
Immediately after the President arrived
at Panay, the Colonel, attended by all the
officers and soldiers, joined him, leaving in.Maslate the Padre Alba with six men, and
in Dumangas Padre Ximenes, in charge of
the new conquests. The Padre Herrera,
with other religious, accompanied the General in his expedition against Manila, on
which he sailed the 15th of April; and
in the island of Lutaga he reviewed his
force, and found they amounted to two
hundred and eighty soldiers, consisting
partly of his own people, of those of the
Colonel, of Captains Andres de Ybarra,
Luis de la Haya, and Juan de Salcedo.
He passed by the island of Mindoro, and
settled the tribute which the natives were
to pay to the King of Spain. Here he had




CH. VI.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     111
the opportunity of saving a Chinese vessel
called a Sampan, from foundering; and he
received the crew, with that kindness and
warmth of feeling, so natural to the Spaniards.
The Chinese acknowledged the kindness ofthe Spaniards, and formed a friendly
connection with them.  The President
continued his voyage, and entered Cavite,
where he waited the arrival of those who
had fillen astern; meantime he treated
with the natives of the place, and received
them as vassals of the King of Spain. Two
days after he arrived, he entered with'all
his squadron into the river of Manila. The
Indians, thinking the Spaniards had returned, to punish them for the resistance
they had made to the Colonel, set fire to the
town, and with theireffects fled to Tondo.
The President sent the Colonel to bring
them to terms, who, arriving at their camp,
gave them to understand, by means of an
interpreter, that the Spaniards had not




II STOU ROF Tti:   CIT.V E


C 14. V 1.~


Vcome with the intention of doing them any
injuryl. OE leLirning. this -some began- to
quench the flames, and others iwent 'in
*parch of the old Rajah; and Lacandola,
the chief of Tondo, immediately went with
others to wait on Legaspi. - He receive&
them with a smiling counttenance,,~ and 4old
them that he came as a friend, provided
they acknowledged the King of Spain, as
their king and natural lord and master,
who would receive, them unde dr hjs protction,: and relieve "their distresses. The
principal motive, he said, which induced
his Majesty to_:send hinthbere, was to propagate.the true- worship of one- all powerful God that he had brought several satc red
characters with him for that purpose, and
shewingn them Padre Her-rra, said hat he
was the principal of those, who wcere to be
their teachers. The promised to-become
vassals of the King of Spain, and hear the
lawV which they were to be taught; he
hinted to them that he did not see Rajah




C.1;h Ti. PHtI-IPPINE I$mLA$DS.


X11


$oliman with them: they replie, thathe
dared not appear after ^what had happened
ith the   onel n theolo   on  first expeditiot;
but if he would pardon him, he would immediately appear, and promise obedience,
as the rest had done. The General not
only promised to pardon him, but sent him
a message to that effect, without, however,
being able to remove his apprehensions at
that timev 
But on the 18th of May, Rajah Soliman arrived, accompanied by his uncle
]Rajah ~Mtanwda and Lacandola, making
many apologies for what had:passed. The
General pardoned and received him as a.vassal of his Majesty, and as such hetwas
registered by the notary, Hernando Riguel.
iLegaspi immeiately commened his arrangements for founding a new city,,and,directed the Indians to finish the fort they
lhad begun in the mouth of the river. ]e -
hind this he -erected j lrge building,, wh.
served as a palace, with a church and.con
VOL. r.                I




1:14     - U TO R YO IP T11E  C1I Vt
vent for th religious, and an hundred' and
twenty smaller houses for the remainder of
the Spaniards, intending this city to be the
seatof govement, both spiritual and
temporal, of thef islands. The whole of
this, the Indiads engaged to accomplish
with great despatch, but it was found ne'cessary, to employ the Spaniards to assist
'thfefm in it. A good understanding being
thus established, between the natives of':
Manila and Tondo and the Spaniards, Ma-.
nila was taken possession of on the day. fol-A
-lowing, the 19th of May, 1571, when, in a
temporary church, the feast of the -Iblessed
Virgin Mary was celebrated,-l who, from
that. circumstance, was inanmed the. pa.
troness of the new city,
The Peace which Rajah Soliman:.aand
Lacandola had made, was, on their part,
by, no means sincere, for the Indians of
Macabebe and Hagonoy, appearing at the
-mouthi. of the harbour of Bancusay, with
forty caracoas (an Indian vessel), pro.




CE. VI. VI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


115


ceeded to the house of Lacandola. These
men jeered at and reproached the Indians,
for submitting with such readiness, to such
an insignificant number of Spaniards, promising, if they were disposed to shake off
the yoke, that they should be assisted from
Tondo and the neighbouring country, and
not leave one Spaniard alive. The President, supposing those Indians who had
arrived, had come to solicit peace, sent two
Spaniards to assure them that they might
present themselves to him without fear. The
chief of the Indians, after listening to these
ambassadors, leaped on his feet, and drawing and flourishing his cimeter, he said,
"The' sun gave me life, and I must not. be
disgraced in the eyes of my women0 who
would detest me, if they thought IF was capable, of being on friendly terms with the
Spaniards." With this speech he quitted
the house, without waiting to go down by
the ladder, for, with great boldness, he
I 2




116                o 'i         n. I
leaped out of thae vindoW ikto his caracdt,
calihi~g  t to the Spanirds,' "I exp
you in the bay of Bancusay" Legaspi
determined upon punishing such conduct,
an  sent against hin-i the~ Colonel Martin
de Goite with eighty Spaniards, in some
nfewly constetued small v~essels. The In.a
dian chie f was true to. his word, an' d
waited for them where he ha d saiid, ~with
his squadron. The battle began, and 'he
fought with great valour; but, in a 'short
time, being killed by a musket shot, the
rest dismayed, fled with great precipitation; our people pursued, and made manly
prisoners, among whom were the son of
tacandola, and his nephew, by which his
deceit and dissimulation were sufficiently
manifest; the President, however, sent
them homie,: without the punishment they
merited ~for their treason. After this engagement, the natives became so much
afraid of the Spaniards, that many chiefs




came tQMan hL beggi4ig peace, and offer7 -~ng to, become v~ssal~s of the king of Spain
1ay, this Stime, _the wvrls which had been
ordered in Manila were considerably advanced, and, on -the day oSt. John the
BapDtist, the President, Miguel Lopez d e
Legaspi, founded the city as the metro..
poli's of the Philippine Islands, appoint..
ing, two ordinary alcaldes, twelve regidores,.an aiguazil mayor, and a no~tary~ who all
took~ the customary oath's,, to discharge the
duties of their respective oflfc.,s with justice'. This ceremony took place while Phi..
lip II. was King of Spain. and Pius V. was
in the fifth year of hi's pontificate,~ the first
governor being the President, Miguel Lopez de Le~yaspi. The puiblic square w Ias
now marked out, with the situation of the
convent of San Augustine, and the subordinate arrangemeat~ were left to the m agistracy. Legaspi ordered.,he city to ~e,
called Manila, of which, his, Majesty ap..




proved,' giving- it a -coa~t-of arms,. T his
city is placed in fourteen, degrees anid,. a,
half of north latitude~4 an  isthuht to
be, the antipodes of the river 'Saint Ann, in
Brazil, whi"ch ''4:-i'. in the same, latitudein
the opposite tropic of Capricorn,




CR.VII".  PUI17 ~-1IMI R:jS14NDS. 11


1,UW
4 y

C"HAPTER, VIL
4NNO fQINI~1,571.
Of the Government of- Migu4 Lo0pez d
Legaspi.
MA NI LA being founded, and,most of the
towns of the surrounding district, in amity
with the Spaniards, the Governor sent
the Colonel to Pampauga, to reduce that,
Province to the Spanish yoke, but he had
no sooner arrived at the river iBetis, on his
way thither, than he was compelled to re.
turn, without being able to reduce either
the town of JBefis or that of tubao; fo r i t
appeared that Rajah Soliman and ILacan.dola, who had gone with hiii to serve as
interpreters between the Indians arnd him,
had conducted themselves treacherously.
This fully appeared by Lacandola leaving




120; HISTORY O  THE   CIf. VItr.
the Colonel, and returning to Manila with,
out leave, for which the Governor ordered
him to be put in irons, and, to increase
his punishment, told his relations that hewould not let him at liberty but at theColonel's request; even then he did not accede
to it without confiscating all his artillery,
consisting of fifteen pieces of cannon, large
and small. Aboutthis time Rajah Matanda fell sick, and requesting to be baptized, a clergyman of the name of Juan de
Vivero administered this sacrament to him
by the name of Philip: he died of his disorder, and was buried with great solemnjty.;On the 17th of July, Don Diego
Legaspi, a nephew of the Governor, arrived; he was sent by Captain Juan de
Aguirre to the aid of his uncle, having a
short time before come to Panay with two
ships, which the Viceroy of Mexico had
sent to these islands as a reinforcemeit.
Tie Governor ordered the Colonel to proceed to Panay, and despatch these ships to




CH. VI. "PI:LUPTIN1 ISLANDS.


121


Manila, )airiin afterwards go to Zcu and
bring his family to~ the capital. Whilst
the Colonel was executing this commissiob,
Joan de Salcedo wa-s sent to reduce the
people, of ainta  and Taytay, two small
towns high up the river Pasig, which had
refused to acknowledge the Spanish authority, and had strengthened their position
by s-ome fortifications 'covering their towns.
He carried Cainta by assault, with the loss
of only tvo killed and five wounded, but
with great slaughter on the part of the Indians, upon hearing which, the inhabitants
of Taytay- immediately surrendered. He afterwards;marched to a town on the borders
of the lake Bay, and of the same name,
and summoned the inhabitants, but they
answered hi'm with their arms in their
hands. He had with himi Padre Friar
Alonso de Albarado, who had accompanied
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in his expedition;
had returned a second time to Mexico;
and again had accompanied the other five




I122


1HISTOQy OF THE


CH. VII.


ligious, of the order ofSan Augustine, to
]Manila, This venerable person the Colonel
sent, to assure the Indians, that he did not
wish to employ his arms against them,, and
that he had commissioned the Padre Friar
Alonso, toaccommodate matters, requesting
them immediately to deliver up their town
of Bay. This in the end was acceded to,
and was followed, by the submission of
many small towns, on the borders of the
lake. Juan de Salcedo went further up
the country behind them, and found- the
people of Mahayhay, fortified by nature
so securely on a hill, that they could defend themselves against a great force, with
no difficulty, by rolling down immense
stones. Having, however, reconnoitred it,
he perceived a path less ruggedi than the
rest, and where they seemed more negligent. By this path he surmounted the difficulty, and appeared above them, when
they were seized with such a panic, that
they fled precipitately, without making




CH. VII.  PHILIIPPINE ISLANDS.   123
any resistance. For two days more, Juan
de Salcedo was detained in this part of
the country, passing through the viliages, which, however, he found deserted,
the inhabitants having taken refuge in the
mountains. He in consequence returned to
Bay, where he had left most of his people.
It was understood, that in the country of
the Camarines, there was a town called
Paracale, where there were mines of gold.
He sent back to Manila Padre Albarado,
and some of the Spaniards; and having a
few soldiers only, he encountered a great
many difficulties, in undertaking the conquest of this. town.b Many days having
elapsed, without hearing firom them at Manila, the Governor despatched Major Antonio Hurtado in search of them, and he
found Juan de Salcedo in Paracale, with
all his people, very much weakened, in
consequence of the hardships they had
been exposed to, and the sickness with:which they had been attacked. Salcedo




124


124  -H_1-kSTQRY OF'Q TUE  cM.VI


CrH i" V It -


returned, with Hiirtado to Mmilaon whic1
occasion there were, great r~ej4AirCgs, 
he,"had ~beean supposed-dead,,and the loss
~of-a, man so,much, loved,and, respected
would have-been severely felt._
About, this. time the Colonel, returned
from Zebu, having first. subdued thbe province: of Pampanga., The,Governor now'
Apportioned -the conqueredl districts and
twns, -among the respective officers, who
had sgo well, earned that reward, reserving
to _his Majesty- the, usual tr'ibute only. He
directed, that 'the,Indians should pay a
moderate rent,, to those newrproprietors of
land, and th1e, Sp~aniards were enjoined,- not
to exact any thing above the rent so'settled.
i~n. a, little "time it was discovered, that the
Indians would, not,pay the, tribute; and
'that the Spanish proprietors, had, been,guilty of many vexatious acts against them,
which had "produced revoltis in various
places. AnLohI Panay, and in Marnn.
duuthe Indians had killed several S'pa



cUI." Vill. PHrIAPPINE ISLAiNDS. 2


ISS


nis~h "factors and, soldiers. To prevent~ these
dibsturbancces- from spreading, the 'Governor
sn-t" Captaini Luis de la, Haya, to exam~ine
into. the matter, and to punis&h the aggressors. He executed hbis -commi'ssion with
-such, prudence, that, without exasperating
the, Indians, 'he chastised the murderers,
and left the towns in, comnple te subordi-,nation.
At 'the begin-ning of the year 1.572,
",there 'arrived, with -a, great: deal of rich
mnerchandize, h'ose Chinese whom the Spa..
niards -had saved ~ from shipwreck, in -the
island         ooI-of Mindo, together.with many
'oth ers of tha-t n ation, who brought,damnasks',
satins,: taffeties,, silks, ]porcelaini, and other.thin~gs, -width which the foundation: of a Ilu-.
crative commlerce with Acapulco, was laid.
ThesChiese w*hom we -call 'Sangleys
-from-two.Chins words, hiang.,la,  wh
-signifies -travelling merchants, 4~continue to6
this, day the. commerce wit  aia and
inmany hae settled'in these -islands, whre
however, they have frequently been- trouble



126


] HISTORY-0F THR;::: ~z  4 1 i


some, as will be seen in the sequel. About
the time these merchants arrived, the Augustine friars intended to hold their second
provincial chapter, and the first which had
been celebrated at Manila ' and at this it
was determined, to send some of their order
to China, to establish a religious intercourse
between the two nations. The Governor
agreed to this, and was desirous, at the
same time, to send an embassy to the Emperor; but the Chinese would not agree to
take it to China. The Friar Alvarado,
however, who was the most desirous of the
undertaking, began to study the language,
that he-might be able to convert and baptize the Chinese merchants, who seemed
disposed to settle in Manila; this plan he
had adopted in Tondo, where he had administered the sacrament to numbers. In
this provincial chapter it was agreed, that
Padre Herrera should be sent a second
time to Mexico, in order to- bring more.clerical aid to this province; they likewise
-chose as provincial, the Padre Friar Martin




CH. VII. PHILtIPPINE ISLANDS.   127
de Rada, and elected a capitular of the
convent of Manila; they established clergy
in Zebu, Masbate, Otong, Mindoro,Tondo,
Calumpit, and Lubao. Soon after this,
convents were founded in the districts of
Taal, Bay, and Pasig, and many visitations
were made, by which it was ascertained,
that the number of the clergy increased so
much, that it became necessary, to separate the parish priests from the friars. 
The greater part of this quarter of
the island, being reduced to complete
obedience, to the King of Spain, and
nothing being known of the northern part
of it, Juan de Salcedo offered to make the
discovery, at his own risk. He collected
men and ships, the Governor allowing
him forty-five soldiers, with necessary
ammunition. He sailed from Manila on
the 20th of May, 1572; on the third
day, he arrived at Cape Bolinao, in the
province of Zambales, where he found a
Chinese junk or sampan, and a party




128       HISTORY OF THIE   OH. VII,
of Chinese, who had got possession of a
chief and some Indians, with an intent to
carry them to China. Juan de $alcedo
re-took them from the Chifese,,and gave
them their liberty, which action so gratified
the feelings of the natives, that they became
immediately vassals of.the King Qf Spain,
and solicited to be placed on the same
footing, as the people of the other districts.
Passing from thence to Pangasinan, he
coasted the whole of that province, and
that of Ylocos, until he arrived at Cape
'Boxeador, examining all the ports, bays,
and landing places, near which his squadron was able to approach, and it consisted of many, but very small vessels. He
was desirous, of preserving a good understanding with the Jndians, and most of the
towns on the coast, received him in a very
friendly manner, and supplied him with
provisions, which he stood in need of; but
on his entering the rivers and creeks, he
found great resistance from the inhabitants




CH. VIl. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS  2


129


of the districts bordering on them, He
attacked them on several occasions, putting them to flight with great ease, and sent
to them, desiring them to leave the mountains, with a promise of his friendship.
Some, however, not relying on the promises of the Spaniards, could not divest
themselves of their apprehensions, while
others readily came down, submitted, and
agreed to pay the tribute. In this manner he was proceeding, and had almost
subdued these two large provinces,19 intending to pass on to Cagayan; but he
was opposed by his own people, who became weary of-the expedition. His second
in command, Antonio Hurtado, proposed
that he should go on, and prosecute his
original plan, but Juan de Salcedo, although he desired it much, thought it
better to accede to the representations of
his soldiers, and they returned by the same
route, confirming in their obedience the
towns which had submitted. On his arriVOL. I.                K




130


HISTORY OF THE


cit. ia. l


val at Bigan, the natives received him with
so much cordiality, that he prudently de-.termined on the step of founding there a
Spanish city, for the purpose of controuling the neighbouring country.
Having, with this view, ordered the
natives to cut sufficient timber to build a
fort, and accommodations for those who
chose to remain, he became desirous of
executing the original project, which he
had abandoned, of passing on to Cagayan.
He left in Bigan his second in command,
with twenty-five soldiers, and, with the
seventeen that remained, he commenced
this arduous undertaking, departing in three
vessels on the 24th of July. Having passed
Cape Boxeador, he entered a river where
he found a mud village of salt-makers; he
desired them to call their chiefs, as he
wished to be on good terms with them, and
after many messages they appeared with
theirRajah, who was a very handsome man,
and whiter than the rest of the Indians.




Cth. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.   131
Juan de Salcedo came up to him with
open arms, intending to embrace him;
but the barbarian, unaccustomed to such
a mode of salutation, believing that he
wanted to catch him, took to his heels
and fled, and on no entreaty would he
be prevailed on, to leave the mountains.
Our people, therefore, hoisted their sails,
and arrived at the river of Cagayan. They
sailed up this river a considerable way,
and found a populous district; but they
dared not attempt any hostility against
the inhabitants, as they were so few in
number in comparison to the natives,
and they resolved to return to Manila by
that side of the island, in order completely to ascertain the whole extent of
Luzon. They proceeded about one hundred leagues, without discovering any population, or any thing but a rocky shore.
They coasted it until they arrived at a bay,
which Juan de Salcedo thought had been
nanmd Amanto1 having been there when
K 2




132      HISTORY OF THE     CH. VII.
he went to Paracale. In this, however, he
was mistaken, but as that bay was very
near, he arrived in a few days at it. Here
he went on shore; and travelled on till he
came to the towns on the lake, where he
embarked on board a small boat with only
four rowers. The boat was on the point
of foundering during the passage, and the
Indians deserting her by swimming away,
he would inevitably have been lost, had not
a proa, with some friendly Indians, passing by, immediately relieved him. Arriving at Manila, he received the melancholy
intelligence of the death of his grandfather,
on the 20th of August, 1572, accelerated
much by the vexatious and multifarious
duties of his office. He was interred in
the church of theAugustines,.with the magnificence due to his character and station.
By the death of Legaspi, the treasurer,
Guido de Labezares became governor ad
interim, by a decree of the Royal Audience
of Mexico, and which decree was found




CH. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     133
among the papers of the deceased. A few
days after Labezares had succeeded to the
government, Manila suffered severely from
a hurricane, which destroyed almost all the
houses, these being built of canes, and
drove back the two ships which had been
seent to Acapulco, but which, after the
storm subsided, sailed again for New Spain,
carrying accounts of the death of Legaspi.
The new Governor sent Colonel Martin
de Goite, to reduce the revolted natives of
Ylocos, which was done with little trouble,
and he brought away the tribute of the
king in gold, compelling them to ransom themselves, for a sum far exceeding
that amount. This he was enabled so
easily to do, by the exertions of Juan de
Salcedo, who, at his own cost, had subdued
nearly all this province, and who, as the
Colonel represented, ought to be allowed
to reap the fruits of his labours; but Guido
de Labezares was prejudiced against him,
and would not employ him until he was




i4        HISTORY OF THE     CHl. ViI.
undeceived as to his merits. He then sent
him to the conquest of the Camarines,
which he effected with ease, and founded
near the river of Vicol a Spanish city,
calling it Santiago de Libon.  He appointed as chief judge Captain Pedro de
Chaves, with eighty soldiers. While Juan
de Salcedo was making these conquests,
the governor ad interim was exploring the
whole of the Bisayas: he attempted to restrain within proper bounds the avarice of
the factors, but it was without effect, as
the moment he was gone they returned to
their old practices.  Meanwhile a ship
from Acapulco arrived with threeAugustine
friars, men who were much required, not
only for the purpose, of converting to the.
Christian religion, the natives of the conquered countries, but likewise to preserve
the tranquillity of the different towns, and
which could not be effected solely by force
of arms.
When the Governor ad interim returned




CH. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    -135
to Manila, he sent an embassy to the Rajah
of Borneo, but without effect, as he had
no wish to be on terms with the Spaniards.
He likewise divided the province of Ylocos
between the Colonel and Juan de Salcedo,
who had been employed in that expedition. In the beginning of the year 1574,
Juan de Salcedo sailed to take possession
of his portion; he founded in the district
of Bigan the city Fernandina, where he
built a house for himself. While he was
accomplishing this object, a large squadron
of vessels passed by, which had taken a
galeot and twenty men he had sent in
search of provisions; and presuming that
their intention was to attack him, he began
to fortify the town, but seeing they prosecuted their route, he took it for granted
they were going against Manila; and having
collected together all the Spaniards he had
in Ylocos, he embarked for the capital
to the assistance of the Governor. This
was the famous expedition of Limahon,




.}36      H Is$TOR OAF TUIE  CH. VII.
by which Manila was nearly lost, but a
short time after its foundation.
Limahon was a pirate of such renown,
that the Emperor of China had sent against
him three different squadrons, and he was
in fact so pressed on all sides by this force,
that having captured a Chinese junk coming from Manila, who informed him of
the new conquests by the Spaniards, he
determined to sail for this country, and be
crowned King of these islands, in order to
be secure, by this means, from the Emperor's attacks. He arrived at the island
of Corregidor, which is in the mouth of the
bay, the 29th of November 1574, with
sixty-two junks, in which he brought one
thousand five hundred women, two thousand soldiers, and a great many seamen,
sufficient artillery, muskets, and swords.
The Spaniards had no intimation of his
arrival at Corregidor, and the same night
his second in command, who was a Japanese of the name of Sioco, landed with




Ce. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     137
six hundred men, with which he entered,
and attempted to take possession of Manila. In the attempt to land his men he
lost three boats, which were swamped by
the surf; but he effected his object, without being at all discovered by our people.
He first landed at Paranaque, supposing
it to be Manila, but soon finding out his
mistake, he began his march to it by the
beach, his vessels following him, and at
day-break he arrived at Manila, where he
was discovered by the Indians. They made
all haste to the Colonel, who lived close to
the royal gate, where the college of St.
Joseph now stands, and informed him,
that there was an immense body of Moors
of Borneo coming by the sea side. The
Colonel, however, as he had no reason to
conclude, that the Borneans considered
themselves, in direct hostility with the Spaniards, gave no credit to it, till he saw the
Chinese enter by the gate, close to his
house. Three soldiers, who were placed as




138       HISTORY OF THE    CH. VII.
guards there, attempted to resist them,
but they were soon overpowered by multitudes, and one only escaped, severely
wounded.
The wife of the Colonel looking out of
the window, thought they were Indians
come against them, and called out, " Here
the dogs come, we are all dead." The
Portuguese interpreter, who accompanied
Sioco, enraged at this reproachful epithet
of the lady, ordered the house to be set
on fire. The Colonel, who was ill, immediately on this got up, put on his armour,
and unsheathing his sword, leapt out of
the window in the midst of his enemies,
who received him on their swords, and cut
him to pieces. They killed the wife of a
common soldier, whom they found in the,
house, and left for dead Dona Lucia Cor.
ral, the wife of the Colonel, but she afterwards recovered fiom her wounds. Sioco
pursuing his march, encountered some
Spaniards who were on their way to assist




OH. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.  139


the Governor, and seeing that there were
few opposed to him, he formed his men
into a half moon, and charged the centre of the Spaniards. The engagement
was long doubtful, when eight soldiers
being killed, the rest must have shared
their fate, had they not been joined by
twenty more, under the command of Captain Alonso Velasquez, the aid-de-camp of
General Amador de Arriaran, and Gaspar
Ramirez, aid-de-camp of the Colonel, who
charged the Chinese so furiously, that Sioco
was obliged to retire to his boats and join
Limahon, who had anchored in Cavite.
Sioco justified his ill success in this action,
by saying, that the people were tired by
their long march along the beach, which excuseLimahon admitted, and determined on
another assaulton the'third day. This affair
having happened on St. Andrew's day, the
Spaniards attributed it to the intercession
of that Saint, that they had not all fallen into
the hands of the Chinese, and expressed




140       HISTORY OP THE    CH. VII.
their gratitude, by choosing him patron of
Manila, instituting an annual solemn feast
on the occasion. Limahon's delay of the
second attack, was the means of saving all,
as it gave time to Juan de Salcedo, to join
with his force from Ylocos. He arrived in
the bay, in the night of the same day of St.
Andrew, and understanding that Limahon
was in Cavite, he did not attempt to enter
there, but landed on the Pampanga side
of the bay. The day following, in the
evening, he met with two Indians, who had
escaped from the engagement, and informed him of all that had happened; he
immediately made sail, and entered Manila that night. When he was at the mouth
of the river, he ordered the trumpets to be
sounded, and placed a great number of
lights about his ship, to induce the enemy
to believe, hie approach of considerable relief to the Spaniards, who saluted him in
form, all of which caused great alarm to
the Chinese. The Governor ad interim, was




CH. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    141
so pleased with the diligence of Juan de
Salcedo, that he appointed him Colonel,
in the room of Martin de Goite.
The same night, Limahon weighed anchor from Cavite, and pressed on to Manila, and Sioco disembarked the following
morning, after having sworn by an oath
to his General, that he would either die in
the attempt, or that day be in possession
of the house of the Governor. He directed
his march to the fort, which our people
had constructed of timber, faggots, and
barrels of earth, and he divided his troops
into three bodies. He ordered one to march
down, through the principal street of the
city, to the square, where he expected the
Spaniards would sally out of the fort, and
engage them'; and in this expectation, he
sent another body, by the side of the river
round the fort, and the third, which he
commanded himself, he led along the
beach. The division which had been ordered
down the principal street, arrived in the




142 -

HISTORY OF THE   CH-i VII.


square, and in order to induce the Spaniards to sally from the fort, they set fire
to the houses. Fortunately the Spaniards
did not quit the fort, though they saw their
houses burning, but contented themselves
with playing their artillery upon the Chinese, doing a great deal of mischief. Sioco,
finding that it was not possible, to draw
the Spaniards from their fortifications, and
having lost many of his men, ordered the
division that had arrived at the square, to
assault the fort, at the same time leading
on his own. Such was the multitude of
the Chinese, against so few on our part,
that the palisade was forced, and they entered through a part, which Ensign Sancho
Ortez defended, and in which he was
killed, performing prodigies of valour. Immediately the Governor heard of this, he repaired to the fort, attended by the Colonel;
they cut their way through. the Chinese,
and having entered it, repulsed the invaders
with great loss. The Chinese, panic struck




CH. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     143
at this, retiring by degrees towards the
shore, the Spaniards followed them close,
making great slaughter among them; but,
to our great misfortune, our people suddenly abandoned their advantage, at the
sight of Limahon's squadron, which had
just entered the river, but had not been
able hitherto, to take part in the action.
Limahon observing this, ordered his ships
off, in order that his men might become
desperate, on finding themselves deprived
of all protection from him: the contrary
effect, however, was produced by it, as
they were seized with such a panic, that
they could not face their enemies, but
formed themselves on the shore, and received the fire of our artillery, which was
discharged repeatedly upon them, determined rather to wait death with firmness,
than return into the engagement. In this
they would have persisted, had not Limahon arrived with four hundred fresh men.
As all was not lost, he ordered some of his




144       HISTORY OF THE    CH. VII.
people to burn a ship and galley, which%
with a few other small vessels, were drawn
up on the beach, and which, when they had
destroyed the houses, they had forgot to
burn with the rest, and he made a false attack on the fort, in order to compel the Spaniards to sally out, to hinder the operation.
The Colonel guessed his intention: he, however, sallied out with fifty men, against those
only who were proceeding to pillage the city,
and put them to flight precipitately. Limahon seeing that his plan had not succeeded,
having lost many men, and finding that his
principal captain, Sioco, had been killed,
he embarked his troops, and, under favour
of the night, returned to the river Parahaque, where he killed all the Indians, he
found assembled in any hostile way, and,
before day-break, he set sail, and did not
bring to, uptil he came to the province of
Pangasinan; where he entered into an amicable arrangement with the chief, forming
an encampment, and fortifying it with a




CR. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    145
strong palisadb on an inlet of the river
Lingayen. The Governor was determined
to follow him into the province, but he
found it necessary first to restore the fortifications of the city, and likewise to quell
a sedition of the Indians, who., on this occasion, shewed how little they could be
depended upon.
The natives of Manila, whilst the Spaniards were engaging the Chinese, robbed
their houses and maltreated their slaves;
those of Tondo killed some Sachristans belonging to a convent, and they would have
done the same with the clergy, but that
they could not have concealed it. Those
of the island of Mindoro, however, imprisoned the friars, and took them to the
mountains, where they were not bold
enough to murder them, till they saw how
the action with Lirahon would terminate,
and how things would be adjusted. Rajah
Soliman and Lacandola, the chief of Ma.
nila and Tondo, apprehensive that the GoVOL. I.                 L




146       HItSTORY OF THE    CH. VIfo
vernor would punish them for this ill conduct,,retired to Navotas, where they fomented a rebellion. In order to quell this
the Colonel, accompanied by Friar Marin,
set out immediately, and when Lacandola.understood they had. arrived, he sent to
them to request the friar would repair to a
station about three leagues distant, where.all the chiefs were assembled, and where
they were.desirous of treating of a reconciliation with the Spaniards.  The friar.Marin determined to proceed to the station
iwhich they mentioned,. and there he met
all the chiefs, who received him with much
joy, but they could not be persuaded to
see. the Colonel. Lacandola alone abandoned his fears, in consequence of the promise the friar had madehim, and left Navotas with an intention to present himself,
but he found that Juan de Salcedo had
returned, and directed his way to his house.
Salcedo encountered two ranks of armed
mpen on the banks ofthe river, near the house




c CH. VPI. PRitLIPPINE' ISLANDS.  147
" of Lacandola; he boldly went up to them,
and took away their lafces and arrows;
when, Lacandola arriving, he said, "What
is the meaning of this? why: are these men
armed?" The Indian made many excuses,
and promised to wait on the Governor the
day following, in company with the friar
-Marin. The Governor admitted the ex- cuses, and presented Lacandola with a silk
*mantle and a gold chain.. Won over by;-this treatment, Rajah. Soliman, in four
days, presented himself to the Governor,
and the sedition was thus terminated.
-Captain. Rivera subdued the people of
Mindoro with the same facility.
The Governor being relieved from the
anxiety, which the restlessness of the Indians had occasioned, determined to follow
-Limahon to Pangasinan. Hfe found, on
mustering, that the soldiers in Manila
amounted to two hundred, and about two,hundred more were scattered through the;provinces of Bisayas and Camainesw; from
L2




148


i HISTORY OF THE i.Cn:. VTii.


among these he manned the squadron, with
two hundred and fifty Spaniards, and he
added one thousand five hundred friendly
Indians. On the 22d of March 1575, the
Colonel sailed with this armament to Pan-.gasinan, and, on the 29th of the same
month, in the night, arrived in the river
Lingayen.  The day following he sent
Captain Pedro de Chaves to-take possession of the ships belonging to the corsair,
and Captain Gabriel deRivera to reconnoitre his fortifications. Chaves executed
his commission with ease, as the Chinese
fled from their ships, the moment he boarded them. Rivera attacked the works, firing
upon them, and making a dreadful carnage. Limahon, observing what passed,
ordered his men under cover of a grove of
date trees, where they might defend themvselves tmore easily* Captain Chaves sent
assistance to Rivera, and a most sanguinary
engagement commencedb. Rivera at last
routed the Ci-nese, compelling them:to




CmI. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.   -49
retire to their fort, which he would have
scaled, but, finding the palisade too lofty,
he had recourse to the expedient of ordering his men to rush in a body against it,
formed as it was of date trees driven into
the earth. This they did with such force,
that they broke through, opened the gate,
and entered the fort. The Chinese then
retired within the second palisade, which
was the quarter of Limahon. The Spaniards ought to have attacked the inner
fort, before the Chinese had recovered from
their panic; but their avarice prevailed,
and they dispersed themselves through the
different houses, which had been built within
the first palisade, plundering them, without
attempting any thing else. Limahon was
not slow in taking advantage of this error
of the Spaniards, and, attacking them with
four hundred men, he drove them out of
the works with great loss, thus paying
dearly for the indulgence of their habitsof
plunder.  Ashamed of this defet, our




-eO       HIISTO'RY OF-THUE   CHI. VII.
people returned a second time,to the ias-.
sault, when they retook, the first line of
works, but being unable to force the inner
one, they burnt the houses of the Chinese,and going on.board their boats, they retired to where Pedro: de Chaves was posted.
Here, finding one-of the junks unserviceable, she was set fire to, and a retreat of
the whole -body was made good, to, the
post where the Colonel. was stationed, with.
the rest of the armament.
Juan de Salcedo, convinced of the difficulty of taking the fort.by storm, and desirous of being as sparing as possible, of
the lives of his Spaniards, considering the
difficulties they had to encounter,. deter.
mined on attempting to reduce. Limahon.
by fair means.  Having in his: army a
Chinese.who had been established in Manila, he.ordered him to write to Liaahon;
but this. letter.having no effect, he wrote.a
second to the-same purpose. Limahon replied,- that. he was considered a savage




CII. 'I. V PHILIPPINE ISLAIDS.. 131


tiger, whom all were:desirous of catching;
but he assured them, that he should either
kill them, or they him.  The Chinese,
therefore, thus declining every amicable
proposal, the Colonel resolved to throw up
works near to their works, but at such a
distance as to be without the range of the
enemy's artillery. Upon his beginning accordingly to pitch his camp, however, a
shot was fired which passed close to him,
and wounded his aid-de-camp in the leg,
affording him a convincing proof that their
artillery could reach all over the small
island. It was, therefore, deemed necessary to remove the camp to another position,- and to blockade the mouth of the
river to prevent Limahon from escaping,
until the Governor of Manila should determine, whether he. would have the works
taken by assault, or that,'.by means of a
blockade, the Chinese 1should be starved
into- submission. Upon this.retreat of the
Spaniards, Limahon collected the remain



I52       HISTORY OF tHE    CIH. VtI.
ing fragments of the junks, which had been
burnt, and with these built some boats
within the fort. Four months passed in
this manner, when, finding he had no other
resource, Limahon opened a canal to the
river, and, in the night, escaped with all
his people in the small vessels he had constructed. To deceive the Spaniards, and
conquer the difficulties opposed to him in
the mouth of the river, he set fire to a few
small vessels filled with combustibles, and,
ordering a false attack to be made on the
guard, he, in the meantime, escaped; and,
without any obstruction, on the 3d of
August 1575, prosecuted his voyage. During these transactions between Juan de
Salcedo and Limahon, the Augustine friars
held a chapter, and appointed priests in
the towns of Candaba and Macabebe, in
the province of Pampanga, in Bizan, in
the province of Ylocos, and in the island
of Negros. They were not satisfied with
the innumerable converts, they made iul




CH. VII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


153s


these islands, but they became desirous of
attempting the spiritual conquest of the
empire of China. There was at that time
in Manila, a Chinese of the name ofAumon,
who had been sent by the viceroy of Fouquien, in search of Limahon, to promise
him pardon, on the part of the Emperor of
China, if he would cease his depredations.
This Chinese had been to Pangasinan, and
told Juan de Salcedo, that he wished to
see the pirate; but as Salcedo distrusted
the nature of his mission, Aumon deemed
it prudent to return to Manila, where he
paid his court so well to the Governor,
that he delivered him up fifty captives
which had been taken from Limahon.
Aumon was now desirous of returning to
China, and the Augustine friars conceived
this would be a good opportunity, to attempt an establishment there. With' this
view they endeavoured to persuade him, to
take two friars under his protection, which
request the Governor seconded; and, as




.i54 -    HISTORY O THE     CH. VII.
thenews of Salcedo's success against Limahon had, by this time, reached them,
Aumon determined to comply with the
request. The friars Martin de Rada, and
Geronimo'Marin, were nominated for this
undertaking,' and, at the same time,; as
ambassadors from  the Governor, were
the bearers of a letter to the Viceroy of
Fouquien, and another to the Emperor,
which they were ordered to deliver to the
Viceroy, as their directions were not to
proceed beyond that point. But as it was
intended, that these religious should -remain in the province of Fouquien, to propagate the Christian faith, two Spaniards
were sent to bring back the answer to the
embassy. They left Manila on the 2d of
July 1575, and before they returned, the
new Governor of these islands arrived. 
&4  k....... A.. s ). o,;, ia




CH. VIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.      155 '


CHAPTER VII.
ANNO DOM. 1575.
Of the Administration of Don Francisco La
Sande, second Governor of Manila.
DOCTOR Don Francisco La Sande, born
at Caceres in Estremadura,-and Oidor of
Mexico, took possession of this government on the 24th of August 1575. He
instituted an inquiry into the conduct of
his predecessor, and acquitted him of any;
misapplication.of his authority. At the
commencement of La Sande's government,
the, embassy returned from China, and.
proved to have had a favourable issue, as
the Viceroy of Eouquien received them:
with: great respect; and although he could 
not permit the friars to remain in the pro-:
vince, as he had no orders to that effect, 




. ~ ~  U T R   0?. _..U _ Wi  g,g
n c1z" 'utin all in 11is power 1
n hie     adhW is fully appei"ed..0..U 5..fiL SIl 
th anwr whifi ch th Chns.hroI _ u t
ith     i ofFbrary ty  fooJii
byx whic heEmerr appoinled oia
por siin ii  ains, fo cmmria iiter  eit th Spania. heJ Chies
I m m..:.;... ':
ht     iderable prsets, whichthey
*~~~~ n* the         rued.  he n
*  X, j,        0~~* *
ted''tie c tions whi" h    t
-   i by  de:   - i  on, and
S ' _,/'* i*.i.
MEER ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ME   NdXg..... *..,.,  j j........ '.. 1-, '' *._  ':.........t '., 0g 1  S  5' 9*, 9
*:~_$X i'. ',**;htti *:
": ' ^ " '*. '...,,*'.  j.
S i.*:. *:. j Sh, I D i of-   X




.~ ~ s..~.~9~~. ~ ~   a. o.n.....,  W    J A,  7..
iw t  ' an cure theuii wm a
This year, 1576, w- u ropitini js*s tis ' -
e d Pi,.r. or trto in
i j, oe,  ndw
i!.. ' *11 s   t1.5 
AO B. *_;',;iS,jj.......... E _jjvtjh XWO




..
Ia::   us f:f  ei rlthou the nui
* * **   g..r. k...* —** '*.  ' t,.: X:;*'*****^:
*   t *. avail  in s.n the. sujetono
isIi w         af  the of  fol owi..**,,'  *,,,.....j".~~~~              ~ ~~. *  *
y'....... thethea  I f so m.refras }
-1, 111.  1 l  1. i...*.. X.,~ l~l.~l.",,.,5E B..js              
and sevente Franciscns, z on Suthe  A
a  r t         e e e   caa
ri y v r ia num  r of t( vnsth Fran
an S   n th ii  l rs.wit  t ndeUhicz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
d '   z  z  0. '  '   a i
A  ut th time, Qedie.El i,
g a d, nItithe faux  rake w t
ubdu'n  e Mom A   usI iii.i g th
Stit  fMaelnlann la ls  e  I of'
I  - I i;buthe ud   cour m ff i si
I~yuSBltyt o.Zn oY  d givt. in a it
bit         obl z~   
so  Ii nswhchh dicv    d s li............ 
*      l     SW M AJ  e
l:.z.. I g iu th. w. e. i...w. '' 'w.Y 




. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
med|1- a w  ks1. 11Arfvl ngt I._ihe.ega - R.to gather cloves, without perissio
*  fi.1h!s Mi! xtr 
f.m  the Kngof the  land, awhh
mtir t ok grehat* f c  bsut. keha:i
| L j i..... gHhi.I
ad  him presents. he.stipuated fd r the
~sasticc Of their Oar    in a hsli uta
*
rquire it prmitting!thengish to es.. Ie.                   -li.
all.~~~~~~a
blsh fiatoies for colecting c loes and na
gs ad I token of his.it, 
mo tsperb Wug t the Quec    f England
Richy laen wth sicesand Chies mr
ndze which he had capiturediin seidveral
yselot. t  W   in
Tr      wee ke1 r   616 h  1etu a to  ugland, whelre, ~after a varity of disatrh
ar.ived, fling all Europe WIth admiraion
Of t h&Maluahle nature of hI    Tha
s rangea Mi i t not, hly suchm us,
A-1M fbo  Jihu          and 6tdr!.
i  ia   tig  t   M u ca a dn  g
go~ir  islands, the  ovo   sn a 
h. b    t   flW..nstan. 2ce>w s,




6!>0     HISTORY OF THE     CH. VIItt.
became a matter of easy conquest., Sirela,
King of Borneo, had come to Manila, to
solicit the assistance of the Spaniards, in
the recovery of his kingdom, of which he
had been unjustly deprived by his brother;
and he promised, in the event of his success, that the whole of this large island,
should become tributary to Spain. Don
Francisco La Sande, conceiving this a most,
desirable object, and that it would pecessarily lead to the conquest of all the Archipelago of Maluco, determined to go in
person, that he might not lose the favourable opportunity, which now presented
itself,, by replacing Sirela in the posses-.sion of his kingdom.
He sailed from Manila in thirty vessels,
with a large body of Spaniards and friendly
Jndians, and arrived safely at Borneo.
Having entered the river, he proceeded.
along it, until he arrived at the residence of
the usurper, upon which he immediately
directed his artillery, The King, however,




CH. VIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


161


with his troops, gallatitly attacked the
Spaniards, but in a short time, fled in great
disorder, and took refuge in the mountains. The Governor placed his deposed
brother on the throne, and returned to
Manila, where he planned several other
expeditions. He sent a squadron to Jolo
and Mindanao, which reduced these two
islands, and compelled them to pay the
customary tribute to the King of Spain;
but from the great distance they were at
from Manila, and the very limited number
of clergy then in the seat of government, a
sufficiency could not be spared, for the purpose of converting the natives to Christianity,
during the short time these islands were
held. He completed the conquest of the
province of Camarines by means of Captain
Chaves, who founded the city of Nueva
Caceres, close to the town of Naga. The
Augustine friars began their spiritual conquest, but finding their number unequal
to the task, of duly attending the underVOL. I.               M




faW


-- - '15- MTOR  OF Y0 T Il  "  CiL. I t.1 #


taking, they called in to their assistance
the Franciscans, to whom eventually they
ceded this district.
Towards the close of La Lande's go.
vernment, an unpleasant disagreement arose
between the clergy and laity. The factors
had introduced into their respective dis-.
tricts, several abuses, which the clergy would
not countenance. Certain services were
required of the Indians, beyond the stipulated rents, which were extremely vexatious, and which little accorded with the
Christian character. The friars began by
preaching against these abuses, but this
had little effect, and in the end, so many
complaints were made, that it reached the
ears of the King (Philip the Second), who
issued an order, in which lie reproved the
conduct of the factors, and enjoined them,
to pay strict obedience to the instructions
they had received, to confine their imposts
to the stipulated rents alone. The Governor gave every aid to the order of his Ma



CO. VIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


163


jesty, making regulations, by which the Indians might be secured against such encroachments in future.  This, in some
respect, abated the gathering storm, but
tranquillity was never completely restored,
as the avarice of the factors set at defiance
all laws, human and divine.


M 2




164


HISTORY. O THER 


CH. IX.


CHAPTER IX.
ANNO DOM. 1580.
The Administration of Don Ronquillo de
Penalosa, third Governor of Mlanila.
IN April 1580, Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de
Penalosa arrived at the port of Cavite, as
Governor of Manila. He was a nephew of
the famous Judge Ronquillo, who hanged
the Bishop of Zamora. He brought to his
predecessor, the appointment of Oidor of
Mexico, with orders for him to sail by the
first ship, destined for Acapulco. On his
taking possession of his government, his
first step was, to mark out the Chinese
quarter of the town, under the guns of the
fort of Santiago, on the other side of the
river. He sent Captain Rivera to Borneo,
again to re-establish on his throne the le.
gitimate King Sirela, who had a second




gHI. IX.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


165


time been deprived of it by his brother,
with the assistance of a Portuguese Captain, of the name of Brito. Rivera executed his commission without delay, and
returned to Manila, after having placed
Sirela in peaceable possession of his kingdom. This was judged to be the fittest
opportunity, for bringing the Moluccas under the Spanish dominion, and the Gover —
nor began to make preparations for the
enterprize, for, in addition to the customary enmity between the courts of Portugal and Castile, he had received positive instructions from Philip the Second, to effect
this object. Circumstances, however, compelled him to postpone it till the year following, as several matters of consequence,
in these islands, required his presence, particularly in the province of Cagayan, where
a Japanese pirate had established himself,
with a great many followers and vessels.
Pablo Carrion dislodged the Japanese, but
not without great loss on the side of the




i66~


IIISTORiY OF THE ci.


CIR. -SEr


Spaniards, as the former, rather than be
taken prisoners, preferred dying bravely,
with arms in their hands. The pirate thus
dislodged, the Governor founded the city
of Nueva Segovia, close -to the Indian
towVn of Lalo, and the city of Arivalo, in
the island of Panay, in memory of his na*
tive- province.
The year following, 1582, an expedition
sailed to the Moluccas, commanded by
DoA Sebastian Ronquillo, a nephew of the
Governor, who took with him Pablo de
Lima, married to a niece of the King of
Tidore, and who, in her right, laid claim
to several towns, of which she had been unjustly deprived by the King of Ternate.
De Lima was likewise appoointed Governor
of Ternate, when it should be subdaue~d by
the Spaniards, and all these considerations
contributed, to induce him to give every
aid to this-expedition. The squadron arrived at the island of 'Motiel, and making
an easy conquest of it, the,1tivft.re recog-.




CHf. IX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     167
nized Pablo de Linma as their chief. From
this island, the Spaniards proceeded on
their voyage to Ternate, where the Indians
seemed determined, to throw every impediment in the way of their disembarkation;
but the resistance was of short duration,
as the Spaniards contrived to draw them
into the interior, and to plant their artillery against the town, without which expedient nothing could have been done.
They laid regular siege to the town, and
were on the point of taking it, when a disorder in the intestines began to rage among
them, which occasioned such mortality,
that they were compelled to break up, their
enterprize, and return to the Philippines.
During these transactions in Ternate, the
Christians in Manila, found out new objects for mutual hostility. Besides the
provinces which 1 have mentioned, which
the Augustine friars had been the means
of reducing to obedience, they liad distributed priests in Pangasinan, in Cagayan,




168       HISTORY OF THE     CH. IXe
and in the two provinces of Misames and
Caraga, in the island of Mindanao, which
are the only two in this large island, acknowledging subjection to the Spaniards.
The factor of Mindanao, whose name was
Bias de la Serna, treated the Indians with
great severity, and lived a scandalous life,
highly prejudicial to the cause of Christianity.
The friar whom the Augustines had
placed there, admonished him repeatedly
to alter his course of life; but as his conduct
became more reprehensible every day, the
friar, unable to bear it longer, was under
the necessity of excommunicating him.
The factor, in revenge for (as he termed
it) his impudence, publicly beat him. At
this time the Bishop of Manila was Don
Fr. Domingo de Salazar, who had arrived
at Manila in March, 1581, with two Jesuits,
who were the first of the order in these
islands. On the 21st of December, he
erected the church into a cathedral, ap



C-. IX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    169
pointing proper prebends and dignitaries,
and forming municipal authorities for its
due government. This nobleman was highly
attentive to the rights of the clergy. He
took up the affair with the factor very
warmly, and did not relax in his exertions,
until he saw him at Manila undergo the
punishment, imposed on him by the sentence of the church, and which he had so
well merited.
The whole body of factors being alarmed, and fearing this would be much to their
prejudice, persuaded the Governor, to withdraw from the clergy, the Indians who had
been given to them for their own service,
and that of the church. The Spaniards well
inclined to the factors, seconded this ad.
vice, and they, in conjunction, commenced
a cruel persecution against the Augustine and Franciscan friars. But Pedro de
Chaves, Amador de Arriaran, Juan de
Morenos, Antonio Savedra, Miguel de
Lorca, Francisco de la Cueba, Esteban




170


HISTORY OF TIcE


Ct. TIX,


Rodrigoeze de Figueroa, and other factors,
whod had seen, of how much importance
the friars were, in the conquest and retention of these islands, came over to their
party, and defended them against the at'
tack thus nade on them, proving satisfactorily, that without the assistance of
the clergy, the factors would never have
received even their rents.
The Governor, Don Gonzalo Ronquillo,
was deeply afflicted at those disputes, so
much at variance with his character, and
with the anxiety of his views, for the happiness and prosperity of these islands. His
whole mind, indeed, was occupied in the
consideration, of what might contribute to
these ends, and to the aggrandizement of the
Spanish name; but unhappily persuading
himself, that his honour was commlitted by
these dissensions, he became affected by a
deep melancholy, to which he was a prey
during six months, and to which he fell a
sacrifice in the month of March, 1585, be



Ce. IX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


171


fore he completed his third year as Gover,
nor. He was interred in the church of St.
Augustine, and to do him honour, more
tapers than usual being burnt, the roof of
the church was set on fire, which in a few
hours communicated so generally, that the
greater part of the city was destroyed, with
immense loss of lives and property.
By the death of Don Gonzalo, his
kinsman, Don Diego Ronquillo, succeeded
as Governor ad interim, being nominated
as such in the royal order. The new Governor directed all his attention, to the rebuilding of the city, assisting personally in
the public works, and paying particular
attention, to the restoration of the houses,
belonging to the inhabitants. Such dilil
gence was used, that in a short time, the
city was completely re-established. Many
of the inhabitants, lost almost all their property in this fire; and the disaster, though
of sufficient magnitude, was swelled into a




172       HISTORY OF THE     CH. IX.
most dreadful picture, by the ship going to
Acapulco, but which had been forced by
stress of weather into China. It is inconceivable, in what consternation, the inhabitants of the islands in the neighbourhood of
Manila, arrived to their assistance. Don
Diego Ronquillo immediately sent to China
the factor of the royal works, Juan Butista
Roman, with orders to chastise those, who
had been the cause of spreading this report,
and to despatch, at any expense, a ship
to New Spain, with a true statement of the
extent of the mischief. The factor performed his commission with such efficacy,
that the ship he despatched, returned the
year following from Acapulco, in company
with another; and in these ships came the
new Governor and the Royal Audience.
The government of Don Diego had lasted
only one year, but, though short, it was of
great importance to the settlement.
He reduced to obedience in the island




C1. IX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


173


of Layte, and the province of Pangasinan,
some towns which refused to pay the usual
tribute, and he effectually suppressed symptoms of sedition in the other provinces,
and which took their rise in the ill treatment of the factors. The factors entertained the idea, that the Indians whom
they had found on their lands, ought to be
considered in the light of slaves in every
respect, and compelled them to work, appropriating all the wages of their labour to
their own use, by which means they enjoyed all the luxuries of life, and even accumulated fortunes. To such a height had
these abuses been raised, that a reform
was absolutely necessary. The Governor
bestowed particular attention on this subject, punishing those who were culpable,
and watching over the general good. The
result of this was, that many Indians who
before had fled to the mountains, returned
to the towns, and paid the tribute settled




by    i government, either: i silver,o in~ the
produce of the land they cultivated. By
these desirab arrangemets,   the royal revenue was improved, and the jnterest of
the factors sO mutch injured- by their own
avarice, that from hence arose the proverb,
"A arice; bum  the sawck." 




OJL#'41  PU141?- p,INE xsL4, PS.


CLIAPTERi X.
AN NO, DM1584.
The Administration of Doni Santiago de Verd,;
-fourth Governor of Manila.
Tiup. Governor, Don Gonzalo- Ronquillo,
had sent to Madrid Captain Gabriel R-i..
-eato solicit several objects, -necessary
to the general welfare of these islands, and
-in particular, that a Royal Audience "Should
be established there, as it wa's extremely
disadvantageous and embar'rassing, to 'be
obliged to have -recourse to that of Me6xico4,
The King granted this request, and sent
Don Santiago' de Vera, of Alcala de, He.
nare, asGoverno'r and. President, of the
Royal Audience,; 'and DonMeichort e
Avalo, and Don Pedro deRoxas, as oidre!
elf fit", Thb thirao,D   Ai~Oi   i




176       IIISTO1tY OF THE'   Cli. Xe
vera, arrived two years afterwards. Doni
Gaspar de Ayala was nominated fiscal.
Don Santiago took possession of his government May, 1584, and immediately
formed the Royal Audience, bearing the
royal signet with much ostentation, under
a canopy, from the convent of St. Angus.
tine, to the palace. The Chancellor was
Gabriel de Rivera, who arrived this year,
with the title of Mariscal of the lake of
Bombon., Immediately that. Don Santiago
took possession of his government, he put
in force the orders which he had received
from the King, to chastise those factors,
who had abused ethe authority, they derived from  the possession; of the lands
gran-ted, them. lie began, by dispossessing
Bartoleme ~de Ledesma, factor ~of Abuyo,
and others the most culpable, punishing
the Test in proportion- to their irregularities,
after: full co6nviction of their-deinquency.
In the following year, 1585, he sent Juan
de" Morones and Pablo  Lde'Lima' w-iAth ia,




C1. X.t  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


177


powerful squadron, to reduce the Moluccas
under the Spanish dominion, but it re'
turned to Manila with similar disgrace to
the preceding one, without being able to
take possession of the fortifications of Ternate. The Governor was much chagrined
at the ill success of this expedition, and
was desirous of repeating the attempt, conformable to the positive instructions received from the King to that effect; but
he was not able to execute it, as the troops
from New Spain had not arrived, and, independent of this, the insurrections of the
Indians were of too formidable a nature,
for they lost no opportunity which presented itself of breaking the yoke of the
Spaniards. Those of Pampangos and Ma*
nila entered into a conspiracy with the
Moors of Borneo, who had ostnsibly come
there for the purpose of traffic.  They
formed the plan of traitorously entering the
town in the night, setting fire to it, and
killing in the confusion all the Spaniards
VOL. I,                N




A7        1hISTORY OF THIE    C..X 
This conspiracy was discovered by a female
Indian, married to a Spanish soldier. The
Governor checked it in its commencement, imprisoning many, and severely
punishing others by way of example. The
islands of Samar, Ybabao, and Leyte,
were likewise far from being in a state of
tranquillity, and the factor of Dagani, a
town of Leyte, had nearly lost his life
by the Indians, in the collection of the
tribute paid in wax, and which he had attempted to levy by a measure, containing
double the usual quantity. This comrn
pelled him to fly for safety to the mountains, and he passed from thence in a boat
to the island of Zebu. The Governor sent
Captain Lorenzo de la Mota to quell these
disturbances, which he soon did by promising to punish the delinquent.
Among the calamities which happened
during this government, the loss of the
ship Santa Anna was not the least; she was
Qn her way, richly laden, to Acapulco, and




CH. Xi PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.       179
tvas taken by the English. Cavendisli, ain
English pirate, emulous df the fame of
Drake, having equipped five ships, with
the assistance of Queen Elizabeth, took
his departure for this quarter of the world;
and having committed many acts of hostility on the coasts of Brazil and Peru, he
arrived at Molucca, where he procured
every information respecting the produce of
the Philippines, and the rich cargoes which
every year were sent from these islands to
Acapulco. Well instructed, likewise, in
the tract observed by our galleons, he
sailed for the coast of California, to lie in
wait for the annual ship destined for New
Spain. In due time the Santa Anna, as
is customary, made her appearance on
that coast, in prosecution of her voyage to
Acapulco, and fell into the hands of the
English without any resistance, being quite
unprepared. 
The English having made themselves
masters of this valuable prize, directed their
N 2




1~80      UtISTORY OF TIE     cII,. XJ
course to thec Philippines, and arriving at
-the island!of Panay,. where we bad a ship.in the dock of Yloylo, an attempt waS
made to -burn her, but it was rendered i'leffectual by Captain Lorenzo de LCimas,,
who made a vigorous resistance, with such
soldimers atid Indians, as he was able to cob
~1ect in the province.  Abandoning this
"object, the English commander sent a lete
ter to the Governor, to apprize him of the
capture he had made of the Santa Anna,
and to inform him he, should return frequently to those seas. He departed from
Panay for the Cape of Good Hope, from
whene= he sailed fbr England, and arrived
laden with such riches, that his name became more renowned than ever was that
of'Francis, Drake.
in the year 1589no ship was despatched
~to Ni~ew Spain; tb~r twoh which had been
equipped for this voyage, were lost in the
port of Civite in a dreadful storm, which
happened on 'St. Pete' Day. About 'the




CH 4X. PHI LXPPINE ISLANDS.


'p181


fame time many insurrections of the Inp
dians took place, and in particular, those
of Cagayan, who were always very troublesome, murdered many Spaniards  Those
likewise, in the valley of Dingras, in the
province of Ylocos, resisted the collections
of tribute, and murdered six people frona
the city of Fernandina, who were travelling
through their towns. Don Santiago quelled
these tumults, and restored tranquillity, by
duly mingling punishment Jwith clemency.
He likewise constructed a strong fort of
stone, where the royal gate now stands;
he removed to Manila the foundery which
was hitherto in Santa Anna; and cast some
artillery, with the assistance of an Indian
of Pampango. He founded an hospital
for the Spaniards: but the principal mover
of this pious act was Don Luis de Vivanco, who, jointly with his wife, endowed it,
and appropriated it to the reception and
cure of the sick., The Governor divided
several portions of land among those sol



i82      -  tsL'Y Ot -P TtHII    H. x4.
diers and sailors who deserved it most, and
conducted himself in the exercise of his
authority, so much to the general satisfaction, that his character as an excellent Go.vernor was established by the declaration
of the licentiate Herber del Corral, who,was bdief judge on -the occasion of passing:his trial of approbation.




0=~;XI*. P.HLLIPIN-R ISLAN-PS.,CHAPTR XL
ANlNO, DOM. 14,90.
The. Admiinistratio'n of Gomez Perez Dama
r'inas, -the fif-th Governor caf Manila.
THEB clergy of Manila about this ppriod,
sent to, the -court of Madrid and Rom-e the
Friar -Sanches, a Jesuit, under the pretence
ofSoliciting some objects, for the spiritual
ats well as temporal 'welfare of the-se islands-.,
Arrivi~ng at Madrid, "he petitioned that the
Royal- A.udien'ce -should be removed., and
that Gomev, Perez Dasmarin-ias, anol
Galician knight, of the order -of Santiago,
Corregidor of Logrono, should be, sent a's
Governor. This nobleman arritved ~at Maw
nila in- May 1 590,: ia one of the two ships
which. the- Viceroy o>f Mexico. had,, -de~ipatched, 'and, in- which he, had,. sent. fouzr




184


1T3 HIISTORT70r THE  C.x "'


SCH. XI2


hundred troops, a supply, by this time
highly requisite in the islands. The other
ship which accompanied her struck on a
shoal, close in with the land of Maranduque, and. was lost, but all the people
were saved, The King gave the new Governor, as a salary, ten thousand Castile
ducats out of the royal revenue of New
Spain, and which was remitted annually
to the Philippines.
He brought an order that the proceeds
ings of the Royal Audience should be sus&
pended; and in performance of this, the
year following, the Oidores composing it
embarked for Mexico; the Oidor Roxas
alone remaining, as the ad interim success
sor of othe Governor. The Bishop, who
had some disagreement with the Governor,
feeling the importance. of the Royal Au,
dience, as the only tribunal capable of
curbing the: power of the Governor, and
persuading himself it was not safe, to trtst
in the hands of one:man. th,uncoatrollle




r'C. Xl. PI LIPPI NE ISLANDS. 


183


erexcise of authority, in a country so remote
firom the seat of government, it was his in.
tention to proceed to New Spain, with a
view to procure the re-establishment of the
Royal Audience in Manila, and on various.
affairs of his bishopric. The Governor, that
he might not effect his purpose, would not
allow him to embark with the Oidores; apd
the Bishop in the mean time contented
himself, with giving full powers and instructions to the Augustine Friar Ortiga,
who was going to Madrid, to appear to any
allegations which might be preferred against
him. In the short time this government
lasted, great undertakings were performed;
such as building a wall of stone round
Manila, erecting the fort of Santiago, and
furnishing it with good artillery.  The
royal magazines in: Manila and Cavite
were built, and the asylum of Santa Potenciana was erected for the maintenance,
at the cost of the state, of a certain number of young persona, daughters of de




186


HIISTORY OF TIE i  CH. XI.


ceased military offiders, until they should
be married.  The Governor established
among the different religious orders, a; salutary ecclesiastical control over the Indians,
assigning to each order their different towns
and provinces, and converting the colony
into a complete republic; supplying every
defect in the government; and putting the
whole in a respectable state of defence, by
means of his four hundred regular soldiers,
divided into detachments.
Among the natives of many adjacent
islands which traded with Manila, those
of Japan, in particular, brought the richest
merchandize for the consumption of the
colony, and for the commerce with Aca-.
pulco. A keen and able man of this nation, named Faranda Kicmon, who had
renegaded from the faith, persuaded Taycosama, Emperor of Japan, to send an embassy to Manila; and promised him, that if
he would give him the commission, he
would procure him to be acknowledged




CH. XI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


187


King of Manila, and that a regular and
lucrative commerce, might be established
between the two nations. The Emperor
gave credit to his representations, and despatched him with letters to the Governor,
claiming the vassalage of the Philippines,
The Governor received this embassy, and
replied to it immediately, without bringing
into question the point of vassalage, by
proposing to establish a commercial intercourse; sending for this purpose, the Franciscan Friars Pedro Bautista, Francisco de
San Miguel, Bartholome f and Gerardo
de San Miguel, who likewise had determined to avail themselves of this opportunity, to establish themselves in that kingdom to preach the gospel: he likewise sent
with them a Portuguese of the name of
Carvallo, and they bore a handsome present to the Emperor.  Notwithstanding
many malicious falsehoods which Faranda
had circulated, Taycosama received the.friars with much courtesy, and granted




Ib~~e   HISTORY OF T~HE     "H   t
them. permissioa -to remain in his kingdom,
treating them with much respect in the first
instan ce, although, at a, subsequent, period,
he, murdered them. About, this thne~am*
bassadors from. the Kingr of Camboa ar~rived,Iwith two elephants, as a present to
the. Governor.; -and endeavoured to, engage
him, to grant- them assistance. against the
King-,of Siam, who had commenced hostir
lities against them.  The. Governor ant:
swered~ the King of Camboa, with another.present, giving Ithem  great hopes,, but,
levading 'immediate assistance, on the plea
that his projected expedition toa the -Moo.
-Juccas reured. all his re sources, however
desirous, he was, of giving the, aid- theyde
moanded&
Th at this epdition  ih not turn- out
-as the former had -done, Gomez'Perez Daso.
rnariias- determined to accompany it ia
person.., He sailesd, from  Cavite. on the
19th of Ocoe159$i and, arriving off
Santiago, encountered a strpng gale from




Cr. XI.; PHILIaPPINE ISLANDS.    189
the eastward, and the, whole of the' fleet
was separated, his own ship alone remaining: this compelled him to anchor at
Brimstone Cape, to effect which he was
obliged to have recourse to his boats, on
account of the great variety of currents
The Chinese, to the number of one hundred
and fifty, though able to pull at the oar;
assisted but very little; and the Governor
abused them for the little exertion they
made.   These people resented this ill.
treatment; and considering themselves as
superior in force to the few Spaniards in
the ship, conceived the design of murdering them the same evening. Whilst the
Spaniards took their siesta (or afternoon
nap), little dreaming of the designs of the
Chinese, the, latter commenced their car;
nage by killing the Governor, and all those
who were not able to effect their escape in
the launch, orby swimming, sparingg orily
Friar Montilla, a Franciscan, and Juan do
Cuellar, secretary to the Governor, whom




190


ISTORY, OP~.61~ THt,. - I 


they took with them, After this massacre
they sailed for China, and passing by Ylot
cos, they entered the port of Sinay to water,
where the Indians fell on them, and killed
twenty of their number. The following
day they disembarked in another port; and
actuated by superstitious motives, sacrificed one of the native converts, in revenge
for the slaughter the Indians had made the
day before, and by which sacrifice, they
expected to propitiate their gods in favour
of their voyage. They tied him to a cross,
and opening his chest, took out his heart,
which they offered to their idols. They
then made sail, and coasted for several
days: they resolved to set on shore Friar
Montilla, Secretary Cuellar, and those
Philippine Indians who had been their
shipmates. They then proceeded to Cochin China, where, in the end, they received, the punishment due 'to- theit
crimes.'Ge              rnr the 
On the death of the Governor the Li




CiI. XI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     191
centiate Rosas succeeded to the command;
and immediately despatched two ships in
search of the Chinese, under the'command
of Don Juan Ronquillo. They made enquiry in several ports; but not being able
to gain information respecting their route,
they returned without effecting their object. That they might not, however, remain without punishment for such atrocious crimes, and supposing that the
Chinese might have taken shelter in the
province of Chancheo in China, of which
they were natives, he sent Don Fernando
de Castro, to solicit of the Viceroy of that
province, due satisfaction against the aggressors. Unable, however, to reach that
destination, he was, by the interposition of
divine Providence, compelled to bear away
for Cochin China, where, on his arrival, he
found the murderers had retired. iHe
communicated his business to the King,
and the whole of them were imprisoned
and executed. Some of those, likewise;




w9?


9H ISTORY OF THE  OHC. XIl


rhom the Portuguese Governor of Molucca, had sert on the expedition with the
Chinese, were hanged in Manila. The
whole, however, affording small consolation
for the melancholy catastrophe which had
taken place.
Forty days after the death of the G o
vernor, Friar Montilla and Secretary Cuel
lar arrived at Manila, after having suffered many severe hardships, and being
brought out for death repeatedly, whilst
they were with the Chinese. The deceased
Governor had given in charge to these gen.
tlemen a trunk, to be delivered to his son
Luis Perez Dasmarinas; and on opening
it, papers of great importance were found:
among the rest, a royal order, by which he
had the power to nominate lis successor,
in virtue of which he named his own son
Ltiis. At first Luis found some difficulty
in being acknowledged as such, the Licentiate Roxas being firmly seated, and iun
willing to deliver up his authority, for




CI,. XI. PHtLIPPINE ISLANb S.. 193


which he had begun to entertain, a great
attachment; he, however, on the 3d of December, in the same year, left Luisi in
quiet possession.
The new Governor wasi desirous of
sending another expedition tot Molucca,
but desisted from it at that time from prudential motives. It was fortunate that he
formed this resolution, as in this case, Manila would have been left with only a few
troops, and exposed to another attack from;
the Chinese, on whom little reliance could.
be placed. Indeed, there was reason to.
suspect they had something of that nature
in contemplation, as many junks about
this time arrived with Mandarins in them,
and the cause of their appearance? was
never ascertained. They landed very fre,.
quently, and visited the Governor, but did:
not attempt any- thipg, nor could he com-.
prehend their object; most fortunately,
however, at this moment, arrived the two~:
VOL..                 0o




194


HISTORY OF THE


CH'. XI.


ships which sailed this year from Acapulco,
bringing a sufficient force with them, to
resist enemies more powerful than the
Chinese.
Our historians have, with great minuteness, stated the losses and arrivals of the
ships which are sent to New Spain, on ac.
count of their being so interesting to these
islands, which depend upon them for
their subsistence, and, of course, their loss
or arrival occasions a very general sensation. There is no reason to think, that these
misfortunes are to be attributed to the difficulty of the passage, nor to stormy weather, so much as to the ignorance of the
pilots, who are chosen without examination as to their nautical skill, the bad construction of the ships, their sailing out of
season, and too heavily laden. These are,
unquestionably, the principal causes of
their failure; and it is a pity it is not reredied, for it is with justice affirmed, that




CH. XI. PHIIPPINE ISLANDS.


195


the avarice and knavery of some rich people, have buried in the ocean many millions of dollars.
In the year following, the same two
vessels again made this voyage, and Seinor
Morga came in one, as successor to the late
Governor, but this nobleman was afterwards promoted to be Oidor of Mexico,
where he wrote the history of the Philippines. There came likewise in these ships,
a sufficient number of troops, sent by the
Viceroy of Mexico. Don Luis Dasmariias was now, therefore, enabled to give
the King of Camboxa that relief which his
father had promised.  He likewise despatched an expedition to the island of
Mindanao; and he quelled an insurrection
in some of the provincial towns which had
revolted, and refused to pay the tribute,
particularly those in Cagayan -and Zambales. He did many praiseworthy actions,
and governed with more approbation than
his father, possessing greater abilities, at
o2




196       HISTORY OF THE     CH;. X:I..
the same time that he was more affable.
to all.
In the month of February 1596, the flag.
ship of the squadron of Alvaro Mendana
de Neyra arrived at Cavite.  He had
sailed from Callao, the port of Lima, with
four ships, to colonize the islands of Salmon; and having begun his new settlement in the island of Negros, near New
Guinea, he died there, and his wife, Dona
Isabela Barreto, at the instigation of the.
people, left the colony, and came in his
ship to Manila. The Governor received
her with great attention, and gave her every
assistance, to enable her to return to New
Spain.
An important establishment was now
founded here, called the Pious Work of
Mercy, which originated with a clergyman of the name of Losa, and. who, together with Captain Esquerra, an inha-.
bitant of Manila, employed themselvesin
collecting:.donations for this purpose; and




CH. XI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


r97


their exertions were so successful, that they
were soon enabled to build the college of
Santa Isabel, where many female orphans
are maintained, and on whom marriage
portions are bestowed. In emulation of
this pious work, many others were endowed
in the convents, and in the cathedral. The
projectors traded with their funds to
China, Batavia, the coast of Coromandel,
and Acapulco, the produce of which was
destined to be employed in like manner
as above, in hospitals, dowers to orphan
females, in ransoming children in China20,
and for masses for souls in purgatory, reserving part of it for the annual increase
of the funds of these pious establishments,
and to alleviate the distresses occasioned
by the losses of the annual ships, of which
they thus became the assurers to a certain
extent. Such establishments may be useful
to new settlers, since the parties desirous
of commercial pursuits, may, if they pos,
sess any credit, be certain of meeting in




198        HISTORY OF THE     CHI. -XI.
these resources a' capital with which they
may trade. I am not of opinion, however,
that they are very useful to these islands,
generally speaking, because the rich merchants, who have sufficient capital, employ
it in objects attended with no risk, and
in their store-houses, and trade with that
which they draw from  this charity, by
which they escape the chance of loss. If
there had not, unfortunately we may say,
been this resource, no doubt some mode
would have been resorted to, of insuring
the Acapulco adventures, at less than the
pious foundations have been in the habit of
contributing, and which often exceeds fifty
per cent., and never falls below twenty per
cent. Like all other adventures managed
by a public body, there is never such strict
economy as when under the control of
individuals, whose interests are involved in
the result.
-.,,S. '   - ','.




CH. XII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


199


CHAPTER XII.
ANNO DOM. 1596.
The Administration of Don Francisco Tello
de Gusman, the fourth Governor of Manila.
THE news of the death of Dasmarinas,
reached Madrid through the medium of
India, and immediately the King sent as
his successor Don Francisco Tello de Gusman, Knight of the order of Santiago,
born at Seville, who had been treasurer
of the Indies. He arrived at Manila the
1st of June 1596, and the following month
despatched the ship San Philip to Acapulco; but she encountered in her voyage
heavy gales, was dismasted, and lost her
rudder, and having no other resource,




10oo0:HISTORY OF TIHE  CH. XII.


bore away for Japan, where the relief she
sought was denied, except on the condition
of her entering the port of Urando; in effecting which she touched on a sand bank,
and made so much water, that she was under the necessity of being unloaded. The
Governor, allured by the prospect of such
rich booty, immediately conceived the design of making himself master of the vessel
and cargo, and accordingly secured it in
the royal store-houses, sending information, to the Emperor Taycosama, that the
Captain having given a false representation
of the matter, he had proceeded against
him according to law, and had secured
the whole of the property. By this means
he so warped the whole affair, that the
cargo was condemned, and a prosecution
was commenced, in the progress of which
those Franciscan friars fell martyrs, who
had come to this kingdom in quality:of
ambassadors., T~ayosanma named one of the four prin.




ICIH. XII. PIILIPPINE ISLANDS.


"201


cipal Governors of his kingdom, called.Uximonoxo, to take charge of the ship, in
order that the cargo might be delivered
up; for our Captain, Don Mathias Landecho, had petitioned the Emperor, sending two Spaniards and two friars, of those
he had in the ship, with a present worth
twenty thousand dollars, to soften him, and,
if possible, to obtain justice. Upon their
arrival at Meaco, the court of the Emperor,
they applied to the Franciscan friars,
who, by their experience in this city, they
conceived, could procure a favourable reception to their application. The Franciscans judged itbetter to apply to Ximonoxo, another of the four Governors; but
this crafty Japanese, possessing more abilities than the friars, deceived the whole of
them, found means to make them deliver
up the present of the Emperor to him,
offering to give them a letter to Uximonoxo, which they agreed to, and acceded
to his wishb  The Spaniards returned


/




202


HISTORY OF THE'


CH. XII.


quite content with this letter; but it was
the letter of Uriah, the Hittite, for immediately they delivered it, Uximonoxo imprisoned them. When they found out the
deceit, they sent the Friar Guivara to
Meaco, to procure their liberty from the
other Governors, and, with the assistance
of the Franciscan friars, attempted to
get an audience of the Emperor, to explain to him the conduct of his Governors;
but Uximonoxo was too crafty for them,
prejudicing the Emperor against the friars,
through the medium of the Bonzos, who
are priests of their idols, to whom he
suggested the propriety'of complaining
against them, because they propagated a
new doctrine against the gods, which must
be prejudicial to the state.
Taycosama, who began to be desirous
of keeping possession of the merchandize
of the wrecked vessel, imprisoned the Franciscan friars, on pretence of their having
preached the gospel of Christ against his




CHI. XII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


203


command; and likewise pretended that they
were employed as spies by the Spaniards,
and that, with these views, they had quitted their own country. He now openly
seized the property saved, and condemned
the friars to death. With them the following
were comprehended in this sentence; the
Friars Pedro Bautista, Francisco Blanco,
Gonsalo Garcia, Francisco de San Miguel,
Martin de la Asumpcion, together with
Phelipe de Jesus, who was going in that
ship to New Spain to be ordained, and
had resided with his brethren since his
arrival in Japan. These six Franciscan
friars, with three Japanese Jesuits, and
seventeen Japanese laymen, who professed
Christianity, all shared the same fate. They
were paraded through the streets of Meaco,
with their left ears cut off, and then marched
above two hundred leagues into Nangasaqui, where they suffered martyrdom,
by being placed on crosses, and put to
death with lances. This transaction took




204


HISTORY OFTHE  CH. XII.


place on the 5th of February 1597, in the
presence of Senor Martinez, a Jesuit Bishop, many other Jesuits and Franciscan
friars, and the Spaniards lately arrived in
that ship, and who returned to Manila,
after suffering many hardships, and certified what] they had witnessed on this
occasion.
Immediately on the death of these
martyrs being made known in Manila, the
Governor sent two Spaniards and an Augustine friar, to solicit their bodies, and
complain to the Emperor of the ill treatment which the Spaniards had experienced
in regard to their ship, contrary to the
treaty which had been made with the government of Manila. They likewise had
instructions, to procure the establishment
of commercial regulations for the future;
and to pave the way for these views, they
took with them a present of an elephant,
an animal seldom seen in Japan. Taycosama was delighted with this present, and




CH. XII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.,05 '


he esteemed it the more, as it knelt threes
times in his presence, on a certain signal
being made to it. He received the ambassadors with great cordiality, and pleaded,
the laws of the empire, in justification of
the conduct which had been observed, with
regard to the ship and cargo; but made a
promise, for the second time, of protection
to the commerce of the Spaniards, assuring
them that these vexations should never be
repeated, and despatched them with a present to the Governor, together with the
relicts of the martyred saints. The Spaniards had little confidence in the duration
of this good understanding, for Faranda
incessantly instigated the Emperor to commence hostilities on Manila, promising to
reduce the whole of the islands to his obedience. The four Governors of the kingdom seconded the representations of Faranda, and measures were adopted with the
view of carrying them into effect by collecting an armament; but the chief men of




206,


HO ISTORY OP THII    CH. XII.


the country, who considered Faranda as a
despicable character, much retarded this
scheme.- It was at first understood in
Manila, that this armament was directed
against the island of Formosa, as the first
step towards the conquest of the Philippines. Our Governor took every precaution, and among others, sent an embassy
to Canton, as the Chinese were the ancient
enemies of the Japanese; and it was their
interest to prevent the latter from making
this conquest: nothing of this, however,
was eventually necessary, as Taycosama
died, and peace immediately followed,
While this was passing in Japan, the
two expeditions which Luis Dasmarifas
had sent to Camboxa and Mindanao were
proceeding in their operations; that which
went to Camboxa began successfully, but
it was afterwards completely ruinetd by
Major Juan Gallinato, and returned to
Manila without effecting any thing. Don
Luis Dasmaritias having pledged himself




CH. XII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


207


for the success of this expedition, armed,
at his own cost, two ships and a galiot,
and with the approbation of the Governor,
left Manila for Camboxa, and in a little
time after arrived at China, at the port of
Pinae, twelve leagues distant from Canton,
where he encountered the Governor of
Malacca, took him prisoner, and returned
to Manila. His galiot arrived at Cagayan,
and proceeded on his voyage to Camboxa,
where he found the King re-established
on his throne by the Portuguese, Cabos
Diego Belloso and Bias Ruiz. The other
two Spanish ships also arrived there, and an
attempt was made to establish themselves
in that kingdom; but although the King
seemed to desire it, they were compelled
to abandon the project, as it was opposed
by his step-mother, and the Malays had
already freed themselves from the control
of the Portuguese by the murder of Belloso
and Ruiz; indeed a few only had escaped,




208,


tlISTORY O0F THE -. CH. X1t.

with Captain Juan de Mendoza, in- his,
ship.
In Mindanao, Captain Figueroa, whhao
had the charge of this expedition, and who
bore, by the King's order, the title of
Marquis of what he might conquer, arrived.;
at Buhayen, where the Moors had some
fortifications, from whence he retired to the
kingdom of Tamoncaca, whose King was
in amity with the Spaniards. The Selor
Salazar having come out about this time
to see the Royal Audience re-established,
the ecclesiastical establishment was likewise arranged, the first Archbishop being
the Seior himself. He, however, scarcely
enjoyed his dignity three months, as, in;
August in the same year, he died of a dysentery. There had come with him Friar
Pedro de Agurto,- of the order of St. Augustine, first Bishop of Zebu, and Senor
Benevides, of the order of the-Dominicans,
first Bishop of New Segovia. In the same,?




iH. XII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


209


year the Oidores arrived, who were to form
the Royal Audience, the President of it
being the Governor. The chief Oidor was
Morga, nominated as successor ad interim
to the Governor. The others were Don
Christoval Telles Altnanza, Alvaro Zambrano, and Geronimo de Salazar. In eight
days after their arrival, the Royal seal being carried with much pomp to the cathedral, and from thence to the palace, the
Royal Audience was, by this ceremony,
considered as fully established.
In the garrison of Caldera, Juan Pacho
had remained as Governor, and being of
an active disposition, he attempted to reduce the natives of Jolo, on which island
he landed immediately after a storm of
rain, and attacking them, was killed, with
the greater part of his people. The residue
retreated to Caldera,; but in consequence
of this defeat, the natives of Jolo and of
Mindanao, with fifty Caracoas, invaded:
the islands of Zebu, Negros, and Panay,
VOL. I.                P




I'210


2  HISTORY OF THE" CH. XII.


pillaging -and burning the towns, and
making many prisoners. In the following
year, 1590, they repeated the attack, and
the natives retiring to the mountains; refused to quit them again, as the Spaniards
were unable to protect them. Those in
particular of the island of Panay were most
pertinacious, and would not come near the
town, as one of their priestesses had asserted, that the Spaniards were in league
with the Moors, and had been the cause of
these hostilities for years back. It cost the
friars a great deal of trouble, to eradicate
the effects of the impression, made by this
means on the minds of the Indians, but at
length they succeeded, and the towns were
re-occupied.
To chastise these insults of the Moors,
the Governor sent Juan Gallinato, with
two hundred Spaniards, t Jolo; but after
making an attempt to possess himself of a
fort, which the King "of Jolo had on; a
lofty hill, he returned to Manilah with



C:H. XII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,:i  1


out having effected any thing of consequence.
From that time to the present, the
Moors have not ceased to infest our colofnies. It is incredible what a number of
Indians they have made prisoners, what
towns they have plundered, what villages
they have annihilated, and what ships they
have taken. I am inclined to think, that
Providence permits this as a punishment
on the Spaniards, for delaying the conquest
for no less a period than two hundred
-years 1, notwithstanding the expeditions
and fleets, that have almost annually been
sent to attempt it. On the first arrival
of the Spaniards in those seas, they conquered, in a short time,' all the Philippines, excepting the small island of Jolo,;part of Mindanao, and a few other very
insignificant islands near them, which, to
this period, have not submitted, These
Moorish Indians are certainly very valiant,
and their enmity has been drawn upon us
P2




-~12       HISTORY OF THIE    CIi. XII.
by our own conduct; for instead of following the laudable example of the first settlers
in these islands, who brought the natives
under subjection, principally by the mild
interference of the friars, it seems, of late
years, to have been the object of the Spaniards, since the great increase of the lucrative commerce of Manila, to acquire,
by oppression and force, lands and establishments on these islands, without any
view to conciliate the natives.  Those,
therefore, who have been sent on different
occasions to reduce the country, have, instead of attending to the object of their
mission, been solicitous only to serve
their own purposes, considering that as a
primary, which ought to have been a secondary object; and the natives profiting
by constant experience in warfare, during
which they discovered that the Spaniards
were mortal like themselves, have at last
become very formidable. There can be no
doubt these Indians nay be reduced by




CeH. XI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     213
the same means employed with the others,
that is, by sending missionaries amongst
them, and a sufficient number of Spanish
stations might be established, to command
respect. These garrisons ought to be independent of the Governor of Manila, and
ought to have a chief, who should reside
there, directing his whole attention to the
improvement of the settlement, by the
extension in the country of the Spanish influence, by temperate measures.
As the matter is now ordered, these
appointments are made with no other view
than to enrich, by any means, the individuals sent there as Governors. Such, too,
is the situation of the Governors of Zamboanga and Marianas; who appropriate to
their own use all the revenue sent by his Majesty's Governors for public purposes, and
then return to Manila, leaving the colonies
as poor and miserable as the first day they
were established.
In October 1600, two Dutch pirates




~214      HISTORY OF THE    CH. XII.
took their station at the entrance of Maria
velez, waiting for the ship Saint Thomas,
which was expected to return from New
Spain about this time. The Governor sent
against them the Oydor Morga with two
galleons, an English patache which had
come from Malacca, a galiot, and other
small vessels. On the 12th of December
an engagement took place, when Morga
took one ship, and the other fled, very
much disabled; but he was incapable of
pursuing his advantage, for his ship had
suffered so much that she foundered, and
fifty of the crew were drowned, the rest
being saved on the island of Fortune. The
ship which he had taken from the Dutch
had on board twenty-five men, whom the
Governor ordered to be hanged, as a warning. to other pirates. During this year,
two ships sailed for Acapulco; one was lost
on the island of Catanduanes, but all the
people were saved; the other took shelter
in one of the Marianas, where she was




CIl. XII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    215
seized by the Indians, who murdered most
of the Spaniards, reserving only a few,
whom the ship Saint Thomas rescued on
her return to New Spain; but the various
disasters which had befallen Manila during
this government, were far surpassed by a
terrible earthquake, in which many houses,
and the church of the Jesuits, were destroyed.




'216


HISTORY OF THEB  ClH. XII.


CHAPTER XIII.
ANNO DOM. 1602.
The Administration of Don Pedro de Acuna.
IN May 1602, four ships from New Spain
arrived at Cavite, in one of which came the
new Governor, Don Pedro Brabo de Acuna, Knight of the order of San Juan, and
who had been Governor of Carthagena.
In passing by the Marianas, he had. the
good fortune to rescue twenty-five Spaniards, who had been shipwrecked in the
St. Margarita.  Immediately on taking
possession of his government, he gave audience to the ambassadors of Dayfusama,
Emperor of Japan, who had succeeded to
the kingdom, on the death of Taycosama,
and requested that the commerce with his
kingdom might be continued; and that




CHE. XIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


shipwrights might be sent from Manila to
build vessels for him. Without touching
on this last subject, the Governor dismissed
the Japanese with a magnificent present,
which was all lost, as they were shipwrecked on the island of Formosa. With
these ambassadors, friars from all the orders
in Manila entreated the Governor to be
allowed to proceed to Japan, in order to
make converts, even at the risk of martyrdom. These good dispositions and intentions the Governor encouraged, and by his
assistance, they were able to establish themselves in that kingdom, where in a short
time they founded several convents. In
1603, the Augustine friars already possessed one, and the Captain of the ship
Espiritu Santo, who put in there in distress,
applied to the friars, requesting them to interest themselves with the Emperor, as the
Japanese, conformable to their regulations,
would not permit the ship to remain.
iayfusama received the application with




218


HISTORY OF THE  CH. XIII.


courtesy, and punished those who had been
the cause of it, sending the Spaniards whohad accompanied the friars back to Max
nila, with great honours, giving at the same
time strict orders, that all Spanish vessels
arriving in future, in his ports, should be
treated as friends; the ship, however, in the
meantime had made her escape, fearing the
same ill success, as had attended a similar
application to Taycosama.
A short time after the arrival of Acuna,
he made a voyage through the Bisayas (or
Islas de Pintados), to inspect the garrisons,
and to make preparations for an expedition,, which he intended against the Moluccas; and whilst he was employed in
building the fort of Yloylo, the Moors
took tlhei opportunity offered by his abo.
sence, of seizing ally the ships they, met.with, burning the towns, and endeavouring,to take possession of Balayan; but the
Alcalde Mayor of the province opposed
them; and upon receiving: assistaace from




CI. XIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


219


Manila, pursued them to a desert isfand,
off which he fell in with the Governor on
his return to the capital. Orders were issued to attack them; but the Moors making
all the sail they could, he was able only to
take two, and sink five others, out of seventy vessels, of which their force consisted. On his arrival at Manila, the Governor received the melancholy intelligence
of the death of Senor Tello, his deputy,
who had discharged his trust with great
zeal and probity. He was buried in the
church of St. Augustine, to which he
had left considerable donations.  Soon
after this a great fire happened in Manila,
which burnt two hundred and fifty houses,
the convent of St. Domingo, and the hospital for the reception of the Spaniards.
In May 1603, three Chinese Mandarins arrived, on the extraordinary mission
of discovering, whether the port of Cavite
was composed of gold, as a Chinese, called
Tiongon, had reported- to his Emperor, by




_ UISTORY OF THE.


CIi. XIII.


whom he was imprisoned, until the truth
of his assertion should be ascertained, this
man having promised to conquer it or lose
his life. It was believed that this was a
mere stratagem, to reconnoitre the cou try,
as it was understood, that the Emperor intended to land an hundred thousand men,
in the following December, with the view
of becoming master, of the whole of the
Spanish possessions. Tile Governor treated
these Mandarins, with the most flattering
distinction, shewed them the island of Carite, and undeceived them in regard to the
opinion propagated by their countryman,
assuring them that the island was termed
the Golden Island, on account of its lucrative commerce only. 
The expected armament of the Emperor did not makeits appearance; but aa
insurrection of the Chinese inhabitants of
Manila followed, which had been in a state
of preparation during the embassy, and
now broke out. There was a Chinese in




CEH. XIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.   221
Manila of the name of Engcan, who had
remained there since the time of Limahon,
who had been baptized, was very rich, and
was in intimacy with many Spaniards.
He offered to his countrymen, to build a
wall round their quarter of the town: the
work was commenced; but the fidelity of
the Chinese beginning to be suspected, the
Governor endeavoured to ascertain their intentions, through the medium of their enemies, the Japanese, from which circumstance the Chinese entertained a belief,
that the Governor proposed to massacre
them, with the assistance of these people;
and they resolved, among themselves, to
enter Manila on the eve of St. Francis,
and murder every Spaniard in the place,
Twenty-five thousand Chinese were concerned in this plot, which was discovered
by an Indian having given notice of it to
the curate of Guiapo, through whose means
the information was instantly communicated to the Governor, There were twot
EM..~~        ~  ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '. a  '. 




22        I sHISTORY OF THE  CH. XIII.
classes of Chinese at thht time in Manila.
Those who came annually for the purposes
of commerce, and those who had long been,residents, in a quarter of the. town called
Parian, outside of the walls of the city, and
whom the Dominican friars had endeavoured to convert.
The first step the Governor took, was
to attempt to reconcile the annual Chinese merchants, who were very numerous;
but he failed in the attempt, as they had
collected in a large body in open rebellion,
in a town within half a league of Manila,
the others remaining in Parian. The Governor made a confidant of Engcan, and
sent him, in company with some Spaniards,
to endeavour to bring them back to a sense
of their duty, but without effect, as the
works they had raised in their defence would,
in their opinion, protect them. In the
night, some of them sallied out, burned the
towns of Quiapo and Tondo, and killed
many Indians. They were opposed by an




CH. XIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


^523


hundred and thfrty Spaniards, almost all
of whom   perished: among them  were
Don Luis Dasmarinas, Don Thomas Bra-bo, and Don Juan de Alcega, whose heads
the Chinese sent to Parian, as an incitement for their countrymen to follow their
example. Upon examination, it being discovered that Engcan was the principal
abettor of these men, he was imprisoned,
which had such an effect upon many of
his countrymen, that they hanged themselves in despair.
The Spaniards, finding that they could
do nothing by means of mild measures,
commenced their operations, and fought
with such determined resolution, that
the slaughter was immense. So general
was the spirit of loyalty, that even the
friars took up arms, and, in particular,
Antonio Flores, wtho had been a soldier
in Flanders and Italy, and had, in the:battle of Lepanto, been ensign under Berv    t....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* * 




S 24


HI STORY OF THE  CH. XIIIX1


nardino de Meneses, but afterwards took
the habit of St. Augustine. The position
he took was on the river, close to which the
rebels were obliged to pass to join the
Chinese of Parian; from this he sallied out,
and made great slaughter among them:
They made good their retreat, however, to
Parian and Dilao, where they threw up
works, but Captain Gallinato burned Parian, and laid waste Dilao; and Captain
Luis de Velasco pursued them to Tabuco,
which we now call Cabuyao. The Chinese
not being able to maintain themselves here,+
passed on to the town of St. Pablo in the
mountains, where Velasco, who had pursued them, fell, together with two Franciscan friars. Here, the insurgents forti'
fied themselves zso strongly, that it was
deemed neessary to send a greater force
from Manila against thetm.:.; Major Christovalde Acuna was charged
with the expedition. He cut off their sup.




CU.,XIlb PIEIUI4PINE, &SLANDS.


-21/14 


ply of provisions, and reduced them to
Ruch distress, that their only alternative
was, to abandon their position or starve.
They availed, themselve of the cover of
night, and made the best of. their way to
Batangas, where the Spaniards pursued
them, and completed their destruction,
having killed in different engagements,
twenty-three thousand men, one hundred
alone, who were rowers in the galleons,
remaining of their whole number; and as
a, warning to their countrymen, to abstain
from insurrection in future, Engcan was
ordered to be hanged, and. his head to be
placed pn the gaol., The Governor sent
twQ Augustine friars to Spain, to inform
his Majesty of the rebellion, and to enable
them to arrive in. a I shorter- time, h sent
them, by Inadia; Wbut, they -encountered, so
many difficulties int1heir passage ~ hrough
Goa, Persia, Turky, and  Italy, that itwas
three years before they asrrive4 at the conur&
of Madrid. This has always been a danVOL *I.                Q




226


- 6xSTO'rfuY OF TIHE  Ce. ax.I,


gerous journey, and was particularly so to
Friar Nicholas Milo, an Augustine, who, a
few years before, had been sent the same
route with a lay brother, born in Japan,
and who, after having been exposed to
great misery in many countries, fell a
martyr in Muscovy with his companions
The Emperor of China sent ambassadors
'to Manila respecting the rebellion, requesting to know the meaning of the
slaughter, which had been made among his
subjects. The Governor justified himself
amply, and the commerce remained on
the same footing as before.
In March 1604, eight hundred troops
arrived from New Spain, with which relief
Don Pedro de Acuna was enabled to fit
out a fleet of thirty sail, in the port of
Yloylo, for the conquest of the Moluccas.
He sailed at the head of this armament
on, the 15th of January, 1606; and upon
his arrival at Ternate, Whet sat down before
the place, to which the King of the island




ClI. X IT. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


had. retired, and took it on the; 1st of April,
with the loss of fifteen Spaniards. The
King of Ternate, who had fled with some
of his subjects, intimated a desire to enter
into amicable terms with the Spaniards,
proposing to deliver up all his fortresses,
the towns in Batoquina, which were anciently peopled by Christians (either Dutch
captives, or Spanish deserters), all his
Christian prisoners, the islands of Marotay
and Herrao, with all his artillery and ammunition; and which terms were acceded
to. lie was not, however, left in possession of his kingdom, bu.t accompanied the
Governor to Manila, with some of his
chiefs, who were not allowed to remain,
from an apprehension of their fomenting
disturbances.
The Colonel, Don Martin Esquiva,
was appointed Governor of Ternate, with
six hundred men; and in Tidore, the King
of the island requested, that Captain Alaro
coa  might remain with one hundred
q2




228       HISTORY OF THE    CH. XIII.
troops, which was acceded to. During
these transactions, and while this armament was at Ternate, and few troops remained at Manila, the Japanese who lived
behind the city, availed themselves of these
circumstances, and took up arms against
the Spaniards. This rebellion was soon
put a stop to, through the mediation of the
friars, who persuaded the insurgents to lay
down their arms, and submit quietly. By
this species of management, time was
gained for the arrival of the Governor, to
whom information had been sent. He arrived at Manila, banished the ringleaders
to their own island, and obliged the rest
to live in the town of Dilao, where they
would be always under our guns; and
by this means, kept in obedience. The
Governor reaped little benefit from these
successes, as he was immediately afterwards, seized with a complaint in the intestines, which carried him off on St. John
the Baptist's day. On the death of the Go



H. XIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.   229
vernor, Don Christoval Telles de Almanza,
as chief Oidor, became Military Governor
ad interim. The rebellion, which lay Smo4thered in the breasts of the Japanese, on
this occasion, broke out afresh.  They
engaged the Spaniards, and many fell on
both sides, as the Japanese were very brave,
and were called -the Spaniards of Asia. In
the end, however, they were conquered,
and were not permitted to live together in
any considerable number till the year 1621,
when Pelayo Hernandez built shops on
their old quarter, which were hired out for
the benefit of the Franciscan friars.
Some of the Spaniards of the Moluccas
took prisoner Pablo Bl4ncardo, the Dutch
commander at Malacca, and brought him
in his galley to Ternate. The Governor
there, in consideration of fifty thousand
dollars, set Shim and all his people at liberty,
which, when it was known in Manila, was
stigmatized as an act of great baseness;
and this public censure affected the GCo



S30


HISTORY OF TH/II


cit. X xL11.


vernor's mind to that degree, that he died
of grief soon afterwards. The second in
command succeeded; and to give satisfaction to the Royal Audience, despatched
two ships in search of General Blancardo,
who, it was supposed, had gone towards
Maquien, in a patache; they took him prisoner a second time, and sent him with all
his people, to Manila, where he was some
time afterwards repaid from the Royal
coffers, the amount of his ransom. Pablo
Blancardo died of grief in prison at Manila, where he had been confined until the
arrival of twenty-two Spaniards, who had
been taken at Amboyna by the Dutch,
and for whom it was intended he should
be exchanged.
The Royal Audience conducted them —
selves with great approbation in the civil
administration, until the year 1608, when
Don Rodrigo Vivero of Laredo, who was
named by the Viceroy as Governor ad interim, arrived at Manila, and having had




CH. XIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    231
great experience in the management of the
Indians in New Spain, he availed himself
of it on this occasion, giving instructions
to that effect to the chief judges, and other
ministers of justice. He governed with
much satisfaction for one year, when he
delivered up the insignia of his office, and
returned to Mexico.




HISTORY OF THE


e. X1.t


CHAPTER XIV.
ANNO DOM. 1609.
Of the Administration of Don Juan de Silva.
WH iEN the account of the death of Acunia
reached Madrid from New Spain, the government was bestowed on Don Juan -de
Silva of Truxillo, Knight of the order of
Santiago, who, at that time, was serving
in Flanders. He arrived at Cavite in
Easter, and took possession of his govern-,ient, bringing with him six companies of
soldiers, which addition to our force was
qf great importance at this period, as, in
the mopth of October, the Dutch squadron
which has been mentioned, appeared off
the port of Yloylo. It was composed of
six ships and a ccnsiderable military force,




CH.' XIV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.   23
which it was intended to disembark in this
province, but they were repulsed by the
Alcalde Mayor. It then appeared off
Marivelez, with the view of preventing
ships from going to Manila, and of seizing
all merchantmen. Don Juan de Silva fitted
out an armament, with which, in the month
of April, he attacked and defeated them
on the day of St. Mark. He took two
ships, the Captains of which had been
killed, with many of the crews; a third
fled, and the other two which had been
separated the day before from the fleet,
and were returning with great booty, retired with such despatch, that the Spanish
squadron was unable to come up with
-themn. He, however, seized those ships
which they had taken. Among others was
a Japanese vessel, in which were embarked
those Spaniards, who had been wrecked on
the coast of that island in the ship St.
Francis.. The Archbishop of Manila, Benavides,




2S4


HISTORY'OF THE-  CH. XIV.


having died on the 26th of July, 1605, his
Majesty named as his successor, Don Diego
Vasques, Mercado of Arevalo, in Old Castile, This year, 1610, he arrived at the
Philippines, and discharged his functions
with great approbation, until the year
1616, when he died, and the Bishop of
Zebu succeeded him in the Archbishopric.
The Dutch being settled in the island
of Java, and possessing fortifications in
Malacca and other parts of India, our Governor had little relish for such a neighbourhood, and as they had at times infested our seas, and attacked our islands,
he determined, in person, to destroy the
forts they had in Malacca, which being so
close in his vicinity, he was the more jea.
lous of. He fitted out a squadron of six
ships and two galleys, and sailed for Ternate, where he intended to take on board
some linguists, and to arrange all his other
operations. He understood, in Ternate,
that the Dutch hearing of this expedition,




CH. XIV.  I PIILTPPINE ISLANDS.  235
had fortified themselves in such a manner
in Malacca, that it was impossible to make
an impression upon them, and that he
might not entirely lose the benefit of the
armament he had prepared, he attempted
to reduce the forts in Gilolo and Bataquina, but was obliged to retreat to Manila, with the loss of three hundred men,
when he immediately began to make preparations of men and ships for another expedition of the same nature. These islands, at this time, received considerable
aid in the arrival from Spain, by the way
of India, of five caravelas out of seven,
which in April, 1613, had sailed from
Cadiz, commanded by Ruy Gonzalez de
Segueira, having on board three hundred
and fifty soldiers, two hundred and forty
seamen, and a hundred Portuguese landsmen.
Upon the arrival of this relief, the Governor determined to proceed to Malacca
against the Dutch, wlhose position he or



236      HISTORY OF THE     CH. XIV.
dered to be reconnoitred, but he found
them so powerful in ships, which had arrived by the Straits both of Magellan and
Sunda, that he deemed it necessary to use
his utmost exertions, to enablehim to cope
with such powerful enemies. With this
view he sent a despatch to the Viceroy of
India, requesting he would unite the forces
of the two kingdoms; but while he was
preparing his armament at Cavite, ten
Dutch vessels arrived at Panay.  They
landed a number of men, and marched for
the city of Arivalo, burning the churches
and the convents of the Augustine friars, in
the towns of Ogtong and Xaro. The Indians, aware of the inadequate force the
Spaniards possessed, fled to the mountains,
and although the Dutch retired immediately, it cost the friars a great deal of
labour, to bring them back to their towns,
where they could not persuade themselves
they were secure.
By the end of the year 16ll6, Don Juan




CH. XIV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     237
de Silva had collected the greatest armament, that had been seen in the Philippines; it consisted of ten galleons, four
galleys, a patache, and many smaller vessels, with all necessary supplies, and five
thousand men, two thousand being Spaniards and Portuguese. He sailed with
this formidable armament, on the last day of
this year, to attack the forts of Malacca;
but as the galleons had not arrived which
were expected from India, and which he
imagined had wintered in the Straits of
Malacca, and it was known that the Dutch
kept somevessels in theseStraits, in expectation of the ships from China which passed
by here, the Governor thought it most
adviseable, to attack these ships in the first
instance, and after he had destroyed them,
he should be able to join the galleons from
India, and proceed to the Dutch forts in
Malacca. The reasoning was good, but it
failed in the execution, the galleons of




~S8. HIST'EORY OY'. THA -, CH4 XIV*


India having been burnt, in an engagement
they had with the Dutch, and the latter
having quitted the Straits eight days before
the Spaniards arrived, flying with all their
effects, as they had received secret intelligence of their route. At the same time that
the Spanish galleons entered the Straits,
two Malay merchantmen from China arrived very richly laden; by saving which,
the inhabitants of Malacca called Don
de Silva their preserver, received him on
shore under a canopy, and expected from
his valour, and the powerful fleet he
brought, that India would be freed from
those freebooters, the Dutch; but he was
seized with a fever, and died in eleven
days, on the 19th of April, 1616. He had
ordered his body to be embalmed, and directed it should be carried to Xerez de los
Cavalleros, to a convent of bare-footed carmelites, and buried there. Before he died,
he gave the command of the armament to




CHtX XIV.* PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


239


Don- Alonzo Henriquez, who brought it
back to Manila, without effecting any
thing else.
By the death of the Governor, the come
mand devolved on Don Andres Alcaraz,
the oldest Oidor, who had been left in
charge of the government by Don Juan de
Silva, when he sailed with the armament
for Malacca. About the same time our
squadron sailed from the bay, another
Dutch squadron, which had lately arrived
by the Straits of Magellan, entered the
mouth of the harbour, and lay a month close
to Marivelez. There were only four ships
and two pataches laying before Manila,
and it was without artillery, ammunition,
or soldiers. The Governor ad interim was
not dismayed at this; he armed those few
ships he possessed, fortified certain positions, and was encouraged in the undero
taking by the people, who took up arms,
not only the laity, but even the ecclesiastics
also, The Dutch commander wrote two




2d40


HISTORY OF THE, CH. XIV.


letters to the Royal Audience, and one to
General Pablo Blancardo, whom the Spaniards had carried prisoner to Manila; but
as soon as he learned that Blancardo had
died: in prison, he made sail to the Moluccas.
Upon the death of Silva, the Dutch
Came with ten ships against Oton, where
they were gallantly repulsed by the commandant of the Pintados, Don Diego de
Quifiones, who, in a wooden fort, sustained
a siege of ten days, during which time the
Dutch made four assaults, in which iany
were killed, but at last they were compelled to re-embark, and they retired to
Malacca. The following year the same
armament of ten ships came against Playa
Honda. The Governor despatched against
them, the Colonel Don Juan Ronquillo,
with six galleons and two galleys; they
came to an action on the 14th of April,
1617, and the two commodores being engagedy Don Juan Ronquillo sunk his ad



CIH. XIV. PHILIPPINE' ISLANDS.   41
versary's ship, called the Sun of Holland;
two other ships were burnt, and the rest
fled with precipitation. The Spaniards,
however, were not able to pursue them,
as they had suffered much in the engagement,and had lost the galleon St. Mark. After this action, Don Geronimo de Silva returned from Molucca, and the Oidor AIcarez resigned to him his office, the duties
of which he had discharged with great
applause.  In October, Don Geronimo
ordered the seven galleons that had been
so severely handled in the last engagement,
to be laid up in Marinduque. The two
ships for Acapulco were despatched in
the worst season of the year, during the
hurricane months, and they were both lost,
one on the coast of Lobo, and -the other
on that of Galban. This reflected no great
credit on the wisdom and prudence of the
Governor.
9 *..,.  *. *.. -~   f


VOL. I.


R




242      'HISTORY OF THE      CiI. 'xV.
CHAPTER XV.
ANNO DOM~. 1618.
The Administration of- Don Aionzo Faxardo.
ONV the 2d of Jufly, 1618, arrived Don
Alonzo Faxcardo, of the oarder of Afcantara,
of Murcia, and, on the clay following hle
took possession of the government of these,
'islands. His "Majesty had appointed him
chief of an armamnent whic6hbe had intended
to- send by the Straits" of Magellan, "to the,
rilief of Do n Juan de S ilviat to drive the
Dutch from nthese s eas; but ~it was' delaytd
by his s'eniding the' forces des9tinied for the
Philippineos, to6 the ~relief o1f the Emp eror
of Germ-any, Ferdinand the, Seond  h
voyage on this account did not "ta~ke place,,
until the' death of Silva was' knowvn, whe




CI4. XV*s  PritLIPr  N-E tISLtANDS.


his M.ajesty named Faxardo as Governor,
charging him to be careful of the interests
of the Indians, who had suffered much in
the late struggles, and promising ample
rewards to those Spaniards, who should
make this an object of their special attention.
A short time after his airival, the Dutch
appeared in those seas, not with the intention of attempting Manila as they were
aware of the difficulty of the undertaking,
but to intercept the galleons from  Acapulco, richly laden with bullion. For this
purpose they criiized with three ships off
Cape,Espiritu Santo, taking their station
in the strait of St. Bernardino, as the gglleons coming from Acapulco were in, the
cohstant habit of taking that route  On
the 25th of February the Duteh got sight
of them; tley bore up, and brdered them
to strik-e theit colors, when a severe engagemant took place, The Spaniards, under the veil of night, and in the bonfusion
R 2




244       HISTORY OF THE      CH. XV.
which prevailed,separated and escaped, one
arriving at Palapag, and the other at Borongo, on the coast of Ybabao, where the cargoes were all saved, though the ships were
lost. That the same misfortune might not occur again, the Governor ever after gave the
commanders secret instructions, changing
their route each voyage. On the 24th of
August, this year, Friar Miguel Garcia
Serrano, of the order of St. Augustine, late
Bishop of New Segovia, took possession
of the Archbishopric of Manila.
In the year 1623, upon the canonization of St. Ignacio and St. Francisco Xavier, the friars of that order celebrated a
grand festival, and those of Zebu, desirous
of imitating them, likewise celebrated one,
at which all the Jesuits of the island of
Bohol were present, leaving very few Spaniards in that island.  The defenceless
state of it induced two or three Indians to
persuade the rest to rebel, assuring them
that the Devil had appeared, ordering them




CH. XV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


245


not to pay tribute to the Spaniards, but
to retire to the mountains, and erect a
chapel, where they should worship him,
and he would give them every thing they
required, and defend them from the Spaniards. This was quite sufficient to set all
the island in a flame, two towns alone remaining faithful to the Spaniards. The
Alcalde Mayor of Zebu, immediately upon
notice of this insurrection, sent fifty Spaniards, and one thousand friendly Indians
to Bohol, who attacked the rebels with
— great vigour, made considerable slaughter,
and cqmpletely routed them. This ought
to have undeceived them, but they were
obstinate, and fortified themselves on a
rock, which, however, afforded them little
defence, as our people being protected by
their shields from the arrows and stones
they hurled down, gained the height; and
made great havock among them, making
prisoners all that were not able to save
themselves by flight. The Alcalde Mayor




146


4iUSTORY OF THE


CIt. Vt,


hanged some of the ringleaders, arid pardoned the remainder; but insensible to
this favour, they spurned at the proffered
pardon, and fled to the rmountains, to
which, six months after, the Alcalde returned, and thoroughly quelled the insurrection.
The bad example of the people of Bohol was followed by those of the island of
Leyte, and was fomented by an Indian
who was not suspected of disaffection.
This was Bancao, a petty chief of Dimasava, who had received Legaspi with great
attention, and had accompanied him to
Zebu, where he was baptized, for which
conduct Philip the Second had sent him a
royal order, granting him many privileges.
He had been very faithful to the Spaniards
in his youth, but turned traitor in his old
age. In imitation of those of Bohol, he
raised an insurrection among the Indians
in the island of Leyte, so that it became
necessary to send a force against them.




C-I. XV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


247


Although they saw the Spaniards were superior in numbers to them, they were not
dismayed, and received them firmly; but
in a short time they fled with precipitation. In this flight Bancao was killed,
having been transfixed by a lance: his
head was placed on a pole, to serve as
a warning to others, which had so good
an effect, that order was immediately restored.
This year an expedition was sent to the
mountains of Igorrotes, where there were
mines of gold, and where the Indians were
of fairer complexion, with the small eyes
of the Chinese. It was imagined that
when Limahon was in Pangasinan, many
of his people, pressed by hunger, fled to
the mountains, and mixed with the inhabitants, from which intercourse resulted
this cast, so different from the rest.
This expedition, under charge of Francisco Carrino de Valdes, head of the provinces of Pangasinan and Ylocos, marched




2A48&    IHISTORY OF THE     CH. X.*
in good order seven days, and on the eighthi
arrived in the town of the mines, where the
natives received them well; but the Spaniards placed too much confidence in them.
The Igorrotes, when least expected, rose
on them, and treacherously murdered the
chief of the friendly Indians, on which de
Valades retired, to wait a better opportunity. The following year the expedition was expected to be repeated, but it
was not, as it became necessary for the,
troops to march to Cagayan, to quell an
insurrection among the Indians of that province. Many expeditions have since taken
place to these mountains, but with such
ill success, that the Indians of this district
remain independent to this hour. They,
however, trade with the Spaniards in gold,
wax, and tobacco, in return for cattle;
and the Augustine friars have succeeded, in
converting to Christianity, a few who live
in the towns near tle mountains.,
The Governor persevered in pacific




CH. XV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     249
measures as much as possible, although
those measures were deemed disgraceful.
He had much domestic uneasiness on account of his wife, Dona Catalina. Zembrano, who had an illicit connection, and
was accustomed to steal out from the
palace to a particular house, where she
was at last discovered with her lover by
Faxardo, who going his rounds through
the city, as was his custom, from information, no doubt, which he had received,
entered into the house in which this lady ^was with her paramour, and found her in
a situation, which rendered her guilt sufficiently manifest. Don Alonzo, a man of
high honour, severely felt this injury, and
was determined to take proper vengeance.
He ordered a confessor to be called to her;
'and the ceremony at an end, unmoved by
the tears and persuasion of the priest to
the contrary, he stabbed her with his own
hand. The unworthy paramour saved his




HISTORY OF 'THE,  Ci14 XVl


life by flight, and thus escaped the vengeance of the Governbr. Don Alonzo soon
after fell into a profound melancholy, of
which he died in two years, and was
buried in the church of the Franciscans,
August, 1624. By his death Don Gero.
nimo de Silva succeeded to the military
government, and the civil government became vested in the Royal Audience. In a
short time after, a fleet of seven Dutch
men of war appeared off Playa Honda,
and many of their soldiers landed on the
island of Corrigidor, and took prisoners
or killed such Indians as fell in their way.
The Governor proceeded against them with
five galleons and two large galleys, and fell
in with them on the coast of Playa Honda,
when the Dutch attempted to escape; but
our commander's ship, by superiority of
sailing, prevented it, when a warm engagement took place, and a Spaniard was
killed close to the Governor. It is necesr




CHO. XV. PHII -LPPINE IStLANDS.


9% owt


sary to mention this accident, as he thought
himself in great danger, and was so alarmed
by it, that he ordered the ships to retire to
Cavite, where he was received with the
contempt he merited; the people imputing
the loss of the victory to his cowardice.
Complaints were made to the Royal Audience, who confined him in the fort of
Santiago, where he remained until he was
released by the Governor who succeeded
him, ad interim, Don Fernando de Silva,
knight of the order of Santiago.
Don Fernando had been in Manila before this time, having there made a most
honourable matrimonial connection; and
having accumulated a good fortune, he
went with his wife to Mexico, and from
thence to Madrid, having been sent thither
by his near relation, the Viceroy of New
Spain, Marquis de Cerralbo. Having re.
turned to Mexico and this vacancy in the
government of Manila occurring, it was




'2"32     HISTORY OF THE     CH. XV.
given to him ad interim, and he arrived
there in June 1625.
He was received in Manila with great
satisfaction, as they knew he was prudent,
and well acquainted with these islands:
this he had sufficiently shewn in the measures he had adopted for the protection of
our commerce, by means of the ships he
had built at Cavite for that purpose. He
ordered the Alcalde Mayor of Cagayan to
land on the island of Formosa, and fortify
it in that part of Fanchuy which was the
nearest to Cagayan, in order, with greater
facility to oppose the Dutch, who, the year
before, had raised forts on the opposite
side, called Tayguan, with the intention of
obstructing the commerce of China with
Manila. The Alcalde Mayor executed his
commission, and constructed works sufficiently extensive to accommodate the
troops, and the Dominican friars, who had
gone there to convert the natives; and who




CHi XV. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


253


exerted themselves with such zeal, that in.
a short time they built several towns, and
were able to number the, greater part of
the natives, among the professors of our
faith.




2S4


r '5II3STTOItY T'OF TUi 


CH.- XVi 


CHAPTER XVI.
ANNO DOM. 1626.
Of the Administration of Don Juan NiIo
de Tabora.
DON Juan Ninio de Tabora, knight of the
order of Catatrava, was named as Governor
of the Philippines. He embarked for his
government with six hundred troops, and
several officers, who had served with him
in Flanders, among: whom were Don Lorenzo Olaso y Ochotegui, who came with
the appointment of Colonel. Tabora arrived safely at Manila, and entered upon
his government on the 29th of June,
1626. He possessed a fund of military
knowledge, which was of great- importance, at this period, to the Philippines, and




IH. XYVI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


he immediately provided a sufficient force
to protect their commerce, and secure
the respect of their neighbours. In ten
months after his arrival, he had collected
eight large ships of war, four smaller for
the commerce of Acapulco, and two still
smaller for the protection of the intercourse
with Molucca. With this armament, and
with two ships, which were expected from
New Spain with men and money, he determined to attack the Dutch on the island
of Formosa; but the arrival of the two ships
being retarded very considerably, he was
not ready to proceed with the expedition,
until the middle of August. The Royal
Audience, consideringthe approach of the
monsoon, and apprehensive of the loss of
the squadron, and that the object of the
expedition might be thui defeated, repreo
sented etheir fears to ~the,Governor and
passed an older that it:should not sail.
Having no faith, however, in what.e con*
-idered as idle hi-meras,, Tabora lftCa



2S6      RHISTORY OF THE    CH. XVI.
vite, and arrived at Cape Boxeador; where,
finding the north winds had set in, and that
it was impossible to make head against
them, after repeated unsuccessful attempts,
he bore away for Cavite; and the only advantage resulting, from his pertinacious opposition to the opinion of the Royal Audience, was the relief he sent in some small
vessels, to the Spaniards in the island of
Formosa.
A vessel soon after arrived from China,
and gave the intelligence that the Dutch
were lying in wait at Macao, for the merchantmen expected from Manila in China. 
The Portuguese requested, that part of the
armament might be allowed to convoy them,
offering to contribute to the expenses. The
Governor, accordingly, sent with them two
large galleons, with a patache, ordering the
commodore, after -het had seen the Portuguese safe, to run up the coast from Macao to Sincapura in search of the Dutch,
wintering at Siam, for which indulgence he
t,




CIL. XVI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


57


was ordered to make the necessary presents
to the King. Don Juan de Alcaraz, who
was the commodore, punctually obeyed
his orders: he arrived at Macao, and not
meeting with the Dutch, who had quitted
it precipitately, on notice of his appearance in this quarter, he passed on to Siam,
where, finding the Dutch protected by the
Siamese, he burned some of their junks,
and made prisoners the ambassadors whom
the Siamese were accustomed, at certain
periods, to send to China, with their acknowledgment of the sovereignty of the
Emperor. Upon this occasion our arms
acquired such credit, that, during the whole
of this government, the Dutch made no
further attempt against these islands.
In the year 1628 two ships arrived with
the usual supplies from Acapulco, and in
them came Friar Hernando Guerrero, of
the order of St. Augustine, Bishop of Cagayan, and the Governor's intended bride,
Donid Magdalena Zaldivar y Mendoza,
VOL. I.                  S




,-258


HISTORY OF THE


CH. XVI.


with whom he had entered into a treaty of
marriage while at Mexico, and had obtained leave from the King for that purpose. The wedding feasts, however, were
no impediment to the operations of the
government.  The Moors of Jolo continually infested these islands; those, in particular, which were the more remote from
the capital, were kept in perpetual alarm,
and nothing was talked of but the depredations committed, and the prisoners
taken. To chastise these insults, a squadron
was sent against Jolo, under the command of Don Christoval de Lugo. He
arrived safe. and landed all his people
without aly resistance, the Indians having,
in a cowardly manner, abandoned their
town, and retired, with their King, to a fort
situated on the top of a hill. The Spaniards plundered these houses, in which
the friendly Indians diligently assisted, enriching themselves by the spoils, which
consisted of rice, gunpowder, brimstone,




CH. XVI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


259


small-arms, &c. They did not pursue them
to the fort on the top of the bill, in which
they had taken refuge; but, after having
completely destroyed the town, they embarked for Manila. In passing by the
island of Basilan, they landed, burned the
principal town, and destroyed all the trees,
as a punishment for the aid which these
Indians had afforded to those of Jolo, in
the last incursions they made.
The following year, a sacrilege was committed in the cathedral, which affected the
mind of the Archbishop to that degree,
*that he died of melancholy. He was one
of the most devout prelates who had occupied the archbishopric. He was interred
in the church of St. Augustine.
After his death, there was a dispute between the ecclesiastical Cabildo and the
Bishop of Zebu, as to who should succeed ad interim to the archbishopric, when
the Royal Audience determined in favour
of the Bishop, conformable to the bull of
s2




260


HISTORY OF THE  CH. XVYI.


Pius V. The Moors in Jolo and Caumocones again commenced their ravages in
the islands: nothing was secure in the
towns on the coasts; neither friars, Indians,
churches, or ornaments; all were objects
of their enmity. Notice was, without loss
of time, given to the Governor; he despatched a fleet, commanded by Don Lo.renzo Olaso, for the double purpose of
making peace with the Indians of Mindanao, as they requested, and to retaliate
upon those of Jolo. He arrived at Jolo,
landed his people, and marched up to the
fort on the hill, to which, as usual, the
Indians had retired. The General believed
it no difficult matter to reduce the fort,
and gave orders to attack it accordingly;
he shewed, in the attack, great personal
valour, and acting the part of a common
soldier, as well as a general, was, with two
of his captains, killed. As no officer remained to command them, the men retired
to their ships; and, without doing any




CII. XVI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


261


thing else than laying waste the country,
they returned to Manila in haste, and in
disgrace, the Moors becoming more insolent than they were before. The Indians
of the province of Caraga, in Mindanao,
observing that the Spaniards were unable
to subdue their countrymen, put to death
some of the friars and Spaniards who were
living among them, and declared open rebellion in most of the towns of the province.-The remaining friars and Spaniards, took refuge in the towns which continued faithful to their cause; and, in a
short time, relief arriving from Manila,
order was again restored.
This year several embassies arrived at
Manila: one from Japan from the Governor of Nangasaquy; and the King of
Saxuma, likewise, sent ambassadors, seeking redress for the ravages our galleons had
committed in the harbour of Siam, on two
junks of his nation, and out of which had
been taken' some of the royal merchandize,
which they considered a great sacrilege,




262       HISTORY OF THE    CH. XVI.
and which had so irritated them, that the
real object of the embassy was to reconnoitre the place, with a view to take
vengeance for this insult. A Governor of
one of the Chinese provinces, sent an embassy to request the continuation of the
commercial intercourse; and the King of
Cambodia, who was at war with the King
of Siam, sent to request the protection of
the Spaniards, offering the commerce of
his kingdom, and liberty to form a dock
for the building of ships. The Governor
received all these with presents, and dismisscd them with urbanity and kindness:
he accepted the offer of the King of Cambodia, and sent some ship-builders for the
purpose of constructing a vessel there: with
them went four Dominicans to preach the
gospel; but when they arrived, finding the
King dead, and little disposition in his son,
who succeeded him, to admit the catholic
religion, they all returned to Manila without effecting any thing.
The Governor, who was determined to




CH. XVI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     263
lose no opportunity that offered to build
ships, finished one in the port of Cavite;
but so badly constructed, that, at the commencement of her voyage for Acapulco,
she foundered in the port: she was, however, hove up, and sufficiently repaired to
proceed on her voyage the following year.
By this means, and the arrival here of the
other ships in 1631, no ship remained in
Acapulco to send to the Philippines; and
the Viceroy of Mexico despatched two
pataches with the ordinary relief. In one
of these came Don Francisco Roxas y
Onate, Oidor of Mexico, as inspector of
the Royal Audience, and other tribunals;
and his office to continue two years. He
was well received, and the Governor supported his authority whilst he lived; by
means of which, he made his visit pleasant,
although he suspended two Oidors. His
Excellency, on the 22d of July 1632, died
of a dysentery, occasioned by being exposed to-the rain and sun, during his visits to




264       HISTORY OF THE    CH. XVt.
and from Cavite, in the performance of his
office, in which he was extremely diligent,
having made a bridge over the river of Manila, repaired the fortifications of the town,
and constructed several works in Cavite.
Don Lorenzo Olaso had been named
by the Viceroy of Mexico to succeed him
pro tempore. Nothing particular occurred under his administration, which only
lasted a year, when Don Juan Zerezo of
Salamanca was appointed to succeed as
Governor ad interim.  Immediately on
his arrival at Manila, with a view to repress the insults of the Moors, and on the
representation of the Jesuits, he determined to form a garrison at Zamboanga.
He appointed Don Juan de Chaves to
the command, with an adequate force,
and orders, after destroying the towns
of the Moors, to erect a fort in the
situation which Friar Vera had pitched
upon, a little distant from the port of
Caldera, where it was necessary to main



CIi. XVI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. ' 265


tain a detachment to guard the shipping.
This situation is most beautiful; but, having no water, the defect was supplied by
digging a channel from the river, through
which the water flows in great abundance,
ahd, passing by the wall of the fort, falls
into the sea. The first stone of the fort
was laid on the 23d of June, 1635. Many
of the Spaniards opposed this plan under
different pretexts, and experiencehas shewn
what little purpose this fort has answered,
its only use being to enrich one military
man, who is Governor for three years, and
who draws twenty or thirty thousand dollars profit from the supplies furnished the
soldiers.  The Moors, not in the least
checked by the fort of Zamboanga, have
continued, to this hour, committing the
same ravages as before; and the Indians,
who are each taxed a measure of rice for
its maintenance, have received neither security or benefit from it.
It has been too justly observed by




26.~'   HISTORY OF THE   CH*i XVI..Seinor Solorzano, that whatever is established with a view to benefit the Indians,
universally fails of attaining that end; nor
is this to be wondered at, as every regulation brought forward with this avowed intention is always so contrived, as to contribute not to the advantage of the oppressed Indian, but solely to that of the
person exercising the chief authority,;9
i


I      I                    '*           ' ;,     4


A




tII. XVII PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    267
CHAPTER XVII.
ANNO DOM. 1635.
The Administration of Don Sebastian
Corcuera.
ON the 25th of June, 1635, Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, who had been
Governor of Panama, took possession of
this government, and the same day Senor
Guerrero took possession of the archbishopric, although the bulls had not yet
arrived. Dissensions immediately begun
between these two, originating between
the Dominicans and bearded friars, respecting the division of their provinces,
and on which account his Excellency was
determined to be revenged of the Archbishop, the very first opportunity. An
occasioni very soon presented itself: the 




-68       u HISTORY OF TIlE  CHt. XVIr.
Archbishop having taken a female slave
from an artilleryman, because he had an
illicit intercourse with her, the artilleryman met her one day in the street, and,
for some unknown cause, murdered her,
taking refuge in the church of St. Augustine.
The Governor ordered the troops to
seize him in the church, without first applying to the friars; they obeyed their orders, seized the criminal, and delivered
him up to their commanding officer, who
sentenced him to death. The sentence
was executed in front of the church of St.
Augustine, a place which had never been
used for public punishment: the Archbishop attempted to prevent the violation
of the church privileges, but his attempt
proved ineffectual.
During the disputes between the Governor and the Archbishop, the Moors
were ravaging our towns, and for the space
of eight months committed horrible atroci



CII. XVII. PIILIPAeINE ISLANDS. 269


ties. His Excellency determined to go in
person to chastise them. He sailed from
Manila with a squadron on the 2d of
February, 1637, "and having arrived at
Lamitan, the residence of Corralat, petty
sovereign of Mindanao, he possessed himself of it with ease. Corralat retired to a
hill well defended by batteries, and the
best troops he had. The Governor attacked him, but after losing many Spaniards, he sounded a retreat. The day
following he renewed the attack by a road
more accessible, when he possessed himself
of the fort, and made great slaughter of
the Moors, who threw themselves headlong over the precipice in their confusion.
The Governor now retired to Zamboanga,
where he received the chief of Buhayen,
and those of the island of Basilan, upon
both of whom their fears had operated to
beg for peace, promising to consider Cor.
ralat as a common enemy, and receive
Friars irto their dominions.




270


HtISTOilY Of 'THE  CH. XVII.


From Zamboanga he passed to Jolo,
and sat down before the famous hill fort
of the island, and which the Spaniards had
never been able to possess themselves of.
He found it, however, so well fortified,
that after attempting to batter it, he was
obliged to have recourse to some other
mode of attack. He prepared five mines,
and springing them at the time of assault,
he blew up part of the works, with fifty
men; but the Spaniards advanced so slow,
that the Moors had time to recover themselves, and returning to the charge, repulsed them effectually. The next day two
more mines were sprung, which did great
damage. The Spaniards then advanced
rapidly to the remaining fortification, but
behind the rampart which had been blown
up, contrary to their expectation, they
found another work erected, and by which
means they were repulsed. The Governor
observing -the little effect produced by
these assaults, determfined to surround the




CI. XVII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


271.


hill, though a league in circumference,
with a wall and forts, converting the'siege
into a strict blockade. This measure, however, proved by no means adequate to the
end in view, the besieged defending them-selves with great resolution, and destroying
numbers of the assailants. It was, therefore, resolved to construct a battery on a
position completely commanding the hill.
The Moors on this were desirous of capitulating, but the Governor commanded
them to surrender at discretion. Thinking
these terms harsh, they became desperate,
and assaulted the Spanish camp; but not
being able to force it, they took the opportunity of quitting the hill by the back part
of it, which had been left for the time
lightly guarded.
His Excellency found himself in possession of the enemies position, and all their
riches, with the Queen and her nephew,
Tancun. The Queen requested permission
-to bring the King and his chiefs into the




272       HISTOAy OF TrHE   CH. XVII.
presence of the Governor; he consented,
and she took that opportunity of escaping.
The Governor then sent Tancun for the
same purpose, and he returned with the
keys of the royal coffers; but by the carelessness of the guard, being left too much
at liberty, he contrived to get possession
of all the treasure, with which he secured
his retreat. His Excellency leaving a garrison of two hundred Spaniards, and two
hundred Pampangos in Jolo, returned to
Manila, where he was received with great
honours, as conqueror of Jolo and Mindanao. It is undeniable that Senor Corcuera reduced the inhabitants of Jolo and
Mindanao, and would have retained his
conquest, had greater harmony subsisted
between the Jesuits, and the commanders
of the different garrisons. He was successful as a soldier, but unfortunate in his
choice of the means to secure his acquisition. The dissensions between the Jesuits
and the military rose to such a pitch, that




CH. XVIt. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


273


at last all the positions were abandoned,
and all our exertions, and sacrifices of men
and resources, rendered of no avail.
By the year 1639, the number of Chinese in these islands had increased to thirty
thousand, most of them cultivators in Ctlamba and in Bifian. Among these began
a disaffection, which spreading to those of
Santa Cruz, Parian, and Manila, they at
last converted the church of St. Peter
Macati into a kind of strong hold, in
which they established their head-quarters.
The Governor sent against them two hundred Spaniards, and a large body of Indians, who easily dislodged them from this
position. Dispersed into separate bands,
they plundered the houses of the Spaniards, and some Indian towns, committing great atrocities. The Spaniards followed them, making dreadful havock
among them, from November 1639, to
March following, when being reduced in 
number to seven thousand, they surrenVOL. I.               T




~724      HISTORY OF THE   I CH. XVII.
dered. Very few of our people were killed, but Manila was reduced to great
distress, by the loss of so many of its useful
class of citizens, as unquestionably the
Chinese were. The Indians fortunately
Jad remained perfectly tranquil, which
was rather to be attributed to their fixed
hatred of the Chinese, than their attachment to the Spaniards.
In the year 1642, the Archbishop
Guerreo visited his diocese, and in the
harbour of Naryan, in Mindoro, a pirate
seized his vessel, with all his equipage, he
himself, with great difficulty, saving himself by flight. This disaster had such an
effect upon him, that he died on the 2d of
July at Manila, and was buried in the
church of St. Augustine.
The kingdom of Portugal, which had
been united to the crown of Castile in
1640, shook off the Spanish yoke, and
electing the Duke of Braganza King, the
possessions of that nation in Itndia inineVa




,eI. xvlr, PrlILPPINl  ISLANDS.  275
diately followed the example- of the mo~
ther country, and declared for that family,
This year the Dutch reduced Malacca,
and by this conquest, and the separation
of the Spanish and Portuguese interest, it
was apprehended they would ren:w theiy
attempts on the Philippines, which had
now, for many years, remained unmolested
by them. This conjecture proved true;
they commenced their operations by stationing, for two successive years, a squadron in the route of the ships from Acapulco, but the Jesuits, in the island of
Samar, frustrated their design. They then
planned the capture of the island of Formosa, with a view to interrupt the commerce to China, and as a ladder for the
conquest of the Philippines. They proceeded on the enterprize in the year 1642,
with four ships, a patache, and several
smaller vessels, and in a few days succeeded in their object, the island having
surrendered. Great consternation prevailed
T 2




1I111STOflY OF TH1E  Ci XV!


at,Manila..on in-formation.Of -this,.conquest,
as it was expected that the Dutch;would
follow 2up thei'r -success by an, attack I on
that,c~apital,; but -the glory of -repelling.
these intruders, was4.reserved -for the suc.
cessor of Sefior (krcuera.






-CII. XVxir. PtILIPPIrE ISLANDS.  277


CHAPTER XVIII,.ANNO PDOM. 1644.
The Administration of Don Diego Faxardo.
DON Diego Faxardo, Knight of the order of Santiago, took possession of his
government on the 11th of August, 1644,
and immediately gave proof of his unrelenting disposition by his conduct towards
Sefor Corcuera, by confining him in the
fort of Santiago, in which he remained
five years.
The new Governor found these islands
infested by Dutch squadrons, and to enable himself to meet them with effect, bhe
deemed it necessary to unite the whole of
the Spanish force, dispersed through the
different garrisons. He directed the officer
in command* at Zamboanga, to enter into




178      HISTORY OF THE    CH.,'XVUIi
an amicable arrangement with Corralat,
King of Mindanao, which wwas effected
very satisfactorily, through the mediation
of a friar. He likewise directed the officer
commanding at Jolo to adopt similar measures with the King of that island, and
evacuating all the forts, to bring all the
Spaniards to Manila; but this was not to
be effected so easily, Salicala, hereditary
Prince of the kingdom, having gone to
Batavia, soliciting assistance from  the
Dutch, to drive the Spaniards from the
island. They, however, spared him only
two ships, with which trifling aid, having
made many attempts against our principal
position, which was defended vigorously
by Don Estevan Ugalde, a valiant Biscayan, the Dutch retired to'Batavia, proinising the Moors to return next year, with
a mote effective force. The Jesuit friar
was, in the mean tie, commissiond to
make peace with them; which he effected
von very advantageous terms. Jolo being




,CH.t XVIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.  279


'thus evacuated, the Dutch arrived at the
'appointed time with the promised assistance; and finding that the Spaniards had
retired to Zamboanga, they determined on
attempting the capture of the fort of CalIdera, in Mindanao, but they were repulsed
with such loss, that they made a rapid
retreat to Batavia.
The following year, the Dutch again
appeared in these seas, with a squadron of
twelve ships, when eleven of them remainIing on the coast of Batan, the commodore
came forward alone, to reconnoitre Cavite.
Senor Corcuera, who was in confinement
in the fort, as already mentioned, immediately saw the error the Dutch commander
had committed, in not making the attack
with his whole force, while the place was
in an unguarded and defenceless state.
Every advantage was taken of the error,
and Cavite was furnished, without delay,
with the necessary reinforcements, and supplies of ammunition and provisions  OR




280     ' THISTORY OF THE  CH. XV III.
the third day the Dutch squadron made
their attack, but the Governor, Andras
Azaldegui, a: very active man, defended
the place so effectually, that great slaughter
ensued, and the Dutch General received a
wound, of which he died. On this they
retired, and disembarked in Pampanga,
where the Alcalde Mayor of the province
having collected six hundred Pampangos,
and fortified himself as well as possible
in the convent of Abucay, the Dutch
assaulted him, when the Indians fled in
such disorder, and with such precipitation,
that four hundred of them were killed in
the pursuit. The Dutch not deeming it
prudent to remove far from their ships, returned on board, and disembarked a second
time in the town of Samal, where the Spaniards having gone to Manila, the Indians
alone remained, who repulsed them, and
compelled them to take refuge in their
ships.
They then took their station close to




CIH. XVIII. PIIILIPPINE ISLANDS.  281
Mareveles, to intercept our commerce, and
while here they had information that a galb
leon, built at Leyte, was on her way to
Manila. They despatched six ships to
take her, but the commander understanding that the Dutch were in these seas, put
into a harbour, and fortifying the entrance
with batteries, remained perfectly secure.from all insult, and the Dutch deeming
the attempt unjustifiable, returned to Batavia, without reaping any advantage from
their expedition..
Salicala, son of the King of Jolo, a
turbulent character, notwithstanding the
peace he had concluded with the Spaniards, begun to infest our seas with a
squadron, which committed great depreda.
tions in every quarter; and Cachile, Lord
of Tup Tup, in Borneo, having followed
his example, it was found necessary to
send against them an adequate force. The
Spapiards encountered the squadron of
Cachile between Masbate and Burias, and




*282  ~  'ISTOBY OF THiE. Cli. XVII.


an engagement took place, in which he
was killed, and his fleet dispersed. Immediately on this Salicala retired to
Jolo, where his attention became sufficiently occupied, in disputes respecting the
succession to the throne. The Moors of
Borneo, imitating the conduct of the Indians of Jolo in their piracies, the Governor sent Major Monforte with orders
to chastise them severely, as a warning to
the rest. Monforte landed in Borneo, burning and destroying all the towns within
his reach, together with great quantities of
provisions, and a number of vessels, and
-making about two hundred Iprisoners, thus
Tetaliating on them for their piratical at-tacks on us. Exclusive of these continual
depredations of the Moors and Dutch, the
provinces in Luzon were by no means in
a tranquil state.
A commotion, likewise, was begun in
Palapag, by murdering the Jesuit friar,
who was the curate of the place; and, to




CH. XVIII'. PHILIPPINE 'ISLANDS.


283


enhance the criminality of the action, and
Comprehend every one in the rebellion,
Sumoroy, who was the assassin, was for
two days parading the town, avowing
publicly that he killed the friar; and, setting at liberty two insurgents, whom the
Jesuits had confined, he ordered the people to plunder the church and convent:
from this source, the insurrection spread
through the whole island.  The Camarines imitated the conduct of the people
of Palapag, in every thing but the murder
of the friars. The island of Zebu, likewise,
notwithstanding its garrison, wavered in its
loyalty; and, indeed, all the islands were
ripe for rebellion: the people of Caraga,
however, were the most violent, having
murdered many Spaniards and Friars.
There is no question that the Bisayas would
have been lost on this occasion, had not a
stop been put to these atrocities in due time.
The Governor sent a force to Palapag,
and ordered that four hundred Indians of




284       HISTORY OF TH-E  CH. 'XVIIIT
Lutao, who had been lately converted from
Mahometanism, should be incorporated
with this force sent from Manila, and jointly
attack the rebels. The Jesuit friar, Vin.
cente Damian, took compassion on the
misguided Indians, and attempted to persuade them to return to their obedience;
but, thinking themselves strong enough to
overcome the Spaniards, they would not
listen to reason, and fortified themselves on a
hill-which Sumoroy had made his head quarters. Captain Roxas commanded the Spaniards, Don Andres Azaldeguy, who was
the proper commanding officer, having had
orders from the government, to go and secure the property, in a ship which had been
lost on the coast of Camarines. Roxas was
a man of ability and bravery, and came to
the resolution of assaulting the hill in the
night, when the rebels would be less on their
guard. The Spaniards arrived at the outposts, when they were discovered, and
notice given to Sumoroy.. The precipita



CHI. XVIYI. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.  285


tion with which the Indians fled is incredible: it resembled that of a flock of goats,
our people following them, and making
great slaughter. Sumoroy attempted to
escape; but his people killed him, with the
view of ingratiating themselves with the
Spaniards, and delivered up his head to
Roxas, who placed it on a pole as a warning to the rest. The friars being now able
to return to their duty, in the respective
towns, soon reduced the discontented to
obedience.
The ringleader of the rebellion in Caraga was an Indian, named Dabao, who
was not in the least suspected of disaffection. He entered one day into the
fort, bringing with him eight men with
their hands bound, apparently with the
view of surrendering them; but yet, at
the same time, so loosely bound, as to
escape when they chose. When the Spanish officer came out to receive them,
Dabao struck him on the head with his




I I
2 81 6,


28IJSTORY -O TIrE  CH. XVIII r.f 9


sword, and the eight men, immediately releasing themselves, unexpectedly attacked
the people in the fort. They made such
carnage, that only one friar. and five sol.4
dietsescaped, by throwing themselves from
the: wall, and retiring to the convent, where
they fortified themselves. The Indians
immediately forsook- the town and fled to
the wmountains,  hen the friar, and the
Spaniards, who were in the convent, built
ab oat, and 'retired along the coast to
another town, to which the insurrection
had not spread.
The Governor sent them relief from Ma.,
nila, and offered a, pardon to those who
sbould return to their, towvns, and their allgiance as before. The Spaniards, how;
ever, boke-their word, and hanged many
of the ringle'aders.
On the day of Saint Andrew, which
was the anniversary of the victory the Spaniards obtained over Limahon, about eight
o'clock at night, tn earthquake happen'ed,




fCH. X VIII. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.  28T


which destroyed almost all Manila, with
the exception of the church and convent
of St. Augustine. The public edifices, in
particular, were nearly all thrown down
and destroyed, and more than six hundred
people buried in the ruins: some were
found alive between the stones and the
wood, who had remained there even three
days. The calamity reached the towns of i
the islands; in Cagayan, a hill was rased
from its foundation, and fell on a town,
burying in its fall all the inhabitants. In
some parts the earth sunk; and, in others,
torrents of sand burst out, overwhelming
man and beast. Many other extraordinary changes occurred in the course of
sixty days, during which a succession of
earthquakes prevailed.  The people of
Manila left the city to live in huts in the
fields, until it was ascertained that they
might return in safety to their houses. It;was said that the image of St. Francis,
placed in the house of an Indian of Dilao,




18           nII~s'T-oroinr o~vr TmI,  cU. xv Um.


sweated most copiously during this calamity, and shed abundance of tears; in consequence, he was elected patron of earthquakes, and is designated St. Francis of
Tears.
As a proof of that harshness which characterized Senor Faxardo, it will be sufficient to mention his conduct to Christoval
Romero, whom the Viceroy of Mexico had
sent, to bring him intelligence of the state
of these islands, two years having elapsed
without the usual ship having appeared at
Acapulco. He arrived at the port of Lampon, and, understanding that the Dutch
Were infesting these seas, he landed the
silver, and despatched it to Manila, in
order that he might with less risk get
round. Soon after he had sent away the
silver, the Dutch arrived, and entered the
port with their launches.- Romero being
fhr inferior in force to the enemy, burnt
his vessel, as he saw no chance: saving
it, and came to Manila by land. Every




Ch. Xvr'II. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 289
bmdy considered this man as entitled to
great praise for his conduct on the occa,
siotl, and expected that he would be well
received and rewarded; but the rigorous Got
vernor, on the plea that the burning of the
launchwas an act of cowardice, imprisoned
hilm, and condemned him to lose his head,
All Manila clamoured against this sentence; and the object of it appealed to the
Royal Audience, who revoked it. This rigour of the Governor was imputed to his
not having been duly bribed by Romero;
but nothing of that nature could be absolutely proved against him.
About this time, the hospital or college
of St. Juan de Letran was founded by Juan
Geronimo Romero, who compassionating
the situation of unfortunate orphans, took
them into his house, and carefully brought
them up. His Maiesty being informed of
this praiseworthy conduct, by a royal order
protected the establishment; but granted
sp little in aid of it,, that recourse was ne,
VOL..                U




290


HISTORY "OF THE  CI. XVIII.


cessarily had to the contributions of the
well disposed, in order to render it of more
general use. It was, at length, removed
to a spot behind the city: the boys were
allowed a blue coat, cap, &c., and -were
supported, as in others, with the additional
aid of a college pension, to enable then to
pursue their studies at the university; the
eollege having no establishment of this
nature...~~~~~~~~~~~.. 
N......~~~~~~~~' ~ 




OH. X IX.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.   291
CHAPTER XIX.
ANNO DOM. 16 53.
Tke Jdministration of Don Sabiniano Man-.
rique de Lara.
THEp ship San Francisco Xavier arrived in
Cavite in July, 1653, bringing the new
Governor, Don Sabiniano, Manrique de
Lara; the Archbishop of Manila, Don Mi..
'guel Poblete; the Bishop of Ylocos, Don
Rodrigo de Cordinas, a Dominican; and
the Gidor, Don Juan Bolivar. The Governor immediately, as was usual, sat in
judgment on his predecessor, who, appre.,
hensive that he might be deprived of hisliberty, retired into the college of Jesuits,
seQcuring his personal safety in this sacred




92'      I'ISTORY OF TILE   CH. XIX.
asylum. The Archbishop fixed the month
of March for a jubilee, on which occasion
an immense concourse of people assembled,
and he, with great solemnity, invoked the
blessing of the Almighty on these islands.
Many calamities occurred during this aidministration, such as the small-pox, famine,
and a dreadful earthquake, which ruined
many edifices, and did much injury; but
what affected the Governor much more
than all these, was the revolt of the Indians and Chinese, and the ravages committed by the Moors of Mindanao. The
Spaniards were at peace with Corrolat,
King of Mindanao, and he appeared perfectly satisfied; but the chief men, turbulent and warlike, urged him to break it.
The Governor sent two Jesuits and
some Spaniards, in the nature of an embassy, to strengthen our existing amity with
the King: when, without any respect for
their characters as ambassadors, and, listening to the representations of his nephew




CU. XIX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.    293
Balatamay, he murdered them all, and excused his atrocity to the Governor of Zam —
boanga, throwing the blame on his nephew,
whom, he alleged, he could not punish, on
account of his great power in the state.
In the letter which he wrote to the Governor of Manila, he laid the blame on the
Jesuit, who was at the head of the embassy; thus indicating his intention, by these
contradictory falsehoods, of gaining time to
draw to his party the King of Jolo, and
other chiefs of the Moluccas.
Don Francisco Esteyvar, who was Go"
vernor of Zamboanga, despatched against
him an armament of ten carracoas, whose
rowers were Indians of Lutao, and who,
though they had been converted to Christianity, felt for Corrolat as a countryman.
Nothing could persuade- them  to row
against the Moors, excusing themselves
under various pretexts; and, although
they could 'have been compelled, yet Don




294


HISSTORY 01 THI.   CH. XIX,


Fernando Bobadilla, who commanded the
expedition, fearing that they would desert
him in the time he most wanted them, and
not desirous of exposing himself to such a
risk, returned to Zamboanga.,
As the Spaniards had delayed the
chastisement of the Moors for the murder
of their ambassadors, they were induced, as
might be expected, to commit still greater
ravages than those they had yet been guilty
of, and Don Sabiniano de Lara sent against
them a considerable squadron, under the
command of a man, valiant in the cabinet,
but who proved the reverse in the field.
He repeatedly showed a disposition to attack the Moors; but, on various pretexts,
avoided coming to an engagement, and at
last retired to Zebu, abandoning the cause,
and leaving the Moors to return quietly to
their own country. The Governor of Zamn
boanga,.however, acting a different part,
and determined to chastise the Moors,




CIL XIfloS  VIPHIIPTPINXE  IttA.WD9S


collected some vessels, and retaliated on
their country, the ravages they had comrmitted on ours.
A slight disturbance, about this time,
took place in the province of Pampanga,
the cause of which was as follows: the late
Governor having ordered a ship to be built
in Camboxa, sent all the necessary work-.
men in a vessel, which he patched up, and
launched for the purpose. After having
completed their work, and when they
were on their return from Camboxa to
Manila, they encountered a storm, so violent, that the vessel was wrecked, and almost all the people perished. The gal.
leon, San Francisco Xavier, was lost in the
same storm on the coast of Samar, and
two other ships which were going to Aca.^
pulco were forced back. The galleon, La
Concepcion, too, was so unfortunate as to
be driven back twice, having suffered severely in her rigging.  To. repair these 
losses, it was necessary that a greater quan.




1IIurSTO]RIj T    -THE C. XIX


tity of wood should be cut than was Cuntomary, and that with unusual expedition.
The Indians suffered always severely in
these undertakings, as they were obliged to
leave their towns for the mountains, where,
their wages being very small, and their
treatment very bad, they too often fell a
-sacrifice to sickness. The overseer of the
present wood cutting was a man of great.severity, and, as the wood wasto be cut
with all despatch, he had recourse, with the
poor Indians, to measures which humanity
could not justify, in order to expedite the
work. Resisting this oppressive conduct,
they mutinied, and the mutiny extended
through all the towns, although they did
not behave with disrespect to the church.or friars. To quell this sedition. before it
took a wider range, the Governor took up.his residence in Macabebe, which is the
first town in the province, from, Manila,
taking.with him some troops, and ordering into his presence some. of the ring



CH. XIX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


297


leaders. The Indians, naturally timid, had
already repented of this disturbance, when
the friars interfering, it was completely
quelled, and the principal ringleader, an
Indian named Maniago, was conveyed to
Manila, being considered as too dangerous
an inhabitant of the province.
The bad example of those in Pampanga, induced the Indians of Pangasinan to rebel, electing as their King an
Indian, called Marlong. They murdered
the Alcalde Mayor of the province, with.all his family, and, upon this being known
in Manila, the Governor sent troops by
sea and land to quell the sedition; but
the Dominican friars possessed such power
over the Indians, that they were restored
to their duty without firing one gun; and
their King, Marlong, was delivered up and
hanged immediately.
When the Indians of Pangasinan began
their rebellion, they had sent emissaries
to the provinces of Cagayan, Ylocos, and




298


HISTORY OF THE   CH. XIX.


Zambales. In this last they made little
progress, but in'Ylocos, an Indian called
Manzano, headed the rebellion, and, having
collected a number of malcontents, he attacked the Spaniards, murdered the Friar
Bacarra, and ill treated the Bishop Cardinas, on which the Alcalde Mayor and
some friars fled to Manila; but the province of Pangasinan being by this time reduced to subjection, the troops were sent
against Manzano, and soon reduced him
likewise; and the ringleaders of both were
executed..
The civil wars of China were the cause
of the conquest of that country by the
Tartars. A Chinese named Ly, having
urged the provinces remote from the court
to revolt, and meeting with no opposition,
arrived at the capital (Pekin), on which
occasion, either from treason or cowardice,all abandoned the Emperor, who, seeing
himself thus forsaken, cut off, according to
their usual custom, the head of his daugh



CH. XIX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


299


ter, that she might not fall into the hands
of the rebels, and afterwards hanged himself on a tree, to avoid a similar disgrace.
All acknowledged the authority of Ly,
except the army, which had been opposed
to the Tartars, and which, fearing the resuit of this rebellion, made peace with
them, and they united against the come
mon enemy, Ly, whom they soon drove
from Pekin. Nothing more was ever heard
of this rebellion; but, the Tartars- having
by this means got into the interior of.China, though they met with some oppo.s
sition, yet, finally, they reduced the whole
of the empire, and. it continues still under.
the Tartar dynasty.
A poor Chinese, who had fled from
Macao to Manila, where he was baptized
by the name of Nicolas, and where he
became a shop-keeper, afterwards went to
Japan, where he married; but finding that
he did not acquire riches quick enough, he




300


HISTORY OF THE


CH. XIX.


entered the Chinese army,where he rose very
high, being appointed General against the
rebels. Zunchin, who was tle last Emperor of the Chinese race, having hanged
himself, as already noticed, Nicolas sided
with the Tartars, by whom he was apparently well received. The Tartar Emperor heaped favours upon him, and named
him as one of his tributary monarchs, under
the title of Pignan, which signifies, conqueror of the south. By these means he.lulled him into security; and having at
last imprisoned him and all his family,
completed his treachery by blowing him,
and the greater part of them,,up with gunpowder.
His son, Cogseng,, after this disgraceful transaction, turned pirate, and, sufficiently revenged the death of his father by
ravaging the Chinese coasts, and islands.
He was the conqueror of the island of Formosa, and the first who triumphed over




Ci. XIX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


301


the arms of Europeans. rThe Dutch, at
this time, were complete masters of the
island, they possessed two thousand Europeans, with sufficient artillery and ships;
when hearing that the Chinese intended to
attack them, they united all their forces
in Tayguan; but the pirate, who came
with about one hundred thousand men,
landed on the opposite coast of the island,
and immediately entered on the cultiva.
tion of the soil. A short time after, he in,
vested the fort of Tayguan, and the Dutch
capitulated, after a seven months siege,
by which they were allowed to leave the
island, with the ships they had in the port.
Cogseng, elated with this success, determined to become master of the Philippines, for which purpose he sent the Friar
Victorio Riccio, a Dominican, with the
title of his Ambassador, to Manila, with a
letter to the Governor, in which he required
him to -recognize him as Sovereign, and




$02


iHISTORY OF THE


CHI.   IX.


pay him tribute, threatening, if he refused,
to ravage his coasts with his fleet. On the
18th of May, 1662, the friar arrived on
this embassy at Manila, and delivered his
letter with great secrecy, which, however,
was not long withheld from the public.
The Governor without delay began to levy
troops, repair the fortifications, and recal
all the forces to the capital; and in order
to be as secure as possible, he sent away
all the Chinese merchants, and others that
were established in the islands. Upon this
being known, it was whispered that the
Governor intended to decapitate all the
Chinese, who, being naturally cowards, believed the knife already at their throats,
and retired to the mountains, from whence
some passed, with great risk, in small
boats to Formosa. The day on which the
Governor called the Chinese chiefs before
him, in order to intimate to them that they
must retire, the remaining Chinese believ?




IC.t XIX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


303


ing that they were all to be murdered, took
up' arms; but the Dominicans had suffil
cient influence to prevail on them to remain quiet. The Governor now sent back
Friar Riccio to Cogseng with an answer to
his letter, but, on Riccio's arrival, he found
the pirate dead of a fever, Manila being
by this means released from the danger
with which she was threatened. The Chinese who had. fled to Formosa, circulated
a thousand calumnies, which would have
cost Friar Riecio his life, if he had not
been saved by the son of Cogseng, who
had succeeded his father in power; but not
possessing: the warlike spirit of his father, he sent an Ambassador to Manila, to
make a treaty of amity and commerce
with the Spaniards. Although the expe,
dition of Cogseng had not reached Manila, the place of its destination, the effects of it had fallen very heavy on the
islands, as all the churches and convents




304.      HISTORY OF THE A- CiH. XIX.
near Manila were destroyed, to prevent
the enemy from converting them into military stations.
The Governor of Ternate had abandoned that station, by no means easy to be
recovered, as the garrison was, in its retreat
to Manila, accompanied by the Indians,
called Mahhicas, who were the best friends
to the Spanish cause, and who were then:
settled at the mouth of the river Marigondon, where their descendants remain to.
this hour. The garrisons too of Calamianes
and Zamboanga evacuated these stations;
and as they had always been a check on
the Moors of Jolo and Mindanao, oppor.
tunities were by this means offered of
committing with impunity such ravages in
the Bisayas, that the friars were compelled
to abandon the province of Calamianes.
Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara had
governed these islands with great prudence,
but notwithstanding this, several articles of




CH. XIX. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.     305
impeachment were preferred against him,
and he was fined seventy thousand dollars.
On appealing, however, to the council of
the Indies, the sentence was reversed, and
the fine remitted; but disgusted with the
world, he retired to Malaga, his native
country, and took the monastic habit.


VOL. I.




' 06      HISTORY OF TIHE,.C.. XX'
CHAPTER XX.
ANNO DOM. 1663.
The Administration of Don Diego Salcedo.
DON Diego de Salcedo not being able,
by the prevalence of the south-westmonsoon, to reach Manila by the ordinary
route of the straits of Bernardino, he made
Cagayan, where he landed, and travelled
across the island to the city, and took possession of his government in September,
1663. Immediately on his arrival, he held
out every encouragement to commerce,
and preparation was made for sending the
usual ship to Acapulco as early in the season as possible, in order to avoid those
misfortunes which had too frequently taken
place.




CH.- XX.  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.   307
This conduct of the Governor at first
gave greattatisfaction to the merchants of
Manila; but they began very soon to discover his diligence was directed only to his
own individual benefit, or that of his
friends, as due care:had been taken by
them to buy up all the best goods, leaving in the market only those of inferior
quality; and that no opportunity might
be afforded to the merchants to procure a
fresh supply of the different articles from
the coast, he despatched the ship before
the coasters could possibly arrive. By
this means almost all the commerce of
Acapulco, for that season, centered in him
and his friends. About this time the news
arrived of the death of Philip the Fourth,
and the Archbishop was attacked with
protracted illness, which ended in extreme
debility, of which he died, 1667. The attention of Salcedo had been completely
occupied by the violent disputes, which,
-during the whole period of his government,




308.H.ITOYRY.C.       CH.. X.
subsisted between him and the ecclesiastical authorities, and which teitnated in
the Commissary of the Inquisition of
Mexico ordering.him to be seized, and
conveyed on board the patache destined for
Acapulco, in which ship he died, 1669.
END OF VOL. 1.
t      *    *,4%
T. DAViSON, Lombard-stret,
Whltefria_., London.




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