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GINN AND COMPANY
BURK. NEWY1 YOK, CHICAGO LQWDON




COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY MARY S. LAWRENCE
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
912.12


gtbe gtbenwum Sress
GINN AND COMPANY* PROPRIETORS ~ BOSTON * U.S.A.




DEDICATED TO
THE BOYS AND GIRLS OF THE
HAWAIIAN RACE


v




I




'.s * r~:.  A,
This book was written primarily to supply the children
of Hawaii with a history of their, own race. It ought to
be of interest also to children in America, who know so
much about their Indian neighbors, but have only a
vague conception of the Hawaiian, whose interests are
so closely linked with their own.
As an aid toward writing such a history the author
studied at The University of Chicago. For help from the
standpoint of anthropology and of the child she is especially grateful to Katharine E. Dopp, author of the Industrial and Social History Series, and to Emily J. Rice, at the
head of the history department of the School of Education.
After preparing the manuscript the author had the rare
opportunity of using it in her own class of Hawaiian girls
at the Kamehameha School for Girls, thus being able to
test its practicability and to change it to suit the needs
vii




viii OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


of the child. In working out the primitive activities, thanks
are due to W. T. Brigham for his helpful suggestions, his
courtesy as regards the use of the collections of the Bishop
Museum, and his aid in the selection of photographs.
Thanks are also due to Dr. N. B. Emerson for a careful
review of the manuscript and helpful suggestions, and to
Thomas Thrum for historical corrections.
The tapa design for the cover and all the wash drawings are the work of Grace B. Cross; the frontispiece is
from Caroline Haskins Gurrey's collection of Hawaiian
types, which was exhibited at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific
Exposition at Seattle; and the majority of the photographs were taken by A. R. Gurrey, Jr.
In the pictures of primitive life much that is cruel and
ugly has been omitted because it can be understood in
its true relation only by the anthropologist. Emphasis is
laid upon the activities that center about the home.
Hawaiian folklore is too meager to permit the child
Keikiwai to be a real personage, so a character was chosen
who might have been any early voyager, in order to give the
pupil a definite picture upon which to base his study of
the industries. The stories of heroism need no explanation.
In the search for subject matter all available material
was used, but special mention may be made of Ellis's
" Tour through Hawaii," Alexander's " History of the
Hawaiian People," Thrum's " Annual," Jarves's " History
of the Hawaiian People," and publications of the Bishop
Museum,
M. S, L.




PART I. VOYAGES OF LONG AGO
KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY.....
THE FIRST PEOPLE AND HOW THEY CAME...
PART II. WORK AND PLAY OF LONG AGO


PAGE
I
*.    16


FISHING
CANOE BUILDING...
FARMING...
FIRE AND COOKING.
GOURDS AND CALABASHES
BASKETS AND MATS
TAPA MAKING.
FEATHERWORK...
DRESS AND ORNAMENT
ADZ FACTORIES.
HOUSEBUILDIN(G
HOUSE FURNISHING..
STONEWORK
SONGS AND DANCES
GAMES.............   23............ 30............. 34............. 37.............  44.............. 49
49............  54............. 58.............  64............ 68.............  7.............  75.............  79.............  82.............  85


PART III. FAMOUS HAWAIIANS
UMI, THE MOUNTAIN KING.....
KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT, WHO UNITED THE ISLANDS


93
98




X      OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
PAGE
POWERFUL ENEMIES OF KAMEHAMEHA I
KEOUA  ON  HAWAII...............  II6
KAHEKILI, THE "THUNDER OF MAUI"........ I I 7
KAIANA, THE REBEL............                 119
KAUMUALII ON KAUAI............                 121
POWERFUL FRIENDS OF KAMEHAMEHA I
THE FOUR KONA CHIEFS........ 126
KALANIMOKU, CALLED THE " IRON CABLE OF HAWAII"..  27
JOHN YOUNG AND ISAAC DAVIS.......... 127
KAMEHAMEHA II, WHO OVERTHREW IDOLATRY...... I29
NOBLE WOMEN WHO AIDED THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
KEOPUOLANI, THE "GATHERING OF THE CLOUDS OF HEAVEN" 135
KAAHUMANU, THE "FEATHER MANTLE".......        36
KAPIOLANI, THE "ARCH OF HEAVEN"....... I39
KAMEHAMEHA III, WHO GAVE THE PEOPLE THE FIRST WRITTEN
CONSTITUTION...............     142
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP, THE PRINCESS WHO MIGHT HAVE BEEN
QUEEN................          159
ALOHA  OE...................    162
GLOSSARY..............       65


IN DEX.....................


169




INTRODUCTION


The Hawaiian Islands occupy a central position in
the North Pacific Ocean and lie just within the tropics.
They are about 2 Ioo miles from San Francisco and 4700
miles from Manila.
The islands form a chain rather than a group, and extend from northwest to southeast for a distance of 380
miles. The eight inhabited ones have a combined area of
6454 square miles. In the order of size they are Hawaii,
Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Niihau, and Kahoolawe. Honolulu, the capital, is on the island of Oahu, and
has a population of about 45,000.
The first inhabitants migrated from Polynesia about
the sixth century after Christ. After the thirteenth century the voyages ceased, and the islands were cut off from
communication with other countries until I555, in which
year they were discovered by the Spanish, who kept the
discovery a secret. In 1778 the English rediscovered
them and made them known to the rest of the world.
At that time Kamehameha I was a young chief. In
I795 he united all the windward islands (Oahu, Molokai,
Maui, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and Hawaii) under one rule, and
in i8Io Kauai was ceded to him. He gave the people
a firm government and did away with the wars of petty
xi




xii  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


chiefs. He recognized the superiority of foreigners, and
courted their friendship to further his aims and to advance
his country.
A new epoch begins during the reign of his son Liholiho, who became Kamehameha II (I819-I824). In I819
idolatry was overthrown, and the following year saw the
introduction of Christianity. Its influence was felt during
the reign of Liholiho's brother Kauikeaouli, who ruled as
Kamehameha III (1825-1854). The missionaries reduced
the language to writing, and used their influence toward
good laws and a written constitution. The next two rulers, Kamehameha IV (1855-1863) and Kamehameha V
(1863-1872), were sons of the queen regent Kinau, and
grandsons of Kamehameha I. The former, with his wife,
Queen Emma, will be gratefully remembered for founding Queen's Hospital in Honolulu. Kamehameha V disapproved of some of the reforms of Kamehameha III.
During his reign a new constitution was framed requiring
educational and property qualifications for voters.
William C. Lunalilo, a grandnephew of Kamehameha
I, became the next ruler (I873-I874). In his will he
provided for the Lunalilo Home for Aged and Poor
Hawaiians. As he was the last of the Kamehamehas, the
legislature chose his successor from the descendants of
two of the Kona chiefs. David Kalakaua (I874-189I)
made a journey around the world to gain knowledge concerning the immigration of laborers for the plantations.
This was because of the reciprocity treaty of 1876, which
gave an impetus to the sugar industry. The treaty gave




INTRODUCTION


Pearl Harbor into the control of the United States, and
the latter admitted Hawaiian sugar free from duty.
Kalakaua was succeeded by his sister Liliuokalani
(I89-I893). She attempted to change the constitution
so as to restore the old powers of royalty. The revolution
which followed resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy
and the establishment of a republic with Sanford B. Dole
as president. On August I2, I898, the islands were annexed to the United States, and in go900 they were organized as a territory.
Their central position has made them of importance
from both a military and a commercial standpoint. As a
possession of the United States they have become widely
known for the beauty and grandeur of their scenery, and
each year brings an increasing number of Americans to
their shores. An interest in the Hawaiian of to-day naturally leads to an interest in his ancestors and in the part
which they played in the making of Hawaii,








OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND
THEIR WORK
PART I. VOYAGES OF LONG AGO
KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY
About seven hundred years ago a crowd of people
were gathered on the shore of one of the islands of
Hawaii. They were dark-skinned, with coal-black hair,
and wore little clothing in that mild climate. The men
had malos' about their loins, and the short tapa skirts of
the women came just below their knees.
They were talking loudly and pointing out to sea,
where a large double canoe could be seen through the
morning mist. They could hear the command "Hoe,
hzoe!" and could see the flash of many paddles. Then
the strange sea bird was carried ashore on a huge breaker,
amid the shouts of the people.
Manuia, the fisherman, forgot everything in his excitement. He watched the chief and his family alight. The
chief's wife carried a bundle wrapped in tapa, which she
held carefully, although she looked exhausted. Keha,
the village chief, received them kindly and took them
into his royal palace.
1 A pronouncing list of Hawaiian words and names will be found on page i65.
I




2     OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Manuia then turned to watch the pilot and the hardy
paddlers. He admired their skill and daring, and crept
as near as possible to hear their stories. He knew that
they had come from the far-away Kahiki, where he had
longed to go. As they ate and drank they recounted
their experiences.
" We have been many moons on the water," said one,
between huge mouthfuls of the refreshing poi. "The
fierce wind gods tried to wreck us. Our priest offered
many prayers to Kane-huli-koa, and we made offerings
to him. Then he brought mild winds and sent many
fish near for us to spear. At the end the voyage was
hard, for our food was scarce and the nights were cold.
Our chief is a brave a/ii to bring us here safely. His
singer is even now composing a me/e in memory of the
voyage."
As darkness descended Manuia remembered his home.
As he neared his canoe he heard a child's cries, and to
his astonishment found a wee baby rolled up in tapa
in the bow of the boat. He did not connect the baby with
the bundle which he had seen in the queen's arms. He
did not even wonder where it came from, for his faith in
the gods was so great that he accepted it at once as a
present from them, and hurried home to tell his family
of his strange adventure.
There was much excitement over the new baby, and
all the neighbors rushed in to get a look at it. They chattered away in a noisy chorus, but all seemed to agree
that it was a gift of the gods. It was a common thing




KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY


3


for people to adopt children, and Lehua, the wife, took
her new charge as a matter of course.
As she unrolled the tapa she said: " The baby must
have come from Kahiki. See, the tapa is a different pattern from ours! It is not so fine in quality as some that
I have made."
The baby was called Keikiwai, which means "water
child," and was brought up with the other children, unconscious of his foreign birth.
II
Manuia's children lived in the water most of the time.
Keikiwai learned to swim as soon as he could walk. It
was not long before he could catch the little fishes, which
he ate raw. He could dive and float and swim with his
feet interlocked. Sometimes he stayed under water so
long that his sister Leilehua was alarmed. He was fearless, and always did what his older brother, Kaipo, dared
him to do. On land he often ran races with Kaipo.
Although the latter was taller, Keikiwai made his little
legs go so fast that he usually won.
One day the children were surf riding. " See the little
keiki, " exclaimed Lehua, who was taking a sun bath with
Manuia after a vigorous swim. Manuia looked. There
was Keikiwai standing on his surf board, balancing himself fearlessly as he rode in on a huge breaker. Then he
changed his position and stood on his head. " Why, that
is better than I can do," said the proud father, excitedly.
"But wait! he will have a tumble before he reaches shore."




4     OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
On came the child. Every one stopped to watch him,
for it took much skill to keep his position. As he neared
the shore he gave his board a mighty push which sent
it upon dry land, and then dived into the water and
disappeared from sight. The people cheered, for few
experienced men could have done better in so rough a
sea. " He is surely a child of the sea god," said Manuia;
"I will take him to fish with Kaipo and me."
After that, while Leilehua was helping her mother make
tapa or weave mats, Keikiwai went with his father and
brother to catch fish. Manuia could do many things, and
he taught his boys how to make weapons and tools, to
cultivate taro, to build canoes. But he loved the sea
best, and had become famous as a daring fisherman. So
of course he wanted his sons to know all about the sea.
Kaipo was content to fish from the canoe with a net or
with a hook and line, but Keikiwai liked best to dive
into the water and spear the fish.
One day Manuia and Kaipo were busy with the fish
net and did not notice the approach of a large man-eating
shark. Keikiwai saw the striped pilot fish' first and seized
a spear. Then he quietly slid into the water and lay still.
It was not long before the huge shark discovered him.
The boy remained motionless until the big jaws opened
wide; then with a quick movement, he thrust the spear
into the dangerous throat, pushing it with all his strength.
Manuia turned just in time to see that the shark was dead.


I A fish of the mackerel family, which is said to accompany a shark and pilot
it to its food.




KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY


5


There was no prouder boy in the village that day
than Keikiwai. His mother rewarded him with a large
calabash of poi, some dried shrimps, and some baked
sweet potatoes. Leilehua rubbed noses with him and
wept for joy. She made leis of the lehua blossom, which
she put around his neck. Even the pig seemed to know
that he was the favored one, and came up to be petted
by him.
For many days after that Keikiwai was busy making
a lei of the shark's teeth. He had to bore a hole through
each tooth, and this took much patience. Then he made
fishhooks from the bones. These trophies were incentives to do more brave deeds.
III
One day Keikiwai and Kaipo took presents of fish and
tapa to the great chief, Keha. On their way home they
passed a fishpond. "Always tabu," said Keikiwai discontentedly, pointing to the white tapa waving in the
breeze, which meant that no one should dare to catch
any fish. " Keha has too many fish. I defy the tabu."
Thereupon he snatched an ama-ama, or mullet, and
crammed it down his throat.
" Flee to the mountains!" cried Kaipo, very excitedly.
"The priest was looking. Run!"
Keikiwai needed no second warning. He saw the
priest and knew that, if caught, he would be offered in
1 Forbidden (see p. 145). In the Polynesian tongues this word is accented on
the first syllable.




6    OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


sacrifice to the great god Ku. Already men had started
in pursuit of him. Dogs barked, people shouted, and
a crowd collected. It was an exciting race. To Kaipo's
great relief Keikiwai gradually gained on his pursuers,
and he was far ahead of them when, at the foot of the
mountain, he disappeared in the dense foliage.
With gigantic leaps he bounded forward. It was hard
to make headway through the tall ferns and shrubs which
grew thickly between the trees. The shouts of his pursuers goaded him onward and upward. Sometimes the
loose rocks gave no foothold, and he slipped back. Often
he saved himself by clinging to some tough vine.
His climb led him across the winding trail. Once he
almost ran into a party of men who were on their way
to the adz factory, up near the top of the mountain.
Keikiwai's sudden appearance startled them as he leaped
into the thicket.
To the left of him he heard men felling the tall forest
trees. He could hear the thud of their adzes, also their
laughs and shouts. He knew that they were getting
material for a grass house which Keha had ordered for
himself.
Keikiwai turned to the right so as to avoid them.
Higher and higher he climbed. The mountain became
steeper, and his bare skin was bruised and scratched, but
he dared not stop.
At last he reached an open space separated from his
pursuers by a high precipice. Here, at last, he felt secure.
He drank greedily from a mountain stream which tumbled




KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY


7


noisily over the rocks. After satisfying his hunger with ohelo
berries and mountain apples, he fell into a deep slumber.
The penetrating trade
wind airoused him. With
no matches and with no
material except some dry
branches and some pebbles from the brook, he
soon had a roaring fire
and an oven ready for
food. He found some wild
bananas and some sweet
potatoes which he cooked
on the hot stones..1
After his meal he made
a cape of ti leaves, for,      |      {
his malo was not much
protection from the cold        "
wind. He did not pick
the Ichua blossoms for a
le'i because he knew that
if he did, it would be sure
to rain, and he feared a       BANANA TREE
drenching.
The sun set suddenly and there was no twilight, so
Keikiwai hastily rebuilt his fire and made himself a bed
of soft grass. He did not feel sorry that he had offended
the gods, but he feared punishment. He believed that the
god who made his home near by would hurl stones upon




8    OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


his head. So he built an altar of stones and offered as
sacrifice some ohelo berries which he had picked. Then
he muttered a prayer and fell asleep.
IV
Keikiwai awoke with a start. The great god had come
to him in a dream and had threatened him. He glanced
at the altar, and there was the food untouched. " Ku is
angry," he muttered, as he shook with fear; "I may not
like the tabus, but if the great gods make them, I must
obey them. I will give myself in sacrifice."
He stood up where he could see his surroundings and
look for his pursuers. As he watched the sun break its
way through the clouds behind the mountains, the grandeur of the scene seemed to soothe him. " Ku will not
kill me, but will help me to flee to the puuhonua, where
no one can harm me." Then, raising his voice, he called,
" Help!" and the echoing " Help" was a direct answer
which gave him courage.
Keikiwai knew that dangers lay ahead of him, for his
pursuers would not give up the search. They would guard
the paths to the puuzhonua, for there, if he reached it,
they dared not touch him. He had to climb down a steep
cliff, and pass a village where he might be recognized.
He made a long swing of the tough convolvulus vine
and tied one end securely. Down, down he let himself
until he was on a level with a jutting rock about ten feet
from him. To swing himself and then leap to the rock
was the work of a moment. His quick ear caught the




KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY


9


sound of falling water, and he scrambled to the edge of
the falls. Twenty feet or more below him was a pool of
deep water. The dive from above was mere play for him,
and the cool water was refreshing.
Shaking himself like a wet dog, he hurried on. Sometimes he pushed through the dense foliage; more often
he leaped from stone to stone in the stream. The sound
of drums encouraged him, for if the people of the village
were merrymaking, there was a chance of his passing by
unnoticed.
He crawled behind the bushes and peered through.
He saw the people on the beach watching four girls dancing the hula. Their slow, rhythmic movements were so
graceful that he forgot his danger in the enjoyment of
the moment. Then the dance became livelier, the drums
beat faster and louder, and Keikiwai took this chance to
pass by, unseen. In his haste he stumbled over a sleeping pig, whose squeals attracted the people standing near
by. Unfortunately, his pursuers were among them. They
had forgotten their mission when the drums began to
beat, but the sight of Keikiwai aroused them to action,
and they rushed after him.
Keikiwai breathed a silent prayer to Ku, and it gave
him courage, but the others were starting out fresh, while
he had already gone a long way. Once he glanced back
and saw that they were gradually gaining on him. Ahead
of him could be seen the welcome walls of the puuhonua.
He dared not turn his head again, but the shouts told
him that he was still several yards ahead. On and on he




IO  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


flew, and on and on flew his pursuers. He had nearly
reached the open gate when he tripped upon a stone and
down he went. The foremost man was almost upon him.
He never could have told afterwards whether he rolled
or crawled or slid into safety, but he knew that the priest
drove the others back; then he lost consciousness.
He was kept in the house of refuge for several days.
After being purified by prayer and sacrifice he was
allowed to go home unharmed. You would suppose that
his family would have been mourning for him while he
was in danger, but people in those days did not think
much about each other, nor did they worry, but lived from
day to day. When he returned, however, they greeted him
with tears of joy, for they loved him as much as they
were capable of loving.
V
Several weeks later Keikiwai could be seen on the
lanai mending his papa holua. He heard the herald
blowing his conch shell and stopped work to hear the
message. He knew that the chief, Keha, had something
of importance to tell the people. This is what he heard:
"To-morrow the alii Kaolani visits Keha. Games will
be played in his honor, and many presents of food are
expected from the people."
Keikiwai wanted to join the holua race. " It is only for
those of noble birth," said the messenger, and passed on
to spread the news.
Lehua had been watching her son and noticed his




KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY


II


disappointed face. She had observed of late how manly
he was growing and with what dignity he carried himself.
He had always been a leader among his playmates. Moreover, his life had been spared when he broke the tabu.
These facts seemed to prove that he was no ordinary child.
Lehua was not troubled; she knew that Kaolani was the
chief who had arrived the night that her baby came. He
had not gone back to Kahiki, but had settled on the next
island. Now was the time to act. She crawled through
the low doorway and groped about until she found an
old calabash which had not been touched for years.
She brought it out and opened it before Keikiwai. It
contained a piece of tapa. " This is yours," she said, and
she told him how Manuia had found him.
The next day Keikiwai was late for the races, so when
he arrived in his plain malo no one noticed the ppaa holua
in his hand. Everybody was watching the royal party,
who sat on mats under the spreading branches of a hau
tree. Keha wore a red-feather helmet, a gift from his
guest. His long red-feather cape with yellow border was
thrown back, showing his palaoa and his red malo.
His beautiful wife sat next to him. Her red and yellow
pa'u was of the choicest tapa. Yellow feather leis, interwoven with maile, crowned her long black hair, and around
her neck were leis of the fresh ilima.
The guests had seats near by. They were also gorgeously dressed. Retainers stood near,who saw that they
had every comfort.
Keha acted as judge. Each chief who was to race




12  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


carried his own papia holua and in turn stepped before
the judge and recited his genealogy. This was to make
sure that all were of noble rank. The last chief had
finished and started up the hill when Keikiwai came forward. The people showed much concern, for they all
recognized him as a common fisherman. Would Keha
have him killed for attempting to race with chiefs?
Handing the tapa to Keha, he told his story and asked
if he might join the race. Keha passed the tapa over to
Kaolani and his wife Kalei. Tears of joy sprang to the
eyes of Kalei. "This is the tapa which I made for my
little water baby before we left Kahiki, and when he was
born at sea I wrapped him in it. This must be our child
whom we thought the cruel shark god, Moku-halii, had
devoured. Go into the race, my son, and show yourself
worthy of your ancestors."
Drums beat loudly as Keikiwai bounded up the hill.
Many of the chiefs recognized him, and did not like the
idea of racing with him. " Ho, ho, my aakaane," said the
nearest one scornfully, "you had better slide on a surf
board and get your nurse to race with you."
There was no time for Keikiwai to answer. The signal
was given and on they ran. It was a pretty sight to see
each one jump upon his narrow sled at the brow of the hill.
Down they came, and the spectators held their breath
with excitement. It took much skill to keep balanced, and
several upset and rolled over and over in the slippery grass.
Keikiwai forgot the crowds. He strained every nerve
to keep his balance. Once he almost lost it, but saved




KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY


I 3


himself by steering differently. Then on he went faster
than before. Slowly he gained upon some of the chiefs
who had been ahead, for in the long run his skill counted
for more than their experience. One by one he outdistanced them, and at the end he came in just a little
ahead of the foremost one. It was an exciting race, for
no one knew until the end how it was going to turn out.
Keikiwai heard the loud cheering, but he was too
exhausted to care. Retainers carried him to the royal
lanai, where they lomi-lomied him and rubbed him with
coconut oil. He lay there dazed but happy, for it was a
new and delightful experience to be cared for in this
fashion. They dressed him in a red malo and put a
palaoa around his neck.
VI
After the games came the luau or feast. Great preparations had been made for this important occasion. The
royal guests sat on the ground around a table of fern
leaves, and Keikiwai was placed at one end next to his
new-found father. He saw the women eating in another
place, but this did not seem strange to him; with all
classes of people it was tabu for men and women to eat
together, and ever since he was four years old he had
taken all his meals with men only. But it did seem queer
to be eating with chiefs, for he was accustomed to approach them on his hands and knees. He watched his
father closely, otherwise he would have drunk from the
finger bowls, which were passed before and after the meal.




14


OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Keikiwai was hungry, and he enjoyed this chance to
eat certain kinds of food which were tabu for the common people. He had roast pig and dog, many kinds of
raw fish, pink poi, baked sweet potatoes with red salt,
luau, sea urchins, crabs, and kulolo, which was a taro and
coconut pudding. After eating he took a sip of awa, then
hurriedly seized a calabash of water and gulped it down.
" What bitter stuff!" he said to himself. " I hope that my
being a chief will not make it necessary for me to drink it."
Keha had planned to have a grand hula after the luau.
"We must not stay," said Kaolani, "for my kahuna says
that the gods favor an early departure."
Keikiwai rushed forward to launch the canoe, but his
father stopped him. " You are a royal guest. Let your
retainers wait upon you." Then, seeing the young man's
look of disappointment, he added: "There are many
kinds of work that a chief can do. At home you can
build canoes, and fish, and swim. The people are proud
of a chief who can excel in doing things."
VII
It was late at night when the royal party reached home,
but all the people were on the beach to greet them. They
fell prostrate before Keikiwai also, for they could tell at
once that he too was a chief.
Manuia's family had lived in one house. In Keikiwai's
new home there were so many houses that he was confused. He soon learned that he must keep out of the
women's eating house and the house for tapa beating.




KEIKIWAI, THE WATER BABY


5


But the heiau, the men's eating house, and the sleeping
house were all open to him. It was not long before he
got used to his new home.
Keikiwai never tired of having his father tell him
stories. He asked many questions about Kahiki, and
learned that he had a brother who was still living in that
strange country. This made Keikiwai resolve that when
he was able he would go back to Kahiki and bring his
brother to live in Hawaii.
"Many of the chiefs who came from the South Seas
were warlike," said Kaolani. " They took land away from
the native chiefs and caused many cruel wars. I settled
in this valley, where the people were without a chief, so
they were glad to see me. The native chiefs have formed
a society called the aha alii, to protect each other from
the unworthy. When you grow to be a man, if you are
brave, you may become a member."
Keikiwai had been taught to be a brave warrior, and
he felt anxious for the time to come when he could have
a hand-to-hand contest with a rival chief, and grasp the
palaoa from the dying man's neck. But the stories of
Kahiki set him to thinking. He began to feel that a daring voyage in search of his long-lost brother was better
than fighting. " When I am a chief," he said, "I will build
a big double canoe and bring my brother back with me."
Should you like to know whether or not Keikiwai kept
his vow? Read the legends and meles telling of the deeds
of the early heroes. Keikiwai was called by a different name
then, but if you look closely you will be sure to find him.




THE FIRST PEOPLE AND HOW THEY CAME


I
A long time before Keikiwai lived people were making
journeys back and forth between the different islands in
the Pacific Ocean. In time they reached all of them.
Large double canoes were built for long voyages. The
trunks of two trees were hollowed out and fastened together by crosspieces upon which a platform was raised.
Sometimes the canoes were made of planks joined together. The paddlers sat in the canoes, and the passengers of rank were made as comfortable as possible upon
mats spread out over the platform. A three-cornered
sail was made of strips of matting and was a help to
the paddlers. These canoes were from fifty to a hundred feet long and six or eight feet deep.
A large company of people went on these voyages.
The chief took his family, retainers to wait upon them,
priests with their idols, musicians for entertainment, a
pilot, and the paddlers. Enough food was taken to last
for many days. The pigs, dogs, and hens were carried
alive, while the pandanus and breadfruit were preserved
in rolls of matting. Gourds served as water bottles.
Many times these bold seamen were blown upon new
islands by a storm or by a strong current. After going
once the pilots learned the way, so that they could travel




THE FIRST PEOPLE AND HOW THEY CAME


I7


back and forth. The paddlers kept time to music and
followed the direction which was signaled by the pilot
with a bunch of grass. He steered partly by making
a definite angle with the currents caused by the trade
winds, but his surest guide was the stars.


SAMOAN DOUBLE CANOE


Sometimes as many as fifteen canoes would form a
squadron. Then the pilot in the leading canoe would
guide them all. In the daytime they spread out in a
broad line so that they might not miss the islands, but
at night they kept close together to avoid separation.




I8  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


II
About fifteen hundred years ago a bold seaman named
Hawaii-loa reached the Hawaiian Islands, sailing from
the west. Many people believe that he came first and
named the islands after himself, and then returned for?00:: 777;777-0


MENEHUNES FELLING A TREE


his family so that they could all make the new country
their home. He may have brought the first large gourd
and planted it; certainly that variety is not found in the
South Seas, where most of the people came from.
Wakea and his wife Papa came also in those early
times. Legends tell us that they came from Savaii in




THE FIRST PEOPLE AND HOW THEY CAME        I9
Samoa, that they named the islands after their old home,
and even that they created the earth. They introduced
the tabu system.
The tabus were many laws, mostly foolish ones, which
the common people had to obey. There were also tabus
for the chiefs and priests, but these were not so many
COCONUT DRUM, IHULA DRUM AND RATTLE
in number. If the tabus were broken the gods were supposed to be angry, and the offender was put to death by
order of the priest. Often there was a reason for the first
tabu,-as, for instance, one upon food that was scarce,but the tabu was kept after the food became plentiful.
These tabus made it easy for the chief and the priest to
have all the power in their own hands.
For many years no more people came to the Hawaiian
Islands. At this time, so the old legends tell us, the




20   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Menehunes, or fairies, lived in the forests, and came out
stealthily at night to build heiaus and fishponds and
canoes. In Thrum's " Hawaiian Folktales" you can
read about some of the wonderful works which they
are said to have performed.
III
You have probably read stories of the Norsemen who
made daring voyages in the Atlantic Ocean, and who
D:w i ere the first to discover
America. About the same
time equally brave seamen in the Pacific Ocean
t  were making voyages between Hawaii and the
South Sea islands. This
-was seven or eight hundred years ago.
Paao was a priest who
came from Upolu in Samoa. His voyage is important because he made
many changes in HawaiBREADFIRUIT       ian customs. He brought
new gods and more tabus.
He brought the puloulou, or tabu sticks, and changed
the shape of the heiaus, making them four-sided instead
of triangular, as they had been before. He built one
in Kohala and another in Puna, both upon the island




THE FIRST PEOPLE AND HOW THEY CAME


21


of Hawaii. He found no chief of high rank in the new
country, so he returned to Samoa and brought back a
chief named Pili, who is supposed to be the direct ancestor of the Kamehameha family.
Moikeha was a famous chief. He sailed from Hawaii
to the south, and probably visited the Society Islands.
Upon his return he left his adopted son Laa in the
strange country.    Later on, his son Kila was sent to
bring Laa back to Hawaii. Laa-mai-Kahiki returned and
brought the first kaekeeke, -   a large drum    made from
a hollow section of a coconut tree, and having one end
covered with shark's skin. Years afterwards Moikeha's
grandson Kahai took a journey to the South Seas, and
returned with the first breadfruit trees, which he planted
at Kualoa on Oahu.
These were only a few of the many travelers. Not only
did they bring new plants and other things, but they
changed the ideas of the people.
REVIEW
Describe a double canoe. What was its size? Who went with the
chief on a long voyage? What food did they carry? How was it kept
from spoiling? How did the people discover new islands? Who steered,
and how? Describe a fleet of canoes and tell how they sailed.
Tell why Hawaii-loa was important. Who were Wakea and Papa?
Where did they come from, and what did they do for Hawaii? What
was the tabu system? Tell how some tabu may have started. Who
suffered most because of the tabus? Who had more power because of
them?
Tell what you have heard about the Hawaiian fairies.




22     OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Who were traveling on the Atlantic Ocean at the time the Hawaiian
people began to make long voyages again? Tell all the reasons why the
voyage of Paao was important. Who was Pili?
Who were Moikeha, Laa, Kila, and Kahai? Tell why they were famous.
How would the voyages mentioned change the lives of the people?
Describe a voyage to the South Seas and then play that you are taking
one. Choose the passengers. Use three rows of desks, having the center
of the middle row for the platform, and the two outer rows for the canoes.
The paddlers sit in the seats in the canoes and use rulers for paddles. They watch the pilot, who signals the direction with a branch of a
tree. The passengers sit on the desks, as the platform is higher than the
canoes. The musicians chant and beat time for the paddlers with rulers.




PART II. WORK AND PLAY OF
LONG AGO
FISHING
Because the people lived near the
sea and needed fish
for food, they became expert fishermen. They learned
the haunts and habits of all the fish,
also the location of
rocks and shoals.
They fished with
hook and line, with
nets, with spears,
with fishing sticks                       _
and fishing baskets.
Hooks and Lines
Fishhooks were
made of bone, shell,
ivory, or tortoise          FISHING WITH NET


I


23




24   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


shell, and the only tool used in shaping them was a
stone file. Sometimes bone and shell were used together,
in which case holes were bored with a pump drill, and
cord was drawn through
to tie the parts together.
The hooks were of dif-.. ferent shapes and sizes
for different kinds of fish.
The barb of the hook was
SHUTTLE          sometimes inside, sometimes outside, and sometimes there were barbs in both places. In some hooks
the point was near the shaft, and in others it was not.
The shark hooks were the largest ones, and were often
of wood, pointed with bone.
BONE FISHHOOK             SQUID HOOK
For catching squid, a shell and a stone sinker of about
the same shape and size were fastened upon opposite
sides of one end of a stick. A bone hook at the other
end was concealed by leaves. The cord came through
the shell. Examine the picture and then explain how
this hook was used.




FISHING


25


Hooks for the fish aku
had a shank of pearl fastened to a bone point.
The bright pearl attracted
the fish.
Fishlines were made of
olona cord. The kaa was
a slender cord fastened
SHELL SCRAPER
securely to the shank of
the hook, and to it was tied the aho, or line of heavier
cord. With a bamboo pole, and a reel made of the neck
of a broken gourd bottle, the fisherman of long ago was
as well equipped as the average boy of to-day.
Nets
People often used to fish with nets made of olona
cord. The olonza was a shrub which grew wild in gulches
and was often cultivated by the people.
It can be found today growing wild
upon Tantalus, the
highest mountain             FISH DRIVER
in the Koolau Range, and in other parts of the islands.
The fibers were used for cord.


FISHING STICK




26   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Nets were made of olonza because it was so strong,
so durable, and so flexible. The shrub was cut down
and soaked in running water to decompose the pulp;
then it was scraped:  to clean the inner
fibers..A  bunch
of fibers was tied
ge. T e ns wr dw  to the pointed end
of a board several
e     _                feet longand half a
foot wide, and was
then scraped with
a shell knife.
The nets were
of many different
patterns. Shuttles
held the cord, and
small bits of shell
were used for mesh
spacers.
The long nets,
which were sometimes twenty fathoms long, were
FISHING WITH SPEAR       made of smaller
pieces fastened together. These nets were drawn into large circles in the
water and held up with sticks. At the top were floats of
hau or of wiliwili, and at the bottom were stone sinkers.




FISHING


27


Fish were driven into the inclosure with ropes, or with
branches having a fringe of leaves tied at intervals.
Bag nets had wooden rims and handles, and were used
to scoop up the fish.
Sticks and Baskets


Fishing sticks, smeared with bait, were stuck upright
in the water to attract the fish. Bait was prepared in
\.^^^ES^ 626^U ^: -L_ _:I:             1:1 '111
1 ^HI^^BH;^;^-^ A      000   '.P.;          I
^^^BHHB.^^^^H


LAUHALA AND IE-IE FISHING BASKETS


various ways and mixed in a stone mortar with a wooden
pestle kept for this purpose.
One of the most exciting ways of fishing was with a
spear. This was a pole of hard wood six or seven feet
long and pointed at one end. Sometimes several points
were tied to the end.




28   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Spears were used when men dived under water as
Keikiwai did when he killed the shark. They were also
used to spear the fish in shallow water at night. In that
case a torch was carried to attract the fish.
Fishing baskets, made of ie-ie roots, were used to scoop
hold the fish after
they were caught.
A   gourd, with
a larger gourd inverted for a cover,
held fishlines and
hooks. The lauhala
reelbaskets were used
fF  a p            or the same purpose.e,
REVIEW
How did the Hawaiians become expert fishermen? Name different ways in which they
fished.
PUPILS' CONSTRUCTION WORK           Of what materials
were the hooks made?
How were they made? How did they differ? Describe a shark hook;
a squid hook; a hook of bone and pearl. Describe the line, pole, and
reel used by the fisherman. Compare this equipment with one of to-day.
Find a piece of bone or shell and try to shape a hook with a file of lava.
If that is impossible, model a hook of clay. How were the fibers of alona




FISHING                          29
separated from the pulp? Find some olona or any other plant-sisal,
for example -whose fibers run parallel; after it has been soaked, scrape
it upon a board with a shell scraper. Braid a few fibers for the kaa and
tie it to your hook; then spin the cord for the aho on your thigh, holding the end in your left hand and twisting with the palm of your right
hand. Tie this aho to the kaa. Find a bamboo pole, and the neck of a
broken gourd bottle for a reel.
Describe the long nets and tell how they were used. Play that you are
fishing with a long net. How many people will you need, and what is
the work. of each person?
What were the bag nets? What were fishing sticks? How were spears
used? How were baskets used by the fisherman?




CANOE BUILDING


The making of a canoe was important, and needed the
favor of the gods. So the canoe builders went first to
the kahuna, who offered sacrifice and prayers to different
gods. The kahuna then went with the men to help them
find the right tree in the forest; sometimes they climbed
several thousand feet above sea level before they found it.
OUTRIGGER CANOES
For the best canoes he chose koa, which is a hard wood.
He watched the elepaio, or woodpecker, and chose some
tree that the bird did not bore into. This was rudely
shaped, and then ropes were tied to it, and it was dragged
down to the seashore.
The canoe was made long and narrow so that it
would go swiftly. It was hollowed out with a special


30




CANOE BUILDING


3I


right-handed or left-handed adz which had been invented by one of the canoe gods.
The gunwale, or moo, was made of strips of wood
fastened to the upper edge to meet at bow and stern.
It was usually six or eight inches wide, and was tied with
cord or fastened with wooden pegs, and was put on to
make the canoe higher. The moo was made of a yellow
wood called ahakea, and remained the natural color when
the body of the canoe was painted black.
PADDLE
The ama, or outrigger, was a steadier, made of a curved
log of wiliwili, which was fastened to the canoe with iako,
or branches of the hau tree.
Most of the canoes were less than 50 feet long. The
fishing canoe of Kamehameha V is in the Bishop Museum. It held four men besides the king, and its dimensions are: length, 35.5 feet; depth outside, 27 inches;
inside, 23.5 inches; width outside, 23 inches; inside, 17.5
inches; center of canoe to center of outrigger, IO.7 feet.
The paddle was usually 5 feet long, the blade 12 x 20
inches.




32


OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


The launching of a canoe needed the services of the
kahuna. A sacrifice was offered, and then the owner and
the kahuna stood at the bow of the boat. The latter recited a long prayer while the canoe was being launched.
Any noise at that time was a bad sign; perfect silence
meant that the canoe was safe.
REVIEW
Why was a priest needed when a canoe was to be built? How was
the tree chosen? Can you tell why the kahuna chose the tree which the
woodpecker did not touch? How was it brought to the beach? What was
= -                                                __
DIAGRAM OF SIDE AND TOP OF CANOE
the shape of the canoe? How was it hollowed out? Describe the gunwale. How was the outrigger fastened to the canoe? What was the average size of a canoe? What was the size of a paddle? Describe the
launching of a canoe.
To make a small canoe, find a piece of wood about two feet long and
two inches in diameter. With a sharp knife cut off the bark; then flatten one side of the wood for the top of the canoe, and shape it as in the




CANOE BUILDING


33


diagram. Use carving tools to scoop out the inside. If you have no tools,
use a sharp knife with a small blade. Leave the walls one eighth of an
inch thick. As it is difficult to make the gunwale of separate strips, to
bore holes in it, and to tie it to the canoe, you can represent it by painting the upper edge yellow, and the body of the canoe black.
For crosspieces find two slender /lau branches slightly curved at one
end, and cut them five inches long. Bore holes in the gunwale six inches
from bow and from stern for the cord to tie the crosspieces on. Make
a piece of cord by braiding coconut fibers, or use any strong cord instead.
Find a branch of zviliwili about a quarter of an inch in diameter, and
cut it thirteen inches long. Shape the bow end as the bow is shaped, so
that it will not retard the progress of the boat. Fasten the outrigger
under the ends of the crosspieces, notching the latter so that they can
be tied securely. Tie the crosspieces to the canoe.
Paint the body of the canoe black, and the gunwale, crosspieces, and
outrigger, yellow.
Make paddles four inches long and one eighth of an inch thick. The
handle is rounded, while the blade is flat and oval. The blade can be
made an inch and a half long and three quarters of an inch wide. The
I0 (a small projection of wood fastened at the tip of the paddle on one
side) was put on the best paddles.
If you cannot carve a canoe, you may model one in clay or draw a
picture of one.




FARMING
The Hawaiians were skillful farmers, who raised taro,
sweet potatoes, yams, sugar cane, and bananas, for food.
Taro was the principal food of the people who lived in:~~ ~ ~ \ S001E ff _,
TARO PLANT


the valleys, where there was
plenty of water for irrigation. The cultivation of it
required much labor. Upland taro was raised in dry
soil, but the most common
variety grew in wet soil.
When the farmers started
taro patches they divided
the land near a stream into
squares arranged in terraces
so that the water could run
from one to the other. Then
these patches were separated by banks of earth and
stones, and the surface was


trodden down to make it water-tight.
Water was carried from the stream by means of ditches.
After the weeds were pulled out, the ground was soaked
and harrowed, and the huzi, or top sprouts, were planted
in rows in the muddy soil.
34




FARMING


35


When the taro was well started, water was let in, and
kept there until the taro was ripe. For six months it
was weeded, but after that, weeding would have injured
the plant.
In twelve or fifteen months the leaves began to turn
yellow. The people first trampled between the plants to
loosen the roots, and then pulled them up. The leaves
and roots were cut off with a sharp shell knife, and the
stem with the new shoot was thrown on the bank for the
next planting.
People who lived on the kula, or dry lands, depended
upon upland taro and sweet potatoes for food.
The upland taro grew upon dry soil and needed no
special watering. The tool for digging was the o-o, a
stick of hard wood sharpened at one end. The stems
were planted in rows.
There were many varieties of sweet potatoes. After
planting them in hills the family would sometimes leave
them to grow without any attention, and go off to visit
their friends. In four or five months they would return
to find that the crop was ripe and ready for eating. Then
it was their turn to entertain visitors.
REVIEW
Name five articles of food which the Hawaiians raised. What is the
difference between wet taro and upland taro? How did the farmer prepare his taro patch? How did he irrigate it? How did he plant the
sprout? How did he care for it? How could he tell when it was ripe?
Tell of the harvesting.




36     OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
What was the principal food of the people who lived away from streams?
How did the upland taro grow? What was the only farming tool? How
were sweet potatoes raised?
Visit a taro patch and compare it with one of long ago. Can you tell
from the looks of the taro how nearly ripe it is?




FIRE AND COOKING
The secret of making fire was supposed to have been
learned by the hero Maui. The following play, based upon
the legend    by Reverend
0. A. Forbes in "Hawaiian
Folktales," tells how Maui
discovered it.
THE ORIGIN OF FIRE:
SCENE. Onz the seashore.
CHARACTERS. Mauti, and five alae,
or mud hens.
(The alae are on the beach gathering firewood. Maui is near by, hid



ing behind some bushes.)
First Alae. Just as soon as
those four brothers go fishing we   d    I Iy   -III
can build our fire and cook our
bananas.
Second Alae. Yes, but one of
us must watch them. You remember how only the other day           ALAE, OR MUD HIEN
we had to stamp out our fire
and scamper away because they saw us. Maui almost caught us.
Third Alae (pointing out to sea). I can see the boat. There are four
men in it, so we are safe.


37




38   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Malui (to himself). Ha! ha! those
birds are fooled. I dressed a calabash
in tapa and put it in the bow of the
boat. They think that I am    there.
Hurrah, I shall soon have their secret!
(One alae brings a burning stick which
he has lighted and sets fire to the branches.
Then they begin to roast their bananas.)
BAMBOO FIRE BLOWER             Maui (leaping from his hiding place
and seizing one curly-tailed alae as the
others scatter in haste). Now I will kill you, you scamp of an alae.
Behold, it is you who are keeping the secret of fire from us. I will be
the death of you for this.
Alae. If you kill me, the secret dies with me and you will not get
the fire.
Anaui. Tell me, where
is the fire?
A4ae. It is in the leaf
of the ape.
Mcaui (rubbing the leaf
vigorously with a stick).
Where is the fire that
you are hiding from me?
Al1ae. It is in a green
stick.
A/aui (rubbing a green
stick with his stick).. I will
never let you go until
you tell me the truth.
A/ae. Have mercy!
It is surely in that dry
hau stick.
Maui (rubbing the stick
until sparks come). Now
there is one thing more                   FIRE STICKS




FIRE AND COOKING


39


to do. I will rub the top of your head until it is red with blood, and
the spot will always remain. (He rubs the alae's head vigorously as it struggles
to get away.).. t     he  Hawaiians made fire
by friction. They made a
groove in a small stick of
a soft dry              wood, usually from
the /au tree. Inserting the
point of a small sharpened
stick of hard wood into
the groove, they rubbed it
quickly back and forth. In, Va short time the wood was
charred, and in about a minBALL OF TAPA FOR CARRYING FIRE ute smoke began to come
and a tiny flame appeared.
This was fanned until it set fire to the end of a roll of
twisted tapa.
They used it principally for cooking,
which   was   done
out of doors. The
Zimu, Or oven, was
a hole dug in the              FooD IN TI LEAVES
ground, several feet
in diameter and about a foot deep. This was lined with
stones. On top came a layer of wood with a few dry twigs




40    OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
for kindling, and last of all came other stones. These
were porous so that they would not crack. When the
burning of the firewood had made the stones hot, the
ashes were brushed away and the oven was ready for use.


IMU, OR OVEN


Banana stumps were pounded flat and placed upon
the hot stones. Then the food, wrapped in leaves, was
put between layers of banana or ti leaves. These were
covered with about six inches of leaves and dirt. A small
opening was left for water to be poured in to steam
the food.
Taro was cooked in different ways. The root, baked in




FIRE AND COOKING


4I


ti leaves, was eaten as a vegetable. Luau, or Hawaiian
spinach, was made from  the young leaves baked in
ti leaves.
Poi was the chief article of food. It was made from
the baked taro root. This was peeled and then pounded


POUNDING POI


on a long wooden poi board with a stone pounder and
mixed with water. This was called pazai, and could be
kept for some time. Poi was made from this paiai by
mixing it with more water and leaving it to ferment.
Pounding poi was hard work and was always done
by the men. Often two men worked at one board, and
sang or joked as they worked.




42   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Besides being necessary for cooking, fire was also used
to give light and to dry out the house during the rainy
season.
Lamps were lava cups filled with oil and had tapa
wicks. Candles were strings of kukui nuts, ten or twelve
nuts being strung upon the midrib of a coconut leaf. The
top one was lighted first, and burned about three minutes.
STONE PESTLE AND POI POUNDERS
Then the candle would be inverted to set the next nut
afire, and the burned nut would be knocked off.
Torches were made of four or five candles fastened
together in pandanus leaves.
In damp weather the fire was built in the center of
the room upon stones, and the smoke escaped through
the doorway.
REVIEW
Tell the story of how Maui learned the secret of making fire. Act
out the play in the schoolroom. Explain how fire was made. Find a
pointed stick of hard wood and a dry hau branch and try to make fire.
Notice how quickly the wood becomes heated.




FIRE AND COOKING                        43
Tell how to make an imzu, or oven. Make one in the sand pile, using
small stones and pieces of leaves and of taro with the sand.
How was taro baked? How was luau made? What was paiai?
How was it made into poi? Play that you are pounding poi. Let two
children pound together. Can you sing the song about the poi man, or
make up a song that will help you in pounding?
Describe a lamp; a candle. How did the candles burn? Find some
kukui nuts, bake them slightly, shell them, and make a candle. How was
a torch made? When did people need a fire in their houses?




GOURDS AND CALABASHES


Suppose you had lived long ago and could not buy your
dishes. If you had wanted to cook your food over the fire,
it would have been necessary to bake clay dishes. If you
had failed to learn how to do this, you would probably
have cooked over hot stones, using gourds and coconuts


DECORATED GOURDS


and wooden dishes to hold the food. That is what the
Hawaiians did. They never learned to make dishes that
would not burn.
They raised the bottle gourd, and also a large gourd
that would sometimes hold ten or fifteen gallons.
44




GOURDS AND CALABASHES


45


The Hawaiian women had one advantage in growing
their own dishes. They often tied bandages on the young
fruit and made it grow in the shape which they wanted.


MENEHUNES CARRYING WATER IN CALABASHES


The ripe fruit was put in the sun so that the inside
would decompose. To clean the gourds for use, small
pebbles were shaken about in them.
Some of these dishes were decorated with lines and
triangles. A pattern was marked upon the outside with
a piece of hard wood or a stone. After standing in a
muddy taro patch for many days, the marked places




46


OLD —TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


became black or brown and harmonized beautifully with
the rest of the surface, which kept its light-brown color.
The gourd was light and durable and had many uses.
The bottle gourds with long necks held water at home,
while  the   shortnecked ones served
the same purpose on
id                  ourneys or in the
canoe.  Sometimes
the neck of a bottle
was filled with loose
fibers and served as
-, '~'~        a strainer. The large
gourds were used to
make calabashes for
holding  food, and
also as trunks, and!7                     for drums, rattles,
and the like.
There are no me/es
or chants about the
first calabash. Perhaps some canoe
GOURDS AND CALABASH IN )KOKO PUUPUU  maker was the first
person who thought
of hollowing out a dish. To make a calabash, a block
of wood, carefully chosen and roughly trimmed, was
soaked for months in mud or in a stream of water. Then
the outside was shaped with a stone adz: It was polished




GOURDS AND CALABASHES


47


first with coral, then with smooth stones, and lastly with
dried breadfruit leaves. This gave it a beautiful finish.
Finally the core was cut out with a small stone adz,
leaving the walls less than an inch thick.
Calabashes were made of many varieties of wood and
in many shapes and sizes. Some held only a pint, others as
much as ten gallons. Bowls, or calabashes, held poi, pudding, and other food. Finger bowls, used by the upper
CALABASHIES AND FINGER BOWL
classes, had a projection to remove the sticky poi from
between the fingers, which were used as fork or spoon.
Other finger bowls had a compartment for water, and one
for leaves upon which the fingers were dried. Flat dishes
for meat occasionally had carved images at the ends.
Spittoons were made with handles.
People to-day appreciate the beautiful handwork on
these old calabashes and pay much more for them than
for the modern machine-turned ones. Some of them are
worth a great deal of money.




48     OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
REVIEW
What did the Hawaiians use for dishes? What kinds of gourds did
they raise? How could they change the shape of their dishes? How did
they clean out the inside? How were gourds decorated? For what were
bottle gourds used? The neck of a broken bottle served what purpose?
How were the large gourds used?
Plant gourd seeds, and when the fruit is young, tie one or two with
bandages so as to change the shape. When the gourds are ripe, clean the
inside as people did long ago. Then, after looking carefully at the old
patterns, mark your own pattern by cutting the skin; cover with mud
and leave it until the marked places become dark.
How should you begin to make a calabash from a block of wood?
How was the outside finished off? How was the core dug out? How
did calabashes differ? Tell of at least four different kinds.




BASKETS AND MATS


People must have some way of carrying things. At
first the Hawaiian probably tied his fish in a ti leaf, or
several fish in a bunch of ti leaves as they do in the fish
market to-day. Then he learned to braid roots, ferns,
and leaves to make
baskets.
A long time ago
the people made
baskets out of ie-'er
roots. The few of
these      t so b that a         b re now
in the Bishop Mduseum  show beautiful workmanship
Sometimes a basket
FIsii TIED IN Ti LEAVES
was woven tightly
over a gourd. When baskets were made from the coconut
leaf, the midrib was split to form the top, and its end
was the handle. The leaf was split and woven.
The lauhala baskets are very light and durable, but
they are not so beautiful as the old baskets were. The
leaves of the hala tree were dried, then cut into strips
and carefully scraped with a shell scraper. They were
plainly woven.


49




50    OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Gourds or
calabashes
were often
carried  in
baskets made
of  netting
from olouza or
from coconut
cord. These
were carefully woven
~~IE-IE BASwith          large
meshes and
served as handles for the gourds or calabashes. Such a
basket was called a koko.
The most common variety of mats were made of lazuhiala. The leaves were prepared as for baskets; then the


-
~-:~;:;-::::: s-;-::I



METHOD OF STARTING LAUHALA MAT




BASKETS AND MATS


5I


women wove the mats by hand, beginning in one corner
and working diagonally across. This plain weave could
be skillfully patched by weaving in new strips.
The makaloa mats were more beautiful, as well as
stronger and firmer, than the lauhala ones. The makaloa


MAKALOA MAT


sedge grew in marshy places on Niihau and Kauai. The
mats had to be woven of young sedge. The stem was
straw-colored, with its lower portion red. Other colors
were made with vegetable dyes.
Captain Cook saw the following varieties: a white mat
with red stripes and figures interwoven on one side;




52


OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


HAWAIIAN GIRLS WEAVING MAT UNDER I[AIA TREE


a mat of pale green spotted with squares of red; a strawcolored one spotted with green; and one made of beautiful stripes of red and brown.
All the chants and legends about weaving have been
lost, so that we do not know what god was the patron
deity of weavers.
REVIEW
How did people begin to make baskets? Describe the baskets made
of the ieie root; the coconut-leaf baskets; the lauhala baskets. Which
do you consider the most beautiful, and why?
How were gourds and calabashes sometimes carried?




BASKETS AND MATS                        53
Find something in nature that can be used as a basket. If you have
a small calabash, tie or crochet a small koko that will hold it so that you
can hang it up.
How were the lauhala mats made? What was the makaloa mat?
How was it colored? How did the designs differ? Why do we know of
no god of weavers? What makes you think that there must have been one?
Weave a mat. Select dry leaves from the hala tree, cut off the ends
and edges, and roll the strips. After washing each strip, scrape it with
a knife to make it flexible; then cut the strips the desired width, and
weave as in the picture. If you cannot get lauhala or a substitute in
nature, use strips of brown paper.




TAPA MAKING


Tapa was made of the inside bark of any tree the
fibers of which interlaced. In Hawaii the wauke fibers
were generally used.
The wauke was found wild, but it grew best when it
was cared for. Slips were planted here and there between


MAKING TAPA
54




TAPA MAKING


5 5


the rocks. As the shrubs grev, their branches spread.
A year or two after planting they wve-re cut down by


the men, and the bark was divided:u-:IEI:.I-I;hhI:: ---:;:::9:99:0:f::::a::: 0:::
I:


into long strips.
Women rolled
these strips with
the inside surface
exposed so as to
let the sap evaporate, and then, having scraped off the
outer bark with a
sharp shell, they
soaked the bundles in the stream.


TAPA BIEATERS


After soaking, the tapa was beaten on a smooth stone
with a round mallet; this felted the fibers together.
When it had been soaked again, it was beaten on a
297
BAMBOO STAMP
wooden log with a mallet having patterns on four sides,
to give it an even texture. All this time it was kept
moist with water.
The tapa could be made any size or shape by overlapping strips and beating them together.




56   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Tapa was bleached in the sun to make it white. Coloring matter was made from soil, or from berries or roots
pounded in a stone mortar with a vegetable oil and mixed
with water. Tapa was colored by
soaking it in this dye.
A perfume was made of sandalwood, or of pandanus seeds steeped
in a vegetable oil. Tapa soaked in
~l    this became waterproof, but it did
PANDANUS BRUSH  not last long.
There were many different patterns upon the tapa, made up of lines and figures without any special meaning. These patterns were stamped
with a bamboo stamp or painted with a brush. The brush
was a piece of bamboo split at one end. Another kind
of brush was made from a section of the pandanus fruit
frayed at one end.
The brush was dipped into a calabash of paint, held
over the tapa in the right hand, and pressed down with
BAM OO MARKER
the left hand. It was so well guided by the eye that one
cannot tell where the parts were joined. Sometimes a
rope, a sea urchin, or a breadfruit leaf soaked in paint
was pressed upon the tapa.




TAPA MAKING


57


The women had a grass house, built especially for
tapa making, which was tabu for the men; but in pleasant weather they preferred to work out of doors. One
woman often worked by herself, with her children perhaps to help her. Sometimes the women would signal
from one valley to another by a special way of beating.
Tapa beaters worshiped the goddess Lauhuki, and
offered sacrifices to her so that she would help them
in their work.
REVIEW
Why did the fibers have to interlace to make good tapa? What bark
was used mostly? How was it grown? How was it cut? What was done
before the bundles were ready for soaking? How were they pounded?
After a second soaking how were they pounded? How were the strips
made into cloth? How were they colored and perfumed? What kind of
pattern was marked upon the tapa? What brushes were used? How
was the marking done? Where did the women beat tapa? How did
they signal to each other? Who was their special goddess?
Most of the tapa that is seen to-day was made in the South Seas.
The tapa design on this book cover, and the designs on the dresses of
the girls in the different tableaux representing scenes from the early
life, are copies of the old designs.
WlVauke trees can be found growing wild in different places. If you
are unable to find one, select any tree in which the fibers of the inner
bark interlace. Take a long branch, cut the bark lengthwise, and peel it
off in one strip. Leave it until the sap evaporates. Scrape off the outer
bark and soak the remaining strip of fibers until it is soft. Then pound
it upon a meat board with a potato masher for a hohocJ, or mallet, if you
are not able to get the real tools. Soak it again, and then overlap two
strips and pound them together. Paint your own tapa design, following
the idea of the old tapas.




FEATHERWORK
Hawaii is famous for the feather ornaments which in
the old days were worn by the nobility.
Every chief had retainers who were birdcatchers.
They knew the haunts and habits of the iiwi and akakane, the mamo and the o-o, from which they got the
4i!.:i?.
BIRDS OF TIHE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
beautiful red and yellow feathers. These birds lived in
the forests on the mountain sides.
The hunters often attracted the birds by planting certain trees. Sometimes they snared them in nets or felled
them with slings. Often they caught them on a branch
58




FEATHERWORK


59


smeared with a sticky gum. Then they could pull out
the few bright feathers without killing the bird.
The capes, helmets, and idols were made by tying the
feathers to olona netting, which was the work of women.
The rows of feathers were
so close together that the
work looked like the breast
of a dove. The edges
were kept smooth by reversing the feathers at the
border.
The capes were shaped
by fastening small pieces
of netting together, and
then the feathers were tied
on. Some capes were made
of one color, others had
a border of a contrasting
color, while some had crescents or figures of still
another color. The design    FEATHER CA.PES AND LEIS
was drawn first upon white
tapa, and circles were made true with a cord. The
highest chiefs wore long capes which reached to their
ankles, while the lesser chiefs wore short capes over their
shoulders.
Many of the capes are now in the Bishop Museum and
are worth thousands of dollars. The most valuable one
is made of the orange-colored feathers of the mamo, a




60o  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


bird which is now extinct. It was worn by Kamehameha I,
and was at least one hundred years in the making.
The helmets are as wonderful as the capes, and they
are as graceful in shape as those made by the old Greeks.
The framework is
ic-ie basketry covered with olona netting. Feathers of
different colors are
tied to this netting.
One   helmet has
red feathers with
stripes  of black,
yellow, and green
feathers, and  another is red with a
high crest of yellow.
Both capes and helmets were worn by
chiefs in battle or
on state occasions,
and generous chiefs
gave them as presFEATH11ER HIELMET       ents.
The feather idols
were made in the same way as the helmets, and hoops
were put inside to make the head firm. The faces were
hideous with their wide, gaping mouths lined with
shark's teeth.




FEATHERWORK


A kahili is a long pole with a bunch of feathers tied
to one end. Long ago, doubtless, flies were brushed away
with a bunch of leaves. Then some one
tied feathers to a handle for the same
purpose, and soon larger ones were made.
These looked so grand that upon state
occasions the chiefs had special men called
kahili-bearers to carry them. The smaller
ones kept their use as flyflaps.
Some of the handles were made of kauila wood inlaid with shell, bone, or ivory.
Bunches of feathers were tied to the handle, with an inverted cone of small feathers
at the base.
These feathers were so valuable that
when not in use they were taken from
the handles and carefully stored away in
calabashes.
A lei was made by tying small feathers      KAIIl
tightly to a strong cord of oloza. Usually
the feather lei was all of one color, but sometimes there
were bands of red and yellow. These ebis were worn only
by women of the nobility and were carefully kept in
joints of bamboo when not in use.
REVIEW
Who used the feather ornaments? What did the hunters know about
the birds? Where are the yellow feathers on the mamo and the o-o?
the red feathers on the akakane and the iiwi? How did they catch the
birds? If you can find the birds in the forest, watch them. How is




62   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


their color a protection? What other colors were found upon different
birds? (See the bird and feather work in the Bishop Museum.)
How were feathers put on the framework? How were the capes
worn, and how did they show rank? How were they shaped? What


PUPILS' CONSTRUCTION WORK


were the different patterns? How were they put on? I)Describe the
feather cape which belonged to Kamehameha I. Why is it priceless?
What made the helmets beautiful? How were they made? What is
a kahili  How do you think the people began to make them? For what
were they used? How were they made? Where were they stored when
not in use?




FEATHERWORK


63


How was a feather lei made? Where was it stored? By whom was
it worn?
Draw examples of the different kinds of featherwork, using your own
designs, but following the general plan of design. Then color these,


PtrTLYs' CONSTRUCTION )WORK


using red and yellow for the main colors. Green, blue, black, and white
were also used.
Draw and color the figure of a Hawaiian wearing a cape and helmet
and holding a spear. I)raw another figure of a man in a sitting position
spinning olonla upon his thigh.




DRESS AND ORNAMENT


The people did not need much clothing in that mild
climate. They used tapa and matting for clothes, and
shells, seeds, or flowers for decoration.


MENEHUNES WEARING THE MALO


Women wore the pa'u, which was made from a piece
of tapa about four yards long and one yard wide. It was
made in several layers, often beautifully colored red,
yellow, or black.
64




DRESS AND ORNAMENT


65


The pa'u was usually worn as a short skirt. It was
wound around the body several times, and the end was
tucked in at the waist or drawn up over one shoulder. A
cord at the waist made it more secure; and when a smooth
pebble was rolled up in the top edge and tucked under


MAKING FLOWER LEIS


the cord there was no need for buttons and buttonholes. A convenient way to put on the pa'u was to spread
it out on the grass and roll up in it.
The malo was the dress of the men. It was a strip of
tapa about nine inches wide and three yards long and
was wound about the loins. The kihei, which was like a
shawl, was usually worn by men. They threw it over one




66   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


shoulder and under the other arm, and tied it in front or
on the shoulder. Sometimes women wore the kziei, which
they put on as we do
a shawl.
Some of the people
tattooed their bodies.
They got the idea from
the natives of the South
Seas.  They thought
because it attracted
attention that it was
beautiful.
All the people liked
to wear lei/s, or wreaths,
which they made from
flowers, vines, seeds,
shells, shark's teeth,
and even from human hair. These they
wound around their
heads or about their
Do.G-TEETii ANKLETS    necks.
Bracelets and anklets were made of dog's or hog's teeth or of shells.
The nobility wore the feather capes and helmets and
the necklace with palaoa (a hook-shaped pendant of
ivory or whale tooth fastened to many cords of closely
braided human hair) on special occasions. These things
were a sign of rank.




DRESS AND ORNAMENT                         67
REVIEW
What did people of the old days wear for clothes and for ornament?
What was the dress of the women? How was it made? How was
it worn?
Describe the dress of the men. How did they wear the malo? the
kihei? How did women wear the kihei?
Why did people tattoo themselves? What were leis made of? How
did the nobility dress to show their rank?
Compare the ornaments of long ago with those of to-day. Take a
shawl and drape it around you to show how the kihei was worn by women;
by men. Fold the shawl for apa'u and show how it was worn.
Find seeds or flowers or shells or vines and string a lei.




ADZ FACTORIES


The adz was the most important tool. It was made
of clinkstone, -a hard stone found in only a few places
which were usually high up on the mountains. The factory was always in one of these places, and the work
was carried on for only a part of each year.
In our factories to-day each man has one kind of work
to do, and so he makes part of many articles. In the
ADZ
factories of those days the men liked to work together,
but there was no division of labor.
The adz maker first tested his stone to be sure that
there were no flaws in it; then he separated the flakes
from the rock with a pebble for a hammer. With a clinkstone chisel he chipped it into shape and then ground
off the edges with a stone grindstone.
68




ADZ FACTORIES


69


The handle was made later from a branch of hau or
of other wood. Notice in the picture how a piece of tapa
is between the adz and the handle, and how securely it
is tied with olozna or with coconut fibers.
The art of adz making was a secret handed down
from father to son. It was protected by special gods, and
RIVIVERSIBLE Ai
each factory had a heiau, or temple, in which sacrifices
could be offered to these gods.
The largest adzes, weighing as much as twelve pounds,
were used for felling trees. Different sizes were needed
for hollowing canoes, building houses, etc. Some were
less than an ounce in weight and were used in carving idols.
REVIEW
What was the most important tool in the old days? Where was the
material found? How did the factory differ from one of to-day?
Tell just how the adz was made and what tools were used. How was
the handle tied on? Can you tell why a piece of tapa or of dry leaf
was inserted?




70      OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Could everybody make adzes? Explain. How did the adz makers
get the favor of the gods? For what were the largest adzes used? other
sizes? the smallest ones?
Notice the adzes in the Bishop Museum and tell what the different
sizes were used for.
Try to shape an adz with a pebble hammer. Are you able to break
off flakes of stone? Perhaps you can find a stone the shape of an adz
or get a real one. Then cut a branch of a tree at the fork and tie on
your handle. See if you can use this adz. Sometimes shell was used for
the adz in place of stone, wood, or coconut.




HOUSEBUILDING


The Hawaiians had grass houses. These were used
chiefly for storing things, as the people were out of
doors most of the time.
Housebuilding was done
with few tools. The o-o           /
was used to dig holes for       /
the posts, which were hewn
down with the stone adz.     /
Deep notches in the posts  / _
were cut with a stone file,
and holes for pegs in the
door were bored with a
pump drill. A thatching
needle was used when the
cord could not be drawn
through the grass with the
fingers.
The chief had carpen-    PUMP DRILL USED FOR BORING
HOLES
ters among his retainers.
When a new house was built they acted as lunas, or overseers, and the common people did the work without pay.
The strong men brought the timber from the forests
for the posts and framework. The women and children
gathered a huge pile of grass and ferns for thatching, and
71




72    OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
the old men made a cord of coconut fibers and wound
it into balls to be used for tying the parts together.
In some houses a floor was made of smooth pebbles.
The posts for the two long sides were put in parallel
rows, perhaps five in a row. The main poles at the
ends and midway between the others were higher and




HAWAIIAN GIRLS EATING POI


notched at the top to fit the ridgepole which connected
them. Small poles connected the ridgepole with the side
posts. Sticks were put erect and crosswise between the
posts and tied securely.
The house was sometimes thatched with leaves, but
more usually with grass. Small bundles were tied to the




HOUSEIUILDING


73


framework so that the roots turned upwards and were
inside. The thatching was done from the bottom upwards. Carpenters finished the edges with fern stems.
The doorway was low, and had grass carefully braided
around the opening. The door was of rudely cut boards
fastened to cross boards with wooden pegs.
Sometimles the front rafters were extended and fastened
to posts, making a lanai, or porch thatched with leaves.
Often the lanai was
separate from  the                         corner
house.
The comimon folk
had houses made
just like thos   e of the
a/h or chiefs, onlyp
they were smaller,
fewer, and not so
well finished. Each
family had to build
its own house, un- CONSTRUCTING A GRASS HOUSE IN TIHE MANNER
OF OLD-TIME HIAWAIIANS
less the neighbors
were willing to help. In each village was a special carpenter to, finish the edges of the roof and the corners;
he was paid in advance with presents.
It was not long before a grass house had to be rethatched, and in a hard Kona storm the roof often leaked.
Housebuilding needed the favor of the gods, requiring
the services of a priest, for which he received presents,
the people building the house, he making offerings and




74


OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


prayers to the gods. Often the priest was the first one
to sleep in a new house; it was then his custom to offer
prayers to keep out the evil spirits.
REVIEW
What kind of houses did the Hawaiians have? What was their chief
use? How did the houses of the common people differ from those of
the chief? Who built the house for a common person? for a chief? How
was the work divided?
Make a drawing of the framework and tell from it how the parts
were put together. How was the house thatched? How was the doorway finished? Describe the door. Tell how the lanai was made. What
tools were used in housebuilding? How durable was a grass house?
What services did the priest perform?
Make a grass house. Cut cardboard as shown in the diagram and
paste it in the shape of a house. Paste real grass upon it.
If you prefer a real grass house, you can make it like the one in
the picture.


DIAGRAM FOR HOUSE OF CARDBOARD




HOUSE FURNISHING


Let us now make a list of the articles which were used
or kept in the house.
The bed was made of lauhala mats. These were on
the floor, or else on a hizkiee, -a platform of leaves and
mats screened off
from  the rest of
the house.;                          IThe covering was
made of five pieces
mattof tapa fastened                to
ther at one end
with a tapa tape,
the outside piece
LAUHALA PILLow          being  decorated.
This covering was folded and put away in the daytime. The pillow was made of pandanus or laulala
matting and was stuffed with leaves; but some people
used only a log of wood or a stone for a pillow.
The houses were
lighted with stone
lamps and kukuinut candles, which
have already been
described.


SPOON MADE OF HALF A COCONUT SHELL
75




OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Dishes have also been described. They were gourds,
wooden calabashes, and coconuts. Spoons were made of
a piece of coconut
shell fastened to a
wooden handle.
2                     Large, light, waterKNIFE OF SHARK'S TEETI FASTENED) TO  proof gourds were
WOOD)EN IHANDLE            1
used to store away
tapa, feather capes, olona nets, and other articles. Part of
a tree was placed in the floor or outside the door, and
these gourds, in kokos or netting, were hung upon the
PANDANUS PRESERVES FOR LONG VOYAGES, TIED IN MATTING
branches. Sometimes they were hung on projections
extending from the framework of the house.
Fishlines were stored in bottle gourds with long
necks, and leis in
joints of bamboo.
The walls were
ornamented   with
useful things such ____:____::::__;:I
as spears, daggers,             coMB




HOUSE FURNISHING


77


adzes, bows and arrows, o-os, and brooms. The kahili,
or broom, was made of the midribs of coconut leaves
tied together at one end. Women squatted down when
they swept.
The toilet articles:,
were few. A comb
was cut from bone
or made from pieces
of the midrib of a
coconut leaf bound
together. Lookingglasses were of polished wood dyed
black or of polished
stone  dipped  in
water. A knife for
cutting  hair was
made   of shark's
teeth fastened to
a wooden handle.
The laau lomi-lomi
was a stick used for
exercising the back.  HAWAIIAN GIRL SWEEPING WITH PRIMITIVE
After this exercise            BROOM
with the lomi-lomi a stone of cellular lava was used for soap.
Surf boards and ulu-maika, or stones for bowling, were
kept wrapped in tapa. A stone papamu showed that the
family were fond of konane, or checkers. Gourds filled with
pebbles served as rattles or castanets in the dance.




78  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


REVIEW
What did the Hawaiians use for beds? for covering? for pillows?
How were their houses lighted? What dishes did they have? How
were spoons made? How did they store things away, and why? How
were the walls decorated? What did they use for a comb? a lookingglass? a knife? soap?
What was a lomi-lomi
stick? Name some of
the things which they
used in their games.
I)o you know of other
things which they had
in their houses?
Make a list of all.the articles that might
have been in Keikiwai's
house when he lived:with Manuia the fisherLOMI-LOMI STICK              man. In another list
name the things which
were probably in the house of Kaolani. Is there anything in the list
which was not useful?
If you have already made a grass house, furnish it as well as you
can. Use the mat which you have woven. Make a broom of small
pieces of the midrib of a coconut leaf. Fasten a branch of a tree in
front of the house and hang the kokos, with calabashes which you
have made, upon the limbs. If you can get a native doll, dress her
in a pa'u of cloth or paper decorated to look like tapa, or else in the
small piece of real tapa which you have made. Perhaps you can think
of other furniture to use in your house.




STONEWORK
The masons of long ago were strong men who lifted and
carried all the heavy stones by hand. Many men worked
together, passing the stones from hand to hand or from


a:


sl%


MENEHUNES BUILDING A STONE WALL


shoulder to shoulder without dropping a single one. The
mason had to be skillful in matching his stones so that
the wall would be firm and strong.
79




80   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Fishponds and heiaus needed the same kind of workmanship. Let us see how a fishpond was made. Kamehameha I had one constructed at a little fishing village
called Kiholo. First a strong wall was built to inclose a
bay which was a half mile across. The wall was six feet
high in some places and twenty feet wide. Several arches
were raised, and under them stakes were driven into the
ground far enough apart so that the water could come in,
and near enough together so that the fish could not get out.
I1EIAU CONSTRUCTED OF CARDBOARD BY PUPILS OF FIFTH GRADE
Heiaus were built upon stone platforms and were inclosed by stone walls. Stories of the Meznezhunes tell how
they built heiaus and surprised the people. At Pepeekeo,
in Hilo, Hawaii, the chief had ordered a heiau. After collecting a huge pile of stones the tired workers went away
for the night. In the morning they could hardly believe
their eyes, for there was the heiau all finished.
Another heiau stands on a high cliff near Kalaupapa
on Molokai. It is where no one can reach it, and the
stones of which it is built are like the stones of the




STONEWORK


Si


seashore. How can this be accounted for unless it was
built by fairies? Do you remember that one legend tells
us that the heiau in Kohala, on Hawaii, was built by the
priest Paao? Here the stones had to be carried from a
valley several miles away to a grassy plain. The nimble
little fairies passed them along so rapidly that the work,
as usual, was finished in one night.
The ruins of the different heiaus which can still be seen
show us how well they were made. The largestpuit/oiua,
or place of refuge, was at Honaunau, on Hawaii. Within
its walls were three large heiaus, also houses for the priests
and for the refugees. Some of the largest stones in the
walls weigh several tons, yet they were lifted as much as
six feet from the ground.
REVIEW
How were stones lifted by the masons of long ago? How are they
lifted at the present time? What ability was needed in order to be a
good mason? Describe a fishpond. Why were the ponds built? How
were heiaus built? What was their use? Tell how the Jeknehunes built
one at Pepeekeo; on a high cliff on Molokai; in Kohala. Describe the
puuhonuua at Honaunau on Hawaii. What was the use of the place of
refuge? Do you know of any other country which had a place of refuge
for the fugitive?
Visit the Bishop Museum and notice the model of a heiau. The picture shows a cardboard one which was made by Hawaiian children.
Make one for yourself. The grass house which you have already made
can be placed within the walls for the priest.




SONGS AND DANCES


The old songs, or meles, had neither rime nor meter.
The people sang deep down in their throats, and used
only two or three tones. A good singer had to be able
to breathe deeply, for the phrases were very long.
These meles were composed by the bards. They taught
them to their sons, who passed them on to their children,
and in that way many of them have come down to us. It. is only through these songs
that we know anything at
all about the life of the past.
The songs were made up
of flowery words, and were
prayers, dirges, love songs,
and name songs which were
composed at the birth of a
K1oK1o         chief to tell who his ancestors were.
We know that the first drums were brought from the
South Seas by Laa-mai-Kahiki. Other and smaller drums
were made of coconut shells or wooden calabashes covered
on one side with shark's skin.
The Hawaiians had wind instruments also. Perhaps
the thought of making such instruments came to them
when they heard the wind blowing through the reeds.
82




SONGS AND DANCES


83


The kiokio was a gourd with three holes, put against the
nose and blown with one nostril, the other being closed;
the nose flute was similar, but made of a tube of bamboo.
Perhaps the twang of the bowstring might have led
people to think of making string instruments. The
ukeke was a bow of flexible
wood having several strings
of coconut or olona fiber.       NOSE FLUTE
In those days people were as fond of dancing as they
were of swimming. Public dancers were usually a few
women who were trained for this work. They wore decorated fa'u, leis of flowers and vines and shells around
their necks or on their heads, and bracelets and anklets of
UKEKE
teeth. The dancers kept time to music and often acted
out the song as it was chanted.
At first the hula was in honor of the gods or in praise
of the chiefs, and the dancers worshiped the goddess Iaka.
Later its purpose was changed and it became corrupt.




84      OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
REVIEW
Describe the chant, or mele. If possible, learn to sing one. How does
it compare with moder music? How were these meles preserved?
Describe the drums; the wind instruments; the string instrument,
and tell how it is like the ukelele of to-day. Make a nose flute, or kiokio,
or an ukeke, and try to make music upon it.
Describe the hula, or dance. How were the dancers dressed? What
was the purpose of the hula of long ago? Has it changed?




GAMES


The old-time Hawaiians were fond of games, and their
outdoor sports made them strong and alert. The games
in the water helped them to be better fishermen.
Little babies were taught to swim, and they always
liked to play in the water. Boys became experts in jumping from high precipices, and in diving, floating, and
swimming under water or with their feet interlocked.
Surf riding is still the national sport. Many of us
know by experience how hard it is to keep our board
PAPA -1 OIJA
on the edge of the wave and to steer it so that the wave
carries us along. In those days the boards were larger,
and riders could change their position while surfing.
They liked to stand as they rode in. Sometimes they
rode the surf in frail canoes, which is the most popular
way at the present time.
The wooden surf boards were painted black. After
being used they were dried in the sun, rubbed with coconut oil, wrapped in tapa, and hung inside the house.
85




86   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


There are in these islands many steep hills covered
with long slippery grass. Most of us know what fun it
is to slide down them upon
ti leaves. In olden times a
sled called the papsia holua
was used on prepared courses
or slides called ohaa. There
this one in the Bishop Museum
which shows you how very
long and how very narrow
such a sled was. It took
much practice to keep one's
UJLU-MAIKA      balance upon it.
In making ready to slide,
the person stood back of the brow of the hill, the sled
held by the side piece with
his right hamd. He raobili.
swiftly to the beginning!
of the slide, then grasped
the other side with his
left hand, fell flat upon
the board, steadied him-..
self with his feet upon the
back crosspiece, and shot      I
headforemost down   the
holua, sometimes a distance of half a mile.
Puhenehene was the favorite game of the nobility.      SLING




GAMES


87


Sometimes they played it for days at a time. Five
bundles of tapa were placed in a row, and the players,
divided into two parties, took their places upon opposite
sides of the bundles. A player hid a stone under one of
the bundles, while his opponents watched the muscles
of his arm and guessed where the stone was hid. Each


HAWAIIAN GIRLS PLAYING PUIIENEI-ENE


player had a polished stick, and each in turn was permitted to tap a bundle, the object being to leave for the
last one the bundle over the stone. If the guessers were
successful the stone went to their side, and was next
hidden by them; otherwise the first side scored as many
points as there were bundles remaining when the stone
was discovered.
Pahee was a game which was popular with the common




88   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


people. The ka/hua upon which it was played was a long
level track about three feet wide. The pahee was a blunt
dart of heavy wood a foot or more in length. One game
was to send it between two
sticks placed three or four
inches apart, and another
HAWAIIAN WEAPON     game was to throw or rather
slide it as far as possible.
Maika was played upon a similar kahua with a polished stone called the ulu-maika. This stone was circular, thicker in the center so that it would roll well. One
game was to roll it between sticks which were thirty or
forty yards away. Sometimes the players rolled it as
far as possible, the best ones making a distance of about
one hundred rods. After a game the ulu-maika was
carefully dried and
wrapped in tapa.
Konzane was a
little like checkers,
only more difficult.
The checkers were
black and white
pebbles, and the
papamu or board       --
was   usually  of NEWA, OR I)EVICE FOR TlRIPPING UP AN ENEMY
stone, with indentations for the squares. Kamehameha I
was fond of this game, and often played for hours at a
time without saying a word. He was so skillful that no
one could win from him.




GAMES


89


In war the Hawaiians fought with spears, daggers,
and slings. Usually it was in a hand-to-hand contest.
Their warlike games of boxing, wrestling, and hurling
javelins and stones made them agile and alert. Once
i: g:  -.i::;~ i ii f  J. A


KAMEHAMEHA AT SPEAR PRACTICE. (FROM AN OLD) PAINTING)


six spears were thrown at Kamehameha I at the same
time. He caught three, warded off two, and dodged the
last one.
Children had many games of their own much like the
games which you enjoy. They played with jackstones
and flew kites. Panzapana was played by bending the




90      OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
midrib of a coconut leaf into a bow and then letting it
snap as far as possible. Boys often turned somersaults
in the grass or on the sand. They could tie many
kinds of knots, and played a game called hei that was
like cat's cradle.
REVIEW
How are games good for people? What different things could the
Hawaiians do in the water? Can you do all those things, or different
ones? Describe the surf board. Why is surfing difficult? How were
the boards stored? Why did the old-time people value the boards and
take better care of them than we do to-day?
PAHEE
How do you slide downhill? What kind of sled did the Hawaiian
have, and how did he use it? Describe the game of _puhenehene, then
study the picture which shows children playing it and tell what they are
doing. Play the game, using bundles of cloth if you have no tapa, with
rulers for sticks. The one who hid the stone always made many gestures, and passed his hand back and forth several times so as to make it
harder for the opponents to guess.
What was the game of pahee? Describe the pahee and the track, and
tell how the game was played in two ways. What was the idu-maika?
Describe the game of maika. If you have an ulu-maika, play the game.
Make pahees and play with them.




GAMES                           91
Compare checkers and konane. Describe the board and the men
used in the game. What games made the people better fighters in
time of war? Name all the games that children of long ago played
that are played by children of to-day. Describe the game of panapana, then get midribs of coconut leaves and play the game.




92




PART III. FAMOUS HAWAIIANS
UMI, THE MOUNTAIN KING
I
Long ago, in the fifteenth century, a little boy named
Umi lived in a village of East Hamakua on Hawaii. His


mother was of low birth,
and he was brought up
like the other boys of the
village. But he was different from them, for he
was larger and stronger,
and he became the leader
in all the games.
When he was sixteen
years old his mother called
him to her. She showed
him a red malo, a yellow
feather lei, and a palaoa
such as only royalty wore.
" I have a secret to tell
you," she said.  " Your
father is the ahii kapu, or


I1.


PALAOA
highest chief of Hawaii, and


his name is Liloa. He left these signs of royalty for
you to have when you grew to be a man. Show them
to him, and he will know that you are his son."
93




94


OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Umi decided to go at once to Waipio, where Liloa
lived, and force his way into the presence of the alii.
This required great courage, for Umi knew that if Liloa
did not recognize him, he would be killed.
It was a long walk from Hamakua to Waipio. When
he arrived, hot and tired, he decided to make himself
known at once. He climbed over the fence, and entered
the palace through Liloa's private doorway, in defiance
of the tabu sticks at the entrance. The retainers rushed
after him to kill him for his daring, but he ran faster
than they. Once inside, it was not difficult to recognize
the alii, and Umi rushed forward and jumped into his
lap. Liloa was angry until he noticed the malo and the
sacred palaoa which Umi wore.
" What is your name?" he said. "Are you Umi?"
" Yes," was the answer, as Liloa held him close. "I
am Umi, your son."
" Where is your mother?"
" It was she who sent me to you."
II
Liloa publicly acknowledged Umi as his son. The lad
lived at court and had many retainers to wait upon him.
He and his half brother, Hakau, both fond of games,
were leaders of the young chiefs in wrestling, drawing
the bow, and in hurling the pololu, or long spear. When
Umi led one party and Hakau the other, the side which
Umi led always won. That made Hakau jealous of his
brother.




UMI, THE MOUNTAIN KING


95


When Liloa died he left the throne to Hakau because
he was the oldest son. Umi was to be Hakau's prime
minister. Upon his deathbed, Liloa said, " Thou, Hakau,
wilt be the chief; and thou, Umi, wilt be his man."
Hakau was a cruel alii, and treated Umi so badly that
he left Waipio and lived in secret with people who did
not know his high rank. Hakau grew worse and worse,
until at last he insulted two old men who had been
advisers of his father. They found out that Umi was at
Laupahoehoe, so they complained to him and induced
him to raise an army and march against Hakau. The
latter was killed, and the people welcomed Umi as their
deliverer and chief.
III
Let us see how much power a chief had. He was like
a god to the people, who got down upon their hands and
knees when he appeared. He owned all the land and
everything upon the land. His power was as great as
that of Pharaoh in the days of old. One man could not
look after all the people, so Hawaii was divided into six
districts, with a chief at the head of each. These chiefs
divided the lands in their districts among chiefs of lower
rank, and these divided among the common people, who
did all the hard work.
The common people had to pay taxes in presents to
the chief. Once a year a taxgatherer was sent out to
collect mats, poi, tapa, hogs, and other products. He
kept a record of the wealth of the land and of the taxes




96


OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


that each man paid, by making loops and knots of different kinds upon long cords. Strange to say, he was
just as accurate as we are to-day with our written records.
When the chief wanted laborers to build a canoe or
a palace, or to work upon his taro patch, the people had
to leave their own work and do his bidding without pay.
Moreover, offerings had to be made to the priest and to
the many gods. When all this had been done, the people
could have what was left for themselves.
IV
When Umi came to the throne a cruel cousin of his
ruled on the western coast. Umi defeated him in a battle fought on the highlands between Mauna Loa and
Hualalai. In memory of this battle Umi had seven pyramids and a heiau built upon the site of his victory. Six
pyramids represented the six districts, and each man
brought a stone; the seventh one was for himself, the
heiau being in the center. The ruins of these huge buildings can be seen to-day; they are called Ahua a Umi, or
the " Heaps of Umi."
Umi made his headquarters in the mountains, and
hence was called the Mountain King.
V
Umi changed the capital from Waipio to Kailua in
Kona, where part of his time was spent. He married the
daughter of the king of Maui, who sent a large fleet of
war canoes to escort her to Hawaii.




UMI, THE MOUNTAIN KING


97


After her father's death her older brother, who took the
throne, was cruel to the younger brother. In behalf of
the younger brother, Umi took a fleet of war canoes and
landed at Hana. IHe captured the fort of Kauwiki, on the
top of a high hill. This fort has been the scene of many
battles since that time, but only the bravest chiefs have
been able to take it.
Then Umi met the Maui king in battle, defeated him,
and gave the throne to the younger brother, who is remembered to-day because of the paved road which he
built around East Maui. Remains of this road can still
be seen.
REVIEW
When, where, and how did Umi spend his boyhood? How did he
learn the secret of his birth? How did he make himself known to his
real father? What made Liloa recognize him? What was the result?
Why did Hakau dislike Umi? Who became king when Liloa died? What
position did Umi have? What made him leave the court? Why did he
return? Tell how he became king. How much power did a king have?
How was the land divided? How were the people taxed? What was the
labor tax? Do you remember where we have mentioned offerings to different gods or to the priest? How did Umi gain supreme power? What
monuments were built to celebrate this victory? Where are the ruins of
the pyramids? Why was Umi called the Mountain King? What place
became the capital? Who was Umi's wife? How did he help her younger
brother? How did the latter benefit the people of Maui?




KAMEHAMEJIA THE GREAT, WHO UNITED
THE ISLANDS
I
Kamehameha I was born one stormy night in November, I736, at Halawa, Kohala. People listened to the
thunder with awe, and said that the gods were trying
to tell them that they had sent a great warrior chief into
the world.
We know little about his boyhood. One story tells us
that when he was a wee baby he was stolen from his
mother's side in the night and carried away by a chief
named Naeole. Although this chief kept him in secret,
the king of Hawaii, Alapai, found out where he was about
five years later, and ordered the child to be brought to
him. Nevertheless, Naeole, according to-the tradition,
brought another child and kept Kamehameha.
Part, at least, of Kamehameha's boyhood was spent at
his home in Halawa, Kohala. There he and his companions played many games. He grew to be strong and
fearless, and led the others in wrestling and in hurling
the spear, also in surf riding and coasting.
He was not ashamed of work. He had a field called
Kamehameha, and in it he planted taro and sweet potatoes. His friends followed his lead, and each one had
a field named for himself.
98




KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT


99


He delighted in overcoming obstacles. At Halawa a
steep precipice about one hundred feet high made it impossible for people to draw up their canoes. So he and
his companions cut a road to the sea through the hard
rock with no tool better than the stone adz. Another
time they dug for water. They were through several
layers of hard rock before they would give up, and then
only because it was impossible to succeed.
A grove of noni trees was planted by Kamehameha
" before his beard had grown." The fruit and leaves are
valuable as medicine, and the sap makes a yellow dye
used for coloring tapa.
Near his home was a heiau where he worshiped the
terrible war god Kukailimoku. IHe was careful to keep
the tabus and to favor the gods.
His father, Keoua, was half brother to the king, Kalaniopuu, who became ruler when Alapai died. This king
asked his young nephew to help him in his many fierce
wars. Kalaniopuu had to fight against powerful chiefs
on Hawaii to get his kingdom. He fought with the
kings of Maui for possession of the fort of Kauwiki,
which he held for twenty years. At last Kahekili, the
king of Maui, kept the soldiers from getting water until
they had to surrender.
II
Let us leave Kamehameha I and go back to the time
when Umi's son was ruling. It was then that a strange
ship was wrecked off the rocky coast of Keei in South




100  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Kona, Hawaii. The captain and his sister were the only
ones who were saved. In thankfulness they knelt upon
the beach, and stayed so long in that position that the
people named the spot Kulou, which means " kneeling."
The natives received them very kindly, and they spent
the rest of their lives as Hawaiians. At that time -the
sixteenth century-many Spanish ships were sailing
the Pacific. We believe that this ship was one of those
which were lost in severe storms and never heard from.
In 1555, not many years later, another Spanish ship
stopped at the islands on its way from Mexico to the
Philippines. Juan Gaetano, the captain, located them
upon his chart, but he kept his discovery a secret.
Now let us return to our story of Kamehameha I. It
was in 1778, while he was with his uncle, that the islands
were discovered by James Cook, an English naval captain, on his way north from the South Seas. This discovery was most important, because he made the islands
known to the rest of the world.
He saw Oahu first, then sailed on and landed at Kauai
and also at Niihau. The natives were filled with wonder
at sight of the strange ships, and one of them exclaimed,
"It is a forest that has moved out into the sea."
The two ships stayed only long enough to trade nails
and pieces of iron for food and water, and then sailed
on to the north. Messengers were sent to the other
islands to tell of the strange visitors. Kalaniopuu was on
Maui fighting against Kahekili when the news reached
him. One of the messengers said: " The men are white;




KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT


IOI


their skins are loose and folding; their heads are strangely
shaped; they are gods, volcanoes, for fire and smoke issue
from their mouths; they have doors in the sides of their
bodies; into these openings they thrust their hands and
take out iron, beads, nails, and other treasures; and we
cannot understand their strange speech."
The ships came in the following year to spend the
winter in the sunny isles, anchoring on the west coast
of Maui. Kalaniopuu was still there, and Kamehameha
was with him. Several of the chiefs boarded the ships,
and Kamehameha the fearless accepted an invitation to
stay all night.
The ships then went on to Hawaii and anchored at Kealakeakua Bay. The natives believed that Captain Cook
was their god Lono, who had left the islands many years
before and had promised to return. Captain Cook allowed
them to worship him and received rich presents, giving
little in return.
Kalaniopuu shortened his stay upon Maui. Upon his
arrival at Kealakeakua he visited the ships formally. His
party were in three large double canoes. First came the
one with the king and his chiefs dressed in bright red and
yellow feather cloaks and helmets, and carrying spears. In
the second canoe was the high priest, guarding the brilliant
war god, and the other priests carrying more idols. The
last canoe was filled with pigs, coconuts, and breadfruit.
The fleet paddled around the ships while the priests
chanted prayers and hymns. Captain Cook received them
on shore. The king presented the captain with several




102  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


beautiful feather capes, a helmet, and the food that was in
one canoe; in return he received from the captain a linen
shirt and a cutlass.
1111^^^^^^  V-  -0E  -Captain     Cook
i::::::::::remained        almost a
month, and at the
last the Hawaiians
found it hard to
supply their visitors
with all that they
expected. Unfortusailed away it was
found necessary to
return for repairs.
This time they were
not welcome. In a
quarrel which arose
over a boat which
was stolen by one of
the natives, Captain
Cook was killed,
CAPTAIN COOK'S MONUMENT
stabbed in the back
with an iron dagger. Kamehameha was present at the time.
Captain Cook had made many daring voyages for
England. About fifty years after his death the English
government sent money for the erection of a monument
to his memory. It stands at Kealakeakua Bay, as near as
possible to the spot where he fell.




KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT


to3


III
Because of Cook's sudden death it was more than seven
years before any other ships visited the islands. His discoveries, however, showed the people of England and
France that they could make money by getting furs from
the Indians along the west coast of America and selling
them in Canton, China. English ships were the first to
stop at the islands on the way across the ocean. They
found it a convenient place to get fresh water and provisions. Soon many ships came, especially in the winter,
on their way to China.
These visitors taught the people many new things.
Sometimes they took Hawaiian boys as sailors to strange
lands. Many of the sailors were rough men who sold
firearms and strong drink, while others brought plants
and animals and helped the natives to learn better ways
of living.
Captain George Vancouver had been with Captain
Cook; fourteen years later he came again, and in two
years made three visits. We have not gone quite so far as
this in our story of Kamehameha, but let us glance ahead
while we are telling about foreign ships. When Captain
Vancouver came he sailed along the Kona coast. Kamehameha had defeated his enemies on Hawaii and was
on the other side of the island. The English captain
visited several islands. On Hawaii he was received by
Kaiana and Keeaumoku, chiefs under Kamehameha,
and gave them presents of orange trees, grapevines, and




Io04 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
other useful plants and trees. On Kauai, the young chief
Kaumualii visited his ship.
The second time that Vancouver came he brought some
cows and sheep from California. He gave Kamehameha
a bull and a cow, strange animals to the Hawaiians.
Vancouver anchored at Kealakeakua Bay and was
kindly received by Kamehameha, who saw from the first
that much could be learned from foreigners. Vancouver
liked the king, whom he remembered from his visit with
Cook. He had thought at that time that Kamehameha
had a savage expression; but he had changed, and his
face showed that he was cheerful, generous, and good.
Kamehameha visited the ship formally. With eleven
double canoes under his command, he stood in the bow
of the largest and foremost one, where he could be seen
by all. He wore the same linen shirt that Captain Cook
had given to Kalaniopuu so many years before, but over
it was the long feather cape made of choice mamo feathers
which is now in the Bishop Museum. His height and
dignity were increased by the gorgeous helmet which
he wore.
He fixed his eyes upon the paddlers, who kept perfect
time as they circled the ship; then, at a command from
him, all but the largest canoe drew up in line at the stern
of the ship and remained motionless. At another command the thirty-six paddlers in his own canoe rowed
rapidly until they were exactly opposite the gangway, and
then stopped suddenly just in time for the chief to step
to the ship where Vancouver waited to greet nim.




KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT


I05


On Vancouver's last visit he brought more cattle and
sheep, and had Kamehameha put a tabu upon them to
last for ten years. He would not sell firearms, and tried
to stop the cruel wars, but in vain. His carpenters built
for Kamehameha the first vessel constructed on the
islands, the Britannia, which was only thirty-six feet
long, but was of great value to Kamehameha when he
set out to conquer all the islands. Vancouver promised
to come again and bring missionaries to teach about the
one true God, and workmen to teach the different trades.
The chiefs on Hawaii had a council at which they put
their country under the protection of the king of England. Vancouver's plans to return were never carried
out, but Kamehameha did not forget them. Years later,
when he was king of all the islands, he sent a present of
a feather cape to King George III, and dictated a letter
reminding the king that Vancouver had promised to
send a man-of-war armed with brass guns and filled with
foreign goods.
IV
Let us see what happened to Kamehameha after the
death of Kalaniopuu, who had left his throne to his son
Kiwalao. Kamehameha received second place and was
to have charge of the war god. He had lands on the
western side of the island.
Kiwalao was a weak king and soon became jealous of
his powerful cousin, so Kamehameha left the court and
lived quietly at his old home in Kohala. It was not long




io6 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


before Kiwalao's uncle and brother convinced him that
the division of the land was not fair, because Kamehameha
had the Kona side, where the fishing was best. They
joined against Kamehameha. One of the latter's friends
warned him, and he raised an army to meet theirs.
Kiwalao was killed in the battle of Mokuohai.
It was nine years before Kamehameha got control of
the whole island. He fought many wars against powerful
chiefs, but at last he became high chief of all the island.
He also fought long and bitterly against Kahekili, the
Maui chief of whom we have already heard, but he could
not get Maui, and Kahekili could not get Hawaii. It was
then that Vancouver came and tried in vain to make
these two kings friends.
V
Kamehameha was not satisfied with one island. Many
hundreds of years before, there had been a chief of Hawaii
named Kalaunuiohua. He planned to conquer all the
islands, and his large fleet of war canoes took Maui,
Molokai, and Oahu; but at Kauai he was badly beaten,
and his plans to found a united kingdom fell to pieces.
Now Kamehameha waited until the death of Kahekili
before he raised a fleet for the same purpose.
His war canoes stretched four miles along the shore,
and in his army were sixteen thousand men. He had
the aid of foreign cannon and firearms, and sixteen
foreigners to handle them. It was the largest army that
had ever been raised in the islands.




KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT


I07


They conquered Maui and Molokai without difficulty,
but on Oahu a terrible battle was fought in Nuuanu Valley. We shall hear more of that battle later, but now it
is enough to know that Kamehameha routed the enemy.
The fleet, which now started for Kauai, was driven back
by a storm. Another large fleet was raised, but this time
a sickness broke out among the warriors and they could
not go. Kaumualii, the Kauai king, planned to defend
his island; later, however, he decided to offer it to Kamehameha. The latter said, " Keep it until my son becomes
ruler, and then it shall belong to him."
One chief on Hawaii rebelled, and Kamehameha I
returned to that island and defeated him. Kamehameha
had a way of making friends of his enemies. He gave the
people peace and tried to have the country prosperous
again, but of course the best land went to the chiefs
who had been faithful to him.
VI
In many ways the government was much like that
in the time of Umi, for Kamehameha owned all the land
and had the powers of a feudal lord. He gave the highest offices to people whom he could trust. Chiefs who
might become discontented were kept near him where
he could watch them. He also had spies in different
parts of his kingdom.
We shall learn more later about the four Kona chiefs
who had always been his best friends. He kept these for
his chief advisers. His prime minister was Kalanimoku:




108 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


a chief who had once fought against him. Kalanimoku
was chosen because of his ability, although he was a
chief of low rank. Foreigners called him William Pitt,
and he liked the name.
Priests collected the taxes and saw that the laws were
obeyed. The tabus were seldom broken, because fear of
punishment had so strong a hold upon the people.
There had never before been such good laws against
theft, murder, and other crimes. The saying was that old
men and children could sleep in the highways without fear.
Kamehameha was always fair to foreigners; he encouraged them to stay in his country and to teach his people
new things.
VII
Kamehameha granted lands free from rent to foreigners
if they would stay and cultivate them and bring in new
plants and seeds. A Spaniard named Marin had a piece
of land on which he raised many things. He had oranges,
roses, pineapples, and vegetables. He brought the first
mangoes, beans, figs, grapes, and avocado pears.
The common natives worked small farms subject to
the chiefs, and raised taro, yams, and sweet potatoes, as
they had done for many years. They began also to raise
Indian corn and vegetables. Kamehameha himself was
sometimes seen at work in the field.
Long ago the only useful animals were pigs and dogs.
Foreigners had brought in cattle, sheep, and goats, and
Kamehameha had wisely put a tabu upon the cattle and




KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT


0og


sheep for a term of years. Before his death they had
become numerous and supplied the people with mutton,
beef, and milk.
An American captain brought the first horses, and the
people soon became expert riders. Kamehameha was fond
of riding and kept five horses for his own use.
Foreigners taught the different trades. The king had
carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, bricklayers, and tailors
in his service, most of whom had been American sailors.
Some of these were hard workers, but many of them
were lawless men who distilled liquor and did harm to
the people.
Kamehameha saw the advantage of trading, and soon
learned the values of money, weights, and measures, so
that foreigners could not cheat him. He encouraged ships
to stop at the island. At first they came for supplies; then
they carried sandalwood from the forests and sold it in
Canton. Pearls and mother-of-pearl were also exported.
Kamehameha bought great quantities of foreign goods,
which he stored in the two large stone houses near his
home.
Honolulu, in I809, was a village of about a hundred
grass houses. The only shade trees were the hau and the
coconut palm. At Lahaina the king had a stone house
built by foreigners, but in Honolulu he lived in a series
of grass houses, which he liked better. His home was
on the seashore, separated from the public by a high
fence mounted with sixteen guns.
Shortly before the close of Kamehameha I's reign a fort




IIO  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


was built at Honolulu at the foot of Fort Street. Russians
had started to build a fort on Kauai, and Kamehameha,
thinking that they had plans to take the islands, drove
them away. John Young was an English seaman from
an American vessel, who had been detained on the islands,
and who had always been a great help to the king. He
THE HAWAIIAN FLAG
now advised the prime minister, Kalanimoku, to have a
fort at Honolulu so as to protect the islands.
The walls of the fort were twenty-five feet thick and
twelve feet high. The cannon which surmounted them
were of different sizes, as they had been bought from
different ships. In the grass houses within the fort
the business of the government was carried on. From
the flagstaff waved the Hawaiian flag. At first, this




KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT


1 ll


resembled the British flag; but during the War of 1812
Kamehameha was told that Americans would think that
he sided with England, so he changed the flag. The picture shows how it resembles both the English and the
American flags. The eight red, white, and blue stripes
represent the eight largest islands.
VIII
One of the king's weavers was an English sailor named
Campbell, who tells about Kamehameha's way of living
as follows:
"The king's mode of life was very simple; he breakfasted at eight, dined at noon, and supped at sunset.
" His principal chiefs being always about his person,
there were generally twenty or thirty persons present;
after being seated upon mats spread upon the floor, at
dinner a dish of poi or taro pudding was set befqre each
of them, which they ate with their fingers. This fare,
with salt fish and consecrated pork from the heiau, formed
the whole of the repast, no other food being permitted in
the king's house. A plate, knife, and fork, with boiled
potatoes, were, however, always set down before Moxley
(the interpreter) and me, by his Majesty's orders. The
breakfast and supper consisted of fish and sweet potatoes.
"The respect paid to the king's person, to his house,
and even to his food, formed a remarkable contrast
to the simplicity of his mode of living. Whenever he
passed, his subjects were obliged to uncover their heads
and shoulders.




I 2 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


"When his food was carried from the cooking house,
every person within the hearing of the call NoA/o ("sit
down"), given by the bearers, was obliged to uncover
himself and squat down."
IX
Kamehameha had several residences, but the last seven
years of his life were spent at Kailua on Hawaii. He
died in I819, when
he was eighty-two
years of age. People
showed their grief
in the old way,by being lawless, by
knocking out their
gfront teeth, and by
wailing loudly. His
bones were secretly
hidden.
Kamehameha I
stands out as the
greatest character
in Hawaiian history. He did not
break away from
the old customs,
STATUE OF KAMEHAMEHA I, HONOLULU  but little by little
he changed the manner of living and prepared the country for civilization and Christianity. He was ahead of




KAMEAMEMEHA THE GREAT


I I3


his times, and may be said to connect the old and the
new order of things.
During the reign of Kalakaua, one hundred years after
Cook's discovery, the government decided to put aside ten
thousand dollars for a bronze statue of Kamehameha. A
portrait of the king taken by a Russian artist, with pictures of fine-looking Hawaiians, was sent to an American
sculptor in Italy, who executed the work. On the voyage to
Honolulu the ship containing the statue was wrecked near
the Falkland Islands, so a duplicate was made. It stands
in front of the Judiciary Building in Honolulu. Years later
the sunken statue was raised, and this is now standing in
the courtyard in Kohala. At the base are four pictures in
bas-relief. They represent canoes greeting Captain Cook
at Kealakeakua Bay; six men hurling spears at Kamehameha; a fleet of war canoes built for the invasion of
Kauai; and old men and children safe on the roadsides.
REVIEW
When and where was Kamehameha I born? What happened to the
child? Where was part of his boyhood spent? What games did he
excel in? Tell about his farming. Where did he and his companions
build a road? What trees did he plant? How was he true to the gods?
What uncle did he fight for when he became a young man? Who got
the fort of Kauwiki, and how?
Tell about the shipwreck in South Kona. Who do you believe that
the strangers were? Why? What Spaniard discovered the islands, and
when? What Englishman discovered the islands later? When? Why is
his discovery the important one? Describe the first landing. What
message was sent to the other islands about the strangers? Who received




II 4   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
them on Maui when they returned the next year? Where did the ships
anchor? How were they received, and why? Describe the formal visit
which Kalaniopuu made to Captain Cook. What presents were exchanged?
Why was it unfortunate that the ships had to return? What happened to
Captain Cook? What monument was erected to his memory?
What idea of the character of the natives did the world have when the
news came of Cook's death? How long before other ships visited the
islands? Why was it so long? Tell some of the things which the natives
learned from foreigners. Who was Vancouver, and when did he come?
How many visits did he make? Who was king of Hawaii when he
came? What chiefs received him on his first visit? What presents did
he give them? What did he bring in the following year from California?
What change did he notice in Kamehameha since the time that he came
with Cook? Describe Kamehameha's visit to Vancouver's ship. What
did Vancouver bring on his third visit? How did he help the natives?
What ship did his carpenters build? What promises did he make? Tell
how Hawaii was put under the protection of England. Did Vancouver
ever return? What promise did Kamehameha always remember?
What was the will of Kalaniopuu? Why was Kiwalao jealous of
Kamehameha? How did the war begin? What was the result of the
battle of Mokuohai? How many years did Kamehameha fight before
he got control of Hawaii? What chief on Maui was his bitter enemy?
What chief, years before, had tried to unite the islands under his rule?
How had he succeeded? Whose death took place before Kamehameha
felt ready to start out with a similar plan? Describe the fleet that he
raised. Tell what two islands were easily taken. What battle took place
on Oahu? Tell of two occasions when plans to take Kauai were not
carried out. What act of the king of Kauai prevented another attempt
to invade the island? What rebellion did Kamehameha put down? How
did he make friends of the conquered people? How did he reward his
friends?
What power did the king have? How did he distribute offices? How
did he keep his power secure? Who were his highest officers? Why
was Kalanimoku chosen? Who collected taxes and saw that the tabus




KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT


were not broken? How were the times more peaceful than they had
formerly been? How did the king treat foreigners? How did he encourage them to introduce plants and settle in the islands? Name some of
the things which the Spaniard Marin raised. What five things did he introduce? What did the natives raise? What useful animals were in the
islands long ago? What new ones were introduced? Why did their number increase so rapidly? Tell about the introduction of horses. What
skilled workmen did the king have in his service? What was their character? What lessons in trading did Kamehameha soon learn? Why did
he encourage commerce? Tell of the trade in sandalwood. What else was
exported? Describe Honolulu as it was about one hundred years ago.
What was the royal palace like? Tell about the fort started on Kauai.
Why did that inspire the natives to build a fort at Honolulu? Who
advised Kalanimoku to have it built? Describe the fort. Tell the history
of the Hawaiian flag.
Tell in your own words what Mr. Campbell wrote about the way
the king lived.
Where did Kamehameha spend his last days? When did he die? How
did the people show their grief? Why was Kamehameha I the greatest of
Hawaiians? Describe the statue of Kamehameha. Tell why there are
two statues. When and where was the statue made? Describe the four
pictures at its base. If possible, see the statue before describing it.




POWERFUL ENEMIES OF KAMEHAMEHA I


Keoua onz Hawaii
Keoua, a half brother of Kiwalao, was of higher rank
than Kamehameha. He and his uncle, Keawe-mauhili,
were the chiefs who had made Kiwalao anxious to take
the best fishing grounds from Kamehameha. Keoua was
the one who started the war by destroying property.
After King Kiwalao was killed in the battle of Mokuohai, Keoua fled to Kau, and his uncle fled to Hilo and
Puna. There were then three powerful chiefs, each anxious to get all the power.
At that time Kamehameha was called to Maui. While
there he received news that his cousin and uncle had
quarreled, and that the uncle, Keawe-mauhili, had been
killed in battle. Keoua, it was said, was planning to take
Kamehameha's land, so the latter hurried home.
Keoua was too powerful for Kamehameha to defeat.
Something happened, however, which made Kamehameha
believe that the war god and the volcano goddess were
both on his side. Keoua's army, in marching from Hilo
to Kau, had to pass the mighty volcano of Kilauea. Here
was the abode of the dread fire goddess Pele. As they
marched by, the army threw stones into the crater. The
next day the earth began to shake, and flames, ashes, and
stones were hurled into the air. The noise was much
II6




POWERFUL ENEMIES OF KAMEHAMEHA I        I 17
louder and more terrible than thunder. The army was in
three divisions. The front ranks reeled to and fro as the
earth shook, but no harm came to them. When the last
division hurried on they came across the middle division,
who had not been able to escape. They had all been suffocated by the poisonous gases.
Keoua lost heart after that awful event. Kamehameha
rejoiced that the war god favored him, and built a heiau
in honor of this god at Kawaihae.
Soon after this, Kamehameha sent for Keoua to come
and make peace. They had been enemies for nine years.
Keoua arrived in a large double canoe, but just as he was
about to land, he was stabbed to death by Keeaumoku,
one of Kamehameha's chiefs. Some of his followers were
also killed, and the bodies were offered in sacrifice to
the war god in the new heiau. We wish that he had been
defeated in a different way, and that this stain could be
removed from the character of the great Kamehameha.
Kahekili, the " Thunder of Maui"
Kahekili is not a stranger to us. You remember how
he drove Kalaniopuu from Kauwiki Fort, and how Kamehameha did not conquer all the islands until this chief
had died.
Kahekili was stern, sly, and cruel. He had one half of
his body tattooed almost black so as to make people fear
him. At first he was king of Maui and the small islands
near by. He wanted to take Oahu from the weak king,




I IS OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Kahahana, who had married Kahekili's half sister. Now
Kahahana had a priest whom Kahekili feared. It was
easy to poison the mind of the weak king by telling
him that the priest, Kaopulupulu, was a traitor and had
secretly offered the island of Oahu to Kahekili. Without
question, Kahahana, in his anger, had the priest killed.
The crafty Kahekili at once sailed to Oahu and defeated
the young chief, who fled for his life. Later on he was
captured and offered in sacrifice to the cruel war god.
While Kahekili was on Oahu he heard that Kamehameha had defeated his son Kalanikupule on Maui, so
he hurried home only to find that Kamehameha had returned to Hawaii. That was the time when Keoua had
threatened to take Kamehameha's lands.
Then Kahekili and his brother Kaeo, king of Kauai,
sailed to Hawaii to attack Kamehameha. They raised a
large fleet, having several thousand men and also a number of fighting dogs. A foreign gunner joined them.
Part of the fleet landed at Waipio and began their work
of destruction; then they joined the others at sea.
Kamehameha raised a fleet which was only about one
tenth as large, but he wisely had several foreigners to
handle his three brass swivel guns. He used the Britannia, which had been built for him by Vancouver's
carpenters. Keeping in calm waters, he sailed out to
meet the enemy.
The contest was a fierce but short one, for the spears
and daggers were no match for the "red-mouthed guns,"
and the enemy fled in dismay.




POWERFUL ENEMIES OF KAMEHAMEHA I


II9


Kahekili, fearing that Kamehameha would follow him,
begged for peace. " Wait till the black tapa covers me,"
was the message that he sent, "and my kingdom shall be
yours." Soon after this he died of old age, and his son
Kalanikupule inherited his kingdom.
Kaianza, tie Rebel
Kaiana was a handsome chief, the brother of Kaeo,
king of Kauai. He was anxious to know all that he
could about the strange countries from which foreign
ships came. He traded food and water for nails and
pieces of iron, and thus had an opportunity to learn
much from the sailors.
At one time the ship Aootka came to Kauai. Captain
Meares, an Englishman, was on his way to Canton. He
became interested in the intelligent young chief, whom
he invited to accompany him.
Kaiana gladly accepted this chance to see the world.
He was interested in all the strange sights of Canton.
The English people there were kind to him. He wore
foreign clothes, but kept his red-feather cape to show his
rank. For his return he collected many things that would
be useful to Hawaii. He took lime and orange trees, also
goats, turkeys, and cattle. The Ip/zhenzla, upon which
he was to sail, went to America first. This gave him a
chance to learn more about the world, but all his live
stock perished on the long voyage.
Kaeo was jealous of his brother because of his wealth




120  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


and power. Kaiana knew this, so he went to Hawaii instead of to Kauai, and Kamehameha received him gladly
because of the many things which his guest could tell him
about foreign lands. He sailed out to meet the returned
chief with a fleet of twelve double canoes, which were
decorated with feathers. The captain of the Ipzhigenia
pleased Kamehameha by saluting him with seven guns.
Kamehameha sent for Kaiana's wife and child, and at
first Kaiana was happy in his new home, but he soon
began to feel that he had too little power for one who
had learned so many things.
When Kamehameha set out to conquer all the islands,
Kaiana had charge of one division of the army, but he
became angry because he had not been invited to a council of chiefs. So instead of meeting the others at Waikiki, on Oahu, he landed his fleet on the opposite side of
the island. They climbed the Nuuanu Pali and joined the
enemy in Nuuanu Valley. Kalanikupule was behind a
wall of earth and stones, and here they waited for the
attack.
Kamehameha landed at Waikiki. When he learned
that Kaiana had deserted him he did not lose heart, but
marched his army across the barren plains of what is now
the beautiful city of Honolulu, and advanced fearlessly
toward the enemy.
The battle that followed was a fierce one. Kaiana was
killed by a cannon ball, and his army was pushed back.
Some few escaped up the steep mountain sides, but the
majority were driven to the Pali and dashed to pieces




POWERFUL ENEMIES OF KAMEHAMEHA I


121


over its edge. Kalanikupule was offered in sacrifice to
the war god.
A few years ago the Daughters of Hawaii erected a
monument at the Pali in memory of the famous battle
of Nuuanu Valley. It was the last of the great battles
which resulted in the union of the islands under one
government.
Kaumualii oni Kauai
When Vancouver visited the islands in I792, he became interested in Kaumualii, the son of Kaeo, who was
then about twelve years old. Everywhere the boy went
he was accompanied by a guard of thirty men, who carried daggers, guns, and powder.
Vancouver was anchored off Waimea, Kauai, when the
young chief visited his ship. At first the little fellow was
frightened by the strange sights and clung to Vancouver, rubbing noses with him again and again. Vancouver
calmed his fears by giving him some presents to divert
him, and soon he was willing to go to every part of
the ship.
Vancouver found the child quiet and polite and goodtempered. He was interested in the new things which
he saw, and asked intelligent questions.
When Vancouver made his second visit, he brought
sheep as a present to the young chief. Kaumualii entertained him with a dance of six hundred women dressed
in tapa. They moved in unison, keeping perfect time to
the music,




122  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Kaumualii kept up his interest in foreigners. They
were his friends and taught him to read and write. After
his father's death another chief claimed the throne, but
Kaumualii's many friends helped him to become king.
He was beloved by his people because he encouraged
trade and work.
When news came that Kamehameha had taken all the
other islands and was coming to Kauai, Kaumualii raised
a large army. Then he bravely sent messages that he
was about to invade Oahu. He had a vessel ready in
which he could flee to the South Seas in case the great
conqueror proved too strong for him.
We have already seen that Kamehameha started out
as he had threatened to do, but a terrible storm drove
him back. Then he had a large fleet of war canoes built
upon Hawaii from the tall tree trunks in the forests back
of Hilo. James Boyd, a carpenter, helped to build some
of the vessels. As we know, a sickness broke out in the
army and the plans had to be given up.
Kaumualii decided that the wisest plan was to avoid
war, so he sent his cousin to Oahu with the message that
Kamehameha might have Kauai. The answer was that
he must offer it in person. Kaumualii ventured to go,
and was cordially greeted by Kamehameha. The visiting
chief was told that he might keep his kingdom during
his lifetime, on condition that at his death he should be
succeeded by Liholiho, son of Kamehameha. Some of
the Oahu chiefs planned to poison Kaumualii at a feast,
but Isaac Davis, of whom you will hear later, warned




POWERFUL ENEMIES OF KAMEHAM EHA I


I 2 3


him in time for him to escape and sail back to Kauai.
For this kindness, Davis himself was poisoned by the
disappointed chiefs.
We have already mentioned the trouble with the Russians on Kauai. A sealing ship was wrecked off the coast
of Waimea, and later a doctor was sent by Russia to
claim the wreck. Then two more Russian ships came,
and people thought that they wanted to plant a colony.
On Kauai, Kaumualii was friendly to the doctor, who
remained, and gave him Hanalei Valley for a present. He
began to build a fort for the king at Waimea, but before
it was finished he raised the Russian flag. Kamehameha
gave orders that the Russians must leave the islands, and
they went at once. Later on, another Russian ship came,
and the captain was treated coolly until he assured Kamehameha that the fort was built without the knowledge
of Russia, and that his country had no desire to plant a
colony in the islands.
Kaumualii sent his son George to America to be educated, and later on the young man fought in a war with
pirates and also in the War of I8I 2. He returned to
the islands with the first party of American missionaries.
His father was interested in the new religion aDgd invited
two of the men to come to Kauai and start schools for
his people.
When Liholiho became king, he thought that Kaumualii was becoming too powerful. Perhaps it was because the latter addressed him as "king of the windward
islands." He sailed to Kauai on a reckless voyage in a




124  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


small boat. When he arrived, in a helpless condition, Kaumualii received him kindly, and offered the kingdom to
him as he had done to his father a dozen years before.
Liholiho said, " I did not come here to take away your
country; keep your island, take care of it, and do what
you please with your vessels." But he was not sincere.
Although he was royally entertained, in return he carried
the Kauai king away with him and would never let him
go back to his home. Kaumualii settled in Honolulu
and became a husband of Kaahumanu, widow of Kamehameha I. They visited the windward islands together
for the purpose of destroying the idols. Two years later
Kaumualii died, greatly mourned by the whole nation.
Mr. Stewart, one of the early missionaries, who knew
him well, says that he was always princely in word and
in action, and that he lived up to the character of a
pious man.
After Kaumualii's death his son George tried to seize
the throne by leading a rebellion on Kauai, but he was
defeated and sent to Oahu, where he could be watched.
REVIEW
Who was Keoua? How did he start the trouble after Kalaniopuu's
death? What three chiefs were rivals after the battle of Mokuohai? What
land did each hold? What happened to Keawe-mauhili? What two rival
chiefs then were trying to be king of the island? Describe the eruption
of the volcano and tell what the result was. Where was a heiau built?
How was Kamehameha able to gain so much power?
What have you already learned about Kahekili? What was his character? How did he make himself hideous, and why? In what underhand




POWERFUL ENEMIES OF KAMAMHAMEHA I


i25


way did he conquer Oahu? What made him hurry back to Maui? Tell
of the fleet that he and Kaeo raised to invade Hawaii. I)escribe the fleet
of Kamehameha I. Tell about the contest. Who won, and why? What
message did the broken-hearted old king send to Kamehameha? Who
became king when Kahekili died?
Who was Kaiana? Tell about his interest in foreign ships. Describe
his voyage to Canton and the return. Name some of the things which
he brought home with him. Why did he go to Hawaii instead of Kauai?
How did Kamehameha I receive him? What made him grow discontented? Why was he angry when the fleet set out to conquer the islands?
How did he show his anger? Tell of Kamehameha's march from Waikiki
to Nuuanu. Where were the fortifications of the enemy? Describe the
battle. What happened to Kaiana? to Kalanikupule? Why was a tablet
erected at the Pali? What was the importance of this victory?
Who was Kaumualii? How was he guarded? Describe his first visit
to Vancouver's ship. What was his character? When Vancouver made
his second visit what did he bring Kaumualii? How did the young chief
entertain him? What did Kaumualii learn from foreigners? Why did he
have so many friends? How did he get the throne? How did he prepare
to resist Kamehameha's invasion? Tell of two attempts which failed.
What message did Kaumualii send to Oahu, and why? Why did he go
himself? How was he treated by Kamehameha? by some of the chiefs?
by Isaac Davis? Tell about the trouble with Russia. If you live near the
mouth of the Waimea River you can see the ruins of that old fort. Did
Russia intend to take the islands for a colony? Why did Liholiho visit
Kauai? What did he tell Kaumualii? How did he break his word? Tell
of Kaumualii's marriage on Oahu. What trip did he and his wife make
together? What did Mr. Stewart say of his character? After Kaumualii's
death what rebellion took place on Kauai? What was the result?




POWERFUL FRIENDS OF KAMEHAMEHA I


The Four Konza Chiefs
It had been a custom after the death of a chief to
assemble a council of chiefs and redistribute the land.
When Kalaniopuu died there was much dispute about
this division of the lands. You remember that Kamehameha I received the Kona side of the island. There
were four powerful chiefs who held this land for him,
and it was they who helped him all through the wars.
Afterwards he made them his chief advisers under the
new government.
Keeaumoku, the father of his favorite wife, Kaahumanu,
was his closest friend. He it was who killed Kiwalao in
the battle of Mokuohai. He was also the slayer of Keoua.
He was called the " slayer of princes and the maker of
kings." After the islands became united he was made
governor of Maui.
Kamanawa and Kameeiamoku were twin brothers, and
half brothers of Keeaumoku. They are the supporters
of the coat of arms, one carrying a spear and the other
a kahili. The last two rulers on the throne of HawaiiKalakaua and his sister Liliuokalani-were in direct
descent from these two great chiefs.
The fourth of the chiefs was Keawe-a-Heulu.
i26




POWERFUL FRIENDS OF KAMEHAMEHA 1  127


Kalaniimoku, called the "Iron Cable of Hawaii"
We have already seen that Kalanimoku was made
prime minister for Kamehameha I and held the same position during the reign of Liholiho and of Kauikeaouli,
until his death. In recognition of his ability he received
a present of a gold watch from the British government
at the time that Lord Byron visited the islands.
John Youzg and Isaac Davis
These two American sailors were of more help than any
other foreigners to Kamehameha I. The following story
explains how they happened to stay upon the islands.
Two years before Vancouver's visit an American fur
trader named Metcalf stopped at the islands in his ship
Eleanor. Kaiana and other chiefs planned to capture
the ship, but Kamehameha discovered their plans and
stopped them. Metcalf had the chief Kameeiamoku
whipped with a rope for some slight offense. He also
had a number of innocent people killed because a boat
of his had been stolen. Kameeiamoku was angry and
decided to have revenge upon the next ship that came.
This happened to be the Fair Anmerican, commanded
by the young son of Metcalf. Kameeiamoku had the
captain and all the crew killed. Isaac Davis, the mate,
alone escaped death. While the captain of the Eleanor
was waiting for his son, his boatswain, John Young, was
ashore, and Kamehameha ordered that he should be




128  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


kept on the island for fear that Metcalf would learn of
the young man's death. After firing signal guns in vain,
and hearing nothing from his son, the captain sailed
for China.
So these two sailors were left in Hawaii. Kamehameha
treated them kindly, gave them valuable lands, and made
them chiefs. In return they mounted, for land service, the
small cannon which were there, and taught the use of the
musket. Time and again their advice helped Kamehameha, especially in his dealings with foreigners.
We know     the sad fate that overtook Isaac Davis for
befriending the chief Kaumualii. John Young married
a chieftainess and lived to a good old age. The beautiful Queen Emma, the wife of Kamehameha IV, was his
granddaughter.
REVIEW
How were the Kona chiefs a help to Kamehameha I? Name his
closest friend. Why was this friend called the " slayer of princes and
the maker of kings"?  Who was Kaahumanu? What position did
Keeaumoku receive after the wars?
Name the twin brothers. How are they represented upon the coat
of arms? What two rulers are descended from them? Name the fourth
Kona chief.
Who was Kalanimoku? Do you remember what foreigners called
him? How long was he prime minister? What present did he receive
from the British government?
Name the two American sailors who were true friends to Kamehameha. Tell the story of how they came to remain upon the islands.
What did they receive? How did they return this kindness? What caused
the death of Davis? What queen was a granddaughter of John Young?




KAMEHAMEHA II, WHO OVERTHREW IDOLATRY
I
Liholiho was born at Hilo, Hawaii. He was the son
of Keopuolani, the highest in rank of the wives of
Kamehameha.
When the child was five years of age he was taken to
the heiau and formally installed as heir apparent to the
throne.
He had many qualities which ought to have made
him a good ruler when he became king. He was goodnatured and kind, with a bright mind and a good memory. He was fearless and decisive in character. But he
was easily led by bad companions, and his great weakness was a love for strong drink. Kamehameha knew
that his son was not capable of ruling wisely, so he
arranged that Kaahumanu should be ku/iiza zui, or
queen regent, and have equal power with the king.
II
Kamehameha's strong hand had kept the religion
and tabus of his fathers, but many of the high chiefs
and priests had lost faith, and were ready to do away
with the irksome tabus as soon as possible. The queen
mother and the queen regent were among the number.
I29




130   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Ten days after the king's death the young king returned to Kailua to be installed as king. Many chiefs
and common people arrived to witness the important
ceremony. The king stepped from the heiau dressed
in a feather cape; with him were other chiefs in capes
and helmets, carrying ka/hlis. Kaahumanu came to meet
him. She also wore a feather cape, and as she advanced
she repeated to the king the will of his father, and then
requested him to abolish the tabus. He remained silent,
but that evening he consented that his young brother
should eat with the queen mother.
Soon after this, Kaahumanu had a royal feast, or luau,
prepared at Kailua. On his way there Liholiho was
partly drunk, and in that condition he broke several
trifling tabus.
As usual the luau was prepared so that the women sat
at a different table from that of the men, and had food
cooked in a separate oven. All the company was seated
before anything unusual happened. Then Hewahewa, the
high priest, rose and said in a firm voice, "One and all,
may we eat in peace, and in our hearts give thanks."
These words seemed to give the king courage to carry
out his plans, and without a word he walked over to
the women's table and sat down beside his mother. He
ordered food from the men's table to be brought and set
before the women; then he began to eat the food which
had been baked in the women's oven.
There was a dead silence, as if people were waiting to
see how the gods would punish him for such disobedience.




KAMEHAMEHA II


13I


As no harm came to him, others followed his example.
Women hastened to taste the tempting food which had
always been tabu to them, and men rushed into the heiaus
and devoured the pork upon the altars. They shouted
joyfully, The tabus are at an end and the gods are a lie."
The next thing in order was to break down the idols
and destroy the temples. There were many who could
not bear to see the gods of their fathers done away with.
A cousin of Liholiho had been given charge of the war
god and he remained true to his trust. Kaahumanu and
others tried to win him over, but in vain. He raised an
army of the faithful and fought bravely, with his loyal
wife at his side. They were both killed in battle, and their
followers were defeated. Many still secretly worshiped
the old gods, but there was no more open rebellion.
III
American missionaries arrived in I820, the year after
the tabus had been abolished. They had become interested in the natives through some Hawaiians in America
who had told them of the cruel religion of their people.
One of these was the boy Obookiah, who studied at the
mission school at Cornwall, Connecticut.
There were seven missionaries and their wives who
set out on the Thaddeus for the long voyage around
Cape Horn. Four of the young Hawaiian seamen accompanied them as interpreters. When they reached the
shores of Kohala the first officer went ashore to see if his
passengers could be landed. The message which he got




I32   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
was as follows: " Liholiho is king; the tabus are abolished; the idols are burned; the temples are destroyed.
There has been war, but now there is peace."
Liholiho was assured by John Young that the missionaries brought the same religion that Vancouver had told
his father about, and they were allowed to remain. Two
stayed at Kailua with the king, and the rest were sent to
Honolulu. Two accepted Kaumualii's invitation to come
to Kauai. The natives watched the strangers closely, and
soon saw that they were unselfish and came because they
wanted to be of service. They lived in grass houses, and
had to get along without many of the comforts of their
New England homes.
Liholiho worked hard at his books, and in three months
he had learned to read and write. He became a great
student and learned many things about foreign countries.
IV
Liholiho decided to make a voyage to England and
put his country under her protection. He also wished
to learn better ways of governing and of trading.
He set out in the ship L'Azgle with his favorite wife,
Kamamalu, the chief Boki and his wife Liliha, and four
other chiefs, amid the wailings of the natives, -for no
chief before had ventured upon so long and dangerous
a voyage. The journey was not what it ought to have
been, for the captain, and the Frenchman who was interpreter, made Liholiho drunk and cheated him out of
ten thousand dollars.




KAMEHAMEHA II


I33


They were royally received in England, where the king
and his family showed them the strange sights of London.
Unfortunately the royal guests were all taken sick with
the measles. The lesser chiefs recovered, but the queen
died, and a week later the king also passed away. The
king of England had done everything within his power
for the visitors. He sent the remains of the king and
queen back to Hawaii in his own ship, commanded by
Lord Byron. The chiefs accompanied Byron.
In Hawaii the people had received no news of the sad
event until the arrival of the party with the remains.
There was great sorrow and much wailing throughout
the land.
Lord Byron is another Englishman who is remembered
with gratitude by the Hawaiians. He gave the chiefs
good advice about governing, surveyed Hilo Bay, and
saw that a monument to Captain Cook was erected at
Kealakeakua Bay.    Unfortunately, the man whom    he
brought for British consul was different in character from
himself. We shall see later how much trouble this Mr.
Charlton made in the seventeen years that he spent in
the islands.
REVIEW
Who was Liholiho, and when and where was he born? When was he
made heir apparent? What did that ceremony mean? What was his
character? How did Kamehameha arrange so that his weak son would
not have too much power?
How had the chiefs come to feel toward the tabus? Describe the installation of the king. Would he abolish the tabus then? Describe the




134 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
way in which he publicly abolished them. What destruction followed?
What chief remained faithful to the gods? Tell the result. After that
how did the people act regarding the abolition of idolatry?
Why did American missionaries decide to come to Hawaii? How did
they come? How many were in the party? What message did they receive which made them believe that they had come at just the right time?
Where were the first missionary stations? What made the natives follow
their teachings? What did Liholiho learn from them?
Why did Liholiho plan to go to England? Who accompanied him?
Describe the voyage. How were they received by the king of England?
What calamity happened while they were in England? Describe the
voyage homeward. How did Lord Byron help the Hawaiians? Who
came with him as British consul?




NOBLE WOMEN WHO AIDED THE SPREAD
OF CHRISTIANITY
Keopuolazni, he " Gatherinig of the
Clouds of Heaven"
In the same year that Captain Cook discovered the
islands another important event took place. A little
princess was born in Wailuku, Maui, who was of higher
rank than any other living chief. That was because
her father was Kiwalao, highest chief of Hawaii, while
her great-uncle was the dreaded Kahekili of Maui. Hei
name, Keopuolani, means the "gathering of the clouds
of heaven."
Soon after her birth her parents went back to Hawaii,
and the baby was left with her mother's mother, Kalola,
the sister of Kahekili. The child was brought up as one
in her station ought to be, with many retainers to wait
upon her. She was gentle and affectionate, and mild in
her treatment of others.
In her thirteenth year a strange thing happened. Her
father's enemy, the great Kamehameha, invaded Maui,
and instead of taking her as prisoner he married her. He
wanted a wife who was of higher rank than himself.
She was a faithful wife, even going to battle with him.
That was a great help, because her high rank inspired the
warriors and put fear into the hearts of the enemy.
135




136   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Of her thirteen children, only three lived to grow up.
These were Liholiho, who reigned as Kamehameha II,
Kauikeaouli, who afterwards became King Kamehameha
III, and the Princess Nahienaena.
After the death of Kamehameha, Keopuolani was asked
if she would be willing to abolish the tabus. She had kept
them faithfully all her life, but had always been mild in
her treatment of others who had broken them. She asked
what harm the gods had done, and when told, she said,
"Our gods have done us no good; they are cruel; let
the king's wish and yours be gratified." She sent for
her little son Kauikeaouli to come and eat with her,
which was a violation of tabu; this the king, Liholiho,
permitted.
She was one of the first to be influenced by the missionaries, and the first to be baptized. In the few remaining years of her life her influence was great because of
her rank. She started a missionary station at Lahaina on
Maui, where she spent her last days. Her special request
was that when she died, the burial should be with Christian rites, without the horrors that accompanied the death
of a chief in old times. Her wish was respected, but there
was much wailing, for she was dearly loved by everybody.
Kaahumanzu, M/e "Feather Manzle "
In what strange place do you think that Kaahumanu
was born? It was in a cave at the foot of Kauwiki Hill
near Hana, Maui. The high waves dash up at the entrance so that it would be hard to find any one who was




NOBLE WOMEN


I37


hiding there. That is why her parents chose that place
to hide from their enemies, for she was born at a time
when many wars were taking place, and her father
was the mighty warrior Keeaumoku, of whom you have
heard.
Kaahumanu was brought up at the court of Kalaniopuu, the king of Hawaii. Once, when she was a baby,
she was wrapped in tapa and left upon the platform of a
double canoe. The rolling of the canoe caused the child
to fall into the water, and if some one had not noticed the
strange bundle and rescued her, she would have been
drowned. Another time she was almost drowned while
swimming in the surf.
As a girl she was famous for her beauty and also for
her determination. She attracted the attention of Kamehameha I, who married her when she was seventeen years
of age. Both were headstrong, and they often disagreed,
but in spite of that she was his favorite wife.
Kamehameha showed his confidence in Kaahumanu's
ability when in his will he made her queen regent, having
equal power with his son. She was the greatest power in
securing the abolition of the tabus, and afterwards used
all her influence to see that the idols were destroyed.
With her later husband, Kaumualii, she made a tour of
the islands, collecting and destroying many idols. She
had the sacred Hale-o-Keawe torn down, and the bones
of the chiefs were removed to the mausoleum in Honolulu.


1 A tomb where for more than a hundred years the bones of the chiefs had
been deposited. It was surrounded with idols.




I 38 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Not so easily led as was Keopuolani, when the first
missionaries came Kaahumanu watched them closely,
although she pretended to pay no attention to them.
The missionaries, Mr. and Mrs. Bingham, tried in
many ways to interest her in the Christian religion.
When they brought her a little book printed in the
Hawaiian language, she was pleased, and let them
teach her to read.
Once, when she was ill, Mr. and Mrs. Bingham took
care of her and won her affection by their kindness. After
that she became anxious to know about their religion.
As soon as she became a Christian she put her whole
soul into her new faith, and it changed her character so
much that people called her " the new Kaahumanu." She
journeyed among the islands, urging the people to learn
to read and write, to work better, and to accept the
Christian religion. She made laws against wickedness, and
compelled the natives to study and to keep the Sabbath.
Her beautiful country home was in Manoa Valley,
in a grove of ohia trees near a lively little mountain
stream. Here she often went to rest, and it was here that
she spent her last days. At that time Mr. Bingham was
having the New Testament printed in Hawaiian. He knew
that she could live but a short time, so he hurried one
copy through the press for her. It was bound in red
morocco, with her name in gilt letters on the cover, and
gave her much pleasure before she died.
We shall read later of some of the good things which
Kaahumanu as queen regent did for her people. She had




NOBLE WOMEN


139


such force of character that when she believed that she
was in the right, no power on earth could move her from
her purpose. She was the second greatest character in
Hawaiian history.
Kapiolani, the "Arch of Heaven"
Kapiolani was the daughter of Keawe-mauhili, the uncle
who fought with Kiwalao against Kamehameha I. One day
she and a little friend, who was also of high rank, decided
to taste a banana. She had seen many of them, but had
not been allowed to eat the fruit because it was tabu for
women. They took one into the sea with them, and when
they felt far enough away from shore they ate it. Alas for
them! a watchful priest had seen them. Because of their
high rank their lives were spared, but Kapiolani's favorite
page was killed to satisfy the anger of the gods.
When the missionaries arrived, Kapiolani had grown
to be a woman, and had two husbands. She was one of
the first to become a Christian, and then she put aside
one husband and kept Naihe, the orator. They lived
in Kona, a short distance from the spot where Captain
Cook fell. Kailua, the mission station, was twelve miles
distant, but several times she and her husband took the
journey on horseback or in a canoe to hear the service.
The first church was a large thatched building one hundred eighty feet long and seventy-eight feet wide. Thousands of natives helped to build it after the fashion of
their own houses, and when it was dedicated Kapiolani
made a speech, as did other chiefs also.




140 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
It was hard for the natives to give up all their superstitions at once, and many of those on Hawaii still believed
in the power of the volcano goddess Pele. To show them
that Pele really had no power, Kapiolani did a daring
thing. She and her attendants made a journey of almost
one hundred miles, most of the way on foot, to reach the
edge of the crater. Instead of throwing sacrifices to Pele,
she ate the sacred ohelo berries, and of course no harm
came to her.
The following play is based upon this incident. If you
saw the float on February 22, 1910io, which carried Kapiolani and her attendants and the priestess at the brink of
the crater, it will help you in acting out the play.
KAPIOLANI DEFIES PELE
SCENE. At the edAe of the crater.
CH IARACTERS. Kapiolani, retainers, priestess.
Kapiolani (advances to meet priestess). Who are you?
Priestess. One in whom the goddess dwells. I have a message from
Pele which threatens terrible punishment if you do not respect her.
Kapiolani. God is our refuge and strength, a very present help
in trouble. The Lord reigneth, he is clothed with majesty. Blessed be
the name of the Lord.
Priestess. Alas! the ke akua has left me. I must leave you to your
fate. (Goes into the crater.)
Kapiolani (to retainers). I am weary. Build me a hut here on the edge
of the crater, where I may spend the night. (Sinks down on soft ferns
while others are collecting branches and ferns for a shelter. Darkness descends
and all sleep.)
Kapiolani (awakes and rubs her eyes). It is morning, and we must descend to Pele's fire. (Leads others down steep wall to edge of burning fire.




NOBLE WOMEN


I4I


She eats sacred ohelo berries and throws stones into the chasm.) Jehovah is my
God. He kindled these fires. I fear not Pele. If I perish by her anger,
then you may fear Pele; but if I trust in Jehovah, and he preserves me
while I am breaking the tabus, then you must fear and serve him alone.
Let us kneel and sing in praise of the great God.
A/l (after a long pause). Praise be to God! Pele has no power. She
cannot harm our brave alii.
REVIEW
When and where was Keopuolani born? What was her rank? What
is the meaning of her name? Who brought her up? What was her
character? Who married her, and when? How did she show her faithfulness to her husband? Who were her children? What did she do when
the chiefs wanted to abolish the tabus? I)id she accept Christianity?
How did she help the missionaries? What was her special request before she died? Why did people love her?
When and where was Kaahumanu born? Who were her parents, and
how did it happen that she was born in such a strange place? Where
was her childhood spent? How was she almost drowned? To whom was
she married? Who was his favorite wife? When did he make her queen
regent, and why? How did she use her influence to abolish the tabus?
Why did she and Kaumualii make a tour of the islands? What was her
attitude toward the missionaries at first? How did Mr. and Mrs. Bingham get her sympathies? How did her character change when she became a Christian? In what way was her influence felt? Where was her
country home? What present did Mr. Bingham give her just before she
died? How does she rank in Hawaiian history? Why?
Who was Kapiolani? Tell how she and a friend broke the tabu. What
punishment followed? What was one of her first acts when she became a
Christian? Where did she live? How did she help the mission at Kailua?
What brave act of hers showed her people that there was only one God,
and that Pele had no power? Describe the float in the parade on Washington's Birthday, I91o, which illustrated this story. See if you can act
out the play.




KAMEHAMEHA III, WHO GAVE THE PEOPLE
THE FIRST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION
I
Kauikeaouli, who afterwards became Kamehameha III,
was born at Kailua in I813. His name means "placed
in the blue sky." As the second son of Kamehameha
and Keopuolani he was next heir to the throne after
his brother Liholiho.
His father died when he was only six years of age.
Soon after this event his mother had permission from
his brother, the king, for the little fellow to come and
eat with her. He did not realize the importance of that
event or of the abolition of all the tabus which happened
soon after. He did not know that the tabu system had
oppressed his people for fifteen hundred years.
When he was twelve years of age the death of his
brother in England made him king. At that time Lord
Byron brought the child a present from the British
government. It was a rich Windsor uniform and a hat
and sword. Putting them on instantly he strutted about
the whole morning in great delight.
Kaahumanu was regent, Kalanimoku was prime minister, and the latter's younger brother, Boki, was governor
of Oahu. The boy was too young to rule, and Kaahumanu
142




KAMEHAMEHA III


143


put him in charge of Boki and his wife Liliha. When it
was too late, she saw her mistake.
Boki fell into bad habits after his return from England
and tried to take the power from Kaahumanu. Naturally
his influence over the young king was harmful. The governor was extravagant and got heavily into debt. Then he
rashly fitted up two ships and started out in search of
sandalwood in the South Seas. One ship was lost in a
storm, and of the five hundred men who accompanied
him, only twenty returned on the other ship. Many had
died of exposure and sickness.
Liliha was governor after her husband left. She had
charge of the young king and kept him under bad influences. She planned a rebellion when the leading chiefs
were at Lahaina, and she even went so far as to fill
the fort with armed men. She did this because she was
afraid of losing her position of governor. Her father,
Hoapili, was sent to reason with her, and yielding to his
entreaties, she went to Lahaina. Kaahumanu's brother
Kuakini was then made governor of Oahu. Liliha kept
her influence over the king, and her dissipated followers
became his best friends. They were called Hulumanu,
or " bird feathers." One of them was a Tahitian,- and
greatly influenced the king.
II
So you see that things were in a bad way when the
young king passed his twentieth birthday and announced
that he was going to take the power into his own hands.




144 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Kaahumanu had died the year before, and Kinau, a half
sister of the king, had taken her place. She was a woman
of strong character.
There was great excitement before Kamehameha III
publicly took charge. Those on the side of law and order
were afraid that his bad companions would influence him
to put aside Kinau and have Liliha for queen regent.
Liliha's friends were sure that she would be chosen.
Thousands came to the assembly, which was held in the
open air. As Kinau passed the king she said, "We cannot war with the word of God between us." The king
made his speech. This was followed by a profound silence.
Then he surprised his past favorites by appointing Kinau
to continue as regent. When asked why, he said, " Very
strong is the kingdom of God."
This meant that he wanted to break away from his bad
habits. He did not change at once, but little by little he
gave up his dissipations and used all his influence to help
his country. We shall soon see that the country needed
help, and that those were troublous days.
III
Before we take up the government of those times let
us see what education the people were receiving.
The natives of long ago had no written language, and
the writing of foreigners seemed like magic to them.
Kamehameha I was puzzled by it. One day a captain told
Kamehameha that he could make marks upon a slate
which would tell his mate to send his handkerchief. The




KAMEHAMEHA III


I45


slate was sent, and soon the servant returned with the
handkerchief. Kamehameha looked closely at the slate
and the handkerchief, and felt of them. He could see no
connection.
Kamehameha never learned to write, but his son Liholiho learned from the missionaries soon after their arrival.
While the missionaries were teaching the chiefs to read
and write in English, they were also studying the native
language and reducing it to a written form.
The alphabet consists of twelve letters,-the vowels
a, e, i, o, u, and the consonants h, k,, m, I, p, w. Sometimes t was used for k (tapa or kapa), r for / (Honoruru
for Honolulu), or v for w (Vaititi for Waikiki). Every
word and every syllable ends in a vowel, and every letter
is sounded,-a as in fatler, e as in t/ey, i as in machizie,
o as in pole, and u as in rule. Ai when a diphthong has
the sound of i in zce, and au as ou in out. The accent
is almost always on the penult, or the syllable next to
the last.
The first spelling book was printed in January, I822.
The king and high chiefs showed much interest in the
new art, and Keeaumoku II helped print the first sheets.
As fast as possible textbooks, the Bible, and hymns were
printed in the native language.
At first the schools were made up of grown people,
especially those of high rank. They were enthusiastic
over the new art, and as soon as one learned to read and
write he was sent to some remote district to teach the
people there. Books were few, but memories were good,




146   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
and pupils would sometimes teach one another by using
wet sand or smooth stones, or even banana leaves, for
tablets.
At the end of ten years, schools were opened for native children, and little by little these schools took the
place of those for adults.
Many of the present boarding schools were founded in
those early days. The first one was Lahaina-luna Seminary for boys, started by Lorrin Andrews in 1831 on Maui.
The boys had to put up their own buildings, and they
farmed upon land given them by the chiefs. Their print
shop sent out the first newspaper in the native language.
It was called the Lama Hawaii (the " Light of Hawaii ").
Many textbooks were printed there. The school has
grown since then, and each month Hawaii's Young People
comes from its press to gladden the hearts of the school
children of Hawaii.
Soon after this a school was started in Honolulu by
foreigners. This was the Oahu Charity School for
English-speaking children, and it was the beginning of
what afterwards grew into the McKinley High School,
Honolulu.
In I837 a girls' boarding school was started at Wailuku
on Maui. In this industrial school the girls were taught
the usual studies, housework, and spinning, weaving, and
sewing. In one year they wove over five hundred yards
of cloth. Cotton was planted, but the work of making
cotton cloth failed because machine-made cotton was
brought in and sold at low prices. Maunaolu Seminary




KAMEHAMEHA III


I47


is the outgrowth of this school, which changed its location several times and is now in the Makawao district on
the slopes of Haleakala.
In the same year the Hilo Boarding School was started
on the island of Hawaii by Mr. Lyman, the grandfather
of the present principal. It is a well-organized manualtraining school, and was used as a model by General Armstrong when he founded Hampton Institute in Virginia.
Three years later the Royal School was started. It
was a boarding school for the children of the chiefs, who
could not attend a school with ordinary children. Mr.
and Mrs. Cook, missionaries, had charge of the school,
which lasted for eleven years. There all the future rulers
studied and played together. When public schools were
started this one was the beginning of the present Royal
School on Emma Street, Honolulu.
Long before this time Boki, a high chief under Kamehameha II, had given Hiram Bingham a tract of land at
the entrance of Manoa Valley. When the missionaries
wished to have a school for their children, Mr. Bingham
presented this land to them, and the school was named
Punahou, meaning " new spring." This institution later
became Oahu College. A few years ago a monument was
erected on the grounds in memory of Hiram Bingham.
The school system has been growing ever since those
early days. There are now about sixty private schools
and one hundred fifty-six public schools, all teaching
the English language. The schools are up-to-date, and
compare well with those in other places.




148  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


IV
Let us see what work the people did when Kamehameha
III was living. You remember that Kamehameha I encouraged foreigners to teach his people new trades and
to bring in new plants.
At the time of Kamehameha III the people had changed
their way of living, and desired better homes, more furniture, more kinds of food, and foreign clothes. The result
was more carpenters, tailors, hat makers, etc.
The missionaries taught the natives to work with their
hands, to farm and to sew, as well as to pray to God.
They and others tried raising cotton, indigo, potatoes,
and different fruits, but none of these proved a great
success. Even sugar cane, a native plant, was not largely
cultivated until years later, when the United States admitted Hawaiian sugar free from duty.
Cattle had increased in numbers and began to be used
as beasts of burden. Instead of walking, people traveled
from place to place on horseback. They domesticated
cows and goats, and used milk to drink. Herds of cattle
were raised, and hides became an article of export.
You remember that when Kamehameha I was king the
chief article of export was sandalwood. This trade took
many men from their farms and from their fishing, and
thus hurt the country. It was when sandalwood became
scarce that Boki went to the South Seas in search of more.
Whaling ships made a point of stopping at the islands
for supplies and repairs. The business reached its height




KAMEHAMEHA III


I49


during this period, and the ports were often crowded with
ships. Warehouses were built in which to store the bone
and oil before these were shipped to other countries.
Foreigners had started an agricultural society and had
built a steam flour mill, a machine shop, and a foundry.
One of the exports of that time was pulu, the yellow
fiber of the fern, used for making mattresses and pillows.
V
Before we come to the public events of Kamehameha
III's reign let us take a few moments to learn the meaning of the different
parts of the HawaiIt was designed by
Haalilio, who was
the king's private
secretary, and the
drawings were made
from the real arti-s.
cles which Kalaniopuu  had given to..
Captain Cook years
before.                 THE HAWAIIAN COAI OF ARMS
You are all familiar with the coat of arms, but I wonder how many boys and
girls know its meaning. It is divided into quarters. The
first and fourth quarters of the shield contain the eight red,
white, and blue stripes which represent the inhabited islands.




150 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Upon the yellow background of the second and third
quarters are the puloulou, or tabu sticks, -white balls
with black staffs. These were a sign of protection, as well
as of tabu.
Now look closely at the center and you will find a
triangular flag, the puela, lying across two alia, or spears.
This also was a sign of tabu and protection.
The background represents a mantle or military cloak
of royalty. At the sides are the supporters in feather
cloaks and helmets. Kameeiamoku on the right carries an
ihe, or spear, while Kamanawa, his twin brother, on the
left, holds a kahili, or staff used only upon state occasions.
Above the shield is the crown, ornamented with twelve
taro leaves. Below is the national motto taken from the
speech of the king upon Restoration Day, "The life of
the land is perpetuated by righteousness."
The coat of arms has not been used by the government
since the islands have been a territory of the United
States, but it is before our eyes continually upon pins and
other bits of jewelry, and it makes a handsome ornament.
VI
Now let us return to the time when Kamehameha III
began to rule for himself and chose Kinau for his premier.
There was a class of people then who did not like the
churches and schools, and who preferred drinking and
gambling. These people were the friends of Liliha and
Mr. Charlton,the British consul. They tried to influence
the king against the missionaries.




KAMEHAMEHA III


151


Mr. Charlton made trouble by claiming a large tract of
land which he said the king had given to him. The king
declared that he had never given away the land, as it belonged to the children of a chief and was not his to give.
In the meantime many people had built upon the land,
and the king would not let Charlton drive them from
their homes. Charlton did other unjust things, which led
the chiefs to complain to the British government.
At about the same time trouble was brewing with
France. Years before, when Kaahumanu was regent, two
Catholic priests came from that country to teach their
religion. Kaahumanu watched them closely, and to her
their religion seemed like the worship of idols. She disliked the days of fasting, which seemed to her like tabu
days. Boki was governor of Oahu at that time, and she
had him forbid her people to follow the Catholic religion
and to punish those who would not obey.
The high chiefs held a council deciding to send the
priests away. A ship was fitted out which took them
to California, where they were of help in the missions
among the Indians. The priests were Father Bachelot
and Father Short.
After six years these same priests returned on a British
ship. The chiefs tried to keep them from landing, but
finally permitted them to do so on condition that they
would not preach, and would leave as soon as they had
an opportunity. Mr. Charlton sided with the priests, and
this controversy caused trouble with France and England. Kinau, who was regent at the time, persecuted the




152  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
Catholic natives, making them work on the roads and
even imprisoning some of them.
The persecution was soon over, but the trouble which
it caused with France had only begun. A French ship
came into port, and the captain made the king agree
that the Catholic religion should be allowed, and that
land should be given for the building of a church. Not
only was the captain insolent in his manner, but he made
the king promise that Frenchmen should be tried only by
a foreign jury, and that France might import wines and
brandy without a duty higher than five per cent. IHe intended to take the islands for France if the king refused.
The Catholics began at once to build their church
where their cathedral now stands, upon Fort Street.
Father Bachelot will always be gratefully remembered
for planting the first kiawe, or algaroba tree. This he
brought from California, and its stump is still standing.
The king decided that it was best to send representatives
to explain matters to the countries whose citizens were
making trouble. So Mr. Richards, an American, together
with the secretary, Haalilio, and a friendly Englishman,
were sent to get the protection of other countries. The
United States promised that they would protect the
islands if Charlton tried to take them as he had threatened. The queen of England declared that she had no
intention of taking the islands. The French government
was not so friendly.
Charlton left the islands as soon as he learned why
the others had gone, so that he could tell of his wrongs.




KAMEHAMEHA III


I53


In Mexico he met Lord Paulet, commanding H.M.S.
Carysfort, and informed him that his countrymen were
in danger. In consequence of this and other information Lord Paulet was sent to inquire into the situation.
Lord Paulet did not try to find out the truth of the
matter, and was not respectful to the king. He made so
many demands that at last the king said: I will not die
piecemeal; they may cut off my head at once. Let them
take what they please; I will give no more." Dr. G. P.
Judd was his adviser on foreign affairs, and knew that
the king had not enough guns and soldiers to protect the
islands; so, feeling that the queen of England would see
how unjust Lord Paulet had been, he advised the king to
give up the islands until word should come from England.
It was a sad time. The British flag was raised, but
otherwise the government went on about as it had
before. Letters were sent to Queen Victoria, and also
to Admiral Thomas, who commanded the British fleet
in the Pacific.
Five months passed before an answer came. Then
the admiral's flagship sailed into port. Thomas saw that
the native government had been unjustly treated, and he
granted the Hawaiians their independence again. The
welcome news spread like wildfire.
July 31, 1843, was chosen for Restoration Day. Thousands assembled in the open space east of Honolulu, which
has since been called Thomas Square in memory of that
day. Two pavilions were built. The king arrived in state
with his native troops. The sailors from the three British




154 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
ships then in port were in line, with the cannon at their
right. As the Hawaiian flag was raised the English
saluted with twenty-one guns. Then the king was escorted to his home, and the natives who had allowed
Lord Paulet to enlist and drill them as the "Queen's
Regiment " asked the king's pardon.
Later in the day the king made a speech in Kawaiahao
Church. You will remember that the national motto was
taken from this speech.
Admiral Thomas was a true friend of Hawaii. He
stayed to receive news that the queen approved of what
he had done, and during that time he helped the king
to settle his affairs. Like his countrymen, Vancouver
and Byron, he is gratefully remembered by the natives
of Hawaii.
VII
Kamehameha had already seen that it was time for his
people to have more power, and had sent to the United
States for a lawyer; but as none came, Mr. Richards was
chosen to help change the government.
First came the Bill of Rights. Before this time the
king owned all the land, and no one could buy it. This
bill gave natives the right to hold land in fee simple. All
the land was divided so that the king kept one third,
another third went to the chiefs, and the remaining third
was divided among the common people. The king kept
half of his as crown lands and gave the other half to the
government. As far as possible the land for the people




KAMEHAMEHA III


I55


was so divided that each person got the land that he was
living on. The effect was felt at once: people became
more interested in their farms, and trade increased. Later
on, foreigners were also allowed to own land.
Next came the written constitution. Up to this time
there had been no written laws. The king, the premier,
and the four governors had ruled the people as they
thought best. Kamehameha III had the wisest men
frame a constitution in the native language. The government was divided into three parts, as is the government of to-day.
The king, the premier, and the four governors saw
that the laws were obeyed.
The lawmakers were fifteen nobles, and seven other
men chosen by the people.
The four judges were chosen by the lawmakers, who
formed the legislature. These four, with the king and
the premier, composed the Supreme Court and explained
the laws.
This constitution was framed in I840. About ten years
later a better constitution was adopted. The legislature
was to meet in two houses. The nobles were to be
chosen by the king for life, and were not to be more
than thirty in number. There were to be not less than
twenty-four representatives, who were to be elected by
the people.
The law courts were different. The highest, or Supreme Court, had three members,-a chief justice and
two associate justices. There were four circuit, or lower!,




156   OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
courts, and besides the judges for these, there was in each
district a judge to settle petty cases.
If you compare these two constitutions with that of the
country now, or with that of the United States, you will
see that the second constitution was more liberal and far
better than the first.
About I843 France, England, and the United States
recognized the islands as a civilized, independent country.
VIII
Kamehameha's reign lasted about thirty years. When
he died, after a brief illness, he was deeply mourned,
and his funeral was the most impressive ever seen in
Honolulu.
Kamehameha I II is ranked by some as the third
greatest character in Hawaiian history. During all the
troubles of his reign, and there were more than have been
mentioned, he showed himself a true friend of his people.
His interests were their interests. His aim to secure their
recognition as a civilized country was accomplished after
he had granted them a written constitution, and had given
them the Bill of Rights, - the Hawaiian Magna Charta.
REVIEW
When and where was Kauikeaouli, afterward Kamehameha III, born?
Who were his parents? What does his name mean? How did he take
part in the abolition of the tabus? When did he become king? What
present did Lord Byron bring him? Who were the rulers while the king
was still a boy? Who were his guardians? What was Boki's character?




KAMEHAMEHA III


I57


Tell of his search for sandalwood. Who was Liliha? Tell of her rebellion.
What was the result? Who were the companions of the young king?
Who was queen regent when Kamehameha III became of age to rule?
Whom did people expect him to choose for premier? Describe the assembly, and tell who was chosen. What change took place in the king?
Tell the story which shows what a mystery writing was to Kamehameha I. Who were the first pupils of the missionaries? How many letters
are there in the native language? Tell the few general rules of pronunciation. Who made a written language for the natives? When was the first
printing? What were some of the books printed? Tell how the first
schools were run. When did regular education for children begin? When
and where was Lahaina-luna Seminary started? Tell of the beginnings of
the school. What was the first newspaper in the islands? What monthly
comes from its press at the present time? What school afterwards grew
into the McKinley High School? Describe the Wailuku Boarding School
and tell what the girls learned to do. What school is an outgrowth of
that school? When and by whom was the Hilo Boarding School started?
Who used it as a model in founding a famous school in Virginia? Describe the Royal School. What school is the outgrowth of that one?
How was Punahou started? Why was a monument erected to Hiram
Bingham? How many schools are there at the present time?
What new needs had arisen since the natives had learned foreign ways
of living? What were some of the things the missionaries taught? What
were some of the experiments that failed? When did the culture of sugar
become a success? In what ways did natives use cattle and horses? Why
had the trade in sandalwood died out? Describe the whaling business.
How did the islands profit by it? What business improvements did foreigners make? What export was used for making mattresses and pillows?
Find some pulu and see if it is good for that purpose.
Who designed the coat of arms? What were the drawings made from?
Describe the first and fourth quarters and tell the meaning. Describe the
second and third quarters. What were the tabu sticks? Tell what is in
the center; what is its significance? Describe the background. What is
above the shield? what below? What chiefs are represented in the




I58 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK
supporters? When was the coat of arms used by the government? Look
in the dictionary at the coats of arms of other nations and compare
them with the Hawaiian.
Who were the people that tried to influence the king against the missionaries? How did Mr. Charlton make trouble? Tell how the first Catholics were persecuted. Why? Can you tell of any other time in the
world's history when people were persecuted for worshiping God in their
own way? Name the two priests and tell of their banishment. What was
the result of their return? How did the persecution which followed make
trouble with foreign countries? What demands did a French captain
make and in what manner? Tell of the beginnings of the Catholic mission. Who brought the first kiawe, or algaroba tree? Who were sent to
the United States, England, and France, and what was their errand?
How were they received in each of the countries? What did Mr. Charlton do as soon as he learned why they had gone? Tell how Lord Paulet
came and took the islands for England. Why did the king consent?
Where were letters sent? What was the answer, and how long before it
came? When was Restoration Day? Describe the scene at Thomas
Square. What natives begged the king's pardon, and for what? What
concluded the ceremonies of the day? Why is Admiral Thomas gratefully remembered?
Why did Kamehameha plan to change the government? What was
the Bill of Rights? How was the land divided? How was the effect felt
at once? What had taken the place of a written constitution? Why is it
better to have the laws written? Into how many departments was the
government divided? What was the executive? the legislative? the judiciary? How was the government changed later? How was the legislature
to meet? How were the law courts changed? Compare this constitution
with that of the United States. What countries recognized the Hawaiian
government as civilized and independent?
How long did Kamehameha III rule? Tell why the people loved him
and how he showed that he was their friend.




BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP, THE PRINCESS WHO
MIGHT HAVE BEEN QUEEN
Bernice Pauahi was the daughter of the high chief
Paki and the high chieftainess Konia. She was born on
December i9, I83I, and was named Pauahi after one
of the wives of Liholiho. The name means "the fire is
out," and was given to that queen because she had once
been saved from burning to death.
Bernice was adopted by Kinau, who had no daughters
of her own. When the Princess Victoria was born to
Kinau she returned Bernice to her parents.
The Royal School was started when Bernice was eight
years of age. The child was sent there and remained in
the school until she was married.
At this school she played and studied with future
kings and queens. She was fond of music, and at the
age of ten she could play well upon the piano. She was
a good student, and was fond of taking part in all the
little private plays which were given. Her foster sister,
Queen Liliuokalani, says of.her, "She was one of the
most beautiful girls I ever saw; the vision of her loveliness can never be effaced from remembrance."
When Bernice was nineteen years old she married
an American, the Honorable Charles R. Bishop, who was
collector of customs in Honolulu at that time. Her married life was a happy one. With the exception of several
'59




I6o  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


trips to the United States and one to Europe, she lived
quietly at home in a house built by her father.
Mrs. Bishop shunned a public life. When Kamehameha V was on his deathbed he was asked to name a
successor. He turned to Mrs. Bishop and said, " I want
you to take my place." She refused, saying that her
nation did not need her.
Perhaps she felt that she could help her race in a more
quiet way. She led a busy life, and used her ability,
her wealth, and her social advantages to help others.
Many a sick person found her at his bedside; many a
young Hawaiian girl was helped to get an education
through her generosity. She understood not only her
own race but also foreigners, and she used her influence to help them to understand each other.
The year before her death she came into a large fortune left by her cousin, Princess Ruth Keelikolani, and
in her will provided for the founding of the Kamehameha
Schools for the education of the boys and girls of her
own race. Thus her influence for good will never die.
The following song was written in her memory:
PAUAHI KEALI1
" Blest type of womanhood,
So true, so pure, so good,
Thy praise we sing;
For bounteous gifts and free.
In all around we see,
Of what God gave to thee,
Full hearts we bring.




BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP


"Ever thy spirit dear,
Dwell in thy people here
Thou lov'dst so well.
Ever thy influence grand,
In youth of this bright land,
A joyous, loving bandMost richly dwell."
REVIEW
Who were the parents of Bernice Pauahi? When was she born?
What is the meaning of her name? Who adopted her at birth? Why
was she returned to her parents? What school did she attend? Tell
about her school life.
Whom did she marry? What countries did she visit? Where was
most of her life spent? Why is she " the princess who might have been
queen "? In what ways did she make her influence felt? How were
the Kamehameha Schools started? What does the song tell about her
character?




There are cruel things in the life of the past which we
are glad to forget, but this is true of every nation. In
spite of these things the Hawaiian of to-day has many
reasons to be proud of his ancestors.
Their knowledge of the sea was wonderful. The early
voyages of thousands of miles compare favorably with
those of the Norsemen. They were skillful fishermen,
and their equipment then was as complete as one at
the present time.
Results of their industry are seen in the featherwork
and tapa. Each of these beautiful pieces required many
hours of careful work.
The old ie-ie baskets are as beautiful in workmanship
as the Indian baskets. Notice the decorated gourds and
i62




ALOHA OE                 163
the polished calabashes. Could any of us have done so
well with the crude tools which they had?
No doubt you can name many more things in the past
life which are worth remembering, but this list will show
you that the Hawaiian of long ago was not afraid of
hard work. For this reason he had the joy of creating
beautiful things.








GLOSSARY
In the Hawaiian tongue every letter is sounded,- a as in father, e as in they, i as in machine, o as in pole, and z as in rule, - but frequently the vowel combinations are spoken so
quickly that they give the effect of one sound. Thus in many words ai has the sound of i in
ice, and au of ou in out. The accent is usually on the penult, or the syllable next to the last.


a'ha a li'i: a secret society of chiefs
a'ha ke'a: a tree having yellow wood
a'ho: a cord
a hu'a: heaps or piles
akaka'ne: a song bird whose red
feathers were used in capes and
helmets
a'ku: the bonito, a fish
a la'e: a bird with a red skin on the
upper part of its bill (p. 37)
A la pa'i: a king of Iawaii about 1736
a li'a: two sticks carried by a person
before the god of the year
a li'i: a chief
a li'i ka'pu: the highest chief
A lo'ha o'e: Farewell to you
a'ma: the longitudinal stick of the outrigger of a canoe
a'ma-a'ma: a fish
a'pe: a plant with broad leaves, acrid
to the taste, like taro, only more so
a'wa: a plant of a bitter, acrid taste,
from which an intoxicating drink is
made
Bo'ki: a high chief under Kamehameha
II and at one time governor of Oahu
e le pai'o: the native woodpecker
Ha a li li'o: private secretary of Kamehameha III
Ha ka'u: a son of Liloa
hala: the pandanus, a tree whose
leaves are used for basketry and
mat weaving
Ha la'wa: a village on Hawaii
Ha le a ka la': extinct volcano on Maui
Ha'le-o-Ke a'we: a burial house for
chiefs


Ha ma ku'a: a village on Hawaii
Ha'na: a village on Hawaii
Ha na le'i: a valley on Kauai
ha'u: a tree whose wood is light in
weight
Ha wai'i: the largest of the Hawaiian
Islands
Hawai'i-lo'a: the traditional discoverer of the Hawaiian Islands
he'i: " cat's cradle," a game
hei a'u: a temple for the worship of one
or more gods (p. 80)
He'wa he'wa: a high priest
hi ki e'e: a raised platform for sleeping
Hi'lo: a city on Hawaii
Ho a pi'li: father of Liliha
ho'e: to row
ho ho'a: a mallet for beating tapa
ho lu'a: to glide down hill on a sled
Ho nau na'u: a village on Hawaii
Ho no lu'lu: a city on Oahu
Hu a la la'i: a mountain on Hawaii
hu'la: a play in which many dance and
a few sing or drum
hu'li: taro tops for planting
hu'lu ma'nu: bird feathers
ia'ko: the arched sticks which connect
the outrigger to the canoe
i'e-i'e: a vine used in making baskets
(pp. 27, 50); also used in personal
decoration
i'he: a spear
i i'wi: a small, red bird
i li'ma: a shrub with green and yellow
flowers
i'mu: a place for baking, made by heating stones under ground (p. 40)


i65




I66 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


i'o: a small projection of wood fastened
at the tip of the paddle on one side
ka'a: the string that fastens the fishhook to the line
Ka a hu ma'nu: a daughter of Keeaumoku
ka e'ke e'ke: a kind of drum made of
a section of coconut tree (p. 21)
Ka e'o: a king of Kauai
Ka ha ha'na: a king of Oahu
Ka ha'i: grandson of Moikehai
Ka he kili: a king of Maui
Ka hi'ki: a strange country
ka hi'li: a broom of coconut midribs;
also a flyflap made of feathers (pp. 6I,
77)
Kahoo la'we: one of the Hawaiian
Islands
ka hu'a: a level track for playing games
ka hu'na: a priest
Kai a'na: a chief of Kauai
Kai lu'a: a village on island of Hawaii
Ka i'po: brother to Keikiwai
Ka la kau'a: the last king of the Hawaiian Islands (I874-I891)
Ka la'ni ku pu'le: the last king of Oahu
Ka la'ni mo'ku: prime minister in the
reigns of Kamehameha I, II, and III
Ka la'ni o pu'u: king of Hawaii about
1754
Ka lau nu i o hu'a: a chief of Hawaii
about the end of thirteenth century
Ka la'u pa'pa: a village on Molokai
Ka le'i: a character in the story of
Keikiwai
Kalola: grandmother of Keopuolani
Ka ma ma'lu: a wife of Liholiho
Ka ma na'wa: a chief of Hawaii, twin
brother to Kameeiauoku
Ka me e i a mo'ku: a chief of Hawaii,
twin brother to Kamanawa
Ka me'ha me'ha: a line of Hawaiian
chiefs
Ka'ne-hu'li-ko'a: the god of the sea
Ka o la'ni: a character in the story of
Keikiwai
Ka o pulu pu'lu: a priest who lived
about I773
Kapi o la'ni: a daughter of Keawemauhili


Ka u': a village on Hawaii
Kau a'i: one of the Hawaiian Islands
Kau i ke a ou'li: Kamehameha III
(1825-1854)
kau i'la: a species of hard, reddish
wood resembling mahogany
Kau mu a li'i: a chief of Kauai
Kau wi'ki: a fort and hill on Maui
Ka wai a ha'o: a church in Honolulu
Ka wa'i ha'e: a place on Hawaii
ke a ku'a: deity
Ke a la ke ku'a: a bay on the island
of Hawaii
ke-a li'i: the chief
Kea'we-a-He ulu: a chief of Kona,
Hawaii
Ke a'we mau hi'li: father of Kapiolani
Ke e au mo'ku: father of Kaahumanu
Ke e'i: a coast village on Hawaii
Ke e li ko la'ni: a half sister to Pauahi
Ke'ha: a village chief in the story of
Keikiwai
ke i'ki: Hawaiian word meaning child
ke i'ki wa'i: a water child
Ke o pu o la'ni: awife of Kamehameha I
Ke ou'a: father of Kamehameha I
ki a'we; a tree
ki he'i: a garment worn like a shawl
by both men and women
Ki ho'lo: a small fishing village
Ki'la: a son of Moikeha
Ki lau e'a: a volcano on Hawaii
Ki na'u: a half sister of Liholiho
ki'o ki'o: a musical instrument (p. 82)
Kiwalao': highest chief of Maui(I782)
ko'a: the Hawaiian mahogany
Ko ha'la: district and village on Hawaii
ko'ko pu'u pu'u: cords braided for
carrying a calabash (p. 46)
Ko'na: a district in Hawaii
ko'na: south
ko na'ne: a game like checkers
Ko ni'a: mother of Pauahi
Ko o la'u: a range of mountains on Oahu
Ku: a god whom the people feared
Ku a ki'ni: a governor of Oahu, brother
of Kaahumanu
Ku a lo'a: a small village on Oahu
ku hi'na nu'i: the highest officer next
to the king




GLOSSARY


I67


Ku kai li mo'ku: the god of war
ku ku'i: the candle-nut tree
ku'la: dry, inland country
ku lo'lo: a pudding made of taro and
coconut or of breadfruit and coconut
Ku lo'u: a village on Hawaii
ku lo'u: to bend
La'a: adopted son of Moikeha
La'a-mai-ka hi'ki: Laa from a strange
country
la'au lo'mi-lo'mi: a curved stick used
for rubbing the body (p. 78)
La ha'i na: a village on Maui
La'ka: the goddess of dancing
La'ma: the light
La na'i: one of the Hawaiian Islands
la na'i: a porch
lau ha'la: leaf of the hala tree (pp. 27,
50, 52, 75)
Lau hu'ki: the goddess of tapa beaters
Lau'pa'ho'e ho'e: a coast village on
Hawaii
Lehu'a: a character in the story of
Keikiwai
le hu'a: a flower
le'i: a wreath; any ornamental dress
for the head or neck (pp. 59, 65)
Le'ile hu'a: a character in the story of
Keikiwai
Li'ho liho: Kamehameha II
Li li'ha: wife of Boki
Li li u o ka la'ni: the last queen of the
Hawaiian Islands (I891-1893)
Li lo'a: father of Umi
lo'mi-lo'mi: a rubbing down of the
body
Lo'no: one of the four great gods
lu a'u: a feast; also Hawaiian spinach
lu'na: a person who is over others in
office or command
Luna li'lo: grandnephew  of Kamehameha I
ma'i ka: a game
ma'i le: a vine with odoriferous leaves,
of which leis are made
ma ka lo'a: a sedge (p. 51)
Ma ka wa'o: a district on Maui
ma'lo: loin cloth (p. 64)
ma'mo: a bird much valued for its dark
yellow feathers


Ma no'a: a valley on Oahu
Ma nu i'a: a character in the story of
Keikiwai
Mau'i: one of the Hawaiian Islands
Mau'na Lo'a: a mountain on Hawaii
Mau'na o'lu: a seminary on Maui
me'le: a song or chant
Me'ne hu'ne: a fairy
Moi ke'ha: a famous chief
Mo'ku-ha li'i: the shark god
Mo'ku o ha'i: a battle ground on Hawaii
Mo'lo ka'i: one of the Hawaiian Islands
mo'o: a general name for all kinds of
lizards; also, gunwale of canoe (p. 31)
Na e o'le: a chief
Na hi e'na e'na: a daughter of Keopuolani
Nai'he: a husband of Kapiolani
ne'wa: a weapon (p. 88)
no'ho: to sit
no'ni: a kind of tree
Ni'i ha'u: one of the Iawaiian Islands
Nu'u a'nu: a valley on Oahu
0 a'hu: one of the Hawaiian Islands
0 boo ki'ah: one of the first Hawaiian
boys to be educated in the United
States
o he'lo: a species of small fruit of a
reddish color
o hi'a: a species of large tree whose
wood was used especially for making
idols
o lo na': a shrub
o'-o: a bird with yellow feathers; also,
a tool for digging
Pa a'o: a Samoan priest
pa he'e: a game; also, a weapon (p. 9o)
pai'ai: pounded taro root
Pa ki': father of Pauahi
pa la'o a: a necklace worn by those of
high rank
pa'li: a cliff or precipice
pa'na pa'na: a game
Pa'pa: wife of Wakea
pa'pa ho lu'a: a sled
papa mu': the board on which the
game /konane was played
pa"u: the dress worn by women
Pau a'hi: daughter of high-chief Paki
Pe'le: the volcano goddess




68  OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Pe pe'e ke'o: a village on Hawaii
Pi'li: a Samoan chief
po'i: the chief article of food, made
from the root of taro (pp. 41, 72)
po lo lu': a spear
pu.e'la: a triangular flag signifying tabu
pu he'ne he'ne: a game
pu lo'u lo'u: tabu sticks
pu'lu: the fiber of a fern
Putna: a village on Hawaii
Pu'na ho'u: a school in Honolulu
pu u ho nu'a: a place of refuge
ta'bu or kapu: forbidden
ta'pa: a fabric made from wood fiber
(p. 54 and cover design)
ta'ro: a plant, the root of which is
used to make poi (p. 34)
ti: a plant whose leaves are used for
wrapping up food (pp. 39, 49)


u ke'ke': a musical instrument (p. 83)
u'lu-ma'i ka: a stone used for bowling
(p. 86)
U'mi: Hawaiian chief about I500 A.D.
Wai ki ki': a part of the seashore near
Honolulu
Wai lu'ku: a village on Maui
Wai me'a: a village and a river on
Kauai
Wai pi'o: a village on Hawaii
Wa ke'a: an early settler on the Hawaiian Islands
wau'ke: the tree from which tapa is
usually made
wi'li wi'li: a tree, the timber of which,
because of its buoyancy, is made into
outriggers for canoes




INDEX


adzes, 68 f.
aho, 25
Ahua a Umi, 96
A4le, L', 132
alae, 37
Alapai, 98
alphabet, Hawaiian, 145
ama, 31
Andrews, Lorrin, 146
anklets, 66
Armstrong, General, 147
Bachelot, Father, 151, 152
bamboo fire blower, 38
banana tree, 7
baskets, 27 f., 49 f.
beds, 75
Bill of Rights, 154
Bingham, Mr. and Mrs., 138, 147
birds, 58
Bishop, Mr. and Mrs. Charles R.,
I59 ff.
Boki, 132, 142 f., I47, 148, 151
Boyd, James, 122
bracelets, 66
breadfruit, 20, 2I
lritannia, the, 105, ii8
British flag raised, 153
Byron, Lord, I33, I42
calabashes, 46 f.
candles, 42
canoes, I6, 30 ff.
capes, 59
Catholic priests, 151
cattle, 148
Charlton, Mr., 133, 150 ff.
chiefs, power of, 95 f.


children, games of, 89 f.
Christianity, spread of, 138 f.
coat of arms, the Hawaiian, I49 f.
combs, 76, 77
constitution, the Hawaiian, 155 f.
Cook, Captain James, 51, IOO ff., 133
Cook, Mr. and Mrs., 147
Cornwall, Conn., school in, 131
Daughters of Hawaii, 12I
Davis, Isaac, 123, 127, 128
dress in early times, 64 ff.
drums, 19, 82
education in Hawaii, I44 ff.
Eleanor, the, 127
elepaio, 30
Emma, Queen, 128
English, discovery of Hawaii by the,
I00
Fair American, the, 127
farming, 34 f.
featherwork, 58 ff.
fire and cooking, 37 ff.
fishing, 23 ff.
fishponds, 80
flag, the Hawaiian, IIo f.
Forbes, Rev. 0. A., 37
fort at Honolulu, o09 f.
France, trouble with, 151 f.
furnishings, house, 75 ff.
furs, trade in, 103
Gaetano, Juan, Ioo
games, 85 ff.
George III of England, I05
gourds, 44 ff., 76, 77


169




170 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


Haalilio, 149, 152
Hakau, 94 f.
IIalawa, 98
Haleakala, 147
Hale-o-Keawe, 137
Hamakua, 93
IHana, 97, 136
Hanalei Valley, I23
Hawaii, I, 18, 93, 1oI, 103, io6, 120, 133
Hawaii-loa, I8
Hawaii's Young' People, 146
hei, go
heiau, 20, 69, 80 f.
helmets, 60, 66
Hewahewa, 130
hikiee, 75
Hilo, 80, I6
Hilo Bay, 133
Hilo Boarding School, 147
Hoapili, 143
holua, IO, 86
Honaunau, 8I
Honolulu, 109, 137, 146
horses, 109
housebuilding, 71 ff.
hula, 9, 83
huli, 34
Hulumanu, 143
ihe, 150
imu, 39 f.
industries, Hawaiian, 148
Iphigenia, the, 119 f.
kaa, 25
Kaahumanu, 124, 126, 129 ff., 136 ff.,
I42, 144, 15I
kaekeeke, 21
Kaeo, 118, 119, 121
Kahahana, iI8
Kahai, 21
Kahekili, 99, loo, io6, 117 ff., 135
Kahiki, 2, 3
kahili, 6I, 77, 126, 150
kahua, 88
kahuna, 30, 32
Kaiana, 103, I 9 f., 127
Kailua, 96, 112, 130, 139, 142
Kalakaua, 126
Kalanikupule, I18, 121


Kalanimoku, 107 f., I10, 127, 142
Kalaniopuu, 99, Ioo, 105, 126, 137, I49
Kalaunuiohua, io6
Kalaupapa, 8o
Kalola, 135
Kamamalu, 132
Kamanawa, 126, 150
Kameeiamoku, 126, 127, 150
Kamehameha I, 21, 60, 8o, 88, 89, 98 f.,
o10 ff., 120, 135, 137
Kamehameha II. See Liholiho
Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli), 127,
136, 142 ff., 148 ff.
Kamehameha V, 31, i6o
Kaopulupulu, 118
Kapiolani, 139 f.
Kau, 116
Kauai, 51, IOO, 104, io6, 107, 11o, 118 ff.,
132
Kauikeaouli. See Kamehameha III
Kaumualii, 104, 107, 121 ff., 132, 137
Kauwiki, 97, 99, 117, 136
Kawaiahao Church, 154
Kawaihae, 117
Kealakekua Bay, Ioi, 104
Keawe-a-Ileuilu, 126
Keawe-mauhili, 116, 139
Keeaumoku, 103, 117, 126, 137
Keeaumoku II, 145
Keei, 99
Keelikolani, Princess Ruth, i6o
Keopuolani, 129, 135 f.
Keoua, 99
Keoua of Kau, II6 f., 126
kihei, 65 f.
Kiholo, 8o
Kila, 21
Kilauea, II6
Kinau, 144, 151
kiokio, 82, 83
Kiwalao, 105 f., 116, 135
knife, 76
Kohala, 20, 8i, 98, 105, 113, 131
koko, 50
Kona, 73, 96, 103, 126, 139
konane, 77, 88
Konia, 159
Ku, 6
Kuakini, 143
Kualoa, 21




INDEX


Kukailimoku, 99
kukui nuts, 42
ku/a, 35
Kulou, oo00
Laa-mai-Kahiki, 2I
laau lomi-lomi, 77, 78
Lahaina, 109, 136, 143
Lahaina-luna Seminary, 146
Laka, 83
Lama -Hawazii, I46
lamps, 42
lanai, 73
lauha/a tree, 50, 52
Lauhuki, 57
Laupahoehoe, 95
leis, 61, 65, 66, 76
Liholiho (Kamehameha II), 122 ff.,
129 ff.
Liliha, I32, I50
Liliuokalani, 126, 159
Liloa, 93
Lono, 101
luau, 41, 130
lZna, 71
McKinley High School, 146
maika, 88
makaloa sedge, 51
Makawao, 147
malo, 64, 65
mamo, 59
Manoa Valley, 138, 147
Marin, io8
mats, 50 f.
Maui (the hero), 37
Maui (the island of), 96, 97, 99, ioo, o16,
107, I16, 117, II8, 126, 146
Maunaolu Seminary, 146
Meares, Captain, 19
meles, 2, 82
Alenehunes, 18, 20, 79, 80
Metcalf, Captain, 127
missionaries, 131, 136, 138
Moikeha, 21
Moku-halii, 12
Mokuohai, o06, 126
Molokai, 80, io6, 107
moo,0 31
motto, national, I50


Naeole, 98
Nahienaena, Princess, 136
Naihe, 139
nets, 25 ff.
newa, 88
Niihau, 51, Ioo
noni trees, 99
Nootka, the, 119
nose flute, 83
Nuuanu Valley, 107, I20
Oahu, 21, 100oo, o6, 107, 117, Ii8
Oahu Charity School, 146
Oahu College, 147
Obookiah, 131
olona, 25 f., 6i
o-o (bird), 58
o-o (tool), 35, 71
Paao, 20
paddle, 31
pahee, 87, 90
paiai, 41
Paki, 159
palzoa, 15, 66, 93
Pali, the, 120 f.
panapana, 89
Papa, 18
papa holua, I f., 85, 86
papamnz, 77
pa'u, 64 f.
Pauahi, Bernice, 159 ff.
Paulet, Lord, 153
pearls, 09o
Pele, I 6, I40
Pepeekeo, 8o
pestles, 42
Pili, 21
pillows, 75, I49
poi, 41, 72
pololt, 94
potatoes, sweet, 35
puela, I50
pahenehene, 86 f.
pZlouloliI, 20, 150
pulu, 149
pump drill, 71
Puna, 20, II6
Punahou, 147
PpuZlhoalua, 8, 81




172 OLD-TIME HAWAIIANS AND THEIR WORK


rattles, 19, 77
Restoration Day, I50, 153
Richards, Mr., 152, 154
Royal School, 147, 159
Russia, trouble with, 109 f., 123
Samoa, 19, 20
sandalwood, Iog, 148
Savaii, I8
schools, Hawaiian, 145 ff.
scraper, 25
Short, Father, I51
shuttle, 24
Society Islands, 21
Spanish ships, Ioo
spoons, 75, 76
sticks, fishing, 25, 27
stonework, 79 ff.
sugar, 148
surf boards, 77, 85
tabus, 5, 19, Io8, I29ff., 136, 142, 150
Tantalus, 25


tapa, 39, 54 ff.
taro, 34 f., 40 f.
tattooing, 66
Thaddeus, the, 131
Thomas, Admiral, 53 f.
ti leaves, 39, 41, 49, 86
torches, 42
ukeke, 83
ulu-maika, 77, 86, 88
Umi, 93 ff.
Upolu, 20
Waikiki, 120
Wailuku, 135, 146
Waimea, 121
Waipio, 94, II8
Wakea, I8
wauke, 54
weapon, an Hawaiian, 88
whaling ships, 148 f.
Young, John, IIo, 127 f., 132






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