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Johnston Expressiy for "Pzttsburgh the PowerfuP' ~. ~ ee:l ~1?,~.-..' Pittsburgh's Broad Business Thoroughfare-Liberty Avenue - - I *- _, -JIIII Ii PITTSBURGH I THE POWERFUL I I ~ 0l An Interpretation of the Commercial, Financial and Industrial Strength.... OF.... A GREAT CITY I I Permanently Recording Its Achievements and Celebrating Its Corporate Union ]With the City of Allegheny I EDITED BY EDWARD WHITE l Official Publication of the Chamber of Commerce P U B L I S H E D BY - THE INDUSTRY PUBLISHING COMPANY JAMES W. WVARDROP, Pres. EDWARD WHITE, Vice Pres. ALEX. S. MABON, Secy. & Counsel Copyright, 1907, by the Industry Publishing Conmpany, Pittsburgh, Pa. I mm m [3] t i '::a:-.*.:: **:;***..: *.. ~ ~ ~~ ~ ee ~~ ~ ~ ee ~~ ~ i * --- ^ i s*Is PITTSBURGH WITH FIRES OUT Photograph by United States Engineer Corps, from Uinited States Weather Bureau Office, Twenty-fourth Floor of Farmers Bank Building, Time of Flood, in MIarcli, 1907 PITTSBURGH WITH FIRES BURNING INDUSTRY PHOTO. Photograph by Industry Staff Artist, from United States Weather Bureau Office, Twenty-fourth Floor of Farr ers Bank Building, on a Clear Day in July, 1907 ', * [41 1 - - For the Common Weal HE BASIS for this publication is Pittsburgh's need for a worldwide exploitation of its commercial greatness. Its business has reached a volume which places it in the front rank of America's greatest cities, and yet the fadts regarding its supremacy are comparatively unknown to the world at large. It is for the purpose of meeting the urgent necessity which this condition entails that this volume is undertaken. The work speaks for itself in character, magnitude and artistic conception I [s] !mwfafifi i i i iii is i isiiiaa | The Chamber of Commerce | I i fi |Chartered July 8, 1876 1 11 The Fulcrum of Pittsburgh's Power | I Magnificent Development of the City | 1 W ithin the Life of the Chamber:::: I I fi~,NITING in an aggressive force the city's best i |i business elements, the Chamber of Com-11 1|merce has been instrumental in placing the |s |fi IjCity of Pittsburgh in its proper place in the| j jIworld of achievement and has taken the initiative in j i 11many national reforms of a business character. Was| i jthe means of giving to the world the famous Davis'1 | jIsland Dam on the Ohio river. Inaugurated the move-i i| jment for a nine-foot channel in the Ohio river. An| s!faggressive force in the work of the Lake Erie and Ohio i River Ship Canal. Aided movement for the improve-11 ff | Ement of the American Merchant Marine. Assisted in| j | |i* the passage of the Cullom Bill, making it unlawful to \ i N| maintain associations for the establishment of uniform i | |rates, subject to the approval of the Interstate Com- | i merceCommission. Taking theinitiative in establishing| th i Ct forest resrg n oerves and other measures for retarding floods. i i |Improved civic affairs by new charter secured in 1 900 I I i! Vi I I I Record of Unparalleled Usefulness |!iii^ffi i. [6] s iCiiaaawwwwwawawwwaa*awsw^^^awiawwawaawylsaiawisiisisi~)ii itfia Fi so Yi!fi fin 9i Yi 9Fi Yi Ni 9Fi Ni!fi!fi Vi lfi Yi!fi Vi ifi Yi si r Yi I!fi Aggressively Leading in the Movement for a Greater Pittsburgh t.'t The Chamber Preparing the Ad VVhich VVAS FINALLY ADOPTED FOREMOST IN AIDING MOVEMENTS - FOR SECURING Reduction in Railway Mail Pay Antiscalping Bill Establishment of Department of Commerce and Labor Improved Consular and Diplomatic Service Extension of American Trade with Canada Commercial Education Passage of National Pure Food Law Establishing Gold Monetary Basis Care and Preservation of Forestry One-cent Letter Postage Parcel's Post Law Commercial Museums Inter-oceanic Canal Inland Waterways Public Health Modifying War Revenue Law Re-forestration National Trade Mark Law 9i i i i i iFi!fi ffi Yi!fi Ni |i ii i Vi Is Yi fi Yi!fi!fi!ff s ss iu ll; i Improvement of Tenement House Conditions Abatement of Smoke Nuisance Regulation and Improvement of the Civil Service WORKING TOWARD PERFECT MUNICIPAL SANITATION Maintaining a Correspondence Bureau at Harrisburg Maintaining a Representative at the International Commercial Congress, at Milan, Italy Establishment of Traffic Department Under Able Management, and Securing Prompt Deliveries of Small Consignments of Freight to Country Dealers. This feature alone is worth an uncalculable amount to the trade of Pittsburgh Extension of the Wholesale Trade Excursions the and Manufacturing Trade of the City, by and Other Means of Advertising Pittsburgh Market -fi i i!.zmi fiH.MgolHH Hff iFiiiH HHiFi I I -I i[7 [7] LCtiprlemLD WILUS.I.,,kPI:CG..j /.7'7- ~ H.-J.~CHEIM r,PI F. tR BAB]COCK I ND. VICE PRE'S, 1AS: A:tgNDMRSON0 3 R3. VI C;E PRES, '- r I,. Ia ~i - JN I ".N f1%4 'Li I TRKEAS6URF.R IRA. S. BAS' $TT TRAFFMI M N".A, mmIII'.NW CCRFAETA!:)F~ 1. TAYLOR ALLDgFLDICE X. LA /~%. ' ~ rr *~:'i r "- * ~ 6 ~c. ''s ~-~ ~ T CiAR14dNn — (\ *" I' "'2i-''! 3, E XS.; (,a I; RN ~JOHN. H.-ONES \V. iq TE LA,,N,.C.N A.,J TRIHILti$FIR' - -,,A..M..J ENt41Nt ".', r I / aiJ - M~ ~`t~ LYI~IIMiYI~ — I C ~3 I't Y.~b L ~ t Z -,).v,. 1-,,.v ' PITTSBURGH IN HISTORY I l I OMMERCIAL history forms the most important chapters of the history of civilization. The story of civilization cannot be written w i t h o u t embracing chronicles which reveal commerce blazing the way through the darkest continents and speedily transforming them into Edens of culture and progress. 'Commerce has been more than a hand-maid to civilization; it has gauged the mutations which have placed the sciences and the arts on their present high plane throughout the world, and made possible the great systems of education which have become the pride of nations. The commercial history of a city or community is even more interesting than the commercial history of a nation. There is fi more individuality in the fabric as a whole, and more personality in the details. It deals directly with the familiar names-it is the story of people whom we know. Pittsburgh's commercial and industrial annals unfold a narrative as charming and fascinating as a story of the Arabian Nights. It reveals first a mere handful of hardy pioneers in the midst of a vast wilderness, enduring hardships and privations, and receiving little for their toil. Many years pass before this scene is shifted, and when the change comes the foundation is laid and the superstructure under way for the most enduring monument ever reared to human handicraft. When commerce reached the forks of the Ohio, it found nothing in the way of human habitation save the tepees of the Indians and Fort Duquesne, occupied by French soldiers. The military rule of the French stimulated trading between the white frontiersmen and the Indians for the time, but when the English occupied the "forks" and built Fort Pitt, it was found that French hostility had so embittered the Indians against the newcomers that commercial relations with them were well nigh suspended. It was not until the close of the Revolution that mercantile trading was resumed to a noteworthy extent, and then was born the commerce of Pittsburgh. In I874 more than sixty wagon loads of goods reached Pittsburgh from the East, and by I786 traffic on the Ohio river had become a feature of Western trading. The Pittsburgh Gazette of I786 shows a healthy expansion of trade, and its columns note the existence of several important mercantile firms doing business in the city, among whom were _- Cralig, Bayard & Co., Daniel Britt & Co., Samuel Calhoun, Wilson & Wallace, John McDonald, William Hawting, William Fulton & Co., and Colonel John Gibson. Most of the stores advertised that their goods were exchangeable for cash, flour, whiskey, beef, pork, bacon, wheat, rye, oats, corn, candle-wick, tallow, etc. NEW STORES COMING IN. The year I787 found several new concerns added to the list of the year previous, among them being general stores by John Wilkins & Co., David Kennedy, and John and William Irwin. The Gazette advertised that it kept for sale State laws, history of the Revolution, the New Testament, Dilworth's Spelling Book, sqaling wax, wafers, etc. In the year I787 there was something of a depression in the business circles of Pittsburgh, lack of ready cash being especially noticeable, but in the year I788 a complete revival was experienced, and all classes of business prospered. h Pittsburgh Aft~er the Great Fire in 1845., [Io] qPittsburgh the Powerful II URGING STATE CO-OPERATION. The following item from an issue of the Gazette of I787 reflects the spirit which had possession of the people at that early date: "It ought to be a great object with the State of Pennsylvania to encourage and cultivate the town of Pittsburgh. It will be a means which will blind the two extremes of the State together. A town of note at the confluence of these rivers must produce than was necessary for home consumption. Flour reached the low price of $I per hundred weight, and beef seldom brought more than $2 in cash per hundred weight. Commerce at the time meant simply barter, and very little money was used even in the settlement of balances. Home-made goods of all kinds were used as legal tender, and if the farmer got enough for his produce with which to pay his taxes, he was indeed fortunate. The New Orleans market Pho!o by Johns'on Modern Pittsburgh-Mingling of Churches and Skyscrapers. McCreery & Company's Department Store on the Right-Farmers Bank Building on the Left. for ages secure the trade of the Western country to Pennsyl- was not available because of the distance and the time consumed vania." in getting goods there. FARMING DID NOT PAY. MISFORTUNE TURNED TO FORTUNE. Agriculture was unprofitable west of the Alleghenies prior It was such drawbacks to commerce as these that caused a to the last decade of the eighteenth century. The cost of trans- turn in the affairs of Pittsburgh, shaped the destiny of the future portation across the mountains and competition with planters great city and made it the center of the greatest industrial emusing slave labor in Virginia and the Carolinas, made it next to pire on the globe. It having become settled beyond peradv.enfolly for theX,farmers of the Pittsburgh district to raise more ture that Pittsburgh and Western Pennsylvania must turn their I12 Pittsburgh the Powerful attention froll agriculture to lanufacture if they would reach prominence in the business worldl, it became an easy step to a substantial start in the right direction. Ohio and Kentuckv were just beginning their development, and the demand for building materials and implements of all kinds from those sec'tions became the OPPORTUNITY OF THIIE PITTSBURGHI DISTRICT. Mills and forges and factories were started like hives along the banks of the Alleghlleny and the MAonongahela rivers, while the transportation problem was readily and easily solved by the Ohio. and Pittsburgh itself began to grasp the great opportunity soon after the ball had been started. Prosperity canme in great waves with the dawn of this change. The dlemland for implements increased to a demand an extensive scale, and (liarked( a new era for tlle comnmerce of the city. Associatedl with General O'TIara in the enterprise was Isaac Craig, a sturdy pioneer business man of P'ittsburgh, andl the institution was known as the Pittsburgh Glass Works. June 29, I80o, the following advertisement appeared in the Gazette: "The proprietors of the Pittsburgh Glass Works, having secured a sufficient niumber of the most approved European glass mlanufacturers, 'and having on hand( a large stock of the best naterials, on which their workmen are now employed, have the pleasure of assuring the public that window glass of a superior quality and of any size from 7x9 to 18x24 inches, carefully packed in boxes containing Ioo feet each, may be had at the shortest notice. Glass of larger sizes for other purposes may also be had, such as for pictures, coach glasses, clock faces, etc. Bottles of all kinds and of any quantity may be also had, together Expressly for "Pittsburgh the Powerful" for flour, cotton goods, glass, iron and coal, and Pittsburghers sprang to the work of supplying these demands. The time had come for the "town beyond the mountains" to take its place in the commercial world, and the manner of its assumption was indeed creditable. PITTSBURGH'S BEGINNING AS AN INDUSTRIAL CENTER. The glass industry in Pittsburgh had its beginning in 1797 in a factory started by General James O'Hara in a stone building on the south side of the Monongahela river, nearly opposite tlie Point, William Eichbaum having been brought from the East to superintend the work. In a note found among General O'Hara's papers after his death, he said: "Today we made the first bottle at a cost of $30,000." The enterprise proved successful and was really the beginning of Pittsburgh's greatness in the manufacturing line. It was the first venture on anything like Works of the American with pocket flasks, packing jars, apothecary shop furniture, or other hollow ware, the whole at least twenty-five per cent. lower than articles of the same quality brought from any of the seaports of the United States. A liberal allowance will be made on sale of large quantities. Orders from merchants and others will be punctually attended to on an application to James O'Hara or Isaac Craig, or the store of Messrs. Prather & Smiley, in Market street, Pittsburgh." O'TIIEIR nMANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES. Hats were manufactured by Samuel Magee in I798 at Front Street and Chancery Lane. In the same year there were also in the city institutions manufacturing tobacco, wagons and chairs, and in I799 a shoe factory was started. In I8oo another shoe factory was started by Hammond & Wells. A cut of the building occupied by the firm will be produced in a future number. Pittsburgh t!, MERCANTILE PURSUITS. The principal commerce in I800 were pork, beef, flour, whiskey, bar iron, castings, Irish and country linens. At that time the borough supported a large number of prosperous stores, conducted by men with such familiar names as Ormsby, Mahon, Sharp, Jones, Dunlap, Scott, Stevenson and Hogg. Traffic on the Ohio river was heavy, the commandant of Fort Massac, near the mouth of the river, reporting that 276 boats laden with produce and manufactured articles passed that place from the Ist of March to the 3Ist of May. In I80o the list of business men contained the names of Tarascon Brothers, Berthoud, Steele, McLaughlin, Davis, Christy, WVillock, Barker, Hamsher, Gregg and others. The year I802 the well-known names of Hanna, Denny, Woods and McIlhenny were in the list. he Powerful I3 first bank, advocated organized effort to remedy the evil. and even went so far as to urge the formation of a company with a capital for $Ioo,ooo for the purpose of protecting the members by establishing agencies at New Orleans and other river points CLOSING OF THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS. The port of New Orleans was closed against the people of the western country by the Spanish Intendant in January, I803. Unless a remedy was effected the act meant ruin to many Pittsburghers, who had no other means of meeting their excise duties than the sale of their products at New Orleans. High rates of transportation across the mountains placed the Eastern markets beyond their reach. Public meetings were held throughout the Pittsburgh District, and a petition was presented to the President and Congress declaring that "protection and allegiance are "Ir. - Bridge Company. IMPORTANT CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. In I802 Merchant's associations, chambers of commerce and business guilds were unknown to Pittsburgh and the West, but the necessity which has since given birth to such organizations existed then as now, and was met by at least one man with the same spirit of enlightened self-interest that actuates and guides 'the modern commercial bodies. New Orleans promised a good market for the products of the Ohio river country, but the great distance between the two extremes and the lack of facilities for intercommunication made it necessary for the shippers to take their barges of produce to the southern city before attempting their sale. When New Orleans was reached by the northern men they were at the mercy of traders and schemers who compelled them to hold their goods until their profits were consumed by expenses. In a letter to the Gazette, General John Wilkins, Jr., who afterward became the President of Pittsburgh's * reciprocal; the people have the right to demand protection at the hands of the Government in the prosecution of lawful commerce; that the Government must either take the people's produce at a reasonable price or relieve them from contributions and taxes; that delay is critical; and that imperial necessity may therefore compel us, unless relief is afforded, to resort to measures which we may deem calculated to insure protection to our trade, though they may result in consequences unfavorable to the harmony of the Union." The effect of this drastic declaration upon the government will never be known, but it is a matter of history that Louisiana Territory was purchased by the United States immediately afterward, and was followed by the opening of the New Orleans market to the world. Previous to the purchase, the outrage had reached a point where many favored taking forcible possession of New Orleans and the Mississippi river. 14 cPittsburgh the Powerful VOLUME OF TRADE IN I803. Manufactures................... $266,000 Produce brought to market............ 92,000 Exports........................ I80,00ooo Imports........................ 250,000 The excess of imports over exports caused some of the cautious citizens to warn the people to import less and manufacture more. New Orleans continued to be the principal market for the products of Western Pennsylvania, and the opinion prevailed that the southern metropolis was destined to be the greatest city in the world. It was before the days of canals and railways, and when the chief dependence of commerce was upon the waterways. Pittsburgh's only access to the great markets of the world was by water via New Orleans, and its importance was therefore apparent to every discerning business man. M., in order to take into consideration a proposition of the Directors of the Bank of Pennsylvania for establishing a branch within the borough, providing it is approved by the Corporation. Wiilliam Christy, Town Clerk." In a later issue of the Gazette appeared the following: "The Directors of the Bank of Pennsylvania have elected the following gentlemen directors of the branch bank about to be established at this place: John Wilkins, Jr., Presley Neville, Oliver Ormsby, James O'Hara, James Berthoud, Ebenezer Deuring, Joseph Barker, George Stevenson, John Woods, Thomas Baird, John Johnson and George Robinson. John Wilkins, Jr., was elected president, and Thomas Wilson, cashier. John Thaw was chosen teller. January 4, I804, Cashier Wilson gave notice that the bank would open for business January 9, and that the office hours Sixth Avenue, from Wood Street —Duquesne Club in the Foreground on Left INDUSTRY PHOTO. BRANCH BANK IN I803. The year I803 found the city sufficiently advanced in a commercial sense to require the aid of a bank. Scarcity of money had previously prevented the establishment of such an institution, and exchanges were effected by local merchants, aided by two or three brokers. Early in the year the directors of the Bank of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, made a formal proposition to the business men of Pittsburgh looking to the establishment of a branch in the latter city, and soon afterward the following call for a meeting of the citizens appeared in the Gazette: "The freeholders and other inhabitants, householders, are hereby requested to attend a meeting of the Corporation at the Court House, on Saturday, the 26th of March, at IO o'clock P. would be from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m.; that each Thursday would be discount day, but paper for discount must be handed in on Wednesday; that discounts would be made for periods of 60 days upon the personal security of two names, and that drafts on the parent bank would be issued at the rate of I per cent. PITTSBURGTIH'S FIRST BANK. While the branch of the Philadelphia bank met the wants of the community for the time being, the development of the city made necessary the establishment of a home institution, and in I8IO a movement took definite form in the organization of the Bank of Pittsburgh. About a month later, however, the legislature passed an act amending the restrictive act of I808 in such 'Pittsburgh the Powuerful I 5 manner as to make it virtually prohiitive to new institutions, forbidding, under heavy penalties, the i'lcorporated banks organized under the act of I808, to lend money, to receive deposits, or to do anything which the chartered banks might lawfully do. The Bank of Pittsburgh immediately closed its operations, in com It was the death knell to such summary legislation as had for the time kept the Bank of Pittsburgh out of the commercial field, and opened the eyes of the people of the state to the commanding position which the new city at the head of the Ohio occupied. Even at that early date the city had a population of 5,000 inhab r i.*', *.ts.,, r ' rP ^.' "..':,, a I A View of Wood Street NDUSTRY PHOTO. pliance with the provisions of the act, and in everything submitted to the letter and spirit of the law. Later in the year I8IO the president and directors memorialized the legislature to grant them a charter, couching their petition in such forcible terms as to make it one of the most noted documents of record in the early history of the commonwealth. itants, and was enaged to a greater extent in useful manufactures, according to population, than any town in the United States. The petition plainly showed the urgent necessity for the legislature's fostering care for those industries. The attention which the memorial attracted proved the beginning of Pittsburgh's commercial rise, and made the Bank of cPittsburgh the Powerful Pittsburgh the real foundation for the city's prosperity. The bank is still in existence and has a record second to no other financial 'institution in the United States, being the only bank in the entire country which existed prior to the civil war without having suspended specie payment for a single day. Its history abounds in events and transactions of the most interesting character. The volume of trade passing through Pittsburgh in I8Io was estimated at $I,ooo,ooo, and the sale of Pittsburgh manufactures reached a sum slightly in excess of $I,ooo,ooo, making the total for the year $2,000,000. Shipments by river partially enumerated were furniture, 'saddlery, boots and shoes, paper, glass and cabinet work, and the receipts included tobacco, sugar, cotton, furs, hemp, lead, etc. Pittsburgh had by this time become an excellent market, and its fame as an industrial center was spreading over the land, bringing skilled workmen and shrewd business men to the new,metropolis by scores. In I812 an express post was established by the government from Washington, D. C., to Detroit, via Pittsburgh, a distance of 550 miles. Pittsburgh was reached in three and a half days, and Detroit in five days. One authority estimated the number of frame and brick houses built in i812 at 300, and the same authority stated that 7,000,ooo feet of lumber passed inspection at Pittsburgh during that year, the product coming from the pine and hemlock swamps up the Allegheny river. Among the leading establishments in the city in I812-I3 were those of H. J. Lewis & Co., David Logan & Co., G. & C. Anshutz, Isaac Harris, John Wilkins, N. Richardson, William McCandless, William Mason, John M. Snowden, Speer & Eichbaum, James Wiley, Jr., and R. Brown & Co. The war with England appeared to make prosperous conditions for Pittsburgh merchants, so great was the advance in prices. Purchases were made from eastern and foreign markets twice a year. December 3I, I813, the direct tax of the government took effect, requiring the stamping of notes, bills, bonds and commercial paper before using. EXPANSION DURING THE WAR OF i812. The growth of Pittsburgh's population during the war was considerable, and its commerce grew in proportion. Steam had become the motive power on the Ohio river, and had completely revolutionized transportation. The National Intelligencer, a paper published at Washington, D. C., contained a letter from a Pittsburgher on April 22, 1814, which contained the following paragraph: "It is difficult to repress the expression of feelings which arise toward the person to whom we owe it that this mode of navigation, so often before attempted and laid aside in despair, has become practical, but it is unnecessary to give them vent. The obligation which the nation-I had almost said the worldowes to him will be freely acknowledged by history." COMMERCE OF I8I3. The following boatloads and wagonloads were received at Pittsburgh in I813: 350 boats loaded with 3,750 tons of saltpetre, salt, lead, belting, sugar, cotton, etc.; 1,250 tons of hemp, 3,750 tons of hempen yarn; 4,000 wagonloads of dry goods, groceries, etc., and I,ooo wagonloads of iron. Pittsburgh's exports were also large in i8I3, its manufacturing institutions running more than full time to fill orders. About this time the city became known as the "Birmingham of America," and the prediction was made by the Niles Register that it would eventually become the GREATEST MANUFACTURING CENTER IN THE WORLD. In I814 the ironmongery manufactured in Pittsburgll amounted in value to $300,000, and the whole value of iron products was in excess of $500,000. This was nearly double the value of the output of I812. The boatbuilding industry, which was started in I8II, had grown to good proportions by the year I814, and manufacturing in other lines was greatly stimulated by its success. There were two steam engine manufactories, a rolling mill, puddling furnaces and a wire factory, besides smaller concerns, making locks, hinges, stoves, carding machines, shovels, tongs, cutting knives, etc. COAL MINING BEGINS. Coal mining in quantity began during the war of I812-I4, although at that early date nothing was thought of the important figure which that product would eventually cut in the industrial history of the city. It was then unforseen that coal would yet be king of the great Pittsburgh empire, and it was not without value even at that period. The first mines were opened on the.south side of the Monongahela river and was ferried to the city until the completion of the first bridge in I816. Although the production was small, there was yet enough mined and used to demonstrate its value as a fuel, especially in iron manufacture, and by the year I818, when the demand for coal came from Cincinnati, St. Louis, Louisville and New Orleans, it had become quite an important factor as a Pittsburgh industry. In Cincinnati it was used in the manufacture of glass and was sold there at twenty cents a bushel, delivered. The construction of the first bridge across the Allegheny was not begun until July, I818, the demand for the bridge across that stream not being deemed as important as one across the Monongahela. Considerable interest was manifested in I818 in the question of the annexation of West Florida to the United States by Pittsburgh merchants and manufacturers, because it gave them some valuable territory for trade expansion. The South was looked to for the greatest development of any portion of the United States, and Jefferson's prediction that New Orleans would become the reatest of American cities was regarded as a settled fact. The differences in climate and resources were not yet understood. RIVER DIFFICULTIES IN 1818. The effects of low water were sometimes seriously experienced in early times. At one time in I818 there were thirty vessels, including keel boats and flat-bottoms, lying at the Monongahela wharves, loaded with $3,000,000 worth of merchandise destined for Ohio and Mississippi river points. A local paper summed up the situation as follows: "The embargo on our vessels is at length happily raised, and $3,000ooo,ooo000 worth of merchandise has at length floated off on the rapidly swelling bosom of the Ohio. It may appear somewhat paradoxical, but Pittsburgh is delighted to have her shores deserted. The large fleet of boats which has for some months been lying before our city might serve to give strangers a just conception of the immense importance of our situation, yet its protracted detention gave a melancholy feature to this proof of our greatness. VWe fear the effect of it will be severely felt in the cities of the West. However, in all cases of gloom where our country is concerned our motto is Sperate. The beautiful steamboat James Ross has weighed anchor for New Orleans. She will take in freight at several places betwen this point' and Louisville. May success attend this gallant vessel in her voyage across our immense continent." CPittsburgh the Powverful 17 A DEPRESSION COMES During the spring and summer of I8I8 twenty-two steamboats were engaged in the Ohio river traffic, and seven boats were in process of construction at Pittsburgh. Manufacturing in Pittsburgh had received a setback from which it apparently could not recover, and conditions would indeed have been alarming had it not been for the river trade which the city enjoyed. The chief trouble was that there was little or nothing manufactured for export trade, and the money stringency which was spreading over the land made domestic trade of little value. A local chronicler said of the situation: "The times are indeed alarming. Our difficulties are increasing every day. Many have already failed, and hundreds more are on the verge of bankruptcy and ruin. But a little more pres Pittsburgh Manufacturing Association, which was organized for commercial purposes in I8I9, answered the expectations of its founders in affording facilities for its interchange of commodities -supplying raw materials to the mechanic and manufactured articles to the farmer and country merchant in exchange for produce. The legislature of I819-20 chartered the association, which greatly increased its facilities for benefitting the community. The year I826 proved a record breaker for the new city. Merchandise to the amount of 9,300 tons and valued at $2,219,000 was received from the East. The exports for the same year amounted to $2,88I,276, showing a balance of trade in favor of Pittsburgh of $2,2I9,276. The exports were as follows: Iron...............................$ 398,o000 Nails................................ 2I0,000 A Close View of the Banking District of Pittsburgh, Fourth Avenue near Wood St.-Showing the Keystone National Bank, the Commonwealth Trust Co., the Commercial National Bank, the Union National Bank and the Columbia National Bank sure and they must fail. And we all know that the failure of one undermines the foundation and lays the train for the ruin of perhaps ten or twenty more, and thus the evil spreads far and wide like a devouring flame. The cry with everyone now is, something must be done and done immediately." The depression thus begun reached its height in I821, when prices of commodities reached the bottom. The gloom continued until I823, and by the middle of I824, the city was again in a flourishing condition. THE PITTSBURGH MANUFACTURING ASSOCIATION Organized effort for the betterment of trade conditions was one of the results of the hard 'times from I818 to I823. The Glass................................ Io0 i,ooo Paper................................ Porter.............................. Flour.............................. Castings.......................... Wire work............................ W hite lead............................. Steam engines......................... Tobacco and cigars....................... Bacon, 860,ooo pounds..................... Cotton yarn and cloths................... Axes, scythes, shovels, etc................. Whiskey............................. 55,000 I8,ooo 10,500 88,000 8,ooo I7,000 I 00,000 25,800 51,820 I60,324 49,000 29,832 cPittsburgh the Poewerful Dry goods............................ 480,ooo Groceries and foreign liquors............... 625,ooo00 Saddlery and leather products............... 236,ooo Miscellaneous......................... 24,oo000 Total...........................$2,881,276 INCREASED PROSPERITY OF I828-29 The Niles Register of February 23, I828, says: "About 2,600 persons and $2,000,000 capital are employed in the factories of Pittsburgh. The Senate of Pennsylvania has passed a bill permitting the Baltimore & Ohio railroad to enter that state providing a branch shall be made to Pittsburgh, and it is important to Baltimore as well as Pittsburgh that these cities should be joined together, and we hope and trust that such an act passed by the Pennsylvania legislature will be cheerfully accepted by the managers of this company. Pittsburgh is, and must more and more become the center of a vast and valuable business-the place of deposit for mighty quantities of produce of the soil and industry of Western Pennsylvania and of the rich southeastern section of Ohio, and enjoys many other natural advantages. Pittsburgh is even now supplying iron for the navy of the United States. We wish every success to the industry of her enterprising people, and desire an extension of domestic competition." With the renewed impetus to business there came a rise in prices which greatly cheered the merchant and manufacturer. The construction of the Pennsylvania canal caused an extraordinary growth in population and commerce, and upon the completion of the project in I829 business took an upward movement which showed that Pittsburgh was on the map to stay. The canal packet, General Lacock, under command of Captain Leonard, made the first trip on the Western division of the canal in June, I829, the starting point being opposite Herr's Island. September I4 three canal boats arrived and five departed. After that date the arrivals and departures were frequent. The first arrival from Philadelphia direct occurred October 3I, I829. On that day the General Marchand, commanded by Captain Trout, arrived at Pittsburgh laden with blooms and merchandise. A pernicious practice was indulged in about this period (I829) which greatly injured Pittsburgh merchants. It was the auctioneering of wholesale stocks. Large shipments of foreign goods were- obtained and sold at low prices for cash, and new stocks obtained and the method repeated thus enabling the commission merchant to repeat his sales several times to the regular merchants once. ANOTHER PERIOD OF DEPRESSION Loss of trade and general depression again came upon Pittsburgh in I830-3I. There were no such disastrous failures as accompanied the former period, and the injurious effects were not so widespread. Business seemed to drift along without either advancement or retrogression, as if a feeling of lethargy had taken possession of the people. The president's war on the banking system of the country undoubtedly had much to do with the condition, capital being slow of investment for fear of repudiation and bad faith. ORIGIN OF THE FARMERS DEPOSIT NATIONAL BANK The Pittsburgh Savings Fund Company, which later became the Farmers Deposit Bank, and still later the Farmers Deposit National Bank, was organized in I83I, although it was not incorporated until three years later. The original organization was on something of a mutual plan, the arrangement being that each stockholder should pay in $Io at the time of commencing business and $2 per week thereafter for ten years. James Fulton was the first president, James Anderson the first secretary, and Reuben Miller, Jr., the first treasurer. In I84I the name was changed to the Farmers Deposit Bank, and in I865 it became a national institution. It is now the largest bank in the state in capitalization, having a capital of $6,ooo,ooo, and a surplus of $I,500,000. IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES The year I831 witnessed a great improvement in Pittsburgh's transportation facilities to the East. The Pennsylvania turnpike passed into the hands of a stage company which improved it in many ways and placed on it three lines of stages to Philadelphia-two running daily and one every other day. One of the daily lines made the trip in two and a half days and the other in four days. In addition to these lines there was the northern line, by way of Blairsville, Huntingdon and Lewiston, which made the trip in less than four days. A line was also established this year (I83I) between Pittsburgh and Wheeling, another between Pittsburgh and Steubenville, while the time of the stages between Pittsburgh and Cleveland and Pittsburgh and Erie was increased. The travel on all these lines was very heavy. A TURNPIKE CONVENTION Freight transportation was such an important question in the early thirties that the business interests were kept constantly alert for new schemes for its improvement. In I833 a turnpike convention was held in the city to take into consideration the improvement of the roads, the question of uniformity of tolls andl other matters of common interest. The companies represented were: Washington & Williamsport, Somerset & Bedford, Summit & Mt. Pleasant, Robbstown & Mt. Pleasant, Huntington, Cambria & Indiana, New Alexandria & Conemaugh, Pittsburgh & Greensburg, Bedford & Stoystown, Mt. Pleasant & Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh & Butler, and Chambersburg and Bedford. The convention elicited considerable interest on the part of the public and resulted in good to all concerned. ESTABLISHMENT OF A STRONG BANK In I833 the Merchants and Manufacturers Bank of Pittsburgh was established by an act of the legislature. The following commissioners were appointed to carry into effect the provisions of the act: Jacob Forsyth, Michael Tiernan, Samuel Smith, Thomas S Clarke, Samuel Church, James Adams, Jr., William Stewart, Robert S. Cassat, Josiah King, Edward D. Gazzam, Andrew Watson, William M. Carlisle, George Miltenberger, William Holmes, George Ogden, Cornelius Darragh, George A. Cook, William Marks, James B. Irwin, William Robinson, Jr., Samuel Walker, Samuel Church, James Adams, Jr., William Sampson, Joseph Oliver, Thomas Scott, James Vittey, James S. Craft, Samuel Pettigrew, William B. Foster, David Lynch, Charles H. Israel, Humphrey Fullerton, Jr., William Eichbaum and Robert C. McFarland. It was provided that the capital stock should not exceed $600,000 at $50 per share. A building was erected on Fourth street, now Fourth avenue, at a cost of $6,400. The bank continued in existence until I904, when it was consolidated with the Bank of Pittsburgh, N. A. I834-I836 Although there was a financial depression in Pittsburgh during the first two months of I834, the volume of business for the 'Pittsburgh the Powerful I9 year reached a total of $Io,0oo,ooo for the wholesale and retail trade and $9,500,000 for the manufactures, making a grand total of $I9,500,000. The total canal tolls collected at Pittsburgh for the year were $I6,704-99, showing a good trade in that direction. The commercial transactions are thus itemized for the year: Books and papers...................... $ 450,000 Drugs, medicines, paints, etc................ I75,00ooo -Hardware..................... 400,000 White lead.......................... 150,000 Beer and porter........................ 80,00ooo Lumber..................... 350,000 Pork................................ 300,000 From March, I834, to June, I835, 30,234,065 pounds of freight were received from the East by the canal, and I6,653,429 pounds were sent from Pittsburgh by the same means. It may be said here that Philadelphia and Pennsylvania both lost by not making the Pennsylvania canal the leading transportation scheme between the East and the West. The building of the Erie and the Ohio and Erie canals resulted in New York securing the larger portion of the trade of the great West, which should have gone by way of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh merchants and manufacturers foresaw this, and urged the legislature to take necessary action, but Philadelphians failed to support them, and the trade went to New York by way of Buffalo. S-r Fourth Avenue in Front of the Pittsburgh Stock Exchange Glass................................ 250,000 Business in Pittsbur Sales of foundries, etc...............,690,ooo00 institution being operate Cotton.............................. 360,ooo appearing in the Gazett Copper and tin.......................75,ooo Merchant," thus referre( Brushes.............................. 20,000 "The manufactures Groceries and liquors.................... 2,000,000 kinds of goods, foreign Dry goods........................... 2,800,000 wholesale and retail, ar Plows, wagons, etc...................... 00000 nated at from $20,ooo000,C Coal................................ 250,000 description of foreign Furniture and leather.................. 250,000 from the Eastern cities Miscellaneous........................ 300,0oo commission merchantf fi rgh in I836 was in good condition, every d at its full capacity. A communication e November Io, I836, and signed "Old d to the volume of business for the year: and mechanical products and sales of all and domestic, by all our manufactories, id commission merchants, may be estimoo to $25,ooo,ooo. The value of every and domestic goods received in transit and passing through the hands of our or all parts of the West and South, may o0,000,000 to $70,ooo0,00ooo0, and perhaps it T otal........................... $ I 0,000,000 be estimated at from $6 20 ~Pittsburgh the Powerfut will not exceed the truth to say that the whole of the goods manufactured or imported and sold in our city, or passing through, amounts to the enormous sum of $Ioo,ooo,ooo." The Exchange Bank, now the Exchange National Bank, was organized in I836 with a capital of $I,ooo,ooo. General William Robinson, Jr., was the first president, and John Foster, Jr., the first cashier. THE PANIC OF I837 Business in Pittsburgh suffered a serious collapse from the effects of the panic of I837. Goods in large quantities had been sold in the West and South on a liberal credit, and when the depression came barely a dollar could be collected. As early as February it was calculated that Pittsburgh's outstanding accounts amounted to $Io,ooo,ooo, and March found conditions worse and collections at a standstill. Pittsburgh manufactories began to shut down, and the merchants were forced to compromise with their Eastern creditors. All the banks in the city, with one exception-the Bank of Pittsburgh-suspended specie payment, and money became so scarce that prices of all commodities doubled and trebled in value. No influence could be exerted to give relief, and the people settled down to await the time when the panic should spend its force. REVIVAL OF TRADE Relief did not appear until late in the fall of I837, when there was a slight revival of trade and money became easier. In I838, the Pittsburgh Board of Trade, which had become a most useful and influential body, took a hand in business affairs which did much toward a trade revival. It opened headquarters in the Merchants' Exchange, brought the business men together at regular meetings, and secured for them information which enabled them to meet trade conditions and protect credits. There was nothing of a crude nature, and there was enough of the ele ment of co-operation in it to make it successful. The freight shipped East over the canal in I837 was 50,068,oio pounds, an enormous amount for a panic year. The tolls for the same year amounted to $48,807.97. An express line of boats was put on the canal in I838, which made the trip to Philadelphia in three and one-half days. The Pittsburgh and Beaver canal was surveyed in I838 and was finished in I840. EXPANSION OF RIVER COMMERCE The river trade in I838 was impeded to some extent by a shortage of water, but after the rise in the fall there was unusual activity, and a great business was inaugurated. The Advocate thus describes the scene on the river front: "The wharves present one of the most animated scenes we have witnessed in a long time. Twenty steamboats lie at the landing taking in cargo for Louisville, St. Louis, Nashville, New Orleans and 'intermediate ports,' as the phrase goes. The whole of our broad levee, from the bridge to Ferry street, is closely dotted with drays and wagons, hurrying to the margin of the river from every point of access, burdened with the valuable products of our factories or with Eastern goods. Some half a dozen of the steamers are puffing away ready to start. The margin of the wharf is absolutely covered to the height of a man with freight in all its varieties, while higher up on the footwalks and streets the fronts of the great forwarding houses are blocked by piles of boxes, bales and barrels in beautiful disorder. Shippers, porters, draymen and steamboat clerks blend their hurried voices at once-one is actually deafened with their cheerful din and rush of business. Some idea may be formed of the magnitude of our manufactures from the fact that the larger iron houses have 800, some I,ooo, and some as high as 1,200 tons each of iron and nails ready for shipment to the West." Fifty-five steamboats were laid up at Pittsburgh during the winter of I838-39, all of which cleared before the Ist of March of the latter year. April 2, I839, the steamboat Maine arrived from the Illinois river with I70 casks of bacon for shipment over the canal. This was the first cargo of Illinois river produce which was diverted from the New Orleans route. The costs of transportation from Beardstown, Illinois, to Pittsburgh was 50 cents per hundred pounds. The cost from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia was 87 cents per hundred pounds. June 22, I839, there were in port at Pittsburgh fifty-six steamboats, the largest number ever before seen here at one time PROSPERITY AGAIN REIGNS The year I840 witnessed a revival of trade in every line and the volume of business became unusually large. The following figures show the increase in river traffic over the year I839: I839 I840 Steamboats arriving................. 652 I,393 Steamboats departing.................. 662 I,4I3 Total...................... 1,312 2,80 6 In October, I840, three Pittsburgh banks reported deposits as follows: Bank of Pittsburgh.................... $350,849.26 Exchange Bank........................ 136,624.99 Merchants & Manufacturers Bank............ I97,I45.82 In I84I the question of improving the navigation of the Allegheny river by stock water works as far up as Franklin, and the construction of a canal from there to Lake Erie commanded general attention. The heavy trade through Ohio to the lake set the people to thinking, and the advantages of such a project enlarged as they thought, but the unseen forces then at work to settle the question never occurred to them. THE COAL TRADE TAKES ON A BOOM The bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania yielded about 500,000 tons-in I84I, and shipments to distant parts of the country began to be heavy. The Intelligencer of January 5, I842, said: "The coal trade of Pittsburgh and the immediate vicinity is very large and amounts in the course of a year to about $i,ooo,ooo. In I837, according to Harris directory, the trade was estimated at II,304,000 bushels, which would be worth $565,200. A few days ago we went on the Minersville Turnpike and were astonished to see the large number of carts and two, three and four-horse teams constantly going and coming on that road alone; and this is only one of the many roads leading to the coal fields, to say nothing of the river traffic. TRADE FROM THE FAR WEST A noteworthy feature of the business of I842 was the large number of traders from Santa Fe and other points in the West buying Pittsburgh goods. One buyer spent $5,000 in gold. The goods were shipped by steamboat to Fort Independence and thence across the unbroken prairie by prairie schooners to their destination. The Chronicle said: "From the fact that these traders had inspected the markets of New York and other cities, and had finally made their purchases in Pittsburgh, it was inferred that this city could more than compete with the East for the far Western trade." Following are the names of some of the Mexican traders who came to Pittsburgh for their supplies: John C. Armigo, Nesta Armigo, Joseph Golreis, Mitteana Edriscio, Micatante ~Pittsburgh the Powuerfut Otaro, Lantrange Floris, Ambrose Armigo, Francis Chacis, Jochim Parah and Philip Chacis. One carriage and wagon making firm filled Santa Fe orders to the amount of $26,ooo, which included a carriage costing $I,ooo, made for the governor of New Mexico. Another firm furnished harness for 320 mules. For thirty years the Santa Fe merchants and traders ordered their harness, wagons, etc., from Pittsburgh. The tonnage of dry goods, groceries, drugs, oils, foreign liquors, furs, window glass and whisky on the canal in I841 amounted to I5,005. ment. Buildings were erected at a rapid rate, manufacturing enterprises came to the city to locate, and mercantile affairs took a long forward stride. In March, I843, the Cleveland Herald printed the following item under the heading, "Pittsburgh and Cumberland": "The whistle of locomotives among the mountains within Ioo miles of Pittsburgh makes the wealthy burghers prick up their ears, and already the subject of a railroad from Pittsburgh to Cumberland is exciting no little interest. Build the road, Mr. Pittsburgher, and then we will see what can be done between A Group of Skyscrapers from Twenty-Fourth Floor of Farmers Bank Building The City of Allegheny was incorporated in I840, and soon began development in city fashion, although its manufacturing interests did not grow materially until many years later. A RAILROAD COMING In I843 the City of Pittsburgh subscribed for Io,ooo shares of the Pittsburgh & Connellsville (B. & 0.) railroad, and immediately afterward business started on another great improve Cleveland and the Iron City." ' To which the Pittsburgh American responded as follows: "We are going to build it, Mr. Herald, and that quick, too; and trust, if our life is spared but a few years, to take a locomotive trip to Cleveland on our way to Niagara Falls, Green Bay, or some other summer resort on the Great Lakes. We will give you a call then, Mr. Herald." The conclusion of this history will be found in the sketches of leading concerns printed elsewhere in this volume.-EDITOR. A City With More | Wealth Than Any | b Other of its Size in the World i (m rHE largest Electric Manufacturing Works in the world, employing 13,000 men. Several of the largest Steel 1 Works and Blast Furnaces in the world, employing an aggregate of 75,000 men. The tonnage for the plants ' of a single company in 1906 amounted to 45 million tons, which [) is in excess of all the freight tonnage of the Northern Pacific and Southern Pacific railroads for the same year. Several of the larg- [ est Glass Works in the world, producing 35 per cent. of the } glass manufactured in the United States. The largest Pickle h Works in the world; a distinct attraction; employs 3,300 hands; 500 traveling salesmen; 16 acres of floor space in main plant. mod-.,~ The largest wholesale warehouse in the world, having capacity i t r for complete stocks of forty immense jobbing houses; total floor space, 23 acres. Some of the largest and finest Office Buildings A. | in the world, one being the tallest building in the United States i As loutside of New York. The Carnegie Institute, the largest and 1 finest institute of art and museum of natural history in the United States, covering a greater ground area than the capitol building at Washington. The Phipps Conservatory, the largest and finest ra in the entire country. The Carnegie Technical School Buildings E'lu accommodating 1,500 students, and only one-twelfth completed. Parks and Boulevards among the finest in the country. Finest A Residences and Grounds on the continent. The largest number l of Banking Institutions of any city of its size in the world. A j |larger number of buildings owned and occupied by banks than AI any other city in the country. A river navigable for only 125 miles with a tonnage equal to that of all other rivers in the United States-Government report. The largest Stock Yards in the United States outside of Chicago. Inclined Plane, Carson and Ad Smithfield Streets; length, 640 feet; angle, 35 degrees; vertical height, 370 feet. The center of the world's greatest coal-producing area, covering two thousand square miles more than the coal 0 larea of all Great Britain:::::::::::: 1XW 11 10;W The Second City f in the United States ' in Banking Capital and Surplus I [22]% [22] . m II -OO^f=a>flA0tOO<>OO<=>00C=>00<=>00< =OooOO000oo OO 49 -A. The Pittsburg h I C=>00<=>00<=>00<=>00<=>00<=>00<==>0^ l h. District sl Center J The National Industrie mm. A^ A^ A >4oa= ><=0os B Mar 1H Em] [ Vali Pay n LEAI Irc ( Pi %L G.-..-. A nufacturing Establishments ployes..... ue of Product... fital Invested.... r Rolls (annual)...... 5,000.. 350,000.$ 750,000,000.. 1,000,000,000... 500,000,000 DS THE WORLD IN THE MANUFACTURE OF H 5 H fg P H H P - >n and Steel lass ectrical Machinery ork ckles Steel Cars Tin Plate Air Brakes Fire Brick White Lead - ^0<>00<=>00<=>00<>00< =>0<=>0<=>00<>0<=>000<=>00<=>00<=->o ooeW [23] I f I t I I I RI Ift ALV I __ The Pittsburgh District TqTHE WORLD'S GREATEST WEALTH.PRODUCING REGION (] Population of the Pittsburgh District2,250,000-Two and a Quarter Millions Annual Tonnage of Pittsburgh District 140,000,000, or Ten Per Cent. of the Tonnage of the Entire Country, Including all Freight Carried Annually by Rail, River and Lake I Banking in the Pittsburgh District (I Capital and Surplus, $210,000,000, which is thirty-one million dollars more than the capital and surplus of all the banks in the States of Illinois and Indiana, including Chicago, with a total population of over 8,000,000, or nearly four times greater than the population of the Pittsburgh District. q Capital and Surplus of the Pittsburgh District, one-fifteenth of the total capital and surplus of all the banks in the United States, and one-twenty-fourth of the capital and surplus of all the organized banks in the world. hi9 Capitalized strength of Pittsburgh Banks five million dollars more than the combined capital of the Bank of England, all the organized banks of Scotland and Ireland, the Imperial Bank of Germany and the Imperial Bank of Russia i [26] CPitTsburgh the Powerful The Beginning of Pittsburgh's Industrial Life MONG the useful arts which contribute to the convenience, the physical aid and the luxury of mankind, none ranks higher in the scale of general utility than that of glass-making. We are indebted to the glass artificer not only for light in our dwellings and workshops, but for supplying many of our domestic needs, the gratification of our taste for the beautiful, supplanting decayed nature with subsidiary sight, and our knowledge of the distant heavens and the minute structures around us. It was Dr. Samuel Johnson who said: "Who, when he first saw the sand and ashes by casual intenseness of heat melted into a metalline form, rugged with the excrescences and clouded with impurities, would have imagined that in this shapeless lump lay concealed so many conveniences of life as would in time constitute a great part of the happiness of the world." ORIGIN OF GLASS The invention of glass is credited to Phoenician merchants, who rested their cooking pots on blocks of natron (sub-carbonate of soda), and found that the heat produced glass by uniting the alkali and the sand of the shore. The art became known to the Egyptians, the Assyrians, the Greeks, the Syrians, the Persians and the Indians several hundred years before the Christian era, but it remained for modern development to bring out its many utilities. The introduction of glass-making into the United States preceded such important industries as clay and brick, coal, iron and steel, sand, mining and lumber. It also preceded the establishment of shipping facilities by rail and water, and was the forerunner of many lines of mercantile and manufacturing pursuits. PITTSBURGH'S FIRST IMPORTANT INDUSTRY Glass-making in Pittsburgh was begun in I797 by General James O'Hara and Isaac Craig. The year previous Mr. Craig had tried to find coal and a suitable site on a run at the upper end of Allegheny, and after his failure he enlisted the interest of General O'Hara. The two bought property on the South Side opposite the point and erected buildings for the first glass works, making William Eichbaum the superintendent. Window glass and hollow ware (jars, bottles, pitchers and decanters) were the products of the factory, the value of which for the year I893 was estimated at $I2,500. In I800oo the following advertisement appeared in the Gazette: "The Pittsburgh Glass Works, having secured a sufficient number of the most approved European glass manufacturers, and having on hand a large stock of the best materials, on which their workmen are now employed, have the pleasure of assuring the public that window glass of a superior quality, and of any size from 7x9 to I8X24 inches, carefully packed in boxes containing Ioo feet each, may be had at the shortest notice. Bottles of all kinds and in any quantity may also be had, together with pocket flasks, pickling jars, apothecary shop furniture and other lower ware, at least 25 per cent lower than articles of the same quality brought from any of the seaports of the United States." EARLY DEVELOPMENT SLOW Previous to I-855 the pressed glass industry developed very l slowly in both Pittsburgh and the United States. At that time there were forty-two glass manufacturers in the Atlantic States, about one dozen of which were in Pittsburgh. Wages were low and the sale of the product was wanting in activity. Between I860 and i870 many improvements were made in moulds and appliances for the production of pressed ware; in fact since that time very little improvement has been made in methods and devices. From I880 to I89o the progress was greater than at any previous decade, as the following table shows: Increase in number of furnaces.................. Increase in number of pots................. Increase in number of employes.................. Increase in value of product.................... Increase in wages............................ 7I% 83% 83%. 94% I25% MODERN GROWTH SUBSTANTIAL Since I89o there has been a gradual increase in all those items, but the gain has not been in the same ratio. In the manufacture of tableware in the United States, the progress since I89I can be seen by the following table prepared by H. D. Murray, Actuary of the American Association of Flint and Lime Glass Manufacturers: Year. 1891............................ 1892............................ 1893............................ 1894............................ 1895........................... 1896............................ 1897............................ 1898............................ 1899............................ 1900............................ 1901............................ 1902.......................... 1903............................ 1904............................ 1905............................ 1906............................ Total........................ Tons...84,000..126,800.. 133,860..126,660..137,410.. 137,200.. 141,986.. 150,920..158,640..167,070..168,140. 212,472.. 239,808..250,563..260,221..265,770..2,761,520 PITTSBURGH HAS LION'S SHARE The upbuilding of glass manufacturing and wholesaling has been a marked feature of the industrial development of the Pittsburgh district. It is estimated that more than 30 per cent of all the glass of all kinds manufactured in the United States is produced within a radius of 50 miles of the city, while over 50 per cent of the entire product of the United States is manufactured and sold by Pittsburgh firms and corporations. In the manufacture of table ware, which includes bar ware, decorated lamps, gas and electric globes, chimneys and specialties, there are some fifteen companies engaged in the work in the Pittsburgh district. For the year ending April, I90o6, the output of the plants of these concerns located in and near Pittsburgh reached a total of 217,370,000 pounds, as against 618,274,820 pounds for the entire country. These figures are in accord with an estimate made for INDUSTRY by Mr. Murray. That Mr. Murray is relied upon for such data and information by the association he represents is a sufficient guarantee of their correctness. They show that Pittsburgh's share of the country's product in one line of glass manufacture is more than 35 per cent. 28:Pittsburgh the Powerfut The Development of the Glass Industry The Business of the United States Glass Company in Picture and in Type View of the General Offices and Accounting and Correspondence Departments,, ITTSBURGH occupies the foremost position in tlihe United States to-day as a glass manufacturing and distributing city. Its supremacy in this particular line of trade is, of course, maintained by the mammoth units comprising the industry in this section. Ai brief sketch of the United States Glass Company will be found interesting, especially when accompanied by so many excellent views of their offices, factories, etc., as are reproduced herewith. The United States Glass Company was organized in I892, through the purchase and consolidation of the following companies: Adams & Company; Bryce Brothers; George Duncan & Company; Doyle & Company; King, Son & Company, and Ripley & Co., of Pittsburgh; Brockmier & Company, of Wheeling, W. Va.; Gillinger & Sons, of Greensburg, Pa.; The Central Glass Company, of Wheeling, W. Va.; Bellaire Goblet Company, of Findlay, Ohio; the Nickel Plate Glass Company, of Fostoria, Ohio; Challenor-Taylor & Company, and Rich & Hartley, of 'Tarentumn, Pa.; and also A. J. Peattie, of Tiffin, Ohio. Several of these plants have since been abandoned, and the Company has erected large works at Glassport, Pa., a town which they started a short distance above MNlcKeesport. Another large plant has been erected and placed in commission at Gas City, Indiana. The remaining factories have been greatly enlarged and improved since the present Company has taken hold of them. In these plants are manufactured all manner of cut, pressed and blown glassware. There are upwards of three thousand people employed, who turn out a product of 3,500,000 pounds of finished glassware every month, consisting of table ware, lamps, fancy, cut and pressed glassware, blown and pressed tumblers, and no end of special work for several of the large Electric Companies. In addition, the Uniterd States Glass Company produces specially designed glassware and implements for particular firms or for certain purposes, creating the patterns in their own workshops, manufacturing their own moulds, etc., besides designing and building special machinery for handling and finishing their product; all of which is sold direct to the jobbing trade. An interesting view of the Company's beautiful show rooms / INDUSTRY PHOTO. Handsomest and Best Appointed Glassware Show Rooms in the United States 9Pittsburgh the Powuerful INDUSTRY PHOTO. INDUSTRY PHOTO. Applying Gold and Tinted Decorations on Pieces Ready for Kilns A Crew At Work Blowing Tumblers is printed herewith. These/rooms contain over twenty thousand different pieces of glassware, without a single duplication. They are the largest and finest rooms devoted to this purpose in the United States, and compare most favorably with any of the famous show rooms in Europe. I The contents of these rooms constitutes a most forcible argumen, for the Company's versatility in the production of glassware, as well as their ability to Pittsburgh, the Company maintains offices and show rooms in each of the following cities: New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco. A corps'of traveling men are sent all over the world, and additional foreign offices are located in London, England; Sidney, Australia; Mexico City, Mexico, and Havana, Cuba. The officers of the Company are: Daniel C. Ripley, Pres INDUSTRY PHOTO. Dropping the Molten Glass in the Mould successfully cope with any conditions or exactions arising from particular requirements of the various trades, or through the fastidious demands of a discriminating public. The United States Glass Company is incorporated under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania with a present capitalization of $3,200,000. In addition to the main office and salesrooms in Sorting Decorated Glassware After Firing ident; H. D. W. English, Vice President; William C. King, 'reasurer; and Ernest Nichol, Secretary. The sales department is in charge of Marion G. Bryce. All of these gentlemen are experienced not only in modern methods of business practice, but are practical"glass"men as well,Daniel C. Ripley, the President, having served his time at the glass trade from the beginning. INDUSTRY PHOTO. Specially Constructed Racks for the Display of Tumblers Showing Small Tableware Specialties 30 9Pittsburgh the Powerful The Power of Organization and System The Carnegie Steel Company in History and in Commerce AKE away all our factories, take away all our trade, our avenues of transportation, our money. Leave me nothing but our organization, and in four years I will have re-established myself." So declared Andrew Carnegie in a moment of inspiration, and throughout the varying fortunes of the Company this may be traced as the underlying cause for the growth of a business which, starting in I858 with a value of $4,800, was sold fortythree years later for nearly one hundred thousand times that sum. In I858 Andrew and Anthony Klowman (later spelled Kloman) started a forge for making railroad axles at Girty's Run in Millvale. In I859, to provide for the growing business, a second hammer was installed for $I,600, received from Henry Phipps, Jr., and Thos. N. Miller, in exchange for a third interest in the business which was held in the name of the former. When the war broke out the business nearly swamped them, and to take care of it a site was selected across the river at 29th those interested in it were Andrew Carnegie, A. G. Shiffler and J. L. Piper. The capital was not sufficient, however, and in I865 the total equipment, together with $50,000, was turned over to the Iron City Forge for a little less than a half interest in the combined interests. The new company took the name Union Iron Mills Company, and the two mills were henceforward known as Upper Union and Lower Union respectively. After the fall of prices at the close of the war the Company had a hard time until railroad development began and other outlets were found. One of the chief of these was the Keystone Bridge Company, organized.in I865, in which Andrew Carnegie was interested, and which had taken over the business of Piper & Shiffler, founded about I857. At this time a pipe works adjoining Lower was bought, but burned down shortly after. About I867 Carnegie bought Miller's interest in the iron company and then owned 39~ of the stock. Duquesne Steel Works & Furnaces, Duquesne, Pa.-Carnegie Steel Co. street, Pittsburgh, whither the plant was moved in I862, the firm name being changed to Kloman & Company, of Pittsburgh, Pa. The works were called the Iron City Forge and contained four puddling furnaces, four heating furnaces, three hammers, one set each of bar and muck mills and some other miscellaneous equipment. While the war lasted the Company waxed fat on the enormous profits, but notwithstanding this, differences arose, and in I863 Miller bought out Anthony Kloman's third for $20,000. In the same year a new partnership agreement was drawn up and the name adopted was Kloman & Phipps, the capital being $60,000. Thos. M. Carnegie had been admitted with money lent him by his brother, who now also held Miller's interest as trustee. In I864 Miller leased the property at 33rd street, which is part of the ground at present occupied by the Upper Union Mills. The Company was called the Cyclops Iron Company, and among In the same year a strike of puddlers occurred and foreign labor was introduced. Among the new men was a German named Zimmer who described a universal mill-having both horizontal and vertical rolls-one of which was shortly afterwards built at Upper, becoming the prototype for the present large plate ant slabbing mills which are doing such yeoman's service. In 1872-3, to effect improvements at Upper, Wilson, Walkel & Company were organized to take over Lower. This Company ran independently until I886, when it became part of Carnegie, Phipps & Company, Limited. In I88I the Union Iron Mills (now consisting of Upper only) were taken in as part of a consolidation known as Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited. In 1870 Kloman, Carnegie & Company was formed (comprising Kloman, Phipps and the two Carnegies) for the purpose cPittsburgh the Powerful 3 of erecting and operating a blast furnace at 5Ist street, which was called the Lucy Furnace in honor of Mrs. T. M. Carnegie. When it was put on blast, I600 tons a month was considered a marvelous output for a furnace, but this figure was soon passed, and in I873 there was great excitement when a little over one hundred tons were made in a single day. At the present time the 7oo-ton mark has been passed by several furnaces for a single day's runthe highest run made being something over goo tons. In I877 the second Lucy furnace was blown in. In this year the Cascade Company, an iron mining concern in which Kloman was interested, failed, and not being limited in liability, he became heavily involved, and had to assign everything. Carnegie bought his mill stock with the promise that he would be reinstated after he had been freed by the court, but when this time came Kloman was dissatisfied and retired. Shortly afterwards he started a mill in Homestead for the manufacture of rails, but died before it was completed. His holdings were absorbed by the Pittsburgh Bessemer Company which had located next to his property. Edgar Thomson Steel Works had their inception January ist, I873, when a new company, known as Carnegie, McCandless & tion varied between the product of different furnaces, and even between that of the same furnace for different casts. Capt. Jones solved the problem with his characteristic shrewdness by inventing a "mixer". This is a brick lined receptacle in which the metal from several furnaces is combined, with the result that individual irregularities are almost entirely offset. In I88I a consolidation was formed of the Lucy Furnaces, Edgar Thomson Steel Co., Union Iron Mills and some small coke properties. The company was called Carnegie Brothers & Company, and the capital was $5,ooo,ooo. About two months later the furnaces were sold to Wilson, Walker & Company for $I,OOO,OOO, the company being known as the Lucy Furnace Company, Limited. Andrew Carnegie held nearly half of the stock. Up to I882 the Company had only a nominal coke interest, but in this year they secured a controlling interest in Frick & Company, with large holdings of coke ovens and coking coal lands in the Connellsville region. The Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company, Limited, was incorporated in I879, and, as stated above, took over Kloman's unfinished plant upon his death. This was a rolling mill and Bessemer proposition, and the first steel was made in I88I. For a 5b^ 't * o)BR^ '-1 —. 0s^% ayk o; *; w `' S?~r p~ll *) tr '.b in. ar k; ffi i S>* ' ';,f '* 8FE by 4L ala *t e. J o, ~ *r So ' * -;>'*?; l '..^r..N,.^^:... ^ AN5,. e*" ^ i 'l ^. - ^ ^*"..a A.^ ^ -' Homestead Steel Works, Munhall, Pa. —Carnegie Steel Co. Company, was organized and Braddock's Field was bought. After the limited liability law was passed in Pennsylvania in i874, advantage was taken of this, and the name was changed to the Edgar Thomson Steel Company, Limited, in honor of the then president of the Pennsylvania railroad. The plant was built to manufacture Bessemer steel and roll rails and was designed by A. L. Holley. The phenomenal record made was due, probably more than to anything else, to Capt. "Bill" Jones, and the happy chain of circumstances which brought him there from Johnstown. There were two 5-ton converters, and when they started up in I875, I,ooo tons a month was considered a very good average. In the next year the production for a week had nearly reached that figure, and the following year the record for a week was doubled. At the present time there are four 2o-ton vessels with a capacity of about I,ooo,ooo tons a year. To obtain lower costs it had long been tried to use metal direct from the blast furnaces to the converters, without first casting into pigs and then remelting in a cupola. The difficulty arose from the fact that the composi while everything went smoothly, but afterwards strike troubles and depression of business caused them to gladly sell out to the Carnegie interests in I883. The equipment was increased, and under the able management of Julian Kennedy the plant did wonders. At the May meeting of the Iron & Steel Institute in London, in I879, when Thomas and Gilchrist first announced their method of dephosphorizing steel by means of basic linings, Andrew Carnegie was present. He was so much impressed that when called on by the president, he declared: "I have come to see whether on the genealogical tree of steel there is to be inscribed, with the illustrious names of Bessemer and Siemens, the names of the rising stars of Thomas and Gilchrist. * * * I have heard enough to satisfy me that we are on the eve -of important changes in the manufacture of steel". So it happened that in i886 when it was decided to install open-hearth furnaces at Homestead, the basic process was finally adopted, for the first time in America. That it has proven a success may be assumed from the fact that at present there are 60 such furnaces in this plant alone with a ca / Pittsburgh the Powerful pacity of about 2,000,000 tons a year, a large portion of which is rolled into plates with nearly as much in structural shapes. January ISt, I886, Lucy Furnaces, Upper and Lower Union Mills and the Pittsburgh Bessemer Plant were consolidated under the name of Carnegie, Phipps & Company, Limited. The Duquesne Steel Company was organized in I886 by outside interests, but disagreements caused it to reorganize as the Allegheny Bessemer Steel Company in I888. The plant contained a blooming mill and a pair of converters, and was made as complete and up-to-date as possible, several brand new features and devices having been introduced to increase output and decrease cost. From a mechanical standpoint it was a success from the start, but the members of the steel pool refused;t all but the most undesirable orders, and labor troubles in addition made the company eagerly seize an offer to sell out, made by the Carnegie interests through H. C. Frick. This was carried out in I890, and in less than a year the plant had more than paid for itself. This was the last of the outside steel companies to be absorbed until after the United States Steel Corporation was formed. In I892 the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, was organized In I889 a plan was set on foot to sell out to an English syndicate but nothing came of it. In I899 W. H. Moore, of Chicago, aided by Frick and Phipps, endeavored to form a company to buy the stock, but just at this time the money market went wrong and this attempt likewise ended in failure. It remained for Morgan, in I900oo-I to give the touch that started the leviathan, known as the United States Steel Corporation, and composed of the Carnegie Steel Company and most of the other important steel plants of the country, sliding down the ways into the ocean of the world, which it has since ridden with all the buoyancy that any master-builder could desire. In looking back over the development of the Company during its separate existence the personalities of certain men loom large. There was Kloman, the first mechanical genius; Henry Phipps, quiet but forceful; Wm. P. Shinn, who first systematized costs; Capt. Bill Jones, Julian Kennedy, Schwab, Corey and Dinkey, the great organizers of men. While the superintendent of a great works offers more to the imagination, the man who handles the business end and gives the opportunities for tremendous out-,.'. ' *r.' i X,., * '. '; ' r. "'- '.,, ^ v ' - t i ~~~~.. ~ ~ ~:~;; -`' ~o. l..` I~ '. - 5; i:-.,,.jS Edgar Thompson Steel Works & Furnaces, Bessemer, Pa.-Carnegie Steel Co. to control the following: Edgar Thomson Steel Works, Duquesne Steel Works, tUpper and Lower Union Mills, Lucy Furnaces, Keystone Bridge Works, and the Hartman Steel Plant at Beaver Falls. This last was unimportant except as a source of loss, and later was sold to the wire combination. In this year a five-sixths interest in the Oliver Iron Mining Company was acquired, carrying with it control of deposits of ore in the Lake Superior region, estimated to amount to 500 million tons. In I896 the Pittsburgh, Shenango and Lake Erie railroad was bought, enlarged and improved, and the name changed to' the Pittsburgh, Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, one end of which was connected with the Steel Works at Bessemer and the other with the docks at Conneaut. With the formation of the Pittsburgh Steamship Company, composed of vessels purchased from the Lake Superior Iron Company, the Carnegie Steel Company had a complete chain extending from the mines to the mill, and no longer had to depend on any outside interests for the handling of its raw materials. puts must not be lost sight of. Andrew Carnegie devoted himself almost exclusively to the selling, and after the business had grown so enormously the policy was adopted of establishing agencies all over the country and the world. Among others, A. R. Peacock and Millard Hunsiker distinguished themselves in this line, and at the present time the original places are at least as ably filled by such men as Col. H. P. Bope and Samuel A. Benner. The present president of the company is A. C. Dinkey, who stands at the head of his class as an executive and as a practical steel maker. Starting from this point any account of the Company must deal largely with the Corporation of which it is now one of the component parts. In I902 the Union Steel Company was acquired and the plants at Sharon and Donora, consisting of blast furnaces,. openhearth furnaces and rolling mills were put under the jurisdiction of the Carnegie Steel Company. On April Ist, I903, the Carnegie Co., American Steel Hoop Co., and the National Steel Co., were merged under the charter of CPittsburgh the Powerful 33 " the last named, the name being subsequently changed to Carnegie Steel Company. On November ISt of the same year the foreign sales agencies were transferred to the United States Steel Products Export Company, Battery Park Building, New York, which also handles the export business for all the other constituent companies of the Corporation. In I904 the property of the Clairton Steel Company, with blast furnaces, open hearth furnaces and rolling mills at Clairton, was acquired and turned over to the Carnegie Steel Company. Following is a list of the plants at present operated: Edgar Thomson Steel Works & Furnaces, Bessemer, Pa. Duquesne Steel Works & Furnaces, Cochran, Pa. Homestead Steel Works, Miunhall, Pa. Carrie Furnaces, Rankin, Pa. Howard Axle Works, Homestead, Pa. Upper Union Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. Lower Union Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. Ohio Steel Works & Furnaces, Youngstown, Ohio. Upper Union Mills, Youngstown, Ohio. Lower Union Mills, Youngstown, Ohio. Niles Furnace, Niles, Ohio. Donora Steel Works & FTurnaces, I)onora, Pa. Clairton Steel Works & Furnaces, Clairton, Pa. Painter Mills, South Side, Pittsburgh, Pa.,Clark Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. MIcCutcheon Mills, Allegheny, Pa. Sharon Steel Works & Furnace (north & south), Sharon, Pa. Mingo Steel Works & Furnaces, Mingo Junction, Ohio. Steubenville Furnace, Steubenville, Ohio. New Castle Steel Works & Furnaces, New Castle, Pa. Bellaire Steel Works & Furnaces, Bellaire, Ohio. Columbus Steel Works & Furnaces, Columbus, Ohio. Greenville Mills, Greenville, Pa. Monessen Mills, Monessen, Pa. Zanesville Furnace, Zanesville, Ohio. Lucy Furnaces, Pittsburgh, Pa. Isabella Furnaces, Etna, Pa. The equipment embraces: 54 blast furnaces I8 Bessemer converters 1 I6 open hearth furnaces 25 blooming, slabbing, billet and sheet bar mills 4 rail mills - 9 plate mills I6 puddling furnaces I muck rolls 47 merchant bar, hoop and cotton tie mills Io structural shape mills 3 foundries I axle works I armor plate plant 2 bolt and rivet departments. These are merely the steel and iron producing plants and do not include numerous water, gas, railroad and other properties. For example, the Carnegie Natural Gas Company owns or has under lease in Pennsylvania and West Virginia II14,852 acres of land, and has 355 miles of pipe lines and 4 pumping stations. Homestead Steel Works alone uses about 15 billions of cubic feet of gas a year. The tonnage of incoming and outgoing material for all the plants was nearly 45 million tons last year-in I90o5 the tonnage was equal to 45~ of that handled by the Pennsylvania railroad, or a little over 25/ of all that of the Pennsylvania Company. In the same year it was more than three times the freight carried by the Northern Pacific, and greater than that of the Northern Pacific and the Southern Pacific combined. To handle this immense almotunt of material there are connectedl with the different plants 149 broad gauge and 99 narrow gauge locomotives. The mills have an annual capacity for finished material of over three-quarters of a million tolls of structural shapes, over a a million tons of plates, over a million and a quarter tons of merchant material, nearly a million and a quarter tons of rails and splices, and about two billion tons of blooms, billets, slabs and sheet bars, as well as over one hundred and fifty thousand tons of railroad axles. To give some idea of wlhat these figures mnean, the rails produced in a Xyear (taking 70 pounds per yard as an average weight) would be sufficient for over ten thousand miles of single track, or more than enough to build a three-track railroad from New York to San Francisco, with sidings in addition. There are sufficient plates rolled to pave a road, one-half inch thick and fifty feet wide, from Pittsburgh to New York. The axles would equip over a hundred thousand cars. The pig iron plroduced in I9o6 amounted to 7,102,432 tons, equivalent to 28~' of that produced by the entire country, or seven-tenths as much as the entire output of Great Britain. The open hearth steel equaled 36.67 of that produced in the LUnited States, and the Bessemer steel 36.1~^. -At the present time the mill equipmerit is being increased by the addition of 30 open hearth furnaces 4 blast furnaces, and( several blooming, shape and merchant mills. Among the specialties which are manufactured by the Company may be mentioned the steel railroad cross tie, with which the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad has almost its entire track laid, and which is in use by a number of the leading lines; the Duquesne joint which is an improvement on the ordinary splice bar, stiffening and supporting the rails at their weakest pointtheir connection; and steel piling, which is used in all forms of construction work, such as excavations, dams, etc. The whole organization is now so perfect that no man-from the highest to the lowest ---is indispensable, as there is always someone to take his place at a moment's notice. The text for this brief narrative was "System", and if the reader does not consider it well chosen, let him supply another which will better explain the marvelous growth of this "Diplodlocus Carnegiei". Ch; 'cl JYICL=C ;)_ J_I C 0 * w 0 -,r I a - I '4 _ 's st.- \. " *. '*; ' " ' - s '.: ' ",-:*** -* ' * -..-. -*. A *....-":'?<*~5''*' -*. -. * "*. ^. - *; ':: -v^/c:^ *"' * **,.*., t.' -'- *;^:./*-l*' *.;;% * *. ' " **, * * - ' /. ^ ~. '.~; * ~ ^ - -^ **, *. * * ** '.. -..- - - " ^.,: -.- ^ ^ -^a~Z * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y...,- *.; " -.u;'. - ".' / ~ * " ' '' ~ "'*'* *'^'^^?^l^^';'^': ^*'^^:i'- ^y '^ - v Wo.ds * Made Expressly fot "Pittsburgh the Powerful" Works of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh Largest Establishment of Its Kind in the Viorld I I / cPittsburgh the Powerfut 35 THE FOUNDATION OF PITTSBURGH'S WEALTH Origin and Rise of. the Coal Industry in the Pittsburgh DistrictThe Real Basis of Pittsburgh's Industrial Supremacy UNDAMENTALLY coal is the greatest of all wealth-producing elements. The value of the product itself, the intrinsic worth of its byproducts, and the ultimate uses of both in the arts and crafts, make its yield of greater importance to commerce than any other material element of the universe. In the United States the value of coal at the mine is greater each year than the total production of gold, silver, pig iron, and copper, to say nothing of the extensive ramifications of coal in its various uses. Coal is the rock upon which Pittsburgh is built. It is the real foundation for the great wealth which its institutions have amassed. Without the vast yield of coal of the Pittsburgh district, the city would still be a town of provincial proportions. ment until I8I7. In I818 shipments were begun to Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis and New Orleans. The average price in those cities was 20 cents a bushel. No official records of coal production were kept until I840, when Pennsylvania reported 464,826 tons as coming from her mines. From that date until the close of the year I905, the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania yielded the enormous amount of I,669,8o2,I30 tons. In I903 the Pittsburgh vein produced 37,804,192 tons, nearly 40 per cent. of the entire production of the state for the year, and more than I I per cent. of the amount mined in the United States for that year. By the year I845 the coal industry in the Pittsburgh district had attained good proportions, the output for that year being 4,850,780 bushels (official measurements then being in bushels). Coke Ovens in the Pittsburgh District Cities situated outside of the Pittsburgh district, with advantages infinitely greater than the iron city, have made stupendous efforts to take from it its prestige as a manufacturing center, but they have failed because of their lack of the one great resourcecoal. Cleveland and Buffalo, both lake ports of supreme importance, with all-water communication with the ore fields of Michigan and Minnesota, have striven with apparent good reason to shift the center of iron and steel production to their respective vicinities, but without avail. They were not built upon the right kind of foundation. They did not have an asset as extensive and everlasting as the Pittsburgh bituminous coal vein, and their argument for geographical economy fell upon deaf ears. Coal was first mined in the vicinity of Pittsburgh during the year I800, although the industry did not begin its real develop Of this amount 2,660o,340o bushels were shipped to river points as far as New Orleans, bringing returns in cash to the amount of $254,712. The following table shows the amount of coal taken from Pittsburgh mines from I845 to I858: YEARS BUSHELS I845................................... 4,850,780 1846................................... 7,975,000 I847..................................... 9,555,780 I848.................................... 9,820,560 I849.................................... 9,950,000 1850..................................... I2,500,200 I85I....................................I2,750,000 36 Pittsburgh the Powerful I852....................................I4,560,000 1853.................................... I5,950, 875 I854.................................. I 7,955.96 I855....................................22,875,450 * 856.................................... Io,ooo,oo I857....................................28,973,596 1858...................................26,500,000 The number of miners at work in and around Pittsburgh in in I857 was estimated at 2,000; outside men and river men, 500; men employed in the coalboating trade, 500; total, 3,0oo. Wages paid these men amounted to over $I,8oo,ooo yearly, and the capital invested in the Pittsburgh trade was over $2,000,000. In I857 the amount of capital invested in the coal business stood second only to the iron trade, which embraced more than any other in Pittsburgh. It involved an investment of $3,280,000, and employed 4,263 hands. The glass business ranked third in that year, there being thirty-four concerns in operation employing I,982 hands. In I897 the Pittsburgh tonnage showed a marked increase, both in volume and percentage of the Pennsylvania total. In that year there was a railroad tonnage of I3,868,447 and a river tonnage of 4,318,2IO, making a total of I8,186,657, or 34 per cent. of the Pennsylvania output.,In I898 Pittsburgh shipped I7,5I2,I I9 tons by rail and 5,406,685 tons by river, making a total of 22,918,804, or 35 per cent. of all the bituminous coal mined in Pennsylvania. [It must be observed that, although these figures are large, they do not embrace the coal used for home consumption, which would materially swell the Pittsburgh totals if the amount were known.] In I903 the shipments were as follows: Railroad tonnage....................... 29,576,354 River tonnage......................... 8,227,838 Total.............................. 37,804, I92 Pennsylvania output.................... Io 2,000,000 Working an Electric Drill In I853 mines were opened in the Westmoreland region and the first shipments to the East were made over the Pennsylvania railroad. The amount of bituminous coal mined in Pennsylvania during that year was I,500,000 tons. There was a gradual increase in output in the state of from I 00,000 to 200,ooo tons until i862, when there was a gain of 800,000 tons over the previous year, and I863 showed a climb of I,ooo000,000ooo tons. In I870 the bituminous product first exceeded the anthracite in the United States, the figures of the former being in excess of 37,000,000 tons, of which 8,736,399 tons is nearly 20 per cent. The bituminous product in I885 reached an amount twice as great as the anthracite tonnage, the total for the United States being II9,o000,o000 tons and for Pennsylvania 26,000,000. In I892 Pennsylvania produced 46,694,000 tons of bituminous coal, or 25 per cent. of the product of the entire country. Pittsburgh's output was I2,000,000 tons, or more than 26 per cent. of Pennsylvania's product. *Depreciation of output accounted for by low water. COAL AS A NATIONAL PRODUCT The production bf coal in the United States in I905 exceeded all previous records in the history of the country, both in quantity and value. Edward W. Parker, statistician of the United States Geological Survey, reports the output to be 392,9I9,341 spot tons, with a value at the mines of $476,756,963. These figures show an increase of II.7 per cent. in quantity and 7.3 per cent. in value over the year I904. As compared with foreign countries, the United States ranks first as a coal producing nation, Great Britain having held that rank until i899. The total production of I905 was nearly 50 pe.r cent. larger than that of Great Britain and more than double that of Germany. The increase in the production of coal in the United States in I905 over I904 was in itself greater than the total production of France in 1904, or of any foreign country except Great Britain, Germany and Austria-Hungary. Pittsburgh the Powerful 37 Mr. Parker's statistics present another interesting fact in the showing that the output of coal in the United States has been practically doubled in each decade. Unusual activity in the iron industry is given as the reason for the increased coal production in I905. This is proven by the statement showing that the amount of coal converted into coke increased from 31,278,537 short tons to 42,412,328 short tons, and that the larger increases were from states which produced coking coal and those which furnish fuel to the iron furnaces. The following table and I905: State or Territories Alabama............. Arkansas............. California, Alaska..... Colorado............. Georgia, North Carolina Idaho................ Illinois............... Indiana.............. Indian Territory...... shows the production by states for 1904 ORIGIN OF THE COKE INDUSTRY The importance and value of coke as a reduction and preparatory agent was first brought to the attention of Pittsburgh manufacturers in I813, by John Beal, an English iron founder, who had come to the city. On the I3th of April he published in The Mercury the following: "To Proprietors of Blast Furnacess-John Beal, lately from England, being informed that all the blast furnaces are in the habit of melting iron ore with charcoal, and knowing the great disadvantage it is to proprietors, is induced to offer his services to instruct them in the method of converting stone coal into Coak. The advantage in using Coak will be so great that it cannot fail becoming general if put into practice. I-le flatters himself that he has had all the experience that is necessary in the above branch to give general satisfaction to those who feel inclined to alter their method of melting their ore. "JOHIN PEAL, Iropn Founder." Soon after this a partnership was formed, under the name of Beal & Co., and a foundry was built and put in operation on the bank of the Monongahela, in which the first coke in Pittsburgh was made and consumed. Castings of all kinds were made by the new firm. 1904 1 I,262,046 2,009,45 I 79,582 6,658,355 39o, I91 3,480 36,475,o60 10,842, I 89 3,046,539 1905 I I,866,o69 1,934,673 80,824 8,826,429 353,548 5,882 38,434,363 I I,895,252 2,924,427 Coal Float at Pittsburgh Iowa................ Kansas.............. Kentucky............ Maryland............ Michigan............ Missouri.............. Montana............. New Mexico......... North Dakota........ Ohio................ Oregon.............. Pennsylv'ia-Anthracite "t Bituminous Tennessee............ Texas............'... U tah................. Virginia b............. Washingt6n.......... West Virginia b....... Wyoming............ 6,5 t9,933 6,798,609 6,333,307 6,423,979 7,576,482 8,432,523 4,8I3,622 5, I 08,539 I,342,840 I,473,21 I 4, I68,308 3,983,378 I,358,919 I,643,832 I,452,325 I,649,933 271,928 3I7,542 24,400,220 25,552,950 III,540 o109,64I 73,I 56,709 77,659,850 97,938,287 I I8,4I3,637 4,782,2 I i 5,963,396 I,I95,944 I,2oo,684 I,493,o027 I,332,372 3,4IO,914 4,375,27I 3,I37,68I 2,864,926 32,406,752 37,79I,58o 5,178,556 5,602,02I 35 1,86,398 392,9I9,3I4 7,266,224 6,024,775 9,653,647 5,435,453 I,346,338 3,758,008 I,829,921 I,964,7I3 27,731,640 71,282,4I I29,293,206 THE PITTSBURGII DISTRICT The total lake tonnage from all districts for the six years ending December, I906, is as follows: 19....................................... 6,873,90I tons. 1902.............................. 8,703,258 " I903............................... II,349,54I I904.............................. 9,893,00o " I905............................. II, I33, 000 " 1906............................... I4,5 IO,000 " The following figures show comparison between Pittsburgh and other districts to the lakes, the figures for I906 being approximately correct: I904 1905 I9o6 Pittsburgh District........ 6,058,ooo. 7,460,ooo 9,200,000 West Virginia............ 1,966,ooo 2, o8,ooo 2,750,000 Ohio....................,869,000 2,007,000 2,560,000 9,893,000 11,575,000 I4,5 IO,OOO You will note that the tonnage shipped from the Pittsburgh district in I906 shows an increase of 25 per cent. over that of I905, and that the district is holding its own in the shipments of coal via the lakes. Total b........... Photo by R, W. Johnston Ep ressly fo "Pitsburrgh lhe Powerful" Center of the Wholesale District-Penn Avenue Strengthof the Pittsburgh Market Volume of Wholesale Business One Billion Dollars Annually I NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE DIFFERENT LINES -- -- ------ Aluminum and Wares........................................ 5 Arc Lamps and Lights....................................................................... 2 Architectural Iron Work....................................................................... 6 Art Goods (exclusive).......................................................................... 16 A sbestos M aterial.............................................................................. 13 Automobiles (dealers and manufacturers)............... 45 Automobile Supplies.............................................................. 4 Awnings, Tents and Flags................................................... 8 B akers' Supplies................................................................................. 10 Barbers' Supplies........................................ 5 Belting........................................................... 14 Blank Books...................................................................................... 9 Boiler Makers and Dealers.................................................................. 33 B olts and N uts........................................................................... 12 B rass Signs.................................................................................... 14 B rew ers............................................................................................ 8 Brewers' Supplies................................................ 5 Brick Manufacturers..................................................................... 49 Brooms................. 10 Builders' Supplies and Material..........................................................28 Butchers' Supplies and Tools..................... B u tter.........................................................................................10 Carpets............................................................................................. 4 Clothing......................................... 3 Confectioners....................................................................................22 Distilleries..................................................................12 D ruggists.......................................................................................... 4 Dry Goods................... Electrical Supplies................................ 2 Feed............................................................................. 2 Flour................................................................................................33 Fruit...............................................................................................11 Furniture.......................................................................................... 2 Glass (dealers)..................................................................... 14 G rocers............................................................................................. 40 Hardware....................................................................................... 6 H ats and C aps.......................................................................... Jewelers..2 Jewelers Frih............................................................................. 25 Lumber.... 27 Men's Furnishings........................................ 12 Millinery.................................... 6 Paper....................................................................................... 12 Pianos and Musical Instruments................................ 28 Pickles and Preserves.......................... 6 Plumbers' Supplies............20 Roofing Materials................................ 17 R ubber G oods................................................................................... 16 R ubb er H ose................................................................................... Sand and Gravel..21 Sew er P ipe...................................................................................... 28 Shoes..........................................................16 Steel (manufacturers)....................................... 37 Stoves..........................13 Structural Steel............................................................... 13 Teas and Coffees................................................................. T inw are............................................................................................ 5 Tobacco and Cigars................................... 14 Wall Paper................................................................... I.. I. [39] w V / 'p2 Pittsburgh the Powerful A JOBBING MARKET FOR TEN MILLION PEOPLE Pittsburgh the Natural Point of Distribution for the Most Prosperous Section of the United States —Open Stocks in Every Line Unsurpassed By Any Other Market 9LINE drawn on the map in the form of a square, with 300 miles on each side, and with Pittsburgh at the intersection of the median lines, or at the central point, taking in portions of the states of Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Virginia and Maryland, covers an area only a trifle larger than the state of Iowa, and which contains a population of about 9,ooo,ooo people. These people are among the most industrious, most energetic and most prosperous of any on the American continent. The square embraces the center of manufactures in the 'Inited States and also the center of banking capital, and yet 80 per cent. of its residents are residents of rural communitiessmall cities and towns and sections devoted to agriculture. Property values in this particular section are much greater than those of any other portion of the county outside of the largest cities, and the general advancement from year to year and from decade to decade is ahead of all other sections. These facts are not difficult to account for. The story is told in the statement of the resources of the section and the upbuilding of the huge industries which are the logical outgrowth of those resources. In the beginning Nature's endowments drew to the Pittsburgh region men with brain and brawn and muscle who were capable of achieving its destiny, and to the aid of these pioneers were attracted others equally well fitted for the undertaking. The creation, therefore, of this vast empire of industry, commerce and finance was simply the reasonable enforcement of natural laws-the correlation and conservation of human forces and existing systems. In a manufacturing sense, Pittsburgh is a world's market, sending its products to every point of civilization. In that particular it is one of the most distinguished cities on the globe, rivaling and outstripping nearly all the older and larger cities of both hemispheres. As A WHOLESALE AND JOBBING CENTER it is rapidly taking a place in the front rank of national development. Few cities are as well equipped with up-to-date institutions of this class as Pittsburgh, and in some lines it leads the world. Its advantages as a distributing center may be seen by a study of the map embracing the three hundred square mile area just described. It will be seen that in addition to the facilities afforded by the great natural waterways which flow past its doors, five of the largest trunk line systems of railroad in the United States, owning and operating nearly 25,060 miles of track, have main lines, branches and leased lines to the number of twenty-two radiating from the city, and giving it freight and passenger facilities unequaled by any other city of its class in the country. The capacity of these systems for handling the business consigned them must necessarily be of the best, Pittsburgh's vast tonnage making such a condition absolutely essential. United States government reports show that 20 per cent. of the cars re-' ported by all the car service associations of the entire country are handled by the Pittsburgh Car Service Association. This condition can only be adequately met by the maintenance of the highest order of railroad service and terminal facilities. That is a conclusion which can be reached without the saying. It follows, therefore, that efficiency in equipment and service is extended to every line of shipment, and that the wholesale and jobbing interests share tothe fullest extent in the advantages thus provided. Rapid movement and regular service are the greatest of all aids to trade advancement, and they are among Pittsburgh's strongest cards in the attraction of business. Attractive open stocks in complete lines are among Pittsburgh's advantages as a jobbing center. The market is so completely covered that the general dealer can meet his every want within the limits of the cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, while the exclusive buyer in any line has the stocks of several houses from which to choose. The volume of the city's wholesale trade is increasing rapidly from year to year, and it is being met and cared for in the most careful and substantial manner. The owners and operators of the houses are known throughout the country for their uniform courteousness and attention to their customers' wants, and the upbuilding of a great trade center is in no samll measure due to those qualities. A STRONG IMPETUS Another important factor in the up-building of a wholesale market in Pittsburgh was the work of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association, recently consolidated with the Chamber of Commerce. About three years ago it became apparent to the wholesale merchants of Pittsburgh that their city was known chiefly for its iron, steel and coal, and that these things were overshadowing the market opportunities of the city. This knowledge led to the organization mentioned, the chief purpose of which was to promote and protect the commercial interests of the city, to secure better transportation facilities, and to foster present trade and secure new trade; in a word, to secure to this great market all the benefits the surrounding opportunities offered and to see that the trade is made aware of these mrany advantages. How well this organization has carried out the purposes named is written into the business record of the last three years, and its effort has proved of great advantage to both buyer and seller, until Pittsburgh has come to be known as "the market that saves money on prices and freight rates." The association does not rest content with knowing that Pittsburgh is able to supply a large territory, but has traveled over 6,ooo miles, and visited over I35 cities and towns in West Virginia, Ohio, Maryland and Pennsylvania, and by a personal presentation of the market advantages endeavored to secure this trade. They have also maintained merchants' excursions to Pittsburgh at stated periods, thereby bringing tradesmen to the market so that they might see and know for themselves and reap the benefits of a closer relationship. .A 0 0 0 AT 0 0 0 '1116, 1 1 I [431 [441 Pittsburgh the Powverfut 45 Modern Merchandising at Its Best A Commercial Artery for Supplying the Needs of the Dry Goods Trade —A House With Up-to-Date Facilities and Equipment Photographs and Illustrations by Industry's Staff Artist, D. B. Lucas i'i r~.LIG 3 ~::n.~~::B.?..~. HE changes that have been wrought in business conditions within the past twenty-five years have completely altered the merchandising methods of the world. The science of merchandising has been studied so closely, through the eyes of competi cerns as the Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company, which distribute merchandise into every nook and corner of the United States, that cause the student of industrial conditions in this district to think of other things besides iron and steel and coal and coke.The business of the present Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company was founded fifty-eight years ago-in I849-by JoSeph Horne. It was in I893 that the Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company succeeded the wholesale house of Joseph Horne & Company, establishing themselves in what was then supposed to be quarters ample to F. H. Lloyd, President tion, that, to the layman, the needs of the country are supplied apparently without effort. The system is now so perfect that merchandise is distributed from one end of the country to the other, from factory to jobber, and fromn the jobber is passed on to the retail establishment, whence it eventually finds its way to 1-1. W. SNeely, Vice President and General Manager supply the needs of their customers. This was at 6IO Wood street, and the 42,000 square feet of floor space was stocked with every kind of merchandise sold by first-class dry goods stores of the day. REMARKABLE EXPANSION It was in I890 that the need for greater facilities and "more elbow room" prompted a removal to their, present site at 933 to W. A. Given, Secretary and Treasurer the home of the consumer, without a perceptible hitch in any of the operations. The work of supplying the needs of the retailer has grown to be a vast industry in itself, some of the big wholesale houses in this country forming the chief industrial units in the commercial activity and life of the cities in which they are to be found. PART OF INDUSTRIAL LIFE Pittsburgh's supremacy in the industrial world is not confined alone to iron and steel and coal and coke. It is such con W. F. Dalzell, Director of the Company and buyer of dress goods,'wash goods, prints and ginghams 94I Penn Avenue. The 76,000 square feet of floor space here proved adequate for a short time only, and about two years ago the Company found it necessary to double that space, taking another 76,0oo00 square feet, making a total of I52,000 square feet, 46 qPittsburgh the Pouwerfut or nearly three and a half acres, exclusive of two more acres embodied in their factory at Latrobe, Pa., and the large use of outside storage facilities. No higher compliment could be paid the management than to state that since the company was organized I4 years ago, with erection at Columbiana, Ohio, consisting of two stories 48xi60 feet, equipped with every modern device for turning out garments. WHAT SYSTEM DOES FOR THE CUSTOMER The huge building on Penn Avenue is thoroughly equipped with systems for fire protection, there being a thorough sprinkler installation in addition to the devices afforded by the American District Telegraph Company and the Holmes Electric System. The health of both customers and employes is carefully conserved through the medium of a deep water well, the product of which is used throughout the house, and nothing has been overlooked that might add to their comfort, convenience and safety. G. H. Knox, Assistant to the Manager a capital of $600,000, it has doubled that capitalization by its earnings; that the business has almost tripled itself during the past decade, and, more remarkable than all, the losses have not, exceeded one-tenth of one per cent on the business done. SALES DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT The company has a corps of thirty-five traveling men in addition to a force of men who cover the entire country with products of the company's manufacture. It has a New York office, besides being represented in Birmingham and Nottingham, Eng G. H. Fugh, Ass't Secretary and Treasurer, showing Pneumatic-Ttibe System and a small portion of the vertical file system and also showing graphophone Operator at the window In building an industrial establishment of this character, one of the most important features of the general plan of operation is speed. Every employe is imbued with the idea of speed in filling and shipping customers' orders. There is no time lost and every A section of General Office under immediate supervision of Mr. Fugh, occupying a portion of the second floor fronting on Penn Ave. land, Paris, Berlin, Chemnitz, Frankfort and Vienna, and tile sending of their buyers to the European markets every year. Thus it will be seen that the facilities for gathering and distributing all the latest novelties of Europe are unexcelled-facilities that cost nothing to their customers, and which constitute a real asset to the retail merchant when backed up by such a complete and far-reaching system. MANUFACTURING RESOURCES In addition to being large buyers from foreign and domestic mills, the company owns and operates a large factory at Latrobe, Pa., whose entire output is absorbed and distributed by the Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company, and another plant is in course of The Central Station of Pneumatic Tube System on the second floor. To this station comes all of the shipping"'tickets to be passed, numbering upwards of 15,000 monthly. By this system all of the mail and road orders are distributed from the Order Department to the G3oods Department throughout the House. Back again through this Station. go all of the orders which have been filed, to the Order Department with notation, showing whether or not the order has been completely filled and where the.goods are located to be gathered when shipping ticket has been made for same thing is so systematized that a maximum of speed and promptness is achieved with a minimum of energy and fuss. This is one of the principal reasons why the business of the company has grown so wonderfully during the past few years. ~Pittsburgh the Powerfut 47 Speed of this kind is expensive. It entails the installation of innumerable telephones, speaking tubes, and pneumatic systems, which carry a message a thousand feet in a second's time and which extends to every department in the establishment. Then there are graphophones that transmit the dictated letters direct to the ears of the operator, thus cutting down to a minimum errors in the transcription of stenographic notes. In the First Floor, Showing Front of Store, Passenger Elevator and Office of G. H. Knox First Floor Entrance, showing the Telephone Central connecting every Department and Manager's Desk, each desk being thus directly connected with Long Distance Telephone for both Telephone Systems. D. I. McClintock at his desk in charge of the Pront Door with his Assistant. To the left.may be seen a small portion of the Cashier's Office. To the left of picture is visible the great double iron doors that are provided at every opening throughout the house, equipped with Automatic devices in case of fire en is secretary and treasurer; Messrs. J. B. Shea and W. F. Dalzell, make up the directorate. The Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company occupies a most unique position in the mercantile world, not only because of its great size and the application of a system which welds the entire establishment into one harmonious whole, but because of the fact that their ownership of two large factories and the absorption of the entire output of both places them in the manufacturing, or creative field, in addition to being importers, and the largest single distributors of Dry Goods in the Pittsburgh District-a position which has been attained solely through careful, conscientious and faithful merchandising methods. The impulse for good and the upbuilding of sound business practices among merchants everywhere, can scarcely be overestimated and bespeaks confidence and prosperity in ever increasing measure. A better idea of the size of this Company, and its ability to meet the needs of the exacting and discriminating retailer, can be had by perusing the many excellent illustrations, herewith produced, and which will be found to be particularly attractive and familiar to hundreds of the Company's clientele who make periodical trips to the market to look over the immense stocks al accounting department will be found the latest improved adding machines and billing machines and the quickest filing systems, all of which greatly facilitate the transaction of business and add to the general efficiency of the army of employes. Three passenger and four freight elevators give ready access to all parts of the building for customers and merchandise. THE BUILDERS OF THE ENTERPRISE The men who are responsible for this wonderful industrial organization have all had many years experience in business. An interesting fact in connection with the directorate is that the average period of service in the business is twenty-four years, while if taken collectively, it would reach a grand total of one hundred and twenty years-nearly as old as the American Nation itself. V Mr. F. H. Lloyd is president of the Company; Mr. H. W. Neely, vice president and general manager; and Mr. W. A. Giv A portion of one side of Wash' Goods Department. Some of the house'salesmen's desks and customers' resting places are also clearly shown ways at their disposal, and to get in personal touch with the gentlemen who safeguard their interests. 'A study of the illustrations reveals the magnitude of the business of the Company in stronger terms than mere words on paper. Cuts to the number of fourscore tell a story in picture which cannot be mistaken or misjudged. It is easily appreciated by every buyer. First Floor, Showing Mr. D. I. McClintock, the Doorman 48 CPittsburgh the Powerfut Annex No. 2, first floor; a,view of the Print and Gingham Departments Mr. W. S. Niven, Buyer of Notions, Second Floor Portion of Annex No. 1 on first floor, showing Dress Goods Department Second Floor, Annex No. 1, showing portion of Notion Department, Satchels, Stationery, etc. Second Floor, Main Room Front, showing Jewelry Department, Charles Meister, Manager Second Floor, Showing Portion of Notion Department, Leather Hand Bags in Foreground TPittsburgh the Poowerfut 49 F. B. Patton, Buyer of Silks, Ribbons, and Linings. (Third Floor.) Mr. E. E. Edsall, Buyer of Lace Curtains, Draperies and Upholstery Goods, and Patton, as well as all Department Managers, has the graphophone. Manager of Window Shade Factory. Space devoted to the Department This picture showvs the machine in actual use. Mr. Charles Smith his for Cutans, Draperies, etc., is30 by 160 feet The Window Shade Mr. Assistantrles to mith, hi Factory occupies all of Annex No. and No. 2 of the Eighth Floor. Assistant, to the left Louis Weisberger, his Assistant to his left Ribbon Department, Third Floor Art Needle Work and Materials. Annex No. 2, Third Floor Miss Anna McCune, Buyer The Silk Department. Mr. F. B. Patton, the Buyer, Standing at the Telephone T. C. Morgan, Buyer of White Goods, Linens, Lace Handkerchiefs, Muslin Underwear, Corsets, Yarns, Umbrellas, etc. Mr. Morgan's Department covers the Main Floor and both No. 1 and No. 2 Annex on Fourth Floor. 120 x 160 feet 5so 'Pittsburgh the Powerful White Goods, Linens, and Ladies' Ne(ckw ear. Sp)ace, () by 1(i0 feiet Fourth Floor [uislilln l'derwelar, ll rlls, ll. Knit C(oods. Skirts, Waists, Infants' Caps, Shawls, etc. Space B(-0x100 feet Embroidery, Laces and Handkerchiefs. Annex No. 1, Fourth Foor. 30) by 160 Feet C. W. Dickinson (at the Desk), Buyer of Hosiery, Gloves and Men's Furnishing Goods. (Fifth Floor.).Mr. Dickinson also has charge of the Shirt and Overall Factory Men's Furnishings, Hosiery, Gloves, Underwear, etc. These Departments occupy the entire Fifth Floor. Space, 120 by 1(;0 feet 'Pittsburgh the Powerful S' 8, 'I' 'I' A.' ret.^> ' *"'- S' ' Mr. I). T. McKeag, Buyer of Woolens. Mr. Stuart H. Steele, Buyer of Carpets. ThIese two Deplartments occupy the Sixth Floor. Space d) x 10;0 feet Showing section of Rug Display on Sixth Floor. This is a strictly up-toldate method of showing Rugs. Special Electric Lights are arranged for lighting ulp) this section for the bonefit of customers Shlowing front section of Blanket and Flannel Department. (Sixth Floor.) The Comforts shown here are made in the Factory at Latrobe Showing the great Electric Sewing AMachine in operation sewing a special carpet. Carpets of any size and description matched and made Section of Carpet Department showing the Cutting Floor. Also a portion of Carpet Stock in Cut Order Department. Mr. Stuart H. Steele, the fManager, to the left Portion of Basement Showing Domestic Department, Sheetings, Table Oilcloth, etc. 52 5Pittsburgh the Pogwerfut Basement Annex No. 1, showing department for Cheviot and ticking. Here also is an illustration of the splendid Sprinkler System, which is carried on throughout the house, from the basement to the top floor Order Department, showing Charles N. Rodgers at his desk. The vertical file system for this office is shown at one end of the room. Here also is an illustration of the use of the graphophone. In the foreground is one of Mr. Rodger's Assistants dictating correspondence, and to the left are two Typewriter Operators transcribing the dictation for the department managers throughout the house; average letters sent out by each of the operators is over 100 daily. This is the department that handles all Road and Mail Orders and sees to it that goods are shipped same day on which the order was received - MIMMEMBJIM I',-,' -'~` - Shade Factory, occupying Annex No. 2 on Eighth Floor, showing cutting table for special shades. Here are made shades of every description A sample room used by thirty-five Traveling Salesmen, each having his own Locker where his samples are placed by each department. Ample room is here provided for opening of trunks and counter space for laying out samples. This department, including the Manager's Office, occupies space of 60 x 160 feet A portion of Shade Factory occupying Annex No. 1 on Eighth Floor. The entire Shade Factory occupies space 60 x 160 feet The Petty Bill desk for all small orders for immediate delivery to customers and messengers waiting. The boy to the right looks after Cash Bills CPittsburgh the Powerfut 53 Showing method of billing goods. Invoices are made out in duplicate on Billing Typewriters. This picture also shows method of handling boxes for quick use in packing goods Rear End of Billing Room Showing the Assorting Men at Work Trucks Containing Customers' Goods, Ready for Billing Here is the method of checking goods that have been billed. Shows also dividers used in separating individual orders. The shelves in the foreground are a portion of the "Hold Goods" Department, where small items are kept for shipment. The man on the left is packing a case of dry goods Front End of Billing Room Showing the Pneumatic Tube Station, M All Shipping Checks are Sent to Have Goods Collected for Billing 54 CPittsburgh the Powerful Portion of Billing Department, Annex No. 2, Seventh Floor, where all boxes are nailed up l)and marked for shipment. This picture also shows bales of Batts, Comforts and Matting which are stored on this floor for convenience in filling orders This is the Shipping I)epartment, also on the First Floor, where all shipmnents are sent out. It requires many l;har-' wapgons working constantly all day to remove the goods The Cooper Shops, Annex No. 2, Seventh Floor, where cases are made ready for packing by expert coopers Here is tlhe Receiving Department on the First Floor-where all:goods coming into the House are checked and formally received tere Cases are. cut down by an Electric Saw to the size required for packing. Trucks are shown, too, all of which are built here Corner in the Engine Room. - Showing 200 Horse Power Engine and 150 kw Dynamo and Switchboard. One of the Three Units Making Up the Power PIant. rPittsburgh the Powerful Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company's Factories at Latrobe, Pa., and Columbiana, O. 55 The;Laitrobe Factory. Owned and Operated by Trhe Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company HE factories of the Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company at Latrobe, Pa., and Columbiana, Ohio, are two of the busiest hives of industry imaginable. There are over three acres of floor space and all of it is occupied all the time. There are 300 or more employes, who create the factory's output of blankets, flannels, shirtings, comforts, shirts, overalls, wrappers, skirts, aprons, ladies' neckwear, etc. There are forty wide looms in the Latrobe factory that can weave from 300 to 325 pairs of blankets per (lay. Over one hundred sewing machines are in constant operation on garments, won — derful combinations of efficiency they are, too. The button machine, for instance, can sew on a button in the twinkling of an eye, tie the knot in the thread, and after sewing so many stitches automatically stops itself and breaks the thread. In fact all the machinery in the building is of the latest design and of the most advanced construction. In addition to the operations of weaving blankets and flannels, there are ample facilities for fulling, scouring, and dyeing the woolens. The spinning and pickering departments are not the least interesting in the big building. Every department works in consonance and in harmony with every other department. The processes follow one another without confusion or repetition, nor do the different steps through which the goods pass in the process of manufacture ever cross each other so as to delay completion. The entire production of this factory is absorbed by the Pittsburgh Dry Goods Company, who are the sole owners and operators, and eventually issue to all parts of the United States. An interesting fact connected with the history of the woolen mill is that it was founded about I805, at Harmony, Pa., by the HIarinony Society, comralonly known as the "Economites", and the industry born over one hundred years ago has been in contintl ous operation ever since. Mr. R. S. Breckinridge is manager of the Garment Factory at Columbiana, Ohio, and [Mr. W. A. Pearce is manager of the woolen mill at Latrobe, Pa. BUILD)ING A IBLANKET None but domestic wools are used here, and the plant is equipped to take the wool just as it comes from the shearer where specially constructed machines thoroughly scour it and cleanse it from foreign matter and impurities. It is then "pickered" and "carded"-these steps consisting in thoroughly picking apart, and combing out by powerful machines the raw wool after it has been thoroughly washed. The -wool after passing through the pickering machine is carded, requiring to pass through three sets of Harmony Woolen Mills in 1805, Succeeded by Latrobe Factory cpittsburgh the Po werful machines before it is ready for the spinning. Here there are seven sets of cards, each set consisting of three machines, the wool issuing from the last machine in a continuous soft white fluffy rope about the size of a clothes-line. The next operation is the spinning, and one cannot but marvel at the work of the modern spinning mule with from 300 to 360 spindles each, where the carded and roved wool is spun, and automatically wound upon the bobbins at one operation. It is a lesson in progressive industrial achievement from the original spinning wheel of our great grandmothers, to the spinning ginney which was afterwards superseded by the "jack" that has now become but a link in the progressive steps of the spinning industry. After the wool has been spun, it is known as an "end". In the manufacture of blankets, there are from I,600 to 2,800 ends wound upon a large beam, according to the width and texture of the blanket. This operation is known as "dressing the warp". A warp is 400 yards long, and is the body of the fabric through which the shuttles play back and forth carrying their quota of filling. There are forty looms on the weave floor and when they are all in operation at one time, it is a real industrial symphony to the manufacturer. The flannels or blanket material comes from the looms in pieces of about 30 to 40 yards in length. These pieces are then General view of the Carding Room. Bales of Pickered Wool may be seen in the foreground of animal odor from the wool, and sifts all impurities and dirt particles therefrom, the fleece after treatment being as white, soft and-fluffy as eiderdown. This wool is then placed into a wonderful machine that lays the "bat" with mathematical precision, making it so wide and just the right thickness. The comfort covers are cut by electrical process, 250 of them at a single operation. The comfort is then built by using the wool bat filling with cheese cloth covering which is knotted by hand, then covered again with silkolene or other suitable material, and again knotted by hand; the sides are then sewed together and "roll-edged" when it is ready for the market. The advantages of the wool bat comfort over the cotton are worth consideration before leaving the subject. They are much lighter in weight than the cotton bat variety, and are consequently much thinner, and possess more warmth than cotton filled comforts. Throughout the entire factory is an ample sprinkler equipment, with thirteen hundred sprinkler heads in the building. There are also two fire pumps throwing 500 gallons of water per minute, each supplemented by six outside hydrants and more than a thousand feet of hose. There is also ample illumination provided by an electric light plant, and a machine shop equipped with everything necessary for the repairing of machinery, or the making of special parts when required. Altogether the factory is modern in every particular in operation, equipment and business management, constituting a veritable hive of industry whose products are distributed from Maine to Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a most desirable monument to "Quality" during more than one hundred years, and a fine tribute to the business acumen, intelligence, and fairmindedness of those who direct its operations. The Factory Office Showing Mr. Pearce at His Desk "passed over the perch", that is, they are carefully inspected for imperfections, dropped threads, flaws, etc., and when passed by the inspectors are conveyed to the fulling department where the fabric is shrunk to its proper texture and made firm and solid. It is then scoured, and if it is to be dyed in the piece it goes to the dye house, passing from there to the finishing room where it is thoroughly dried and "napped", which latter operation puts the fluffy, downy surface on the blanket material. Up to this time the fabric is in long pieces of thirty to forty yards just as it came from the loom, but now it is cut apart into oblong pieces the size of the blanket, and the edges are hemmed. Then they are folded up and each pair of blankets put into a moth-proof bag, ticketed, numbered and shipped to the store, from whence they issue to all parts of the country. HOW THE COMFORTS ARE MADE The manufacture of comforts is, in its way, every bit as interesting as the weaving of blankets, or the manufacture of shirt waists or overalls. It is here that the "Merritt Health Comfort" is built. This is the first and original "wool-bat" comfort, and was first made here. The wool is prepared the same as for spinning, except that every particle of wool entering into the composition of these:omforts is sterilized. This sterilization removes every particle The great Spinning Room. Nine mules, aggregating 3,340 spindles, are visible Oversize CPittsburgh the Powerful 57 -1 A striking view of one side of the great weave room where the blankets and flannels are woven. The machinery was in full motion when picture was taken Finishing Room, where the blankets are cut apart, hemmed, inspected and folded 4 1I 4 i II I I II I An interesting corner in the Dye House, where the blankets are dyed The wonderful machine that creates and lays the wool "bat" for the Merritt Health Comforts Two of the fulling and scouring machines where the blankets and flannels are shrunk and scoured An interesting illustrated lecture on the making of comforts. This picture tells its own story TPittsburgh the Powerfult The Columbiana (Ohio) Factory orks of The Dnuquesne ianufacturingt Company. C'olumbiana. Ollio. Owned andl operated by lThe Pittsburgh Dry Goods Comlpany At work in the Overall and Shirtwaist Departments. A scene of great activity A ll;ittery of Power T)riven Sewing Machines. Ready for Operation Cutting 150 thicknesses of cloth for overalls at one operation. This is a double cutting table, 70 feet long, being equivalent to a surface 140 feet long and 8 feet wide A feature of both factories. The Dining Rooms. Coffee is served free to the employes ~Pittsburgh the Potwerful 59 A PROGRESSIVE ENTERPRISE?:: HE organization of the Flannery BLolt Company has by its persistent effort and well directed energy built up quite an extensive business with the Tate Flexible Staybolt, an appliance used in locomotive firebox construction. This bolt was placed on the market in the early part of I904, it being the only article manufactured by the Flannery Bolt Company, whose plant is at Bridgeville, Pa. The Tate Flexible Staybolt is fast demonstrating its merits as an economical and necessary appliance for reducing locomotive firebox repairs and maintaining such at a minimum of expense, by overcoming the staybolt breakage heretofore found so disastrous and troublesome. Its function is to hold the firebox plates securely together and accommodate itself to the unequal expansion of plates in service. The utmost care is exercised throughout the factory operations and shop practice, to manufacture the Tate Bolt in a most perfect manner. It consists of three parts: Cap, of drop forged steel; Sleeve, of cold rolled steel, and Bolt, of good staybolt iron. All materials used are of the best quality for the purpose, and the system of machining and guaging insure uniformity of sizes and interchange of parts throughout. The packing and shipping departments exercise great care in the crating and boxing of the threaded parts, and keg securely the plainer parts, labelling such with instructions as to the contents of each package, routing and destination. No more forcible argument as to the value and efficiency of the Tate Flexible Staybolt could be presented than the hundred railroads and locomotive builders who are now using them. These. '. Factory of The Flannery Bolt Co., Bridgeville, Pa. Prior to the advent of the flexible staybolt, the mechanical department of railways was more or less disturbed over the constant breakage of the ordinary or rigid staybolt and the frequent cracking of the fire sheets. Irrespective as to what material a staybolt was made of and regardless of how carefully the construction work was assembled, the whole proposition was one of extreme rigidity with no provision to compensate for the expansion of the firebox. The use of these staybolts marks a revolution in the method of firebox construction. The service records of the Tate Flexible Staybolt have in all instances proved the merit of the appliance as a most necessary and economic factor for high pressure service in modern locomotive practice. The sales for the Tate Flexible Staybolt have steadily increased month to month and the factory of the Flannery Bolt Company has been running full capacity ever since it was erected. flexible staybolts are manufactured by the Flannery Bolt Colllpany, whose general offices are in the Frick building, Pittsburgh, and the factory (a view of which is shown herewith) is the only complete factory in the world equipped for the manufacture of flexible staybolts exclusively. The officers of theFlannery Bolt Company are: Jas. J. Flannery, president; A. R. Hamilton, vice president; A. A. Neeb, treasurer; Jos. M. Flannery, secretary; B. E. D. Stafford, general manager; J. Rogers Flannery, general sales agent; Tom R. Davis, mechanical expert, and F. K. Landgraf, shop superintendent. The sales representatives are Harry A. Pike, of New York, eastern sales agent; W. M. Wilson, of Chicago, western sales agent; and Commonwealth Supply Company, of Richmond, Va., southeastern agents. * t hr; ' Gus.; I I.." - - "; ~: Union Bank Office Building W. L. Mellon's Residence Insane Asylum at Woodville Bailey-Farrell Warehouse STEEL AND FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION IN THE PITTSBURGH DISTRICT BUILDINGS ERECTED BY THE A. & S. WILSON CO. Commonwealth Tru.st Office Building 'Pittsburgh the Powerful HISTORY OF THE H. J. HEINZ COMPANY.... ' MONG the industrial establishments i of Pittsburgh that have forged to the front, and gained a prominent posiW tion not only in that city, but in the country at large, none has had a more interesting history than that of H. J. Heinz Company. It is a brilliant example of what industry, honWhere We Began esty, organizing ability and perseverance can accomplish under favorable conditions of trade and commerce existing in the United States. The business of H. J. Heinz Company was established in a very modest way in I869 in Sharpsburg, Pa., by H. J. Heinz, its floor area of which is in excess of sixteen acres. These buildings, unique and attractive in architecture, are splendidly designed and constructed for use in the manufacture of food products; especial consideration has been given to light, cleanliness, ventilation, and sanitation; even the walls are constructed of glazed, vitrified bricks, which permit of being washed down, enabling the strictest cleanliness to prevail, inside and outside, from the cellar to the roof. This condition has gained for the plant the name "A clean spot in Pittsburgh." Visitors at the main plant of H. J. Heinz Company, and they are many, and come from every direction, are amazed at the magnitude of this business, and express wonder that the packing of pickles and food products should have reached such a develop View of the Main Plant present head. One room of a two-story brick dwelling that had been the boyhood home of Mr. Heinz, but from which the family had at that time moved, was factory, office and warehouse combined. Idi thebshort space of three years the industry had outgrown its Sharpsburg quarters, and was moved to Pittsburgh. Continued ^i'owth demanded more room than the original Pittsburgh location afforded, and another removal was made. The North Side was selected as a field for future operations, and the work of erecting a plant was commenced in I89o. This work has gone on continuously since that time, and to-day the company occupies a handsome group of splendidly constructed buildings, the ment. But when they are told that what they see on the North Side is only a part of the entire business, and that the sixteen acres of floor space there grow into forty-eight acres when the branches are taken into account, their surprise is increased. BRANCH FACTORIES AND SALTING HOUSES Besides the Main Plant There are twelve branch factories, twenty-eight branch warehouses, and sixty-seven salting stations, which employ a total of over 4,000 people. Twenty thousand acres of land are under cultivation and it requires the assistance of over 40,000 people to harvest the crop. 62 CPittsburgh the Powerful BRANCH HOUSE.rS AND AGENCIES The expansion of the sales department of the business has kept pace with the growth of its manufacturing capacity. Over four hundred and fifty salesmen traveling from fifty-two branch houses and agencies, one of the branch houses being in London, England, have made well-known the name of H. J. Heinz Company, and introduced into every section of the United States and the British Isles the fifty-seven varieties of Pure Food Products that have won gold medals wherever exhibited and golden opinio;ns wherever tasted..But H. J. H einz Company is worthy of notice aside from its strictly business features. In the department of social economy more gratification than all the other medals they had ever received. The building containing the Auditorium is I8OXIOO feet, constructed of buff-colored vitrified brick in Romanesque and Renaissance architecture. It is five stories in height, and possesses the same architectural lines as the other buildings of the Preserve Packing Department New Administration Building at the Paris Exhibition in I9oo, and again at St. Louis in 1904, it was awarded a gold medal for the sociological features of its business as there exhibited by means of photographs. The Jamestown Exposition also awarded a gold medal in recognition of this feature of the business. Its Aladdin-like increase has been due -to more than the mere payment of wages; thle kindly care of its 4,000 busy employees, the study of their comfort, convenience, and enjoyment, have been a large element in the success of the business of H. J. Heinz Company. "If this success were attainable only through the sacrifice of the main plant, but is superior in finish. The major portion of the building is naturally devoted to manufacturing purposes, but its crowning feature, andl that in which visitors will be most interested, is the large Convention Hall or Auditorium, which occupies the fourth and fifth stories. The arrangements are those of an up-to-date theatre, there being a large stage, two proscenium boxes, and a commodious gallery extending on three sides. Opera chairs of the newest pattern afford a seating capacity of over 1,500. The walls are adorned with fine paintings which were personally collected by M\r. Heinz in his travels abroad. They are copies of masterpieces in the galleries of Europe. The windows are of artistically designed stained glass, shedding a soft radiance throughout. In the auditorium are held various forms of entertainments such as concerts, musicales, lectures, noon-day addresses, conventions, etc., to which employees are free to come and often are permitted to extend the privilege to their families and friends. Rotunda, New Administration Building health, comfort, or happiness of our employees, then our company would never want to take another gold medal," remarked Mr. Heinz to a reporter of the New York Times, when asked regarding the success he had attaine(l in his exhibits at Paris. He said, further, that while he naturally felt proud of the awards for his products, he regarded the gold medal which they had received in the Social Economy Department for the development of the economic and social advancement of employees with infinitely Bottling Department 'Pittsburgh the Powerful' 63 tered, and they are given a day at some pleasure ground chosen by the majority of the employees. All who visit the plant note that thorough organization is maintained throughout the establishment. They find that marvelous cleanliness prevails, not only in the working rooms, but in the factory surroundings, and that contentment is everywhere exhibited by the attention and interest shown by the employees at their work. All in all, the works of H. J. Heinz Company are a good illustration of the truth that a little "sentiment in business," a small investment in manhood, pays the employer, develops the worker, and tends to bridge the breach which the old-time industrial system madle between capital and labor. Another feature worthy of note is the fact that in this plant tlhe practical economies are as faithfully observed as the social. This concern goes outside for little or nothing; it supplies all its wants from within; it has its own glass factory, box factory, tank and refrigerator cars, and, in fact, in all its requirements uses appliances of its own construction. Corner in the Preserving Kitchen The latest addition to the welfare features is a natatoriuto, with swimming pool 25x4o feet, shower-baths and all conveniences that are found in such an institution. Every employee is permitted to enjoy the privileges of the baths without charge. When %Mr. Heinz was asked whether money spent in this way was a good investment, his answer was, "I never thought of that. When we see that our employees' lives are made happier and better, we are fully repaid. 'We believe in having a little of our heaven here below, and the mneans that we employ to accomF;lish this end are what we call sentiment in business." THE STABLE H. J. Heinz Company's stable is a handsome brick buildinl of fireproof construction, heated by steam, lighted by electricity. supplied with foot baths, Russian baths and a hospital. The horses are cleaned with electric brushes; the water-trough ii each stall is filled automatically with fresh water; in the summer season insects are excluded by screening all windows and doors. An improved system of ventilation keeps the air pure and an abundance of light streaming through the windows on all four sides makes the interior cheerful and healthful. Thus the genuine altruistic spirit has provided for the horses as well as for the human workers. An interesting feature is the annual outing for all the enmployees. For this p urpose special trains or steamboats are char ADVERTISING H. J. Heinz Company are firm believers in judicious advertising. an(l have an original way of doing it, many unique feat Girls' Dining Room ures having been adopted, such as electric signs and electric auto cars in many of the cities of America and Europe, to the extent that they have become one of the largest advertisers on the globe. Perhaps the most original advertising feature is the Ocean Pier, which the company maintains at Atlantic City, N. J., all the year around. This pier is 9goo feet long, extending out into the ocean, on the end of which is located a large glass pavilion, in itself a veritable exposition. Here are to be found reading rooms, an art gallery, musical instruments and writing conveniences all free to visitors. In the center of the pier is another building containing a large exhibit of pure food products and a sun parlor, which is open all the year. Atlantic City is the most frequented summer resort in the world, often being visited by as many or 300,000 persons in one (ay, and the Ocean Home of the fifty-seven varieties is one of the most frequented spots. Besides being awarded the two Grand Prizes at the World's Fair, at St. Louis, IS. J. Heinz Company won the two Grand Prizes at the International Exposition held at Liege, Belgium, the Gold MIe(lal at the Toronto exhibition and gold medals and the highest awards at the Lewis & Clark Exposition at Portland, Oregon. At the. Jamestown Exposition two new medals were coln / A Bottling Table 64 'Pittsburgh the Pouwerfut Girls' Recreation Room them into a comfortable reception room provided with easy chairs, curios and pictures and after registering they follow a guide through building after building inspecting the various departments. until one thing is at least impressed on every mind, namely, that many thousands of families must have grown out of the custom of putting up their own preserves, pickles and jellies; baking their own beans; toiling over their own mince meat and doing thousands of things which always make kitchen work so burdensome. The guide tells them that hundreds of thousands of bushels of tomatoes and cucumbers are used every year; that many thousand quarts of strawberries and cherries are put up each day during the season; that enormous quantities of peaches, plums, pineapples, quinces and apricots are preserved, and that it takes over 20,000 barrels of the finest, purest granulated sugar to do this annually. One of the most interesting sights is to see Heinz' Baked Beans being prepared. On entering the room, appetizing odors meet the visitors and at the same time they see at a glance that everything is neatly and cleanly arranged. Patented ovens, which thoroughly bake the beans throughout, pour their smoking contents of nicely brown beans into the filling machines where the bright cans are filled and.automatically weighed and are then carried along on a moving table to the machine which fastens the top on by crimping and hermetically sealing the edges without the use of solder and during all this time the human hand does not come in contact with the beans. The cans are then placed in a large metal basket and lowered into a steam bath for sterilizing, a further precaution to preserve the contents as good as they are when they come from the oven. The pickle bottling department is the same as that just described as to cleanliness and orderliness. The girls are seated at long tile top tables and the pickles, cauliflower, beans, etc., are placed, piece by piece, in the bottles each in its place, every bottle looking the same. Each bottle is carefully inspected and if it is not properly packed it is sent back to be done over again. To describe a visit to the Heinz establishment would take much time and the best advice we can give is to visit the plant and see for yourself. ferred for quality of product, and for welfare work among the employees. This modern manufacturing establishment is located within [^,en minutes ride from the center of Pittsburgh and is well worth a visit. A SIGHT WORTH SEEING ON THE NORTH SIDE WHERE HEINZ' "57 VARIETIES" PURE FOOD PRODUCTS ARE PREPARED On the banks of the Allegheny, North Side, Pittsburgh, stands the largest manufacturing establishment of its kind in the world. This group of modern buildings is devoted to the preparation of Heinz' "57 Varieties" Pure Food Products, and the doors are always open to people who care to visit the plant. The visitors' register shows that over 30;000 people took advantage of the opportunity thus afforded last year and at any time one may call vou will see parties being conducted by attentive guides going through the various buildings. Visitors are met at the door by a young lady who ushers An Entertainment in the Auditorium ~ Pitt'sburgh the Powerfut 64-a RESTORATION FROM BUSINESS CARES HOW " TIRED NATURE'S SWEET RESTORER " IS AIDED BY AN ENTERPRISING PITTSBURGH CORPORATION-THE WAYMAN & WOOD CO. MAN'S powers of endurance depend largely upon the ~ number of hours' rest he takes every day. By rest is meant the time he spends in sleep, when mind and body are relaxed from the cares of the day, and his physical and mental being refreshed. The quality of a man's rest, and its benefits is measured largely by the mattress that supports his weight during his daily periods of somnolence. People do not think enough of the requirements of the body during sleep, and it cannot be gainsaid that the road to health and sustained vitality, energy and aggressiveness lies through plenty of fresh air, sunshine, exercise. wholesome food and proper rest. The furnishing of materials to the manufacturers of mattresses throughout the country constitutes one of the most unique and at the same time most important industries that can be thought of, and in this Pittsburgh occupies the distinction of having the only house of this kind in the Pittsburgh district. Being in touch as they are with the mattress manufacturers as well as the mills manufacturing mattress materials, and with the markets at home and abroad through which such materials are bought and sold, they are able to secure a bird's-eye view of the entire field and accurately forecast future prices and conditions, andathis important feature of their service is supplied at frequent intervals, at considerable expense. Wayman & Wood Company are importers of kapok, burlap, etc. In addition to this, they are the sole manufacturers and distributors of the Perfection Mattress Machine (an illustration of which is shown herewith), an invention that is designed to accom plish much in increasing the output among manufacturers generally. The company supplies such additional materials as cotton linters and waste, all kinds of ticking, bed lace, feathers, hackled corn husks, shoddy, twines, wadding, excelsior, etc., in addition to batts and felts, sea moss and Louisiana moss, cotton and leather tufts, African fiber, coir fiber, palmetto fiber and pine fiber, curled hair, goat hair and coir hair, tow, etc. The company has unexcelled railroad facilities, and a corps of workers sufficient to insure immediate shipment. Their travttress Machine eling salesmen cover the entire country, including Canada. One of the chief factors that-has contributed to make the company such a great success is their policy of liberality and fairness toward their patrons. The ability to look at a situation from the standpoint of the customer, as well as viewing it from the question of personal profit has also built a reputation for honesty and integrity that is the company's principal asset. This plan cultivates personal and cordial relations between the company and the trade, and that the interest is mutual is manifested in the permanency of the relations and in the ever increasing circle of customers. The long continued and steady growth of the business is but the logical outcome of modern business methods and high grade materials that have been strictly adhered to from the beginning. Their future prosperity is already assured. Perfection Ma Wayman & Wood Company, Pittsburgh, are known all over the country for the great variety of their line, and for the valuable service they render their customers which consists primarily in supplying the manufacturer of mattresses with the materials for his business, from the ticking and twine to any of the various substances entering into the construction. A valuable feature of their services consists in keeping their customers posted by mail in regard to market fluctuations, furnishing accurate forecasts of advance or decline in prices, sending. out useful information regarding new materials and making suggestions as to the ways in which they can be used. Lists of materials and samples of same are supplied to the trade at frequent intervals, thus conserving the best interests of their customers at all times. 64-b Pittsburgh the Powerful WHEN INVESTMENTS ARE SAFE HOW RELIABLE BROKERAGE HOUSES SAFEGUARD THE PEOPLE'S INTERESTJOHN A. WOOD, JR., A NOTABLE EXAMPLE HEN a person speaks of "the market" the first thing that enters the mind is the great exchange where industrial and corporate securities are bought and sold. The buying and selling of stocks and bonds forms one of the most important links in our modern civilization, because it permits the general marketing of stocks, and enables people of both moderate and unlimited incomes to invest their money under most favorable circumstances. The wonderful development of this country rendered the establishment of Stock Exchanges in the various large cities imperative, and there can be no question that the facilities afforded by these modern wards of capital and industry for the sale and exchange of securities has helped materially in the commercial and and Pittsburgh is no exception to this rule. Among the best known members of the Pittsburgh Stock Exchange is John A. Wood, Jr., one of the younger brokers, whose unusual facilities for the gathering and transmission of accurate information have brought him into more than ordinary prominence among those of the "street." His connections with the New York Stock Exchange, and his facilities for obtaining prior information, coupled with his ability to rightly advise his clients, have made for him many customers and increased his circle of friends many fold in the past few years. Among other features of his service are records of particular stocks or bonds, facts concerning their fluctuations, earning capacity, capital invested, indebtedness and other information of a The Stock Board of John A. Wood, Jr., Just Before the Opening of the Market industrial development of the United States. New York has always been looked upon as the most important center for the listing and sale of stocks and bonds. The New York Stock Exchange is the oldest in the country, and is the model from which are patterned those of Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, San Francisco, and other large cities. The Stock Exchange of our big metropolis is the industrial heart of the nation. It is there that all quotations emanate and are then transmitted all'over the country to the Exchanges of other cities 'and to the offices of brokers, financiers and captains of industry. The importance of the stock exchange in any city is based not so much upon the number of shares dealt in, as it is upon the fidelity, integrity and caution of the brokers composing the body, private character that is of the utmost value to the investor, and all of which is placed at the disposal of tlhe customer gratuitously. Another feature of his service to clients which must not be overlooked, is his connection with the Chicago Board of Trade, where options in wheat, corn and other grain are dealt in, thus affording those so inclined ample opportunity to invest in the nation's food stuffs, the best security in the world. The pulse of the market is felt through the brokers' offices, and the beats may be easily interpreted through the facilities afforded by John A. Wood, Jr., whose handsome offices at I208-9-IO Peoples Bank Building, 307 Fourth avenue, are fitted with every convenience and need for the use and information of investors, large or small, who may desire to avail themselves of his services. l_ i i w iI I* l BI * I* ~ ME.... " "ow m Ni!f j 9i I I I 1 i i fii LCI. " a h 's 1. iIF P. 5 %vI'Yim~S~i~i ~ ~ mm YMf~fiFfi~F~ifi vm.90HH Fi AERMANENT PROSPERITY Hi g!| Culture | | Reflected in I Pittsburgh's Homes Parks, Schools and 1 Churches | |ALL INDUSTRY PHOTOS l" SDEWITTlB. LUCAS | 1 0 C[65] Residence of J. IM. Guffey, Fifth Avenue Residence of Wallace Rowe, Morewood Avenue [66] INDUSTRY PHOTOS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ~f~.:. a~"~lla_......-r --- r *" '~r II t j `i, r ~: " rr` 0~ ~ t'S~i, - ~-~~ IL... ~r q-~~~,~~~ ~ *:I' ~t -' n i. ~:. r' ~ ~: t~ * ~~ 'ri*-.v: ~ `--~ *~ ~.~; '^ I ~ r:d~i_\,T 2r, *iI 't P'`c' ~~;.~.~?;~~9: ~~', *.6~11;f' Y~- PU;rl..i Residence of A. R. Peacock, North Highland Avenue Residence of D. P. Black, Penn Avenue INoDUSlTr POTOS. ALL RIGHT0 "1RMVIED [67] Residence of H. J. Heinz, Penn Avenue Residence of William Flinn, North Highland Avenue INDUSTRY PHOTOS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED [68] ', ~ i....:~: ',;; ':'" i ""'~'n' ' "'-" ''" He' ' ~~o __.,,..'.,.,,;:.,....., 1 ~ ':.,~ ""?:' ~:4..,..:.% A~ ~...,....; ~~~~ ~,~...., ~.,~,... ',,. (. '.... ',~.....~: i.? ~.: Ji:!~:~' ".:'i:' ','" "' '.,:.;.,,:~~.'i.~~,,;.i~ ~". '...?.:j.~:.::'.~::~ ~.,/~'. Residence of H. D. W. English, Thomas Boulevard LYr*;. 'I 13 g p IIF"~ \~ F~.. r\.~ " ~. ~~ ~ 1 C.6rP:P.', s7-n zw: h 1~1: )~ ~-~:,i" ~`r E~II Is-. r Z~.-i, C~: 't!ti '" ~~~ r........ i~~; r ',-s ~: '*r *^ '~'~r?::1. d;. ;... ~~.~.. g: ~, ~~' -~ r J ~~.~ ~~.* rpqur " ' ~*~' ~~ '`~~.*, i $~'O"yi : 1. /dC~- ::?: ~ Yi4:.*i.~- h~ h " ". ~ * r. 3; a,: 4:". " P s_j 61 i;s'. '" i ~^~ h: i '' d -j~~::r * r.. ~~~r;;~. " "': ~ 4:1 a,.~. sn.'?C- 3.~w.,o,_ "; ''';;~' I~~t~/:~.: ~r~, I b.txrd~.4: ''' 7-n.r*',*' *Id SP:::,1.::: 97:659: ~~: *:~ P':1.~, i, u~ D -~~ klJi*l,h..';r. t.,~~~~. P p.~.:p~~ ~~ ~ 4.:~~~~.~:.1~ \ s~. r::t i::.~:~-:.~ ~~~-~:~~, ~~;~; 3:? '`~:C ; 3~;3~.. ~~.r' ~.LF 'i...:(~~~ ~, '..i. 5.. c~.4~ ~r a`: t ~~ r ~-." " ~Y..~, , ~...:. d,: k..~. ~.... '.Y; `:~ F. i~ ~?: ~: '~ *N'.. "j.~: r,~' ":~f.~:; P I Z. r ": ~.1 '`~ `; ~r.~-,:j i:,~. sg ~': ~?~ i, ~ i '' ' r:rl ~ z.. ~ ~:~ P;~: `~~`.~!~ ~r ~ *r *. '`~ J f ': ~; `;t r i... : ~~: ~ c ~.`.~`* ~:. z.C, ~ ~ i ~ r:~~'~ ';~ d~. r~ ~.:" ,r. ~, L `b. ^u d.t: ~f '' -L.:.~ P",;~,~~b,.:~. ~~~` ~b~.~ L `:".h` 1 4 I: t ~.. t;r~~.-;-~.;~ \.7 ~;p;~:-~'" :'::;.~.~:.* r;J t'`f Lx ~;~~ .~ ..Z '" r ~ ':::-?,r ~~ ~~ J "d 1.c; ~i i-?:~ r ~? ~; r.~.. ~ ~ i.~:~. -?:: r /;: ~:::~T.~,~:e 1~7 i _ac?.r. 1 i.t ~u "~i I r; ~:. ".c. t ~~;~ ~ 1, r= e~ I.CP" T ~" Looking South on Thomns Boulevard "N>T". WO. C]LL RM6PC I69) P -.*., * ', * -*. a -. * * - *,' *G " I**' " *'' 5vhei *s; **sntS ^etr / S qA ^: "* '. A.. e, '.. ^ > I., j *..'''..;,......... '~ ':~ i~ ~,~i/i:~~!~~'i: ' ~,,~ ~',? ',' ~g~ ~,,'.~~ ~, ',?~ ' ~,, C- -L ~ d r~ w. Ala.r ~c >~t~ e Fifth Avenue Homes A Pleasing Perspective of Modest Homes pn Amberson Avenue, Just North of Fifth Avenue [70]:, ^ * *. INDUSTRY PHOTOS. ALL RIGHTS RESKRRVI L~- ir - - 73* - A z z On ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~L Not HgladAvneFomSato Sre Morewoold Avenue From Fifth Avenue. Residence of N. Holmes in Foreground INDUSTRY PHOTOS. ALL RIGHTS IREIRVRD [71] I ol 1 I Early Autumn in Schenley Park INDUSTRY PHOTO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED [72] The Carnegie Institute of Art, Science, Literature and Music 1?.H.r.,... e=J`..n ~. -. - -- - - - - - F 7 The Carnegie Technical Schools (in process of construction).. Ground 1irea 900x3,000 Feet, Embracing 32 Acres. Building completed, in foreground to the:': *.-: right, length of two city blocks, constituting one-twelfth of the entire group i [73] Nature Paints a Landscape. One of Many to be Found in Schenley Park *~~ ~*. ~. A Picnic Grove in Panther Hollow, Schenley Park INDUSTRY PHOToS. *****..ALL RIMOTS RIESRVID [74] i A Recreation Glen and Path Leading to Schenley Oval. Grand Stand in the Distance Overlooking the Oakland District From Schenley Oval. Phipps Conservatory, Carnegie In- IWOUTW ", stitute and Technical Schools, and Cathedral May be Plainly Been AUMT n eww [is] '...;. ". a**' 9 . ~ f ', ' ^..., ',.,. f x s e # > R f | a ^ ~ ~~ i; I~. ` s l~ An October Day in Highland Park "When the Leaves Begin to Fall." A Grove Where Open Air Religious Services Are Held. Schenley Park INDUSTRY PHOTOS. ALL RIGHT8 RAI[MVIO [763. ~, c,.. A Picturesque Old Log Cabin in Schenley Park One of the Many Beautiful Spots Encountered in Panther Hollow, Schenley Park INDUSTRY PloaoS. ALL [RIGHT8 RESERVED [77] `n ~~ i. ~! bCV:=i;'~. r: c",'tr r.r:. ~ :.." 6C.-i:~=' ii~ ~' '..*.~I~~.:.~ `~,r:: ~. r ~ ~~ \~.ci ?r * -, '~'; 3 ~-.I t ~:.~:,,~.~,r ~, ' l ' - - I z- I., City Hall Carnegie Library Market House I-J lahe Post N g' INDUSTRY PHOTOS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NORTH PITTSBURGH (ALLEGHENY) IN THE CAMERA'S FOCUS NORTH PITTSBURGH (ALLEGHENY) IN THE CAMERA'S FOCUS NDUSTRY.PHOT.E ALL 1IGHT$ RESERVED 1-A Pleasing Perspective, Embracing the iCity Hall and Carnegie Library 4 —Carnegie Library 2-View in West Park, Showing Band Stand and Conservatory 5-Allegheny General Hospital 3-Pennsylvania Railroad Pasenger Station 6-Observatory, Riverview Park [79] 9rrUi lE9 eZZ ICC C=jj raijni | |n titution| 1!PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY, 1907 i i, i i CHAMBER OF COMMERCE REPORT i Number of Churches and Synagogues.............. 397 i SlValue of Property (estimated).....;...........$17,000,000 |i i!Number of Hospitals.................... 22 i Y!i; jCapacity (beds estimated).................. 3,000iEl i lNumber of Asylums and Infirmaries.............. 62 ii i Number of Beneficiaries (estimated)............... 5,000 * PITTOTHEU ORGHRGANIZATIONSLLEGHEN, 190 ji For the Relief of Poor and Distressed............. 26! iNumberof CHero Fu nd E ndowm ent...............$ 5,000,000 397i Carnegie Relief Fun d Endowment............... 4,000,000 S.fi Value of Real Estate and Endowments of Charitable Institutions C(" e^sw tiae. 22,000,000 [i I;i Expended by Foregoing Benevolent Organizations, 1906 (not including churches) 3,000,000 ifi I [*] vffi.-.. -- r / |:e"3la 1:.:: ~ ~ L He.. l ~ I-;~~ ~: i.l,: t. ' '' *?, ~ k; 'i'^ * '- ~ ^ IS,. ~.;, I;; *. ~ i ' 1 em i ~ ' \ I I' Al "It, rinses $ t -d. - SOME NEW VIEWS OF PITq 1-Emory Methodist Church, North Highland Avenue 2-Rodeph Shalom, Jewish Synagogue, Fifth Avenue, Near Morewood 3-St. Paul's Cathedral, (Roman Catholic), Fifth Avenue and Craig Street 7-Christ Methodist Episcopal Church, [8s] TSBURGH'S CHURCHES INDUSTRY PHOTOS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4-Church of the Ascension (Episcopal), Nevil and Ellsworth Avenues 5 —Calvary Protestant Episcopal Church, Shady Avenue 6 —Sixth United Presbyterian Church, North Highland Avenue Center Avenue and Liberty Street Vt w {rt.....:. a ~ii,...... ",.,*!.~~ ' I *~. I L~ '~ '~ ' '"' A_ rY ' o6_ -..?n~?~,:. Residence of D. M. Clemson, Fifth Avenue, near Shady Avenue I 1 9JiXfiTiifiF %NifiKfili~fiyiffilfifil s EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS i OF GKEATEK PITTSBURGH i IE lk IC ffiKK X% X% iHiPfiX XXXX 1fXfii MEfIKCfE REPORKT I J t if i -. ONE UNIVERSITY Faculty, 154 Students, 964 Alumni, 2,570 DENOMINATIONA Colleges.. Instructors. Students.. THEOLOGICAL Seminaries. Instructors. Students.. * * * * * 2.....* * * * * 33...419 *.... 3..... 20....157 Il I ii PRIVATE Schools.... Instructors.. Students... PUBLIC SCHOOLS Buildings.. Instructors.. Students.... 13... 275.. 3,982 ~.. 119 ~.. 1,690 ~...73,734 I - A A HIGH SCHOOLS Buildings, 4 Instructors, 100 Students, 2,950 A A CARNEGIE TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Built and Endowed by Andrew Carnegie (partially completed) The City of Pittsburgh donated a site of 32 acres. Schools planned to accommodate 4,000 students. Four separate schools: School of Applied Science, School of Apprentices and Journeymen, Technical School for Women, School of Applied Design. Special Building, Machinery Hall. Day and Night Courses in all Schools. * [83] SOUTH SIDE WORKS OF THE JONES & LAUGHLIN STEEL COMPANY Covering 208 acres. Men employed, 12,500. Percentage of mill and factory employes In the City of Pittsburgh, 15 r I - THE WAGE EARNERS OF THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH Em SES~gRERER5s w Men employed in mills and factories 85,000 Average annual wages per man.... $ 660 Average annual wages per man in the United States, all industries... $ 475 Deposits in Pittsburgh Savings Banks and Trust Companies.......... $170,000,000 (Chiefly savings of wage earners) -A IL ~77~i~F ~ ~ri Pittsburgh workers among the most prosperous of any in the world [ss8 86 CPittsburgh the Powuerfut CARPETING THE COUNTRY The Science of Distribution is as Important as the Art of Creation HE weaving of carpets is one of the nation's greatest industries, and like every other mammoth enterprise in these times of progress and achievement, has a number of auxiliary industries which it maintains, and from which it receives impulse for greater strides in advancement. Weaving of carpets is one industry,but scientific marketing of them is another, equally as important to both the producer and the consumer. In the matter of supplying the counfry's needs in this line, the city of Pittsburgh occupies a first place in methods of progressive and economical merchandising. Geo. Wehn, who, with his son, J. Fred. Wehn, founded the present business in I893, for more than forty years represented some of the largest jobbers in the carpet trade. Later, Mr. Wehn established an office in this city for Boy! White & Co., later Boyd, Harley & Co., which latter firm, after a time, went out of business. Subsequently Mr. Wehn acted as manufacturers' or mill agent, and still later, entered the cut order business. In I900O, Carl F. Kress was taken into the business and the firm name _ changed to the present style of Geo. Wehn, Son & Co. The firm now occupies four floors of number.800 and J. Fred Wehl 802 Penn Avenue, with a combined area of 20,000 square feet, in addition to outside storage facilities. The most important feature of the business is the "Cut Order" plan, whereby the retail merchant of moderate capital and stock may offer his patrons the widest selection in floor coverings with but a small outlay on his part. This is accomplished through the use of generous samples of all the newest patterns, which are purchased at small cost from this firm, whose ample capital and facilities enable them to provide an infinite variety of samples at a very small cost to the retail merchant. These sam ples are displayed to the customer who makes his selections therefrom, and the order is forwarded to Geo. Wehn, Son & Co., together with the size of the room and other data, when the carpet is cut and matched from rolls carried in stock, and sewn together by a huge electric stitcher, folded, wrapped and within a few days is in the hands of the retailer, ready for delivery. The advantages of this plan are obvious. The amount of capital invested in the samples is very small, and at the end of the season, they can be made to yield a good profit by converting them into rugs, as every year brings its changes in patterns and colorings. Then again, the amount of space required to store and exhibit these samples to customers is reduced to a minimum. They are easily handled and put away, and afford the customer the greatest variety from which to make a selection. This would nilt be the case were each storekeeper compelled to carry his own stock of carpets in the roll. Of course, Geo. Wehn, Son & Co., through this plan, find it incumbent to carry in stock many rolls of carpet corresponding to the samples furnished by them, which they guarantee to do for one year, and this neAt His Desk INDUSTRY PHOTO. cessitates not only large storage facilities, but ample financial resources, it being a regular thing for their Spring stocks to aggregate a quarter of a million dollars in value. A corps of traveling men are also maintained, who cover the entire Pittsburgh territory, including Pennsylvania and adjacent states. Mattings are imported from Japan and China, and complete stocks of linoleum, fibre mats, rugs, art squares, etc., are always on hand. Mr. J. Fred Wehn, the senior inember of the firm has had long experience in the carpet trade. in both the manufacturing 1 A General View of the Offices NDUSTRY PHOTO. Pittsburgh the Powerfut 87 General View of the Cutting Floor Taking a Customer's Memoranda in the Rug Department anld distributing brandies. The business has enjoyed a remarkable growth, and today constitutes one of the most substantial industries in the commercial warp of Pittsburgh. I- ".-v~,~ ~ ~z'~'~ ~11 ~ These pictures are in themselves an illustrated industrial lesson in system and in merchandizing,4 and portray in a forcible manner the typical energy and enterprise INDUSTRY PHOTO. Specially Designed Machine That Fringes the Rugs Modern Way of Storing and Displaying Rugs How Cut Order Carpet Are Displayed INDUSTRY PHOSamples The excellent illustrations of the various departments will be found interesting, as well as an aid to the comprehension of their systems and the facilities at their command. of Pittsburgh's big houses, which is, after all, but the reflection of the entire district -an industry and energy that has made this section the greatest industrial empire of the age. Huge Electric Carpet Sewing Machine in Operation _. - - T- ' 1,_'._ a_ ^. wI- -I Z_.__ l n.. _ r-,q 00 a 00 L I Made Expressly Jot "Pittsburgh the Powerfu" The Financial Heart of Pittsburgh-Fourth Avenue and Wood Street Within two blocks of this corner there are 39 banking institutions, with capital and surplus aggregating $129,000,000 and resources reaching a total of $405,000,000 I S ----- iE IgPittsburgh I| ~ N^ * | The Second City in the United S | 1States in Banking Capital l g g ~ and Surplus * v ~s= =CiZ, I New York. $617,358,320, Zi I fi ~ ~ | Pittsburgh 166,118,224 ~I.......l I Including all necessary reserves for the A Pittsburgh Trust 81 payme ntof insurance contracts issued by Companies....................... ~r I hi |Philadelphia....165,161,082..| ~..~I4 a Z __Including all necessary reserves for the A4A Philadelphia Trust x. 1 payment of insurance contrads issued by i Companies.......................... fP ittsbr hf X I. I ' fi ~1. Leads Large Cities in Proportion,,. of Capital and Surplus to IncliGross Deposits I ~ 'i ='' |,_, gh - PItsbu I rt.: | Piaepia... Pitsbrg,161.471,0r82 || ~r y iIncl~Llru ding a~rll necssar rese~l rves fo r u th e r A r A Ph ~ jiaepia rs ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ^pyeto nuac otat ise yT opne.. ^ ss 1~ ~^ ~____________ _ _ _ i<~ ~ ~iia'fiia 'f.i'ia'aijjjjnn^ ~ ^ 1; --- —-------- I IIiittsburg 16,1!,2 ||luig l neesadyrsevs Largte Cities ing Proprto g |amn Sof inuaCe oapital se Cmande Supu t <^ * ^ %!l~ross eposits 1 ~~%~ Ir Ph~ael~i inldn l nieifiBe g'sfaiB'eeresfiiB d~i KB a i laatii^ i Tk k p a m n N --- —----------------------------- p a? < ~~ ~~ ~~ ~^~ rn' te i '1*W HHY~~ri~ ~iiYi~ i Ciiii.IS IIitbrh. 471PrC.| I Philadelphia 26 PerCt. | New York 19.2 Per Ct. I _ ~ i ~~7 C