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WIli -I 1 —MM U'l-RI'l,"IMIN-.--:,,,.,:,..:: I,,".' —. " r1-1 P I MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL; BEING A MEMORIAL RECORD APPROPRIATE TO THE CENTENNIAL YEAR. EDITED AND PUBLISHED CBy S'.. M- cC R A CIrEL\T. UNDER THE SANCTION OF THE STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF MANAGERS. DETROIT: PRINTED FOR THE PUBLISHER AT THE PFFICE OF THE DETROIT JREE PRESS. 1876. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, by S. B. McCRACKEN, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at'Washington. OFFICIAL SANCTION. BY THE STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF MANAGERS. Having examined the proposal of S. B. McCracken, for publishing a history of the Michigan representation at the Centennial Exhibition, we approve its general plan, and cordially recommend it to the people of Michigan, guaranteeing to the enterprise all possible encouragement and support on the part of the State Centennial Board of Managers. For the purpose of connecting the work officially with this Board, we have appointed W. S. George, of Lansing, and J. C. Holmes and E. I. Garfield, of Detroit, commissioners of publication, with the general power of determining the style of the work and fixing its price, and otherwise acting equitably as between all parties in interest. JOHN J. BAGLEY, Chairman. M. I. MILLS, J. J. WOODMAN, HENRY FRALICK, JAY A. HUBBELL, DETROIT, April, 1876. STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD. At a meeting of the Board held at Lansing, January 24, 1877, present, the chairman of the Board, ex-Governor Bagley, and Commissioners Mills, Wooodman and Fralick, it was unanimously declared thatWHEREAS, The members of the State Centennial Board of Managers joined in officially recommending the publication, under the supervision of S. B. McCracken, of the proposed book, " Michigan and the Centennial," and having examined the work so far as now printed, and finding that it meets our expectations; and WHEREAS, said work is deemed a most worthy enterprise, as tending to perpetuate a patriotic remembrance of the Centennial year and of Michigan's agency in commemorating the same; therefore, as the sense of this Board now in session, said work is cordially recommended to the patronage of the people and Legislature of the State. A true copy of the record: F. W. NOBLE, SECRETARY. BY THE COMMISSION OF PUBLICATION. The undersigned were appointed by the State Centennial Board of Managers a Commission of Publication, with certain general advisory and supervisory powers as related to the work, " Michigan and the Centennial." The plan of the work, as set forth in the announcements, was. submitted to and approved by us, and from such examination as we have been able to give to the completed work, we find that it conforms generally in its matter and arrangement to the proposals under which it was undertaken. The style and typographical execution of the work are good, and considering the size of the volume, the prices are as low as those of standard works in the trade. As a compilation and digest of facts and events, we regard the work as a valuable and indispensable contribution to the history of the Centennial period, especially as related to Michigan. It is a work that has not only a present, but will have an increasing, value. W. S. GEORGE, J. C. HOLMES, E. I. GARFIELD, DETROIT, April, 1877. COMMISSION OF PUBLICATION. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY POEM. CENTENNIAL:-By B. Hathaway.... Page 9 PART I. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. I.-THE AMERICAN COLONIES, AND THEIR SEPARATION FROM GREAT BRITAIN. BY WILLIAM N. HUDSON. Introductory Remarks: Character of the Early Colonists; Spirit of Resistance to Oppression; Seeds of Freedom.-The Colonies: Foundation and Political Structure; Acts Relating to Civil and Political Rights.-Oppressive Acts of the British Parliament: Restrictions upon Commerce; Navigation Acts; Prohibition of Manufactures; Writs of Assistance; Stamp Act; the Judiciary and Military as Instruments of Oppression.-Indignation Throughout the Colonies: New York; Boston; Philadelphia; Virginia; James Otis, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry.-First Continental Congress: Address to the Crown.-First Symptoms of Resistance: Parson Mayhew; Stamp Officers Compelled to Resign; Destruction of Stamped Paper; Disregard of the Stamp Act; Sons of Liberty.-Repeal of the Stamp Act.-The Elder Pitt in Behalf of the Colonies.-Imposition of Import Duties: Protests by Massachusetts and Virginia.-Attempt to Quarter Troops on the People.-First Acts of Violence: The Boston Massacre; the Boston Tea Party.-Retaliatory Measures: The Boston Port Bill; Citizens Sent Abroad to be Tried.-Second Colonial Congress: Declaration of Rights; Suspension of Commercial Intercourse.-Military Steps Taken by the Government and by the Ger Colonies.-Lexington and Concord: Gathering of the Continental Forces; the Patriot Army around Boston.-Ticonderoga and Crown Point: Ethan Allen and Seth Warren.-The Continental Congress: Exercise of Comprehensive Powers; Petitions to the King and People of Great Britain; Determination of Resistance; an Army Voted to be Raised; Washington as Commander-in-chief; Bills of Credit.-Battle of Bunker Hill.-Washington in Command of the Army: Capture of Dorchester Heights; Evacuation of Boston by the British.-Expedition Against Quebec.-Measures of the British Parliament: Troops Sent to America; Burning of Norfolk; Attack on Fort Moultrie.-Independence First Proposed: The Mecklenberg Declaration; Action of North Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island and Virginia; the Proposition before Congress; Committee to Draft a Declaration; Other Colonies Declare for Independence; the Formal Declaration Made; Prophetic Utterance of John Adams.-THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE... Page 13-33 II.-MICHIGAN AS A POLITICAL COMMONWEALTH. First Settled by the French.-Politically Associated with Canada.-Occupied by the United States in 1796.-Part of the Northwest Territory.-Form of Government.-Descent of the Territorial Sovereignty: The Claims of Virginia, Connecticut and Massachusetts; the United States Statistical Atlas; Opinion of Judge Charles I. Walker; Conquest of the Northwest Territory by Gen. George Rogers Clark; Indefiniteness of the Colonial Charters; Policy of Congress as to Conflicting State Boundaries; Virginia the only Party Consulted in the Division of the Northwest Territory; Direct Descent from PA vi MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Great Britain; Opinion of Chancellor Manning; Territorial Sovereignty not Exercised by the United States under the Federation.-Organization of the Territory of Michigan. -Organization of the State Government: Adoption of a Constitution; Admission into the Union; the Disputed Boundary; the Toledo War; the Upper Peninsula.-Seat of Government and State Capital: Location of the Capital at Lansing; the Old and the New Capitol Buildings; Board of State Building Com-missioners.-Governors of Michigan........... Page 34-43 III.-NATIONAL AND PATRIOTIC SONGS. Introductory Remarks: "Our Native Song."-American National Songs: My Country,'Tis of Thee; Hail Columbia; Star-Spangled Banner; Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean; Our Flag is There; Yankee Doodle; The Liberty Song; The Ship of State; How Sleep the Brave; The Flag of our Union;. Viva l'America, Home of the Free; Tramp, Tramp, Tramp; Flag of the Heroes; The American Flag; Stand by the Flag; Columbia Rules the Sea.-Our Michigan Songs: Michigania; Michigan, my Michigan.-Songs of Other Nations: God Save the Queen; Scots Wha H1-a'e Wi' Wallace Bled; St. Patrick's Day; Watch on the Rhine (German and English); Marseillaise Hymn (French and English).A Song for all Peoples: Home, Sweet Home... Page 44-68 PART II. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. I.-CELEBRATION OF THE EARLIER EVENTS. The Boston Tea Party.-Lexington and Concord: Commemoration in 1836; Hymn by Ralph Waldo Emerson; Commemoration in 1875; Poem by James Russell Lowell; William E. Gladstone's Estimate of America; Poem by John G. Whittier; Resolutions of the Michigan Senate, April 19, 1875.Bunker Hill: The Fiftieth Anniversary; Centennial Celebration, June 17, 1875; Large Military Display; Military Companies from the South; Distinguished Gentlemen Present-Gov. Bagley, Senator Ferry.The Mecklenberg Declaration: Celebration in North Carolina and Tennessee; Resolutions of the U. S. Centennial Commission..... Page 69-76 II.-THE CENTENNIAL FOURTH. Introductory Remarks: Greeting of the Centennial Fourth.-The Great National Celebration at Philadelphia: Exercises in Independence Square; Independence Hall; Grand Military Parade; Distinguished Persons Present; Opening Address by Gen. Hawley, President of the U. S. Centennial Commission; Address by Vice-President Ferry; Prayer by Bishop Stevens; Hymn, "Welcome to all Nations," by Oliver Wendell Holmes; Reading of the Declaration by Richard Henry Lee; Greeting from Brazil; The National Ode, by Bayard Taylor; Hymn, by Dexter Smith.-Greeting from GermanyPresident Grant's Reply.-Miscellaneous Exercises: The Authors' Tribute to the Signers; The National Reform Association-Demanding a Religious Amendment to the Constitution; Centennial Congress of Liberals-Total Separation of Church and State; Woman Suffrage Centennial Meetings. Page 77-94 III.-THE CENTENNIAL FOURTH IN MICHIGAN. Introductory Remarks.-Newspapers from which Quotations are Made.- Reports of Celebrations at Adrian, Allegan, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Bay City, Big Rapids, Bronson, Caro, Charlotte, Coldwater, Detroit, Dexter, Dundee, Flint, Fowlerville, Grand Ledge, Grand Haven, Grand Rapids, Greenville, Houlghton, lonia, Ithaca, Jackson, Jonesville, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Lexington, Marquette, Mason, Mount Pleasant, Milford, Muskegon, Negaunee, Niles, Northville, Ontonagon, Otsego County, Port Huron, Quincy, Roscommon, Saginaw, Saline, St. Johns, St. Joseph, St. Louis, Sturgis, Tawas, Traverse City, Union City, Vassar. CONTENTS. Vii IV.-CENTENNIAL TREE PLANTING General Observations on Trees and Forestry; Poem, " The Cobar Tree."-iRecommendation by Gov. Bagley.-Tree Planting in Detroit, Mason, Fentonville, Lansing, Flint, Ann Arbor, Perry Center, Orion, Allegan, Monroe, Kalamazoo, Dexter, Butler, Holland, Portland, Vassar, Battle Creek, Charlotte, Mt. Clemens, Sturgis, Big Rapids, Romeo, Holly, Cassopolis, Evart, Grand Ledge, Lapeer, Hudson, Medina, Niles, Tecumseh,...... Page 171-183 VARIOUS COMMEMORATIONS.-The National Flag at the State Capital.-Centennial Display by the State Agricultural Society: Address by the Committee in Charge; List of Articles Exhibited and Premiums Awarded........ Page 184-186 PART III. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. I.-REPRESENTATIVE CENTENNIAL ORATIONS. What the Age Owes to America: Hon. Wm. M. Evarts, at Philadelphia.-The Declaration of Independence, and the Effects of It: Rev. R. S. Storrs, D.D., at New York. -The Progress of Liberty: Hon. Charles Francis Adams, at Taunton, Mass.-The Signers of the Declaration: Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, at Boston............ Page 187-254 II.-EXTRACTS FROM MICHIGAN ORATIONS. Thomas B. Church, at Grand Rapids.-Theodore Romeyn, at Detroit.-Dan. P. Foote, at Saginaw.Mark S. Brewer, at Milford.-L. D. Dibble, at Battle Creek.-Judge Marston, at Bay City.-J. E. Tenney, at Lansing.-A. L. Millard, at Adrian.-Jonas H. McGowan, at Coldwater.-Geo. W. Wilson, at Charlotte. -Geo. H. Jerome, at Niles.-Aaron Clark, at Middleville.-A. H. Fenn, at Allegan.-C. H. Denison, at Port Huron........... Page 255-304 III.-THE MICHIGAN PULPIT ON THE CENTENNIAL. America's Centennial Memories: Rev. W. D. Love, D. D.-The Hand of God in American History: Rev. Geo. D. Baker, D. D.-Comparative Progress of the Century: Rev. L. R. Fiske, D. D.-Lessons of the Centennial Exhibition: Rev. C. H. Brigham. —The Centenary of Missions: Rev. John P. Scott, D. D.-The Paramount Allegiance: Rev. Alfred Owen, D. D. —Progress the Lesson of the Century: Rev. T. G. Colton. —Presbyterians in the Revolution: Rev. VWm. Aikman, D. D.-Righteousness Exalteth a Nation: Rev. J. Gordon Jones.-The Thanksgiving of the Patriot: Dr. Henry Zirndorf.-Modern Spiritualism —A Centennial Lesson: Giles B. Stebbins...... Page 305-372 PART IV. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. I.-PRELIMINARY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION. By Whom the Exhibition was First Proposed.-Agitation of the Subject in Philadelphia and PennsylvaniaL.-Act of Congress Establishing the Centennial Commission.-The President's Proclamation. -Further Act of Congress Giving the Exhibition a National Character.-The Centennial Board of Finance.-State Appropriations.-Countries Represented.-SALE OF LIQUORS ON THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS: Report Adverse Thereto; Opinion of the Solicitor of the Commission.-THE QUESTION OF OPENING THE Viii MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION ON SUNDAY: Majority and Minority Reports; the Methodist General Conference and other Religious Bodies on the Subject; the Ministerial Association of Detroit; Petitions and Representations for and Against; Final Determination. —OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION: General Arrangements, and Persons Present; Opening Prayer by Bishop Simpson; Centennial Hymn, by John G. Whittier; Presentation of the Buildings to the Commission; Presentation of the Exhibition to the President; the President's Address; the Exhibition Fully Open......... Page 373-389. II.-THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, LOCALLY AND EXTERNALLY. BY BRONSON HOWARD. INTRODUCTION-THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS: Fairs of the Middle Ages —Leipzig, Nijni Novgorod, Tantah; Fairs of More Modern Times —Venice, Leyden, England; Exhibitions of the Past Century —the French Series (1798 to 1849); Fairs in Vienna, Berlin, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Great Britain, the World's Fair of Hyde Park, its Four Successors in Paris, London and Vienna. —THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS: A General Description —the Valleys, Avenues, Bridges, Railways; Statues and Fountains —Batholdi, Father attew, Columbus, er, Washington, Union Soldier, the Pegasus Bronzes, Naval Group, Elias Howe, Colossal Hand of the French Statue of Liberty. —THE MINOR BUILDINGS: Their Number and Character; Bazars or Places of Traffic; Restaurants and Cafes; Special Exhibit Buildings-Brewer's Hall, Butter and Cheese Factory, Glassware Building, Quartz Mill, Spanish and French Government Pavilions, Canada Log House, Swedish School House, Pennsylvania Educational Hall, Kindergarten, American Newspaper Building, the New England Farmer's Home, House Apiary, Cuban Acclimatization Society, Old Locomotives and Cars, Hunter's Camp, Boats and Rafts; Foreign Government Buildings —Residences and Offices Erected by Great Britain, Japan, Spain, Germany, Brazil and Portugal; State Buildings; Official and other Buildings. —THE PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS: The Main Building —its Materials and Dimensions, Floorage, tile Three Annexes; Machinery Hall —Size, Two Miles of Shafting, the Great Motor, Tank for Pumps, Boiler Houses, Shoe and Leather Building, Saw-Mill Annex; Agricultural Hall —its Peculiar Architecture, Area, Annexes; Horticultural Hall —its Moorish Style in Form and Colors, Area, Annex, Rhododendrons and Azeleas, General Contents, the Conservatories, the Adjoining Beds of Flowers and Foliage-plants; Memorial Hall —a Permanent Monument of the Exhibition, Construction and Architecture, Dimensions, Wall-space for Paintings, the Art Annex, its many Galleries and Corridors, its Wall-space, the Photographic Building and its Contents; United States Government Building —its Area, Annexes and Surroundings; the Woman's Pavilion.-Recapitulation, showing the Number of Acres for the Exhibition of Goods and the Amount of Ground Actually Covered by the 153 Buildings Within the Grounds........ Page 390-406 III.-A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE EXHIBITION. BY BRONSON HOWARD. The Number of Exhibitors.-The Seven Departments.-MINING AND METALLURGY: A Table Showing the Number of Exhibitors from each Nation; the Contributions of the Several Countries Represented in this Department; Cold Twisted Iron and Fracture-Tests of Steel; Diamonds from South Africa, China, Japan, Hawaii, and other Countries. —MAcHINERY: The Centennial Exhibition Unequaled in this Department; the Boiler Houses; the Corliss Engine; Table of Exhibitors According to Nationality; the Ten Classes of Machinery; Russia, Sweden and France; the English-speaking Nations the Largest Contributors; Canada and the United States; General Mention of Various Kinds of Machinery; American Inventions; Scientific Accuracy of American Work.-THE GENERAL MANUFACTURES: Twenty-eight Nations Represented; Table of Exhibitors; American Chemical Products; Petroleum; Coal-tar and its Wonders; Ceramics; Products of Various Countries; Thorwaldsen in Danish Art; Japan and China —Remarkable Excellence in this Department; Glassware-Bohemian, French and Venetian; Furniture; Characteristics of the American Display; Silver-ware and Jewelry; the Elkington Display; Russia; Combination of Beauty and Usefulness in American Silver-ware; Artistic Products of many Countries; the Jewelry Exhibits of the United States; Articles of Personal Use or Ornament; Fancy Articles; the " Shoe and Leather Building;" Clothing from all Countries; Cotton Fabrics; Small Representation from Great Britain and France; Other Countries; the United States; Immense Number of American Exhibitors of Cotton Goods; their Superior CONTENTS. ix Quality; Linen; Woolen Fabrics; Progress of Canada and the United States; Silks; Dawnings of Silk Culture in America; Textile Fabrics from Other Parts of the World; Carpets; Tools, Cutlery and Other Hardware; Change in the Tide of Commerce Favorable to America; the Domestic Figures of Norway and Sweden.-AGRICULTURE: The American Display; Table of Exhibitors According to Nationality; General Agricultural Products, Natural and Manufactured; Teas, Raw Silk, and Foreign Productions generally; Brandies and Wines-Startling Figures; Agricultural Implements and Machinery; Horticultural Department. —EDUCATION AND SCIENCE: Methods of Foreign Countries; Canada and the United States; Universal Attention to the Subject of Education; Books, Newspapers and Periodicals; Clocks and Watches; Superiority of American Watches; Scientific Instruments; Table of Exhibitors.-THE' FINE ARTS: Low Average of Merit, and its Cause; Sketch of the Art Exhibit from all Countries; Table of Contributors; Engravings, Drawings, Decorations; Photographs. —THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING: Arms, Machinery and.Scientific Apparatus; Patent Office Models; Cabinets of Natural History. —THE WOMAN'S PAVILION: Embroidery, Carving and other Fancy Work; Inventions; Prominent Ladies; " The New Century." — RECAPITULATION: Comparative Number of Contributors from all Countries; General Summary of Facts Connected with the Exhibition. —THE AWARD OF MEDALS: Plan of Distribution and Number of Medals Awarded; the Relative Number of Medals Received, in the various Departments, by American and Foreign Exhibitors; Significant Words from a French Commissioner... Page 407-460 PART V. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. I.-UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS AND THE STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD. Appointment of U. S. Commissioner and Alternate; Address to the People of the State-Appeal Asking for their Co-operation.-The State Centennial Board: Act of the Legislature on the Subject; Appointment of Members of the Board; First Meeting; Appointment of Secretary; Proceedings of the Board; Assignment of its Members to Special Duties; Appointment of Dr. Jacokes as Superintendendt of the Educational Department; Co-operation of the State Board of Agriculture; Circulars Asking Co-operation of Various State Interests; Final Report of the Board, with Summary of its Work.-The Michigan Building: General Description; Materials Contributed for its Construction; Dedication; Favorable Mention by Persons and the Press; its Uses During the Exhibition; a Home for Michigan People; Donations for the Building........... Page 461-477 II.-PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL AND MINE. AGRICULTURE AND POMOLOGY: The Work of Commissioner Woodman; Co-operation of the State Agricultural and Pomological Societies; Circulars and Personal Effort; List of County Superintendents; the General Agricultural Exhibit; Chas. A. Ilgenfritz as Superintendent; General Description; List, by Counties, of Exhibitors in Agriculture and Pomology; the Special Fruit Exhibits, Spring and Fall; Persons and Societies Participating; Report of the Centennial Judges on Michigan Fruit; Report of Mr. Ilgenfritz; General Remarks.-FORESTRY AND GRASSES: Exhibition in Charge of the State Board of Agriculture and Agricultural College; Classes of Woods Exhibited; Catalogue of Exhibitors; Descriptive Essay by Prof. Beal; Michigan Pine Logs.-THE MINERAL EXHIBIT: Special Labors of Commissioner Hubbell; Catalogue of Copper and Iron Specimens; the Salt Exhibit; Report of Samuel Brady, C. E., Superintendent of the Mineral Department; Interesting Review and Important Suggestions.... Page 478-515 III.-EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND ART. "The Work of Rev. Dr. Jacokes.-State Department of Public Instruction-When Established; Names of the Superintendents; 1Mr1. C. B. Stebbins as Deputy; Statistical Cllarts. —EXHIBIT BY THE STATE UNIVERSITY: Educational Charts Showing Courses of Study in the Primary, Grammar and High Schools, x MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. the University, the Agricultural College, the Normal School, State Charitable Schools and Denominational Colleges; Special Exhibits; History of the University by Prof. Adams —SrATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE: History and Methods; State Board of Agriculture; Officers and Faculty of the College.-STATE NORMAL SCHOOL: History and Methods; State Board of Education; Members of the Faculty.-THE GRADED AND HIGH SCHOOLS: Introductory Remarks; Exhibits by the Public Schools of Adrian, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Bay City, Benton Harbor, Brooklyn, Calumet, Coldwater, Detroit, East Saginaw, Flint, Grand: Rapids, onia, Hillsdale, Howell, Jonesville, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Marshall, Niles, Pontiac, Saginaw, St. Johns, Wyandotte.-REPORT OF COMMISSIONER JACOKES: Steps Taken to Secure Representation; Awards to the Michigan Educational Exhibit; Discussion of the School Question, and Changes in Methods. Recommended...... Page 516-564 IV.-MICHIGAN STATE INSTITUTIONS. STATE PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR DEPENDENT CHILDREN: Exhibit at the Centennial; Historical and, Descriptive Sketch.-INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF ND DUMB, ANAD THE BLND: History, Description and Statistics.-MIcHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE: History and Plan; Financial and Other Facts.STATE REFORM SCHOOL: Historical Sketch; Interesting Incident Relating to the Removal of the Prison Features; General Regulations; Amount and Value of Property; Exercises of the School. Page 565-579V.-COLLEGES, SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES. DENOMINATIONAL COLLEGES AND SCHOOILS: Adrian College; Albion College; Hillsdale College;, Hope College; Kalamazoo College; Olivet College; Michigan Female Seminary; Raisin Valley Seminary; Young Ladies' Seminary and Collegiate Institute. -Detroit Medical College. -BUSINESS COLLEGES: Grand Rapids Business College; Mayhew Business College; Goldsmith's Business University; Kalamazoo Business College. -LADIES' LIBRARY AssoCIATIoNs: Exhibit in the Woman's Pavilion; Sketches of Library Associations at Adrian, Albion, Alpena, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Blissfield, Coldwater, Corunna, Dryden,. Fentonville, Flushing, Grand Blanc, Greenville, Jonesville, Kalamazoo, Lapeer, Marshall, Owosso, Plainwell, Port Huron, Quincy, St. Clair, St. Johns, Union City, Ypsilanti.-Ladies' Literary Club, Grand. Rapids............... Page 580-608 VI.-RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS. Introductory Remarks: Religious Organizations Represented at the Centennial; Order of Arrange — ment Chronological.-HISTORICAL SKETCHES: The Catholic Church-Facts Supplied by Bishop Borgess; the Methodist Episcopal Church-Sketch by Rev. Dr. Pilcher; Presbyterian Synod of Michigan-Sketch by Rev. Dr. Geo. Duffield; the Baptist Denomination-Sketch by Rev. Dr. Owen; Congregational Churches-Sketch by Rev. Dr. Hurd; the Episcopal Church-Sketch by Rev. J. T. Webster; the Reformed Church-Sketch by Rev. Philip Phelps; the Seventh Day Adventists-the Denomination, its College, and. Health Institute............. Page 609-623VII.-MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURES. Work of Members of the Centennial Board in Charge of this Department.-Furniture and Wooden Ware; Extensively Manufactured at Grand Rapids; Exhibit of Furniture at the Centennial.-Stove Manufacture: Some Account of Stoves, Ancient and Modern; Stove Manufacture in Michigan; Stoves Exhibited at the Centennial.-Agricultural Machinery and Implements: Dr. Miles' Models of Ancient Plows, etc.; Manufacture of Agricultural and Gardening Implements; Exhibit of Withington, Cooley & Co.; Travis' Wheat Hoe; Threshing Machines; Fruit Dryers; Minor Agricultural Exhibits.-The Manufacture of Flour; Richardson's Wheat Cleaner and Scourer; Model of Union Flouring Mills.Boult's Carver and Moulder.-Exhibit in Pharmacy —tlhle Only Exhibit from West of the Alleghanies.Cabinet and Combination Organs.-Various Mechanical and Other Exhibits... Page 624-635 CONTENTS. xi VIII.-MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS AND LIST OF AWARDS. Comparative Population and Resources of the State, 1836 and 1876-Chart Exhibited in the Michigan Building.-State Agricultural Society: Historical Sketch; Reports of the State Board of Agriculture and the State Agricultural Society; State Fairs, When and Where Held; Union with the Northern Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical Society; First Inception of the State Agricultural College.-State Pomological Society: When and Where Organized; Persons Prominent in its Organization; its Exhibitions; Exhibit at the Centennial; Officers for the Centennial Year.-State Board of Health: Represented at the Centennial by its Reports; When Established; Methods and Objects of the Board.Prison Exhibits: The State Prison at Jackson; the Detroit House of Correction. —Archueology: Exhibit by the Detroit Scientific Association; Organization, Officers, and Objects of the Association; the Kent Scientific Institute; Other Bodies and Persons Contributing to the Collection.-Works of Art and Design: School Maps; Photographs and Plans; Engravings and Pictures of Michigan State Institutions; Sectional and Geological Maps; Stanley's Painting, "Indian Telegraph;" Designs in Architecture; Ornamental Chair.-Models: Calumet and Hecla Stamp Mill; Bridge Over Missouri River by Detroit Bridge Company. Photography: How Michigan was Represented in Practical Photography.-Masonry in Michigan: Historical Sketches of Capitular, Cryptic and Templar Masonry; Number of Blue Lodges and Total Membership in the State.-Good Templars: Historical and Statistical Sketch.-Awards Granted to Michigan Exhibitors; Manner of Making Awards; Diploma and Medal; List of Awards.... Page 636-647 IX.-MILITARY AND OTHER EXCURSIONS. Detroit Light Guard: Historical Sketch; its War Record; Commanding Officers Since its Organization; its Centennial Trip; Roster of the Corps; Scenes and Incidents.-The Detroit National Guard: Historical Sketch; a Representative Irish Organization; Centennial Trip; Parade at Philadelphia; Commendatory Press Notices; Roster of the Company.-Pelouze Corps, Detroit Cadets: Historical Sketch; Organized by Gen. Pelouze; Parades and Encampments; Centennial Trip: Parade on the Centennial Fourth; Present at the Opening of the Michigan Building; Officers of the Battalion and Companies.lonia Light Guard: Historical Sketch; Officers of the Company; Successful Excursion to Philadelphia; Saranac Cornet Band. -The Knights Templar: Some General Remarks; the Knights' Centennial Tour; History by J. W. McGrath; Reception and Entertainment; the Grand Parade, June 1; Commendatory Notices by the Press; Poem and Sermon by Rev. C. H. W. Stocking; Reception Home; Gardiner's Flint City Band; Reception by Citizens of Flint.-Odd Fellows and Patriarchs: Historical Mention; Trip to the Centennial; Parade by the Uniformed Patriarchs; Officers of the Grand Lodge and Grand Encampment. - Knights of Pythias: Historical Sketch; Number of Lodges and Members; Centennial Trip. —Other Excursions: Mechanics and Inventors; Farmers' Excursions, etc.-Rates of Fare and Railway Routes.A Financial Computation of Expenses Incurred by Michigan People.... Page 648-666 APPENDIX. CONCLUDING NOTES ON THE CENTENNIAL. Michigan People at the Exhibition.-The Press of Michigan-List of Newspapers in the State.Appropriation to Cover Expenses of the Centennial Board..... Page 667-670 SOME GENERAL STATISTICS. The Presidential Campaign of 1876.-Vote on State Officers, 1876.-State Officers and State Boards.Supreme Court of Michigan.-Senators and Representatives in Congress.-Financial Condition of Michigan.-Statistics of Population,-Statistics of Agriculture.-Public Lands in Michigan.-Statistics of X11 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Manufactures.-Mineral Statistics.-Lumber Product. -Railways.-The Military.-Summary of Michigan; Products.-Population of Michigan Cities.- Educational Statistics.-Religious Organizations.-Some General Facts......... Page 671-678 ILLUSTRATIONS. Michigan Centennial Building (Frontispiece); Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, Page 23; State Capitol (Old and New), 40; Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 79; Main Exhibition Building, 402;. Machinery Hall, 412; Agricultural Building, 436; Horticultural Hall, 442; Memorial Hall, 448; VWoman's Pavilion, 452; Centennial Memorial Medal, 4.58; University of Michigan, 520; Adrian High School, 543^ Ann Arbor High School, 543; Flint High School, 547; Marshall High School, 564; State Public School, 568; Asylum for Insane, 576; Centennial Award Medal, 647. PREFACE. W HILE employed, during the early part of the year 1876, under appointment by Governor Bagley, in preparing for the press a statistical review of the State designed primarily for distribution at the Centennial Exhibition in the interest of immigration, I was impressed with the importance of making some specific and connected record, in form for preservation, of Michigan representation at the Exhibition. The official record it was, of course, understood would be preserved by the able and competent gentlemen having the official management; but it was also believed that there would be very many things worthy of note of which official cognizance could not well be taken, and hence that there was a demand for a work of a popular character outside of the mere official record. The public thought, during the year 1876, centered so much upon the Centennial Exhibition, that the term, " The Centennial," came to have a technical meaning as referring to that enterprise. The germinal idea of this volume, in sympathy with the public thought on the subject, connected it only with the Exhibition, and hence it was first announced as "Michigan at the Centennial." But most human enterprises are things of growth and development, and reflection soon suggested that "The Centennial" had a much broader scope than as a mere descriptive term referring to the International Exhibition-that it comprehended not only the Centennial year, but the commemoration of events preceding and leading directly to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. To meet this broader view, the title was changed to that under which the work is now presented to the public. As preliminary to any definite undertaking, the members of the State Centennial Board of Managers were consulted, and their recommendation, which appears elsewhere, was cordially given. As a further preliminary, a partial canvass was made to determine whether there was a demand for such a work, and although the first proposals were necessarily somewhat indefinite, the readiness with which subscriptions were made demonstrated that the demand existed. It was announced that the work would be "a representative Centennial book in all departments comprehended by it," and such it aims to be. The brief resum6 that is given in the first chapter of the work, of the rise of the colonies, in close connection with acts of the British government impinging upon the civil and political rights of the colonists, and counter acts of the colonies themselves, the whole preceding and leading to the formal separation by the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, will give to the young reader a better understanding of the rise of the nation as a political structure than a considerable study of political history would do. And it is here appropriately remarked that the arrangement of the work in its various parts, while 2 6 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. it is to a great extent a mere record of facts, is with a view both to interest and instruct the growing mind of the State-young persons passing into manhood and womanhood; for the thoughts embodied in the poems, addresses, orations, sermons, etc., in connection with the record of commemorative exercises of the Centennial year, will make the work a valuable political text-book and manual. It was with this view that the orations that form the first chapter of Part III are published. The liberal extracts therein given from the able oration of Rev. Dr. Storrs, are from a pamphlet edition by A. D. F. Randolph & Co., of New York. It is not presumed that the record of local celebrations of the Centennial Fourth which forms the third chapter of Part II, will have any especial literary value. Those observances necessarily partook of the same general characteristics, and hence a necessary sameness in their description. Their essential value consists in the record that is here perpetuated of the manner and extent of the commemoration, and of the persons participating. The extracts from Michigan orations that are presented under that head, are representative, and entitled to the place that they occupy. They were prepared by their authors as voluntary contributions to the commemoration of the Centennial Fourth, without reference to preservation or publication. Only a limited space could be given to each one, but the collection, taken as a whole, will form a valuable record of the popular thought of the time. In the collection of sermons that forms the concluding chapter of Part III, the object was to present representative thought in the religious world. The fact that the same denomination is in one or two cases represented by more than one discourse, while others are not represented at all, is unavoidable rather than intentional. The wish and the effort was to represent all. All denominations from which responses were received in season, are given representation, while with the manuscripts furnished, the delicate duty of selection and abridgment has been performed under the many, and in some cases conflicting, considerations and influences that surround such a work, but in which prejudice or preference as between denominations has formed no part. I take this occasion to extend my acknowledgments and thanks to the reverend gentlemen by whose favor this valuable feature is made a part of the work. None of the discourses were written with the view of publication in this volume. There is no part of the work that has afforded so much personal pleasure and satisfaction in its compilation as that portion descriptive of the ladies' library associations. The erasive pencil was passed but lightly over the abstracts that I was calledjto revise, and always regretfully where the necessity of abridgment compelled its use. There is no part of our State representation at the Centennial Exhibition that, in the years to come, will reflect more clearly the quiet and unobtrusive, but refining, elevating and chastening currents of our social life, than this modest record of the ladies' library associations of Michigan, their methods and workings. The poem that introduces the work is a contribution by Mr.' B. Hathaway, of Little Prairie Ronde. It was originally written under the inspiration of a visit to the Centennial Exhibition, the last three stanzas having since been added to give it a specific application to this work It is a voluntary offering to this volume by Mr. Hathaway, but will appear in a volume which he has in press, entitled, "Art-Life, and Other Poems." PREFACE. 7 Among the contributors to the work who are not named in immediate connection with matter furnished by them, are: Mr. Wm. N. Hudson, who contributes the first chapter of Part I, and the greater portion of the first chapter of Part II; Mr. H. M. Utley, as compiler of the third.and fourth chapters of Part II; Mr. Bronson Howard, who contributes the second and third chapters of Part IV; and Mr. Henry S. Clubb, who prepared the greater portion of the material for Part V, except the first and the last chapters. To the newspaper press of the State, I wish both heartily and feelingly to express my obligations for notices, not simply favorable and complimentary, but highly commendatory, without, to my knowledge, a single exception where expression has been given. I do not forget, however, that the expression thus far has had reference to the plan only. The execution and details of the work are yet to pass the critical examination of a class of gentlemen specially fitted by their calling to judge of its merits. Holding, myself, a cherished professional relationship to these gentlemen, the work is submitted to their judgment, in full confidence that it will be expressed with equal candor and courtesy. I am under many obligations to the members of the State Centennial Board, and to the Secretary, MIr. F. W. Noble, for personal and official favors. The publication of the work has been delayed considerably beyond what was expected, and -though bearing the date of the Centennial year, its final completion has extended so far into the year 1877, that notice is incidentally taken of some things occurring during the first months of that year. S. B. McCRACKEN. DETROIT, April, 1877. INTRODUCTORY POEM. CENTENNIAL. I. Turn backward-turn the horoscope of Time Backward a hundred years! 0 year sublime! Lo! by the sea, Anxious and bowed in tears, Tearful but not forlorn, Columbia, sitting by the cradled form Of one but newly born; Sitting with mother-breast all full and warm, Feeding Thy infant life, 0 LIBERTY! I. Now in her matron pride she sees Thee stand Unto full stature grown; From strand to strand, Wide leagues awayStill on-and all Thine own, Stretches Thy fair estate; From Isles of Palm to belts of Northern PineFrom where the Golden Gate Looks on the sea, to the Atlantic brine; Transfigured all in the new-risen day! III. A hundred years! O who so wise to know The good Thy years have brought,To rightly show What work divine Our hands through Thee have wrought? By Thee inspired to toil We builded-building better than we planned; Though shaped in grime and moil, Before our thought embodied full and grand, We stand abashed,-knowing the work is Thine. 10 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. IV. To-day Thy commerce spreads her snowy sail On the remotest main; And many a vale Where wakes the sound Of forge, and loom, and planeWhere Learning builds her shrine, Faith lights her altars, Art her temple rearsWhere homes fond hearts entwine Where harvests yield their wealth of golden earsWas at Thy birth a wilderness profound. v. Through mountain reach, by hill, and moor, and mead, We stretch the iron way, On which the steed That never tires, Treads with exultant neigh; The plowman, turning o'er The farthest glebe, a joyful tremor feels; The woodman from his door Hears from afar the sound of rolling wheels;Hearing, his soul with nobler impulse fires. VI. And here to-day, where Thou didst wake to birthLife from the Life Divine!Owning Thy worth, A mighty throng Come-pilgrims to Thy shrine, Than armed host more grand! Never before such sound of hurrying feet Was heard in all the land; And still they come,-bearing an homage meet; And still,-and twice a hundred thousand strong! VII. And hither from across the stormy main Have the far nations brought, And not in vain, To honor Thee, Works that their hands have wrought; INTRODUCTORY POEM. 11 Treasures of every zone: Fur of all beasts that tread the Polar snow; Sheaves from all harvests sown; Gems, spices, gums —all plants, all fruits that grow In gardens cradled on the Tropic sea. VIII. And dearer than all wealth, or proud device From Labor's tireless handBought with the price Of precious bloodFreedom in all the land! Lighting the hills of Time, Onward the morning glow of Freedom runs,Onward from clime to clime; Lo! Afric's sons reaching to Afric's sons A helping hand across the briny flood! IX. And though the evil hosts that round Thee stood On that momentous day Of Motherhood, That gave Thee life, Dare still Thy children slay; Aye!-though must be again, And yet again, Thy battle fought and won,Must be Thy patriots slain, O Liberty! as they of Lexington, And they that fell in Gettysburg's wild strife;x. Though too-O shame!-Thy sons against Thee turn, Schooled in all low desires; With hearts that burn With greed of gold, Or lusts that power inspires; Yet will we not despair: The God of Nations shall all gods dethrone, All realms dissolve in air, Save that wherein each soul shall have its own,The Key to its own Destiny shall hold. 12 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. XI. We hark the chimes that ring Thy natal year: A far-off minstrelsy We seem to hear; And sweeter than The bells' "Sweet bye and bye," Is the low-heard refrainA music that our ears have waited long, Erewhile to swell amainThe prelude to the glad millennial song Of-"Peace on earth-peace and good will to Man!" XII. Although in Freedom all alike are fairAre one bright Sisterhood; Though all do bear Unto one shrine An offering meet and goodWorthy of praise; yet I Behold with pride one Banner, brighter than An Autumn sunset-sky, Where Thy name radiant glows, 0 MICHIGAN! Thy ensigns gleam and Thy escutcheons shine. XIII. And though Thou art one of the later born, And was Thy wide domain On Freedom's natal morn A wilderness;Here, of Thy fruits and grain, All products of Thy soil, Thy forests and Thy mines-all that is wrought By patient thought and toil, Thou to the Nation's Carnival hast brought, And in Her greatness shalt Thy part possess. XIV. And when another hundred years have fled, These Pages shall again, As from the dead, The story tell;Who were Thy sturdy men, Thy women brave, of old Who made a love-led pilgrimage, and free Did give of toil or gold To honor well the birth of LibertyMake glorious Her first Centennial. PHILADELPRIA, October, 1876. PART I. PRELIMIINARY CHAPTERS. I.-THE AMERICAN COLONIES, AND THEIR SEPARATION FROM GREAT BRITAIN. ILL intelligent adult persons lknow what our National Centennial means, but A younger persons, and those who may read of it in the future, will the better comprehend its significance if we go back a hundred years, and review briefly the events which in 1876 the people of the United States are commemorating so earnestly, so grandly, and so universally. Besides, it seems every way fitting, at a time when we are rejoicing over the successful completion of a hundred years of national existence, to consider the causes which gave our country a being-the elements of character and the developments of history which resulted in the Declaration of Independence, the separation of the American colonies from Great Britain, and the genesis, not only of a new nation, but of republican government in a new world. American independence had its origin and beginning in the character of the earliest American colonists. The spirit which led the pilgrim fathers across the Atlantic, to find in a bleak and savage wilderness the " freedom to worship God" which they were denied at home, was the spirit which, a century and a half later, inspired the resistance to the stamp act, and to all taxation without representation, which resulted in the war of independence. The demand for civil liberty was the logical result of the demand for religious liberty. The seeds of Freedom were the first planted by the American immigrants, and they grew with the growth of the colonies. Indeed, it is not too much to say that the desire for freedom was the very life-germ of the Anglo-Saxon colonization of America, without which growth and health would have been impossible. The history of American independence properly begins with the settlement of North America by English colonists. 3 14 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The first permanent settlement within the limits of the United States was made in 1607, at Jamestown, Virginia, near the mouth of the James river, by an English colony under Captain Christopher Newport, under the auspices of the London Company, which had a charter for the southern portion of the English possessions in America. In 1621 a written constitution was granted to the colony, which had been named VIRGINIA, after the virgin Queen, Elizabeth, under which its governor and council were appointed by the London Company, while the house of burgesses were elected by the people. In 1684 the previous charters and grants were recalled, and Virginia became a royal province, its governor being appointed directly by the crown, and its burgesses, or representatives, elected by the people. The germ of the Declaration of Independence was brought to America by the Mayflower, which landed the pilgrim fathers at Plymouth on the 22d of December, 1620. Denied liberty of worship in England, these Puritans first sought temporary shelter in Holland, in 1608, but, not satisfied with living under an alien form of government, determined to seek a home in the new continent, where they could remain Englishmen and yet be free to obey their consciences. The colony established at Plymouth in 1620 was followed by that of Massachusetts Bay in 1628, and by others soon after. In 1634 the colony of MAssACnTUSETTS was formed, and the government, which had heretofore been a pure democracy, became that of a representative republic, the powers of legislation being entrusted to deputies chosen by the people. This form of government was taken away in 1686 by an act of King James II, but when that monarch was driven from England a new charter was granted by his successor, under which the governor was appointed by the King, the assembly, or legislature, elected by the people, and the council chosen by the assembly. The colony of NEW HAIPSHIRE, first settled in 1622, was in the beginning a part of Massachusetts, but was separated from it in 1680 by a royal commission, and made a royal province. The government of the province consisted of a president and council, appointed by the King, and a legislature chosen by the people. The first act of this legislature was the adoption of a code of laws, the first clause of which declared: "That no act, imposition, law or ordinance should be made or imposed upon them but such as should be made by the assembly and approved by the president and council." Thus early was the right of self-government not merely asserted but enacted into law by the sturdy New England colonists. In 1699 New Hampshire was re-united with Massachusetts, but in 1741 again and finally separated from it. The province of CONNECTICUT was settled in 1635 by emigrants from the Massa PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 15 chusetts Bay colony. In 1639 the inhabitants of the three towns on the Connecticut river which had Hartford for their cenlter, formed a separate government, and adopted a constitution providing for the election of a governor andcl legislature by the people, who were to take an oath of allegiance to the commonwealth instead of to the English monarch; while in the "general court" alone was vested the power of making and repealing laws. This remarkable constitution, one of the most democratic ever framed up to that time, was subsequently confirmed to the whole province of Connecticut by the royal charter issued in 1662 by Charles II. RIODE ISLANLD was colonized in 1636 by Roger Williams, the New England radical of the seventeenth century, banished from Massachusetts for preaching a gospel of liberty and independence of human authority which was far in advance of the tenets of the Puritans. In 1644 he secured a charter from Parliament, then waging war with the first Charles, under which a democratic government was organized, with a president and legislature. A code of laws was adopted which declared the government to be a democracy, and which closed with the enactment that "all men might walk as their consciences persuaded them, without molestation, every one in the name of his God." NEW YouK, which was first permanently settled by the Dutch, in 1623, passed into English possession in 1664, being seized by all expedition fitted out by the Duke of York, under a grant from the King of England. The rule of the proprietor was at first arbitrary, but in 1683 a "charter of liberties" was established by the assembly of the province, which provided for a general assembly, elected by all the freemen, and that no tax should be assessed, on any pretense whatever, without the consent of the assembly. It was also enacted that no seaman or soldier should be quartered on the inhabitants against their will. The province of NEW JERSEY was part of New York until 1664, when the latter passed into English control, and the Duke of York conveyed the former to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Its proprietaries granted a constitution promising freedom from taxation, except by the act of the colonial assembly, and freedom of conscience and equal privileges to all. In 1702 it was again united with New York, but in 1738 was made an independent royal province. MARYLAND was settled in 1632, under a grant from the King of England. Lord Baltimore, the humane proprietor, a century in advance of the thought of his age, granted, by the charter, equality in religious rights, and civil freedom, to all the colonists, and it was expressly stipulated that no tax should ever be imposed by the crown upon the inhabitants of the province. The first legisla 16 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. ture, convened in 1639, confirmed to the people of Maryland all the liberties enjoyed by English subjects at home. A limited religious toleration was enacted in 1649 by a law of the assembly, providing that no person professing to believe in Jesus Christ should be molested in respect to his religion or its exercise. The territory of the present State of PENNSYLVANIA wTas first settled by the Swedes in 1643. In 1681 the illustrious William Penn obtained a charter from Charles II, and established the colony subsequently called by his name, the leading ideas of which were civil and religious liberty and peace with all mankind. In 1683 the assembly of the colony adopted a "charter of liberties" which made its government a representative democracy. In 1699 Penn granted a still more liberal form of government to the colonists. The colony remained a proprietary one until the revolution. -DELAWARE was also under the proprietary government of Penn and his heirs, but in 1703 it was separated from Pennsylvania, and had a distinct legislature, although the same governor continued to preside over both provinces. The first settlement of the CAROLINAS was made in 1650, within the limits of the present State of NORTH CAROLINA. In 1663 the territory comprising both the present States wsas granted to Lord Clarendon and seven others, by a charter which secured religious freedom and a voice in the legislation of the colony to the people, but granted to the proprietors an almost imperial power. Under this grant, in 1670, a constitution for the colony was framed by the Earl of Shaftesbury, assisted by the celebrated philosopher, John Locke, with the intention of modeling the new settlement upon the institutions, social and political, of Great Britain. It established a hereditary aristocracy of lords and noblemen, who constituted the chief power of the State, and placed nearly every office and function of the government beyond the reach of the common people. This cumbrous constitution was utterly unsuited not only to the spirit of liberty which animated the American colonists, but equally to the circumstances which surrounded them, and it was abrogated in 1690, never having been in practical operation. SouTH CAROLINA was first settled in 1670, at Charleston. From its beginning it was a planting colony, employing slave labor. It was at first under the same government with North Carolina, but was in 1729 separated from it, and in that year both became royal provinces, with separate colonial governments. At that time the territory which now composes the State of GEORGIA was a wilderness. In 1732 James Oglethorpe conceived the idea of opening an asylum in the new world for the poor the poor of his own country, and for Protestants of every land. He obtained a grant from George II, for twenty-one years, and PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 17 founded his settlement at Savannah in 1733. It is a noteworthy fact that the regulations of the colony of Georgia, alone of the original thirteen, prohibited slavery, declaring it immoral and contrary to the laws of England. This prohibition, however, was evaded and very laxly enforced, and Georgia soon became a planting, slave-owning colony, like the Carolinas. In 1752 the trustees of the colony surrendered their charter to the King, and it became a royal province. This brief review of the history of the original thirteen colonies shows how the spirit of civil and religious liberty inspired them all, and with what vigor the rights of self-government and the regulation of taxation by themselves were maintained. It is worth noting, also, that the government in all of the colonies was republican in form. The only attempt at establishing a hereditary aristocracy-that which was tried in the Carolinas-failed utterly. Whether under charters like Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, or under proprietary governments like Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware, or royal provinces like Virginia and other colonies, all of them had the same republican form of legis-'lativp government, and nearly all had guaranteed to them the right of regulating taxation by their own representative assemblies. The causes of these free institutions lay partly in the character of the colonists themselves, and partly in the circumstances which surrounded them. Several of the colonies were founded by those-who fled from oppression in the old world to seek civil and religious liberty in the new; and in the others the equality of toil and hardship made a natural democracy, while the absence of wealth and large possessions rendered the attempt at establishing an aristocracy futile and ridiculous. The rights thus asserted by the colonies did not, however, remain uninfringed. In 1763 the protracted war between England and France, in which the American colonists had given a loyal support to the mother country, was terminated by a peace which gave England the undisputed possession of the Atlantic coast of North America, north of the Spanish colonies in Florida. Hardly had the peace been concluded when the venal administration of George II attempted to add to its revenues by the taxation of the American colonies, upon the growing commerce of which Parliament had already attempted to impose restrictions. As early as 1633 it had laid a duty upon all sugar and molasses imported into the colonies, but the excise law had been for years evaded or openly violated, with little interference from the British authorities. A far more grievous burden was imposed upon them biy the enforcement of the navigation acts, which provided that no merchandise from the colonies should be imported into England in other than English vessels; prohibited the exportation from the colonies, and from 18 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. one colony into another, of hats, and woolens of domestic manufacture; forbade the erection of iron works and the manufacture of steel in the colonies; prohibited the felling of pitch and pine trees, except within enclosures; and levied an excessive duty on sugar, rum and molasses. The first serious attempt to enforce these acts was made in 1761, when the colonial courts issued "writs of assistance " -in other words general search-warrants, authorizing the King's officers to make search for articles which had been introduced into the provinces without the payment of the required duty. In Boston especially this step met with much resistance, and James Otis, that fiery forerunner of the revolution, made his name famous by his eloquent protests. In this early contest was the beginning of American independence. But the writs were executed, and the colonies for the time submitted. The navigation writs were enforced, vessels engaged in contraband commerce were seized and confiscated, and the colonial trade with the West Indies was nearly annihilated. But this was only the beginning of the policy of oppression pursued by the English Parliament toward the American colonies. In 1764 Mr. Grenville's ministry, which Macauley has characterized as "the worst admlinistration that has governed England since the revolution,"" proposed, and in the next year Parliament adopted, a stamp act for the colonies, which ordained that instruments of writing, such as deeds, bonds, notes and printed pamphlets, almanacs, newspapers, etc., should be executed on stamped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the crown. Meanwhile the ministry, foreseeing trouble, had adroitly made the judiciary of the colonies the servants of the home governnent, their salaries being no longer paid by the colonies, but by the crown; and arrangements had been made for establishing a standing army in America. The enactment of the stamp tax created a general feeling of indignation throughout all the colonies. While the proposition was pending, the legislatures of Massachusetts and New York protested against it. James Otis, and that grandest of republicans, Samuel Adams, lifted up their eloquent voices in denunciation and warning. Its passage caused an even greater outburst of resistant feeling. At Boston and Philadelphia, muffled bells rang dirges; at New York the act was carried through the streets in procession, with the motto, " The folly of England the ruin of America;" in the Virginia house of burgesses Patrick Henry introduced his famous resolutions asserting the rights of the colonies, declaring the exclusive right of the Virginia assembly to tax the inhabitants of that colony, and also asserting that that the people were "not bound *Referring to the revolution of 1649, which dethroned Charles I, PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 19 to yield obedience to any law or ordinance whatsoever," designed to impose taxation upon them, other than those of the assembly itself. It was in this discussion that Henry, warmed by patriotic zeal, uttered that famous sentence which will live in history: "Cesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and George the Third-(here he was interrupted by the cry of "Treason! treason!")-may profit by their example." These resolutions were adopted, though two others, still more revolutionary in their character, were voted down. Thus Virginia rang the alarm-bell, and gave the signal of obstinate resistance to the continent. Massachusetts was not slow to respond. In her assembly James Otis proposed a Continental Congress of the colonies. The call was responded to first by South Carolina, and afterward by most of the other colonies, and on October 7th, 1765, the Congress convened in New York city; the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, Delaware, New Jersey and New York being represented, while New Hampshire and Georgia expressed sympathy with its object without sending delegates. The Congress, after mature deliberation, adopted an address to the British government, which asserted in emphatic terms the right of freedom from all taxation except that which was concurred in by the colonial legislatures. The petition to the King and the memorial to parliament were signed only by the delegates from six colonies, but all the rest, whether represented or not, afterward approved the measures adopted. Meanwhile, the popular indignation against the stamp act was manifesting itself in many ways throughout the colonies. Brave Parson Mayhew of Boston preached against it with the old puritan fire and zeal. The demonstrations of the people compelled stamp agent after agent to resign, until, when the act went into effect, November 1st, 1765, hardly one was left to discharge the duties of the office. Nearly all the stamped paper which had been sent to the country was either burned or shipped back to England. In New York city the common council demanded of the governor that he surrender the stamped paper to its possession, and he was forced to comply. In Connecticut the stamp officer, Jared Ingersoll, was met by four or five hundred of his fellow-citizens, conducted into Wethersfield, and compelled not only to resign his office, but to shout for "Liberty and property" three times. Similar scenes occurred in the other colonies. November 1st, on which the act was to go into effect, was kept as a day of mourning. Shops and stores were closed, flags hung at half mast, funeral bells tolled, effigies hung and burned, and everything possible was done to demonstrate the determined opposition of the people. 20 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The passive resistance to the act was, however, more effectual than these active demonstrations. All business which required the use of stamped paper was suspended. The courts were closed, marriages ceased, vessels were delayed in the harbors, and all the social and mercantile affairs of the continent stagnated. By degrees, however, the act was disregarded, and business of all kinds resumed without the use of stamped paper. Most of the newspapers of the colonies, from the beginning, published their papers without stamps. The example thus set was followed in other branches of business. The stamp officers did not venture to enforce the act, and it became a dead letter. Meanwhile the powerful organization known as the "Sons of Liberty" was established, its purpose being to "resist the stamp act, protect the freedom of the press, and defend with their lives and property those who in the exercise of their rights as freemen should become the objects of British tyranny." A very few months trial of the stamp tax satisfied the British government not only that it was pecuniarily unprofitable, but that it was fatally undermining the loyalty of the colonists to the mother country; and it was repealed in March, 1766, after a protracted parliamentary debate, in which the elder Pitt appeared as the great champion of the colonies, and Mr. Grenville as the principal defender of the right of Parliament to tax them. The repeal of the stamp act caused great rejoicing not only in the colonies but in Great Britain. Public thanksgivings were held, the importation of British goods was again encouraged, and a general calm succeeded. the storm. But it was not of long duration. Another scheme for taxing the colonies, devised by Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, was passed by Parliament, and received the approval of the King on June 29th, 1767. It imposed a heavy duty on glass, paper, painters' colors and tea. This law went into effect on November 20th, and was met by the colonists with a passive resistance. They formed associations for the support of domestic manufactures, and against the use and importation of articles upon which a duty was levied. The province of Massachusetts adopted a circular letter to the other colonies, entreating their co-operation in obtaining a redress of grievances. This circular was heartily responded to by the Virginia house of burgesses, and by the people of the colonies generally; but it caused great indignation in England, and the ministry, through the governor of Massachusetts, required the Massachusetts assembly to rescind its action, under the threat that if it refused, it would be dissolved, and kept dissolved until it yielded. It was not, however, to be intimidated. It repeatedly refused to rescind its action, and again affirmed it in even stronger language. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 21 Meanwhile, the royal commissioners of the revenue at Boston, foiled in their attempt to enforce the obnoxious laws by the refusal of the people to buy goods on which a tax was imposed, were engaged in representing to the British government that they felt apprehensions of their own safety, and that the turbulent condition of the colonies required that troops should be quartered at Boston. Soldiers to the number of seven hundred were accordingly sent to. Boston from Halifax, and landed in the city in September, 1768,o under General Gage. The general and governor claimed the right to billet the troops on the inhabitants; the city council, on the other hand, were persistent in adhering to the terms of the "billeting act," and refusing to provide quarters in the town till the barracks at Castle William should be full. Having the law on their side, they carried their point. The governor was forced to hire quarters for such of the troops as remained in the city. Their presence was a menace to the people which constantly aggravated their discontent. The assemblies of Virginia and North Carolina adhered to their sympathy with the Massachusetts circular, and were for that action dissolved by their governors. The Massachusetts assembly persisted in its refusal to provide funds for the payment of the troops quartered among them, and were again prorogued. The British parliament prayed the King to bring the leaders of the Massachusetts "treason" to England for trial, but that measure failed of execution. The first blood of this persistent contest between parliamentary authority and colonial liberty was shed on the fifth of March, 1773. The occasion is known to history as the Boston Massacre. An affray having taken place between some of the soldiers and the citizens, there were some demonstrations on the part of the former, confined mainly to threats, and to harmless charges up and down the streets; until, at last, a portion of the city guard, under Captain Preston, were beset, late in the evening, by a number of citizens. These, however, did nothing more than to taunt the soldiers with cowardice, and dare them to fire. They did fire, and three men, among them the mulatto Crispus Attucks, were killed, and several wounded, two mortally. The greatest commotion immediately ensued. The bells were rung, and in a short time several thousand of the citizens had assembled under arms. Only the counsels of the wisest men among the colonists prevented a bloody encounter. The next day a great meeting was held in the Old South Church, and a committee, headed by Samuel Adams, was appointed to wait on Governor Hutchinson, and demand the removal of the troops from the town to Castle William, in the harbor. The governor was very reluctant to yield, but the temper and the power of 4 22 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. the colonists overawed him, and after some delay the troops were removed. Captain Preston and his company were tried for murder, and two of the soldiers were convicted of manslaughter. Upon the very day of the Boston Massacre, Lord North proposed to Parliament the repeal of the duties imposed on the colonies by the law of 1767, except that on tea, and the repeal was effected, in spite of a vigorous opposition. This concession did not, however, reconcile the Americans, as the obnoxious principle against which the colonies had made their struggle was still asserted. The non-importation agreements against the purchase and use of tea were continued. In vain did the English government try every sort of stratagem to induce the Americans to yield. Parliament passed in 1773 a bill allowing the British East India Company to export tea to America free from the duties formerly paid in England, paying only the American duty, so that it was really cheaper in America than in England. Vast quantities were soon shipped to America, but the ships destined for New York and Philadelphia found the ports closed against them, and were compelled to return without effecting a landing. In Charleston the tea was landed, but was not permitted to be offered for sale, and was spoiled while stored in damp cellars. In Boston the people refused to allow the tea to be landed. Governor Hutchinson, however, positively refused to allow it to be returned to England. But the Bostonians found a way of cutting this Gordian knot. A party of citizens, disguised as Indians, and calling themselves "Mohawks," boarded the ships, December 16th, 1773; and, in the presence of thousands of spectators, broke open three hundred and forty-two chests of tea and emptied their contents into the water. This event, which lives in history as the "Boston Tea Party," put an end to the attempts of the British government to force the importation of tea upon the unwilling colonists. Parliament endeavored to retaliate by a series of measures inimical to Boston and Massachusetts. The Boston Port Bill was passed in March, 1774, closing the port of Boston and removing the custom house to Salem, but the people of that town refused to profit by the misfortunes of their patriotic neighbors. Soon after, the charter of Massachusetts wTas subverted, and the governor was authorized to send to other colonies, or to England, all persons indicted for murder or other capital offenses committed in aiding the magistrates of the colony. These acts caused great suffering in Boston, but only nerved the indomitable spirit of the colonists. The whole people of America sympathized with the oppressed colony, and a second colonial congress was called, on the suggestion of the Massachusetts assembly, to consider the relations of the colonies with Great Britain. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 23 This congress assembled at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, September 5th, 1774, with Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, as its president, and Washington, Henry, Lee, the Adamses, Jay and Rutledge among its members. Eleven colonies were represented. The spirit of the congress was still decidedly averse to any attempt at - independence, but it was outspoken in its commendation of the course of Massachusetts in her conflict with "wicked ministers." _e t It agreed upon a declaration of rights, __wr recommended the suspension of all cohrn-. another to the people of Canada. Its remonstralces, however, only called forth Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, 1774. ernluent. General Gage, then recently appointed governor of Massachusetts, fortified Boston Neck, reoccupied Boston with troops, and, seizing the ammunition and stores in the provincial arsenals of Cambridge and Charlestown, conveyed theml to Boston. On March 9th, 1775, the British parlianieent, as a final measure of determined oppression, passed a bill restraining the cotmmerce of the New England colonies, which was afterward extended to embrace all the colonies except New York and North Carolina. The inhabitants of Massachusetts were declare rebels, and ten thousand troops were sent to America to aid in subduing them. On the other hand, the colonies began preparations for hostilities. The assembly of Massachusetts, having been clssolved by the Hlgovernor, at once organized itself into a provincial congress, appointed conlittees of safety and supplies, and voted to equip twelve thousand soldiers, and organize one-fourth of the militia as "minute-men." Other provinces also began to prepare for possible hostilities. When matters had reached such a point, a collision of arms became only a question of time. The first of these collisions, which inafugurated the American revolution, and made war actual, was the memorable fight at Lexington, April 19th, 1775. On the previous night General Gage had dispatched a force of about eight hundred l en to destroy the military stores collected by the colonists at Concord. The minute-men rallied at break of d(lay to oppose the march of 24 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. the British troops, and the first conflict occurred at the historic bridge of Lexington, where the colonists, numbering about seventy, under the leadership of Captain Parker, disputed the advance of the troops. Major Pitcairn, the English commander, rode up to the militia and called out: "Disperse, ye rebels, throw down your arms and disperse!" Not being obeyed, he ordered his soldiers to fire, which they did, killing seven of the patriots and wounding nine others. The British then advanced to Concord and destroyed part of the stores there; but by this time the minute-men of the whole neighboring country were aroused, and, after a skirmish, the British were compelled to beat a hasty retreat. The Americans pursued them, keeping up a continual fire, and doing great execution. At Lexington the retreating British were re-enforced by nine hundred men, under Lord Percy, who threw out flanking parties to protect the main body, and the united forces moved rapidly to Charlestown. During this expedition the British lost, in killed, wounded and missing, about two hundred and eighty; the provincials about ninety. The fight at Lexington came upon the colonies like the clap of thunder which startles the avalanche from its resting place. Before it there had been peace; after it there was continuous war, until American independence was established. The tidings ran through eastern Massachusetts like a flame of fire, and the Continental army, born in a day, followed so closely on the heels of Lord Percy's retreating soldiers that they had hardly reached Boston before that city was beseiged by an irregular but considerable and rapidly increasing force. The New England colonies at once took measures for organizing an army of thirty thousand men, though they did not for many months succeed in raising that number. The news was sent by express through all the provinces. By the regular colonial assemblies in some cases, and by provincial congresses in others, delegates were chosen to a Continental Congress which assembled in Philadelphia on the 10th of May, and most of the colonies took steps for raising troops. The patriot army around Boston, with General Ward and Israel Putnam at its head, invested the city with a regular line of fortifications. Meantime the "Green Mountain Boys," a patriotic organization of Vermont, were not idle. On May 10th, 1775, under Ethan Allen and Seth Warner, they attacked and captured the British fortifications at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." On the same day that this inspiriting success was won, the Congress assembled at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. Randolph was again chosen presiden/t, but, being called home to attend as speaker the suddenly convoked session of the Virginia assembly, John Hancock, the fearless patriot of Massachusetts, was PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 25 elected in his place. Even in the midst of the preparations for war which were progressing-nay, in the midst of these actual hostilities-the Congress yet hesitated to declare for independence. It protested its loyalty to the mother country, and its desire for peace, though opposing with arms the illegal and tyrannical measures of Parliament and. the ministry. It, however, assumed at once a comprehensive authority, which circumstances made necessary, in which supreme executive, legislative, and in some cases judicial functions were unitedan authority without any fixed limits or formal sanction, except the ready obedience of a large majority in most of the colonies. It resolved at once that hostilities had been commenced by Great Britain, and declared in favor of armed defense. Another petition to the King and people of Great Britain was adopted, in which occurred the following significant paragraph: "We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. The latter is our choice. We have counted the cost of this contest, and find nothing so dreadful as voluntary slavery." It voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men, and on June 15th, elected George Washington commander-in-chief of all the forces raised or to be raised for the defense of the colonies, resolving that they would "assist him and adhere to him, with their lives and fortunes, in the defense of American liberty." It recommended the colonists to refuse to furnish provisions to British troops, not to recognize commercial exchanges with Great Britain, and to withhold the colonial shipping from the service of the British. It also voted to issue two millions of dollars in continental bills of credit, agreed to articles of war, established a board of Indian affairs and a postoffice department, with Benjamin Franklin as postmaster general-in a word, it assumed all the functions of a national government. Meanwhile another impetus had been given to the popular feeling in favor of revolution by the battle of Bunker Hill. The Continental army which besieged Gage in Boston numbered, in early June, about sixteen thousand men. To make the blockade of the city more perfect, Colonel Prescott, with about a thousand men, including a company of artillery, was sent on the night of June 16th, by order of the committee of safety, to take possession of and fortify Bunker Hill, a considerable eminence on the Charlestown peninsula, commanding the northern road from Boston. By some mistake he passed Bunker Hill and occupied Breed's Hill, on the southern end of the peninsula, where he threw up a breastwork. The British, at sunrise, discovered what had been done, and, after a sharp cannonade during the morning, three thousand troops under Howe and Pigot crossed the bay and landed at the foot of Breed's Hill. At three 26 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. in the afternoon they charged the breastwork, but were driven back with great loss by the deadly fire of the Americans. A second time they charged, and were again repulsed. Gage, infuriated by defeat, gave orders to set the village of Charlestown on fire, and its flames added horror to the scene. A third charge was made by the British, and this time with better success. The powder of the provincials had failed, and no supply was at hand. After a brief but desperate hand-to-hand struggle, in which the proto-martyr of the revolution, Joseph Warren, was killed, the Aniericans made good their retreat across Charlestown Neck. They left the field in control of the British, but they had made a most gallant stand against overwhelming odds; their loss was four hundred and fifty against over a thousand of the British; and they had demonstrated that the despised Yankee militia were more than a match for the regular troops of England. The news of the battle rapidly spread through the colonies, creating fresh enthusiasm wherever it was received. On July 12th, General Washington took command of the Continental army around Boston. He was peculiarly embarrassed by the inexperience and insubordination of his soldiers, both privates and officers; by the scarcity of tents, ammunition and supplies; and by the short terms of militia service, which sometimes left him with only the skeleton of an army; but, with that patient heroism which was his noblest characteristic, he labored to bring order out of chaos, kept up the siege constantly, and, after eight months, finally succeeded, on March 4th, 1776, in capturing and fortifying Dorchester Heights, which commanded the town of Boston, and compelled its evacuation by the British troops. The action of the Continental Congress was followed up by the people of the various colonies, who drove the royal governors out of the provinces and established governments of their own. The provincial congresses, which had at first been merely committees of counsel and safety, were gradually compelled, by the necessities of the situation, to assume the functions of government. The only military enterprise of importance on the part of the colonists during the fall and winter of 1775 and 1776, was the brave but unsuccessful expedition against Quebec, under the command of General Richard Montgomery, which resulted in the defeat of the invaders under the walls of Quebec (December 31, 1775), and the death of their gallant general. Parliament resolved to crush out the rebellion by force, and sent re-enforcements amounting to forty-two thousand men, including seventeen thousand Hessians, to the troops already in this country. A ship of war, under the direction of Lord Dunmore, the expelled royal governor of Virginia, committed PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 27 the outrage of burning the defenseless and unoffending city of Norfolk, on January 1st, 1776, causing great suffering to the people. This outrage only increased the determination of the colonists, especially in the south, to resist the tyranny of England to the bitter end. Early in June a British armament from England, under Sir Henry Clinton and Sir Peter Parker, appeared off Charleston, South Carolina, which had been fortified and was defended by Moultrie, and on the 28th of June attempted to take it by bombardment, but was repulsed by the garrison of Fort Moultrie, numbering only four hundred men. The American loss was ten killed and ninety-two wounded; the British over two hundred killed and wounded. Colonel William Moultrie commanded this gallant garrison, with Isaac Motte second in command, and Francis Marion third-names all of them illustrious in American history. The people of the colonies at last began to see that their only means of securing liberty was through INDEPENDENCE; and the idea, once started, leavened the whole popular sentiment with amazing rapidity. The events of ten years had slowly but thoroughly prepared the people for this conclusion. The first formal declaration in this direction was made by the citizens of Mecklenberg county, North Carolina, on the 19th of May, 1775. The first distinct legislative step toward independence was taken by the House of Representatives of the colony of Massachusetts, which on January 18th, 1776, passed a resolution empowering its delegates in the Continental Congress, in conjunction with the delegates from the other colonies, to concert "such measures as shall to them appear best calculated for the establishment of right and liberty to the American colonies, upon a basis permanent and secure against the power and acts of the British administration." South Carolina and Georgia followed, in March and April, with similar resolutions. On April 12th, the provincial congress of North Carolina empowered its delegates "to concur with the delegates of the other colonies inl declarcing independence"-the first time that that memorable phrase was articulated by the voice of a whole colony speaking through its representatives. The Rhode Island and Virginia assemblies took similar action, the convention of the latter colony instructing its delegates "to declare the United Colonies free anc inldependent States," and appointing a committee to draw up a bill of rights and a frame of government. The proposition for independence was first formally introduced into the Continental Congress on June 7th, 1776, by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, who, in pursuance of the instructions of the Virginia convention, moved a resolution declaring that the colonies are, and ought to be, free and independent states, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great 28 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. The resolution was discussed in committee of the whole for several days, and on the tenth day of June, with the hope of obtaining greater unanimity, the subject was adjourned until July first, and a committee was appointed to draft a formal Declaration of Independence. This committee was the historical one consisting of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston. It reported a draft of the Declaration on the 28th of June, which was ordered to lie on the table until July first. Meantime the legislative assemblies of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New Jersey and Maryland had successively pledged their colonies for independence. State constitutions were also framed in mQany of the colonies. On the first day of July, 1776, "the resolution respecting independence" came up as the order of the day in the Congress. It was earnestly opposed by Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, in a lengthy speech, to which John Adams responded in one of the greatest efforts of his life, of which, unfortunately, no record has been preserved. The debate was prolonged, but resulted in a vote in committee of the whole in which nine colonies supported the resolution, and two, South Carolina and Pennsylvania, opposed it. The vote of Delaware was equally divided, one delegate from that colony being absent. Final action on the proposition was deferred until the following day, when the decisive step was completed. The absent delegate from Delaware arrived, and turned the scale of that colony in favor of independence. Dickinson and Morris, of the Pennsylvania delegates, absented themselves, and Franklin, Wilson and Morton cast the vote of Pennsylvania for the resolution. The South Carolina delegates waived their opposition, and those from New York refrained from voting. Thus, on the second day of July, the following resolution was adopted by the vote of twelve colonies, and, as the chronicle truly states, "without one dissenting colony:" Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. Upon the evening of this historic day, John Adams, with an almost prophetic inspiration, wrote as follows: The day is past. The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epocha in the history of America; to be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival, commemorated as the day of deliverence by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty, from one end of the continent to the other, from this time forevermore. You will think me transported into enthusiasm, but I amn not; I am well aware of the toil, and blood and treasure that it will cost us to maintain this declaration, and support and defend PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 29 these states; yet, through all the gloom, I can see the rays of light and glory; that the end is worth all the means; that posterity will triumph in this day's transaction, even though we should rue it, which I trust in God we shall not. Two days after, on July fourth, the formal Declaration of Independence, that Magna Charta of American liberty, was adopted. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and- reported with but slight modifications by the committee, it was unanimously agreed to by the congress, while the old Liberty Bell of Independence Hall rang out the glad tidings to the people, thus fulfilling the injunction of the prophetic motto inscribed upon it: "Proclaim liberty throughout the land, and to all the inhabitants thereof." The day of this proceeding has appropriately become the great national festival. As Bancroft well says: "The nation, when it made the choice of a day for its great anniversary, selected not the day of the resolution of independence, when it closed the past, but that of the declaration of the principles on which it opened its new career." It was not until the second day of August that this immortal declaration was formally signed. John Hancock, the President of the Congress, first affixed his bold and characteristic signature, "writing as if for nations to witness it." "We must all hang together," he said. "Yes," responded Franklin, "or we shall all hang separately." Samuel Adams, who, in the judgment of his contemporaries, "bore the greatest part in the greatest revolution of the world's history," was the next to affix his name. Then in turn were added the imperishable names of the other members of that great historic body. The independence thus declared was maintained and established by a long, persistent and heroic struggle of arms, in which our ancestors confirmed by brilliant valor and patient fortitude the right to freedom which they had so gallantly asserted. The foregoing brief resume may serve to define more clearly than perhaps it may exist in the minds of some, the relation of the Fourth of July, 1776, and the Declaration to which it gave birth, to contemporaneous events. The thought will be quite natural with those who have not studied the history closely, that the Declaration was the initiative of recognized hostilities between the mother country and the colonies; when in truth, the colonies, by virtue of a federation which existed in fact if not in name, had been exercising one of the highest attributes of independent sovereignty for more than a year, by carrying on an organized and systematic warfare. 5 30 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. ADOPTED JULY 4, 1776. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these, are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as -to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He hals refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature; a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 31 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses: For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: 32 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments: For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of. our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 33 that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved: and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Signed by the Deputies from the several colonies, as follows: JOHN HANCOCK, President, And Deputy from Mlassachusetts. New Hampshire: Pennsylvania: JOSIAH BARTLETT. ROBERT MORRIS. WILLIAM WHIPPLE. BENJAMIN RUSH. MATTHEW THORNTON. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. JOHN MORTON. Massachusetts Bay: GEORE CLYMER. SAMUEL ADAMS. JAMES SMITH. jOHN ADAMS. ~JOHN ADAMS. rGEORGE TAYLOR. ROBERT TREAT PAINE. J AMES WILSON. JRI AAMES WILSON. ELBRIDGE GERRY. GEORGE ROSS. Rhode Island: Delaware: STEPHEN HOPKINS. CLESAR RODNEY. WILLIAM ELLERY. GEORGE READ. *~Connecticut: THOMAS McKEAN. Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN. Virginia: SAMUEL HUNTINGTON. GEORGE WYTHE. WILLIAM WILLIAMS. RICHARD HENRY LEE. OLIVER WOLCOTT. THOMAS JEFFERSON. BENJAMIN HARRISON. ONew York:.THOMAS NELSON, JUN. WILLIAM FLOYD. FFRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE. PHILIP LIVINGSTON. CARTER BRAXTON. FRANCIS LEWIS. LEWIS MORRIS. North Carolina: WLLIAM HOOPER. New Jersey:,JOSEPH HEWES. RICHARD STOCKTON. JOHN PENN. JOHN WITHERSPOON. FRANCIS HOPKINSON. South Carolina: JOHN HART. EDWARD RUTLEDGE. ABRAHAM CLARK. THOMAS HEYWARD, JUN. THOMAS LYNCH, JUN. Maryland: ARTHUR MIDDLETON. SAMUEL CHASE. WILLIAM PACA. Georgia: THOMAS STONE. BUTTON GWYNETT. CHARLES CARROLL, LYMAN HALL Of Carrollton. GEORGE WALTON. 34 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. II. -MICHIGAN AS A POLITICAL COMMONWEALTH. As connecting Michigan with the Centennial; some account of the rise and progress of the State as a political commonwealth, and as one of the States of the Union, properly follows the recital of events leading to the adoption of the Declaration, and to the establishment of the nationality which our Centennial commemorates. FIRST EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT. The first European settlement of the territory comprised within the State of Michigan, was by the French, whose missionaries and traders meandered its coasts through the great lakes and rivers, from the head of ocean navigation on the River St. Lawrence. Missionaries are said to have visited Detroit as early as 1620, but the first extended reconnoisance, reaching as far as the falls of the River St. Mary, was in 1641. The first settlements having been made along the coasts, the original stock is clearly traceable in many localities through their descendants, and has furnished many names intimately associated with the development of the State. TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY AND GOVERNMENT. Under the French and British dominion, the territory was politically associated with the Canadas, but became part of the territory of Virginia at the close of the war of independence, although it was not formally occupied by the United States until 1796. Virginia had in the meantime ceded to the United States all of her territory northwest of the Ohio river, and Congress, by the historical "Ordinance of'87," passed July 13th of that year, provided for its government as the "Northwest Territory." The government of the territory was committed to a governor, a secretary, and three judges, to be appointed by Congress. The law-making power was vested in the "governor and judges " until such time as a general assembly or legislature should be chosen, which might be done when the district should have a population of not less than five thousand persons. The ordinance contemplated the ultimate division of the territory into not less than three, nor more than five, States, and hence has grown the five States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 35 The question of the descent of the territorial sovereignty, though of no practical importance, yet has a historical interest, especially to all residents of the State who are permanently identified with it. The writer had supposed that the descent through the State of Virginia was unquestioned, until a different claim came to his notice, during some investigations made in the winter of 1876, namely, the claims of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Still another position is held by some, that the sovereignty never attached to either of the States named, but descended directly from Great Britain to the United States. The subject is deemed of sufficient importance to call for its brief discussion in this connection. In the "Statistical Atlas of the United States," compiled by Francis A. Walker, by authority of Congress, and based on the results of the ninth census, the Virginia cession is made to terminate at the forty-first parallel of north latitude, when the "Connecticut cession" intervenes, extending to forty-two degrees, two minutes; here commencing the "Massachusetts cession," extending northward to near the forty-fifth parallel, or about on an east and west line crossing the lower point of Saginaw bay. Whence sovereignty was derived to territory north of this line, is not stated. The article referring to this chart, compiled by S. W. Stocking, of the United States patent office, says in explanation: "Virginia, by virtue of conquests of her militia, asserted title as far north as lakes Erie and Michigan, but due recognition of the ancient charter boundary of the colony of Connecticut places the northern limit of the cession on the forty-first parallel of north latitude." The United States census report of 1870, vol. 1, page 573, speaks of the Virginia cession as "including the State of Kentucky, and the parts of the States of Illinois, Ohio and Indiana which lie south of the forty-first parallel," and does not recognize the claim of Virginia to anything north of that line, but treats the Connecticut and Massachusetts claims as conclusive. Feeling some interest in knowing whence was descended the political sovereignty of the State, and without stating the conflicting claims, the writer inquired of the Hon. Charles I. Walker, of Detroit, a gentleman of admitted knowledge on the subject of Northwestern history. He answered without hesitation, that the sovereignty descended to the United States from the State of Virginia, referring, at the same time, to an address delivered by himself before the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, in 1871, in which is contained an account of the military conquest and occupation of the Northwest Territory by General George Rogers Clark, under the authority of the State of Virginia, during the war of the revolution. He also gave some verbal suggestions bearing upon the question, some of which are incorporated herein. 36 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. It should be borne in mind that Detroit was the fulcrum of British operations in the northwest, during the revolution. It was from thence that expeditions were dispatched to harass the sparse settlements in what is now the State of Kentucky, and on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The British Governor Hamilton, with headquarters at Detroit, in September, 1776, promised his government that he would send parties of the savages "to fall on the scattered settlers on the Ohio and its branches." Thus Detroit, and the territory of which it was the military capital, cannot be dissociated from military operations in other parts of the territory, but events determining the fate of other parts of the territory would be held to determine its fate, falling, as it did, within the natural boundaries of a given area. Judge Walker, in his address, says: "But the most notable event of this year (1778) in the west, and one of the most notable events of the war, was the conquest of Kaskaskia and the other British posts in Illinois, and on the Wabash, by George Rogers Clark. -x' Major Clark, an emigrant to Kentucky, although a man of limited culture, had the grasp of mind, and the energy of character, which fitted him for great events. Clark made up his mind that the best mode of defending Kentucky was to give employment to the enemy elsewhere. He sent spies to visit the posts on the Wabash and in Illinois. In December, 1777, he laid open his plan of capturing these posts to Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, who at once fell in with it, especially as Virginia laid claim to this Western territory as far north as the fortieth degree of north latitude. Clark was commissioned a colonel in the service of Virginia, and was authorized at the expense of that State to raise a sufficient force, was furnished with ~1,200 currency, and by secret instructions was directed to carry out the plan conceived by him. On the 24th of June, 1778, he left the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) in barges, with his force of less than two hundred men, and descended the Ohio to old fort Massac, within sixty miles of its mouth, and then marched north to Kaskaskia, which he captured by surprise on the night of July 4th, taking its commandant, Rocheblave, and its inhabitants, prisoners. The other posts were taken before any opposition could be made." The address also relates how the inhabitants, who were chiefly or exclusively French, were conciliated and gave in their allegiance to the United States, and the capture of the post of Vincennes, with Governor Hamilton and his force. In "Burnet's Notes on the Northwest," p. 75, speaking of the expedition of Clark, it is said: PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 37 "When the commonwealth of Virginia sent him a colonel's commission, accompanied with a warrant to raise a regiment of volunteers, and for that purpose to make contracts on the credit of the State, they did not furnish him with funds for the purpose, but left hill to procure theml in the best way he could. Yet such was his perseverance, andc so unbounded was his confidence in the ihonor of his native State, and such was his influence with the people of the west, who knew his bravery and military talents, that he soon raised a regiment of hardy Kentuckians, whom he inspired with his own spirit, and having attached them warmly to his person, led them to the Mississippi, and captured the posts at Kaskaskias and Cahokia. The inhabitants of those villages, on receiving a promise of protection, declared allegiance to the United States. At that time, Governor Hamilton was at Fort Vincennes, making his arrangements to capture Clark and his band of heroes, which he expected to accomplish with but little difficulty. Clark, however, was aware of the Governor's purpose, and also of the danger of his own situation, and determined to anticipate his enemy. Having left a sufficient inumber of men to ensure the safety of the conqlusts he had already made, he proceeded with the residue, by a forced march through swamps and quagmires, to the Wabash, where he arrived without the loss of a man, though the country was so flooded that they were sometimes compelled to swim.' " The consequence was, the post was carried by storm, and the Governor and his troops made prisoners of war. "That expedition was not excelled in difficulty and suffering, or in daring courage, by the memorable march of Arnold to Quebec, in 1775. General Clark succeeded in retaining'military possession of that extensive country till the close of the war, and by that means secured it to the United States. The fact is well known, that in arranging the articles of the treaty of peace, at Paris, the British commissioners insisted on the Ohio river as part of the northern boundary of the United States; and that the Count de Vergennes favored that claim. It appears also from the diplomatic correspondence on, that subject, that the only tenable ground on which the American commissioners relied to sustain their claim to the lakes as the boundary, was the fact that General Clark had conquered tIhe country, and. was in undisputed military possession of it at the tinme of the negotiation. That fact was affirmed and admitted, and was tle chief ground on which the British conmmissioners reluctantly abandoned their claimn." The territorial limits of the colonial charters were very indefinite, exteniding from land's end to the setting sun; or, as expressed in the Virginia charter, "from sea to sea, west and northwest;" meaning, really, so much territory as 6 38 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. the chartered province could occupy and hold. The charters of Connecticut and Massachusetts were doubtless as comprehensive, and, with no other sovereignty intervening, their jurisdiction would have extended westward to the Mississippi river. But in the first place, the Dutch, in New York, had so extended their jurisdiction northward as to form a certain and defined political boundary on the west, and west of that still came the British province of Canada. Neither Massachusetts nor Connecticut had ever executed a single act of sovereignty over any part of the soil of Michigan. Their well-intentioned and heroic efforts to break the British sovereignty in Canada, through the expedition against Quebec, failed. Michigan was politically identified with Canada, and should have followed the political fortunes of Canada, and the only reason that she did not, was, that the conquests of Clark in the northwest had fixed the political sovereignty of that region, between which and Michigan there was no natural division or boundary, the great lakes thus becoming the admitted natural boundary between the two countries, and giving Michigan to the United States. While, therefore, as appears by the census report, both Massachusetts and Connecticut executed deeds of cession-the former in 1785, and the latter in 1786, both of them after the Virginia cession, which was in March, 1784the query naturally arises, what had they to cede? Their cession could have been nothing more than a formal act, equivalent to a quit-claim deed to quiet title. The only color of consideration that appears, is the reservation by Connecticut of the title to the soil of what is known as the " Western Reserve," in Ohio, as a means of compensating some of her soldiers in the war of the revolution. The mere fact that the tract was called a "reserve" does not relieve it from the merits of a grant, and can in no sense be held as an admission, on the part of Congress, of any right of sovereignty on the part of the State of Connecticut. The policy of Congress, not to adjudicate upon disputed boundaries between the States, is relevant here, and is clearly stated in a report of a committee on the Virginia cession, September 13, 1783, as follows: "As to the last condition, your committee are of opinion that Congress cannot agree to guarantee to the commonwealth of Virginia the land described in the said condition, without entering into a discussion of the right of the State of Virginia to the said land; and that, by the acts of Congress, it appears to have been their intention, which the committee cannot but approve, to avoid all discussion of the territorial rights of individual States, and only to recommend and accept a cession of their claims, whatsoever they mxight 7e, to vacant territory." PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 39 Similar ground was held in a report submitted in Congress September 6, 1780, in view of acts and remonstrances of the States of New York, Maryland and Virginia, relative to the general subject of territorial cession. So it seems plain that the Connecticut "reserve" in no way committed Congress to any claim of sovereignty on the part of the State of Connecticut. The first act or proposition of cession by Virginia was on January second, 1781. This act provided that the ceded territory should be formed into States not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square, and that "all the remaining territory of Virginia included between the Atlantic ocean and the southeast side of the River Ohio, and the Maryland, Pennsylvania and North Carolina boundaries, shall be guaranteed to the commonwealth of Virginia by the said United States." This was the guarantee which the committee of Congress, in the report quoted from, deemed it improper to make. The act of cession of December 20, 1783, authorized the Virginia delegates in Congress to cede to the United States, on the modified terms proposed by Congress, "the territory or tract of country within the limits of the Virginia charter, situate, lying and being to the northwest of the River Ohio," and the deed of cession was made accordingly. The ordinance of 1787, for the government of the Northwest Territory, so far varied the terms of the cession as to provide that the territory should be formed into not less than three nor more than five States, describing the boundaries of three of them, which should become fixed and established "as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same." The ordinance further provided that the boundaries should be subject to be so far altered by Congress "that they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said c territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." This ordinance was ratified by Virginia December 30, 1788. Thus it appears that Virginia was the only party consulted by Congress in regard to the structure of the States of the Northwest Territory, and that the Territory of Michigan was included by special description, as lying north of an east and west line "drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan," in the ordinance proposed by Congress to Virginia, and accepted by her. If it be contended that Virginia conveyed only such territory as was "within the limits of the Virginia charter," it proves nothing, because, as has been said, the territorial limits of all of the early charters were indefinite, and the Virginia grant, "from sea to sea, west and northwest," would certainly limit her in either 40 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. direction only by, her arms and prowess, which, as has been seen, saved to the Union, not only Michigan, but substantially the entire of the other four States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. The writer is not familiar with the ground on which the claim of the direct descent of the sovereignty from Great Britain to the United States is based. But if the Virginia claiml is proven, it wouldl seem that this is of necessity disproven. As relevant on this point, it should be borne in mind that the United States, under the confederation, possessed no rights of sovereignty. The refusal of Congress to adjudicate upon disputed boundaries between the states has been shown. If Congress at the time had been itself the possessor of territory, and exercising sovereignty, it mlight have become involved in a disputed boundary with a state, and been impelled to do what it refused to do as between states, namlely, settle the dispute by an exercise of its imperial power, ei ithe t or without authority. All the states felt jealous and apprehensive of the confederation, and in view of this, Congress, in the interests of peace and good understanding, refrained from the exercise of enlarged powers, consistent Tith which was its refusal to adjudicate upon disputed boundaries. The confederation, as represented by Congress, had no right to acquire or hold territory, and any attempt by it to do so would have' awakened widespread discontent. If territory had been conquered by the common arms, it is questionable whether it would not have fallen -of necessity under the jurisdiction of the states to which it was contiguous, or if isolated, whether the United States could have done more than hold military possession of it until it could be formed into a state. But in the case of Michigan, the conquest was by the State of Virginia, and not by the common arms. The first exercise of territorial sovereignty by the United States was in connection with the Northl7west Territory, and this was by virtue of a special compact, to which Congress on the one hand, and the State of Virginia on the other, were the parties. And this compact conferred no permanent or absolute sovereignty upon Congress, but only a limited trusteeship, which must of necessity telrminate with the admissionl of the territory as states into the Union. It is doubtful whether such a compact could have been made, if the termination of congressional powers under it, in the natural order of things, had not been foreseen. This view of the case is consistent with the opinion of Chalcellor Manniing (Walker's Michigan Reports, 164), wThere, speaking of certain specific articles in the ordinance of 1787, it is said: "These articles appear to have had several objects in view. First, to supply the place of a constitution, until the new I m e. L10142f.L Q011411111 11101411' -"f~~~~~~~~~~~~?. I Fire,i e0y~~~~~~~~~ —- ___ 6 == f An=,= t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;1L1&Ox l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 41 states to grow up in the territory should be admitted to all the rights of the confederacy. * Second, to make the territory a part of the confederacy, with certain rights, before the new states were organized; and not a mere dependency of the confederacy, without any rights of its own. The confederation was a compact between sovereign states. It was obligatory upon, and secured the rights of, the states that were parties to it, but it went no farther; and, when the territory northwest of the Ohio ceased to be a component part of any one of these states, it would, at the same time, have ceased to be a part of the confederacy, and to be subject to the articles of confederation, but for the ordinance." It was not until after the adoption of the constitution that the United States assumed or exercised the right of territorial sovereignty, in the matter of the Louisiana purchase, and at that tirme the authority was deemed so questionable that Mr. Jefferson (quoting froml early impressions but not from the record) said that the importance of the mleasure justified it, but that the least said about its constitutionality the better. But this and subsequent acquisitions have quieted all scruples by placing the governllent of the United States in a position where it has of necessity exercised a large discretion in the governmlent and disposition of the national domain. The first seat of government of the Northwest Territory Awas at Chillicothe, in the now State of Ohio. By act of Congress of May 7th, 1800, the territory was divided preparatory to the admission of Ohio into the lUnion as a State, and the "Indiana Territory" was erected, with the seat of government at Vincennes. By act of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was set off from the Indiana Territory, the same system of governmient being continued as originally provided, the seat of government being established at Detroit. By this act the southern boundary of Michigan was fixed by a line drawn due east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan until it intersect Lake Erie, and the western boundary through Lake Michigan and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, the British possessions forming the northern and eastern boundary. This included on the south a strip of territory now forming a part of the State of Ohio, and did not include the northern or upper peninsula of the now State of Michigan. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE GOVERINMENT. In the year 1835 the people of Michigan took steps for forming a State government, preparatory to admission into the Union under section three of article four of the constitution of the United States, and held a convention and 42 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. adopted a constitution for that purpose. The admission of the State into the Union, however, was delayed until 1837, chiefly in consequence of a disagreement in regard to the southern boundary, the State of Ohio laying claim to the strip of territory previously referred to, which, it was claimed on the other hand, was within the Territory of Michigan, and which embraces within its limits the present city of Toledo. The dispute at one time seriously threatened an armed collision, and military forces were mustered on both sides, in what is popularly and somewhat jocularly known as the "Toledo war." The difficulty was put in course of settlement by the act of Congress of June, 1836, fixing the disputed boundary in accordance with the claim of Ohio, but giving to Michigan, instead, the territory known as the Upper Peninsula. The conditions having been accepted by Michigan, the State was formally admitted into the Union by act of Congress of January 26, 1837. SEAT OF GOVERNMENT AND STATE CAPITOL. The seat of government remained at Detroit until 1847, when an act was passed for its removal. The act is probably one of the shortest public acts ever passed. After the enacting clause, it provides "that the seat of government of this State shall be in the township of Lansing, in the county of Inghalu." A supplementary act was passed, however, providing for the removal. Commissioners were selected to locate a site within the town of Lansing, and the site of the present city of Lansing was chosen, partly because it was a "school section," there being but a single settler in the immediate vicinity. A frame building, costing, with an addition since made, about $22,500, was erected during the summer of 1847, and occupied by the legislature on the first of January, 1848, and has ever since been the "State House." At the legislative session of 1871, an act was passed providing for the erection of a new State capitol. A board of State building commissioners was provided for, who have charge of the construction of the new capitol. The cost of the building and incidental expenses was limited to $1,200,000, $100,000 payable in 1872, $200,000 in each of the years 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876, and $300,000 in 1877. A preliminary appropriation of $10,000 was made for plans, etc., in 1871, and in 1875 special appropriations for heating and ventilating, for changes and improvements, roofing, cornice, etc., were made, amounting to $175,000. The length of the building, exclusive of porticos, is 345 feet 2 inches; width, 191 feet 5 inches; height of lantern, 265 feet. The edifice is designed to accommodate the legislature, State offices, supreme court, State PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 43 library, etc. The corner-stone was laid on the second day of October, 1873, and the contract time for its completion is the first of December, 1877. GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN. The names of the governors of Michigan, with their terms of service, and the sovereignty under which acting, are as follows: UNDER FRENCH DOMINION. TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS UNDER THE SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN,.. 1622-1635 UNITED STATES. M. DE MONTMAGNY,... 1636-1647 Northwest Territory: M. DE AILLEBOUT,.. 1648-1650 ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.. 196-1800 M. DE LAUSON,... 1651-1656 Indiana Territory: M. DE LAUSON (son),.. 1656-1657 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON,. 1800-1805 M. DE AILLEBOUT,... 1657-1658 ichig Territory: M. DE ARGENSON,... 1658-1660 WILLIAM HULL,... 1805-1813 BARON DE AVANGOUR,.. 1661-1663 LEWIS CASS,.... 1813-1831 M. DE MESEY,... 1663-1665 GEORGE B. PORTER,*.. 1831-1834 M. DE COURCELLES,... 1665-1672 STEVENS T. MASON, ex officio, 1834-1835 COUNT DE FRONTENAC,.. 1672-1682 M. DE LA BARRE,... 1682-1685 UNDER STATE AUTHORITY. M. DE NOUVILLE,... 1685-1689 STEVENS T. MASON,... 1835-1840 COUNT DE FRONTENAC,.. 1689-1698 WILLIAM WOODBRIDGE,. 1840-1841 M. DE CALLIERES,... 1699-1703 J. WRIGHT GORDON,-.. 1841-1842 M. DE VAUDREUIL,... 1703-1725 JOHN S. BARRY,... 1842-1846 M. DE BEAUHARNOIS,.. 1726-1747 ALPHEUS FELCH,... 1846-1847 M. DE GALISSONIERE,.. 1747-1749 WILLIAM L. GREENLY,t. 1847-1848 M. DE LA JONQUIERE,.. 1749-1752 EPAPHRODITUS RANSOM,..1848-1850 M. DU QUESNE,... 1752-1755 JOHN S. BARRY,... 1850-1852 M. DE VAUDREUIL DE CAVAGNAC, 1755-1763 ROBERT MCCLELLAND,.. 1852-1853 ANDREW PARSONS,t.. 1853-1855 UNDER BRITISH DOMINION. KINSLEY S. BINGHAM,.. 1855-1859 JAMES MURRAY,... 1763-1767 MOSES WISNER,... 1859-1861 GUY CARLETON,.... 1768-1777 AUSTIN BLAIR,... 1861-1865 FREDERICK HALDIMAND,. 1777-1785 HENRY H. CRAPO,... 1865-1869 HENRY HAMILTON,... 1785-1786 HENRY P. BALDWIN,.. 1869-1873 LORD DORCHESTER,.. 1786-1796 JOHN J. BAGLEY,... 1873-1877 * Died while in office, July 6, 1834, and was succeeded by the then Secretary of the Territory, Stevens T. Mason. f Lieutenant Governors acting as Governor. 44 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. III.-NATIONAL AND PATRIOTIC SONGS. THIS work will have failed in one essential feature if it do not foster and nurture a love of Country, a love of State, and a love of Home. This sentiment, which is confined to no people and to no land, finds its best expression in poetry and song. We cannot do better, therefore, than make a collection of national and patriotic songs for the third and last of our preliminary chapters. The pieces are principally copied from various Centennial collections. We adopt, as part of these introductory remarks, the following, entitled, OUR NATIVE SONG. I. Our native song! oui native song! Oh! where is he who loves it not? The spell it holds is deep and strong, Where'er we go, whate'er our lot; Let other music greet our ear, With thrilling fire or dulcet tone, We speak to praise, we pause to hear, But yet, oh! yet'tis not our own! The anthem chant, the ballad wild, The notes that we remember long, The theme we sing with lisping'tongues,'Tis this we love, our native song. II. The one who bears the felon's brand, With moody brow and darken'd name, Thrust meanly from his fatherland, To languish out a life of shame; Oh! let him hear some simple strainSome lay his mother taught her boyHe'll feel the charm, and dream again Of home, of innocence and joy. The sigh will burst, the tear will start, And all of virtue buried long, The best, the purest in his heart, Is waken'd by his native song. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 45 III. Self-exiled from his place of birth, To climes more fragrant, bright and gay, The mem'ry of our own fair earth May chance awhile to fade away; But should some minstrel echo fall, Of chords that breathe Columbia's fame, Our souls will burn, our spirits yearn, True to the land we love and claim. The high, the low-in weal or woe: Be sure there's something coldly wrong About the heart that does not glow To hear its own, its native song. In this collection we shall include as well our native songs, as songs of other nations, not only in devotion to a universal sentiment, but because other nations are so largely represented in our own, believing that while our citizens of foreign birth will repeat the songs of their fatherland with a love and fervor that will do honor to the sentiment that breathes through them, they will yet all rise to the refrain"While'Yankee oak' bears'Yankee hearts' courageous to the core, Columbia free shall rule the sea, Columbia evermore." In the selections, we would gladly have omitted those pieces having reference to the civil war, as calculated to perpetuate feelings of sectional animosity, but we cannot dispense with "Michigan, my Michigan," and the rhythm of "Tramp, tramp, tramp," as the imprisoned soldier confidently looks forward to the " starry flag" as his deliverer, evokes emotions that will raise the true heart, whether federal or confederate, far above all thought of the strife which called it forth. AMERICAN NATIONAL SONGS. MY COUNTRY,'TIS OF THEE. I. My country,'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing; Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountain side Let freedom ring. 7 46 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. II. My native country, thee, Land of the noble free, Thy name I love; I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills, My heart with rapture thrills, Like that above. III. Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song; Let mortal tongues awake, Let all that breathe partake, Let rocks their silence break, The sound prolong. IV. Our fathers' God, to thee, Author of liberty, To thee we sing; Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light; Protect us with thy might, Great God, our King! HAIL COLUMBIA. This popular national song was written in 1798, by Judge Hopkinson. At that period a war with France was thought inevitable. Party spirit ran high among all classes. A theater was open in Philadelphia, and a young man who had some talent as a singer announced his benefit on its boards. He was acquainted with Judge Hopkinson, and, discouraged at his prospect of success, called on him on Saturday afternoon, and stated that he feared a loss, instead. of a benefit; but that if he could get a patriotic song, adapted to the tune of the "President's march," then quite popular, he might depend on a full house. The judge replied that he would try to furnish one. The next afternoon the young man came again, and the song was handed him. It was announced on Monday morning. In the evening the theater was crowded to excess, and continued to be, night after night, through the entire season-the song being loudly encored and repeated many times during each night, the audience joining in the chorus. It was also sung at night in the streets by large assemblies of citizens, PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 47 including members of Congress, and found favor with both parties, as neither could disavow its sentiments. Hail! Columbia, happy land! Hail, ye heroes, heaven-born band, Who fought and bled in freedom's cause, Who fought and bled in freedom's cause, And when the storm of war was gone, Enjoyed the peace your valor won; Let independence be your boast, Ever mindful what it cost, Ever grateful for the prize, Let its altar reach the skies. CHORus-Firm, united, let us be, Rallying round our liberty, As a band of brothers joined, Peace and safety we shall find. II. Immortal patriots! rise once more! Defend your rights, defend your shore; Let no rude foe, with impious hand, Let no rude foe, with impious hand, Invade the shrine where sacred lies, Of toil and blood the well-earned prize; While offering peace, sincere and just, In heav'n we place a manly trust, That truth and justice may prevail, And every scheme of bondage fail! CHORUs-Firm, united, etc. III. Sound, sound the trump of fame! Let Washington's great name Ring through the world with loud applause! Ring through the world with loud applause! Let every clime to freedom dear Listen with a joyful ear; With equal skill, with steady power, He governs in the fearful hour Of horrid war, or guides with ease, The happier time of honest peace. CHORUS-Firm, united, etc. 48 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. IV. Behold the chief, who now commands, Once more to serve his country stands, The rock on which the storm will beat, The rock on which the storm will beat; But armed in virtue, firm and true, His hopes are fixed on heaven and you. When hope was sinking in dismay, When gloom obscured Columbia's day, His steady mind, from changes free, Resolved on death or liberty. CHORUS —-Firm, united, etc. THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER. This song was written by Francis Scott Key, of Baltimore, September 14, 1814. After burni:-ng Washington, the British advanced towards Baltimore, and were met by a smaller number of Americans, most of whom were captured and taken to the large fleet, then preparing to attack Fort McHenry. Among the prisoners was a Dr. Beames, an intimate friend of Mr. Key. Hoping to intercede for the doctor's release, Mr. Key, with a flag of truce, started in a sail-boat for the admiral's vessel. Here he was detained in his boat, moored from the stern of the flag-ship, during the terrible bombardment of twenty-five hours, and at last, seeing the "Star-spangled Banner" still waving, he seized an old letter from his pocket, and on a barrel-head, wrote the following stanzas: I. Oh! say, can you see by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars thro' the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming; And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! II. On the shore dimly seen thro' the mist of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected, now shines in the stream:'Tis the star-spangled banner, Oh! long may it wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! *Anderson's History; Nason's Monogram, et al. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 49 III. And where is that band who so vauntingly swore,'Mid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country they'd leave us no more! Their blood has washed out their foul footstep's pollution; No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave. And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! IV. Oh! thus be it ever when freemen shall stand Between their lov'd homes and the war's desolation; Blest with vict'ry and peace, may our heav'n rescued land Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, for our cause it is just, And this be our motto, "In God is our trust." And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, While the land of the free is the home of the brave! COLUMBIA, THE GEMIA OF THE OCEAN. I. O Columbia! the gem of the ocean, The home of the brave and the free, The shrine of each patriot's devotion, A world offers homage to thee. Thy mandates make heroes assemble, When liberty's form stands in view, Thy banners make tyranny tremble, When borne by the red, white and blue, When borne by the red, white and blue, When borne by the red, white and blue, Thy banners make tyranny tremble, When borne by the red, white and blue. II. When war winged its wide desolation, And threatened the land to deform, The ark then of freedom's foundation, Columbia, rode safe through the storm; With garlands of vict'ry around her, When so proudly she bore her brave crew, With her flag proudly floating before her, The boast of the red, white and blue, The boast of the red, white and blue, The boast of the red, white and blue, With her flag proudly floating before her, The boast of the red, white and blue. ~50 ~MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. III. The wine-cup, the wine-cup bring hither, And fill you it true to the brim! May the wreaths they have won never wither, Nor the star of their glory grow dim! May the service united ne'er sever, But they to their colors prove true! The army and navy forever, Three cheers for the red, white and blue, Three cheers for the red, white and blue, Three cheers for the red, white and blue, The army and navy forever, Three cheers for the red, white and blue. OUR IE LAG IS THERE.* I. Our flag is there! Our flag is there! We'll hail it with three loud huzzas! Our flag is there! Our flag is there! Behold the glorious Stripes and Stars! IL. Stout hearts have fought for that bright flag, Strong hands sustained it mast-head high, And oh! to see how proud it waves, Brings tears of joy in ev'ry eye. III. That flag has stood the battle's roar, With foemen stout, with foemen brave, Strong hands have sought that flag to low'r, And found a speedy wat'ry grave! IV. That flag is known on ev'ry shore, The standard of a gallant band, Alike unstained in peace or war, It floats o'er Freedom's happy land. v. Our flag is there! Our flag is there! We'll hail it with three loud huzzas! Our flag is there! Our flag is there! Behold the glorious Stripes and Stars! * Written by an officer of the American navy during the war of 1812. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 51 YANKEE DOODLE. During the summer of 1755, an army was being organized on the banks of the Hudson, nearly opposite Albany, for defense against the French and Indians. Volunteers from the surrounding country flocked in, and their rustic appearance, as they drilled to the music of fife and drum, afforded much amusement for the regulars. Dr. Schackburg, of the British army, thinking to have a little fun, wrote a melody and presented it to the rustics as one of the most celebrated martial airs. The joke took, and shortly Yankee Doodle was heard throughout the provincial army. The tune has been sung to various words since the time of Cromwell, and is said to have been known for centuries back, as a Spanish national air. The Yankee Doodle of the Revolution began with "Father and I went down to camp." The words given here were written by General Geo. P. Morris, of Philadelphia.* I. Once on a time old Johnny Bull flew in a raging fury, And swore that Jonathan should have no trials, sir, by jury; That no elections should be held across the briny waters: And now, said he, "I'll tax the tea of all his sons and daughters." Then down sat he in burly state and blustered like a grandee, And in derision made a tune called "Yankee Doodle Dandy." Yankee doodle, these are facts-Yankee doodle dandy: "My son of wax, your tea I'll tax; you-Yankee doodle dandy." II. John sent the tea from o'er the sea, with heavy duties rated, But whether hyson or bohea I never heard it stated, Then Jonathan to pout began-he laid a strong embargo"I'll drink no tea, by Jove!" so he threw overboard the cargo. Then Johnny sent a regiment, big words and looks to bandy, Whose martial band, when near the land, played "Yankee doodle dandy." Yankee doodle-keep it up-Yankee doodle dandyI'll poison with a tax your cup; you "Yankee doodle dandy." III. A long war then they had, in which John was at last defeated, And "Yankee doodle" was the march to which his troops retreated.'Cute Jonathan, to see them fly, could not restrain his laughter, "That tune," said he, "suits to a T-I'll sing it ever after." Old Johnny's face, to his disgrace, was flushed with beer and brandy, E'en while he swore to sing no more this "Yankee doodle dandy." Yankee doodle-ho, ha, he-Yankee doodle dandy; We kept the tune, but not the tea-Yankee doodle dandy. * Moore's Encyclopedia; Lossing, et al. 52 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. IV. I've told you now the origin of this most lively ditty, Which Johnny Bull dislikes as "dull and stupid "-what a pity! With "Hail Columbia" it is sung, in chorus full and hearty: On land and main we breathe the strain John made for his tea party. No matter how we rhyme the words, the music speaks them handy, And where's the fair can't sing the air of "Yankee doodle dandy!" Yankee doodle, firm and true-Yankee doodle dandy; Yankee doodle, doodle do, Yankee doodle dandy. THE LIBERTY SONG. "The Liberty Song" was written by John Dickinson, of Delaware, author of "The Farmer's Letters." It was published in the "Boston Gazette," July 18, 1768; and in September of the same year it was issued with the tune, "Hearts of Oak," by Dr. Boyce,* and became very popular throughout the colonies. The words are also credited to Mrs. General James Warren, who was a sister of James Otis.t i. Come, join hand in hand, brave Americans, all, And arouse your bold hearts at fair liberty's call; No tyrannous acts shall suppress your just claim, Or stain with dishonor America's name. CHORUS-In freedom we're born, and in freedom we'll live; Our purses are ready; steady, friends, steady! Not as slaves, but as freemen, our money we'll give. II. Our worthy forefathers-let's give them a cheerTo climates unknown did courageously steer; Thro' oceans to deserts for freedom they came, And, dying, bequeathed us their freedom and fame. CHORus-In freedom we're born, etc. III. Their generous bosoms all danger despised, So highly, so wisely, their birthrights they prized; We'll keep what they gave, we will piously keep, Nor frustrate their toils on the land and the deep. CHoRUS-In freedom we're born, etc. *Dr. William Boyce, a distinguished composer, born in London 1710, died 1779. f Frank Moore's Songs and Ballads of the Revolution; Moore's Encyclopedia of Music, etc. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 53 IV. The tree their own hands had to liberty reared, They lived to behold growing strong and revered; With transport they cried, "Now our wishes we gain, For our children shall gather the fruits of our pain." CHORUS-In freedom we're born, etc. v. Swarms of placemen and pensioners soon will appear, Like locusts, deforming the charms, of the year; Suns vainly will rise, showers vainly descend, If we are to drudge for what others shall spend. CHoRUS-In freedom we're born, etc. VI. Then join hand in hand, brave Americans all; By uniting we stand, by dividing we fall; In so righteous a cause let us hope to succeed, For Heaven approves of each generous deed. CHORUS-In freedom we're born, etc. VII. All ages shall speak with amaze and applause Of the courage we'll show in support of our laws; To die we can bear, but to serve we disdain, For shame is to freemen more dreadful than pain. CHORUS-In freedom we're born, etc. VIII. This bumper I crown for our sovereign's health, And this for Britannia's glory and wealth; That wealth and that glory immortal may be, If she is but just, and if we are but free. CHoRUS-In freedom we're born, etc. THE SHIP OF STATE.* I. Sail on, sail on, thou ship of state, Sail on, O! Union, strong and great; Humanity, with all its fears, Is hanging breathless on thy fate. We know what master laid thy keel, What workman wrought thy ribs of steel, Who made each mast, each sail, each rope; *H. W. Longfellow. 8 54 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. What anvils rang, what hammers beat, In what a forge, in what a heat, Were shaped the anchors of thy hope. Fear not each sudden sound and shock-'Tis of the wave, and not the rock;'Tis but the flapping of the sail, And not a rent made by the gale. In spite of rock and tempest roar, In spite of false lights on the shore, Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea: Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, Our faith, triumphant o'er our fears, Are all with thee, are all with thee. HOW SLEEP THE BRAYE.* I. How sleep the brave, who sink to rest, By all their country's wishes blest! When spring, with dewy fingers cold, Returns to deck their hallowed mold, She there shall dress a sweeter sod Than fancy's feet have ever trod. II. By fairy hands their knell is rung; By forms unseen their dirge is sung; There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray, To bless the turf that wraps their clay; And Freedom shall a while repair, To dwell, a weeping hermit, there. THE FLAG OF OUR UNION.t I. "A song for our banner," the watchword recall,.Which gave the republic her station; "United we stand, divided we fall! It made and preserves us a nation! The union of lakes, the union of lands, The union of States none can sever; The union of hearts, the -union of hands, And the flag of our Union forever and ever, The flag of our Union forever! * William Collins, England. j George P. Morris. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 55 II. What God in His wisdom and mercy designed, And armed with His weapons of thunder, Not all the earth's despots and factions combined, Have the power to conquer or sunder! The union of lakes, the union of lands, The union of States none can sever; The union of hearts, the union of hands, And the flag of our Union forever and ever, The flag of our Union forever! VIVA L'AMERICA, HOME OF THE FREE. I. Noble republic! happiest of lands, Foremost of nations, Columbia stands; Freedom's proud banner floats in the skies, Where shouts of liberty daily arise. "United we stand, divided we fall," "Union forever," freedom to all! Throughout the world our motto shall be, Viva l'America, home of the free. II. Should ever traitor rise in the land, Cursed be his homestead, withered his hand, Shame be his mem'ry, scorn be his lot, Exile his heritage, his name a blot! "United we stand, divided we fall," Granting a home and freedom to all; Throughout the world our motto shall be, Viva l'America, home of the free. III. To all her heroes, justice and fame; To all her foes, a traitor's foul name; Our "stripes and stars" still proudly shall wave, Emblem of liberty, flag of the brave! "United we stand, divided we fall;" Gladly we'll die at our country's call; Throughout the world out motto shall be, Viva l'America, home of the free. 56 1 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. TRAMP, TRAMP, TRAMP.* I. In the prison cell I sit, thinking, mother cear, of you, And our bright and happy home so far away; And the tears they fill my eyes, spite of all that I can do, Tho' I try to cheer my comrades and be gay. CHORUS-Tramp, tramp, tramp, the boys are marching; 0, cheer up, comrades, they will come, And beneath the starry flag we shall breathe the air again Of the freeland in our own beloved home. II. In the battle front we stood, when their fiercest charge they made, And they swept us off, a hundred men or more; But before we reached their lines they were beaten back, dismayed, And we heard the cry of vict'ry o'er and o'er. CHORus-Tramp, tramp, tramp, etc. III. So within the prison cell we are waiting for the day That shall come to open wide the iron door, And the hollow eye grows bright, and the poor heart almost gay, As we think of seeing home and friends once more. CHORus-Tramp, tramp, tramp, etc. FLAG OF THE HEROES.+ I. Flag of the heroes who left us their glory, Borne thro' the battle-field's thunder and flame, Blazoned in song and illumined in story, WTave o'er us all who inherit their fame. CHORus-Up with our banner bright, sprinkled with starry light, Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore; While thro' the sounding sky, loud rings the nation's cry, Union and Liberty! one evermore. II. Light of our firmament, guide of our nation, Pride of her children, and honored afar; Let the wide beams of thy full constellation, Scatter each cloud that would darken a star. CHORU —Up with our banner bright, etc. * George F. Root. f Oliver Wendell Holmes. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. III. Lord of the Universe, shield us and guide us, Trusting Thee always, in shadow or sunThou hast united us, who shall divide us? Keep us, 0 keep us the many in one! CHORus —Up with our banner bright, etc. THE AMERICAN FLAG* I. When Freedom from her mountain height, Unfurled her standard to the air, She tore the azure robe of night, And set the stars of glory there! She mingled with its gorgeous dies, The milky baldric of the skies, And striped its pure celestial white, With streakings from the morning light! CHRus —Then from her mansion, in the sun, She called her eagle bearer down, And gave into his mighty hand, The symbol of the chosen land. II. Majestic monarch of the cloud! Who rear'st aloft thy regal form, To hear the tempest trumping loud, And see the lightning lances driven, When strides the warrior of the storm, And rolls the thunder drum of heaven! Child of the sun! to thee'tis given To guard the banner of the freeCHORus-To hover in the sulphur smoke, To ward away the battle stroke, And bid the blendings shine afar, Like rainbows on the clouds of war. III. Flag of the brave! thy folds shall fly, The sign of hope and triumph high! When speaks the signal trumpet's tone, And the long line comes gleaming on*J J. R. Drake. 58 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet, Has dimm'd the glistening bayonetEach soldier's eye shall brightly turn, To where the meteor glories burn. CHORus-Flag of the free heart's only home, By an angel's hand to valor given! Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, And all thy hues were born in heaven. IV. Flag of the seas! on ocean's wave, Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave: When death, careering on the gale, Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail, And frightened waves rush wildly back, Before the broadside's reeling rack, The dying wanderer of the sea Shall look at once to heaven and thee. CIORiTs-Forever float that standard sheet, Where breathes the foe that falls before us! With Freedor's soil beneath our feet, And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us! STAND BY THE FLAG.* I. Stand by the flag-its folds have streamed in glory, To foes a fear, to friends a festal robe, And spread in rhythmic lines the sacred story, Of Freedom's triumphs over all the globe; Stand by the flag on land and ocean billowBy it your fathers stood, unmoved and trueLiving defended, dying, from their pillow, With their last blessing passed it on to you. II. Stand by the flag tho' death shots round it rattle, And underneath its waving folds have met, In all the dread array of sanguine battle, The quivering lance and glittering bayonet; Stand by the flag all doubt and treason scorning, Believe with courage firm and faith sublime, That it will float until th' eternal morning Pales in its glories all the lights of time. *John N. Wilder. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 59 COLUMBIA RULES THE SEA. I. The pennon flutters in the breeze, the anchor comes apeak, "Let fall-sheet home;" the briny foam and ocean's waste we seek; The booming gun speaks our adieu, fast fades our native shore, Columbia free shall rule the sea; Columbia evermore. II. We go the tempest's wrath to dare, the billows maddened play, Now climbing high against the sky, now rolling low away; While "Yankee oak" bears "Yankee hearts," courageous to the core, Columbia free shall rule the sea; Columbia evermore. III. We'll bear her flag around the world, in thunder and in flame, The sea-girt isles a wreath of smiles shall form around her name; The winds shall pipe her paeans loud, the billowy chorus roar, Columbia free shall rule the sea; Columbia evermore. OUR MICHIGAN SONGS. While our Michigan poetical literature is quite rich and varied, the patriotic muse has not spoken as freely as has that of some other lands-not, let us hold, because the elements of inspiration do not exist in profusion, but because the voice that shall give them expression has not yet been raised. We find but two pieces that are adapted to the purpose, and the first is used rather for its quaintness, and as a historical scrap, than for high poetical merit; while the second lacks originality, being patterned after "Maryland, my Maryland." The first piece has a considerable colparative antiquity, and though its authorship is unknown, the text shows it to have been written by some early emigrant from New England; while its early date is presumed from the few points of settlement that are mentioned. The writer was manifestly uninformed as to the poetical origin of the name Ann Arbor, supposing it, as many others have done, to indicate a marine harbor. The allusion to ships sailing up the Huron to Ann Arbor is relieved of its seeming absurdity by the fact that the idea wTas really entertained, up to a comparatively late date, that the Huron could be made serviceable for navigation by slackwater. In the earlier days, in fact, the rivers of the State seemed to flow in larger or more uniform volume than now, because then the water supply was retained in the marshes and smaller water courses, and was more equally distributed throughout the year. Hence, in the 60 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. absence of railroads, the utilization of the rivers for purposes of commerce was seriously contemplated, and at some points successfully undertaken, though since abandoned, either through partial failure of the water supply, the obstruction of the streams by dams, or in consequence of the opening of better channels of transportation. A word upon the philology of the title seems appropriate. The popular pronunciation, " Michigan-I-A," giving the full, long sound to the two last vowels, makes them appear as a meaningless appendage. The writer has somewhere read, but cannot call to mind when or where, and inquiry fails to discover the authority, that in the early naming of the northwestern territories it was proposed to give them the termination "ia," as Indiania, Michigania, etc. The only place, so far as is known, where the term Michigania is officially used, is in the original act of the governor and judges, establishing the university, under the title, the " Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania." Whether the name be voted absurd or not, there is ground stronger than mere conjecture for supposing that it was employed, at an early day, in influential circles, if not officially, to describe the territory or locality of Michigan, and that the word "Michigania" is used in the poem in obedience to custom, and not arbitrarily, merely for smoothness in the rhythm. The connection in which the word is used in the poem forbids a strict adherence to the proper prose pronunciation, but the difficulty may be in a measure avoided by giving the "i" in the last syllable the sound of "e" short, and the final "a" the long or broad sound. With these remarks, the poem will be sufficiently introduced by premising that the "Michigania" of to-day offers much *that is useful and attractive besides what can be found along the Clinton, the Huron and "St. Josey's." MICHIGANIA. I. Come all ye Yankee farmers Who'd like to change your lot, Who've spunk enough to travel Beyond your native spot, And leave behind the village Where pa and ma do stay, Come follow me and settle In Michigan-i-a. II. I've hearn of your Penobscot, Way down in parts of Maine, Where timber grows in plenty, But darn the bit of grain; PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. And I have hearn of Quaddy, And your Piscataqua, But these can't hold a candle To Michigania. III. And you that talk of Varmount; Why, what a place is that! Be sure that gals are pritty, And cattle very fat; But who among the mountains,'Mid clouds and snow, would stay, When he could buy a prairie In Michigania. IV. And there's your Massachusetts, Once good enough, be sure; But now she's always laying on Taxation or manure; She costs you pecks of trouble, But de'il a peck can pay, While all is scripture measure In Michigania. V. Then there's your land o' blue laws, Where deacons cut the hair, For fear your locks and tenets Should not exactly square; Where beer that works o' Sunday A penalty must pay, While all is free and easy In Michigania. VI. What country ever growed up So.great in little time, Just popping from the nurs'ry Right into like its prime; When Uncle Sam did wean her,'Twas but the other day, And now she's quite a lady, This Michigania. VII. Up on the River Clinton, Just thro' the country back, You'll find in shire of Oakland, The town of Pontiac, 9 62 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Which, springing up o' sudden, Scar'd wolves and bears away That used to rove about there In Michigania. VIII. And if you follow downwards, Why, Rawchister is there, And farther still, Mount Clemens Looks out upon St. Clair, Besides some other places Within Macombia, That promises population To Michigania. IX. Or if you'd rather go to A place called Washtenaw, You'll find upon the Huron Such lands ye never saw, Where ships come to An-Harbor, Right through La Plaisance bay, And touch at Typsylanty, In Michigania. x. Or if you keep agoing A great deal further on, I guess you'll reach St. Josey's, Where everybody's gone; Where everything, like Jack's bean, Grows monstrous fast, they say, And beats the rest all hollow Of Michigania. XI. Then come ye Yankee farmers, Who've mettle hearts like me, And elbow-grease is plenty To bow the forest tree; Come take a "quarter-section," And I'll be bound you'll say, This country takes the rag off, This Michigania. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 63 MICHIGAN, MY MICHIGAN. I. Home of my heart, I sing of thee, Michigan, my Michigan, Thy lake-bound shores I long to see, Michigan, my Michigan. From Raisin's ever fruitful vines,* To Lake Superior's farthest mines, Fair in the light of mem'ry shines, Michigan, my Michigan. II. Dark rolled the Rappahannock's flood, Michigan, my Michigan, The tide was crimson'd with thy blood, Michigan, my Michigan. Although for us the day was lost, Yet shall it be our proudest boast, At Fredericksburg our Seventh crossed, Michigan, my Michigan. III. With General Meade's victorious name, Michigan, my Michigan, Thy sons still onward march to fame, Michigan, my Michigan. And foremost in the fight you'll see, Where'er the bravest dare to be, The sabres of our cavalry, Michig, y ichiga, my ichigan. IV. When weary watching traitor foes, Michigan, my Michigan, The welcome night brings sweet repose, Michigan, my Michigan. The soldier, weary from the fight, Sleeps sound, nor fears the rebel's might, For "MICHIGAN'S ON GUARD TO-NIGHT!" Michigan, my Michigan. v. And when the happy clay shall come, Michigan, my Michigan, That brings thy war-worn heroes home, Michigan, my Michigan, What welcomes from thy own proud shore, What honors at their feet thou'lt pourWhat tears for those who come no more, Michigan, my Michigan. * Original, "From Saginaw's tall whispering pines;" a change for which the editor is responsible. 64 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. SONGS OF OTHER NATIONS. GOD SAVE THE QUEEN. I. God save our gracious Queen, Long live our noble Queen, God save the Queen; Send her victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign over us, God save the Queen. II. O Lord our God arise, Scatter her enemies, And make them fall. Confound their politics, Frustrate their knavish tricks, On Thee our hopes we fix, O save us all. III. Thy choicest gifts in store, On her be pleased to pour, Long may she reign. May she defend our laws, And ever give us cause, To sing with heart and voice, God save the Queen. SCOTS, WHA HA'E WI' WTALLACE BLED.* I. Scots, wha ha'e wi' Wallace bled, Scots, wham Bruce has aften led, Welcome to your gory bed, Or to victory! Now's the day, and now's the hour; See the front of battle lour; See approach proud Edward's powerChains and slavery! * Robert Burns. PRELIMIINARY CHAPTERS. 65 II. Wha will be a traitor knave? Wha can fill a coward's grave? Wha sae base as be a slave? Let him turn and flee! Wha for Scotland's king and law, Freedom's sword will strongly draw, Freeman stand or freeman fa', Let him follow me. III. By oppression's waes an' pains! By your sons in servile chains! We will drain your dearest veins, But they shall be free! Lay the proud usurper low! Tyrants fall in ev'ry foe! Liberty's in ev'ry blow; Let us do or die! ST. PATRICK'S DAY. I. Oh! blest be the days when the green banner floated, Sublime o'er the mountains of free Innisfail, When her sQns, to her glory and freedom devoted, Defied the invader to tread her green soil, When back o'er the main they chas'd the proud Dane, And gave to religion and learning their spoil, When valor and mind, together combined: But wherefore lament o'er the glories departed, Her star shall shine out with as vivid a ray, For ne'er had she children more brave and true hearted, Than those she now sees on Saint Patrick's day. II. Her sceptre, alas! pass'd away to the stranger; And treason surrendered what valor had held; But true hearts remain'd amid darkness and danger, Which, spite of her tyrannies, would not be quelled. Oft, oft, thro' the night flash'd gleamings of light, Which almost the darkness of bondage dispell'd; But a star now is near, her heavens to cheer, Not like the wild gleams which so fitfully darted, But long to shine down with its hallowing ray, On daughters as fair and sons as true hearted, As Erin beholds on Saint Patrick's day. 66 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. III. Oh! blest be the hour, when begirt by her cannon, And hail'd as it rose by a nation's applause, That flag waved aloft o'er the spire of Dungannon, Asserting for Irishmen their own Brehen laws. Once more shall it wave, o'er hearts that are brave, Despising the dastards who mock at their cause, And like brothers agreed, whatever their creed, Her children, inspired by those glories departed, No longer in darkness desponding will stay, But join in her cause like the brave and true hearted, Who rise for their rights on Saint Patrick's day. THE WATCH ON THE RHINE.* I. I. A voice resounds like thunder-peal, & braunt ein uf twie Donnert)af,'Mid dashing waves and clang of steel: Sie (djuwertgefirr unb oogenpraf: "The Rhine, the Rhine! the German Rhine: Bum 9tfein, aumn Nlein, 5um beutjfcen 9Tein, Who guards to-day my stream divine?" ber wtif be0 ftromeb Wfiter fein? Dear fatherland! no danger thine; 2ieb' Baterlanb, magft rutii fein, Firm stand thy sons to watch, to watch geet teft nub tren bie 3nact, bie Sac)t am 9ilein. the Rhine. II. II. urd muluberttaulenb ultt eb cutnef, They stand, a hundred thousand strong, b e; Quick to avenge their country's wrong; eer, fomm nu fta, With filial love their bosoms swell, eTut be ege Sanma 8ejfc~i~t bie feif'ge 2anbe~maxf. They'll guard the sacred landmark well. 2ieb',aterfanb, ic. Dear fatherland, etc. III. III. While flows one drop of German blood, (o lang' ein %ropfen 5fut nodj gffiut, Or sword remains to guard thy flood, locd cine gauft ben Tegen Siett, While rifle rests in patriot hand, lnb Iot) ein Wrm bie Sifce fhannt, No foe shall tread thy sacred strand. Oetritt cein geinb fier Zeinen Stranb! Dear fatherland, etc. ieb' ateranb, 2c. IV. IV. Our oath resounds; the river flows; er tuu efa, bie ogerinnt, In golden light our banner glows; ie gatten fattern 1oc im intb: Our hearts will guard thy stream divine, W.m bflein, am ffein, am beuticuen 9tein, The Rhine, the Rhine! the German Rhine! iir it we woilen iiter jein! Dear fatherland, etc. Sieb' SatertanD, ic. " Max Schneckenburger. PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 67 THE 1ARSEILLAISE HYMN. I. I. Ye sons of France, awake to glory, Allons enfans de la Patrie! Hark, hark! what myriads bid you rise! Le jour de gloire est arrive! Your children, wives, and grandsires hoary; Contre nous de la tyrannie Behold their tears and hear their cries! L'etendard sanglant est leve! Shall hateful tyrants, mischief breeding, Entendez vous dans les campagnes With hireling hosts, a ruffian band, Mugir ces feroces soldats? Affright and desolate the land, Ils veinnent jusque dans nos bras, While peace and liberty lie bleeding! Egorger nos fils, nos compagnes! To arms, to arms, ye brave! Aux armes, Citoyens! Th' avenging sword unsheath! Formez vos bataillons! March on, march on, all hearts resolv'd Marchez, marchez, qu'un sang impur On victory or death. Abreuve nos sillons. II. II. O Liberty! can man resign thee, Amour sacree de la Patrie! Once having felt thy gen'rous flame? Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs! Can dungeons, bolts, and bars confine thee? Liberte Liberte cherie, Or whips thy noble spirit tame? Combats avec tes defenseurs: Too long the world has wept bewailing Sous nos drapeaux que la victoire That falsehood's dagger tyrants wield- Accoure a tes males accens; But fireedom is our sword and shield, Que tes ennemis expirans And all their arts are unavailing. Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire To arms, to arms, ye brave! Aux armes, Citoyens! Th' avenging sword unsheath! Formez vos bataillons! March on, march on, all hearts resolv'd Marchez, marchez, qu'un sang impur On victory or death. Abreuve nos sillons. A SONG FOR ALL PEOPLES. HOME, SWEET HOME. Gabriel Harrison, Esq., in his "Life and Writings of John Howard Payne," gives the author's own account of the origin of "Home, Sweet Home:" "I first heard the air in Italy. One beautiful morning, as I was standing amid some delightful scenery, my attention was arrested by the sweet voice of a peasant girl, who was carrying a basket of flowers and vegetables. This plaintive air she trilled out with so much sweetness and simplicity, that the melody at once caught my fancy. I accosted her, and, after a few moments' conversation, I asked for the name of the song, which she could not give me, but having a slight knowledge of music myself, barely enough for the purpose, I requested 68 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. her to repeat the air, which she did, while I dotted down the notes as best I could. It was this air that suggested the words of'Home, Sweet Home,' both of which I sent to Bishop, at the time I was preparing the opera of'Clari' for Mr. Kemble. Bishop happened to know the air perfectly well, and adapted the music to the words.'" I.'Mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam, Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home! A charm from the skies seems to hallow us there, Which, seek through the world, is ne'er met with elsewhere. Home, home! sweet, sweet home! There's no place like home-there's no place like home. II. An exile from home, splendor dazzles in vain! Oh, give me my lowly thatched cottage again. The birds singing gaily, that came at my call, Give me them, and the peace of mind dearer than all. Home, home! sweet, sweet home! There's no place like home-there's no place like home. X "Songs of the Nations." C. M. Cady, New York, 1876. PART II. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. I.-CELEBRATION OF THE EARLIER EVENTS. lXERCISES- commemiorating the principal events preceding and leading to E the adoption of the Declaration, have been held in various places, and at various times prior to the present year. These, although local in their character, have yet a national interest, and are given first under this head, as being first in chronological order. THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. The first of the Centennial celebrations which have preluded and heralded the Centennial year, was that of the Boston Tea Party, which. occurred in Boston on the evening of December 16th, 1873, under the management of the ladies of Boston. The commemoration was social rather than popular in its character, being a veritable tea party, at which tea was served by the ladies, although a number of appropriate addresses were made. LEXINGTON AND COiNCORD. The first commemoration of the battles of Lexington and Concord w-as the erection and dedication of a small monument at Lexington, in 1799, to mark the spot where the first blood was shed in the struggle for independence. The sixty-first anniversary of the fight at Concord was celebrated on April 19th, 1836, by the dedication of a monument at that place, with suitable exercises, of which the most memorable was the following hymn, by Ralph Waldo Emerson: By the rude bridge that spans the flood, Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood, And fired the shot heard round the world. 10 70 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The foe long since in silence slept; Alike the conqueror silent sleeps; And Time the ruined bridge has swept Down the dark stream that seaward creeps. On this green bank, by this soft stream, We set to-day a votive stone; That memory may their deed redeem, When, like our sires, our sons are gone. Spirit, that made tlhese heroes dare To die, or leave their children free, Bid Time and Nature gently spare The shaft we raise to them and thee. The fight of Lexington and Concord was commemorated with remarkable enthusiasm on its hundredth anniversary, April 19th, 1875. At the celebration at Concord upwards of 30,000 people were estimated to be present. Among the distinguished guests were President Grant, Vice President Wilson, Secretaries Fish, Belknap and Delano, and Postmaster-General Jewell, of the national cabinet, Speaker Blaine, Genleral J. R. Haw-ley, the Governor and State officers of Massachusetts, and the governors of most of the New England states. A brilliant procession in five divisions paraded the streets. The exercises were held in a mammoth tent upon the Concord common, and consisted of an address by Ralph Waldo Emerson, a poem by James Russell Lowell, and an oration by George William Curtis. To these followed a series of toasts and impromptu addresses by Senator Boutwell, Governors Ingersoll of Connecticut, Peck of New Hampshire, and Dingley of Maine, and.others. Mr. Lowell's poem was one of remarkable spirit and force. We give one or two of its most suggestive passages: Who cometh over the hills, Her garments with morning sweet, The dance of a thousand rills Making music before her feet? Her presence freshens the air, Sunshine steals light from her face, The leaden footstep of Care Leaps to the tune of her pace. Fairness of all that is fair, Grace at the heart of all grace! Sweetener of hut and of hall, Bringer of life out of nought! Freedom, oh, fairest of all The daughters of Time and of Thought! * * * * * * * COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 71 Whiter than moonshine upon snow Her raiment is: but round the hem Crimson-stained; and, as to and fro Her sandals flash, we see on them, And on her instep veined with blue, Flecks of crimson-on those fair feet, High-arched, Diana-like and fleet, Fit for no grosser stain than dew: Oh, call them rather chrisms than stains, Sacred, and from heroic veins! For, in the glory-guarded pass, Her haughty and far-shining head She bowed to shrive Leoinidas With his imperishable dead. Her, too, Morgarten saw, Where the Swiss lion flashed his icy paw; She followed Cromwell's quenchless star Where the grim Puritan tread Shook Marston, Naseby and Dunbar; Yea, on her feet are dearer dyes Yet fresh, nor looked on with untearful eyes. Our fathers found her in the woods, Where nature meditates and broods The seeds of unexampled things Which Time to consummation brings, Through life and death, and man's unstable moods; They met her here, not recognized, A sylvan huntress clothed in furs, To whose chaste wants her bow sufficed, Nor dreamed what destinies were hers; She taught them belike to create Their simpler forms of Church and State, She taught them to endue The past with other functions than it knew, And turn in channels strange the uncertain stream of Fate; Better than all, she fenced them in their need With iron-handed Duty's sternest creed,'Gainst Self's lean wolf that ravens word and deed. Why cometh she hither to-cay, To this low village of the plain, Far from the Present's loud highway, From Trade's cool heart and seething brain? Why cometh she? * * * *'Tis here her fondest memories stay; She loves you pine-bemurmured ridge Where now our broadcl-browed poet sleeps, 72 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Dear to both Englands; near him he Who wore the ring of Canace; But most her heart to rapture leaps Where stood that era-parting bridge, O'er which, with foot-fall still as dew, The Old Time passed into the New; Where, as yon stealthy river creeps, He whispers to his listening weeds Tales of sublimest homespun deeds; Here English law and English thought Against the might of England fought, And here were men (co-equal with their fate) Who did great things unconscious they were great. They dreamed not what a die was cast With that first answering shot: what then? There was their duty; they were men Long schooled the inward gospel to obey, Though leading to the lions' den; They felt the habit-hallowed world give way, Beneath their lives, and on went they, Unhappy who was last: When Buttrick gave the word That awful idol of the hallowed Past, Strong in their love and in their lineage strong, Fell crashing; if they heard it not, Yet the earth heard, Nor ever hath forgot. As on from startled throne to throne, Where Superstition sate or conscious Wrong, A shudder ran of some dread birth unknown. Thrice-venerable spot! River more fearful than the Rubicon! O'er those red planks, to snatch her diadem, Man's Hope, star-girdled, sprang with them, And over ways untried the feet of Doom strode on. Think you these felt no charms In their gray homesteads and embowered farms? In household faces waiting at the door Their evening step should lighten up no more? In fields their boyish steps had known? In trees their fathers' hands had set And which with them had grown, Widening each year their leafy coronet? Felt they no pang of passionate regret For those unsolid goods that seem so much our own? These things are dear to every man that lives, And life prized more for what it lends than gives; COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 73 Yea, many a tie, by iteration sweet, Strove to detain their fatal feet; And yet the enduring half they chose, Whose choice decides a man life's slave or king,The invisible things of God before the seen and known; Therefore their memory inspiration blows With echoes gathering on from zone to zone, For manhood is the one immortal thing Beneath Time's changeful sky, And where it lightened once, from age to age Men come to learn, in grateful pilgrimage, That length of days is knowing when to die. The celebration at Lexington, on the same day, was attended by even a greater number, it being estimated that between forty and fifty thousand people were present. The brilliant procession was three miles in length. The exercises, over which lHon. T. M. Stetson presided, consisted of the unveiling of the statues, dedicated on that day, by Hon. Charles Hudson, and an oration by Richard H. Iana, Jr. Speeches were also made by Governors Chamberlain, of South Carolina, and Gaston, of Massachusetts, Chief Justice Gray, Ex-Governor Chamberlain, of Maine, Elliot C. Cowdin, William F. Bartlett, Edward Everett Hale, and others. A letter was read from William E. Gladstone, the great liberal leader of England, in response to an invitation to attend the celebration, in which he uses the following suggestive language: As regards the fathers of the American constitution themselves, we [the English people] do now contemplate their great qualities and achievements with an admiration as pure as do the American citizens themselves, and can rejoice no less heartily that, in the councils of Providence, they were made the instruments of a purpose most beneficial to the world. The circumstances under which the United States began their national existence, and their unexampled rapidity of advance in wealth and population, enterprise and power, have imposed on their people an enormous responsibility. They will be tried, as we shall, at the bar of history, but on a greater scale. They will be compared with men, not only of other countries, but of other times. They cannot escape from the liabilities and burdens which their greatness imposes upon them. No one desires more fervently than I do that they may be enabled to realize the highest hopes and anticipations that belong to their great position in the family of men. The day of Lexington and Concord was also widely celebrated elsewhere, and especially throughout Massachusetts. To the literature of this commemoration John G. Whittier contributed a fine poem, of which the greater portion is given: 74 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. LEXINGTON- 1775. No maddening thirst for blood had they, No battle-joy was theirs who set Against the alien bWyonet Their homespun breasts, in that old day. No seers were they, but simple men; Its vast results the future hid; The meaning of the work they did Was strange, and dark, and doubtful then. Swift as the summons canle, they left The plow, mid-furrow, standing still, The half-ground corn-grist in the mill, The spade in earth, the axe in cleft. They went where duty seemed to call; They scarcely asked the reason why; They only knew they could but die, And death was not the worst of all. - * * * * * * Their death-shot shook the feudal tower, And shattered slavery's chain as well; On the sky's dome, as on a bell, Its echo struck the world's great hour. The fateful echo is not dumb; The nations, listening to its sound, Wait, from a century's vantage-ground, The holier triumphs yet to come; The bridal-time of Law and Love, The gladness of the world's release, When, war-sick, at the feet of Peace, The hawk shall nestle with the dove. On April 19, 1875, the Hon. John M. Osborn, Senator from the Ninth senatorial district (Hillsdale county), offered the following preamble and resolutions, which were adopted by a unanimous rising vote: Whereas, This nineteenth day of April, 1875, is the one hundredth anniversary of the battles of Lexington and Concord, the first engagements of the American Revolution, where our patriot fathers, in behalf of liberty, first offered armed resistance to royal tyranny, it is fitting that all patriotic citizens of the republic, to found which our sires, a hundred years ago to-day, shed their blood, should appropriately recognize their gratitude to the nation's first martyrs, and join in honoring their hallowed memory; therefore, Resolved, by the Senate, in behalf of the people of Michigan, That we reverently record our transcendent admiration for the true nobility of character, sublime, self-sacrificing patriotism, and COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 75 exalted and unselfish heroism which those patriots evinced on that memorable day, and thankfully acknowledged the magnitude of the unrequited obligations resting upon those whose fortune it has been to enjoy the fruits of the triumph of the struggle for independence, at the commencement of which the valiant yeomen of Lexington and Concord gave their lives in testimony to the rights of mankind. Resolved, That we appreciate the inestimable privileges and grave responsibilities bequeathed to us as a part of that rich inheritance, sealed by the blood of those patriots who died in the name of liberty, and we rejoice that the shield of this republic, which has endured for a century, gives protection to the oppressed of every land, anid its flag floats over forty millions of freemen, but not one slave; that at last American citizenship means equality before the law. Resolved, That, emulating the glorious example of our revolutionary sires, the people of Michigan renew again their pledge of loyalty to the republic, and devotion to freedom. Resolved, That, as a mark of respect. to the honored dead of Lexington and Concord, the Senate do now adjourn.* Following the resolutions is a memorial tablet, appropriately inscribed to the memory of the Concord and Lexington martyrs. BTJNK ER -HILL. The fiftieth anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill was appropriately commemlorated by the laying of the corner stone of the.Bunker H-ill monument, a memorial obelisk, erected by private subscription and dedicated to the heroes of the first revolutionary battle. The corner-stone was laid by General Lafayette, then the nation's guest, and the oration was pronounced by Daniel Webster, to an immnense concourse of people. This address is one of the finest specimens of Mr. Webster's oratory, and its peroration, addressed to the veterans of the battle, who stood before him, reaches the height of eloquence. The monument was completed in 1842. It is a square shaft of Quincy granite, two hundred and twenty-one feet high, thirty-one feet square at the base, and fifteen at the top. Its cost was about $150,000. On June 17th, 1843, the sixty-eighth anniversary of the battle, it was dedicated. Mr. Webster was again the orator, and his second oration was not inferior to the first. The most imposing and magnificent of the preliminary Centennial celebrations was that of the battle of Bunker Hill, which occurred in Boston, oni June 17th, 1875. It was estimated at the time that, besides the citizens of Boston themselves, not less than 300,000 people from abroad were present to witness the commemoration. The day was opened with the clangor of bells, the thunder of cannon, and strains of patriotic music. The city was brilliantly decorated, in every quarter, with banners, inscriptions and devices. In the forenoon, Governor Gaston and staff reviewed the State militia, under the command of Major-General B. F. Butler. Nearly 20,000 troops were in line. *Michigan Senate Journal, 1875, page 909. 76 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Among the distinguished visitors were Vice President Wilson, Generals Sherman, Burnside and Hawley, Speaker Blaine, Senators Boutwell and Ferry, and the governors of nine states, including Governor Bagley, of Michigan. In the afternoon, a procession was formed and marched to the site of the battle of Bunker Hill, in Charlestown. It was over ten miles in length, and one of its most striking features was the presence in it of two companies of militia from the states lately in rebellion-the Washington Light Infantry, from Charleston, South Carolina, bearing the famous'"Eutaw banner," and the Norfolk Blues, from Norfolk, Virginia. These companies were received at Boston with a specially cordial hospitality, which signified the general desire to forget the dissensions caused by the late rebellion. The Fifth Regiment of Maryland infantry, and many companies and regiments from the Northern States, were also honored guests, and took a prominent part in the procession. The president of the day was George Washington Warren, a lineal descendant of the gallant general who fell at Bunker Hill. The orator of the day was General Charles Devens, Jr., and Oliver Wendell Holmes read the poem, a ballad of Bunker Hill. Informal speeches by General Sherman, Vice President Wilson, Governors Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, Bedle, of New Jersey, Ingersoll of Connecticut, and Dingley, of Maine, concluded the exercises. THE MECKLENBURGn DECLARATION. The details of the celebration of this event are not at hand, but in the proceedings of the United States Centennial Commission of May 20, 1875, occurs the following: Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, offered the following resolution: Whereas, The people of the states of North Carolina and Tennessee are engaged this day in celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, the day having been set apart thereto by gubernatorial proclamation; and, Whereas, This Centennial Commission is in hearty sympathy with the people of those States, in the celebration of this memorable event; therefore, Resolved, That this Commission send greeting to the citizens of North Carolina and Tennessee, and cordially join with them in doing honor to the memory of the patriotic citizens of the former State, who, one hundred years ago, put forth the declaration above referred to, and thus placed themselves in the vanguard of a movement designed to bring about and establish a nationality consecrated to liberal ideas of humanity, to a republican form of governments and to the doctrine that governments should be organized by the people, and for the general welfare. In accordance with the above resolution, the following telegram was sent: To our fellow citizens celebrating the Mecklenburg Declaration at Charlotte, North Carolina: The United States Centennial Commission, in annual meeting, near Independence Hall, send most cordial and fraternal greetings, with the warmest wishes for your success and happiness. Pray come up, as your fathers did, to meet your brothers and finish the work, next year, at Philadelphia. For the Commission: JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, PRESIDENT. JOHN L. CAMPBELL, SECRETARY. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 77 II. THE CENTENNIAL FOURTH. N EVER before, in the history of the world, were the people of a continent so moved by a common impulse and at the same time, as were the people of the United States on the -Fourth of July, 1876. We have seen persons held in rapt wonder, admiration, or awe, or breaking forth in spontaneous expressions of enthusiasm, as the sentiments or emotions were strongly appealed to. We have seen audiences held spell-bound, or joining their voices in loud acclaim, by the power of eloquence, or the achievements of valor. Cities have moved en masse in testifying their homage to some great principle, or to some person either feared or beloved by them. The people of ancient Rome assembled at given times in their capital city to hold high carnival through the mistaken agencies of brutality and vice, and from the Coliseum* three hundred thousand voices were hushed in suspense, or raised in horror or applause, at the brutal exhibitions of the arena. Whether as affecting single individuals or congregations of persons, the things which in the past have evoked manifestations of human feeling have been addressed more immediately to the senses. The individual is a single body, as masses of persons moved by a common impulse, become one body. Rome, from her seat of power, possessed no magic agency by which she could inspire her extremities; hence she called her representative agents from the body of her empire that they might gloat their brutal tastes on the tortures of the innocent victims of shameless triumphs, and receive the inspiration that should stimulate them to new conquests, spoliation and rapine. *The Coliseum was commenced by Vespasian, and completed by his son Titus, two years and nine months being occupied in its construction, employing the enforced labor of many thousands of captives. Its maximum capacity is generally put at about 110,000, but additions are said to have increased it to more than 300,000. "I went to see the Coliseum by moonlight. It is the monarch, the majesty of all ruins; there is nothing like it. All the associations of the place, too, give it the most impressive character. When you enter within this stupendous circle of ruinous walls and arches, and grand terraces of masonry, rising one above another, you stand upon the arena of the old gladiatorial combats and Christian martyrdoms; and as you lift your eyes to the vast amphitheater, you meet, in imagination, the eyes of a hundred thousand Romans, assembled to witness these bloody spectacles. What a multitude and mighty array of human beings! and how little do we know in modern times of great assemblies! One, two, and three, and at its last enlargement by Constantine, more than three hundred thousand persons, could be seated in the Circus Maximus!"-Rev. Orville Dewey. 11 78 M MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The occasion of the Centennial Fourth gave the world to realize more sensitively the agency of the unitizing forces that the century has developed. The telegraph, the railway, and other agents of interconmmunication, brought the people of the whole country into such sympathetic rapport that the jubilant impulse, flashed from point to point, awakened the simultaneous acclaim throughout the land, and in sympathizing breasts in other lands. The amphitheatre is obsolete, for we have no need to summon the nobles and grandees to the capital city to receive a base inspiration and diffuse it throughout the empire, but the inspiration of the hour thrills magnetically through the vast nerve structure that permeates the remotest part of our imperial Republic. The Centennial Fourth was greeted at midnight. At a given hour, could an observer have been placed at a suffcient altitude, with senses sufficiently acute, he would have seen a line of rockets shooting up from the eastern and southern seaboard, and would have heard the simultaneous booming of cannon and ringing of bells along the same line, and seen the people astir like bees in. a disturbed hive. A few minutes later, as time advances by the law of the sun, and a north and south line on the meridian of Albany would have shown similar animation, and successively Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Omaha, Denver, San Francisco, would have awakened to the advancing blaze and peal, and boom and cheer. And these demonstrations were not confined to the land, but distant seas were lighted up and made tremulous as by the throat of Thundering Jupiter, from thousands of vessels floating under the stripes and stars. With such greeting was the first hour of the Centennial Fourth ushered in; and such summary but imperfect picture of the grand ceremonial must suffice under this immediate head. Commemorative exercises during the day were as universal as was the greeting with which it was received, but outside of our own State, only the national celebration at Philadelphia, and other exercises contemporaneous therewith, will be noticed. THE GREAT NATIONAL CELEBRATION AT PHILADELPHIA. The commemorative exercises at Philadelphia on the fourth of July, 1876, were mainly under the charge of the Centennial Commission and the authorities of Philadelphia, but were national in their character. The formal exercises were held in Independence Square, fronting Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was adopted and signed. These are located on Chestnut street, between Fifth and Sixth streets. Independence Hall is well COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 79 represented by the cut. It is in an excellent state of preservation, and has as fresh a look almost as if built but yesterday. Other structures have been added on each end of the building, the whole being used for court and other public purposes, but the additions are to be removed and the original status restored, when the public buildings now -_ t in course of erection are completed. o A grand military parade preceded the civic exercises. The military formed in i t se i line on Broad street, and commenced to move at half-past eight. The troops were enthusiastically cheered at different points,on the route. A stand had been erected i.'.... in front of Independence Hall from which the troops were reviewed by General Sherman. Mr. Cameron, Secretary of War, with many distinguished military men of Independence Hall, Philadelphia,,our own and foreign countries, occupied seats on the platform. Among the features of the parade was the Centennial Legion, which was originated especially for the occasion, and composed of a company from each of the original States. Before the civic exercises began, every spot in the streets in the vicinity was crowded with people. A stand of seats for 4,000 invited guests had been erected, and when the ceremonies commenced, was entirely filled. Among the.and Lieutenant-General Sheridan, Governor Bagley, of Michigan, Rev. Dr. Somerville Scott and Governor Lippitt, of Rhode Island, Governor Axtell, of New Mexico, Bishops Howe and Simpson, members of the Japanese Centennial Commission, and the Brazilian emperor Dom Pedro, together with the gentlemen who participated directly in the proceedings of the day. At 10.15 A. M., General Hawley called the immense assemblage to order, and an orchestra of two hundred and fifty musicians, under the leadership of Professor Gilmore, opened with a grand overture, "The Great Republic," arranged for the occasion by the composer, George F. Bristow, of New York. At the conclusion of the music, General Hawley, president of the Centennial Commission, advanced to the stand and made the following address: FELLOW CITIZENS AND FRIENDS OF ALL NATIONS: One hundred years ago the Republic was proclaimed on this spot, and we have come together to celebrate, to-clday, by a simple and 80 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. peaceful observance, our wonder, our pride, and our gratitude. These presences to-day prove thegood will existing among all nations. To the strangers among us, a thousand welcomes-to the land we love, liberty, peace, justice, prosperity, and the blessing of God to all time. By direction of the Commission I have the honor to announce as presiding officer of the day, Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Vice President of the United States. MR. FERRY'S ADDRESS. CITIZENS OF OUR CENTENNIAL: The regretful absence of the President of the United States casts on me the honor of presiding on this eventful occasion. Much as I value the official dis — tinction, I prize much more the fact, that severally we hold, and successfully we maintain, the right to the prouder title of American citizen. It ranks all others. It makes office, unmakes officers, and creates States. One hundred years ago, in yonder historic structure, heroic statesmen sat, and gravely chose between royal rule and popular sovereignty. Inspired with the spirit which animated the Roman sage, who on Mars Hill declared that of one blood were made all nations of men, Continental sages echoed in Independence Hall their immortal Declaration that all men are created equal. Appealing to the God of justice and of battle for the rectitude and firmness of their purpose, they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor to the principle of freedom and equality of the human race. To-day, in this rounding hour of a century, appealing to the same God of justice and of peace, we praise Him for, and pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor to maintain, the spirit of that declaration now made universal by the fundamental law of the land. [At this stage of the Vice President's speech the sudden tolling of the bell of Independence Hall reverberating through the vicinity roused those present to the greatest enthusiasm and resulted in a series of prolonged cheers.] We, the people of the United States, in this Centennial memorial, pay a double tribute to the Most High-one of grateful acknowledgment of the fulfilled pledge of our fathers to overthrow royalism, the other of joyful assurance of the fulfilling pledge of their sons to uphold republicanism. The great powers of the earth honor the spirit of American fidelity to the cause of human freedom, by the display of their arts and by the presence of their titled peers, to grace and dignify the world's homage paid to the Centennial genius of American liberty. Three millions of people grown to forty-three millions, and thirteen colonies enlarged to a nation of thirty-seven States, with the thirty-eighth-the Centennial State-forsaking eight territories and standing on the threshold of the Union, abiding executive admission; these attest the forecast and majesty of the Declaration of 1776. It was nothing short of the utterance of the sovereignty of manhood and the worth of American citizenship. Its force is fast supplanting the assumption of the divine right of Kings, by virtue of the supreme law of the nation, that the people alone hold the sole power to rule. Nations succeed each other in following the example of this republic, and the force of American Institutions bids fair to bring about a general reversal of the source of political power. Whenever that period shall come, Great Britain, so magnanimous in presence in this auspicious era, will then, if not before, praise the events, when American Independence was won under Washington, and when freedom and equality of races were achieved under Lincoln and Grant. The Vice President turned to the Right Rev. William Bacon Stevens, D. D.,, Bishop of Pennsylvania, and introduced him as the ecclesiastical successor of the first chaplain of the Continental Congress. The Bishop was in his canonical robes, appearing after the manner of his denomination, book in hand, and speaking in a low, but clear tone. The invocation embodied many passages from the Prayer.Book appropriately woven together. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 81 The next announcement was: Hymn, "Welcome to all Nations," words by Oliver Wendell Holmes, of Massachusetts; music, "Keller's Hymn." WELCOME TO ALL NATIQNS. I. Bright on the banners of lily and rose, Lo, the last sun of our century sets! Wreath the black cannon that scowled on our foesAll but her friendships the Nation forgets! All but her friends and their welcome forgets! These are around her: But where are her foes? Lo, while the sun of her century sets Peace twines her garlands of lily and rose! II. Welcome! a shout like the war-trumpet swell Wakes the wild echoes that slumber aroused! Welcome! it quivers from Liberty's bell; Welcome! the walls of her temple resound! Hark! the gray walls of her temple resound! Fade the far voices o'er hill-side and dell; Welcome! still whisper the echoes around; Welcome! still trembles on Liberty's bell! III. Thrones of the Continents! Isles of the Sea! Yours are the garlands of peace we entwine; Welcome, once more, to the land of the free; Shadowed alike by the palm and the pine, Softly they murmur, the palm and thepine, "Hushed is our strife, in the land of the free;" Over your children their branches entwine, Thrones of the Continents! Isles of the Sea! The next scene was fraught with significance. The Vice-President announced that the grandson of Richard Henry Lee would read the Declaration of Independence from the original manuscript, which the President had intrusted to the Mayor of Philadelphia. The faded and crumbling manuscript, held together by a simple frame, was then shown to the'vast throng below the platform, cheer following cheer. Mr. Lee read the Declaration in a clear, ringing voice. The reading was frequently interrupted by cheers, as some patriotic sentiment would be heard. Following the reading of the Declaration came the greeting from.Brazil, a hymn for the first Centennial of American independence, composed by A. Carter 82 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Gomez, of Brazil, at the request of his Majesty, Dom Pedro, second Emperor of Brazil. The announcement of this portion of the programme was received by the assemblage with every manifestation of favor. The Emperor rose to his feet with the rest of the distinguished personages present, and listened with great attention. THE NATIONAL ODE, JULY 4, 1876. Bayard Taylor was then introduced, and recited the following ode, written by him for the occasion: I.-I. Sun of the stately Day, Let Asia into the shadow drift, Let Europe bask in thy ripened ray, And over the severing ocean lift A brow of broader splendor. Give light to the eager eyes Of the land that waits to behold thee rise: The gladness of morning lend her, With the triumph of noon attend her, And the peace of the vesper skies! For, lo! she cometh now, With hope on the lip and pride on the brow, Stronger anddclearer and fairer, To smile on the love we bear her, To live, as we dreamed her and sought her, Liberty's latest daughter! In the clefts of the rocks, in the secret places, We found her traces; On the hills, in the crash of woods that fall, We heard her call; When the lines of battle broke, We saw her face in the fiery smoke; Through toil, and anguish, and desolation, We followed and found her, With the grace of a virgin nation, As a sacred zone around her! Who shall rejoice With a righteous voice Far heard through the ages, if not she? For the menace is dumb that defied her, The doubt is dead that denied her, And she stands acknowledged, and strong, and free! COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 83 II. —1. Ah, hark! th3 solemn undertone On every wind of human story blown. A large, divinely-moulded Fate Questions the right and purpose of a State, And in its plan sublime Our eras are the dust of Time. The far-off Yesterday of power Creeps back with stealthy feet, Invades the lordship of the hour, And at our banquet takes the unbidden seat. From all unchronicled and silent ages Before the Future first begot the Past, Till History dared at last, To write eternal words on granite pages; From Egypt's tawny drift, and Assur's mound, And where, uplifted white and far, Earth highest yearns to meet a star, And Man his manhood by the Ganges found,Imperial heads, of old millenial sway, And still by some pale splendor crowned, Chill as a corpse-light in our full-orbed day, In ghostly grandeur rise And say, through stony lips and vacant eyes: "Thou that assertest freedom, power and fame, Declare to us thy claim!" I.-2. On the shores of a Continent cast, She won the inviolate soil By loss of heirdom of all the Past, And faith in the royal right of toil! She planted homes on the savage sodInto the wilderness lone She walked with fearless feet, In her hand the divining-rod, Till the veins of the mountains beat With fire of metal and force of stone! She set the speed of the river-head To turn the mills of her bread; She drove her plowshare deep Through the prairie's thousand-centuried sleep; To the South and West and North, She called path-finder forth, Her faithful and sole companion, Where the flushed Sierra, snowy-starred, Her way to the sunset barred, 84 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. And the nameless rivers in thunder and foam Channeled the terrible canyon! Nor paused, till her uttermost home Was built, in the smile of a softer sky And the glory of beauty still to be, Where the haunted waves of Asia die On the strand of the world-wide sea! II —2. The race, in conquering, Some fierce Titanic joy of conquest knows, Whether in veins of serf or king, Our ancient blood beats restless in repose. Challenge of Nature unsubdued Awaits not man's defiant answer long; For hardship, even as wrong, Provokes the level-eyed, heroic mood. This for herself she did; but that which lies, As over earth the skies, Blending all forms in one benignant glow,Crowned conscience, tender care, Justice that answer's every bondsman's prayer, Freedom where Faith may lead or Thought may dare, The power of minds that know, Passion of hearts that feel, Purchased by blood and woe, Guarded by fire and steel,Hath she secured? What blazon on her shield, In the Clear Century's light Shines to the world revealed, Declaring nobler triumph, born of Right]? -83. Foreseen in the vision of sages, Foretold when martyrs bled, She was born of the longing of ages, By the truth, of the noble dead, And the faith of the living, fed! No blood in her lightest veins Frets at remembered chains, Nor shame of bondage has bowed her head. In her form and features still The unblenching Puritan will, Cavalier honor, Hugenot grace, The Quaker truth and sweetness, And the strength of the danger-girdled race Of Holland, blend in a proud completeness. From the homes of all, where her being began, COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 85 She took what she gave to manJustice that knew no station, Beli f as soul-decreed, Free air for aspiration, Free force for independent deed! She takes but to give again, As the sea returns the rivers in rain; And gathers the chosen of her seed From the hunted of every crown and creed. Her Germany dwells by a gentle Rhine; Her Ireland sees the old sunburst shine; Her France pursues some dream divine; Her Norway keeps his mountain pine; Her Italy waits by the Western brine; And, broad-based, under all, Is planted England's oaken-hearted mood, As rich in fortitude As e'er went worldward from the island wall! Fused in her candid light, To one strong race all races here unite; Tongues melt in hers; hereditary foemen Forget their sword and slogan, kith and clan.'Twas glory, once, to be a Roman; She makes it glory, now, to be a man! 11-3. Bow down! Doff thine JEonian crown! One hour forget The glory, and recall the debt. Make expiation, Of humbler mood, For the pride of thine exaltation O'er peril conquered and strife subdued! But half the right is wrested When victory yields her prize, And half the marrow tested When old endurance dies. In the sight of them that love thee, Bow to the Greater above thee! He faileth not to smite The idle ownership of Right, Nor spares to sinews fresh from trial And virtue, schooled in long denial, The tests that wait for thee In larger perils of prosperity. Here, at the Century's awful shrine, Bow to thy fathers' God-and thine! 12 86 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. I-4. Behold! she bendeth now, Humbling the chaplet of her hundred years: There is a solemn sweetness on her brow, And in her eyes are sacred tears. Can she forget, In present joy, the burden of her debt, When for a captive race She grandly staked and won The total promise of her power begun, And bared her bosom's grace To the sharp wound that inly tortures yet? Can she forget The million graves her young devotion set, The hands that clasp above From either side, in sad, returning love? Can she forget, Here, where the Ruler of to-day, The Citizen of to-morrow, And equal thousands to rejoice and pray Beside these holy walls are met, Her birth-cry, mixed of keenest bliss and sorrow? Where, on July's immortal morn, Held forth, the People saw her head, And shouted to the world: "The King is dead, But lo! the Heir is born!" When fire of Youth, and sober trust of Age, In Farmer, Soldier, Priest and Sage, Arose and cast upon her Baptismal garments,-never robes so fair Clad prince in Old-world air,Their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor! II-4. Arise! Recrown thy head, Radiant with blessing of the Dead! Bear from this hallowed place The prayer that purifies thy lips, The light of courage that defies eclipse, The rose of Man's new morning on thy face! Let no iconoclast Invade thy rising Pantheon of the Past, To make a blank where Adams stood, To touch the Father's sheathed and sacred blade, Spoil crowns on Jefferson and Franklin laid, Or wash from Freedom's feet the stain of Lincoln's blood! Hearken, as from that haunted hall COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 87 Their voices call: "We lived and died for thee: We greatly dared that thou might'st be; So, from thy children still We claim denials which at last fulfill, And freedom yielded to preserve thee free! Beside clear-hearted Right, That smiles at Power's uplifted rod, Plant Duties that requite, And Order that sustains, upon thy sod, And stand in stainless might Above all self, and only less than God!" III 1. Here may thy solemn challenge end, All-proving past, and each discordance die Of doubtful augury, Or in one choral with the Present blend, And that half-heard, sweet harmony Of something nobler that our sons may see! Though poignant memories burn Of days that were, and may again return, When thy fleet foot, 0, Huntress of the Woods, The slippery brinks of danger knew, And dim the eyesight grew That was so sure in thine own solitudesYet stays some richer sense, Won from the mixture of thine elements, To guide the vagrant scheme, And winnow Truth from each conflicting dream! Yet in thy blood shall live Some force unspent, some essence primitive, To seize the highest use of things; For Fate, to mold thee to her plan, Denied thee food of kings, Withheld the udder and the orchard fruits, Fed thee with savage roots, And forced thy harsher milk from barren breasts of man! III —2. 0, sacred Woman-form, Of the first People's need and passion wroughtNo thin, pale ghost of Thought, But fair as Morning,.and as heart's blood warmWearing thy priestly tiar on Judah's hills; Clear-eyed beneath Athene's helm of gold; Or from Rome's central seat Hearing the pulses of the Continents beat 88 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. In thunder where her legions rolled; Compact of high heroic hearts and wills, Whose being circles all The selfless aims of men, and all fulfills; Thyself not free, so long as one is thrall; Goddess, that as a Nation lives, And as a Nation dies, That for her children as a man defies, And to her children as a mother givesTake our fresh fealty now! No more a Chieftainess, with wampum-zone And feather-cinctured browNo more a new Britannia, grown To spread an equal banner to the breeze, And lift thy trident o'er the double seas; But with unborrowed crest, In thine own native beauty dressedThe front of pure command, the unflinching eye, thine own! II —3. Look up, look forth and on! There's light in the dawning sky: The clouds are parting, the night is gone: Prepare for the work of the day! Fallow thy pastures lie, And far thy shepherds stray, And the fields of thy vast domain Are waiting for purer seed Of knowledge, desire and deed, For keener sunshine and mellower rain! But keep thy garments pure: Pluck them back, with the old disdain, From touch of the hands that stain! So shall thy strength endure. Transmute into good the gold of Gain, Compel to beauty thy ruder powers, Till the bounty of coming hours Shall plant, on thy fields apart, With the oak of Toil, the rose of Art! Be watchful, and keep us so: Be strong, and fear no foe: Be just, and the world shall know! With the same love love us, as we give; And the day shall never come, That finds us weak or dumb To join and smite and cry In the great task, for thee to die, And the greater task, for thee to live! COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 89 OUR NATIONAL BANNER. The following, entitled "Our National Banner," written by Dexter Smith, of Massachusetts, was rendered by the orchestra and chorus: I. O'er the high and o'er the lowly Floats that banner bright and holy In the rays of Freedom's sun; In the Nation's heart imbedded, O'er our Union newly wedded, One in all, and all in one. II. Let the banner wave forever, May its lustrous stars fade never, Till the stars shall pale on high; While there's right the wrong defeating, While there's hope in true heart beating, Truth and Freedom shall not die. III. As it floated long before us, Be it ever floating o'er usO'er our land from shore to shore; There are freemen yet to wave it, Millions who would die to save it,Wave it, save it, evermore. GREETINGS FROM ABROAD. The following autograph letter from the Emperor of Germany was presented to the President on the Fourth by the German minister, Mr. Schlozer: William, by the grace of God, Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, etc., to the President of the United States: GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND: It has been vouchsafed to you to celebrate the Centennial festival of the day upon which the great Republic over which you preside entered the rank of independent nations. The purposes of its founders have, by a wise application of the teachings of the history of the foundation of nations, and with insight into the distant future, been realized by a development without a parallel. To congratulate you and the American people upon the occasion affords me so much the greater pleasure, because, since the treaty of friendship, which my ancestor of glorious memory, King Frederic II, who now rests with God, concluded with the United States, undisturbed friendship has continually existed between Germany and America, and 90 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. has been developed and strengthened by the ever-increasing importance of their relations, and by an intercourse, becoming more and more fruitful, in every domain of commerce and science. That the welfare of the United States, and the friendship of the two countries, may continue to increase, is my sincere desire and confident hope. Accept the renewed assurance of my unqualified esteem. WILLIAM. BERLIN, June 9, 1876. Countersigned: YON BISMARCK. On the 18th of July the following response of the President was handed to the German minister: Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States of America, to William I, Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, etc., etc.: GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND: Your letter of June 9th, in which you were pleased to offer your cordial congratulations upon the occasion of the Centennial anniversary which we have recently celebrated, was placed in my hands on the fourth of July, and its contents were perused with unfeigned satisfaction. Such expressions of sympathy for the past progress of this country, and of good wishes for its future welfare, as are contained in that communication, are more gratifying because they proceed from the head of a great empire with which this republic, during the whole century of its existence, has maintained relations of peace and friendship, which have been conspicuous alike in prosperity and adversity, and have become continually firmer with the increasing progress and prosperity of both countries. It is my sincere desire that this mutual cordiality, and this prosperity, which have been the lot of the two countries during the first century of our independence, may be vouchsafed to them during the century which is to come. Wishing you a long reign of health and happiness, I pray God that He may have your Majesty in His safe and holy keeping. By the President: (Signed) U. S. GRANT. HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. The city of Philadelphia has been, during the summer, a favorite center for holding meetings and conventions representing various societary and public interests, but in this connection will be mentioned only those occurring on, or immediately connected with, the Centennial Fourth. THE AUTHORS' TRIBTTE TO THE SIGNERS. Commemorative exercises unconnected with the Centennial Exhibition, were begun in Philadelphia July first, by a grand demonstration in Independence Hall and Independence Square. The opening exercises of the day were held in Independence Hall, commencing at half-past eleven o'clock, under the direction of the committee on restoration. At the hour named, about one hundred and thirty authors and prominent literary gentlemen assembled in the historic room, each depositing a short biographical sketch of one of the signers or other COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 91 prominent revolutionary patriot. The gentlemen invited to participate in this interesting affair had come together in the museum, immediately opposite Independence Hall, at eleven o'clock. There they were received by the ladies of the committee in charge of the museum, and were thence escorted to the hall, when they were welcomed by his honor Mayor Stokley, in a short and appropriate address. The assemblage was next addressed by Col. Frank M. Etting, chairman of the committee on the restoration of Independence Hall. Prayer was offered by Rev. White Bronson. At the conclusion of the Rev. Mr. Bronson's prayer, Whittier's Centennial hymn, as sung on the opening of the Centennial Exhibition, May tenth, was sung by a chorus of fifty voices. The names of the authors were then called, when each one stepped to- the table and deposited his sketch, after which the assemblage were escorted to seats on the platform in the square. Among the authors contributing sketches were ex-Governor John A. Dix, Thomas W. Higginson, John Esten Cook, Benson J. Lossing, Robert C. Winthrop, John W. Forney, and Charles Francis Adams. THE NATIONAL REFORM ASSOCIATION. The movement of which this association is the exponent dates back to about 1863, when it first assumed form at a meeting somewhat local and informal in its character, at Xenia, Ohio. The national association was formed in 1867. The object of the organization is, in brief, to secure a religious amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The movement embraces the names of *many judges, politicians, clergymen, teachers, and others, in the. several states and territories. The association held its sixth annual meeting in Philadelphia, on June 28, 1876, and adopted resolutions as follows: 1. That this convention is persuaded, with the Congress of 1778, in the words of their resolution of October twelve, substantially repeated in the ordinance of 1787, for the government of the Territory of the Northwest, and incorporated in the constitutions of states organized within that territory, that "true religion and good morals are the only solid foundations of public liberty and happiness." It firmly believes, with George Washington, who solemnly recorded the truth in his farewell address, that "of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports;" and again, that "reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principles." It cherishes the'spirit of John Adams' first message to Congress-" a calm but steady determination to support our sovereignty, as well as our moral and religious principles, against all open and secret attacks." 2. That we recognize the need of impressing upon the public mind, this Centennial year, the truth of our national accountability to God. Owing its independence and existence to Him, and exercising authority derived from Him, the nation is under supreme obligation to acknowledge and obey Him. 92 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 3. That in the midst of the commemorations of this year, we recall with gratitude the many acts of governmental acknowledgment of God which stand out prominently in our history. We rejoice that, in repeated instances, the authority of God, and of Jesus Christ, our Lord, has been acknowledged by Congress, by presidents and governors, in resolutions and proclamations, and that to-day, in the Sabbath laws of our states, in the use of the Bible in the public schools, and in the religious acknowledgments of our state constitutions, our government maintains a connection, not with any established church, but with the vital principles of the Christian religion. 4. That, with a long line of honored witnesses, we deplore the religious defect of our national Constitution. We painfully recognize the omission from it of all suitable acknowledgment of God, Jesus Christ, our Lord, and the Bible, as a dishonor done to Him in whose hand the nations are but as the drop of a bucket, and therefore as a source of untold evil to the nation itself. 5. That the legitimate influence of this omission from our fundamental law of any expression or authentication of the connection of our government with Christianity, has been to sever that connection; and the persistent demand now made, on the basis of our Constitution, to banish the Bible from our schools, blot out our Sabbath laws, and utterly ce-Christianize our government, should constrain every, friend of our Christian civil institutions to labor for a religious amendment to the Constitution, as an undeniable constitutional basis for Christian education, laws against the desecration of the Sabbath, and every other similar feature of the nation's life. 6. That we discern in the vital public questions, now pressing for solution, the one allimportant issue between a secular or Godless government and a Christian government; and we are fully convinced that we cannot remain half one and half the other, Christian in many parts of our laws and administration, and secular in our national written Constitution. We must harmonize our national Constitution with the Christian institutions of our government, or these must become as destitue of hristia character as that instrument itself. 7. That we pledge ourselves anew, to God and to each other, to labor in this patriotic and glorious cause, amid discouragement and unpopularity, if need be, in the hope that in answer to prayer and devoted effort, our beloved nation will, before long, solve the problem of this opening century of its independence, by recognizing explicitly the authority of God and of His Christ. The Hon. Felix R. Brunot, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, is president of the association, and Prof. Joseph W. Ewing, of Michigan, is one of the vice-presidents. The "Christian Statesman," a weekly quarto of sixteen pages, published in Philadelphia, is the organ of the association. CENTENNIAL CONGRESS OF LIBERALS. Antagonizing the object sought by the movement last above mentioned, was the "Centennial Congress of Liberals," composed of delegates from liberal leagues throughout the country, and others sympathizing with its objects, which met in Philadelphia on the first day of July, and continued in session to and including the fourth. There were one hundred and sixty-seven delegates present, representing twenty-seven states, and some eight hundred persons who were not present sent their names as members. The aim and objects of the organization are summarily set forth in two of the articles of its constitution: COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 93 1. The general object of the National Liberal League shall be to accomplish the TOTAL SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE: to the end that equal rights in religion, genuine morality in politics, and freedom, virtue and brotherhood in all human life, may be established, protected and perpetuated. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2. To advocate the equitable taxation of church property; the total discontinuance of religious instruction and worship in the public schools; the repeal of all laws enforcing the observance of Sunday as the Sabbath; the cessation of all appropriations of public funds for religious institutions or purposes of any kind; the abolition of state-paid chaplaincies; the substitution of simple affirmation, under the pains and penalties of perjury, for the judicial oath; the non-appointment of religious fasts, festivals and holidays by public authority; the practical establishment of simple morality and intelligence as the basis of purely secular government, and the adequate guarantee of public order, prosperity, and righteousness; and whatever other measures or principles may be necessary to the total separation of Church and State. For these and like objects, local leagues are to be formed. An address was adopted, entitled a "Patriotic Address to the People of the United States," and among the addresses presented at the meeting was one from the Michigan State Association of Spiritualists, sympathizing with its objects. Francis E. Abbot, of Boston, is president of the organization, and E. W. Meddaugh, of Detroit, is the vice-president for Michigan. "The Index," a twelve page quarto, published in Boston, of which Mr. Abbot is editor, is the organ of the movement. WOMAN SUEFR'AGE CENTENNIAL MEETINGS. On Monday, July third, the American Woman Suffrage Association held a meeting at Horticultural Hall, to celebrate the adoption of a constitution for that State by the provincial congress of New Jersey, July 2d, 1776, under which, for many years, women had equal rights to the ballot with men, and often exercised the right. Lucy Stone presided; Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Matilda J. Hindman, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Mrs. Elizabeth K. Churchill, of Rhode Island; Mrs. Antoinette Brown Blackwell, of New Jersey; Rev. C. G. Ames, of Pennsylvania; Mr. Roper, of England; H. B. Blackwell, of Massachusetts, and the president, spoke. The attendance was good and the meeting valuable and interesting. The officers of the National Woman Suffrage Association had asked the privilege of presenting a protest and declaration of rights to the great Centennial meeting in Independence Square, on the morning of July fourth, and the request was refused on the ground that the programme of exercises, already complete, could not be changed. At the opening of the meeting, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Laura A. Spencer, Lillie D. Blake, and Phebe W. Cozzens, found room on the 13 94 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. platform, being admitted by tickets, and at the close of the reading of the Declaration of Independence Miss Anthony stepped forward and said to the president, Hon. T. W. Ferry, of Michigan, acting Vice President of the United States: "Mr. President, we present this declaration of rights of the women citizens of the United States." He bowed and received it silently, and the ladies quietly left. On Chestnut street, in front of Independence Hall, was a platform not in use, and Miss Anthony read from it the declaration just presented, at the request of many who wished to hear it. At noon the First Unitarian Church was filled with a large audience who remained five hours to hear the reading of the declaration by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and addresses by various persons. Lucretia Mott, eighty-four years of age, presided, and spoke with her usual earnest eloquence. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 95 III.-THE CENTENNIAL FOURTH IN MICHIGAN. HE Centennial Fourth was welcomed with patriotic demonstrations throughout Michigan. As the midnight bells rang out the old year and rang in the new, in nearly all the cities and larger villages in the State cannon were fired, fireworks were displayed, flags were flung to the breeze, and the people declared, in a variety of ways, their joy at the advent of the one hundredth year of the nation's independence. These midnight demonstrations were kept up for nearly an hour. Though they were informal, they were quite generally participated in, friends and neighbors apparently vieing with each other in giving expression to the patriotic emotions which the event awakened. The fact is worthy of record here, because of the spirit which it illustrated. There was no preparation for a formal demonstration; no programme was laid down; no previous appeals had stirred the public mind, yet as the clocks struck the hour of midnight, and told that a new year was born, everybody seemed prompted, as by one impulse, to show in some way appreciation of the significance of the event. The Centennial Fourth was, of course, the great day of the year. It had long been looked forward to with lively anticipations, and preparations for its due observance were early begun. The whole people, as by one consent, joined in the preparations, and when the day arrived, turned out to honor the memory of the founders of the republic, and to testify anew their fealty to its fundamental principles. In this chapter the reader will find chronicled somewhat fully the Fourth of July doings at fifty places in the State of Michigan.* * This chapter is made up entirely from newspaper reports of celebrations in the various towns in the State. The newspapers whose columns have been so freely drawn from are the Adrian Times, Allegan Journal, Peninsular Courier (Ann Arbor), Battle Creek Journal, Bay City Tribune, Big Rapids Magnet, Tuscola Advertiser, Charlotte Republican, Coldwater Republican, the daily press of Detroit, Dexter Leader,. Dundee Enterprise, Wolverine Citizen (Flint), Fowlerville Review, Grand Ledge Independent, Grand Haven Herald, Grand Rapids Eagle, Greenville Independent, Portage Lake Mining Gazette, Ionia Sentinel, Gratiot County Journal, Jackson Citizen, Jonesville Independent, Kalamazoo Telegraph, Lansing Republican, Marquette Mining Journal, Sanilac Jeffersonian, Ingham County News (Mason), Isabella County Enterprise, Muskegon Chronicle, Milford Times, Niles Republican, Northville Record, Ontonagon Miner, Otsego County Herald, Port Huron Times, Saginawian (Saginaw City), Clinton Republican (St. Johns), Ypsilanti Commercial, St. Joseph Republican, Sturgis Journal and Times, Iosco County Gazette, Grand Traverse Herald, Tuscola County Pioneer, and Saginaw Courier. 96 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. ADRIAN. The weather, from early morning until noon, was very unpropitious. The rain fell steadily and with greater or less severity all the time. Nevertheless, the streets were thronged with people. Every train of cars, from every direction, conling into town, was crowded, and the country thoroughfares were lined with vehicles. According to the programme, the procession was to have started at ten o'clock, but it was delayed, in the hope of more propitious weather. The immense crowd of people which thronged the streets in the central part of the city bore the delay patiently, though they stood out in the rain and mud, with no shelter but dripping umbrellas. Shortly after eleven o'clock the clouds showed signs of breaking away, and immediately the various divisions of the procession, which had already taken up the positions assigned them, were notified to fall in, and the procession moved in the following order: FIRST DIVISION.-Platoon of police; grand marshal, S. B. Smith; aids, C. E. Rogers, R. H. Baker, William Todd, H. C. Hart, W. H. Smith; carriages, with president of the day, vice-presidents, orator, chaplain, reader of Declaration, and quartet club; Gen. W. H. Withington, colonel commanding first regiment State militia, with field and staff; Manchester band; Adrian Light Guard band; the Saginaw Light Guard; the Ann Arbor Light Guard; the Ypsilanti Light Guard; the Hudson Light Guard; the Tecumseh Light Guard; the Adrian Light Guard; drum corps; Lenawee county soldiers and sailors. SECOND DIVISION.-Assistant marshals, 0. L. Teachout, H. J. Trupp, Clark Decker, Henry Bowen; Knights Templar band; Adrian commandery, No. 4, Knights Templar; Adrian Lodge, No. 8, I. O. O. F.; Hudson lodge, I. O. O. F.; Tecumseh lodge, I. O. O. F.; Deerfield lodge, I. O. O. F.; Fairfield lodge, I. O. O. F. THIRD DIVISION.-Assistant marshals, A. K. Whitmore, T. J. Navin, John Rapp, Thomas Camburn; Tecumseh brass band; German Workingmen's Association; St. Patrick's Benevolent Association; German St. Joseph's society, with St. Joseph's band; Social Turn-Verein. FOURTH DIVISION.-Mayor and common council, city of Adrian; Chief R. J. Bradley and assistants, in charge of fire department; assistant marshals, L. M. Sayles and M. Graves, in charge of Lenawee Junction Farmers' Club; Blissfield brass band; the Lenawee Junction Farmers' Club, bearing farm implements of 1776 and 1876. FIFTH DIVISION.-Officers in command of Sledge Hammer brigade; Sledge Hammer band; Sledge Hammer Guards. Although in some places the mud was ankle deep, still the soldiery and organizations on foot marched patriotically on, and never seemed to flag an instant. And when the long line came down Maumee street, about half-past twelve, on its way to tile fair ground, the boys in blue, many of them plastered to the knees with mud, performed their evolutions with the promptness and correctness which always characterizes Michigan militia. The line was estimated to be a mile in length, and was twenty minutes passing a given point. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 97 The features of the procession were the Saginaw Rifles, Capt. D. D. Keeler, forty muskets; Ann Arbor Light Guard, Capt. S. B. Ravenaugh, thirty-five muskets; Ypsilanti Light Guard, Capt. C. Newell, thirty-one muskets, with band of twelve pieces; Hudson Light Guard, Capt. C. Bush, thirty muskets; Tecumseh Light Guard, Capt. A. D. Lawrence, thirty-six muskets; Adrian Light Guard, Capt. B. F. Wheeler, forty-eight muskets; Adrian Knights Templar, and the Adrian, Hudson, Tecumseh and other lodges of Odd Fellows, to the number of several hundred; the German Workingmen's Association, to the number of seventy-four, and about an equal number of the members of the St. Patrick's Society. The Adrian fire department was a noted feature of the display. Engine "A. J. Comstock," No. 1, A. E. Aldrich, engineer; the "W. H. Waldby," No. 2, J. Kells, engineer; the chemical engine, E. P. Crittenden, engineer; the hook and ladder apparatus, John Saviers, foreman; and the hose carts, were all elaborately decorated with flowers, evergreens and beautiful emblematic devices. The Lenawee Farmers' Club showed the farming implements of 1776, contrasted with those of 1876, and made a display which attracted attention. The "Sledge Hammer Brigade," which brought up the rear, was a burlesque affair which was unique and elaborate, and provoked a great deal of merriment, as it was designed to do. Almost every store, hotel and dwelling along the line of march was decorated with flags, bunting, mottoes, inscriptions, pictures, evergreens, flowers, wreaths, arches, and patriotic devices of great variety. Among those who decorated their buildings or premises were Kelly Beals, Dr. Finch, R. Merrick, ex-Alderman D. E. Benedict, ex-Governor W. L. Greenly, Burton Kent, J. J. Newell, ex-Alderman E. W. Mixer, Ira Metcalf, Asa W. Aldrich, Fred Hart, E. L. Webb, J. McKenzie, P. L. Sword, Austin, Treat & Goodsell, Charles Nash, W. J. Cordley, Charles Young, S. R. Norton, W. H. Cook, F. J. Wing, L. J. Judd, W. H. Cleveland, P. Miller, G. L. Bidwell, Mrs. Gue, D. Germain, H. Corbus, F. Gaylord, H. A. Colvin, G. F. Payne, A. L. Millard, G. M. Crane, C. F. Smith, S. A. Angell, A. Wing, T. J. Goodsell, ex-Mayor Angell, J. A. Eaton, N. Herman, F. Bennett, D. Patterson, J. Helrigel, C. Bowerfind, E. L. Clark, C. B. Johnson, F. J. Buck, Mayor Waldby, J. E. Farrar, L. R. Damon, Charles Bidwell, W. A. Whitney, A. Howell, C. Wolcott, F. J. Hough, John Mason, M. N. Halsey, H. H. Seaver, J. Mitchell, J. Auchempaugh, W. S. Carey, C. B. Backus, Dr. Baker, Mrs. Barnum, Dr. Tripp, Henry Hart, C. B. Ackley, Dr. Jewett, G. W. Larwill, W. S. Wilcox, F. J. Green, L. Auchempaugh, J. R. Bennett, James Berry, ex-Mayor Luck, E. P. Andrews, and many others. A speakers' platform had been erected in front of the grand stand at the 98 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. fair ground, and about one o'clock the exercises were commenced. Rev. Mr. Merrill uttered a brief but eloquent prayer, and "America" was sung by the quartet and thirty-five boys in chorus, who had been trained by Mr. Everiss. The president of the day, Hon. Henry Hart, then introduced Mrs. Alida Van Loon Cole, as the reader of the Declaration of Independence. The lady read the ancient document with considerable spirit, and was accorded three cheers at the close. At half-past one the orator of the day, Hon. A. L. Millard, was announced. He spoke for fifty-five minutes. After the oration, the chorus, led by Messrs. Bliss, Everiss and Johnson, sang the "Star-Spangled Banner," and the Rev. St. John Dillon-Lee pronounced the benediction, the bands played "Red, White and Blue," and the crowd dispersed. At the conclusion of the exercises at the stand, the Lenawee County Soldiers and Sailors' Association, which had formed a conspicuous feature in the procession, marched to Dean's Opera House, where by the liberality of the ladies of Adrian a bounteous dinner had been provided. The room in which the tables were spread had been appropriately decorated, and suitable mottoes were displayed upon the walls. Veteran soldiers to the number of two hundred sat down to dinner and were provided with abundance and variety of food. After dinner the association held a meeting, at which short addresses were made by Colonels N. B. Eldridge and R. B. Robbins, and Major S. E. Graves. A resolution was unanimously adopted of thanks to the ladies of Adrian for the bountiful repast furnished by their hands, and to A. J. Dean for the free use of his opera house. At four o'clock in the afternoon the crowd assembled to the number of thousands on the fair grounds to witness the games from which much amusement was expected. The first was a wheelbarrow race, the contestants being blindfolded. S. T. Jones, W. S. Johnson, G. W. Miller, R. H. Hastings, J. Horn and A. W. Taylor entered the race. The prize, six silver half dollars, was awarded to Hastings. The contestants in the sack race were J. S. Benjamin, R. H. Hastings, John Oliver, Thomas Wise, J. Stuart and G. W. Miller. The prize was awarded to Stuart. Several young persons tried in vain to climb the greased pole, but Robert Hastings alone was successful, and he also succeeded. in catching the greased pig. After the games, a dress parade of all the military companies took place on the grounds, under the conmmand of Colonel Withington. After the parade had been dismissed the vast crowd dispersed to assemble again, after dark, to witness the fireworks display. R. A. Bury had charge of this portion of the celebration. Instead of having all of the display in one place he divided his stock of COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 99 pyrotechnics and had them fired in two or three different localities, where the convenience of the public would be best subserved. The pieces - consisted mainly of rockets, Roman candles, colored fires, etc., and were satisfactorily given. Thus was concluded the celebration of the day. ALLEGAN. The exercises in connection with the celebration of the Centennial Fourth were begun at midnight by the firing of several guns and ringing of all the bells in the town. Shortly after came the procession of "horribles, or kuklux." Tin horns, guns, horse-fiddles, saws, and other indescribable instruments of auricular torture, with the performers in grotesque costume, were mounted on a number of wagons, lighted by torches, and drawn through the principal streets. Their din resembled what may be supposed to be the noise of pandemoniumn, and there was no such thing as sleeping in their vicinity. At sunrise the salute of one hundred guns was fired. The morning was not promising, being rainy and giving prospect for a damp day. This, however, did not interrupt preparations, and when, at about eight o'clock, the sun shone forth, the buildings on the main streets were handsomely decorated with evergreens, flags, etc., as were many private residences and public buildings. The day was all that could have been wished for, as it was comfortable in temperature, with little sun, and the roads were dustless. Across the junction of Locust, Hubbard and Brady streets were stretched two streamers bearing the mottoes, "Welcome," and "1776-Centennial-1876." The procession was delayed somewhat in its formation by the inclement weather of the morning. When finally made up it was nearly a mile in length, and was led by the Encampment cornet band. Following them was a company of boy cadets recently organized and drilled by Captain Girard, commanded by John Bassett. They were neatly dressed in blue and white, and marched off in fine style. The village council and the officers of the day followed in carriages, while after them were the fire companies. They were in full ranks and uniform; and the trucks and carts were elegantly trimmed. The hook-andladder truck was a pretty sight, being ornamented with evergreens and pond lilies, flags and knots of the national colors. In an elevated bower on the truck was seated a little girl in fairy-like costume, adding much to the attractiveness of the whole. Another wagon carried a company of boys in a uniform of orange and blue, with fife and drum. Next came an emblematic car 100 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. carrying thirteen matrons dressed in costumes of 1776 or something still more ancient, representing the original colonies whose representatives signed the Declaration of Independence. Pineplains township sent a delegation of seventy-four teams in all, led by Abner Estabrook as marshal. One of six horses drew a large wagon containing Manwaring's class of sixty-three singers, and a second one, drawn by four horses, contained a fine town banner and was neatly trimmed. On the front of the banner were the words "Pineplains —1776,' with an Indian's head and a pine forest, while the reverse bore the words "Pineplains-1876," and a representation of a harvest field of to-day, the whole design being extremely neat. Following Pineplains were a hundred teams from several towns having no organization. Cheshire was represented by one hundred wagons in line, with a martial band, Mr. John Mocklencate acting as marshal. Three banners were displayed, bearing respectively the legends: "Union and liberty, one and inseparable, now and forever," "He who by the plow would thrive must himself either hold or drive," and "God bless our schools, our country's hope." These were neatly printed and ornamented, and many of the wagons were trimmed with evergreens and flowers. One of the wagons carried thirteen young ladies as representatives of the original colonies, with Miss O'Brien seated in the center as the goddess of liberty. Nine of the wagons were drawn by double teams, and the colored population of the town were well represented in the procession. The only representations of the trades were made by E. B. Born, of Allegan, and J. R. Noble, of Mill Grove. Mr. Born made a fine show of light and heavy wagon work of his own manufacture, and Mr. Noble had a miniature cooper shop, on wheels, and showed in all stages the process of manufacturing barrels. rrThe procession marched to the fair grounds, where the exercises of the day were held. It was estimated that 8,000 to 10,000 people were assembled there. The exercises began with music by the band, after which the Rev. J. Anderson, of Martin, offered prayer. The choir then sang Whittier's Centennial hymn, after which H. B. Hudson read the Declaration of Independence. The band then played "Red, White and Blue," when Colonel Joseph Fisk, the president of the day, introduced A. H. Fenn, of Allegan, who delivered the oration. At its close the band played "Hail Columbia," Manwaring's chorus sang the "Star-Spangled Banner," and the audience dispersed. The people who had come in from the country had brought their own dinners, and grouped themselves in the shade of trees about the grounds in pleasant pic-nic parties. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 101 At four o'clock the firemen's tournament took place in Hubbard street. Only the Allegan companies contested, the hose company and the hook-andladder company making time tests in the matter of running forty rods, laying two hundred feet of hose, or raising a twenty-five-foot ladder and mounting it. At six o'clock the "Fantastics" gave their procession through the streets, and provoked a great deal of merriment. They were headed by a "Knowthumpion Band," which made more noise than music. The "orator" made an astonishing speech in front of the Peck block, the whole affair being, of course, a laughable burlesque. The day's entertainment closed with fireworks at nine o'clock in the evening, displayed from Seminary Hill. They were witnessed by a very great concourse of people, and were well arranged and highly successful in every respect. ANN ARBOR. There was no formal celebration of the day at Ann Arbor. Morning services were held in St. Andrew's (Episcopal) church. The services were those recommended by the bishops, and were appropriate to the occasion, consisting largely of patriotic music, songs, anthems, etc. Prof. Frieze presided at the organ, and his opening voluntary, "The Star-Spangled Banner," with variations, was soul-inspiring. "America" was also sung. Union services were held at the Presbyterian church, the Rev. Dr. Brown presiding. The audience room had been decorated with flower wreaths and flags, under the direction of Prof. Prescott. The scripture lesson was read by Rev. Dr. Haskell; Prof. D'Ooge offered prayer; Prof. Tyler read the Declaration of Independence, and read it in a manner to make his hearers feel its noble sentiments. National hymns were sung, the organist of the church, John Chase, playing the accompaniments and voluntary. "My Country,'tis of Thee," was the closing piece, the large congregation joining, and the benediction was pronounced by Rev. S. Reed. Appropriate services were also held in St. Thomas' (Catholic) church at half-past seven o'clock in the morning. The Turn-Verein had advertised a picnic at the park, but had to abandon it on account of the rain. The Fifth ward firemen and their friends were also compelled to give up their island picnic, dinner and dance. Seven hundred and twenty-eight excursion tickets to Detroit and other celebrating points were sold. A large number of citizens also went to Whitmore Lake, Saline, Dexter, etc., by their own conveyances, but the, great majority made a quiet day "at home." 14 102 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. BATTLE CREEK. The Centennial Fourth was ushered in by the firing of cannon and ringing of all the bells in the city. The morning opened wet and lowering, and the copious rains had left the streets and roads in bad condition. About nine o'clock, however, the clouds parted, and the sun shone forth auspiciously. The people began to assemble at an early hour, coming in from all the surrounding country. The incoming railroad trains were loaded down with people. The city was gay with flags and bunting. Every public and almost every private building was decorated with greater or less elaboration. About noon a procession was formed of military and civic organizations, the fire departments of Battle Creek and neighboring towns, etc. It made an imposing display, and marched through the principal streets to a beautiful grove, a short distance out of town. It was estimated that ten thousand people were assembled at the grove. The exercises consisted of the reading of the Declaration of Independence by E. C. Nichols, an oration by the Hon. L. D. Dibble, and vocal music by a trained choir of one hundred voices. In the afternoon there was a contest' between Rescue hook and ladder company, of Marshall, and Goguac hook and ladder company, for a prize of fifty dollars. The proposition was to run forty rods, raise a ladder, and touch the topmost round, in the quickest time. The Goguacs accomplished the feat in thirty-nine and one-fourth seconds, the Rescues in forty-two and one-half. This was followed by a contest between the Juniors, of Battle Creek, and and Rescue, No. 2, of Marshall, for a purse of ten dollars. The Rescues, with a lighter cart, made the time in thirty-nine seconds, and the Juniors in forty-one. In the evening an immense crowd of people assembled to witness the pyrotechnic display. Some of the pieces had been damaged by the wet weather, and failed to go off. Otherwise the display was a success and quite satisfactory to the spectators. At eleven o'clock p. M. the "Birds of Pandemonium" turned out, and gave a burlesque street procession, which created a great deal of amusement. On account of the wet weather, the dinner, which it had been contemplated to give in the grove, was abandoned. Instead, the officers of the day and invited guests sat down to dinner at the Briley House. Afterward they had speeches and toasts, among which were the following: Our Country: The Pilgrim Fathers founded the nation, their sons saved it, and it is ours to preserve and protect. Our State: Its birth, growth, resources and institutions are the boast and pride of the people. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 103 Our City: A living monument, founded in the wisdom of the old pioneers. Behold them now, present. The day we celebrate: Our first Centennial birthday-a joy to the world and blessing to the millions. On this day, being at peace with all the nations of the east, and all the rest of mankind, every man has a right to be independent, and celebrate as he pleases, subject only to the laws of the country, the dictations of his wife, and requests of his sweetheart. George Washington: The Father of his Country. He still lives in the hearts of the people, and will, through all generations to come. Adams and Jefferson: Noble old heroes, patriots, signers of the Declaration of Independence. Both called to celebrate on high just fifty years ago to-day. Abraham Lincoln: The great emancipator, whose death was mourned by all nations, and whose fame will be lisped by future generations, to the end of time. The American Ladies: God bless them for their hard work and political zeal. Endowed with greater privileges than those of any other nation, and destined to dictate to the great political parties, like Joshua of old, who commanded the sun and moon to stand still, and they obeyed. The Press: The tyrant's foe, the people's friend. When it is free, despotism and slavery must perish. Our National Flag: Behold the Stars and Stripes, sacred standard of the republic, sacred, because no human being can stand beneath its folds without becoming and without remaining, free. The American Clergymen: A body which, for devotedness to their sacred calling, for purity of life and character, for learning, intelligence, piety, and wisdom from above, are inferior to none and superior to most others. "The President of the United States" and the "Governor of Michigan" were remembered in the sentiments of the day, as also the officers and associations participating in the celebration. The sentiment, "The American Ladies," was responded to by Mrs. B. F. Graves, as follows: MR. PRESIDENT: To my mind, the crowning glory of the century just buried, is what it has done for woman. Barbarism and their degradation, through all the ages, have gone hand in hand. The exactness of chemical science is such that each ingredient is necessary to the perfect compound, and its absence can always be detected by careful analysis. Since the completion of the work of the sixth day, which God pronounced good, the highest civilization has been reached when woman has most fully developed, and her work been wrought into the general fabric. The hands should be educated to do carefully, industriously, and well, whatever work life brings to the individual; the heart taught to look, with tender sympathy, upon all humanity as the work of the Father's hand; the head trained to weigh justly and accurately all the relations of life. Then will woman be no longer a slave, as she has been in the East since Egyptian civilization passed away; neither a toy, whose only use seems to be to exhibit the fruit of others' industries (thus dwarfing both soul and body); but a being developing the faculties given by the All-Father, until she shall stand by the side of man in all the relations of life, helping and being helped into that grand type of noblest womanhood. BAY CITY. The early part of the day was rainy, but this did not prevent the assembling of a great number of people. The city was gaily decorated with flags and 104 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. streamers, and presented a gala day aspect. The procession moved from the corner of Center and Washington streets at eleven o'clock, in the following order: THE PROCESSION.-Chief Marshal, Colonel McDermott; Aids, Michael Kelley, Wm. O'Brien, O. Grandon, Win. Murray, K. Salaska, F. Clezue; City Marshal and police; Knights Templar band in full dress uniform; Sir Knights Templar, Bay City; civic societies in regalia; St. Patrick's Mutual Benevolent Association; St. James Temperance Society; St. James Cadets; St. Joseph Society; Lafayette Society; St. Stanislaus Kotska Society; St. John's Society; carriage containing J. B. Campbell, Esq., president of the day, Hon. Isaac Marston, orator, Judge Albert Miller, reader of the history of Bay City; Kanonda Encampment band, in full uniform; chief engineer and fire department of Bay City; chief engineer and fire department of Wenona; a brass field piece from Fort Gratiot; mayor, common council and officers of Bay City, in carriages; president and members of the school board of Bay City, in carriages; president and members of the board of water works, in carriages; county officers, in a car drawn by three yoke of oxen; grand floral car with ladies, representing the Goddess of Liberty and the several states; car representing D. A. Root & Co.'s pad-lock factory, with men at work; car representing the Eagle brewery, loaded with beer kegs; car representing Albert Miller's cooper shop, with men at work; car representing A. C. Braddock & Co.'s oar factory, with men at work; citizens on horseback; citizens on foot. The procession moved down Center street, and a great concourse of citizens thronged the streets along the line of march, and when on Center street at the corner of Washington street a halt was made for the purpose of having it photographed, which was successfully done. The exercises at the stand were opened by the singing of a national hymn by the young ladies representing the States. The Declaration of Independence was read by Mayor McDonell. The president of the day, Mr. J. B. Campbell, then introduced the orator, Judge Isaac Marston, of the Supreme Court. Judge Albert Miller, the reader of the historical sketch of the city and county, feeling that the time was passing too rapidly, briefly alluded to the day and its associations. After the close of these remarks, Mayor McDonell, in a few appropriate remarks, dismissed the audience. The games of the day then took place on the grounds. The prizes were awarded as follows: Foot-race, Frank Williams; sack race, Oliver Burk; backward foot-race, Frank Williams; Irish jig, John Lynch; boys' foot-race, Willis Edmunds. The Bay City and Deep River clubs played a base-ball match, the former being victorious. The contest between the fire hose companies in running and laying hose resulted in favor of Rescue hose company, which ran two blocks, laid two hundred feet of hose, and got a stream through it in fortytwo and a half seconds. The ladies of the Methodist church had a lawn festival in the afternoon, at the residence of L. A. Barber, and the Germans had a picnic at Arbeiter Hall. There were numerous excursions on the river and bay, and altogether the day passed off pleasantly without accident or incident to mar the general enjoyment. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 105 BIG RAPIDS. The Fourth was ushered in at midnight by the ringing of bells, firing of cannon, screaming of whistles and shouting of men and boys, which lasted nearly or quite an hour. The appearance of daylight was welcomed with more cannonading. In early morning, the weather threatened rain; but as the sun mounted into the heavens, the clouds disappeared, and the day was delightfully pleasant. Crowds of people commenced to arrive quite early, and by ten o'clock A. m. the streets were thronged. Soon after ten, the procession was formed by Colonel Vincent and his assistants, and marched to Rose's grove, where the exercises took place, the following order being observed: 1, music by the band; 2, prayer by Elder Henderson; 3, singing by the Glee Club; 4, reading of the Declaration of Independence, by J. H. Palmer; 5, music by the little girls representing the states; 6, an original poem, by Colonel J. O. Hudnutt; 7, singing, by Messrs. Hills, Hobart and Griswold; 8, oration, by J. B. Upton; 9, music; 10, reading of the history of Mecosta county, by G. W. Warren and E. O. Rose. The procession was headed by the Big Rapids cornet band, which discoursed music appropriate to the occasion. Next came the artillery company, duly equipped and mounted; then the Big Rapids light guard in full uniform. They were followed by the several fire companies, all in uniform, and behind them came the president and other officers of the day, followed by city officers and other people in carriages. Actual count as the throng passed a given point, disclosed the fact that between two and three thousand people were in the procession. In the afternoon, the several companies of the fire department competed for the prizes offered by the common council. The distance run was forty rodsthe hook and ladder company to make the run, elevate a ladder, and a man climb it; and the hose companies to run that distance, lay four sections of hose, and attach two of them to a hydrant. The first prize, forty dollars, was awarded to Alert hose company, which made the run in forty-one and onefourth seconds; the second prize, thirty dollars, to Defiance hose company; the third prize, twenty dollars, to the hook and ladder company; and the fourth prize, ten dollars, to Protection hose. A prize belt, worth twenty-five dollars, offered by Mayor Phelps, was won by Alert hose. A citizens' purse of forty-six dollars, in addition to the prizes already mentioned, was evenly divided between the companies. Prominent among the attractions of the day 106 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. were a hose company of little boys, tastily uniformed, and a burlesque hook and ladder company. In the evening a brilliant display of fireworks lighted up the heavens for an hour or more. The festivities closed with balls at Opera Hall and at the Armory. The following is the concluding paragraph of the very full and interesting history of Mecosta county, prepared for the occasion, by G. W. Warren and E. O. Rose, and read by the latter: From this hasty and imperfect sketch of the settlement and improvement of our county, it will be seen that, in the short space of a quarter of a century, a dense and unbroken wilderness has been transformed into a cultivated region of thrift and prosperity, by the untiring zeal and energy of an enterprising people. The trails of hunters and trappers have given place to railroads and thoroughfares for vehicles of every description; the cabins and garden patches of pioneers have been succeeded by comfortable homes and broad fields of waving grain, with school houses, churches, mills, post-offices, and other institutions of convenience, for each community. Add to these a city of several thousand inhabitants, and numerous thriving villages, with extensive manufacturing interests, and we have a work of which our people may well feel proud. But the development of the resources of our county has now only begun. Those who may live to see the close of the next quarter of a century will witness improvements not now anticipated except by unusually fertile imaginations. Let us see to it that our part in the work of the future, whatever it may be, shall reflect credit upon ourselves, and be of service and advantage to those who come after us. BRONSON. Although it continued to rain until nearly ten o'clock in the forenoon, with fair prospects of an occasional shower during the day, yet at eleven o'clock there were over three thousand people in town. As soon as it was decided to go to the grove, the marshals formed the procession, and at a little before twelve o'clock the crowd were nicely stowed away in the grove, after which the services were commenced by the exercises of the Hope band, under the direction of the Rev. James E. White. The national anthem sung by thirtyeight young ladies, under the direction of Miss Mary Ide, was appropriate to the occasion, and was well executed. The oration, by A. J. Aldrich, of the "Coldwater Republican," was listened to with earnest attention. At five o'clock the fantastics came out, seventy-two strong. This part of the programme was spoken of as being one of the best displays of the kind ever witnessed in Branch county. The display of the fireworks in the evening, under the direction of M. Clark and A. J. Horton, closed the programme of the day. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 107 CARO. The celebration at Caro, Tuscola county, was a success, both in point of interest and attendance. Rain fell steadily from seven to ten o'clock A. M., yet the people poured in from the country in great numbers, and when the weather finally cleared up, the streets were thronged. A salute of thirteen guns was fired at sunrise. The procession was formed shortly before noon. The Caro cornet band led, followed by carriages, with president of the day and speakers, the Caro choral club, a four-ox team, with car of'76, containing thirteen ladies dressed in ancient costume; the car of liberty, with thirty-eight young ladies representing the states, each carrying fags bearing the name of the state represented, each car bearing a large flag supported by a goddess of liberty; followed by citizens on foot and in carriages. The programme exercises were as follows: Music by the band; prayer by Rev. J. W. Campbell; music by Caro choral club and martial band; oration by Hon. J. D. Lewis; music by choral club and band. The reader expected did not arrive, and the reading was omitted. At three o'clock in the afternoon, the "Ragged Brigade," mounted, appeared in the streets, and created a great deal of amusement. Afterward they formed in the public square, where a "centennial speech" was delivered, and a prize of two dollars was awarded to the best burlesque make-up. After this followed races at the Caro driving park, which, together with some gymnastic performances, filled up the afternoon. There was a fine display of fireworks, for an hour, during the evening. CHARLOTTE. The suggestions of patriotic citizens, for a general celebration of the Centennial Fourth of July, met with a hearty response, and on the twelfth day of May delegates from the various townships in the county assembled in convention, to take the mlatter into consideration, and to make the necessary arrangements. The proposition to celebrate was unanimously assented to, and the first action was to appoint a committee to recommend a programme, which committee, among other things, recommended that the celebration take place in Charlotte, on July fourth and fifth, and be participated in by all the towns in the county. To carry out the above recommendations, committees were appointed in the various townships, to see to the matter of organizing and making the necessary arrangements in their respective towns. A committee of arrangements 108 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. was also constituted, consisting of the mayor and common council of Charlotte, to take general charge of the celebration, and do all things necessary to carry out the views of the convention. The citizens responded liberally to the call of the committee for funds, and $2,100 was contributed, in addition to which amount the common council made an appropriation from the general fund of the city, of $150, with which to provide for the entertainment of the various village boards and the board of supervisors of the county. The Eaton County Agricultural Society also donated the use and avails of the fair ground, for the purposes of the celebration, on which a large amount of work was laid out in arranging tables and necessary fixtures. A salute was fired from twelve to one o'clock on the morning of the Fourth, and again at sunrise. Rain fell heavily from seven to nine o'clock, but, in spite of it, people came in from the country in great numbers. By eleven o'clock, the hour at which the procession started, the streets were literally packed with people. The procession moved in the following order: Charlotte cornet band; officers of the day, in carriages; mayor and common council, in carriages; invited guests, in carriages; Eaton Rapids fire department; Charlotte fire department; martial music; civic societies; cavalry, artillery and infantry; citizens, in carriages; township delegations, with their respective bands. It was twelve o'clock when the procession arrived at the fair ground, and at this time the crowd was variously estimated at from fifteen to twenty thousand on the fair ground and scattered in various parts of the city, while others were constantly coming in, including the Benton delegation, which did not arrive in time to take part in the procession. The tables which were erected in the grove, for the use of the different towns, were in a circular form, surrounding a space about twenty rods in diameter, and separated into sections to correspond with the respective townships, which were designated by banners. In the center of these was the table, built in the form of a square, which was provided for the invited guests and celebrities of the occasion. To the east, between this and the township tables, was erected a sort of open shanty, under which was a brick arch, for cooking purposes. The exercises of the day at the grove consisted of. instrumental music, by the Charlotte, Sunfield and Potterville cornet bands; prayer, by Rev. W. B. Williams; vocal music, by the choir, under the leadership of Prof. E. H. Bailey; reading the Declaration of Independence, by Rev. C. S. Fox; and an oration, by Hon. George W. Wilson, of East Saginaw, who was introduced by the president of the day, Hon. Wells R. Martin, of Vermontville. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISE S. 109 After the address the hungry multitudes appeased their appetites in a basket picnic, which was followed by the base ball tournament, and a review of the military, under the commandership of General George W. Mead. The review was skillfully conducted, but the numbers who participated in it were too limited to make it very imposing. At six o'clock there was a review of the fire departments of Eaton Rapids and Charlotte, in front of the court house. Both departments looked well in their handsome uniforms. Their engines were beautifully decorated with flags and flowers, and everything was clean and bright. The fireworks, begiinning at half-past eight in the evening, and lasting over two hours, were very fine, and afforded the grandest display ever witnessed in the vicinity. They consisted of thirty-seven different representations, prepared at a cost of over seven hundred dollars. Some of the principal pieces were: Flight of rockets, stars, serpents, and gold rain; American shield, with eagle; spiral sun; double passion flower; Washington on horseback; colored batteries; united diamonds; silver cascade; morning glory; illumination of Bengola; set piece, in words of fire-"Peace, prosperity, freedom, the result of one hundred years;" peacock feathers; Saxon quadrille; monitor battery; explosion of large bomb-shells; Yankee Doodle; illuminated battery; flight of parachute rockets; King Gambrinus; cross of honor; goddess of liberty; illumination of colored Bengola lights. The celebration was continued on the fifth. The weather was exceedingly unfavorable, and interfered materially with the success of the affair. There was a procession and exercises at the grove. The Hon. David B. Hale, of Hamlin, presided over the latter. A historical address was delivered by Edward A. Foote, after which all present participated in a grand banquet, spread in the grove. The dinner was supplemented by toasts and responses, the Hon. P. T. Van Zile acting as toast-master. The toasts were given and responded to in the following order: THE TOASTS.-1, Our Nation-Response by Wells R. Martin, of Vermontville. 2, MichiganResponse by the Hon. Isaac D. McCutcheon, of Charlotte. 3, Eaton county and her pioneersResponse by the Hon. Henry A. Shaw, of Eaton Rapids. 4, Oar Centennial year-Response by J. L. McPeack, of Grand Ledge. 5, Charlotte and her invited guests-Response by John Morris, of Jackson. 6, The Bar of Eaton county-Response by the Hon. Martin V. Montgomery, of Lansing. 7, The Army and Navy-Response by Rev. W. B. Williams, of Charlotte. 8, The Heroes of'76-Response by Charles K. Latham, of Eaton Rapids. After these proceedings, the exercises of the day were concluded with a sham battle, which proved entertaining and satisfactory to spectators generally. 15 110 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. COLDWATER. There was no general celebration of the day at Coldwater, most of the citizens going elsewhere. A salute was fired at sunrise, and at intervals during the day. In the evening the Catholic society held a picnic in the grounds adjoining their church. Although there was no public demonstration in honor of the day, the various churches made special observance of it. Quite a concourse assembled at the Presbyterian church, about noon. Owing to the illness of the Rev. I. Coggshall, N. P. Loveridge, Esq., acted as president. The exercises were opened with music, by a well-known trio, under direction of Dr. W. L. Andrews. Rev. J. G. Jones offered prayer. The "Star-Spangled Banner" was then flung to the breeze from the gallery, Mr. Lewis having decorated the pulpit and its surroundings most beautifully. Some of the gilt and satin banners were particularly tasteful in design and construction. The president made the address of welcome, combining patriotism, honor and good sense in a way calculated to awaken the enthusiasm of those present.'The Declaration of Independence was then read by Dr. F. D. Newberry. Rev. W. T. )Lowry made an address, dwelling upon christianity and patriotism as the main part of his theme. Mr. Lowry was followed by Albert Chandler, Esq., who read a very interesting historical sketch (of the different church organizations in the county. He was followed by Hon. J. H. McGowan, in an effective acnd well written production, concentrating into a brief space much sound thought and genuine patriotism. The last speaker was Rev. H. J. Cook. He spoke for a few moments upon the propriety of a "religious celebration," and congratulating all present upon a "goodly heritage," and called attention to the caution contained in the recent developlents among our public men. He closed with the following sentiment, suggested by one of the banners: "The Nation's birthday-May our native land repeat her glad anniversaries from year to year, in ceaseless course; may the bell of liberty still ring on, until the years become centuries, and the centuries glide into a glorious millennium of light, love and liberty!" After the doxology, Mr. Cook pr onounced the benediction. DETROIT. The first movement for a celebration in Detroit was made early in May, in the common council, by the adoption of a resolution declaring that such celebration should be had, and the appointment of a special committee of aldermen and a large number of citizens, to make the necessary arrangements. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 111 This coilnmittee was promptly organized by the selection of Mayor Alexander Lewis as chairman, and City Clerk Charles H. Borgman as secretary. The general committee was divided into sub-committees, as follows: GENERAL COMIMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS.-H. P. Baldwin, James F. Joy, Chauncy Hurlbut, M. R. Mills, John J. Bagley,. W. Gillett, F. Wetmore, James E. Pittman, James Daly, William Doeltz, Emory Wendell, M. Butzel, Alexander Chapoton, William B. Moraan, William Brennan, Will Foxen, William FPurell, H. P. Bridge, Hugh Moffat, General J. S. Stanley, D. V. Bell, J. H. Kaple, James Beatty, on the part of the citizens at large; and on the part of the council, Mayor Alexander Lewis, Controller E. I. Garfield, and Aldermen George W. Herrick, Henry Heames, M. P. Christian, Lewis B. Clark, William A. Owen, Seymour Finney, George Dorr, and James I. Mitchell. ON FINANCE.-Jacob S. Farrand, M. S. Smith, Walter Buhl, T. P. Hall, R. H. Hall, John Owen, R. H. Fyfe, Peter Henkel, Sigmund Rothschild, Edward Kanter, D. M. Ferry, P. Fitzsimons, John H. Wendell, Allan Shelden, Joseph Nicholson, H. Freedman, Fred Lasier, James McMillan, W. C. Colburn, B. Youngblood, Robert McMillan, C. H. Buhl, C. R. Mabley, William B. Wesson, William J. Chittenden,. H. Dey, J. Toynton, F. Buhl, W. E. Endicott, William A. IButler, C. T. Fletcher. ON RECEPTION -L. S. Trowbridge, J. B. H. Bratshaw, A. Sheley, Walter Bourke, C. A. Sheldon, C. Van Husan, B. Vernor, Theodore H. Hinchman, William A. Moore, D. B. Duffield, (. V. N. Lothrop, W. N. Carpenter, L. T. Griffin, J. L. Chipman, C. J. O'Flynn, Henry Miller, E. Lieberman, I. Kauffman, J. B. Wilson, Robert Linn, William E. Quinby, James W. Romeyn, Edward Lyon. ON INVITATIONS.-C. C. Trowbridge, A. C. McGraw, Theodore Romeyn, A. Marxhausen, P. J. D. Van Dyke, Herman Kiefer, A. G. Boynton, C. K. Backus, E. G. Holden, Math. Kramer, Robert McClelland, Daniel J. Campau. ON TRANSPORTATION.-H. B. Ledyard, W. K. Muir, Alfred White, Edward Reidy, J. D. Foster, W. W\. Langdon. The corlmon council appropriated $2,500 from a fund set apart by the charter for such purposes, and the finance committee collected about $4,000 voluntarily contributed by citizens. The sum thus placed at the disposal of the committee of arrangements was divided equitably among the various subcommittees, with which to carry out the details assigned to them. To the committee on fireworks was given $3,500, for which sum they entered into a contract with Gray, Toynton & Fox, of Detroit, to provide the display of pyrotechnics. The board of public works erected two platforms, one on Fort street, facing Woodward avenue, and one in the city hall grounds. These were provided with seats for about three thousand people, and tickets to them, -both for the literary exercises of the day and for the fireworks in the evening, were issued to those specially invited by the committee of arrangements. The committee on music engaged fourteen bands of music, and the committee on carriages provided a suitable number of carriages for the officers of the day and invited guests. 112 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. TIE DAY ANI) ITS CELEBATIION. The celebration opened at twelve o'clock of the morning of the Fourth by the ringing of all the bells of the city, the firing of a national salute, and a display of fireworks from the city hall tower. Shortly before twelve o'clock the city hall, and the principal business places surrounding the Campus Martius, were illuuminated, lighting up the entire Campus and the diverging avenues. As the first stroke of the midnight bell sounded from the city hall tower, with it went a dozen rockets, while from the street below came the roar of the first big gun, the cheers of the multitude and the lesser noises of the torpedoes, bombs and crackers. This, with the clanging of a score of bells in various parts of the city, opened a clamor such as had not been heard since the first night of the Centennial year. Following the flight of the rockets was the firing of batteries of beautifully-colored lights. Woodward avenue below the city hall was brilliant with red and blue lights. Up Monroe avenue were displayed many-colored fires, and in almost every direction could be seen the brilliant lights of Roman candles, rockets and serpents. For half an hour this display and racket continued, the populace shouted themselves hoarse over "176," "1876," "Fourth of July," "The City of the Straits," and numerous other occasions and subjects. Tin horns, cow bells, drums and rattles were in demand, and everything and everybody that could aid in increasing the din did their work faithfully. At last, shortly before one, the display of fireworks ceased, the people began to separate and start homeward, the bells were silent, and in a short time all was comparatively quiet. The early morning was by no means auspicious. There were heavy showers during the preceding night, and when day -broke the sky was hid behind dull, leaden clouds that floated just above the roofs and filled all the air with moisture. The humidity grew more dense, and by aild by there was a fine mist which gradually changed to rain. Sometimes, as the newspaper report says, it came down in the shape of a good smart shower, and again it subsided in a degree as though it was more than half ashamed of itself for spoiling the great Centennial celebration; then it would pluck up courage and go at it again with spirit as if determined to make up lost time. Yet the clouds broke away about noon, and a more pleasant afternoon and evening could not have been desired. In spite of the rain and mud the streets were thronged with people from early morning, very many of whom wandered about regardless of the falling rain, with their clothing completely saturated and apparently caring little for that. They were patriotic and happy, and quite oblivious to any COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 113 personal discomforts from so trifling a circumstance as a little warm rain-water on the outside. Special excursion trains were run on some of the railroads, and other roads whose trains run conveniently as to time put on extra coaches and brought the crowds at half fare. The surrounding country came in by private conveyance. Detroit has seldom seen so many visitors from the interior towns and rural districts. All about the central business part of the city the sidewalks were so crowded throughout the whole day that getting about was a matter of no little difficulty. Business was suspended, and all seemed to give themselves to the enjoyment of the occasion. In the matter of decorations, the city indeed presented a holiday aspect. Flags floated from every staff, and he was poor indeed who could not afford some sort of a symbol of the American flag to hang out of his window or raise over his roof. At the corner of Woodward and Jefferson avenues four columns had been erected, each forty feet in height. These were literally covered with little flags to the very top, forming columns of flags which, as they waved in the breeze, presented a most picturesque appearance. Banners were suspended across each avenue. Upon one was the spirited picture of "Yankee Doodle," which represents an old, gray-haired veteran playing upon his fife, with a drummer upon one side, while upon the other is a young lad who seems to catch the spirit of the old man as he gives forth the inspiring strains of the national air. Across Woodward avenue was a banner bearing a portrait of Washington, with the inscription, "The defender of our country, the founder of liberty; Nature made him great; he made himself virtuous." Upon the east side of WoodwAard avenue the banner bore a picture of a spread eagle, and the border of the picture was a chain, each link bearing the name of a State. Between Jefferson avenue and the city hall every building on Woodward avenue was (lecorated with flags and patriotic devices. The grand stand, occupied by the speakers and invited guests, bore across the west side the quotation from Washington, "Posterity will huzza for us;" and across the east end the last words of John Adams, "Glorious Fourth of July, God bless it." Across the front of the speakers' platform was the inscription, "The voice of the People is the voice of God." The city hall presented a gay appearance. Four flags were displayed at every window of the building. The handsome new American flag and streamer floated from the flag-staff on the tower for the first time. Lines were stretched from the flag-staff to each of the corner towers, from which were suspended the flags of all nations. The Soldiers' Monument was profusely draped with flowers, wreaths of evergreens and flags. 114 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Every building fronting on the Campus was gay with flags and banners, and the same is relatively true of every street in the city. In fact, to mention all who decorated their buildings or stores would be to give a catalogue of the citizens of Detroit. It may be said of the decorations that they were never so universal; they lacked somlewhat in variety, but excelled in beauty. The order of the grand procession, as designated by the marshal of the (lay, with the officers, was as follows-the points of rendezvous and line of march being omitted: CHIEF OFIFICERS.-Colonel Jerome Croul, Chief Marshal; Colonel Samuel E. Pittnan, Chief of staff; Frank H. Croul, Adjutant; Assistant Marshals: Don M. Dickinson, George W. Hough, H. P. Baldwin, 2d, Captain Charles Dupont, F. C. D. Hinchman, Colonel H. A. Lacey, Hugh McMillan, John H. Bissell, Colonel William Phelps, Walter H. Coots, August Goebel, C. S. Fall, William Livingstone, Jr., Captain Hal. E. McNeil, George Campau, John V. Moran, Barney Youngblood, Colonel William O'Callaghan, W. S. Green, John Carroll, Fred. H. Seymour, F. X. Demay, J. T. Lowry, F. Reblin, Joseph Shulte, Joseph Denk, Walter Y. Clark, Charles Kull, Colonel H. M. Duffield, Frank G. Smith, Captain William Hull, Butler Ives, Colonel L. Dillmann, Thomas Barlum, C. B. Hull, James Daley, George C. Codd, J. B. Stoutenbergh, W. D. Hooper, L. Depew, Frank P. Mann, James V. D. Wilcox, C. E. Mason, Frank Folsom, Paul Gies, A. K. Sweet, George V. Lincoln, James Battle, A. M. Seymour, Simon C. Karrar, M. F. Hogan, John Kocher, Peter Youngblood, Charles Zimmer, Max Broeg. FIRST DIVISION.-Twenty-Second United States Infantry Band; Twenty-Second United States Infantry, Brevet Major-General D. S. Stanley, commanding; Detroit Light Guard, Captain Lewis Cass Twombly; Coldwater Light Guard, Captain Clarence L. Hunter; Detroit City Guard, Captain B. N. Burkhardt; Detroit Scottish Guard, Captain Alexander Witherspoon. SECOND DIVISION.-W. S. Green, Marshal; Bishop's Opera House Band; Detroit Commandery, No. 1, Knights Templar, J. E. Saxton, E. C.; F. X. Demay, Marshal; The Society "Lafayette;" The St. Jean Baptiste Society. THIRD DIvISION.-A. K. Sweet, F. Reblin, Marshals; Great Western Band; Company A, Detroit Patriarchs, I. O. O. F.; Michigan Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F.; Ingersoll Encampment, No. 29, I. 0. 0. F.; Olive Branch Lodge, No. 38, I. 0. 0. F.; Washington Lodge, No. 54, I. 0. 0. F.; Detroit Lodge, No. 128, I. 0. 0. F.; The First French Lodge of the West, No. 147, I. 0. 0. F.; Sides Lodge, No. 155, I. 0. O. F.; Columbus Lodge, No. 215, I. O. O. F. FOURTH DIVISION.-Colonel William O'Callaghan, James Daly, M. F. Hogan, John Carroll, James F. Maloney, John Hurley, John Monaghan, T. J. Griffin, Marshals; Hibernian Band; Hibernian Benevolent Society; St. Patrick's Benevolent Society; Guilds of St. Peter and St. Paul; Father Matthew T. A. B. Society, No. 1; Father Matthew T. A. B. Society, No. 2; Christian Doctrine Society of Trinity Church; St. Aloysius Society of Trinity Church; Catholic League of Trinity Church; St. Patrick's Society of St. Patrick's Church; Christian Doctrine Society of St. Vincent's Church; Christian Doctrine School Society of St. Vincent's Church; Christian Doctrine Society of Our Lady of Help; Sodality Society of Our Lady of Help. FIFTHI DIVISION.-Paul Gies, Joseph Schulte, John Kocher, Joseph Denk, Peter Youngblood, Marshals; Germania Band; Westphalian Schuetzen Verein; Young Men's Sodality, St. Mary's Parish; St. Joseph's Benevolent Society, St. Mary's Parish; St. Alphonsus Benevolent Society, St. Mary's Parish; Jesus, Mary and Joseph Society, St. Mary's Parish; St. Michael's Society, St. Mary's Parish; St. Joseph's Liebsbund, of St. Joseph's Parish; St. Bonifacius, of St. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 115 Bonifacius Parish; Sacred Heart Society of Sacred Heart Parish; St. Vincent de Paul (Niederland), St. Stanislaus Koska, St. Albert's Parish; Bohemian Society. SIXTH DIvIsioN —Charles Zimmer, Marshal; Light Guard Band; Olympic Lodge, No. 1, Knights of Pythias; Damon Lodge, No. 3, Knights of Pythias; St. Johannes Society (Protestant); M. Hilton Williams, Marshal; the Sons of Temperance; the Cadets of Temperance. SEVENTH DIVISION. —George V. Lincoln, Simon C. Karrar, Marshals; Lafayette Band; Pocahontas Tribe, No. 1, I. 0. R. M. (Independent Order of Red Men); Tecumseh Tribe, No. 3, I. 0. R. M.; Chippewa Tribe, No. 4, I. O. R. M.; Red Cloud Tribe, No. 5, I. O. R. M.; Metamora Tribe, No. 7, I. O. R. M.; Havlieck Lodge, No. 6, C. S. P. S.; Harmonie Society; the Singing Society, "Concordia;" the Freundschafts Bund (League of Amity); the Cechie Bohemian Singing Society; Joseph Lutzelschwab, Marshal; the Amicitia Society; Arbeiter Untersteutzungs Verein (Workingmen's Aid Society); Gruetli Swiss National Society; the Social Turners' Society; the Turner Society Sokel; Slovanski Lipa; Budivoy; Bohemian Singing Society; the Italian Benevolent Society; the Masons and Bricklayers' Society. EIGHTH DIVISION.-Walter Y. Clark, Marshal; band; Eureka Commandery, No. 4, Knights Templar; Mount Paven Lodge, No. 2, F. & A. M.; Veterans of One Hundred and Second Colored Regiment United States Volunteers. NINTH DIVISION.-Escort, the Centennial Mounted Guard, Captain Charles N. Flattery, commanding; band; George W. Hough, Marshal; the Honorable the Common Council, city and county officials, in carriages. TENTH DIVISION.-Charles Kull, Marshal; the Butchers- and Drovers' Association, -mounted. ELEVENTH DIVISION.-A. Ruoff, E. W. Voigt, Marshals; Centennial Veteran Band; the Detroit Sharpshooters' Association; the Brewers and Malsters of Detroit. TWELFTH DIVISION.-Marshal, J. T. Lowry; Assistant Marshals: Major E. W. Shook, W. H. Henderson, P. Lafferty, H. F. Rose, A. B. Stevens; band. [This division comprised the vehicles and turn-outs of the express companies, and of over forty private manufacturers and dealers.] THIRTEENTH DIVIION. —James Battle, Marshal; Huron Valley Band, in wagon; members of the Old Fire Department, in carriages, with hand-engine on truck; the Fire Department of Windsor, Ontario; Fire Commissioners, in carriages; the Fire Department of the city of Detroit. The procession, which was computed to be nearly five miles in length, and occupied about eighty minutes in passing a given point, formed promptly in the places assigned to the several divisions. The arrangements were well perfected in advance, and there was far less than the usual confusion incident to handling so large a body. Probably never in the history of Detroit did so enthusiastic a procession unfurl its banners. The various departments of government and all branches of industry were represented, while the preparations were both minute, appropriate and expensive. Nothing appeared to be left undone to make the pageant one of satisfaction to those taking part in it and( to give pleasure to beholders. When the head of the procession reached the grand stand, the Twentysecond United States Infantry Band, which led it, took their place on the stand erected for them near the officer halls of the officers of the day presented themselves on the platform. The clouds broke away and the sun shone out 116 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. brightly for the first time on that day, and everybody took fresh courage and was glad. Every available seat on the platforms was soon occupied, and all the streets and public places in the vicinity were thronged with spectators. The programme was as follows: ORDER OF EXERCISES.-MUSic; opening prayer by the Rt. Rev. Bishop McCoskry; introductory address by the president of the day, His Honor, Mayor Lewis; reading of the Declaration of Independence, by William B. Moran, Esq.; music; poem, by D. Bethune Duffield, Esq.; music; oration, by Theodore Romeyn, Esq.; music; benediction, by the Rev. Dr. Z. Eddy. The oration by Mr. Roimeyn is given in another place. Below is Mr. Duffield's poem. NATIONAL CENTENNIAL POEM. 1. Come men, and fair women, fling afar as ye pray The Nation's glad ensign, and make holy the day; Let it flush all.the sky as its splendors unfold, On this day when its story and glory are told; For the hand that has woven those colors of light, And sent it aflame thro' the World's every zone, That has led, and has kept it thro' storm and thro' night, Is the hand that has blest us, sweet Liberty's own! II. From the Old World's dark concourse of nations at war, With their blood-dripping banners'round Monarchy's car, From the lands where the masses lay panting and bleeding, And Humanity's prayer so long had been pleading, She turned her brave heart and fair face to the West, And pointing o'er Ocean to a blue land afar, Where Peace had her home, and the Eagle its nest, She called on her heroes to follow her Star. III. Then snatching her trophies from the flags she had blest, A new standard she weaves for her realms in the West, Sets flashing in glory'mid the colors she plaits, That bright cluster of stars for her Union of States, And casting it forth while she rises for flight As the flag of the people, the flag of the free, She bids them all welcome her pennant of light, And flies as their pilot across the wild sea. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 117 IV. Here, away from the glare and traditions of power, The canons of Church, and the cannons of tower, In silence of Nature, and on virginal sod, She threw high her grand altar to Freedom and God; And along its rude stones in inscription of gold, For the ages to come a creed she inwrought, "Here henceforth and ever, till the ages grow old, Shall be freedom of worship, free speech and free thought." V. Then in strain high-inspired, like a priestess of old, Thus she spake of the glories so soon to unfold: "Here in peace shall arise as the black forests fall, A race who God only a sovereign will call; Who with the swift years soon to earth shall disclose A cluster of States, like the buds on the rose, Each vieing in beauty with the one at its side, Each boasting of graces self-existent and free, Yet all in the one common stalk taking pride, In its rock-planted root still content to abide, Strong graftings, each one, on fair Liberty's tree." VI. "And far o'er the land, and afar on the seas, My rainbow-hued ensign shall kiss every breeze, While round the vast world the nations shall cry, As they see its bright promise adorning the sky:'Away in the West where yon flag claims its birth, And the sky o'er a Continent spreads its blue dole, There in peace sits enthroned the Queen of the Earth, For there only hath Liberty built her a home.'" VII. So, to-day, as we stand'neath yon flag, we behold At the hundred years' close the fulfillment unrolled, While stranger than fiction is the story we read Of trial, and triumph, brave word and brave deed. A cluster of States, see all welded in one, And founded on rocks firm as Ocean's strong bed, An Empire of Empires here to greatness full grown, But an Empire where Liberty sits crowned as the Head. VIII. Let Tyranny build thro' long years as she will, E'en thro' thousands of years, she is building on still, For the hearts of brave men assailing the throne 16 118 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Will never consent that her triumphs be won, And they drag it to dust'ere the work be half done. But let Liberty rise, and with God on her side, And a land broad enough to give Liberty room, And she'll found in a lifetime a dominion so wide That the round world shall tremble at nod of her plume. IX. She'll rear high her white spires over hillside and lea, And fill every deep valley with schools of the Free, Till the chimes of their bells, as they fill the glad air, Shall tell how her people rejoice in her care; While she plants in all hearts of her children that rise, Such faith in their Country, such respect for its laws, Such love of the right, and such noble emprise, That not one can prove faithless to Liberty's cause. x. And she calls to all lands where men's hearts are bowed down, By stroke of the sceptre, or flash of the crown, Inviting their flight to the State she has blest, The land lying midway the world's east and west, Where her children have all, with a cry of good cheer, Planted standard and torchlight on mountain and shore, That they who would come may come without fear, And'mid pmeans to Liberty crowd her broad door* * > >* *< * * < XI. Then, men and fair women, fling afar as ye pray Yon star-clustered banner that o'erspreads us to-day; Render thanks for the hand by whose grace'twas unfurled, And the band who first made it the flag of the world. Render thanks for the men, who so bravely again Held fast to the standard when Treason grew bold, Who erased with their blood its only dark stain, And gave back to the Nation, purged of slavery's mould, Her old charter of Freedom, now written in gold. XII. Yes, praise to the men who the Nation to save, Put country o'ei party, and all creeds in the grave, As they heard the loud cry of the People, who swore That their Union should last long as ocean or shore; That better, far better all their armies be lost, And the battle rage on till their boys become men, Than the Ark of all Liberty, broken and lost, Be flung high on the shores of old England again,'Mid the jeers of her nobles, and their hearty Amen! COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 119 XIII. And pray yet again ere the glad day be passed, That this first of her jubilees prove not the last; But when we and our children shall have long fled away, The whole Nation as One, in yet nobler array, May still hail yonder flag,. and keep festival day: Still burnish the shield from corruption's foul rust, And keep bright its grand legend, "IN GOD IS OUR TRUST." The celebration proper ended with a grand display of fireworks, on the Campus Martius, in the evening. PROGRAMME OF FIREWORKS.-1, Grand illumination of brilliant fire. 2, Representation of the Detroit block house in 1670, showing all there was of Detroit at that date, and how our forefathers defended themselves from the attacks of the savages. 3, Pyramid caprice. 4, Revolving sun. 5, Discharge of silver batteries. 6, Flight of rockets, stars, serpents and gold rain. 7, Union star. 8, Polonaise. 9, "Our fathers' bell of liberty," representing, in much larger than original size, old Independence bell, with national emblems on either side. 10, Firing of colored shells. 11, Brilliant display of colored fires. 12, Revolving globe. 13, Yankee windmill. 14, Brother Jonathan. 15, Eruption of mines. 16, Grand flight of colored rockets. 17, Display of colored batteries. 18, Saturn and satellites. 19, Kaleidoscope. 20, Ladies' whim. 21, Army and navy emblems, representing the cannon of the army, the anchor of the navy, and the eagle of our country. 22, Discharge of colored shells. 23, Flight of colored parachute rockets. 24, Firing of meteor batteries. 25, Saxon cross. 26, Yankee Doodle. 27, Union emblems. 28, Gothic diamond cross. 29, Flock of pigeons. 30, Ascension of floral shells. 31, Tri-colored illumination. 32, Double passion-flower. 33, Jeweled star. 34, Double thunder wheel. 35, Centennial motto: "Peace, prosperity, freedom-the result of one hundred years;" a beautiful tribute to the success of our country. 36, Discharge of union tri-colored batteries. 37, Flight of pearl rockets. 38, Cupid's triumph. 39, Centennial windmill. 40, Spirit of the age. 41, Explosion of colored mines and shells. 42, Flight of ship signal rockets. 43, Discharge of silver shower batteries. 44, Bee hive. 45, Silver cascade. 46, Jeweled Maltese cross. 47, Explosion of shells. 48, Flight of colored rockets. 49, Cross of honor. 50, United diamonds. 51, Star of empire. 52, Ascent of parachute rockets. 53, Display of colored shells. 54, Illumination of colored fires. 55, Grand temple display-the finest piece of the evening. 56, Detroit's good night piece-a brilliant display in words of fire of the sentiment expressed with the emblems of our country. The cozp d'oeil presented from the roof of the north tower of the city hall during the display of the fireworks, was grandly impressive. From twenty-five to thirty thousand spectators had assembled in the Campus Martius and the entrances of adjoining streets, and when the livid light of blue fire, or the roseate radiance of a red one, was reflected upon the sea of upturned faces, it seemed to impart wonderful and changing expressions to them. Around as far as the eye could reach brilliant streams of fire shot out against the sky, as the ascending rockets mounted in distant places, testifying to the unanimous and hearty good will with which the day was celebrated. 120 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. On the whole, the pyrotechnic display was a success. The heavy weather dampened some of the pieces, and prevented their burning as freely as they otherwise would hiave done. Nevertheless, everybody was satisfied. There were no accidents of any note to mar the pleasures of the occasion, and the evening was as pleasant and comfortable as could have been desired. Not the least enjoyable feature of the evening's entertainment was the music furnished by the Twenty-second United States infantry band. They occupied a platform erected for them at the southeast corner of the city hall. At intervals during the evening they discoursed excellent music. EXElRtCISES IN THE CHURICHES. The evangelical Protestant denominations held a union prayer meeting at Whitney's opera house, commencing at nine o'clock. The exercises were conducted by Rev. Dr. Aikman, of the Westminster Presbyterian church. They were opened by the singing of the familiar hymn, "Before Jehovah's Awful Throne," and the 148th psalm was next read, when Dr. Aikman made the opening address, as follows: FRIENDS AND FELLOW CITIZENS.-With me, you recognize the exceeding fitness of our gathering, on the early morning of this Fourth of July. Our hearts would be'wronged were we not publicly and together, as citizens, looking up to God, as this great clay opens benignly upon us. It is a day which He, the Infinite God, has made for us. We may safely say that no nation but one has had a history so marked by the superintending providence of God. He hid this Western continent until the ages were ripe for its discovery. He kept our portion of it safe and held it till His people, chosen out of three nations, were ready to take it. He made them ready by His strange processes of oppression, persecution and impending death. They went, under His guidance, these mighty men and angelic women, the greatest and the best of earth, from England, from Holland, from France. When in all the ages came such men and such women into a new land? God brought them here. They were as truly called, and they went as truly at God's command, as once the Patriarch was called out of Ur of the Chaldees. They went like him, not knowing whither they went, but they went in faith, and they found a land of whose glories Canaan was but an epitome and a type. God gave it to them. What was not so clear at the beginning has been cleared as the years have gone on. Who can read the story of the Revolution and not see God's hand on every page? Lord Chatham said: "For myself, I must avow that in all my readings-and I have read Thucyclides and the master-states of the world-for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity and wisdom under a complication of difficult circumstances, no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the general Congress of Philadelphia. The history of Greece and,ome gives us nothing equal to it." Never, we may add, in this world, before or since, were so many men of transcendent ability arrayed, at one time, around a common cause. They were God's master works, made for the hour. God was at the birth of the nation. Think how, in spite of human contrivance, and against human desire and ancestral prejudice, the bonds which held so strongly the colonies to the parent state were broken by that Declaration which we celebrate to-day! By what combinations above and beyond human forecast it was brought about! God was in it. He gave this people Washington. Among COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 121 the marvellous creations of God, where will we find a more wonderful than he? His character grows more sublime in each succeeding year, and his name, as that of no other man, has gone out over the earth, and holds the increasing admiration of the people of every land and tongue. Who can fail to see God's hand in the marvelous occurrences of the war of the Revolution, when out of more defeats than victories a triumph was won, and the power of the foremost nation of the world was thrown off? There were hours when no human eye could see a ray of hope, but God kept hope alive in those undaunted hearts, and again and again, above the agency of men, foiled the malice of traitors, broke the power of foes, inspired the courage of friends, and at the hour of rayless darkness gave light and deliverance. Shall we fail to recognize the hand of God in the formation of our government? Our Constitution has stood the test of nearly ninety years, and each one of them has spread its power wider and more beneficently abroad. It has stood strain and shock such as never tried government before. God made it strong. Who will not see the Almighty hand in the preservation of this nation? That we are not to-day weeping while we walk among the awful ruins of our country; that we are not hanging our heads in shame and mourning; that we have not blushes and groans on this anniversary, instead of smiles and exultant songs; that we celebrate the day at all, is of God. It was an inspiration of the Almighty that awakened the people, that gave them the courage to bear the toil, endure the sorrow, accept the bereavement of those days when brother struck at brother's life, and countrymen sought to destroy the state. It was God that gave us Lincoln. God made him the calm, patient, enduring, loving man that he was. God gave him his undying courage, his unfaltering faith, his far-reaching wisdom. God gave us those men who fought and suffered, those who live and rejoice with us to-day, or who sleep in their glory and our love as we enshrine them in our hearts. They were God's gift. Who that looks at this flag, and knows that it waves over a land without a slave, will not see in its starry folds the goodness of God? We wished, and we labored, and we prayed that some time it might tell only of freedom, but we dared not hope to see the day. Now for these thirteen years we have been exulting; with dimmed eyes we *watch its wavy rise and fall. It floats on this summer air-the flag of the free. God made it pure. Thus we look over the solemn days of war, over the sweet days of peace, over the long-drawn years of prosperity, of religious liberty, so like this ambiant air that we forget that we breathe it, and with hearts too full for utterance, we bow and worship and praise Him, our God and our fathers' God. The following further abstract of the exercises is copied from reports in the city papers: The Rev. L. R. Fiske (Methodist) then addressed the audience upon the subject of "The foundation of the State upon Christianity." He said we all hold that there should be no direct connection between church and state; that the state should not be taxed for the church; that the state should not decide what religion is right, whether Protestant or Catholic; that the state should not endow any church. Yet he believed that all would agree that the Christian religion in its spirit underlies our whole national fabric. We have no Fourth of July celebration without a chaplain. to open the exercises with prayer. All our legislatures have chaplains, and our army regiments have chaplains. The state everywhere recognizes the Christian religion. If we believe that Christianity is the only true and pure religion, then we must believe that that which strengthens andd extends Christianity tends also to strengthen the government. The country is far stronger and the government stronger now, on account of the revivals of the past twelve months, although the state had nothing to do with them. Dr. Fiske then enlarged upon the idea that as individuals we can do riost to strengthen the government by doing most for the Christian religion; that ministers 122 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. could do most to strengthen the government by keeping up the spirituality of the members of their churches. He believed that the church truly upheld the state, as it was itself imbued with the principles of Christianity. Rev. Dr. Alfred Owen (Baptist) said that all governments are ordained of God, and under any government he should be a loyal citizen, as a poor government was better than none. Government was providential, especially our own. God's hand was manifest in our early and subsequent history. He revealed to our forefathers the ideas and principles upon which our political institutions are based, and since then the same guiding Providence had been manifest. The meeting house and the school had hand in hand crossed the continent. Free religious institutions and a free conscience were marked and valuable privileges in our country. We were not thankful enough for the blessings conferred upon us by an overruling Providence. Hon. Charles I. Walker quoted the language of David in his prayer and thanksgiving before the representatives of his people, recorded in 1 Chronicles, xxix: 12, viz: "Both riches and honor come of Thee, and Thou reignest over all; and in Thy right hand is power and might; and in Thine hand it is to make great, and to give strength unto all." He commlenced by stating that God in His providences prepares the way for the advance of nations. This was manifest in the early history of the northwest. For one hundred years it was French and Catholic, but the victory of Wolfe upon the plains of Abraham gave it to the English-speaking race. After mentioning one or two potent political movements in the early history of our country, whereby the advance of the Protestant religion was secured, he passed to smatters of much local interest, viz: the establishment of missions and churches in our state and city. The first Protestant church in the northwest was organized by the Moravians, in Mt. Clemens, and in 1782 the first Protestant chapel was there dedicated. In the year 1800, the father of Dr. Leonard Bacon came to Detroit, and preached in the old council house. Then followed the early Metholist ministers, preaching in their circuits. In about 1810, the first church was organized by them, at the River Rouge, a little below Detroit, and in 1818 the first church building was there erected. In 1816, the First Protestant Society was organized in Detroit, and at the request of Governor Cass and others, a young man, the Rev. John Monteith, was sent here from Princeton Academy, to take charge of the church. His work was followed by a marked development of intellectual power and influence in our midst, the foundation then being laid for our State University. Rev. George D. Baker, of the First Presbyterian church, was the last speaker. He referred to a pregnant fact in Jewish history, which he thought was not without its moral and parallel in our own. When that favored people had at length been brought to the borders of the Promised Land, after long marches, great privations, and tedious delays, God spoke to them of what was before them. He pointed out the goodly land which they were to inhabit, "a land flowing with milk and honey," a land abounding in all material wealth, and cursed only in its idolatrous and wicked population. He reminded them that they would dwell in cities which they had not built, and till fields already brought to the highest state of cultivation by alien hands. All this He gave them, and only required that they should serve and worship Him, keeping His commands, and walking in all the way of His precepts. That people did not heed the words of God, but followed their own way, and the predicted ruin came, after long years of waiting and entreaty. He thought that we of this land and Centennial year had come to a similar point in our history. A goodly land is before us. We are entered into other men's labors. We are enjoying the blessings acquired by the toils and sacrifices of others. God asks of us, as He did of His people of old, that we obey and honor Him. If we do, all will be well; but if we forsake Him, we shall be forsaken of Him, and disaster will be our portion. At the beginning of a second century of the nation's life and a new epoch in our history, it becomes us to ponder well the lessons of the past, and to take earnest heed to what they so impressively teach. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 123 He had one other thought: He had been impressed with one remarkable fact in connection with our American history. If he were to ask any one present the date when the Constitution was adopted, when the colonies declared themselves absolved from further allegiance to Great Britain, or when the Declaration of Independence was made, a ready answer could be given to the questions; but if he were to inquire when the American Union was formed, what was the date of its beginning, no answer could be furnished. It was not made save as God made it. It grew-it developed. As God creates other things, so he had given life and form to this Union of Free States. His hand was in it. It behooves us to take heed to this significant fact of our history, and to lay its lesson to heart. With prayer by Rev. Dr. J. P. Scott, of the United Presbyterian church, the singing of the doxology, and the benediction by Rev. Supply Chase, the large audience was dismissed The Episcopal churches of the city held a union service at St. Paul's church, which was beautifully and appropriately trimmed with flags, flowers and evergreens, and of which a press report says: The font was draped with the national flag, over which trailed vines, the white stars showing like flowers among the green leaves. The bowl of the font was filled with flowers, from which rose a large-leaved plant. The altar, reading desk and pulpit were all ornamented with flags and flowers, among which were a profusion of beautiful water lilies. There were also a quantity of potted plants and evergreen trees, all together blending beautifully in color with the painted window and rich ornamentation about the altar. The choir gallery was draped with the national colors and trimmed with evergreens. The service, which was partly choral, was especially appropriate to the expression of patriotic and devotional feeling. The opening hymn and sentences were read by the Rev. Mr. Flower, of the Mariners' church; the exhortation by the Rev. Mr. Watts, of St. Peter's; the confession, Lord's prayer and versicles by the Rev. Mr. Charles, of St. James'; the lesson by the Rev. Dr. Stocking, of Grace church; the creed by the Rev. Dr. Pitkin, of St. Paul's; the collects by the. Rev. Dr. Worthington, of St. John's; the concluding hymn by the Rev. Dr. Magee, of St. Mark's; and the benediction was pronounced by the Bishop. At all the Catholic churches in the city-, mass was said in the morning, and at some of the churches patriotic exhortations were made by the officiating priests. The services were in accordance with the following pastoral letter, issued by the Bishop, Rt. Rev. Caspar H. Borges: On the Fourth of July our country will celebrate its first Centennial birthday, a National jubilee; a day of joy and gratitude for every citizen and patriot in the Union. On this day the love and devotion for our country will swell the hearts of all to enthusiasm, for its honor is our honor, its glory is our glory, and its future is our future. Not actuated by the impulse of the moment, nor by purely human motives, but by the divine law, on that day we will array ourselves under our glorious banner, renewing our fidelity to our country, vowing the perseverance of our loyalty in the face of friend and foe, and pledging the sacrifice of our heart's blood in the hour of need, standing in the future, as in the past, in the front ranks, defending our national honor and life. Therefore, we beg to suggest the propriety, not only of joining heart and soul in the proper and worthy festivities of the day, but of assembling the faithful at a suitable hour on the morning of the Fourth of July next, in their respective churches, for divine service, for the purpose of 124 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. offering their devout and fervent prayers to Almighty God, that He may be pleased to bless our country in the future as He has done in the past; that we may not be visited with the scourges of war, pestilence and famine; but that His hand of protection may continue extended in blessings for union, peace and happiness among all its citizens. We desire the faithful to celebrate the Nation's holy-day as true Catholics and true patriots; but beg to rwarn them against everything that might in the least mar the universal joy; against the temptation of intemperance, and every conduct unworthy of law-abiding citizens. AQUATIC S'P0RTS. Among the attractions of the day was the regatta, which was by far the most extensive aquatic demonstration attempted upon the Detroit river since the regatta of the Northwestern Amateur Boating Association, in 1870. By three o'clock the scene was one of remarkable activity and beauty. The gaily decorated boat houses of the Excelsior and Detroit clubs were crowded to their utmost capacity, the river was alive with sail craft and pleasure boats, and people settled down upon the docks and lumber piles along the river side like bees upon a hive. The excursion boats all reaped a harvest, nine steamers of large capacity, and all packed with sight-seers, plying on the river. Upon the tug "Winslow" were assembled Vice Commodore Allen, the regatta committee, a few invited guests and the press representatives. The steam yacht "Glance" and the yacht "Adele" accommodated the judges, umpire and timers, and signal officer Talman. Mr. Samuel E. Pittman was umpire, C. M. Davison, Captain John Oades and John Pridgeon, Jr., were judges, and C. H. Wetmore and S. R. Kirby officiated as timers. The barge race was called at 3.15 o'clock. For this race there were eight entries, comprising the barges of the Wyandotte, Grand River, Centennial, Restless, Watauga, Phoenix, Chattanooga and Zephyr clubs, which were assigned positions in the order named. Of these, the boat entered by the Grand River club, of Lansing, alone pulled eight oars; the other seven were ten-oared. barges. The discrepancy in numbers of the Lansing crew was compensated by a time allowance of fifteen seconds. The race was three-fourths of a mile and back, the Wyandottes coming in in 11.22, but with the Grand River only five seconds behind, and with their time allowance taking the race by ten seconds, with the following crew: Stroke, R. J. Shank; No. 2, A. H. Whitehead; No. 3, A. H. Dane; No. 4, William Logie; No. 5, W. E. Crossett; No. 6, W. \W. Staley; No. A, E. F. Cooley; bow, M. J. Buck; coxswain, H. T. Carpenter. A four-oared race followed, which was won by the Excelsiors, of Detroit, in 14.30, by the following crew: Stroke, L. H. Baldwin; No. 2, E. E. Armstrong; No. 3, Edward Telfer; bow, F. D. Standish. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 125 In the six-oared shell race there were four contestants, making time as follows: Zephyrs, 13.47; Wataugas, 13.58; Excelsiors, 14 minutes. The Detroit drew off, having broken their rudder. The Zephyr winning crew was: Stroke, Will Craig; No. 2, E. A. Bour; No. 3, C. E. Reynolds; No. 4, 1). Linn; No. 5, E. Sutter; bow, A. I. McLeod. In a single scull race, Frank Wood and C. F. Lattimer, of lMuskegon, and G. F. Sumner and F. D. Standish, of Detroit, were contestants, Standish being winner inl 16.31. A tub race was prolific of no little almusement. There were some fifteen or sixteen entries, and nearly all the contestants capsized, to the intense gratificatioil of the spectators. The winner was F. S. Campbell, of the Excelsiors. DEXTER. The day was welcomed by the ringing of bells and the promiscuous discharge of guns, pistols and fire-crackers. The morning broke with a dull, leaden sky, and rain fell nearly all the forenoon, the weather becoming clear, however, about noon. Nevertheless great crowds of people came in to participate in the celebration. The various parts of the procession had been gathering on Baker street, and at half-past eleven they were got in line, and the whole started for a march through the streets of the village, the plan of going to the grove having been abandoned. At the head of the procession marched the Dexter Cornet Band in their handsome uniforms. Next came a decked wagon drawn by four horses, and bearing the fair representatives of the thirteen original states, presided over by the Goddess of Liberty sustaining the starry flag. Then came the wagon, drawn also by four horses, bearing the representatives of the additional States, in the persons of twenty-seven young girls, arrayed in white, with blue sashes and red bows, and bearing flags with the names of the states on them. Behind was the tableau of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Next came a wagon load of boys bearing flags and banners commemorating the past. Then a mounted cavalcade representing continentals and various nationalities. The Pioneer Cabin came next, and gave a not exaggerated picture of the home of the old settlers, with the good wife busy at her spinning wheel, while the crouching Indian clinging behind with his gun, was suggestive of the dangers to which the pioneers were exposed. Last but not least was "dot 17 126 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. liddle Cherman bant,": the most amusing part of the parade, and one that excited a good deal of mirth. The Marshals were A. McMillan and Russell Parker. The procession, taken as a whole, was a very fine one. With the committee of arrangements, Mrs. Moore is entitled to the credit of the beautiful wagon loads representing the states. The credit for the tableau of the surrender of Cornwallis is due to J. W. Pierce and Charley Danielson. Mr. L. Palmer gave the cabin to the procession, and Emanuel Vinkle and his comrades brought out the German band. After marching through the principal streets of the village, the parade was dismissed on D street, and an adjournment of the exercises taken until halfpast one o'clock. Then two of the decked wagons were placed together on the corner of Main and B streets. Upon one was placed the organ, and the other was arranged for the speakers and the officers of the day. The order of exercises was then proceeded with, John Costello, Esq., presiding. The band played a stirring piece of music, and the Glee Club, composed of Miss Annie Warner, Miss Mamie Murdock, Mr. R. J. Langdon and Mr. C. C. Tuomey, sang a beautiful Centennial hymn, with the chorus, "Our starry flag, the Nation's pride, has waved a hundred years." Rev. J. C. Wortley offered a fervent and impressive prayer. Mr. E. E. Appleton read the Declaration of Independence in a masterly manner, and the band played Hail Columbia and Yankee Doodle. Mr. J. F. Lawrence then delivered an excellent oration, in which he noticed the progress that had been made the past one hundred years, not only in the arts and sciences but in the modes of thought and the means of human advancement. After another song by the Glee Club, Mr. William A. Jones read an interesting paper on the first settlement of Washtenaw county. After another stirring piece by the band, the exercises were over, and the crowd dispersed to find amusement and refreshment in the games of the afternoon. There were a sack race, a potato race, a foot race, wrestling, and finally a tub race on the pond, all of which afforded excellent amusement. The display of fireworks was very fine, and gave general satisfaction. The dance by the cornet band, in Young Men's Hall, was largely attended, some hundred and fifty couple being present. The crowd during the day and evening was immense, and there were probably more people in Dexter than were ever before assembled within the corporation limits. * That little German band. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 127 DUNDEE. The citizens of Dundee made all the necessary preparations for the celebration, and at midnight the day was ushered in by the firing of a salute of thirteen guns. The heavy rain of the forenoon placed an extinguisher upon any attempt to form a procession, and, in fact, upon the entire programme, so far as out-door exercises were concerned. Notwithstanding the unfavorable weather, the people came flocking into town from all directions. Johnson Hall was secured, and the speeches, music, etc., were given therein. In the evening, the fireworks were exhibited from the corner of Monroe and Main streets, and from the front of E. C. Kenyon's, and together they constituted a very creditable display. FLINT. As soon as the twelfth stroke of the city clock had tolled the departure at midnight of the third of July, all the bells in the city simultaneously rang out a chorus of welcome for the birth of the Fourth. The bells were supplemented by the steam whistles of the mills, and the fire-crackers of the boys; and a salute of thirteen guns was fired, and at sunrise another salute of thirtyseven guns. The aspect of the morning cast some gloom over the prospects for the day. It was rainy and lowering, but before the time for forming the procession had arrived, the rain had ceased, and ere long the skies cleared off into a bright and beneficent day. At an early hour the streets became thronged with teams and pedestrians, and every train of cars came loaded with visitors. The Flint Union Blues and Cadets, with Colonel Lochhead, assembled at the railway depot, to receive, on their arrival, the Bay City Peninsulars, expected guests of the Blues. The Peninsulars arrived on the morning train, and were escorted to the Masonic block, where a luncheon was -awaiting them, prepared by the ladies of the Presbyterian church. A procession over two miles in length was formed, moving at eleven o'clock, and marching through the principal streets, Gardnei s Flint City band, the three military companies, and the Knights of Pythias, forming the first division. The fire department made an imposing and handsome head for the second division. The third division, composed of the Pacrons of Husbandry, constituted one of the most striking features of the procession. Davison, Flushing, Vienna, Blackberry, Liberty, Grand Blanc, and Pioneer Granges appeared in wagons decorated 128 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. with banners, devices, mottoes, and the insignia of their several organizations. Davisonl Grange alone occupied forty wagons, some of them with six-horse and four-horse teams. To the fourth division, composed of citizens in carriages and wagons, it seemed as if there was no end. On the streets upon the line of march the Stars and Stripes floated from every flag-staff; the tops and fronts of the buildings were ablaze with flags, patriotic devices and drapery of the national colors. Extensive preparations had been made at the fair grounds, by the erection of stands, platforms, seats, etc., and a committee of ladies had tastefully decorated the stands with evergreens, flowers, bannerets and flags. The exercises at the grand stand were: Music by the band; prayer by Rev. S. W. Titus; reading of the Declaration of Independlence by Rev. Marcus Lane; music by the choral society; oration by Hon. E. H. Thomson; historical sketch of Genesee county by Hon. F. H. Rankin; singing by the children of the public schools; benediction by Rev. H. H. Northrop. The military dress parade which followed was a very fine (isplay, though the thronging multitude of spectators was so great as to impede the movements of the soldiers, and shut out all but a few from seeing the drill. The afterpiece of the day was an irruption by an immense body of the Mardi Gras Rangers and Calithumpian Irregulars, cavalry and infantry. Nothing could exceed the grotesqueness or variety of their uniform and equipments, unless it wTas the amusement they created. The whole affair was the biggest and best burlesque ever witnessed in Flint. There was a fine display of fireworks, at the junction of Saginaw and Detroit streets, in the evening. Afterward the Flint Blues entertained their visitors, the Peninsulars, at a banquet, the material of which was furnished by the ladies of the Presbyterian church. As to the number of people in town, it is estimated that at least 15,000 persons were upon the fair grounds, and those who did not go there have been set down anywhere from five to ten thousand. FOWLERVILLE. Despite the rain, a large concourse of people assembled in the village from the surrounding country. Guns were fired, and there was a constant fusilade of torpedoes, pistols and fire-crackers. The music furnished by the Vernon colrnet band, from the balcony of the Reason House, during the forenoon, had much to do with keeping up the enthusiasm. Although somewhat belated on account of the rain, the programme COMlMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 129 at the grove was carried out. The exercises were opened with music, and a prayer by the Rev. N. W. Pierce, followed by music again by the band. The oration was delivered by J. W. Donovan, Esq., of Detroit. After music by the band came the reading of the Declaration, by David Bush, Esq., followed by music and the benediction. The afternoon was made hilarious by the appearance of a burlesque company "en route for the Black Hills," and other amusements, the day closing with a well-assorted display of fireworks. GRAND LEDGE. Early in the morning a salute of thirty-eight guns was fired. Shortly before eleven o'clock a procession, headed by the Grand Ledge cornet band, was formed and marched to Island No. 1, where the exercises were opened by the glee club singing the "American Ensign." The other exercises were: Prayer by the chaplain, Rev. E. T. Branch; reading of the Declaration of Independence by James W. McMillan; music by the glee club-"A Flag that waved a Hundred Years Ago;" oration by Hon. Charles T. Mills, of New York city; closing with'":Yankee Doodle" by the band. At three o'clock, a sham contest, representing the battle of Bunker Hill, took place, under command of F. T. Denison as Major-General Howe, and A. B. Schumaker as Colonel Prescott. The battle created considerable excitement, and was a success excepting in the number of men engaged. This was followed by various athletic sports, at which prizes were awarded to Vincenso Hockley, Charles F. Baxter, Burt Edwards, Almon Moscow, and E. Boyce. In the evening there was an amateur dramatic and literary entertainment in Goodrich Hall, and social dancing parties at the hotels. GRAND HAVEN. The streets were thronged with people from early morning. The procession formed at ten o'clock, as follows: Marshal, A. Vandemeere; Assistants, S. C. Mower, S. C. Glover. Grand Haven cornet band; the officers of the day, in carriages; the common council, in carriages; old settlers, in carriages; Grand Haven Arbeiter-Verein; Hunter Savidge fire engine company, of Spring Lake; Rix Robinson fire engine company, of Grand Haven; George Parks fire engine company, of Grand Haven; Grand Haven hook-and-ladder companies; wagon containing thirty-seven young ladies representing states; Odd Fellows. 13() MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The procession marched through various streets to the grove, where the following programme of exercises was had: Introductory remarks by the president of the cay, Hon. George Parks; prayer by Rev. J. V. Hickmott; singing, "America," by the choir; reading of the Declaration by Father Murphy; oration by Rev. H. T. Rose, of Milwaukee; singing by the choir; historical address by Mayor William M. Ferry; singing, "Star-Spangled Banner." In the afternoon crowds of people went on lake excursions, while others amused themselves about town or in witnessing the athletic games and sports. At half-past five o'clock there was a burlesque procession of "Fantastics and Horribles," which created a great deal of amusement, and proved a complete success. The celebration closed with a fine display of fireworks in the evening. There were decorations of public and private buildings on an extensive scale. Flags floated everywhere, and wreaths and festoons of evergreens, leaves and flowers, ornamented many piazzas and grounds. GRAND RAPIDS. The weather was delightful. Rain fell early in the morning, laying the dust and freshening the atmosphere. People began to pour in from the country soon after sunrise. Every road leading to the city was thronged with vehicles and people, and every train of cars brought hundreds of celebrators, so that long before the procession began to move Canal and Monroe streets were full of persons waiting to see what they might see. It is estimated that twenty thousand to twenty-five thousand persons, besides residents, were in the city during the (day. The decorations of the city were fine. Chief among them was the Centennial Arch on Campau place, the following description of which is copied from a local paper: It was sixty-six feet wide and twelve feet thick at the base, rising fifty-six feet to the first plate. Thereon was a second base four feet in height. Then there was a second structure twelve feet high, about twenty-two feet long, and six feet thick. Then above that there were the finials twelve feet high; making the total height eighty-four feet. The structure was divided into three arches. The main arch was thirty-six feet to the keystone, and thirty feet wide at the bottom. The side arches were eighteen feet high and seven feet wide. The entire structure was dressed in evergreens, cedar twigs wound on ropes. The inside of the arch had red, white and blue strips intertwined with the evergreens. Numerous small flags "set it out" beautifully. The paintings and mottoes on the arch were all appropriate and their arrangement beautiful. On the north side, or facing up Canal street, at the top, was the seal of Michigan, painted on a canvas eight by twelve feet in size. On either side of it were "Lexington," and "Yorktown." Below the seal was "Hallelujah for One Hundred Years." On the base of the upper structure were COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 131 "The Union and the Constitution," "Supreme Law," "Unfettered Conscience," "Long Live the Republic." Just below were "Jefferson," "Franklin." Next was "1776" and "1876," with the names "Marion," "Sumter," "Wayne," and "Lee." On the keystone of the arch, "The People of Grand Rapids to their Country." On the left side of this face of the arch, in the panel over the side arch, "The Declaration of American Independence the Baptismal Vow of a Republic born of Eternal Right, and for whom Heroes were Sponsors." Under this was an oil painting, eight by twelve feet, of Washington crossing the Delaware. Beneath it was, "Their Glorious Record is the Imperishable Heritage of the Forever." In the west panel of this face of the arch, at the top, "On every Sea and every Land known to Men the Sacred Honor of the Sires has been Upheld by the Sons." Below this was a painting, eight by twelve feet, representing Columbia standing in the foreground, on a high ledge, pointing over a vast and shadowy expanse of country; allegorically representing the greatness and achievements of our country. In the background of the scene was the main building of the Centennial Exhibition. Nearer was the National Capitol and other public structures. Still nearer was a farmer reaping grain in a broad field with a reaper. Still nearer was a river with a steamboat, a suspension railroad bridge, a second railway track and a train of cars, and a telegraph line. Beneath this painting was, "Of all Nations, and Peoples, and Tongues, she gathers the Freemen who bless her Centennial Birthday." Under the center of of the arch, suspended, was a fine painting of Washington on horseback, the work of Mr. T. Ed. Wardus. The procession, in passing under it, did so with uncovered heads, honoring it. In the face of the structure fronting up Monroe street were the following: At the extreme top was a statue representing Michigan as a female figure with a shield, her arm extending pointing to "God and My Right" as her motto, while opposite was, "Michigan." Immediately under was the motto, on the upper base, "All Hail Columbia." This was flanked at either side with "Science and Religion," "The Mechanic Arts," "Agriculture and Commerce," and "The Forest and the Mine." Just below were the names "Washington," "Lincoln." Beneath them, over the center of the arch, "In God we Trust." Below, flanking the keystone, were "1776," and "1876," and the names "Lafayette," "Steuben," "Putnam," "Stark." The keystone bore the motto, "The Fidelity of the Sons is the Keystone." This was explained by the motto at the tops of the panels over the side arches, which were, "The Principles of the Fathers are the Foundation of the Arch of Freedom," and "The Progress of the Century is the Superstructure." In the left or western panel was a picture representing Washington at Valley Forge, uniform in size with those above mentioned, an oil painting. Beneath this was, "Their Heroic Devotion Inflamed the World and made Liberty the Watchword of Mankind." In the other panel was a water color cartoon explained by the motto underneath, "America supported by Justice and Strength receives Tribute, Affection and Confidence from her Children, and drives Discord and Fraud from her Domain." Colonel Penney, chairman of the committee on decorations, designed the entire structure, and got up all the mottoes. To him belongs, to a very great degree, the credit of the arch. Mr. C. H. Gifford, builder, erected it. Flags were waving from every staff in the city, and buildings in the business part of town were beautifully and many of them elaborately decorated. The procession, General B. R. Pierce, Chief Marshal, moved at ten o'clock, in the following order: FIRST DIVISION.-Platoon of police; Chief Marshal and Staff; Knights Templar Band; Grand Rapids Guard Drum Corps; Grand Rapids Guard; Uncle Sam and suite; Encampment of I. O. O. F., No. 43; Grand Rapids Lodge, No. 11, I. O. O. F.; Enterprise Lodge, No. 212, I. O. O. F.; 1 32 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Walhalla Lodge, No. 240, I. 0. 0. F.; West Side Lodge, No. 250, I. 0. 0. F.; Hine Lodge, No. 335, I. 0. 0. F.; president, orator, chaplain, and reader of the day, in carriages; mayor and council, in carriages; judges of the several courts; board of county supervisors; Grand Rapids business college; Grand Rapids Fire Brigade; mounted horsemen; township organizations. SECOND DIVISION.-Germania Band; Centennial Guard; Father McManus, with Holy Angels Society, one hundred strong, with banner; Children of Mary, sixty strong, with banner; St. Andrew's Sunday School; St. Andrew's Temperance Society; St. Patrick's Society, St. Andrew's Church; Rev. J. C. Pulcher and Sunday School; St. Patrick's Society of St. James; Rev. Ehrenstrasser and Sunday School; St. Joseph Benevolent Society; Amity Club; Caledonia Club; Pioneer Lodge U. S. of I.; Workingmen's Aid Society; German Turn-Verein; Holland IMutual Aid Society; St. Adelbert Society; Harmonia Society; Scandinavian Workingmen's Society; North Star Lodge. The procession was fully two miles long, and the march occupied nearly two hours, and when it halted at the park, and the exercises of the day began, the park was a living sea of faces. Mayor Pierce called the assemblage to order and made a few remarks appropriate to the occasion. "Uncle Sam" (Lowell Hall, Esq.) alighted from his carriage, and was escorted by his suite to the speakers' stand, where he delivered a short introductory address. After music by the band, the chaplain of the day, the Rev. D. L. Eaton, of Lowell, invoked the Throne of Grace, after which the glee club sang "A Hundred Years Ago." The club consisted of Mrs. J. A. S. Verdier, Miss Martindale, Miss Josie Dunn, Miss Jennie D'Ooge, and Messrs. J. D. Utley, H. G. Holt, Edmund Bement, and Francis O'Brien, assisted by Prof. Zoberbier at the organ. After the reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Hon. C. H. Taylor, the club again sang "Our Century of Freedom." Then followed the oration, by Hon. Thomas B. Church. The exercises at the park closed with the singing of the "Star-Spangled Banner," the crowd and. the band joining in the chorus. The chief feature of the afternoon entertainment was the burlesque procession of "The Horribles," at four o'clock. This was a great success, and attracted an immense crowd of spectators. In the evening the fireworks were displayed, and fully 25,000 persons covered the hill and the grounds surrounding Island No. 2, where they were exhibited, and the people voted them the finest ever seen in the city. GREENVILLE. Heavy cannonading and the peal of the bells in tlle early Tmohrning, bronght out the population. The railroad trains brought immense numbers, and people from all the surrounding country came in by the wagon roads. The morning was rainy, but the rain ceased before nine o'clock, and the rest of the day was COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 133 pleasant. The Stars and Stripes could be seen floating from the roofs and windows of nearly every building on Lafayette street; and on nearly every street in the city the national emblem was visible. A little before eleven o'clock a procession was formed on the corner of Lafayette and Washington streets, in the following order: 1, band; 2, officers of the day; 3, ladies representing the states; 4, fire department; 5, Montcalm County Grange; 6, citizens. With band playing, the procession proceeded to the grove, arriving at which, the band struck up an appropriate air, and then a brief address by Mayor Slaght brought the assembly to order. After a prayer by Rev. E. Curtiss, the choir very enthusiastically rang out, "My Country,'tis of Thee," which was followed by the reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Rev. S. H. Woodford. Then the choir sang another appropriate piece, and then came the "History of Montcalm county," which was compiled and read by Dr. John Avery. The history finished, another piece by the band preceded the Centennial oration, by Hon. C. C. Ellsworth. The day's celebration continued, in various ways, till the following morning, though the fireworks in the evening was the last thing on the regular programme. HOUGHTON COUNTY. The anniversary was not observed by any extensive celebration by the people of Hancock and Houghton. The children of St. Ann's church, Hancock, all formed in procession, and marched up Quincy Hill, where a grand Centennial picnic was had. The Congregational and Methodist Sunday schools of Hancock and vicinity united in an excursion to Pilgrim river. The day's proceedings terminated by a grand ball and jollification at Germania hall, given by the Hancock Turner society. There were also numerous excursions, base-ball matches, etc. In Red Jacket the various societies united in a grand procession, and they made a very imposing appearance. The town was elegantly decorated. At short intervals, spanning the main street, were huge arches, elegantly constructed, while all the business men seemed to vie, one with the other, in the decorations of their respective places. The procession was the largest ever witnessed on the lake, being composed of members of four societies, as also members of Eureka fire company. After marching through the principal streets, they assembled at St. Patrick's hall, where orations were delivered by Messrs. John Power, T. M. Brady, Thomas F. Cuddihy, and Owen Sheridan. At the conclusion of the addresses, the different orders returned to their places of meeting and dispersed. The day's doings were concluded by a grand ball, under the auspices of the St. Patrick's Building Association, which was largely attended. 18 134 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. IONIA. lonia did her share in glorifying the day. The whole city presented a bright appearance. Bunting was displayed from a large number of business houses and private residences, and the entire line of march was finely decorated. Ionia has never before worn such a holiday attire. Main street was one surging mass of humanity, and at one time there could not have been less than 10,000 people gathered between First and Dexter streets. The day had been ushered in by national salutes, in which Young America bore a conspicuous part. At ten o'clock, the formation of the procession commenced, under the direction of Chief Marshal Hutchinson. The storm of the morning prevented any organized delegations from coming in, except from Boston, which contained over eighty teams, led by the Saranac cornet band, under the leadership of Prof. Dreskell. The procession formed in the following order: FIRST DIVISION.-Knights Templar band; Light Guard drum corps; Ionia Light Guard; officers of the day, orator, chaplain, reader, and historian, in carriages; mayor and common council of the city of Ionia; young ladies representing the states; citizens of Ionia. SECOND DIVISION.-Saranac cornet band; fire department; American Express; delegations in order of their arrival. Along the whole line of march the streets were crowded with the enthusiastic populace. The procession was nearly two miles in length, and arrived at the grove about eleven o'clock, when the exercises were opened. Hon. George W. Webber presided, and announced the order of the programme. The choir, composed of Messrs. Thayer, Lowe, Kidd, Mills and Thatcher, and Mrs. Fox, Thayer, Marble, Kidd, Jackson'and Cooper, had selected several appropriate national anthems and songs, and rendered them in a pleasing manner. The programme comprised: Prayer by Rev. H. M. Joy; reading of the Declaration by John B. Hutchins, Esq.; oration by George P. Sanford, of Lansing; history of Ionia county by Rev. A. Cornell, of Portland; the exercises being interspersed with singing. The exercises at the stand closed, the crowds enjoyed themselves for the rest of the day in a variety of ways. Among other things was a presentation of a banner to the Boston delegation. The presentation was made by Miss Carrie M. Hutchins, who personated the Goddess of Liberty. Afterward there was a friendly contest between fire companies, to show speed in getting out hose and a stream through it. At four o'clock there was a burlesque procession of "Horribles," which created a great deal of amusement. The celebration closed with a display of fireworks in the evening. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 135 ITHACA. The weather was agreeable, and people came pouring in from the country at an early hour. The number of visitors was estimated at three to four thousand. At eleven o'clock a procession was formed and marched to the grove, headed by the Ithaca cornet band. The most striking feature of the procession was a car, drawn by four horses, and bearing thirty-seven young ladies, representing the several states of the Union. The exercises at the stand consisted of a poem by Colonel Wisner, an oration by Giles T. Brown, and a historical sketch of Gratiot county by Hon. Francis Nelson. The oration concluded with the following stanzas: Oh, God! look down upon the land which Thou hast loved so well, And grant that in unbroken truth Thy children still may dwell; Nor while the grass grows on the hill, and streams flow through the vale, May they forget their fathers' faith, or in their covenant fail. God keep the fairest, noblest land, that lies beneath the sun, And smile, as on the century past, on the century just begun. And never, never on the earth, however brave they be, Shall friends or foes bear down this great, proud standard of the free, (Though they around its staff may pour red blood in rushing waves, And build beneath its starry folds great pyramids of graves), For God will watch and He will keep, till human rights are won, As in the century that is past, in the century just begun. In the afternoon there were races and athletic sports on the fair ground, and in the evening fireworks. JACKSON. The day opened with bad weather, the rain falling from early morning until the hour for forming the procession. At that time, however, the clouds broke away, and the rest of the day was pleasant. People came in from neighboring towns and country by thousands, completely filling the streets. At eleven o'clock the procession formed, and moved in the following order: FIRST DIVISION,.-S. H. Babcock, Chief Marshal; Herbert George, Assistant Marshal; Central City cornet band, sixteen pieces; Jackson Guard, company G, First regiment, about fifty rifles; fire department, Chief Engineer Lake and assistants, and all the apparatus; Rowena Lodge, 29, K. of P., Knights Tyrrell and Hooper commanding, thirty swords; Irish Benevolent Association, about fifty strong; trade emblems, by E. H. Cobb and George Gale; Gale's troupe of ponies. SECOND DIVISIrON.-Charles D. Peppard, Assistant Marshal; Irish Benevolent Association band; Jackson Commnandery, No. 9, Knights Templar, forty swords; grand triumphal car containing 136 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. young ladies representing the Goddess of Liberty and the several states; Mayor O'Donnell, president of the day, and vice-presidents, in carriages; members of the common council, in carriages; section of light artillery; German Workingmien's Relief Association; troop of butcher boys, mounted, about twenty strong. THIRD DIVISION.-Henry W. Lake, Assistant Marshal; Barret Sisters' cornet band, in wagon; emblematic tableaux-Pocahontas and Captain Smith-the treaty of William Penn; Cayuga Tribe, No, 6, Red Men, mounted; trade emblems, express wagons, etc.; Gezang-Verein Harmonie; German Turn-Verein; citizens in carriages. The procession was estimated to have been a mile in length. The city was gay with flags and banners, all the stores and business blocks in the central portion being decorated profusely and elegantly. Many private residences, especially along the route of the procession, were elaborately decorated in honor of the day. The procession disbanded in time for dinner, and about two o'clock, an immense concourse of people having gathered on the public square, Mayor O'Donnell, the president of the day, called the assembly to order from the stand that had been erected at the south side of the grounds, and announced the opening of the exercises by the singing of -the "Star-Spangled Banner," by the ladies and gentlemen of the Franz Schubert Club. A prayer was offered by Rev. Moses Smith, and then the Centennial song, by Colonel A. V. Berry, entitled," "Our Nation's Birthday," was sung by Mrs. Lizzie Beebe and members of the Schubert club. Rev. J. T. Magrath was then introduced, who, after some patriotic prefacing remarks, read the Declaration of Independence. Hon. W. K. Gibson was first called upon to speak, in the absence of orators from abroad. He spoke particularly of the vast progress that the last hundred years had brought forth, but they have also brought us through many trials and much suffering. The changing years of constant and steady advance in arts, science, agriculture and locomotion have also brought their crime, their disappointments and their heart pangs, but the underlying principles of truth, virtue and honesty in the American nation is what has brought us through; and now, as we reach out and form a common brotherhood, no nation more than ours stood in the path that leads so surely to continued peace and prosperity. Though we have passed through the valley of tears, and been baptized with a baptism of blood, how was it now? Our flag floats over every portion of our fair land, with no star dimmed, no stripe torn, and so shall it ever, as long as these principles of truth, virtue and honesty permeate our people and control our government. Let us drop a tear on the grave of the nation's glorious dead, North and South. Let us embrace our whole people, and COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 137 recognize North and South alike, as does the breeze of heaven, and the old flag, which waves as free and shines as brightly in the wind and sun of the Mexican gulf, as on the shores of our northern lakes. Hon. Fidus Livermore followed in an interesting retrospect. One hundred years ago was the time men were talking of to-day, and there was music in the words. One hundred years ago to-day, the bellman was waiting to obey the injunction of that bell which bore upon its face, "Proclaim liberty to all the world." The telegraph-on horseback-was waiting to proclaim it to distant people that independence had been declared, and the tidings was received with a shout that rent the air from Maine to Carolina. Rev. I. Butterfield followed, and gave a most eloquent and beautiful allegorical word-picture of the history of our country. He likened the republic to a stately temple, the proportions and beauties of which he described in glowing terms, and prayed that present and future worshipers in that noble structure might be enabled, with virtue and integrity, to hold up the hands of the founders and builders, and preserve the edifice from all contamination of vice and vandalism. He called upon all to love their parties less and their God and country more, and predicted a future far beyond the honored progress of the past, if the people would be steadfast in well-doing. Rev. Moses Smith said it had been his privilege to climb upon his grandfather's knee, and listen to his stories of the battles of the Revolution, in which he was engaged. His father, too, who had engaged in battling for his country in the next fierce contest of 1812, had endeavored to imbue his son with patriotic ardor, and he himself had enjoyed the inestimable privilege, in the late war, to send up a prayer and speed a bullet almost at the same time; and the love of country, as displayed to-day in every city and nearly every hamlet, was the just pride of the American heart. With the love of God and morality governing this universal patriotism, what may we not hope for America in the next one hundred years? This concluded the list of speeches, which were all entirely impromptu, and the benediction was pronounced by Rev. G. L. Foster. After the conclusion of these exercises, the people were entertained with foot-races, base-ball playing, and other athletic sports. The foot-race was won by Jacob Williams, of Parma; J. Coulson, of Jackson, second. The wheelbarrow race was won by Edward Thomas and Henry Powell, first and second, respectively. The sack race was won by David Anderson and H. Campbell, first and second, respectively. The Mutuals, of Jackson, defeated the Cass club, of Detroit, at base-ball, by a score of nine to three. 138 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. An interesting and successful trial of the water works followed, and after an hour's recess for supper, immense crowds again gathered on the street, the next attraction being the ludicrous parade of a burlesque procession, gotten up by George Gale. In the evening the fireworks were displayed in front of the court house, and long before dark the street and sidewalks, public square, steps, balconies, windows, and even roofs, were filled with a solid mass of human beings. Main street was filled, even to the depot and beyond, it being estimated that from thirty to forty thousand people were in the streets during the evening. The pyrotechnic display was made under the immediate charge of Alderman Higby, and was declared a grand success. The closing piece, "1876," surmounted by a coronet of Roman candles, which filled the air for the space of several minutes with red, white and blue balls-a combination of Mr. Higby's own devising -was the best of the series, and this sent the crowd home well satisfied. As the immense crowd wended their way from the main street, in the several directions, the sight presented was a magnificent one. The triumphal arch, illuminated beautifully, and the Bennett block and others, with their long strings of lanterns and waving flags, fireworks streaming, and the gay and happy, but very orderly, throng crossing and recrossing, formed a night scene that was singularly impressive and grand. JONESVILLE. Notwithstanding rainy weather in the early part of the day, a very great crowd of people assembled. At ten o'clock a procession was organized and marched through the principal streets of the village to the park, where the public exercises were held. These were listened to by two thousand people, and consisted of vocal and' instrumental music, the reading of the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Howlett, Esq., and an oration by Hon. Edwin Willets, of Monroe. In the afternoon there were athletic sports, consisting of running, jumping, rowing, etc., for prizes. The winners in the running races were Frank Scott, Edwin Greene and Fred Wylie; in the tub race, Cornelius Conway; in jumping, George Howell; in the hurdle race, William Hardy, and in the sack race, George Porter. There was also an open air concert by the North Adams band and a band of colored musicians from Jackson. Taking the celebration altogether, it gave entire satisfaction; and if there was any part that did not fully come up to the expectations, there were exertions enough thrown in to make up, and more. Four balloon ascensions, which were not advertised, were among these. The programme closed with a splendid display of fireworks in the evening, which lasted nearly three hours. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 139 KALAMAZOO. The morning opened with the booming of cannon, the firing of musketry, and of small guns and fire-crackers, the ringing of bells, sounding of whistles, etc. Young America was too exuberant with patriotism and love of noise to sleep himself, or let others enjoy the luxury of rest. At an early hour people began to arrive in teams, and by trains, from all directions, and the busy note of preparation for the big procession went forward, and the town presented not only a gala appearance, but a very stirring and busy one. The decorations of public and private buildings were a marked feature of the day. Every available place, in most instances, was devoted to the display of the banner that Americans fight for. The International Hotel had its front arrayed with sixty window flags. The Krause place, besides the usual amount of ordinary flags, had the banner of a colored regiment that had seen service and bore the record of several battles. Flags were displayed about the residences of C. H. Booth, D. E. Groesbeck, Dr. Partridge, Lorenzo Bixby, F. H. Hillhouse, Silas Comfort, J. H. Carder, J. H. Bates, George Bardeen, D. 0. Roberts, J. W. Breese, Dr. Hitchcock, H. E. Hoyt, I. D. Bixby, George Colt, S. M. Berry, H. W. Page, C. S. May, O. N. Giddings, Mrs. Rosa Campbell, J. D. Burns, C. L. Cobb, S. S. Cobb, William A. House, William B. Clark, W. H. Woodhams, General May, W. A. Wood, Mrs. DeYoe, J. M. Edwards, Colonel Phillips, George Beven, Jonathan Parsons, Colonel Burns, Allen Potter, Mrs. M. D. Woodford, George Torrey, Mrs. Jane Vandewalker, Henry W. Bush, Rodney Seymour, Prof. Austin George, L. G. Bragg, George Kidder, Mrs. Clark Potter, James Henry, E. A. Carder, Mr. Perrin, Fred. Bush, J. J. Perrin, W. S. Lawrence, Mr. Balch, Deacon Wilson, Mr. Little, Mr. Chase, and others. Judge Hawes made a very elegant display of flowers in improvised beds, vases, etc., and the portraits of George and Martha, enwreathed with evergreen, were placed in conspicuous places. The business houses of Messrs. Turner, Hollister, Hull, Lillenfield, Giddings, Burrell, Rosenbaum, and Hawes, gave to the zephyrs the red, white and blue. Corporation hall had evergreen trees set over the doors of the engine rooms and along the walk in front. Arches of the same material were constructed in front of Arnold's, on Burdick street. The factories made more or less use of flags on their buildings. The decorations on the stand at the court house included evergreens, and the lavish use. of miniature streamers bearing the names of the states. Immediately over the orators was a great liberty bell of evergreen, with a tongue of tri-colored flowers. 140 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The procession formed promptly at eleven o'clock, and moved in the following order: FIRST DIVISION.-Colonel Delos Phillips, Marshal; Lieutenanc F. W. Sherman, Assistant Marshal. Crossett's cornet band, of Constantine; Kalamazoo Light Guard, Captain Robert F. Hill; Centreville Cadets, Captain M. A. Benedict; German Workingmen's Benevolent Association; Holland Workingmen's Benevolent Association; St. Augustine's Benevolent Association. SECOND DIVISION.-Captain Leroy Cahill, Marshal; Captain Joseph Roberts, Assistant Marshal. Peninsular Commandery band; Peninsular Commandery Knights Templar, Sir W. S. Lawrence, E. C.; Three Rivers Commandery Knights Templar, Sir George C. Brissette, E. C.; Odd Fellows. THIRD DIVISION.-Thomas O'Neil, Marshal; Captain John Gillmore, Assistant Marshal. Phillip's Star Organ band; Kalamazoo Fire Department, Thomas O'Neil, Chief Engineer; Fire Department guests; representation of George Washington and lady, in carriage, with footmen, etc.; chariot with Goddess of Liberty and ladies representing states; officers of the day and invited guests, in carriages; village officers, in carriages. FOURTH DIVISION.-Captain C. C. Jennings, Thomas R. Bevans, Marshals; Captain Edwin Childs, Assistant Marshal. Kalamazoo cornet band; Kalamazoo county cavalry; old stage-coach; representatives of the trades and industries; organized granges, in carriages, under direction of their officers; citizens in carriages. When the procession, which was a quarter of a mile in length, had finished its march, the people congregated at the northwest corner of the court house, and listened to the progranmme exercises, which consisted of music by Crossett's silver cornet band; prayer, by Rev. H. F. Spencer; "America," by grand chorus of one hundred voices; reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Hon. Germain H. Mason; music, by Peninsular Commandery band; poem, by Asa H. Stoddard, Esq.; Centennial hymn, by grand chorus; oration, by Gen. Isaac R. Sherwood, of Toledo; music, by Kalamazoo cornet band. The following is Mr. Stoddard's poem in full: We hail with pride, as well we may, From Florida's extremest lines, With joy and exultation, Almost with tropics blending, This glorious and immortal day, To where Walloostook's waving pines Centennial of our Nation. On frosty hills are bending; Let party strife be put away, All o'er our Nation's wide domain, Away with care and sadness; Where man has fixed his dwelling, And let us give our hearts to-day From mountain, valley, hill and plain, To patriotic gladness. Glad notes of joy are swelling. From far New England's rocks, that brave America's adopted sons The wild Atlantic's dashing, Of every name and nation, To where Pacific's milder wave From foreign lands, in foreign tongues, His golden sand is washing; Join in the acclamation. From where Niagara's headlong tide What though they had their birth away Roars an eternal thunder, In lands beyond the ocean, To where Sierra's peaks divide If to our Government to-day And rend the clouds asunder; They're loyal in devotion? COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 141 First to the Giver of all good, Against whom bribes could not prevail, From grateful hearts ascending, Whatever the temptation; Millions of prayers, in gratitude, Whose principles were not for sale, With songs of praise are blending- Like stocks, on speculation; Prayers that Divine protection be Who dared put forth that bold decree, Kindly extended o'er us, That famous Declaration: To guide us in the destiny They had the right and ought to be That lies unseen before us. An independent nation. Then from the history of our sires, And in sustaining that decree, The fathers of our Nation, On Freedom's sacred banner We read a record that inspires They pledged their lives, their property, Our hearts with admiration. And their more sacred honor. It tells of deeds of valor done A foe with power and skill combined, At old Ticonderoga, In stern array before them; At Bunker Hill, at Bennington, A horde of savages behind, Yorktown and Saratoga. With hatchets gleaming o'er them: It tells us, seven long years they toiled Brave men, that in that trying hour For Freedom's prize before them: Dared sign that declaration, Their cities burned, their homes despoiled, Braving the vengeance and the power Ruin impending o'er them. Of Britain's mighty nation. Unpaid, half clad, and poorly fed, Theirs was a patriotism bold With Washington to lead them, That wavers not nor falters; They bravely fought, and freely bled, They couldn't be bought with British gold, To gain their country's freedom. Nor scared with British halters. And dear to every mother's son, But to themselves and country true, Enshrined within his memory, And true to their descendants, Should be the names of Washington, They persevered and fought it through, Of Warren and Montgomery. And gained their independence. Nor should Americans forget That glorious birthright, unalloyed, To hold in admiration, Has from those sires descended The memory of brave Lafayette, To us, their sons, to be enjoyed; True champion of our Nation. By us to be defended. But the dark scenes'mid which they stood- Will we allow that birthright sold Their toils and strife are over; For speculative pottage, Their gory garments dyed in blood As Esau's mother wrought of old Have passed away forever. On Isaac's simple dotage? And may the prize so bravely won, No! Then at your country's altar kneel, By hardships and privations, And swear by the Eternal, Descend from father down to son, To guard that prize from foreign steel, To latest generations. And treason more infernal. All honor to that statesman band, A century has passed away Those men of self-denial, Since we became a nation, That with a firm, unflinching hand, And our republic stands to-day Withstood the fiery trial; A living illustration 19 142 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. That a republic may prevail, Our bulwarks and our seamen brave With simple institutions, Will guard us from invasion; While monarchies and empires fail, But save my country, ever save, O'erwhelmed with revolutions. From luxury's contagion. We point you to the past with pride, We've more to fear to-day, by far, With warm congratulations, From slavery of fashion, And to the future, yet untried, Than from all foreign ships of war With bright anticipations. That float upon the ocean. Our wide domain, our fertile soil, Our ship of state is strong, but then, Our mountain mines of treasure, Corruption may divide it; Yield to the skillful hand of toil And what we need is, honest men Their products without measure. To manage and to guide it. Here labor, capital and skill, And let us fully understandEach in its proper station, The only sure foundation May work together in good will On which we safely can depend And mutual relation. Is, honest education. Here, too, the poorest child may gain One hundred years have passed away, A thorough education, And we, a mighty nation, And from the humblest state attain Four times ten million hearts to-day, The highest elevation. Rejoice on this occasion. Here, too, the honest hand of toil And greeting from the fatherland, Is honored and rewarded, Rejoicing with each other, And he who owns or tills the soil We meet our friends with open hand, Has equal rights accorded. As brother meets with brother. Our commerce reaches far and wide, The hatchet that no more, we trust, In every clime protected; The bonds of peace shall sever, Our gallant ships on every tide Is buried deeply in the dust; Are honored and respected. There let it rest forever. The flag that waves above our heads And we will put far, far away Has gained a reputation; The thoughts of blood and slaughter, The freeman loves, the foeman dreads, And greet with open arms to-day The banner of our nation. Our friends from o'er the water. Where'er it floats, by land or sea, May naught that is, or is to be, We'll guard the dear old banner; Our bonds of Union sever; And yet its best defense must be Land of the brave! Home of the free! Intelligence and honor. Union and peace forever. Write on its folds, "We will be just"- Then let us brighten friendship's chain To Union's mainmast nail it; In all our wide relations, And lay the villain in the dust Till "peace on earth, good will to men," Whose treason dares assail it. Prevail among the nations. And be his name with knaves enrolled, And here a stanza we'll throw in, Who,'neath that starry banner, To make the number even; Shall sell himself for paltry gold, Union and peace, good will to men, And stain his country's honor. Will make an earthly heaven. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 143 When the midday exercises had been completed, the throng dispersed for various diversions. At four o'clock they gathered again and listened to the afternoon exercises, consisting of open air concert by the different bands; "Home, Sweet Home,'" by grand chorus; historical address, by Hon. Foster Pratt, M. D.; "Auld Lang Syne," by grand chorus. In the evening an immense concourse of people assembled to see the fireworks, corner of Rose and Main streets. THE FIRE PIECES.-1, Flight of rockets, stars, serpents and gold rain; 2, Set piece-the American emblems, eagle and shield, surmounting "1776, Centennial, 1876," in letters of fire; 3, Explosion of brilliant fires; 4, Ascent of bomb-shells, exploding in mid-air; 5, Burning of double triangle; 6, Illumination of liberty tree; 7, Flight of brilliantly colored rockets; 8, Tree of light; 9, Union batteries; 10, Ascent of torbilions; 11, Illumination of Bengola lights; 12, Explosion of mines, stars, serpents and gold rain; 13, Flight of meteor rockets; 14, Cross of honor; 15, Silver shower batteries; 16, Grand emblematic piece-" Peace, prosperity, freedom, the result of one hundred years;" 17, Ascent of large bomb-shells; 18, Passion-flower; 19, Ascent of parachute rockets; 20, Spiral sun; 21, Tri-colored union batteries; 22, Explosion of colored mines; 23, Transparent sun; 24, Saxon quadrille; 25, Brilliant flight of large parachute rockets; 26, Cascade; 27, Vertical wheels; 28, Colored batteries; 29, Pyramid caprice; 30, Explosion of large colored mines; 31, Square and compass (Masonic emblems); 32, Brilliant illumination of colored Bengolas; 33, Kalamazoo's farewell piece, "Good night." These ended, the great celebration closed, and the people went home, tired, but well satisfied. LANSING. A salute of thirteen guns, fired at sunrise from the cannon placed on the public square west of the Lansing House, aroused the tardy sleepers. From that time until breakfast every family where Young America held sway kept fire-crackers and torpedoes cracking and popping. By eight o'clock the people began to crowd the sidewalks in front of the old capitol. The procession was formed about ten o'clock in front of the old capitol building, by Chief Marshal Snyder, assisted by Captains J. A. Elder and D. H. McComas. Mayor Tooker, J. E. Tenney, orator of the day, Rev. Mr. Slade, chaplain, and Captain Edward Cahill, reader of the Declaration of Independence, rode in a carriage at the head of the procession. Then came the Lansing Light Guard, preceded by their excellent band. Following the military were the two fire companies, in uniform, with their machines. The hook-and-ladder companies were out in full force. After the firfe companies marched the German Workingmen's Society. A beautiful feature of this part of the procession was Sutton & Adams' large open'bus-wagon, filled with young ladies dressed in 144 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. white, with blue sashes. Then came the citizens, in vehicles and on foot. The procession marched to North Lansing and returned to the old capitol grounds, where the regular exercises were conducted. The State-house grounds were filled with people. Mayor Tooker presided and announced the order of exercises. After prayer by Rev. Mr. Slade, Edward Cahill read the Declaration of Independence. Then followed the oration, by Judge Tenney. In the afternoon a crowd of about four hundred assembled at the fair grounds to see the two races which had been announced. The Light Guard, with their band, marched to the grounds, and gave an exhibition of their proficiency in the drill and manual of arms, in front of the grand stand, under command of Captain D. H. McComas. This display was followed by a series of trotting races. The Woman's Monument Association played an important part in this Centennial celebration. This society took possession of representative hall, and decorated it gaily with flags, wreaths and flowers. A row of show-cases extended clear around the room, which contained a large collection of Centennial relics from one hundred to three hundred and fifty years old. There were two of the finest private collections of geological specimens that can be found in the state, while there was as splendid a private collection of coins and Indian antiquities as can be found anywhere. Among the Centennial relics which attracted much notice were several mirrors, from two hundred to two hundred and sixty years old; a striking watch, one hundred and thirty-five years old; lamps of various styles, over one hundred years old; a sword, captured on the field of Waterloo; many china dishes, from one hundred to three hundred years old; lamps from Pompeii, one thousand nine hundred years old; rare books of every description; a powder-flask, one hundred and thirty years old, carried in the old French war; an elegantly carved powder-horn, marked 1758, which once belonged to General Israel Horton; a wooden bowl, made in 1730; pewter platters, from one hundred to two hundred years old; a copy of the English statutes, three hundred and forty-three years old.; a spinning-wheel, one hundred and fifty years old; candlesticks, three hundred years old; pictures of all ages; Centennial writing-desks; a piano, eighty years old; a coffee-mill, one hundred and fifty years old; a kettle, one hundred and twenty years old; a sickle, one hundred years old; a saw used in the erection of the first building in Buffalo, after it was burned by the British; and a rolling-pin, two hundred years old. The ladies of this Association, who had the planning and arrangenment for COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 145 feeding the multitude, worked in the early part of the day under difficulties. In spite of threatening clouds, they carried through their task acceptably. The net proceeds will be expended for a Imonument to the departed Union soldiers. AT TIlE AG4tI:CUL TURAL COLLEGE. At nine o'clock- a procession, consisting of the college band, college cadets, and students, was formed, which, after marching through the grounds, entered the chapel, where the public exercises were held. The president of the day, Dr. Kedzie, opened the exercises by reading the proclamation of President Grant. Prayer was then offered by Rev. R. G. Baird. Whittier's Centennial hymn was sung by the choir, assisted by an improvised orchestra. Then followed the reading of the Declaration of Independence by C. Crandall. Next music, "Red, White and Blue," by the choir and band. The history of the college was read by President Abbot. R. A. Clark, of the senior class, read a short history of the Constitution. J. A. Porter read a short address on "Centennary patriotism." Mr. A. McCormack, of the sophomore class, read a poem entitled, "My Centennial Dream." The oration of the day was by Prof. Fairchild, and was entitled, "Our Fathers' Chance and Ours." At the close of the public exercises the audience retired to the boarding hall, where they were served with an excellent collation by Mr. and Mrs. Short, after which appropriate toasts were given and responded to. After the feasting, Scottish and athletic games were practiced. About one hundred salutes were fired during the day from the college anvil. GERIMAN tWORKINGmMAEN S SOCIETY. The first annual celebration of the German Worlkingmen's Society came off at the Light Guard armory. There was a dedication of a beautiful blue silk flag, adorned with heavy silver fringe, which cost one hundred and thirty-five dollars. On one side is the name of the society, and on the other, two hands clasped, surrounded by a border of flowers and vines. Miss Hoehn, of North Lansing, presented the flag to the president of the society, Mr. Vollmer, who in turn handed it to the color-bearer, Christian Wolfe. Speeches were then made by Captain Emil Pfieffer, of Kalamazoo, and S. D. Bingham. The night was observed by a ball, given by the members of the society. AT THE REFORM SCHIOOL. At three o'clock in the morning, the boys and teachers unfurled about one hundred Centennial flags on various parts of the building. On the center 146 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. building a large flag, ten by twenty feet, was unfurled. The morning was spent in playing base-ball and setting off fire-crackers, and the dinner was the best ever furnished to the boys at the institution. A few days prior to the Fourth some of the boys obtained permission to raise a little money for fireworks; but instead of buying the combustibles, they purchased a gold-headed ebony cane, and after dinner, one of the small boys presented it to the superintendent, Frank M. Howe, in the following language: We, boys, being desirous of showing our appreciation of your efforts in our behalf, and of the trouble you have taken to make the school pleasant, present you with this cane. We hope that the acceptance of it will give you as much pleasure as the giving affords us. On the top of the cane was this inscription: "To F. M. Howe, from his boys, July 4, 1876." The afternoon was spent in play, and in the evening there was a display of fireworks. LEXINGTON. A large concourse of people assembled to witness the ceremonies of the day. At eleven o'clock the procession, which consisted of the Masonic and Good Templar fraternities and the firemen, headed by the band, started from Masonic Hall, marched around the square, and up to the corner of Simons and Main street, where they were joined by the Lakeport Lodge of Good Templars, and then proceeded to the Methodist church, in which the exercises were held, on account of the inclement state of the weather. Mr. Waterbury acted as president, and introduced the exercises in a few well chosen remarks. Prayer was offered by Mr. McGill, followed by music by the bandeM. Mr. A..Clark read the Declaration of Independence. The band then played the "Red, White and Blue,' after which Hon. Levi L. Wixson delivered the oratioin. After music, Captain Huckins read a history of the county. At two in the afternoon, the fire company, with their engine gaily decorated, started for the fair ground. They were led by the band, and followed by an immense procession of teams, and attended by a large crowd on foot, where the Knights Templar gave a dress parade. In the evening the crowd assembled to see the fireworks. They were well selected, and made a very brilliant display. The management of this feature by Messrs. Burgess and Wolfel was very successful. The committee of arrangements who had the celebration in charge were S. C. Tewksbury, N. H. Giles, S. Burgess and E. B. Clarke. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 147 MARQUETTE. About seven o'clock the report spread from mouth to mouth, "the Calithumpians are cominlg," which report was verified by strange sounds emanating from various parts of the city, and by eight o'clock the streets were lined with old, young and middle-aged, of all sizes, colors and nationalities. A broad smile sat astride of every face, whether youthful or wrinkled with age. The procession reached "all over town," alnd the balance of their proceedings was in keeping with the spirit of the occasion, which was the spice of the day, and a happy hit and lucky send-off. At ten o'clock, the grand procession commenced forming on Superior, Front and adjacent streets, under the direction of Henry M. Noble, marshal of the day. The procession, the largest and most imposing ever formed on the streets of Marquette, was headed by the Marcuette Chasseurs, their brass band, artillery, and "spirit of 1776;" civic societies; a beautiful block of sawed sanclstone, weighing over seven tons, drawn by six horses; young ladies dressed in white, representing the several states, each bearing a flag of the state she represented; the musical association of Marquette, in carriages; and citizens, in wagons and. carriages, each in the order named. At the city park a commodious stand had been erected, covered and beautifully trimmed with evergreens, flags and banners, and seats laid for the audience. The young ladies representing the states, the musical association, resident and visiting ministers, and others, occupied seats on the stand. The assemblage was called to order by Colonel James Pickands, mayor and president of the day. Invocation by Rev. B. Fleetwood, after which the musical association, under the direction of Prof. H. S. Tholmpson, sang the " Star-Spangled Banner" with pleasing effect. Next on the programme was the reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Judge William D. Williams. "The Centennial Ode" was rendered by the association, when a salute of thirty-eight guns was fired. Hon. S. P. Ely was then introduced and gave the oration of the (lay. After the singing of "America" in strains that sent thrills of joy throughl every heart present, and benediction by Rev. D. Stuart Banks, the crowd dispersed. During the afternoon there were several steamer excursions on, the lake, and an effort made to carry out the programme in regard to the regatta, but the wind failed, it being one of the few days that pass without sufficient wind for sailing on the bay. A gun at sunset closed the day's doings. 148 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Although there was no provision made by the general committee for a display of fireworks, private enterprise rendered this an important feature of the occasion. From various parts of the city rockets were sent up till a late hour, and a number of illuminated balloons were sent up, which behaved handsomely, mounting up and northward until they appeared as stars in the firmament. Almost every cottage displayed some token of respect and gratitude for the grand event, and a number of residences were handsomely decorated and illuminated. In several instances strings of banners and flags spanned the streets, and numerous evergreens and arches shaded the walks. Not a single accident occurred during the entire day and evening. Harmony and good feeling seemed to pervade the very air, and so ripe were the feelings of citizens for the full enjoyment of the occasion, that everything appeared to move, by its own inherent force, in harmony with the wishes of the managers. MASON. "The day we celebrate" was ushered in on a gloomy bed of mist and rain, and the outlook was anything but cheering. The enthusiasm that the firing of a hundred guns, and the ringing of all available bells, had produced, was fast being dissipated, when the sun came forth, and dispelled the gloom and mist. At nine o'clock the Light Guard formed, under the command of Captain D. C. Cheney, and, led by the Light Guard band, paraded the principal streets. The procession formed in the following order: W. W. Root, Marshal; Light Guard band; Mayor Darrow, president of the day; young ladies representing the several states; Mason Light Guard; citizens. After parading the principal streets, the procession marched to the court house square, where the several societies dispersed. Hon. S. L. Kilbourne, of Lansing, was introduced by Mayor Darrow, and delivered an oration. Afterward the crowd dispersed to partake of refreshments at the various eating booths which had been extemporized for the occasion. At some of these the young ladies who served the tables were dressed in the costumes of 1776. In the afternoon there were various athletic games and sports, and in the evening there was a pleasant social dancing party at the Donnelly House. A fine display of fireworks closed the day's programme. MOUNT PLEASANT. At ten o'clock a procession formed, and moved in the following order: Cornet band; artillery; the Goddess of Liberty, represented by Miss Julia Lance, with her attenldants, consisting of little girls dressed in white; professional COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 149 gentlemen; various trades and professions. The procession marched to the court house square, where the exercises were introduced by the president, P. H. Estee, as follows: Prayer by Rev. R. P. Sheldon; music by the cornet band; reading of Declaration of Independence by C. O. Curtis; vocal music by choir, led by L. A. Crane, consisting of the "Anvil Chorus," from the opera of "II Trovatore;" report of historian, Hon. I. A. Fancher; vocal music, "Red, White and Blue," by glee club; oration by S. C. Brown, Esq.; vocal music, "StarSpangled Banner," by choir; music, "Yankee Doodle," by the cornet band; benediction by Rev. A. C. Beach. Included in the exercises was the following song, rendered by the glee club, the words of which were written for the occasion, by Major James W. Long: An hundred years ago, my friends, just from this very day, Our Uncle Sam-u-el was born-a lively boy, they say; He would not drink the British tea; he raised an awful row, And down in Philadelphia said, I'll run this country now. An hundred years ago, my boys, an hundred years to-day, In Independence Hall they met, and signed a bond, they say; They pledged their lives and sacred names, as well as fortunes, too, That all they'd written down that day they'd try their best to do. And what their representatives did promise to the world The people swore that they would do, and then their flag unfurled; They proved their manhood to the last, in many a bloody fight, And God smiled on our holy cause, and triumph crowned the right. An hundred years have passed, my boys, since our forefathers met, And gave us freedom —a rich prize we never can forget; And never prove unworthy sons of fathers grand and brave: We'll take the country they have won, and its true honor save. Then swing unto the friendly breeze the Stars and Stripes so gay, And let us shout, "Our country now and ever," from this day, And consecrate with holiest vow allegiance to our land, And join the chorus heart to heart, like brothers, hand in hand. In the afternoon there were games and races, and a baby show. In the last the prize was divided between Mrs. Edgar Isbell and Mrs. John T. Landon. A burlesque performance closed the day's festivities, in which the "Moss Backs" made their appearance, direct from the wilds of the "Hartz mountains," where they say they have been buried for over a hundred years. They were led by "Caliph Caserius Moseribus I, Emperor of Tartary and Khan of Lobsterandus," who made a thrilling and effective speech. In the evening there was a fine display of fireworks, superintended by Mr. Simonds. 20 150 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. MILFORD. When the morning broke the sky was obscured by dark masses of clouds, which, at frequent intervals during the forenoon, discharged their contents upon the people, whose patriotism could not be suppressed. About noon it cleared up, and the afternoon was pleasant as could be desired. The rain, however, made a change in the programme necessary, and it was decided to give up going to the grove, where preparations for the exercises of the day had been made. Mr. S. B. Ferguson kindly placed his hall at the disposal of the committee, and shortly after twelve o'clock the exercises commenced there. On the stage were seated Hon. John Crawford, president of the day; Hon. M. S. Brewer, orator; Mr. H. Crawford, historian; Rev. T. J. Joslin, reader of the Declaration. Thirteen young ladies, dressed in white, with garlands on their heads, representing the thirteen original states, also occupied seats on the stage, and back of them the Pontiac band, who discoursed music suitable for the occasion. The exercises opened with prayer by Rev. T. J. Joslin, after which Henderson Crawford read a historical sketch of the town from its earliest settlement. Hon. M. S. Brewer then gave the oration of the day. The exercises in the hall were closed with a benediction, after which the masses sought amusement wherever it was to be found. MUSKEGON. The Centennial anniversary was ushered in by the ringing of bells and blowing of whistles. The streets were lined with people awaiting the midnight signal of the town clock, to commence the ding-dong of jubilations which lasted for over an hour. A national salute at sunrise further reminded the people that the Fourth was really at hand. A dash of rain during the night had completely laid the dust, and a finer day never was known for a celebration. At an early hour the streets were thronged with people, and the procession was formed at nine o'clock, by Marshal Ryan, in the following order: 1, Knights Templar band; 2, Carriages containing the president, vice-presidents, chaplain, orator, reader, historian, and city council; 3, Chariot containing thirty-eight young ladies, representing the states; 4, Davis Encampment; 5, Odd Fellows; 6, Sons of Erin; 7, St. Joseph, St. John, Scandinavian and Turn-Verein societies; 8, Hose companies; 9, Various business houses represented on wheels. The line of march passed over, Central Park was finally reached, where the COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 151 exercises were delayed for a time, to await the reception of the Montague and Spring Lake delegations, which came partly by rail, and partly by the steam barge Tempest. The exercises at the stand were interspersed with national airs by the chariot of girls and the Knights Templar band, and consisted of the following: Prayer by Rev. W. R. Seaver; remarks by the president, Mayor Pillsbury; reading of the Declaration, by Nelson DeLong, Esq.; oration by Levi Beardsley, Esq.; benediction by Rev. J. F. Hill. A history of the county was prepared by Lieutenant-Governor Holt, but owing to its necessary length, its reading was omitted. The following is the closing paragraph of Mr. Beardsley's eloquent oration: The shadows on yonder sward warn me that the noontide of this great day has passed forever. And what shall the sunlight reveal one hundred years from this hour? Hope dashes the scales from our eyes, and we behold a flag emblazoned with a very constellation of stars, and hear old men tell how their fathers' fathers bore it triumphantly through the early wars of the nation, doing homage to their memories for the perpetuity of the Union. Can we see them seeking our graves as honored and sacred spots, with one voice speaking of us as faithful to the trust committed to our care? Posterity will bless us if we are true to it and to ourselves. Responsibility, therefore, rests upon us, which we should faithfully discharge, exercising true public spirit, vigilance and honesty ourselves, enforcing precepts upon our children, exemplified by action of which we should not be ashamed. It is our duty now to stand as sentinels guarding the treasures of the past and the present. Thus let us stand, bold, firm and reliant, during the evening and night-time of our lives, until relieved at the reveille of immortality, and a century hence, if our spirits be permitted to behold the scenes of lifetime, we may see our graves held sacred by hundreds of millions. May we behold our country growing in Godliness and in everything exalting, until from her lofty battlements there shall be but a single step to the Kingdom of Heaven. In the afternoon there were athletic games in Central Park, and at four o'clock the hose company races on Western avenue, followed by a trial of the water works. This, with a display of the "Horribles" in the evening, wound up the general exercises of the day. NEGAUNEE. The day was all that could be desired, just cool enough, and just enough of sunshine to be pleasant and comfortable. The festivities were opened with a salute of thirty-eight guns at sunrise. The streets of the city, as also many private and public buildings, were handsomely and ornately decorated with evergreens, flags, banners and bunting, and it can be truly said that never before on a like occasion did Negaunee present so gay and handsome an 152 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. appearance. The streets were lined with evergreens, while the beautiful triumphal arch loomed up grandly, and numerous festoons of flowers and national colors were distributed in various portions of the city. The grand procession was formed at half-past nine o'clock, starting from the engine house. After parading the principal streets, they brought up at the grand stand, where, after being called to order by the president of the day, prayer was offered by the chaplain, the Rev. J. M. Johnston. L. Frost, Esq., then read the Declaration of Independence, and was followed by Hon. John Quincy Adams in an elaborate oration. The brass band of the St. Patrick's Benevolent Society discoursed sweet music at proper intervals during these exercises. Mr. Louis Heyn delivered an original Centennial poem, composed by himself. In the afternoon the programme was resumed and carried out in detail. The foot-race was, witnessed by a large crowd, Mr. J. Shepley winning the first prize, and J. Gauthier the second. John Curran was the winner of the boys' foot-race. Joe Tredeau was the captor of the greased pig, and Pat. McCarthy climbed the greased pole, and found a ten-dollar note at the top. The prize for putting or throwing the hammer was won by R. Crisp. A great feature with many was the wrestling match, where the athletes contested for four prizes, $40, $30, $20 and $10 respectively. These prizes were awarded to the following men in the order named: William Rickard, Champion; George White, Champion; William Fall, Humboldt; John Welch, Negaunee. Samuel Bennett was the manager and proprietor, and everything passed off in a satisfactory manner. As soon as "night had hung her curtain, and pinned it with a star," fireworks were in order, and the sky was quite brilliant with them for some time. NILES. The Fourth opened drearily on account of the storm. The church and various other bells had been rung during the night, and the battery fired a rousing salute early in the morning, but with all this enthusiasm, the signs were discouraging. About ten o'clock, however, the sun shone out, and the clouds dispersed, giving brilliancy to the day. The Three Rivers Light Guard, commanded by Captain Macarey and Lieutenants Millard and Coup, accompanied by Prof. Arner's silver cornet band, arrived at half-past ten, in gaily-decked coaches, and were received at the depot by the Niles Rifles, Earl Zouaves, Niles Artillery, Defiance engine and hose companies, and the Niles cornet band. The artillery fired a salute in honor of the visiting company. The procession was then formed, under command of Colonel COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 153 D. Bacon, Chief Marshal, with Major W. S. Millard in command of the military, and marched: up Front street to Main, where the column was re-formed in the following order: Three Rivers silver cornet band; Earl Zouaves; Three Rivers Light Guard; Niles Rifles; Niles cornet band, Prof. Scoville, leader; Niles Artillery; carriages containing the committee of arrangements, the president of the day, members of the city council, vice presidents, natives of the original thirteen states; Defiance engine and hose companies. In the procession was the Goddess of Liberty in her imperial chariot. The representative mothers of 1776 occupied an imposing carriage, and were dressed in perfect keeping with the days they represented. The thirty-eight little girls representing the Union as it is, occupied a place in the line. After the column had passed through the principal streets, it marched to Union Square, where had already assembled an immense concourse of people. A large stand had been erected, and it was soon filled. After music by the Three Rivers band, and an appropriate selection sunllg by the choir, under the direction of Prof. Coan, Rev. WT. J. Aldrich, chaplain of the day, offered prayer, followed by music by the Niles cornet band. Hon. J. B. Fitzgerald then read the Declaration of Independence. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was very effectively rendered by the choir. The orator of the day, Hon. George H. Jerome, was then introduced to the audience. At the conclusion of Mr. Jerome's oration, the choir sang "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean," when Judge H. H. Coolidge read an interesting historical sketch. This concluded the exercises of the morning, and until four o'clock in the afternoon the time was spent in social intercourse. At that hour the foot-races came off. For the one hundred yards race there were four competitors: D. Vastbinder, Lute Pike, D. Toll, and Charles Smith, of Vandalia. Pike won first money, Smith second, and Vastbinder third. Pike, Smith and Vastbinder entered for the eighty rods race, in which Smith was first, Pike second, and Vastbinder third. In the game of "Putting the Shot," Frazier won first money, and Pike second. In the standing jump match, Pike spread himself over eleven feet, and Frazier cleared ten feet ten inches. In the evening there was a display of fireworks and. a band concert in Union Square, where it is estimated not less than ten thousand people were assembled. NORTHVILLE. A salute of thirteen guns was fired at midnight, and a general din of lesser noise was kept up through the day, and also a hundred guns interspersed during the time. Rain fell until after noon, but yet goodly numbers of people 154 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. were in town. The grove being too wet, a platform was hastily constructed against the school building, and a few seats were improvised outside the house, and many occupied those inside, while a large number stood during the exercises, which were opened by prayer, offered by the Rev. Dr. Luther Lee. Then followed the reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Hon. J. M. Swift. The chairman, Hon. Winfield Scott, then introduced the orator of the day, Hon. William P. Yerkes, who delivered a lengthy and interesting history of the settlement of the county. This was followed by toasts and responses from a number of gentlemen, namely: The signers of the Declaration of Independence -Rev. James Dubuar; the mothers of the Revolution-Rev. S. Clements; the social institutions of our country-Hon. J. M. Swift; the drama entitled "The Settlement of Plymouth "- response by Robert McFarlan, Esq., of St. Johns, believed to be the oldest first settler now living; our agricultural yeomanry the true patricians of our country -Hon. Jonathan Shearer, of Plymouth. Remarks were also made by Henry B. Holbrook, formerly of Plymouth, now of Portland, Michigan. The exercises were enlivened by music from the Northville cornet band, assisted by Prof. James Savage, of Detroit. A fine display of fireworks in the evening closed the celebration of the day. The celebration partook largely of a pioneer character, in which the early settlers of Northville, Plymouth, and the surrounding country, were well represented, together with old pioneers now residing elsewhere. ONTONAGON. The day was ushered in by ringing of bells and firing of cannon. In the morning the people assembled on the public square and listened to a well arranged programme of singing, speeches, reading, etc. The oration was delivered by the Rev. Mr. Whalen. Speeches were also made by A. J. Rising, J. W. Crozer, G. H. Beardsley, and C. G. Collins. A game of base-ball was commenced immediately after the morning exercises, between two picked nines, under the direction of Frank Snell and Frank Minic, Snell's nine winning the prize. Salutes were fired at sunrise and at noon, but the evening salute was prevented by the rain. The day's exercises were those of an old-fashioned home celebration, in which all took part and enjoyed themselves. OTSEGO COUNTY. The day was appropriately celebrated at various places in Otsego county. At Otsego Lake its approach was heralded by the firing of one hundred guns. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 155 No special demonstrations, however, took place during the day, except boat riding and general jollification. In the evening a pleasant party was held at the Otsego Lake house. A celebration was held at Woodin's lake, a charming sheet of water in Livingston township, surrounded with beautiful scenery. A general good time was enjoyed and a dinner served up by the ladies. E. G. Lewis acted as chairman, and William Carmichael, as chaplain, read the President's recommendation, and opened the exercises with prayer. Interesting remarks were made by Mr. O. H. Kellogg, on the growth and prosperity of our nation. A. A. Fosdick read the Declaration of Independence, and also an interesting essay. Music was discoursed from the stand, led by Mrs. Williamson with her melodeon. A brief history of the county was narrated and an oration delivered by William R. Kendrick. At Elmira the celebration was a decided success, although gotten up on comparatively short notice. It was held between the Porcupine lakes, and was well attended, and heartily enjoyed by all. The people assembled during the early part of the day, coming, some of them, long distances with teams. At about eleven o'clock, William Parmater, who was chosen chairman, called the people to order. Rev. E. E. Kirkland, of Otsego Lake, opened the exercises from the stand by prayer, after which the Declaration was read by Charles L. Fuller. An oration, together with an historical sketch of the county, was also delivered by Mr. Fuller. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was rendered by the choir, which was led by Mrs. J. Lambert. Rev. E. E. Kirkland then delivered an address, giving a historical account of the causes which led to the Revolutionary war, and the framing and signing of the Declaration of Independence. PORT HURON. The first indication of the celebration was the ringing of bells and blowing of whistles at midnight. Plenty of noise was made, continuing for half an hour or more, after which comparative quiet prevailed until four o'clock, when a salute was fired from Fort Gratiot. The morning opened with rather less than the usual Fourth of July noise, but little powder being wasted, even by the boys. A large majority of citizens were preparing to take some part in the celebration, and by eight o'clock most of the business houses, and. many private dwellings, had been handsomely decorated with flags and emblems, and by nine o'clock nearly the whole population of the city, with thousands of people from neighboring towns, and from Canada, were in the streets. 15 6 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The decoration of public and private buildings was general and in many cases elaborate. Military and Seventh street bridges were each surmounted with evergreen arches, bearing appropriate mottoes and emblems. The display of bunting was profuse, and flags of all nations were mingled freely with the Stars and Stripes. The Port Huron fire department formed in line at half-past nine, and, headed by the Stratford. band, marched to the Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad depot, where they met the visiting firemen from Canada as they arrived, by the ferry Saginaw, as follows: The Stratford fire department, comprising Avon. engine company, thirty-six men, and hook-and-ladder company, twenty-five men; the Sarnia fire department, comprising Rescue hook-and-ladder company, twentyfive men, and St. Clair engine company, thirty-two men; the Petrolia fire department, corprising the Andes eligine company, thirty-six men, and Reliable engine company, twenty-five men, accompanied by the Petrolia band, fifteen pieces; the Defiance engine company, from Watfordcl, forty men; Protection engine and hose companies, from Strathroy, seventy-five men, attended by the Twenty-sixth Battalion band, eighteen pieces. They were escorted to the city engine house, where lunch was served on the street. The threatening aspect of the weather interfered materially with the formation of the procession, which was not begun till after eleven o'clock, and then many fell in on the route. It was nearly noon when they arrived on the grounds at the park. ORDER OF THE PROCESSION.-Port Huron band; Major Clark, on horseback, in command of detachment of.United States troops; Port Huron Guards; veteran soldiers and sailors; Ship of State, represented by thirty-seven ladies, dressed in white, carrying a flag for each state, surmounted by the Goddess of Liberty, Miss Kittie Atkins-a buggy with an empty seat, finely decorated, awaiting the new State of Colorado, was attached behind the triumphal car, and the whole made up a beautiful sight; the mayor, common council and other city officers, and their invited guests, in carriages; clergy, in carriages; glee club, in carriages; Strathroy band; Protection engine company, Strathroy; Defiance engine company, Watford; Petrolia band; Reliable engine company, Petrolia; Andes engine company, Petrolia; Rescue hook-and-ladder company, Sarnia; Avon engine company, Stratford; Pioneer hook-and-ladder company, Port Huron; Eagle hose company, Port Huron; Pine Grove hose company, Port Huron; German Aid Society, Port Huron; Stratford band; St. Patrick's Society, in uniform; St. Stephen's Society, in uniform; steam fire engine; fire escape ladder; a large representation of various trades, branches of business and occupations; twenty "Calithumpians," in costume, on horseback; citizens, in carriages. At twelve o'clock the national salute of one hundred guns was fired from the two brass field pieces on the United States parade ground. A large platform had been erected in Pine Grove park, and temporary seats COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 157 arranged for about one thousand persons. These were soon occupied, and Mayor Boyce called the assembly to order, after which Rev. J. W. Monteith offered prayer. The glee club then sang "The Stars and Stripes," words by Prof. Bigsby, music by N. Cawthorne, as follows: TIIE STARS AND STRIPES. See, boys, the flag that above us is streaming, Its snowy white stars set in deep azure blue, Its stripes to the morning breeze flashing and gleaming, The proudest, the gayest, the world ever knew. This ensign of freedom, this symbol of glory, Was borne by our fathers in many a fight, And sealed with their blood in the battle-fields gory, When the foemen fell back to the power of their might. CHiORUs-Its flaunt of defiance it boldly is flinging, Its emblems of Honor, of Virtue, the types, Then shout till the welkin around us is ringing: Hurrah for our banner, the Stars and the Stripes. The blue symbols Faith, like the heavens above it; Its fair, spotless white is the hue of Truth's shield; And the red is the signal how dearly we love itHow we'd dye it with blood e'er its glory we'd yield. In the world there's no spot where it has not been planted, For it waves o'er the billows of ocean and sea; Every nation on earth, by its brightness enchanted, Gives the palm to its beauty, this Flag of the Free. CHORUS-Its flaunt of defiance, etc. The Declaration of Independence wtas read by Hon. W. L. Bancroft, followed by music by the Stratford band. Hon. W. T. Mitchell read a lengthy paper on the history of the county. The glee club sang "America," and the orator of the day, Lieutenant Charles H. Dennison, of Bay City, was introduced. Music by the band followed the oration, and Colonel H. Whiting, of St. Clair, then read his address on "Our Nation's History." The exercises closed with music and the benediction, which was pronounced by Rev. J. S. Smart. At the close of the exercises at the stand, the procession re-formed, and the members of the city government of Port Huron, the mayor and common council of Sarnia, and the firemen, marched to the Guards' armory (Harder's hall), where the Port Huron firemen had prepared a splendid dinner. The floor of the hall was entirely filled with tables, and several hundred persons sat down 21 158 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. at once. The dinner was excellent and abundant, and well served, reflecting the greatest credit upon the firemen and their wives and lady friends, by whom it was provided. After dinner was over Judge Mitchell announced the toasts, which were as follows: THE TOASTS.-1, The President of the United States-Response by Dr. S. D. Pace, United States consul at Sarnia. 2, The Queen of Great Britain-Response, "God Save the Queen," by the band. 3, The Governor-General of Canada-Response by Mr. Sullivan, of Sarnia. 4, The mayor and common council of Sarnia-Response by Mayor Fleming, of Sarnia. 5, The day we celebrate-Response by Mr. N. S. Boynton. 6, The mayor and common council of Port HuronResponse by Mayor Boyce. 7, The ladies, God bless them-Response by Alderman Bancroft. 8, The fire departments of Strathroy, Stratford, Sarnia, Watford and Petrolia-Response by Chief Kirby, of Petrolia, and Chief Ireland, of Sarnia. At the close of his remarks, Mr. Ireland proposed three cheers for the firemen of Port Huron, which were given with a will by the Canadian firemen. Mr. Penney then proposed three cheers for the ladies who had done so much to make the banquet a success, which were given by all present. with evident appreciation. The explosion of torpedoes, and diving operations at the water works, immediately after the exercises at the stand, were witnessed by large numbers of people, and were interesting in the extreme. The torpedoes threw the water fully fifty feet into the air. The test of the water works began at five o'clock, and lasted three-quarters of an hour, during which a fire pressure of one hundred and thirty to one hundred and thirty-five pounds was maintained, with only thirty-five revolutions of the engines per minute. From two to twelve continuous streams were thrown from the hydrants at once, in the vicinity of the city hall, and the fire department fully demonstrated their ability to protect the city from fire in any emergency. Owing to considerable delay in setting the stakes, it was nearly three o'clock before the yacht race began. The wind, which had been light from the northeast, veered to the southwest, with a moderate breeze. The distance to be sailed was about twelve miles, being down the river to a stake opposite Vanderburgh's residence, thence up-stream to Sarnia, and going over this course twice. The yachts turned the last stake in the following order, the figures indicating hours, minutes and seconds: The Nellie, Captain M. Walker, time, 2: 21: 30, taking the first prize, the champion flag and $40. The Collins, Captain Win. Canham; time, 2: 23: 15, taking second prize of $30. Lalla Rookh, Captain Paul Murray; time, 2: 37: 15, taking the third prize of $20. Louis, COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 159 Captain Petit; time, 2: 41: 15. Minnehaha, Captain J. E. Botsford; time, 2: 42. Under the measurement rules, a time allowance was made of five minutes and fifty seconds in favor of the Minnehaha, which gave her the fourth prize of $10. Fireworks and various amusements in the evening closed the day's festivities. QUINCY. The celebration of the Fourth in Quincy commenced at midnight by the ringing of bells and firing of cannon, which was repeated at four in the morning. A shower or two early in the day dampened the spirits somewhat, and caused a postponement of exercises until afternoon. People began to come in early in the day, and kept coming, probably in larger numbers than were ever seen in the village before. The weather cleared up before noon, and the remainder of the day and evening was very fine. The procession formed soon after two o'clock, the prominent feature of which was the "Centennial car," with its one hundred young ladies, one for each year of the century. The seats were raised like a pyramid, at the top of which was Miss Ada Lounsbery, representing the Goddess of Liberty. The car was drawn by thirty-eight horses, each ridden by a boy, representing the states of the Union. The fire department, and "Loomis post of the Grand Army of the Republic," were in the procession. The oration of the day was delivered by the Rev. Dr. George B. Jocelyn, president of Albion College. The singing of the "Star-Spangled Banner" was rendered with fine effect. An original hymn, selected from manuscripts of A. C. Culver, M. Knowles and E.'Berry, was sung after the oration. Later in the afternoon the hose boys and engine company gave an exhibition of their skill. There was no competition, however. A company of mounted fantastics, parading just at night, caused much merriment. The usual display of fireworks in the evening, with dancing at the Fayette House and at Donovan's hall, closed the festivities of the day. The Coldwater cornet band furnished plenty of good music, while a martial band stirred warlike memories. ROSCOMMON. A salute was fired at midnight, an anvil being used for the purpose. Soon after the small hours of the morning, the people of Roscommon and Houghton Lake began to assemble. A liberty pole was erected, from the top of which the Stars and Stripes were thrown to the breeze. The formal exercises of the day began at three o'clock in the afternoon, at the depot. A matched floor 160 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. had been laid over the old one, a high platform erected, and under the supervision of D. Bennett, the whole room had been festooned and decorated with evergreens, flags, etc. After all were seated, an opening song was sung, followed by a short speech by C. W. Stone, president of the day. Succeeding this came the reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Theo. Jeralaman; an oration by Captain J. P. Beers; and a history of the county by George Alexander; winding up with a piece of poetry entitled "The American Flag." In the evening there was a fine display of fireworks, and dancing. SAGINAW. The people of the Saginaws united in a grand celebration at Saginaw City. The weather in the early part of the day was unpropitious, nevertheless people congregated to the number, it was estimated, of 20,000, to witness the street parade and participate in the exercises of the day. The decorations were beautiful and almost universal. Upon the Genesee street bridge the flags of all nations were so arranged as to give the structure the appearance of a gorgeous bird. Along Washington street the residences of many of the citizens were decorated with flags, flowers and evergreens. Business places displayed flags of various descriptions, and dry goods show windows were dressed in the prevailing colors. The water works engine room was a mass of decoration. Flags were fastened at every conceivable point, and evergreen wreaths were festooned throughout the spacious room. The decorations in the court house yard were on a magnificent scale. A very appropriate motto surmounted an -evergreen arch between the court house and county buildings, reading: " What from your fathers' heritage is lent, earn it yourselves to really possess it." At ten o'clock the procession was formed, as follows: CHIEF OFFICERS.-Chief Marshal, James W. Dawson. Assistants: Major N. B. Kinsey, Captain Henry Miller, Captain C. H. Richman, Major N. S. Wood. SAGINAW CITY. FIRST DIVISION.-Marshal and staff; Evart band; Knights of Pythias; Saginaw Lodge, I. O. O. F.; Himath Lodge, I. O. O. F.; Star Lodge, I. O. O. F.; a car containing thirteen young ladies representing the original states, surmounted by the Goddess of Liberty; a car containing thirtyseven misses representing the states of to-day; Teutonia Society representative cavalcade; Teutonia gymnastic school; the Teutonia Society. SECOND DIVISION.-Martial band; Harmonie Society; Workingmen's Society; Good Templars; Fire Department-steamer No. 1, Saginaw hose, No. 1, Active, No. 1, Pioneer, No. 1, of Carrollton, Hill Boys, No. 3, Fearless, No. 6; two hearses- one the pattern of long ago, its broad COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 161 sides labeled, "Luxuries were unknown to Patriots of 1776," and the other a beautiful affair, on the plate glass of which was shown the inscription, "The sister cities have this day buried envy and all uncharitableness-mourners there are none." THIRD DIVISION.-Benjamin's blacksmith and wagon shop, with six men at work; " The carriage of 1776"-an ox cart; Willard Shattuck with a Buckeye reaper of 1876; G. Spatz's bakery; Alex. Hurtubise, shoeing a horse, and three other blacksmiths at work; the Mayor and common council; reader, orator, poet, historian, clergy and citizens, in carriages. EAST SAGIN AW. FIRST DIVISION.-Police; Marshal of the day, Colonel George Lockly, and aids; Hessler's band; soldiers and sailors of the late war; artillery; president of the day; common council; board of education. SECOND DIVISION.-Engel's band; Encampment of I. 0. 0. F.; St. Patrick's Society; Germania Society; lodges of I. 0. 0. F.; Workingmen's aid societies; St. Joseph's Benevolent Society; Sabbath schools, in wagons; butchers and drovers, on horseback; Fiege Brothers' furniture factory; R. D. Bullock's organ; A. W. Wheat & Co., with organs in a band wagon with a canopy of national colors, drawn by four horses; citizens in carriages. The grand union procession, after completing its line of march, was dismissed at the court house square. Around the square were erected a number of poles with streamers flying, and upon each pole was a shield bearing the name of one of the Presidents, and the term of his office. Floating from the pole at the Court street entrance, was the national colors. The stand was erected upon the south side of the square, and upon the front was placed a portrait of General Washington. The entire space between the stand and Court street was filled with seats. The assembly was called to order by the Hon. D. H. Jerome, chairman of the committee of arrangements, when the regular exercises were had, as follows: Prayer, by Rev. Mr. Pattingil; music, by cornet band; address, by the Mayor; "America," grand chorus, vocal and instrumental, by entire assemblage; reading Declaration of Independence, by Rev. Thomas Stalker; music, by Harmonie Society; music, by cornet band; oration, by Dan. P. Foote; Keller's American hymn; the history of Saginaw, by W. H. H. Bartram; music, by Choral Union; poem, "Liberty Song," by Mrs. M. N. Clark, of Chesaning; music, by Teutonia Society; benediction, by Rev. Mr. Shaw. The following is the address by the mayor, Hon. Fred. H. Potter: We have come together, my countrymen and countrywomen, in recognition of an event no less remarkable, no less worthy: of public observance, than the Centennial anniversary of American independence. While this auspicious event, so full of common interest, so full of historic memories and patriotic associations, amply explains this gathering, many of you are, in one sense, guests of this city. In one sense, all who participate here are guests; and it falls to me to offer you a word of welcome. To all, then, men, women, children, welcome. To the citizen, to the neighbor, 162 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. to the stranger guest, cordial greeting, hearty welcome, all. And in giving this welcome, it is fitting that I should mention the special gratification of our people at so cordial a joining with us from our prosperous sister city over the river. We express our gladness and gratitude, not more for the imposing civic and military display, which adds so largely to these ceremonies, than for the broad spirit of neighborly good-will which alone could have found so graceful and generous an expression from them. It remains only for me to direct your attention for a moment to the, in some respects, distinctive character of the occasion which calls us together. From among the many anniversaries of striking events in the early history of our country, the impulses of the American people long ago chose the fourth day of July as their national holiday. And its annual observance, with honors and customs peculiarly its own, and peculiarly American, has long been common. The profound interest, the national importance, attaching to the one hundredth anniversary of that day, is such, however, that its special observance with appropriate and peculiar honors, has been recommended by the President of the United States in public proclamation, made in accordance with the joint resolution of both houses of Congress. And the governors of many of the states, our own among the number, have issued proclamations to the same end. So cordially, so heartily, have the patriotic impulses of the people responded to these wise suggestions, that this day goes into history as a grand, united national jubilee. This majestic presence, with its pageantry of national colors, its heraldic emblems of our country's progress, is but a feeble part, a single chord in the deep, broad chorus with which America greets the years before her; one breath in the mighty tone of thanksgiving and praise which swells from the hearts of a great nation of freemen, as they hail this solemn hour, whenThrough storm and calm the years have led Our nation on from stage to stage, A century's space, until we tread The threshold of another age. Altogether glorious, however, altogether sublime as is this common demonstration, how doth its glory fade by the side of that other coming together which has marked the progress of the Centennial year. Awakened interest in Revolutionary annals has re-taught the lesson that the fabric whose founding we celebrate was the work of all, not part-that Yorktown and Saratoga have an equal lustre; that Adams and Jefferson, Warren and Washington, struggled and fought shoulder to shoulder; and that we of the North, and they of the South, are indeed brothers, by a common heroic parentage. As one year ago South Carolina and Georgia, through their citizen soldiery, joined Massachusetts in commemorating Bunker Hill, so only last week, at Charleston, the soldiers of New York and Massachusetts joined South Carolina in doing honor to the memory of the Revolutionary battle of Fort Moultrie. And to-day, in Philadelphia, a united band, these comrades, brother citizens and soldiers, bow, elbow to elbow, at the common shrine of American independence. Both proof and symbol that the fulfillment is at hand, nay, is now, of those ringing words of prophecy: "The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and every patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, shall yet swell the chorus of the Union." Fellow citizens, we cannot glorify this day. Naught that can be said or done here can consecrate or hallow it. It is rather for us to receive baptism of its glory. Rather let us, in the noble words of Lincoln at Gettysburg, on this day " Highly resolve that the nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." The following stanzas contain the more suggestive features of Mrs. Clark's poem: COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 163 "With eagle and emblems in keeping, In time to the westward she* hied, The old world in fetters left weeping, To gladden the new, the untried; Ten decades ago she was stringing Her harp, for ages unstrung; Her sons were exultantly singing Her songs, for centuries unsung. "Shall honors with which she's been crowning Her chieftain and soldiers, decline? Shall the blood of the coming be offered, As the passing was, free as wine? To save from ambition and envy, To save from the parricide's hand, To save from idolatrous worship For God's chosen people, the land? Or shall gross, luxurious living The hearts of the people ensnare, Till Bacchus control their affections, And Midas their passionate prayer? "Shall the tried and the true be forgotten For traitors, with treasures untold, Who shamelessly buy in the market Their votes, that are openly sold; Till red, white and blue is forsaken For Tyrean purple and gold? "Great Father! all nations protecting, Avert, we beseech, every blow That could from Thy rock of safety Make waters of bitterness flow; Let our stars, with those of the morning, Live, as our eagle shall soar, Till time has finished the problem Of life, on eternity's shore." At the conclusion of the exercises in the square, the procession from East Saginaw was re-formed and escorted back to the foot of Farley street, where they crossed the middle bridge, and repaired to the Germania grounds, where they were entertained by an oration from George A. Flanders, after which they enjoyed themselves with a picnic dinner. * i. e., Freedom. 164 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. In the afternoon there was an exhibition of Holly water works, a review of the fire departments, and a trial of hose companies. For the latter, two prizes of $15 and $10 were offered, the first being won by the Hill boys, and the second by Active hose, No. 1. Prizes in popular games were contested for as follows: Greased poleprize, silver watch; race for boys under fourteen-prizes, $3, $2 and $1; wheelbarrow race, fifty yards-prize, $3; catching rooster, by boys under twelve, with hands tied-prize, the rooster; velocipede race, five hundred yards —prize, $3; sack race, five hundred yards-prize, $3; greased pig-prize, the pig. The prizes in the foot-race were won by Ed. Rankin, James Ward and Charles Wider. In the wheelbarrow race Henry Inscho was the winner. Willie Van Vleck won the sack race; Will Sidney and Jerry Callahan caught the greased pig. A grand balloon ascension took place at 4:45 P. M. The balloon was prepared by Mr. N. Cameron, and was a complete success. It came down on the bay shore, nine miles from Bay City. In the evening there was a grand display of fireworks, which included several meteoric balloon ascensions and two illuminated tableaux, arranged by the German societies. SALINE. The people of Saline were joined in their celebration by a large number of the people of Ypsilanti, led by the Ypsilanti (colored) cornet band. On Main street was a grand arch: "1776-1876: The grand Centennial, the day we celebrate." The whole village was festooned with evergreens and flags. The rain disarranged the plans. In the beautiful grove in the village tables were built sufficient to seat two thousand people at one time; but the ground was so wet that they could not be used. The churches, however, were thrown open, as were also union school hall, and private houses. At two o'clock the people repaired to the grand stand, and were called to order by the president of the day, William Allison, Esq. After appropriate music by the band, and a Centennial hymn by one hundred girls, dressed in white, and prayer by Rev. A. M. Allen, the Declaration of Independence was read by E. A. Reynolds. Prof. Estabrook delivered an eloquent oration. After the oration a number of toasts were given and responses made. Among those present and participating in this part of the exercises, were Rev. A. M. Allen, W. J. Campbell, J. Forbes, W. K. Childs, Dr. N. Webb, Rev. Benjamin Parsons, C. R. Patterson, Esq., Hon. A. K. Clark, H. J. Miller, Hon. J. Webster Childs, Prof. J. Estabrook, and others, with Robert J. Campbell as toast-master. Games of all descriptions, mule race, etc., followed on the street, and fireworks in the evening. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 165 SAINT JOHNS. The morning was rainy, but after the sun beamed forth the people came pouring in from all directions, and at the time of forming the procession, at halfpast eleven o'clock, the number of people upon Clinton avenue was estimated at fully five thousand. Many of the business places and residences of the village were gorgeously decorated with bunting. The fire department, with their uniforms, d nd appropriately decorated machines, formed one of the most interesting features of the procession. At two o'clock, the oration, by Mr. Clute, was delivered in the court house. After the literary exercises of the day, there were amusements of various kinds. Among other things was a baby show, in which prizes for the handsomest babies were awarded as follows: 1, $5 to Emma Belle Moore; 2, $3 to W. J. Moss, Jr.; 3, $2 to Maude A. Hoffman. A prize to the homeliest baby, $1, was awarded to one who may prefer to be nameless. The prize to the heaviest baby, of a Marseilles dress pattern, was captured by Clarence Smith, fourteen months old; weight, thirty-two pounds, four ounces. That to the lightest baby, of a like present, to baby Helt, eleven months old; weight, fourteen pounds and six ounces. The prizes in the foot race were awarded to Eli Butler and Milton Clark, and in the wheelbarrow race to Milton Clark and Zach. Ash. The display of fireworks in the evening was well presented and brilliant, and was witnessed by thousands of people. SAINT JOSEPH. A more delightfully cool, pleasant and agreeable Fourth of July was never experienced in St. Joseph, and fully 8,000 people assembled to enjoy it and themselves. Mr. George S. Clapp read the Declaration, and D. A. Winslow presented an interesting history of the town. The president of the day, Mr. N. A. Hamilton, read a letter from Hon. William A. Howard, which stated, with regret, that he was unable to be present, after which Mr. H. introduced, as orator of the day, Rev. T. F. Hildreth, of Grand Rapids. At the close of the exercises at the stand, the crowd dispersed to witness the races, which came next in order. John H. Mitchell, of the Grand Haven News, and C. A. Pearson, of Ferrysburg, junior champion of Michigan, entered for the rowing race on the river, distance one mile and return; prize, $75. The boats used were paper and wood shells. The time made was, Pearson, 14:20; Mitchell, 14:28. 22 166 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The yacht race was contested by Benning, Clamfoot and Greening, but as there was scarcely any wind, this race was not interesting. Clamfoot won the prize, $25. Sid. Rasewarne won the foot race, and received $8 as a prize. George Taylor secured $3 for winning the sack race. The humors of the day centered in a fantastic procession by the "Snailergosters." SAINT LOUIS. The day was ushered in, according to the prescribed programme, with firing of guns and ringing of bells, and the usual precursory symptoms of bedlam let loose generally. By eight o'clock people began to arrive in town by squads and platoons, and by the time the regular exercises of the day began, the village was literally thronged with patriotic humanity. Probably St. Louis never saw so great a crowd before, there being, besides the residents of the village, not less than 4,000 people present. The Midland fire department arrived at eleven o'clock. They were met at the depot by the St. Louis' cornet band and fire department, and escorted to the central portion of the village, where a grand procession was soon formed, in appropriate order, which, after marching through the principal streets, proceeded to the Springs Park, where the literary commemorative exercises were held, and where an immense audience were awaiting them. These exercises were opened by an appropriate selection by the band, after which prayer was offered by the chaplain, Rev. H. D. Jordan, followed by a song from the glee club. The Declaration of Independence was then read by James K. Wright, Esq., another piece by the band, and President Willett arose and announced the orator of the day, T. W. Whitney, Esq. That gentleman came forward and delivered an oration. After the oration there was music by the club and band, and then the Hon. H. T. Barnaby was introduced, and proceeded to give a history of the county, with personal:reminiscences and anecdotes of the early settlers, which were highly enjoyed, particularly by the old pioneers present. This ended the doings at the stand. After dinner the contest between fire engines took place, for the possession of a silver cup, offered by the citizens of St. Louis to the company throwing water the greatest distance. A lively time was enjoyed. The result of the trial stood thus: Midland, 196 feet and 2 inches; St. Louis, 210 feet. STURGIS. The celebration was of the old-fashioned sort. The procession formed on Nottawa street, headed by the Sturgis and Vicksburg cornet bands, and COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 167 marched to the school house grove, where stands had been erected for speakers, officers of the day, singers and bands, and seats for the multitude. Upon arriving at the grounds the bands played "Hail Columbia," which was followed by an excellent selection by the glee club, after which the chaplain, Rev. John Graham, offered prayer. A piece of music was then rendered by the glee club, followed by a military salute. Next in order was the reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Mr. H. L. Anthony, followed by music by the band and cannon firing., Hon. William Allman stepped forward and introduced the orator of the day, Hon. John N. Ingersoll. After the oration, the bands and glee club, assisted by the audience, comprising about six thousand people, rendered "America," our national hymn, after which the benediction was pronounced, and the procession re-formed and marched back to the village to participate in other festivities. Later in the afternoon there was a burlesque procession, which was a successful affair, and created a great deal of amusement. This was followed by the firemen's contest. The Extinguisher hose company ran forty rods and laid and attached one hundred and fifty feet of hose in forty-three seconds. Next came the contest between Extinguisher fire company, No. 1, and Watchword fire company, No. 2, to test the throwing qualities and superiority of the engines. Each engine was allowed three trials. The Extinguisher leaked air during her second trial, so that it was almost a failure, although she made a splendid effort on her last or third trial. Watchword came next upon the scene of action, winning the first prize. The bands discoursed good music at intervals, and all went merry. Sack races and wheelbarrow races followed. The festivities of the day wound up with a grand Independence ball at Union Hall, which was a success in every particular. There was also a display of fireworks. TAWAS. The advent of the Fourth was announced at midnight by a salute from the cannon, anvils and various small firearms. At sunrise a salute of thirteen guns was given, and at ten o'clock a respectable procession formed on Lake street headed by the bands and joined in by schools and citizens generally, which, after passing through the principal streets, assembled at the Band Park at about eleven o'clock. As soon as the audience was seated, the fine new flag of the band was raised upon the liberty pole, and as its stars anl stripes were unfurled to the morning breeze, the glee club sang the " Star-Spangled Banner,"7 the audience joining in the chorus, while the cannon lifted up its voice also in 168 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. patriotic greeting. After a few appropriate introductory remarks by H. N. Chapin, president of the day, the reader of the Declaration of Independence, S. G. Taylor, Esq., was introduced. The glee club then sang a national anthem, entitled "Firmly Stand," after which W. C. Stevens, Esq., of East Tawas, was introduced as the orator of the day. The address was warmly welcomed by all, and was followed by several national airs by the brass and martial bands. The afternoon's entertainment opened with a national salute of thirty-eight guns, followed by a street parade by a company of "Mounted Sanchos," who took general possession of the town and of the grounds, to the delight and amusement of the crowd of spectators. They were dressed in the most novel and ridiculous costumes, and performed some of the most marvelous feats on record. Music enlivened the occasion, and those disposed to dance found a spacious bower in readiness for them. A series of races and games attracted considerable attention and produced much amusement for spectators. Early in the evening a large company assembled in front of the court house to witness the display of fireworks from the bay. The fireworks for the most part were good, and it was near midnight before the large audience had entirely dispersed. A large party assembled at the TTawas City house, and spent the remainder of the night in dancing. TRAVERSE CITY. The day was ushered in at the hour of midnight by the ringing of bells and firing of cannon. At an early hour in the morning the crowd began to gather, and by nine o'clock the streets were thronged with people. A few minutes before ten the Williamsburgh delegation arrived, several hundred strong, headed by the Williamsburgh band. As they came down State street, a long line of carriages, flags flying and band playing, the effect was fine, and added much to the enthusiasm of the hour. At this time the throng was so great around the Campbell House and on Park Place and Front street, that it was almost impossible to move; but the marshals managed the crowd of carriages and horsemen, and men, women and children, so well that order was soon brought out of confusion, and at five minutes past ten o'clock the procession moved off in the following order: Officers of the day, in carriages; Traverse City cornet band; cavalry; family of states; company representing the continental army; "Plug UJglies;" citizens. The procession was nearly a mile in length. Among its noticeable features, perhaps the family of states was the most attractive. A pyramidal platform wagon carried representatives of all the COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 169 states in the Union. Miss Ella Wadsworth, as Columbia, occupied an elevated position under the Stars and Stripes, where she presided with dignity over her family of states, consisting of young ladies and misses, who, dressed in white, and each bearing a flag carrying the name of a state, presented one of the most pleasing attractions of the day. The exercises at the stand were opened with music by the band, followed by the president of the (lay, Hon. Perry Hannah, in a few appropriate remarks. "America" was then sung by all. Rev. O. H. Spoor, chaplain of the day, offered prayer. The glee club sang Whittier's Centennial hymn, which was followed by the reading of the Declaration by L. H. Gage, Esq. The glee club then gave the "Star-Spangled Banner," all joining in the chorus. Judge Hatch, historian of the day, was then introduced, and gave a very interesting sketch of the history of Grand Traverse county. His address was followed by music from the band. The continental army then drew off to one side and fired their salute of musketry. This, with further music, closed the exercises. In the afternoon came the field sports, games, running, jumping, etc. A match game of base-ball was played between the Bingham and Traverse City boys, in which the latter came out ahead, twenty-six to six. In the evening there was a fine display of fireworks on the bay. Many of the business houses on Front street were finely decorated; among them, those of Hannah, Lay & Co., S. C. Fuller, J. T. Beadle, J. A. Perry, Hamilton, Milliken & Co., F. Friederich, E. E. Miller, 0. H. Ellis, F. Brusch, S. E. Wait, Ramsdell, & Gage, W. J. Backer, Mrs. R. A. Campbell, "'Eagle" and "Herald" buildings, Langworthy & Simpson, and the Campbell House. Hon. S. C. Moffatt's residence was very tastefully decorated with the national colors. Many other places of business and private houses were nicely trimmed, and floated the Stars and Stripes. UNION CITY. The celebration was rather impromptu, and the rainy weather of the morning came near spoiling it altogether. Never before were so many people assembled in Union City. At eleven o'clock a stand was improvised, in High street, from which the Declaration of Independence was read, and a short address was delivered. This was followed by a procession of "Fantastics and Horribles," which was an immense success. Afterward there was a tub race, which caused much sport. There were also horse races at the driving park, and various athletic sports, the festivities closing with fireworks in the evening. 170 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. VASSAR. There was a salute at midnight, and another at sunrise. At nine o'clock, a fine new flag, made for the occasion, was hoisted on the liberty pole on Main street. Notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, people from a distance began pouring in at an early hour, and before noon it was estimated that full three thousand were on the grounds. The tide continued to swell during the afternoon, and it is believed that not less than five thousand persons witnessed the rope-walking over the river. It was certainly the largest assemblage ever in Vassar. The Marshal, Colonel J. H. Richardson, of Tuscola, with several of his aidsj was on the ground in due time, and organized the procession, which marched to the stand erected on Main street for the speaking. The procession was headed by a wagon bearing a large boat, elaborately decorated, with a flag streaming from the mast-head, and carrying thirty-eight young misses, gaily attired, each having a little flag, on which was printed the name of the state represented. Alexander Trotter was president of the day. The exercises at the stand were opened with prayer by Rev. J. H. Reid. The Declaration of Independence was read by Prof. L. A. Park. The oration was delivered by Captain J. H. Palmer, of Lapeer. At the close of the oration, the young lady representatives of the states, who, in their gorgeous boat, were drawn up in front of the stand, sang the "Red, White and Blue." At the close, three cheers were given for our Centennial year, for the young ladies, and the marshal. The entertainment of the afternoon opened with music and the procession of the "Horribles." An unearthly looking group led off with a wagon carrying the "Gas Creek band," which was provided with instruments of all kinds, and some of no kind. This was followed by another wagon with the "Mormon Quire," and some two hundred "Horribles," mounted on horses, with masked faces, dressed in the most grotesque and fantastic style, and playing all sorts of antics. After a telling speech by the orator of the day, and an original poem by I. J. Spencer, the "Quire" appeared on the grand stand and entertained the audience with pantomimic performances. After this ceremony, there was rope-walking across the river by two young women. Then came tub races, Daniel Meehan, winner; foot races, James Braden, Wesley Ridgeman, Walter Braden, winners; swimming matches, and other athletic sports. In the evening there was a display of fireworks, though the cldamp state of the atmosphere interfered somewhat with their effect. The selection was good and varied, and the whole proved satisfactory. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 171 IV. CENTENNIAL TREE PLANTING. DURING the first century of the Republic the pioneers devoted themselves largely to the destruction of the forests. This was the first work in hand, for the obstructions must be removed and the face of nature subdued before the soil would yield subsistence for man. But it has been found that the wholesale destruction of forests was injudicious. The climate and hygiene of the country have been changed thereby. If it were necessary to make any excuse for our ancestors for the indiscriminate removal of trees, bearing upon their stumps millions of feet of what would now be very choice and valuable lumber, it may be said that self-preservation is the first law of nature. They were chiefly concerned about their daily bread. In the rude and distant pioneer settlements, far away from available markets, many acres of cleared ground were required to produce enough to sustain a family and provide the necessaries of life. Nor could the pioneer, as he sallied forth from his little cabin, axe in hand, be expected to have the eye of a landscape gardener, nor the taste of a cultured schoolman. He was not pondering on picturesque effect, as he laid low the monsters of the forest; he was thinking of food and clothing for his wife and little ones. He went straight- at his work, felling trees great and small, here and there indiscriminately, as best suited his purpose. With fire and axe the forests were soon cleared away and the face of the country opened up to cultivation and civilization. But it is found that forests are beneficent agents in the economy of nature, and we are now planning to restore in some degree what our ancestors so ruthlessly destroyed. Societies have been organized in various parts of the country, and there is a National Forestry Association, whose purpose it is to discuss from a scientific standpoint and in the light of experience the effects of forests upon the rainfall, retention of snows, protection of fields and orchards from gales and tornadoes, absorption of poisonous exhalations from the soil, and the preservation of the public health. These societies have already determined many of the questions in favor of an increase of forest trees, and are assiduously working up a public sentiment in that direction. It is unnecessary here to discuss these questions, or to dwell upon the artistic effect of trees in a landscape. 172 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Suffice it to say that public opinion already strongly favors the protection and preservation of the trees now left standing, and also a considerable addition to the number by judicious planting of approved varieties along streets and highways and in public grounds. This sentiment is growing stronger every day, and it is fostered by intelligent and public-spirited citizens. Therefore it seemed fitting that, in this Centennial year, when the fires of patriotism burn brightly, one form of love of country should find expression in tree planting. For, be it remembered, we plant trees not for ourselves, but for posterity. The sapling which we plant to-day may be scarcely more than a sapling in our lifetime, but our children's children and their offspring a century hence shall rejoice in its grateful shade and beneath its outspreading branches, long after our bones are mingled with their native dust. This is the height of patriotism and philanthropy, to serve not only our own generation, but to plant for those who shall come after us. The following poem, written by John W. Chadwick, of New York, and published several years ago in the newspaper called "The Golden Age," seems quite appropriate in this connection: LIFE AFTER DEATH. Soft was the air of Spring, and, at his feet, The turf, full swift, was turning green and sweet, As from the city Rabbi Nathan passed, Musing on Him who is the first and last. The tuneful birds he heard in woodlands dim, Wooing each other with that vernal hymn, Which flowing first from the Great Heart above Keeps fresh the world with its perpetual love. Anon he came to where with eager toil An aged man, fretting the fragrant soil With his sharp spade, did make a place to set A Cobar tree-the greatest wonder yet! For seventy years the Cobar tree must grow, Full seventy years leaves bear and shadows throw, Ere to fair fruit its fair sweet blossoms turn, For all the day-god's ever-flowing urn. "What madness this!" doth Rabbi Nathan cry; "Thou workest here as one not born to die; As if thyself did'st hope that of this tree Fruit yet should come to be a joy to thee." Then turned the aged man and gently said, "This tree shall grow long after I am dead; But though its fruit my hands may never gain, My planting, Rabbi, will not be in vain. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 173 "Have I not eaten of the Cobar tree? My father's father planted it for me. So plant I this, that in the coming days, My children's children may my labor praise." "Thou fool!" the Rabbi said, "to work for those Who may or not be, Heaven only knows. All earthly things full soon must pass away;'Tis only work for Heaven that will pay." He wandered on, and as the sun, now low, Rushed to its setting, and a sudden glow Filled all the west, he laid him down to sleep, Nor guessed how long the charm its power would keep. For many a moon did wax and wane, And many a year did bring its joy and pain, Ere he awoke, and not far off beheld What seemed the tree that he had known of old. But now it was full grown, and at its root A man full grown was eating of its fruit, Who said, when asked how came it thus to be, "My father's father planted it for me." Then Rabbi Nathan knew that seventy years, With all their precious freight of smiles and tears, Had fled since he had lain him down to sleep, And felt the slumber o'er his eyelids creep. He wandered back into the city street, But saw no friend with voice of love to greet; Yet in the schools where he of old did teach, The sages still did quote his silver speech. And there he saw, that not in Heaven alone, But here on earth, we live when we are gone. Too late he learned the lesson of to-day: The world goes on when we are gone away. The world goes on; and happiest is he Who in such wise wins immortality, That should he sleep forever in the grave, His work goes on and helps the world to save. We are fond of saying of the Revolutionary Fathers, that they were unselfish; that the spirit with which they resisted the encroachments of the British king and parliament was a pure and noble one; that they were forgetful of themselves, and pledged their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor for the establishment of a republic for their posterity. It was, therefore, a fitting 23 174 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. tribute to their unselfish patriotism to plant Centennial Trees in the same spirit, and it was moreover an appropriate way in which to recall the hallowed devotion of the early martyrs to liberty on this continent, and to mark with an enduring memorial the cycle of the first century. The observance was original, and was peculiar to Michigan. No other state has yet adopted this mode of public celebration, though some, particularly the central-western ones, actively concern themselves in the propagation of forest trees. The observance in Michigan was in response to the following address by the governor: STA TE OF IKICHIGAN EXECUTIVE OFFICE, LANSING, February 22, 1876. To the People of the State of Michigan: Without the sanction of legislative authority, or established precedent, as a guide, I cannot resist the temptation that the Centennial year we have just entered upon brings to me, of asking your attention to a few suggestions and thoughts as to the use we shall make of it. Though as a political organization we cannot lay claim to even a semi-centennial age, yet as one of the younger brethren of the great household of states, we hold in grateful love our place in the family. We have within our borders no Mecca like Plymouth Rock or Bunker Hill, to which patriotic pilgrims turn their willing footsteps, yet a large proportion of our people are the descendants of the fathers of the Republic -the men who in council framed our form of government, and on a score of battle-fields fought and died to establish it. The lapse of time, the demands of business, the new life we are living, all tend to a forgetfulness of the old time, and of the history our fathers made, with pen and sword. Is it not well, therefore, in this anniversary year, to pledge anew our affections to the "land we live in"to rebuild the fire of patriotism on our own hearthstones, and renew the love of liberty and country in our own hearts, that in the times of the Revolution warmed the hearts of our ancestors? Have we not forgotten, in the hurry and strife of our money-getting, in the rapidity with which events have crowded upon one another in these latter days, the blessings that have come to us from the past, and the debt we owe it? Have we not taken the good that has come to us as rewards of our own merit, rather than the hard earnings of the early builders? Are we not growing thoughtless of our country, its institutions and government, and careless of its perpetuity? Political quacks imagine new diseases affecting the body politic, and invent panaceas for their cure, without a protest from the people. One urges that property should govern; another, education; another, birth-place. One desponds for fear. the government is not strong enough, while another shudders at the centralization of power; and here and there, perchance, is a misanthrope who has lost all faith in a government of the people. Shall we not, on this hundredth birthday of the nation, turn away from these teachers of false doctrine, resolving to hold fast, not only to the form, but to the spirit, of the government as it was established in its simplicity and strength? So resolving and so doing, we need not fear for the future. We of Michigan need to do our duty in this direction, and we cannot commence too soon. The history of the United States is not taught in five thousand of the six thousand schools of the State. It occurs to me that this is not the way to insure good citizenship in the future. If our children are thus educated-or rather, uneducated-we shall by-and-by become a nation of doubters COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 175 and croakers. I hope the parents and children, the school officers and school teachers, of this State, will see to it that this be changed at once. If from the inspiration of the time this single reform shall be secured, the Centennial will indeed prove a blessing. On Saturday, the fifteenth of April next, I urge upon every citizen of this State who owns a piece of God's ground, whether it be large or small, whether in city or country, town or village, to plant a tree, which our children and our children's children may know and remember as the tree planted by patriotic hands in the first Centennial year of the Republic. In a country of land-owners, where the poorest man may, if he will, own the ground he stands on, this seems a most appropriate memorial act, and I earnestly hope our people will heartily unite in adopting this suggestion. I am well aware that these are perhaps only symbols —external show —but will they not bespeak an inward glow of patriotic impulse, and may they not set in motion in the plastic minds of our youth, and, perchance, of older folk, a current of patriotism and love of country that shall know no ebb? Let us now resolve to cherish the legacies of free school, free church, free press, and free town-meeting, left us by the fathers. Let us preserve simplicity and economy of government as cardinal points in our political creed, and thus make sure "that under God, government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." JOHN J. BAGLEY. In response to this suggestion by the Governor, the people of the State very generally observed the fifteenth of April by planting memorial trees. They did this both as individuals and as communities. In the rural districts, farmers ornamented the grounds about their dwellings, or set young trees along the highways in front of their premises. In the cities and villages the people generally united to set out trees in their parks or open squares, about their school-houses or other public buildings, or in their cemeteries. In some places this was done with impressive cremonies, with processions, and music, and speeches. The weather was very inauspicious, the rain falling quite steadily throughout the whole after part of the day. This fact materially interfered with the programme in many localities, though in others the ceremonies arranged for were duly observed, in spite of the rain. TREE PLANTING IN DETROIT. In Detroit, the metropolis of the State, whose streets and parks are already abundantly supplied with trees, the day was chiefly and very appropriately observed by the children of the public schools. On account of the storm, the exercises which had been arranged in connection with the planting of the trees were generally conducted within doors. They were under the auspices of the board of education of the city, who by formal resolution had designated the day. The event created considerable public interest, and attracted hundreds of visitors to the schools. 176 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. At the Washington School two trees were planted, one bearing a pennant with the inscription: "Our First President," and the other a like device with the inscription, "Our Centennial President." The school building was profusely decorated without and within, and flags, streamers and bunting were everywhere conspicuous. After the trees had been properly planted, the exercises in connection therewith were opened by the singing of "America" by the whole school. A brief address was then made by the Rev. N. C. Mallory, of the First Baptist Church. After another patriotic song, Miss Marian Johnstone, of the senior class, read the following original essay: In commemoration of this year, the Centennial anniversary of 1776, and of the national events which occurred one hundred years ago, we, the children of the Washington school, of the city of Detroit, with our teachers, have met to-day to plant in the school yard two trees, which are to be known as our Centennial trees. We hope to see them grow and increase, and become ornaments of the school yard, while they will be testimonials to bear witness of the pride and affection with which we read of the brave actions of the men and women who set us such noble examples of patriotism and duty to their country one hundred years ago. One hundred years is a long period in the lives of nations and of men, but the lives of these trees may bring them down through centuries until they serve as living memorials of ourselves at Centennials yet to come. They may remind the future pupils of this school that here we learned to love our country and its institutions that secure equality and freedom to all its citizens; that here we gained from our teachers the knowledge and learning that is to make us as patriotic as the noblest of men or women were. We must regard the planting of these trees as peculiarly our duty, as our school is named in honor of that "heroic citizen deputed by his fellow citizens to be the great leader, whose sublime wisdom, patience and courage was most instrumental in securing the foundation of this republic." These trees will remain as a tribute, one to the memory of Washington, the man of men, who has been "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen" for one hundred years, and who was our first President; and the other will be planted in honor of our Centennial President, General Grant, also a great man, who will long be remembered by the people of the United States. These trees as they grow and spread their leafy branches from year to year, will be living testimonials of the little people who have set them out. We shall regard them always as our trees. As some nations have their sacred groves, some their lofty pyramids, and some their mighty monuments, to tell of their existence, their struggles and their triumphs to those who follow them, so we plant these trees hot alone in the memory of the past, but in the hope that they may serve as testimony of our patriotism and of our gratitude to the founders of the Republic by the pupils of the Washington school for the hundred years that are to come, comprised in the second century of the nation. Miss Johnstone's essay was followed by remarks by School Inspector W. M. Lillibridge, of the First ward, and by the recitation of Drake's "American Flag" by Superintendent J. M. B. Sill. The exercises closed by the singing of "The Flag of the Free" by the whole school. At the Barstow School the children were dressed in their holiday attire, and each one wore a red, white and blue rosette on the left breast. The COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 177 exercises were opened with prayer by the Rev. Z. Eddy, of the First Congregational Church; who also made a few appropriate remarks to the children thereafter. The school then joined in singing the "Star-Spangled Banner," after which the boys planted a tree which they named William D. Wilkins, in honor of the senior school inspector of the ward in which the school is located, and the girls planted a tree which they named Miss Caroline Crossman, in honor of the principal of the school. The exercises closed with the singing of "America" by all the children. At the Cass School five trees were planted by a deputation of fifteen boys, the school meantime joining in singing patriotic songs. After the planting had been completed all assembled within the building and listened to addresses, interspersed with singing by the children. The speakers were Ervin Palmer, Esq.; Rev. L. P. Mercer, of the Swedenborgian Church; Rev. Alfred Owen, of the Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church; Rev. George D. Baker, of the First Presbyterian Church. These addresses were of a patriotic and appropriate character, calculated to inspire the children with a high sense of their duty to their country, to themselves and to the age in which they live. At their conclusion the entire school assembled in front of the building and sang the'"StarSpangled Banner," after which the assemblage dispersed. The pupils of the High School assembled in the west Grand Circus park, where they planted a beautiful maple tree, after which an address was delivered by Prof. I. M. Wellington, the principal of the school. Short speeches, prepared for the occasion, were made on behalf of the pupils by M. Starring and Hugh Liggett. The exercises were appropriately interspersed with the singing of patriotic songs by the school. At tie Tappan School four trees were planted, named respectively in honor of Dr. Tappan, formerly president of the State University, for whom the school was named; Duane Doty, formerly superintendent of the city schools; Miss L. Adams, principal, and Miss S. Bartemely, a favorite teacher. A costly and beautiful flag, purchased by the contributions of the pupils, was raised from the roof of the building. There was a procession, music, and appropriate addresses by the Hon. George W. Balch, president of the board of education, and others. At the Franklin School a beautiful evergreen tree was planted. The pupils joined in singing patriotic songs, and an address was made by Rev. W. W. Washburn, of the Simpson Methodist Church. At the Jefferson School several trees were planted, and the exercises connected therewith consisted in singing by the entire school, recitations of selected 178 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. pieces by several pupils, and short and appropriate addresses by Prof. Ira Mayhew, Dr. C. C. Yemans, and others. At the Irving School all assembled in the grounds to witness the tree planting. All the girls were dressed in white, and each pupil carried a small flag. There were singing and declamations and brief addresses. Similar exercises took place at the Everett School, where addresses were made by Judge C. J. Reilly, Colonel Sylvester Larned, and others; at the Pitcher School, where the Hon. G. W. Hough, president of the common council, spoke to the children, and at the Wilkins, Clay, and other schools. The observance of the day in Detroit, aside from that so beautifully and appropriately made by the children of the public schools, was mainly confined to two or three churches. The congregation of Grace Episcopal Church, about whose new church, on the corner of Fort and Second streets, trees were needed, held some special services. A very large audience was in attendance. After the usual religious exercises, the rector, the Rev. Dr. Stocking, delivered a short discourse, reviewing the connection of trees with the offices of religion from the days of Abraham to the present. He alluded to the customs of the pagans, who planted trees in groves and erected altars thereunder. He referred to the custom of the Anglican church, dating back to the fifth century, of going forth with the clergy and principal men of the parish to plant trees designating the boundaries of the parishes, and by the ceremonies of the occasion identifying the trees with religious offices. After the services in the church the audience passed out into the street, where eleven trees were planted, named respectively after the bishops, present and former rectors, the wardens and vestrymen, etc. The trees were fine thrifty maples. A considerable number of the congregation of the Simpson Methodist Church assembled and listened to a short address by their pastor, the Rev. W. W. Washburn. Afterward they set out a number of maple trees about the church building, on the corner of Grand River avenue and Sixth street. A number of societies and individuals also set out trees, but the above were the only exercises which might be mentioned as of a public character in the city of Detroit. Some of the societies had orations and poems, and the singing of songs, and other exercises, but they were of a somewhat private nature. INGHAMI COUNTY FARMERS' CLUB. The Farmers' club of Ingham county met at Mason, and proceeded to set out trees about the buildings in the grounds of the Agricultural Society, under the direction of the president, Dr. W. W. Root. The trees were contributed COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 179 by farmers, and were of the following varieties: hard maple, 39; elm, 15; soft maple, 4; white ash, white oak and cottonwood, 2 each. After the trees had been planted, all present repaired to the court yard, where the Centennial tree was planted. This was a magnificent elm, and was placed at the southwest corner of the square, about sixty feet from the fence running either way from the corner. After the tree had been planted, the oration of the occasion was delivered by the Hon. 0. M. Barnes. We give some extracts from this oration: The Governor of Michigan has invited all land-owners to plant a tree to-day, in commemoration of American independence. We have met to do this. Plant the trees! They will be objects of beauty, comfort and use, and be more and more precious as years roll away. This tree is to have a special interest: a Centennial tree. A century ago this nation was founded, and we commemorate that event. Then a Tree of Liberty was planted-a peculiar American variety, having characteristics unknown before. Our form of liberty differed from the Greek and Roman models of antiquity, as well as from the examples of free governments met with in more recent times. The Greeks limited the blessings of liberty to the higher classes. Rome never recognized the doctrine of universal equality of men. Our American variety of liberty is based on the equality of. all men in point of right, without respect to class, race or color. In its maturity it was to overshadow, and it does overshadow, all, with an equal protection. The same grateful shade falls upon all. To all it gives a hope that they may better their condition by judicious exertion. To all it presents its golden fruits. It is the choice Tree of the garden. Let your mind run over the history of the past hundred years, and trace the growth of this nation. Here my figures will fail me. The reality surpasses the figure. History furnishes no example of a national growth so great as that of our own. In territorial extension, in population, in production, in education, in civilization generally, no nation, no people in the world, has ever made such progress. Let me mention two or three things. The orator here recounted at some length the achievements of the people of the United States, during the century, in the industrial and mechanical arts, in the development of the country, and in the progress of civilization and refinement among the masses of the people. He contrasted the condition of the common laborer of this country with that of the laborer here a hundred years ago, or in Europe to-day, and noted the progress made in political science. He concluded as follows: Notwithstanding all adverse circumstances, it is well for us to note (this hasty review shows it) that the useful arts have made the chief epochs in history, and are the main basis of civilization. One consequence of all this progress is, that the difference between rich and poor is greatly lessened. The relative power of the rich has been lessened, and that of the poor increased. The two are likewise rapidly, as I may say, changing places. The poor man of to-day, by industry, ability and self-denial, by means of the augmentation of individual power, to which I have referred, becomes the man of wealth to-morrow. Equality of right makes the poor man's dollar as inviolable as the rich man's million. Indeed, all the people are capitalists to the extent of what each has. The divisions of the people into capitalists and laborers, as it exists in most old nations, does not 180 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. exist here. Most laborers are likewise owners of property themselves. Every owner of land, every owner of merchandise, or of money, without reference to the amount, is a capitalist. The difference in their possessions is that of quantity merely. The people are in possession of power, not political power merely, but power generally. Along with the possession of power, they are also learning how to use it properly. Popular follies, great public errors, are far less common now than formerly. Although the majority are often wrong, and sometimes even unjust and cruel, the general result, as we have seen, has been most favorable. The crowning glories of this age, it seems to me, the very diamonds that glitter most in the diadem of our goddess of liberty, are the mechanical and industrial improvements that have added so much to the power and happiness of individual men. Compared to these, all other glories, great as they may be, pale and sink away. There are, however, glories that will not fade away. The Greek goddess of liberty had a helmet upon her head, and weapons of war in her hands, soldiers in her train, and military glory about her. Our American goddess is clothed in far brighter robes. Her form is far more beautiful. Her course, of choice, is not in battle-fields (though she knows the way to victories), but amid happy homes. Her companions are the arts and the industries, and wherever she goes, comfort and plenty scatter their bounties and gladden the heart of man. This tree which we have planted we may reasonably expect will live to see another Centennial anniversary. That it will see a. progress as great as the century that now closes exhibits, we dare scarcely hope. That it will have witnessed a great progress, we may reasonably expect. Our nation may then embrace the entire American continent in its system of United States. Our population will be, no doubt, many times what it now is. Arts and sciences, industries and general civilizations, will have greatly advanced. This we hope for, but its realization must depend on how well we and our descendants do our duty. All may be lost by vice, ignorance and inefficiency. All may be preserved and advanced by care, wisdom and virtue. Let us hope that when our descendants gather here, a hundred years hence, beneath the spreading branches of this elm, to commemorate the second Centennial of American nationality, they may find American liberty unimpaired, its spirit as noble and elevated, and its administration as beneficial, as we have enjoyed in our day. FENTONVILLE. At Fenton, the graduating class of the High School transplanted an elm tree in the school grounds. The pupils of the public schools and a large concourse of citizens assembled to witness the ceremonies, which were in accordance with the following programme: 1, Music by the Knights Templar band; 2, Prayer by Rev. D. H. Taylor; 3, Singing of " Ode to America" by graduating class; 4, Music by the band; 5, Essay by Miss Mate Owens; 6, Music by the class of 1876; 7, Remarks by Prof. McGrath, Rev. Mr. Burns, of Flint, Rev. Thomas Wright, Rev. T. G. Potter, and Rev. D. H. Taylor; 8, Music by the band. LANSING. At Lansing there was no formal ceremony, but citizens generally observed the day. It is estimated that at least two hundred trees were thus planted, embracing a great variety and including a large number of black walnut. The COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 181 pupils of the High School planted about the block in which the school building is situated six elms, two water beeches, one sycamore and one maple. At the Agricultural College, the Alumnus Club set out a sycamore; the senior class set out a group of nineteen elms, one for each member of the class; Messrs. Higbee and Ingersoll set out a tree for the class of 1874, and Mr. Garfield one for the class of 1870. Several members of the faculty set trees in front of their residences. FLINT. In Flint, the people generally turned out and planted hundreds of trees, each person making a selection of variety and location to suit his individual fancy. There were no formal ceremonies. ANN ARBOR. At Ann Arbor, the only demonstration made was by the Turn-Verein, which had recently purchased a considerable tract of ground adjoining Relief Park about half a mile southwest of the city, which it designed to improve and ornament as a park for the uses of the society. The members of the society each planted a memorial tree on the grounds. They assembled at their hall in the city, and, accompanied by a large number of citizens, marched to the grounds, where the trees were duly planted, after which all joined in the festivities and merry-making of a holiday. PERRY CENTER. At Perry Center the planting of the trees was done by the ladies. Afterward the large concourse of people assembled, repaired to the church, where the proceedings were opened with prayer. There were then singing and addresses, the latter by Messrs. Stowe, Davis, M. L. Stevens, and Mrs. Waldron. These addresses related to the war of the revolution, the trials and hardships of the founders of the nation, the progress made by the country in a hundred years, and the probabilities of the progress during the next century, allusions being made to the old elm on Boston Common, and to other historic trees. ORION. In the town of Orion almost every family planted trees, mostly hard maple. In Clark's school district all the inhabitants met at the school house and planted about forty trees in the grounds surrounding it. The members of the 24 182 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Grangers' society met at the residence of C. K. Carpenter, and planted trees in the grounds about his house. They brought their refreshments with them and enjoyed a pleasant social picnic after the planting had been completed. ALLEGAN. At Allegan not less than eight hundred trees were planted. The public square in the village was abundantly provided, the trees being set in accordance with a plan prepared by Mr. Ira Chichester. A double row of maples was set out in the streets surrounding the park. At the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad depot the railroad employes set out a large number of maples and walnuts. The old locust trees which abounded in the village, and which had generally come to be considered nuisances, were cut down, and their places supplied with vigorous young maples. KALAMAZOO. At Kalamazoo hundreds of trees were planted by individuals, almost every resident adding one or more to beautify the grounds about his dwelling. Some planted memorial trees in the cemeteries. There was no public demonstration. Mr. George W. Winslow planted a number on a small island, of which he is proprietor. DEXTER. At Dexter many citizens planted trees. There were no general public ceremonies, but at the residence of Mr. Murdock a considerable number of people assembled, and two handsome elms were planted. The Rev. Mr. Tuffs invoked the Divine blessing on them, and a short address was made by Mr. A. Wilsey. MONROE. At Monroe citizens planted trees quite generally. The plan was adopted of planting fruit trees in the highways and in public places, so that the tired traveler might not only enjoy their grateful shade, but might find refreshment in their fruit. Mr. George Bruckner planted fifty pear trees, and gave to every farmer who would plant them along the highways fifty fruit trees and fifty Concord grape-vines. This feature of shade-tree planting inaugurated at Monroe will probably find many followers hereafter in other parts of the State. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 183 BUTLER. In Butler township, Branch county, the people turned out en masse and planted sixty-eight trees in the school house grounds and twelve in the grounds about the town hall. After the trees had been planted appropriate speeches were made by Mr. B. O. Moore and Mr. T. P. Evans. Afterward each man returned home and planted a memorial tree in his own grounds. HOLLAND. At Holland the people assembled, and, with music and flags, marched in procession to Centennial and Lincoln parks, where a large number of trees were planted, embracing a great variety. PORTLAND. At Portland, tree planting was almost universally observed. Generally a tree was set out and named for each member of the family. When set in place the trees were decorated with flags and other patriotic devices. VASSAR. At Vassar about three hundred trees were planted, though without formal ceremonies. Several enthusiastic ladies went to the woods, obtained their trees, and then planted them with their own hands. BATTLE CREEK. At Battle Creek the Michigan Central Railroad Company set out about a hundred trees upon the depot grounds, many of them being evergreens. OTHER PLACES. In almost every village and township in the State trees were -planted in accordance with the suggestion of the Governor, though those recorded above are all at which it is known that ceremonies of any sort were observed. At Charlotte fifty trees were set out in the court yard. Numerous trees were planted in Mt. Clemens and vicinity; also at Sturgis, Big Rapids, Romeo, Holly, Cassopolis, Evart, Grand Ledge, Lapeer, Hudson, Medina, Niles, Tecumseh and numerous other localities from which no definite reports were received. 184 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. VARIOUS COMMEMORATIONS. Various commemorative acts, not properly coming under either of the foregoing heads, and yet not of sufficient extent to make a separate chapter, have marked the Centennial year in Michigan. Among these was the greeting which the year received at its birth, at midnight on the first day of January. Descriptive remarks introducing the subject of the Centennial Fourth in Michigan, on page 95, are applicable to the advent of the Centennial New Year. THE NATIONAL FLAG AT THE STATE CAPITOL. At the commencement of the present year, Governor Bagley, deeming it proper that the national flag should be displayed from the State capitol during the Centennial year, gave verbal directions to the janitor of the State house to that effect. On all days, therefore, on which the weather was not stormy (except Sundays), the national ensign has floated from the flag-staff at the capitol in Lansing. CENTENNIAL DISPLAY BY THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. At a meeting of the executive committee of the Michigan State Agricultural Society, held in December, 1875, a resolution was adopted that, in connection with the next annual fair of the society, arrangements be made for a historical and Centennial department. A committee of five members from the executive board, consisting of Hon. J. Webster Childs, of Washtenaw county, Hon. J. G. Ramsdell, of Grand Traverse, Hon. W. J. Baxter, of Hillsdale, Hon. William M. Ferry, of Ottawa, and Hon. William L. Webber, of Saginaw, were appointed for carrying out the purposes of the resolution. In an address issued by the committee, August 10, 1876, they say: While the greatest exhibition of this, or perhaps of any age, is in progress at Philadelphia, every citizen of our State who can contribute anything that will add interest to, or who can avail himself of the privilege of witnessing that grand display, made by this and other nations, of the curiosities of the past, and the industries and wonders of the present, should do so. Still there are, no doubt, hundreds of articles and relics that have an interesting history as connected with the early days of our country and of our State, and illustrative of the manners, customs, industries, privations and trials of the times long gone by-articles that will be of an ever-increasing value as the years pass on-which are scattered around through our State, their real value as relics, in many cases, unappreciated by those who possess them, that will not find their way to Philadelphia. The committee are desirous that there should be a large exhibition of specimens of natural history, such as birds, properly mounted and labeled, and insects, arranged and classified so as to show which are injurious and which are beneficial to crops, fruits, etc.; also, specimens of minerals, fossils, and all natural curiosities. COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 185 And we are especially desirous to call out for exhibition in this department all relics that can be found of the early Indian and colonial history of our country, the Revolutionary war, the early Indian history of this State, the early French settlements in our State, and of the last war. In order to insure success, and to make this part of the State fair a most interesting feature of the exhibition, we most earnestly ask the co-operation of all societies or individuals in this State, who have in their possession any of the above-named classes of specimens or relics, or any other articles ancient or curious, or illustrative of the manners, dress, customs, education, domestic economy, farm implements, or implements used in the prosecution of any of the industries of early times, and invite them to bring or send the same to the fair for exhibition in this department. Mr. Childs, as chairman of the committee, was active and energetic, as were all the members of the committee, in efforts to make the Centennial department of the State fair a success, and the entire committee were in attendance at the fair. The display, though not as large as was anticipated, yet contained many objects of interest. The following statement of the articles exhibited is made up from the report of the committee, published with the premium list of the society, in the "Michigan Farmer," November 14, 1876. All were accorded special mention, and where premiums or diplomas were awarded, they are stated. For the largest and best collection of stuffed birds, F. L. Reese, of Jackson, Mrs. D. Eggleston, of Jackson, and Prof. E. H. Crane, of Colon, received premiums respectively of $10, $5, and silver medal. Mrs. L. Eggleston, of Jackson, exhibited specimens of stuffed birds, display of insects, fossils and curiosities -premium, silver medal. F. N. Wood, of Jackson, antelope's and elk's heads, stuffed. The Detroit Scientific Association, a display of insects, named and scientifically classified - diploma. D. L. Garrett, of Sandstone, a collection of fossils and curiosities. Mrs. D. Merriman, of Jackson, corals, Indian ornaments, and literary curiosities. Dr. J. L. Mitchell, of Jackson, Venus flower basket. Miss Jessie Robinson, of Jackson, collection of natural curiosities-premium, silver medal. Prof. E. H. Crane, Colon, collection of mineralogydiploma. Miss Pamelia Smith, Monroe, collection of curiosities, including Indian head-dress, arrow heads, peace pipe, scalping knife, rattle used in war dance, crown and ear-rings, snow shoes, and silver crown for squaw-premium of $25 on total collection. Also, General Smith's sword and belt, battle flag captured by General Smith; tools from Herculaneum; specimens from Mexico, including spurs, Mexican armor, idol, Australian riding whip, miner's axe, badge used in Mexico, sword of Mexican general, stuffed deer-diploma. Joseph Wicksawba, of Grand Haven, Sioux head-dress. Mrs. Ira Skinner, of Jackson, warming-pan used in colonial times. Mrs. Charles Benedict, Jackson, ancient yarn-winder; paper containing Washington's farewell address. Mrs. Dr. Chittock, Jackson, plan of the city of New York, survey of 1728. Mrs. Brundage, 186 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Jackson, ancient coverlet and linen. Mrs. Emma C. Hopkins, Spring Lake, sword, belt and breastplate worn by Colonel Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga. B. M. Davis, Jackson, Indian and rebel relics. J. J. Duer, of Jackson, collection of ancient coins-silver medal. Also, South Sea curiosities. Martin Johnson, of Grand Haven, collection of ancient coins, books, and Esquimaux dress. M. L. Fowler, Jackson, article illustrating education in ancient times. Mrs. M. Johnson, Jackson, ancient dishes. Willis Johnson, Reading, article illustrating early hand-sewing machine. Charles F. Pagelson, Grand Haven, Latin book published in 1602. H. B. Fry, Leslie, ancient coat of arms. H. A. Wetmore, Concord, collection of curiosities-premium of $5. Peter Mulvaney, Marengo, relic of Chicago fire. C. Draper, Jackson, Spanish "McCarty" or hair rope. Rev. Father Buyce, Jackson, Latin works of Diogenes, two volumes, 1512; Latin works Cyprianus, 1521; Latin works Theophylactus, 1524; Latin works Thomas Waldenses, three volumes, 1571; James Eustachius Bonaventura, two volumes, 1572; Dionysius de Quatuor hominis novissimus, one volume, 1578; Missale Romanum (mass book), 1598; St. Augustine Opuscula quondam selecta, 1673; Biblia Sacra (Holy Bible), 1692; French works-Proves de Messire de Claude, folio, six volumes, 1695; (Euvres choissis de Messire de Claude, folio, one volume, 1696; Flemish works-Plinius Secundus, Des Wyd Vermaarden Naturer Kundigen, 1770. The Audubon Club, of Detroit, scalp dress, Sioux jacket, buffalo robe, hood, beaded buckskin dress, pair Comanche moccasins, Comanche haversack and water bottle, Indian saddle, section of Comanche tent, two war shields and quivers, seventeen war arrows -diploma. The Custer Monument Association, of Monroe, buckskin hunting shirt and trappings, chief's calumet pipe and stem, pair embroidered leggings, quiver and arrows, embroidered gun-case, tobacco pouch, battle shield, pair elk antlers, chief's head-dress and case, pair prince's leggings and moccasins, chief's ornaments, two pairs squaws' leggings and moccasins, and two buckskin aprons-discretionary premium of $100. PART III. CEENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. I.-REPRESENTATIVE CENTENNIAL ORATIONS. WHAT THE AGE OWES TO AMERICA.* THE event which to-day we commemorate supplies its own reflections and enthusiasms, and brings its own plaudits. They do not at all hang on the voice of the speaker, nor do they greatly depend upon the contacts and associations of the place. The Declaration of American Independence was, when it occurred, a capital transaction in human affairs; as such it has kept its place in history; as such it will maintain itself while human interest in human institutions shall endure. The scene and the actors, for their profound impression upon the world, at the time and ever since, have owed nothing to dramatic effects, nothing to epical exaggerations. To the eye there was nothing wonderful, or vast, or splendid, or pathetic, in the movement or the display. Imagination or art can give no sensible grace or decoration to the persons, the place, or the performance, which made up the business of that day. The worth and force that belong to the agents and the action rest wholly on the wisdom, the courage and the faith that formed and executed the great design, and the potency and permanence of its operation upon the affairs of the world which, as foreseen and legitimate consequences, followed. The dignity of the act is the deliberate, circumspect, open and serene performance by these men, in the clear light of day, and by a concurrent purpose, of a civic duty, which embraced the greatest hazards to themselves and to all the people from whom they held this deputed discretion, but which, to their sober judgments, promised benefits to that people and their *Hon. William M. Evarts at Philadelphia, July 4, 1876. 188 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. posterity, from generation to generation, exceeding these hazards, and commensurate with its own fitness. The question of their conduct is to be measured by the actual weight and pressure of the manifold con'si4erations which surrounded the subject before them, and by the abundant evidence that they comprehended their vastness and variety. By a voluntary and responsible choice they willed to do what was done, and what without their will would not have been done. Thus estimated, the illustrious act covers all who participated in it with its own renown, and makes them forever conspicuous among men, as it is forever famous among events. And thus the signers of the Declaration of our Independence "wrote their names where all nations should behold them, and all time should not efface them." It was, "in the course of human events," intrusted to them to determine whether the fullness of time had come when a nation should be born in a day. They declared the independence of a new nation in the sense in which men declare emancipation or declare war-the Declaration created what was declared. Famous, always, among men are the founders of states, and fortunate above all others in such fame are these, our fathers, whose combined wisdom and courage began the great structure of our national existence, and laid sure the foundations of liberty and justice on which it rests. Fortunate, first, in the clearness of their title, and in the world's acceptance of their rightful claim. Fortunate, next, in the enduring magnitude of the state they founded, and the beneficence of its protection of the vast interests of human life and happiness which have here had their home. Fortunate, again, in the admiring imitation of their work which the institutions of the most powerful and most advanced nations more and more exhibit; and, last of all, fortunate in the full demonstration of our later time, that their work is adequate to withstand the most disastrous storms of human fortunes, and survive unwrecked, unshaken and unharmed. This day has now been celebrated by a great people, at each recurrence of its anniversary for a hundred years, with every form of ostentatious joy, with every demonstration of respect and gratitude for the ancestral virtue which gave it its glory, and with the firmest faith that growing time should neither obscure its lustre nor reduce the ardor or discredit the sincerity of its observance. A reverent spirit has explored the lives of the men who took part in the great transaction; has unfolded their characters and exhibited to an admiring posterity the purity of their motives; the sagacity, the bravery, the fortitude, the perseverance which marked their conduct, and which secured the prosperity and permanence of their work. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 189 G41RANDEUR OF THE WOlRK OF 1776. Philosophy has divined the secrets of all this power, and eloquence emblazoned the magnificence of all its results. The heroic war which fought out the acquiescence of the Old World in the independence of the New; the manifold and masterly forms of noble character, and of patient and serene wisdom, which the great influences of the times begat; the large and splendid scale on which these elevated purposes were wrought out, and the majestic proportions to which they have been filled up; the unended line of eventful progress, casting ever backward a flood of light upon the sources of the original energy, and ever forward a promise and a prophecy of unexhausted power all these have been made familiar to our people by the genius and the devotion of historians and orators. The greatest statesmen of the Old World, for this same period of one hundred years, have traced the initial steps in these events, looked into the nature of the institutions thus founded, weighed by the Old World wisdom, and measured by recorded experience, the probable fortunes of this new adventure on an unknown sea. This circumspect and searching survey of our wide field of political and social experiment, no doubt, has brought them a diversity of judgment as to the past, and of expectation as to the future. But of the magnitude, and the novelty, and the power, of the forces set at work by the event we commemorate, no competent authorities have ever greatly differed. The cotemporary judgment of Burke is scarcely an overstatement of the European opinion of the immense import of American independence. He declared: "A great revolution. has happened-a revolution made, not by chopping and changing of power in any of the existing states, but by the appearance of a new state, of a new species, in a new part of the globe. It has made as great a change in all the relations, and balances, and gravitations of power as the appearance of a new planet would in the system of the solar world." It is easy to understand that the rupture between the colonies and the mother country might have worked a result of political independence that. would have involved no such mighty consequences as are here so strongly announced by the most philosophic statesman of his age. The resistance of the colonies, which came to a head in the revolt, was led in the name and for the maintenance of the liberties of Englishmen, against parliamentary usurpation and a subversion of the British constitution. A triumph of those liberties might have ended in an emancipation from the rule of the English parliament, and a continued submission to the scheme and system of the British monarchy, 25 190 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. with an American parliament adjusted thereto, upon the true principles of the English constitution. Whether this new political establishment should have maintained loyalty to the British sovereign, or should have been organized under a crown and throne of its own, the transaction would, then, have had no other importance than such as belongs to a dismemberment of existing empire, but with preservation of existin inistitutions. There would have been, to be sure, "a new state," but not "of a new species," and that it was " in a new part of the globe" would have gone far to make the dismemberment but a temporary and circumstantial disturbance in the old order of things. Indeed, the solidity and perpetuity of that order might have been greatly confirmed by this propagation of the model of the European monarchies on the boundless regions of this continent. It is precisely here that the Declaration of Independence has its immense importance. As a civil act, and by the people's decreeand not by the achievement'of the army, or through military motives-at the first stage of the conflict it assigned a new nationality, with its own institutions, as the civilly pre-ordained end to be fought for and secured. It did not leave it to be an after-fruit of triumphant war, shaped and measured by military power, and conferred by the army on the people. This assured at the outset the supremacy of civil over military authority, the subordination of the army to the unarmed people. This deliberative choice of the scope and goal of the Revolution made sure of two things, which must have been always greatly in doubt, if military reasons and events had held the mastery over the civil power. The first was, that nothing less than the independence of the nation, and its separation from the system of Europe, would be attained if our arms were prosperous; and the second, that the new nation would always be the mistress of its own institutions. This might not have been its fate had a triumphant army won the prize of independence, not as a task set for it by the people, and done in its service, but by its own might, and held by its own title, and so to be shaped and dealt with by its own will. OBJECTS OF THE REVOLUTION. There is the best reason to think that the Congress which declared our independence gave its chief solicitude, not to the hazards of military failure, not to the chance of miscarriage in the project of separation from England, but to the grave responsibility of the military success-of which they made no doubt-and as to what should replace, as government to the new nation, the monarchy of England, which they considered as gone to them forever from the date of the Declaration. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 191 Nor did this Congress feel any uncertainty, either in disposition or expectation, that the natural and necessary result would preclude the formation of the new government out of any other materials than such as were to be found in society as established on this side of the Atlantic. These materials they foresaw were capable of, and would tolerate, only such political establishment as would maintain and perpetuate the equality and liberty always enjoyed in the several colonial communities. But all these limitations upon what was possible still left a large range of anxiety as to what was probable, and might become actual. One thing was too essential to be left uncertain, and the founders of this nation determined that there never should be a moment when the several communities of the different colonies should lose the character of component parts of one nation. By their plantation and growth up to the day of the Declaration of Independence, they were subjects of one sovereignty, bound together in one political connection, parts of one country, under one constitution, with one destiny. Accordingly, the Declaration, by its very terms, made the act of separation a dissolving by "one people" of "the political bands that have connected them with another," and the proclamation of the right, and of the fact of independent nationality, was "that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." It was thus that, at one breath, "independence and union" were declared and established. The confirmation of the first by war, and of the second by civil wisdom, was but the execution of the single design which it is the glory of this great instrument of our national existence to have framed and announced. The recognition of our independence, first by France and then by Great Britain, the closer union by the articles of confederation, and the final unity by the federal Constitution, were all but muniments of title of that "liberty and union, one and inseparable," which were proclaimed at this place and on this day one hundred years ago, which have been our possession from that moment hitherto, and which we surely avow shall be our possession forever. Seven years of revolutionary war, and twelve years of consummate civil prudence, brought us, in turn, to the conclusive peace of 1783, and to the perfected Constitution of 1787. Few chapters of the world's history, covering such brief periods, are crowded with so many illustrious names, or made up of events of so deep and permanent interest to mankind. I cannot stay to recall to your attention these characters, or these incidents, or to renew the gratitude and applause with which we never cease to contemplate them. It is only their relation to the Declaration of Independence itself that I need to insist upon, 192 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. and to the new state which it brought into existence. In this view, these progressive processes were but the articulation of the members of the state, and the adjustment of its circulation to the new centers of its vital power. These processes were all implied and included in this political creation, and were as necessary and as certain, if it were not to languish and to die, as in any natural creature. Within the hundred years, whose flight in our national history we mark to-day, we have had occasion to corroborate, by war, both the independence and the unity of the nation. In our war against England for neutrality, we asserted and we established the absolute right to be free of European entanglements, in time of war as well as in time of peace, and so completed our independence of Europe. And by the war of the Constitution-a war within the nation-the bonds of our unity were tried and tested, as in a fiery furnace, and proved to be dependent upon no shifting vicissitudes of acquiescence, no partial dissents or discontents, but, so far as is predicable of human fortunes, irrevocable, indestructible, perpetual. Casibus hcec nullis, bnullo delebilis cevo. OURn NEW POLITICAL SYSTEM. We may be quite sure that the high resolve to stake the future of a great people upon a system of society and of polity that should dispense with the dogmas, the experience, the traditions, the habits, and the sentiments upon which the firm and durable fabric of the British Constitution had been built up, was not taken without a solicitous and competent survey of the history, the condition, the temper, and the moral and intellectual traits of the people for whom the decisive step was taken. It may, indeed, be suggested that the main body of the elements, and a large share of the arrangements, of the new government were expected to be upon the model of the British system, and that the substantials of civil and religious liberty and the institutions for their maintenance and defense were already the possession of the people of England and the birthright of the colonists. But this consideration does not much disparage the responsibility assumed in discarding the correlative parts of the British Constitution. I mean the established church and throne; the permanent power of a hereditary peerage; the confinement of popular representation to the wealthy and educated classes; and the ideas of all participation by the people in their own government coming by gracious concession from the royal prerogative and not by any inherent right in themselves. Indeed, the counter consideration, so far as the question was to be solved by experience, would be a ready one. The CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 193 foundation, and the walls, and the roof of this firm and noble edifice, it would be said, are all fitly framed together in the substantial institutions you propose to omit from your plan and model. The convenience and safety and freedom, the pride and happiness which the inmates of this temple and fortress enjoy, as the rights and liberties of Englishmen, aire only kept in place and play because of the firm structure of these ancient strongholds of religion and law, which you now desert and refuse to build anew. Our fathers had formed their opinions upon wiser and deeper views of man and Providence than these, and they had the courage of their opinions. Tracing the progress of mankind in the ascending path of civilization, enlightenment, and moral and intellectual culture, they found that the Divine ordinance of government, in every stage of the ascent, was adjustable on principles of common reason to the actual condition of a people, and always had for its objects, in the benevolent counsels of the Divine wisdom, the happiness, the expansion, the security, the elevation of society, and the redemption of man. They sought in vain for any title of authority of man over man, except of superior capacity and higher morality. They found the origin of castes and ranks, and principalities and powers, temporal or spiritual, in this conception. They recognized the people as the structure, the temple, the fortress, which the great Artificer all the while cared for and built up. As through the long march of time this work advanced, the forms and fashions of government seemed to them to be but the scaffolding and apparatus by which the development of a people's greatness was shaped and sustained. Satisfied that the people whose institutions were now to be projected had reached all that measure of strength and fitness of preparation for self-government which old institutions could give, they fearlessly seized the happy opportunity to clothe the people with the majestic attributes of their own sovereignty, and consecrate them to the administration of their own priesthood. The repudiation by England of the spiritual power of Rome at the Reformation was by every estimate a stupendous innovation in the rooted allegiance of the people, a profound disturbance of all adjustments of authority. But Henry VIII, when he displaced the dominion of the Pope, proclaimed himself the head of the Church. The overthrow of the ancient monarchy of France by the fierce triumph of an enraged people was a catastrophe that shook the arrangements of society from center to circumference. But Napoleon, when he pushed aside the royal line of St. Louis, announced "I am the people crowned," and set up a plebeian Emperor as the impersonation and depositary in him and his line forever of the people's sovereignty. The founders of our Corn 194 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. monwealth conceived that the people of these colonies needed no interception of the supreme control of their own affairs, no conciliations of mere names and images of power from which the pith and vigor of authority had departed. They, therefore, did not hesitate to throw down the partitions of power and right and break up the distributive shares in authority of ranks and orders of men which indeed had ruled and advanced the development of society in civil and religious liberty, but might well be neglected when the protected growth was assured, and all tutelary supervision for this reason henceforth could only be obstructive and incongruous. ENGLISH AND FRENCH REPUBLICS. A glance at the fate of the English essay at a commonwealth, which preceded, and to the French experiment at a republic, which followed our own institution " of a new State of a new species," will show the marvelous wisdom of our ancestors, which struck the line between too little and too much; which walked by faith indeed for things invisible, but yet by sight for things visible; which dared to appropriate everything to the people which had belonged to C&esar, but to assume to mortals nothing that belonged to God. No doubt it was a deliberation of prodigious difficulty, and a decision of infinite moment, which should settle the new institutions of England after the execution of the King, and determine whether they should be popular or monarchial. The problem was too vast for Cromwell and the great men who stood about him, and, halting between the only possible opinions, they simply robbed the throne of stability, without giving to the people the choice of their rulers. Had Cromwell assumed the state and style of king, and assigned the constitutional limits of prerogative, the statesmen of England would have anticipated the establishment of 1688, and saved the disgraces of the intervening record. If, on the other hand, the ever-recurring consent of the people in vesting the chief magistracy had been accepted for the constitution of the state, the revolution would have been intelligible, and might have proved permanent. But what a "Lord Protector" was nobody knew, and'what he might grow to be everybody wondered and feared. The aristocracy could endure no dignity above them less than a king's. The people knew the measure and the title of the chartered liberties which had been wrested or yielded. from the King's prerogative; but, what the division between them and a Lord Protector would be no one could forecast. A brief fluttering betyween the firmament above and the firm earth beneath, with no poise with either, and the discordant scheme was rolled away as a scroll. A hundred years —.afterward CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 195 Montesquieu derided "this impotent effort of the English to establish a democracy," and divined the true cause of its failure. The supreme place, no longer sacred by the divinity that doth hedge about a king, irritated the ambitious, to which it was inaccessible except by faction and violence. "The government was incessantly changed, and the astonished people sought for democracy and found it nowhere. After much violence and many shocks and blows, they were fain to fall back upon the same government they had overthrown." The English experiment to make a commonwealth without sinking its foundations into the firm bed of popular sovereignty, necessarily failed. Its example and its lesson, unquestionably, were of the greatest service in sobering the spirit of English reform in government, to the solid establishment of constitutional monarchy, on the expulsion of the Stuarts, and in giving courage to the statesmen of the American Revolution to push on to the solid establishment of republican government, with the consent of the people as its everyday working force. But if the English experiment stumbled in its logic by not going far enough, the French philosophers came to greater disaster by overpassing the lines which mark the limits of human authority and human liberty, when they undertook to redress the disordered balance between people and rulers, and renovate the government of France. To the wrath of the people against kings and priests they gave free course, and not only to the overthrow of the establishment of the Church and State, but to the destruction of religion and society. They deified man, and thought to raise a tower of man's building, as of old on the plain of Shinar, which should overtop the battlements of heaven, and frame a constitution of human affairs that should displace the providence of God. A confusion of tongues put an end to this ambition. And now out of all its evil have come the salutary checks and discipline in freedom, which have brought passionate and fervid France to the scheme and frame of a sober and firm republic like our own, and, we may hope, as durable. OUR DEBT TO THE MEN OF 1776. How much, then, hung upon the decision of the great day we celebrate, and upon the wisdom and the will of the men who fixed the immediate, and if so, the present fortunes of this people. If the body, the spirit, the texture of our political life had not been collectively declared on this day, who can be bold enough to say when and how independence, liberty, union would have been combined, confirmed, assured to this people? Behold, now, the greatness 196 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. of our debt to this ancestry, and the fountain, as from a rock smitten in the wilderness, from which the stream of this nation's growth and power takes its source. For it is not alone in the memory of their wisdom and virtues that the founders of a state transmit and perpetuate their influences in its lasting fortunes, and shape the character and purposes of its future rulers. "In the birth of societies," says Montesquieu, "it is the chiefs of a state that make its institutions; and afterward it is these institutions that form the chiefs of the state." And what was this people and what their traits and training that could justify this Congress of their great men in promulgating the profound views of government and human nature which the Declaration embodies and expecting their acceptance as "self-evident2" How had their lives been disciplined and how their spirits prepared that the new-launched ship, freighted with all their fortunes, could be trusted to their guidance with no other chart or compass than these abstract truths? What warrant was there for the confidence that upon these plain precepts of equality of right, community of interest, reciprocity of duty, a polity could be framed which might safely discard Egyptian mystery, and Hebrew reverence, and Grecian subtlety, and Roman strength -dispense, even with English traditions of "Prinmogenity and due of birth, Prerogative of age, crowns, scepters, laurels." To these questions the answer was ready and sufficient. The delegates to this immortal assembly, speaking for the whole country and for the respective colonies, their constituents, might well say: "What we are, such are this people. We are not here as volunteers, but as their representatives. We have been designated by no previous official station, taken from no one employment or condition of life, chosen from the people at large because they cannot assemble in person, and selected because they know our sentiments, and we theirs, on the momentous question which our deliberations are to decide. They know that the result of all hangs on the intelligence, the courage, the constancy, the spirit of the people themselves. If these have risen to a height, and grown to a strength and unanimity that our judgment measures as adequate to the struggle for independence and the whole sum of their liberties, they will accept that issue and follow that lead. They have taken up arms to maintain their rights, and will not lay them down till those rights are assured. What the nature and sanctions of this security are to be they understand must be determined by united counsels and concerted CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 197 action. These they have deputed us to settle and proclaim, and this we have done to-day. What we have declared the people will avow and confirm. Henceforth it is to this people a war for the defense of their united independence against its overthrow by foreign arms. Of that war there can be but one issue. And for the rest, as to the Constitution of. the new State, its species is disclosed by its existence. The condition of the people is equal, they have the habits of freemen and possess the institutions of liberty. When the political connection With the parent state is dissolved they will be selfgoverning and self-governed of necessity. As all governments in this world, good and bad, liberal or despotic, are of men, by men, and for men, this new state, having no castes or ranks, or degrees discriminating among nmeni in its population, becomes at once a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. So it muLst remain, unless foreign conquest or domestic usurpation shall change it. Whether it shall be a just, wise, or prosperous government, it must be a Iopular government, and correspond with the wisdom, justice and fortunes of the people." ATTRACTIONS OF SELF-GOA VERl'NMENT. And so this people, of various roots and kindred of the Old World-settled and transfused in their cisatlantic home into harmonious fellowship in the sentiments, the interests, the habits, the affections which develop and sustain a love of country —were committed to the comlmon fortunes wlich should attend an absolute trust in the primary relations between man and his fellows and between man and his Maker. This Northern Continent of America had been opened and prepared fol the transplantation of the full-growATn manhood of the highest civilization of the Old World to a place where it could be free from mixture or collision with competing or hostile elements, and separated from the weakness and the burdens vwhich it would leave behind. The impulses and attractions which moved the emigration and directed it 1hither, various in form, yet had so much a common character as to mrerit the description of being public, elevated, moral or religious. They included the desire of newT and better opportunities for institutions consonant with the dignity of human nature and with the immortal and infinite relations of the race. In the language of the times, the search for civil and religious liberty animated the Pilgrims, the Puritans, and the Churchmen, thle Presbyterians, the Catholics, andi the Qualiesthe Huguenots, the Dutch, and the WValloons-the Waldenses, the Germans, and the Swedes, in their sevemral migrations which made up the colonial population. Their experience and fortunes her-e had done nothing to!reduce, 26 198 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. everything to confirn, the views and traits which brought them hither. To sever all political relations, then, with Europe, seemed to these people but the realization of the purposes which led them across the ocean-but the one thing needful to complete this continent for their home, and to give the absolute assurance of that higher life which they wished to lead. The preparation of the past and the enthusiasms of the future conspired to favor the project of self-government and invest it with a moral grandeur which furnished the best omens and the best guarantees for its prosperity. Instead of a capricious and giddy exaltation of spirit, as at new-gained liberty, a sober and solemn sense of the larger trust and duty took possession of their souls; as if the Great Master had found them faithful over a few things, and had now made them rulers over many. These feelings, common to the whole population, were not of sudden origin and were not romantic, nor had they any tendency to evaporate in noisy boasts or run wild in air-drawn projects. The difference between equality and privilege, between civil rights and capricious favors, between freedom of conscience and persecution for conscience's sake, were not matters of most debate or abstract conviction with our countrymen. The story of these battles of our race was the warm and living memory of their forefathers' share in them, for -\vlwhich, "to avoid insufferable grievances at home, they had been enforced by heaps to leave their native countries." They proposed to settle forever the question whether such grievances should possibly befall them or their posterity. They k]new no plan so simple, so comprehensive, or so sure to this end as to solve all the minor difficulties in the government of society by a radical basis for its source, a common field for its operation, and an authentic and deliberate method for consulting and enforcing the will of the people as the sole. authority of the state. By this wisdoml they at least would shift, within the sphere of government, the continuous warfare of human nature, on the field of good and evil, right and wrong, "Between whose endless jar justice resides," from conflicts of the strength of the many against the craft of the few. They would gain the advantage of supplying as the reason of the State, the reason of the people, and decide by the moral and intellectual influences of instruction and persuasion, the issue of vwho should make and who administer the laws. This involved Ilo pretensions of the perfection of human nature, nor did it assume that at other times, or under other circumstances, they would themselves have been capable of self-government; or, that other people then were, or ever CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 199 would be, so capable. Their knowledge of mankind showed them that there would be faults and crimes so long as there were men. Their faith taught them that this corruptible would put on incorruption only when this mortal should put on immortality. Nevertheless they believed in man and trusted in God, and on these imperishable supports they thought they might rest civil government for a people who had these living conceptions wrought into their own characters and lives. The past and the present are the only means by which man foresees or shapes the future. Upon the evidence of the past, the contemplation of the present of this people, our statesmen were willing to commence a system which must continually draw, for its sustenance and growth, upon the virtue and vigor of the people. From this virtue and this vigor it can alone be nourished; it must decline in their decline and rot in their decay. They traced this vigor and virtue to inexhaustible springs. And, as the unspent heat of a lava soil, quickened by the returning summers, through the vintages of a thousand years, will still glow in the grape and sparkle in the wine, so will the exuberant forces of a race supply an unstinted vigor to mark the virtues of immense populations and to the remotest generations. To the frivolous philosophy of human life which makes all the world a puppet show, and history a book of anecdotes, the moral warfare which fills up the life of man and the record of his race seems as unreal and as aimless as the conflicts of the glittering hosts upon an airy field, whose display lights up the fleeting splendors of a northern night. But free government for a great people never comes from or gets aid from such philosophers. To a true spiritual discernment there are few things more real, few things more substantial, few things more likely to endure in this world than human thoughts, human passions, human interests, thus molten into the frame and model of our State. "0 )morem preclcLcaram^, disciplinarnmqee qgaam a nCjoribte accepi11m1U8 si qnliclem tene'remus!" I have made no account, as unsuitable to the occasion, of the distribution of the national power between the general and the state governments, or of the special arrangements of executive authority, of legislatures, courts and magistracies, whether of the general or of the state establishments. Collectively they form the body and the frame of a complete government for a great, opulent and powerful people, occupying vast regions, and embracing in their possessions a wide range of diversity of climate, of soil, and of all the circumstantial influences of external nature. I have pointed your attention to the principle and the spirit of the government for which all this frame and body 900 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. exists, to Nwhich they are subservient, and to whose mastery they must conform. The life of the natural body is the blood, and the circulation of the moral and intellectual forces and impulses of the body politic shapes and molds the national life. I have touched, therefore, upon the traits that determined this national life, as to be of, from, and for the people, and not of, from, or for any rank, grade, part, or section of them. In these traits are found the "ordinances, constitutions and customs" by a wise choice of which the founders of states may, Lord Bacon says, "sow greatness to their posterity and succession." And now, after a century of growth, of trial, of experience, of observation, and of demonstration, we are met, on the spot and on the date of the great Declaration, to compare our age with that of our fathers, our structure with their foundation, our intervening history and present condition with their faith and prophecy. That "respect to the opinion of mankind," in attention to which our statesmen framed the Declaration of Independence, we, too, acknowledge as a sentiment most fit to influence us in our commemorative gratulations to-day. RESULTS OF THE CENTURY. To this opinion of mankind, then, how shall we answer the questioning of this (lay? How have the vigor and success of the country's warfare comported with the sounding phrase of the great manifesto? Has the new nation been able to hold its territory on the eastern rim of the continent, or has covetous Europe driven in its boundaries, or internal dissensions dismembered its integrity? Have its numbers kept pace with natural increase, or have the mother countries received back to the shelter of firmer institutions the repentant tide of emigration? or have the woes of unstable society distressed and reduced the shrunken population? Has the free suffrage, as a quicksand, loosened the foundations of power, and undermined the pillars of the state? Has the free press, with illimitable sweep, blown down the props and buttresses of order and authority in government, driven before its wind the barriers which fence in society, and unroofed the homes which once were castles against the intrusion of a king? Has freedom in religion ended in freedom from religion? and independence by law run into independence of law? Have free schools, by too much learning, made the people mad? Have manners declined, letters languished, art faded, wealth decayed, public spirit withered? Have other nations shunned the' evil example, and held aloof from its infection? Or have reflection and hard fortune dispelled the illusions under which this people "burned incense to vanity, and stumbled in their ways from the ancient paths?" Have they, fleeing from the double destruction which attends folly and arrogance, restored CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 201 the throne, rebuilt the altar, relaid the foundations of society, and again taken shelter in the old protections against the perils, shocks and changes in human affairs which "Divert and crack, rend and deracinate The unity and married calm of States Quite from their fixture?" Who can recount in an hour what has been done in a century, on so wide a field, and in all its multitudinous aspects? Yet I may not avoid insisting upon some decisive lineaments of the material, social and political development of our country which the record of the hundred years displays, and thus present to "the opinion of mankind," for its generous judgment, our nation as it is to-day —our land, our people, and our laws. And, first, we notice the wide territory to which we have steadily pushed on our limits. Lines of climate mark our boundaries north and south, and two oceans east and west. The space between, speaking by and large, covers the whole temperate zone of the continent, and in area measures near tenfold the possessions of the thirteen colonies. The natural features, the climate, the productions, the influences of the outward world, are all implied in the immensity of this domain, for they embrace all that the goodness and the power of God have planned- for so large a share of the habitable globe. The steps of the successive acquisitions, the impulses which assisted, and the motives which retarded the expansion of our territory; the play of the competing elements in our civilization, and their incessant struggle each to outrun the other; the irrepressible conflict thus nursed in the bosom of the state; the lesson in humility and patience, "in charity for all and malice toward none," which the study of the manifest designs of Providence so plainly teach us-these may well detain us for a moment's illustration. EMANCIPATION. And this calls attention to that ingredient in the population of this country which came, not from the culminated pride of Europe, but from the abject despondency of Africa. A race discriminated from all the converging streams of immigration which I have named by ineffaceable distinctions of nature; which was brought hither by a forced migration and into slavery, while all others came by choice and for greater liberty; a race unrepresented in the Congress which issued the Declaration of Independence, but now, in the persons of 4,000,000 of our countrymen raised, by the power of the great truths then declared, as it were from the dead, and rejoicing in one country and the same constituted liberties with ourselves. 202 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. In August, 1620, a Dutch slave-ship landed her freight in Virginia, completing her voyage soon after that of the Mayflower commenced. Both ships were onl the ocean at the same time, both sought our shores, and planted their seeds of liberty and slavery to grow together on this chosen field until the harvest. Until the separation from England, the several colonies attracted each their own emigration, and from the sparseness of the population, both in the northern and southern colonies, and the policy of England in introducing African slavery, wherever it might, in all of them, the institution of slavery did not raise a definite and firm line of division between the tides of population which set in upon New England and Virginia from the Old World, and from them later, as from new points of departure, were diffused over the continent. The material interests of slavery had not become very strong, and in its moral aspects no sharp division of sentiment had yet shown itself. But when unity and independence of government were accepted by the colonies, we shall look in vain for any adequate barrier against the natural attraction of tie softer climate and rich productions of the South, which could keep the northern population in their harder climate, and on their less grateful soil, except the repugnancy of the two systems of free and slave labor to comrmixture. Out of this grew the impatient, and apparently premature, invasion of the western wilds, pushing constantly onward, in parallel lines, the outposts of the two rival interests. What greater enterprise did for the northern people in stimulating this movement, was more than supplied to the southern by the pressing necessity for new lands, which the requirements of the system of slave cultivation imposed. Under the operation of these causes, the political divisions of the country built up a wall of partition, running east and west, with the novel consequences of the "border states" of the country being ranged, not on our foreign boundaries, but on this middle line, drawn between the free and slave states. The successive acquisitions of territory, by the Louisiana purchase, by the annexation of Texas, and by the treaty with Mexico, were all in the interest of the southern policy, and, as such, all suspected or resisted by the rival interest in the North. On the other hand, all schemes or tendencies toward the enlargement of our territory on the North were discouraged and defeated by the South. At length, with the immense influx of foreign immigration, reinforcing the flow of population, the streams of free labor shot across the continent. The end was reached. The bounds of our habitation were secured. The Pacific possessions became ours, and the discovered gold rapidly peopled them from the hives of free labor. The rival energies and ambitions which had fed the thirst for territory had served their purpose, in completing and assuring CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 203 the domain of the nation. The partition wall of slavery was thrown down; the line of border states obliterated; those who had battled for territory, as an extension and perpetuation of slavery, and those who fought against its enlargement, as a disparagement and a danger to liberty, were alike confounded. Those who feared undlie and precipitate expansion of our possessions, as loosening the ties of union, and those who desired it, as a step toward dissolution, have suffered a common discomfiture. The immense social and political forces which the existence of slavery in this country, and the invincible repugnance to it of the vital principles of our state, together, generated, have had their play upon the passions and the interests of this people, have formed the basis of parties, divided sects, agitated and invigorated the popular mind, inspired the eloquence, inflamed the zeal, informed the understandings, and fired the hearts of three generations.. At last the dread debate escaped all bounds of reason, and the nation in arms solved, by the appeal of war, what was too hard for civil wisdom. With our territory unmutilated, our Constitution uncorrupted, a united people, in the last years of the century, crowns with new glory the immortal truths of the Declaration of Independence by the emancipation of a race. PROM31ISE OF NATIONAL LONGE]VIATIY. I find, then, in the method and the results of the century's progress of the nation, in this amplification of its domain, sure promise of the duration of the body politic whose growth to these vast proportions has, as yet, but laid out the ground plan of the structure. For I find the vital forces of the free society and the people's government, here founded, have by their own vigor made this a natural growth. Strength and symmetry have knit together the great frame as its bulk increased, and the spirit of the nation animates the'whole: — "totanmque, infusa per artus, Mens agitat molem, et magnose, corpore miscet." We turn now from the survey of this vast territory, which the closing century has consolidated and confirmed as the ample home for a nation, to exhibit the greatness in numbers, the spirit, the character, the port and mien of the people that dwell in this secure habitation. That in these years, our population has steadily advanced, till it counts forty millions instead of three millions, bears witness, not to be disparaged or gainsaid, to the general congruity of our social and civil institutions with the happiness and plrosperity of man. But if we consider further the variety and magnitude of foreign elements to which we have been hospitable, and their ready fusion with the earlier 204 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. stocks, we have new evidence of strength and vivid force in our population, which we may not refuse to admire. The disposition and the capacity thus shown give warrant of a powerful society. "All nations," says Lord Bacon, "that are liberal of naturalization are fit for empire." Wealth in its mass, and still more in its tenure and diffusion, is the measure of the condition of a people which touches both its energy and morality. Wealth has no source but labor. "Life has given nothing valuable to man without great labor." This is as true now as when Horace wrote it. The prodigious growth of wealth in this country is not only, therefore, a signal mark of prosperity, but proves industry, persistency, thrift as the habits of the people. Accumulation of wealth, too, requires and imports security, as well as unfettered activity; and thus it is a fair criterion of sobriety and justice in a people, certainly, when the laws and their execution rest wholly in their hands. A careless observation of the crimes and frauds which attack prosperity, in the actual condition of our society, and the imperfection of our means for their prevention and redress, leads sometimes to an unfavorable comparison between the present and the past, in this country, as respects the probity of the people. No doubt covetousness has not ceased in the world, and thieves still break through and steal. But the better test upon this point is the vast profusion of our wealth and the infinite trust shown by the manner in which it is invested. It is not too much to say that in our times, and conspicuously in our country, a large share of every man's property is in other men's keeping and management, unwatched and beyond personal control. This confidence of man in man is ever increasing, measured by our practical conduct, and refutes these disparagements of the general morality. Knowledge, intellectual activity, the mastery of nature, the discipline of life-all that makes up the education of a people-are developed and diffused through the mlasses of our population, in so ample and generous a distribution as to make this the conspicuous trait in our national character, as the faithful provision and extension of the means and opportunities of this education, are the cherished institution of the country. Learning, literature, science, art, are cultivated, in their widest range and highest reach, by a larger and larger number of our people, not, to their praise be it said, as a personal distinction or a selfish possession, but, mainly, as a generous leaven, to quicken and expand the healthful fermentation of the general mind, and lift the level of popular instruction. So far from breeding a distemperecl spirit in the people, this becomes the main prop of authority, the great instinct of obedience. "It is by education," says Aristotle, "I have learned to do by choice what other men do by constraint of fear." CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 205 SPIRIT OF OUR PEOPLE. The "breed and disposition" of a people in regard of courage, public spirit and patriotism, are; however, the test of the working of their institutions, which the world most values, and upon which the public safety most depends. It has been made a reproach of democratic arrangements of society and government that the sentiment of honor, and of pride in public duty, decayed in them. It has been professed that the fluctuating currents and the trivial perturbations of their public life discouraged strenuous endeavor and lasting devotion in the public service. It has been charged that, as a consequence, the distinct service of the State suffered, office and magistracy were belittled, social sympathies cooled, love of country drooped, and selfish affections absorbed the powers of the citizens, and eat into the heart of the commonwealth. The experience of our country rejects these speculations as misplaced and these fears as illusory. They belong to a condition of society above which we have long since been lifted, and toward which the very scheme of our national life prohibits a decline. They are drawn from the examples of history, which lodged power formally in the people, but left them ignorant and abject, unfurnished with the means of exercising it in their own right and for their own benefit. In a democracy wielded by the arts, and to the ends of a patrician class, the less worthy members of that class, no doubt, throve by the disdain which noble characters must always feel for nmethods of deception and insincerity, and crowded them from the authentic service of the State. But, through the period whose years we count to-day, the greatest lesson of all is the preponderance of public over private, of social over selfish, tendencies and purposes in the whole body of the people, and the persistent fidelity to the genius and spirit of popular institutions, of the educated classes, the liberal professions, and the great men of the country. These qualities transfuse and blend the hues and virtues of the manifold rays of advanced civilization into a sunlight of public spirit and fervid patriotism, which warms and irradiates the life of the nation. Excess of publicity as the aniiatinlg spirit and stimulus of society more probably than its lack will excite our solicitudes in the future. Even the public discontents take on this color, and the mind and heart of the whole people ache with anxieties and throb with griefs which have no meaner scope than the honor and the safety of the nation. Our estimate of the condition of this people at the close of a century- as bearing on the value and efficiency of the principles on which the Governmlllent was founded, in maintaining and securing the permanent well-being of a 27 206 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. nation-would, indeed, be incomplete if we failed to measure the power and purity of the religious elements which pervade and elevate our society. One might as well expect our land to keep its climate, its fertility, its salubrity, and its beauty, were the globe loosened from the law which holds it in an orbit, where we feel the tempered radiance of the sun, as to count upon the preservation of the delights and glories of liberty for a people cast loose from religion, whereby man is bound in harmony with the moral government of the world. It is quite certain that the present day shows no such solemn absorption in the exalted themes of contemplative piety, as marked the prevalent thought of the people a hundred years ago; nor so hopeful an enthusiasm for the speedy renovation of the world, as burst upon us in the marvelous and wide system of vehement, religious zeal, and practical good works, in the early part of the nineteenth century. But these fires are less splendid, only because they are more potent, and diffuse their heat in well-formed habits and manifold agencies of beneficent activity. They traverse and permeate society in every direction. They travel with the outposts of civilization and outrun the caucus, the convention and the suffrage. The Church, throughout this land, upheld by no political establishment, rests all the firmer on the rock on which its founder built it. The great mass of our countrymen to-day find in the Bible-the Bible in their worship, the Bible in their schools, the Bible in their households-the sufficient lessons of the fear of God and the love of man, which make them obedient servants to the free constitution of their country, in all civil duties, and ready with their lives to sustain it on the fields of war. And now at the end of a hundred years the Christian faith collects its worshipers throughout our land, as at the beginning. What half a century ago was hopefully prophesied for our far future, goes on to its fulfillment: "As the sun rises on a Sabbath morning and travels westward from Newfoundland to the Oregon, he will behold the countless millions assembling, as if by common impulse, in the temples with which every valley, mountain, and plain will be adorned. The morning psalm and the evening anthem will commence with the multitudes on the Atlantic Coast, be sustained by the loud chorus of ten thousand tiuwes ten thousand in the Valley of the Mississippi, and be prolonged by the thousands of thousands on the shores of the Pacific." STRENGTH OF OUR SYSTEM. What remains but to search the spirit of the laws as framed by and modeled to the popular government to which our fortunes were committed by the CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 207 Declaration of Independence I do not mean to examine the particular legislation, state or general, by which the affairs of the people have been managed, sometimes wisely and well, at others feebly and ill, nor even the fundamental arrangement of political authority, or the critical treatment of great junctures in our policy and history. The hour and the occasion concur to preclude so intimate an inquiry. The chief concern in this regard, to us and to the rest of the world, is, whether the proud trust, the profound radicalism, the wide benevolence which spoke in the "Declaration" and were infused into the "Constitution" at the first have been in good faith adhered to by the people, and whether now these principles supply the living forces which sustain and direct government and society. He who doubts needs but to look around to find all things full of the original spirit, and testifying to its wisdom and strength. We have taken no steps backward, nor have we needed to seek other paths in our progress than those in which our feet were planted at the beginning. Weighty and manifold have been our obligations to the great nations of the earth, to their scholars, their philosophers, their men of genius and of science, to their skill, their taste, their invention, to their wealth, their arts, their industry. But in the institutions and methods of government- in civil prudence, courage or policy-in statesmanship, in the art of "making of a small town a great city"-in the adjustment of authority to liberty-in the concurrence of reason and strength in peace, of force and obedience in war- we have found nothing to recall us from the course of our fathers, nothing to add to our safety, or to aid our progress in it. So far from this, all modifications of European politics accept the popular principles of our system, and tend to our model. The movements toward equality of representation, enlargement of the suffrage, and public education in England-the restoration of unity in Italy-the confederation of Germany under the lead of Prussia the actual republic in France the unsteady throne of Spain the new liberties of Hungary-the constant gain to the people's share in government throughout Europe all tend one way, the way pointed out in the Declaration of our Independence. The care and zeal with which our people cherish and invigorate the primary supports and defenses of their own sovereignty, have all the unswerving force and confidence of instincts. The community and publicity of education, at the charge and as an institution of the state, is firmly imbedded in the wants and the desires of the people. Common schools are rapidly extending through the only part of the country which had been shut against them, and follow close upon the footsteps of its new liberty, to enlighten the enfranchised race. 208 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Freedom of conscience easily stamps out the first sparkles of persecution, and snaps, as green withes, the first bonds of spiritual domination. The sacred oracles of their religion the people wisely hold in their own keeping, as the keys of religious liberty, and refuse to be beguiled by the voice of the wisest charmer into loosing their grasp. Freedom from military power, and the maintenance of that arm of the government in the people; a trust in their own adequacy as soldiers, when their duty as citizens should need to take on that form of service to the state; these have gained new force by the experience of foreign and civil war, and a standing army is a remoter possibility for this nation, in its present or prospective greatness, than in the days of its small beginnings. But in the freedom of the press, and the universality of the suffrage, as maintained and exercised to-day throughout the length and breadth of the land, we find the most conspicuous and decisive evidence of the unspent force of the institutions of liberty, and the jealous guard of its principal defenses. These, indeed, are the great agencies and engines of the people's sovereignty. They hold the same relations to the vast democracy of modern society that the persuasions of the orators and the personal voices of the assembly did in the narrow confines of the Grecian states. The laws, the customs, the impulses, and sentiments of the people have given wider and wider range and license to the agitations of the press, multiplied and more frequent occasions for the exercise of the suffrage, larger and larger communication of its franchise. The progress of a lthundred years finds these prodigious activities in the fullest play, incessant and all-powerful - indispensable in the habits of the people, and impregnable in their affections. Their public service, and their subordination to the public safety, stand in their play upon one another, and in their freedom thus maintained. Neither could long exist in true vigor in our system without the other. Without the watchful, omnipresent and indomitable energy of the press, the suffrage iwould languish, would be subjugated by the corporate power of the legions of placemen which the administration of the affairs of a great nation imposes upon it, and fall a prey to that "vast patronage which," we are told, "distracted, corrupted and finally subverted the Roman republic." On the other hand, if the impressions of the press upon the opinions and passions of the people found no settled and ready mode of their working out, through the frequent and peaceful suffrage, the people would be driven, to satisfy their displeasure at government, or their love of change, to the coarse methods of barricades and batteries. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 209 OUR COUNTRY TO-DAY. We cannot, then, hesitate to declare that the original principles of equal society and popular government still inspire the laws, live inll the habits of the people, and animate their purposes and their hopes. These principles have not lost their spring or elasticity. They have sufficed for all the methods of government in the past; we feel no fear for their adequacy in the future. Released now from the tasks and burdens of the formative period, these principles and methods can be directed with undivided force to the every-day conduct of government, to the staple and steady virtues of administration. The feebleness of criowding the statute-books with unexecuted laws; the danger of power outgrowing or evading responsibility; the rashness and fickleness of temporary expedients; the constant tendency by which parties decline into factions, and end in conspiracies; all these mischiefs beset all governments, and are part of the life of each generation. To deal with these evils-the tasks and burdens of the immediate future the nation needs no other resource than the principles and the examples of our past history supply. These principles, these examples of our fathers, are the strength and the safety of our state to-day: "'ioribus antiqi.s, stat res Romaance, v'risq'e." Unity, liberty, power, prosperity-these are our possessions to-day. Our territory is safe against foreign dangers; its completeness dissuades from further ambitions to extend it, and its rounded symmetry discourages all attempts to dismember it. No division into greatly unequal parts would be tolerable to either. No imaginable union of interests or passions, large enough to include one-half the country, but must embrace much more. The madness of partition into numerous and feeble fragments could proceed only from the hopeless degradation of the people, and would form but an incident in general ruin. The spirit of the nation is at the highest-its triulmph over the inborn, inbred perils of the Constitution has chased away all fears, justified all hopes, and with universal joy we greet this day. We have not proved unworthy of a great ancestry; we have had the virtue to uphold what they so wisely, so firmly established. With these proud possessions of the past, with powers matured, with principles settled, with habits formed, the nation passes, as it were, from preparatory growth to responsible development of character, and the steady performance of duty. What labors await it, what trials shall attend it, what triumphs for human nature, what glory for itself, are prepared for this people in the coming century, we may not assume to foretell. " One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh, but the earth abideth forever," 210 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. and we reverently hope that these our constitutional liberties shall be maintained to the unending line of our posterity, and so long as the earth itself shall endure. In the great procession of nations, in the great march of humanity, we hold our place. Peace is our duty, peace is our policy. In its arts, its labors, and its victories, then, we find scope for all our energies, rewards for all our ambitions, renown enough for all our love and fame. In the august presence of so many nations, which, by their representatives, have done us the honor to be witnesses of our commemorative joy and gratulation, and in sight of the collected evidences of the greatness of their own civilization with which they grace our celebration, we may well confess how much we fall short, how much we have to make up, in the emulative competitions of the times. Yet, even in this presence, and with a just deference to the age, the power, the greatness of the other nations of the earth, we do not fear to appeal to the opinion of mankind whether, as we point to our land, our people, and our laws, the contemplation should not inspire us with a lover's enthusiasm for our country. Time makes no pauses in his march. Even while I speak, the last hour of the receding is replaced by the first hour of the coming century, and reverence for the past gives way to the joys and hopes, the activities and the responsibilities of the future. A hundred years hence the piety of that generation will recall the ancestral glory which we celebrate to-day, and crown it with the plaudits of a vast population which no man can number. By the mere circumstance of this periodicity our generation will be in the minds, in the hearts, on the lips of our countrymen at the next Centennial commemoration, in comparison with their own character and condition, and with the great founders of the nation. What shall they say of us? How shall they estimate the part we bear in the unbroken line of the nation's progress? And so on, in the long reach of time, forever and forever, our place in the secular roll of the ages must always bring us into observation and criticism. Under this double trust, then, from the past and for the future, let us take heed to our ways, and while it is called to-day, resolve that the great heritage we have received shall be handed down through the long line of the advancing generations, the home of liberty, the abode of justice, the stronghold of faith among men, "which holds the moral elements of the world together," and of faith in God, which binds that world to His throne. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 211 THE DECLARA TION OF INDEPENDENCE, AND THE EFFECTS -OF IT.* The long-expected day has come, and passing peacefully the impalpable line which separates ages, the Republic completes its hundredth year. The predictions in which affectionate hope gave inspiration to political prudence are fulfilled. The fears of the timid, and the hopes of those to whom our national existence is a menace, are alike disappointed. The fable of the physical world becomes the fact of the political; and after alternate sunshine and storm, after heavings of the earth which only deepened its roots, and effectual blasts of lightning whose lurid threat died in the air, under a sky now raining on it benignant influence, the century-plant of American Independence and Popular Government bursts into this magnificent blossom, of a joyful celebration illuminating the land! EARLY DOUBT AND SOLICITUDE. With what desiring though doubtful expectation those whose action' we commemorate looked for the possible coming of this day, we know from the records which they have left. With what anxious solicitude the statesmen and the soldiers of the following generation anticipated the changes which might take place before this Centennial year should be reached, we have heard ourselves, in their great and fervent admonitory words. How dim and drear the prospect seemed to our own hearts fifteen years since, when, on the fourth of July, 1861, the Thirty-seventh Congress met at Washington with no representative in either house from any state south of Tennessee and West Virginia, and when a determined and numerous army, under skillful commanders, *The city of New York, the chief commercial metropolis of the country, commemorated the Centennial Fourth by a civic celebration at the Academy of Music, under the auspices of the New York Centennial Celebration Committee, composed of leading and well-known citizens. Ex-Governor John A. Dix presided, introducing the exercises with a short address. The oration, from which liberal extracts are here given, was by the Rev. Richard S. Storrs, D.D., LL.D., of Brooklyn. Besides the oration, there was a Centennial ode by William C. Bryant, an original song by Bayard Taylor, religious and other customary exercises. Charles Francis Adams was first invited to give the oration, but a prior engagement at Taunton, Massachusetts, prevented. Dr. Storrs was then appealed to, and in his note accepting the invitation, referring to the first choice of the committee, chivalrously says: "I could not but feel hesitation in any case in undertaking, on brief notice, with my uncertain and scanty leisure, so prominent a service as that which you propose. This is of course immensely increased by the fact that you ask me now to stand in a place fitly assigned, by consent of all, to an eminent American statesman and publicist-the worthy successor of that "Colossus" in the debate by whose vigorous eloquence the Declaration was carried triumphantly through the Congress of 1776. It would be absurd for me to attempt any such discourse, at the coming anniversary, as would have been easy to this distinguished citizen. Indeed, in his absence, to fully match the height of the occasion, you would have to unlock the eloquent., lips which death sealed, years ago, at Marshfield, or at Boston." 212 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. approached and menaced the Capital and the Government,-this we surely have not forgotten; nor how, in the terrible years which have followed, the blood, fire, and vapor of smoke, seemed oftentimes to swim as a sea, or to rise as a wall, between our eyes and this anniversary. "It cannot outlast the second generation from those who founded it" was the exulting conviction of the many who loved the traditions and state of monarchy, and who felt them insecure before the widening fame in the world of our prosperous republic. "It may not reach its hundredth year" was the deep and sometimes the sharp apprehension of those who felt, as all of us felt, that their own liberty, welfare, hope, with the brightest political promise of the world, were bound up with the unity and the life of our nation. Never was solicitude more intense, never was prayer to Almighty God more fervent and constant-not in the earliest beginnings of our history, when Indian ferocity threatened that history with a swift termination, not in the days of supremest trial amid the revolution -than in those years when the nation seemed suddenly split asunder, and forces which had been combined for its creation were clenched and rocking back and forth in bloody grapple on the question of its maintenance. DELIVERANCE OF TIHE NATION. The prayer was heard. The effort and the sacrifice have come to their fruitage; and to-day the nation-still one, as at the start, though now expanded over such immense spaces, absorbing such incessant and diverse elements from other lands, developing within it opinions so conflicting, interests so various, and forms of occupation so novel and manifold-to-day the nation, emerging from the toil and the turbulent strife, with the earlier and the later clouds alike swept out of its resplendent stellar arch, pauses from its work to remember and rejoice; with exhilarated spirit to anticipate its future; with reverent heart to offer to God its great Te Deum. THE DAY WIDELY RECOGNIZED. Not here alone, in this great city, whose lines have gone out into all the earth, and whose superb progress in wealth, in culture, and in civic renown, is itself the most illustrious token of the power and beneficence of that frame of government under which it has been realized; not alone in yonder, I had almost said adjoining, city, whence issued the paper that first announced our national existence, and, where now rises the magnificent Exposition, testifying for all progressive states to their respect and kindness toward us, the radiant clasp of diamond and opal on the girdle of the sympathies which interweave their CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 213 peoples with ours; not alone in Boston, the historic town, first in resistance to British aggression, and foremost in plans for the new and popular organization, one of whose citizens wrote his name, as if cutting it with a plow-share, at the head of all on our great charter, another of whose citizens was its intrepid and powerful champion, aiding its passage through the Congress; not there alone, nor yet in other great cities of the land, but in smaller towns, in villages and hamlets, this day will be kept, a secular Sabbath, sacred alike to memory and to hope. Not only, indeed, where men are assembled, as we are here, will it be honored. The lonely and remote will have their part in this commemoration. Where the boatman follows the winding stream, or the woodman explores the forest shades; where the miner lays down his eager drill beside rocks which guard the precious veins; or where the herdsman, along the sierras, looks forth on the seas which now reflect the rising day, which at our midnight shall be gleaming like gold in the setting sun,-there also will the day be regarded as a day of memorial. The sailor on the sea will note it, and dress his ship in its brightest array of flags and bunting. Americans dwelling in foreign lands will note and keep it. London itself will to-day be more festive because of the event which a century ago shadowed its streets, incensed its Parliament, and tore from the crown of its obstinate King the chiefest jewel. On the boulevards of Paris, in the streets of Berlin, and along the leveled bastions of Vienna, at Marseilles and at Florence, upon the silent liquid ways of stately Venice, in the passes of the Alps, under the shadow of church and obelisk, palace and ruin, which still prolong the majesty of Rome; yea, further East, on the Bosphorus, and in Syria; in Egypt, which writes on the front of its compartment in the great Exhibition, "The oldest people of the world sends its morning-greeting to the youngest nation;" along the heights behind Bombay, in the foreign hongs of Canton, in the "Islands of the Morning," which found the dawn of their new age in the startling sight of an American squadron entering their bays-everywhere will be those who have thought of this day, and who join with us to greet its coming. No other such anniversary, probably, has attracted hitherto such general notice. You have seen Rome, perhaps, on one of those shining April days when the traditional anniversary of the founding of the city fills its streets with civic processions, with military display, and the most elaborate fire-works in Europe; you may have seen Holland, in 1872, when the whole country bloomed with orange on the three-hundredth anniversary of the capture by the 28 214 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. sea-beggars of the city of Briel, and of the revolt against Spanish domination which thereupon flashed on different sides into sudden explosion. But these celebrations, and others like them, have been chiefly local. The world outside has taken no wide impression from them. This of ours is the first of which many lands, in different tongues, will have had report. Partly because the world is narrowed in our time, and its distant peoples are made neighbors, by the fleeter machineries now in use; partly because we have drawn so many to our population from foreign lands, while the restless and acquisitive spirit of our people has made them at home on every shore; but partly, also, and essentially, because of the nature and the relations of that event which we commemorate, and of the influence exerted by it on subsequent history, the attention of men is more or less challenged, in every centre of commerce and of thought, by this anniversary.* UNSEEN SPECTATORS. Indeed it is not unnatural to feel-certainly it is not irreverent to feelthat.they who by wisdom, by valor, and by sacrifice, have contributed to perfect and maintain the institutions which we possess, and have added by death as well as by life to the lustre of our history, must also have an interest in this day; that in their timeless habitations they remember us beneath the lower circle of the heavens, are glad in our joy, and share and lead our grateful praise. To a spirit alive with the memories of the time, and rejoicing in its presage of nobler futures, recalling the great, the beloved, the heroic, who have labored and joyfully died for its coming, it will not seem too fond an enthusiasm to feel that the air is quick with shapes we cannot see, and glows with faces whose light serene we may not catch! They who counseled in the Cabinet, they who defined and settled the law in decisions of the Bench, they who pleaded with mighty eloquence in the Senate, they who poured out their souls in triumphant effusion for the liberty which they loved in forum or pulpit, they who gave their young and glorious life as an offering on the field, that government for the people, and by the people, might not perish from the earth-it cannot be but that they too have part and place in this jubilee of our history! God make our doings not unworthy of such spectators! and make our spirit sympathetic with theirs from whom all selfish passion and pride have now forever passed away! *That the editor may not be charged with plagiarism, he will say that the remarks introducing the second chapter of Part II were written, and in print before he had read Dr. Storrs' oration, in which thoughts somewhat similar are much more felicitously expressed. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 215 THE ACTION CONTRASTED WITH OTHER HISTORIC EVENTS. The interest which is felt so distinctly and widely in this anniversary reflects a light on the greatness of the action which it commemorates. It shows that we do not unduly exaggerate the significance or the importance of that; that it had really large, even world-wide relations, and contributed an effective and a valuable force to the furtherance of the cause of freedom, education, humane institutions, and popular advancement, wherever its influence has been felt. Yet when we consider the action itself, it may easily seem but slight in its nature, as it was certainly commonplace in its circumstances. There was nothing even picturesque in its surroundings, to enlist for it the pencil of the painter, or help to fix any luminous image of that which was done on the popular memory. In this respect it is singularly contrasted with other great and kindred events in general history; with those heroic and fruitful actions in English history which had especially prepared the way for it, and with which the thoughtful student of the past will always set it in intimate relations. Its utter simplicity, as compared with their splendor, becomes impressive. When, five centuries and a half before, on the fifteenth of June, and the following days, in the year of our Lord 1215, the English barons met King John in the long meadow of Runnemede, and forced from him the Magna Charta-the strong foundation and steadfast bulwark of English liberty, concerning which Mr. Hallam has said in our own time that "all which has been since obtained is little more than as confirmation or commentary,"-no circumstance was wanting, of outward pageantry, to give dignity, brilliance, impressiveness, to the scene. * * * *' * * Whatever was superb, therefore, in that consummate age of royal and baronial state, whatever was splendid in the glittering and grand apparatus of chivalry, whatever was impressive in the almost more than princely pomp of prelates of the Church,The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth can give,All this was marshalled on that historic plain in Surrey, where John and the barons faced each other, where Saxon king and Saxon earl had met in council before the Norman had footing in England; and all combined to give a fit magnificence of setting to the great charter there granted and sealed. * * That age passed away, and its peculiar splendor of aspect was not thereafter to be repeated. Yet when, four hundred years later, on the seventh of June, 216 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 1628, the Petition of Right, the second great charter of the liberties of England, was presented by Parliament to Charles the First, the scene and its accessories were hardly less impressive. Into that law-called a petition, as if to mask the deadly energy of its blow upon tyranny-had been collected by the skill of its framers all the heads of the despotic prerogative which Charles had exercised, that they mnight all be smitten together, with one tremendous destroying stroke. The king, enthroned in his chair of state, looked forth on those who waited for his word, as still he looks, with his fore-casting and melancholy face, from the canvas of Van Dyck. Before him were assembled the nobles of England, in peaceful array, and not in armor, but with a civil power in their hands which the older gauntlets could not have held, and with the memories of a long renown almost as visible to themselves and to the king as were the tapestries suspended on the walls. * -- - - * THE CONTINENTAL CONGREESS. In what sharp contrast with the rich ceremonial and the splendid accessories of these preceding kindred events, appears that modest scene at Philadelphia, from which we gratefully date to-day a hundred years of constant and prosperous national life! In a plain room, of an unpretending and recent building-the lower east room of what then was a state-house, what since has been known as the "Independence Hall"-in the midst of a city of perhaps thirty thousand inhabitants-a city which preserved its rural aspect, and the quaint simplicity of whose plan and structures had always been marked among American towns -were assembled probably less than fifty persons to consider a paper prepared by a young Virginia lawyer, giving reasons for a resolve which the assembly had adopted two days before. They were farmers, planters, lawyers, physicians, surveyors of land, with one eminent Presbyterian clergyman. A majority of them had been educated at such schools, or primitive colleges, as then existed on this continent, while a few had enjoyed the rare advantage of training abroad and foreign travel; but a considerable number, and among them some of the most influential, had no other education than that which they had gained by diligent reading while at their trades or on their farms. The figure to which our thoughts turn first is that of the author of the careful paper on the details of which the discussion turned. It has no special majesty or charm, the slight, tall frame, the sun-burned face, the gray eyes spotted with hazel, the red hair which crowns the head; but already, at the CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 217 age of thirty-three, the man has impressed himself on his associates as a master of principles, and of the language in which those principles find expression, so that his colleagues have left to him, almost wholly, the work of preparing the important Declaration. He wants readiness in debate, and so is now silent; but he listens eagerly to the vigorous argument and the forcible appeals of one of his fellows on the committee, Mr. John Adams, and now and then speaks with another of the committee, much older than himself-a stout man, with a friendly face, in a plain dress, whom the world already had heard something of as Benjamin Franklin. These three are perhaps most prominently before us as we recall the vanished scene, though others were there of fine presence and cultivated manners, and though all impress us as substantial and respectable representative men, however harsh the features of some, however brawny their hands with labor. But certainly nothing could be more unpretending, more destitute of pictorial charm, than that small assembly of persons, for the most part quite unknown to previous fame, and half of whose names it is not.probable that half of us in this assembly could now repeat. After a discussion somewhat prolonged, as it seemed at the time, especially as it had been continued from previous days, and after some minor amendments of the paper, toward evening it was adopted, and ordered to be sent to the several states, signed by the president and the secretary; and the simple transaction was complete. Whatever there may have been of proclamation and bell-ringing appears to have come on subsequent days. It was almost a full month before the paper was engrossed and signed by the members. It musthave been nearly or quite the same time before the news of its adoption had reached the remoter parts of the land. lTHE DECLARATION THE ACT OF T'IHE 1PEOPLE. If pomp of circumstances were necessary to make an event like this great and memorable, there would have been others in our history more worthy far of our commemoration. As matched against multitudes in general history, it would sink into instant and complete insignificance. Yet here, to-day, a hundred years from the adoption of that paper, in a city which counts its languages by scores, and beats with the tread of a million feet, in a country whose enterprise flies abroad over sea and land on the rush of engines not then imagined, in a time so full of exciting hopes that it hardly has leisure to contemplate the past, we pause from all our toil and traffic, our eager plans and impetuous debate, to commemorate the event. The whole land pauses, as I have said; and some distinct impression of it will follow the sun, wherever he climbs the steep of Heaven, until in all countries it has more or less touched the thoughts of men. 218 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Why is this is a question, the answer to which should interpret and vindicate our assemblage. It is not simply because a century happens to have passed since the event thus remembered occurred. A hundred years are always closing from some event, and have been since Adam was in his prime. There was, of course, some special importance in the action then accomplished-in the nature of that action, since not in its circumstances to justify such long record of it; and that importance it is ours to define. In the perspective of distance the small things disappear, while the great and eminent keep their place: As Carlyle has said: "A king in the midst of his body-guards, with his trumpets, war-horses and gilt standard-bearers, will look great though he be little; only some Roman Carus can give audience to satrap ambassadors, while seated on the ground, with a woolen cap, and supping on boiled pease, like a common soldier."> What was, the, t the great reality of power in what was done a hundred years since, which gives it its masterful place in history-makes it Roman and regal amid all its simplicity. Of course, as the prime element of its power, it was the action of a People, and not merely of persons; and such action of a people has always a momentum, a public force, a historic significance, which can pertain to no individual arguments and appeals. There are times, indeed, when it has the energy and authority in it of a secular inspiration; when the supreme soul which rules the world comes through it to utterance, and a thought surpassing man's wisest plan, a will transcending his strongest purpose, is heard in its commanding voice. It does not seem extravagant to say that the time to which our thoughts are turned was one of these. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. For a century and a half the emigrants from Europe had brought hither, not the letters alone, the arts and industries, or the religious convictions, but the hardy moral and political life, which had there been developed in ages of strenuous struggle and work. France and Germany, Holland and Sweden, as well as England, Scotland and Ireland, had contributed to this. The Austrian Tyrol, the Bavarian highlands, the Bohemian plain, Denmark, even Portugal, had had their part in this colonization. The ample domain which here received the earnest immigrants had imparted to them of its own oneness; and diversities of language, race and custom, had fast disappeared in the governing unity of a common aspiration, and a common purpose to work out through freedom a nobler well-being. *Essay on Schiller. Essays: Vol. II, p. 301. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 219 The general moral life of this people, so various in origin, so accordant in spirit, had only risen to grander force through the toil and strife, the austere training, the long patience of endurance, to which it here had been subjected. The exposures to heat, and cold, and famine, to unaccustomed labors, to alternations of climate unknown in the Old World, to malarial forces brooding above the mellow and drainless recent lands-these had fatally stricken many; but those who survived were tough and robust, the more so, perhaps, because of the perils which they had surmounted. Education was not easy, books were not many, and the daily newspaper was unknown; but political discussion had been always going on, and men's minds had gathered unconscious force as they strove with each other, in eager debate, on questions concerning the common welfare. They had had much experience in subordinate legislation on the local matters belonging to their care; had acquired dexterity in performing public business, and had often had to resist or amend the suggestions or dictates of royal governors. For a recent people, dwelling apart from older and conflicting states, they had had a large experience in war, the crack of the rifle being never unfamiliar along the near frontier, where disciplined skill was often combined with savage fury to sweep with sword or scar with fire their scattered settlements. UNITY OF THE COLONIES. By every species, therefore, of common work, of discussion, endurance, and martial struggle, the descendants of the colonists scattered along the American coast had been allied to each other. They were more closely allied than they knew. It needed only some signal occasion, some summons to a sudden heroic decision, to bring them into instant general combination; and Huguenot and Hollander, Swede, German and Protestant Portugese, as well as Englishman, Scotchman, Irishman, would then forget that their ancestors had been different, in the supreme consciousness that now they had a common country, and before all else were all of them Americans. That time had come. That consciousness had for fifteen years been quickening in the people, since the "writs of assistance" had been applied for and granted, in 1761, when Otis, resigning his honorable position under the crown, had flung himself against the alarming innovation with an eloquence as blasting as the stroke of the lightning which in the end destroyed his life. With every fresh invasion by England of their popular liberties, with every act which threatened such invasion by providing opportunity and the instruments for it, the sense of a common privilege and right, of a common inheritance in the country they were fashioning out of the forest, of a common place in the 220 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. history of the world, had been increased among the colonists. They were plain people, with no strong tendencies to the ideal. They wanted only a chance for free growth; but they must have that, and have it together, though the continent cracked. The diamond is formed, it has sometimes been supposed, under a swift, enormous pressure of masses meeting, and forcing the carbon into a crystal. The ultimate spirit of the American colonists was formed in like manner; the weight of a rocky continent beneath, the weight of an oppression only intolerable because undefined pressing on it from above. But now that spirit, of inestimable price, reflecting light from every angle, and harder to be broken than anything material, was suddenly shown in acts and declarations of conventions and assemblies from the Penobscot to the St. Mary's. AGREEMENT IN THE DECLARATION. Any commanding public temper, once established in a people, grows bolder, of course, more inquisitive and inventive, more sensible of its rights, more determined on its future, as it comes more frequently into exercise. This in the colonies lately had had the most significant of all its expressions, up to that point, in the resolves of popular assemblies that the time had come for a final separation from the kingdom of Great Britain. The eminent Congress of two years before had given it powerful reinforcement. Now, at last, it entered the representative American assembly, and claimed from that the ultimate word. It found what it sought. The Declaration was only the voice of that supreme, impersonal force, that will of communities, that universal soul of the state. The vote of the colony then thinly covering a part of the spaces not yet wholly occupied by this great State, was not, indeed, at once formally given for such an instrument. It was wisely delayed, under the judicious counsel of Jay, till a provincial Congress could assemble, specially called, and formally authorized, to pronounce the deliberate resolve of the colony; and so it happened that only twelve colonies voted at first for the great Declaration, and that New York was not joined to the number till five days later. But Jay knew, and all knew, that numerous, wealthy, eminent in character, high in position as were those here and elsewhere in the country-in Massachusetts, in Virginia, and in the Carolinas-who were by no means yet prepared to sever their connection with Great Britain, the general and governing mind of the people was fixed upon this, with a decision which nothing could change, with a tenacity which nothing could break. The forces tending to that result had wrought to their development with a steadiness and strength which the stubbornest resistance had hardly delayed. The spirit which now shook light and CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 221 impulse over the land was recent in its precise demand, but as old in its birth as the first Christian settlements; and it was that spirit not of one, nor of fifty, not of all the individuals in all the conventions, but the vaster spirit which lay behind-which put itself on sudden record through the prompt and accurate pen of Jefferson. THE INSPIRATION OF THE (GREAT CHARTER. He was himself in full sympathy with it, and only by reason of that sympathy could give it such consummate expression. Not out of books, legal researches, historical inquiry, the careful and various studies of language, came that document; but out of repeated public debate, out of manifold personal and private discussion, out of his clear, sympathetic observation of the changing feeling and thought of men, out of that exquisite personal sensibility to vague and impalpable popular impulses which was in him innately combined with artistic taste, an ideal nature, and rare power of philosophical thought. The voice of the cottage as well as the college, of the church as well as the legislative assembly, was in the paper. It echoed the talk of the farmer in homespun, as well as the classic eloquence of Lee, or the terrible tones of Patrick Henry. It gushed at last from the pen of its writer, like the fountain from the roots of Lebanon, a brimming river when it issues from the rock; but it was because its sources had been supplied, its fullness filled, by unseen springs; by the rivulets winding far up among the cedars, and percolating through hidden crevices in the stone; by melting snows, whose white sparkle seemed still on the stream; by fierce rains, with which the basins above were drenched; by even the dews, silent and wide, which had lain in stillness all night upon the hill. The Platonic idea of the development of the state was thus realized here; first ethics, then politics. A public opinion, energetic and dominant, took its place from the start as the chief instrument of the new civilization. No dashing manoeuvre of skillful commanders, no sudden burst of popular passion, was in the Declaration; but the vast mystery of a supreme and imperative public life, at once diffused and intense-behind all persons, before all plans, beneath which individual wills are exalted, at whose touch the personal mind is inspired, and under whose transcendent impulse the smallest instrument becomes of a terrific force. That made the Declaration; and that makes it now, in its modest brevity, take its place with Magna Charta and the Petition of Right, as full as they of vital force, and destined to a parallel permanence. * * * Only then is a paper of secular force, or long remembered, when 29 222 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. behind it is the ubiquitous energy of the popular will, rolling through its words in vast diapason, and charging its clauses with tones of thunder. Because such an energy was behind it, our Declaration had its majestic place and meaning; and they who adopted it saw nowhere else So rich advantage of a promised glory, As smiled upon the forehead of their action. Because of that, we read it still, and look to have it as audible as now, among the dissonant voices of the world, when other generations, in long succession, have come and gone! THE DECLARATION OLD IN ITS LIFE. But further, too, it must be observed that this paper, adopted a hundred years since, was not merely the declaration of a people, as distinguished from eminent and cultured individuals-a confession before the world of the public State-faith, rather than a political thesis-but it was also the declaration of a people which claimed for its own a great inheritance of equitable laws, and of practical liberty, and which now was intent to enlarge and enrich that. It had roots in the past, and a long genealogy; and so it had a vitality inherent, and an immense energy. They who framed it went back, indeed, to first principles. There was something philosophic and ideal in their scheme, as always there is when the general mind is deeply stirred. It was not superficial. Yet they were not undertaking to establish new theories, or to build their state upon artificial plans and abstract speculations. They were simply evolving out of the past what therein had been latent; were liberating into free exhibition and unceasing activity a vital force older than the history of their colonization, and wide as the lands from which they came. They had the sweep of vast impulses behind them. The slow tendencies of centuries came to sudden consummation in their Declaration; and the force of its impact upon the affairs and the mind of the world was not to be measured by its contents alone, but by the relation in which these stood to all the vehement discussion and struggle of which it was the latest outcome. This ought to be, always, distinctly observed. The tendency is strong, and has been general, among those who have introduced great changes in the government of states, to follow some plan of political, perhaps of social innovation, which enlists their judgment, excites their fancy, and to make a comely theoretic habitation for the national household, rather than to build on the old foundations,-expanding the walls, lifting CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 223 the height, enlarging the doorways, enlightening with new windows the halls, but still keeping the strength and renewing the age of an old familiar and venerated structure. - * * * * * - LOYALTY OF' THEI COLONIES TO ENGLISH PRECEDENTS. It was no such rash speculative change which here was attempted. The people whose deputies framed our Declaration were largely themselves descendants of Englishmen; and those who were not, had lived long enough under English institutions to be impressed with their tendency and spirit. It was therefore only natural that even when adopting that ultimate measure which severed them from the British crown, they should retain all that had been gained in the mother-land through centuries of endurance and strife. They left nothing that was good; they abolished the bad, added the needful, and developed into a rule for the continent the splendid precedents of great former occasions. They shared still the boast of Englishmen that their constitution "has no single date from which its duration is to be reckoned," and that "the origin of the English law is as undiscoverable as that of the Nile." They went back themselves, for the origin of their liberties, to the most ancient muniments of English freedom. Jefferson had affirmed, in 1774, that a primitive charter of American Independence lay in the fact that as the Saxons had left their native wilds in the North of Europe, and had occupied Britain-the country which they left asserting over them no further control, nor any dependence of them upon it-so the Englishmen coming hither had formed, by that act, another state, over which Parliament had no rights, in which its laws were void till accepted.* But while seeking for their liberties so archaic a basis, neither he nor his colleagues were in the least careless of what subsequent times had done to complete them. Tliere was not one element of popular right, which had been wrested from crown and noble in any age, which they did not keep; not an equitable rule, for the transfer or the division of property, for the protection of personal rights, or for the detection and punishment of crime, which was not precious in their eyes. Even Chancery jurisdiction they widely retained, with the distinct tribunals, derived from the ecclesiastical courts, for probate of wills; and English technicalities were maintained in their courts, almost as if they were sacred things. Especially that equality of civil rights among all commoners, which Hallam declares the most prominent char'acteristic of the English Constitution-the source of its permanence, its improvement, and its vigor-they perfectly preserved; they only more sharply affirmatively declared it. * Works, Vol. I, p. 125. 224 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. RULERS PROPERLY REPRESENTATIVES OF TIIE PEOPLE. Indeed, in renouncing their allegiance to the King, and putting the United Colonies in his place, they felt themselves acting in intimate harmony with the spirit and drift of the ancient constitution. The executive here was to be elective, not hereditary —to be limited and not permanent in the term of his functions; and no established peerage should exist. But each state retained its governor, its legislature, generally in two houses, its ancient statute and common law; and if they had been challenged for English authority for their attitude toward the crown, they might have replied in the words of Bracton, the Lord Chief Justice five hundred years before, under the reign of Henry the Third, that "the law makes the king;" "there is no king, where will, and not law, bears rule;" "if the king were without a bridle, that is the law, they ought to put a bridle upon hilm."l' They might have replied in the words of Fox, speaking in Parliament, in daring defiance of the temper of the House, but with many supporting him, when he said that in declaring independence, they "had done no more than the English had done against James the'Second."t They had done no more; though they had not elected another king in place of him whom they renounced. They had taken no step so far in advance of the then existing English Constitution as those which the Parliament of 1640 took in advance of the previous parliaments which Charles had dissolved. If there was a right more rooted than another in that Constitution, it was the right of the people which was taxed to have its vote in the taxing legislature. If there was anything more accordant than another with its historic temper and tenor, it was that the authority of the king was determined when his rule became tyrannous. Jefferson had but perfectly expressed the doctrine of the lovers of freedom in England for many generations, when he said in his summary view of the rights of America, in 1774, that "the monarch is no more than the chief officer of the people, appointed by the laws, and circumscribed with definite powers to assist in working the great machine of government, erected for their use, and consequently subject to their superintendence;" that *"As the head of a body natural cannot change its nerves and sinews, cannot deny to the several parts their proper energy, their due proportion and aliment of blood; neither can a king, who is the head of a body politic, change the laws thereof, nor take from the people what is theirs by right, against their consent. * * For he is appointed to protect his subjects in their lives, properties, and laws; for. this very end and purpose he has the delegation of power from the people, and he has no just claim to any other power but this."-Sir John Fortescue's Treatise, De Laudibus Legum Angliae, c. 9 [about A. D. 1470], quoted by HIallam, Mid. Ages, chap. VIII, part III. I Speech of October 31, 1776:- "The-House divided on the Amendment. Yeas, 87; nays, 242." CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 225 "kings are the servants, not the proprietors of the people;" and that a nation claims its rights, "as derived from the laws of nature, not as the gift of their chief magistrate."* ANCESTRAL LIBERTY SPEAKING THROUGH WRITTEN LAW. That had been the spirit, if not as yet the formulated doctrine, of Raleigh, Hampden, Russell, Sydney-of all the great leaders of liberty in England. Milton had declared it, in a prose as majestic as any passage of the Paradise Lost. The Commonwealth had been built on it; and the whole revolution of 1688. And they who now framed it into their permanent organic law, and made it supreme in the country they were shaping, were in harmony with the noblest inspirations of the past. They were not innovating with a rash recklessness. They were simply accepting and re-affirming what they had learned from luminous events and illustrious men. So their work had a dignity, a strength, and a permanence which can never belong to mere fresh speculation. It interlocked with that of multitudes going before. It derived a virtue from every field of struggle in England; from every scaffold, hallowed by free and consecrated blood; from every hour of great debate. It was only the complete development into law, for a separated people, of that august ancestral liberty, the germs of which had preceded the Heptarchy, the gradual definition and establishment of which had been the glory of English history. A thousand years brooded over the room where they asserted hereditary rights. Its walls showed neither portraits nor mottoes; but the Kaiser-saal at Frankfurt was not hung around with such recollections. No titles were worn by those plain men; but there had not been one knightly soldier, or one patriotic and prescient statesman, standing for liberty in the splendid centuries of its English growth, who did not touch them with unseen accolade, and bid them be faithful. The paper which they adopted, fresh from the pen of its young author, and written on his hired pine table, was already, in essential life, of a venerable age; and it took immense impulse, it derived an instant and vast authority, from its relation to that undying past in which they too had grand inheritance, and from which their public life had come.'' * * AFFIRMATION OF NATURAL PIGHT. The Congress, and the people behind it, asserted for themselves hereditary liberties, and hazarded everything in the purpose to complete them. But they Rulers are no more than attorneys, agents, and trustees, for the people, and if the cause, the interest and trust, is insidiously betrayed, or wantonly trifled away, the people have a right to revoke the authority that they themselves have deputed, and to constitute abler and'better agents, attorneys, and trustees.-John Adams. Dissertation on Canon and Feudal Law; 1765. Works: Vol. III, pp. 456-7. 226 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. also affirmed, with emphasis and effect, another right, more general than this, which made their action significant and important to other peoples, which made it, indeed, a signal to the nations of the right of each to assert for itself the just prerogative of forming its government, electing its rulers, ordaining its laws, as might to it seem most expedient. Hear again the immortal words: "We hold these truths to be self-evident;: * that to secure these [unalienable] rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundations in such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness." This is what the party of Bentham called "the assumption of natural rights, claimed without the slightest evidence of their existence, and supported by vague and declamatory generalities." This is what we receive as the decisive and noble declaration, spoken with the simplicity of a perfect conviction, of a natural right as patent as the continent; a declaration which challenged at once the attention of mankind, and which is now practically assumed as a premise in international relations and public law. Of course it was not a new discovery. It was old as the earliest political philosophers; as old, indeed, as the earliest communities, which, becoming established in particular locations, had there developed their own institutions, and repelled with vehemence the assaults that would change them. But in the growth of political societies, and the vast expansion of imperial states, by the conquest of those adjacent and weaker, this right, so easily recognized at the outset, so germane to the instincts, so level with the reason, of every community, had widely passed out of men's thoughts; and the power of a conquering state to change the institutions and laws of a people, or impose on it new ones,- the power of a parent state to shape the forms and prescribe the rules of the colonies which went from it, had been so long and abundantly exercised, that the very right of the people, thus conquered or colonial, to consult its own interests in the frame of its government, had been almost forgotten. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC EXCEPTIONAL IN EUROPE. It might be a high speculation of scholars, or a charming dream of political enthusiasts. But it was not a maxim for the practical statesman; and whatever its correctness as an ideal principle, it was vain to expect to see it established in a world full of kings who claimed, each for himself, an authority from God, CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 227 and full of states intent on grasping and governing by their law adjacent domains. The revolt of the Netherlands against Spanish domination had been the one instance in modern history in which the inherent right of a people to suit itself in the frame of its government had been proclaimed, and then maintained; and that had been at the outset a paroxysmal revolt, against tyranny so crushing, and cruelties so savage, that they took it out of the line of examples. The Dutch Republic was almost as exceptional, through the fierce wickedness which had crowded it into being, as was Switzerland itself, on its Alpine heights. For an ordinary state to claim self-regulation, and found its government on a Plebiscit, was to contradict precedent, and to set at defiance European tradition. PRINCIPLES AS WIDE AS HUMANITY ITSEL'. Our fathers, however, in a somewhat vague way, had held from the start that they had right to an autonomy; and that acts of Parliament, if not appointments of the crown, took proper effect upon these shores only by reason of their assent. Their charters were held to confirm this doctrine. The conviction, at first practical and instinctive, rather, than theoretic, had grown with their growth, and had been intensified into positive affirmation and public exhibition as the British rule impinged more sharply on their interests and their hopes. It had finally become the general and decisive conviction of the colonies. It had spoken already in armed resistance to the troops of the King. It had been articulated, with gathering emphasis, in many resolves of assemblies and conventions. It was now, finally, most energetically, set forth to the world in the great Declaration; and in that utterance, made general, not particular, and founding the rights of the people in this country on principles as wide as humanity itself, there lay an appeal to every nation:-an appeal whose words took unparalleled force, were illuminated and made rubrical, in the fire and blood of the following war. Here follows an argument against the right of secession-that the right of revolution exists only with "the general mind," representing a country physically defined, and not of minorities or sections within it. "The right of a people upon its own territory, as equally against any classes within it, or any external powers, this is the doctrine of our Declaration. We know how it here has been applied, and how settled it is upon these shores for the time to come." The spread of liberal republican ideas in Europe, from our Declaration, is adverted to. LIBERAL STATES MOST SECURE. The doctrine of the proper prerogative of kings, derived from God, which in the last century was more common in Europe than the doctrine of the centrality of the sun in our planetary system, is now as obsolete among the 228 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. intelligent as are the epicycles of Ptolemy. Every government expects to stand henceforth by assent of the governed, and by no other claim of right. It is strong by beneficence, not by tradition; and at the height of its military successes it circulates appeals, and canvasses for ballots. Revolution is carefully sought to be averted, by timely and tender amelioration of the laws. The most progressive and liberal states are most evidently secure; while those which stand, like old olive-trees at Tivoli, with feeble arms supported on pillars, and hollow trunks filled up with stone, are palpably only tempting the blast. An alliance of sovereigns, like that called the Holy, for reconstructing the map of Europe, and parcelling out the passive peoples among separate governments, would to-day be no more possible than would Charlemagne's plan for reconstructing the empire of the West. Even Murad, Sultan of Turkey, now takes the place of Abdul the deposed, "by the grace of God, and the will of the people;" and that accomplished and illustrious Prince, whose empire under the Southern Cross rivals our own in its extent, and most nearly approaches it on this hemisphere in stability of institutions and in practical freedom, has his surest title to the throne which he honors, in his wise liberality, and his faithful endeavor for the good of his people. As long as in this he continues, as now, a recognized leader among the monarchs-ready to take and seek suggestions from even a democratic republic-his throne will be steadfast as the watersheds of Brazil; and while his successors maintain his spirit, no domestic insurrection will test the question whether they retain that celerity in movement with which Dom Pedro has astonished Americans. CERTAIN TENDENCY TOWARD POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY. It is no more possible to reverse this tendency toward popular sovereignty, and to substitute for it the right of families, classes, minorities, or of intervening foreign states, than it is to arrest the motion of the earth, and make it swing the other way in its annual orbit. In this, at least, our fathers' Declaration has made its impression on the history of mankind. THE ACT OF THE PEOPLE. It was the act of a people, and not of persons, except as these represented and led that. It was the act of a people, not starting out on new theories of government, so much as developing into forms of law and practical force a'great and gradual inheritance of freedom. It was the act of a people, declaring for others, as for itself, the right of each to its own form of government, without interference from other nations, without restraint by privileged classes. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 229 EFFECT UPON THE WELFARE OF THE PEOPLE. It only remains, then, to ask the question how far it has contributed to the peace, the advancement, and the permanent welfare, of the people by which it was set forth; of other nations which it has affected. That "our people have had a continent to subdue," with other things, is reason why they may not "have reached as yet tile ideal state, of private liberty combined with a perfect public order, or of culture complete, and a supreme character." But something is said of our achievements in literature, in art, and in science, though it is not claimed that these are especially due to the adoption of the Declaration. But what we have now, and should not have had except for that paper which the Congress adopted, is the general and increasing popular advancement in knowledge, vigor, as I believe in moral culture, of which our country has been the arena, and in which lies its hope for the future. The independence of the nation has reacted, with sympathetic force, on the personal life which the nation includes. It has made men more resolute, aspiring, confident, and more susceptible to whatever exalts. The doctrine that all by creation are equal,-not in respect of physical force or of mental endowment, of means for culture or inherited privilege, but in respect of immortal faculty, of duty to each other, of right to protection and to personal development,-this has given manliness to the poor, enterprise to the weak, a kindling hope to the most obscure. It has made the individuals of whom the nation is composed more alive to the forces Which educate and exalt. CONSEQUENT INCREASE O E' INTELLIGENCE. There has been incessant motive, too, for the wide and constant employment of these forces. It has been felt that, as the people is sovereign here, that people must be trained in mind and spirit for its august and sovereign function. The establishment of common schools, for a needful primary secular training, has been an instinct of society, only recognized and repeated in provisions of statutes. The establishment of higher schools, classical and general, of colleges, scientific and professional seminaries, has been as well the impulse of the nation, and the furtherance of them a care of governments. The immense expansion of the press in this country has been based fundamentally upon the same impulse, and has wrought with beneficent general force in the same direction. Religious instruction has gone as widely as this distribution of secular knowledge. GROWTH OF CHRISTIANITY. It used to be thought that a Church dissevered from the State must be feeble. Wanting wealth of endowments and dignity of titles its clergy entitled to no place among the peers, its revenues assured by no legal enactments-it 30 230 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. must remain obscure and poor; while the absence of any external limitations, of parliamentary statutes and a legal creed, must leave it liable to endless division, and tend to its speedy disintegration into sects and schisms. It seemed as hopeless to look for strength, wealth, beneficence, for extensive educational and missionary work, to such churches as these, as to look for aggressive military organization in a convention of farmers, or for the volume and thunder of Niagara to a thousand sinking and separate rills. But the work which was given to be done in this country was so great and momentous, and has)been so constant, that matching itself against that work, the Church, under whatever name, has realized a strength, and developed an activity, wholly fresh in the world in modern times. It has not been antagonized by that instinct of liberty which almays awakens against its work where religion is required by law. It has seized the opportunity. Its ministers and members have had their own standards, leaders, laws, and sometimes have quarreled, fiercely enough, as to which were the better. But in the work which was set them to do, to give to the sovereign American people the knowledge of God in the Gospel of His Son, their only strife has been one of emulationto go the furthest, to give the most, and to bless most largely the land and its future.' "' X * -* X,- * * Reference is made to the social culture of the people, and to public virtue, and the conclusion is reached that " the nation at large was never more mentally vigorous or morally sound," notwithstanding undeniable corruptions in high places. The strength and apparent permanence of the republic is spoken of. Its tendency is to peace, and with some wars that were unavoidable, it has been peaceful, while the elements from which the people sprang fitted them for warlike enterprises. "A monarchy, just as it is despotic, finds incitement to war; for pre-occupation of the popular mind; to gratify nobles, officers, the army; for historic renown. An intelligent republic hates war, and shuns it. It counts standing armies a curse only second to an annual pestilence. It wants no glory but from growth." But composed as our people are, "it will never be safe to insult such a. nation, or to outrage its citizens." CONCLUSION. Mr. President: Fellow-Citizens:-To an extent too great for your patience, but with a rapid incompleteness that is only too evident as we match it with the thelne, I have outlined before you some of the reasons why we have right to commemorate the day whose hundredth anniversary has brought us together, and why the paper then adopted has interest and importance not only for us, but for all the advancing sons of men. Thank God that he who framed the Declaration, and he who was its foremost champion, both lived to see the nation they had shaped growing to greatness, and to die together, in that marvelous coincidence, on its semi-centennial! The fifty years which have passed since then have only still further honored their work. Mr. Adams was CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 231 mistaken in the day which he named as the one to be most fondly remembered. It was not that on which independence of the empire of Great Britain was formally resolved. It was that on which the reasons were given which justified the act, and the principles were announced which made it of secular significance to mankind. But he would have been absolutely right in saying of the fourth day what he did say of the second: it " will be the most remarkable epoch in the history of America; to be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival, commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to Almighty God, from one end of the continent to the other." It will not be forgotten, in the land or in the earth, until the stars have fallen from their poise; or until our vivid morning star of republican liberty, not losing its lustre, has seen its special brightness fade in the ampler effulgence of a freedom universal. But while we rejoice in that which is past, and gladly recognize the vast organific mystery of life which was in the Declaration, the plans of Providence which slowly and silently, but with ceaseless progression, had led the way to it, the immense and enduring results of good which from it have flowed, let us not forget the duty which always equals privilege, and that of peoples, as well as of persons, to whomsoever much is given, shall only therefore the more be required. Let us consecrate ourselves, each one of us, here, to the further duties which wait to be fulfilled, to the work which shall consummate the great work of the fathers! From scanty soils come richest grapes, and on severe and rocky slopes the trees are often of toughest fibre. The wines of Rudesheim and Johannisberg cannot be grown in the fatness of gardens, and the cedars of Lebanon disdain the levels of marsh and meadow. So a heroism is sometimes native to penury which luxury enervates, and the great resolution which sprang up in the blast, and blossomed under inclement skies, may lose its shapely and steadfast strength when the air is all of summer softness. In exuberant resources is to be the coming American peril; in a swiftly increasing luxury of life. The old humility, hardihood, patience, are too likely to be lost when material success again opens, as it will, all avenues to wealth, and when its brilliant prizes solicit, as again they will, the national spirit. Be it ours to endeavor that that temper of the fathers which was nobler than their work shall live in the children, and exalt to its tone their coming career; that political intelligence, patriotic devotion, a reverent spirit toward Him who is above, an exulting expectation of the future of the world, and a sense of our relation to it, shall be, as of old, essential forces in our public 2.32 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. life; that education and religion keep step all the time with the nation's advance, and the school and the church be always at home wherever its flag shakes out its folds. In a spirit worthy the memories of the past let us set ourselves to accomplish the tasks which, in the sphere of national politics, still await completion. We burn the sunshine of other years when we ignite the wood or coal upon our hearths. We enter a privilege which ages have secured, in our daily enjoyment of political freedom. While the kindling glow irradiates our homes, let it shed its lustre on our spirit, and quicken it for its further work. Let us fight against the tendency of educated men to reserve themselves from politics, remembering that no other form of human activity is so grand or effective as that which affects, first the character, and then the revelation of character in the government, of a great and free people. Let us make religious dissension here, as a force in politics, as absurd as witchcraft.* Let party names be nothing to us, in comparison with that costly and proud inheritance of liberty and of law which parties exist to conserve and enlarge, which any party will have here to maintain if it would not be buried, at the next crossroads, with a stake through its breast. Let us seek the unity of all sections of the republic, through the prevalence in all of mutual respect, through the assurance in all of local freedom, through the mastery in all of that supreme spirit which flashed from the lips of Patrick Henry, when he said, in the first Continental Congress, "I am not a Virginian, but an American." Let us take care that labor maintains its ancient place of privilege and honor, and that industry has no fetters imposed, of legal restraint or of social discredit, to hinder its work or to lessen its wage. Let us turn, and overturn, in public discussion, in political change, till we secure a civil service honorable, intelligent and worthy of the land, in which capable integrity, not partizan zeal, shall be the condition of each public trust; and let us resolve that whatever it may cost of labor and of patience, of sharper economy and of general sacrifice, it shall come to pass that wherever American labor toils, wherever American enterprise plans, wherever American commerce reaches, thither again shall go, as of old, the country's coin the American eagle, with the encircling stars and golden plumes. In a word, fellow-citizens, the moral life of the nation being ever renewed, *Cromwell is sometimes considered a bigot. His rule on this subject is therefore the more worthy of record: " Sir, the state, in choosing men to serve it, takes no notice of their opinions; if they be willing faithfully to serve it, that satisfies. * * * Take heed of being sharp, or too easily sharpened by others, against those to whom you can object little, but that they square not with you in every opinion concerning matters of religion. If there be any other offense to be charged upon him, that must, in a judicial way, receive determination."-Letter to Major-General Crawford, 10th March, 1643. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 233 all advancement -and timely reform will come as comes the bourgeoning of the tree from the secret force which fills its veins. Let us each of us live, then, in the blessing and the duty of our great citizenship, as those who are conscious of unreckoned indebtedness to a heroic and prescient past, the grand and solemn lineage of whose freedom runs back beyond Bunker Hill or the Mayflower, runs back beyond muniments and memories of men, and has the majesty of far centuries on it. Let us live as those for whom God hid a continent from the world, till He could open all its scope to the freedom and faith of gathered peoples, from many lands, to be a nation to His honor and praise. Let us live as those to whom He commits the magnificent trust of blessing peoples many and far, by the truths which He has made our life, and by the history which He helps us to accomplish. Such relation to a past ennobles this transient and vanishing life. Such a power of influence on'the distant and the future, is the supremest terrestrial privilege. It is ours, if we will, in the mystery of that spirit which has an immortal and a ubiquitous life. With the swifter instruments now in our hands, with the land compacted into one immense embracing home, with the world opened to the interchange of thought, and thrilling with the hopes that now animate its life, each American citizen has superb opportunity to make his influence felt afar, and felt for long. Let us not be unmindful of this ultimate and inspiring lesson of the hour. By all the memories of the past, by all the impulse of the present, by the noblest instincts of our own souls, by the touch of His sovereign spirit upon us, God make us faithful to the work, and to Him, that so not only this city may abide, in long and bright tranquillity of peace, when our eyes have shut forever on street, and spire, and populous square; that so the land, in all its future, may reflect an influence from this anniversary; and that, when another century has passed, the sun which then ascends the heavens may look on a world advanced and illumined beyond our thought, and here may behold the same great nation, born of struggle, baptized into liberty, and in its second terrific trial purchased by blood, then expanded and multiplied till all the land blooms at its touch, and still one in its life, because still pacific, Christian, free! 234 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. THE PROGRESS OF LIBERTY.* I salute you, my fellow-countrymeln, with a cheer of welcome on this joyous day, when forty millions of human voices rise up with one accord to heaven, in grateful benisons for the mercies showered on three successive generations of the race, by the Great Disposer of events, during the hundred years that have passed away. Yet far be it from us to glory in this anniversary festival with any spirit of ostentation, as if assuming to be the very elect of God's creatures. Let us rather join in humble but earnest supplication for the continuance of that support from aloft by reason of which a small, and weak, and scattered band have been permitted so to grow into strength as now to command a recognized position among the leading powers of the earth. THE EUROPEAN AND THE INDIAN. Less than three centuries since, the European explorer first set his foot on these northern shores, with a view to occupation. He found a primitive race aspiring scarcely higher than to the common enjoyment of animal existence, and slow to respond to any nobler call. How long they had continued in the same condition there was little evidence to determine. But enough has been since gathered to justify the belief that advance never could have been one of their attributes. Without forecast and insensible to ambition, after long experience and earnest effort to elevate them, the experiment of civilization must be admitted to have failed. The North American Indian never could have improved the state he was in when first found here. He must be regarded merely as the symbol of continuous negation, of the everlasting rotation of the present, not profiting by tfhe experience of the past, and feebly sensible of the possibilities of the future. The European at last came in upon him, and the scene began at once to change. The magnificence of nature presented to his view, to which the native had been blind, at once stimulated his passion to develop its advantages by culture, and ere long the wilderness began to blossom as the rose. The hum of industry was heard to echo in every valley, and it ascended every mountain. A new people had appeared, animated by a spirit which enlisted labor without stint, and directed it in channels of beauty and of use. With eyes steadily fixed upon the future, and their sturdy sinews braced to the immediate task, there is no cause for wonder that the sparse but earnest *The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, at Taunton, Massachusetts. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 235 adventurers who first set foot on the soil of the new continent should have, in the steady progress of time, made good the aspirations with which they began, of founding a future happy home for ever-increasing millions of their race. Between two such forces, the American Indian, who dwells only in the present, and the European pioneer, who fixes his gaze so steadily on the future, the issue of a struggle could end only in one way. Whilst the one goes on dwindling even to the prospect of ultimate extinction, the other spreads peace and happiness among numbers increasing over the continent with a rapidity never before equaled in the records of civilization. PAST AND PRESENT. But here it seems as if I catch a sound of rebuke from afar in another quarter of the globe. "Come now," says the hoary denizen of ancient Africa, "this assurance on the part of a new people like you is altogether intolerable. You of a race starting only, as if yesterday, with your infant civilization, what nonsense to pride yourself on your petty labors, when you have not an idea of the magnitude of the works and the magnificence of the results obtained from them, in our fertile regions, by a population refined long and long and long before you and your boasted new continent were even dreamed of in the march of mankind. Just come over here to the land of Egypt, flowing with milk and honey. Cast a glance at our temples and pyramids, at our lakes and rivers, and even our tombs, erected so long since that nobody can tell when. Observe the masterly skill displayed in securing durability, calling for a colresponding contribution of skilled labor from myriads of workmen to complete them. Consider, further, that even that holy book, which you yourselves esteem as embodying the highest conception of the Deity, and lessons of morals continually taught among you to this day, had its origin substantially from here. Remember that all this happened before the development of the boasted Greek and Roman cultivation, and be modest with pretensions for your land of yesterday, of any peculiar merit for your aspirations to advance mankind." To all of which interjection of my African prompter, I make but a short reply. By his own showing he appeals only to what was ages ago, and not to what now is. What are the imperishable monuments constructed so long since, but memorials of an obsolete antiquity, to be gazed upon by the wandering traveler as examples never to be copied. If once devoted to special forms of Divine worship, the faith that animated the structures has not simply lost its vitality, but has been buried in oblivion forever. What are the catacombs but futile efforts to perpetuate mere matter after the living principle has vanished 236 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. away? Why not have applied what they cost to advance the condition of the rising generations? How about the sacred book to which you refer? Does it not record an account of an emigration of an industrious and conscientious people compelled to fly by reason of the recklessness of an ignorant ruler? And how has it been ever since? Although conceded by nature one of the most favored regions of the earth, the general tendency has been far from indicating a corresponding degree of prosperity. Even the splendid memorials of long past ages testify by the solitude around them only to the folly of indulging in vain aspirations. The conclusion, then, to be drawn from such a spectacle, is not a vision of life, but of death; not of hope, but of despair. ADVANCEMENT THE OBJECT OF THE FUTURIE. I have thus presented to you in this picture the three types of humanity as exemplified in the social systems of the world. Whilst the African represents the past, and the Indian clings only to the present, it is left to the European and his congener in America persistently to follow in the future the great object of the advancement of mankind. 1, The retrograde. 2, The stationary. 3, The advance. Which is it to be with us? We can only judge of the future by what it has been in the past. Is there or is there not a peculiar element, not found in either of the other races, which has shown so much vigor in the American during the past century as to give him a fair right to count upon large improvement in time to come? I confidently answer for him that there is. That element is his devotion to the principle of liberty. Do you ask me where to find it in words? Turn we then at once to the immortal scroll ever firmly fastened into the solemnities of this our great anniversary. There lies imbedded in a brief sentence, more of living and pervading force than could have ever been applied to secure permanence to all the vast monuments of Egypt or of the world. We all know it well, but still I repeat it: "We know these truths to be self-evident: 1, That all men are created equal. 2, That they are endowed by their Creator with inalienable rights. 3, That among them are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." I have considered these significant words as vested with a virtue so subtle as certain ultimately to penetrate the abodes of mankind all over the world. But I separate them altogether from the solemn array of charges against King George, which immediately follow in the Declaration. These may have been just or they may not. In the long interval of time which has passed, ample opportunity has been given to examine the allegations with more calmness than when they were just made. May I venture to express a modest doubt CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 237 whether the sovereign was in reality such a cruel tyrant as he is painted, and whether the ministers were so malignantly deaf to the appeals of colonial consanguinity as readers of this day may be led, from the language used, to infer. Thle passage of a hundred years ought to inspire calmess in revising all judicial decisions in history. Let us, above all, be sure that we are right. May I be permitted to express an humble belief that thle grave errors of both sovereien. ministers and neo)le. were not so much rooted in a slnirit of willful and passionate tyranny, as of supercilious indifference; the same errors, I might add, which have marked the policy of that nation in later times, down to a comparatively recent date. A very little show of sympathy, a ready ear to listen to alleged grievances, perhaps graceful concessions made in season, a disposition to look at colonists rather as brethren than as servants to squeeze something out of; in short, fellowship and not haughtiness might have kept our affections as Englishmen, perhaps, down to this day. The true grievance was the treatment of the colonies as a burden instead of a blessing; an object out of which to get as much and to which to give as little as possible. Least of all was there any conception of cultivating common affections and a common interest. The consequence of the mistake thus made was not only the gradual and steady alienation of the people, but to teach them habits of self-reliance. Then came at last the appeal to brute force-and all was over. Such seems to be the true cause of the breach, and not so much willful tyranny. And it appears, in my opinion at least, quite as justifiable a cause for the separation, as any or all of the more vehement accusations so elaborately accumulated in the great Declaration of 1776. Passing from this digression, let me resume the consideration of the effect of the adoption of the great seminal principle which I have already pointed out as the pillar of fire illuminating the whole of our later path as an independent people. That this light has been no mere flashy, flickering, or uncertain guide, but steadily directing us toward the attainment of new and great results, beneficial not more immediately to ourselves than incidentally to the progress of the other nations of the world, it will be the object of this address to explain. LET US REVIEW THE CENTURY. The motto shall be EXCELSIOR. And first of all appears as a powerful influence of the new doctrine of freedom, though indirectly applied, the co-operation with us in our struggle, of the sovereign, Louis the Sixteenth, and the sympathy of the people of France. 31 238 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. This topic would of itself suffice for an address, but I have so much more to say relative to ourselves, as a directing power, that I must content myself with simply recalling to your minds what France was in 1778, when governed by an absolute monarch co-operating with us in establishing our principle, but solely for the motive of depressing Great Britain, and what she is in this our Centennial year, an independent republic; after long and severe tribulation, at last deliberately ranging herself as a disciple of our school, frankly recognizing the force of our sovereign law. Our struggle for freedom had been some time over, when the arduous task of restoring order by the co-operation of the whole sense of the people in organizing an effective form of government, the first experiment of the kind in history, was crowned by the simultaneous selection by that people of a true hero who, having proved himself an eminent leader and trusty guide through the perils of a seven years' conflict, was called to labor with even greater glory as a successful guide of liberty toward the arts of peace. Looking from this point of time in -the year 1789, when an original experiment, the latest and most deliberate ever attempted, was on the verge of trial, it now becomes my duty to pass in review the chief results which have been secured by it to the human race during the past century. Has it succeeded or has it failed? Above all, what has it done directly and indirectly in expanding the influence of its great doctrine of liberty, not merely at home, but over the wide surface of sea and land-nay, the great globe itself. Washington was President, but he had not had time to collect together his cabinet and distribute his work when events occurred which demanded immediate attention. Without waiting for the advent of Jefferson, whom he had chosen as his aid in the department of foreign affairs, he drew with his own hand certain papers of instructions, which he committed to the charge of Mr. Gouverneur Morris, then about to sail for Great Britain, with directions promptly to confer with the British minister thereon. Mr. Morris went out and communicated at once with the foreign secretary, the Duke of Leeds. The object was to negotiate a treaty of commerce, a very necessary measure at the time, but was soon put aside by another and much more embarrassing difficulty. It had been reported to Mr. Morris that several persons, claiming to be American citizens, when walkiig in the streets of London, suspecting no guile, had been, after the fashion of that day, pounced upon by a press-gang and put on board of British vessels to serve as seamen, whether they would or no. Here was the beginning of a question of personal freedom, started out of the earth at once, which no American agent could venture to' trifle with. Although CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 239 without special instructions, Mr. Morris did not hesitate a moment to submit the grievance to the consideration of the minister. That dignitary contented himself with an evasive answer, and the plea of the difficulty of distinguishing between citizens speaking the same language, and such became the standing pretext for the seizure of Americans for many years. The act itself, looked at in our present light, seems to have been brutal enough even when applied to subjects. How much more intolerable when invading the liberty of men bearing no allegiance to the crown. I doubt whether many of you will believe me when I tell you how many Americans underwent this kind of slavery. It appears from the official papers that in 1798, six hundred and fifty-one persons were recorded as in this condition. Eight years later the return is increased to two thousand two hundred and seventy-three, and the year after it amounted to four thousand two hundred and twenty-nine. The most flagrant act of all was the seizure of several men on board of the Chesapeake, an American vesselof.war, by a formal order of an admiral of a British frigate on the coast. The ultimate consequence of the equivocating course of Great Britain was that this grievance proved the chief cause of the war of 1812. If ever there was a question of liberty under the definition of 1776, it seems to have been this, and the successive Presidents who were in office during the period, though themselves natives and citizens of a region little liable to suffer from the apprehended evil, were not the least energetic and determined on that account in maintaining the right. On the other hand, this case is not without its lesson of the danger of infatuation in politics when we find that the resentment for these attacks upon liberty burned with far the most qualified ardor in the region where the population most frequented the seas. The singular spectacle then followed of the perseverance of those eminent statesmen in upholding, even at the cost of war, the rights of that portion of their brethren furthest removed from their own homesteads, which were free from danger; while many habitants of the coast were absolutely exhausting all the vials of their wrath upon the same distinguished statesmen, for laboring, even at the cost of war, to secure the safety on land and water, of persons actually their nearest neighbors and friends. The result, you all know, was the war, waged under the cry of "free trade and sailors' rights." A severe trial, but abundantly rewarded by the security gained for liberty. From the date of the peace with Great Britain down to the present hour no cause of complaint has occurred for the impressment of a single American citizen. No difficulty in- distinguishing citizenship has been experienced, even though little change has been made in the use of the 240 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. language common to both nations. In short, no more men have been taken, whether on land or on the ocean, by force, on any pretense whatever. Singularly enough, however, fifty years later a question of parallel import suddenly sprang up, which for the moment threatened to present the same nations in a position precisely reversed. A naval commander of a United States war vessel assumed the right to board a British passenger steamer crossing the sea on her way home, and to seize and carry off two American citizens just as British officers had done to us in former times. This proceeding was immediately resented, and the consequence was a new step in favor of liberty on the ocean, for the security of the civilized world. The great waters are now open to all nations, and the flag of any nation covers all who sail unlder it in times of peace. And Great Britain herself, too often in days long gone by meriting the odious title of tyrant of the ocean, by assuming that principle in the instance spoken of, andc likewise by resorting to other and better means than the horrors of the press-gang, has not only raised the character of her own marine, but has pledged herself to follow in the very same path of humanity and civilization first marked out by our example. Such is the first instance of the direct effect upon human liberty of the law proclaimed a hundred years ago. I proceed to consider the second: In this' year of our Lord, 1876, on looking back uponl the early events of the century, it seems almost impossible to believe that human rights should have been then held in so much contempt on the high seas, and that by nations as despicable in character as weak in absolute force. As early as the year 1785, two American vessels following their course peaceably over the ocean, were boarded. by ships fitted out by the Algerines, then occupying an independent position on the Mediterranean coast. The vessels were pIlutdered, and the crew, nrumbering t-wenty7-one American freemen, taken to Algiers and sold for slaves. Instead of protestation and remonstrance, and fitting out vessels-of-war to retort upon this insolent pirate, what did we first do? What but to pray the assistance and intervention of such a feeble power as Sweden to help us out of our distress, and money was to be offered, not merely to ransom the slaves, but to bribe the barbarian not to do so any more. Of course, he went to work more vigorously than before, and his demands became more imperious and exacting. The patience of the great powers of Europe, whom he treated with little more deference, only furnished one more example of the ease with which mere audacity may for a time secure advantages which will never be gained by fair dealing and good will. To an American of to-day, it is inexpressibly CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 241 mortifying to review the legislation of the country on this matter at that time. It appears that so early as the year 1791, President Washington, in the third year of his service, in his speech to Congress, first called, the attention of that body to the subject. On the fifteenth of December the Senate referred the matter to a committee, which in due course of time reported a resolution to this effect: Resolved, That the Senate advise and consent that the President take such measures as he may think necessary for the redemption of the citizens of the United States now in captivity at Algiers, provided —(mind you)-provided the expense shall not exceed $40,000. Congress did not think of looking at the Declaration of Independence, but they passed the resolution. And what was the natural consequence? The consular officer established by the United States in Algiers, on learning the result, approved it, but added this significant sentence: "I take the liberty to observe that there is no doing any business in this country without palming the ministry." The logic of all this was, that the best way to keep our people free was to make it worth the while of this ministry to make them slaves. The natural consequence was that the cost of these operations ultimately exceeded $1,000,000, and the example had set the kindred Barbary powers in an agony for a share of the plunder. In February, 1802, the gross amount of expenditure to pacify these pirates and man-stealers had risen to $2,500,000, a sum large enough, if properly expended' on a naval force, to have cleared them out at a stroke. No wonder, then, that President Jefferson should presently begin to recur to his draft of the Declaration of Independence. Though never very friendly to the navy, he saw that freedom was at stake, hence in his annual message in 1803 he suggested fitting out a small force for the Mediterranean, in order to restrain the Tripoline cruisers, and added that the uncertain tenure of peace with several other of the Barbary powers might eventually require even a re-enforcement. So said Jefferson to Congress-but his words were not responded to with promptness, and the evil went on increasing. The insolence of all the petty Barbary states only fattened by what it fed on, until the freedom of American. seamen in the Mediterranean was measured only by the sums that could be paid for their ransom. There is no more ignominious part of our history than this. Driven at last to a conviction of the impolicy of such a course, President Madison, having succeeded to the chair, on the 23d of February sent a message to Congress recommending a declaration of war. The two Houses, which had 242 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. become likewise convinced that money voted Ito that end would go further for freedom than any bribes, now responded promptly to the call. A naval expedition was sent out, and on the fifth of December, nine months after his adoption of the new policy, the President had a noble opportunity of reporting to the same.body a triumphant justification of his measure. The gallant Decatur had restored the law of freedom in this quarter forever. Mr. Madison tells the story in these words: I have the satisfaction to communicate to you the successful termination of the war. The squadron in advance on that service, under Commodore Decatur, lost not a moment after its arrival in the Mediterranean in seeking the naval force of the enemy then cruising in that sea, and succeeded in capturing two of his ships. The high character of the American commander was brilliantly sustained on the occasion, who brought his own ship into close action with that of his adversary. Having prepared the way by this demonstration of American skill and prowess, he hastened to the port of Algiers, where peace was promptly yielded to his victorious force. In the terms stipulated, the right and honor of the United States were particularly consulted by a perpetual relinquishment by the Dey of all pretense of tribute from them. The Dey subsequently betrayed his inclination to break the treaty, and ventured to demand a renewal of the annual tribute which had been so weakly yielded; but the hour had passed for listening to feeble counsels. The final answer was the declaration that the United States preferred war to tribute and freedom to slavery. They therefore insisted upon the observation of the treaty, which abolished forever the right to tribute or to the enslaving of American citizens. There never has been since a question about the right to navigate the Mediterranean, free from all danger of the loss of personal freedom. It is due to the government of Great Britain to add that, following up this example, Lord Exmouth with his fleet at last put a final stop to all further pretenses of these barbarians to annoy the navigation of that sea. France has since occupied the kingdom of Algiers, and the abolition of slavery there was one of its early decrees. Thus has happened the liberation of that superb region of the world, the nursery of more of its civilization than any other, from all further danger of relapsing into barbarism. And America may fairly claim the credit of having initiated in modern times the law of personal freedom over the surface of that classical sea. PIRACY SUPPRESSED. I have now done with the second example of the progress of the great principle enunciated in the celebrated scroll set forth a hundred years ago. America had contributed greatly to this result, but a moment was rapidly approaching when her agency was to be invoked in a region much nearer home. The CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 243 younger generations now coming into active life will doubtless be astonished to learn that not much more than half a century ago there still survived a class of men harbored in the West Indies, successors of the bold buccaneers who, in the seventeenth century, became the terror to the navigation of those seas. They will wonder still more when I tell them that both ships and men were not only harbored in some ports of the United States, but were actually fitted out with a view to the plunder that might be levied upon the legitimate trade pursued by their own countrymen as well as people of all other nations, in and around the islands of the Caribbean Sea. That I am not exaggerating in this statement, I shall show by merely reading to you a short extract from a report made by a committee of the House of Representatives of the United States in the year 1821: "The extent," it says, "to which the system of plunder is carried in the West India seas and Gulf of Mexico is truly alarming, and calls imperiously for the prompt and efficient interposition of the general government. Some fresh instance of the atrocity with which the pirates infesting these seas carry on their depredations, accompanied, too, by the indiscriminate massacre of the defenseless and unoffending, is brought by almost every mail-so that the intercourse between the northern and southern sections of the Union is almost cut off." My friends, this picture, painted from an official source, dates back little more than fifty-five years ago! Could we believe it as possible that liberty and life guaranteed by our solemn declaration of 1776 should have been found so insecure in our own immediate neighborhood, at a time, too, when we were boasting in thousands of orations, on this our anniversary, of the great progress we had made in securing both against violence? And the worst of it all was that some even of our own countrymen should have been suspected of being privy to such raids. I shall touch this matter no further than to say that not long afterward adequate preparations were made to remove this pestilent annoyance, and to re-establish perfect freedom all over these waters. This work was so effectively performed in 1824, that from that time to this personal liberty has been as secure there as in any other best protected part of the globe. Such is my third example of the practical advance of human freedom under the trumpet call made one hundred years ago. THE SLAE SLAVE TRADE. I come now to a fou a fourth and more stupendous measure following that call. The world-wide, famous author of it had not been slow to grasp the conception that the abolition of all trade in slaves must absolutely follow as a corollary 244 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. from his general principle. The strongest proof of it is found in the original draft of his paper, wherein he directly charged it as one of the greatest grievances inflicted upon liberty by the King,/ that he had countenanced the trade. The passage is one of the finest in the paper, and deserves to be repeated to-day. It is in these words: He, the King, has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death on their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian King of Great Britain. Determined to keep open a market where men should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain the execrable commerce. There is no passage so fine as this in the Declaration. Unfortunately, it hit too hard on some interests close at home, which proved strong enough to have it dropped from the final draft. But though lost there, its essence, almost coeval with the first publication of Granville Sharp, in England, on the same subject, undoubtedly pervaded the agitation which never ceased in either country until legislation secured a final triumph. The labors of Sharp and Wilberforce, of Clarkson and Buxton, and their companions, have placed them upon an eminence of honor throughout the world. But their struggle, which began in 1787, was not terminated for a period of twenty years. On the other hand, it appears in the statute-book in 1794 that it was enacted by the Congress of the United States, "That no vessel shall be fitted for the purpose of carrying on any traffic in slaves to any foreign country, or for procuring from any foreign country the inhabitants thereof, to be disposed of as slaves." This act was followed in due course by others, which, harmonizing with the action of foreign nations, is believed to have put an effective and permanent stop to one of the vilest abominations, as conducted on the ocean, that was ever tolerated in the records of time. But all this laborious effort had been directed only against the cruelties practiced in the transportation of negro slaves over the seas. It did not touch the question of his existing condition, or of his right to be free. LIBERTY TO ALL. This brings me to the fifth and greatest of all fruits of the charter of independence, the proclamation of liberty to the captive through a great part of the globe. The seed that had been sown broadcast over the world fell much as described in the Scripture, some of it sprouting too early, as in France, and yielding none but bitter fruit, but more, after living in the CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 245 ground many years, producing results most propitious to the advancement of mankind. It would be tedious for me to go into details describing the progress of a movement that has changed the face of civilization. The principle enunciated in our precious scroll has done its work in Great Britain and in France, and most of all in the immense expanse of the territories of the autocrat of all the Russias, who, of his own mere motion, proclaimed that noble decree which liberated from serfdom, at one stroke, twenty-three millions of the human race. This noble act will remain forever one of the grandest steps toward the elevation of mankind ever taken by the will of a sovereign of any race, in any age. But though freely conceding the spontaneous volition of the Czar in this instance, I do not hesitate to affirm that but for the subtle essence infused into the political conscience of the age by the great Declaration of 1776, he would never have been inspired with the lofty magnanimity essential to the completion of so great a work. COMPLET'E ESTABLISHMENT OF' THE PIrINCIPLE OF LIBERTY. I come next and last to the remembrance of the fearful conflict for the complete establishment of the grand principle to which we had pledged ourselves at the very outset of our national career, and out of which we have, by the blessing of the Almighty, come safe and sound. The history is so fresh in our minds that there is no need of recalling its details, neither would I do so if there were, on a day like this consecrated to the harmony of the nation. Never was the first aspect of any contention surrounded by darker clouds, yet viewing as we must its actual issue, at no time has there ever been more reason to rejoice in the present, and look forward with confidence to a still more brilliant future. Now that the agony is over, who is there that will not admit that he is not relieved at the removal of the ponderous burden which weighed down our spirits in earlier days? The great law proclaimed at the beginning has been at last fully carried out. No more apologies for inconsistency to caviling and evilminded objectors. No more unwelcome comparisons with the superior liberality of absolute monarchs in distant regions of the earth. Thank God, now there is not a man who treads the soil of this broad land, void of offense, who in the eye of the law does not stand on the same level with every other man. If the memorable words of Thomas Jefferson, that true Apostle of Liberty, had done only this, it would alone serve to carry him aloft, high up among the benefactors of mankind. Not America alone, but Europe and Asia, and above all Africa, nay the great globe itself, move in an orbit never so resplendent as on this very day. 32 246 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. Let me then sum up in brief the results arrived at by the enunciation of the great law of liberty in 1776: 1, It opened the way to the present condition of France. 2, It brought about perfect security for liberty on the broad and narrow seas. 3, It set the example of abolishing the slave trade, which, in its turn, prompted the abolition of slavery itself by Great Britain, France, Russia, and last of all, by our own country too. Standing now on this vantage ground, gained from the severe struggle of the past, the inquiry naturally presents itself, What have we left for us to do? To which I will frankly answer, much. It is no part of my disposition, even on the brightest of our festival days, to deal in indiscriminate laudation, or even to cast a flimsy veil over the less favorable aspects of our national position. I will not deny that many of the events that have happened since our escape from the last great peril, indicate more forcibly than I care to admit, some decline from that high standard of moral and political purity for which we have ever before been distinguished. The adoration of Mammon, described by the poet as the "least erected spirit that fell From Heaven; for e'en in Heaven his looks and thoughts Were always downward bent," Has done something to impair the glory earned by our preceding sacrifices. For myself, while sincerely mourning the mere possibility of stain touching our garments, I feel not the less certainty that the heart of the people remains as pure as ever. WASHINGTON. One of the strongest muniments to save us from all harm it gives me pride to remind you of, especially on this day-I mean the memory of the example of Washington. Whatever misfortune may betide us, of one thing we may be sure, that the study of that model by the rising youth of our land can never fail to create a sanative force potent enough to counteract every poisonous element in the political atmosphere. Permit me for a few moments to dwell upon this topic, for I regard it as closely intertwined with much of the success we have hitherto enjoyed as an independent people. Far be it from me to raise a visionary idol. I have lived too long to trust in mere panegyric. Fulsome eulogy of any man raises with me only a smile. Indiscriminate laudation is equivalent to falsehood. Washington, as I understand him, was gifted with nothing ordinarily defined CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 247 as genius, and he had not had great advantages of education. His intellectual powers were clear, but not much above the average men of his time. What knowledge he possessed had been gained from association with others in his long public career, rather than by study. As an actor he scarcely distin. guished himself by more than one brilliant stroke; as a writer, the greater part of his correspondence discloses nothing more than average natural good sense; on the field of battle his powers pale before the splendid strategy of Napoleon Bonaparte. Yet, notwithstanding all these deductions, the thread of his life from youth to age displays a maturity of judgment, a consistency of principle, a firmness of purpose, a steadiness of action, a discriminating wisdom, and a purity of intention, hardly found united to the same extent in any other instance I can recall in history. Of his entire disinterestedness in all his pecuniary relations with the public it is needless for me to speak. Who ever suspected him of a stain? More than all and above all, he was throughout master of himself. If there be one quality more than another in his character which may exercise a useful control over the men of the present hour, it is the total disregard of. self, when in the most exalted positions for influence and example. In order more fully to illustrate my position, let me for one moment contrast his course with that of the great military chief I have already named. The star of Napoleon was just rising to its zenith as that of Washington passed away. In point of military genius Napoleon probably equaled if he did not exceed any person known in history. In regard to the direction of the interests of a nation he may be admitted to have held a very high place. He inspired an energy and a vigor in the veins of the French people which they sadly needed after the demoralizing sway of generations of Bourbon kings. With even a small modicum of the wisdom so prominent in Washington, he too might have left a people to honor his memory down to the latest times. But it was not to be. Do you ask the reason? It is this. His motives of action always centered in self. His example gives a warning, but not a guide. For when selfishness animates a ruler there is no cause of wonder if he sacrifice, without scruple, an entire generation of men as a holocaust to the great principle of evil, merely to maintain or extend his sway. Had Napoleon copied the example of Washington he might have been justly idol of all the later generations in France. For Washington to have copied the example of Napoleon would have been simply impossible. Let us, then, discarding all inferior strife, hold up to our children the example of Washington as the symbol, not merely of wisdom, but of purity 248 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL; and truth. Let us labor continually to keep the advance in civilization as it becomes us to do after the struggles of the past, so that the rights to life and liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which we have honorably secured, may be firmly entailed upon the ever-enlarging generations of mankind. EXCELSIOR. And what is it, I pray you tell me, that has brought us to the celebration of this most memorable day? Is it not the steady cry of excelsior up to the most elevated regions of political purity, secured to us by the memory of those who have passed before us and consecrated the very ground occupied by their ashes? Glorious indeed may it be said of it in the words of the poet: What's hallow'c ground?'Tis what gives birth To sacred thoughts in souls of worthPeace! Independence! Truth! go forth Earth's compass round. And your high priesthood shall make earth All hallowed ground. THE SIGNIERS OF THE DECLTARA TION.* JEFFERSON AND ADA3IS. John Adams will be remembered and honored forever, in every true American heart, as the acknowledged champion of independence in the Continental Congress-" coming out with a power which moved us from our seats "-" our Colossus on the floor." And when we recall the circumstances of his deaththe year, the day, the hour-and the last words upon his dying lips, "Independlence forever"-who can help feeling that there was some mysterious tie holding back his heroic spirit from the skies, until it should be set free amid the exulting shouts of his country's first National Jubilee! But not his heroic spirit alone! In this rapid survey of the men assembled at Philadelphia a hundred years ago to-day, I began with Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, and I end with John Adams, of Massachusetts, and no one can * Hon. Robert C. Winthrop gave the oration on the Centennial Fourth, in Boston, his theme being the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The more prominent actors-Jefferson, Sherman, Hancock, Franklin, the Adamses-are sketched somewhat fully, with incidental mention of most of the other signers. The space allotted to this chapter of the present work will permit only the reproduction of the concluding portions of the oration that have the more general application. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 249 hesitate to admit that, under God, they were the very alpha and omega of that day's doings - the pen and the tongue- the masterly author, and the no less masterly advocate, of the Declaration. And now, my friends, what legend of ancient Rome, or Greece, or Egypt, what myth of prehistoric mythology, what story of Herodotus, or fable of iEsop, or metamorphosis of Ovid, would have seemed more fabulous and mythical —did it rest on any remote or doubtful tradition, or had not so many of us lived to be startled, and thrilled, and awed by it -than the fact that these two men, under so many different circumstances, and surroundings, of age, and constitution, and climate, widely distant from each other, living alike in quiet neighborhoods, remote from the smoke and stir of cities, and long before railroads and telegraphs had made any advances toward the annihilation or abridgment of space, should have been released to their rest and. summoned to the skies, not only on the same day, but that day the Fourth of July, and that Fourth of July the fiftieth anniversary of that great Declaration which they had contended for and carried through so triumphantly side by side! What an added emphasis Jefferson would have given to the inscription on this little desktf-"Politics, as well as religion, has its superstitions,"-could he have foreseen the close even of his own life, much more the simultaneous close of these two lives, on the day of days! Oh, let me not admit the idea of superstition! Let me rather reverently say, as Webster said at the time, in that magnificent eulogy which left so little for any one else to say as to the lives or deaths of Adams and Jefferson':'As their lives themselves were the gifts of Providence, who is not willing to recognize in their happy termination, as well as in their long continuance, proofs that our country and its benefactors are objects of His care!" And now another fifty years have passed'away, and we are holding our high Centennial festival; and still that most striking, most impressive, most memorable coincidence in all American history, or even in the authentic records of mankind, is without a visible monument anywhere! In the interesting little city of Weimar, renowned as the resort and residence of more than one of the greatest philosophers and poets of Germany, t Mr. Winthrop had previously, in speaking of Mr. Jeffelson, exhibited a small writing-desk having the inscription on its face, dated Monticello, November 18, 1825: "Thlomas Jefferson gives this writing desk to Joseph Coolidge, Junr., as a memorial of his affection. It was made from a drawing of his own, by Ben Randall, cabinet-maklier, of Philadelphia, with whom he first lodged on his arrival in that city, in May, 1776, and is the identical one on which he wrote the Declaration of Independence. Politics, as well as religion, has its superstitions. These, gaining strength with time, may, one day, give imaginary value to this relic, for its association with the birth of the Great Charter of our Independence." 250 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. many a traveler must have seen and admired the charming statues of Goethe and Schiller, standing side by side and hand in hand, on a single pedestal, and offering, as it were, the laurel wreath of literary priority or pre-eminence to each other. Few nobler works of art, in conception or execution, can be found on the continent of Europe. And what could be a worthier or a juster commemoration of the marvelous coincidence of which I have just spoken, and of the men who are the subjects of it, and of the Declaration with which, alike in their lives and in their deaths, they are so peculiarly and so signally associated, than just such a monument, with the statues of Adams and Jefferson, side by side and hand in hand, upon the same base, pressing upon each other, in mutual acknowledgment and deference, the victor palm of triumph for which they must ever be held in common and equal honor! It would be a new tie between Massachusetts and Virginia. It would be a new bond of that union which is the safety and glory of both. It would be a new pledge of that restored good-will between the North and South, which is the herald and harbinger of a second century of national independence. It would be a fit recognition of the great hand of God in our history. * But before all other statues, let us have those of Adams and Jefferson on a single block, as they stood together a hundred years ago to-day-as they were translated together just fifty years ago to-day:-foremost for independence in their lives, and in their deaths not divided! Next, certainly, to the completion of the national monument to Washington, at the capital, this double statue of this " double star" of the Declaration calls for the contributions of a patriotic people. It would have something of special appropriateness as the first gift to that Boston park, which is to date from this Centennial period. X * - SLAVERY AND THE WAR. And the war went on-bravely fought on both sides, as we all knowuntil, as one of its necessities, slavery was abolished. It fell, at last, under that right of war to abolish it which the late John Quincy Adams had been the first to announce, in the way of warning, more than twenty years before, in my own hearing, on the floor of Congress. I remember well the burst of indignation and derision with which that warning was received. No prediction of Cassandra was ever more scorned than his, and he did not live to witness its verification. But whoever else may have been more immediately and personally instrumental in the final result -the brave soldiers who fought the battles, or the gallant generals who led them-the devoted philanthropists or the ardent statesmen who, in season and out of season, labored for it-the CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 251 martyr President who proclaimed it-the true story of emancipation can never be fairly and fully told without the "old man eloquent,"' who died beneath the roof of the Capitol nearly thirty years ago, being recognized as one of the leading figures of the narrative. But, thanks be to God, who overrules everything for good, that great event, the greatest of our American age-great enough, alone and by itself, to give a name and a character to any age-has been accomplished; and, by His blessing, we present our country to the world this day without a slave, white or black, upon its soil! Thanks be to God not only that our beloved Union has been saved, but that it has been made both easier to save and better worth saving hereafter, by the final solution of a problem before which all human wisdom had stood aghast and confounded for so many generations! Thanks be to God, and to Him be all the praise and the glory, we can read the great words of the Declaration, on this Centennial anniversary, without reservation or evasion: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The legend on that new colossal Pharos at Long Island may now indeed be, "Liberty enlightening the world." DUTIES OF THIE FUTURE. We come, then, to-day, fellow-citizens, with hearts full of gratitude to God and man, to pass down our country and its institutions —not wholly without scars and blemishes upon their front-not without shadows on the past, or clouds on the future but freed forever from at least one great stain, and firmly rooted in the love and loyalty of a united people-to the generations which are to succeed us. And what shall we say to those succeeding generations as we commit the sacred trust to their keeping and guardianship? If I could hope, without presumption, that any humble counsels of mine, on this hallowed anniversary, could be remembered beyond the hour of their utterance, and reach the ears of my countrymen in future days; if I could borrow "the masterly pen" of Jefferson, and produce words which should partake of the immortality of those which he wrote on this little desk; if I could command the matchless tongue of John Adams, when he poured out appeals and arguments which moved men from their seats, and settled the destinies of a nation; if I could catch but a single spark of those electric fires which Franklin wrested from the skies, and flash down a phrase, a word, a thought, along the magic chords which stretch. across the ocean of the future-what could I, what would I, say? 252 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. I could not omit, certainly, to reiterate the solemn obligations which rest on every citizen of this republic to cherish and enforce the great principles of our colonial and revolutionary fathers-the principles of liberty and law, one and inseparable-the principles of the Constitution and the Union. I could not omit to urge on every man to remember that self-government politically can only be successful if it be accompanied by self-government personally; that there must be government somewhere; and that if the people are indeed to be sovereigns, they must exercise their sovereignty over themselves individually, as well as over themselves in the aggregate regulating their own lives, resisting their own temptations, subduing their own passions, and voluntarily imposing upon themselves some measure of that restraint and discipline, which, under other systems, is supplied from the armories of arbitrary powerthe discipline of virtue, in the place of the discipline of slavery. I could not omit to caution them against the corrupting influences of intemperance, extravagance, and luxury. I could not omit to warn them against political intrigue, as well as against personal licentiousness; and to implore them to regard principle and character, rather than mere party allegiance, in the choice of men to rule over them. I could not omit to call upon them to foster and further the cause of universal education; to give a liberal support to our schools and colleges; to promote the advancement of science and art, in all their multiplied divisions and relations; and to encourage and sustain all those noble institutions of charity which, in our own land above all others, have given the crowning grace and glory to modern civilization. I could not refrain from pressing upoll them a just and generous consideration for the interests and the rights of their fellow men everywhere, and an earnest effort to promote peace and good will among the nations of the earth. I could not refrain from reminding them of the shame, the unspeakable shame and ignominy, which would attach to those who should show themselves unable to uphold the glorious fabric of self-government which had been founded for them at such a cost by their fathers. And surely, most surely, I could not fail to invoke them to imitate and emulate the examples of virtue, and purity, and patriotism, which the great founders of our colonies and of our nation had so abundantly left them. GREAT AND GOOD MEN. But could I stop there? Could I hold out to them, as the results of a long life of observation and experience, nothing but the principles and examples of great men? CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 253 Who and what are great men? Woe to the country," said Metternich to our own Ticknor, forty years ago, "whose condition and institutions no longel produce great men to manage its affairs." The wily Austrian applied his remark to England at that day; but his woe-if it be a woe-would have a wiler range in our time, and leave hardly any land unreached. Certainly we hear it nowadays, at every turn, that never before has there been so striking a disproportion between supply and demand as at this moment, the world over, in the commodity of great men. But who, and what, are great men? "And now stand forth," says an eminent Swiss historian, who had completed a survey of the whole history of mankind, at the very moment when, as he says, "a blaze of freedom is just bursting forth beyond the ocean,"-"And now stand forth, ye gigantic forms, shades of the first chieftains, and sons of gods, who glimmer among the rocky halls and mountain fortresses of the ancient world; and you, conquerors of the world, from Babylon and from Macedonia; ye Dynasties of Cesars, of Huns, Arabs, Moguls, and Tartars; ye commanders of the Faithful on the Tigris, and commanders of the Faithful on the Tiber; you hoary counselors of kings, and peers of sovereigns; warriors on the car of triumph, covered with scars, and crowned with laurels; ye long rows of consuls and dictators, famed for your lofty minds, your unshaken constancy, your ungovernable spirit, stand forth, and let us survey for a while your assembly, like a council of the Gods! What were ye? The first among mortals? Seldom can you claim that title! The best of men? Still fewer of you have deserved such praise! Were ye the compellers, the instigators of the human race, the prime movers of all their works?. Rather let us say that you were the instruments, that you were the wheels, by whose means the Invisible Being has conducted the incomprehensible fabric of universal government across the ocean of time!" Instruments and wheels of the Invisible Governor of the Universe! This is indeed all which the greatest of men ever have been, or ever can be. No flatteries of courtiers; no adulations of the multitude; no audacity of selfreliance; no intoxications of success; no evolutions or developments of science, can make more or other of them. This is "the sea-mark of their utmost sail"the goal of their furthest run-the very round and top of their highest soaring. Oh, if there could be, to-day, a deeper and more pervading impression of this great truth throughout our land, and a more prevailing conformity of our thoughts, and words, and acts, to the lessons which it involves; if we could lift ourselves to a loftier sense of our relations to the Invisible; if, in surveying our past history, we could catch larger and more exalted views of our destinies 33 254 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. and our responsibilities; if we could realize that the want of good men may be a heavier woe to a land than any want of what the world calls great men, our Centennial year would not only be signalized by splendid ceremonials and magnificent commemorations, and gorgeous expositions, but it would go far toward fulfilling something of the grandeur of that "Acceptable Year" which was announced by higher than human lips, and would be the auspicious promise and pledge of a glorious second century of independence and freedom for our country! FAITH IN TIHE HIGHER AND BETTER. For, if that second century of self-government is to go on safely to its close, or is to go on safely and prosperously at all, there must be some renewal of that old spirit of subordination and obedience to divine as well as human laws, which has been our security in the past. There must be faith in something higher and better than ourselves. There must be a reverent acknowledgment of an unseen, but all-seeing, all-controlling Ruler of the Universe. His Word, His Day, His House, His Worship, must be sacred to our children, as they have been to their fathers; and His blessing must never fail to be invoked upon our land and upon our liberties. The patriot voice which cried from the balcony of yonder old State House, when the Declaration had been originally proclaimed, "Stability and perpetuity to American Independence," did not fail to add, "God save our American States." I would prolong that ancestral prayer. And the last phrase to pass my lips at this hour, and to take its chance of remembrance or oblivion in years to come, as the conclusion of this Centennial oration, and the sum of all I can say to the present or the future, shall be: There is, there can be, no independence of God; in Him, as a nation, no less than in Him, as individuals, "we live, and move, and have our being!' God save our American States! CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 255 II.-EXTRACTS FROM MICHIGAN ORATIONS. THE fact that our Michigan orations do not generally follow any leading idea by which they can be entitled, and that some of them cover the same ground with others, necessitates a deviation from the typographical style of the last chapter. None of the orations are given entire, and, for convenience, the names of authors will hold the leading position as titles, the special topics being sub-headed. Introductory matter is generally omitted, and selections made only of salient points. We will except from these remarks the oration by Mr. T. B. Church, at Grand Rapids, which is given the first place in this chapter, and nearly at full length, the proper title of which should be, "The Contest of Principle." MR. THOMAS B. CHURCH, AT GRAND RAPIDS.* Fellow-Citizens:-The Declaration of Independence, to the reading of which you have just listened, and the one hundredth anniversary of which we have assembled to commemorate, was at once the cause and catastrophe of that great drama, the North American Revolution, whose "swelling scenes" were the dismemberment of the British Empire, and the establishment of confederative republican institutions on this Western Continent. COMMEMORATING THE ERA OF TIHE REVOLUTION. Has an event which is the corner-stone of our national history lost its interest in the minds of men? Are the necessities that led to it, the processes reaching this grand result, now generally and familiarly known and understood? Have our magnificent progress, our unprecedented successes in arts and arms, in statesmanship and war, partially obliterated this primal and seminal transaction from the American memory? - Do we all often enough recur to the era of the Revolution, investigate its history, and imbue our hearts and intellects with its patriotism and its wisdom? How many of our young men, claiming to be intelligent; how many of our lawyers, claiming to be learned, can tell what were the "writs of assistance," in opposition to which James Otis made Faneuil Hall and the town meetings * Oration properly entitled "The Contest of Principle." 256 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. vocal with his fiery declamation; who were the "mandamus" counselors against whose authority the provincial Congresses protested; and why the tax on tea led to the death of Warren at Bunker Hill, as the charge of ship money had before to the death of Hampden on the plain of Chalgrove? Let us, on this Centennial festival day of the nation, consider these things. Let us here and now evoke the spirit of that time and those men. Let us contemplate the elements of their unequaled civic character. Standing almost in the " visible presence " of those statesmen and warriors of the ancient republic, may we realize the perils of the past, the responsibilities of the present, and the hopes of the future! THREE STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION. There are three stages or periods in the history of the North American Revolution. The first commences with the orders and laws of the British parliament, designed to enforce the navigation act of 1660, and terminates in the Declaration of Independence. This first stage embraces the struggle for the preservation of the ancient liberties of those colonies, issuing in a civil war, the causes of which, in part, and the objects of which are exhibited in the Declaration. The second stage consists of the War of Independence, which began fifteen months before the Declaration, and was closed by the treaty of peace negotiated at Paris, November 30, 1783. The third stage was the establishment of the Federal Constitution, what is commonly denominated our "general government." The convocation of the first Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, in September, 1774, and the assembly of the first Congress under the present Federal Constitution, in New York, on the 4th of March, 1789, comprise the beginning and the end of the last, and perhaps the most important, stage of the great North American Revolution. A CONTEST OF PRINCIPLE. The war of independence, we say, was preceded by a contest of principle; a struggle for the preservation of the ancient liberties of the colonies, induced, developed and matured into "overt acts" of resistance by the attempt of the British government to monopolize the commerce of the colonies, and to burden them with taxation by acts of parliament; and this stage of the North American Revolution we will more particularly consider. In the year 1660, during the session of the famous "long parliament," the act of navigation was passed, which, embodying and enlarging the provisions of its predecessor and precedent-the act of 1651-was designed to secure to Great Britain the whole trade of the plantations. It provided, among other CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 257 things, that none but English ships should transport American produce over the ocean, and that the principal articles of that produce should be sold in the markets of the mother country only. In 1663 it was further enacted that such commodities as the colonies wished to purchase should be purchased within the same markets, and severe rules were prescribed to enforce these laws during the protectorate of Cromwell and the subsequent reigns. Thus, to tie up the commerce of the colonies for the exclusive advantage of England, was the intent and operation of twenty-nine acts of Parliament, from 1660 to 1764, forming what Mr. Burke expressively denominated "an infinite variety of paper chains to bind together your complicated system of colonial legislation." But this legislation was based on commercial policy alone-policy shaped for a commercial monopoly-and its restrictive features were designed, doubtless, to make the colonies contribute in their proportion to the strength and unity of the empire. The vast interests ultimately to be affected, and the vast pecuniary revenues thus to be indirectly secured to England, were probably never contemplated by the early legislators on the subject. America was then (again to quote the graphic language of Mr. Burke) "a little speck scarce visible in the mass of national interests; a small seminal principle, rather than a formed body;" and its astonishing growth and development, for a half century, seemed to an incredulous house, when the orator portrayed its progress, rather as the coloring of his own fervid imagination than a narrative of authentic facts. "Nothing in the history of mankind," says he, "is like their progress. When I cast my eyes on their flourishing commerce, and their cultivated and commodious life, they seem to me rather ancient nations, grown to perfection through a long series of fortunate events, and a train of successful industry, accumulating wealth in many centuries, than the colonies of yesterday, not so much sent out as thrown out, a few years ago, on the bleak and barren shore of a desolate wilderness, thousands of miles from all civilized intercourse." "Whatever England has been growing to," again he says, "by a progressive increase of improvements brought in by civilizing settlements and civilizing conquests, and by varieties of people, in seventeen hundred years, you see so much added to America in a single life." In fact, Chatham was the first English minister who observed the wealth and resources of these possessions of the crown, and who foresaw their importance. He deemed Spain, Holland, and France, successively the objects of his inimical policy, chiefly to be feared as maritime rivals of England; and to cripple the naval armaments of the two former powers, and to drive the latter from North America and the West Indies, were the bold, grand plans of action he urged upon a timorous cabinet. 258 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. He correctly viewed the fisheries as a nursery of seamen, and therefore, with characteristic energy, prosecuted the war which secured to Great Britain Canada and the control of the adjacent islands, and jurisdiction over the New Foundland banks. TAXATION NOT CONTEMPLATED BY EARLY LEGISLATION. But during the whole period from 1660 to 1764, taxation formed no part of the government scheme or the object of parliamentary enactment. Directly to draw a revenue from the colonies was not intended nor declared. Though a commercial monopoly of increasing severity and, according to the present lights of political economy, of injurious effect, was imposed upon the colonies, they exhibited neither resentment nor resistance. Ungracious and unjust as were the navigation act of 1660 and all its correlative and corroborative laws, they were borne as the inevitable condition of metropolitan protection, and were compensated, as some colonial statesmen then argued, by a corresponding investment of English capital in America. Usage, rather than formal and advised assent to these commercial regulations, had made them to the colonists a law of their being, "which had grown with their growth and strengthened with their strength," and to whose compressive energy their expanding faculties and limbs had by daily practice become accommodated. SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT ADMITTED. It may safely be concluded that the supremacy of Parliament, so far as the legislative power had ever been exercised, was admitted in all the colonies, whether provincial, proprietary or chartered. England herself always maintained that Parliament had power to bind the colonies in all cases whatever. But Parliament, whatever might be the theoretical views of the government, had never transcended her old and systematic course of commercial restriction. No necessity had arisen, no motive had been presented to the colonies (in which, however, an enlarged experience was creating gradually a juster, appreciation of constitutional privilege and popular rights), to question or attack the foundation or extent of parliamentary supremacy. PROTESTS BY MASSACHUSETTS. Massachusetts alone had looked adversely upon the interference of Parliament, even in the regulation of commerce, as far back as 1640, prior to the famous navigation acts of 1651 and 1660; and those acts were frequently evaded by the restless and ingenious spirit of the merchants of that colony. The addresses of her general court to the crown in 1757, 1761, and 1768, admit CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 259 that "His Majesty's Parliament is the supreme legislative power over the whole empire," with a protest against taxation without consent of their own-a case not yet arisen, and perhaps not even contemplated. Yet, in an address of 1679, almost a hundred years before the Declaration of Independence, Massachusetts averred "that she apprehended them (the navigation acts before spoken of) as an invasion of the rights and properties of the subjects of His Majesty in the colony, they not being represented in Parliament; and that according to the usual saying of the learned in the law, the laws of England were bounded within the four seas, and did not reach America." The clause, "they not being represented in Parliament," which seems here to be put forward merely as a suggestion, and not to have been urged as an argument, discloses the very ground upon which, afterward, the laws of Parliament, imposing port duties and other taxes, were resisted, and which was, at a still later date, taken against all legislation of that body. It became subsequently, I say, the only basis of the dispute between the countries-the very "cardo causcte"-the hinge upon which the whole controversy turned. It was the hint upon which, one hundred years afterward, the colonists spoke, and spoke conclusively, against parliamentary supremacy. And the student of history will mark and remember how the doctrine of representation-that a people can be bound only by laws of their own making, laws enacted by themselves personally or by deputed agents —was gradually educed, under the stimulative and suggestive necessities of later days and other events, from this brief, perhaps accidental (certainly not a matured or elaborated point), and doubtless then unappreciated suggestion of the Massachusetts General Court. ACTS FOR THE TAXATION OF THE COLONIES. On the tenth day of March, 1764, the British House of Commons passed a resolution "That it was proper to charge certain stamp duties in the American colonies and plantations." The remonstrances of the resident agents of the.colonies, the opinions of the colonial assemblies and of an able and upright opposition being disregarded, Lord Grenville carried through Parliament, in March, 1765, an act imposing a duty on stamped paper, "to be collected through the colonies and there to be held in reserve to be used from time to time by the Parliament for the protection and defense of the said colonies;" and stamped paper was made necessary to the validity of contracts, and for certain other public and private uses.' a But the idea of raising a revenue from the colonies was not abandoned. In this: year a motion was made in'the House of Commons, that "the revenues arising and to arise from America be 260 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. -applied to subsisting the troops now there, and the other regiments proposed to be sent." And Charles Townshend, supporting the motion, said. "he had a plan to lay before the House to raise a revenue in America," and declared his conviction of the power of Parliament for that purpose; and he repeated this declaration, he said, that the galleries might hear him (Dr. Franklin, the agent of several colonies, was sitting there), and in all this Grenville coincided. Large bodies of troops, under various pretenses, were quartered in Boston and other towns, and were regarded by the colonies as harbingers of some obnoxious law, whose execution they were to enforce. Referring to these warlike preparations, "wThich covered the waters and darkened the lands," Patrick Henry asked, " Whlat means this martial array but to force us to submission? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter of the world, to call for this accumnulation of armies and navies? No, sir; she has none. They are meant for us; they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging." In November, 1767, by an act of Parliament, certain duties were imposed upon glass, white and red lead, painters' colors, paper, and tea, when introduced into American ports. Mr. Townshend advocated this act as a means of raising revenue in America, not in violation of the opinions and sentiments of the colonies. The Stamp Act had been objected to in America, amongst other reasons, that it imposed internal duties, or taxes, having no connection with nor arising from that commercial control always exercised by the mother country; and concurrently with submission to which, the colonies had always indulged in a protest more or less emphatic against taxation in any form, upon any material, or for any object. To render his own views plausible, and to accommodate the sensitive notions of the colonies, Mr. Townshend, in this bill, provided for an external or port duty; thus, I say, invoking for the protection of his measure the old and general assent of the colonies to merely commercial regulations. DISTINCTION BETWnEEN REVENUE AND NAVIGATION ACTS. Five of the duties laid by this bill were subsequently repealed and the tea duty alone retained. Upon tea imported into England there was a duty of one shilling per pound. The carriage of tea from the east into the British empire was a monopoly, possessed by the great chartered India company. If their ships carried the tea directly into America, the duty upon that there landed was three pence per pound. Upon that in England, if exported to America, a drawback of nine pence a pound was allowed. This act of Parliament then actually cheapened an article of general consumption, and-upon the principle CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 261 of argumentation so far adopted by the colonies upon the subject of their political connection with the mother country and their constitutional liabilities and exemptions-it would be difficult to distinguish between the validity of this Revenue Act of 1767 and the Navigation Acts of Charles and Cromwell. If the mother country could prohibit all trade except with herself, might it not, by parity of reasoning, derive a tribute from that very trade or any branch of it? lThe preamble to this act reads as follows: "Whereas, It is expedient that a revenue shall be raised in your Majesty's dominion in America, for making a more certain and adequate provision for defraying the charge of the administration of justice and support of civil government in such provinces where it shall be necessary, and toward further defraying the expenses of defending, protecting and securing the said dominions; Therefore, we, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of Great Britain in Parliament asselmbled, have resolved to'give and grant' unto your Majesty the several rights and duties hereinafter mentioned, and do most humbly beseech your Majesty that it may be enacted," etc. Under this preamble, by virtue of the policy developed by it, and the agitation occasioned by it, "so paltry a sum as three pence in the eyes of a financier, and so insignificant an article as tea in the eyes of a philosopher, shook the pillars of a commercial empire that circled the globe!" All revenue laws, according to the precedents in English history, have a title by which they purport to be "grants," and the words "give and grant" precede the enacting clauses. Through the reigns of William, Anne, Georges the First and' Second, no one of the laws passed respecting the colonies are entitled as revenue acts; nor are the words "give and grant" in any preamble, with one exception, which I will notice in a moment. The distinctive phraseology of such enactments was specifically and premeditatedly avoided. The form of words does not indeed alter the nature of a law nor abridge the power of a lawgiver. But titles and forms have not been idle things in English jurisprudence or legislation. Townshend desired to establish by an act of Parliament, which he fondly hoped would excite no protest nor objection in America, a claim to collect revenue in the colonies. To draw their attention from the preamble and the forms of the act, he presented it and urged its adoption as only and essentially a commercial regulation, a duty laid outside of America, to be paid upon an article to be admitted into her ports; not a tax upon any property actually in America, but as a contribution to the revenues of England sanctioned by the practice of all past time, and involving no sacrifice of political right. 34 262 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. SUSPICIONS OF THE COLONISTS AWAKENED. But the preamble! This was the object of colonial scrutiny, jealousy, and attack. It asserted a pernicious principle. It established a fatal precedent. The men of America, north and south, were too acute to be deceived; the modesty of the maker did not conceal the danger of the pretension; the evil of the claim was not overlooked in the lightness of the burden it imposed. The exception to the uniform current or character of the parliamentary acts respecting the colonies, of which I spoke a moment since, was a statute bearing date 1733, "for the better securing of the trade of His Majesty's sugar colonies in America." This was "to give an aid to His Majesty," passed in sixth of George Second. It was asked for by some of the colonies, and assented to, in a compromise, by others. It purported to be, and in fact was, a commercial regulation, and its peculiar phraseology was not captiously objected to at that time, when no jealousy of encroachment was felt, no acrimonious discussion had excited scrutiny; and Governor Bernard, of Massachusetts, himself great authority, had pronounced it an act of prohibition, not of revenue. Yet the debates in the House of Commons show that the little colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations demurred to the legality of this act. It presented a petition against it; but whether it complained of pecuniary or political injury to flow from the proposed measure, does not distinctly appear, and the champions of this chartered colony, small in territory, although large in renown, seem to have been quite overcome by the sharp reprehension of the administration speakers. No act for revenue purposes avowedly, with the specific title and recital together is extant, until we reach the port-duty act, the stamp act, and the tea-duty act of 1767. These had the revenue title, the technical words of "giving" and "granting," and were formally and unequivocally revenue actsAmerican revenue acts —and the peculiar style of each stamped them as inceptive experiments, as commencing a limitless course of taxation. "What one badge of liberty shall we have," said one of the colonists; "wlat one brand of slavery shall we be free from, if we are bound in our property and industry by all the restraints you can imagine on commerce, and at the same time are to be made pack-horses of every tax you choose to impose? Bearing the burden of unlimited monopoly, shall we bear the burden of unlimited taxation too?" The investigations of the colonists, the discussions of a century, had enucleated fully the fundamental proposition, the elemental law of political CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 263 freedom -there can be no taxation without representation. This was a postulate embodying the Saxon idea of liberty, consecrated by associations of past struggles, and reminiscences of ancient glory. Upon it fastened every impulse of freedom, every conviction of judgment.:THE BROAD GROUtTD FINALLY TAKEN. The colonists, provoked to the examination, began to look closely into the subject. They inquired more searchingly into the foundation and reason of parliamentary supremacy. Their minds passed, by an easy transition, to a denial, as we have seen, first, of the power of taxation (they not being represented in Parliament); and then, by a broader conclusion, to the denial of all power whatever in Parliament to bind them by its laws. ~In the outset they admitted and contended for a line of distinction-the one indicated by Chatham and Burke, between those cases in which they ought and those in which they ought not to yield obedience to Parliament. They became satisfied there was no such difference; no medium between the denial and acknowvledgment of the power of Parliament in all cases. In 1773 Massachusetts claimed, in the broadest terms, unqualified independence of Parliament, and in a bold and decided tone repudiated its power of legislation over that commonwealth. She denied the supremacy of Parliament, but acknowledged allegiance to the crown; and this distinction, ultimately adopted by every lawyer in the colonies, and upon which was drawn the Declaration of Independence, we will examine in another connection. Thus, you perceive that in the progress of this contest of principle, constituting the first stage of the Revolution, the argument against the port-duty act, the stamp act, and the tea-duty act (all of one class), that there could be no taxation of the colonies without representation, was enlarged into the more comprehensive and constitutional one that there could be no legislation over the colonies without representation; and this latter argument, complete and conclusive, though first advanced in 1765 and 1767, took a relation backward, and illustrated and characterized the whole controversy from 1651 to 1776, navigation acts and all. "'When you revived the scheme of taxation," says Mr. Burke, "and thereby filled the minds of the colonists with apprehension and jealousy, then they questioned all parts of your legislative power, and by the battery of such questions have shaken the solid structure of this empire to its deepest foundations." This protracted, wi ing, and now embittered contest had reached, in 1775, its full height, and the impossibility of compromise and reconciliation was 264 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. evident to the colonists; though even to 1776 some indulged the illusive hope of peace. In April, 1774, shortly after the destruction of.tle tea in Boston harbor, John Adams declared: "The body of the people are in council. They are united. Unless the British government shall return to principles of moderation and equity, soon will be brought to pass the separation and independence of the colonies." But the penal laws of Parliament, the Boston port bill, the mandamus and transportation acts, designed to bring the rebellious colonists to terms, and the actual conflict of arms at various places on the continent, made necessary the Declaration of Independence. KING AND PARLIAMENT. This Declaration, setting forth the colonial grievances in glowing colors, does not mention Parliament, but treats the acts of oppression then complained of, as acts of the King. Our view of the last phase of the Contest of Principle, which we have hurriedly sketched, will account for this peculiarity of diction. Doubtless the colonists were embarrassed by their previous concessions on the subject of parliamentary supremacy, and might be charged with inconsistency in maintaining their absolute independence of Parliament, where in the beginning they protested against her power to impose internal duties'or direct taxes only. But disclaiming, as they now did altogether, the authority of Parliament, holding themselves in the condition of Scotland or Ireland, before either of these Kingdoms lost its local legislature, they could not acknowledge any political tie binding them to the English government in the aggregate, but a tie only of allegiance binding them to the King, recognizing thus the executive branch only of the constitution of England; his established powers and vast undefined prerogative. This allegiance had always been professed, proclaimed and preserved. The justifying causes of the political revolution now attemptedthe severance of the tie of allegiance-to be spread upon the record, were the acts of the King, and the King only. He, indeed, is charged with confederating with others "in pretended acts of legislation," but he is held personally responsible for that misgovernment and oppression which were "the necessity which denounces our separation." According to the precedent of 1668, and the arguments of Somers and Jekyl, and other great champions of liberty, the King is deemed to have abdicated his throne, having violated the compact between himself and the people, and having thus remitted them to the original amplitude of their natural freedom! CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 265 SAGACITY OF THE MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. This review of the controversy between Great Britain and the North American colonies-this exposition of the political doctrines, held with an enlarging comprehension of their truth, and a widening application of their effect, enables us to recognize the patriotism, disinterestedness and sagacity of that generation. Adherence to principle, love of constitutional liberty, a resolve to maintain and retain it for posterity, impelled them to resistance of British law, and the war of the Revolution. They understood the crisis; they saw in this attitude of things an inevitable collision. They saw impending near the great result for which preparation-preparation of a century, never remitted, though unnoted-had been made. Men had indeed rough-hewn as they would, but a divinity had shaped their ends. It was not the instant feeling and pressure of the arm of despotism that roused our ancestors to combat. No intolerable oppression ground them to the dust. They were not slaves rising in desperation, from the agonies of the lash. They were freemen, snuffing from afar the tainted gale of tyranny. They could have paid the duties, all of them, increased a thousand fold, and not have felt them as they did a tithe of the expenses of the war. The worst encroachments of the British ministry were all compatible with their enjoyment of life. True, they would have held that enjoyment by a precarious tenure, dependence on a foreign power, at the fiat of a king, and of a legislature in which they had no voice. But they spurned "inglorious ease." They realized that the burdens, light to them, would be grievous to and insupportable by their descendants. They accepted the sacrifice in their own persons. "Against the recital of an act of Parliament," says Mr. Webster, "they took up arms. They went to war against a preamble. They fought seven years against a declaration. They poured out their blood and treasure like water, in opposition to an assertion, which those less sagacious and not so well schooled in the principles of civil liberty, would have regarded as barren phraseology, or a mere parade of words. Upon a question of principle, and while yet actual suffering was afar off, they raised their flag against a power to which, for purposes of foreign subjugation, Rome in the height of her glory is not to be compared; a power which has dotted over the surface of the globe with her possessions and military posts; whose morning drum-beat, following the sun and keeping company with the hour, circles the earth daily with one continuous strain of the martial airs of England.""The right to take ten pounds," thundered James Otis, "implies the right to take ten thousand. If this system be allowed, we shall be thankful that 266 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. rain and dew are not dependent upon Parliament, otherwise they would be dried and taxed. You are lighting up a fire in these colonies the blood of all England cannot extinguish." STUBBORN BLINDNESS OF TIHE BRITISH CABINET. But the official formality of Grenville, the brilliant sophistry of Townshend, and the lethargic amiability of Lord North were unmoved by appeals, unalarmed by appearances, and untaught by experience. There was the blood-stained era of the First Stuart; there the tale of arbitrary taxation and its issue; the fiery rush of popular indignation; the Mitre, the Mace, and the Sceptre; the Prelate, the Premier, and the King; Land, Strafford, and Charles himself, laid upon the scaffold. But this infatuated cabinet drew their rules and measures from the files. They heard a distant province was turbulent and resisted a law. What is the remedy? Send two regiments to Boston. A Provincial Congress, so called, meeting without a proclamation from Governor Gage, in fact, in disobedience to his prorogation, were taking counsels subversive of allegiance. The ministry were advised by the crown lawyers, that it was the case of a refractory corporation; holding lands of the crown, in free and common. socage, as of the royal manor of Greenwich, in the county of Kent; that a mandamus was the proper process, and that failing, its franchises might be declared forfeited, and, if necessary, abrogated by force! Miserable pedantry! Fanatic folly! Well did Edmund Burk in after years tell such technical functionaries, arguing that a dissolution of the House of Commons abated the prosecution of Warren Hastings instituted by it, before the Lords, that national complaint, that great indictment preferred by civilization and Christianity against the spoliator of empires, that they were no more competent to understand the operations of a government than a rabbit to comprehend the gestation of an elephant. The frame-work of a corporation to hold compressed and inactive the expansive power of Freedom! the generous spirit of Liberty! Plant an acorn of the British oak in a flower-vase, and bid it remain ungerminated, as if it were not bound to strike its root to central earth! to push its top to upmost sky! its green foliage opening in the sunlight! its mighty limbs defying the storm-wind! ADHERENCE TO THE SPIRIT OF THE LAW. The educated men of the colonies generally had become very good constitutional lawyers during the controversy we have examined. The liberties of the subject, the powers of Parliament, the prerogatives of the crown, as CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 267 established by the Magna Charta, the statute of Free Talliages, the Petition of Right, the Habeas Corpus Act and the Act of Settlement, every step taken, every acquisition made by the civil revolutions of England, they had diligently read and thoroughly understood. * * * * *. And the planters of the south, the farmers of the middle and northern colonies, in fact, all classes of city and country population, manifested the same intelligence, knowledge of their rights, and of the legal mode of defending them. Sagacious and firm, they were forbearing; determined to keep to windward, and to hold the ministry of Great Britain and both their civil and military representatives in America as unprovoked and unjustifiable aggressors. * X * Burke, who, in the House of Commons, under the very shadow of the throne, advocated the cause of the colonies, had analyzed the character and stated with philosophical explicitness the growth andl influence of the untractable spirit of the colonists. "In no country in the. world," says he, "is the law so general a study. The profession itself is numerous and powerful; but all who read (and most do read) endeavor to obtain some smattering of the science. I have been told by an eminent bookseller that in no line of his business, after weeks of popular devotion, were so many sent to the colonies as on the law. Nearly as many of Blackstone's Commentaries have been sold in America as in England. General Gage's letters, on your table, show this disposition clearly. Abeunt stucdi in mo'res. This study makes men litigious, inquisitive, full of resources, prompt in attack, ready in defense." "'To proceed according to law' was eminently the purpose and the ability of Massachusetts," the oration proceeds to say, and cites the steps taken to ascertain the exact facts regarding the Lexington and Concord massacre. The account rendered by Hepzibeth Davis of personal damages on the occasion, is worth preserving: ~ S. D. One pair of sheets................................................. 0 18 0 Two pair pillow cases........................................... 0 8 0 Three napkins.................................................... 0 4 0 Two table-cloths................................................... 0 4 0 Three smocks..................................... 0 13 0 T hree aprons...................................................... 0 6 0 Caps and other articles.............................................. 2 8 0 And over the mark of Hepzibeth, this account is certified to be computed " at the lowest rate that things can be bought for, at this day." SECOND AND THIRD STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION. The war of independence, the second stage of the Revolution, we have no time to remark upon. It was a war which, considering the means we had and the enemy we encountered, it would be deemed madness to have commenced; and there were seasons, during its progress, when the great cause of America 268 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. had perished but for the folly of the enemy-seasons when we were disbanding one army and in vain endeavoring to embody another within point blank shot of the enemy's silent cannon-when the dispirited host was without ammunition for an half hour's contest-when famished and almost naked soldiers must have submitted, however reluctantly, to the fate of captivity, had the providence of God permitted this result. But soon victories produced friends and allies in France, Spain, and Holland, and officers in Lafayette and other persons of distinction; and in 1783 the colonies of Great Britain were baptized into a national existence under the name of the United States of America. But when the last great scene of the North American Revolution openedwhen those who had declared independence on the Fourth of July, 1776, and had maintained it, by the wise counsels of the Continental Congress, the unfainting negotiations of Versailles and St. James, on the embattled cliffs of Abraham, the heaving sods of Bunker Hill, the blood-dyed waters of the Brandywine, the snows of Valley Forge, and the blazing lines of Saratoga and Yorktown-were called to the more arduous labors of constructing a government, destined thereafter to present a model for all civilized people; to lay the foundations and rear the fairest structure of constitutional freedom that ever floated on the tide of time; they approached the consummation of their immortal labors, and this was accomplished, and the Federal Constitution, under which we now live, devised in wisdom and approved by trial, was the last crowning achievement of their lives on earth. "Great were the hearts, and strong the minds, Of those who framed, in high debate, The immortal League of Love which binds Our fair, broad empire, state with state. And deep the gladness of that hour, When, as the auspicious task was done, In solemn trust the Sword of Power Was given to Glory's unspoiled son." The memory of the dead -the eloquent ruins of nations the wrecks of ages-admonish us. They adjure us not to darken or quench the lights thus kindled and now shining over the world! God grant that liberty-educated liberty and constitutional law-rescued from the prison-houses and scaffolds of Europe, may here forever maintain her rightful dominion! CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 269 MR. THEODORE ROMEYN, AT DETROIT. ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. One hundred years ago the sun shone on less than three millions of people in these colonies, living along the narrow belt east of the Alleghanies, with no claim to the territory west of the Mississippi, or to its mouth, or to the shores of the Gulf, or to the Floridas. West of the mountain range and north of the Ohio was an untouched wilderness, except so far as occupied by Indians and by a few French settlements. Some of these had been made along the waters that bound our own State. In all the Northwestern Territory, now comprising the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, and containing more than ten millions of inhabitants, there was not a settlement of English origin, and the white population did not exceed five thousand. A century has passed, and we meet to celebrate the beginning of another. Our own city, one hundred years ago, occupied a space of about three acres on the banks of the river, enclosed by pickets and defended by block-houses and guns, and traversed by streets or alleys from ten to sixteen feet wide. Its population was less than four hundred. It was, during the war of the Revolution, the seat of the British power in the Northwest, and it remained in the possession of Great Britain until it was surrendered to the United States in 1796. Sir Christopher Wren was the architect of St. Paul's Cathedral, in London. He was buried within its walls, and on one of them is the inscription to his memory: "Si gzquc/is nnvmelntimln ci'clmspice." We have borrowed this for our State's motto and applied it to our pleasant peninsula. In contrasting our city with the Detroit of 1776, I will use no words of description, but say to each, "ci'rcumspice'" (look around)! THE CONSTITUTION SECTULAE GOVERNIENMT. Eleven years after the Declaration of Independence, and four years from the close of the war, the Constitution was framed and adopted by the people of the United States, who declared that-"We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, secure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." 35 270 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. One of its most notable provisions is found in the first words of the first article of the amendments, to wit: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." This was the first time in history that the foundation of religious freedom was secured in the fundamental laws or institutions of a state, if we except the provision for it in the little colony of Rhode Island. The persecuted Puritans became forthwith proscribers of those who did not believe in their tenets, and who adhered to other forms of worship. Every other colony, except the Catholic community of Maryland, made distinctions between different sects of nominal Christians; and even in Maryland a profession of faith in Christianity in some form was required. In our country this disposition to secure sectarian legislation, and by governmental influences to discriminate between one form of faith and another, has not been eradicated. Some of the earlier state constitutions did not forbid such legislation, and, in fact, gave preference to some forms of belief; and even now the friends of an entire, and consistent, and pure separation of church and state have to combat this propensity in legislation, in municipal ordinances, and in official administration. SLAVERY -STATE RIGHTS - NATIONAL UNITY. The Constitution undoubtedly recognized the legal existence of slavery as an established fact. The relations of the citizens to their several states and to the Federal government were not so distinctly traced as to prevent the introduction into politics of a false and pernicious theory of State Rights, and of a paramount allegiance to the state over that due to the nation. The influence of slavery on the character of the people where it prevailed, and on their views of the worth and dignity of labor, was fast making us two peoples. Mr. Lincoln was right when he so said, and that there must be all slave states or all free in our system. Interwoven with the social fabric, and with all business relations, the wisest could see no way of disentangling slavery and getting rid of it. Its friends, clamorous generally for State Rights, nevertheless insisted that the inhabitants of a territory should not decide for themselves whether it should be subject to slavery; and they even denied the right of a free state to forbid the introduction and employment of slaves within its own limits. How should this state of things be met and redressed? What way of escape could be found from the perplexities, and collisions, and bitterness yearly increasing? It came in a way that we know not of. The slave owners, in their contempt for the laboring men of the North (where all labor) brought on the conflict. It deepened, continued, and was intensified, until it ended in CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 271 laying the ax at the root, and in the extirpation of the bitter and poisonous growth. The wrath of man was made to praise God. The sword severed the shackle-it fell from the slave, and he stood, and stands, redeemed, regenerated, and disenthralled, and the amended Constitution of what is now his country secures to him the inalienable rights with which the Creator endowed himlife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The supremacy of the Union over all its citizens is now unquestioned. The doctrine of a right to secede from the Union, or to nullify its laws, while remaining nominally within its protection, is dead and buried and sealed up beyond revival or resurrection. There is the old flag, with its stripes unrent, with its clustered stars in their places, and not running lawless through the sky. This civil conflict bore other fruits. It proved the military strength and resources of our country, and the patriotism and the courage of our citizens. We in the North were unwilling to believe that there was danger of civil war, yet when it had been actually commenced, how grand was the spectacle of the nation springing to arms to protect its integrity of territory and institutions. Interlaced by railroads and rivers, there was no practicable place for a line of division, which would free the separated republics from interference and collision. A confederacy resting on slavery certainly would be insolent, aggressive, belligerent. Our people in the North instinctively perceived that our institutions could not live if disunion triumphed. Here in our State the farmer left his plow, and the woodman dropped his ax. Others went from their shops or their desks. More than ninety thousand were enrolled or enlisted. More than fourteen thousand perished from wounds or disease. Again and again were thinned and wasted regiments filled by new volunteers; and when the good fight had been fought, and the conflict won, the survivors returned to their homes and former avocations, and "hung up their bruised arms for monuments." THE CITIZEN- SOLDIERY. In his history of England, Macauley tells us that when fifty thousand troops were to be discharged after the restoration of monarchy, it was believed that "this change would produce much misery and crime; that the discharged veterans would be seen begging in every street, or would be driven by hunger to pillage." And it seemed strange at that time that no such result followed, and that "iin a few months there remained not a trace indicating that the most formidable army in the world had just been absorbed in the mass of the community." The close of our civil struggle found in the armies of the North and South more than one million soldiers, and all of them spontaneously and 272 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. cheerfully "beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruninghooks," and returned into civil life and industrial pursuits. AMNESTY- THE SOUTH. After the close of the war and the restoration of the national supremacy, our government granted universal amnesty and, substantially, universal restoration to civil rights. This is a new thing in history. Wars have been and for a long time will be among men. While among all civilized nations they have become more humane, our government has given the first example of clemency and pardon to all, after the successful close of civil war. Rejoicing in this result, nevertheless I, for one, do not wish to clasp hands with the plotters and authors of the terrible strife. It was deliberately planned and set in motion for personal ends, by parties who saw their political supremacy in danger of departing. So soon as, through their own schemings, a President had been elected without the votes of their section, they proceeded to carry into effect their traitorous plotting, begun many years before. They enticed into the confederacy state after state. The southern people had been trained to believe that they owed no allegiance to the nation as against their respective states. Many of the educated men of the South so thought. Though opposed to secession, they went with their states, and in so doing they were honest and loyal to what they believed their true allegiance. We do not exult over the defeat of these brave men, except for the reason that it was necessary to conquer them in order to crush their cause. Again at peace, and with all acknowledging the supremacy of the nation, we rejoice over these, our brethren, who were lost and are found. We heartily recognize and greet them as such. Their country is our country; and on this occasion, it is meet that they and we should join in proclaiming that we have "one constitution, one country, and one destiny." But those who schemed to inaugurate revolution, to kill the nation, to overturn its institutions, so that they might sit high on the ruins, although they would have to wade through blood to reach their bad eminence; who cared nothing for the prosperity, and peace, and supremacy of "their own, their native land," I would not accord the charity of forgetfulness, the shelter of oblivion. And while I thus express my sentiments, I believe I share them with most of the loyal men of the land, of all parties and localities. CAPITAL AND LABOR. Marked changes have taken place in the mode of living, in commercial transactions, and in the distribution of population. Associated wealth is the dynasty of modern states. The vast accumulations of it in few hands, in con CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 273 nection with the railroad, the steamer, and the telegraph, concentrates business and population in the larger cities. Industrial pursuits, once common to our villagers, have disappeared. The individual artisan and the small shop-keeper work to great disadvantage, when they work at all. Capitalists readily enter into combination with other capitalists, and wages have not advanced in proportion with the profits of capital. Trades' Unions have naturally sprung into existence, and it is idle to deny that there is an increasing conflict between capital and labor. I believe that the solution will be found in the principle of association and co-operation, and that workmen will unite and carry on their labor in concert, for their joint benefit, or will enter into combination with capitalists, on specified and equitable terms, for the division of profits. PERILS AND SAFEGUARDS. We cannot fail to see other prominent dangers. Among these is the peril of inefficient government of the masses gathered in our great cities, and having the position and power of voters. To meet this we must rely on the general disposition of the American people, as individuals, or in communities and municipal organizations, to submit to the law, to acquiesce in the decrees of its ministers, and to compel their enforcement. Another safeguard is the expanding intelligence of the people. Republican governments cannot continue over peoples who are corrupt, or who do not love and prize liberty, or who are ignorant or uneducated. The masses of our citizens are honest, patriotic and conservative, and the means of education are generally supplied and used. Much remains to be done in the southern states, but there is a moral certainty of its ultimate accomplishment. SCHOOLS AND NEWSPAPERS. Our political and social institutions rest upon the common school as their chief corner-stone. It is meant for all. Its object is to furnish the means of education for all, of whatever race or creed. Supported in varying degrees, by taxes paid by people of different religious beliefs, it should be confined in its teachings to what is objectionable to none. Kept free from sectarianism, furnishing intellectual culture, inviting and receiving and educating the children of all classes and creeds, without distinction or favor, it will be the strongest support and bulwark of our institutions. Next to the common school, the most potent agency in educating the people, and the most influential in its effects on their opinions and actions in political matters, is found in the great and increasing use of newspapers and periodicals. The influence of individual statesmen and politicians is much lessened. The 274 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. debates in Congress and harangues from the hustings no longer form or direct public opinion. People read the newspapers, to a great extent, judge for themselves, or adopt the views of their favorite editors. Wherever an avenue is opened the newspaper goes like sunlight into every place from which it is not positively excluded. The results of each day, in every part of our own land, and in foreign lands, are reflected by the telegraph into a concentrated mass of information, which gives every reader an opportunity of knowing whatever is deemed worthy of note in the world's daily doings. The action of rulers and of public men generally; the suspected or disclosed schemes of tricksters, and jobbers, and speculators; the combinations of capital; the commercial transactions of the day; political news; criminal deeds, and the other things that make life's daily hues, are illuminated by the press and brought before the observation of its myriad readers. Who can estimate its present influence or surmise what it will be in the future? Considering the temptation and opportunity for being otherwise, most American newspapers are singularly free from corruption by money, and are generally honest in their narratives of fact. The condensed statements of the telegraphic column are prepared for all.the associated papers, without regard to party, and are meant to be correct and impartial; and thus successful misrepresentations of public affairs cannot be maintained. The information derived from the newspaper tends to lead the citizen to decide and act for himself in political matters. It furnishes the means and materials for forming his own judgment. Its power is vast and increasing. While it has unworthy members, who, for notoriety or money, invade private life, or give distorted or false statements of passing events, yet it has of late years increased in ability, and enterprise, and independence; and foremost among the agencies which we trust will combine in maintaining republican institutions in vigor and purity, we place the honest, truthful newspaper. MR. DAN. P. FOOTE, AT SAGINAW.* THE FIRST CENTENNIAL. Mine is the honor and pleasure, on this auspicious Centennial anniversary of your nation's birth, to congratulate you, freemen and citizens of the great Republic, upon the felicity of your situation, in a land whose free institutions have secured to you the fullest measure of earthly happiness and prosperity. Hon. D)an. P. Foote, State Senator for the twenty-third senatorial district (Saginaw county), term commencing first W;ednesday in January, 1877. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 275 With you a hundred years' success has demonstrated the capacity of the people for self-government, and falsified the predictions of your enemies, that your attempt at freedom would result in anarchy. Each year of the hundred has marked your continued growth and steady progress, has increased your respect among the nations of the earth, and deepened your devotion to constitutional government. Your system has been tried by the severest tests. Foreign war has neither weakened it nor demoralized the people with the idea of foreign conquests. Civil war, such as no other nation ever experienced, has served only to strengthen it, by inducing needed reform, as the storm successfully weathered teaches the watchful mariner new precaution against future dangers. To you has fallen the rare good fortune of celebrating your country's first Centennial anniversary, and a hundred years nmust pass away before another generation of freemen will repeat the proceedings of this day. As patriotic citizens of a united country, from Maine's pine-clad hills to the sunny plains of Florida and Texas, from ocean to ocean, we congratulate ourselves and one another that we are permitted to celebrate this Centennial anniversary of anniversaries. WHAT THE CENTENNIAL COMMEMORATES. National independence may exist with an entire absence of that individual liberty of the citizen that distinguishes this country from the less liberal governments of the Old World; and it not unfrequently happens that the freedom of the individual is abridged, just in proportion to the increase of the power and national independence of the government that claims his allegiance. In such governments the people are thought to exist for the government, not the government for the people, and every attempt of the people to attain greater civil and religious freedom is promptly suppressed as a political disorder tending to national decay. It remained for the great men whose names we this day recall, and the crowning act of whose lives we celebrate on this Centennial anniversary, to found a system of government that has demonstrated that the most unlimited personal and individual freedom to act, speak, or do, whatever does not interfere with the exercise of a corresponding right on the part of others, is consistent with national independence, and with the most unexampled national and individual prosperity. And this result was made possible because the foundation upon which their system was constructed, recognized the principle that the people are the legitimate source of all governmental power. Other nations have their anniversary days; days that commemorate a hero born, a battle won, or a concession forced from power; but this day excels them all in interest, for it commemorates the birth of a nation, the formation of a system 276 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. that has stood the test of time, the establishment of a government where liberty regulated by law extends a warm welcome, and affords a sure asylum to the oppressed of every land. NECESSITY OF VIGILANCE. The position of the colonies was well understood by the great Edmund Burke, who, in his speech on "conciliation with America," delivered in Parliament on the 22d day of March, 1775, said: "In other countries the people, more simple and of a less mercurial cast, judge of an ill principle of government only by an actual grievance; but here they anticipate the evil, and judge of the pressure of the grievance by the badness of the principle; they argue misgovernment at a distance, and snuff the approach of tyranny in every tainted breeze." *' Whether the tax was much or little, was a matter of no consideration. It was equally the part of prudence and wisdom to resist it, and not to allow an insignificant tax, submitted to, to be drawn into a precedent for the imposition of a larger one, just as it is the part of wisdom and prudence at this time, at all times, to allow no invasion of the constitution to become a precedent for its final abrogation. If you would preserve your liberties as your fathers won them, imitate their example, and meet at the threshold the first attack upon them, let it come from whatever source it may. COLONIAL WARS AND WARRIORS. The people of the colonies, though wanting in military discipline, were nevertheless soldiers, born, as it were, upon the field of battle, and bred in the camp, for hardly a year had elapsed from the first English settlement upon the continent that had not seen them in arms for the protection of their everexpanding frontier, and for the dispersion of their warlike, savage foes that disputed, inch by inch, the advance of civilization. The old French war not only taught the colonies many a military lesson, by which they profited twenty years later, but it developed leaders who appeared again at Bunker Hill and Saratoga, at Trenton, Brandywine and Yorktown. Such leaders as Putnam, a lieutenant-colonel at the close of the French war; Stark, who, in 1758, covered the retreat of Lord Howe from the disastrous expedition of Ticonderoga; the brave and scholarly William Alexander, native of New York, better known in American history as "Lord Sterling," and rightful heir of the Scotch earldoni of Sterling; Montgomery, native of Ireland, who entered the British army at the age of eighteen, served through the French war, and became a citizen of New York before the troubles with England; Schuyler and many others, who, CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 277 in the war of 1758, distinguished themselves under the red cross of St. George, while they were acquiring a military education that fitted them to serve their country effectively in 1776. The old French war made the whole country acquainted with Washington; and more than this, it brought the colonies into closer relations with each other, and gave them an accurate notion of their numbers and power. And on many a well contested field they had demonstrated that American endurance, valor and experience were equal to either French or British discipline. MEN WISE IN COUNSEL AND BRAVE IN DEED. Though the country was in its earliest youth, it was in an eminent degree the golden age of America. It was the age that produced Franklin, whose philosophic mind trained the lightning of Heaven and taught it obedience, and whose great learning was surpassed by the greater natural abilities he brought to the service of his country. It produced Richard Henry Lee, the author of the first resolution of independence; and Henry, nature's own orator. It produced Jefferson, whose masterly mind conceived the language of and put into form the great indictment of George Third, that united the colonies for independence, and justified them before the world. It produced John Adams, father of statesmen, always wise in counsel, and'"a tower of strength upon the floor of Congress" when the Declaration was under discussion. It gave birth to Hancock, whose name appears first upon the title deed of our independence. It produced Robert Morris, the congressional "Superintendent of Finance," who freely expended a private fortune of millions in furnishing the army with food and clothing when the public resources failed, and of whom it might be said, as it has been said of Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury under Wash. ington, and then a captain of artillery, "He smote the rock of our national resources, and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth; he touched the corpse of the public credit, and it stood upon its feet." It produced Warren, Gates, Green, and Putnam, Marion, Sumpter, and Sterling, Stark, and stout old Ethan Allen. It gave Washington to America and mankind. Among no people in the world, at that time, was education so general. Says an enemy, General Gage, writing home in 1775: "All the people in my government are lawyers or smatterers in law, and in Boston they have been able, by successful chicane, wholly to evade many parts of your capital statutes;" and one year later they published to the world the Declaration of Independence, that swept them away entirely. * * * The spirit that animated the people of that day is illustrated by a conspicuous example. As Charles Carroll, the last survivor of the 36 278 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. signers of the Declaration, laid down the pen, a member near him, John Adams, it is said, remarked: "There are several Charles Carrolls in Maryland, and when King George comes to hang us all, he will hardly know which one to take." "I will," said Mr. Carroll, resuming his pen, "relieve His Majesty of any doubt upon the subject; there is but one Charles Carroll of Carrollton," and wrote after his name the words, "of Carrollton"-a better patent of nobility than George Third could have given. May we not fancy that Providence, for that act, long spared him,. the sole survivor of the illustrious sages of 1776? INSPIRING OTHER PEOPLES AND OTHER LANDS. The institutions the fathers have left us possess the rare quality of inspiring the profoundest sentiments of American patriotism in the hearts of our adopted citizens, until they out-America Americans. No matter what land may have given them birth-England, the native home of our literature and laws; Ireland, brightest gem of the sea, home of wit and eloquence; Germany, land of learning, and the cradle of the Anglo-Saxon race-once on the soil of America and under the shield of the Constitution, they are American citizens all; and in our own day, side by side with our native-born citizens, have proved their devotion to American institutions and constitutional liberty on every battle-field from Gettysburg to New Orleans; and they will be found ready, when the time for it arrives, to plant "the banner of the burning stripes and ever-multiplying stars" upon every foot of the American continent. The spirit of American liberty animates the Dominion of Canada, and sweeping over the'plains of Mexico and South America, has even inspired Spanish-American society with something of its genius. It has intrenched itself in France, where it threatens the stability of every throne of Europe. The divine right of kings has become its sport, and aristocracy, power, privilege, and proscription, are everywhere purchasing a temporary respite by concessions to the constantly increasing demands of the people. It inspired the Federal Constitution, upon the model of which the Spanish-American governments to the southward of us have been framed. FOREIGN HELP AND HELPERS. Foremost among them, the youthful Lafayette, the friend of Washington, who freely shed his blood to establish a principle that proved fatal to his own privileged order; the Baron Steuben, whose military education commenced under the great Frederick, before he was fifteen years of age, and who brought to the service of America thirty years' experience in the armies of Prussia, and who, by the discipline he introduced in ours, materially aided to organize CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 279 victory; Kosciusko, the brave leader of the Poles, whose skillful defense of Bemis Heights drove Burgoyne back upon Saratoga and compelled his surrender, for which he received the public thanks of Congress. And with these came others, who wrote their names in blood upon the pages of American history, and are held in grateful remembrance. THE SPIRIT OE LIBERTY UNIMPAIRED. Could,some hero of that dark revolutionary period return to the land his patriotism made sacred to liberty and progress, what a scene would burst upon his bewildered sight. * * But in one thing he would find that an hundred years had wrought no change in the people-that they are still imbued with the spirit of 1776. We stand upon the threshold of a second century of our national existence, in the well secured possession of the rich inheritance bought with the blood of the fathers whose memory we this day commemorate. Let us remember that this inheritance is ours, not to impair or destroy, but to enjoy, to preserve and to transmit to those who may come after us. Let us remember that a bad principle of government is as noxious in 1876. as it was in 1776. Let us so deal with this inheritance that its value and estimation in the hearts of the people will increase with each recurrence of this anniversary; and let us teach our children, and our children's children, to so deal with it that the orator of 1976 may say that this century has transmitted it to that unimpaired. MR. MARK S. BREWER, AT MILFORD.* THE TREE OF LIBERTY. As time rolled on, and education and intelligence became more and more diffused, so the "Tree of Liberty" planted by our fathers has grown in strength and beauty, and the breezes from Heaven have wafted fragrance from its blossoms to other nations. France has been struggling for years for a republican government, until a Bonaparte has been hurled from his throne, and a republic, in name at least, has been established. England has long since been compelled to adopt more liberal views, while her people have had guaranteed to them a higher degree of political and religious liberty, and her government has become, more and more subject to the control of her citizens. In fact, all the civilized nations of the earth have made rapid advancement in all that tends to the improvement of the people. *Hon. Mark S. Brewer, member elect of the Forty-fifth Congress from the Sixth Congressional district. 280 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. EDUCATION STIMULATES INVENTION. What citizen of Michigan is not proud of the educational facilities of his state: With a University second to none, with her graded and union schools in every city and village, where the higher branches are taught to all who seek therefor; and last but not least, her system of common schools, where the children of all, rich and poor, white and black, alike may secure an education which well fits them for all the duties and responsibilities of life, without money and without price. We know full well the burdens that are laid upon the people to maintain this system of free and universal education, but he who seeks to argue that it is not money well spent, illy comprehends the duties and responsibilities of citizenship in a free country like ours. Knowledge is not only a preventive of vice and crime, but an incentive to invention and improvement, in those things that tend to the comfort, happiness and refinement of man. Tell me, fellow citizens, have the wonderful inventions of man been devised in the states where education has been limited to the few, or where it has been universal and free to all. Clearly, in the latter. MECHANICAL INVENTION AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. * X Had any man a hundred years ago prophesied the construction of these wonderful works of his race during the first century of our Republic, he would have been treated as a fit subject for the mad-house. And who of us to-day dare assert that equally as great improvements will not be wrought out in the hundred years to come? Who can tell but what at the end of the second century of our country's advancement, commerce will be carried on in aerial ships floating on the wings of the wind? Who can tell but what electricity will be used not only for the communication of thought, as it is to-day, but also as a propelling power, by which substance as well as thought may be transported from one part of the globe to another? No one dare prophesy as to the wonderful works which the mind of educated man may not bring forth. VARIOUS TOPICS. Our country has been shaken from center to circumference by those who had sworn allegiance to her flag. The vacant chairs at our firesides, the maimed and wounded to whom the government justly owes a generous support, testify how bravely the men of the north came to the rescue in defense of free institutions and a united country, by which our heritage of freedom was saved to us. X *x- * This generation knows the horrors of war by sad experience. War —cruel war; it not only breeds death and destruction, but demoralizes CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 281 society, destroys wealth, and weakens the public credit. Would that nations and peoples could learn to appeal to arbitration and reason, rather than to the sword, as in the settlement of the Alabama claims.' * * The liquidation by you and me of the immense public debt left us at the close of the war, is but a portion of the price which is to be paid for the liberties we now enjoy. Accursed be he who would bring disgrace and shame upon the country by advocating a repudiation of its just obligations. * *' The laxity of morals among the people, both in public and private life, is one of the worst legacies left us by the war, due in a great measure to extravagance and the overstraining of credit. Let us learn once more to practice economy, to live within our income, to shun debt, and "pay as we go," if we would have a renewal of financial and business prosperity. * + * Let us require honesty and economy in our public servants, and elect no man to office whose past life is not a guarantee of honesty and integrity.' + 3 I have great faith in the American people, and believe that their intellectual and moral progress in the next hundred years will far exceed that of the past, and that the wisdom of our fathers as manifest in the formation of republican government will grow more and more manifest every day. The creation of their minds must continue to be the guiding star of all the nations of the earth. MR. L. D. DIBBLE, AT BATTLE CREEK.* THE CITY OF BATTLE CREEK. In the expressive language of another, we can truly say that "the first settlers of the wilderness have a peculiar experience which the country once occupied and improved can never afford. They had privations which their successors, on the cultivated fields, and in the thriving cities which their enterprise has been the means of producing, may some of them fail to appreciate, but the proud consciousness that their early trials and labors, and their once united and hopeful energies, gave the first impulse toward these magnificent changes which they now witness, is, of itself, something of a reward. They may have labored, and in some cases others may seem to reap the benefit, but we may be sure that the just and the wise will always award honor to men in proportion to the real benefits arising from what they have accomplished." Forty-five years ago the first log hut was built in Battle Creek, on land costing * Mr. Dibble's oration was largely historical as relates to Battle Creek and vicinity. The concluding remarks on this head are given, as also some extracts of more general application. 282 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre; to-day the value of the same land is estimated at not less than ten thousand dollars per acre. Then there were no schools, no churches, no manufactories, no business; all was a wilderness peopled by the aborigines of the country. To-day, eleven religious denominations meet in their respective churches and lay their supplications before the Throne of Grace. To-day there is invested in school buildings, libraries and apparatus, nearly or quite two hundred thousand dollars, and fifteen hundred and seventy-three scholars, between the ages of five and twenty years, receive an education sufficiently advanced to place them in good standing in the famous University of Michigan, free of cost. To-day, fine brick blocks for business purposes, beautiful residences, vieing with the palaces of eastern cities in splendor; manufactories turning out their millions in value of manufactured articles of world-wide renown annually, have taken the place of the forests of forty-five years ago. Then, all of the travel and all supplies for the infant colony were transported on wagons drawn by oxen. To-day, two railroads transport annually to and from the city hundreds of thousands of pounds of freight, and tens of thousands of passengers over their iron ways, at from twenty-five to forty miles per hour. DEPENDENCE UPON VIRTUE, INTEGRITY AND INTELLIGENCE. A century is ended; one hundred years have passed since the Declaration of the Independence of the United States of America was published; three generations of men have come upon the stage of life, acted their parts, and have passed away, and the curtain has dropped, shutting them from view forever; and to-day, this nation enters upon the second century of its existence. Will it enter upon another, and another, and how many? The answer to the question will depend upon the virtue, the integrity, and the intelligence of our rulers and our people. MEN AND WOMEN OF THE REVOLUTION. Well do I remember back to the time when they, who fought in the armies of the Revolution, occupied an honored place in all celebrations of this day; some of them I knew, but all of them have long since gone to their final rest; earth has mingled with earth, ashes with ashes, and dust with dust; and in the far off time, their names and their exploits will only be known in history and tradition, and will be taught to our children's children, and their praises will be sung to prattling infants, as were two thousand years ago the names and the exploits, and the deeds of daring of the founders and the heroes of the CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 283 republics of Greece and Rome; and a future mythology may exalt them to the realms of the gods. Their disinterested patriotism, their sufferings and privations in the sacred cause of that national and political liberty of which we this day enjoy the benefits, entitle their names to an everlasting remembrance. And the men of those days are not the only ones who are entitled to credit in securing our national independence. The women of those days, the mothers, the wives, the daughters, and the sisters of those brave and noble men, were no less brave and noble than they. They cultivated the fields, raised and harvested the crops for the support of the armies in the field, and in time of battle prepared the deadly ammunition to annihilate their foes, and acted as nurses and cared for the sick and wounded. Such men and such women were the progenitors of forty-four millions of people, who, this day, are celebrating the great and glorious achievement of our national independence, one hundred years thereafter. And to them alone does not belong all the honor and the praise-to the "God of battles," who presides over the "destinies of nations," let us also give hearty praise and thanks. AN HISTORIC CANE. The arts of peace succeeded the terrible struggle, and the nation prospered. In 1812 another war with the mother country was brought upon us. In that contest we fought for national honor, and the protection of our citizens on the high seas and abroad. Again we won the victory, and our claims and rights were again acknowledged. Then brave men stood by the mast as the ship went down. In the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, Commodore Perry commanded. After a bloody fight, in which the loss on each side was about one hundred and fifty, the flag-ship Lawrence went down, but victory was ours. Perry reported to General Harrison: "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." The sunken vessel was raised in 1836. Harrison was elected President in 1840. After his inauguration, a cane made from a plank of the ship was presented to him. An exact duplicate, made from the same vessel, by Captain James B. Laughead, is now owned by Mrs. Lovinia Laughead, his widow, of this city, and is this day used by Hon. Charles Austin in presiding over this celebration, and which I take pleasure in exhibiting on this occasion. PROGRESS AND RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY. From the close of the war of 1812 until the year 1861, our nation prospered; its limits extended from ocean to ocean, between the British possessions on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. We can stand upon 284 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Plymouth Rock and see the sun rise out of the Atlantic's stormy waves, and standing on the golden sands of California, traversing only our own possessions, see it set in the still Pacific. The New England States have become the workshops of the world. Their machinery forms an almost continued manufactory over hundreds of square miles, while their products flood the markets of the world. The States of Maine, New Hampshire, Michigan, Wisconsin, Georgia, California and Oregon are supplying lumber for the world. Our agricultural states are producing grain for the starving millions throughout the world, and wool and cotton to clothe them. The "black diamonds' of the United States are seemingly inexhaustible. The mines of gold and silver, iron and copper, turn out their millions annually to enrich us. Seventy thousand miles of railroad checker this country, transporting the products of every country and every climate. Our majestic inland lakes and rivers are white with the flaunting sails, decked with streamers and flags, and boasting of our prosperity. STRIFE AND RENEWED FRATERNITY. In 1861, amid all of this boasted prosperity, a rebellion broke out between the slaveholding and non-slaveholding states. Fathers, sons, and brothers were arrayed against each other in the bitter contest. Hundreds of thousands of our best and bravest men were killed or wounded; hardly a household in all this broad land that did not mourn for some one missing from the fireside. The curse of human slavery was its cause, and it has been blotted out forever. The blight has ceased to exist, and to-day, by the Constitution of our land, "all men are equal before the law," and all of the states are reunited, without a star blotted out of the constellation, or obscured by that hideous cloud. We mourn the loss of absent ones, but feel that they fell in a noble cause, sustaining the nation's integrity, and supporting its honor while carrying aloft its star-spangled banner. To-day the religious denominations of the North and South again fraternize; commerce between all of the states has been resumed; political parties from all parts meet in common and fraternal council; the blood-stained fields of battle again yield up their treasures to the husbandman, and all is harmony and peace. THE FUTURE. What is to be our future? Who will be our prophet? What will the prophesy be? None can foretell. The history of past republics carries with it fearful forebodings, and a record from which we should take warning. Greece became the land of science and the arts; Rome from its seven hills governed CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 285 the world. Vices and immorality, wealth and ambition, corruption in high places, crept in; the purest fountains of good intentions were turned from their sources; and both of those nations were blotted out, and time has covered their glory, and their languages, and their history, and their magnificent ruins, only remain. The empires and the monarchies of all the earth teach us that the same results follow the same causes. Revolutions begin and end, and governments crumble into dust. Columns of marble are erected, blocks of granite are placed, but constant attrition, hardly perceptible, wear them away. So may constant approaches, no matter how insidious, sap the foundations of the noble constitutional structure of our government, and before we suspect it, the columns may totter, the superstructure may tremble, and we may be buried deep and forever under its ruins. Let us set our "ruby" in a constellation of "diamond" stars. Let us love and cherish it. Your speaker will prophesy that whoever lives at the next Centennial of our nation will see it crowned by the grandest inventions of the human mind, bound together from its most distant limits by the strongest bonds, and its varied interests connected by a nervous system that will give it increased and increasing vitality and strength, and the element that would destroy it would shake to the center and crumble into ruins every political system in the universe. JUDGE ISAAC MARSTON, AT BAY CITY.* The orator opened with a felicitous figure, picturing our country as an infant nation brought into the world by Thomas Jefferson and his compatriots, and followed its successive stages of growth and development until, in its Centennial year, as a lusty, full-grown power among the nations of the earth, it invited the whole world to come and behold its magnitude and strength. The orator also reviewed the political history of the country, and traced the growth of the sentiments which led to the Declaration of Independence and the maintenance of that Declaration. The founding of this nation was not the work of any one man, but a spontaneous development of free principles. Its germ was nurtured in oppression. Under a mild and beneficent government the great qualities of our ancestors would not have been developed. Had George the Third been a wise ruler, America might to-day have been a British colony. He then traced the operation of political and moral causes, and showed how difficulties and adverse circumstances develop heroes and *Judge Marstqn, of the Supreme Court. From an abstract in the form of a newspaper report. 37 286 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. statesmen. The Revolution developed George Washington, and the late war brought out Grant and Lincoln. The speaker then proceeded to enquire into the dangers which threaten the country, and came to the conclusion that the country was in no danger from foreign conquest or oppression. We had demonstrated our power to repel all outside attacks. Nor could he see any peril from foreign immigration. The vast body of our foreign citizens were patriots, as was demonstrated to-day in this celebration, which was conceived, originated and carried out almost exclusively by the various civic societies composed of citizens of foreign birth. When others were lukewarm and indifferent, and had almost.abandoned the idea of getting up any celebration in Bay City, these societies came to the rescue, and resolved that there should be a celebration worthy the day and the year. And it was highly proper that our foreign citizens should thus show their appreciation of the blessings they here enjoy. Here the speaker addressed himself more particularly to the foreign societies, who had invited him to make the address, showing the all-powerful motives which should animate them to participate as American citizens, while still cherishing a proper affection for their native lands. He appealed to Frenchmen by the memory of Lafayette, one of the most efficient soldiers of our Revolution, and to Polanders by the memory of Kosciusko, the patriot soldier of two continents, and by the memories of Poland's own heroic struggle for freedom. With these examples before them they could not be false to this country and its liberties. He drew a glowing picture of the gallant conduct and proud record of the German and Irish soldiers in our late civil war, and remarked that America has the best blood of every land to defend her. The blood of foreign born citizens lies commingled with that of Americans on every battlefield. The loyalty of our adopted citizens is, and must always remain, unquestioned. The orator then touched upon rather delicate ground in a brief discussion of the Mongolian question. He rebuked the spirit of persecution manifested toward the Chinese on the Pacific coast and endorsed in the platform of a great party. He thought the scope of legislation on the subject should be confined to regulating treaties so as to prevent the importation of Mongolians for servile or immoral purposes. He thought that if we could not civilize and Christianize the few Mongolians.that came here we ought to surrender our proud boast of enlightenment and power. Alluding to the school question, he exhorted his hearers to remember that our public school system was the foundation of our liberties, and that it must CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 287 be kept free from sectarian influence.' Remember," he said, "that the tendency in religious matters is toward persecution. The Pilgrim Fathers came over to these shores to escape religious persecution, but at first did not scruple to practice it on others. Avoid religious intolerance, and beware of any steps toward a union of church and state, because it is inconsistent with our liberties. The only safety is to keep the schools perfectly secular in theory and practice." MR. J. E. TENNEY, AT LANSING. THE OCCASION AND THE DAY. I esteem it a high honor to address you at the capital of the Peninsular State on this one hundredth birthday of the nation, and to speak in commemoration of the great and glorious services rendered by our patriot sires in the cause of country, humanity, liberty, and God. And while I do this, I cannot forget that there are others here whose names are linked with the inception of the life of this capital, and whose rich experience embraces the period of forty years of the rounded existence of Michigan as a member of the glorious company of states of the American Union, and whose career, marked by a rare combination of ability and eloquence, might more fitly render this interesting service. It is an honor which any person may well covet on ordinary occasions; but at this grand Centennial of the republic, it is an honor doubly dear, and from my heart of hearts I thank you for it. I do not come here to-day to inculcate lessons of political science, economy, or philosophy, but in a discursive way, without any regard to the rules of logic or continuity of thought or expression, to rehearse the old theme, so dear to every true American, of Liberty-her trials, sufferings, dangers, safeguards and triumphs. This Centennial day is sacred to liberty. Other days have their significance and their peculiar consecration. Thanksgiving is dear to us, for then there is a reunion of the family circle around the hearthstone. Christmas is dear to us, as it touches the religious chords in our natures and inspires us with renewed faith and hope in the severance of the soul from its tenement of clay when summoned from earth to immortality in the world to come. New Year's is a day of hilarity and good will, sportive pleasures and innocent joys; and while, perhaps, we shed a silent tear as the old year passes away, we freshen in our strength, and resolve manfully to run the next heat. But of all the holidays in the American calendar, the Fourth of July is the merriest, maddest, gladdest day in the year. 288 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. THE DAWN OF LIBERTY. The struggle for liberty began in England, and originated in the church. The church of England then as now was national, but not then as now were the people allowed to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences. Every one was compelled to square his faith with the tenets of the established church. Many could not consistently do this, and they resisted the magisterial authority which sought to compel them into obedience to certain prescribed rules of worship and Christian life. No description by Macauley is more beautiful, statelier, or more intensely interesting than that which pictures the progress of this popular organization, first under the name of Brownists, and then as Separatists, and finally as Independents, which, with Oliver Cromwell as leader, and John Milton, the great poet, as secretary, revolutionized England, and triumphed everywhere in parliament, in church, and in state. From this revolution sprang the heritage of liberty in our land. How humble the seed! how glorious the result! how noble the lesson it teaches! It is the voice of faith, more potent than armies, prefiguring final triumphs to all the devotees of right. T' Then came another change, so startling that the thrones of Europe tottered to their very foundations. That change was the American Revolution-a change not merely in the form, but the principles of government. For the first time in the history of the world was then enunciated a practical philosophy of democracy. The ideas of despotism, autocracy, and monarchy, whether absolute or limited, were all discarded, and the great political axioms, the very front and basis of the Declaration of Independence, were declared to be the foundation principles of all true government. *' * *~ The accepted principles of the Declaration of Independence led to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, September 17th, 1787. The results of the revolutionary war exerted vast influence on the nations of Europe, stimulating struggles for liberty in Ireland, Poland, and Italy. Everywhere history justifies the assertion that free government is true government for all races of men, and that the revolution which began in America with asserting the rights of man to self-government, will never cease until the wrongs of men everywhere are redressed. THE CIVIL WAR. But while freedom and self-governrment have prospered so well in America, and have done so much for the world, it must not be forgotten that quite recently this system received a mighty shock, and for some time wise and grave men stood aghast, and doubted if it would survive. It was a bloody CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 289 picture in the book of time. What a sacrifice that war cost us! Out of 2,335,951 who enlisted, 294,416 died in the service, of whom 85,231 were killed in battle or died of wounds. This was the sacrifice on the Union side, when Liberty and Slavery, with mailed hands, contended for the mastery. The extent of the sacrifices which the brave boys made for us in support of the Union, no living lips may tell. They lost not their courage before Bull Run, or in front of Richmond. They rolled back the rebel hordes at Gettysburg, entered with radiant banner into Donelson and Vicksburg, climbed the bristling heights of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge, threaded the narrow passes from Chattanooga, crushed the rebel cohorts at Nashville, marched from the mountains to the sea, visited the punishment of war upon the Carolinas, and finally ordained an enduring peace at Appomattox. Through years of marching and fighting they bore aloft their country's banner and maintained its unsullied honor. They settled forever the right of the majority to rule. They made deeper, and broader, and firmer, the foundations of free government. SOME SOCIAL STATISTICS. In 1776 we had a population of 2,500,000; to-day we have upwards of 40,000,000. One hundred years ago our territory was a little strip of country east of the Alleghanies; now its area contains 3,000,000 square miles-nearly equal to the area of all Europe. We send through the mail 750,000,000 of letters every year, or 19 letters to each inhabitant. We have 75,000 miles of railroad, and meshes of telegraph wires encircling the globe. Our imports in the year 1874 amounted in value to $567,000,000; our exports to $586,000,000. During that year we exported 71,000,000 bushels of grain, but this was less than one-fourth part of what was raised in our country. According to the census of 1870, the annual value of all the manufacturing industries of the United States amounted to $4,000,000,000. There are in this country 72,000 religious societies, 63,000 church edifices, and church property to the value of $354,000,000, with sitting accommodations for more than 10,000,000 persons. There are 43,000 clergymen in the United States, and the amount annually raised for religious worship is $30,000,000, besides the large sums given for missions and other religious purposes. There are in the United States 141,000 schools, and more than 7,000,000 pupils in attendance. The money expended in 1870 for public education was $95,000,000, and two-thirds of it was raised by taxation for the public schools. One hundred years ago railroads, telegraphs, steam ploughs, steel pens, reapers, mowing machines, friction matches, and pull-backs were not known in this country. "The early settlers found but little corn and many graves." 290 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. THE HERITAGE. The disturbing element of slavery that arrayed the states being removed, we may hope for the growth of a higher statesmanship. Larger views will be taken of the relations of the country, its manufactures and its commerce. The great idea of an invincible and indissoluble republic is about to be realized. We shall fulfill Berkeley's glowing prophesy, "Time's noblest offspring is the last." Our great resources, our wide geographical extent, bounded on the one side by the waves of the stormy Atlantic, and on the other by the calm waters of the Pacific, our growing population, spreading to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, and seating our institutions upon shores which. confront the rich countries of the east; our laws, language, and religion, all tending to develop the highest civilization, may well arouse our pride of country on this Centennial day. The republic bears undisputed sway over a continent washed by the two great oceans of the world. It recalls the beautiful illustration of Mr. Webster, when describing the breadth of our territorial possessions. He said that the country resembled Homer's description of the shield of Achilles: The shield complete the artist crowned With his last hand, and poured the ocean round, In living silver seen the waves to roll, And beat the buckler's verge and bound the whole. Long may the republic enjoy these possessions. My task is done. The hand on the dial-plate of our national chronometer points out one hundred years. The first Centennary of the nation has gone forever. MR. A. L. MILLARD, AT ADRIAN.* My task as historian is done. As during the century past the United States as a people, a nation, have so marvelously, under the favor of Providence, grown and increased in all the elements of greatness and power, extending itself and its population from the narrow strip along the Atlantic, which it occupied in 1776, by a wide and magnificent belt across the heart of the entire continent to the Pacific; and as our own county has, on its smaller scale, during the half century, in like manner grown, and developed, and increased, to take its place in the foremost rank of the counties of our own * The burden of Mr. Millard's oration was a historical sketch of Lenawee county. The closing portion only is given. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 291 State, and to rival most of the agricultural counties in the older portions of the country, let us hope that the future has still greater things in store for us. Let us cherish union, and set our faces against everything calculated to create sectional strife and dissensions. Hushed be the voice of party and the noise of party strife, this day, at least, as we join together in its celebration as one people, having a common interest in that which it commemorates, happy that at the end of one hundred years the goodly heritage which our fathers bequeathed to us remains unimpaired for us to transmit to those that come after us; that our government, our institutions and our Union have survived the shock of war, foreign and domestic, and the perhaps still greater danger from corruption from within. As both the great political parties have united to put down treason and rebellion, so let both parties and all parties unite to rebuke corruption, wherever found, in whatever party. And may the close of another century find us, as a people, as to-day, united, happy, and free. MR. JONAS H. McGOWAN, AT COLDWATER.* REVIEWING THE PAST AND PRESENT. There are times in the life of- every individual when nothing is proper but to remain quiet, and think. A great crisis in your life is upon you. Muscle, and nerve, and thought are driven with the whip and spur; every force of your existence is called into action, and you live at a fearful rate. It is over; what can you do but sit down and think? What should you do but just that? Like the thoughtful master of a vessel after a storm at sea, you quietly make your reckoning, compute the force and effect of the storm, get your latitude and longitude, find how far from port the roaring winds have left you. The same is true of national life. This is a good time for us to pause a moment for quiet thought in our capacity as citizens-as members and stockholders in that great corporation we call the nation. The nation has had a crisis. The storm was upon us and beat about us. The thunder and the lightning came. Now it has passed and the calm is here. The time for thought and recuperation has come. Two grand reasons exist to-day to make us stop and think; the crisis is over, and we have reached our one hundredth birthday. We have traveled the long road with one hundred stopping places. NOw, from this last station reached, let us glance backward and with gratitude tell the blessings * Hon. J. H. McGowan, member elect of the Forty-fifth Congress, from the Thircl Congressional District. 292 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. that all along have been showered down upon us, and with a look forward let us aspire to be worthy of the glorious past and the grand future which it prophesies. The thought is worthy of the hour. Its expression could hardly be compassed in ten minutes. In our minds we can but barely glance at the good things behind us. We shall not stop to look up Christopher Columbus or Ferdinand and Isabella. We shall not now search for the finger of Providence that pointed out to the Genoese enthusiast the trackless way across the briny deep to a new world. We shall not even take you away to Plymouth Rock, nor stop to glory over the struggle with wild beasts and wild men in the wilderness. The day we celebrate shall be our boundary backwards. The ringing words you have just heard read ushered it in. It was a grand beginning for the young nation. Out from the personal government of a monarchy into the broad and wholesome freedom of democracy; out from the rule of a king into the rule of the people; away from the hampering traditions of the past strode the young republic. With a firm reliance upon God, and faith in its own power of self-government, it began the new existence. For the courage, and skill, and intense love of liberty that inspired this hour, one hundred years ago, we cannot be too thankful. NATIONAL PROGRESS. * * No grander events than the birth and early struggles of the American republic were ever described in history. And how we have grown from that paltry three millions to our present forty millions is truly marvelous. It is true that the history of these hundred years has not been one of unmixed good. Many of our best lessons have cost us fearfully. We may have some more prices to pay. The march of civilization is not a steady going forward. It is composed of a series of advances and halts, and, perhaps, sometimes countermarches. Somebody has said that revolutions never go backward, but it does seem that frequently, when the revolution is over, all the elements of progress that have gathered up and pressed into active life, settle back, and for a time, at least, society seems to retrograde. Be that as it may, these halts or breathing spells in the life of a nation, I believe, are natural, and should be utilized in the direction of a healthy national life. And on the whole, we now know, in looking backward, that our advance, if not steady and uniform, has yet been positive and glorious. The great curse of human slavery, which began with the beginning of our existence, has been wiped out. The once possible dissolution of the Union of the states is now, we gladly believe, no longer possible. The fearful stroke that sundered the shackles of the bondsman also CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 293 drew forth the red tide that cemented the Union forever. Peace and oppression cannot travel the same road. The Scylla and Charybdis that threatened to wreck our young and stately ship are passed. The dangers of the launching and the trial-trip are over, and we are fairly afloat upon the broad ocean of national existence. The winds are favorable, and no dark storm lurks in the horizon. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE. To us and to future generations is now entrusted the task of caring for the ship of state. If the barnacles fasten on and impede its progress; if, through neglect, the sails decay and the timbers rot, the odium and the curse will be ours. The past bids us, and the future beckons us, to better things. For better things we hopefully and confidently look. From this breathing-place in the race, stretching away ahead, we see most glorious things. From ocean to ocean, from lake to gulf, upon the hillside and the prairie, we see an immense throng which no man can number, happy, intelligent, free. Out of the heat and toil, out of the suffering and the anguish, has come to us, at last, and been applied as a living principle, the great lesson that "righteousness exalteth a nation." That ignorance which maketh for vice has slunk away, and that intelligence which maketh for virtue has gone everywhere. There can be no good government with corrupt citizens; virtuous and intelligent citizenship is only possible as the outgrowth of good homes. Even the pure air and sweet sunshine cannot make a grand tree. It must have the rich soil in which to imbed its roots, and the breast of mother earth from whence to draw its nourishment. So neither perfect constitutions nor faultless laws can make good citizens. The best statesmanship is to care for the nation by caring for the individual; when each individual is pure, the government will need no purifying. No collection of people can be righteous in their corporate capacity. They can only thus represent the average virtue of the mass. This, then, is the lesson of the past and the work of the future, namely, to labor for that individual righteousness which exalteth a nation. MR. GEORGE W. WILSON, AT CHARLOTTE. PATRIOTISM UNIVERSAL. We have assembled here to-day to commemorate the old. It is not my purpose to provoke a smile when singling out of a vast vocabulary a word so quaint and antique to describe the action this day participated in, in common with myriads of our fellow-citizens, to mark the Centennial epoch of the exist38 294 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. ence of this Republic. We are using terms which we inherited, and applying them to events transpiring in an age of great activity and unwonted rapidity in the transitions which follow, each so closely upon the footsteps of his fellow. In another sense it is old. It is the offering that patriotism makes at her venerated shrine, in all circumstances, and in all ages. Differing howsoever it may in form, the controlling principle is ever present to assert itself, whether in the remote past, Abraham avenges the indignity offered to his kinsman, or the near present, when the Sclave joyfully commemorates the millennial of his national existence in his bleak, sea-bound Norway. It nerves alike the valiant David to repel invasions of a sacred patrimony; a Maccabees to strike for the temple and altar of his own and his fathers' God; or the warm-hearted Garribaldi to draw his sword for his own sweet Italy. It was this principle, so universal in humanity, that fanned the zeal of our forefathers into a consuming flame which illumined a world and wrought deliverance of a people from the perils of rebellion, and carved for them undying fame as the conquerors of a revolution. This principle is as honorable as it is universal, and as cosmopolitan as it is local. A faculty innate to humanity, that is not dwarfed by avarice or saturated with mendacity, cannot be sectional, but must be as broad and far-reaching as humanity itself. And though it may flourish with more vigor in some sections of the globe than others, and in some ages than at all times, it is one of the evidences of the nobility of man. Sordid indeed must be that heart whose love for his home and his country's ensign is measured only by his love for gold, or the adulations of jealous rivals. Worthy of honor is that aspiration that yearns for his country's glory and the peace, prosperity, and happiness of his countrymen. It is to this view that I hope to lead you, fellow-citizens, on this Centennial birthday of this republic. DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL UNITY AND MARTIAL PROWESS. The various wars in which the colonists became involved, as the King William's War, 1689; Queen Anne's War, or "War of the Spanish Succession," 1702-1713; King George's War, 1744, or the "French and Indian War," based on the rival claims to the same territory, gave them practice in the art of war. The matter that brought our own George Washington to the foreground in the history of those days was the action taken by the French commandant, St. Pierre, and Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, who appointed Washington, first as a commissioner, in his twenty-first year, and afterwards as lieutenant-colonel of Virginia troops. And, as touching the anniversary, may be mentioned his gallant defense of Fort Necessity, near Fort du Quesne (Pittsburg), and his CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 295 final surrender to the overpowering forces of the French, on the Fourth of July, 1754, with the honorable condition of being permitted to return with his troops to Virginia. We have now reached a time in the history of the colonies that gave an impetus to the events which terminated in the final separation from the imperial government. Doubtless because of the burden and risks of repeated wars with France, and perceiving that another war was impending; and knowing that America was in some measure the battle-field in which serious blows might be inflicted; and learning something of the strength of those vigorous young colonists, England proposed that the colonists meet in convention or congress, and devise means for self-protection. Truly was this practical lesson well followed in later years. And on this occassion there assembled representatives from seven colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland), in the city of Albany, June 19, 1754. And again on this anniversary that Congress adopted a constitution drawn by Dr. Franklin (July 4, 1754), which gave in terms to the colonial government to be formed, consisting of a chief magistrate and council of fortyeight, the power "to declare war, levy troops, raise money, regulate trade, conclude peace, and do other acts necessary for the public good." That comprehensive plan was, on submission to the several assemblies and the board of trade (consisting of a president and seven members, called " Lords of Trade," appointed by the crown), rejected by the assemblies as being too aristocratic, and by the Lords of Trade as being too democratic, because the forty-eight councilmen were to be elected by the respective assemblies. But the seed was sown and the harvest grew. "Man proposes and God disposes." The apprehended war came, and its clangor reverberated in these colonies for nearly eight years. Unwittingly, possibly, yet surely, were those colonists being inured to the hardships and art of war that should facilitate their triumph only a few years later. Washington's skill was manifested at and following Braddock's defeat (1755), and his experience greatly enhanced his knowledge of the art of war. EQUALITY OF MEN DEFINED. The fundamental principle upon which the Declaration of Independence is based is that opposed to the so-called divine right of kings to rule by inheritance to succession of the throne. "That all men are created equal." This equality must have some tangible significance. It could not refer to the social relations, for among those who joined in that act were to be found social 296 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. disparity. Nor could it refer to the physical being, for surely every one who sanctioned the utterance had observed the grand divisions into which the human family was separated, and various shades to be found in each division. It could not allude to civil privileges, for many were the distinctions to which millions were born in every generation under the different governments of the world. It could not embrace temporal possessions within its scope, for the poor and the opulent had lived in all ages and every clime, side by side, and no human laws had ever been sufficiently potent to disrobe a Dives of his purple, or clothe a Lazarus in fine linen. It could not allude to longevity; for though born to life, "the silver cord" is often "loosed" and "the golden bowl broken at the cistern," at every stage of human existence. None of these were selfevidently equal. But on the contrary the whole testimony of history, the constant wail of the weak, the suffering and the oppressed, the universal observation of every generation, make the opposite "self-evident." It must therefore refer to this one thing, the equality of political prerogatives as opposed to dynastica denial of the assumption that any are born sovereigns, and exercise the prerogative of ruling their fellows in virtue of their birth-the ground upon which King George claimed it as a right to subjugate these colonies to his behests. In this light the Declaration was not the utterance of a new principal, but its application to a new sphere. This principle had been avowed, and upon it the republics of the past had been erected. The republics of Greece, and Rome, and Venice, among the ancient; and Switzerland, France, and of South American republics, and of Mexico, among the modern, have avowed this principle. We are dealing with the question of what is the true basis of the Republic. Monarchies and empires do not of necessity enter into the consideration of the question. TRUTH, EQUITY AND JUSTICE ESSENTIAL. In so far as the principle of Truth, Equity and Justice have prevailed in their councils have republics been successful in establishing and maintaining an existence. But when these are lost sight of, and immorality and debauchery in the public administration shall abound; with unblushing trafficking in the honor of public men and public trusts reposed in them by a confiding people or power, their dishonor, decrepitude and decay are the inevitable doom. * * As we would seek our own and our country's prosperity, we should cling to those undying principles of Truth, Equity and Justice. In what consists the prosperity of a state? It is not merely material greatness or strength. Prosperity is essential, but what is prosperity? Some would have us to believe that it was commercial and industrial greatness CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 297 that grand schemes for vast enterprises, and numerous arteries for the flow of commerce as outlets for industrial products, would regenerate the Republic. Others, that impregnable fortresses and invincible armies and navies, will purify and preserve a people. It is not merely in the multiplicity of manufactories, nor their magnitude, the avenues of commerce, nor the vastness or number of private fortunes. All these may be evidences of material prosperity, but at the same time, monuments of oppression, and fraud, and baseness. They may be the price of a people's honor offered at the shrine of avarice. England was greater when she struggled for England's honor, than to-day when she stultifies her faith and menaces Europe with war to secure to her money-gatherers indemnity for their loans to the Turk. She was mightier as a nation of men than as a horde of shop-keepers, peddlers and money-lenders. India's magnificent splendor and regal potency will never compensate for the sacrifice of principle, nor justify the enforced thraldom of the Christian principalities. The voice beyond the Byzantine, demanding freedom for Christians from Mohammedan massacre, has a deeper potency, a more thrilling tone, than any clamor about the map of Europe or the treaty of 1853. So will those undying principles, Truth, Equity and Justice, ring with more force throughout this land, though uttered by whitened lips or ashen cheek, than the dull recital of the value of increased facilities for augmenting wealth or bombastic strains about material greatness. Do you ask what is meant by these terms, Truth, Equity, Justice? They are terms which the God of nations has given to man. They are what He demands, as the sovereign of nations as well as individuals. They are His laws, promulgated alike for the happiness of His subjects and the honor of the Eternal Sovereign. No maudlin sentimentalism grown of crazed brains, no "cunningly devised fables," but sharp, clear-ringing enunciations of the will of God. Truth before God, Equity towards men, Justice in the acknowledgment of God's blessings. PERSONAL HONOR AND DIGNITY. On this Centennial day, "when the little one has become a thousand," let us heed this lesson. Let us make it our own as we gird our loins for the battle of the opening century. The past cannot be recalled. We may be guided by the monuments strewn along the pathway of the closing century. The cypress wreath hangs in many a household, and shattered hopes sadden many hearts. But the olive branch now hangs beside the cypress, and the laurel wreath may yet entwine, aye, many an aching brow. Be men! Be patriots! 298 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. and wrest from the grasp, even of fate, a future radiant with glories rivaling the halo of the past. Fling to the winds selfishness and sordid aspirations, and scorn every attempt to bind in servile shame our own or our brother's hand. It were better to maintain the honor and dignity of manhood though clothed in coarse garments, than to be bound by a servile chain, though it be heavy with gold and in halls of gorgeous splendor. MR. GEORGE H. JEROME, AT NILES.* DIGNITY OF CITIZENSHIP. I would impress upon all the unsurpassed dignity and high privilege of the American citizen. It is well to know and to remember whom and what we are. In a republic all are equal before the constitution and the law. That good, law-abiding citizen who works at the forge, on the bench, at the counter, or in the mine or the quarry, is the peer of every citizen, be he Governor, Prime Minister, or President. The very economy of true republican government necessarily makes it so, since there can cluster in the highest and most honored, not one right, not one power, not one privilege that does not pertain to the humblest citizen in the land. To any and to every one who attains to citizenship, wearing its honored badges, and feeling the omnipotence that comes of desire and manly pride and hope, there is no rank to which he may not aspire, no goal to which he may not look. Ho * How imperative, then, thatthe citizen be all that is possible and hoped for by the Republic; for be he ignorant, be he indifferent, be he disloyal, the Republic shares in and suffers from all his delinquencies and vices. But be he uncorrupt, incorruptible; be he wise; be he vigilant-the Republic is honored in them all, for the Republic is but the gauge and the mirror of the citizen. It cannot well get below him, nor can it rise much above him. The smaller cannot contain the larger. You cannot drive the gnarled and unwedgeable oak back into its original acorn, nor by might or alchemy hitherto known can you send the stream above its fountain head. So neither can you make the Republic greater, purer, better, than its citizen, for he is the Republic, not its symbol, or simulation, but the Republic embodied and all vital, and it is through, and of and by him that its subtle springs and wheels and vast machinery fulfill their high and appointed functions. * Hon. George H. Jerome, Secretary of the State Board of Fish Commissioners. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 299 SACREDNESS OF THE BALLOT. My fellow-citizens, there is one thing, and the thing, too, which seems to me to be the corner-stone and the cap-stone of our republican edifice, concerning which I greatly fear we have made no advance except it be a backward advance. I refer to the ballot and the ballot-box. The century has stamped advance, advance, on nearly all we see and hear and touch. But how is it with the ballot? More ballots are cast, nothing plainer then that, but what their complexion and significance? The free ballot of a republican government is a mighty thing. Whether used wisely, beneficially, depends largely upon the virtue, the intelligence and the patriotism of the people. The free American ballot, too, is a sacred thing, more precious than gold or ruby, more to be desired and guarded than were the fabled apples of Hesperides. But if it be a "stuffed" ballot, a purchased ballot, a ballot soiled and smirched by ignorance and all the vices! How then? Why, it is not a freeman's ballot, but the ballot of a baser than a galley slave. The absolute, unstained and unstainable purity of the elective franchise I regard as the sine qua non of all free government. The ballot derives its essential power from its essential purity. I hold the willful corruption of the ballot and the ballot-box to be treason, not moral treason alone, but actual treason, committed against the peace, the dignity and the safety of the state, and that there should be meted out to the base offender a retribution swift and terrible as if a Cataline or an Arnold were on trial and awaiting sentence. MR. AARON CLARK, AT MIDDLEVILLE.* UNITY OF SENTIMENT. Among this large concourse of familiar faces I look in vain for a Republican, a Democrat, or a Liberal-for a defender of Prohibition, or License. I look in vain for an advocate of the theory of Predestination or of Free-willI only see before me an assembly of Americans, convened by no authoritative call to discuss either morals, religion, or politics, but convened as are the citizens of nearly every hamlet, village and municipality in all this broad land, to gratulate over their liberties, and to celebrate the first Centennial of the nation's birth. *There is no record of a celebration at Middleville on the Fourth. 300 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. The problems of the separation of church and state, and of popular education, had never been solved in Europe, and for these reasons republican government could not be maintained there, although desired and frequently attempted by the people. England had proved herself the most liberal government on the earth, by limiting the rights of her kings, and by admitting her subjects to representation in the legislative department of her government, thus giving them a foretaste of civil liberty; but she still clung to the prevalent but mistaken idea that a national religion would develop the intelligence of the people, and at the same time be a tower of strength to the government. The statesmen of Great Britain had not yet learned that the intelligence of the man dictated the character of his religion; neither had they learned the lessons of toleration which America has since taught them, but with a shortsighted policy which has marked the record of a majority of her long line of statesmen, attempted to bind the consciences of her subjects, by prescribing a particular mode of worship, in the establishment of a national church. THE PURITANS. On the ninth of November, 1620, they cast anchor in the harbor of Cape Cod. Before leaving the ship, in the little crowded cabin, they drew up and solemnly sealed a compact-the first constitution of New England-democratic in form, and resting on the consent of the governed. The instrument is in these words: In the name of God, amen: We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign, King James, having undertaken, for the glory of God, the advancement of the Christian church, and the honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern part of Virginia, do by these presents, in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation and the furtherance of the ends aforesaid, and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances and acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most convenient for the general good of the colony, unto which we promise due submission and obedience. MR. A. H. FENN, AT ALLEGAN. EXTINCTION OF SLAVERY. It remained for the last quarter of this eventful century to witness that grand struggle between the principles of the Declaration on the one hand and the last expiring remnants of feudal times on the other, incorporated by the fathers, as a matter of policy and compromise, among the provisions of our CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 301 Federal Constitution, at the glorious termination of which, through the agency of Abraham Lincoln, the martyred President of the Republic, the doctrine of human equality triumphed. The rebellion of 1861 was but the natural and legitimate result of two antagonistic principles incorporated in one and the same government. Each struggled for the mastery, until at last passion took the place of reason, crimination the place of argument, and as the natural outgrowth of this, animosities and hatreds, dark, dangerous, and implacable, were aroused, and as a last resort, the advocates of human slavery appealed to the stern arbitrament of the sword. The friends of human equality sprang to the rescue of the imperiled Republic, and with the sentiments of the Declaration inscribed on their banner, marched on to certain victory, complete, absolute, and final, thus demonstrating the fact that a republican form of government has the elements of strength sufficient to defend itself against invasion from without, or the still more dangerous assaults of domestic insurrection from within. It is well that the first century of the republic should have witnessed the struggle and decided the mastery, for now the elements of discord are removed, the cause of former dissensions, partisan strife, and sectional jealousies no longer remain to disturb the harmony, the peace and quiet of coming years. THE TWO CENTURIES. The history of the republic during the century that has just closed challenges the admiration of the world, and justly arouses the pride and patriotism of every true American citizen. It has been a century of comparative peace, of rapid progress, of wonderful growth, of astonishing development. The past is secure, and the retrospect is all that the most ardent heart could desire, and far more than the most sanguine friend of republicanism could have expected; but the future, with all its grave responsibilities, with all its grand issues, freighted with concerns of grave and momentous import, are opening up before us as we bid adieu to the glories of the first and enter upon the active scenes of the second century of our national existence. And now, fellow-citizens, at the very threshold of the new century let us pledge ourselves anew to the principles of the fathers. Let us drink deep at the fountains from which the men of 1776 drew the glorious inspiration of a patriotism that welded their hearts together in bonds of fraternal love, and golden lustre throughout the length and breadth of the civilized world. If we are true to the lessons of wisdom that come to us from the past, true to the instincts of our better nature, true to the sentiments of the Declaration, true 39 302 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. to ourselves, our country, and our God, the second Centennial of American independence will be even more grand and glorious than the first, and then, a hundred years from this very day, a hundred million of free and independent people will pause in the midst of public rejoicing and will rise up and call us blessed forevermore. CAPTAIN C. H. DENISON, AT PORT HURON. MEN OF LATER TIMES. But we cannot bid the past farewell without a passing tribute to some few more of that bright array of radiant names which have made resplendent the more recent years of our history to Webster, whose vast and mighty genius, working through Herculean labors and eloquence unknown before, awing senates by that "majesty of brow and eye," and teaching the people to know and inwardly feel that under the protecting shield of the Constitution was their only safety, did so much to bear up the pillars of order when the forum was being filled with contention; to Everett, who brought to the service of the state the shining panoply of a broad and varied learning; to Choate, whose weird and matchless eloquence, burdened always with the theme of liberty, was like the strains of an unearthly music, heard from unknown sources in the clouds, at twilight on the mountains; to Seward, who bore upon his shoulders, Atlas-like, the boundless responsibilities of state, standing firmly to his post by the helm, guiding the noble vessel, freighted with a nation's life, through troubled seas, when the skies were blackest and the storm burst in its utmost fury. The former saw with prophetic eye the distant tempest gathering, and welcomed death that removed them from its anticipated terrors. The last lived to see the heavens bright again-a race redeemed from bondage, the harbinger of peace descending, and heard a nation's glad song of victory following his triumphal journey round the world. Well did they serve their times, and no age shall rise that will not pronounce their eulogy. FREEDOM AND CIVILIZATION ADVANCING. Fortunate, indeed, is our lot, fellow-citizens, who have lived to behold the sun go down for the last time on the first century of the Republic. But yesterday it was with us -to-day it is in eternity. Great are the changes it has wrough on the face of the world. Thrones have crumbled, and empires have changed their boundaries, but free principles have been extended, and CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 303 everywhere are evidences that civilization is tending upwards-that the better day is approaching towards which the longing eyes of humanity have ever been looking steadfastly forward. But across our own favored land it has left a luminous pathway. It has left monuments of progress that will outlast the pyramids. It has left us great examples which will brighten all the future. It has hastened the day of rest for the overtaxed hand and brain by implements to lessen the hours of necessary labor. It has swept away the one fruitful cause of federal contention. It has left us cultivating harmonious relations with the ends of the world by means of the great exposition at the ancient capital of the Republic. It has left us grounds only for gratitude and rejoicing. MEN AND STATESMEN WANTED. And now, from this shore between two eternities from this high tower of vision between the old century and the new-we look backward through the golden years and bid the old farewell; and turning, we look forward, and in the words of him. whose life adorned the old century, we bid distant generations hail, and welcome the century that is now upon us. Hail, and farewell. And standing here, in this auspicious hour, "dipping into the future far as human eye can see," I seem to hear from out her home in the azure, the fair genius of Columbia echoing back, "Hail, and farewell," and saying to us her children, "Give me MEN to rule my Republic-men who would find a richer reward in the applause, than in the treasury of their country; men who would not barter a repute for integrity, for the gold of all the mountains; men. who would prize a good name above the crown of the Csesars; men whose grief would run deeper for a wounded honor, than for the loss of all their fortune; men who know their duty, and knowing will do it to the end, though it leave them penniless; men whose patriotism will disdain to stand within the limits of a section, but will range through the widest circumference of the Republic; men who will scorn to make drafts on the applause of a day, to be redeemed at the treasury of their consciences; STATESMEN, with hearts to rise above the tangles of partisan warfare and the penury of statecraft, to the fairer domain of a wise and humane philanthropy; statesmen who will pluck the serpent tongue. of malice from the teeth of treason by the benignity of their enactments; statesmen who know, and understand, the truth proclaimed by Cicero two thousand years ago, that the patriotism which embraces less than the whole, induces sedition and discord, the last evil of the state; statesmen who know that the best ends of republican government can only be attained by the harmony of all its members-that the schemes of the politician must be held 304 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. subordinate to the interests of the people, and will form the laws so wise in their objects, so salutary in their application, so immaculate in equity, so benign in justice, yet so strong to enforce obedience at last, that even the wrecked and disordered South shall be beguiled back to her first love for the Union, and co-operate in consummating the highest ends of the enlarged and amended Constitution. Give me these, and the earth and sea shall not outlive your prosperity." CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 305 III.-THE MICHIGAN PULPIT ON THE CENTENNIAL. N this chapter the object has been to give the leading thoughts of representative clergymen of the different denominations. There was no concert of action on the subject among the religious bodies, and the discourses that follow were kindly furnished upon application to the gentlemen by whom they were written. The discourses will be read with interest, and will have an especial value in the years to come, as showing the lines of thought flowing from the pulpit on the Centennial occasion. AMERICA'S CENTENNIAL MEMORIES.* HEBREWS, x: 36: For ye have need of patience, that, after ye have done the will of God, ye might receive the promise. This scripture has its confirmation in the history of the last one hundred years. It means that they who do their duty receive their reward in good and advancement of some kind. Each year of the last one hundred has proved it a thousand times. The Congregational State Association, at its late meeting in Pontiac, voted a Centennial sermon to-day from each of its one hundred and seventy-four ministers. This being the first Sabbath of the second century of our nation's existence, it offers the first suitable sacred time for a glancing review of the first hundred years' progress since the declaration of American independence. I. THE CONDITIONS OF THE PROMISE. Before considering the gains, we may well consider the conditions of the promised blessings. PHILOSOPHIC AND CHRISTIAN PATIENCE. 1. "Ye have need of patience, that' * X ye might receive the promise." Patience is rooted in faith. Christian patience is rooted in the Divine. The allotments and cares of this life demand of us a serene and * A Centennial Sermon, preached on the day designated for Centennial discourses by the Michigan General Congregational Association, at East Saginaw, Sunday, July 9, 1876, by Wm. De Loss Love, Pastor of East Saginaw Congregational Church. 306 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. patient spirit. Not a serenity dwarfed down into coldness and dull placidity; not a patience which has all zeal and fervor wilted out of it; but serenity given by comprehension and true nobility, patience nerved and endowed for all the duties and trials that befall its possessor. It is a blessing in itself if one has learned to labor and to wait. There are only two classes of persons that can wait. One is composed of philosophers, and the other of Christians. Philosophy, when it sees the causes in operation to produce certain effects, or gets personal promises of fulfillment from the visible, can wait till the event is brought to pass. Even a child on this basis can be a philosopher. Children often are philosophers. But that is waiting at sight. It is required to see the promised good, or the promiser, or the causative laws. But the Christian believes in a God whom he has never seen, and even an image of whom he is forbidden to make. He trusts that he has felt his God in his soul, he believes he has seen His footsteps in His works. In Him he has faith, religious faith, which is high above natural faith. With Christian faith one can serenely, confidently look forward towards distant results not known, not yet wrought out. With either philosophic or Christian faith, one can trustingly confide in the divine natural laws, and calmly wait the fruit they will produce. Such faith, one kind or the other, has girded many souls with strength during the last one hundred years. 2. " That, after ye have done the will of God, ye might receive the promise." Doing the will of God is a condition of the promised blessing. We may do the will of God in the philosophic realm, heeding and fulfilling the divine natural laws; and we may do it in the Christian, spiritual sphere, which stretches along with the soul's immortality into the world beyond material things, beyond death. Patience is obedience elongated. Putting even partial obedience to God's laws into operation for a whole century produces astounding results. These fruits may be material, intellectual, and spiritual; and the three may be, must be, more or less united. II. AMERICA'S CENTENNIAL MEMORIES. GROWTH OF' THE COUNTRY. Having considered the conditions, we now review the blessings: What a theater our country has had for growth during the last century. The outstretching, new-born states are a marvel. The world has never seen the like before. The original thirteen states, how they all skirt along the Atlantic; and the thirty-eight states, how their grand tread moves sublimely CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 307 across the continent. The battle-fields that won the victory demanded by the Declaration of Independence, how narrow the area they dot on the country's chart, compared with the martial fields of the late war that now sprinkle nigh a half hemisphere, and still thrill and reverberate through the hearts of forty millions of people. The woodman's axe in a hundred years, how it has compelled the receding forests into submission; and how Indian hunting-grounds have been converted into a million fields of waving grain and golden orchards. THE PLOW AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CIVILIZATION. The single instrument, the plow, has made signal conquests the last dentury over countless acres, and more signal victories over itself. The ancient Egyptian plow, even in the age of the pyramids, was only a few pieces of wood, partly matched, partly tied together, with perhaps, as Wilkinson thinks, a metal sock over the sharpened stick-point. The modern Grecian plow, and the East Indian plow, in this nineteenth century, is no improvement over the Egyptian one of four thousand and three thousand years ago. Among ancient Americans, Prescott says the Peruvians were the best plowmen. And their plow was only a sharp-pointed stake, with a cross-piece for the plowman to use in settling the stake into the ground. Six or eight men, with ropes attached to it, drew the plow, while women went behind to break up the sods with their rakes. During the last two thousand years, among the more enlightened, a few rough wrought-iron pieces were attached to the wooden part of the plow that entered the ground, but not until the close of our revolutionary war was the cast-iron plowshare invented; and then in Ipswich, England. Not until the year 1797 was the first cast-iron plow patented in this country, having share and mouldboard in two parts; and not till the year 1800 were there even a few such plows in use, even around New York city and in New Jersey, where they were manufactured. In 1797 Thomas Jefferson wrote an elaborate article concerning the mould-board of a plow; and during the nineteenth century many improvements have been made in this implement of civilization. The plow, in our present theme, is representative. Even within forty years past have come forward in husbandry the threshing machines, reaping machines, drilling machines, raking machines, and in some parts the steam plow; while in woman's domain have appeared, within a quarter of a century, the sewing machines, knitting machines, and so on. GREAT DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS. But some may ask, What has all this to do with Sunday and religion? Just this: Dr. Lindley, from South-eastern Africa, recently told us that, whereas, 308 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. a native man there, before his conversion to Christianity, slept on the ground, as soon as he became a Christian he made himself a bedstead, and called for the clothing of civilized life; and the woman, when she became a Christian, sat no more on the ground, but in a chair. So Christianity everywhere exalts the very physical life of human beings. It seeks improvement, utility, comfort, happiness. And this we shall see more emphatically, if possible, in the intellectual and spiritual than in the physical progress of our nation. The Baconian philosophy, full of analysis and the investigation of causes, so fruitful in means of advancement and useful inventions in these last days, it is generally agreed has sprung out of the elements and life of Christianity. The really Christian spirit is looking always for the highest good unmixed with evil, and that with the human intellect and life always means advancement. Some of the more obvious properties of steam were known and treated of two hundred and thirty years before Christ. But that knowledge was stationary until after the era of printing commenced. The little long-known information was then circulated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of our Lord. The steam engine is but a trifle over a century old, in its simplest form; and just one hundred years ago this year it received important improvements. Not until three years after the close of the revolutionary war did John Fitch propel a small boat on the Delaware, at very slow speed. And on the morning of August 7th, 1807, Robert Fulton, with a few friends and mechanics, and six passengers, amid an incredulous and jeering crowd, started from New York city in a small steamer for Albany, making that distance, one hundred and fifty miles, at the speed of four and a fraction miles an hour. The great conquests of steam navigation have been made during the century we now review, and chiefly by Americans. The first railway for carrying passengers was not opened till 1825, and the first locomotive was not introduced on a railway until.1826. Roads of every kind have ever been civilizers of mankind. They carry light, intelligence, comforts. Of immense consequence in its time was the old Appian way, leading four hundred miles from Rome to Brundusium. Also the great road of that age from Scotland to Rome, and from Rome to Antioch, making, in all its windings, nearly four thousand miles. So the railways of this country and century have had immense power, in drawing and locating population, in carrying knowledge and happiness among the people, in clearing up forests, tilling fields, and bearing products to market. The electro-telegraph is the creation of this century. That of Prof. Morse, generally recognized as superior to all others, was first publicly exhibited in. 1837. And when it is considered that the authors of many of these inven CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 309 tions were American born, or American grown, generally both, the conviction forces its way upon us, that our National Freedom has given to the human mind in this land the most remarkable and fruitful spring and energy it has ever received. America gave to the world some eighty years since, Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin, a little machine which, by separating the seed from the green seed cotton, has done more toward clothing mankind than all the fleece-bearers that have fed in pasture. America in this same century, took the son of a Connecticut minister, and made him not only the inventor of the electro-telegraph, but of the electro-magnetic recording telegraph. America took the son of another Congregational minister, and gave him intellect and energy to lay the electro-magnetic thought-road on the ocean's bed from here to Europe. America gave the two sons, John Fitch and Robert Fulton, both natives of Pennsylvania, who made the world forever indebted to them, especially Fulton made it indebted to himself, for steamboat navigation. America produced Oliver Evans, to whom belongs the credit of inventing the steam carriage, or locomotive. Another American invented the iron monitor of the ocean. America in this century produces another great revolutionist, the sewing machine, and sends the swiftest ships across the ocean, and builds the best war steamers, and performs the most wonderful marches in war, wages the greatest war known among the nations, and overthrows the greatest rebellion of all time save one -that which began in the garden of Eden. PROGRESS IN EDUCATION. Common school education belongs specially to the list of nineteenth century blessings. In no country of all antiquity was there a general provision for the education of all classes, except as the Hebrews made some approach to it. Private schools there were among the Grecians and Romans, but not the benevolence of education to all. The greatest philosophers of those countries and ages held that education would unfit the laboring classes for their business. To primitive Christianity belongs the credit of the doctrine that rulers should educate their subjects. A great advance was made in practical. school education by the Puritans that settled New England. And New England herself at the beginning of the present century excelled the world in both practice and theory concerning public schools. The principles prevalent there then, which have come to rule substantially in most states of the Union, are these: First, The instruction of all the children of the state in the rudiments of an English education. Secondly, This to be accomplished by a school in every district of about fifty families. Thirdly, Each district independent of every other in 40 310 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. finances, employment of teachers, etc. Fourthly, A superintendent or school board in each town,-almost invariably including one or more ministers and other professional men, to examine teachers, inspect schools, prescribe text-books, etc. Fifthly, Exemption of the poor from school tax bills. Sixthly, Giving power to the town authorities to require the attendance of children upon the schools. These, and like principles, have done more for the education of the masses than any others ever instituted. CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. Modern Christian missions have had their rise and cheering progress, too, in the last century. The eighteenth century was widely pervaded by scepticism. The churches had little ambition or thought to extend their labors beyond their own territory. Between the years 1732 and 1792, no Protestant missionary society was formed in Christendom. But a new awaking of interest in the subject at length began. An extensive reaction from the long-prevailing Rationalism and mere Intellectualism took place. Prayer, and faith, and Christian energy, took new hold. October 2, 1792, William Casey, a Baptist minister of England, preached a foreign missionary sermon that aroused his audience, and finally, with other agencies, awakened a large portion of Christendom on this subject. It was then that the English Baptist Missionary Society was formed, and others, in various denominations, soon followed. Casey himself went as missionary to India. The society formed to send him began with a subscription of thirteen pounds two shillings and sixpence. When its yearly income was five hundred pounds, the celebrated Rev. Andrew Fuller, one of those most obedient and patient to receive the promise, said he did not doubt the yearly receipts of the society would some day reach five.thousand pounds. Its annual income now is about two hundred thousand dollars. The London Missionary Society followed, and when the yearly income was five thousand pounds, Dr. Bogue, one of the founders, said he believed faith and exertion would one day increase it to twenty thousand pounds. Its annual income for years past has been considerably more than a half million of dollars. The most extensive missionary society in America, the American Board, to which we contribute, was formed in 1810, and its first year's receipts were about twelve hundred dollars. Its last year's receipts were about four hundred and fifty thousand dollars; its number of laborers sent from this countryfour men and their wives at first is now little less than four hundred, and its whole number of paid laborers, American and foreign, is at present about fourteen hundred. From nothing to these great proportions in two-thirds of a CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 311 century! These missionary societies on this and the eastern continent are only representative of various others. Along with their rise was a great increase of Christian fellowship and unity. It resulted in part from enterprise in Christian acquaintance, which was greater under republicanism than under monarchy; but more from the reviving of true religion, and the greater indwelling of the Holy Spirit in Christian hearts. The history of modern Christian missions is also a history of the opening of the world to receive them. When the first five young men with whom originated modern missions in this country, were ready to enter the mission field, those that landed with the banner of the cross on India's far-off shore, were repulsed by emissaries of the British East India Company, as intruders, coming to turn their money-making affairs upside down. Then China was still a sealed empire, and Japan was little known, and the Turkish Mohammedan power in the Eastern world held an iron rod over the consciences and lips of scores of millions. Now, India for a half century has been pleading for more and still more missionaries; the Chinese coast is dotted with mission stations of various societies and countries, and the heralds of the cross sail up the Chinese rivers and go back to mountain sides with the gospel, and the Chinese wall is nearly prostrate. Now the Japanese government has adopted the Christian Sabbath and American schools, and has widely given the superintendence of educational affairs to Christian missionaries. Now Burmah has long been in the process of disenthrallment from Paganism through the gospel's power; and salvation by faith through Christ is being preached in the Turkish empire even more than it was in the same territory by apostles of old; and the Sandwich Islands have been transformed from heathenism to a Christian nation; and South Sea Islands have been converted from cannibalism to Christianity. Truly, "What hath God wrought!" RELIGIOUS INTEREST IN THE COUNTRY. Not that all offenses against the gospel have ceased, not that persecution has lost its hatred or its fangs, not that false professions are numbered no more, or that conformity to the world is unknown, or that the love of any does not wax cold; but that it is proven, a thousand times over, that if we have patience and do the will of God, we shall receive the promise. Mr. Evarts, at the Centennial, in Philadelphia, last Tuesday, put into our lips a sad and humiliating confession. "It is quite certain," he said, "that the present day shows no such solemn absorption in the exalted themes of contemplative 312 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. piety as marked the prevalent thought of the people one hundred years ago; nor so hopeful an enthusiasm for the speedy renovation of the world, as burst upon us in the marvelous and wide system of vehement religious zeal and practical good works, in the early part of the nineteenth century." Mr. Evarts is a discerning man, the son of a lawyer, who was also an early and very efficient secretary of the American Board for Foreign Missions. He is well informed as to the history of religion. But others have seen the same lack which he confesses, and have been prayerfully trying, while holding fast what has been gained, to regain what has been lost. Mr. Evarts well alluded to the precious and powerful revival of religion enjoyed in this country at the beginning of the present century. When the French came over to help us fight our battles, near the close of the Revolution, they brought with them what has long been known as French infidelity. Those mental forces, joined with like unbeliefs here, produced a wide seedsowing of scepticism in our revolutionary army and throughout our land. There was life enough in the seed to bear fruit, sad fruit. So evil was itsuch a departure from religion, and even good morals, ensued that many Christians and other men became alarmed at the prospective results. The closing years of the last century were baptized with prayer by the faithful few. So deep and wide-spread was the unbelief, that-taking it as a representative fact-in Yale College, among the numerous students, the common talk was that the Christian religion was an exploded system; and among all those students, only one was found to take his stand as a professed Christian and member of the college church. The name Christ Jesus had passed with many well-nigh into contempt. But President Dwight kept on preaching those doctrinal sermons that now constitute his four volumes in theology, with an equal number of practical ones, one of much note being on infidelity; and earnest Christians kept praying and holding up his hands. At length, in 1802, a long-gathering cloud of Divine mercy broke over that institution and other parts of the country, and from the nearly one hundred Yale students then converted came forth some of the leading ministers, physicians and jurists of the nation. Among them was the chief narrator, long afterwards, of the revival itself, Rev. Dr. Porter, of Farmington, Connecticut, father of President Porter, now of the college. From that day to this, many conquests have been made over the human mind respecting the nature, desirableness, anl effectiveness of true revivals of religion. Probably they never received such general assent before in the history of the world, as now. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 313 FRUITS OF RELIGIOUS REVIVAL. That revival of religion in the early part of the nineteenth century, which Mr. Evarts calls a "marvelous and wide system of vehement religious zeal, and practical good works," bore the most valuable fruit. Foreign missions arose on distant shores as bright morning stars. The temperance reformation sprang up in our own American families and communities. Mourn over present intemperance as we will, society in general is now very different from what it once was, when nearly every household in many communities contained a drunkard, and the fashion was in every family to treat friends and callers nearly always with intoxicating drinks. Improved prevailing customs now save thousands and millions by prevention, which is better than reformation. The anti-slavery reform was born of pure and undefiled religion. Christianity once liberated the slaves of the Roman empire, and of late has liberated those of all Christendom. The advance of the human conscience on the subject of slavery in these later years, is amazing. A century ago nearly all thought that the slave traffic between the wilds of Africa and the shores of England and America was entirely legitimate. Now it is a public disgrace before the nations to practice it or sanction it. In the year of the Declaration of Independence, the American Continental Congress resolved that slave-importation should cease. But when the Constitution was formed, after freedom from the English government had been won, it was provided that the slave traffic might continue twenty years more, until 1808. It did continue, but in this blaze of light could stand it no longer, and then ceased except as carried on by slave piracy. The last British regulation of the slave trade was in the year 1788, and that same year commenced parliamentary action towards the abolition of the trade. England abolished the slave trade after a long struggle over the question, in 1807. Then the reformers set to work to remove slavery itself, with but little success, however, for sixteen years, and accomplishing emancipation not till after twenty-seven years, in 1834 in the West Indies, and nine years after that, in 1843, releasing twelve millions of slaves in the East Indies. In the United States the two principles, freedom and slavery, long contended against each other for the mastery without success to either side. As President Lincoln said, and Mr. Romeyn repeated in Detroit last Tuesday, "these two states of society were fast making us two peoples. It was inevitable that at length all must be slave, or all be free." You know the strife that ended the question kept us one people, and abolished slavery forever in this greatest republic of the world. 314 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The ringing bells of victory from many a well fought field of reform, announce anew the doctrine of the text, "Be patient; do your duty, and you shall inherit the promise." As we look upon earth's evils remaining, all discouragement before them is forbidden: "Ye have need of patience, that, after ye have done the will of God, ye might receive the promise." THE HAND OF GOD IN AMERICAN HISTORY.* ISAIAH, xliii: 21: This people have I formed for myself; they shall shew forth my praise. History has been likened to the gradual unveiling of some godlike figure. The imagination of the inspired artist can divine its perfect form from the contemplation of the first fragment, but to the common sight it passes slowly from stage to stage to the fullness of its finished beauty. And hence it is that the actors themselves in any grand epoch see only the little part of history which they have helped to make, leaving to future generations the satisfying vision of the completed whole. The unveiling of the figure of Jewish history was so gradual that those who died before the advent of the Redeemer, when it stood forth in all its symmetrical proportions, had but a faint conception of what that figure was to be. But we, who see the finished statue standing in its appointed niche in the great temple of the world's history, cannot fail to recognize and adore the forming hand of the great Artist. We realize and appreciate, as it was impossible for the Israelites themselves to do, the truth of Jehovah's declaration in regard to them: "I have formed this people for myself; they shall shew forth my praise." And in like manner, in reviewing from our superior point of view the history of all the great epochs and nations of the past, we see far more clearly than did the actors themselves, that their history is not a tangled skein-that civilization springs not up by chance, but grows by a law, not human, but divine; that amid the mingled play of the evil and the good, there is the unbroken chain of a Divine purpose. The heathen nations no doubt attributed to Moses the honor of rearing the Hebrew commonwealth, and emancipating Israel; but we see that the hand which led forth the chosen people and moulded their history was the mighty hand of the great I Am. "There are those," says the excellent Melancthon, "who think of God as of a ship-builder, who, when he has completed his vessel, launches and leaves it." In opposition to this, we claim that the history of the world, so *A Thanksgiving Sermon by Rev. George D. Baker, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Detroit. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 315 far as it has progressed, is the unfolding of God's design; that every successive revolution of the wheel has proved that a divine hand is controlling it. Yes, history is God's plan. It is His arm that has overturned and delivered the nations; that hath exalted one and debased another. But as we have already substantially surmised, God's forming hand and moulding providence are probably more conspicuous, more clearly discernible, in the history of Israel than in that of any other nation which has thus far had existence. They were peculiarly His own people. They were chosen for a special and grand purpose, namely, to prepare the world for a Redeemer, and be the medium of His reception. Hence, being so closely connected with the grand central fact of all history, it is not strange that God's hand should be so conspicuous as to warrant His declaration in regard to them, "I have formed this people for myself." GOD'S HAND VISIBLE IN AMERICAN HISTORY. Now it would require no superior ingenuity or unusual effort of imagination to draw a marked, and in some respects surprising parallel, between the history of the Jewish nation and our own, so far as the latter has been unveiled to our gaze. But without entering upon this attractive field, I desire to press the resemblance only so far as to be able to assert that of this nation, just as truly as of Israel, it may be said, "I have formed this people for myself;" that God's hand is most wonderfully and distinctly visible in American history. I know that that history is as yet but brief -that but a fragment of the statue has as yet been unveiled. But that fragment is sufficient to evoke from us the grateful acknowledgment that a divine hand has carved our destiny thus far. Nay, we may even now almost discern the radiant, completed figure from the glowing fragment! Now, true gratitude is always based upon adequate intelligence. An acknowledgment, to be sincere, must proceed from an intelligent conviction that a favor has been rendered. We have assembled in God's house to-day with a hearty desire to thank God for His goodness to us as a nation, and I have thought that if we could all be constrained to trace and acknowledge His forming hand and moulding providence in all our history hitherto, our thanksgiving to-day would be both spontaneous and overflowing. As a nation we are, I believe, shamefully ignorant of our own illustrious history. In the all-engrossing business of the present, we omit to study the past, so fruitful in all its instructions. And we owe it to ourselves, as well as to the great Jehovah, who has so manifestly guided us hitherto, to acknowledge, not blindly but intelligently, our obligation as a people to His forming hand. And 316 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. if I shall only succeed in impressing your minds with the fact that God has indeed formed this nation, I know that you will be ready to give unto Him in joyful acclaim the glory due unto His holy name. GOD PREPARED THE DWELLING-PLACE OF THE NATION. In the first place, then, let me call your attention to the manner in which God prepared the dwelling-place of the nation. In the order of His providence it was first the land for the people. And how manifest the exhibition of divine wisdom and foresight in the preparation of the land destined to be the home of this great people! We beg you to look upon the country as it lay waiting to receive the new nation in the future to be its possessor. Physical nature had literally exhausted its means of action for producing a land of wealth and plenty. In the language of another,** "America, before its discovery by the Old World, was glutted with its vegetable wealth, unworked, solitary. Its immense forests, its savannas, every year covered the soil with their remains, which, accumulated during the long ages of the world, formed that deep bed of vegetable mould, that precious soil, which awaited only the hand of man to work out all the wealth of its inexhaustible fertility." Meantime the red maIn, the primitive owner of this vast territory, showed himself incapable of the work. Never had he opened the soil with his plow-share to demand its treasures. Upon a soil able to support millions of men in plenty, a few scattered inhabitants led a wretched life in the bosom of the wilderness. Ah, my hearers, God was reserving the land for the new nation which in the fullness of time he put upon its fruitful bosom. Its vast extent, its fruitful plains, its numberless rivers, its apparently exhaustless mineral resources, its wonderful facility of communication, all prepared it for what we see now to be its destiny, to be the home where all the races of Europe may meet and mingle, with room enough and sustenance for all. And who sufficiently atheistical to affirm that chance, not God, thus formed the land for the people? GEOGRAPHICAL UNITY. But still further, God's providential preparation of this land for the nation about to possess it is most grandly apparent, in that before ever the white man set foot upon its soil, it was constituted geographically one land. In its physical constitution God wrote the prophesy of the unity of the nation which should inherit it. * * * Yes, God meant that one nation, and one only, " Professor Guyot. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 317 should dwell in this land, and therefore he made it physically one to insure the unity of its organic life. God so constituted it that it could never be permanently dissevered. * t * * *. X PREPARING A PEOPLE FOR THE LAND. But let us pass now to the observation of God's forming hand in preparing a people for the land. Why was it that the existence of this continent was so long kept from the knowledge of the Old World? Simply because the civilization of Europe was not yet sufficiently advanced to be transplanted. God did not intend that the ignorance, the superstition, the religious intolerance of the Old World should be transferred to another continent. Not until men shall have learned the value of manhood and liberty shall they lay the final foundations of that nation which is to be the final goal of civilization. God had determined that the foundations of social life in this land should be laid by those who should estimate civil and religious freedom as of more value even than life itself. And therefore by His own mighty ocean He held America in sacred reserve until, by His providence, through the slow discipline of ages, he had formed at last a liberty-loving band worthy to possess the land. And so it was not until the very evening of the fifteenth century that the first glimpse was given of this magnificent theater for a new nation to play its part in the world's great drama. And why was this boon of discovery granted to the fifteenth century? Because it was the era of re-awakening and of promise. The first faint streaks of the approaching dawn of the Reformation were then visible. A violent movement against tyranny in the state and oppression in the church agitated Europe from one end of the continent to the other. An army of "'reformers before the Reformation" had already commenced the battle, and Luther, by God appointed to lead his conquering host, drew forth the dust-covered Bible from the library at Erfurth at the very moment that Columbus discovered the New World! And what thinking man will dare to affirm that this coincidence was purely accidental? But while it was given to the fifteenth century to discover the existence of a new world, the opportunity of transplanting its civilization was not accorded it. Columbus set out as the representative of Catholic Spain; but God never reserved America for the papacy to curse. Columbus sailed due west, but God was at the helm! Had his course not been diverted by Him who holds the winds and waves in His hand, he would then have planted the royal standard of papal Spain upon our own fair shores. But history records that so apparently slight a circum41 318 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. stance as the flight of birds directed him south of west; and so it was that he took possession of San Salvador, instead of America, for the crown of Castile and Leon. Time will not permit us to trace in detail all the subsequent efforts to gain a permanent foothold upon the virgin soil of America. Even after the discovery of the mainland, more than a century elapsed before the permanent foundations of society were laid upon it. The earliest colonists, tempted only by the prospect of gold, sojourned but for a time. But at length God has gathered the band to whom he will give the land to possess it. The hour of liberty has struck, and the Mayflower is wafted by the winds and the currents in safety to Plymouth Rock. Well has it been said that "God put the freight of an old world's hope into a fragile bark and floated it to the new." The landing of the Pilgrim Fathers on New England's rock-fringed coast marks the beginning of that civilization which is destined to govern the continent. It is beyond dispute that thus far New England has moulded the nation, and they formed the first permanent settlement in New England. * * X And God committed to them the glorious honor and sacred responsibility of being the founders of social order in America; and logically deduced from their unflinching principles are those political and religious doctrines which to-day distinguish America from all the other nations of the earth. Say what you will, the germs of that civilization wherein we as a people now rejoice are to be found in that little band of Puritan exiles whom history names the Pilgrim Fathers. Civil and religious liberty are the distinguishing characteristics of our nation, and it was to maintain and enjoy these that the English Puritans sought an asylum upon these shores. The Spaniards came hither in search of gold, but they in quest of freedom; and hence the Almighty allowed to the former no permanent abode, while to the latter He gave the land in its length and breadth. Oh! there is something grand in this working of God's providence. By long, patient and severe discipline He raised up a people for himself-a band of men who feared God and regarded liberty as man's inalienable right; and to them He gave the land, held in reserve for them through the ages! Shall we not lay the tribute of thanksgiving at His feet, and gratefully acknowledge that He hath formed this nation for himself? ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL UNITY. We have now traced God's forming hand in preparing first a land for the people and then a people for the land. We have seen the beginning of the nation in the English Puritans at Plymouth Rock. And now, as the history CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 319 proper of the nation begins, let me call your attention to some facts which will account for the crystallization, if we may so term it, which very soon began among the colonies. It must by no means be forgotten that while the founders of civil order in America were refugees from oppression, they nevertheless came from the freest and best governed nation which then existed. We glory in the fact that our forefathers were by far the best governed people in Europe, and acquiesce fully in the statement of the historian, "that at that early period the political institutions of England were regarded by the most enlightened men of all nations with admiration and envy." She had then her glorious Magna Charta and her representative government in Parliament. Her government was indeed then, as now, monarchical; but it was a limited monarchy. The people had a voice in legislation, and the several counties into which the kingdom was divided had through their chosen delegates the opportunity, at least in some degree, to assert their claims and wishes. But not to be too minute, I desire to fasten it upon your minds that God had distinct purposes in view in giving this land to exiles from England rather than from any other European nation. * * Now, history is very explicit in affirming that while the colonists were firm in their defense of their rights, they had in the beginning no intention or desire to renounce their allegiance to their sovereign. But God was forming a people for himself. He had determined that His people should go free, and like that of Pharaoh, the hearts of the British King and Parliament were hardened, and with a suddenness and lack of premeditation which is wonderful, the immortal Declaration of Independence was made, and a nation was born in a day! Who does not see that it was not the will of man, but the will of God? And moreover, who will fail to acknowledge that providence which prepared them for that constitution afterward adopted by knitting their hearts together through seven long and weary years of toil and suffering in behalf of a cause equally dear to them all? Having been rocked in the same cradle, and having passed through the same crucible of suffering, they were prepared to live together under one constitution and one flag. And so, their independence being secured, they took their place among the nations, E Pluribus Unum. * * * i' X * * X SLAVERY AND STATE RIGHTS. But alas! there were destructive evils that had grown with its growth and strengthened with its prosperity. History records the sad yet significant fact that in 1620, the very year in which the first permanent settlement was made in New England, twenty negroes were carried to Virginia and sold as slaves. 320 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. And the foul blot, so early cast upon the virgin soil, steadily spread until it darkened the land, and disturbed and threatened to destroy the life of the nation. But coupled with it there was another gigantic evil, utterly subversive of the national unity. It is an historical fact that the pernicious doctrine of State Sovereignty-and by this we mean the theory which makes a man's allegiance due first to his own state and then to the United States-came very near preventing in the first instance the adoption of the Constitution. Some of the states were exceedingly averse to binding themselves by any compact which would compel them under all circumstances to place the flag of the Union above the symbol of their own sovereignty. These states wished to adopt the Constitution on condition that they might be permitted to withdraw whenever they should see fit. This petition was indeed formally rejected, and they came into the Union with no right of secession. But nevertheless the poison which then manifested itself was not destroyed. It lingered in the veins of the body politic, until at length it attacked its very life. These two mighty evils united themselves against the nation. But had God forgotten His own people, whose past history so wonderfully indicated His guiding hand? Was He an indifferent spectator of the perils which threatened His heritage? Not so. The storm came, but God was in the storm. The nation trembled from turret to foundation, but God was in the earthquake! Statesmen well versed in diplomacy, and generals skilled in the tactics of war, thought to nip the deadly flower in the bud, and end the conflict in a few days. But their well-laid schemes were foiled. Disaster followed disaster, and defeat defeat. The nation was cast down, though not destroyed. A strange fatality seemed to accompany the army of the Potomac. Officers were skillful and soldiers brave, but still their enemies defied them. Men could not understand it, and some of weak faith began to think that perhaps after all we were fighting against God. Ah! we see it now. What was once thick darkness is now as clear as the sunlight. Had the war been ended after the first battles, little or nothing would have been accomplished. God kept us in the furnace until the two evils which had deformed and tormented the body politic were burned off it. Not until the nation had renounced slavery and secession did God lead it forth from the heated furnace of war into the grateful atmosphere of peace. Blind and worse than blind must he be who fails to see God's special providence of love toward this land in those terrible scenes of war through which this people have so recently passed. While the black cloud of battle hung over us it was not so easy to divine God's purposes; but now that it has been rolled away, we see written on the azure above us, as with a sunbeam, the reason of His CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 321 dealings with us. Two facts have been burned into the very consciousness of this nation. One is that "all men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." The other is that this nation henceforth is one nation, these states inseparable. And God only knows how essential they are to the future which He has prepared for us; how needful they will be in the accolmplishment of the mission appointed us by the Almighty. Yea, verily, by the lurid light of the war now happily ended we read anew in living letters the declaration of Jehovah, "I have formed this people for myself." HEALTH AND STABILITY OF THE NATION. Yes, if ever God's providence was conspicuous in the history of any nation, it has been so in our own. Verily, "He hath not dealt so with any people." We have found, from the very beginning until the present, the evidence of His sovereign supervision. Let us, then, as a nation, recognize His abiding presence with us and care over us. It is time that those who prophesy evil, and looking into the future cry constantly, "who will show us any good?" ceased their ungrateful utterances. There are those to-day who, notwithstanding God's care and guidance of the nation hitherto, see no hope in the future. To them all looks dark, uncertain, ominous. These are they who look upon the late struggle as but the beginning of sorrows, and predict anarchy and discord for long years to come. Oh! it is ungrateful, it is impious, for an American citizen to doubt but that this nation is destined to stand through coming ages as the bulwark of civil and religious freedom. The evidence in all the past that God has formed this people for himself is too plain to allow any place for despair of the future. 0, ye of little faith, "how is it that ye do not understand?" Has not Jehovah done enough mighty works among us to secure your confidence? You tell us that you cannot trust in men or parties, for they are selfish and corrupt. Then "trust ye in the Lord Jehovah." He is guiding this nation to its final goal and destiny; for "He hath formed it for himself." You have no right, nay, it is absolutely wrong, for you to mourn over the nation as one whose star of glory is declining. Criticise men and measures if you will, but with the overwhelming evidence before you that God has destined this land to untold greatness and influence in the coming manhood of the world, talk not of her destruction, write not Ichabod upon her walls. CAUSES FOn THANKFULNESS. For my own part, I rejoice heartily at the appointment of these annual days for public thanksgiving and praise. I am glad that the day is of national 322 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. as well as state designation. There is something sublime in the spectacle which this nation presents to-day. The people everywhere are praising God. The courts of Zion throughout the land are vocal with thanksgiving. A grateful nation, a redeemed people, are uttering their "Te Deum" of joyful acknowledgment, saying, "Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name, give glory." Thus do they attribute their greatness, their wealth, and their exalted place among the kingdoms of the earth, not to their own strength or wisdom, but unto Him who hath by His marvelous doings formed them for His own praise. The scene is impressively grand, and itself calls for thanksgiving. Thank God that the people know wherein lies their salvation. That nation is safe which acknowledges God in its history and councils. Let us then lay aside to-day all rancor and bitterness, all envyings and evil speaking, and as children of a common Father, and citizens of a country dear to us all, unite with glad hearts and voices in the general thanksgiving. Let us thank God for the sunshine and the shower; for the singing of birds and. the appearing of flowers upon the earth; for the golden grain and the ruddy fruit; for valleys smiling with plenty and hills vine-clad; for the busy hum of mills and the cheerful song of the forge; for the marked progress in the arts and sciences which the passing months have witnessed; for books and schools and colleges, and the countless blessings which follow in the train of education; for the glad tidings which reach our ears from other lands, telling us that God's purposes are ripening fast; that the shackles of superstition and ignorance are being stricken from the nations, and one by one they are taking their places in the great army which shall yet become the sacramental host of God's elect. But especially at this Centennial of our nation's history let us reverently and gratefully acknowledge His forming hand and moulding providence in all our history hitherto. Let us thankfully remember that God, our own God, our fathers' God, has made us what we are; that He has greatly exalted us, so that for the glory of His great name we may send light and salvation to all the ends of the earth. Let us, in evidence of our heartfelt gratitude, renew around God's altars our vows of devotion and loyalty to the land which He has given us, and with unwavering faith and calm confidence in Jehovah Jireh commend and commit the nation to Him who hath formed it for His own praise! CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 323 COMPARATIVE PROGRESS OF THE CENTURY.* NUMBERS, xxiii: 23: "What hath God wrought!" "What hath God wrought for Israel!" was the exclamation of Balaam. What hath God wrought for us! we may exclaim with no less reason and ardor of soul. The Hebrew people were under the protection and guidance of the divine hand; is not the care of God over this nation as plainly marked, and as signally gracious? DIVINE PROVIDENCE IN THE NATION'S HISTORY. It becomes us this morning to make most grateful mention of the providence of God displayed in our national career. In the division of the earth's surface into land and water; in the separation of the western from the eastern continent by the intervening Atlantic; in the delay in peopling this land until the dark ages were gone, and man had again entered upon a career of progress; in the planting of Protestant Christianity in New England with the first seeds of civil government, we recognize a wisdom far above that of man, and the working out of events which no philosopher can rationally attribute to chance. In the distribution of land and water over the surface of the earth in the order and ratio as we find them, there are important physical conditions controlling the great problems of animal and vegetable life. Here the fact of design is clearly seen. The vital connection with human progress of the relations the continents sustain to each other is of great significance. The Atlantic Ocean has made this government possible, and hence republican institutions and the triumph of popular rights over hereditary despotism. One hundred years ago to-day-the second of July -the first formal declaration of independence was adopted. When the day's work was completed, John Adams, his heart and brain both full of the great event that had just been consummated, wrote: The greatest question was decided which ever was debated in America, and a greater, perhaps, never was or will be decided among men. Britain has been filled with folly, and America with wisdom. It is the will of Heaven that the two countries should be sundered forever; it may be the will of Heaven that America shall suffer calamities still more wasting, and distresses yet more dreadful. If this is to be the case, the furnace of affliction produces refinement in states, as well as in individuals; but I submit all my hopes and fears to an overruling Providence, in which, unfashionable as the faith may be, I firmly believe.t * A Sermon preached in the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Detroit, on Sunday, July 2, 1876, by Rev. L. R. Fiske. t The discourse further quotes Mr. Adams' famous prediction, as found on page 28 of this work. 324 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The Declaration of Reasons which was adopted on the fourth closes with these words: "For the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor." Thus we began our nationality in a recognition of God and Providence.'"What hath God wrought2' Thirteen feeble states were banded together for protection, and as the beginning of a united government. There were three millions of people, about the same in number as the Israelites who fled from Egypt under the leadership of Moses, and apparently almost as unfitted to cope with England as the Hebrew people were with the power of Pharaoh. God did not overwhelm the mother country with some Red Sea miracle, but there was no less a providence shaping events, felt at that time by Adams, Washington and others, and of which we should not be unmindful to-day. * X * But I must not, at this time and place, plunge into these great secular interests which proclaim our prosperity. Because there is a God overhead we speak of the progress of these lands. In our nationality we are the most secure of any people on the face of the earth, and the five or six great powers of Europe combined could not conquer us. With our vast internal resources, our distance from the Old World, and the friendly Atlantic lying between, if death ever comes to us, it will be by suicide. One hundred years is but a brief time to mount up to such towering eminence. Considering the nature of our growth, no three of the past centuries united can present to us an equal. THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE. If the moral and intellectual have kept pace with the material, then is our progress both wonderful and gratifying. There is an enormous amount of wickedness in the land political corruption, business dishonesty, social vice, the conscience dethroned by avarice or pleasure, ambition or lust. Yet in comparing the present with the past, people are liable to make serious mistakes. The temptations to wrong in connection with the American government are much greater now than eighty or a hundred years ago, but we do not believe it was all patriotism then, and that it is all corrupt selfishness now. Some may not agree with me when I say that the public conscience is not less quick to discern that which is evil, or less peremptory in enforcing the right, than formerly. In comparison with the amount of money handled, peculation and fraud are not more notorious than half a century ago. The gospel has not lost its hold upon the hearts of the people. The public instruction of the children CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 325 is, in some respects, receiving more attention than formerly, and we hope that in their private training there has been no waning in wisdom and zeal. THE BIBLE IN THE SCHOOLS. I do not forget that the demand is made that the Bible be driven from the public schools. I leave it for you to judge whether the disposition on the part of so many to yield to this cry is evidence of a tendency to drift away from the spirit of reverence for God's word that formerly existed. We hold that the Bible was given for some further purpose than to be a companion in private life. It was intended to enter into the training of the young in every position in which they are placed, and to shape the policy of government and take hold of the public life of the people. To vote the Scriptures out of the schools is taking a responsibility I should very much dislike to assume. I am sure I should hesitate a long time before uttering the decision that the Bible is an intruder in the common schools. INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CENTURY. In view of the opinion we hold, that God is seen in history, and is lifting up the race through the progress of the ages, we shall not be considered as violating the sacredness of the Sabbath in referring briefly to the great intellectual achievements of the century. The history of the world in this respect is undergoing a wonderful transformation. And the last century, taking a general outlook, has been glorious above all others. Within this time nearly the entire range of science, as now known, has been developed. Newton,* it is true, had a little while before demonstrated the law of gravitation, but a large part of our accurate knowledge of astronomy has been gained within these hundred years. IHe who has not given special attention to the subject can have but little idea of the influence exerted by the science of chemistry over the arts, and indeed the civilization of the race. You prostrate the arts of man and you take away his means of progress, and he drops back into the very heart of the dark ages. The perfection of the arts is an expression, on the material side, of the perfection of human civilization. Chemistry has moulded and wrought out the arts to a greater extent than all other sciences combined. All the grand triumphs of chemistry have been achieved in the century just passed. Like a supernatural agent, it has moved, as though by magic, through the circles of business, and gives unto them a majesty and power which has multiplied many fold the productiveness of human labor. 42 326 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. How startling are the facts, and how wonderful are the truths evolved from the stony layers beneath our feet during the cycle of ten decades of years! When our forefathers walked upon the earth, they thought not of the strange forms that were sleeping amid the strata of the solid rock, of the history which millions of ages had been preparing before the dawn of human life. They knew not that their feet rested on the cover of a mighty volume full of lessons of deep interest to man, a volume inscribed with the evidences of God's omnipotence, and written all over with the laws His Omniscience had planned. But we now gaze into these rocky beds, and wondrous visions of life flit before us from the depths of the buried past. Jehovah has carved upon the solid stone, all along through the numberless ages before man's creation, His own grand thoughts and sublime purposes, which now are clearly revealed unto us. The field of human learning has been extended to a degree that fills us with profound astonishment. The mind seems to have just awakened to a sense of its wondrous powers. It mounts the heavens'and wanders through the illimitable regions of space. It penetrates into the caverns of the earth, passing over untold cycles of years, until it reaches a point in the early history of this world so remote from the present that the six thousand years of the annals of the race dwindle into utter insignificance.* THE OCEAN TELEGRAPH.' *'. But that man should have devised a means by which we may be able to communicate almost instantly one with the other, though the distance be hundreds or thousands of miles, is more wondrous as a fact than the wildest dream of the enthusiast. Even the barrier to a free and speedy interchange of thought between the eastern and western continents reared by the vast ocean, has been overcome; and now, while the Atlantic is a highway of commerce, adding to the wealth of all nations; while it protects us politically from the designs of ambitious European powers, thus making our position secure, and rendering it possible for us to wield greater influence over the destiny of the race, it puts us in direct communication with the centers of European trade and civilization, and the world must move onward by a grander march and in a more glorious career of progress. This seems almost like the incredible tales of ancient mythology, more wonderful than the fabulous feats of Hercules, or *> Some thoughts on the development of steam and electricity, and the influence of the press, follow. These topics are generally treated of elsewhere in the work, and are omitted here, except some reflections on the ocean telegraph. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 327 the achievements of the heathen gods. That along the bed of the sea, over its mountain ranges and down in its valleys, upon jutting rock and in cavern; on the wrecks of commerce, its ships, its merchandise, its gold and its silver; among the debris washed out from the shore by the retreating waves; surrounded by the skeletons of sea monsters that have sunk to rise no more, or the bones of men and women that have gone down from some ill-fated vessel on the deep-that many thousand feet below the surface of the ocean, where no human being had ever been or could go-that there man has stretched the bands which have converted two worlds into one, in their business, civilization and thoughts; that there he has opened up a highway of intelligence; that through the deep, among those dead bones, is made to flash the electric fire which thrills the world with the pulsations of thought, so that the throbbings of the great national heart in any land is felt immediately by all the peoples of the earth -that all this has now been done seems to us like the remembered dream of some midnight reverie. With the realization of this event we now occupy a lofty standpoint, whence we may look back upon the past, and also seek to gaze into the future. COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF RELIGIOUS BODIES. Ten years ago we celebrated our Methodist centennial, 1866 being one hundred years since the formation of the first Methodist society in this country. The church was not organized, however, until eighteen years thereafter, namely, in 1784, so that we have not yet completed a century of our ecclesiastical life. On the twenty-first of May, 1776, a Methodist conference met in Baltimore. It was composed of twenty-nine ministers-that is, this number included all who receivec appointments, some of whom probably were not present. The membership of the entire church at that time was reported to be 4,921. We were in every respect feeble, except in faith in God and determination and zeal in the work to which the Great Head of the Church had called us. Without social influence or church property, or institutions of learning, or a denominational press, or wealth of membership, the prospect did not seem an encouraging one as a look was taken toward the future. The founder of these societies, John Wesley, being a subject of Great Britain, and the leading ministers also having come from England, and now hastening back again when the Revolution had become fully inaugurated, with the suspicion which would thus naturally attach to these Methodist preachers, served to point to an early day when our societies would be overborne by the public sentiment of the country. But what is the Methodist Church of to-day? Speaking only of our own 328 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. chuirch, there are 24,000 traveling and local ministers, 1,600,000 members, 20,000 Sunday schools, with 1,400,000 children in these schools, and 200,000 officers and teachers; a church having eighty-nine annual conferences, taking the mliost favored portions of the American continent, with missions in Asia, and Europe, and Africa, and Catholic portions of the Western Continent, and property in churches and parsonages-amounting to over $81,000,000. Our people pay annually for the support of the gospel $17,000,000, and the amount is increasing year by year. As an index of the present prosperity of the church, it is proper to state that within four years the number of church edifices has been increased by 1,193, and of parsonages by 708, and the value of the property has been augmented by more than $16,000,000. The net increase of members during this time is 160,460. Including the other Methodist churches of this country with our own, the membership amounts to 3,173,229-the outgrowth of the societies which one hundred years ago contained less than 5,000 members. Indeed, all the Methodists on both sides of the waters, in 1776, were less than 35,000, financially and socially feeble, both here and in Great Britain. As we compare the present with the past, we can but exclaim, " What hath God wrought!" How wonderfully He has helped us! Of our present membership, 800,000 have united with the church in ten years. Not boastingly, but gratefully, we remark, that our growth surpasses that of any other church on this continent. And this increase has not been the result of social influence thus contributing to swell our numbers; it has not resulted from that which is human in the fostering partiality of the government, the learning of the ministry, or the educational facilities afforded to the young men and young women of the land; it has not been caused by the influx of population that had embraced the Methodist faith on the other side of the waters, for more than three-fourths of all the Methodists of the world belong in this country; the only explanation we can find is that God has owned the work of his people in converting souls through the agency and power of the Holy Ghost. Strength that is worth anything must be gained in this way. To Him who hath called us be all the glory. Human prophecies are not as sure of fulfillment as divine prophecies. A writer in the North American Review for January last calls attention to the following prophetic deliverance. I quote his words: "In 1783 the famous Dr. Stiles, the president of Yale College, preached the election sermon before the legislature of Connecticut. His inspiring theme was,'The future glory of the United States,' and warming to the hazardous role of a prophet, he declared'that when we look forward and see this country increased to forty or fifty CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 329 millions, while we see all the religious sects increased into respectable bodies, we shall doubtless find the united body of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches making an equal figure with any two of them.' Then enumerating the lesser sects, he considerately adds,'There are Westleians, Mennonists, and others, all of which will make a very inconsiderable amount in comparison with those who will give the religious complexion to America.'" This writer continues: "We have now reached the limit of forty millions, and in the light of the census of 1870 the vaticinations of the learned president well deserve to be regarded as curiosities of literature. The Congregationalists, who were double the size of any other body, now rank as seventh, while the Westleians, whom he hardly names, stand largely in advance of all the rest. A century ago the more important religious bodies were ranked in the following order: Congregational, Baptist, Church of England, Presbyterian, Lutheran, German Reformed, Dutch Reformed, Roman Catholic. By the census of 1870 they stood, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Christian, Lutheran, Congregational, Protestant Episcopal." I quote the foregoing, not because of any disparagement to other churches in the comparison, but because of the wonderful progress of our own church, as here brought out. In the first list of eight churches ours does not appear at all. We had in 1783 some societies, but the church with authority to administer the sacraments was not organized until the meeting of the Christmas conference in the year 1784. In the second list the Methodist stands at the head, and considerably in advance of any other. Historical facts are both interesting and valuable. As I have referred in general to the growth of the churches during the century, it will be best to speak a little more in detail. The same writer from which I have quoted puts us under obligation by furnishing the material for the following comparisons: At the breaking out of the Revolution the Congregationalists possessed not less than seven hundred churches. They were strong in every particular, from the learning of their ministry, their social standing, as well as their numbers. Next to the Congregationalists stood the Baptists. They had about three hundred and eighty churches. They were not confined to New England, but had their organizations generally through the colonies. They did not possess as much social influence as the Congregationalists, and were, to a considerable extent, objects of disfavor. The third in order of numbers was the Church of England. It was also socially influential, especially outside of New England. "It was the oldest religious body in the colonies; its impressive liturgy," we are told, "was read at Jamestown seven years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth." 330 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Next comes the Presbyterians, having, at the date of which we are speaking, three hundred churches. Their strength was mostly in the middle states. The authority from which we draw these statistics makes the Reformed Dutch, the Lutheran, and German Reformed, to be very nearly equal, having each about sixty congregations. The Roman Catholics, being the eighth in the scale of numbers, had some twenty-six priests, and we find that only in Philadelphia "were their rites publicly celebrated." But to-day the Catholic church, which then was eighth in order, is the fourth; and the Methodist church, which was scarcely worth mentioning at all, and which did not indeed assume to be a distinct church, depending on the Church of England for the sacraments, now stands at the head of the list, and, taking the entire Methodism of the land, exceeds even the Baptists by more than a million of members. The richest church in the United States is the Methodist Episcopal, next comes the Roman Catholic, then the Presbyterian, next the Baptist, and then the Protestant Episcopal and the Congregational. We have over twenty-one thousand church edifices, and are building about two to each secular day of the year, having nearly twice as many as the Baptists, and about three times as many as any other. Nearly the same ratio holds in church sittings. The writer from whom I quoted a moment ago says, "The most extraordinary increase of ecclesiastical wealth is seen with the Methodists and Roman Catholics, because a century ago they had absolutely nothing." The conjunction of these two names is significant, as Romanists feel that our church antagonizes them more than any other. In numbers and wealth we have not fallen behind. They are gaining advantages in cities, for there they mass almost all their strength. There are some lessons in the execution of plans which we might learn from them. The causes of the success of these two bodies are quite unlike. Romanism has transferred a considerable portion of Ireland to our shores, and has sent her adherents in large numbers from many other parts of Europe. It has been a growth from immigration. They have made no progress here in the propagation of their faith, but rather have they lost largely of the young through the influence of our public schools, the spirit of American society, and the intense and enlightened type of our civilization. The Methodist church has grown through the heart conversion of the people, the power being spiritual, and the agent the Holy Ghost. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 331 RELIGION ESSENTIAL TO THE EXISTENCE OF THE STATE. We here desire to say that a state without religious convictions in the minds of the subjects must speedily perish; and the more rationally potent these convictions are the firmer the foundations of the state. Christianity is of incalculable service to our republican institutions; there is no factor in society so vital to the stability of the government as the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. But to grant any church political franchises would be an infringement of the very theory of our government, and dangerous to oVr liberties. Either to tax religion for the support of the state, or the state for the support of religion, would be the introduction of evils of vast magnitude, and a trampling upon rights. The state is a political organism for political ends the church a divine institution existing for religious purposes. Their functions are widely different. SPIRIT OF CATHOLICISM. Religion we have said is essential to the existence of the state, and the progress of the churches in this land is a most gratifying fact. The census shows us that their strength has been increasing at a more rapid rate than the population of the country. "While the population during the century has multiplied eleven fold, the churches have multiplied about thirty-seven fold." This fact would create in our hearts unmixed joy were it not for the spirit and attitude of the Rornish church. The government may not assume to decide which holds the truth, Catholics or Protestants. It is only when one or the other seeks to usurp political power, or in some way enters the political field, that the people in their political capacity are justified in open opposition to their work. A conflict of great magnitude has begun. Romanism is the champion of tyranny. The corner-stone of her immense ecclesiastical structure is mental disfranchisement and the slavery of conscience. The church carries in her hands the destiny of the member. She binds or looses; she is thought, and conscience, and will, to the individual. He may not even engage in the investigation of truth of his own right. No slave toiling under a remorseless master is more completely in bondage. This serfdom extends both to that which is political and to that which is religious -it relates to time and to eternity. We speak of it this morning because she avows her determination to control the government. And were she in authority no despotism of the middle ages would be more tyrannical than her arbitrary rule. As Christian people we have a twofold duty to perform-to preserve the land from Catholic domination in political affairs, and to save society from the 332 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. delusions of the pernicious Romish faith. I am convinced that the numerical strength of the Papal church is by many overestimated. There are more communicants in the Methodist church in this country than in the fold of Rome. But at the great centers of population her forces are massed, and as these centers are more prominent than other portions of the land, this false estimate is apparently confirmed. But politically and ecclesiastically controlling these centers she holds the keys of this great country. This displays shrewdness and foresight. And acting as a body in everything, the Catholics wield immense power. No other person on the continent exercises so despotic and dangerous a rule as the priest. And hence, if we suffer any of those influences which antagonize the Romish church to become feeble or inactive, we are guilty of criminal neglect. The church therefore ought to have more zeal and spiritual power, and be ready to make greater sacrifices for the cause of a pure Christianity. WHO WILL BE THE PROPHET OF TIE FUTURE. What will the next century bring forth? To answer this question requires a prophetic vision. God has not opened up the glories or failures of coming ages to us. One hundred years will see the population of this land swollen to four hundred millions. The government, the states, the cities, the institutions of learning, the press, the Methodist church, the other Protestant churches, the Romish church, the wealth, the religion, the civilization, the material and spiritual power will be- * * let him who is able to paint the picture seize the brush and unfold the canvas-we dare not even attempt the outline. LESSONS OF THE CENTENNIAL EXYHIBITION.* I propose in this discourse to bring together some of the impressions and lessons of the great Exhibition, which in the past -summer has drawn so many thousands of our people away from their homes, and has roused such unwonted curiosity, activity, and enthusiasm. I do not suppose that these impressions are peculiar to myself, or that the thoughts which I shall offer can have even the appearance of originality. They are only such as almost inevitably occur to any one who has had, in visits to the exhibition, an open eye and a clear mind. In these impressions there has been a wonderful unanimity, and all the reports and the letters which we read in the journals seem only to speak our own feeling, and to say just what we have in our own minds to say. When * A Sermon preached in Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 1, 1876, in the First Unitarian Church, by Charles H. Brigham, Minister of the Church. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 333 those who have visited this great Exhibition confer together concerning their observations, they are surprised to find that they agree much more than they differ; that their prejudices are adjourned. High Church, Low Church, and no Church, Republicans and Democrats, old and young, men and women, discover a happy and unexpected harmony of sentiment. I have, therefore, little fear of contradiction in what I shall say. SUCCESS OF THE EXHIBITION. The first and the universal impression of the Exhibition is that it has been a success -a great success, a vast success, greater than any belief, than any prediction. It is larger, finer, more beautiful, more satisfying, more various and complete, than any of us had supposed that it could possibly be. It has baffled and disappointed all the sceptics in the abundance of its treasure. Nobody supposed that such an exhibition on this side of the ocean could rival or approach in fullness or in breadth any similar exhibition in the nations of the Old World. Yet here is a show which, by the reluctant confession of not a few foreigners, and in the joyful certainty of many of our own people who have seen the previous exhibitions, surpasses them in many and important particulars; which has a broader area, a more bewildering profusion, a more characteristic display of the products of human skill and industry, a more truly cosmopolitan character, than any international show thus far, and which seems likely, in the poor pecuniary sense of the word, to be more successful than any other. Amazement at the vastness of this grand collection was the first and the abiding impression, which does not pass, but is just as strong after we have come away as when we were there. No one can justly apply to this great Exhibition any epithet of contempt, however he may criticise some mistakes in the arrangement, or point out some defects. It is worthy of the nation and worthy of the anniversary. Those who prophesied failure, an ambitious effort, with a poor performance, and who said that it would disgrace us before the world, have been proved false prophets. It has been the object of as genuine a wonder to the ruler of an empire as to the humble citizens of a republic. All confess that it has surpassed their expectation and equaled their hope. MORAL AS WELL AS MATERIAL RESOURCES. Next to this, I think, is the impression given of the resources of our own land, the possibilities of the country. The Exhibition has restored some of that buoyancy of spirit which is the natural temper of a young nation, and removed the despondency which has been weighing so heavily upon our souls, 43 334 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. in the pressure of moral and social abuses, and of multiplied commercial disaster. We see how much wealth the land holds in its soil and its mines, and what good things its industry can produce. In the sight of these marvels of ingenuity and pains-taking toil, we come to have more faith in the future of our land, more assurance that it is a garden of the Lord, for which a noble fate is reserved. We are not ruined yet, nor shall we be. Man may be perverse and ungrateful, but the prospect pleases, and man is not altogether vile. This show, in the infinite abundance of its gifts and appliances, seems to echo the Psalmist's voice, in the promises of the Lord to Israel, and we are moved to exclaim, "Surely the Lord hath not dealt so with any nation." It is not merely the show of crude products, in which no moral quality appears, but the show of patient, conscientious, exact human labor, the application of soul, which makes the ground of confidence. It is the comfortable feeling of one who goes through this great display of the contributions of so many workmen, of so many trades, in which each have brought their best things, and who sees, moreover, these orderly crowds that look on, that the heart of the nation is sound; that it has not been enervated by luxury or debased by vice; that it honors beauty and use, and that the nation, with all its losses, and all its sins, has what it can need, and enough for its salvation. No columns of statistics, no volumes of official reports, can show the wealth of the country so distinctly, with such convincing force, as this picturesque ordering of the things which it is actually producing for the luxuries of life and for the necessities of life. In this great store of wealth, neither fire nor famine, neither the arts of demagogues nor the unfaithfulness of rulers, shall destroy the nation. PEOGRESS AN UNQUESTIONABLE REALITY. And then a third impression is, that progress, of which so much is said, is no unmeaning word or boast, but an unquestionable reality. We see here the sure evidence that the world is not going backward; that in constructive skill and in the conveniences of life the former days were not better than these; that the children have more than their fathers had, and that this generation is an improvement upon the last generation, much more upon the ancient centuries. In spite of the specious pleading of the popular lecturer upon the "lost arts;" in spite of the regrets, sad and sentimental, over the good old times which are gone, we see what innumerable changes for the better our age has made, and we dismiss the feeling that xwe have come into the world too late, and only feed from the crumbs of the Lord's table. Not only in the happy thought which has set in the Exhibition old forms by the side of new CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 335 forms, so that the two may be compared, but where we see only the new forms, we note the progress. The arts that are lost are as nothing to the arts that have been gained; the degeneracy is insignificant compared with the advance. On every side there is progress, in what is done with the hand as with the brain, in the product of genius as in the product of toil. The contrivances that were once marvelous in their cunning are now antiquated in their heaviness and their ugliness. Who would prefer the locomotive of forty years ago to the locomotives now running so smoothly and gracefully on the tracks of our present roads? That grand engine, plying so noiselessly in the Hall of Machinery, as still as the rocking of an infant's cradle, yet quickening into life with the power of a thousand giants the myriad wheels and bands of all these delicate machines, is a clear rebuke to those who deny our gains, or insist that this age is no better than the ages gone. In our constant and daily use of the products of these improvements we are not brought to see that they are improvements. The sight of a Jacquard loom at work shows the gain in the making of the carpets which were fastened to our floors, which we never notice while we are trampling upon those carpets. We have become so accustomed to conveniences that we never think how much better these are than the things which they have superseded. In these last years the antiquarian spirit has brought from garrets and closets the old furniture, the relics of what were once the indispensable utensils of life. How awkward these articles now seem! And how reluctant piety and reverence are to give them any place of use! Their worthlessness best appears when we note the contrast which they have with the new things, with the later inventions, with what is brought as the last production of skill or study. This exhibition teaches that in no combination of human skill or contrivance has the end been reached; that the finest work of to-day may be surpassed by the work of to-morrow; that there may be progress in the most obvious and simple of processes as much as in the most complicated-in the art of preparing food, as much as in weaving, or working in iron. The houses which the several states have built upon the exhibition ground, with their comfortable furniture, only show how coarse and mean are the New England log cabin and its appurtenances, which invited the sons of New England to such cheap luxuries. The optimist finds in this Exhibition a magnificent confirmation of his assertion that the world is improving, and even this outcome of better things in the work of men's hands, of improved agriculture, art, and industry, is a proof by analogy of the scientific doctrine of evolution. The doctrine of a Paradise lost, of degeneracy and decay, finds no help in this display of what man and nature are doing together in this age and 336 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. in this land. The wise Solomon never imagined what the humblest visitor may here see and study. Ptolemy Philadelphus, according to the story, thought himself greatly favored in getting seventy wise rabbins to translate for him the sacred books of the Hebrew law; but in our Philadelphia there are a thousand works of skill beside which the work of those translations, even with the aid which they claimed of the Divine Spirit, is defective and bungling. The oriental scholars of to-day understand the sacred volume and interpret it better than did the scholars of ancient Egypt. WORKS PROPERLY JUDGED BY THEIR QUALITY. Another lesson which the Exhibition seems to teach is of the equality of human employments, and the essential dignity of all. Work in itself is honored in the admiration and praise of its product, and all its varieties share in the honor. The products of the farm are as respectable as those of the factory, or of the studio. The dresser of skins has as large a room for the display of his wares, as the painter upon glass, or the manipulator of the sunlight. No occupation is mean, where all are brought so close together, and it is so hard to tell in which most worth and ingenuity is shown. The parts which have usually poorer fame, have become comely, and are set in prominent places. Nay, the coarser fabrics have a better light thrown upon them than the gold and jewels, and you may see as many watching with curious interest the machine which cuts little nails from iron bands, as the machines which make watches. All these products and contrivances seem in their peaceful coming together to symbolize the harmony and mutual help of the various occupations of men, that the new are not more honorable than the old; that the complicated are not more honorable than the simple. In ordinary social life, the teaching is different; there are grades of dignity in the callings of men-the husbandman seems to rise in the world when he becomes a trafficker, the trafficker when he becomes a lawyer or an artist, a teacher or a preacher. But in an exhibition like this, the teaching is, that not the kind of the work, but the quality of the workmanship makes its real dignity; that the spiritual qualities put into it, and not the material wrought upon, give it title to consideration and praise. This lesson is taught, indeed, to our people constantly in the local fairs and festivals wvhich are held all over the land in this autumn season, but it has never been taught so emphatically, or on so large a scale, as in this great Exhibition, from which no kind or variety of human service seems to have been omitted, in which not even utility seems to be the measure, but things are shown which seem to have no particular use, only made to show CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 337 the workman's skill or fancy. Just as in Nature, the thing which is superfluous, or seems so, is often the most beautiful and fascinating-the ferns, which bear no blossoms, and are not fit for food, the bees which make no honey, the birds which have no song so in human industry, even what seems to have been an idle waste of time extorts praise and compels honor with the other fruits of toil, when it bears the marks of thought, of feeling, and of faithful labor. A patchwork bed-quilt, made by the patient fingers of a poor woman in the hospital, takes rank with a finished landscape of Bierstadt, or a piano of Chickering. Even instruments of pain and destruction claim due recognition. No feature of the Exhibition is more conspicuous than the huge cannons, the revolving rifles, the torpedoes and the weapons of warfare. These are the principal contributions which the national government has made to the show. And no works of nice art are more remarkable than the shining and exquisite dentists' tools, which suggest torture in their glittering steel as much as the screws and racks of the inquisition. The things which have only slight and occasional use are as good here as the things which are in general and constant use; the harsh sound fastens attention as much as the sound of music; the foghorn is louder than the organ. The measure of judgment is democratic; and it is much more spiritual than utilitarian. The arts are all on the same footing. They are all useful arts because they minister to human comfort and pleasure; and they are all fine arts, because their products are finished, nice, and exquisite. Thousands of humble artizans, both men and women, who come to the Exhibition with sad hearts, perhaps, that they were fastened to a low and ignoble calling, must have gone home with new courage, cheered in the sight of the good place given to their occupation, that it was judged and rewarded by the same measure and rule that reward the work of the painter and the astronomer, Even that poor toil and skill which spent itself in making a bust of butter gets almost the praise of the work of a sculptor. THE EXHIBITION AS AN EDUCATOR. And all the journals have repeated until it has become commonplace, that this Exhibition is an immense influence for the education of the people. Perhaps too much has been said of this, and probably the slight study which in a collection so large any have had time to make of particular articles or processes has not taught the secret of their construction very thoroughly. But even the superficial examination which these myriads of visitors have been able to make in their saunterings, has given an amount of new ideas and knowledge which is incalculable, and which years of reading and quiet home life could 338 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. not give. Actual vision teaches much more accurately than books can teach. Probably nine-tenths of those who walked in amazement through the seventy rooms of the picture gallery saw what was wholly novel to them, the first good pictures they had ever seen in their lives. To nearly as many, the machines, though they may have read about them and used their products from childhood, were almost as new. Not one of the visitors in all the thousands, could say with trut that he had seen nothing new, had learned nothing, even in wandering with listless eye, and in avoiding fatigue by determined neglect. The Exhibition has been a magnificent school for the whole land, for the intelligent and educated as well as for the common people, a post-graduate season for the college graduates, a normal school for the teachers, giving them wonderful store for their future work. And one of the most cheering sights of the great show was the long files of busy and persistent teachers, scrutinizing, with tablets and pencils in hand, these endless objects of curious study. The schools of the land will, more than anything else, get the benefits and returns of this national show, which, in what it does for them, will be worth more than all its cost. And not the least valuable of the materials of the show is the contribution of the schools themselves, justifying their claim, and proving the quality of their work. Never, in any year of their history, have the people of the country learned so much, of so many things, as in this Centennial year. Never have we had a means of so diffusing knowledge, of teaching so much directly and in a way which will keep it in memory. Almost all of the knowledge which comes in the schools and colleges is lost by the failure of memory or in the distraction of new employments and impressions. But the things studied in the Exhibition experiences will not be so readily lost. They will be joined to an epoch in the lives of thousands, and will stand in relief out from the recollections of the past. To some they will be the supplement of the memories of travel, recalling foreign scenes, as the White Mountains recall the Alps and the Appenines, but to many more they will be the substitute for such memories, giving to the multitude what has been the privilege only of the favored few. The Exhibition has been a true national polytechnic school, with all the people for its pupils. A LESSON OF HUMAN BROTHERHOOD. And the Exhibition has been a most impressive teacher of the doctrine of human brotherhood-a doctrine which, as Christians; we confess with our lips, but which our hearts secretly deny. We echo the words of Paul, that "God has made of one blood all the nations of men, to dwell on all the face CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 339 of the earth;" but we do not believe this heartily. But here we see, side by side, the works of the nations, and of the races of the world-of the cultivated nations not only, but of savage and barbarous nations and races-and we see how well their work compares with our own. It is a surprise to see contributions of New Zealand and Fiji along with the contributions of Italy and England; of the Negro nations of Africa by the side of the work of Europe and America. We see that all the peoples have something to offer, and something that has use and value and is not contemptible; that good things come from the isles of the sea, and from the Pagan idolaters. Our pride of race and our conceit of privilege are rebuked in the evidence that the heathen can bring gifts to the Christian, as much as the Christian to the heathen, and can meet and excel us in our own work and on our own ground. No Christian country has a more striking show in this grand collection of rare and beautiful work than Japan, an empire only revealed to the world within these last years. We learn here that Pagan civilization is not, after all, very different from Christian civilization, and that human nature is the same, under whatever sky, with whatever color of skin, with whatever form of faith or style of worship; that the native instincts of men are much the same, and that the civilized races of the world only do more perfectly what the other races do well when they apply their souls; that there is no radical difference in capacity, and that the needs are common. In wandering through those great halls, one feels as much at home in the departments of Russia or Australia as of our own favored land. We do not feel any sense of incongruity or discomfort in this close society of the races and peoples. The world seems to be larger than we had thought it, our human brotherhood infinitely vaster. Even comparisons between the work of these various races become unpleasant and impertinent. And the perpetual question, "What part of the Exhibition pleased you most? " becomes a vexation, so impossible is the answer. Where the parts blend so well into a grand whole, there is no satisfaction in dissection. The living unity will not -bear the separation into greater or less, of the eye from the hand, or the hand from the foot. Are they not all of the body? I confess that I found it far more agreeable in the Main Building to sit on the raised platform in the center and let my eye move leisurely along the grand lines of beautiful objects, taking them all together into the survey, than to bend over the special work of this or that people, with the thought of its national peculiarity, that it came from this or that region of the earth. Most of those who were upon that platform were there to examine the silver vase made in honor of our oldest poet, to trace the meaning of its emblematic pictures, and the -nicety of its figures and reliefs. 340 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. But it seemed to me almost presumption that a thing so significant of national pride should be set in that place of honor and observation. If anything were there, it should be what would represent the whole-the union of all these works and parts. DAWN OF A MILLENNIAL PERIOD. This Exhibition is called the "Centennial," as it comes in the hundredth year of our national life, and celebrates our anniversary. But it might as well be called the "Millennial," as it represents what has been for ages in the world imagined as the Millennium-the new reign of Christ upon the earth, the time when the nations shall have concord and unity, when they shall help each other, shall dwell together, shall forget their strifes, and recognize their brotherhood. The Millennium has not yet come, indeed, and it is not likely to come for ages yet; but we may have more faith in its coming, in the sense of the joy which we feel in such a sign. It seems to be more a possibility, something which is wanted and is longed for, something to anticipate and be glad in. I think that many of the visitors here, who had no sympathy with the crude fancies of the millennial interpreters of Scripture about the circumstances of the second advent of Christ, must have felt, in this sign of the mingled souls of the nations of the earth, that the millennial kingdom is more a fact than a dream, and that by this sign it is at hand. Wars have not ceased, certainly, and the implements of war are here along with the instruments of peace, terrible in their threat and their contrivance. But these do not change the sentiment of the show, which is a sentiment of peace and fraternity. The arts that are here displayed are the arts of production, more than of destruction-of brotherly love more than of mutual injury. I saw regiments upon the ground, marching to music in martial array; but they were not there for fighting-they were there for a holiday. And presently their ranks were broken, their arms were stacked, they were mingled with the throng of peaceful men and women, and there was no menace in their uniforms or their weapons. I seemed to see not only that vision of the Hebrew prophet of streams in the desert, and of the humble wayfarer, confident in his path, but that grander scene of the first Christian Pentecost, when Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and in Cappadocia, in Pontas and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, in Egypt and the parts of Lybia about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians, were all amazed because they had a common heart, and were found understanding each. other and speaking in a common tongue. The eyes of all understood what this gathering of works and peoples really said: "We are CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 341 brethren; God hath made us so. We need one another. We cannot dwell apart. We are common heirs of the Great Kingdom." IMPRESSIONS SUMMARILY STATED. These are the impressions which came to me in the days which I was privileged to spend at this great national and international Exhibition; not all the impressions, by any means, but the impressions which most positively remain. I have seen other exhibitions in which single things were as beautiful, as exquisitely wrought, as ingenious, as striking, as anything which I saw here. But I have seen no display, in Europe or in America, which taught the same lessons, or had such stimulus and cheer for the soul. A friend who was with me at the Exhibition said, as we were sitting together in the great Machinery Hall, and watching the huge engine in its function, "This ought to give you sermons for a whole year." I could only answer, "It gives me a psalm now, which will be worth more than all the sermons." If David had lived to see this, what a new song it would have given to him of the glory of God and the worth of man, of the goodness of the Lord in His manifold mercies, and His wonderful works by the children of men! How he would have sung of all things under the dominion of man, "all sheep and oxen, yea, and all the beasts of the field, the fowl of the air, the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passeth through the paths of the seas." How grandly his full strain of the dignity of man would fit to the praise of the nation to the Lord for His protection and deliverance. "Blessed the people that hear this joyful sound. God hath not dealt so with any nation!" I heard that song in the deep notes of the great organ as they were played to show its combinations and beauties, and it seemed to me that the player, too, must hear them. And in the swelling of the heart which so many must have felt in pacing these long avenues, and looking upon this world of beautiful things, there was the unconscious movement of a psalm of praise to God, who has led us so far, and thanksgiving, that we see the signs of His favor. We have come through the evil times which have tried our souls, but now we remember the covenant with the fathers, which God will not break. The seed of David shall endure forever, and His throne shall be established as the moon and the sun. 44 342 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. THE CENTENAR Y OF MISSIONS.* Amid the many prophecies and promises relating to the extension of the cause and kingdom of God among the nations and peoples of this earth, I do not know of any more pointed and comprehensive than the text. It declares that God's name shall be great among the Gentiles and among the heathen, from one limit of the earth to the other; and that the incense of gratitude, and love, and praise, from hearts purified by the spirit and love of God, shall go up to Him from all lands, and kindreds, and tongues. Such is the prophecy, and now what are the prospects, the means and evidences that it is being or shall be fulfilled? THE COMMAND TO PREACH THE GOSPEL. This directs attention to other predictions of Scripture of the same importto the commission and command of Christ concerning the discipling of all nations, to the condition of nations without the gospel, and to the missionary work that has been and is being done in the line of the fulfillment of the prophecy of the text.t In the line of these and many other similar prophecies Christ's commission and command was and is, "Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature," and the condition of the nations of the earth shows the need of the fulfillment of this commission. Should not the whole church of Christ be aroused to put forth an arm here and an arm there to rescue some of the multitudes daily sinking down, and to stay the onward flow of the mighty current of death and destruction. Men talk about secular education and the development of natural faculties and powers as that which can regenerate, and elevate, and purify man; about natural religion and native instincts. But what has natural religion done to enlighten, to elevate and bless mankind? Her footsteps may be traced in all lands in numerous barbarous rites and in all forms of idolatry, from the feath*The discourse, of which an abstract is given herewith, was prepared by Rev. John P. Scott, pastor of the United Presbyterian Church, of Detroit, and delivered to his congregation May 7, 1876. It was subsequently repeated, by request, before the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church, at Philadelphia, May 28. Text, Malachi, i: It: "From the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same, my name shall be great among the Gentiles, and in every place incense shall be offered unto my name, and a pure offering for my name shall be great among the heathen, saith the Lord of Hosts." F Psalms, ii: 8: "Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession." Psalms, xxii: 27: "All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn unto the Lord." Habakuk, ii: 14: "For the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord." CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 343 ered gods of the South Sea, and the mis-shapen logs of Africa, to the 33,000 gods of India, of all manner of form and material. This is natural religion defiled by men's corruptions and passions. The tendency of all nationalities without the light of the gospel is to deeper and blacker crimes. In Palestine, Egypt and portions of Asia Minor, where the light of divine truth once shone brightly, but where it was rejected and, as far as possible, banished, the people have relapsed into a state of semibarbarism and heathenism, until those native churches, which claim to be Christian, and are spoken of as oriental churches, are such a mixture of ignorance, error, superstition and idolatry, that in many of them you find it difficult to discover any traces of Christian principle, much less of Christian practice. Though a missionary spirit and missionary labors have never entirely ceased since the day when the small church at Antioch, in Syria, sent Paul and Barnabas on the first mission to the heathen, yet after the first two and a-half centuries little was really accomplished until the present century. For centuries vital Christianity was at a very low ebb; the true church never wholly ceased to exist, but, driven from her ancient homes, and persecuted wherever she sought to obtain a home, she almost ceased to be known as such. The world has never known a nobler example of steadfastness of faith and endurance of hardships and sufferings for Christ and His truth, than the history of the Waldenses. But though true Christianity was apparently driven into the shade and almost lost amid the jargon of human opinions, and superstition, and idolworship, yet she began to emerge from the darkness, and to send forth her rays of light with a new energy and power, at the reformation of the sixteenth century, and continued to do so during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. COMMENCEMENT AND PROGRESS OF MISSIONARY WORK. But it was not until about the beginning of the present century that she took on her missionary spirit and engaged vigorously in aggressive work on the powers of darkness. And the progress of mission work has been onward ever since, breaking down one barrier after another, at home and abroad, until for very shame, if no higher motive, no denomination dare claim a place in the great brotherhood of Christians without her mission work; and until the onward tide of Christian civilization has compelled nation after nation to permit and protect the gospel missionary, and to allow the free circulation of the Bible. At the close of the tenth century the Scriptures were to be found in twenty 344 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. different languages. Scarcely anything was done to give the Bible to the people from the tenth century to the sixteenth. During the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries considerable progress was made in this work. During the last one hundred years one hundred and thirty versions have been made in languages spoken over a vast part of the earth. In all, the Bible is to-day translated into about two hundred and fifty languages or dialects, and this largely the result of the labors of missionaries. We do not know the exact number of languages spoken by the human race; the number has been variously estimated. The lowest estimate places the number at three hundred, so that, notwithstanding all that has been done, the Bible must yet be translated into at least fifty languages or dialects before all people can read it in their own tongue. As to the results of missionary labors, it is found by actual computation that there are more conversions to Christianity from heathenism, in proportion to the number of laborers engaged and the money expended, than there are in this country or the British Isles. It costs more, man by man, to save a soul in Philadelphia, New York, or Chicago, than it does in Egypt, India, China, or in almost any other foreign missionary field. This some of you will not be prepared to accept, but I believe it is true, and you will be the more disposed to accept it as such when you consider this one fact-that the interest on the money expended in some church buildings in our large cities, and in the support of an attractive and showy form of worship, would support at least thirty missionaries in foreign fields, and the membership of one of these churches, involving a pecuniary expense equal to the support of thirty missionaries, may not at any one time exceed from four to five hundred. As to mission work, the Moravians may be said to have been the pioneers of the missionary efforts that have so largely characterized the present century. They organized for definite mission work as early as 1733, and sent two missionaries to Greenland; soon afterwards to the Indians in North America and to South America, to the island of St. Thomas, to Lapland, to West Africa, Labrador, and various other places; but it was not until near 1800 that they entered upon the mission work with a spirit of self-sacrifice and selfconsecration which has made their work the wonder of the world. The Baptist Missionary Society was organized in the year 1792; the London Missionary Society in the year 1795, and the Netherland Missionary Society in the year 1797. All other missionary societies have been organized and all other missionary work undertaken within the last seventy-six years. It was not until 1810 that the first missionary organization was formed in CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 345 America-the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. So that really the great missionary work of the Christian era, except the short period during and subsequent to the Apostolic age, has been performed within the past seventy-five to eighty years; and considering the number of laborers employed, the money expended, and the difficulties to be encountered, the results are really wonderful. Any one will see at a single glance that you cannot measure the missionary success of the last one hundred years by the numbers actually brought into the fold of Christ, for there has been a vast work done in the way of clearing away obstructions and hindrances, and much seed-sowing which only yields fruit in the second and third generations; and a very large portion of the time of missionaries has been spent in getting ready for work; but notwithstanding all these things, the actual result in numbers has been great. The gospel has shown itself suited to regenerate individuals, and to change the whole face of society. Our own blessed privileges are in evidence of this fact-our social, civil and political privileges as a nation are fruits of the gospel. It is only a few centuries ago since our ancestors were just as deeply sunk in ignorance and superstition as heathen nations now are. These things were not an original inheritance, nor did they come as a result of any kind of educational development from within, nor from any contact with Roman or Greek civilization from without, independent of religious light and knowledge. Without the gospel man has always retrograded, never advanced. The evolution theory of Darwin, Huxley, Tyndall and others is historically false. The state of society now in a large part of Europe, and which we enjoy in this country, compared with the condition of our ancestors ten, twelve or fifteen centuries ago, is not and cannot be ascribed by any careful and intelligent student of history to anything but the power of the gospel of Christ, regenerating individuals, pervading the whole state of society, and effecting the most thorough and radical changes. CHRISTIANITY ADAPTED TO ALL RACES. Christianity has shown its adaptation to all races of human beings and to all nationalities. It has shown its power wherever it has gone. The North American Indians have resisted every merely human instrumentality to civilize them from the most extreme measures of cruelty and exercise of compulsion, to the peace negotiations of Quaker honesty and love. These wild men of the forest, who have resisted every other influence, have in many instances been changed, and lost their savage state, solely through the power of the gospel. 346 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. In 1862 the Dacotah Indians, as cruel and savage a tribe as ever roamed the forest, resolved to exterminate all the white settlers within their reach. A war followed, in which 2,000 prisoners were taken; 300 of these were tried and sentenced to death. President Lincoln interfered in behalf of a majority of these, and they were set at liberty. Missionaries soon obtained access to the tribe, and in three years 500 had professed their faith in Christ, and gave evidence of genuine conversion. The number has greatly increased since that time. The inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands, and of the South Sea Islands, were, at the beginning of the present century, in a wild, savage state. They were cannibals of the lowest order, and believed by many to be utterly hopeless. But through the power of the gospel they have been elevated and blessed, until they have become an industrious, order-loving and peaceful people. They have schools, churches, and orderly society-they have Christian life and Christian power. Missionaries began their labors in the Sandwich Islands in 1820. In just fifty years from that time the islands had ceased to be missionary ground, the people having become so thoroughly imbued with the spirit and power of Christianity as to have self-supporting churches, generally, over the Islands, and native pastors, and being prepared themselves to engage in missionary work elsewhere. Besides maintaining their own churches, they have sent out and maintained fifteen missionaries in other islands. In 1825 the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands lived more like wild animals than human beings; now a large number are Christians, and some of these, through the educational system which always accompanies Christianity, show a culture that will compare favorably with the educated in any land. The largest church membership of any Christian church in the world is in Hilo, on the Island of Hawaii, the communicants numbering nearly 5,000. In 1776 there was not a single civilized man in all Polynesia, and down to 1810 there was not a native Christian. The first convert reported by the Wesleyan Missionary Society was in 1825, and in ten years from that time over 1,000 were reported. Since that time, missions in Polynesia have had remarkable success. In many of the Islands of Polynesia more than one-half the population regularly attend church on the Sabbath. In 280 islands of Eastern and Southern Polynesia, idolatry, which in its grossest forms was once practiced, has disappeared entirely, and the church membership in these 280 islands is over four thousand. At the beginning of this century the Fiji Islands contained a population of 180,000, all cannibals. No effort was made to Christianize them until the year 1835, when the Wesleyan missionaries entered the field. According to a CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 347 missionary report made in 1874, there were over 25,000 church members in full communion, 946 native preachers, and 45,000 children under instruction in the schools. In the year 1776 the Island of Madagascar contained a population of about three and one-half millions. In 1818, under the London Missionary Society, missionary work was commenced. The missionaries were at first welcomed by the rulers; but on the death of King Radama, in 1828, a series of persecutions began, which drove every missionary from the Island, and the native converts were exposed to all manner of cruelties. They were tortured, stoned, hung, and burned to death. In the ten years during which missionary labor was allowed previous to the persecution, there were only about fifty converts; yet, in the face of the most cruel persecutions and deaths, the number increased, and as converts were put to death others came out and avowed their faith, until about 2,500 had suffered martyrdom; and at the close of the fierce persecution in 1853, it was believed that at least 4,000 more stood ready to die for their faith. The persecution was wholly stopped in 1861, and Christianity again welcomed, and now there are over 2,000 native preachers and Evangelists, and 50,000 members of Christian churches. Truly, in Madagascar, has the blood of the martyrs proved to be the seed of the church. In the islands of the Indian Archipelago, missionary labor has been alike crowned with success. On the western coast of Africa there are 125 regularly organized churches, with 18,000 members. In Sierra Leone and Liberia much has been accomplished. In South Africa, embracing a population of at least two millions, there are over 500 foreign and native missionaries, with many native helpers, and a church membership of 42,000, and as many children and youths under instruction in the schools. Missionary work has been a success amongst the lowest tribes of all countries, and if it can save, and elevate, and bless such, what will it not do for nations and peoples who occupy a comparatively higher position in the scale of civilization, such as the inhabitants of Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Turks, Greeks, Russians, Hindoos, Chinese, and Japanese? INDIA, CHINA, AND JAPAN. At the beginning of the present century the two hundred and fifty millions of India seemed to be forever sealed against gospel truth and light. What religious light may have been there passed through various phases down to the year 1793, which may be said to have been the beginning of missionary work proper in that land, and little was really accomplished until after the year 1825. In 1850 there were over 100,000 native Christians in all India. In 348 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 1870 the number was believed to be over 200,000, and the actual church membership was about 80,000, and the increase since that time has been equally as rapid. These numbers seem large, but they are a mere speck among the millions of India. Seventy years ago China was virtually barred against the gospel. The first Protestant missionary effort was by the London Missionary Society, in 1807, and the first American missionary effort was by the American Seamen's Friend Society, in 1829. Since that time missionary work has been carried on with vigor and success. There are now over 100 ordained missionaries, with a larger number of female helpers, and about 400 native Chinese preachers. The actual church membership is about 12,000. Missions have been established in forty walled cities and 360 towns and villages, and the time seems rapidly approaching for the four hundred and twenty millions of China to hear the gospel and to be pointed to a living Saviour. Japan is one of the very latest countries opened to missionary efforts. Eleven missionary societies have already entered the field with fifty ordained missionaries. E(YPT, AFRICA, AND ASIA MINOR. In Egypt, though the converts are not numbered by the thousands, yet much has been done in proportion to the laborers employed and the money expended. As in other fields of a similar kind, the first generation is usually largely a time of seed-sowing. A richer harvest will soon be reaped. Through the direct missionary labors and the schools, the learning process is going on rapidly, and the land of Moses and Joseph, and the Pharaohs, will ere long be a center of Christian light and life, sending her influence far south in Africa, to meet the Christian rays coming from the southern, eastern and western shores, when Africa, benighted, degraded Africa, shall be presented as a Christian continent. To me one of the most interesting groups of nationalities for missionary labor to be found anywhere, is that group around the shores of the Mediterranean sea-Egypt on the south, Palestine and Syria on the east, and Asia Minor on the north. In this circuit, churches in this country and in Europe are laboring vigorously; substantially the same methods of labor are employedschools, colleges, churches, Bible reading, and personal appeal. For the training of native pastors and teachers, there are in that group of nationalities six theological seminaries: one at Osiout, in Egypt; one at Beirut, in Syria; three in Turkey, at Marsavan, at Marath, and Harpoot, and not far east of the Mediterranean; one in Persia, at Urumijah. The number of schools connected CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 349 with these missions is about 400, with not less than 15,000 pupils. There are several female seminaries of a high order in Syria, Turkey, and Asia Minor, and two colleges proper, one at Constantinople and one at Beirut, Syria. GENERAL SUMMARY. I have tried to give you a general idea of the mission field and of the mission work done by the various churches and missionary societies during the century, and only going into detail in regard to a few of the mission fields, and some that seemed the least hopeful. As a result of Christian missions, there are in the aggregate, outside Christendom, 4,000 centers of Christian work, 31,000 missionaries and laborers, 600,000 converts, and 700,000 children in Christian schools. The principle of Christian missions is the spread of the gospel among all the nations of the earth. Christ's commission and command was and is: "Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature." In view, then, of what is being done at home and abroad, in almost every land, does it not look as if the prophecy of the text was being, year by year, gloriously fulfilled. "From the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same, from the farthest east to the farthest west, from one limit of the earth to the other, my name shall be great among the Gentiles, among all nations, kindreds and tribes, and in every place incense shall be offered unto my name and a pure offering, for my name shall be great among the Gentiles, saith the Lord of Hosts." Let us resolve to have a more active part in this great work, which blesses others and blesses ourselves. Let us resolve that as a church and as individuals we will perform our part in that mighty host that is moving on to victory and glory. Let us resolve that our money, our prayers and our efforts-that we and all that we have-shall be ready for any opening that God may present, and though much has been done, let us remember that millions upon millions are yet in great darkness and heathen degradation. The world is to be converted to God, and in the light of actual results, it is perfectly clear that the gospel of Jesus Christ is the power of God unto the salvation of every one that believeth. 45 350 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. TIHE PARAMO UNT ALLEGIANCE. NOTE.-Rev. Dr. Alfred Owen, pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church, Detroit, preached a sermon July 2, 1876, with special reference to the Centennial, and the duties of citizenship, his text being, PSALMS, 78: 7: "That they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God, but keep His commandments." The discourse commences by saying: "We have here a reason why the history of Israel was written and constantly repeated. The way God had led them, the laws he had enacted, the seasons of prosperity and adversity, great lessons and hard, were memorials of the Divine Justice and authority which no man might safely forget. From these things they were to learn that there is no help for a nation but in God, and no safety but in keeping His commandments. When men or nations turn from Him and forget Him, they lose their strong support and fall into manifold troubles. This was especially true of the Jews, who were a chosen people selected to preserve the truth they received from God, and to prepare the world for the coming of His Son." Succeeding passages trace a similarity between this and the Jewish nation, as being specially an object of God's care; and treat also of the causes leading to the early settlement of the country, to the national growth and development, and to religious influences pervading society and influencing governmental progress. Similar thoughts run more or less through the preceding pages of this chapter, and it is to avoid repetition that the first part of the discourse is thus briefly summarized. Starting from the premises, Dr. Owen's conclusions are given entire. THE NATION AND ITS BLESSINGS. In the growth of this nation we may see the hand of God as plainly as they could who in David's time looked back to review the history of the chosen people. All who believe in God should keep this history prominent for the reason given in the Psalm, "that they might set their hope in God and not forget the works of God, but keep His commandments." A nation exists by the will of God. A man does not exist for the sake of the nation, but the nation for every man who inherits its blessings and privileges. We have reason to be grateful for our inheritance, and gratefully to acknowledge God in the personal good that comes to every one of us through the traditions and spirit of our national life. But we should prize most that which is best in it. The best things in our nation are not its vast territory, nor its almost limitless resources, nor its growing population, but its freedom, rather, and the religious life, which has grown with its growth, and, weak as it sometimes appears to be, exerts a power greater than in any other nation in the world. The glory of our inheritance is a living Christian faith, inwrought into the family, the laws, the schools, and exercising a powerful control over the government. ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL GREATNESS. We make a great mistake when we regard a nation as great solely because of its territory and material resources. Judea was little if any larger than New Hampshire, just a little point on the great surface of the world. Yet deeds were done there whose memory will live forever; laws put in force that CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 351 man can never repeal; thoughts wrought into life for the instruction of all generations of men; songs written that the holy will sing with gladness while earthly voices blend in melody, and which may find a place in Heaven; prophets inspired, whose utterances are the hope and joy of the world; the Redeemer given, whose glories are as bright in Heaven as here on the earth. What other nation ever left such a record? Not China nor India, nor even Imperial Rome, could equal in permanent power little Judea. Greece was a small country, populated by divided tribes, yet statesmen and philosophers lived and wrought there to whom the world will ever listen and find instruction in what, they did. Holland is a little country, but it stood as a barrier to papal oppression and intolerance, and saved modern Europe from being chained to Rome. England is small territorially, but its moral power is very great. A country is great not in proportion to its extent, or numbers, or resources, but in proportion rather to its power to diffuse intelligence, to maintain civil and religious liberty, and to preserve its people from degradation. It is great when it shows power to develop real men, and especially when it can accept and hear those who are sent. Rome never was so weak as when she held the empire of the world and all the nations were tributary, for her best and truest were under the ban of the ambitious and the dissolute. Even then a Cicero was possible, and a Cato, late products of the earlier virtues that were disappearing. But they were overwhelmed in the flood they could not stay, and so Rome got ready for the barbarian. When Judea summed up the long catalogue of her crimes in the rejection of the Lord, then the hour of her doom came on. In this respect our country has shown some of the elements of greatness. It has ever produced genuine men. Those who laid the foundation of the national life were the best productions of the old world. They who presided over the destinies of the colonies from which the nation was born, were exceptional men, and yet they represented well the people who called them together. Even in our own days, while corruption is prevailing, and many hearts are anxious, the false are branded, and the virtue of the people does not fail. From this land have gone forth missionaries to the heathen as worthy of remembrance as any who have gone out to such work since the days of the apostles. Everywhere are found men toiling patiently for God and righteousness, and the gospel holds men with ever increasing power. A people that can produce men of exceptional virtue is itself exceptional. The virtues that become conspicuous are the manifestations of the virtues that are lowly, and much out of sight. Despite all corruptions, all betrayals of trust, all dishonor 352 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. in high places, all the sorrowful things of the last few years, I believe the people are sound at heart, and loyal to righteousness, and that a brighter day is coming. Not yet does the future look dark to me, or grow great with sorrow. God is among this people yet, leading them with His own right hand. THE ELEMENTS OF RIGHT GROWTH ARE I-HERE. There is universal recognition of human rights. There is a prevailing and aggressive life in the churches. They grow and multiply, and out of the world men and women are being gathered into the fold of Christ. It is not a small proportion of this people who believe that a righteous Lord rules in Heaven and earth, and that godliness is profitable for all things. It is not a small part of this people who see growing up in the earth the eternal kingdom of the heavens, and with dim and often vague, yet real aspirations, are pressing on to gain a part in it. Of course, I see much that is foreboding. The millennium is not begun yet in any part of the world. There are dark places. There are ruined lives. "The whole creation groaneth and travaileth together," and the groaning will not cease till the sons of God are manifested. In every nation the good and the bad are mingled. The tares and the wheat grow together. It has ever been so. The most bitter traitors to David came from his own house. The betrayer of the Saviour was one of his own company. While sin is in the world things cannot all be bright and glad. The good is in conflict with the evil, and lights and shadows are commingled on every picture. All these hopeful things are only relative. The real happy land is farther on, and only faith's vision can discover it dim and distant. When we see great things gained, and the possibility of greater good yet to be achieved, we must bear in mind that all earthly gain is relative. The absolute and changeless good appears only in the kingdom of God. Comparing our condition with that of other peoples and other times, we have reason to thank God and take courage. SUBORDINATION OF EARTHLY KINGDOMS. All kingdoms in this world exist with a certain relation to the kingdom of Christ. If in their main result they aid its progress, they remain. If they hinder it, they pass away. It may not gratify national pride to think of ourselves as subordinate to another kingdom, but it is really so. The world itself endures for the sake of that kingdom. The stars are set in the bright heavens, and the wheels of time roll on for the sake of Jesus the King and the people He redeems. To build up that kingdom and to people it from the present world, is now the work wrought out with patience and power by the Infinite CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 353 God, and He gives Himself to this with all His resources, as once He gave Himself to the work of creation. A Christian's patriotism is therefore always relative, always subordinate. We owe certain duties to the land of our birth, which surrounds us with care, which defends our lives and possessions, and which brings us the means of culture. We ought therefore to stand as its defense against those who would destroy it, and to labor for its progress in knowledge and virtue. But our supreme allegiance is to the Lord above us, and what we do for men we do out of love for Him, and the desire to advance His kingdom, and give glory to His name. No disciple feels as though the world is lost because a nation perishes. All nations have their duration, and all kingdoms, save only ONE. So long as we have a citizenship in that, nothing good can really be lost. THE TRUE CONSERVATORS OF THE NATION. We shall find, then, that those things that really serve the kingdom of Christ are the true conservators of the nation, and the nation will survive longest, and be the greatest and happiest, in which the kingdom of the Lord has most power. The real source of the nation's strength and permanence is to be found in His church. The true rulers of men are not those who sit in high places and receive the honor, but mothers who teach their children righteousness, teachers who unfold the eternal wisdom, churches where the Lord's spirit answers to His word, and human lives are refreshed, and heavenly virtues nurtured. The food we eat grows not on the mountains, but in the valleys. The harvests are not watered by the water-spout, but by the gently falling shower. These influences from Heaven, dropping like the rain and distilling noiselessly like the dew, really form and control the thoughts of men, and produce the best growth. Every home where Christ is honored is a center of power. Every church, every little Sabbath school, the hymns of praise, the broken prayer, all help to bring the eternal kingdom of God and the passing life of man together, and to establish the relation of fellowship and love that shall be eternal. THE PROVIDENCE OF GOD VISIBLE IN THIS NATION. While, therefore, we call to mind the dark and weary time which brought our freedom, and rejoice in our heritage, we should do so mostly because we can trace the peculiar providence of God therein, and His purpose to build up through this nation the kingdom of His Son. And we should, each one of us, be grateful if in the humblest sphere, or in the lowliest task, we are permitted to toil for that Lord whose influence on earthly affairs is ever beneficent, and whose eternal kingdom will be eternal joy to those who inherit it. 354 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. PROGRESS THE LESSON OF TIE CENTURY.* ECCLESIASTES, 7: 10: "Say not thou-What is the cause that the former days were better than these, for thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this." The government of God is not a tyranny, or an accident. Therefore the world under His administration is growing better, and not worse. The croakers, who tell us constantly how much better the good old times were than the present, are not wise —first, because they are mistaken in theory, and then because they misinterpret the facts. Their theory is mostly that of the millenarians, who claim that the world is bound to grow worse and worse till Christ comes to set up his personal reign. But it is dishonorable to God to say that He cannot, on His present plan of government, bring the world over to Himself. VALUE OF REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT PROVEN. This first century of our history has proved the value of a republican form of government. The experiment has never really been made before, or any where else than in our own land. In Greece the slaves, of the same white race with their masters, were three or four times as numerous as the free population. In Rome they were fully equal. If a master chose to cut up his slave and throw him into his ponds to improve the flavor of his fish, there was no help for it. And then, in respect to her free population, Rome was never anything better than an odious and turbulent aristocracy. The Dutch republic was a most unmanageable specimen of the same. So far, Mexico and the South American republics are only anarchies, and not governments. Switzerland is the only country, besides our own, that has ever really been a true democracy. But she is so small, so hemmed about by powerful monarchies and institutions of the dark ages, so sure to be overrun by foreign armies in every great European war, that she cannot be said to be a successful experiment. Our own slavery is no objection to these views. For it was not an outgrowth of our system, but rather of English aristocracy. Virginia, where it began, was settled mainly by two sorts of men. First the younger needy sons of noblemen and great families, and broken-down adventurers, too proud to work. The other were the sweepings of jails, and almshouses, and London streets, were sold into the colony often as slaves, for limited terms, and were * Abstract of a Centennial discourse delivered in the Congregational Church at the village of RHudson, by the pastor, Rev. T. G. Colton, Sunday, July 2, 1876. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 355 too lazy to work, if they could help it. Captain John Smith, celebrated in their colonial history, was compelled to drive them out into the fields to work to keep the settlement from starving. When the slaves were brought into James River, in 1620, all classes were delighted. No other government but ours could ever have thrown off the incubus of this system, or have gone through with the deadly conflict of the slaveholders' war, safely. Our Republic, like a pyramidal form of building, has the widest and strongest possible basis for stability. Of five hundred thousand emigrants to this country, Wm. H. Seward used to say not one but that would be glad to overthrow the government of the country from which he came. Of all our millions of citizens not one wished to change ours. MANHOOD, AND RESPECT FOR IMAN. Our history during this period has shown an increase, rather than an abatement, of real manhood among our people. The war showed that we had heroes in every neighborhood among our boys, where we had little suspected it. Before that, we thought that the manly endurance of the revolutionary heroes had died out from among us, and that our soft and effeminate habits had taken all courage and manhood out of us. What a glorious refutation of this gloomy impression did the State of Iowa furnish, when she sent seventy thousand —one out of every ten of the inhabitants-to the war! English and French public men refused to believe it, for they said no nation had ever done it- ot even Napoleon by his merciless conscriptions, when he -was in the height of his power. But most of our men, and all those of Iowa, did not wait to be drafted-they volunteered. In our revolutionary war, in seven years, we sent only one in twenty of the inhabitants. In France they have never gone higher than one in twenty-five. It has been fashionable to tell how pure and patriotic our fathers were in the good old times. A nearer acquaintance with their history shows that there was a vast amount of party spirit in those days, and very mean jealousies and intrigues against Washington, so as greatly to imperil his position and that of the army under him. So indifferent were the people that the army nearly starved to death in their winter quarters. When the Constitution was formed, by the labors of such men as Washington and Franklin, the people were so indifferent about it that it was nearly a year before a quorum of states adopted it, and three years before all the thirteen agreed to it. And yet they knew that without it it we should never pay our war debt, and that we were running imminent risk of drifting-into civil war. 356 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. About the commencement of this century party spirit ran fearfully high, resulting in many murders and duels. It has never been worse in these latter days. Much is said about the gigantic rings and briberies of our day. Our fathers did not fall into these practices for lack of training and opportunity. They had no canal and railroad rings, for we had no canals and railroads out of which they could be made. "Corners" could not be made in coal and iron, and flour and gold, because trade was not so developed as to make it possible. And they had not "our own correspondent," or a myriad-eyed press to spy out and publish all the sins of our public men. Now, both political parties are compelled to put pure men upon their tickets, because the people demand reform. There has never been a time when stainless purity in candidates for office was so much demanded by popular sentiment. There has been a great advancement during the century, in the estimate of man for what he is in himself. Ma.nhood has risen in the public estimation, and not the accidental trappings which surround him. The King of England could not now, as he did a century ago, buy up ten thousand soldiers from the petty German princes, for his wars, while the masters pocketed the money and they did the fighting. No people in Europe would now suffer it. No king or duke in Europe could now, just to please his mistress, shoot a peasant that she might have the pleasure to see him fall. Man has become too valuable now for all that. Once all Europe was somewhat in the condition of the Fellahs of Egypt, who are compelled to work on the Khedive's land without a cent of pay and find their own provisions, and if they resist, are bastinadoed till they yield. EXPENSIVENESS OF WAR. War is a trade which is rapidly getting too expensive to follow. Bayonets are beginning to think, and that is dangerous for the aristocracies, who, on one side or the other, or both, are always the provoking cause of war. When it costs three hundred dollars to explode a shell, and the iron-clads average two million dollars in cost, the people will soon see that this trade of war has gone far enough. A BETTER LITERATURE. Literature has made very great advancement during this time. Theological writings in those early times, and the political writings of Franklin, Jefferson, Paine, Hamilton, Madison and Jay, have never been excelled in any age or nation, but the poetry was usually execrable -mere prose measured off in feet and ornamented with rhyme. Now, in every village newspaper, you will see CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 357 poetry every week, better than the best in the authors of those days. Some of our popular hymns are bad poetry, but they are so sanctified and glorified by the sweet music to which they are sung, that we lose sight of the tame and tasteless style of the verse. BENEVOLENT AND REFORMATORY MEASURES. The century under review has produced nearly all the great benevolent institutions and reform movements of the day. The city of London alone is the seat of more than two hundred benevolent societies. Especially the temperance reform is the product of this century. We have seen that the people can be trusted to overthrow the rum-maker's and the rum-seller's trade. What they have done is a guarantee of what they will-that that monstrous excrescence upon the face of our civilization, the haunt where drunkards are made, will in time be cut out and cast away from us. THE WORLD MORE RELIGIOUS. Lastly, the people of this country, and the world, are more religious now than at the beginning of the century. "What is the cause," says some mournful voice, "why there are so many less that go to church than there used to be in old times!" "]No cause at all," says Mr. Gladden, "for the simple reason that it is not true." Statistics show us that there was then one church for every seven hundred inhabitants. Now there is one for every five hundred, and they will average a good deal larger in size. The supply always shows what the demand is. Religion is now more a thing of principle and benevolence, and less of form and routine. The same old doctrines are still preached. They always must be, just as we still breathe the same air that Adam did. But the forms of expressing truth are different. Calvinism is as much preached as ever, because in its essential elements it is God's everlasting truth. But the old cast-iron forms, in which it was expressed, we thankfully say have passed away forever. Let us be thankful that we live in a world where God is always making all things new, and that the new is always better than the old. 46 358 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. PRESBYTERIANS IN THE REVOLUTION.* On such a day as this, and with thoughts that file like a mighty procession past the mind, the limits of a single discourse, or a single hour, fill one with lespair. My relief shall be in the selection of a single topic: Presbyterians in the Revolution; their influence and their acts at that eventful and all-important period of our country's history. Not to dwell upon this would be to do injustice to the memory of great and good men, at once the fathers of our country and of the glorious church whose name we bear. PRESBYTERIANISM AMONG THE EARLY EMIGRANTS. Presbyterians had much to do with the settlement of this country. Many do not know how large an element the Puritanism of New England had within itself. It is estimated that about 22,200 emigrants arrived in New England before 1640. Cotton Mather tells us that previous to that same year, 4,000 Presbyterians had arrived. Dr. Charles Hodge, in his Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church, when speaking of the union between Congregationalists and Presbyterians in London, says: "The same union had subsisted between the two denominations for many decades of years, that is, almost from the first settlement of the country. Of the two thousand Presbyterian ministers cast out of the Church of England by the act of uniformity, a considerable number found a refuge in New England." Dr. Dales, of the United Presbyterian Church, in his discourse at the tri-centenary celebration of Presbyterianism, at Philadelphia, in 1862, says: "The Puritans of England were, long after their rise, unquestionably largely Presbyterian. Robinson distinctly affirmed that his church at Leyden, the mother church of the Plymouth Colony, was of the same government as the Protestant Church of France, which was Presbyterian. Fourteen years before the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in New England, Brewster was chosen an elder by the. congregation, and when, nearly ten years after, lie was chosen to be an assistant of Robinson, he declined to administer the sacraments expressly on the ground that the ruling elder's office, which he held, did not entitle him to do that which he believed belonged to the minister or teaching elder. With this office and with these views, Brewster came to this country in the Mayflower, with the Plymouth Colony, and thus " On Sunday morning, July 2, Rev. Wm. Aikman, Pastor of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, Detroit, gave at that church a Centennial discourse upon the important part taken by Presbyterians in the Revolution. The portion here given is from an abstract published in the," Detroit Tribune." CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 359 he helped to form the Plymouth church. Thenceforward, for a long period, the early churches of Salem, Charlestown, Boston, and elsewhere, had ruling elders, while in 1646 and 1680, all the ministers and one elder from each church met at Cambridge in synod, and by a distinct act recognized the Presbyterian form of church government. They went so far as to adopt the confession of faith of the Westminster Assembly." From this we may infer that the sturdy patriotism of New England had much of Presbyterianism in it. The French Protestant Church was Calvinistic and Presbyterian. The massacre of St. Bartholomew and the revocation of the edict of Nantes drove 500,000 of the best men and women that France ever knew from the land. Torture and death compelled them to flee, some to England, some to the Cape of Good Hope, and many to America. Some of these Huguenots went to New England. Faneuil Hall, in Boston, that cradle of liberty, was built and given to the city by the son of a Huguenot, and bears his name. Others of them went to New York. The larger portion of them went to South Carolina. We shall see how this Presbyterianism bore fruits of patriotic toil, suffering and heroic deeds when the great revolutionary struggle came on. "When," says Bancroft, "the treaty of Paris for the independence of our country was framing, the grandson of a Huguenot exerted a powerful influence in stretching the boundaries of the State to the Mississippi." And he well adds: "The children of the Calvinists of France have reason to respect the memory of their ancestors." What men of might Dutch Presbyterianism gave to our country! The first settlement of Manhattan Island, in 1623, was made by thirty families from the Belgian provinces. In 1628 a clergyman came, an elder was chosen, and the Lord's supper administered to fifty persons. Under the protection of the city of Amsterdam, a body of Waldensian Presbyterians emigrated to New Netherlands, afterward New York. French Huguenots were so numerous at one time that public documents were issued in French as well as in Dutch and English, and the name of New Rochelle tells of the old Rochelle from which some of them had fled. Scotch-Irish Presbyterianismn was a large element in the early settlement of our country, and the communicants who fled from intolerance in the old country found resting places in South Carolina, in New England, and from New Jersey to Georgia. In Pennsylvania they peopled many counties, in Virginia they went up the Shenandoah, and in the beautiful uplands of North Carolina. Their training in Ireland had kept the spirit of liberty and the readiness to resist unjust treatment as fresh in their hearts as though they had just been listening to the preaching of Knox, or musing over the political creed of the Westminster Assembly 360 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN THE REVOLT. People who had come to this country with such antecedents naturally made their power felt when the oppression of their mother country began to manifest itself. We find that Presbyterians were among the foremost to resist. So far was this the case, it was understood that to be a Presbyterian was to be in opposition to British rule. One monarchist, according to Hodge, "as early as 1764, ascribed the revolt and revolution mainly to the action of the Presbyterian clergy and laity." Another wrote: "Believe me, sir, the Presbyterians have been the chief and principal instruments in. all these flaming measures, and they always do, and ever will, act against government from that restless, and turbulent, and anti-monarchical spirit which has always distinguished them everywhere where they had, or by any means would, assume power, however illegally." Colonel Barre, in a speech in Parliament, styled the Americans "Sons of Liberty." The colonists adopted the title, and formed associations all over the land under it. It became a widespread and very powerful organization. So prominent were Presbyterians known to be in these organizations that the two terms, "Sons of Liberty" and "Presbyterians" came to be almost synonymous. In New York these "Sons of Liberty" were styled by the royalists "the Presbyterian Junta." Dr. Gillette, in his history of the Presbyterian Church, says: "To the privations and cruelties of the war the Presbyterians were pre-eminently exposed. Their Presbyterianism was prima facie evidence of guilt. A house that had a large Bible and David's psalms in metre was supposed, as a matter of course, to be tenanted by rebels." William B. Reed, an Episcopalian of Philadelphia, wrote: "A Presbyterian royalist was a thing unheard of. The debt of gratitude which independent America owes to the dissenting clergy and laity can never be paid." Bancroft, the historian, states, in as many words, that "the first voice raised for independence in America came from Presbyterians "-referring to the celebrated Mecklenburg declaration. THE ONLY MINISTER IN THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, president of the College of New Jersey, and a Presbyterian minister, was the only clergyman who sat in the Continental Congress. He made an eloquent and forcible speech upon the adoption of the ever-memorable bill, and is called by Bancroft "as high a Son of Liberty as any in America." The great soul of Washington was often made sorrowful at the distrust and unjust reproaches of some of the foremost men in Congress. But CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 361 when such'pure patriots as Samuel and John Adams were distrusting and censuring him, and he was bearing with meekness and dignity their reproaches, Witherspoon was always on the side of the Father of his Country. Washington could always look to him for sympathy and support. INFLUENCE IN THE FORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENT. This view of Presbyterian influence in the Revolution would be incomplete if it failed to speak of its relation to the formation of our government. The affinity between Presbyterian and republican forms of government has been always recognized. Presbyterianism is founded on representation. Representation is its fundamental idea. With such men as Witherspoon in the national counsels, and with such hosts of men whose lives had been passed in a Presbyterian atmosphere, it is not wonderful that the great Presbyterian principle of representation passed into the form of government of these United States. While speaking of his own church, and giving a prominent position to it, Dr. Aikman did not seek to throw other denominations into the shadow. Washington himself was an Episcopalian. Although the Methodists at that time were very small as a denomination in the country, yet Wesley had spoken words of commendation of the course pursued by the colonists, and had appealed to Lord North to bring about a cessation of hostilities. The Baptist denomination, moreover, were among the pioneers of civil and religious liberty. Yet Presbyterians have every reason to cherish an honorable pride in their own church and denomination. In all lands and in all times it has stood out for the freedom of church and state, and may its good work ever continue to increase! RIGHTEOUSNESS EXAL TETH A NATION.* The discourse compares the first century of the republic to a bridge, the first abutment of which was laid by the adoption of the Declaration in 1776, amid turbulence and strife, the second being completed in peace in 1876. After enumerating the various steps in promulgating the Declaration, it is stated that on the ninth of July the commander-in-chief of the American forces, General Washington, issued a general order, requiring it to be read at the head of each brigade of the army. The order sets forth: "This important event will serve as a fresh incentive to every officer and soldier to act with fidelity * Abstract of a Centennial discourse preached at Coldwater, Sunday, July 2, 1876, by Rev. J. Gordon Jones. Text, Proverbs: xiv: 34. 362 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. and courage, as knowing that now the peace and prosperity of his country depend, under God, solely on the success of our arms; and that he is now in the service of a state possessed of sufficient power to reward his merit, and advance him to the highest honors of a free country."' Several kinds of righteousness that should exalt a nation are enumerated, namely: 1, The Righteousness of Truth; 2, The Righteousness of Liberty; 3, The Righteousness of Intelligence; 4, The Righteousness of Worship. THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF TRUTH. Truth is the original living germ-the character of God in the character of man. Inhering in it and growing out of it, as the plants and trees of Paradise were rooted in and sprang from the virgin soil of Eden, are and have been Integrity, Freedom, Right. The Righteousness of Truth, in every epoch of history, has been the parent, the life, of every nation that has done honor to mankind. It actuated Moses in leading the Israelites out of bondage, and it actuated the Anglo-Saxons in their resistance to oppression. The Righteousness of Truth was confided to the Pilgrim Fathers. As the messenger of the northern conquerors said to the head of the tottering Roman state, "Prepare a palace for my lord and thy lord," so God, in exemplifying the Righteousness of Truth, had said: Prepare a palace full of Liberty, and Right, and Honor, to every man, and every tribe of men, long oppressed, held in bondage, and trampled under foot. THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF LIBERTY. The Righteousness of Truth in the heart and soul of man makes itself known, speaks, and sometimes breaks forth, loud, majestic, terrible, through the Righteousness of Liberty: liberty of thought, liberty of speech, liberty of citizenship, and liberty of conscience. These form the cardinal points of Human Freedom. In the remoter ages liberty was a thing practically unknown, but in the course of time a new id a was forced upon the human conscience -the idea that liberty could make no concessions, form no alliances, agree to no compromises. This spirit spoke through William of Orange, and through the men of 1776. And we are witnesses to-day, at this end of the great bridge of a hundred years, that it took the world six thousand years to concentrate the four cardinal points of human freedom in one nation, requiring for its fruition a new land and a new people. Irving's Life of Washington. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 363 THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF INTELLIGENCE. Liberty can never live without knowledge. As the rain-drops unite to form the rills, and these the river, so have the elements of intelligence, rooted far back in the past, converged at this time and this age to form the great stream of intelligence that is its peculiar glory. Inquiry beams out from every eye; restless thirst for knowledge pervades every spirit; independence of thought, independence of mind, independence of judgment, making every man a king and every woman a queen. The world never beheld such a scene before, which seems to have been kept in reserve for the great nations of this latter day. Rome fell because of the ignorance of her masses, but no such calamity can befall a nation possessing independence, together with the nation's nurseries, the public schools, where knowledge is free, and where the children of rich and poor sit together, side by side, where no priest nor power dares enter to shut the door nor turn the key. These form the rills which unite in the three great tributaries, Free Speech, Free Schools, Free Press. THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF WORSHIP. This is something more than the righteousness of conscience. The righteousness of conscience is exemplified in the faith and suffering of the martyrs. The Righteousness of Worship is seen when the soul of man, untrammeled and untaxed, may commune with its Maker at its own free will and in its own free way. I believe I am true to history in the affirmation that this right does not this day exist in any nation under heaven save this. To this fact, more than to any other, we owe, as a people, the glory of this day. Christianity, free and full, is what has made so rugged, so mighty, so irresistible, the nation's manhood. It has been the vigor of its blood, the stronghold of its power. When the nation, one hundred years ago to-day, severed its alliance with the King of England, it was launched into greatness by its alliance with the King of Kings. Its fidelity to that King is what has sustained it, enriched it, glorified it. From this end of the bridge of which I spoke in the beginning, resting upon the pier planted amid peace and prosperity, we scan over the thankful eyes along the wondrous span, and amid the myriads, and the tumults, and the struggles; amid the sorrows, and the joys, and the conquests which we behold here and there upon it, all the way from 1876 to 1776, we find that the nation's exaltation has been brought about by the fourfold righteousness of Truth, Liberty, Intelligence, and Worship. 364 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. THE THANKSGIVING OF THE PA TRIO T.* DEUTERONOMY, 8: 10: When thou hast eaten and art satisfied, then thou shalt praise the Lord thy God for the good land which he hath given thee. Beloved brethren and sisters: On a certain day, once in every year, the houses of public worship, of every possible creed and denomination, become crowded with a multitude, assembled to offer thanks and devotions to the Supreme Being-devotions not laid down in the almanacs or required by the rituals of the respective-creeds, but yet not less fervently offered. What is it, then, that makes these congregations group together in the house of God? What event has inspired their melodious hymns? What makes them listen to sermons and meditations, all testifying of our dependence on the abundant gifts of the Almighty and man's important duty of thanking and acknowledging divine munificence? Surely it is not the recommendation of the political authorities; it is certainly not that recommendation alone; for if so, these prescribed devotions would but little differ from the sacred exercises practiced in countries where kings rule, and where their ministers and lieutenants exact their pleasure through rigid laws and ordinances. A COMMON FEELING OF PATRIOTISM. I will t:ell you at once the difference, and one brief sentence will express all that distinguishes the prayers of a subject from the devotions of a free citizen. It is a true patriotic feeling which impels and inspires all these various services; it is the lofty thought of being the equal member of a great and honored body; it is, in one word, the gratitude of a patriot which thrills the hearts and crowds the temples. Freedom and adoration -unbounded liberty as related to the lower, cheerful service and ready homage to the upper world- how curiously they seem to complete one another, to crown and to limit one another. For freedom, you must admit, is but too apt to make man feel independent even of the divine rule; freedom has that in it that it engenders a noble pride which at times may outstep the limits of human infirmity, and level the distance between man and his Maker. It is not a slanderous enemy; nay, it is an ardent votary of freedom, who makes this remark-one who is ever wishful to reconcile her gifts with all the higher aspirations of man. Freedom, therefore, seems to require a counterpoise to *Sermon delivered on the public Thanksgiving Day, November 30th, 1876, at the Beth-El Temple, Detroit, by Dr. Henry Zirnclorf, Minister at the Temple. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 365 check and equibalance the presumptuous flights of our minds; may be that a day like this, hallowed by the devotions of millions, can serve to re-establish the authority of a heavenly region above us. Whilst the prayers of bondsmen and menials have always tended to link more closely the fetters of bondage, it is different with the petitions and psalms of a free citizen. Patriotism shares them with religion; noble citizenship reclaims them from the altars of bigotry; they are and remain dear and sacred to the spirit of true freedom. By this thanksgiving festival, I at least can understand nothing else but the grace of a patriot, the subserviency of a mind chastened in the school of liberty under the dominion of the Most Merciful. Let me, then, try to expound to you, in the light of our Scriptural text, what the thankful devotion of a patriot should really imply. My subject naturally divides itself into four parts. To thank in such a sense: (1) in the first place presupposes an enjoyment that preceded our present grateful disposition; (2) it implies a lively sense of contentment with the gifts of the Almighty; (3) to thank, in the third place, means to acknowledge a supreme guidance; and (4) finally, such gratitude, if uttered in a true sense, will at all times serve to link man more closely to the society of his fellow-citizens, and to the great union of mankind. ENJOYMENT INDISPENSABLE TO THANKFULNESS. Enjoyment is the indispensable condition of thankfulness; it foreruns satisfaction, and prepares the human heart for the overflowing sense of gratitude. No tie of love and friendship can exist without the gentle acceptance of, and the sincere enjoyment in, gifts liberally offered, spread out for an ungrudged fruition. There is really not less kindness and affection evinced in the dispensation than in the reception of graceful munificence. And on the other hand, overbearing pride never exhibits itself more cruelly and offensively than in its rigid abstinence from loving donations. The noblest sentiments and the holiest institutions are based on this social law of freely accepting the mite of brotherly liberality. In friendship, hospitality, sociability, neighborhood, and above all, in love, man divests himself of a portion of his inborn freedom, and consents to be the humble retainer of some lordly dispenser and benefactor to whom he declares himself bound by the sweet vassalage of tenderness. HIowever, the most abundant gifts we all hold from the hands of our Heavenly Dispenser. By these gifts we live and thrive-we partake of them in every hour of our existence. By the simple acceptance we are discharging' a pious duty, and to make our acceptance complete, little else is needed but 47 366 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. a sincere consciousness of our eminent dependence on His constant benefaction. To enjoy fully and truly whatever Divine Goodness provides for our wants, means to acknowledge and realize our continual need and dependence upon the cornucopia of His mercy. Every season, every condition and avocation of life, can and should bring us nearer to our fatherly benefactor. Whatever we reap of the bee-like industry of human faculties, both physical and intellectual; whatever navigation floats to the harbor of a more refined enjoyment; every golden fruit of invention and heaven-born art-all, all forms a golden chain of loyalty which fetters and prostrates our human pride before the Supreme power. Look at the beautiful picture of a rich harvest emptying the fields of numberless golden sheaves of corn and filling the barns with the inexhaustible spoil of the plains; behold the costly spoliation practiced on motherly nature; glance at the variegated hues of the foliage decking the autumn forest- and admit, 0 man, with the words of our text, "'We all have enjoyed until we rested satisfied." Gifts of such extent and preciousness should indeed not be set aside for solitary fruition. The enjoyment of a patriot is a public and common enjoyment. By placing our acceptance before the eyes of our fellow-men, we, as it were, place ourselves willingly under the control of some sort of republican inspection. We admit by this method of partaking, that we do not wish for any exclusive enjoyment, bult join in the prevailing custom that infuses a spirit of cordial unity through the whole social body. There was in ancient times a renowned and gallant republic ruled by the stern discipline of simplicity and abstinence- a republic whose citizens were required to sit down for their meals at a common table and forbidden to enjoy themselves in the retirement of their private houses. Now, such regulation would be a little too narrow and coercive for the complicated state of modern society; but mentally and virtually let us, like brave Spartans, still sit together at an imaginary public table, and fancy our enjoyments still being placed under the watchful eye of the great human republic. And since it is this rule of pure and harmless enjoyment which connects man with his fellow creature, and brings good and warm-hearted people into mutual and beneficial contact, let us not forget that it is the duty of an enlightened Israelite not to turn away as a stranger from the table of common rejoicing, but to associate himself with the pleasures and recreations of the great community, so long as they are offered at the festival board of human sympathy and concord. A fellow-sufferer makes us always suppose a fellow-enjoyer, and where there is no concurrence CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 367 in joy, a sincere condolence in sadness is in vain to be looked for. The times are happily past and gone when the Jew stood as an outsider behind the bars of free society, and scarcely through casual chinks and crevices in the wall dared to behold a civic repast from which he was excluded through bigoted and senseless laws. Every mitigation of stern religious formalism which tends to diminish the distance between the Jewish and the Gentile world, and to place the Israelite more prominently at the table of society-I do not mean so much for the purpose of eating as for the partaking of sound mental and moral nourishment-is hallowed and dear to the tolerant spirit of Judaism. Yea, let him rejoice with the joyous, and study to be satisfied. CONTENTMENT ALSO INSPIRES THANKFULNESS. Indeed, the sense of satisfaction, the feeling of a contented desire, is the second element in the patriotic rule of thanksgiving which our text suggests. Contentment stands at an even distance between penurious want, grudging to itself even the most admissible enjoyment, and from greedy satiety of the senses, a greed unworthy of the loftier flights of our nature. "Rest and be thankful!" says the popular adage; yes, rest from fruition, in the happy consciousness of your contented spirit, and prepare your mind for the higher condition of a thanks-returning creature. Satisfaction, a mere instinct with the animal world, becomes almost an attribute of holiness with the ennobling aspirations of the human nature. To thank for nothing, that is, to thank before the sense of contentment has entered our heart and elated our whole being-it is a base subterfuge of fawning hypocrisy, and the noble spirit of Jewish teaching has nothing to do with it. It is held illegal and improper by Jewish ritual, to pronounce the benediction of the Most Benign without having first tasted from His nourishing bread, and drawn from His refreshing cup. Such a futile and vain mode of gratitude is denounced as a meaningless, frivolous prayer -Beraicha leatala-and a desecration of the holy name, by the fathers of our religious code.* The wanton nature of the act appears to lie in the misproportion between lips full of praise and a mind reluctant to the acceptance of attainable blessings; in the conceit of a devotee who means to please his Maker by robing Him with senseless eulogy, rather than by thriving on the gifts of His goodness. Neither is it well nor wise in the social republic to abstain from that sense of true contentment which, in all human concerns, forms the basis of grateful *Berachot 33 a; Maimonicdes, Hilchot Berachot, c. i. 368 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. disposition. A dissatisfied mind is as little apt to feel thankful for the blessings of peace, welfare and good government-as little, I say, as an overcontented and over-sated nature. Truth and godliness, and social manners and civic virtue, after all, seem to dwell equidistant between the two extremes of discontented abstinence and sated luxury. And not vainly is it said, "Thou shalt enjoy and rest contented." PRAYERS OF PETITION AND PRAYERS OF GRATITUDE. The premises of patriotic gratitude have been expounded; to partake joyfully and to rest contentedly has been shown to be the basis of our moral and political pyramid, and as such, I trust, will be generally adopted. Thankfulness is to be the corner-stone of our building; such grace as an unfettered mind is ever ready to offer is about now to crown our moral structure, to form the climax of all civic merits and virtues. If praying is one of the distinguishing perfections of human nature, who will deny that prayers of gratitude are the best, the noblest, the purest of all supplications? As for petitions and beseeching requests, who does not pray for something! who does not seek the Lord in his wants! Who, in need and distress, forbears from throwing himself on the generosity of the Supreme? And to think of hymns of praise: They are beautiful in their way; but what, after all, can poor mortals add to Divine greatness and majesty! Let the infatuated mind be doomed to silence who, by bombastic and cumbrous verbiage, essays to elate and uphold the Most High, "to whom," as the Psalmist says, "silence behooves as the fittest eulogy."* There had been indeed once such a conceited and self-contented person, of whom the Talmud relatesa public reader of prayers, who quite wearied his audience with overflowing attributes of the Divine greatness, until the presiding teacher bade him to be silent, and for heaven's sake not to offend sensible ears any further by his misplaced quotations.t To thank God, however, will always be considered a noble aspiration of the human mind; a grateful mind will easily keep aloof from the aberrations of sanctimonious loquacity. To "thank" the All Mercifulhodalc in Hebrew-is identical with "recognizing," and signifies nothing short of acknowledging Him and rendering homage to His greatness. It is the only gift which human frailty can offer to the King of Heaven. It is a great and edifying aspect to behold an entire and mighty nation proclaiming repose and solemn intermission from worldly affairs, assembling in Psalms, Ixv: 2. f Berachot, 33 b. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 369 numberless temples and before countless altars, prostrating themselves before the seat of divine glory, and making the air, from the coast of the Atlantic to the coast of the Pacific, re-echo with the recognition of His goodness and mercy. Such unanimity in the prayers of peace, such concord in the devotions of good will, is unparalleled in the countries of serfdom, and only possible where freedom has redeemed the majesty of human nature. Devotions of such force and extent, I might say, cannot fail to be heard, to be graciously accepted. I do not mean this in the vulgar sense of heaven-storming bigotry-nay, I would rather, in this. sense, individualize and seclude the homage of the worshiper. But still, in the co-action and concurrence of large bodies and communities, there underlies a certain spirit of brotherhood and reciprocity, of human dignity and organizing strength, which guarantees success, and is upheld as a promoter of godliness by the more enlightened religious spirit. When our rabbis maintained that the petitions of a community are sure to be heard and fulfilled,* they in their peculiar and symbolical language gave vent to an important truth portrayed all through the history of mankind. To the earnest majority belongs the power and the success, and whatever an enlightened multitude wills and pursues, that is sure to come forth and to be effected. Now, to will what is good, and righteous, and honest, means to urge God on His side-that God of truth who necessarily sides with objects of truth and sincerity. A community immersed in grateful feelings for the profuse gifts of providential mercy seems to pronounce its own justification, and to bear testimony to its own moral worth, for whatever Supreme goodness dispenses to the mortal tends to enhance and carry upward his better nature; as it is said, "He shall receive a blessing from the Lord and righteousness from the God of his salvation."t Such blessing to the happy receiver means wealth and real substance, unmarred by the drosses of bitter remorse; for, as the royal Sage has it, "The blessing of the Lord enriches, and conveys no sorrow with it.": Once more, let us insist on it, whatever constitutes a religious mode of gratitude will at all times dignify and adorn the gracious acknowledgment of the patriot and the citizen. CAUSES FOR THANKFULNESS ON THE PART OF THE ISRAELITES. But to thank God in public, it is further maintained, links man more closely to human society, and serves to reconcile him with the bond of general broth*Berachot, 6 a., 8 a. + Psalms, xxiv: 5. I Proverbs, x: 22. 370 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. erhood. This is forcibly shown in the words of our text: "When thou hast eaten and art satisfied, then thou shalt praise the Lord thy God for the good land which He hath given thee." Whereto shall we look for this promised land of noble and costly produces? Surely it is not merely a country of earthly abundance, flowing with milk and honey; it is not a province of merely historical significance; it is not an Eldorado of the past, immensely distanced from the channel of our present exertions and loving desires. By "the good land"' I can only denote a Godly land of blessed immunity, of noble freedom, of encouraging activity-a land wherein the citizen may move his hands at liberty-"a domain of vast circumference."* Suppose it could be satisfactorily proved to us that the promises of divine goodness were limited to the land of Palestine: why, it would perhaps be much better to blot out these words from our ritual than to repeat them daily with a meaningless devotion, in the fertile plains of a western hemisphere. But far from blotting them out, we mean to apply them most forcibly to all the advantages which America holds out to our longing spirit. What earthly domain, in blessings, both physical and mental, can equal the United Statesthat beloved harbor of freedom for so many millions of the oppressed and persecuted! In these vast territories which Washington redeemed for human dignity and rights, let us recognize a goodly land which God has given to our manly labor. What America, in its milder and more benignant rule, has done for the homeless Israelite and his outlawed creed, from the first day when its stripes and stars were unfurled, until this date, it would be impossible to compress in a few passing oratorical remarks. It was the United States that has wiped away the word "exile" (qaluth) from the pages of Judaism-that has erased it out of the vocabulary of Jewish feelings. 0, that gloomy phrase of the exile (galcdh), which, like a shadowy cloud, had so long enwrapped the Jewish horizon, how many of you heard it sung at your cradle! how many hopes of infancy it has stifled, how many joys of manhood it has blighted! Now, I do not believe that even our orthodox brethren of the most benighted and most stringent ritual ever speak of an exile in connection with America. And permit me, at this juncture, to join my personal gratitude with the thanksgiving of the myriads. Little did I dream, at this time of last year, that so soon I might become the humble medium of your devotions, and be deemed worthy to carry your inspired thanks up to the throne of the Almighty. And now I, too, have become a dweller and a sojourner in the blessed land of' Genesis, xxxiv: 21. CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 371 freedom, and my whole nature is elated by the proud hope of remaining its active citizen. Therefore let us all jointly thank the Lord for the goodly land of labor and of freedom, labor's crowning reward. And pray do not mix the gloomy anticipations of political warfare, the predictions of endless party spirit and injurious dissension, with the solemn sensation of this happy hour. Pray do not believe in the evil auguries of so many political soothsayers that forebode strife and calamity to this land and to this nation. Be sure the sound spirit of freedom can and will discard all the disastrous clouds which overhang our present hopes. Depend upon it, the moral resources of this free homestead will give the final denial to all the false prophets conspiring against its world-wide fame. A free and mighty commonwealth like this can bear a great deal of dissension and strife, and yet uphold its glorious part in the council of the nations. And, last of all, take it at its worst, I, at least, and no doubt all of you with me, would rather suffer by the deficiencies and shadows of liberty than thrive and fatten by the advantages of servitude. Yes, let us thank the Lord, as patriots ought to do, and by such gratitude be linked more closely to the goodly land of independence. Amen. MODERN SPIRITUALISM-A CENTENNIAL LESSON.* The rise and growth of modern Spiritualism is one of the signs of the times noteworthy in our Centennial. In less than thirty years it has reached the four quarters of the globe, and counts illustrious names of noble and true men and women among its advocates. In our country its believers are variously estimated from a million to four millions. In our State fifty thousand would be a moderate estimate, and to this might be added ten-fold that number whose hearts have been touched by the subtle sweep of this influx from the supernal world. THE SPIRITUAL AWAKENING. This spiritual awakening is vital and significant. Immortality is an intuition, a truth of the soul. The future life is not merely a dream, it is a fact patent to the senses as well as to the soul. In an old hymn, in the Hindoo Vedas, it is said, "Come, O Great Father! along with the spirits of our fatheers." Paul speaks with triumphant faith of the mortal putting on immortality. Here come the facts of Spiritualism, old as history, for there was ever the same divine *From an address by Giles B. Stebbins, at Detroit, March 31, 1876. 372 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. law, but richer and finer in these last days. The loved ones, "not lost, but gone before," can and do come to us. The mother's love is undying, and she makes her guardian presence known to her child. The golden link is lasting and unbroken. Through the outward senses we get glimpses of the hereafter, as in the apostolic days, and the voice within, which says, "Thou shalt never die," speaks all the more clearly. Frauds are detected, but only as the dust in the sunbeam, making the light more palpable, keeping the judgment and reason awake. The spirit world is impartial, and pays small heed to earthly rank or wealth; the poor in purse are rich in spirit, and the favored of earth are favored of Heaven as well, if fit for such high privilege. In fit time, amidst our absorbing business activities, comes this awakening to the soul's wealth and worth; this revival of intuitive ethics and morals; this recognition of the beauty and supremacy of spiritual law; this ideal of man as microcosmic in body and spirit, related to all the world of matter and mind, of time and eternity. The spiritual idea of the future meets and fills our sympathy and affection, feeds the heart-hunger that yearns for our loved ones, and finds them near and living in a higher life. Teaching no bibliolatry, it will make the transfiguration scene and the apocalyptic visions glow with new beauty as significant and wondrous yet natural facts. It will spiritualize science, and recognize intuition and deduction as pioneers in discovery, with induction and experiment to verify and confirm, and so complete the now fragmentary and imperfect process. SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE. We have especial occasion to connect Spiritualism with the Centennial, in view of its broad scope and generous spirit, which accords with the American idea of liberty of conscience and separation of church and state. It asks for equality of rights, that mutual charity may increase. It would tax the church as we do the poor man's cottage, and by this simple justice check ecclesiastical pride and costly display. It would give no favor to any class or sect in our free schools, and would remand Bible reading and all religious exercises to the home and the church, where each can use his own methods, with no injustice to the conscience of others. It asks the state to avoid all interference or favor touching religious opinions and practices. To study the events of the century, seeking any lessons therefrom, and leave out Spiritualism, would be strangely unwise. As yet we cannot see its full significance; the modern movement is too near, too large and too new, but surely it deserves candid and fair attention. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 373 PART IV. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. I.-PRELIMINARY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION. THE inception of the great Centennial Exhibition rests with Professor J. L. Campbell, of Wabash College, Indiana, and secretary of the United States Centennial Commission since its organization, who, in December, 1866, wrote to Hon. Morton McMichael, mayor of Philadelphia, suggesting the holding of an international exhibition in 1876, as the most suitable method of observing the completion of the first century of American national existence, and presented many reasons why such Centennial celebration should be held in Philadelphia.* Mayor McMichael, in reply, cordially endorsed the proposition in his own behalf, as well as on the part of many prominent citizens of the city, and promised to take measures, at the proper time, to secure its accomplishment. In November, 1868, Professor Campbell wrote a second letter to Mayor McMichael, urging immediate action, and to this received a reply concurring in the opinion that the time had arrived when an active effort should be made to carry out the suggestions previously submitted and considered. The agitation of the subject was continued in various ways, and on the twentieth of January, 1870, John L. Shoemaker, Esq., a member of the Select Council of Philadelphia, introduced resolutions, which were unanimously adopted in that and in the Common Branch, endorsing the proposition to hold an international exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876. These resolutions were the first official act relating to a Centennial celebration. The Legislature of Pennsylvania, and the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, promptly endorsed the *Many of the facts here given relating to the early history of the Exhibition, are stated in condensed form in pamphlet publications by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The chapter, however, is largely compiled from the proceedings of the United States Centennial Commission, for which, and for many other favors, the editor is indebted to the secretary, Professor Campbell. 48 374 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. movement, and appointed committees to unite with the joint committee of City Councils in presenting a memorial to Congress, showing the design and scope of the enterprise, and the importance of its being held under the auspices of the government of the United States. The memorial of these committees was presented to Congress in January, 1871, and in accordance therewith, Hon. D. J. Morrell, a representative from Pennsylvania, and chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, introduced a bill creating the United States Centennial Commission, which bill was enacted into a law on the third of March, 1871. The bill, after reciting the premises, provided for the appointment of a Commission, to consist of not more than one delegate (or alternate) from each state and territory of the United States, whose duty it should be to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for holding the Exhibition, and to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate limits of the city of Philadelphia, where the -Exhibition should be held; the Commissioners to be appointed within one year from the passage of the act, by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the governors of the states and territories; the Commission to report to Congress, at the first session after its appointment, a suitable date for opening and for closing the Exhibition; a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or dedicating the same; a plan or plans of the buildings; a complete plan for the reception and classification of articles intended for exhibition; the requisite custom house regulations for the introduction into this country of the articles from foreign countries intended for exhibition; and such other matters as in their judgment might be important. The act also provided "that whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the Commission of the proposed Exhibition, the President shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place at which it will be held; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by theT Commissioners, for publication in their respective countries." On the third day of July, 1873, the President issued his proclamation, announcing the time for the opening of the Exhibition for the nineteenth of April, 1876, and the closing on the nineteenth of October. This was subsequently changed to the tenth of May and November respectively. The presidential proclamation adds: "And in the interest of peace, civilization, and domestic and international friendship and intercourse, I commend the THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 375 celebration and Exhibition to the people of the United States; and in behalf of this government and people, I cordially commend them to all nations who may be pleased to take part therein." A circular note from the Secretary of State to American ministers abroad, inviting participation by foreign countries in the Exhibition, was prepared July 5, 1873, but its tone of caution in failing to represent the Exhibition as of a national character, was not satisfactory to the Centennial Commission, and the passage of a further act of Congress, which was approved June 5, 1874, was procured, extending an invitation to the governments of other nations to participate in the Exhibition "under the auspices of the government of the United States," but with the proviso "that the United States shall not be liable, directly or indirectly, for any expenses attending such Exposition, or by reason of the same." The legislation gave the proposed Exhibition the prestige of a national enterprise, and the Commissioners authorized under it were appointed. The Commissioners met in Philadelphia on the fourth of March, 1872, representatives being present from twenty-six states and territories. Hon. Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, was elected President of the Commission. At a subsequent session Hon. A. T. Goshorn was unanimously elected DirectorGeneral of the Exhibition, and Professor John L. Campbell, of Indiana, permanent Secretary. In 1872 Congress passed an act, which was approved June first of that year, creating a fiscal corporation entitled the "Centennial Board of Finance," the corporators comprising two from each congressional district and four from each state and territory at large. The capital stock was limited to $10,000,000, in shares of ten dollars each. The stock was largely taken throughout the country, rather from patriotic than from speculative motives. The Centennial Commission and the Centennial Board of Finance were two distinct bodies working to a common end, namely, the success of the Exhibition. Generally stated, the province of the Board of Finance was to provide ways and means for the erection of buildings and defraying necessary expenses, while that of the Commission was to superintend and govern the exhibition feature of the enterprise. Municipal and other corporations were authorized to become sub. scribers to the stock of the fiscal corporation, and up to December 15, 1875, the city of Philadelphia is reported as having subscribed $1,575,000, the State of Pennsylvania $1,000,000, the State of New Jersey $100,000, the States of Connecticut, New Hampshire and Delaware $10,000 each, and the city of Wilmington, Delaware, $5,000. It would seem that the large subscriptions of the State of 376 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia were not paid in full, for the total amount paid in up to April 24, 1876, from all states and countries, is stated at $2,132,140, including from Pennsylvania (presumably state, municipal and other subscriptions) $1,613,148.* An appropriation of $1,500,000 was made by Congress in the winter of 1876. These were the principal sources of revenue on which the Exhibition was organized. A more particular statement of its financial results will be found in pages following. On the twenty-third of January, 1874, the President of the United States made an executive order referring to the Exhibition, and setting forth that "it is desirable that from the executive departments of the government of the United States, in which there may be articles suitable for the purpose intended, there should appear such articles and materials as will, when presented in a collective exhibition, illustrate the functions and administrative faculties of the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people." The order further directed the formation of a board, to be composed of one person to be named by the head of each of the executive departments, and one person to be named each in behalf of the Smithsonian Institution and the Department of Agriculture, to be charged with the preparation and direction of that feature of the Exhibition. Congress subsequently appropriated $505,00() for the purpose of carrying out the object of the order, and it was under these auspices that the Government Building and its contents became part of the Exhibition. The states of the Union made appropriations to aid in the representation of their own products at the Exhibition, as follows: Massachusetts --------.. —----- $50,000 Delaware -----------— $10,000 New York --------------------- 25,000 Michigan ------------------------ 7,500 Nevada —---------------------- 20,000 Arizona —------------ 5,000 West Virginia —-------------------- 20,000 Indiana --------------------------— 5,000 Connecticut 15,000 Kansas -..... -. 5,000 Arkansas ------------------—. 15,000 Montana --------- 5,000 Ohio ------------ 13,000 Colorado —---------------- 4,000 New Jersey --- -------- 10,000 Wisconsin - _.......... 3,000 New Hampshire --------- 10,000 Oregon ------------ 1,000 Illinois -------------------— 10,000 Minnesota --------------------- 500 By act of Congress of June 18, 1874, articles for exhibition from foreign countries were admitted free of duty. *See Report of Executive Committee of Centennial Commission, May, 1876, pages 32 and 66. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 377 The foreign countries reported on the first of July, 1876, as participating in the Exhibition, were: Argentine Republic. Denmark. Japan. Russia. Austria and Hungary. Egypt. Mexico. Spain. Belgium. Gt. Britain, with Colonies. Netherlands. Sweden. Brazil. France, with Algeria. Norway. Switzerland. Canada. Germany. Orange Free State. Tunis. Chili. Hawaii. Peru. Turkey. China. Italy. Portugal. Venezuela. The calendar under which the Exhibition was conducted was as follows: Reception of articles begins.... — --------------- January 5, 1876. Reception of articles ends —---- -----—.-. April 19, 1876. Unoccupied space forfeited ---------------- ------------ _ ------------- April 26, 1876. Exhibition opens —------- ---------- -------- May 10, 1876. Exhibition closes --- ------------------- ---------- November 10, 1876. Goods to be removed by ------------------------------------ December 31, 1876. SALE OF LIQUORS ON THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS. The executive committee of the Centennial Commission having granted permits for the sale of liquors on the grounds, a number of remonstrances against such action were presented at a meeting of the Commission on April 26, 1876, which were referred to a committee. This committee on the following day made a majority report, in which, without discussing the merits of the question, they declined to recommend any change, in view of pecuniary rights that might be effected by contracts already made with the executive committee. A minority report, signed by Mr. Nye, of Maine, and Mr. Spooner, of Massachusetts, was presented, in which they quote a law of Pennsylvania, "that no intoxicating liquors shall be allowed to be sold within said park" —Fairmount Park, where the Exhibition was held. The report further dwells upon the legal aspect of the case, and upon its moral feature says: In conclusion, we submit a few words upon the moral aspect of the question. Some of us have been looking forward for years to the present International Exhibition, trusting that God would enable us to set an example in morality and sobriety worthy in every way to be followed by all the nations of the earth. Had we banished all that intoxicates from our buildings and grounds, we should have accomplished this glorious result. It is not now too late to accomplish what is so much desired by the petitioners and millions of the people of this and other lands. If illegal concessions have been sold, it is not too late for this Commission to cancel the same, as section seven of the act creating this Commission expressly declares that no grant conferring rights or privileges of any description connected with the said grounds or buildings, or relating to said Exhibition or celebration, shall be made without the consent of the United States Centen 378 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. nial Commission; and said Commission shall have power to control, change or revoke all such grants. It is always safe to do right. It is better to suffer in purse than in purity of character and life. The money voted to defray the expenses of this Centennial Exhibition, in part, by Congress, makes every person in this land part owner of its property, and in part responsible for its results. If this Commission suffers the law of Pennsylvania to be violated by selling intoxicating liquors in the park, either by ourselves or agents, without protesting against it, each one not so doing is guilty, in part, of that violation. We believe, with Senator Morrill, of Maine, who, in a speech in the United States Senate a few months since, declared that "this alcoholic traffic was the gigantic crime of all crimes. It caused more pauperism and more misery than all other agencies combined." We propose to take part in no such traffic, or give any encouragement to others in so doing. The subject was referred. to the solicitor of the Commission for his opinion upon the legal points presented. The report of that officer was made May fourth. It sets forth that the legal inhibition of the sale relates only to Fairmount Park, as, by the law of Pennsylvania, any person may engage in the general traffic in liquors by first taking out a license. The solicitor then enumerates a number of things that are forbidden to be done within the park by the same law that forbids the sale of liquor, but which are done by the necessities or convenience of the Exhibition, and says: There being no state legislation, relative to the Centennial, affecting any one of the aboverecited prohibitory rules, regulations and provisions for the management of the park which may not apply to all of them, can we finally arrive at any other conclusion than that they are either all in force, or that the whole of the eighteen paragraphs have been abrogated and suspended for the time being for the purpose of the Exhibition, so far as relates to the Centennial grounds and the management thereof by the Centennial authorities. It is held that in the organization of the Commission something in the nature of a contract was entered into between the State of Pennsylvania and the government of the United States, as a patron of the enterprise, that the Commission should have "exclusive control" of the exhibition. The solicitor concludes: In reviewing the subject, however, as a question of law (to which alone I understand my answer is required), has any one of them to-day any more binding effect than the others, as applied to the ground set apart, as aforesaid, to the exclusive temporary use and control of the Centennial authorities for the purpose of the Exhibition? That they have not can scarcely be questioned; and if all these intended park regulations are in force on the Centennial grounds, the official and formal information to the President of the United States, from the highest officer of our commonwealth, that said grounds have been set apart for the exclusive control by the Commission-information given, too, in pursuance of the act of Congress requiring the same, and the various acts of our State Legislature recognizing those facts and appropriating a million of dollars at one time in aid of the accomplishment of the object for which said exclusive control has been given-must be taken for naught, as against a set of rules previously laid down by the Legislature for a commission in the management of a local park intended for no other purpose, and which, as THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 379 a whole, are not consistent with or applicable to the necessary preparation and management of the International Exhibition. The conclusion is inevitable, that, under all the circumstances, those prohibitory regulations for the park, so far as relates to the Centennial grounds, are suspended for the time being, and inoperative whenever they interfere with any of the declared purposes of the Exhibition. The proclamation of the President, to which reference has been made, the subsequent acts of Government, and its correspondence with foreign nations, seem to contemplate the arrival of visitors and exhibitors to the Exhibition from all parts of the world, and the Centennial authorities have the power to judge whether or not suitable places for refreshments, conducted under their own rules and regulations, are necessary to promote the comfort and convenience of the exhibitors, their employes, the visitors, and the object of the Exhibition. If, in making such rules and regulations for the conduct of the Exhibition, the Centennial Commission deem the retail sale of the liquors referred to in the contracts for concessions of restaurants, caf6s, etc., to be necessary and proper, it is not unlawful for the Commission to consent to the contracts made by the Board of Finance for such restaurants and cafes, my opinion being that the prohibition contained in the park laws does not apply to those having obtained the regular required license from the State and the United States, as well as the consent of the Centennial authorities, to make such sales within the Centennial grounds. Such, in my opinion, being the law, and the contracts having been made and executed, with the consent of the Commission, under the general powers vested in the executive committee, during the recess of the Commission, and necessarily having to be made during such recess, on the. faith thereof the contractors having, in many instances, invested large amounts of money long before the Commission again convened, I seriously doubt if, in their present condition, they are within the power granted by the act of Congress to the Commission to change or revoke. The further consideration of the subject was indefinitely postponed, by a vote of nineteen to ten. THE QUESTION OF OPENING THE EXHIBITION ON SUNDAY. At a meeting of the Commission, April 26, 18T6, petitions for and against the opening of the grounds on Sunday were presented, and the subject was referred to a committee of five members, consisting of Messrs. Sweeney, of West Virginia, Williams, of Minnesota, Nelson, of Alabama, Corliss, of Rhode Island, and Griffith, of Ohio. On April twenty-eighth majority and minority reports were submitted, and as the subject will have some importance historically, the substance of these reports, with the action of the Commission, is given: MAJORITY REPORT. The special committee to which was referred various petitions asking for the opening of the Centennial Exhibition on Sundays, and also the remonstrances against.such opening, beg leave to report that the question of keeping open International Exhibitions on Sundays seems heretofore to have been determined by there the observance of that day in the countries where they were held. 380 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The London exhibitions were closed on Sundays, whilst those of Paris and Vienna were kept open. At Paris, however, when other departments were exhibiting on Sunday as on other days of the week, the whole English section was covered to exclude it from view; the American department was also covered. The same spectacle was presented again at Vienna. The English-speaking exhibitors, acting in accord with the prevailing sentiments of their countrymen at home, and representing before the world their traditional reverence for the Christian Sabbath, carried out their convictions of duty on foreign soil, and truly represented their national characteristics. The prevailing sentiment of this country on the subject of observing the Christian Sabbath is distinctly set forth and palpably felt in the legislation of the United States, and of the several states and municipalities, and in laws enacted not only to secure to the people one day in seven as a day of rest, but also to prevent such secular business operations as tend to disturb the quiet enjoyment of such religious observances as the individual preferences of each member of the community may dictate. Any action of this Commission which is in conflict with the public sentiment expressed in these laws and in their practical observance will, in the judgment of your committee, so shock the moral sense of the country that it will jeopardize the success of the Centennial Exhibition, and turn the most powerful agencies throughout the land from active support to decided opposition. Your committee therefore recommend that the Commission adhere to the policy which has heretofore governed its action on this subject, and adopt no measures which shall interfere with the proper exhibition of the American Sunday as it has been observed during the first century of our existence as a nation, at the grounds of our Centennial celebration. All of which is respectfully submitted. (Signed) GEO. H. CORLISS, CHAIRMAN. A. J. SWEENEY. W. W. GRIFFITH. MINORITY REPORT. The undersigned members of the committee to whom was referred the petitions for and against the opening of the Centennial grounds on Sunday would respectfully beg leave to dissent from the views expressed in the foregoing report of the majority of the committee. We feel that there are two sides to this question, and that it is due to the large class holding the views on the subject which the undersigned present in this report that they should have a hearing in this Commission, and have their wishes and feelings represented. While we sympathize to some extent with the motives, at least, and possibly with the views of the majority of the committee, we are of the opinion that much can be said in favor of the opening of the Exhibition on Sunday. Among other reasons, the following occur to us: That there are many thousand persons in this vicinity who will be prevented, by the nature of their occupations, from visiting the grounds on week days, who wish to and will attend on Sunday with their families. To exclude them on that day will amount to excluding them entirely, which would neither be justice to them nor good policy on our part. We must take into account, also, the large multitude of persons employed in the nine thousand manufacturing establishments of Philadelphia and vicinity-those belonging to that class termed "the toiling masses," who labor hard six days in the week, and who, if they visit the Exhibition at all, must do so with the loss of an entire day's wages at every visit. Give them the opportunity to visit the Exhibition on Sunday, and they can do so without a pecuniary sacrifice, which we should not compel them to make, while it can be so easily obviated. Sunday being generally a day of leisure and recreation, called justly by many the "poor man's holiday," the attendance on that day will be very large, and the receipts very considerable. There are twenty-four Sundays during the period between the THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 381 opening and closing of the Exhibition, and the aggregate receipts of these days will amount to a sum which we should not feel justified in willfully refusing, as long as the pecuniary success of the Exhibition is in a large measure dependent upon our management. It has been urged that many persons are conscientiously opposed to the opening of the Exhibition on Sunday; that many of the warmest and most liberal friends and supporters of the Centennial regard it as wrong and sinful. But the opening of the grounds for those who do not so regard it, for those who can visit it at no other time, or who, for any reason, may wish to attend on Sunday, in nowise compels the attendance of any of the first-named class, nor interferes in any manner, or in any degree, with their personal rights, conscience, liberties, or privileges, that your committee are able to see. This Commission represents the whole people, not any part of it, and in our advocacy of the opening of the grounds on Sunday we were impelled mainly by a consideration of the rights of the people at large, and not of the wishes or views of any particular class or portion. The question which we had to meet was, Can we rightfully exclude any citizen who wishes to obtain admission on Sunday? Has he not before the law a right to enter on that day as well as on any other, himself being the judge as to what day is or is not proper and seemly for him to visit it, and not we? * * *? A considerable cause for the wish to close the grounds on Sunday, we believe, arises from the idea that the Exhibition is an "amusement," and that Sunday amusements are indecorous and improper, or even sinful. Some doubtless are, but our Exhibition is not an "amusement" properly; we believe, as remarked above, its aim is higher. It is to instruct, to cultivate, to implant higher aims and ideas, to ennoble, to elevate. Is this, then, a sinful work on any day? Can it not be properly classed with the lecture-room or the public library? The latter institutions are now generally kept open on the Sabbath, giving those whose occupations deny them leisure during the week the opportunity to study on that day. Can they not also visit our Exhibition to study? It may be art, or machinery, or geology, or horticulture, or any of the thousand subjects which will be there represented. How can we deny them such a proper privilege? For those with ample leisure and means, who can attend easily on week days, we ask nothing. We plead the cause and the rights, under the spirit of our institutions, of the humble working classes, who have petitioned us for this privilege. We have built these buildings and carried on the Exhibition with the money of the people, contributed at our request; are we justified in refusing this class the enjoyment of their property according to the dictates of their own conscience? We cannot judge for them what is proper or what is not. That is their individual right and duty. Nor are we justifiable in compelling those who differ with us on this question to conform to our views. Their opinions, wishes and rights ought to be respected; whether one side or the other, on this question, is in the majority, is immaterial; it might be but a small minority of all the people who desire admission on Sunday, or who are willing to allow others the privilege. It is not a question of numbers, but it is one of rights. We must act with the most liberal and scrupulous impartiality on this question. And it has been very pertinently asked, if we vote to close the grounds on Sunday, which and whose Sunday shall we adopt? There are certainly two Sundays observed by different classes in this city now, and among our foreign visitors perhaps sects will be found observing almost every day of the week as holy. How, then, can we fix any one day as a day for closing, or another? For the above very hastily prepared and imperfectly expressed reasons, the undersigned beg leave to recommend that the Centennial grounds and buildings be opened on Sunday, with the exception that the machinery or other motive power shall not be in motion. Respectfully submitted. (Signed) J. FLETCHER WILLIAMS, RICHARD M. NELSON. 49 382 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The proposition to open the Exhibition on Sundays was negatived, by a vote by States, nine to twenty-seven. A vote was taken, without a division, giving free admission to the grounds on Sunday, but not to open the Exhibitioi buildings, but this was subsequently reconsidered and the grounds ordered closed on Sunday. The action of the Commission received the approval of many of the representative religious bodies and other religious organizations throughout the country. The Methodist Episcopal General Conference, in session at Baltimore, May fifth, declared: WHEREAS, The Commissioners of the Centennial Exposition have, by an almost unanimous vote, determined to close both buildings and grounds under their care on the Christian Sabbath; and, WHEREAS, Such action, we are satisfied, is in entire harmony with the moral and Christian sentiment of a large majority of the American people; RESOLVED, That the hearty thanks of this body be tendered to the Commissioners for their prompt and decisive action in this matter. The Presbyterian General Assembly, at New York, May nineteenth; the Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, at Pittsburg, May twenty-fourth; and the German Evangelical churches of Indianapolis, Indiana, made similar declaration. The following communication was addressed to the Secretary of the Michigan State Centennial Board of Managers: DETROIT, May 17, 1876. DEAR SIR-Please transmit, through the Centennial Commissioners from Michigan, to the Commissioners of the Centennial Exposition, the following resolution, unanimously adopted on the fifteenth instant, by the Ministerial Association of Detroit, and which I was requested to forward to you. The association is a representative one, being composed of some thirty ministers in connection with the Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist and Methodist Episcopal churches in the city and vicinity. May the Commissioners persevere in the right path, to their own honor and to the welfare of the nation. Very respectfully, GEORGE M. MILLIGAN, Secretary Ministerial Association, Detroit. To the Honorable the Commissioners of the Centennial Exposition: The Ministerial Association of the city of Detroit desire to convey to the Commissioners of the Centennial Exposition their congratulations and their thanks for the determination of the Commissioners to close the Exposition on Sundays. This determination is deeply gratifying to us personally, to the churches which we represent, and is, we believe, in accordance with the prevailing sentiment of the American people. WILLIAM AIKMAN, President. GEORGE M. MILLIGAN, Secretary. The subject was re-opened July sixth by the introduction, at a meeting of the Commission, of the following resolution, by Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho: THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 383 RESOLVED, That the Exhibition of 1876 shall be opened to visitors upon each and every day of the week: provided, that no exhibitor shall be compelled to be present upon Sunday; neither shall steam be used in Machinery Hall on said day. George W. Biddle, Esq., presented a petition signed by over 60,000 persons, and one signed by 500 stockholders, with remarks in favor of opening the Exhibition on Sunday. Mr. Wilbur, Secretary, etc., read the headings of the'petition as presented by Mr. Biddle, and also presented a paper signed by 344 women, as well as several other petitions from various portions of the country, in favor of opening. Mr. F. E. Abbott, of Boston, presented the protest of the National Liberal League against the closing of the Exhibition on Sunday, with a statement of their reasons therefor, and was seconded by Rev. William J. Potter, of New Bedford, Massachusetts. Mr. Isaac Davis, of Pennsylvania, presented preamble and resolutions as passed at a meeting of and signed by over 1,200 workmen, opposed to the closing on Sunday. Rev. T. P. Stevenson, representing the National Reform Association, presented the views of that association in favor of closing on Sunday, supporting and indorsing the former action of the Commission on this subject. Rev. Dr. Agnew, representing the National Sunday-School Convention, followed in support of this view of the subject, presenting the views and wishes of the various Sabbath-schools throughout the country, in a written paper. The subject was finally disposed of by the adoption of the following resolution, proposed by Mr. Latrobe, of Maryland: The United States Centennial Commission have heard with great respect the statements that have been made to it on the part of those who desire the opening of the grounds and buildings of the Exposition under their charge on Sunday, and fully appreciate the sincerity and earnestness with which they have been pressed upon the Commission. Nor have they been unmindful of the memorials to the same effect that are now upon the table. Nevertheless, the Commission are of opinion that their action heretofore in this connection, on the strength of which they do not doubt that many have been induced to contribute their means and the products of their skill and industry to make the Exposition what it is, ought to be regarded as a pledge to the public, which, in good faith, they are bound to keep, and so believing, the Commission respectfully decline to make any change in the rule that closes the grounds and buildings upon Sunday. The vote on the adoption of the resolution stood thirty to nine, Alabama, Arkansas, Dakota, Georgia, Idaho, Missouri, Oregon, South Carolina and Washington Territory voting in the negative. Hon. V. P. Collier, Commissioner, and Hon. C. B. Grant, alternate, represented Michigan, casting the vote of the State in favor of the resolution. 384 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. OPENING OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.* The Exhibition was formally opened on the tenth day of May, according to the programme. There had been much rain, and the morning of the opening gave promise of a rainy day, but before the time for the exercises arrived the weather became clear. The city was crowded with visitors from abroad, the streets were all ablaze with flags and patriotic decorations, and throngs of people on foot, in street cars, carriages, wagons and steam cars, poured toward the Centennial grounds, the gates of which were opened a little after eight o'clock. A spacious platform had been erected at the side of Memorial Hall, north of the center of the Main Building. Seats were arranged on the platform for officials and other invited guests. At the right of the center were the seats for the President of the United States and members of the Cabinet, and further to the right the seats of United States Senators, members of the House of Representatives, Governors of the various States with their staffs, Governor, State officers, Supreme Court and Legislature of Pennsylvania, and representatives of the army and navy, the Smithsonian Institute, United States Judges, officers of the Executive Bureaus and members of the Women's Centennial Committee. On the left center were the seats of the United States Supreme Court, and further to the left the seats for -the members of the diplomatic corps and members of the Centennial Commission, Board of Finance, Woman's Executive Committee, Foreign Commissioners, Mayor and Councilmen and other officials of Philadelphia, mayors of other cities, state centennial boards, Board of Awards, judges, yacht and rifle clubs, and along the front of the platform were seats for the members of the press. An orchestra of one hundred and fifty pieces and a chorus of one thousand voices, under the direction of Theodore Thomas and Dudley Buck, were stationed directly in front of the platform. THE OPENING EXERCISES. At 11 o'clock the President and party, with officials previously designated, proceeded to the platform, the President.having been escorted to the grounds by Governor Hartranft and a division of military. The platform was at once crowded, and all surrounding space and all available points of elevation in the neighborhood were already occupied by crowds of visitors. The orchestra, while the seats were being secured, played national airs, and after the party on the platform had arranged themselves, played Wagner's Centennial March, which was received with applause. * Compiled exclusively from telegraphic reports in the newspapers. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 385 OPENING PRAY]ER BY BISHOP SIMPSON. Almighty and Everlasting God, our Heavenly Father, Heaven is Thy throne and the earth is Thy footstool. Before Thy majesty and holiness the angels veil their faces, and the spirits of the just, made perfect, bow in humble adoration. Thou art the Creator of all things, the preserver of all that exist, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities or powers. The minute and the vast atoms and worlds alike attest the ubiquity of Thy presence and the importance of Thy sway. Thou alone art the Sovereign Ruler of nations. Thou raiseth up one and casteth down another, and Thou givest the kingdom of the world to whomever Thou will. The past, with all its records, is the unfolding of Thy counsels, and the realization of Thy grand designs. We hail Thee as our rightful ruler, the King eternal, immortal and invisible, the only true God, blessed forever more. We come on this glad day, O Thou God of our Fathers, into these courts with thanksgiving, and into these gates with praise. We bless Thee for Thy wonderful goodness in the past, for the land which Thou gavest our fathers, a land veiled from the ages, from the ancient world, but revealed in the fullness of time to Thy chosen people, whom Thou didst lead by Thine own right hand through the billows of the deep, a land of vast extent, of towering mountains and broad plains, of unnumbered products and of untold treasures. We thank Thee for the fathers of our country, men of mind and of might, who endured privation and sacrifices, who braved multiplied dangers rather than defile their conscience or be untrue to their God, men who laid on the broad foundation of truth and justice a grand structure of civil freedom. We praise Thee for the closing century, for the founders of the republic, for the immortal Washington and his grand associates, for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firmness and heroism which, under Thy blessing, led them to triumphant success. - Thou wast their shield in the hours of danger, their pillar of cloud by day and their pillar of fire by night. May we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues. We thank Thee for social and national prosperity and progress; for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions; for laborsaving machinery, relieving the toiling masses;. for schools free as the morning light for the millions of the rising generation; for books and periodicals scattered like leaves of autumn over the land; for art and science; for freedom to worship God according to the dictates of conscience; for a church unfettered by the trammels of state. Bless, we pray Thee, the President of the United States and his constitutional advisers; the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Senators and Representatives in Congress, the governments of our several commonwealths, the officers of the army and navy, and all who are in official position throughout our land. Guide them, we. pray Thee, with counsels of wisdom, and may they ever rule in righteousness. We ask Thy blessing to rest upon the President and members of the Centennial Commission, and upon those associated with them in the various departments, who have labored long and earnestly amidst anxieties and difficulties for the success of this enterprise. May Thy special blessing, O Thou God of all the nations of the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant lands. We welcome them to our shores, and we rejoice in their presence among us, whether they represent thrones, or culture, or research, or whether they come to exhibit the triumphs of genius and art, in the development of industry, in the progress of civilization. Preserve Thou them, we beseech Thee, in health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by loved ones again to their own, their native lands. Let Thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial celebration. May the lives and health of all interested be precious in Thy sight. Preside in its assemblies. Grant that this association in their effort may bind more closely together every part of our great republic, so that our union may be perpetual and indissoluble. Let its influence draw the nations of the earth into happier unity. Hereafter, we pray Thee, may all disputed questions be settled by arbitration and not by the sword, and may war forever cease among the sons of men. 386 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. May the new century be better than the past, more radiant with the light of true philosophy, warmer with the animations of the world-wide sympathy. May capital, genius and labor, freed from all antagonism, be established, and the application of such principles of justice and equality as shall reconcile the diversified interests, and bind in imperishable bands all parts of society. We pray Thy benediction especially on the women of America, who for the first time in the history of our race take so conspicuous a place in a national celebration. May the light of their intelligence, purity and enterprise, shed its beams afar, until in distant lands their sisters may realize the beauty and glory of Christian freedom and elevation. We beseech, Almighty Father, that our beloved republic may be strengthened in every element of true greatness till her mission is accomplished, by presenting to the world an illustration of the happiness of a free people, with a free church in a free state, under laws of their own enactment and under rulers of their own selection, acknowledging supreme allegiance only to the King of Kings and Lord of Lords. And as Thou didst give to one of its illustrious sons first to draw experimentally the electric spark from heaven, which has since girdled the globe in its celestial whispers of glory to God and the highest peace on earth and good will to man, so to the latest time may the mission of America under divine inspiration be one of affection, brotherhood and love for all our race, and may the coming centuries be filled with the glory of our Christian civilization. And unto Thou, our Father, through Him whose life is the light of man, will we ascribe the glory and praise, now and forever. Amen. CENTENNIAL HYMN, BY JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. Our fathers' God! from out whose hand The centuries fall like grains of sand, We meet to-day, united, free, And loyal to our land, and Thee, To thank Thee for the era done, And trust Thee for the opening one. Here where of old, by Thy design, The fathers spake that word of Thine Whose echo is the glad refrain Of rended bolt and falling chain, To grace our festal time, from all The zones of earth, our guests we call. Be with us while the New World greets The Old World thronging all its streets, Unveiling all the triumphs won By art or toil beneath the sun; And unto common good ordain This rivalship of hand and brain. Thou, who hast here in concord furled The war flags of a gathered world, Beneath our Western skies fulfill The Orient's mission of good will, And, freighted with Love's Golden Fleece, Send back the Argonauts of Peace. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 387 For Art and Labor met in truce, For Beauty made the bride of Use, We thank Thee, while withal we crave The austere virtues strong to save, The honor proof to place or gold, The manhood never bought or sold! O make Thou us, through centuries long, In peace secure, and justice strong; Around our gift of Freedom draw The safeguards of Thy righteous law, And, cast in some diviner mold, Let the New Cycle shame the Old! PRESENTATION OF THE BUILDINGS TO THE COMMISSION. After the singing of the Centennial hymn, John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance, formally presented the buildings to the United States Centennial Commissioners, concluding his address as follows: LADIES AND GENTLEMEN-If in the past we have met with disappointments, difficulties and trials, they have been overcome by a consciousness that no sacrifice can be too great which is made to honor the memories of those who brought our nation into being. This commemoration of the events of 1776 excites our present gratitude. The assemblage here to-day of so many foreign representatives, uniting with us in this reverential tribute, is our reward. We congratulate you on the occurrence of this day. Many of the nations have gathered here in peaceful competition. Each may profit by association. This Exhibition is but a school. The more thoroughly its lessons are learned the greater will be the gain, and when it shall have closed, if by that study the nations engaged in it shall have learned respect for each other, then it may be hoped that veneration for Him who rules on high will be universal, and the angels' song once more be heard, "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, and good will toward men." Next followed the singing of Sydney Lanier's cantata by a full chorus, accompanied by the orchestra. The applause of the vast crowd was enthusiastic, and portions of the music were encored, especially the bass solo sung by Mr. Whitney, of Boston. PRESENTATION OF THE EXHIBITION TO THE PRESIDENT. Joseph G. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, in the following speech, made the presentation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States: MR. PRESIDENT-Five years ago the President of the United States declared it fitting that the completion of the first century of our national existence should be commemorated by an exhibition of the national resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, and ordered that an exhibition of American and foreign arts, produce and manufactures, should be held under the auspices of the government of the United 388 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. States, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876. To put into effect the several laws relating to the Exhibition, the United States Centennial Commission was constituted, composed of two Commissioners from each state and territory, nominated by their respective Governors, and appointed by the President. Congress also created an auxiliary and associate corporation, the Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy burden has been nobly borne, and the remarkable and prolonged disturbance of the finances and industries of the country has greatly magnified the task. But we hope for favorable judgment by the degree of success attained. On July 6th, 1873, this ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-one months ago this Memorial Hall was begun. All the other one hundred and eighty buildings within the inclosure have been erected within eleven months. All the buildings embraced in the plan of the Commission itself are finished. The demands of the applicants exceeded the space, and strenuous and continued efforts have been made to get every exhibit ready in time. By general consent the Exhibition is appropriately held in the City of Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your view, stands the venerated edifice wherein occurred the event this work is designed to commemorate, and the hall in which the first Continental Congress assembled. Within the present limits of this great park were the homes of the eminent patriots of that era, where Washington and his associates received generous hospitality and able counsel. You have observed the surpassing beauty of the situation placed at our disposal. In harmony with all this fitness is the liberal support given the enterprise by the State, the city, and the people individually. In the name of the United States you extended a respectful and cordial invitation to the governments of other nations to be represented and to participate in this Exhibition. You know the very acceptable terms in which they responded, from even the most distant regions. Their commissioners are here, and you will soon see with what energy and brilliancy they have entered upon this friendly competition in the arts of peace. It has been a ferveht hope of the Commission that during this festival year the people from all states and sections, of all creeds and churches, all parties and classes, burying all resentments, would come up together to this birthplace of liberties to study -the evidence of our resources, to measure the progress of an hundred years, and to examine to our profit the wonderful products of other lands; but especially join hands in perfect fraternity, and promise the God of our fathers that the new century shall surpass the old in the true glories of civilization. And, furthermore, that from association here of welcome visitors from all nations there may result, not alone great benefits to invention, manufacture, agriculture, trade, and commerce, but also stronger international friendships and more lasting peace. Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under the laws of government and the usage of similar occasions, in the name of the United States Centennial Commission, I present to your view the International Exhibition of 1876. THE PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. MY COUNTRYMEN-It'has been thought appropriate, upon this Centennial occasion, to bring together in Philadelphia, for popular inspection, specimens of our attainments in the industrial and fine arts, and in literature, science and philosophy, as well as in the great business of agriculture and of commerce, that we may more thoroughly appreciate the excellencies and deficiencies of our achievements, and also give emphatic expression to our earnest desire to cultivate the friendship of our fellow-members of this great family of nations. The enlightened people of the world have been invited to send hither corresponding specimens of their skill to exhibit on equal terms in friendly competition with our own. To this invitation they have generously responded. For so doing we render them our hearty thanks. The beauty and utility of the contributions will this day be submitted to your inspection by the managers of this Exhibition. We are glad to know THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 389 that a view of the skill of all nations will afford to you untold pleasure, as well as yield to you a valuable practical knowledge of many of the remarkable results of the wonderful skill existing in enlightened communities. One hundred years ago our country was new and but partially settled. Our necessities have compelled us to chiefly expend our means and time in felling forests, subduing prairies, and building dwellings, factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads, canals, machinery, etc. Most of our schools, churches, libraries and asylums have been established within a hundred years. Burthened by these great primal works of necessity, which could not be delayed, we yet have done what this Exhibition will show in the direction of rivaling other and more advanced nations in law, medicine and theology, in science, literature, philosophy and the fine arts. Whilst proud of what we have done, we regret that we have not done more. Our achievements have been great enough, however, to make it easy for our people to acknowledge superior merit, wherever found. And now, fellow-citizens, I hope a careful examination of what is about to be exhibited to you will not only inspire you with a profound respect for the skill and taste of our friends from other nations, but also satisfy you with the attainments made by our own people during the past one hundred years. I invoke your generous co-operation with the worthy Commissioners to secure a brilliant success to this International Exhibition, and to make the stay of our foreign visitors, to whom we extend a hearty welcome, both profitable and pleasant to them. I declare the International Exhibition open. THE EXHIBITION FULLY OPEN. The close of the President's brief address was followed by the raising of the flag on the Main Building, the signal that the Exhibition was open. Salutes were fired, bells commenced ringing, the chorus began singing the Hallelujah chorus, the chimes commenced ringing various airs, and the President and invited guests, amid cheers from the crowd, began the procession through the principal buildings. Machinery Hall and Memorial Hall were reserved for invited guests, and closed to the public until after their view by the official representatives, but this was brief and formal, and all restrictions being soon removed, the great Exhibition was fully open to the public. The opening exercises were celebrated in most of the principal cities throughout the country, by the display of flags and by public parades. 50 390 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. II.-THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, LOCALLY AND EXTERNALLY. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS. 0 properly understand the importance and magnitude of the American Centennial Exhibition-to avoid patriotic exaggeration on the one hand, and depreciatory comparison, based upon false data, on the other-it is necessary to recall the principal facts connected with the various international exhibitions which have preceded our own. It may be well, also, to take a rapid glance at those noteworthy national fairs which led up, like so many successive steps, to the first union of modern nations in friendly industrial competition, at Hyde Park, in 1851.* FAIRS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. The great fairs of the Middle Ages, though undoubtedly international in character, were merely the means of gathering the products of distant lands for sale, in days when commerce had less rapid and convenient methods than at present of bringing sellers and purchasers together. The fair of Leipzig, dating from the twelfth century, is still an annual event in Germany. That of Nijni Novgorod, in Russia, is almost as necessary to eastern Europe and the Orient for the exchange of commodities, to-day, as was that of Leipzig to central and western Europe five hundred years ago. The Russian fair is now held in an iron building comprising within itself no less than 2,500 shops or large trading booths. Another international fair of the same purely commercial character, and having an honorable antiquity of half a dozen centuries, is held between Alexandria and Cairo, in the delta of the Nile-the Egyptian fair of Tantah. Here, myriads of tents take the place of permanent buildings. But fairs of this kind, whatever their magnitude or importance, lack the one essential element of the modern "exhibition," namely, competition in merit -the immediate sale of goods being a secondary consideration. * Credit is given for many, indeed most, of the facts cited in this connection to Mr. Hugh Willoughby Sweny, whose valuable researches have left little to be desired, so far as concerns the brief review of the subject here needed. Mr. Sweny was a member of the staff of the British Executive Commissioners, and he wrote for them the article entitled "Exhibitions-their Origin and Progress," published in the special catalogue of the British section. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 391 FAIRS OF MORE MODERN TIMES. The first recorded -modern collection of manufactures, showing the industrial condition of a country, occurred at Venice in the year 1268. The various artisans and dealers of the island city displayed their wares in apartments of the ducal palace assigned to the purpose. The next noteworthy "exhibition" was held at Leyden, more than four hundred years afterward, in 1699. This seems to have been a collection of oddities and curiosities, rather than a display of industrial products. In the middle of the following century, 1756, the Society of Arts, in England, began its'long series of exhibitions, distributing prizes for tapestry, carpets and porcelain. There was also an exhibition in England, in 1761, of agricultural and other machinery, under the auspices of the same society. EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST CENTURY. In the year 1798 occurred, in France, the first of that series of eleven national exhibitions, under official control, which leads us to the very threshold of the international exhibition of 1851. Now, for the first time, we have statistics showing a gradually accumulating interest among producers and visitors. These French displays may be taken as the natural and immediate progenitors of the great English World's Fair, and therefore of our own Centennial Exhibition. The dates of these eleven exhibitions, and the number of exhibitors in each, show a constant increase in popularity, the comparatively slight ad\vance between 1806 and 1827 being readily accounted for by the disturbed political condition of France: 1798 —-------------- 110- 1819. ----- 1,662 1839 3,281 1801.. —-- -- 229 1823.......... —-- 1,648 1844 —------ 3,960 1802 --- ---- 540 1827 ------------- 1,795 1849 —-------------- 4,494 1806 ------------- 1,422 1834 ------- - 2,447 In the first of these French exhibitions, 1798, were displayed the magnificent art works of which Napoleon had despoiled Italy-the Laocoon, the Belvidere Apollo, the Dying Gladiator, and other celebrated marbles, with paintings by Titian, Paul Veronese, Raphael, and other masters. The great invention of Jacquard, from which the triumphs of modern loom-work have come, and on which they now depend, is said to have had its origin in a machine displayed at the third exhibition of the above series. Our own Exhibition of 1876 is thus directly associated with that of Paris in 1802 by the great Jacquard looms, weaving many patterns in silk and wool, seen in full operation in 392 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Machinery Hall. Other nations of the continent evinced a deep interest in local displays of industrial products between the years 1820 and 1850. If, therefore, France began earlier, and presents in her history a more perfect scale of gradual progress, the interest of other countries was a very important factor in developing a general European sentiment which made the first experiment of a world's fair successful. From 1820 to 1835 there were many local displays in various parts of the Austrian empire, and in the latter year there were 594 exhibitors at a national exhibition in Vienna; at another in 1839 there were 732 exhibitors. Prussia held fairs in 1822 and 1827, with 176 and 208 exhibitors respectively; and in 1844 there was a general collection of goods from all parts of Germany and Austria, in Berlin, at which there were 3,040 competitors. National fairs in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Sweden, prior to 1850, were of less magnitude, but sufficiently important to show the growing interest. It is a curious fact that Great Britain, destined to the honor of leadership in the system of world's fairs now established, showed very little enterprise in this direction before Prince Albert stimulated the zeal of Englishmen to a grand special effort. The triennial fairs in Dublin, beginning in 1827, and ending in 1850, show, perhaps, an exception to the general lack of interest. The "National Repository," in London, opened in 1828, and closed for want of patronage in 1833, was a melancholy failure, though a praiseworthy undertaking on the part of its promoters. There were a few feeble local exhibitions in England, and one of some importance was held at Covent Garden in 1845; the Society of Arts, in 1846, 1847 and 1848, had successful displays, under the presidency of Prince Albert, there being 70,000 visitors in the last named year. In 1849 the Prince Consort announced his scheme "to form a new starting-point from which all nations were to direct their further exertions.7' With the full fruition of his plan we enter upon the last stage of the subject; from this point we may follow the record of increasing magnitude and augmenting numbers of both visitors and exhibitors, to the culmination at Vienna, in 1873. From the 4,494 exhibitors, the greatest number previously known, of the French fair in 1849, we suddenly spring to the number of 13,937 at the first World's Fair, held in Hyde Park, London, only two years later, 1851. The building, of iron and glass, covered more than twenty acres of ground;'the total number of visitors was 6,039,195; the total receipts from visitors, ~423,792, or $2,041,153, gold. The greatest number of visitors on any one day was 109,915. The exhibition of 1855, in Paris, came next, with thirty acres under cover, and 20,839 exhibitors. The number of visitors was less than THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 393 those at Hyde Park, being only 5,162,330, and the receipts were less than $620,000. This small result is accounted for by the extreme lowness of the admission fee at times, only four cents being charged on some days, while on one day, May twenty-seventh, the entrance was entirely free. The greatest number of visitors on a single day was 123,017. This, curiously enough, was not on the day of free admission. The exhibition was open two hundred days, from May fifteenth to November thirtieth. The Sundays are included, being in France the most popular days of attendance. The World's Fair of 1862, in England, under roofs covering, twenty-four acres, was visited by 6,211,103 people in 171 days, the greatest number on one day being 67,891. The receipts were ~408,530, or $2,977,285; the number of exhibitors, 26,348. The Paris exhibition of 1867 was held upon the same spot, the Champs de Mars, on which the first French official exhibition was held. Between forty and fortyone acres were covered by the. buildings. The increase from 110 to 42,217 exhibitors is a fair indication, perhaps, of the increase in popular interest in displays of industrial products during the first seventy years of this century. During the 117 days this exhibition was open, it received 6,805,969 visitors, paying $2,036,357. The largest number of visitors on one day, at this or any other exhibition, previous to our own, was 173,923. The Vienna exhibition of 1873 was open 186 days; the admissions, paid and otherwise, numbered 6,740,500; and the receipts amounted to $998,353. There were about four hundred buildings, all told, large and small, within the enclosure of the Prater, covering an area of about fifty acres. The only international exhibition in which the original outlay has been balanced by the receipts, was that of 1851, when there was a surplus of about ~186,000, or $900,240. The excess of cost over receipts at the gates in 1855, at Paris, was about $3,380,000, and in 1867, $2,560,406. The cost of the Vienna exhibition exceeded the gate receipts by between eight and nine millions of dollars. If we subtract the total receipts from visitors to the five great world's fairs from 1851 to 1873 ($7,686,718) from the total cost ($22,210,763) we have a balance for the left of $14,524,045. Only a very small part of this could have been offset by the sale of privileges and old materials. The total number of admissions to the five exhibitions was 30,959,097. Having thus given tthe general facts in connection with previous international exhibitions, all comparisons are left to the reader, to be worked out according to his own fancy, and we come more immediately to consider "The International Exhibition of 1876," as the popularly called "Centennial" is officially named in the by-laws of the United States Centennial Commission. 394 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. The grounds on which the Exhibition was held lie at the southern extremity of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, on the western side of the Schuylkill river, and have an area of about two hundred and thirty-six acres, in the form of an irregular triangle. The surface of this tract is broken by the Lansdowne valley, which extends from about the center of the triangle to and beyond the eastern side; another parallel depression lies north of this, forming a ridge along which extended gardens of flowers, and foliage plants during the summer and early autumn while the Exhibition was open. Both of the valleys are shaded by natural forest trees of large growth and rich verdure. A small creek trickled through each valley, that in the Lansdowne flowing from artificial lakes near the center of the grounds. Five broad avenues, Belmont, Fountain, Agricultural, State, and the Avenue of the Republic, led through the grounds in all directions, intersecting each other, and so connected by winding lanes that every building was easily accessible. A passenger railway with narrow gauge and double track was laid in a serpentine route along the nearly level plateau, on the southern and western sides of the triangle, the carriages passing near all the larger buildings and within a short distance of nearly every edifice. The valley lying between the Horticultural and Agricultural halls was spanned by a trestle-work bridge illustrating a novel form of elevated railway, the cars being suspended over and running on a single rail, with light side-rails below to hold them steadily in their places. A locomotive and one car ran over this light bridge continually during the season, carrying passengers to and fro. STATUES AND FOUNTAINS. Besides the natural ornaments in the shape of trees and the rich beds of many-hued flowers and leaves, the grounds were ornamented at a few points by bronze, marble and granite statues or groups, and by fountains. Of the latter, the Bartholdi fountain, and that erected by the members of the Father Matthew Total Abstinence Benefit Societies of the United States, were most conspicuous. The former was of bronze, consisting of a huge basin held aloft by three colossal female figures, the basin being surrounded by lamps. The full effect intended by the designer was never fairly shown, on account of the insufficient supply of water. The marble fountain of the benefit societies is an elaborate structure erected as a permanent ornament of the Park. It was not completed during the Exhibition, and remained an unfinished suggestion of THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 395 what it is designed to be. A large iron fountain, twenty-six feet in height, surmounted by a figure of Venus rising from the sea, stood at the eastern end of Horticultural Hall. The ice-water fountain, before the United States Government Building, inclosed in a wooden pavilion, made no pretense to artistic beauty, but will be remembered with gratitude by the visitors who attended the Exhibition in June, July and August. The fountain in the large lake consisted simply of a bed of loose rocks, but the dome-like effect produced by innumerable streams converging towards the center was very beautiful. There were also little fountains in each of the smaller lakes or ponds; and the two natural springs in Lansdowne valley will share in the grateful memories of thirsty visitors. Of the separate statues in various parts of the grounds, the most notable was that of Columbus, contributed by Italian citizens as a permanent feature of the park. Both the pedestal and figure are of pure white marble. A marble statue of Washington, designed after the celebrated picture of Leutze, "Washington crossing the Delaware," was a very prominent feature betweeni the Main Building and Machinery Hall, but was not of such merit as to attract the admiration of the critical. A colossal figure, in granite, of the "Union Soldier," on a high wooden pedestal, painted to imitate the same stone, stood before the northern entrance of the Main Building. Two huge winged horses, of bronze, representing "Pegasus," attended by muses, stood and now stand on high granite pedestals on each side of the flight of steps leading to the terrace on which the Memorial Hall rests. At one corner of this hall there stood, during the Exhibition, a spirited naval group, in bronze, by Larkin G. Mead, executed for the monument of Lincoln at Springfield, Illinois. At the opposite corner was an admirable group, in the same metal, by Professor Wolf, of Berlin, representing a wounded lioness surrounded by her cubs and her male companion. A bronze statue of Elias Howe, the original inventor of the sewing machine, standing near the larger lake by Machinery Hall, was designed by Mr. Ellis, of New York. In thus enumerating the minor features of the grounds before proceeding to more important matters, we must not forget a fragment which was one of the most remarkable curiosities of the whole Exhibition. The right hand and wrist of the colossal-we should rather say the mammoth-statue of Liberty, which French citizens propose to contribute to the United States, to be erected in New York harbor, was completed in time to be sent here a month or two before the day of closing. This mere segment of the statue was in itself of such size that, when secured to its iron frame and set up on the borders of the lake, people could ascend through the wrist to the torch held aloft in the hand, and walk around the edge of the lamp 396 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. as on a balcony. A group of three men could easily stand upon one side of it. There was a little house built about the base, at which subscriptions were solicited and received, subscribers only being accorded the privilege of ascending. The entire statue, one hundred and. fifteen feet in height, will be first erected for the Paris Exposition of 1878, the fragment sent here being returned for that purpose. It will be made of beaten brown copper, about one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness, and supported within by a wrought-iron frame with trusses and girders. THE MINOR BUILDINGS. The buildings, scattered in all parts of the grounds, consisted of seven principal edifices, which are elsewhere particularly described, besides one hundred and forty-six minor buildings, of various sizes and degrees of importance. The latter ranged from little cigar and soda-water stands upwards through a long list of foreign and native bazars and restaurants; buildings for the special exhibition of manufactures; police and fire-patrol headquarters; offices of the Centennial Commission, the Board of Finance, and the judges; annexes of the great halls; the representative buildings of twenty-tiwo different states, and of six foreign governments. BAZARS 01 PLACES OF TRAFFIC. Of the dozen or more "bazars" or other places for the sale of goods, about two-thirds were established by speculative foreigners, and these for the most part from northern Africa and the Orient. Syria was represented by a "Jerusalem" and a "Bethlehem" bazar, in which various trinkets of olive wTood land other characteristic nick-nacks were sold; Turkey by a booth for the sale of sponges; Tunis and Algeria each by a bazar; and a small "Moorish villa," constructed in Morocco by native workmen, did duty both as an exhibition of a peculiar architecture and as a place for turning an honest penny by the sale of jewelry and ornamental wearing apparel. The Japanese had the most extensive bazar upon the grounds, and the one most extensively patronized. For many days during the earlier part of the season the Japanese carpenters erecting this building were among the most interesting curiosities within the grounds, working with native tools, in native woods, and clothed in national costumes. The "World's Ticket Office" of Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins, the famous conductors of traveling parties in all parts of the globe, belonged to this class of buildings, but it also contained some interesting oriental objects exhibited as curiosities, among which was a representative of ancient Egypt in THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 397 the shape of a well preserved mummy in his hieroglyph-covered case. Tents used by travelers in Syria and Egypt were set up near this building. The Centennial Photographic Association had a large pavilion for the sale of photographs, showing views in all parts of the grounds and the interior of the Exhibition buildings. There was also a railroad ticket office, an express office, and a small pavilion for the sale of Bibles, established by the American Bible society. Besides these buildings, there were stands scattered through nearly all the large halls for the sale of various articles, foreign and domestic. RESTAURANTS AND CAFES. The restaurants and cafes having special buildings were nine in number, and represented the general cooking of Germany, France and America, the bread-making of Vienna, and the peculiar coffee of Turkey, with odds and ends from the latter country in the way of wines and preserves. It was a peculiarity of the Turkish cafe that the visitor could enjoy a pipe of oriental tobacco through the world-famous "nargileh" and the "shebook." The largest of the restaurants was the "Grand American," covering very nearly an acre of ground, 300 feet in length, with wings at each end extending 200 feet. In one wing was the general dining hall, and the opposite wing constituted an open colonnade used as a cafe. The French restaurant, "Aux Trois Freres Provencaux," occupied nearly half an acre, standing in a conspicuous place on the borders of the central lake. Next to the American in point of size was "Lauber's German Restaurant," partially burned during October, but refitted for temporary use until the end of the season. The "Lafayette," the "Dairy," the "Southern," the "George's Hill," the "Vienna Bakery," and the "Department of Public Comfort," complete the list of the places on which the throngs in attendance chiefly depended for sustenance and refreshment. They occupied nearly four acres of ground altogether, but even with such an immense space devoted to this single purpose, and with the aid of half a dozen places within the great buildings, it took at least three hours in the middle of each day to furnish the people their necessary "lunches," during the months of September, October and November. Although the building known as the "Department of Public Comfort" was essentially a restaurant, it contained many conveniences which rendered it a peculiar feature of this Exhibition, that have left their grateful impress on the minds of visitors. 51 398 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. SPECIAL EXHIBIT BUILDINGS. The special buildings for the exhibition of manufactures and products, erected by individuals, societies, states or independent governments, were thirtysix in number, and ranged from a tiny pavilion less than ten feet square, for the exhibition of fire-extinguishers by a New York firm, to the "Brewers' Hall," erected by the United States Brewers' Association, covering 26,112 square feet -nearly two-thirds of an acre-and having 212 exhibits of products and machinery pertaining to the trade, from the United States, Canada, Great Britain and Germany. The "Butter and Cheese Factory," standing near it, was constructed as a model of such a factory, and contained the various necessary machinery and appliances. In the "Glassware Building," erected by a Philadelphia firm, the processes of moulding goblets, dishes, etc., was constantly going on during the six months of the Exhibition. A quartz mill, set up -by the State of Nevada, was also in active operation, showing the manner of reducing ores and extracting the precious metals. In another large building the "Campbell Printing Press Company," of Brooklyn, exhibited the various processes of printing with presses driven by a thirty horse-power engine; and also a printing office of a hundred years ago, with its hand-press in operation. The "Spanish Government Building" contained about six hundred exhibits, including twenty or more from the Phillipine Islands, mostly of matters connected with education and science, but including also many agricultural products and some mechanical appliances. The timbers of Canada were shown in a fanciful structure of piled up boards and logs, of immense proportions, considering the method of construction-4,200 square feet. In the "French Government Pavilion" one of the most valuable collections in the Exhibition was shown-the models or plans of nearly all the great public works recently executed in France bridges, aqueducts, lighthouses, etc., with publications and reports referring to them. The "Swedish School House" was in itself an "exhibit," its framework, not unlike the Swiss style of building, having been made in Stockholm and transported to this country. Within, there was an interesting display of the desks, utensils, charts, models and natural specimens used for the instruction of children in the primary schools of Sweden. Near this building stood the "Pennsylvania Educational Hall," octagonal in shape, with thirty-two alcoves, in which the entire system of public education in Pennsylvania was illustrated by drawings, reports and specimens of pupils' work, from the kindergarten to the academy and normal school. Two small buildings were erected to illustrate respectively the American and the Frobel systems of kindergarten instruction. In that THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 399 devoted to the latter system, a party of children from an orphan asylum in Philadelphia received instruction in view of the visiting public, on three mornings of each week. In the "American Newspaper Building" more than 7,000 of the 8,129 newspapers published in this country were regularly received and placed at the disposal of all visitors wishing to consult any of them. The "New England Farmers' Home," always an object of great interest to visitors, consisted of a small log house, in which the homely implements of housekeeping in use a hundred years ago were exhibited in profusion, and also a few articles of special historical value on account of their associations. Among the latter were the writing desk of John Alden; the sword of Colonel Barrett, who gave, at the battle of Concord, the first military order issued by any American officer in the Revolutionary war; and the "Fuller Cradle," in which little Peregrine White, the baby born in the Mayflower, was rocked. Other special buildings were for the exhibition of stoves, steam boilers, railroad appliances and models, chemical paint, ventilating apparatus, manufactured fuel, sheet metal for house construction, safety matches, glassware, sewing machines, burial caskets, tea and coffee extracts, and guano, with other fertilizers. At a little building called the " House Apiary" more than thirty colonies of Italian, Corinthian and Cyprian bees exhibited themselves in the act of making honey. The "Cuban Acclimatization Society" displayed, in a small building, many tropical plants, seeds, etc., with a variety of rustic work. Besides these smaller buildings, there were numerous out-door exhibits on the grounds: the old locomotive "John Bull," and two passenger cars, used in 1831 on the Camden & Amboy Railroad, with rails and stone sleepers of the original road; the first iron prow ever used on ships plying the Atlantic; windmills of many kinds and many patents. In Lansdowne valley there was a rude log hut nestling among the trees, and illustrating a hunter's camp in the Adirondacks, with all the usual appliances of camp furniture. On the main lake floated small boats and rafts, showing inventions for the convenience of boatmen, and for the saving of life. A number of newspapers had little pavilions for the use of their correspondents. FOREIGN GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS. Among the buildings erected by foreign nations for purposes other than the exhibition of products, the most conspicuous were the three "British Government Buildings." These were constructed for the residence of the commissioners of Great Britain and the numerous members of the staff. They were built in the old English cottage style, and formed one of the most picturesque groups within the grounds. These buildings were surrounded by 400 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. a rustic fence, and were never open to the public. The "Japanese Dwelling" was erected as the home of the Japanese workmen imported to care for the exhibits of Japan and to construct the buildings peculiar to that country. This, like the bazar already mentioned, was made of wood, tiles and other articles brought from Japan. The Spanish government, besides its large building, filled with valuable exhibits, erected a small one-story structure for the few soldiers who accompanied the commission. Three pavilions, erected respectively by the governments of the German and Brazilian empires and the kingdom of Portugal, for the use of commissioners and the convenience of native visitors, complete the list of foreign official buildings. STATE BUILDINGS. Twenty-three of our thirty-eight states were represented by special structures. These varied greatly in size, value and use, the differences having little connection with the importance, wealth or size of the states represented. Some of them were merely for the convenience of visitors; in others there were elaborate exhibits of products and manufactures. Most of them were situated in a line on State avenue, having much the appearance, altogether, of a suburban village of private residences. The state buildings intended solely for the convenience and registry of visitors, with offices in some of them for the respective state commissioners and other officers, were those of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, Wisconsin, Delaware, Missouri, New York, Iowa, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Jersey and Virginia. The interior of the Michigan building was in itself an exhibit, the walls consisting entirely of wood-work, in which fourteen different native woods of the State were used. In the construction of the Mississippi building upwards of one hundred varieties of woods were employed. Ohio made a special exhibit within and without her state building, besides a display of more than twenty different kinds of sand and limestone in the materials of the structure itself. In the Indiana building there were shown various specimens of coal, stone and wood, with a chair composed of one hundred different kinds of woods from a single county. New Hampshire exhibited many photographs of White Mountain scenery, and one showing the home of General John Stark. The interior of the Connecticut house-a quaint little bit of oldfashioned New England architecture, designed by Mr. Donald G. Mitchell (Ike Marvel)-contained a number of historical curiosities, in which "Charter Oak" predominated as a material. There were also relics of "Old Put," and the original Royal Arms which hung above the Speaker's chair, in Hartford, before the Revolution. It is now one hundred and fifty-two years old. The THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 401 display made by the State of Maryland was very large, and among the most interesting of all the exhibits in the state buildings. It consisted of a mineral collection, with specimens of building-stone and woods; also large and accurate models of a fish-house and a hatching-house, with portraits of the state governors, and the work of pupils in the Maryland Institute and School of Art and Design. Near the house, and belonging to its exhibit, were the first engine and the last engine built by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. West Virginia made a brilliant display of 2415 exhibits, consisting of minerals, copper and iron ores, coal, mineral waters, agricultural products, nearly eighty varieties of woods, oils, chemical products, photography, wine, glass, etc. In the interior columns of the California building were many panels of the beautiful and peculiar woods of that State, and also an extensive exhibit of silkworms, cocoons and raw silk. The States of Kansas and Colorado combined to erect a building covering more than three times as much ground as the largest building put up by any one state. The display within was so rich in variety, and so admirably arranged in ornamental groupings, that this building became one of the most popular upon the grounds. The exhibit of Kansas consisted of agricultural products in great profusion, with cereals and grasses arranged in various designs upon the walls; minerals, silk cocoons, stone and plaster of Paris. Cotton was also displayed. Colorado showed a large collection of mineral and geological specimens, cabinets of stuffed animals and birds peculiar to the Rocky Mountain region, and characteristic views of scenery. Arkansas surprised every visitor by a large and variegated display, in its own building, of the agricultural and mineral resources of that State, dividing the honors with Kansas, Colorado and West Virginia. A modest circular tent, known as the "Tennessee Headquarters," erected by a patriotic citizen, in default of any official attention to the subject, must not be overlooked. A few specimens of the rich minerals of the State lay upon the ground in various parts of the tent. OFFICIAL AND OT'HER BUILDINGS. The government of the Exhibition was well provided for by numerous buildings within the grounds, covering two acres or more altogether. Besides the offices of the Centennial Board of Finance and those of the United States Centennial Commission, there were a number of special buildings for the use of the police, fire and medical departments. The Centennial Bank was controlled by an independent corporation, but was semi-official in its character. The "Judges' Pavilion," with its four towers and convex roof, was one of the most conspicuous objects on the grounds. It contained many offices for the use of 402 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. the judges, besides a central hall of large proportions and handsomely ornamented. The "Philadelphia Pavilion" was an ornamental cottage erected by the Quaker City for the convenience of citizens. The "Bankers' Building" was a small club-house for the use of the fraternity indicated by its name, and was not open to the public. THE PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS. Numerous as are the buildings, monuments, fountains and special displays of products and manufactures already mentioned, we are now only upon the threshold of the great International Exhibition of 1876. Beginning with the mere grounds, we have passed from minor matters to more important ones, until we have now to consider the seven principal buildings, with their seventeen "annexes," in which the mass of articles were exhibited. We will confine our attention, for the present, to the dimensions, materials and construction of these edifices. The Main Building, which is still standing, and will probably become a permanent feature of Fairmount Park, is composed of wrought iron, cast iron and glass, with a foundation of brick and stone. It is a parallelogram, 1,880 feet in length-560 feet more than a quarter of a mile. Its width is 464 feet. The interior height of the main roof is 70 feet, with a rise to 96 feet in the center of the building, where four towers form a square 184 feet on each side. These towers reach to a height of 120 feet. At the four corners of the building there are towers 75 feet in height. The areas covered give a total floorage for exhibition purposes of about twenty-one acres and a half. Most of this area-20 acres-is on the ground floor, the space devoted to galleries being comparatively small. There were three annexes connected with the Main Building during the season of the Exhibition. Two of these extended along its southern side under its eaves, and were devoted to the display of minerals from various states of the Union. The third stood on the opposite side of the Avenue of the Republic, covered nearly two acres of ground, and contained a variety of articles, but mostly carriages, railway coaches and stoves. Machinery Hall, standing at a distance of 542 feet from the western end of the Main Building, is also to be a permanent feature of Fairmount Park, according to present plans. It is about 1,400 feet in length-somewhat more than a quarter of a mile-and is constructed of wood, iron and glass, the superstructure resting upon a foundation of masonry. As in the Main Building, very little space is given to galleries; the area for exhibition purposes is about 14 acres. This building was fitted with eight lines of shafting, extending the entire length of the interior, or 10,880 feet in all-more than two miles. This I EFHI1L-ADE-L1-RHIAD U. S. AMDERICA MAY >n A Xadm 0 QVE ** At }A:N XHIBITIOS -=zL I G0- * A -- -* —* *- Ha R~~~~'=z —-= —=-===-; —~= 404 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. shafting was connected with a motor of 1,400-horse power, the celebrated Corliss engine. A tank in the southern wing, for the use of pumps on exhibition, was 160 feet in length and 60 feet wide, allowing 10 feet depth of water. There were five annexes of Machinery Hall, covering in the aggregate nearly two acres. Three of these were boiler-houses, furnishing steam for the various exhibitors requiring it, and also for the Corliss engine, on which most of the exhibitors depended for power. The largest and most important annex of Machinery Hall, though it may more properly be called an entirely independent edifice, was the "Shoe and Leather Building," in which there were nearly 400 exhibits of materials, machinery, and manufactured products, for the most part from the United States, but also from Great Britain, Germany and Russia. The "Saw Mill Annex" with its boiler-house, covering more than half an acre, was erected for the purpose of showing huge circular saws, for both lumber and stone, in operation. Agricultural Hall was a structure built entirely of wood, of very peculiar form, with a general gothic tendency, but assignable to no order of architecture. With a dozen or more pointed towers, sharp, high, green-painted roofs and ornamental sides of dark brown, the effect produced was extremely unique. The area covered was between ten and eleven acres. The annexes of this hall, two in number, were for the exhibition of agricultural and other wagons, and of fruits in their seasons. They covered about an acre and a quarter. The Horticultural Hall, erected by the city of Philadelphia, is a building of iron and glass, standing on Lansdowne Terrace, between the two ravines. It is an elaborate and highly ornamental structure, designed in the Moorish style of about the twelfth century, the period at which Moorish grandeur and luxury had reached its highest point in Spain. In due accordance with its architecture, the building was painted in gorgeous colors, and its graceful forms shone brilliantly in the sun during the bright days of summer and autumn while the Exhib{tion was open. It covers about an acre and three-quarters of ground. Near the hall stood a long tent-shaped annex, of wood, iron and canvas, in which a magnificent display of rhododendrons and azeleas, from the Knap Hill nursery, in Surrey, England, was offered during the proper season. The interior of the main hall was somewhat disappointing to visitors, upon the whole, though it was tolerably well filled with tropical plants, ferns, orchids, hollies, etc. There were four forcing conservatories north and south of the central hall, but the display was at no time very pleasing or impressive. The long series of beds, already referred to, lying along the Lansdowne ridge, may be regarded as an open-air annex of Horticultural Hall, and afforded more THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 405 pleasure to visitors than anything within. The display of flowers in these beds was considerable, and a profusion of brilliant foliage-plants was particularly attractive. An area of nearly two acres was covered by the Hall and its annex. Memorial Hall, erected from appropriations by the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia, is intended, as its name indicates, to be a lasting monument to keep the memory of this Exhibition green in the minds of future generations. Whatever may be the fate of the other buildings now regarded as permanent, this will be standing, in all probability, when the next Centennial year of the Republic shall arrive. It is of stone throughout, except the iron dome, and is absolutely fire-proof, if that can be said of any building. The design, known technically as the "modern renaissance," combines the graceful semi-circular Roman arch with plain Doric forms, in the shape of pilasters, between the windows and other openings. The front, 365 feet in length, presents a fine central facade, with three arched doorways, forty feet in height, flanked on each side by a colonnade extending to a tower, or rather "pavilion," at each end. The central dome springs from a high, square tower, and is surmounted by a figure of Columbia, the whole rising to a height of 150 feet. The four pavilions at the corners are surmounted each by four immense eagles of stone, with wings spread; female figures rest upon the corners of the central tower, at the base of the dome. The building stands upon a broad terrace of solid masonry, reached upon the north and south by massive flights of steps. At the sides of the main flight, on the southern front, stand the two bronze figures of Pegasus, with attendant Muses, noticed in our general view of the grounds. Little idea of the architect's design as to the interior could be obtained by a visitor during the season of the Exhibition, as the main hall was divided into comparatively small apartments by temporary partitions, for the accommodation of pictures. In the absence of these partitions, the main galleries and central hall form a single grand apartment, lighted from above, 287 feet in length and 83 feet wide, capable of holding 8,000 people without discomfort. Besides this, there are the end halls, the four corner pavilions, and numerous smaller apartments on two floors at the north side of the building. As arranged for an art gallery, there were 75,000 square feet of space for paintings. This area was found insufficient by the Commission, and an annex was built in the same general style, though in plainer forms, and of brick stuccoed in imitation of the same gray stone. In this building there were 34 galleries and two central transverse corridors, presenting a wall space of 60,000 square feet. Another annex, known as the "Photographic Exhibition Building," was a temporary structure, 242 feet in length by 77 feet wide, 52 406 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. divided into many alcoves, and displaying on its walls specimens of photographic work from England, France, Russia, Germany, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Mexico, Poland and Australia, as well as from Canada and the United States. The Memorial Hall, with its two annexes, covered an area of between three and four acres, the main structure covering about one acre and two-thirds. The United States Government Building, in the form of a Latin cross, and constructed entirely of wood, occupied about two and a third acres of ground. Three small annexes consisted of an "Ordnance Laboratory," an'Army Post Hospital," and the "Transit of Venus Buildings," in the latter of which the instruments used in observing the phenomenon indicated by the name were on exhibition. In the hospital were shown various implements, medicines, stores, furniture, etc., with models of hospital cars, boats and ambulances, besides photographs of striking surgical cases in the late war, and microscopical specimens. To these buildings must be added a lighthouse, showing at night a revolving light of white and red, and another little house, in which steam fog-horns were in active operation every day, startling strangers and adding little if anything to the comfort of regular visitors. The "Woman's Pavilion," occupying about two-thirds of an acre, was erected by the special exertions of women in the United States, though the women of Philadelphia should be credited with the greater part of the labor -and money contributed. The structure was of wood, and peculiar to itself in design, forming a square at the base, but having its main roofs in the shape of a Greek cross, with a large central elevation, surmounted by a dome and a cupola. The total area for the exhibition of goods and other purposes of the 153 buildings within the grounds was a little more than 72 acres, according to the most accurate calculations possible from the figures at hand. This area was distributed as follows: Main Building............................ 21.47 Thirty-six Buildings for Special Exhibits...... 3.10 Machinery Hall............................. 14.00 Thirteen Official Buildings of the Centennial Agricultural H all............................. 10.15 Authorities............................... 2.50 Horticultural Hall............................ 1.70 Ten Restaurants and Cafes................... 3.85 Memorial I-all................................ 1.60 Thirteen Bazars and Booths for sale of articles,.50 United States Government Building........... 2.35 Twenty-eight Miscellaneous Buildings, Cigar W oman's Pavilion.............0...............60 Stands, etc............................18 Seventeen annexes........................... 7.60 Twenty-three State Buildings................. 2.00 Total acreage of 153 Buildings........ 72.10 Six Special Buildings of Foreign Governments,.50 About two acres and two-thirds of the above total amount consist of the galleries in the Main Building and Machinery Hall; this leaves about sixty-nine and a half acres as the amount of ground actually covered by the buildings. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 407 III-A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE EXHIBITION. IN considering the myriad of articles exhibited, we must deal first with mere numbers. In no other manner can we approximate to a definite idea of the huge dimensions of a world's fair of the present day. The number of exhibitors indicates but faintly the number of articles shown, as many distinct and different articles were often included under a single exhibit; and there were numerous collections exhibited by governments, municipal and other corporate bodies, and even by individuals. But' we must content ourselves with giving the number of exhibitors credited to each country in each department, and afterwards making such remarks upon the peculiar features of every nation's display as may be necessary to give a general idea of the variety and quality of the things exhibited. The reader must be on his guard, however, in respect of comparisons of the different nations. In the Agricultural Department, for instance, many exhibits are included under one name in the general list, the various articles having been gathered from many sources, but offered for exhibition by one person. State commissioners sent collective exhibits from various parts of our own country, which sometimes count as but one exhibit. The reader will therefore find discrepancies between the figures here given and those given in the account of the Michigan exhibits, on other pages of this volume. It would be quite impossible to follow the same plan of counting in both places, inasmuch as many foreign countries have sent various collective exhibits, as well as our own. For similar reasons, it is impossible to accurately estimate the relations of our Centennial fair to the exhibitions which have preceded it. The systems of numbering and cataloguing exhibitions vary in different countries and in different times. The "42,217 exhibitors" at Paris in 1867 by no means indicate a greater number of articles displayed or of persons represented than were displayed and represented at Philadelphia, though the American figures are not nearly as high. The Commissioners distributed all the objects exhibited among five general "departments," as follows: IMining and Metallurgy-minerals, ores and other mining products, and all the metals in the early processes of manufacture; II General Manufactures; III — Education and Science; IV-The Fine Arts; V-Machinery; VI-Agriculture; VII-Horticulture. We will follow these general divisions, except 408 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. that we will throw the last two into one; but we need not confine ourselves to the order chosen by the Commission. The entire number of exhibitors was 31,489.-' MINING AND METALLURGY. In the department of ores, minerals, etc., and metals in their rougher forms, the exhibitors represented the various nations as in the following table: United States. -608 Italy —------ --------- 23 Tunis —--------------- 1 British Empire: Switzerland —----- 3 Orange Free State ----- 5 Great Britain —-- 41 Sweden —-------------- 72 China —------ 3 Canada —-- - 256 Norway —------------- 17 Japan —--------------- 9 British Colonies. 129-426 Belgium —- 14 Hawaii. -4....... —- 4 France. —. 38 Netherlands and Colonies, 10 Brazil -------- 79 Germany 3 — --- 37 Portugal ----- -- 82 Argentine Republic --. 105 Austria - ------ 11 Luxemburg ---- -- 4 Chili9......... 9 Russia - 47 Turkey ---------- 101 Peru —----- 3 Spain and Colonies --- 322 Egypt —-------- 8 Mexico ------- 27 Total number of exhibitors —------------------------------- 2,068 The mineral products contributed by such a long list of nations and colo. nies represented nearly every corner of the globe. Some of the countries sent great piles of ores and stones, while others sent cabinets of small specimens quite as valuable, perhaps, in illustration of their kinds, but less impressive to the spectator. The contributions of Great Britain consisted of Cumberland and other ores, coal, coke, peat, Scotch red granite, blue and gray Irish granites, chalk, flint, common and pottery clays and emery stone, with numerous specimens of Portland cement and concrete. The metallurgical products of Great Britain consisted of platinum, pig iron, spiegeleisen, Bessemer steel; wire, in various shapes, of iron, copper, brass and steel; zinc, tin and phosphor bronze. The most interesting part of the British display in this department were specimens of armor plates for war vessels, from Sheffield, varying in thickness from eight to twenty inches, and showing indentations by cannon-shot made in the process of testing. The colonies of the British empire, located in every part of mother earth, sent to us their natural treasures in great variety and abundance. From New Zealand came iron ore, coal, plumbago, copper, antimony, marble, lead, marl, porcelain-clay and zinc; one specimen of petro* These and the following figures may differ somewhat from those of the official report to be made, after this writing, by the Centennial Commission. They are based upon the figures furnished by the Commission to the publishers of the revised catalogue. No differences, however, can be sufficiently great to affect the general relations of the various nations to each other in any department. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 409 leum; alluvial gold, gold-bearing quartz, and models of gold ingots. Australia and Tasmania sent copper and lead, iron, gold, tin and tin ore, granite, slate, kaolin, with some remarkable and very large pieces of black kerosene shale from New South Wales; nickel, marble, sandstone, antimony, coal, plumbago, malachite, bismuth, asbestos, topazes and beryls. There was building-stone from the Bahamas and the Bermudas; from the latter, also, a stalactite and a stalagmite taken from a submerged cave. India, with all her romance and poetry, took a practical turn, sending us iron, copper and lead ores, "tin stone," sulphur, coal, limestone, clays, powdered mica, ochre, white, pink and yellow earths. But there were also agates and carnelians from Cambay, gem sand from Ceylon, ruby sand from Travancore, garnets from Mysore, gold sand from Purulia and Rangoon. Our neighbor, the Dominion, sent many varieties of mineral product, including a dozen exhibits of gold, and as many of silver, with copper, iron and lead, coal without stint, building-stone, brick clay in great quantities, and gypsum. Asphaltum from France reminded us of Parisian pavements; the same country sent Algerian onyx, marbles, cements, lime, shell, ivory, mother-of-pearl, emery, platinum; iron, steel and copper. Germany erected a monument of spiegeleisen in Machinery Hall, besides contributing specimens of all the more important metals and ores, lithographic stones, mineral waters, and amber in large quantities. Austria exhibited cinnabar, meteoric iron, opals in the rough, and red chalk. And so through the long list of countries, the mere names of the materials are a reminder of earth's universal bounty. Nearly all of the nations contributed examples of the more useful and common minerals and metals. We will now mention such as seemed particularly interesting and striking, or are specially characteristic of the countries named: Belgium, black marble, blue and gray sandstone from Basecles; the Netherlands, garnets, "raw" topazes, diamonds, tripoli and corundum; Italy, yellow marble, alabaster, aromatic earth of Cattu, various earths used for coloring matter, sulphur in great quantities; Russia, Siberian graphite, bituminous coal from a mine which has been burning underground since 1700, a huge mass of malachite in its rough state as taken from the quarry, gold-bearing sands, naval armor, projectiles, iron and copper from the Ural Mountains; Spain, galena in large quantities, nickel, sulphur, tin, asphaltum, alabaster, marble, jasper, serpentine, Spanish white, jet, upwards of thirty specimens of mineral waters, quicksilver ore from the famous Almaden mines, and gold from the Philippine Islands. Portugal, besides the more useful metals, including considerable tin and numerous exhibits of marbles and other building stone, contributed leaf of gold, silver, aluminum and platina. The peculiar offering of Turkey was "brimstone from the desert," 410 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. brimstone ore " and " crude brimstone," with a few specimens of sulphur. Supplementing these were exhibits in lead, iron, copper, tripoli, emery, rock crystal, marble, and a dozen specimens of hot and cold mineral waters. Of all the foreign exhibits in the metallurgical department, those of Sweden and Norway, illustrating the wonderful products of those countries, were the most important and interesting. The specimens of iron rods twisted, cold, into elaborate knots, and of thick sheet iron pressed into necessary shapes for use, were among the curiosities of the Exhibition; the fracture tests of steel, exhibited in great numbers, were specially remarkable, and attracted the closest scrutiny of scientific and business men. The continent of Africa was represented in this department by Egypt, Tunis and the Orange Free State. From the most ancient of nations came gold dust, petrified wood, marbles, alabaster, limestone, cement; porcelain-clays, iron and "solid rough gold pieces," all contributed by the National Museum of Egypt, under orders of the Khedive. The Bey of Tunis, Sidi Mohammed Essadok, sent cabinet specimens of minerals and ores. The name of the Orange Free State reminds every reader of the "South African diamond fields," and the excitement about them several years ago. A small case within the space allotted to this little country in the Main Building contained specimens of diamonds in the rough, of l"diamondiferous soil, with a diamond in it," and of the pebbles and crystals accompanying the diamond. China offered a small but solid array of coal, granite, borax and gypsum, with one specimen of steel, some tin foil, silver leaf and imitation of gold leaf. Japan, sought by visitors, like China, for the fantastic beauty of her bronzes and other ornamental works, showed, also, that the more serious industries were not neglected within her boundaries, contributing various ores, anthracite coal, building stone, mineral oils, crude and refined, mortars, clay, quicklime and kaolin; also a geological collection from the island of Hokkaido. Crossing the Pacific ocean eastward, we come to the little island kingdom of Hawaii, from which we received lava and geological specimens taken from the crater of the volcano of Kilaua, and coal from the forests of Haleakala. Turniing to the continent of South America, we find that the empire of Brazil and the Argentine Republic took leading positions among the nations in the numbers of their exhibits. Gold, mercury and nickel were among the metals of Brazil, while diamonds, cut and in the rough, were naturally prominent objects. Agates, crystals and armethysts also gave beauty to her collection, though it was chiefly composed of the less valuable and more ilmportant minerals and metals. Like Japan, Turkey, Germany, Russia and other countries, Brazil sent specimens of mineral water, THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 411 impregnated, in this case, with sulphur. The Argentine Republic sent numerous specirens of the same, also exhibiting colored chalks, black and white vegetable clay, marble, granite, silver, gold and copper. Peru was represented by a general collection of minerals, gathered by the special commissioner from Lima, and a private exhibit of sulphur; Chili by gold, silver, copper, building stone and artificial marble. Mexico, bringing us to our own continent, exhibited sulphur, quicksilver, meteoric iron, marble, many specimens of her beautiful and celebrated onyx, and an immense cake of solid silver, about five feet in diameter, and weighing two tons, which fittingly illustrated the richnless of her mines. It seems hardly necessary to consider in so much detail the exhibits of the United States. Nearly all the useful minerals and metals heretofore mentioned were to be found in our collection; they are familiar to every American readerilon, coppeQr, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, silver, mercury; building stones of all kinds, sandstone, limestone, marble, granite; coal in immense quantities; clays, marl, and other fertilizers; silex, gypsum, ochres, emery, plumbago, plaster; petrifactions, fossils, geological specimens of every kind; a display of prepared metals that could scarcely be excelled by any other country upon its own soil. Our states in the East, the South, the far West, the Mississippi valley, and along the great lakes, sent evidences of vast abundance and overflowing natural wealth; only partially developed, perhaps, but promising everything for the future. The American display was far more impressive in its magnitude than the mere number of exhibits would indicate, as was also that of Canada, for the convenience of freightage enabled exhibitors to send great masses, instead of small specimens. Huge blocks and columns of stone, marbles, coal and ores, towering sometimes far above the observer's head, were scattered in abundance through the mineral annexes of the Main Building, the Government Building, and in other places where the various states exhibited their riches. MACHINERY. It was undoubtedly in the display of machinery that the International Exhibition of 1876 excelled all preceding world's fairs. In other departments, as in the fine arts and the various manufactures, the main halls and art galleries of Paris and of Vienna certainly surpassed those of Philadelphia. But in its Machinery Hall the American Exhibition stands thus far unrivaled, and it is doubtful, perhaps, whether it will ever be equaled upon the opposite side of the ocean. The total number of exhibits in this department not counting agricultural implements in this place —was more than eighteen hundred. Four 412 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. teen different nations, besides the United States and the Dominion of Canada, contributed to this immense aggregate. The great Corliss engine, with its two miles of shafting, kept hundreds of machines in motion, their various operators constantly at work, as if Machinery Hall were one huge factory. Various independent engines, also, exhibits in themselves, were supplied with steam, those from foreign countries by the "English boiler-house," and those from this country by the "American boiler-house." The steam furnished to the central engine was from twenty vertical tubular boilers, in a third house, situated on the south side of Machinery Hall, three hundred feet from the engine. The engine itself was contributed by the Corliss Works, in Rhode Island, as a suitable illustration of the principle now known by the inventor's name in all parts of Europe, as well as in America. An exceptional honor was paid to Mr. Corliss by the judges of the Vienna exhibition, in 1873. So many European makers exhibited "Corliss engines" at Vienna that the jury sent a complimentary diploma across the ocean to the American inventor, although he was represented in no other manner whatever at that exhibition, and was a candidate for no honors. The following table shows the number of exhibitors from each country: United States --------- 1,178 Germany ------ 49 Sweden -------- 56 British Empire: Austria -.-8 Norway —------ 12 Great Britain -. 105 Russia —-------------- 51 Belgium29 Canada —-- 202 Spain —------ 3 Netherlands ----- 10 307 Italy —--------------- 11 Brazil -------- 25 France ---------------- 102 Switzerland ---- - 3 Argentine Republic - 7 Total number of exhibitors —--------------- 1,851 The division of machinery into classes was thus officially described: 1, Machines, tools and apparatus of mining, metallurgy, chemistry, and the extractive arts; 2, Machines and tools for working metal, wood and stone; 3, Machines and implements of spinning, weaving, felting and paper-making; 4, Machines, apparatus and implements used in sewing and making clothing and ornamental objects; 5, Machines and apparatus for type-setting, printing, stamping, embossing, for making books, and paper-working; 6, Motors and apparatus for the generation and transmission of power; 7, Hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus, pumping, hoisting and lifting; 8, Railway plant, rolling stock and apparatus; 9, Machines used in preparing agricultural products, not farmers' implements; 10, Aerial, pneumatic and water transportation. We can do little more, in the space allotted to this subject, than to briefly study the tendencies of each country as seen in the character of its display, noting, perhaps, a few of the l~ ~~~~~~..~' ==-'' M MW P:V ~3 K~ E; - — z -_ -_ r~- ~ 1.7 _-2-_.t..... _EA: FSV- —.:u- YIL ----------------- Em =i;= 81 I~_~ u N I_1-'__.k.01 414 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. more striking machines, as we proceed. England, France, Germany and the United States distributed their exhibits through all the subdivisions mentioned above, showing a general range of mechanical appliances adapted to every possible process of manufacture. The same may be said of Canada, except that she showed no machines for printing or book-making. Most of the Russian exhibits in this hall consisted of appiaratus for mining., working in the metals, stone and wood; motors,. hydraulic machinery and railway stock. Specially interesting, also, were the models, etc., showing the various new Russian improvements in naval construction and mechanism. The machinery displayed by Sweden consisted, for the most part, of motors and railway appliances, involving the abundant use of her superior iron, with apparatus for the working of metal, drilling, turning, etc. One very small locomotive from Sweden quite distinguished itself, during the latter part of the season, by drawing a load of four crowded cars around the narrow-gauge railroad in the grounds, in spite of the sharp curves and heavy grades. Among nations speaking other languages than our own, France took a decided lead in Machinery Hall. The French machines for making toilet-soap, chocolate and other confectionery, for lithographing and printing, all in operation, were centers of continuous crowds, and a number of embroidering machines challenged the attention and admiration of the ladies. But it was to England, Canada and the United States that the glories of Machinery Hall were especially due. The two English-speaking nations contributed 1,485 of the 1,851 exhibits. Though the number contributed by Great Britain proper was but 105, a remarkably large proportion of these were heavy machines, illustrating the most important industries;-steam hammers, drilling, planing and forging machines; implements and machinery for carding wool, printing fabrics, spinning jute, hemp, wool and cotton; engines, boilers and other motors; stone-breakers, furnaces, etc. Canada was conspicuous for an array of saws; and she also exhibited lathes, planers and forges of great power, nail machines, engines, and one very massive roller for the manufacture of railroad bars. It is difficult to specify the particularly interesting exhibits among the contributions of our own country. They ranged from candy-making apparatus, as in the French'department, to the heaviest machines for working in iron or crushing ore. About one-quarter of the American exhibits in this department consisted of machinery for mining, iron, stone and wood working, chemical appliances, glass and brick machinery, etc. There were many American looms in operation, weaving cotton, wool and silk, with all the minor appliances and machinery for the preliminary treatment of the materials. The Jacquard looms, particularly, with their mysterious perforated slats, guiding the warp and THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 415 instructing the shuttles how to weave the most delicate patterns in various colors, were centers of a never-failing interest among the visitors. Thirty-three dlifferent makers; companies and individuals exhibited American sewing-machines. No less than five European countries were also represented by sewing-machines -England, Germany, France, Sweden and Spain. Four cities of Germany, Hamburg, Leipsic, Frankfort and Dresden, and three cities of Sweden, Eskilstuna, Jonkoping and Stockholm, entered into competition for the honors in this department, heretofore considered by ourselves so peculiarly "American." Canada, alone, challenged us by a display of sewing-machines from five different makers, in Ontario and Quebec. The American machines were much more highly finished, as a rule, than those from Europe, and competition seems to have developed more small improvements and special conveniences; but some of the Canadian machines leave us a small margin of superiority. The "universal Yankee" retained his traditional pre-eminence in the matter of washingmachines, by exhibiting many different specimens, with attendant wringers, mangles, polishers, and other conveniences of the laundry. A steam starching, ironing and polishing machine was a conspicuous object; and among the most interesting exhibits were clothes-dryers which accomplished their object by the simple power of centrifugal force. Every variety of printing press, from the mere toy for the amusement of childhood to the huge Hoe press, turning off many thousands of papers an hour, were shown in full operation in the American department. Here, also, our European friends entered the lists as strong competitors. The "Walter press," as used by the "London Times," printing our own "New York Times" every morning during the six months of the Exhibition, was undoubtedly without a superior among American machines of this kind. There were many minor improvements and attachments, in the American department, applicable to the various processes of printing, and characteristic of our national ingenuity and enterprise. A series of machines for moulding and finishing type was of much interest; in connection with these were exhibited the primitive hand-moulds used by our forefathers. The processes of lithographic printing were exhibited in the American department, but not in the perfection shown in the French department. At all American fairs, notably at the, annual exhibition of the American Institute, in New York, hydraulic apparatus assumes a very prominent and important place. The immense tank in the southern wing of Machinery Hall was surrounded by pumps of all kinds, ceaselessly drawing up the water and returning it in streams of all sizes, from a small jet, hardly large enough for a common kitchen hydrant, to a cataract thirty-five feet in height and as many in breadth. 416 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Nearly every imaginalble hydraulic principle w-as exhibited, and every possible means of economizing power. Akin to hydraulic machinery is that used for purposes of ventilation. In the same wing of the Hall were numerous air-blasts, ranging from mere models and the smaller machines, suitable to the artificial ventilation of buildings, to a huge apparatus for the expulsion of foul air from mining shafts. Of steam fire-engines there was an admirable display, one or two of the best coming from Canada. There were prolonged and severe practical tests of these engines, on the margin of the lake, during the latter part of the season. Of those ingenious special inventions for which America is celebrated, there was as great an abundance as was expected by the most sanguine. Our national reputation in this respect has suffered nothing by the late Exhibition. These inventions were by no means confined to the innumerable trifles which lessen the petty labors of household life, and which have multiplied in this country with such astonishing rapidity. The ingenuity that produces these mechanical midgets exerts itself, also, in more important fields, and often produces results which change the direction of great industries. Perhaps the most significant of such American inventions at the Centennial Exhibition was a flexible shaft, made of coils of wire, by which motion could be communicated to a tool at different angles, in relation to the stationary power, at the will of the operator. It is impossible to estimate the number of industrial branches which will eventually be affected by this one discovery. Another novel and seemingly important invention, certainly an exceedingly interesting one, was a contrivance by which two shafts could be worked at a right angle, or at any other angle, without the usual bevel wheels, the effect being produced by a somewhat complicated, but apparently strong, universal joint. Here we have something that promises to save power, which means fuel, and to give an accuracy of motion that cannot be otherwise obtained. Nor was it only in matters of ingenuity or originality that the American display in Machinery Hall was something of which every citizen may well be honestly proud. It has been shown that no manufacturers in the world exceed those of the United States in the scientific skill which they display, the accuracy, smoothness and nice adjustment of part upon part. The delicate scales, of every'size and quality, exhibited by numerous firms, were notable illustrations of this; and nearly all the machinery, the steam engines, pumps, lathes, looms, locomotives, etc., evinced the same carefulness of construction. But that department of the mechanical industries in which the United States stands pre-eminent among the nations, is the invention and construction of what are technically known as THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 417 "machine tools." Of these, our automatic machinery has acquired the highest reputation, and by it we have been enabled, in many instances, to overcome the competition of European cheap labor. There were tiny machines cutting the different parts of watches, with nice adjustments worthy of astronomical instruments. There wAas a huge cutter, slowly and silently forming the cogs of a bevel wheel, working patiently, hour after hour, without a guardian or an attendant, plodding on as intelligently as if a human brain were guiding it. There was an envelope machine taking its paper from a roll at one end and delivering envelopes, counted and ready for use, at the other end, the attendant who received them knowing less about the business, apparently, than the machine itself did. These, and many like them, were, as we have said, but faint illustrations of the great manufacturing industries of America, in which steam and steel are made to take the place of brain and muscle. But inadequate as they were to do more than indicate the source of our manufacturing wealth, they gave a degree of interest to Machinery Hall which has never before been reached in any similar department of an international exhibition. GENERAL MANUFACTURES. Most of the general manufactures from all nations were exhibited in the Main Building. Under the term here used are included chemicals, those of general commerce as well as those of the laboratory; ceramics and glassware; furniture and general household articles; woven goods, of cotton, wool, silk and other fibers; clothing, jewelry, paper and books; military arms, hunting apparatus, ordnance; medical preparations and surgical appliances; hardware of all kinds, and cutlery; shoes, leather, harness and carriages. Twenty-eight nations, besides their respective colonies, were represented in all or in part of the above-named branches of manufacture. Of the 10,000 exhibitors, a little more than one-quarter belonged to the United States, and about one-fifth to the British empire. United States ------—.. 2,368 Italy-....._ 294 Tunis ------- 19 British Empire: Switzerland ------—. 99 Orange Free State —---- 10 Great Britain 420 Sweden —-------------- 204 China ---.... 70 Canada —--- 513 Norway -—. ------- 82 Japan —----- __ 181 British Colonies -1,102 i Belgium ---—.. 186 Hawaii _. 20 - - 2,035 Netherlands and Colonies, 97 Brazil -__-_-.... 240 France ------ 527 Denmark__ —_____- 24 Argentine Republic 295 Germany -.. - 391 Portugal.. —.. —----- 411 Chili-............____ 79 Austria.. —-... 371 Luxemburg - -4 Peru -,.. _____. __ 17 Russia 344 Turkey... —- - 952 Mexico-.... 59 Spain and Colonies 679 Egypt —----—.-.._- 38 Total number of exhibitors ---—...-......___. _ 10,096 418 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. By far the largest, and, upon the whole, the most interesting, display of manufactured chemicals was made by our own country); aand if we consider our own display in some detail, we shall have a fair idea of the great variety of articles which this division of a world's fair includes. These "chemical " products, as here understood, are intimately associated with nearly every part of our social and our personal lives; our daily food depends upon their quality; the colors which please the eye in our ornaments and our clothing are to be found among them; the disinfectants on which our health at times depends; the coatings that preserve our dwellings from decay; our means of cleanliness; the com-pounds which enable us to remove rocks for engineering purposes; the means of offensive and defensive war. Among the exhibits of the United States in this department were flavoring extracts in profusion, bakilng powder, yeast cakes, cream of tartar, dye-stuffs, soaps of every variety, candles, scouringpow+ders, stove-polislh, bluing, perfumes-of many different makers, and of every imaginable odor, cosmetics, and all the attendant articles of the toilet;-these to interest the ladies. There were prepared paints and white lead in every possible shape, lime, axle-grease, varnishes, machine oils, shoe-blacking, printing and writing inks, black and colored, gold, bronze and silver; gunpowder, blasting-powcder, pyrotechnic preparations, and the entire range of pharmaceutical products. The display of refined petroleum, in every stage of purity and impurity, was such as was never before seen, and was so arranged that it was an exceedingly attractive part of the Exhibition in the Main Building. Perhaps the most interesting exhibits were those of coal-tar and its wonderful products. Nothing in real life seems more like magic than the results of chemical analysis, and never do these seem more magical thani when one stands, as he could in the American department, with a bottle of black coal-tar before him, and see upwards of seventy different solids and c fluids, of every possible color, which have been derived from it. All the aniline colors were displayed, in the case of one exhibitor, side by side with the repulsive black tar from which they had been extracted-sew-ing-silk that rivaled and outshone the rainbow in hues, and wall-paper brilliant in variegated figures. There was printed cloth, its color fixed by the artificial madder obtained from this same dark source. And if the observer chose to follow the many other paths into which the patient chemist has followed the component parts of this strange material, he found himself among the most important affairs of all nations; railroad ties, ship timbers and the foundation-piles of docks, buildings and bridges are preserved by its use. Similarly, the intelligent visitor could trace in the displays of other exhibitors, the processes by which our common blue lead becomes the paint THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 419 that preserves and ornaments our houses and ships, with the little collateral tributaries from which it derives its various tints. The foreign nations and colonies represented in this department exhibited, in general, the articles named above. Among other articles of special interest were indigo from New South Wales; products of the celebrated eucalyptus tree of Australia; crayons and curry-powder fronm the same country; palm oils from the gold coast, Africa; (ldgong oil from Queensland; gamboge, indigo, cutch-gambier and lac-dye from India; perfumery, ultramarine blue and other delicate coloring matters from France; also, the essence of roses, Javelle water, Zenobia and Figalo waters; a "red lead made from iron ore" from the Netherlands; nutmeg soaps from the Dutch East Indian colonies; bay spirit and the oil of bay leaves froln Denmark; safety matches in great variety from Sweden, where they were first invented.; cod-liver oil from the coast of Norway; licorice in every shape and the oil of sweet almonds from Italy; shark-liver oil from Japan; cochineal from the Argentine Republic, and soluble blood-albumen, for producing fast colors; cocoa butter and orange-flowTer water from Porto Rico; phosphorus from Spain; nitre, borax, sesame oil, ochre, madder, rose water, cedar water and the famous "kena," for coloring the finger-nails, from Turkey. From Germany, pre-eminent, with France, for the researches of her chemists, there were sent three collective exhibits, representing more than ninety different producers. Four of the Cologne manufacturers sent the specialty of that city. In the department of Ceramics the United States can hardly claim our attention except in the strictly useful lines of the potter's art. There was a good American display of drain-pipes, tiles, bricks, etc., and a few specimens, mostly from Philadelphia, of terra cotta statuary and garden vases. There was a considerable display, also, of table-ware, and especially that "'white granite" ware, which is exceedingly hard and not easily broken on account of both its material and its heaviness of form. There were figures, also, in porcelain and parian, and a large number of toilet articles, manufactured chiefly in New Jersey and Ohio. But in that upper range of artistic work to which the word "ceramics" is more particularly applicable, Amlerica has no place whatever as yet. The honors of the late Exhibition were divided, in this line of art, between Enigland, France, Germany, Denmark, Japan and China; Russia and Spain also deserve notice. Messrs. Doulton & Co., of London, have shown us how the commonest of cheap materials, the clay used in making drain-pipes, may be wrought into the most admirable artistic designs. A number of English makers, notably the Watcombe Terra Cotta Company, exhibited exquisite mural paintings, composed of tiles, for the interior of private dwellings and public 420 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. buildings. Of the finer ceramic wares, a number of English firms sent thousands of beautiful specimens, the most delicate and attractive of all being the work of the French artist, Solon, employed by the Messrs. Daniell, of London, in the production of ware klnown as pate suir patfe. Nothing in the art galleries themselves attracted more sincere admiration from the lovers of true art. The general name of purely ornamental ceramic work in France is "faience." The use of this term has been somewhat confused by the adoption of the French word by people of other languages. The English, by making an imitation of certain Italian wares and naming it "lEnglish majolica," have given an equal uncertainty to the meaning of this Italian word. The term "majolica" is rendered still more obscure, to many, by the fact that it has a historical and traditional origin, having been first applied to the wares produced, in remote centuries, in the island of Majorca. The word is now properly applied only to Italian work having a lustre in imitation of that formerly imported from the Spanish island. Signor Alessandro Castellani, of Rome, exhibited a large and very valuable collection of the early works of this class in Memorial Hall. This was nearly all, in the way of ceramics from Italy, that calls for attention, though there was considerable crockery and some modern majolica in the Italian space of the Main Building. A number of French exhibitors made a display of "artistic faience," though many of the more celebrated makers of France did not appear. The "Palissy" work was a striking feature of the Exhibition, on account of its exceedingly bold designs and elaborate finish, most of the figures-fishes and reptiles-being raised from the general surface, and in many cases having their full size and form. Among the more notable of the French exhibits was that of Messrs. Haviland & Co., of Limoges. This firm is making a special effort to produce the hardest and strongest ware, under an intense heat, at the same time employing artistic designers to secure good models rand pure ornament. The French government contributed numerous vases, some of them of immense size, and all most exquisitely ornamented, from the manufactures at Sevres. These vases were exhibited in Memorial Hall as works of art, Similar to the Sevres ware in the general style of ornament, was that from the Royal Porcelain Works of Berlin, a very large and beautiful display of which faced the central space of the Main Building. Work of this kind, in which the most delicately-wrought pictures, beautiful' in themselves, are surrounded by graceful ornamental designs and rich colors, will undoubtedly retain their popularity, and long outlive the oddities andcl the crude forms which hold temporary sway, from time to time, in the minds of critics, antiquaries and purchasers. The terra cotta vases, dishes, etc., displayed by Denmark were THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 421 exceedingly beautiful, and were specially interesting as evidences of the overpowering influence which the sculptor, Thorwaldsen, has exerted upon the taste of his fellow-countrymen. Nearly all the designs were taken directly from the works of that master, while the forms were for the most part rigidly classical, in accordance with his own tastes and the whole tendency of his art. The ceramic works of no European nation, however, attracted so much attention as those of Japan and China. Rich collections of old china ware were sent from Shanghai and Ningpo, while wares of modern make, vases, flower-pots, dinner services, cuspadors, goblets, unique dishes of every imaginable shape, came from Kiukiang and Canton; some specimens from private makers directly, and many under the auspices of the Imperial Maritime Customs. The modern ceramic manufactories of Japan are more numerous, perhaps, than those of France itself, and their products were exhibited in greater profusion at our Exhibition than ever before in the Occident, at any time or place. Instead of the mere grotesqueness which Americans and Europeans are wont to ascribe to the art of Japan, we have seen the most truly artistic designs, judging them from our own highest standard. Even in the purely grotesque figures which predominate in the ceramic and other arts of China, as exhibited here, one saw the evidence of a taste for the humorous, rather than of a barbaric effort to illustrate the real. While the final impression left upon the visitor was, that Japan had reached a loftier plane in the art world than China, he came away with a higher respect for both nations than he had ever experienced before; he felt that the civilizing influences which follow the opening of these eastern nations to the rest of the world are to be exerted in favor of our own people as well as of their people. The American display of glassware was very large, and evinced a taste and skill unexcelled except by the Bohemian makers in ornamental work, and those of France in the manufacture of plate glass. The latter contributed a few specimens of such size that the visitor wondered how it had been possible to transport them across the ocean. Two plates were each about ten feet in width and twenty-two feet in height. Belgium also sent numerous exhibits of plate and other window-glass, no less than twenty-four makers being represented. From Vienna and other parts of the Austrian empire came many beautiful specimens of the glass-maker's art; but Bohemia, more especially, sustained her long-established reputation. The trifling articles of colored glass commonly known in this country as "Bohemian" seemed very coarse and plain in comparison with the exquisite pieces which constituted the Bohemian collection in the Exhibition. The infinite variety of color and the delicacy of tracery charmed every eye, while the innumerable forms were 54 422 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. exceedingly graceful and original. There were a few specimens in the British and the Italian sections of that "Venetian glass," which has recently attracted so much attention. The art of making this has now its second revival; the first, in Venice, was a partial imitation of the antique work, such as is now to be seen in fragments, with occasional complete articles, on the shelves of many European museums. The intricate mixture of colors in the very texture of the glass exhibits great skill, though the present-day revivers of the art often sacrifice accuracy of form to a pedantic desire to reproduce the faults, as well as the merits, of the ancient workmanship. In the exhibition of furniture the United States gave evidence of great commercial activity, and of a growing demand for that kind of elaborate ornament which approaches as near to true art as anything of a purely commercial nature can. While there was much to criticise in the display of the American makers, on account of its frequent tawdriness and the inappropriate combination of ornamental forms, there was also much to praise. Prince Albert's exertions to have the principles of art applied, so far as possible, to the designing of articles in common household and other familiar uses, have been productive of much good in America, as well as in Great Britain. Making due allowance for some deviations into the region of vulgarity and glaring over-ornamentation, the American display of furniture was very creditable to the country. Much of it was massive, nearly all of it well made; and there were abundant proofs that the artist had preceded the mere artisan in the course of its construction. But the artist had done his work, in every case, subject to the demands and restrictions of a commerce which calculates its percentages, depending on large sales for its profits. There were only two or three specimens of furnitureone of these from our own State-which showed the artist at his best, lingering lovingly over his pencil or his tool, as if he were working in marble or before a canvas. In the departments of Italy and Belgium, and also in those of China and Japan, the visitor saw the positions of the artisan and the artist reversed. The first had merely constructed the general form for the use of the latter, whose skill and taste was depended upon to give the object its value to a purchaser. No one who stood before the carved oak pulpit from Belgium, or the beds and other pieces from Italy, could fail to appreciate the difference between what we may call art-furniture and the furniture of general commerce, however elaborate the latter may be. The graceful formls have been developed under the eye of the artist, directly; the wood is made to express ideas; there is thought, fancy, tenderness or passion in every face; birds and other animals have life and motion. No mere "general effect" has been striven for; there is THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 423 beauty in every detail. Italy undoubtedly took the lead in this direction, among people of our own kind, but the artists of Japan, working chiefly in the famous lacquered furniture of that country, exhibited a skill and taste which was quite as remarkable, perhaps, and certainly attracted more attention from American visitors. The Chinese furniture was the most elaborate work of any on exhibition, one bedstead having occupied the time of a man for twenty years or more. Even here the mere patience and skill, in themselves of slight artistic value, were supplemented by the direct influence of personal taste at every mark of the chisel. This taste took the usual grotesque direction so popular among the Chinese, but the result is hardly less admirable, perhaps, on that account. France did not send us the best specimens of her work in the way of furniture, but this was less to be regretted, because she could not, at her very best, be a successful rival of Italy. There were many chimney-pieces of woods and marbles in the French department, some of them very elaborate, and some very beautiful; there were numerous examples of artistic bronzes" for furniture, and many pieces for church decorations, with statues of saints, etc., for altars or "stations." Germany contributed numerous exhibits of "fancy furniture," and the Austrian display of bent wood furniture found many admirers and many purchasers among the American ladies. Besides some elaborate modern cabinet-work, England sent many examples in imitation of eighteenth century styles, the " Queen Anne" more particularly, and also of the preceding century, the "Jacobean." A carved oak chest from Exeter was made from beams taken from the choir of Salisbury Cathedral, and nearly six hundred years old. A so-called antique bedstead and other pieces in the Norwegian department were carved by peasant artists. This work has attracted considerable attention, of late, among the buyers of oddities; it is roughly done, and the forms in detail are not good, but the general effect is not unpleasing. Some of- the Russian furniture showed a marked originality of design. Brazil sent cabinet suits of the brilliant yellow satin-wood of the country, made by inmates of the houses of correction in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. The furniture from the Argentine Republic consisted of woods unknown in our own latitude -cocoanut, carrob-tree, retamo, cebil and palo santo. From Egypt came an oriental drawing-room suit, and there were numerous inlaid pieces from Tunis; tables from Turkey, also, made of olive-wood, and a number richly inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Our own country and France made the largest displays of ornamental gas-fixtures, with perhaps the greater brilliancy and variety on the American side. In the center of the Main Building the greatest four nations of the world, 424 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. considering them in their industrial relations, confronted each other. We have already mentioned the German display of ceramics at one corner of the central space. At another corner Great Britain was represented by the leading silversmiths of England, with a most brilliant array of art-work in the precious and other metals. France presented the delicate bronzes for which she is celebrated, though not those of her best known makers; and at the fourth corner two American companies offered the best that this country has to offer in -the way of silver-ware and jewelry. In respect of the former, the honors of the Exhibition undoubtedly lay between the United States, England and Russia. The silver work of Messrs. Elkington & Co., of Birmingham, could not now be excelled, and probably never has been in the history of the world, for beauty of design and accuracy of finish, except, perhaps, in occasional pieces made in other countries. The display of works in silver and in bronze made by Russia was in one respect superior to that made by either England or France. The artists of the latter countries have, as a rule, copied directly from classical models, or have been guided by them in the execution of original designs. There is little of either English or French life illustrated in their work. In that of Russia, on the other hand, the observer sees many peculiarities of her people reflected as in a mirror. It is national and characteristic. Even where the artist has given way entirely to his fancy, it is evident that he has not been restrained by schools or precedents. People lingered about the bits of Russian life, crystallized, so to speak, in solid metal; they remembered what they had seen as something which had nothing to do with Greece, or Rome, or the Etruscans. The silverware of the United States, it was pleasant to notice, showed something of the same tendency on the part of its designers. In the set pieces for the table, the prize cups, bowls, etc., one saw reflections of American life; the Indian, the pioneer, the hunter, the yachtsman, took the places of conventional goddesses, satyrs, nymphs, griffins, tritons and cupids. A "Century Vase," exhibited by the Gorham Company, was an admirable work of art, and unexcelled, perhaps, by any piece presented by any other country. The "Bryant Vase," executed by Messrs. Tiffany & Co.a memorial gift to the greatest of American poets, from his friends in New York-exhibited a curious combination of a classic form with purely modern ornamentation in the shape of flowers and vines. This mingling of two strange elements was intended to illustrate the same peculiarities in the poet's writing, and was a truly artistic conception. The point in which the American silverware was conspicuously different from that of the great European makers, was the ornamental elaboration of articles intended for actual use upon the table. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 425 This difference has long been noticed both by American travelers in Europe and by European dealers themselves. There is no general market in Europe for such highly-finished and beautiful work, applied to useful silverware, as our own makers constantly furnish to American purchasers. It is in the application of art to objects of every-day use that the people of our own country have had most to learn from Europe; they have been rapidly learning the lesson of late years, but there is still much before them. As regards silverware, however, it is ourselves who are giving the lesson, and it is for our European friends to learn it. It is an encouraging fact, also, in this connection, that we have carried the art of making cheap plated-ware to such perfection that thousands of families of moderate wealth can have the most beautiful forms constantly before them, in the daily routine of household life. The American display of elaborate but cheap plated-ware was a source of astonishment to the foreign commissioners and exhibitors. The bronzes contributed by Germany illustrated, in a very striking manner, the sudden access of national pride, based on the recent military successes of that country. There were many busts and statues of the Emperor and the Crown Prince. There were models, large and small, of the celebrated statue of Frederick the Great, in Berlin. This tendency of German art was severely criticised by the German commissioner himself, who was recalled on account of his plain words. Japan may fairly claim the chief honors of the Exhibition in the department of artistic work in bronze. Her designs, of course, were peculiar to themselves. If they showed a strong tendency to the grotesque, and if many-tailed dragons, writhing among gnarled branches and tangled foliage, predominated in nearly every object exhibited, they also showed much delicacy of taste; and the natural animals, especially the birds, were executed with a vigor and skill truly admirable. As to the techlique, the mere mechanical skill displayed by the makers, nothing in the way of bronzes, exhibited by any nation, approached those of Japan. The two foreign countries which will be longest remembered here for their displays of jewelry, are Austria and Norway-not because their contributions were especially valuable, but because they were, in each case, peculiarly characteristic. The silver filagree work of Norway is very celebrated, and there were many beautiful examples at our Exhibition. The garnet jewelry of Austria, as shown here, was exceedingly rich in its effect, despite the fact that the garnet is the cheapest and commonest of the precious stones. The jewelers of Prague group the garnets in the most bewildering masses. Lying among many articles of mere personal adornment, there was a prayer-book, the binding of which was completely covered with these gems. In the matter of jewelry, as in that of 426 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. bronzes, France was not represented by many of her best makers. There was a fair array of precious stones-pearls, diamonds, etc.-but the French jewelry was chiefly imitation ware, gilt and plated. There were also numerous cases of imitation stones. Two collective exhibits, by German jewelers, represented no less than fifty-nine makers of gold, silver and plated wares, and polished stones. The jewelry from Great Britain was of but little value, though that from Scotland, set with the celebrated Scotch pebbles, of huge size, and other stones peculiar to the country, was interesting; so, also, was the bog-oak jewelry of Ireland. There were ancient gems from Rome, and filagree work from Genoa, but the characteristic jewelry contributed by Italy consisted of the exquisite coral for which that country has long been famous. Russia led us away from the more familiar styles of western Europe, exhibiting brooches and ear-rings of Caucasian patterns, and various ornaments in malachite, jasper, lapis lazuli and other Siberian stones, which cannot be classified as "gems," but are very beautiful and capable of receiving a high polish. Turkey, with her amethysts, amber trinkets, mother-of-pearl and olive-wood trifles, led us still further into the mysteries of oriental taste. The silver and gold ornaments from Bombay, admirable for their elaborate intricacy of design, but of workmanship, for the most part, which western makers would consider rough and unfinished, attracted great attention, and were sold in considerable quantities. There were also many specimens of jewelry and other personal ornament from remote corners of the earth, which have no place in the commerce of the world, but are interesting as objects of curiosity, only. Among these were the trinkets of the Maoris, the aboriginal inhabitants of New Zealand; fish-scale ornaments and those made of the emu's eggs, from Australia; mimosa-seed necklaces from the Sandwich Islands. There is no country in the world, perhaps, where the general lines of jewelry are manufactured in greater abundance or in greater variety of design than in the United States. While we have developed no style peculiarly national, our great makers have employed the most skillful artisans and designers to be found in Europe; these give free scope to their fancy, following models where they think best, and depending on their own imaginations when they choose to do so. There is probably no style of personal ornament, in gold, silver or other material, with or without precious stones, which cannot be reproduced here in perfection; while many of the most exquisite designs have had their origin in this country. These facts are so well known among foreign makers that America is not now regarded as a commercial field to be carefully cultivated, and neither England, France, Germany, Austria nor Italy made any special effort to be represented here in THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 427 this line of trade;-hence the absence of any great European makers, except in the few instances in which they could exhibit wares peculiar to themselves. The display of jewelry by American makers was exceedingly brilliant, both in richness of material and in beauty or boldness of design. It is quite impossible to make even a passing reference to all of the articles of personal use or ornament, convenience, fancy or amusement, which were contributed by the various nations. We have barely space to notice those articles which attracted special attention, or were peculiarly interesting in connection with the countries from which they came. There were numerous exhibits of kid gloves, of course, from France; fans, also, of every kind flirted by the queens of coquettes, French women; and the far-famed language of the fan, as spoken in Spain, seemed to be represented by a full lexicon and grammar. French dolls were there in great numbers, and formed a most amusing display; they were dressed in the very height of Parisian fashion, and the faces were so prettily and delicately formed that they might have belonged to the very pets of the highest circles. The German toys appealed more directly to the fatherly or motherly heart, being intended for the rough usage of genuine, rollicking children. There was one collective exhibit of German toys representing thirty-three makers, in Nuremburg, Bayreuth, Erlangen, and other places. Many of the other foreign countries sent toys, and when one saw a large collection of playthings made for little Chinese children, he thought of that touch of nature which makes the world akin. The oblique almond eyes ceased to mark any difference in race, and the Pacific ocean seemed only a narrow channel. Toilet articles of ivory, artificial flowers, singing birds, and other objects of beauty and fancy, attracted the eye in the French department. Odds and ends of bronze, leather, ivory and tortoise-shell - portmonaies, belts, albums, etc.- were abundantly displayed by Austria; but the exquisitely carved meerschaum and'amber goods from Vienna will be longer remembered, by one sex, at least, among the visitors. Hats of all kinds came from many countries, but more especially from South America and from Italy. A "Panama" in the Peruvian department was of fabulous price and wonderful fineness of texture. There were straw hats and bonnets from Rome, Florence and Naples; and the awkward "tile" ordained by modern fashion filled many cases in all parts of the Main Building. The feather ornaments of Brazil, made of the brilliantly colored but natural feathers of birds, were unexcelled in beauty by any articles exhibited; and the many-colored beetles for which that country is celebrated, were on view in great quantities, set and unset. The fancy shoes and slippers were without number. In the French department, especially, the art of 428 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. embroidery seemed to have been exhausted in ornamentiig ladies' feet. A wide celebrity was gained in this country by a set of four pairs of slippers representing the four seasons. Ladies from all sections of the United States seemed to make them the first objective point of their wanderings. The extravagantly high heels, set in the middle of the foot, were very noticeable features of the gaiters and shoes contributed by France and Belgium. The main display of shoes, ornamental and otherwise, was in the " Shoe and Leather Building." Too many visitors neglected this building, because it was somewhat out of the way, but all who entered it felt more than repaid for their trouble. The contributions were chiefly from this country, but also, as previously mentioned, from Great Britain, Germany and Russia. The collection here had more than a curious interest; the American exhibition of leather was illustrative of the great advance which this country has been making in this line of manufactures. Here, as in the cases of iron, steel and cotton goods, we are becoming the rivals of the best makers in the European markets. The special machinery for making shoes, harness, etc., shown in operation, were as prophetic of future success as the other machine tools exhibited in the neighboring building. In the general lines of clothing nearly every manufacturing nation was represented. The clothing sent from China, Japan, Turkey, Africa and other distant nations, had the interest of curiosity only. That from Great Britain, especially, and also from other European nations, illustrated great branches of commerce in which we are all interested. There were hosiery and underclothes of all kinds and from every direction, children's clothing, overcoats, dress suits, water-proof garments, etc. But that which interests us more is the material of which this clothing is made cotton, woolen, linen and silk goods. No department of the Exhibition, except those of machinery, agriculture and natural earth products, was of so great importance as this; we will therefore consider the subject in as much detail as is here possible. Manchester by no means sustained her ancient reputation as the great factor of cotton goods. The half a dozen manufacturers sending exhibits from that city were but sorry representatives of the immlense and innumerable mills which have made her name as familiar as a household word in every corner of the globe. The fact was boldly significant, not of a present loss of prestige, but of the changed relations of this country and Great Britain. We have ceased to be customers of Manchester and are rapidly becoming her rivals. There were a few exhibits of cotton fabrics from other places in Great Britain:Glasgow and Eldinburgh, Scotlandl; Dublin ela Belfast, Ireland; London, Preston, Bolton, Carlisle and Bradclfordcl, in England. Besides the plainer lines of THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 429 bleached and unbleached goods, there were numerous varieties of quilts, fancy muslins, towelings, blankets, toilet covers, calicoes, chintzes, etc., and from Glasgow, especially, came the spool cotton for which that city has long been famous. Although "French calico" is a term familiar to the shopping ladies of America, there were but two unimportant exhibits of that material from France; a dearth suggestive of something akin to fiction in the well known trade phrase. Twenty-five German manufacturers sent a collective exhibit of cotton and mixed goods; there were numerous specimens of chintz and other fancy cotton fabrics from a dozen Swiss makers. Italy contributed a few calicoes; Sweden, also, Russia and Portugal.' Spain surprised every visitor by a greater display of cotton goods than was made by any other foreign nation. Her exhibits in this department gave a full and fair idea of the condition of the industry in that kingdom. Most of the goods were coarse, and the printed cottons showed little taste in the choice of colors; but there were serges, cotton-velvets, heavy blankets of the same material and other fabrics, proving a great variety of manufacture. The general impression left upon the observer was, that while Spain is not likely to prove a rival of any other country in this direction, she cannot become a market, except, perhaps, for the highest and finest glades. The exhibition, in general, of the countries mentioned, was such as to stimulate rather than discourage American pride. In an immense number of American exhibits, from more than one hundred and fifty makers, there was to be found nearly every variety of fabric into which cotton can be woven; but in the plainer lines it seemed fairly proven that this country now stands without a rival, except England, and she, though a rival, hardly our equal. The recent sales of American cotton in Manchester, itself, seems a natural result of a fair competition in quality, after an examination of the admirable work exhibited, not in chosen specimens, but in great masses, by American makers. The printed cloth showed the perfection of taste in every variety of color and figure as well as the more important qualities of strength and durability. The greater part of our cotton goods came from the New England States, especially Massachusetts; but there were many specimens from the Middle States, and some from the Western. In the matter of linen, our own country has little to boast of; we were represented by one or two houses in New York, in the way of plain and twilled crashes and diapers, etc.; there were linen threads, cords and yarns from a company in Saratoga. Three mills, all in New York State, sent exhibits of the kindred but coarser material, jute. Belfast, of course, led the exhibition of Great Britain and Ireland, in linen goods, though other places in Ireland, as well as in 55 430 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. England and Scotland, made some display. France, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Sweden and Russia were also represented, chiefly in the more ornamental varieties of damask and other table or toilet linens, but each in small quantities and by few exhibitors. Except Turkey, of which we shall speak hereafter-not associating her with those nations with whom we have common commercial interests-no European nation presented so large a list of contributors in the department of linen goods as little Portugal. Thirty-two makers of that country sent specimens of their work, consisting, for the greater part, of the plainer fabrics. Although more attention has been called, of late years, to the progress of the United States in the production of cotton goods than to our gradual advance in the manufacture of woolen fabrics, the native display in the latter department was an exceedingly significant one. It indicated an advance that must result, before many years, in the full supply of our own market by our own makers. The next step, of course, as in the case of cotton, will be competition with foreign makers in other markets. An interesting fact in this connection is this: we are now working "at the right end," so to speak; the tendency of our manufacturers, at first, was to produce the finer cloths rather than the heavier and more useful fabrics, thus bringing themselves into competition at the very outset with the most experienced makers of France, Germany and England, in the highest and most delicate classes of goods. The plan seems to have been changed. Our woolen manufactories are now turning out every variety of fabric used in gentlemen's clothing for hard " every day" wear. Many of them presented specimens of cloths, fine beavers and doeskins, but these occupy only their due place among other goods. There has been, perhaps, a falling off to some extent in the quality of these finer fabrics, but the change, on the whole, is for the better, and gives us a brighter prospect for the future. In Canada, as in this country, the advance in this line of manufacture has been very marked. The important fact was made evident that the art is now fully established on this side of the Atlantic ocean, and on both sides of the St. Lawrence river. There were large displays of cloths and other woolen goods by France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal, those of France being notable for their delicacy and finish; Austria, Italy, Spain and Russia also contributed to this department, and a dozen or more of the leading mills in Great Britain. The American exhibits of carpets were somewhat disappointing to the native visitor. Although half a dozen houses of Boston, Hartford, Bridgeport and Philadelphia made a somewhat large display, the general effect was not as good as we could fairly have expected from our actual position in this depart THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 431 ment of the manufacturing world. Only one European nation, however, came into serious competition with us. Belgium sent nothing; France, Germany. and Austria only a few exhibits. Great Britain, represented by ten great firms, made an imposing display with many specimens of Axminster, Brussels, Wilton, Indian and Persian carpets. Though their colors -were deeper and warlmer than those usually selected by American purchasers, the effects Were exceedingly rich. Some of the British carpets shown were of immense size. The most beautiful and elaborate display of silks was naturally from France, and chiefly from Lyons. The "Hall of Silks," in the French department, was one of the most charming resorts of the Exhibition. The array of gauzes, velvets, brocaces and moire antiques was dazzling, though not equal to what has been seen in some of the European fairs. Germany sent but few specimens; Great Britain, fewer still; Spain, somiewhat more-gro glase, velvet and satin. Portugal contributed largely, also Switzerland; the former showing a great variety of damasks, satin and figured silks. The Russian display was in nearly every respect "small but select," the hand of a severely critical censor being shown throughout. The silk goods from Russia, confined to less than a dozen makers, probably made a greater impression on visitors in general than even the immense display of France. They were certainly very beautiful, the figured silks and brocades from Moscow being particularly rich. There were also many fabrics in which gold and silver thread mingled in most elaborate patterns with a silk background. The beginnings of this industry in the United States were sufficiently indicated to give us much hope for the future, but we must still speak of a beginning only. There were sewing silks in considerable abundance, and a fair display of ribbons; and seven or eight manufacturers, chiefly from New Jersey, but also from New York and Pennsylvania, exhibited dress silks, some of the specimens being worthy of a close comparison with the best plain silks presented by France herself. It may be fairly said that the silk manufacture has now a firm foothold in the United States, and that it will probably increase in importance, following in the wake of wool and cotton. There is every reason to suppose that the introduction of the exotic silk worm will be as successful on this side of the Atlantic as in France and other parts of Europe. But we must remember that it came from China to Europe more than fourteen hundred years ago. New developments of industry are very rapid in these days, but the making of silk here cannot proceed much faster than the production of raw silk in our own country. The display of raw silk from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Kansas, California and some other states was interesting and of greater importance than the falbrics exhibited; 432 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. but the industry is still a matter of the future rather than of the present; we need. not count on silk-worms before they are hatched. We have thus far considered only those European countries which come into direct competition with us, either in our own markets or elsewhere, in the production of textile fabrics. Let us now make the circuit of the globe. The display of Turkey was very large in silks, woolens, linens and cottons; and the variety of fabrics was exceedingly interesting;-gauzes, taffetas, orgazines, satins, figured and embroidered tissues of these materials; calicoes, sheetings, silk, cotton and wAool mixtures. There were four hundred Turkish exhibitors in this department of the fair. Among other curious objects were burnous, oriental scarfs, prayer-carpets, bathing-shirts and silk pillow-cases, besides counterpanes, curtains, etc., etc. The carpets, alone, represented about fifty different makers in Salonica, Bagdad, the Dardanelles, Adrianople, Adana, Trebizond, Sivas and the Government of the Danube. These goods were heavy, well made and durable; but the glamour of oriental romance connected with the "Turkish carpet" disappears before the indisputable fact that an Englishman or a Frenchman, if not an American, can now make a richer and more beautiful Turkish carpet than the most skillful of native workmen. Egypt sent plain cotton and linen goods, flannels and cassimeres, figured silks and velvet ribbons. From Tunis came rich hangings and other objects of silk, with woolen shawls, blankets and rugs. The Indian empire contributed, through the Director of the Indian Museum, Mr. J. Forbes Watson, a large and brilliant selection of the Cashmere shawls peculiar! to that country, with chuddahs, burnous, scarfs and cloaks; also silks, plain and ornamental, and cotton fabrics of many kinds from Dacca and Madras. The Chinese silks shown at the Exhibition were rich in material and beautiful, to the extreme of gorgeousness, in pattern. There were also plain cotton fabrics and calicoes from the Celestial empire. Japan presented a still larger array of cotton goods; and more than rivaled her continental neighbor in the display of silks. There were striped, checkered and figured silks, brocades, and, especially, crapes of all colors, plain and ornamented, the most exquisite of all being the white crape, of which there were many examples. The Philippine Islands, Spain's largest colony, were represented by many fabrics of cotton, abaca, sinamay, jusi, pineapple and guinaras; also by silk tapestry and numerous exhibits of silk handkerchiefs. Crossing eastward to our own hemisphere, we find many examples of cotton and woolen goods from the Argentine Republic and Brazil;-shawls, ponchos, napkins, table-cloths, counterpanes, hammocks and blankets. Brazil has reached a higher plane of these manufactures than her neighbor, contributing cassimeres, THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 433 cloths and linen goods, and one exhibit of woven silk. Mexico was represented by silk fabrics from the city of Puebla; by cassiineres from the city of Mexico and the State of Guanajuato; and by cotton goods, in considerable quantities, from Coahuila, Oaxaca, Puebla, the city of Mexico and Guadulajara. In the matter of tools and cutlery the respective displays of Great Britain, Canada and the United States were significant of that change in the tide of commerce which has recently induced some of the manufacturers of Sheffield to petition the English government for a protective tariff. That city was represented by only six makers, and the rest of Great Britain by only five more. The trans-Atlantic market has been almost abandoned by the English producers, and they evinced little desire to compete for mere honors. Of more than two hundred exhibits of hardware, tools and cutlery by American manufacturers, a large part belonged to the latter two classes. Canada, also, made a remarkably good showing, especially in tools. The quality of goods, in the case of our neighbors, as in our own case, was of the best. That we have also succeeded in supplying our own market in the lower grades was made evident by the very small display half a dozen exhibits-of Germany, which formerly supplied us with most of our cheaper goods in this line. Austria had one general exhibit illustrating the trade in that country. Sweden, Russia and France were all fairly represented. Spain showed some elaborate ornamental metal work in the way of locks and house-trimmings. The inventions and appliances contributed by the United States under the head of "general hardware and metallic products," were so numerous and so excellent that we can only say of them, here, that they were almost without competition, in either quantity or quality, on the part of any foreign country, or of all combined. The same is true of the wonderful American display of surgical and dental instruments, contributed by eighty-four makers. Our pre-eminence in the matter of dentistry, though almost universally admitted, was not entirely unchallenged; there were artificial teeth from Austria, Russia, Spain, Brazil and Mexico. The display of medicines, by the way, was very large from Turkey, the Argentine Republic, China and Japan. That from China was peculiarly interesting, being accompanied by descriptions in a special catalogue, giving the supposed virtues of each medicine, based, in most cases, upon popular superstitions resembling those of the Middle Ages in Europe. We cannot challenge the civilization of China, however, on this score, without also challenging that of our own immediate ancestors, on the same ground. Passing from the means of saving life to the means of destroying it, we find a large collection of small-arms, artillery and sporting weapons, contributed by the United States, Great Britain, Canada, 434 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden, Italy and Russia. Thirty-two American makers-aside from those represented in the Government Buildingentered the lists, chiefly with breech-loaders. Great Britain gave her attention more particularly to the demands of the sportsman; Russia and Germany to the exigencies of Wtar, the latter sending from the Krupp factory an immense breech-loading gun, weighing upwards of fifty-four tons without its carriage. Belgium displayed many admirably finished gun-barrels of the finest workmanship. France, from which country first came the metallic cartridges that have made the American breech-loaders so successful, exhibited a collection of these death-dealers ranging from the largest yet used in heavy ordnance down to the compass of the smallest gun-cap. In fire-proof and burglar-proof safes, the United States led the competition, with eight different makers, from Philadelphia, New York, Providence and Cincinnati; Great Britain, Canada and Sweden sent one exhibit each, and Norway two. Our own manufacturers have little to learn and much to impart in the art of constructing these valuable conservators of honesty. About seventy-five manufacturers of American stoves were represented. There were a few heating-appliances from Belgium and Norway, and Austria sent a stove of ornamented porcelain; but the United States knows no rival in this direction. The ingenious appliances, adjuncts and inventions for convenience and economy in warming houses and cooking food seemed to be illimitable, and the perfection of workmanship was in miany cases admirable. Of the vehicles exhibited, the greater number were from our own manufacturers, but many came from foreign countries. Of the latter, the most numerous were those of France and England. As between the work of. these two nations and our own, there is nothing to choose, except as a matter of taste. Each country has reached what seems to be perfection in the art; each supplies its own demand, and each exports carriages to foreign countries. The Italian street-cabs-a modification of the London "lhansom " —were curious and interesting. A number of bycycles came from England, where their use is still popular, and one " dog-powver" vehicle from France, in which the dogs are inclosed in the wheels, running like squirrels in a revolving cage. There were curious sleighs, also, from Norway and Russia. Canada and Australia joined us in the exhibition of "buggies." The large wheels so popular in this country have developed a skill in the combination of strength and airy lightness which astonished every foreign visitor at Philadelphia. We can hardly pause to consider the display of stationery, pasteboard, wallpaper and concomitant products, except to say that our own country held its own, in nearly every branch of the art, with Great Britain, France, Austria, THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 435 Sweden, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands. China and Japan sent their peculiar papers of pith, plantain and straw, some of it very beautiful. One contribution from Japan —"colored and ornamented paper for writing poetry"- reminded us that the Muses in that country insist upon respectful consideration in the way of stationery. In concluding our survey of the Main Building, we cannot do better than mention those life-sized figures in the departments of Sweden and Norway, which belonged to no special class of exhibits, but which have a prominent place in the memory of every visitor. They illustrated the domestic life of the common people-a marriage, a christening, a death scene, a hunting incident, etc.-in a more vivid manner than could be done by any other means. They were executed with as much truly artistic skill as the nature of the work demanded; and it would have added greatly to the interest of the Exhibition if each nation had taken as much trouble to give us similar pictures of its simple home life. AGRICULTURE. The reasons which make the interests of agriculture of overwhelming importance in this country, are the reasons why we need give less space to the consideration of the subject, here, than we have given to any of the three preceding departments of our International Exhibition. Our position in the agricultural world is unchallenged, however many rivals we may have, as Russia, Hungary, Brazil and Egypt; in the markets of Europe. Supplying our own demands for nearly everything to which our climate is adapted, we have a steady call for the surplus. With the exceptions of raw silk, already noticed, and of American wines, to which we shall give some attention, there were few or no exhibits of American agricultural products which illustrated new industries struggling against foreign competition, and therefore demanding our special consideration. A comparison of the products of our different states in their relations to each other would be exceedingly interesting, but it is utterly impossible to enter upon such a comparison within so small a space; we must content ourselves with considering, on other pages, the relations of Michigan to her sister states in her own peculiar products. We must in this place speak in only general terms of the American display, familiar, as it is, in most of its details, to every reader; and we can dwell upon such, only, of the foreign exhibits as may be particularly interesting. In giving the figures of the agricultural department we must again put the reader on his guard. The small number of exhibits accredited to the United States is due in great part to the 436 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. fact that states, cities, counties and firms sent collective exhibits representing, in some instances, hundreds of individual contributors each; while in the cases of many foreign countries, notably of Spain, Portugal and the Argentine Republic, every producer represents a separate unit in the list. It must be admitted, however, that our own country-perhaps because it felt its position assured-made an exhibition in the agricultural department entirely inadequate to its great and universally acknowledged resources. We include in the following table all the products of each country, whether exhibited in Agricultural Hall or in other buildings. But the table does not include the articles contributed by Canada and the United States, to the special exhibitions of fruits, vegetables, etc., held fromn time to time as the season advanced. United States. ______ 1,620 Spain and Colonies __.. 2,541 Egypt —------- 15 British Empire: Italy —---------------- 260 Orange Free State —---- 17 Great Britain -- 80 Switzerland ------------ 24 China.24 Canada —--- - 203 Sweden —------ 88 Japan --------------- 75 British Colonies. 43 Norway — 85 Hawaii..-....... 31 326 Belgium -____..- 38 Brazil —--------------- 572 France -...-. 255 Netherlands and Colonies, 80 Argentine Republic 643 Germany -------- 172 Portugal ------------- 1,908 Chili-.... 42 Austria.. —._. 99 Luxemburg. —.. 5 Peru ---------— 51 Russia 251 Turkey... — -- 483 Mexico ------- 99 Total number of exhibitors ----------------- ------------- 9,804 One of the most interesting features of the Exhibition was the vast display of woods from many countries and all climates. The forests of the far northern and the temperate latitudes were represented by our own country, Canada, France, Austria, Sweden, Norway and Russia. Fir timber from the high latitude of sixty-seven degrees was sent from Sweden; larch and cedar from many different parts of the Russian empire. Collections of woods were contributed by many of our own states Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Delaware, West Virginia, North Carolina and Oregon besides the special exhibits in the construction or contents of the state buildings, already noticed. The land department of the Central Pacific Railroad also sent many beautiful specimens, and individuals in all sections showed a similar interest. Portugal sent no less than ninety specimens of the cork tree and its product. There were many exhibits of timber, dye-woods, bark and cane from the Philippine Islands; from the forests of Haleakala, in Hawaii; with bamboo and other woods from Japan. All other countries, however, including our own, gave place to the two South American states, Brazil and the Argentine Republic, in the immense number of their exhibits in the department of ,-~p;- aB~ p-p =_ 37 1 CI~3 ~i d —I _;cU;. 5/ 1, —- —--~ —--L:~gta;s- = —r=- — —— — —~:a.c ~1: ---- t;L5 —-- iTi Ir II rr --— "c —--— i —----!P -_ —-- -_;II —-__l- - —--------—. —— " — —-- - —-c ---- — —-I —-— =-' r__::;= —-— = —— === —-===I= —===-— -= —z — ____1= —--------------- ----------- --- _ r. —--` —c= —---— = — —-= —-------— - _ — -~ - --- ------- r_7== —— ==_=__s —== —--- — — —----------------- --- - ------ -- ----- I 2 —-—. —3- - _-. —-— L=-. —-=r=- -— -- —- --------- ---------- ---- ---— c —— —— . ______________-:____ — L_._- —--- --— _=;= —; —z=-= —; —--— __= —- -__-====-=_==== —== —= — = —----- - - —--— - —------ -- ----- -------- -- --— —- —— --- ------------ _L —--. —--—. —--. -— LLCI -S-______L-. _~_C--C —. ;-== —-=====- —-====L ---— — —- --— —-- c --^-.. —-; — — C` _ —------ --- I — -- -_-L C1 ------ --- - — I —------- = -— - --I —-: —— 1 — — ~ —------- - - — — ----- -— e ~ -L- -- -- -— C —-— 5== —=___ I —-- _._ ——.1ZT_;_==-_.- ----- __ ------------ c -- ~ _ __ _ -- ---- - - —------ --- -- _ —----------- --—,_ - ssl —-=;_, —-=lr-._- --~- -- ---— z —--------- _.._ -_ —-1=-7 —— _=-= — ______ _ —-----------— —-- —--------- ------------:I:: - I — —- I — - —— - -= —— = — — —I- — :-II — I --- ---- -----— ----- — I - -- __.:T-I~-= —— s-,L —=5=__=,___ ------— - ---- - — — r_=_T===-_-7_- _-=-;.- —— . —--— :-l,-_-T_ — —--I-=;--r=--T;l__.lrr=rr==L —- _=-_I —;_ —— —-== —==== —— =====;=rT= —---— == —----— ===~== __ —_-_ —--- ----— C — II-===-= —-----— _I- —- —. -L —----— — _:T —r- —-— - --- - -------------— CL — - —---. —--.-= —II —— —-1==-1=L=r=LI---r121 —241 — —1111 —- _.____ —--_.- ____ —r=- _ ---- --_ —--- ---- -— —-— ------- ---- -- -- -- _ -— c-=== —--- --_______:_=____ —-----— — -- _ --------— ~ —--- ss, —;i-=.-z,--== —----— c —- ------ -='== —=I== —~====1- ---— _ LC —-L — -— —----; —--— , - ------- - —--— - —Z —— -S — --— ~ —--— =- —-- =T --— —- —r --- ------ -- - ------ --- ------— I —--- - -- --------- --- —--------—;- —------ ------— s —r _ :-=====L —-===c-- __ ___ _ —-—, _ _ _ --- ------------------------- - - -— c — ---------- -------- -= —- -- ------------— ------ r/ ------- - ----------- — == —= —— ===== —=s —c SZ- --— L- C -— _ - _ —-- _ _ — =-L-~r,-_=_lI_______ —— = — I -- - - - - CI_ - --— ___ ------ --— -;- - —— j--_ _ —-------------— c* —= —---------— —,~`= —— =E= —— —— ;;;"== —====== ---- ---- ----------- ---- -- ~ -- -- ----------------------— L- _ _-________ —-------------— —----- ~,;115 —-==_-= —- —---—'-=- — - - -- --— - — —--------— —z —-—;=L-==r —— cl-;- —-— =L —- --= —— —— ~ — —-- _ ------ — —-—; - - -—; —--- _LL —--—; —-C —---- —-- -------- -C - --'' ----------- - -- ---- --- --— —----'-; —-------— —-= —-=F; —-— ~ —— =I — ------- -, ------------- - --- -_I - I — a ------ --- --- L --— C —-;l -- I --------- -L —`\Q, —— _ —,, -- - --- -- ---— —---------- 438 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. arboriculture and forestry. The latter state sent thirty-two different collections of polished and unpolished woods, besides many separate specimens, together with roots for dyeing, tanning and chemical or medicinal practice. Almost as many came from Brazil, among them the eucalyptus, a wood which promises to be a rival of the pine, on account of its excellent quality and its rapid growth. Examples of this wood from Australia, also, attracted considerable attention; and it was shown, at a meeting to consider the subject of arboriculture, held in the Judges' Hall, that it can be profitably grown in California. It was a somewhat curious fact that the sugar industry of this country was inadequately represented, a few Northern States exhibiting grape, maple and beet sugar, but Louisiana and other Southern States barely making an appearance in this department. France, also, neglected to show us her beet-root sugar, although she produces over four hundred thousands of tons annually. Germany, too, produces upwards of three hundred thousands of tons each year, but her makers did not care to illustrate their success at our Exhibition. Brazil and Cuba, under the wing of Spain, took the lead in the magnitude of their exhibits. There was some sugar, also, from the Philippine Islands; and Russia, under official inspiration, sent numerous specimens of beet-root sugar. The latter country also challenged her greatest rival in the European grain market by the display of wheat from her immense central and southern fields. Norway and Sweden, smaller but by no means insignificant competitors, Denmark also, and the Netherlands, sent full assortments of wheat and other cereals. Little Portugal, negligent of her own aglicultural interests at home, except in the production of wines and olive oil, seemed determined to present herself to the world in the best possible light; there were 572 Portuguese exhibitors of grains, beans, peas, etc., our own Indian corn or maize being a prominent feature of their display. There were nearly as many Spanish exhibitors in this department. The huge offspring of Portugal, Brazil, sent many specimens; and the Argentine Republic headed the list of the more important grain countries with nearly a hundred exhibitors of wheat alone, besides as many more of other cereals. Turkey sent a general variety of the common cereals, and Egypt, also, from that fertile valley of the Nile, which has been yielding its rich harvests, year after year, for forty centuries-and for how many centuries longer, that history tells not of? There were a few specimens of grain from the Pacific OceanJapan, New Zealand and the Philippine Islands-and also from the Cape of Good Hope. Canada did not contribute according to her abundance, in this department, but she sent a number of exhibits. If we could here analyze the many collective exhibits of our own various states, we should unldoubtedly find THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 43 ) that the individual contributions were more numerous than those of any other country, as they ought, certainly, to have been; the quality and variety were quite equal, perhaps, to what the reputation of the country called for. Of the general agricultural products, natural and manufactured, we can only mention those from each country which were particularly striking, either on account of the immense quantity exhibited, their superior quality, or the fact that they are peculiar to the nations which sent them:- Great Britain, Stilton cheeses, condensed milk, with various compounds of coffee, chocolate and cocoa, extracts of meat, sauces and other delicacies; France, preserved meats, fruits and vegetables in abundance, sardines, of which that country still furnishes more than any other, from Nantes, Belle-ile-en-mner and Bordeaux; Switzerland, honey and chocolate; Belgium, chicory, mustard, chocolate; the Netherlands, cheeses, particularly the celebrated "Edam;" Denmark, canned butter, some of which had been exhibited at Vienna in 1873; Sweden, anchovies and herrings; Norway, the same, with many other kinds of preserved fish, salmon, lobsters, haddock, etc., frolm the extensive western and northern coast of that country; Italy, sumac leaves, almonds, pistachio and avellane nuts, olives, lemons, oranges, honey in great quantity, some of it made from orange-flowers, sausages from Bologna itself, with imitations from Modena and Cremona (shade of Paganini!) macaroni from Leghorn, Turin, Palermo and Naples; Spain, almonds in immense quantities and other nuts, lemons, oranges, pepper, coffee, anise-seed, saffron, sardines, cochineal from the Canary Islands, thirty-four exhibits of honey, olives, figs, prunes, Malaga and Muscatel raisins, chocolate without limit, sausages, butter and cheese from sheep, and three hundred specimens of olive oil; Portugal, most of the Spanish products named above, with nearly as much honey, and half as many exhibits of olive oil; Russia, mustard, hemp and poppy seed, linseed, extracts and fruit paste, chicory and hops; Brazil, indigo, resins, balsams, caoutchouc, cloves, honey, wax, oils of togo, copahiba and iroba, anaja, cajanut and cocoanut, medicinal plants in very large quantities, cocoa, chocolate, seven exhibits of tea, and seventy-eight of coffee; the Argentine Republic, olives, raisins, cocoa, chocolate and some coffee; Turkey, sumac, madder, olives, figs, prunes, dates, gums in variety, resin, honey, wax, dried apricots, cherries, apples and peaches, Muscat raisins, pistachio-nuts and almonds, sponges of the finest quality and of every size, from the Dardanelles and the island of Crete, and the oil-producing seed called "sesame," with the'name of which every reader of the Arabian Nights-who has not been?-is familiar; Philippine Islands, coffee, sponges, cocoanuts, cocoanut-oil, lambang oil and beneseed oil. 440 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The displays of teas by China and Japan, respectively, were curiously illustrative of the more rapid progress made by Japan, as a member of the community of nations. More than thirty individual Japanese merchants and producers sent teas in their o wn name, while all that was sent from China belonged to a general collection of teas contributed by the Imperial Maritime Customs. The same remark applies to nearly all agricultural, and to many of the other products, shown by the two nations. Tle teas from many districts of India illustrated a transplanted agricultural iltdustrv which has been acquiring greater and greater importance during recent years. The sale of Indian tea in the English market has now assumed large proportions, forming a distinct line of the trade, and the promise of the future grows better and better. Aside from the manufactured articles shown in the'Shoe and Leather Building," heretofore briefly noticed, most of the nations sent many specimens of leather, which wvere classified and exhibited among the agricultural products; the morocco of Turkey and her dependencies- or should we say her inclependencies? "-was particularly noticeable, and also the calf-skins and kids of France. The Argentine Republic contributed raw hides without number. Russia sent the furs of the sable, blue fox, etc., and Turkey seemed to exhaust the list of wild and domestic animals, offering the skins of cats, wolves, goats, sheep, foxes, buffaloes, deer, jackals, weasels, sables, otters, wildcats, ounces, beavers and martens. Various collections of stuffed animals illustrated the fauna more or less accurately of nearly every quarter of the globe. Our own collections, sent by many taxidermists and by state authorities, were very full and interesting, with a living president, so to speak, in the shape of "Old Abe," the famous war-eagle of the Eighth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers. The general animal and vegetable products of Canada consisted of butter, cheese, pork, canned meats and fruits, etc., and there were numerous exhibits of prepared fish-salmon, mackerel and lobsters. Of our ow:n miscellaneous exhibits, a mere general list would occupy more space than we can spare. The products most numerously and most extensively shown were canned and preserved fruits, pork in every possible shape and every variety of preparation, condiments, sauces, with other delicacies of the table, and starch. The latter product, as exhibited by. our two great factories at Oswego and Glen Cove, attracted as much deserved attention as anything in Agricultural Hall. Half a dozen other American firms exhibited this material. There were also some specimens from foreign countries; but the art of making starch has reached most nearly to perfection, and the manufacture of it has assumed the most enormous proportions, in this country. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 441 Ill no subdivision of the agricultural department was the truth of our statement, that the American display was inadequate to the demands of our reputation, more glaringly apparent than in that of raw cotton. Most of our cotton-growing' states were representedl-Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina,-but by very few\ exhibitors. Two firms, of Boston and Philadelphia, made a showing of the "cottons of the world," but there was no such general collection illustrative of our immense resources in this respect, as the importance of the subject called for. Nearly all the countries, on the other hand, vwhich are our present or prospective rivals in the markets of the world, show-ed such an interest as to convince us that they are thorougohly in earnest in the competition. Egypt sent one collection containing two thousland samples of cotton from tle Crops of the Iast eight years, with an account of the prices during that time in Engoland and in Egypt. Another great rival, India, sent specimens from many sections, showing the product in every stage of growth and manufacture. There were inearly forty private exhibits from Brazil, besides a general collection. Turkey contributed half as many samples, and Russia reminded us, by specimens of cotton from Turkestan, that Central Asia, with its enormous plains, may yet enter the market as a formidable competitor. The Philippine Islands and Japan also sent numerous samples of this staple. Of other fibres there was wool from Vermont, Oregon, Michigan, and other States, and some hemp and flax from West Virginia and New Jersey. There were small contributions of these materials froml Great Britain, Canada, Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The Argentine Republic contributed about fifty exhibits of wool alone, from the finest and the common breeds. Brazil, also Spain, Portugal, Turkey and the Cape Colony, were fairly represented. Russia, without very numerous exhibits, showed the fleece of many varieties of sheep-Rambouillet, Negretti, Metis, Tzigai, Merino, Spanish, etc. The countries sending the most interesting specimens of flax and hemp were Portugal, Spain, Turkey and India. Of the less familiar textile substances, there were the fibres of pineapple, rheed, aloe and other plants from India, with manilla hemp; the fibres of abaca, babaligo and cabo-negro, from the Philippine Islands; ramie and China grass, from Spain. If there were still any doubts about the eventual success of the silk culture in this country, with its almost infinite variety of climate and soil, they should be set at rest by the fact that raw silk was exhibited at iPhiladelphia by countries in nearly every corner of the earth India, Egypt, Australia, Brazil, France, the Argentine Republic, China, Japan, Russia, Portugal and'Turkey. The American display of tobacco was as full and variegated as the plroduction 442 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. of the country demanded; the tobacco-raising states were fairly represented; almong the manufacturing states, New York and Pennsylvania ranked high; Michigan was present, but made a very small showing in proportion to the extent of this industry within her limits. Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands contributed cigars and cigarettes made of that doubtful tobacco peculiar to central Europe, and particularly to the first named country. Russia sent a dozen or more specimens of her world-famous cigarettes. There were many samples of Turkish tobacco; the preponderance of snuff in the oriental exhibits gave proof that the habit common among the fine ladies of Europe a hundred and fifty years ago, but since almost discarded even by the opposite sex, has still its faithful votaries in some parts of the world. Of the great tobacco-producing countries, Brazil led the van with more exhibits than those of the United States; the Argentine Republic followed with nearly half as many. Of course Havana was supreme, as ever, in the quality of her tobacco. With the product of the Canary Islands, and the factories of Seville and Valencia, added to those of Cuba, Spain sustained her proper relations in the display of the weed. There was some tobacco also from Egypt, a little from China, Peru and Chili; and cigars from Japan. Less attention was paid to the exceedingly important subject of natural and artificial fertilizers than a thoughtful observer would have expected. The Americans, however, were not lacking in this respect, twenty or more firms and companies from eight different states, exhibiting superphosphates, guano and kindred substances. France came next, with half a dozen exhibits, followed by Sweden, Spain, Portugal and Russia; Norway contributed "fish guano," and the Argentine Republic fertilizers of dried blood. The government of Peru sent specimens of the guano deposits of Labos, Pabellon de Pica and Guanullas. We can imagine that British holders of Peruvian bonds examined these with special interest-the public debt of Peru being secured by her guano beds as collateral. With an abundant supply of good whisky and bad brandy, with considerably more rum and gin in the country than is needed to fill the prescriptions of our physicians, the contributions of strong liquors from foreign countries were objects of a merely curious interest. Cordials, liqueurs, brandies and other liquors came from France, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Russia and Brazil. There were a number of specimens of peculiarly nationlal drinks from various countries; a "punch"' from Norway and Sweden which has become in those countries a regular article of commelrce; Scheidanm gin (shnapps) from Holland; aguardente and laraginha, from Brazil; mistela and arrope, from Spain; sake, soy, punches '. VIH vIIT 7FIL DflOIL OH.......-D ~~:........._ ~- -- X- -- _. —.... — _.-:___ X _ _ _-_ _ —,':_ _ _ _ L E = = = _ \ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _< =._ 444 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. and sweet liquors from Japan. The Turks, supposed to be abstemious themselves, offered orange, rose, juniper and mulberry brandies to the rest of the world. Little Portugal presented more brandy than any other larger nation, and Spain excelled all others in the variety of liquors and cordials. Vermouth predominated in this class of exhibits from Italy; and absinthe, green and white, in those of Switzerland. It is in the matter of wine, however, that we Americans are chiefly interested in'a commercial way. There were some curious wines from Brazil, pao, caju and honey wines; muscat and samos wines from Turkey; Crimean and Kahhetian wines from Russia; mulberry wines from Japan. But the wine producers of this country come. into competition with those only of France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain and Portugal. The number of American makers sending specimiens of their productions was thirty, distributed as follows: New York, 6; New Jersey, 5; Pennsylvania, 2; Ohio, 3; Michigan, 2; Illinois, 1; Iowa, 1; Missouri, 2, and California, 8. The number of European wine-makers, including only those of the six countries mentioned, was nearly fifteen hundred! 1498. The wine-makers of Spain, being smaller proprietors than those of France and Germany, are naturally very very numerous, and they represented more than one-third of the immense number given above. The same is true of the Portuguese producers. If American wines were of an unquestionable quality, the acknowledged equals of the best European wines, there would still be immense odds for the industry in this country to contend. against. When we consider that the quality is still, as a general rule, inferior; that a knowledge of the art must be imported, and that the proper treatment of any particular soil must be a matter of experimental labor for many years, it is evident to an uninterested observer that the manufacture of wine in America is in its very early infancy. That its growth will be rapid there is every reason to hope, but we need not yet pride ourselves upon any ability to "compete " in this direction, with Europe. The display of agricultural implements and machinery was almost entirely confined to Canada and the United States. There were a few entries, each, from Great Britain, France (mostly for wine making), Germany, Sweden, Norway, Italy and Australia. Hardly more than this need be said. The plows, reapers, mowers, rakes, cutters, mills, etc., contributed -by Canada, did that country much credit. She alone, fairly offered us any competition in this respect, and according to the number of her exhibits (52) her competition was sharp and well Sustained. Nearly five hundred of the American exhibits in the agricultural department consisted of implements, special inventions, and machinery. To describe them in any detail would require all the pages of this THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 445 volume. There were also many American implements and garden accessories in the Horticultural Hall. As for the rest of the display within the latter hall, there was nothing very impressive to the visitor. The warm conservatories on each side were sparsely filled with plants partially in bloom, during most of the season. There were many specimens of tropical plants sent by American owners in the body of the Hall, with numerous collections of ferns. The most interesting exhibit in the horticultural department, that of rhododendrons and azeleas in the large iron-and-canvas tent near the Hall, has already been mentioned. The display of these flowers in their season was immense. There were also flowers and plants, ferns, etc., from other parts of England, France, Austria, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Hawaii, the Argentine Republic, Spain and the Philippine Islands. EDUCATION AND SCIENCE. Never before has there been such an array of books, material, apparatus, pupils' work, etc., pertaining to popular education, from many nations, as was exhibited in Philadelphia last season. Of the twenty-one countries contributing to the department of Education and Science, each sent something to show its interest in the culture of the people. But the foreign nations which showed most interest in this division of the department were Sweden, Russia, Switzerland, Brazil and Japan. We have mentioned the Swedish School-house, erected and furnished with all the appliances of a primary school by the Royal Commission. Besides this, there were many other exhibits of text-books, methods and pupils'> work. The boards of education of nine Swiss cantons contributed statistics, reports, copies of the school laws, etc. Many separate schools, asylums and individual teachers or publishers were also represented. The educational appliances of Russia, including many ethnological, zoological and botanical models, attracted the admiration and aroused the enthusiasm of all visitors. Brazil, like Russia, astonished us by the interest shown in this direction. But most remarkable of all were the evidences of the new and sudden growth of the popular school system in Japan. The exhibits were immense in number, including full descriptions of the systems now employed, statistic's of the Japanese educational department, furniture, text-books, apparatus of every kind, engravings and models, with accounts of the ancient methods of education. The kingdom of Hawaii enjoys the proud distinction of having a smaller percentage of people who cannot read and write in its rising generation than any other nation. Her educational exhibits were very 57 446 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. few, however. There were a few school-books from Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and France, the city of Paris sending statistics, also, reports and pupils' work. The Educational Department of the province of Ontario and a dozen institutions in Quebec furnished a full variety of educational exhibits from the Dominion of Canada. About seventeen of our thirty-eight states presented themselves-Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Tennessee, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine. These states made as fair a showing as all could have made, though it might have been more impressive to foreign visitors if the entire country had been fully represented. Pennsylvania, only, had a special educational building. Most of the other states had places in the galleries of the Main Building. From time to time during the season meetings were held to consider the subject of popular education. Gentlemen from Sweden, Germany, England, Russia, Japan, Hawaii, Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Canada and other countries addressed the meetings; and the American listener was surprised to note the universal interest now taken in the subject. There is hardly a civilized nation on the globe that has not turned its attention to the general education of its own people. It became evident that we have as much to learn from others as they from us; that nearly all nations are now friendly competitors for special honors in this field. In the display of publications pertaining to the higher education, and to the various sciences and arts, with all other kinds of books, France, perhaps, led the way, not in the number of her exhibitors, but in the beauty of the work and the numbers of volumes contributed by a few publishers. Spain sent an immense array of works on every imaginable subject, those on natural and social sciences predominating; there were 380 Spanish exhibitors. Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Portugal and Italy vied with each other in swelling the list. The printing, engraving and maps shown by England were admirable. The "Graphic" and "Illustrated News," of London, both exhibited the processes of producing an illustrated paper. The press of the former paper, in the Main Building, with its curious gas-engine, nearly always in motion, was a center of constant attention. Our own publishing firms asseambled in great force, along with the various denominational publishing companies. Except in the matter of very fine engraving, and nlot always making even this exception, our productions bore favorable comparison with the best of European work. There were newspapers and periodicals, in bound volumes, from most of the European nations, including Spain, Sweden, Portugal and Turkey, and also from Brazil, Chili, Hawaii and Japan. THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 447 American archeology received great attention from some of our own states, there being about fifty exhibits from Ohio, Michigan, Missouri and Pennsylvania, of stone, flint and metal implements of the Mound Builders, besides enormous collections of these relics in the Government Building. Peru contributed numerous antiquities of the Incas and their predecessors. Numerous learned societies of Europe, notably those of Switzerland and the Netherlands, sent the record of their observations in this and other fields of scientific research. The application of mechanlism to the demands of science, in the way of mathematical, engineering, philosophical and astronomical instruments, was illustrated by many examples, from nearly all countries. For accuracy and ingenuity it would be difficult to distinguish between the scientific mechanisms of the United States and those of the western nations of Europe. France, perhaps, took the lead ill some respects, exhibiting many valuable optical and electrical instruments. England, however, made a special display of microscopes and other optical apparatus; also Austria and Italy.. Sweden erected a special building for her meteorological appliances, and sent a number of inventionls for deep-sea sounding. The American exhibits in this department included appliances used in nearly every branch of science. Clocks and watches were included by the commissioners in the department of science. The opinion of the Swiss commissioner, expressed in a public address delivered in Switzerland, after his return, gives as fair an idea of the relative importance of our own and the foreign watch-making industries as we can lay before the reader. He said that the American machine-made watch reached a standard of excellence far above the Swiss watch of the same grade and the same price; that the American imakers had already secured a foothold in the home market which threatened the entire trade of Switzerland on the western side of the Atlantic; that they also promised to become successful rivals in the markets of Europe; that the danger to the Swiss industry, heretofore ignored, was imminent and momentous. As to the very highest grades of intricate watches, matters of special luxury rather than of commerce, Switzerland still holds her unchallenged superiority. The display of fine Swiss watches at the Exhibition was a source of wonder and delight among the visitors; but the practical eye of the commissioner saw that the American watch, strong, accurate, well-made and inexpensive, promised to assume a more important position in general commerce. The scales of all kinds, from those for weighing railway-cars to those used by chemists and other learned enquirers, were classified under the head of science. The American makers assumed a pre-eminence at the Exhibition in this department which fairly illustrates their position in the world at large. There were a few 448 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. exhibits, also, from France, Belgium, Norway and Mexico. Musical instruments, wind, reed and string, were exhibited by nearly every country. In the most important of all our own nation took a decided lead. France sent nine exhibits of pianos, but the oe great name which our own leading names have been heretofore pitted against, Erard, was absent. In the small English list of three makers Broadwood did not appear. Nine German makers exhibited pianos, two Brazilian, six Canadian, and there was one. exhibit each from Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and Italy. Forty-four American piano-makers entered the lists. Half as many sent organs; and there were about a dozen organs from foreign countries. Without joining in the fierce warfare which is continually carried on between the great piano companies of America, it is enough to say that the best of them are unrivaled, except by two or three, in all Europe, and that the rest fully hold their own against the general makers of other countries. The following table shows the relative numbers of contributions from twenty-one countries in the department of Education and Science: United States ---- 425 Russia -------- 68 Portugal 63 British Empire: Spain and Colonies 497 Turkey ----------—.- 29 Great Britain _ 63 Italy-.. —--- -------- 42 China --------------- 2 Canada 96 Switzerland —---------- 259 Japan —-- ---- 23 British Colonies 27-186 Sweden -- -- 76 Hawaii.13 France —-------------- 182 Norway —------------- 23 Brazil --------- 64 Germany -223 Belgium ---------—.. 69 Argentine Republic - - 18 Austria ---------------- 97 Netherlands and Colonies, 63 Mexico ----- --------- 90 Total number of exhibitors --------------------- 2,513 THE FINE ARTS. While there were many valuable pictures and some excellent sculpture in Memorial Hall and its annex, the average of merit was very low. With a few exceptions, the great living artists of Europe made no appearance; even the special interest and care evinced by Great Britain could not raise this average very high, however fine the display in the British sections themselves; and there is not, as yet, so much artistic talent in this country that the numerous home productions could advance the general standard of mediocrity. Two reasons account for the lack, of interest among the best European artists. They have discovered that these world's fairs add little to their reputation, and quite as little to their incomes; the sales of pictures at the Vienna exhibition, in particular, were very small in proportion to the results anticipated. I _ _ __ _ _J_ —_ _ _ _ —- -__L- — _-_-_ _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -MEMORIAL ALL AND ART GALLERY. 450 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. In the second place, there is a general idea in Europe that our people are not appreciative of the best art-work. This view is justified, perhaps, by the purchases of many American rich men, who have more money than taste. The impression is a traditional one, derived from our early days, and whether correct or not at the present time, it will be many years yet before it disappears. One thing is certain-the crowds of visitors at the Exhibition spent more time in the art galleries than in any other buildings, and the greatest interest was shown by the people in the best pictures. Every constant observer noticed this with pleasure and pride. The same was true of the sculpture. The Italian domestic marbles were excellent of their kind, and attracted great attention; the sculptures belonging to a higher plane of art, ideal conceptions, were very bad of their kind, with only here and there a good one, and they were properly passed by with little notice. The British commissioners had taken great care that good artists only should secure places in their collection, and many works of the old English masters were exhibited. A small collection of water-colors, in which British artists lead the world, was also very interesting. The most valuable pictures exhibited were in the Spanish collection:-the works of numierous old masters, notably of Murillo, Rivera and Valasquez, contributed by the museum of Madrid, the most magnificent gallery in the world. With innumerable pictures of little merit, the French sent some which were admirable, all by modern, and mostly by living artists. One grand but horrible work, by Georges Becker, "Rizpah protecting the bodies of her sons from birds of prey," will be remembered as long, perhaps, by every visitor as any picture in Memorial Hall. The Gobelin tapestries, from Paris, showed a perfection of art beyond anything dreamed of by those who had never seen these productions in Europe. In the French department of the Main Building there were numerous tapestries, made by firms who offer them for general sale. The Gobelin works belong to the government of France, and their product is never in the market, except through the accidental necessities of the owners to whom they have been presented or have descended by inheritance. Of the paintings sent by German artists, those were most interesting which illustrated domestic life; the military tendency of German art has done nothing to raise its standard. The brilliant picture of Hans Makart, of Vienna, "Venice paying homage to Catterina Cornaro," was the special attraction of the Austrian gallery; there were a few other excellent pictures, but the greater number were of inferior merit. Among the immense collections of small pictures from Belgium and the Netherlands there were many gems, though one was obliged to pick them out from many more that were not gems. Sweden and Norway THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 451 sent some fine illustrations of northern scenery and a few quaint pictures of domestic life. The glories of the Italian collection, aside from the pretty domestic marbles, were the Florentine mosaics, rich, elaborate and beautiful, and the Castellani collection of antiquities-marbles, bronzes, etc. This remarkable collection covers a range of time from the early Etruscans, predecessors of Roman civilization, to the later Middle Ages. The paintings of Brazil, Canada and Mexico were interesting as showing the present condition of art in those countries. That of Mexico gives considerable promise, although, like that of Spain, it is trammeled by too strong religious tendencies in the choice of subject. Russia contributed some of the most interesting and a few of the most excellent paintings exhibited. Only a few really good pieces of sculpture by American artists were to be seen in the galleries, though there were more than a hundred specimens. Among our eight hundred paintings in oil and water, showing an average of merit lower than that shown by any European country, except, possibly, Italy, there were many, nevertheless, that were very beautiful. A number of American artists who have studied in the best schools of art abroad, now hold places in the upper ranks, and a few of those at home, with less advantages for study, stand equally high. In the matter of landscape painting much American work compares favorably with the best of foreign work. The collection at Philadelphia showed a marked tendency in our art towards the higher plane of figure and historical painting. The American water-colors were, in many cases, admirable; and we have a fair prospect of standing second to England, if not at her side, in this line of painting. Until, however, American artists, as a class, are willing and eager to pass long years in the most arduous study and constant practice, as those of Europe do, before attempting to produce pictures for public exhibition and sale, our native work cannot claim a high position in the world of art. Including all classes of works belonging to thle Department of the Fine Arts, the figures are as followvs: United States ---------- 1,909 Austria 177 Denmark -17 British Empire: Russia -90 China ----------------- 9 Great Britain 354 Spain —--------------- 294 Japan ----------- - 50 Canada --------— 187 Italy —---------------- 537 Hawaii- 9 British Colonies 8 Sweden -------------— 147 Brazil 29 549 Norway -58 Argentine Republic 42 France 519 Belgium- 291 Mexico 41 Germany 217 Netherlands- 172 Total number of exhibitors ----------- - ---- - 5,157 In the department of Fine Arts were exhibited, also, ndany engravings, architectural drawings and designs for internal decorations-the best of the latter 452 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. two classes comning from English, and the greatest number fromll American, contributors. The most interesting photographs came from the Royal Belgian Society of Photogriaphy, and illustrated the weird productions of the Belgian painter Wiertz. Nearly three hundred exhibitors appeared in the Photographic Building, near Memiorial Hall; about one-half of these were from foreign countries. With admirable specimens from many nations, our own photographers held their vown in the use of the camera and its attendant chemicals. THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING AND THE WOMAN'S PAVILION. Having considered, in more or less detail, according to the space at our command and the relative importance of the various subjects, nearly all the departments under which the articles exhibited at the great fair were classified, the twvo buildings here named deserve a special paragraph, as features peculiar to the Exhibition. The United States government has received great praise, abroad and at home, for its admirable display of matters in which a government is specially interested. The Ordnance, Naval, Military, Meteorological and Engineering departments were represented by arms, machinery and scientific apparatus. Machinery for producing cartridges and small-arms was in constant operation, in sight of the visitors, during the entire six mlonths. In one corner of the building a model post-office was established for the conlvenience of exhibitors, officers and strangers. The Patent Office Department sent thousands of the mechanical models which are making the building at Washington, under our system of patent laws, one of the most valuable museums in the world. There were cabinets of birds, animals and fishes; ethnological collections, illustrating the habits and dress of aboriginal Americans, and the antiquarian relics before referred to. Outside of the prinucipal building, besides the hospital, lighthouse, fog-signal and transit of Venus buildings, there were wagons, ambulances and pontoon bridges; postal-cars used for the fast mail trains; and a field-telegraph train, with a portable wrought-iron signal-tower, seventyfive feet in height. The Women's Pavilion, though a disappointment to those who hoped for an appropriate illustration of the real work which self-sustaining women are now doing in this and all other countries, collntained a pretty display of embroideries, carving, painting, decoration and other fancy work, executed by women in the United States, Great Britain, Canada, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Italy and BBrazil. The embroidery contributed by the Royal School of Art Needle-work, of London, was admirable bold in design and of careful execution. Some of * 1 ->aZ^7~~~w^DME]^^sI^AYILTTO^^ I~g!^'.[K 454 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. the English princesses contributed to this work, and Queen Victoria sent specimens of her own drawing and etching. There were a few exhibits of useful labor in the way of looms, a printing-press in operation, and some inventions, most of them pertaining to household matters or the female costume. The names of two women were the special glory of the Women's Pavilion Mrs. Hannah B. Mountain and Mrs. Coston. The former was the inventor of a life-saving mattress, accepted by some of the United States inspectors as a substitute, in sufficient quantities, for life-boats. The system of pyrotechnic signals perfected by the latter is now in general use by the United States navy, the coast guard service and by the yachting and mercantile marine. A weekly paper, "The New Century," was edited, printed and published in this building during the Exhibition. That which will be longest remembered by the greatest number of visitors to the Women's Pavilion was the "butter head," by Mrs. Brooks-a "Sleeping lolanthe -a combination of domestic art and the fine arts, which was saved from being a mere curiosity by being prettily designed and well executed. RECAPITULATION. The relative numbers of American and foreign exhibitors in each of the six great departments, and in all of them together, may be seen in the following table: Mining Education acinery. Manufac- Agiiculture, The I and Machinery., and F, Total. tures. Etc. and Fine Arts. Metallurgy. Science. I_ 1 --...:.. United States ---------------- 608 1,178 2,368 1,620 425 1,909 8,108 Twenty-eight foreign nations___ 1,460 673 7,728 8,184 2,088 3,248 23,381 Total --— __ — ---— _ - 2,068 1,851 10,096 9,804 2,513 5,157 31,489 The British empire sent 3,829 exhibitors-nearly half as many as our own country. If we consider the United States and the British empire together, we find the English-speaking races represented by 11,937 exhibitors, against 19,552 from people of all other races and nationalities. ADMISSIONS AND RECEIPTS. The Exhibition was open to the public one hundred and fifty- nine days, from May tenth to November tenth, inclusive. During the first two months there was renewed discussion in the journals, and within the Commission itself, as to the THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 455 propriety of opening it on Sundays; but the final decision was adverse, and the Sabbath was a day of rest to exhibitors, attendants and officers. The total number of admissions for money was 8,004,274.*' The number of free admissions was 1,906,692. There were about 12,000 persons, officers, clerks, policemen, firemen, workmen, waiters, other servants, exhibitors and their assistants, whose presence was indispensable to the conduct and care of the great Exhibition. These, with the correspondents of foreign and American newspapers and the local reporters of Philadelphia, were provided with special passes. The total number of admissions, free and for money, was 9,910,966. The daily average of admissions for money was 50,341; average of admissions all told, 62,333. The price of admission, fifty cents for adults and twenty-five cents for children, was reduced, on a number of successive Saturdays, to the latter price for all. There were a number of "state days," on which special exercises were held by state officers, the governors sometimes delivering addresses, and in other cases prominent men appointed by the governors. On'"Pennsylvania day" the aggregate attendance, 274,915, was greater by more than one hundred thousand than the highest attendance in one day ever known in any other exhibition-that at Paris, October 27, 1867 —173,923. On no less than twenty days the attendance reached more than one hundred thousand; on the nineteenth of October and on the ninth of November it again exceeded the highest attendance in any previous fair-176,407 and 188,755 respectively. In these figures are included the number of admissions to the special exhibitions of animals, held from time to time in grounds and buildings, not heretofore considered, situated about a quarter of a mile from the main grounds, on Belmont avenue. The visitors to this collateral branch of the great fair form, however, but an insignificant fraction of the general aggregate, and it must be admitted that nearly all the special displays of the entire season, in these grounds or within the main enclosure, were unworthy of the Exhibition and of the country. The showing of dogs was a very good one, there being four or five hundred exhibits and a considerable variety. The display of apples, etc., in the Fruit Building was interesting, and attracted considerable attention; but if we subtract the magnificent exhibition of Michigan apples, to be considered hereafter in -its proper place, there was little even in this special exhibit to call for attention. The other "stated displays," ranging from May sixteenth to November first, are hardly worthy of a line each in a general review like the * These and the following figures are from the official report, published by thle commissioners soon after the close of the Exhibition. They may differ slightly from those which will be given in the final report, prepared more carefully, to be presented to Congress. But the variation, if any, will be merely nomlinal. 456 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. present. How little interest the public in general took (and it is a curious fact, in a great agricultural country like this), may be understood by a glance at the figures. The attendance, for instance, in the special grounds devoted to the display of live stock was 6,266 on September twenty-eighth, when the entire attendance was 274,915; on September thirtieth the figures stand at 1,629 against 116,467; October eighteenth, 1,097-138,874. It was long a problem how the railroads in and around Philadelphia could move such immense masses of people as were expected to visit the Exhibition. They certainly did it; but the problem is as much unsolved to-day, except among the few "railroad men" who may understand the mystery, as it was before the fair was opened. There were crowded street cars; the passenger coaches of the steam lines in Philadelphia and out of the city were packed to the verge of chaos; there was more or less discomfort and growling; but one great fact towers above all minor considerations-these ilmmense masses of people were actually moved, and with hardly a serious accident-whole cities of people transported day after day for two months-a city larger than Detroit on the eighteenth of October-another half again as large on the next clday-a metropolis twice as large as that of Michigan on Pennsylvania day! There is nothing in history to compare with this triumph of American railway energy, except the rapid movement of troops by Germany dcluring the war of 1870-71, and that was under the rigid control of a government enforcing the most stringent military regulations. One of the most impressive sights of the Centennial Exhibition was the array of locomotives and coaches swinging around a huge circle near the main entrance, bringing and carrying away crowds of visitors from east, west, north and south. On the opposite side of the grounds, and in all parts of the great city, other roads presented the same spectacle. There is probably no point in any country, and none other in this country, to and from which so many millions of human beings, in addition to the ordinariy travelers provided for by the railways, could have been carried, without such confusion that serious accidents would have repeatedly occurred. There are no means of ascertaining the number of visitors, respectively, from the various sections of the country, but every section seemed to be fairly represented, according to its distance from Philadelphia and the distribution of wealth within its limits. One met every variety of citizen, from the West, the Southern states, New York, New Jersey, the New England states and Pennsylvania. The differences, slight to the keenest of foreign observers, were prominent and well-defined to an American'; but it would require many pages and the pen of a native Dickens or Thackeray to point THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 457 them out. The number of foreign visitors was not as large as had been looked for, the terrors of an ocean voyage being insurmountable to the people of Europe, except in the cases of enthusiastic travelers, and of men whose business makes traveling necessary. There were numerous English visitors, however, and some German, the latter being mostly men who took a scientific interest in the Exhibition. The various foreign commissioners and their assistants, the foreign exhibitors, and the speculators from oriental countries, gave a cosmopolitan air to the throngs which filled the grounds. One constantly heard strange languages, and saw the flowing cloaks of Arabs, Greeks, Turks and Tunisians, the rich silken gowns of Chinese officials, or the dark-colored frocks, marked with curious white figures, of the Japanese workmen. There were Spanish soldiers, and a few of other nationalities, attendants of the respective commissioners. The motley crowd was peaceable, quiet and good-natured. The seven or eight hundred policemen in charge had but little, on the whole, to do, and what they were obliged to do officially they did promptly; there being a court on the grounds for trial of petty offenses, and for the preliminary hearing of more. serious charges. The comfort of the visitors was as well provided for as possible, perhaps. There were seats in the shadows of Lansdowne valley, where a band of music performed, every pleasant afternoon; there was usually music, also, in front of Machinery Hall, besides special concerts in the center of the Main Building, and performances on the great organs at all hours of the day. The "rolling-chairs" enabled the weaker visitors, as well as many who were not weak, to see the Exhibition without that inevitable fatigue which even the strongest felt without their use. These conveniences proved a failure, for some reason, at the last Paris exhibition, and they were not to be found at Vienna; but the enterprise was here successful. The total amount of money received at the gates was $3,813,724; the amount received for the various special privileges, percentages, royalties, etc., was $495,010; total receipts, May tenth to November tenth, inclusive, $4,308,734. The average daily receipts for admissions were, th.erefore, $23,985; the daily total receipts, $27,098. To the above total aggregate must be added about $1(,000 for admissions at fifty cents during the week following the formal closing of the Exhibition, and also about $350,000 for the sale of buildings at auction, on the thirtieth of November.* The entire receipts, therefore, from all sources, may be set down at somewhat more than four millions and a half dollars-about $4,650,000.'* The exact figures for these latter two items are not before us. 458 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. THE AWARD OF MEDALS. The method of distributingc awards was radically different from that adopted at any previous exhibition. There was but one grade of medal; all distinctions in degree of merit being expressed by the writtenl opinions of the judges by whom the medals were awarded. Unlder the plan adopted no medal was awarded without such an opinion, giving the particular reasons why the object was consideled worthy of it, and signed by a majority of the group of judges assigned to the class to which the object belonged. The arduous labor involved in the task thus thrown upon the judges was assumeid by a body of gentlemen, one-half of \whom were citizens of the United States, and one-half of foreign FAC-SIMIILE OF CENTIENNIAL MEDAL. countries. The foreign mlembers were appointed by the commlissioners, respectively, of the various nations. The number originally named was two hundred; but this number was found insufficient, and fifty more were appointed after the first meeting of the body. There were about twelve thousand medals distributed, in all, amolng the thirlty-one thousand exhibitors. Volumes containing the opinions will be published by the commissioners, and will undoubtedly be of much value; but it is evident that the medals in themselves are of little value to any one, even to those who have received them, on account of their great number. Some of the general facts connected with their distribution, showing the relative position of our own country, will be interesting to our readers. In the department of chemical products, commercial and scientific, we received about 150 medals in a total of about 800. Our share of about 750 medals awarded for ores of all kinds, crude metals, heavy forgings, rails, building and other stone, gems, clays, etc., was upwards of 390. In the department THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 459 of ceramics, pottery, glass, etc., the American awardls numbered about 100, but were almost entirely confined to the useful rather than ornamental classes; foreign countries received about 200 medals, a large part of them, particularly those of France, Great Britain, Germany and Austria being given for purely artistic work. More than half of nearly 350 medals awarded for furniture and other household accessories came to America; about 30 in 150 of those awarded for silverware and jewelry; nearly 100 of 275 for paper and other stationery. Of 450 awards for cotton and cotton goods, we received about 100.; in woolens and silks the proportion stood at 140 to 620; in hardware, cutlery, surgical instruments, weapons, etc., 230 to 475; in leather, skins, boots and shoes, etc., 155 to 250; in forestry and arboriculture, timber, worked lulber, dye-woods, etc., 25 to 125; in general animal and vegetable products, tobacco, flour, the cereals and manufactured food, about 250 to 3,000. Our wine-makers received a much larger proportion of medals than those of foreign countries, but the figures give us but 27 in a total of 925. France received 45 medals for wine; Germany, 99; Italy, 136; Spain, 140, and Portugal, 385. Of 32 awards for pianos, 18 came to American makers; 7 went to those of Germany; 2 to Russian makers; and one each to France, Switzerland, Norway, Canada and England. Switzerland received 32 out of 55 medals for watches; England, 10; France, 5; the Netherlands, 2; Germany, 1, and the United States, 5. The small number given to this country, in spite of the alarm of the Swiss commissioner, is accounted for by the fact that American watches are chiefly made by a few great factories. For instruments of precision, including watches, pianos and scientific or mathematical instruments, we received about 150 medals in a total of between four and five hundred; of nearly 700 awarded for educational exhibits, books, etc., the Americans secured about 170. In the fine arts we earned about one-fifth of the entire 600; the greater number of these were for the semi-mechanical arts, such as photography, etc., rather than for painting or sculpture. The greatest American triumph was in the department of machinery, in the distribution of awards as in the exhibition of articles. One th/1,0satd nmeccdals were awarded to American makers and inventors, against less than folur /haltndledl to those of all other nations. We cannot conclude this chapter in more fitting words, perhaps, than by quoting those of M. Simonin, the French commissioner, who has used language, in his report to his own government, which no American could use without being charged with undue readiness to extol the merits of his own country. In reading these words, however, we must not forget that the greatest benefit of the Exhibition to ourselves has been the education of the American people 460 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. in a much-needed direction-due respect for other countries, and for the great industrial progress all other civilized nations are making, in common with ourselves. M. Simonin says: "The Exposition shows the foreigner that America can clothe Europe, and can feed her; she has her own coal-can smelt her own iron, steel and copper; she is wresting their methods and secrets from European workmen in jewelry, gold, silver and bronze work, luxurious furniture and clothing. In a word, she can do without Europe, and threatens her in all her markets, even China, Japan and South America." STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 461 PART V. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. I.-UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS AND THE STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD. SOON after the act of Congress providing for the appointment of the Centennial Commission, the Hon. H. P. Baldwin, then Governor of Michigan, received from the State Department at Washington notice of the fact, and of his expected action under it, in pursuance of which Governor Baldwin appointed Hon. James Birney, of Bay City, as commissioner, and Hon. Claudius B. Grant, then of Ann Arbor, but now of Houghton, as alternate commissioner. Mr. Birney attended the organization of the Commission, and soon thereafter issued an elaborate address to the people of the State, explaining the design and object of the enterprise, and asking their aid and co-operation. Mr. Birney also gave an address before the members of the Legislature, at the State capitol, in the winter of 1875, which served to further awaken an interest in the subject. Efforts made to secure fuller details of Commissioner Birney's work, for this volume, have been unsuccessful. Mr. Birney was appointed minister of the United States at the Hague, in the latter part of the year 1875, and Hon. Victory P. Collier, of Battle Creek, was appointed by Governor Bagley to fill the vacancy thus caused in the commissionership. In the summer of 1875, an address, in the form of an appeal to the people of the State, was issued, designed to aid the subscriptions to the Centennial fund. So much of the address is given as will show the ground covered by it: To the People of the State of Michigan: FELLOW-CITIZENS -We who herewith sign this paper feel impelled by a sense of duty toward the entire Union, our obligations to it, our State reputation, and interest as a State, to address you upon the important anniversary we are called upon to celebrate in 1876, to wit: the Centennial, or the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Declaration of our' National Independence. 59 462 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. We do not forget that two hundred years ago a small settlement was made in our State, on the spot where the beautiful city of Detroit now stands, and that our beginning has passed its two hundredth anniversary; but our growth was slow, and it was not until sixty years had passed after the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, that we became a sovereign State, and added our star to the galaxy of the Union. Forty years will have passed over us as a State when the Centennial anniversary of our nation's birth will call us to join our sister states in its celebration. Proudly can we take our place in that assembly. But four-tenths of the century in existence, we can return a population over one-third that of the old thirteen states, when for us and all mankind they declared for freedom and self-government. We have reaped the result of their Declaration and subsequent defense of it; it is, therefore, but fitting, proper and right we should exhibit our productions of soil, mine and manufacture, side by side with our sister states, for the inspection of the world. In doing this, our pride as citizens would not permit us to accept the shelter and machine power proffered free for that Exhibition, without lending our proportion toward the cost of preparing the necessary buildings and machinery. * * * * * * * * [The address gives a resunme of the project of the Exhibition, which is fully covered by the first chapter of Part IV of this volume, and which, with other unessential and obsolete portions, is omitted here.] As citizens of Michigan, we should also be influenced by a proper regard to the interests and duty of this State as a constituent member of the Republic. If higher motives were wanting, the opportunity thus afforded for making conspicuous before the whole country and the world the extent and superiority of our natural advantages, should of itself be a sufficient inducement. But citizens of Michigan cannot forget the patriotic duty they owe to the nation, whose birth and grand achievements they are asked to unite in commemorating in the year 1876. The late Legislature, by its act appropriating $7,500, to be used by a' commission of the Governor's appointment, has at once manifested its sympathy, and openly committed the State of Michigan to a fitting participation in the great event. It but remains for the people to redeem this pledge by a splendid exhibition of the products of our industry, and by such subscriptions of stock in aid of the national fund as they ought to make, and as shall be worthy of 1,240,000 of patriotic and intelligent people, occupying the best portion of the American continent. The International Exhibition is now an established fact, sufficiently advanced and provided for to put up the buildings. The whole United States is committed to it, and its complete success or failure will fall on each state alike. To make it a perfect success, this $3,500,000 subscription must be provided for at once by the states outside of Pennsylvania. Most of it must be expended before next winter. If the people will thus back the labors of "their Commission"- and "the Board of Finance," there will be a success worthy the occasion and the nation. * * * In conclusion,, we advise each and all of our citizens that canvassers for stock subscriptions will soon be sent amongst you, and we ask for them your kind attention, and such subscriptions as you feel you can make, remembering it is not a donation, but an investment, with a certainty of return. An act of Congress provides that medals for the Exposition shall be struck at the United States mint, and their duplication or counterfeiting prohibited, the same as United States coin; these medals to be sold for the benefit of the Exhibition. Messrs. M. S. Smith & Co., jewelers, of Detroit, have been appointed agents for the sale of medals in Michigan. The headquarters of the Centennial Board of Finance and Bureau of Revenue for the State MIichigan have been established at the Russell House, Detroit, where General H. S. Lansing, general agent of the Centennial Board of Finance, will be found ready to receive subscriptions, STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 463 issue stock, appoint canvassers, and give any information needed in regard to the past or present condition of the Exhibition, its future prospects, mode and form of application for exhibition, space, etc. All interested are invited to call. (Signed) JOHN J. BAGLEY, Governor. JAMES BIRNEY, U. S. Centennial Commissioner. CLAUDIUS B. GRANT, Alternate U. S. Centennial Commissioner. THE STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD. Governor Bagley, in his message to the Legislature, session of 1875, called attention to the subject of the proposed Exhibition, and the following act, which is referred to in the foregoing address, was passed: An Act to provide for paying the expenses of the supervision of the products of soil and mine, works of art, and manufactured articles, as the citizens of Michigan may send to the Centennial Exhibition, to be held in Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, during the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. SECTION 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That the Governor is hereby authorized to appoint a board of managers, consisting of four persons, representing the agricultural, pomological, mining and manufacturing interests of the State, whose duty it shall be to supervise the forwarding to the place of the Centennial Exhibition, in Philadelphia, to be held between the months of April and October, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six, all such articles, whether of art, or the products of the soil and mine, or of manufactures, that any of the citizens of Michigan may desire to send to such Exhibition, and shall provide storage for them at the place of shipment, and make such arrangements for freight and conveyance as shall best serve the interests of the owners of said articles: Provided, that the cost of transportation shall be paid by the owners of said articles. SEC. 2. The members of said board of managers shall be entitled, for their services, to a sum sufficient to defray their actual and necessary disbursements in the discharge of their duties, and for personal expenses while actually engaged in the performance of the duties of said board. SEC. 3. That the sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be and the same is hereby appropriated from the general fund for the purpose of paying the expenses of said board, as above described. SEC. 4. Upon satisfactory vouchers of expenses incurred, exhibited by the managers to the Governor, it shall be the duty of the Auditor-General, upon the requisition of the Governor, to draw his warrant on the State Treasurer for such sum or sums, not exceeding the amount hereby appropriated, as may be necessary to be used for the purpose hereinbefore described. SEC. 5. The Governor shall be chairman of the board of managers, and shall have power to remove any of said managers, for good and sufficient cause, and to appoint others in their place. Approved April 28, 1875. Pursuant to this act, the Governor appointed Hon. Jay A. Hubbell, of Houghton, Hon. Henry Fralick, of Grand Rapids, Hon. Jonathan J. Woodman, of Paw Paw, and Hon. Merrill I. Mills, of Detroit, as members of the Board of Managers. The first meeting of the Board was held in Detroit, August 13, 464 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 1875, the entire Board being present, Commissioner Birney also meeting with them. F. W. Noble, of Detroit, was chosen Secretary of the Board. After a preliminary exchange of views upon matters before them, the following resolution, offered by Manager Woodman, was adopted: RESOLVED, That this Board will especially take charge of and exhibit, in behalf of the State, the raw products of the State, such as minerals and the products of the forest and soil; and will also aid and assist our manufacturers and citizens, so far as in our power to do, to forward and exhibit their products. Special duties were assigned to members of the Board, as follows: Mineral Department-Mr. Hubbell. Agricultural Department-Mr. Woodman. Machinery and Manufactures-Messrs. Fralick and Mills. Education, Science and Art-The chairman of the Board, Governor Bagley. These gentlemen were authorized to appoint sub-superintendents throughout the State, and these became an important agency for diffusing information and collecting and forwarding articles for exhibition. At this meeting a communication from the State Board of Agriculture was read, containing the resolution of that Board declaring its determination that the Agricultural College would make an exhibition of the various products of the college farm and garden, such as grasses, grains, grapes, fruits and vegetables; also an exhibit from the chemical and entomological departments of the college, and, so far as practicable, specimens of the forest products of the State. General action was also taken for bringing the Board of Managers into correspondence with other institutions and organizations, in furtherance of its work. A second meeting of the Board was held November twentieth, at which the chairman announced the appointment of Rev. D. C. Jacokes, D. D., to specially supervise the representation of the educational and institutional interests of the State. A complimentary award was made to Charles E. Wright, of Marquette, for valuable services in collecting mineral specimens. It was at this meeting that the project of the "Michigan Building" was first brought forward, upon information received from the commissioners at Philadelphia, that the other states were taking similar action. The Board determined to erect such a structure as would be a representative building of our natural resources and products, and a credit to the State. For this purpose, contributions, both of money, material and labor, were solicited. The journal record of the Board possesses comparatively little interest, as the work was so largely done by special assignment, the details of which will STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 465 appear in the several departments following. As part of the record, however, and as showing the steps instituted by the Board to secure a proper representation of Michigan's varied interests, the essential portions of circulars issued from time to time demand a place here. Circulars on the three topics following were issued August 14, 1875, and signed by the members of the Board. MINING AND METALLURGY. We desire the hearty co-operation of any and all our citizens who are interested in this branch of our products, and we feel certain that we shall have such aid. We shall thank you for a prompt reply to this circular, and hope that you will at once prepare and forward to the Hon. J. A. Hubbell, at Houghton (or such other place as he may direct), all collections made in the Upper Peninsula (mineral, agricultural or other samples of products). All collections made in the Lower Peninsula to be sent to F. W. Noble, Secretary, Detroit, who will take charge of them, prepare and classify for exhibition. To this department, particularly, Michigan looks with pride. She now stands at the head of the list in quantity and quality of the most valuable of the minerals produced, among which may be classed iron, copper, slate, building stone, salt, gypsum, coal, etc. There is no question as to what constitutes the most valuable of all the products of Michigan. To iron we give the first place, quoting from eminent English authority the following: "Among all the minerals iron stands pre-eminent in its influence upon the power and prosperity of a nation. Nations who possess it in large quantities, and by whom it is extensively manufactured, seem to partake of its hardy nature and sterling qualities; they become prosperous." It is well known that the ores of Michigan enter largely into the products of iron in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois and Wisconsin, and the reputation of the iron made is widespread. The native copper of Michigan, while it does not enter so largely into commerce, as iron, holds, relatively, as important a position, for it is regarded as the standard in that metal in all the markets of the world. The mineral resources of our State are so varied and numerous that we can not enumerate them otherwise than in the order of classification below, but urge the necessity of prompt action and earnest work, for by this medium we hope to invite foreign capital to our State. In the Department of Mining and Metallurgy may be represented, properly classified, as follows: Minerals, Ores, Building Stones and Mining Products. Minerals, ores, etc. Metallic and non-metallic minerals, exclusive of coal and oil. Collections of minerals, systematically arranged; collections of ores and associated minerals; geological collections. Mineral combustibles. Coal, anthracite, semi-bituminous and bituminous, coal-waste and pressed coal. Building stones, marbles, slates, etc. Rough, hewn, sawed or polished, for buildings, bridges, walls, or other constructions, or for interior decoration, or for furniture. Marble-white, black or colored-used in building, decoration, statuary, monuments or furniture, in blocks or slabs, not manufactured. Lime, cement and hydraulic cement, raw and burned, accompanied by specimens of the crude rock or material used; also artificial stone, concrete, beton. Artificial stone for building purposes, building blocks, cornices, etc. Artificial stone mixtures for pavements, walls or ceilings. 466 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Plasters, mastics, etc. Clays, kaolin, silex and other materials for the manufacture of porcelain, faience, and of glass, bricks, terra cotta and tiles, and fire-brick. Refractory stones for lining furnaces, sandstone and refractory furnace materials. Graphite, crude and refined; for polishing purposes, for lubricating, electrotyping, photography, pencils, etc. Lithographic stones, hones, whetstones, grindstones, grinding and polishing materials, sand quartz. Mineral waters, artesian well water, natural brines, saline and alkaline efflorescences and solutions. Mineral fertilizing substances, gypsum, phosphate of lime, marls, shells, coprolites, etc., not manufactured. Mietallurgical Products. Precious metals. Iron and steel in the pig, ingot and bar, plates and sheets, with specimens of slags, fluxes, residues and products of working. Copper, in ingots, bars and rolled, with specimens illustrating its various stages of production. Lead, zinc, antimony and other metals, the result of extractive processes. Alloys used as materials, brass, nickel, silver, solder, etc. Mine Engineering-Models, Maps and Sections, Tools and Machinery. Surface and underground surveying and plotting. Projection of underground work, location of shafts, tunnels, etc. Surveys for aqueducts, and for drainage. Boring and drilling rocks, shafts and tunnels, etc. Surveys for aqueducts and for ascertaining the nature and extent of mineral deposits. Construction. Sinking and lining shafts by various methods, driving and timbering tunnels, and the general operations of opening, stoping and breaking down ore, timbering, lagging and masonry. Hoisting and delivering at the surface, rock, ore or miners. Pumping and draining by engines, buckets, or by adits. Ventilation and lighting. Subaqueous mining, blasting, etc. Hydraulic mining, and the various processes and methods of sluicing and washing auriferous gravel and other superficial deposits. Quarrying. Models of mines, of veins, etc. Tools, implements and machinery. AGRIICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE. The State Centennial Board of Managers desire the hearty co-operation of any and all of our citizens, who are in any way interested in this branch of industry, to give us your aid in collecting and forwarding to the Centennial Exposition any of the products of the soil you may have. The State of Michigan stands high on the list as an agricultural State; our products are varied and of a high order. The geographical position of Michigan is peculiarly advantageous. The climate of a country is the result of all its meteorological influences. It is modified by latitude, undulation of its surface, proximity to water, winds, and the nature of its soil. The soils of every state constitute its principal agricultural wealth, and lie at the foundation of all desirable prosperity. However rich a country may be in minerals, its independence cannot be maintained without a sufficiency of STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 467 fertile soils to produce food enough to subsist its population. The great physical agencies which govern the creation of wealth are climate and soil-the first regulating the constancy, energy and directness of labor; the latter fixing, with reasonable certainty, the profits of labor. It is a happy combination Michigan has-a healthy, invigorating climate, and a fertile soil. Climate and soil, it would appear, are necessary conditions of wealth, and, by reason of leisure which wealth gives, of intelligence, moral culture and civilization. The inactivity of general business, and the partial depression in several branches of manufacturing industry, not only in this but foreign countries, has made available a large amount of capital and labor for reinvestment. The ultimate results cannot fail to be beneficial. The opportunity now offers for us to invite the investment of a portion of both capital and labor; do not let this golden opportunity pass. We ask you to give us your aid in preparing such products of the soil as will place Michigan at the head of the list as an agricultural State. The Board of Managers have assigned to J. J. Woodman, of Paw Paw, the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture. He will give them his special attention, and will require as much assistance as each and every citizen can give. Where he cannot give his personal attention, it is hoped that people having articles they are desirous to forward for exhibition, will communicate with F. W. Noble, Secretary, who will furnish all information. In the Department of Agriculture will be represented: Arboriculture and forest products. Pomology. Agricultural products. Land animals. Marine animals, fish culture and apparatus. Animal and vegetable products (used as food or as materials). Textile substances, of vegetable or animal origin. Machines, implements and processes of manufacture. Agricultural engineering and administration. Tillage and general management. In the Department of Horticulture: Ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers. Hot-houses, conservatories, graperies and their management. Garden tools, accessories of gardening. Garden designing, construction and management. MACHIINERY AND MANUFACTURES. The State Centennial Board of Managers appeal to all citizens who are in any way interested in the manufactory or machinery departments of the Centennial Exhibition, and we feel confident you will give us your aid. Although Michigan is not classed as a manufacturing state by many, we, its citizens, know its manufactories are increasing with wonderful rapidity, and that in many specialties it stands unrivaled. We therefore expect and desire that manufacturers of every class of goods will prepare and send forward for exhibition their wares and merchandise. These departments group together more objects valuable to mankind than any other department of the Exhibition; and M ichigan can contribute largely to it. This is the only opportunity we have ever had to show to the world what we have already clone, and what we can do, and we feel that this golden opportunity should not be lost. We are confident it will insure in the future a rich reward. Michigan is a rich agricultural State, which is a sure incentive to the manufacturing interests; one stimulates the other. 468 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The following are the heads under which all goods in these departments will be classified: Machinery Department. Machinery, tools and apparatus of mining, metallurgy, chemistry, and the extractive arts. Machinery and tools for working metals, wood and stone. Machinery and implements of spinning, weaving, felting and paper-making. Machinery, apparatus and implements used in sewing and making clothing and ornamental objects. Machinery and apparatus for type-setting, printing, stamping, embossing, and for making books and paper-working. Motors and apparatus for the generation and transmission of power. Hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus, pumping, hoisting and lifting, railway plant, rollingstock and apparatus. Machinery used in preparing agricultural products. Transportation by water, aerial, on suspended cables, aerial and pneumatic transportation. Water transportation and appliances. Department of Manvfactures. Chemical-all its compounds. Ceramics-pottery, porcelain, etc. Glass and glassware. Furniture and objects of general use in construction and in dwellings. Yarn and woven goods of vegetable or mineral materials. Woven and felted goods of wool and mixtures of wool. Silk and silk fabrics. Clothing, jewelry and ornaments. Traveling equipments. Paper, blank-books and stationery. Military and naval armaments, ordnance, fire-arms and apparatus of hunting and fishing. Medicine, surgery, prothesis, hardware, edge-tools, cutlery, India rubber goods, and manufactory, carriages, vehicles and accessories. The circulars all contain specific instructions as to the methods of packing and shipping articles for exhibition. November first, Governor Bagley, in charge of the Department of Education, Science and Art, caused to be issued circulars on the following topics: EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND ART. The State Centennial Board of Managers, in their division of the different departments for the Board to give especial attention to, for fully representing at the Centennial of 1876, assigned departments three and four-Education, Science and Art-to the undersigned. The first universal exhibition ever held taught this important lesson-that the most advanced nations were those, in the midst of which, for the longest period, and in the freest and most generous manner, science and art had done their work of enlightenment. The Centennial of 1876 bids fair to excel anything ever yet held, and the Bureau of Education of the United States, at Washington, have issued circulars asking for detailed information of STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 469 the systems of education as adopted in the colleges and universities of the different states. They, however, confine themselves particularly to institutions which confer degrees,'leaving the systems of public schools, as adopted in the different states, to the respective states to detail. In view of these facts, I am desirous of obtaining all the information possible, to so portray our system of education as will show the condition of the same, the advancement we have made in the last few years, and the present condition of the same. To best arrive at this, I will take the order of classification as adopted by the Centennial Commission, which is: 1st, Educational systems, methods and libraries. 2d, Institutions and organizations. 3d, Scientific and philosophical instruments and methods. 4th, Engineering, architecture, charts, maps and graphic representations. 5th, Physical, social and moral condition of man. It is desirable that plans and elevations of school buildings be furnished, with details of construction, and if conducive to the health and benefit of the student. To begin at the foundation, we will take infant schools, kindergarten, elementary instruction, arrangements, furniture, appliances and modes of training. Public Schools-Graded schools, equipments, course of study, methods of instruction, textbooks, apparatus, including maps, charts, globes, pupils' work, including drawing and penmanship, provision for physical training. Higher Education-Academies and high schools, apparatus for illustration and research, textbooks, libraries, mathematical, physical, chemical and astronomical course of study. Professional Schools-Text-books, apparatus, methods and other accessories. Commercial Colleges-System taught, text-books, forms, etc. Under the head of Physical and Moral Condition of Man we have prison and prison management and discipline, police stations, houses of correction, reform schools, benevolent associations, general hospitals, hospitals for insane, sanitary regulations in asylums, foundling and orphan asylums, homes for aged and infirm, almshouses, treatment of paupers, secret societies and fraternities, statistical and historical accounts of religious organizations. These are general heads on which it is desirable to obtain information. To fully carry out the object sought, and obtain the desired information, the board have secured the services of Rev. D. C. Jacokes, of Pontiac, who very kindly volunteers his services in aiding us in this matter. He will visit all the different cities and towns, and confer with those connected with our school system. I earnestly solicit the hearty co-operation of the teachers and educators, school boards, principals and managers of public institutions, ministers and trustees of churches, and citizens generally, in this work. When the information and details desired are obtained, it will be condensed and compiled, under the supervision of Mr. Jacokes, for exhibition at the Centennial. We hope by this means to show the progress made, and present condition of our educational system, and the moral and intellectual status of our people in 1876, as compared with fifty years ago. PHOTOGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE. The Board of Managers make this appeal to photographers and architects throughout the State, to contribute to the Board, for exhibition at the Centennial of 1876, to assist them to more fully demonstrate the progress made in the last few years, particularly in the educational and art department. The importance of art education is so obvious it needs no enforcement at this age. It is universally acknowledged that utility and beauty may be combined in a multitude of ways. In the educational reports being condensed by Rev. D. C. Jacokes, we ask for plans and 60 470 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. elevations of school buildings; in some instances we can secure the architect's plans and elevations; where they can be furnished we would prefer them. It is also the desire of the Board to secure from architects plans and elevations of public buildings and churches that have been or are being erected in this State. All plans and elevations will be properly cared for, and returned after the close of the Exhibition. From photographers we wish views of public buildings, school-houses, churches and natural scenery in Michigan. By this means we can show the log school-house, where the pioneers of this country taught the rising generation the first rudiments of language. Side by side we can place the primitive school-house and the beautiful edifice of the present day, the pride of Michigan, which ranks with the first in the country. Mr. Jacokes, in his visit through the State in the interest of educational matters, will call on both photographers and architects, and will receive such contributions as he can secure. Size of all pictures should be as near uniform as possible, where architectural designs are not furnished. Photographs may be 8 x 10 or 10 x 12 in size. We trust the pride and patriotism of the people of the State will be such as to furnish the Board with views as desired. Michigan occupies an enviable position in this respect; it only remains for her to exhibit what she has, to fully establish the fact. FINAL REPORT OF THE BOARD. The final report of the State Board of Managers was presented to the Legislature February 8, 1877, in a special message from Governor Croswell.* The papers consist of: 1, Message of Governor Croswell; 2, Communication from ex-Governor Bagley; 3, Report of the State Centennial Board; 4, Financial exhibit; 5, Accompanying documents, including the report of the Secretary of the Board, and others. Tlhe message of submission was formal only, and not necessary to be reproduced here. The financial exhibit is sufficiently summarized in the report proper, while the subject matter of the accompanying documents is fully covered by the pages that follow. The communication from ex-Governor Bagley, and the report of the Board, although covering, to some extent, things elsewhere stated, are reproduced entire. COMMUNICATION FROM EX-GOVERNOR BAGLEY. Hon. C. M. Croswell, Governor: DEAR SIR-In submitting the annexed report of the Centennial Board and their officers, I desire to say personally, in regard to the debt created, that it was with the greatest reluctance that I consented to it; but I saw, after my visit to Philadelphia before the opening, that it must inevitably occur, as we were called upon to do so many things that we had not looked for; and I felt that the State would be disgraced if, after having begun our work, we should fail to carry it through to a successful ending. I did not dare to say we should stop expenditure, close our exhibit, and return home. For these reasons, I advanced largely from my own means, and for these reasons I desire your approval and that of the Legislature. The opportunity offered by the Exhibition to distribute to strangers from our own land and from abroad useful information * See Senate journal, February 8, 1877. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 471 regarding our State, induced me (with the approval of the Board) to direct a compilation, in pamphlet form, containing very full information regarding our resources, lands, products, climate, institutions, etc.* Ten thousand copies were printed, nine thousand of which were distributed at Philadelphia, two thousand of them going to foreign lands. I have had letters asking for them from nearly every state and territory in the Union. The total cost was not quite $2,000, and was paid fiom the emigration fund. My first thought was to sell the book at its cost, but the total amount was so small that I afterwards deemed it best to distribute it gratuitously, believing it would pay us back an hundred fold in calling attention to our natural wealth, and in inducing emigration. Yours, JNO. J. BAGLEY. February 1, 1877. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF CENTENNIAL MANAGERS. Governor Charles M. Croswell: DEAR SIR-We beg leave to submit herewith our report relative to the part that Michigan took at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, during the past summer. In accordance with the provisions of act No. 139, laws of 1875, the Governor appointed J. J. Woodman, of Van Buren, M. I. Mills, of Wayne, Jay A. Hubbell, of Houghton, and Henry Fralick, of Kent, as members of the State Board of Centennial Managers. The Board met at the office of the Governor, August 13, 1875, and appointed F. W. Noble, of Detroit, as Secretary. The full details of the work of the Board, and of the share of Michigan in the Exhibition, will be found in the reports of the Secretary; Rev. Mr. Jacokes, who had charge of the Educational department; Mr. S. Brady, who had charge of the mineral exhibit, and Mr. C. E. Ilgenfritz, who had charge of the Agricultural and Pomological departments, all of which are submitted herewith. The exhibit made by the Board of Managers consisted of the products of the State, and comprised nearly 3,800 distinct specimens, 1,200 of which were varieties of woods and shrubs, over 1,100 of them being furnished by the Agricultural College. The college also furnished 210 specimens of grasses. We had 540 samples of wool, representing 42 counties; 500 specimens of grain and seeds; 475 specimens of copper, iron and gypsum; 40 of salt and salt brine; several samples of building-stone and slate; 370 archreological specimens of a prehistoric age. Our exhibit of fruit contained 475 distinct specimens. Mr. Burnet Landreth, Superintendent of the Agricultural Department of the Exposition, said of this, in a letter to the Board: "Your show of fruit at all times exceeded that of any other state, and in the aggregate more than doubled the quantity sent from any other state, while the variety and quality was unexampled. The display of fruit alone was of incalculable value as a means of directing the thoughtful to the resources of Michigan." The mineral display contained specimens from every mine on Lake Superior; four masses of native copper, averaging five tons each, from the Central mine; and a fifteen ton mass of iron from the Cleveland mine, with several large masses of the conglomerate copper-bearing rock of the Calumet and Hecla mine, being in the list. This display of the mineral wealth of Michigan brought many visitors from foreign countries to our mines during the past summer, all of whom expressed themselves as astonished at the peculiar character and great extent of the copper and iron deposits of the State, which we have heretofore, and perhaps now, hardly realize ourselves. It is to be hoped that the exhibit made will be the means of still further developing the unknown wealth that lies buried on the shores of Lake Superior. *'The State of Michigan: Embracing Sketches of'its History, Position, Resources and Industries. Compiled under authority of the Governor in the interest of immigration, by S. B. McCracken. Lansing, Mich.: W. S. George & Co., State printers and binders. 1876. 472 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. We also exhibited a most excellent drawing of our new capitol, by E. E. Myers, its architect and superintendent, and of the house of correction at Ionia, by Mortimer L. Smith & Co., its architects. Our Educational department contained examples of the school work of forty schools, accompanied by drawings of the school buildings, copies of the blanks used, and other useful matter. A history and accompanying photographs of each one of our public institutions was sent forward. The Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind sent specimens of the work of its inmates. The University sent a fine case of chemicals, and a large collection of microscopic and engineering drawings. A full set of our educational, agricultural and pomological reports were furnished by the State department. The Superintendent of Public Instruction, Hon. D. B. Briggs, devised and compiled five charts, showing at a glance the whole history, growth and statistics of our school system. They were splendidly executed by J. E. Sherman, the draughtsman of the State Land Office. Our Educational exhibit was not a glittering show of models and pictures, but was an honest exhibit of the solid work that is being done in our schools. The awards we received in this department testify to its character, being more in number than were given to any other state. The Michigan Building was also entered as an exhibit of the products of the State, being a characteristic display of our varied resources. About seventy individual exhibits were made by our manufacturers, very many of them reflecting great credit upon the manufacturing industry of the State. Over sixty awards were made to the State and its citizens. One was given to each one of our collective exhibits in each department; eleven were given in the Pomological department; eight to the Educational. Full details of the awards will be found in the report of the Secretary. The Board feel that, taken as a whole, the State has reason to be well pleased with the exhibit made and the results achieved. It is to be regretted that more of our manufacturers did not avail themselves of the opportunity offered to display our industries, and that our citizens generally did not seem to realize (as the Board themselves did not) the magnitude of the Exposition, the millions that were to visit it, and the opportunity it offered to show the world the wealth of a state not forty years of age. Until our people began to visit the Exposition there was a very general apathy among all classes on the subject, and it seemed next to impossible, by circulars and letters, by personal solicitation and entreaty, to wake them to a sense of their duty in the matter. We received from Brazil, Spain, Portugal and Australia several hundred specimens of woods, minerals, grain, seeds and other products, which we have distributed to the University and Agricultural College, and a few duplicates to the Kent County and Detroit Scientific Institutes. We also received quite a collection of catalogues, maps and printed matter, which has been divided between the State Library, University and Agricultural College. The entire educational exhibit, books, charts, pictures, etc., have been placed in the State Library. It is the intention of the Board to place the awards and medals there when received. The beautiful model of the Calumet and Hecla stamp mill, costing over $12,000, was presented by the mining company to the University, where it now is. We submit herewith a statement of receipts and expenditures in detail, showing a deficit in general expenditures of $4,460.04, and in the building fund of $4,135.38. Of this amount, $1,781.47 has been advanced by Mr. Noble, Secretary, and $4,276.04 by Mr. Bagley, President, from their own funds, and the balance is due to sundry parties. All the bills and vouchers are in the hands of the Auditor-General. Everything has been done on the most economical basis. Only the Secretary and Mr. Brady were paid anything for services, and they only a small salary. We begged from our people their time and money, from our railroads and transportation companies free passes andcl free freight, from our producers samples of their products, and, in fact, made our exhibition almost an affair of charity. If we had been compelled to pay our own roads for passage and transportation, it alone would have almost used up the appropriation. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 473 We found that, instead of the Secretary and one commissioner, whom we had supposed would be sufficient to take charge of our exhibits at Philadelphia, each department required the constant care and supervision of a competent person. We found that the space allotted us for each department was simply bare floor, and that cases, tables, etc., must all be furnished by the Board. Terminal charges and myriads of unforeseen expenses soon exhausted our appropriation. Had it not been for the Michigan Building, our expenses for board of employes would have been very much larger than they were. Some one of the Board was in Philadelphia constantly. The assistance rendered to our own citizens who were visitors was very great. As will be seen by the statement of indebtedness, none of the expenses of the members of the Board have yet been paid. The salary paid our Secretary, Mr. F. W. Noble, has not covered his expenses. Rev. D. C. Jacokes, who had charge of the Educational Department, has only been paid his expenses. The Board feel that both of these gentlemen deserve some further remuneration, and submit the matter to the Legislature for their consideration. Over 31,000 of our citizens were registered as visitors at the Michigan Building, a large number of whom expressed the hope that the Legislature would direct that the building be brought back to the State, and preserved as a memento of the Centennial year, and as an exhibit illustrating the varied resources of the State; and we believe the State would act wisely in so doing. From the slate on its roof to the stone of its foundations, it was constructed entirely of material produced in the State, and the excellent mechanism was the work of our own mechanics exclusively. It could be made of most excellent service on the grounds of the University or Normal School. It is so constructed as to be readily taken down and rebuilt at not a very great cost. Full details of the expense of its construction, and a list of the contributors, will be found in the financial exhibit. No portion of the State appropriation was used in its construction. In addition to the cash contributions, several carloads of lumber were donated by the citizens of Flint, Saginaw City, East Saginaw, Bay City, Muskegon and other places. Many of the mechanics of Detroit and other places donated labor and materials. The munificent donation of the officers of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, non-residents of the State, was peculiarly gratifying to the Board.* The Board have had the hearty co-operation of the officers of all our mining companies on Lake Superior, and of very many of our citizens-especially so of our fruit-growers-but to name them all is impossible. The State Pomological Society and the State Agricultural Society aided us beyond measure. The latter society paid the salary of Mr. Ilgenfritz, the superintendent of that department. The great interests of production could not be in better hands, and we owe our success in Philadelphia, in a great degree, to the members of these societies. The press of the State aided us in every possible way, in gratuitously publishing circulars and information for exhibitors, and in furnishing the building with papers. Michigan may well feel proud of the part she took in the Exposition, and we may expect to reap from it new markets for our products, new comers to our borders, and new ideas for our farmers, mechanics and manufacturers. JOHN J. BAGLEY, M. I. MILLS, J. J. WOODMAN, HENRY FRALICK, JAY A. HUBBELL, February 1, 1877. State Board of Centennial Managers. QThe letter of the treasurer of the company, Charles W. Seabury, dated Boston, May twenty-thirdl, covering check for $1,500, is appended, in which it is said: "We are a Michigan corporation, and take a lively interest in whatever is conducive to the honor and welfare of that State." 474 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. THE MICHIGAN BUILDING. A reference to the origin of this structure, which holds a historic place in the annals of Michigan's participation in the Exhibition, is made in preceding pages. The building was essentially "the home" of Michigan people, and will be remembered with gratitude as a place of rest by many a weary pilgrim at the shrine of the Centennial. It was the residence of the Secretary of the State Board of Managers, and the official headquarters of the Board. The subjoined extract from a Philadelphia correspondence of the "Detroit Tribune" covers a quite full description of the building, and many facts connected with it demanding notice in this volume: The Michigan visitor at the Centennial Exhibition, if possessed of any of the State pride and loyalty which is a commendable characteristic of our citizens, will be sure to pay an early visit to the Michigan State Building. It stands in a row of state buildings, in the northwest portion of the grounds, facing a pleasant winding road called "State avenue," and on the summit of a slope which overlooks the whole grounds. The location is a delightful one. The visitor approaching it will be filled with loyal pleasure at the creditable appearance which it makes. It is the universal remark of observers that it is the finest among all the state buildings. Though it has been open for some weeks, it has now just been completed, and is in perfect order, "from turret to foundation stone." The exterior is handsome and striking. The structure is of wood, and consists of two stories and a tower, built in a very airy and elegant way. Julius Hess, of Detroit, is the architect, and has won much reputation by his striking design. Most of the material, as our readers know, was contributed by citizens of the State. The sandstone foundation on which it stands was the gift of the city of Marquette; the handsome slate roof, that of the Huron Bay Slate Company; while the pine timber and hard-wood used in the building were contributed by lumber dealers in Detroit, the Saginaws, Bay City, Muskegon, South Haven, Lapeer, etc. The principal charm of the building lies in its interior finish. Floor, walls and ceiling are of native woods, artistically arranged in mosaics and panels, so as to produce a striking and beautiful effect. The front door, through which the visitor enters, is paneled in white ash, black walnut and bird's-eye maple, and is very elaborate. It has been pronounced the finest door in the city of Philadelphia. The hall floor is a parquette, or mosaic, of various hard woods. The walls are tastefully paneled in bird's-eye maple, black walnut, cherry and ash. Through this the visitor passes into the large and handsome reception room, where the visitors' book is kept, and the business of the State headquarters transacted. The floor of this room is white ash and black walnut strips, furnished by Frost & Co., of Detroit. The wainscoting is of black walnut, inlaid with panels of Grand Rapids gypsum, beautifully variegated. The effect of this combination is very striking and attractive. The walls are paneled with butternut and black walnut, and there is a heavily moulded and elaborately carved cornice above them of black walnut, butternut and cherry. At one end of the room is a very handsome mirror, frame and mantel, carved in wood, furnished by F. Borchard, of Detroit. Beyond this room is an interior office, which has been named the "Governor's room." The display of native woods made in the floor and walls of this apartment is the most complete and STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 475 handsome in the whole building. The walls are paneled with raised white ash, cut in Jenkins' Universal paneling machine-a Detroit invention. The wainscoting is of the patent imitation of Italian marble, contributed by the Daniels Italian Marble Company, of Port Huron. The floor is a beautiful mosaic, contributed by Mr. Flach, of Detroit. The ceiling is of cherry and white ash.- Besides these, there are on this floor wash and toilet rooms for ladies and gentlemen both, and a check room, where bundles, etc., may be deposited. The fixtures for the toilet rooms were contributed by a number of Detroit plumbers. Ascending to the second floor by a handsome staircase, from Paul Gies & Co., the visitor enters the parlor, handsomely carpeted with Brussels, and elegantly furnished with chairs, sofas, tables and a large parlor organ. The panels, side walls and ceilings of this room are of native white pine, beautifully polished. The hard oil finish in all the rooms of the house, which brings out so finely the colors of the native woods, was contributed by Berry Brothers, of Detroit, who also sent on an agent, to see that it was properly applied. The furniture of the parlor, and also of the three bedrooms on the same floor, was-contributed by the enterprising furniture manufacturing company of Berkey & Gay, of Grand Rapids. It is very handsome and elaborate, and has called out the highest praises from all visitors. This same firm has a magnificent furniture exhibit in the Main Building. The outside finish of the building is very fine. It is painted in pearl and white, and handsomely decorated with flags. Its dimensions are 48 x 58 feet, with an elevation of 92 feet to the flagstaff. It would have cost about $15,000 had all the material been purchased, instead of contributed. As might have been expected, the building has called out many enthusiastic compliments from foreign visitors. Many of these have taken pains to inspect it, and have all agreed that it is a splendid representation of the building material of our State, as well as a tasteful and beautiful structure. The president of the Italian commission declared it the finest building on the grounds, and fully equal to anything shown at the Paris exposition of 1867. He remarked that Michigan must be a very fine and wealthy state, with such a variety and quantity of beautiful woods for building purposes. The Brazilian commissioners also praised the building very highly, and declared that the exhibition of Michigan woods was finer than anything in this country. The Brazilian exhibition of forestry is the finest at the Exposition, but Michigan stands second, and the Brazilian commissioners have already testified their appreciation of our collection by asking an exchange of woods. The general verdict of the commissioners, both those from abroad and from other states, is that the building will be a magnificent advertisement of the resources of our Peninsular State. The Michigan Building was formally opened and dedicated on July sixth. There was no stated programme, but Governor Bagley and his military staff were present, the Pelouze Cadets participating. The subject will justify the perpetuation, in this record, of something of the enthusiasm of the occasion, as reflected at the time through the newspapers. A correspondent of the "Detroit Evening News " writes: To-day the MIichigan clans gathered at the MIecca of all good Michiganders, the Michigan Building, to dedicate the same to the service of the weary and travel-stained pilgrims, and at twelve noon, when the boys of the Pelouze corps had arrived, the building was filled from cellar to roof with troops, state officers, Michigan's fair daughters and gallant sons, the pioneers of " auld 476 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. lang syne," and the youth and strong men and virtuous women. The first thing after the greetings and hand-shakings were over, was the singing of Come along, come along, Don't take alarm, For Michigan is big enough To give us all a farml. And after that one verse of the "Star-Spangled Banner." Governor Bagley was loudly called for, but, as usual, "could make no speech," but then went and did it, and did it well. Then, led by the famous Hutchinson family of singers, all hands joined in singing "A Thousand Years, My Own Columbia," and the dedication was over. Just then the National Guard Band arrived and gave a few splendid selections. The company of Guards were already here before the band arrived. At last the building is completed, and all unite in saying, "Isn't it the boss?" The report in the "New York Herald " of the seventh said of the occasion: The Michigan State Building was formally opened yesterday afternoon by Governor J. J. Bagley, of Michigan, who held a reception at the building from twelve to three o'clock. This structure is one of the most artistically designed and finely finished state buildings on the grounds, the airy and graceful proportions of the superstructure culminating in a high villa tower on the south side. At the opening of the building, yesterday, it was almost immediately thronged with visitors, a large proportion of whom were from Michigan. Governor Bagley took a position on the west side of the assembly room, in front of a banner bearing the State coat-of-arms, and courteously welcomed the visitors as they were presented. Among the more prominent gentlemen from the State noticeable in the throng, were Adjutant-General John Robertson, Quartermaster-General S. S. Matthews, Inspector-General L. S. Trowbridge, Surgeon Borrowman, Colonel John Pulford, Colonel G. S. Wormer, aide-de-camps, and J. H. Hopkins, Military Secretary, of the Governor's staff; Colonel W. B. McCreary, State Treasurer of Michigan; V. P. Collier, State Commissioner; W. J. Baxter, of the State Board of Education; Sylvester Lamed, and many others. At half-past twelve o'clock, the Pelouze Detroit Cadets, commanded by Colonel J. S. Rogers, United States army, arrived from their encampment on Belmont Hill. They were drawn up in line on State avenue, and, after stacking arms, entered the building, where they were cordially received by Governor Bagley, who complimented the organization on their fine appearance and soldierly bearing on the Fourth. All present were served with light refreshments, and during the remainder of the reception the scene was enlivened by martial music. The reception, though in many respects informal, was very enjoyable, and will doubtless long be pleasantly remembered by the participants. The lithographic representation of the Michigan Building, which forms the frontispiece to this work, is made from a photograph which shows in the windows some of the decorations with which the building was decked on the occasion of its dedication. A registry was kept at the building, nearly 32,000 names of Michigan visitors being registered during the Exhibition. The largest number registered on any one day was 1,311, on September eighteenth. The largest number during a single week was 3,520, for the week ending September twenty-fourth. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 477 The average daily registry from May thirtieth was 155, and from September first to November tenth it was 302. Various societies and associations held meetings in the building during the Exhibition. Over 5,000 letters were received and delivered to Michigan visitors. Many daily and weekly papers, the free contributions of their publishers, were kept on file. There were exhibited in the building an elegant silk banner, sent by the city of Detroit to Vienna in 1863, and a portrait of Rev. George Duffield, chaplain to the Continental Congress, and ancestor of the Duffield family, of Michigan, several of whom bear his name and follow his calling. The building was visited by representatives of all countries represented at the Exhibition, and descriptions of it, as showing the natural resources of the State, by these persons, in their own languages, transmitted to their own countries, has probably done more to bring the State into notice than any other feature of the Exhibition. It is mentioned in the report of the Judges of Awards as "constructed in the Swiss style, of materials in woods and stone, and by workmen from the State, the interior being embellished with artificial marble, and the varnished woods of the State so blended in colors as to give a very pleasing effect." No disposition of the building has been made at the time of this writing, the Centennial Board awaiting the action of the Legislature on subjects submitted in their report, preceding. Cash donations, used principally or wholly in the construction of the building, aside from donations of material, were made as follows:* Donation of Houghton county............. $467 99 Donation of Calumet and Hecla Mining Co..1,500 00 Donation of J. A. Hubbell................ 99 75 Donation of Michigan residents at WashingDonation of citizens of Hudson............ 80 00 ton, D. C........................... 125 00 Donation of citizens of Holland........... 4 50 Donation of Michigan residents at PhiladelDonation of balance of relief fund, from the phia............................... 24 00.Governor.... 110 75 Donation of Central Mining Company.... 136 78 Donation of citizens of Lansing........... 162 67 Donation of employes Mich. Stove Works.. 77 81 Donation of citizens of Battle Creek....... 182 00 Donation of employes Pullman Car Works, 60 00 Donation of citizens of Lapeer............. 32 00 Donation of employes Detroit Stove Works, 76 00 Donation of citizens of Grand Rapids...... 500 00 Donation of citizens of Marshall........... 100 00 Donation of citizens of Ann Arbor........ 127 00 Donation of employes American Express Co. 25 50 Donation of citizens of Ypsilanti.......... 100 00 Donation of citizens of Port Huron........ 100 00 Donation of citizens of Kalamazoo......... 145 00 I Donation of citizens of Detroit............ 2,141 93 *Report of Centennial Board, February 8, 1877-Senate journal of that date. 61 478 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. II.-PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL AND MINE. AGRICULTURE AND POMOLOGY. S elsewhere stated, the Hon. J. J. Woodman, one of the State Centennial Board of Managers, was detailed to the special duty of superintending the exhibition of agricultural products from Michigan. Mr. Woodman made a special report of his operations, which accompanies the final report of the Board. This report, covering, as it does, the preliminary steps taken by Manager Woodman to secure the representation of Michigan agricultural interests, first claims attention under this head. The report refers to the embarrassment caused by the want of funds with which to make the collection. No compensation being allowed for labor or for articles to be exhibited, it was necessary first to enlist the gratuitous services of good, active men in the several counties of the State to make and forward collections for exhibition. A circular was issued, August 20, 1875, from the General Centennial Office, room No. 11 Bank Block, Detroit, in which confidence was expressed that no state in the Union could present a greater variety of agricultural products or of valuable timber and lumber than Michigan, and that in fruit-growing Michigan stands pre-eminent. He declared that the reputation of the State and the interests of the nation demand that the agriculture and fruit-growing of Michigan be well and fairly represented at this great fair, not of the states only, but of the world, and he appealed to the farmers, fruit-growers and lumbermen of the State to co-operate in collecting and forwarding specimens for this purpose. He called on lumbermen, officers of agricultural societies and other organizations to co-operate with the county superintendents whom he would appoint, and requested that each sample should be accompanied with a statement containing the name of the producer, where raised, and such facts relating to soil and cultivation as might be deemed of interest. He also asked for samples of soil, in certain cases, where the yield had been remarkably large, to accompany the specimen of produce. This circular was circulated and copied into most of the newspapers in the State. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 479 Pursuant to request by the Board of Managers, the State Pomological Society cheerfully assumed the responsibility, and made arrangements for collecting, packing and forwarding the fruits of Michigan in their season, sparing neither time, money nor labor in the prosecution of the work up to the close of the Exhibition. "Great credit," says Mr. Woodman, "is due the earnest and enterprising members of that organization." The State Agricultural Society also responded nobly to the appeal of the State Board of Managers, and the State Agricultural College assigned Professor W. J. Beal to the department of forestry, where he labored incessantly for months, and succeeded in bringing together a collection of the various productions of Michigan forests which did great credit to the State. From many discouraging letters received from prominent men, Mr. Woodman became convinced that the people of the State were not fully aroused to the importance of having the products of the State fully represented at the great International Exhibition; so, in October, 1875, he issued another circular, which he sent to every county and to every newspaper in the State. It was addressed to farmers, stock-breeders, wool-growers, pomologists, horticulturists, manufacturers of agricultural implements and lumbermen. It commenced with this plain question: "Are you taking the interest in preparing such samples of your products for exhibition in the great International Exhibition, to be held at Philadelphia on the one hundredth anniversary of our nation's birthday, as the importance of the occasion demands?" The following extracts from this circular will show the earnestness with which Mr. Woodman pursued the work he had undertaken: The products and the progress in agriculture, manufactures, commerce, literature, the mechanic arts, and everything that indicates advanced civilization, made for the first one hundred years by our country, with a territory extending through thirty degrees of- latitude and sixty degrees of longitude, embracing within its limits 2,000,000,000 acres of land, and every variety of the most exuberant soil, with a climate unsurpassed for salubrity, and a population of 40,000,000 of the most intelligent, enterprising and industrious people on the face of the earth; with the best, the freest and the strongest government the world has ever known, are to be placed side by side with those of every nationality of the world. Michigan will be seen, examined and judged there with her sister states of the Union, and forty years of her history as a state read by the world. The products of her soil, mines, forests, factories and waters; her primary schools, colleges, asylums, reformatories and public works, and her commercial advantages, will all be judged by the samples exhibited and statistical information furnished. I am aware that there is but little inducement to stimulate farmers to exhibit the products of their farms except State and national pride and interest; and that should be the most inspiring of any inducement that could be offered to an American citizen. Another such an opportunity will never be presented to show the quality, value and yield of our products, or greatness of our State and nation. 480 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Our State should be represented by the best samples of each variety of every product of the soil, and in its season, and from every county in the State. Each specimen of grain should be a pure sample of some distinct variety, perfectly cleaned, and in quantity sufficient to fill a twoquart jar. Millet, Hungarian grass, timothy, clover, blue grass, orchard grass, red top, and seed of all other grasses should be pure samples of each variety, perfectly clean, and in quantity sufficient to fill a jar holding one pint. Canned, dried and prepared fruit should be exhibited in glass jars or boxes of two quarts each. Honey and dairy products, in quantity, form and package to suit the taste and convenience of the exhibitor. Wines, syrups, etc., should be put in quart bottles; oils, extracts, etc., in pint bottles. The State Board will furnish glass jars for all samples that can be shipped to Detroit in sacks or boxes. We want samples of products in the head, ear and pod, and in the sheaf and on the stalk. Also statements of yields, with samples of products and soil, together with a statement of the mode of cultivation, name of producer, locality, etc. Also a statement of the products raised or produced upon a farm for a series of years, not less than five, with samples of products, yield per acre of each crop, kind, amount and value of each product, number of acres in the farm, general management, gross receipts, and net profits. Wool should be exhibited by sample and fleece, as taken from the sheep. Flax and hemp, by samples. It is earnestly requested by the Commission that foresters of all sections of the Union forward samples of trees of their respective districts. These samples or specimens may be presented in any convenient and portable form. In addition to specimens of trunks of trees, should be exhibited timber and lumber in all forms, as samples of masts and spars, large and small, knees and square timber, as prepared for naval purposes; planks and boards exhibiting unusual breadth and character of cell and fiber. In brief, every description, quality and form of wood used in construction and decoration. Will the lumbermen of Michigan, who have the means and facilities, co-operate and fill this department of the State exhibition? All collections in this department will be under the supervision of Professor W. J. Beal, of the State Agricultural College. The Commission will afford every inducement and facility for a full and complete display of every variety of fruit, and it is to be hoped that pomological societies and individual cultivators generally will co-operate in an effort to place before the world creditable evidences of the resources and capacity of our State in respect to fiuit-culture and products. It gives me pleasure to announce that the State Agricultural Society has consented to assist in this work, and the Agricultural Department of the State will be placed in charge of a committee of able gentlemen that have been appointed by the executive committee of the society for that purpose. Great credit is due to the State Board of Agriculture for the interest taken, and to the faculty of the State Agricultural College for the valuable labor that is being performed by them. The State will owe a debt of gratitude to the superintendents in the several counties, who have generously consented to collect and forward samples and articles for exhibition. As the small appropriation made by the Legislature will all be needed to pay freight and actual expenses in arranging and exhibiting, all must labor without reward, except that which comes from the consciousness of having done our duty, and the gratitude of a noble State. Tlhis earnest appeal was soon followed by another announcing the names of county superintelndlents wlo had been appointed to collect andc forwardl samples STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 481 of products from the various counties. The following are the names of the county superintendents so announced: Counties. Names. Post Office. Counties. Names. Post Office. Alcona......... J. Van Buskirk..... Harrisville. Livingston...... Elisha Wait........ Fentol. Allegan......... Hiram Bailey....... Monterey. Macomb........ B. Southerlandl...... lemphis. Branch......... Harvey Haynes...... Coldwater. Monroe......... H. A. Conant....... Monroe. Barry........... W illiam Talk....... Prairieville. Mason.......... F. L. Kern......... Ludington. Berrien....... A. O. Winchester.... St. Joseph. Montcalm....... L. C. Lincoln...... Greenville. Calhoun........ A.. Hyde........ Marshall. Muskegon:..... C. L. Whitney...... Muskegon. Cass........ H. S. Rogers....... Volinia. Newaygo....... S. H. Riblet....... Newaygo. Clinton.......A. Stout............ St. Johns. Oceana......... Geo. W. Woodward, Shelby. Genesee..... E. W. Rising....... Davison Stat'n Oakland........ Edwin Phelps... Pontiac. Grand Traverse, J. G. Ramsdell..... Traverse City. Osceola......... E. R. Merethew.... Osceola. Gratiot........ Edson Packard..... Forest Hill. Ottawa......... Wm. M. Ferry..... Grand Haven. Hillsdale........ F.. Holloway.... Hillsdale. Saginaw........ D. H. Jerome....... Saginaw City. Jackson........ M. Shoemaker...... Jackson. Sanilac......... James Anderson.... Farmer's. Isabella......... E. R Coburn....... Mt. Pleasant. Shiawassee.....A. H. Robertson.... Owosso. Huron.......... J. Jenks............ Rock Falls. St. Clair....... L. T. Remer........ East China. Ingham......... Amos F. Wood..... Mason. St Joseph...... J. H. Gardner...... Centreville. onia........... Alonzo Sessions..... lonia. Tuscola....... J. Q. A. Burrington, Tuscola. Kalamazoo...... William Bair....... Vicksburg. Van Buren...... John V. Rosevelt... Keeler. Kent........... S. S. Bailey........ Grand Rapids...... David Woodman, 2d, Paw Paw. Lake........... F. M. Carroll....... Baldwin. Washtenaw...... J. J. Robison....... Manchester. Lenawee........ Charles E. Mickley.. Adrian. Wayne......... H. O. Hanford...... Plymouth. "....... S. B. Malnn......... Adrian. To the above should be added A. J. Edson, of Plainwell, Allegan county, and John W. Norman, of Lexington, Sanilac county, who rendered valuable aid in collecting and forwarding products from their respective localities. The failure of other agencies to render aid in collecting, preparing and forwarding exhibits placed the whole burden of that labor upon these county superintendents and individuals who must labor without any remuneration whatever. The result of that work is shown by the list of products, which certainly did credit to the State. It is due to the county superintendents and farmers of the State to say, that the quality of the cereals raised in 1875 was not up to the standard of previous years, and much depended upon the crop of 1876 for samples that would fairly represent the standard quality of Michigan grain. Accordingly fields were selected in different portions of the State, about the first of July, from which to cut for exhibition in the sheaf; but just before the grain matured the straw rusted, greatly injuring not only the beauty of the straw, but the heads and kernels. However, many fine samples were secured of all the different varieties of wheat and other grains. In June, 1876, Mr. Woodman reports he issued another circular, sending copies to the newspapers and to hundreds of prominent wool-growers and farmers. From this circular the following extracts are of permanent interest, 482 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. as showing the nature of the efforts made to secure a full exhibition of the varied productions of Michigan farms: Perhaps no state in the Union can boast of better flocks of fine and long-wool sheep than Michigan; and yet the reputation of Michigan wool in the market is below that of some other states. The interests of wool-growers and the reputation of Michigan as a wool-growing state demand that this important interest be well and fairly represented in this great industrial Exhibition; and I call upon the wool-growers of the State to select from their flocks samples of the most desirable grades, including fine merino, delaine and combing wool, and forward the same for exhibition. Let farmers be on the lookout for the best and most desirable specimens of every farm product that is grown in the State, to be placed on exhibition when harvested. Who will produce the tallest clover and other grasses, or of any variety of grain? Who can exhibit the largest and best-filled heads of wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc.? Who will furnish the largest and finest vegetables? These are questions for the farmers of the State to answer. I have been highly gratified to learn that the exhibition of winter fruit by the Pomological Society of the State has been creditable to the fruit-growers, and Michigan has been honored. Great credit is due the members of that society for the interest and untiring zeal manifested in filling the Pomological Department of the Exhibition. They are laboring without means or hope of reward, except that which is enjoyed in the satisfaction of sustaining the reputation of Michigan as a fruit-growing state. I trust that all fruit-growers and business men of the State will co-operate and render the society material aid. Other circulars were issued from time to time, and an extensive correspondence was carried on. Mr. Woodman also visited various portions of the State, urging the sending of the products of 1876, and it was not until September first that he reached Philadelphia. He closes his report by acknowledging the valuable aid rendered by the various county superintendents and others in making the exhibition a success. In his report Mr. Woodman says but little of his own services, but in fact his visit to the Centennial was far from a period of relaxation. He labored zealously, the whole time he was there, in perfecting the exhibit of agricultural productions, and also aiding in the fruit display, and did much towards making a catalogue of the agricultural exhibition a possibility. THE GENERAL AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT. The Executive Committee of the State Agricultural Society, in pursuance of representations made by the State Centennial Board, appropriated the sum of one thousand dollars to defray the expenses of the superintendence of the agricultural display at Philadelphia. Mr. Charles A. Ilgenfritz, of Monroe, was appointed to this duty, including also in his labors the pomological exhibits. In this, as in their state fairs, the State Agricultural and State Pomological societies co-operated, producing good results in the economy of management. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 483 The space occupied in. Agricultural Hall by the general agricultural products of Michigan was similar in extent to that occupied by several neighboring states-27 x 24 feet, or 648 feet of area, between pillars marked N and I 20 and 21. The task of arranging in a tasteful manner several thousand articles, of varied form and character, especially as in this case they were not all on hand at one time, but continued to arrive during a period of several moiths, is much greater than might be supposed by a casual glance at the exhibition after it is arranged; but by the last week in June the articles that had arrived at that time were carefully arranged, and presented a very creditable appearance. But it was not until the arrival of numerous samples of wool, which were placed in position in August; the sheaves of new wheat, oats, barley, millet, timothy, red-top and such like articles, adapted to decoration, in September and October, that the exhibition assumed that complete fullness and beauty which made it a subject of universal admiration, attracting the eye, not only of the general public, but of artists, the Centennial Photograph Company including it among the subjects demanded by popular appreciation to adorn their photographic descriptions of the Centennial. The space assigned for this agricultural exhibit was, when completed, surrounded on three sides by a counter about two feet wide on top, with the exception of a space in front for entrance, which was arched over by an appropriate and tasteful combination of grasses, and small sheaves of the various cereals, and samples of wool, some of which hung in long and flowing locks. Surmounting this arch crossways, and running over the aisle, was a long sign, of red cloth, on which the word "Michigan" was inscribed in large white letters. This could be read the whole length of the aisle, and was the means of drawing thousands of visitors to the spot. The counters were loaded with specimens of grain and other farm produce, in glass jars usually holding about two quarts; also, boxes and sacks of peas, beans and the various farm and garden seeds mentioned in the more particular statement of individual contributions. On the right hand corner was a pyramid, on which was arranged the ninety-eight specimens of Michigan grasses, all labeled, contributed by the State Agricultural College, serving not only as a very useful scientific exhibition of one of the chief productions of the State, but adding much to the ornamental character of the exhibition. On the left, opposite, was a stand, on which was exhibited wine, in bottles, from Messrs. Deiderich & Breisacher, Detroit, consisting of Delaware, Norton's seedling, Concord and Catawba. It was found that these bottles could be emptied of their contents and replaced without detracting from the appearance of the exhibit-a circumstance that was taken 484 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. advantage of by some curious visitors who desired to test the merits of Michigan wines. Wool was displayed, in samples, on black tablets ranged upon and in front of the counters. In the center of the space was a square-topped pyramid, on a base 8x12 feet. Above the base, all around, were four shelves, sufficiently far apart to admit half-gallon glass jars, which were placed upon the shelves, filled with the various cereals. Above' these shelves, on the sides of the pyramid, which were covered with blue cloth for background, were arranged ears of corn, oats, wheat and other grains; also, grasses in various appropriate devices, displaying the variety and beauty of the maize and other cereals of Michiganl. Above these ornamental devices was a cornice all round the pyramid, formed by ears of corn placed side by side, and constituting the upper edge of the pyramid. On the top of the pyramid was placed, during the fore part of the season, the beautiful stuffed deer contributed by Mr. Dewey, of Owosso, with the word "Michigan" on a card streamer entwined in its horns; but subsequently this was removed to a lower position, and a pillar, covered with ears of corn hung all around it, placed in position oni the front of the pyramid, constituted the principal feature above. A section of a large pine log from Clam Lake, labeled "Cork pine," attracted a good deal of attention from strangers, who appeared to imagine that it was some new variety of pine, suitable for the manufacture of corks. In the rear of the exhibit a large tablet was erected, in the fall, on which were arranged, with much taste and skill, a very beautiful display of the grasses of 1876, sent from the Agricultural College, and of the wheat, oats, barley, millet, and tall, cultivated grasses, in small sheaves, from various counties of the State, as elsewhere specified. In the arrangement of this magnificent display Mr. Ilgenfritz was assisted by Mr. Woodman, through whose efforts much of the material for the exhibit was collected. Farmers and others familiar with the "fields of waving grain" can not easily comprehend the interest excited among the residents of a large city by the sight of such a display as this. The beautiful is not confined to highly-colored flowers and delicate hues, but the dull yellow ears of millet, hanging in heavy clusters, the bearded wheat, rye and barley, the light, fantastic oats, and the multiform grasses, all were viewed with expressions of unfeigned delight and admiration. The desire to possess these, commonly regarded by country people trifling objects, by city residents, was very strong, and a lady Twho succeedcled in obtaining as a relic an ear of wheat, or barley, or oats, considered herself highly favored. Toward the close of tlhe Exhibition these were sought for very diligently, and the specimens could have been sold off quite readily for the purposes of home decoration andcl memorial relics of the Centennial. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 485 The Michigan exhibit was surrounded by those of other and older states, all of which possessed features of high excellence, but in variety, general outline, beauty and order of arrangement, and attractiveness, there was no exhibition of the kind in the Hall that surpassed it, if, indeed, its equal could be found. The exhibition of Michigan grains and seeds, although not as showy as some, was very extensive and of a quality above the average. In this exhibit 42 counties were represented by 225 exhibitors of grain and seeds, and over 500 samples. There were 108 exhibitors of wool and 538 samples. The following is the report of the judges in reference to the agricultural exhibit of Michigan: "Fine appearance and good weight of 21 varieties of wheat, 17 varieties of oats and 2 varieties of rye. Also, for exhibition, corn, buckwheat and grasses." It is proper to say that the record of exhibits, and of the names and residences of exhibitors, especially in the Agricultural and Pomological departments, is given with some question as to its entire correctness. As there was no provision made for clerical labor, no regular system of making entries for exhibition by each contributor was adopted under state authority, and the entry in the books of the United States Centennial Commission was usually in bulk, under the name of the State Agricultural and Pomological Societies, without specifying individual contributors; so that the proper credit cannot be given in all cases. The county and individual credits given below were made up, not from the entry-books, but from the articles themselves, and the information given from the labels that accompanied them. In regard to the fruit, especially, the precise varieties sent by each individual cannot be given except in certain cases, as it was frequently found that the fruit and labels became separated before a report could be made. The following report is, however, as complete as could be made under the circumstances. The name of no contributor is purposely omitted, and each person who has aided in the work is credited, as far as possible, with the service rendered. The report of the agricultural exhibit is made up from lists made by the joint labors of Mr. Woodman, representing the State Centennial Board, and Mr. Henry S. Clubb, representing this work. The list made by them is embodied in the final report of the Centennial Board as official. The annexed list of exhibitors is classified by counties, and includes, for convenience, both agriculture and pomology: ALLEGAN COUNTY.-Plainwell: A. J. Edsonl, samples of wheat, barley, oats, Wicks wheat and marrowfat beans; land plaster from Granger Plaster Mill, Grandville. Samples of grade merino wool were exhibited by the following persons: E. & S. Anaway, Mr. Barlacom, J. F. 62 486 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Conrad, John F. Conrad, E. Crawford, A. J. Edson, Squaer Fenner, Hiram Hall, Mr. Hider,. Henry McKay, E. C. Knapp, Mrs. Brophy, R. Richmond, J. L. Ross, Almon Ross, Horace St. John and Mr. Turner, Plainwell; Peter Brender, Otsego; A. H. Jackson and J. W. James, Silver Creek; S. W. Kent, Martin; Mr. Mina, J. H. Skinner and L. H. Simmons, Cooper; and from other towns, E. Well, M. Morehouse, David Lowe, J. Mare, W. Boniface and Harrison Blanchard John F. Conrad, Plainwell-samples of white oats and buckwheat. J. A. Robinson, Plainwellmarrowfat beans. Lake Shore Pomological Society of Douglas and Ganges-apples, pears, peaches and grapes. D. W. Wiley, Douglas-samples of same. A. Hamilton, Saugatuck-apples. L. L. Lanse, Ganges-apples. ANTRIM COUNTY.-R. Sherman, Elk Rapids-choice collection of apples. BAY COUNTY.-David Holstein, Sterling-merino wool. George Slight, Sterling-Cotswold and Leicester wool. BERRIEN COUNTY.-William Dougherty, Berrien Springs-Treadwell wheat, surprise oats, silver-skin buckwheat and white corn. H. J. Ray, Watervliet-Tappahannock wheat. A. O. Winchester, St. Joseph-wheat, buckwheat, corn and oats; Salem and Diana grapes. John Whittlesey, St. Joseph-Agawam, Wilder, northern Muscadine, Concord, Ives', Rebecca, Hartford and Iona grapes. John Maitland, St. Joseph-Martha grapes. Thomas Archer, St. Joseph-Delaware grapes. John Irwin, Buchanan-apples. BRANCH COUNTY.-J. U. Bennett, Gilead-three samples of Cotswold wool. George Dudley, two samples grade Cotswold wool. Francis Weyburn, Kinderhook-three samples Leicester wool. Cyrus G. Luce, Gilead-corn and oats. R. M. Van de Vantz, Gilead-excelsior oats. The collection of fruit from this county was forwarded by Eli Biddleman, and contributed by F. H. Foster, F. Olds and J. Shaw, of Union City; J. Shenvernen and William R. Cair, of Batavia; J. H. Lawrence, of California; H. Wilson and F. H. Atwater, of Kinderhook. CALHOUN COUNTY-Samuel Chapin, Marengo-bald Mediterranean, Deihl and Clawson wheat. Byron Church, Marengo-samples of six-rowed barley, white dent corn, white oats, Deihl and Tappahannock wheat, and Hackberry dent corn. Asa B. Cook, Marshall-Deihl and Tappahannock wheat. John A. Cook, Marengo-white dent corn; one citron, which seemed to remain in good condition all summer. 0. Curtis, Marshall-corn. Jacob Gardenier, Marengo-Kentucky eight-rowed corn. A. 0. Hyde, Marshall-sample navy beans. Samuel S. Lacey, MarshallTappahannock wheat and potato oats. Townsend Lewis,.Marengo-Tappahannock wheat. W: Lunberg, Marengo-white oats. R. and H. McKay-Tappahannock wheat, white and red dent corn. William Radford, Marshall-English oats, China peach beans, and twenty samples infantado wool, of fine quality. J. A. Robinson, Le Roy-white Shonen oats and marrowfat beans. J. W. Robinson, Le Roy-early smut-nose or red blaze corn; also, samples butternuts and black walnuts. Charles E. Southwell, Marshall-seven samples fine Spanish merino wool. W. G. Anthony, Marengo-a similar exhibit. William Stolp, Newton-silver-hulled buckwheat, white winter rye and eight-rowed barley. James Van Vleet, Convis-Deihl wheat and yellow dent corn. CASS COUNTY.-Oliver High-potato oats. E. Shanahan, Edwardsburgh -salmon corn. Amos Smith-corn and oats. Volinia Farmers' Club-collection of farm products, contributed by the following persons: B. G. Buel, marrowfat beans; W. J. Eaton, Deihl wheat, yellow dent corn, timothy and Hungarian grass seed; R. J. Huyck, Deihl wheat; Oliver Nigh, white Shonen oats; H. S. Rogers, Deihl wheat, rye in the straw 5 feet 10 inches high, osier willow 7 feet long, Deihl wheat in straw 4 feet high, red wheat in straw, timothy grass, sheaves of Clawson wheat 4 feet 8 inches, Deihl, Shoemaker and blue-stem wheat ears; M. J. Gard, Deihl wheat, timothy grass and dent corn; B. F. Gard, Deihl and Clawson wheat; John Strubel, four varieties of wheat and red-top grass; N. B. Goodenough, Deihl wheat; Mr. Welsher, dent corn; L. B. Lawrence, mammoth clover. B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, contributed sample of dent corn and also a collection of fruit. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 487 CHARLEVOIX COUNTY.-Hugh Miller, Charlevoix-Mediterranean wheat and marrowfat beans. CLINTON COUNTY.-William H. Andrews, St. Johns-fleeces of Spanish merino wool, 12 to 20 pounds each. H. S. Clawson, Bath-Clawson wheat, 35 bushels to the acre. W. F. Near, Bath-Deihl wheat and white dent corn. Potter, Beattie & Co., Ovid-Deihl wheat, 35 bushels to the acre. J. A. Valentine, Ovid-early Washington and red kidney beans. EMMETT COUNTY.-Convent Farm, LaCrosse-wheat, four-rowed barley and surprise oats. C. B. Henika, Petoskey-rye in the ear. GENESEE COUNTY.-Samples of Spanish merino wool, fleeces weighing from 14 to 19 pounds, were contributed by Messrs. Dewey and Thompson, of Flint; Collins Brothers, Grand Blanc, and Tyler and Hill, Atlas. The fruit of this county was collected and forwarded by Augustus Root and C. H. Rockwood, both of Flint. N. T. Thurber, of Fenton, also contributed to the fruit display. J. G Jerome, of Flint, contributed sample of buckwheat. GRAND TRAVERSE COUNTY.-Traverse City: Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company, English, Probstier and Swedish oats, and white Soules wheat, grown by Samuel Cronkhite. G. Manville, Waterloo oats. J. G. Ramsdell, Tappahannock, Arnautka and Deihl wheat, buckwheat, surprise oats, Scotch barley, case-knife aind black-wax beans. Old Mission: Peninsula Farmers' Club, two samples Soules wheat; also, collection of fruit, contributed by J. G. Ramsdell, George Parmelee, W. W. Tracey, William Marshall, H. K. Brinkman and others. HILLSDALE COUNTY. —-Allen Brown, oats in straw 4 feet 7 inches high. H. B. Chapman, Reading-sheaf of Clawson wheat 4 feet 11 inches high, bunch of climax oats, timothy and clover seed. A. M. R. Fitzsimmons, timothy 5 feet 7 inches high, and oats in sheaf. Richard Fogg, Jonesville-mammoth sweet corn and Deihl wheat. George Proudly, Jonesville-Cotswold wool 16- inches long. F. M. Holloway, Jonesville-Deihl wheat and mammoth sweet corn. Thomas Robbins, Church Corners-timothy 42 feet high. J. Stickler, Cambria-bearded and climax wheat and oats in the ear. J. S. Williams, Wheatland-Clawson wheat, block of walnut timber. Among the fruit exhibitors were Dr. Tims, F. S. Blackman, Sylvester Clark, C. R. Coryell, F. Kirby, H. K. Abbott and H. B. Chapman. INGHAM COUNTY.-Samuel Cochrane, Onondaga-Deihl wheat. James Corey, Mason-Dutton corn. E. Northrup, Mason-surprise oats and Hungarian grass seed. Allen Rowe, Mason-Fultz red wheat. Amos Wood, Mason-yellow Scotch oats. Esseltyne & Co. and J. J. Sidway, Lansing -pop corn. G. W. Brown and Mrs.'Mary J. Merrell, Lansing-samples of fruit. IONIA COUNTY.-W. S. Bates, Ionia-white oats, 36 pounds to the bushel. Joseph D. Crane, Boston-white oats. J. W. Curtis, Otisco-Deihl wheat. John Dickinson and F. Jones, Ioniasamples of Clawson wheat. W. Fuller, Ionia-timothy grass 5 feet high. Alonzo Sessions, a fine exhibit of red-top, timothy and other grasses; white oats, Clawson and Deihl wheat, in sheaves 3 feet 6 to 4 feet 2 in height. J. Tibbets, Boston-sheaf of oats 5 feet 3 inches; Clawson wheat. N. E. Smith and C. Harford, Ionia, were contributors to the fruit exhibit. JACKSON COUNTY. —John Anhemhon, Waterloo-merino wool. Barry & Bingham, Jacksonnavy and yellow pea beans. W. H. Doney, Jackson-one bushel each of Treadwell wheat and buckwheat; collection of fruit. M. Shoemaker, Jackson-two bushels extra white winter wheat. Contributions of fruit were made by George Gavoit, Spring Arbor; A. A. Bliss, Jackson; R. C. Fasset, C. Herrington, Elijah Bemis and Robert Bradford, of Sandstone; H. Daniels, Blackman; H. J. Crego, Liberty, and J. N. Peck, Henrietta. C. B. Kress, Jackson-samples of pampas or upland rice. KALAMAZOO COUNTY. —Rufus Allyn, fleeces of merino wool, 8 to 12~ pounds. A. J. Armstrong, Schoolcraft-Armstrong's hybrid wheat. William Bair, Vicksburg-wheat, oats, timothy and clover seed. Isaac Birdsell, Texas-bearded and bald Treadwell wheat, one bushel of each. H. Boardman, Deihl wheat. E. L. Brown, white amber wheat. Joseph Frakes, Schoolcraft 488 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Rhineheart corn. Willis Judson, Schoolcraft-gold medal wheat. W. H. Cobb, Portage-Lima beans. William Crooks and William Jenkinson, Kalamazoo-Clawson wheat, each a sample. A. W. Ingerson, Cooper-surprise oats. Henry King, Galesburg-gold medal wheat. W. G. Kirby, Charleston-Deihl wheat. Alexander Smith, Pavilion-Deihl wheat. L. A. Jones, Texasfleeces merino wool, 9 to 18 pounds each. Daniel Paine, W. Renney and D. R. Rix, of Oshtemo, were also exhibitors of wool. H. Dale Adams, Galesburg-samples of autumnal swan, Jersey sweet and western spy apples. Among the other fruit exhibitors were William Bair and W. Judson, of Schoolcraft; E. Burle, J. Den Blyker, E. H. Wheeler, E. Buel, C. P. Davis, C. N. Davis, N. J. Strong, Dr. Southard, Bragg & Stevens, and J. S. M. Grundy, of Kalamazoo; E. P. Flanders, J. C. Blake, and J. P. McNaughton, of Galesburg. KENT COUNTY.-S. S. Bailey, Grand Rapids-sheaf of spring rye, red-top grass 4 feet 7 inches, blue-joint grass 5 feet 6 inches, timothy 5 feet 3 inches. Henry Fralick, Grand Rapidstimothy grass 5 feet. S. L. Fuller, Grand Rapids-timothy 4 feet 7 inches. Godfroy, Brother & White, Grand Rapids-sample of stucco from their plaster mills. E. P. Friend, East Paris, and M. A. Holland, Lowell-maple sugar. H. Green, Grattan-California beans. Michael Whalen, Wyoming-Deihl wheat. E. Bradfield, Ada-l36 varieties of grapes. William Rowe, Walkerapples. H. Downs, Ada-samples of fruit. The Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, Grand Rapids, sent a general collection of fruit. LENAWEE COUNTY.-E. T. Blackman, Dover, and George H. Curtis, Rome-samples of surprise and potato oats. Charles Hubbard, Adrian-marrowfat beans. S. B. Mann and Medick & Stone, Adrian-Clawson wheat. The Farmers' Fruit Preserving Company, of Palmyra, S. B. Mann, Secretary-samples of dried Belmont apples, cherries. currants, raspberries, trophy tomatoes, Stowell's evergreen corn, cabbage and string beans. The Lenawee Farmers' Club sent a large collection of apples, embracing 107 varieties, carefully packed, the names of the growers and the number contributed by each being as follows: From Adrian -B. W. Steere, 60; John Hunt, 3; Fred. Meddick, 12; Charles Bradish, 6; H. N. Knowls, 1; Ira Ladd, 12. From Dover-Smith Thompson, 2; Daniel Holdridge, 2; James Therber, 1. From Macon-Israel Pennington, 28; Joseph Pennington, 5. From Blissfield-W. Grandy, 13; Dr. R. B. C. Newcomb, 20; M. H. Cogswell, 3; Luther Smith, 1; George Sisson, 3; R. B. French, 3; H. B. Clark, 3; L. E. Goodrich, 15. From Raisin-E. B. Hibbard, 14; Horace Hoxsie, 14; Loyal Lovejoy, 16. From Palmyra-Peter Collar, 6; Henry Furbeck, 6; S. B. Mann, 8. From Rome-Samuel Reed, 1. From Canandaigua-J. Lee, 5. From Ogden-W. H. Cheeney, 9. From Madison-T. J. Gibbs, 8. From Ridgeway-John Britton, 21. From Tecumseh-J. Kennedy, 18. The pears were also excellent, and were contributed by J. G. Clenathen, Henry Furbeck, N. J. Strong, and F. Lewis. A. Sigler, of Adrian, contributed a very good display of foreign grapes.* LAKE COUNTY.-Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company, samples of Deihl wheat, contributed by Henry Saunders and Alonzo Woodruff. LIVINGSTON COUNTY.-George Abbot, Wheeler Grayford, John Linderman, and L. Watson, all of Unadilla-samples, respectively, of Treadwell, Clawson, amber and Lincoln wheat. John Marshall, Unadilla-seven samples of grade merino wool. Edwin B. Merithew, Osceola-samples of Lincoln wheat, six and four-rowed barley, common and white Poland oats, gray buckwheat, June clover seed, early white beans, in pods and on stalk; samples of corn in the ear. MACOMB COUNTY.-Joseph Gathead, Memphis-samples of four-rowed barley. Paul Schell, Memphis —wild goose spring wheat. B. Sutherland, Memphis-Treadwell wheat, white flint, mixed dent, purple and evergreen sweet, eight-rowed, silver lace and rice pop corn; crown, white marrowfat and black-eyed marrowfat peas; Lima pole, purple wax and common field beans. John * From detailed statement furnished by S. B. Mann, of Adrian. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 489 McKay, Armada-12 samples thoroughbred and 7 samples of grade merino wool, fleeces 7 to 29 pounds. William B. McKay, Bedford-yellow dent and calico corn, and Mediterranean wheat. James Stephens, Romeo-22 samples grade merino wool. MARQUETTE COUNTY.-E. R. Hall, Marquette-Oats in straw, 6 feet 2i inches. MASON COUNTY.-W. A. Bennett, Mason-Strawberry dent corn. MEcOSTA COUNTY.-Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad-Samples of buckwheat contributed by John F. McCabe. MONROE COUNTY.-Monroe: G. Bruckner-Shonen oats. F. Waldo-White and amber wheat and spring rye. J. M. Davenport-grey buckwheat, Hungarian grass seed and Alsike clover seed. Walter Hachett-Probstier oats. E. C. Harvey- black Norway oats and Stowell sweet corn. Cobert Hendergrath-marrowfat beans. Joseph Laner-Norway oats. J. M. Loose-black-eyed and white marrowfat peas. N. A. Noble-clover seed. James Russell-madwell wheat. The Diedrich Vineyard-Delaware, Concord, Nortons Virginia Seedling and Catawba wines. Point aux Peaux Wine Company-Concord and Delaware wines. E. Sumner-black walnuts, hazel and hickory nuts. D. Ilgenfritz and J. E. Ilgenfritz-specimens of peas. J. M. Loose-pears, and black-eyed and white marrowfat peas. J. E. Ilgenfritz and Reynolds, Lewis & Co.-selections of apples. Grapes and other fruits were exhibited from Monroe by Chas. Atkinson, B. Compton, G. Brinkerhoff and others. Whiteford: A. J. Briggs-yellow dent corn and Probstier oats. J. P. Whiting-spring wheat. Cyrus Warren-white wheat. C. M. Candee-common field beans. Raisinville: George King-Wicks wheat and white dent corn. Frenchtown: E. G. HathisonWashington beans. Bedford: J. J. Simmnons-Probstier oats. H. Slick, red-chaff wheat. Ho-wo-mo Farm: H. A. Conant-Champion of England, early Washington, and German wax beans. Carston: F. M. Wilcox-package of scale-boards. MONTCALM COUNTY.-Greenville: E. Ecknor-mixed corn. L. C. Lincoln-amber, Deihl and Wicks wheat, six-rowed barley, California beans and Flint corn. William Lincoln-Wicks wheat and six-rowed barley. NEWAYGO COUNTY.-Esterly: B. Arnsley-Soules wheat. OAKLAND COUNTY.-Pontiac: Fred Carlisle-10 samples wool from the Carlisle flock of Southdowns, imported by Hon. H. W. Lord in 1866; average weight per fleece, 54 lbs. W. Fisher-grade merino and Leicester wools. Green & Taylor-combing wools, 151 inches long, and grade Leicester wool. Joseph Grayley-Leicester wool 17 inches long, weight of fleece, 12 lbs.; Leicester yearling wool, weight of fleece, 10 to 142 lbs. C. Freeman-marrowfat beans. E. Phelps-ring corn, Deihl wheat and buckwheat. J. Elliot Taylor-sheaf of rye, 6 feet 10 inches. Fourtowns: D. B. Allen, silver hull buckwheat. Straits Lake: Peter Crue-barley, oats 45 bushels to the acre. Orchard Lake: Peter Dow-Lincoln wheat, 25 bushels; golden chaff corn, 75 bushels to acre. West Bloomfield: John German-Treadwell wheat. Orion: John Lessiter -7 samples Leicester grade wool. Commerce: A. Paddock, white rose wheat. Troy: Wilber Stout-Irish oats and six-rowed barley. Other Towns: Lyman Cate-32 samples Spanish merino wool, 12 to 351 lbs. R. S. Cuthbertson-white rose wheat. H. Davis-box of corundum or diamond polish. Fruit exhibitors: H. Walter, Mrs. G. Kirby, Clarkston; Mr. Delano, Oxford. OCEANA COUNTY.-Shelby: F. Axford-merino wool. Youngs & Wilcox, six samples delaine wools. Thomas Law-Dehih wheat. Benj. Moore-timothy seed. B. Phillips-Leicester and Cotswold wool. A. Pearsall-grade merino wool. Washington: C. Miller and George Sinetsensamples of grade merino wool. Hart: J. H. Reed —Clawson wheat, 32 bushels to the acre. E. J. Shirtz-apples andl. plums. OTTAWA COUNTY. —Spring Lake: Walter Sinclair-Baldwin apples. Hunter Savadgegrapes. Berlin: Thomas Wilci-apples. SAGINAw COUNTY.-East Saginaw: E. F. Gould —choice collection of grapes. The agriculture of this county was mnot represented. 490 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. ST CLAIR COUNTY.-Grant: Joseph Gibbons-sheaf of four-rowed barley, 4 ft. 2 inches high. ST. JOSEPH COUNTY.-Constantine: F. B. Evans-Spanish merino wool. C. Cook-grade merino wool. R. Dougherty-Spanish merino wool. White Pigeon: B. Fuldhouse-Leicester and.Cotswold wool; fleece, 10 to 13 lbs. Centreville: J. H. Gardner-red and white amber and Deihl wheat, samples of peppermint, spearmint and tansy essential oils. W. B. Hangley-yellow dent corn, Lincoln and Deihl wheat, and English Somerset oats. Wolfe Brothers & Keechglass case of essential oils-pennyroyal, spearmint, peppermint, wormwood and tansy. A Goodearly May wheat. R. S. Griffith-red amber wheat. Florence: J. Pashby-grade Leicester wool. Mendon: S. Taft-early May wheat, cut July 5th five inches from the ground, the sheaf being four feet four inches long. Mottville: D. Wiley-grade merino wool. Nattowa: A. M. Toddcase containing oil of peppermint and dish of lozenges. Three Rivers: A. G. True-collection of fruit. SAN LAC COUNTY.-Worth: John Atkinson-Fallow oats, white excelsior, winter wheat and Leicester and Cotswold wool. D. S. Avery-a sheaf of Treadwell wheat, five feet high, barley and crown field peas. Daniel Barnes-Leicester and Cotswold wool, fiber 12 inches long. H. Calkinsbald barley, 40 bushels to acre. H. Fockler-red clover seed. E. Gordon, spring fife, and Treadwell wheat and gold vine peas. M. Jackman-spring and fife wheat. A. Terry-sheaf of red-chaff wheat. Lexington: E. Patrick-Cotswold wool, 12 inches long. C. Behm —red chaff wheat, 32 bushels to the acre. D. Blake-Leicester wool; barley, ears eight inches long; sheaf of China Tea spring wheat. M. Brown-sheaf of Somerset oats, five feet high. A. M. ClarkLeicester and Cotswold wool, fiber 14 inches long. G. Corsant-Lincoln and Leicester wool, fiber 10 inches long. Wnm. Cudney-Leicester and Cotswold wool, 161 inches long. C. Davisonmillet, hemp and birdseed. Orrin Avery-Leicester and Cotswold wool. Jas. Beedon-Leicester wool. Israel Huckins-Shonen oats, English two-rowed barley, Alsike clover seed, white cranberry beans, timothy grass and sheaf of white Shonen oats. B. Vannest-Leicester and Cotswold wool. J. Simmons-delaine wool. Ira C. Lucia-sheaf of New Zealand oats, five feet high. A. LynnLeicester buck wool, 15 lbs. fleece and 13 inch fiber. H. McLaughlin-Multiplyer peas, 30 bushels to the acre. D. McNaughton-Leicester and Cotswold wool. P. Swartz-Leicester and Cotswold wool. Henry May-white marrowfat field peas and silver skin buckwheat. J. MasonLeicester wool, 11 inches long. W. Willard-Leicester and Cotswold wool. J. SheldonLeicester and Cotswold wool. J. H. London-selected wool. C. B. Moore-Treadwell wheat, fourrowed barley and early blue peas. H. Montgomery —grade wool. W. R. Nims-white cranberry beans and sheaf of millet. Washington: A. K. Ames-grade wool. J. Hurley-Leicester and Cotswold wool. Sanilac: S. Dickson-various samples of wool. John Kerr —Lincoln and Leicester wool. R. Ragin-Leicester and Cotswold wool. M. Willis-Leicester wool, 11 inches long. J. Westfall-Leicester and Cotswold wool. Bridghampton: T. Maynard-sheaf of barley, four feet four inches high. E. Miller-sheaf of Rio Grand spring wheat, sheaf of straight oats, 4 feet 8 inches, sheaf of Maine oats, black-eyed peas on vine. SHIAWASSEE COUNTY.-Burns: P. M. Earle, Crome & Jackson, Burlingame & Mulick, F. Richards, Orson Snyder and Warren & Son-samples of merino wool. H. Elton —combing wools. John Snyder-carding wool. N. G. Phillips-Pauler washed wools. C. Morse —samples of fine wool. TUsCOLA COUNTY.-Vassar: Thomas Green-Deihl wheat. North & Sheldon-Cotswold and Leicester wools. VAN BUREN COUNTY.-Lawrence: J. H. Barker -white dent and red-nose flint corn, and white marrowfat beans. H. Place-timothy grass, 5 feet 7 inches high. Paw Paw: F. Barnham — Centennial wheat, a new variety, ears five inches long. John Burnett —Deihl wheat and English black oats. S. Buskirk-sheaf of oats five feet high. S. Consollus-Clawson wheat in sample, and sheaves, 4 feet 10 inches long. J. C. Gould-hulless oats, 40 bushels to the acre, and buckwheat. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 491 B. Hymes-red clover, 3 feet 4 inches high; millet, 7 feet high and ears 12 inches long. John Lyle-yellow dent corn, 70 bushels to the acre. Charles Mitchelson-buckwheat. H. MoonSorghum syrup. C. P. Rawson-fifteen samples of merino wool. Richard Chandler-four samples grade merino wool. Lyman Tuttle-three samples grade merino wool, fleeces 9 to 19 lbs. A. Warner-Leicester andc merino wool, crossed, fiber 8 inches long. E. B. Welch-nine samples Spanish merino wool, 11 months' growth; average weight of fleece, 9 lbs. 4 ozs. D. WoodmanTreadwell and white amber wheat; Scotch and four-rowed barley; Tuscarora, Rhinehart and early Canada corn; surprise, white, grey, Norway, English, German black, and white Probstier oats; spring rye; navy beans; sheaves of blue joint and timothy grass, 5 feet 6 inches high; barley, 4 feet 2 inches; surprise oats, 5 feet; Clawson wheat, 5 feet; common white oats, 4 feet 6 inches; spring and winter rye, 5 feet 3 inches; twelve ears each of yellow and white dent, yellow flint, smut-nose and white corn; sack of marrowfat and another of Medina beans; sack each of yellow and white dent, smut-nose, flint and yellow dent corn and clover seed; sheaves of white, amber, bearded and bald Treadwell, Deihl, spring, Soules, Mediterranean and Kentucky May wheat. J. H. Woodman-sample of merino wool from a two-year old buck, fleece 161 lbs., fiber 31 inches long. J. J. Woodman-two samples Spanish merino wool fromn bucks' fleeces, 162 and 181 lbs.; fourteen samples from yearling ewes, delaine wool fleeces 64 to 102- lbs. L. K. Woodman-coffee and garbanzos peas. Decatur: O. Cadwell-four samples delaine wool. A. W. Hayden-Dehih wheat. S. H. Mallory-white and surprise oats. M. Mlerriman-eight-rowed corn, 75 bushels to the acre. W. Powers-eight samples delaine wools. J. Smith-barley, winter and spring rye, buckwheat, Hungarian grass and clover seed. Thomas Threadgould —Deihl and white winter wheat, 37 bushels to the acre, and Norway oats, 65 bushels to the acre. Keeler: A. J. Gregoiry-Deihl wheat, 40 bushels to the acre. J. Rosevelt-Soules wheat; six-rowed barley, 40 bushels to the acre; mammoth clover seed, 5 bushels to the acre; dent corn and timothy seed. Almena: R. Clark-three samples grade merino wool. W. Machlie-12 samples Leicester wool from fleeces averaging 6 lbs. VAN BUREN COUNTY FRUIT EXHIBIT.-South Haven Pomological Society-a general collection of fruit elsewhere noticed. Paw Paw: C. Engle-peaches and grapes. B. W. Abrams and J. Q. Morse-apples. South Haven: D. 0. Loveday and A. J. Perrin-varieties of fruit. Keeler: John Rosevelt-choice samples of fruit. Decatur: A. A. Olds-grapes, apples and pears. Lawrence: H. G. Barnes-varieties of fruit. Lawton: Judge Lawton-apples and grapes. E. Warnerpears, peaches, grapes and apples. William Jones, Mr. Love and D. Spice-varieties of fruit. WASHTENAW COUNTY.-Scio: James M. Hill-sample of winter rye. Ypsilanti: C. Meager — white beans. John Rooke-Clawson and Tappahannock wheat. Manchester: M. T. Proutwhite oats. John Rull-bushel of Clawson wheat, 66 lbs., 35 bushels to the acre. WAYNE COUNTY.-Detroit: Jacob Beeson & Son-samples of wheat, oats and barley, in glass case. Gillett & Hall-collection of wheat from Allegan, Hillsdale, Lapeer, Kent and other counties; white, fancy white and extra white wheat, as per standard Detroit Board of Trade; buckwheat and surprise oats. Gov. J. J. Bagley-38 samples of merino and Leicester wools, displayed on black' enamel show cards; sheaf of timothy 5 feet 71 inches high, ears 9 inches long. Raymond & Hibbard-Deihl wheat and marrowfat beans. Wayne County Horticultural Societycollection of apples. Geo. H. Hopkins-seedling apples. J. B. Bloss-apples. Canton: H. O. Hanford-spring and winter wheat, white and black oats, beans and clover seed. James Whitesurprise oats. M. E. Carleton-white spring wheat. Plymouth: H. Hurd-spring, Lincoln and Clawson wheat, kidney beans and surprise oats. E. McClumpha-Treadwell wheat, 35 bushels to the acre. J. Shearer-Treadwell wheat. J. W. Humphrey-apples. Northville: John Waterman-winter apples. 492 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. WEXFORD COUNTY.-Clam Lake: Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company-white winter and Deihl wheat, grown by William Henry; spring and Deihl wheat and field peas, grown by John Goldsmith. THE SPECIAL FRUIT EXHIBITS. The event which first brought Michigan into prominence at the Centennial was the special exhibition of winter apples of the crop of 1875, in May, 1876. With the exception of a few plates of fine apples exhibited by the Iowa Horticultural Society, the display of Michigan was the only exhibition proving the keeping qualities of American apples. The unpacking and exposure of several barrels of choice apples over six months after they were gathered, in a State a thousand miles distant, diffusing a delightful aroma through the hall, and presenting such a variety of forms and of color, from a yellowish green to a deep cardinal, all bright and crisp, attracted much attention, and caused many inquiries as to the character of the country where fruit with such remarkable keeping qualities could be grown. The State Pomological Society was the principal exhibitor, and received the award. The contributions were forwarded through N. Chilson, of Battle Creek, chairman of the committee in charge of that duty. Among the contributors in this collection were R. C. Fassett and C. Harrington, of Sandstone, H. W. Doney, of Jackson, George Gavitt, of Spring Arbor (all in Jackson county); L. L. Lance, of Ganges, Allegan county; George Parmelee, of Old Mission, Grand Traverse county; the South Haven Pomological Society, embracing a collection of fruit grown on the farms along the east shore of Lake Michigan; E. H. Reynolds, Levi Buck, Charles Atkinson, Caleb Ives, P. Fisher, E. Jose, W. Bloodgood, C. Toll, A. White, J. M. Davenport, T. E. Mason, G. W. Bruchin, Henrietta Bruchin, Wakeman Reynolds and Robert Hendershot, of Monroe county; H. Warder, Clarkston, Oakland county; P. C. Davis, of Kalamazoo. Among the special exhibitors were J. Waterman and P. E. White, of Northville, and N. Helling & Bro., of Battle Creek. The year 1875 was not a favorable year for apples, but it was followed by a year of great abundance. The May exhibit attracted the attention of European buyers to the fact that Michigan apples possess the quality of remarkable preservation during winter, and laid the foundation for a large exportation to Europe. Fortunately, the crop of 187X6 was so large and of such excellent quality, as to fully meet the views and expectations of foreign buyers. The opening of direct commercial relations between Michigan fruit STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 493 growers and British and other European consumers may be noted as among the first results of this successful exposition of Michigan winter fruits. The Board of International Judges not being organized in time for this exhibition, a special committee of experts was appointed by the chief of the Bureau of Agriculture, Mr. Burnett Landreth, to inspect the spring exhibition of winter fruit. In their report to Director-General A. T. Goshorn, they say: A very good collection of apples from the Iowa State Horticultural Society; remarkably well kept apples from the fruit houses of N. Hellings & Brother, Battle Creek, Michigan; and a superior collection from the Michigan State Pomological Society, embracing forty varieties of kinds that have been kept in the ordinary farm-house cellars of some of the members of the society. As the season is very late for good keeping apples, the committee made notes of those varieties which seemed to them meritorious, taking as a standard of character the actual condition of each variety with the best known specimens of its own kind, as well of actual good quality. In the Iowa collection they note as among the best Tewkesbury winter blush, Ortley and Rawles' Janet, Newtown pippin, Jonathan, winesap, and two not well known out of the west-Hoover and Minkler-as not having much to recommend them. In the collection of the Michigan State Pomological Society the finest were the Roxbury russet, rock, willow twig, Smith's cider, Rhode Island greening, Jonathan, Fallawater, Esopus, Spitzenburg, both kinds of Newtown pippins and red Canada. The last seems remarkably fine for this part of the country. Steele's winter, as exhibited by Mr. John Waterman, of Plymouth, Michigan, were so nearly alike with Canada red that if there was any difference the committee failed to detect it. Among the kinds little known east, but presenting points of interest at this season, the committee noted Detroit red, Emerson, Well and Brooks' keeper. The collection from Messrs. Hellings embraced forty dishes in ten varieties, all high colored, and all large and well grown fruit. They were all grown in Michigan, in 1875, and by the method pursued by them in their fruit-house, had even the stems as green and firm as when plucked from the trees. The Rhode Island greenings and northern spys were fully equal to the best average specimens known. Newtown pippins, Baldwin, Jonathan and Westfield seek-no-further, very good; red Canada, Spitzenburg, and the others, not quite equal to those preserved in the common way. Mr. Ilgenfritz, in his report to the Board of Managers, says that the State Pomological Society began its work in a systematic manner, by appointing competent men to take charge of each class of fruit, so that proper attention would be given the entire work. The apples of Michigan were brought forward on time and spread upon the table designated, in the center aisle of Agricultural Hall. Those who made this display anxiously awaited the competition of other states, but none appeared at the place assigned. Iowa had about a dozen varieties on twenty plates, but did not bring them into the area where comparison could be made, but retained them in the space assigned for her general agricultural exhibit, so that, in fact, Michigan was alone in this first display of fruit. The table allotted to Michigan was well filled and overflowing with about 250 plates, containing 40 different varieties of apples, of the greatest popularity. There were 32 contributors to this display. 63 494 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Had it not been for this May exhibition, showing the extraordinary keeping qualities of Michigan apples, the representation of the fruit interests of Michigan would have been incomplete. Embraced in the report of Mr. Ilgenfritz are comments, by a number of newspapers, favorable to the Michigan display. The Philadelphia "Evening Bulletin" said: "The Michigan apple display is one of the finest ever seen in this city, and reflects much credit upon the exhibitors from that State." The Philadelphia "Times" remarked: "The apples are as fresh and solid as if they were just grown, instead of being last year's, and the attraction towards them shows the deep interest the people have and their great wonderment at the display. The exhibit will well repay a visit." The Pittsburg "Commercial" said: "Indeed it is surprising to see such a variety of fruit in such a state of preservation in the month of May." The fall exhibition of fruit was to begin September eleventh, and was to last until the seventeenth of the same month, but it was continued much later by many, and until the close of the Exhibition by a few. The building for this display was located east of Agricultural Hall. It was commodious, but temporary in construction. The Michigan State Pomological Society appointed an.efficient corps to take charge of collecting the various kinds of fruits: H. D. Adams, apples; H. E. Bidwell, peaches; J. E. Ilgenfritz, pears; J. G. Ramsdell, plums; E. Bradfield, grapes. Of the display in Pomological Hall, the South Haven Pomological Society deserves much credit for the valuable assistance it afforded by its timely contributions of fine fruit. A good many peaches were received, but very few of them in good condition, owing to the long distance and the warm weather. The plum display, under the charge of Judge Ramsdell, was not quite as large as it might have been, yet it was a beautiful and a meritorious one. The pear display presented a fair appearance, notwithstanding an unfavorable season in the locality where the pears were selected. S. Hoppin, of Bangor, brought with him as fine a collection of fruit as was presented by any one individual at the Exhibition. The report says that it was owing to a mistake that Mr. Hoppin did not receive an award for his collection. The support to the display given by J. W. Humphrey, of Plymouth, with his extensive collection, was of the best. Among the most valued contributions are mentioned those of J. R. Monroe and D. W. Abrams, of Paw Paw; Reynolds & Lewis, Monroe; N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek; C. P. Chidester, Convis. The grape display was late. A. O. Winchester's collection was very fine. Mr. Bradfield succeeded in making a good grape show, and it attracted great attention. The Peninsular Farmers' STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 495 Club, of Grand Traverse, furnished some of the very finest apples and pears that were displayed during the entire Exhibition. After exhibiting fruit five weeks in the pomological annex, it became necessary to remove to Agricultural Hall, which brought the Michigan exhibition into still greater prominence. In this closing exhibition four tables, two on each side of the great central fountain, were covered with Michigan fruit. Messrs. Adams and Bradfield accompanied their last shipment of apples and grapes, and they rendered valuable service in the hall. Prominent in this display was the collection of the Peninsular Farmers' Club, embracing about twenty-five, all so near perfect as to render it difficult to find a blemish in any one specimen-the very choicest collection of apples exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition. The collection of grapes of Judge Ramsdell was a very handsome one, and excited many favorable remarks. Mr. Adams' fruit from his own orchard presented a fine appearance, and embraced many points of excellence. It received an award. In regard to this last display of Michigan fruit, the press again furnishes many flattering comments. Among them, the Philadelphia "Sunday Times" said: "This magnificent display from Michigan opens the eyes of Philadelphians to the great resources of that State in fruit-culture. Michigan may congratulate herself on the general admiration the display has excited." Mr. Ilgenfritz says that the people of our sister states were not alone, but were joined by the foreign visitors, in showering encomiums on the Michigan fruit exhibit. The French commissioners would not be satisfied until they carefully packed a box of 28 of our most popular varieties, with their'correct names attached, that they might take them with them to show to their horticultural society. Michigan exhibited during the season 317 varieties of apples, 74 varieties of pears, 28 varieties of peaches,.19 varieties of plums, and 38 varieties of grapes. Total number of plates, 3,474; of contributors, 96, including the spring display. In concluding his report, Mr. Ilgenfritz says: Our diplays contained nearly all the varieties of apples of any merit that were exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition, and in regard to perfection were not surpassed by any." The spring exhibit of Michigan winter apples was on a table about 6 x24 feet, on the nave south of the central fountain. The regular summer show of fruit was in pomological annex to Agricultural Hall, on two long and two shorter tables, holding about 1,400 plates. The fall exhibit, after the removal from pomological annex, was in Agricultural Hall, on four tables placed in the nave, two south and two north of the central fountain. The Centennial Judges on Pomology made the following report in reference to thie fall display of Michigan fruit: 496 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. S. Hoppin, Bangor, Michigan: This exhibit embraces 10 varieties of peaches, including early Ann, early York, Morris white, Hill's Chili, Jacques rareripe, and Barnard (said to be popular and an abundant bearer); apples, 75 varieties. These were, on the whole, rather superior to the same kinds as usually grown, especially the Baldwin (11 inches around), northern spy, Rhode Island greening, gillyflower, red russett, Blenheim pippin, black Detroit (12- inches), Gravenstein (12 inches), Chenango strawberry, maiden's blush, and red Detroit. The last is considered a more valuable variety than the black Detroit. In the collection is an improved Siberian crab. H. E. Bidwell, South Haven, Michigan: Crawford late peaches, 9 inches in circumference, clear and beautiful. J. S. Linderman, South Haven, Michigan: 30 plates grapes, 4 varieties; very good. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan: Nine varieties of grapes-Martha, Diana and Wilder, all good; Salem, with small bunches, extra large and good berries; Barry, good; Concord, very fine; Ives, extra fine; on the whole, worthy of commendation for superior culture. E. Bradfield, Ada, Michigan: Nine varieties of grapes, one of which, Bradfield's prolific, has a large bunch, with berries 31 inches in circumference. This is a remarkably good looking black variety, but hardly ripe enough to warrant us in awarding to it special merit, which perhaps it might deserve when matured. Peninsular Farmers' Club, of Grand Traverse county, Michigan.: Peaches, apples and pears. Of the last two we have to speak in terms of the highest praise. The Bartlett pears were not as large as are often grown, but were of a clear lemon color, with brilliant scarlet on the sunny side, and with a delicious aroma. The Flemish beauty pears were very highly colored, and measured 10 and 11~ inches. Among the apples, Porter measured 104 by 11 inches around, spice sweet, 12 inches; Duchess of Oldenburg, 114 inches; red Astrachan, 104 inches, and very beautiful. Taking the whole collection, it was very meritorious. GENERAL REMARKS. In giving credit to each county for the articles placed on exhibition, some counties may not receive their full share, owing to the collective character of the exhibition. For instance, the fine collection of the South Haven Pomological Society is credited to Van Buren county, whereas it is probable that some of the fruit was collected from farms in Allegan county, owing to local proximity; but the list is sufficiently accurate to designate the portions of the State which by this exhibit have rendered themselves famous. The largest display of agricultural and horticultural productions from any one county was from Van Buren. Hon. J. J. Woodman and his brothers at Paw Paw were active in procuring a good display of cereals and wool, while the South Haven Pomological Society took care to have the fruit interest as well represented as circumstances would permit. Following is a list of contributors to the exhibit of this society: A. S. Dyckman, L. H. Bailey, George Hannahs, James Hale, T. A. Bixby, J. S. Linderman, C. T. Bryant, H. Chatfield, Daniel Pierce, John Williams, D. M. Shoemaker, J. J. Moulthroop, W. J. Hopkins, H. J. Edgell, H. Hurlbut, C. H. Wigglesworth, J. Dow, Harvey Linderman, STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 497 Samuel Sheffer, Clark Merritt, George Sweet, George Griffin, U. Conger, Charles Gibson, J. Anderson, Joseph Lannin, A. J. Pierce, H. E. Bidwell. Next to Van Buren, Sanilac, one of the largest of the eastern counties, with.a long coast line on Lake Huron, although not enjoying railroad communication, made the largest display of agricultural products of any county in the State, collected chiefly through the efforts of Mr. J. W. Norman. Grand Traverse county is the center of the belt extensively known as "the Grand Traverse fruit region." Its safe and convenient harbors, connecting it with large centers of population, render it peculiarly adapted for supplying markets with both fruit and vegetables. Being interspersed and partially surrounded with large bodies of deep, pure water, the climate of this region is remarkably mild. The peninsula, nearly twenty miles in length, and averaging about two miles in width, which divides Grand Traverse Bay into two arms, -and from which the Peninsular Farmers' Club takes its name, sent its fruit liberally to the Exhibition. The fruit farms, orchards and gardens of this Traverse region, and especially those of George Parmelee, William Marshall, Professor Tracy and Judge Ramsdell, are models of the excellence to which devotion to specialties, in suitable localities, can be made to attain, when directed by intelligence and prosecuted with industry and perseverance. Monroe county did herself much credit by her exhibition of fruits, and especially of native wines. J. E. Ilgenfritz collected and displayed pears from Monroe and other counties, making it a State display. Altogether, the collection from this county was highly creditable to the producers, and to those through whose efforts it was secured. G. Brinkerhoff has commendatory mention by the Centennial judges for grapes exhibited by him. Oceana county, though in the northern portion of the "fruit belt," so-called, is yet protected from the severity of the winters by the proximity of Lake Michigan. The Oceana County Pomological Society contributed to the State fair, which were afterwards forwarded to the Centennial, a large collection, comprising 48 varieties of apples, 9 of pears, 10 of plums, 3 of peaches, and 4 of crab apples. Of the local societies and organizations that contributed to the success of the agricultural and pomological exhibits, especial mention should be made of the Volinia Farmers' Club, with its headquarters at Volinia, Cass county, which has been established twelve years, and is one of the most active local agricultural associations of Michigan. It has a meeting for discussion, on some subject previously arranged, on the first Wednesday in each of the six winter months. There is a regular order of business established for every meeting, as followrs: 498 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 1, Discussion of market reports; 2, Reports of experiments; 3, Miscellaneous business; 4, Discussion of stated subjects, as per programme. The officers for 1876 were: B. C. Buell, president; H. S. Rogers, secretary and librarian; John Strubel, treasurer. Secretary's office, Volinia, Cass county, Michigan. The club holds an annual fair, free to the public. It has two large tents, which are erected wherever the fair is held, the club having no special fair grounds. In May of each year the club holds its annual sheep-shearing festival, when a plowing match usually comes off. This association has done much to promote ambition and create an interest in agricultural matters. The Peninsular Farmers' Club is an organization composed of the farmers and fruit-growers living on the long, narrow peninsula that projects into Grand Traverse Bay. The officers for the Centennial year were: President, Benjamin Montague; vice-president, William A. Marshall; recording secretary, George L. Roberts; corresponding secretary, Will W. Tracy. They have held weekly meetings every winter for the past five years, and have done much towards developing among the members a clearer understanding of the principles of their profession. The Farmers' Fruit Preserving Company, of Palmyra, Lenawee county, was organized August, 1873. Its object is the preservation of fruit by the Alden process, or pneumatic evaporation. The directors are Horace Sayles, president; William Graves, vice-president; Albert Hoxie, treasurer and superintendent; S. B. Mann, secretary. These, together with L. B. Walker, are stockholders. The other local organizations that rendered valuable aid are the Kalamazoo County Agricultural Society, the Wayne County Horticultural Society, the Lake Shore Pomological Society of Douglass and Ganges, Allegan county; the South Haven Pomological Society, Van Buren county; and the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, of Kent county. Of the individuals whose labors contributed to the success universally accorded to Michigan in the departments of agriculture and pomology, it is difficult to designate any without seeming to be invidious. The manager, Hon. J. J. Woodman; the superintendent, Charles H. Ilgenfritz; the curators, H. Dale Adams, Galesburg; N. Chilson, Jeremiah Brown, Charles Merritt, Battle Creek; C. P. Chidester, Convis; Benjamin Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde; E. Bradfield, Ada; Samuel Hoppin, Bangor; Hon. J. G. Ramsdell, Traverse City; J. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe; Hon. Alonzo Sessions, Lieutenant-Governor, Ionia; S. B. Mann, Adrian; E. R. Merethew, Osceola; and David Woodman, Paw Paw, in the departments of fruit and farm produce-deserve to be specially remembered for their eminent volunteer services. It was through the generous STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 499 efforts of these men, and others elsewhere named, that so much was accomplished at so little cost to the State, and the high character of Michigan for agriculture and pomology so well maintained. Jacob Beeson & Son, commission merchants of Detroit, were exhibitors in this department of Michiganr wheat, oats and barley, about a half bushel of each, neatly placed in a glass case. The samples were not grown by them, but were commercial samples, according to the standard established by the Detroit Board of Trade. The exhibit received an award of merit. The general agricultural exhibit was near the post marked K 15, between the nave and west aisle in Agricultural Hall. The forestry of Michigan was exhibited near post E 25, west of the nave and north of the transept. In the American department of the Main Building was a glass case exhibit of peppermint oil and lozenges, manufactured by Albert M. Todd, Nottawa, St. Joseph county, referred to in the agricultural exhibits. It is claimed that in the cultivation and distillation of the oil of peppermint the United States is far in advance of all other countries, annually producing about four-fifths of all that is distilled in the entire world, and of this amount, about one-fifth is distilled in the county of St. Joseph, Michigan, and its immediate vicinity. Next in importance to the United States in this respect is England, and in the third rank, Germany. Quite recently the culture of the peppermint plant has also extended to China and Japan, the former of which exhibited their product in the form of crystals, at the Exhibition. In addition to peppermint, there are also other oils distilled in St. Joseph county, among which are spearmint, wormwood, pennyroyal, tansy and fireweed, but all other oils combined will not equal one-eighth of the amount of peppermint. THE EXHIBITION OF FORESTRY AND GRASSES. This department was specially in charge of the Agricultural College, under the direction of the State Board of Agriculture. The catalogue covers about forty pages of print, classified so as to show the Latin and popular name, description, locality from whence received, and donor's name, of each specimen. There were about twelve hundred specimens of forestry, comprising trunks and cross-sections of trees, blocks, boards, natural curiosities in growth, shrubs, seeds, etc., severally grouped as follows: FIRST. Cross sections of trunks of our native trees, and some prominent introduced species, all of which grow to be over six inches in diameter. The sections, about 65 in number, were from seven inches to two and one-half feet 500 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. in diameter (in one instance reaching seven and one-half feet), and about one and a half inches thick or long. SECOND. A collection of about 140 blocks and twigs, not over six inches in diameter by about six inches in length, with bark mostly on them. Some of these specimens are of shrubs, quite small, not over one-fourth of an inch in diameter. One-sixth of one side of these blocks was planed off vertically, an oblique section made upon the same side, toward the top, leaving the upper surface a little more than half the diameter. THIRD. A collection of polished boards, 8x 16 inches, and a half inch in thickness, in cases where the trees were of sufficient size to admit of it. From smaller trees and shrubs the boards were ten inches long and of varying width. The number of boards of each species varied from one to twenty, according to the importance, beauty or peculiarities of the species. These boards were as unlike each other as it was possible to find them, for the purpose of exhibiting the wood in all its peculiarities. FOURTH. There were some specimens of other dimensions, not uniform in shape, size or finish. These included samples of the valuable hard woods, as oak, hickory, etc., cut in a variety of shapes. The collection included also knots, natural grafts of roots and trunks, oak sticks with deer's antlers imbedded in them, etc. FIFTH. Samples of seeds and cones-a quart or more, of about fifty species. The specimens were mostly entered in the name of the Agricultural College. The following were the individual exhibitors: John N. Hirth, Birmingham-whitewood board, 31 x 72 inches. Phenix Manufacturing Company, Grand Rapids-Twenty samples of woods, in board sections 4 x 10 inches. Nelson, Matter & Co., Grand Rapids-forty samples of woods in board sections 8 x 16 inches each. N. Glassbrook, Lansing-Whitewood board 8 x 16 inches. George E. Breck, Paw Paw-Block from paw paw tree, 42 x 6 inches; block from hop tree, 34 x 6 inches; board from hawthorne, 4 x 10 inches. Warren W. Reynolds, Cassopolis-Seeds of the paw paw tree. A. A. Wilbur, Lansing-A number of specimens of woods, in board sections, 8 x 16 inches. D. Hardin & Co., Saginaw City-Twenty-five samples of woods, in board sections, 8 x 16 inches. J. J. McWharton, South Lyon-Block of prickly ash, 4~ x 6 inches. H. A. Atkins, Locke, Ingham county-Cross section of smooth sumac, 101 inches. C. F. Wheeler, Point Crystal-Block fragrant sumac, 6 x 81 inches. S. Alexander, Birmingham —Cross section of grape vine, 54 inches; cross section salix nigra faloata. Atkinson Brothers, Raisinville-Block of grape vine, 18x9 inches; cross section of same, 9 inches. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 501 A. H. Seeley, Hudson-Block Virginia creeper, 6 x 14 inches. C. E. Sumner, Lambertville-Cross section fetid or Ohio buckeye; seeds of same; section western shell-bark hickory; seeds of same; cottonwood, cross section and boards. Jesse Hoyt, East Saginaw-Samples of timber, in board sections, of various sizes. Morrice & Crandall, Little Traverse-Cross section sugar or rock maple; block of yew or ground hemlock. O. M. Barnes, Otsego-Sugar or rock maple, in board sections 8 x 16 inches. W. S. Cole, Cooperville-Red maple in board sections, 8 x 16 inches. H. E. Owen, Adrian-Specimens of Judas-tree, honey locust and common juniper. Israel Pennington, Macon-Cross section Kentucky coffee-tree; several specimens "tree of heaven" (exotic). R. C. Carpenter, Orion-Block wild yellow or red plum, 5 x 6'inches. John W. Post, Lansing-Block red currant, 6 x 2l inches. W. N. Adsit, Grand Traverse-Red-berried elder, seeds of pine and spruce, hemlock spruce cones. Austin, Tomlinson & Webster, Jackson-Specimens of timber. J. H. Lawrence, Coldwater-Section blue ash, 6 x 16 inches. D. T. Fox, Kalamazoo-Section spice-bush or fence-bush, 2 x 6 inches. ~A. G. Gulley, Dearborn-Section red mulberry. Rev. E. H. Day, Richland-Board from red mulberry; block from osage orange. J. A. Robinson, Battle Creek-Board sections of butternut, 8 x 17 inches; specimens iron or lever-wood, or hop-horn-beam-Astiga Virginia; cross section locust (exotic). W. R. Kidder, Redmond-Section black walnut. D. G. Canfield & Co., Lansing-Black walnut board, 8 x 16 inches. Warren Burcham, Lansing-Section shell-bark or shag-bark hickory. J. Van Wormer, Monroe-Section shell-bark hickory; section white oak. Dr. Daniel Broughton, Franklin-Section shell-bark hickory. J. F. Fosmir, Lyons-Section swamp white oak, 12 x 20 inches. S. W. Walker, Wayne-Section chestnut. B. W. Steere, Adrian-Chingapin burrs-pumila. G. E. Brede, Paw Paw-Sections blue beach or horn-beam. Allen & Co., Lansing-Specimens of white pine boards. J. O. Beal, Rollin-White spruce cones. Hosea Cox, Samuel Leland, Wm. G. Leland, Three Rivers-Cross section red cedar or savin. S. O. Knapp, Jackson-Block from smoke tree, 6 x 3O inches (exotic); seeds of trumpet creeper (exotic); blocks and boards of white willow. C. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids-Board from garden red cherry, 4 x 10 inches (exotic). William Lamb, Lenawee-Section Siberian crab apple (exotic). J. O. Beal, Rollin-Board from Siberian crab apple tree, and white mulberry. Wm. Day, Battle Creek-Catalpa seeds (exotic). John R. Hawkins, Lenawee County-Block from white mulberry. N. Parmelee, Lansing-Block of white poplar. Augustus Schmidt, Galesburg-Deer's antler in oak rail, taken nine feet from the ground. Sanford Keeler, East Saginaw-Pine curl or knot, grew thirty feet from the ground. Warren Brown, Flint — Oak knot, very large, now in care of the Detroit Scientific Association. John E. Taylor and A. B. Wetherby, Greenville, Cass County-Natural graft in oak limb; deer's antler in oak section. B. W. Steere, Adrian-Seeds of Chinese wistaria. 64 502 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. George Rowell, Bennington-Section of twin beeches united 25 feet above ground. S. S. Scoville & Co., Coldwater-Box of wagon timber. Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad-Specimens of maples and elms. Cutler & Savidge, Spring Lake-Planks and cross-sections of pine. Accompanying the catalogue was a valuable paper by Prof. W. J. Beal, of the State Agricultural College, which also appears in the transactions of the State Board of Agriculture, and of the State Pomological Society for the year 1876. A few extracts are given, following: GREAT WASTE. To the best of my knowledge, lumbering has always been overdone in this State. It is in most places very slovenly and wastefully done. Labor is so high and lumber so cheap that the best is culled here and there, a few trees. The tops and refuse are left on the ground. They are very likely to burn in a year or two and destroy the rest of the standing timber. The fire does not stop here, but runs in and destroys the adjacent timber which has been left for future use. It is a great pity that this fearful destruction by fire is not or cannot in some way be prevented. Within my recollection a large part of Southern Michigan, which is now in the form of arable land, has been cleared of timber. Our grandfathers, at great labor and expense, cut down, rolled into heaps, and burned the timber from thousands of acres in New York, because they must have room for corn and wheat and meadow. Our fathers did and are still doing the same thing for Michigan. Educated in this way, brought up in the woods where timber is too plenty, as a people we have been taught to undervalue timber. There are now living men who can see no beauty in a tree, except for the cords of wood or loads of lumber, or the hundreds of rails it will make. The lovely elm, with all its grace and beauty, well styled the queen of American trees, shades the border of his meadow, and is a nuisance. He cuts it down. Our large, grand old trees have not been saved, partially because of this lack of love for them. In many places it would be impossible to save them. They would not stand the storms alone when their fellow trees were cut away. In 100 or 200 years it is likely our successors will have and care for large samples of trees which have grown more stocky in exposed places. One of the interesting things now to do is to save what we can and make a record of the size and position of any large trees in Michigan. VALUABLE TREES. Some trees prove of great value because of the peculiarity of the grain or color. If I am rightly informed, a walnut tree in Potterville sold for $1,000, as the wood was in beautiful waves. It was made into veneering. Mr. J. W. King, of Lansing, bought a black walnut tree seven feet through in Brookfield. He sold it for nearly $1,200, to be cut up into veneering in New York. Mr. H. D. Post, of Saugatuck, Allegan county, tells me of a blistered walnut, very dark-in color, which lay for some years in the water near Grand Rapids. The owner cut it into veneering for his own use, after refusing $2,000 for it. Doubtless many a valuable log has been cut into fire-wood, or rolled into a log-heap and burned, or sawed into boards for a hog-pen by ignorant people not knowing its real worth. At Grandc Rapids I learned of a black cherry with very dark wood which was shipped to Central America, and from there shipped back to this country as good mahogany. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 503 In the north part of the State, as at Otsego and Petoskey, there is some very fine curly and bird's-eye maple. Considerable quantities are going to Europe. Some choice trees of rock elm, white oak, and white ash are also going to Europe, besides to nearly all parts of our own country, either in the unfinished state or after being first manufactured into some articles of furniture. INTERESTING SPECIMENS. We send two sections of a large cottonwood to the Centennial, one section near the ground ten feet across, the other fifty feet above it over three feet in diameter. Five feet above the ground the tree was twenty-seven feet in circumference. The tree was 140 feet high. The first limb was twenty-eight inches in diameter and made two saw logs, each fourteen feet long. The tree grew two and a half miles south of Almont village. The above items in reference to the cottonwood are furnished by the donor, Mr. Joseph Bristol. The large specimen board of whitewood or tulip tree came from a tree cut some years ago. The tree made 5,060 feet of lumber. These items are given by John N. Heth, Birmingham. I am informed of another whitewood tree cut in Shelby, which made 5,000 feet of lumber; one board was four and a half feet wide. Natural grafting is very common with various kinds of roots, and not uncommon with the branches of trees and shrubs. We send one or two small samples of root grafting, and some of top grafting, as found in the natural state. In Branch county stand two trees, twelve feet apart, each about twelve inches through. They run up twelve feet, when one starts off horizontally and strikes the other, when they grow together in one body. I heard of a specimen, perhaps not now standing-two pines, about four feet apart, diameters twenty-six and twenty inches respectively. About sixteen feet from the ground they are joined by a tie six inches in diameter. Above the point of union the smaller tree becomes the largest. Mr. George Rowell, of Bennington, Shiawassee county, writes of two beeches now growing on his farm. They are about eighteen inches in diameter near the ground, thrifty and straight. About twenty feet above the ground they are joined together. The trunks are nearly covered with the names of persons who have made them a visit, some of them dating back thirty years. I should say of these beeches, which go to the Centennial, "United we stood, united we fell." Mr. L. B. Peck, of Muskegon, writes: "On the farm of William H. Hubbard, in the township of Ferry (Reed post office), Oceana county, is a specimen of natural grafting. Two trees, standing some fifteen feet apart, are united together some ten feet high, forming from thence upward a perfect single top, with a smooth, round, natural trunk. Having seen it but a few moments, I am not able to give a very precise description, not even to name the variety of timber, but I think the two are of the same." Mr. E. J. Shirts, of Shelby, Oceana county, sends a drawing and description of two sugar maples in his section, grown together. The larger tree stands up straight, and is about two feet in diameter. The smaller tree is fifty feet from the larger one, and is about one foot in diameter. The small one, some eight feet from the ground, is bent over, and touches the larger one where the graft occurs, thirty feet above the ground. At the point of union the large tree is twenty inches, and the small one six inches in diameter. I have looked many times at forest trees of different genera, which had apparently grown together by root, trunk or limbs, but on cutting into them I never found the least union of the wood. Mr. Warren Brown, Flint, writes as follows in reference to a huge oak knot which he donates: "The tree is nearly three feet at the butt. The wart is ten feet up the tree, and is sound as a nut. I should have it made into a punch bowl, neatly carved. This wart goes round the tree within ten inches. Around the tree over the knot the tree is in circumference about twenty-five feet. 504 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Sanford Keeler, superintendent of the. Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, sends a portion of a pine tree which made a complete turn around, and then grew on straight. The curl was about thirty feet from the ground, and there was six inches in diameter. Hon. J. Webster Childs sends a mallet made of a black ash knot. It is well made and is a beautiful specimen, showing a variety of faces or sides of the grain. A part of a deer's antler is imbedded in an oak rail from a tree two feet in diameter, where it remained some years before it was discovered. By estimate, the horn was about'nine feet from the ground when the tree was standing. This was sent by Augustus Schmidt, of Kalamazoo, at the suggestion of H. Dale Adams. A. B. Wetherbee, of Cass county, sends the following: The deer's horn in this case is about sixteen inches long, and has two branches, one projecting obliquely up alongside, and the other passing horizontally into and through the heart of the tree. The point of the upper branch is perfect; the lower one is somewhat damaged, and the base of the horn, fixed in the sap-wood of the tree, shows proofs of its former attachment to the head of the deer. The tree is perfectly sound, and is an ordinary white oak, twenty-two inches in diameter. It was first noticed by the early settlers about thirty-six years ago, when the tree was but eight or ten inches in diameter, with the horn projecting apparently through the center. The points disappeared about ten years ago, and when the tree was cut, March 7, 1876, only a small portion of the bone attached to the horn was visible. MICHIGAN PINE LOGS. Near the western entrance to Agricultural Hall was an exhibition of Michigan pine logs from Colby, Montcalm county. They were piled on a sleigh, just as they were hauled from the woods. The exhibit attracted much attention, and was photographed as one of the curiosities of the Centennial. The specimens of pine logs and planks exhibited by the Cutler & Savidge Lumber Company, of Spring Lake, Ottawa county, attracted the attention of foreigners, and a European trade for lumber, in the form of deals or plank, has ensued. The transportation by vessels direct to Liverpool from Michigan lake harbors, without transhipment, is already established. THE MINERAL EXHIBIT. The collection and forwarding of mineral specimens was under the general direction of Hon. Jay A. Hubbell, the member of the State Board of Managers representing the Upper Peninsula. No detailed statement of his labors is at hand, but it may be said, in general terms, that the great mining interests of the Upper Peninsula generously seconded Mr. Hubbell's efforts, not only in contributing specimens for exhibition, but by liberal donations of money, made necessary by the meager State appropriation. The exhibit of Michigan minerals collected by the Managers was near the east end of the mineral annex to the Main Building, which was a long structure between the Main Building and Elm avenue. Another fine collection of STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 505 Michigan minerals, collected and exhibited by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, displayed in two long glass cases, besides several large blocks of native copper and iron ore, were in the west end of the Government Building. We can hardly do justice to this department without giving quite fully the catalogue of specimens, printed by W. S. George & Co., State printers, under authority of the State Centennial Board. COPPER SPECIMENS.' 1. Native metallic copper, chips from masses, Minnesota mine, Ontonagon county. 2. Native metallic copper, small mass, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine, Houghton county. 3. Native metallic copper and silver, Minnesota mine, Ontonagon county. 4. Native metallic copper, silver and green carbonate, Ontonagon county. 5. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Fissure veins, Keweenaw county. 6. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Minnesota mine, Ontonagon county. 7. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 8. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county; cabinet of A. P. Thomas, Esq. 9. Native metallic copper, crystallized, with black oxide, Keweenaw county. 10. Native metallic copper, crystallized, with black oxide and spar, Keweenaw county. 11. Native metallic copper, crystallized, with spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 12. Native metallic copper, silver and calc-spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 13. Native metallic copper and silver; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 14. Epidote and dog-tooth spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 15. Dog-tooth spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 16. Native copper, in spar crystals, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 17. Native copper and silver, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 18. Native copper, vug with spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 19. Native copper, in spar crystals, from National mine, Ontonagon county; cabinet of Dr.:Overfield. 20. Native copper, in spar crystals, Ontonagon county; cabinet of Mr. Sales. 21. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Keweenaw and Ontonagon counties; cabinet of Hon. Jay A. Hubbell. 22. Underlaying rock of Pewabic belt, Quincy mine, Houghton county. 23. Overlaying rock of Pewabic belt, Quincy mine, Houghton county. 24. Copper-bearing amygdaloid rock, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine. 25. Vugs, with crystallized copper, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine. 26. Vugs, with crystals of spar containing native copper, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine. 27. Copper-bearing amygdaloid with spar, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine. 28. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Pewabic belt, Franklin and Pewabic mine, Houghton county. 29. Copper-bearing amygdaloid and epidote, Pewabic belt (lode), Franklin and Pewabic mine. 30. Copper-bearing amygdaloid with crystals of copper, Franklin and Pewabic mine. * The classification is omitted as irrelevant in this publication. The different entries represent usually from one to three, and sometimes five specimens each, although sometimes stated as "lot." The more notable exceptions are 37 specimens by Hon. Jay A. Hubbell, 11 from the Atlantic mine, and 57 from the Calumet and Hecla mine. 506 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 31. Copper-bearing amygdaloid with native sheet copper, Franklin and Pewabic mine. 32. Vugs, with crystals of spar and copper, Franklin and Pewabic mine. 33. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, South Pewabic lode, Atlantic mine, Houghton county. 34. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, South Pewabic lode, Atlantic mine. 35. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Isle Royale lode, Houghton mine. 36. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Isle Royale lode, Concord mine, Houghton county. 37. Native metallic copper and silver, Ontonagon county; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 38. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Keweenaw county; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 39. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, crystals of copper on epidote, Franklin mine; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 40. Vug copper-bearing amygdaloid, Pewabic lode; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 41. Crystallized copper and quartz, Ontonagon county; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 42. Native metallic copper in spar; cabinet of Hon. Jay A. Hubbell. 43. Vugs native metal copper, Ontonagon and Keweenaw counties; cabinet of Hon. Jay A. Hubbell. 44. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Fissure vein, Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county. Donated to Smithsonian Institute. 45. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Ashbed lode, Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county. 46. Copper-bearing amygdaloid with crystals of calcite, Ashbed lode, Copper Falls mine. 47. Overlaying trap (hanging wall) of Ashbed, Copper Falls mine. 48. Vein rock (gangue), Fissure vein, Copper Falls mine. 49. Native metallic copper and silver on epidotic trap; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 50. Native metallic copper-silver and calc-spar; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 51. Native metallic silver; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 52. Native metallic copper, crystallized; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 53. Native metallic copper with green carbonate; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 54. Red oxide of copper; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 55. Vug of crystallized copper and spar; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 56. Native metallic silver and spar, Keweenaw county. 57. Native metallic copper and spar, Keweenaw county. 58. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Ontonagon county; cabinet of Mr. Sales. 59. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Ontonagon county; cabinet of Mr. R. Sheldon. 60. Vein rock, National mine, Fissure vein, Ontonagon. 61. Overlaying trap (hanging wall) Fissure vein, National mine, Ontonagon county. 62. From 40 feet thick conglomerate underlaying or foot wall, Fissure vein, National mine,, Ontonagon county. 63. From 40 feet thick conglomerate underlaying or foot wall, Fissure vein, National mine, Ontonagon county. 64. Vein rock (gangue), with green carbonate, Fissure vein, National mine, Ontonagon county. 65. Native metallic copper nugget, from 550-ton mass, Minnesota mine, Ontonagon county. 66. Phrenite with crystals of quartz and copper; cabinet of Mr. Sales, Ontonagon county. 67. Copper-bearing conglomerate, Calumet and Hecla lode, Calumet and Hecla mine, Houghton county. 68. Copper-bearing amygdaloid overlaying Calumet conglomerate. 69. Trap rock overlaying Calumet and Hecla conglomerate. 70. Copper-bearing sandstone, Calumet and Hecla mine. 71. Ripple-marked sandstone, from Calumet and Hecla mine. 72. Native metallic sheet copper, from Calumet and Hecla mine. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 507 73. Calumet and Hecla conglomerate, Schoolcraft mine, Houghton county. 74. Calumet and Hecla conglomerate, Osceola mine, Houghton county. 75. Allouez copper-bearing conglomerate, Allouez lode, Allouez mine, Keweenaw county. 76. Conglomerate and malachite, Allouez mine. 77. Albany and Boston copper-bearing conglomerate, Albany and Boston mine, Houghton county. 78. Trap rock overlaying Albany and Boston conglomerate. 79. Foot wall underlaying Albany and Boston conglomerate. 80. Kearsarge copper-bearing conglomerate, Keweenaw county. 81. Island mine copper-bearing conglomerate, Isle Royale. 82. Native metallic copper, Cliff mine, Keweenaw county. 83. Vein rock, Fissure vein, Cliff mine, Keweenaw county. 84. Vein rock, Fissure vein, Phoenix mine, Keweenaw county. 85. Native metallic float copper, Douglass location, Houghton county. 86. Native metallic copper, crystallized; cabinet of Johnson Vivian. 87. Native metallic silver, crystallized; cabinet of C. D. Sheldon. 88. Native metallic copper with quartz and spar crystals; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 89. Native metallic copper, crystallized; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 90. Native metallic copper and silver; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 91. Native metallic silver; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 92. Copper-bearing epidote, Ontonagon county; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 93. Native metallic copper, crystallized, and spar; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 94. Heavy spar with quartz crystals; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 95. Sugar spar and copper in spar crystals; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 96. Phrenite, with native metallic copper crystals; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 97. Phrenite, with native metallic copper crystals; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 98. Phrenite, with native metallic copper and spar; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 99. Datholite, Quincy mine; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 100. Native metallic copper in spar crystals, Quincy mine; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 101. Rose spar, Evergreen mine, Ontonagon county; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 102. Spar encasing quartz crystals; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 103. Smoky spar; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 104. Copper-bearing epidote; cabinet of T. W. Edwards. 105. Calc-spar, Ontonagon county. 106. Quartz crystals and phrenite, Quincy mine, Houghton county. 107. Quartz and spar, Houghton county. 108. Smoky spar, Houghton county. 109. Native copper, crystallized, black oxide and phrenite. 110. Red oxide copper, Ontonagon county. 111. Brick copper, Ontonagon county. 112. Malachite, Allouez mine; cabinet of John Chassell. 113. Sugar-spar, calc-spar and epidote. 114. Sugar-spar and calc-spar. 115. Moss copper; cabinet of Hon. Jay A. Hubbell. 116. Moss copper; cabinet of Mr. Meads, Marquette. 117. Malachite, Allouez mine; cabinet of R. Sheldon. 118. Malachite, Allouez mine. 119. Datholite, Franklin mine. 508 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 120. Datholite, Quincy mine. 121. Tabular-spar. 122. Vein rock, silver veins, Iron River district, Ontonagon county. 123. Hanging wall rock, silver veins, Iron River district, Ontonagon county. 124. Foot wall rock, silver veins, Iron River district, Ontonagon county. 125. Copper-bearing sandstone, Carp Lake, Ontonagon county. 126. Calumet and Hecla conglomerate, polished; cabinet of R. Sheldon. 127. Red oxide copper; cabinet of R. Sheldon. 128. Copper ore, gray sulphuret, Mendota mine, Lac la Belle, Keweenaw county. 129. Arsenate of copper, Houghton county. 130. Scapolite, National mine. 131. Spar crystals; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 132. Copper-bearing sandstone, Nonesuch mine, Iron River district, Ontonagon county. 133. Ancient copper tools; cabinet of Mr. John Chassell. 134. Ancient copper tools; cabinet of Mr. C. D. Sheldon. 135. Stone hammers. 136. Stone axe; cabinet of James Reid. 137. Geological section of trap range crossing at Calumet mine. 138. Agates, Lake Superior. 139. Chlorastrolites, Lake Superior. 140. Native metallic copper stamp-work, Calumet and Hecla mine. 141. Native metallic copper tailing sands, Calumet and Hecla mine. 142. Native metallic copper stamp-work, Franklin and Pewabic mines. 143. Native metallic copper stamp-work, Osceola mine. 144. Native metallic copper stamp-work, Allouez mine. 145'. Native metallic silver stamp-work, Osceola mine. 146. Native metallic silver and copper stamp-work, Osceola mine. 147. Native metallic silver and copper in vein matter, Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county; cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 148. Native metallic silver and copper in vein matter, Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county; cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 149. Calcite crystal with native metallic copper; cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 150. Native metallic copper in vein matter (brick- copper), Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county; cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 151. Miniature set of miner's tools, made of native metallic silver and copper; cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 152. Mass native metallic copper, mined by ancient miners (pre-historic races), Minong,mine, Isle Royale. 153. Mass native metallic copper, from 70-ton mass, Central mine, Keweenaw county. 154. Native metallic copper, fissure veins, Amygdaloid mine, Keweenaw county. 155. Vein rock, fissure veins, Amygdaloid mine. 156. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Delaware mine, Keweenaw county. 157. Maps of geological survey of Michigan, by Brooks and Pumpelly, 1869-1873. 158. Geological map Upper Peninsula of Michigan, by E. Ganjot, 1876. lb. Copper in ingot, from Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 2b. Cake copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 3b. Bar copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 4b. Pig copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 509 5b. Feathered copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 6b. Straw copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 7b. Rolled copper, Houghton Rolling Mill. 8b. Rolled and pressed copper, Houghton Rolling Mill. 9b. Reverberatory slags, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 10b. Cupola slags, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. lib. Reverberatory slags from gray sulphuret ore, Lac la Belle Smelting Works. 12b. Matt slags from gray sulphuret ore, Lac la Belle Smelting Works. 13b. Cupola slags from gray sulphuret ore, Lac la Belle Smelting Works. SPECIMENS OF IRON ORE.* Cleveland mine-specular slate ore; specular slate ore, holds marlite (two specimens); banded jasper. Barnum mine-No. 1 pit, mixed specular ore; No. 2 pit, specular slate ore; No. 3 pit, granular specular ore. Saginaw mine-fine granular specular ore; specular slate ore (two specimens); botryoidal and velvety brown iron ore; brown grape ore (limotil). Lake Superior mine-specular slate ore (four specimens). Spurr Mountain mine-granular magnetic ore (two specimens). Washington mine-granular magnetic ore. Kloman mine-micaceous specular ore. Jackson mine-specular slate ore (seven specimens); brown iron ore; soft hematite; manganiferous brown iron ore. New York mine-specular slate ore (two specimens); hard hematite ore; hard specular ore;:specular micaceous ore. Lake Angeline mine-specular ore (three specimens); soft hematite (two specimens). Champion mine-micaceous specular slate ore (three specimens); granular magnetic ore (two specimens). Michigammi mine-steely magnetic ore; granular magnetic ore. Republic mine-micaceous specular slate ore (four specimens); granular magnetic ore (two specimens). Iron Mountain mine-manganiferous brown iron ore (two specimens). Lake Superior mine-B. Curtis' collection-brown grape ore (five specimens); specular micaceous iron ore. John L. Bray's collection-brown grape ore (four specimens); velvety brown iron ore. Champion mine-talcose schist (two specimens); gray quartzite; chloritic schist; talcose quartzite; garnetiferous rock. Spur mine-garnetiferous rock. Magnetic mine-steely magnetic ore (two specimens); argentiferous Galena. Hon. Edward Burting's collection-brown grape ore (nine specimens); velvety brown iron ore; manganiferous brown iron ore (four specimens); manganiferous ore (eleven specimens). Rolling Mill mine-brown pipe ore; brown grape ore. Ecldwards mine-fine granular magnetic ore (two specimens); specular slate ore (two specimens). Rolling Mill furnace-A No. 1 Bessemer pig iron (four specimens). Ishpeming peat (five specimens). * Collection and classification made by Charles E. Wright, of Marquette. 65 510 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. Burt Free Sandstone Company, Marquette, Lake Superior. Brown stone, Isle Royale, Noble & Brady. Bog iron ore, Birmingham, Noble & Brady. Clays for pottery and brick and tile, Samuel Brady. MANUFACTURED IRON FROM WYANDOTTE ROLLING MILLS, WYANDOTTE, WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN,. FROM LAKE SUPERIOR ORES. 3-inch round L. S., bent cold. Extra flange B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 60,000 lbs. 4-inch round L. S., bent cold. Extra flange B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 60,000 lbs. 3-inch square L. S., bent cold. Extra flange B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 60,000 lbs. 2x'-inch L. S., bent cold and hot. C. H. 1-inch B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 60,000 lbs. 1-inch square L. S., bent cold and hot. C. H. shell B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 55,000 lbs. 1-inch square L. S., bent cold and hot. C. H. shell B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 55,000 lbs. Ixi-inch L. S., bent cold and hot. C. H. shell B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 55,000 lbs. Ixi-inch L. S., bent cold and hot. C. rolled B. P., Wyandotte, T. S -- 1-inch square L. S., bent cold and hot. 1-inch square Wyandotte Swedes, T. S. 15,625 lbs.; 1-inch round L. S., bent cold. elongation 1 —inch. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold. 1-inch square Wyandotte Swedes. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold and hot. 1-inch L. S. chain, T. S. 74,000 lbs. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold and hot. 11-inch L. S. chain, T. S. 86,675 lbs. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold and hot. 1i-inch L. S. chain. 1-inch square L. S., bent cold. 1-inch L. S. chain. -A-inch square L. S., bent cold. A6-inch L. S. chain, T. S. 20,000 lbs. 21-inch round L. S., bent cold. -6 —inch Bessemer steel chain, T. S. 5,825 lbs. li-inch round L. S., bent cold. -l6-inch Bessemer steel chain, T. S. 12,250 lbs. 11-inch round L. S., bent cold. 1-inch Bessemer steel chain, T. S. 16,625 lbs. 1I-inch round L. S., bent cold. 2x~-inch Wyandotte Norway, bent cold. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold and hot. 2xi-inch Wyandotte Norway, bent cold. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold. 11-inch square Wyandotte Norway, bent cold. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold. 1-inch square Wyandotte Norway, bent cold. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold. 1lx- inch Wyandotte Norway, bent cold and hot. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold. {-inch square Wyandotte Norway, bent cold and hot. 1-inch round L. S., bent cold. 1-inch square Wyandotte Swede, bent cold, polished. 21x-x inches L. S., bent cold and hot. 1-inch square Wyandotte Swede, bent cold. 1-inch square L. S., bent cold. l.-inch square Wyandotte Swede, bent cold. 2ixl-inch L. S., bent cold. 1-inch square Wyandotte Swede, bent cold. Fire-box B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 60,000 lbs. THE SALT EXHIBIT. All of the salt inspection districts in the State were represented by exhibitors, as follows, the collections being made and forwarded through the State Salt Inspector, Dr. S. S. Garrigues, of East Saginaw, and his deputies: District No. 1, East Saginaw: Sears & Holland —1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample packers' salt; 1 sample fine pan salt; 1 sample brine. C. & E. Ten Eyck-1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company-1 sample solar salt; 1 sample brine,. specific gravity 1.177; 1 case solar salt crystal. District No. 2, Saginaw City: Barnard & Binder-1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine, specific gravity 2.173. Pierson, Wright & Co.-1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. District No. 3, Carrollton: H. P. Lyon & Co., Florence-1 sample fine pan salt; 1 sample brine, specific gravity 1.173. T. Jerome & Co., Carrollton-1 sample fine pan salt; 1 sample brine. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 511 District No. 4, Zilwaukee: Rust, Eaton & Co., Zilwaukee-1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. New York and Michigan Solar Salt Co., Zilwaukee-1 sample solar salt; 1 sample brine. District No. 5, Portsmouth: John McGraw & Co., Portsmouth-1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample fine steam dairy salt; 1 sample brine. District No. 6, Bay City: John McEwen & Co. — sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. Chapin & Barber-1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. Dolson, Chapin & Brother, Bay City-1 sample fine kettle salt. District No. 7, Wenona and Banks: Keystone Salt and Lumber Company, Wenona1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. H. W. Sage & Co., Wenona-1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. Kelley & Co., Bay City-1 specimen large salt crystals. District No. 8, White Rock: Thomson & Brother, White Rock-1 specimen fine pan salt; 1 specimen brine; analysis of salt brine. District No. 9, East Tawas: East Tawas Mill Company-1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample packers' salt; 1 sample brine. GEN ERAL REVIEW. Mr. E. Ganjot was appointed to the charge of the mineral department at Philadelphia, but was succeeded in July by Samuel Brady, M. E., who continued in the position until the close of the Exhibition. Mr. Brady made an elaborate report to the State Centennial Board, quite a full abstract of which is given. Mr. Brady expresses regret that the means were not placed at the disposal of the board to display the coal, clays, cements, limestones and granites of the State. He says that the collective mineral exhibit made by Michigan was composed of such specimens as were contributed for use by private parties and corporations within the State, many of the beautiful hand specimens which were daily the objects of admiration of thousands, coming from the private cabinets of different Lake Superior gentlemen. That portion of the exhibit which may be considered as representative of the true character of the mineral wealth of Michigan was gathered mainly through solicitation from the different mining and quarrying companies, who kindly stepped to the front and contributed each according to their ability to make the display a credit to the State. Although nominally called the mineral exhibit of the State of Michigan, it did not possess a single specimen mineralogical, geographical or otherwise, belonging to the State or any of her institutions. He suggests that a museum be established at Lansing, where the mineralogy and geology of the State may be represented in a collective form, so that whenever the opportunity for displaying these features shall arise, the State would be in position to present to the world a true picture of her vast resources, and the people of the State become better informed in regard to them. He calculates, notwithstanding the high standard of education of Michigan, not one in ten of Michigan people 512 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. who visited the Centennial possessed a really appreciative knowledge of the mineral resources of the State. He further says that even the highest educational institution, the University, has but a very small collection of Michigan minerals. Mr. Brady says that the question was frequently asked him during the summer how it was that, with such vast quantities of raw material, Michigan did not manufacture more. His reply was the lack of confidence of capitalists and the deficiency of skilled labor. He advocates the establishment of technical schools, as in the most successful manufacturing countries of Europe. The great iron districts of Michigan were pretty thoroughly represented at the Centennial by a collection of all classes of ores, consisting of the different grades of specular, red hematites and limonites, the more noticeable feature being the fine masses displayed by the Cleveland, Republic, Barnum, New York, Champion and Jackson mining companies, the most interesting of which was the fifteen ton mass of iron ore of the Cleveland Company. This mass, according to the analysis made by Prof. Taylor, of Cleveland, contained 66-1- per cent of metallic iron. It was afterwards donated by the Cleveland Company to the Smithsonian institute. It will be on exhibition in Washington at that institution. The only exhibit of pig metal was that from the Bay Furnace Company, of Grand Island, and the Rolling Mill Furnace of Marquette. Although Michigan does not possess the advantage of iron and limestone in close proximity as some of the Southern States do, she has the great boon of cheap water transportation. Michigan also possesses 7,000 square miles of coal basin, and with the exception of about three openings in different parts of the State, nothing has ever been done to develop this industry, which would prove of inestimable value. There is, as yet, not even a respectable geological report on the coal measures of Michigan, and yet nearly a million tons of iron ore is being yearly shipped from the State, which could be to a great extent manufactured at home. The value of Michigan coal for steam and domestic purposes he considers fully established. The coke made from drillings through a coal seam, at a depth of 121 feet, he has frequently shown to experts, who pronounce it of a superior quality. It is bright and clean, and so free from all smut and dirt that after rubbing with the hands it scarcely leaves a stain, showing that it is free from those impurities that would be detrimental to its use for manufacturing purposes. It had been demonstrated that with the use of domestic coals, pig iron could be manufactured in Detroit for $15.00 a ton. None of the thousands of visitors to the Centennial expressed a doubt as to the general superiority of Michigan iron, the question resolving itself entirely into STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 513 one of cheap manufacture. Hence the importance of developing Michigan coal as a means of manufacturing Michigan iron. The Wyandotte Rolling Mill Company exhibited test samples bent, hot and cold, showing their hot blast charcoal iron made entirely from Lake Superior ores. The representation at the Centennial of the copper district was no less meritorious than that from the iron. The Calumet and Hecla, that boon to stockholders and puzzle to geologists, displayed three large masses of conglomerate. The exhibit of the Central Mining Company was, however, the crowning feature of the copper display. It consisted of four large blocks of native copper, having a total weight of twenty tons, which were cut from a mass weighing seventy-six tons. The wonderful purity of these masses created much surprise, especially among foreign visitors. The most remarkable specimen of copper was exhibited by the Minong Mining Company, of Isle Royale. It weighs three tons, and was discovered in the summer of 1875 by A. C. Davis, of Detroit, on the lands of that company lying directly upon one of the so-called copper belts of the Island, but perfectly detached from the parent rock. Underneath it lay a handspike, 6i feet in length, made of white cedar; and in a remarkable state of preservation. Some 161 feet of soil filled with particles of charcoal, rolls of birch bark and stone hammers lay above it. Its surface is covered with indentations and depressions caused, undoubtedly, by the efforts of the pre-historic people who labored there to separate from the large mass such projecting pieces as might be made useful to them.* Such traces of the labor of this people in search of copper are found in direct connection for about three miles, while in other portions of the island other evidences of their labors have been found. Fine mass specimens were also exhibited from the Quincy, Copper Falls, Allouez, Atlantic, and other mines, as well as such characteristic hand specimens as would best demonstrate the peculiar mineralogical and geological character of the locality from which they came. A fine exhibition of manufactured copper, consisting of ingot cake, bolt and bar copper, was made by the Calumet and Hecla and Quincy mining companies. The entire product of the Lake Superior mines is smelted and refined by the Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Smelting Works, either at their works in Detroit or Hancock. The success of this company and the purity of the * This specimen is at present in charge of the Detroit Scientific Association. Its value, about $1,100, is more than its owners care to donate, and its final disposition is uncertain. It ought to be saved from the furnace. 514 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. copper smelted at these works has given to Lake Superior copper a worldwide reputation, and it has already found its way into the far-off markets of India. As this market is controlled by England, this introduction must be purely owing to the merits of the copper. Lake Superior copper is also largely used in the manufacture of war material-as guns and cartridges-by Russia, Prussia, Turkey, Spain and other countries, American manufacturers filling large orders. The principal copper producing districts of the world are Cornwall (England), Chili, South Australia and Lake Superior. The copper product of Lake Superior in 1874 was stated at 22,225 tons, valued at $7,770,519. The only formidable rival to the Lake Superior copper region is Chili, and the value of its produce in the same year was only $51,717 in excess of the value of the products of the Lake Superior region. The next subject treated of by Mr. Brady in his interesting report is that of building stone, which he regards of great importance to Michigan as well as to the entire northwest. The brown free sandstone, which was well represented by fine dressed samples from the quarries of the Brown Stone Company, of Marquette, is a very beautiful stone, and possesses many features which better adapt it for building material than the celebrated Connecticut Free Stone, which it much resembles in point of color, being, however, of a slightly livelier shade. The texture of the Marquette stone is more homogeneous than the Connecticut, which renders it capable of being more smoothly dressed and with a higher finish. The foundation of the Michigan State Centennial Building having been laid in this stone, has, by the attention it attracted, well served its purpose in demonstrating the fact that Michigan is not wholly dependent on her timber for building materials, but has a resource of a far more durable nature. There is now a constantly increasing demand for this stone in all of our great lake cities. Through the enterprising spirit, says Mr. Brady, of Dr. Garrigues, of Saginaw, the Saginaw Valley displayed a fine collection of salt and brines. This interest, which is yearly proving of greater importance, has become a source of no inconsiderable income. The product of salt for 1875, which was about 1,082,000, has this year, 1876, been increased by nearly 500,000 barrels. This great industry has sprung up within eighteen years, and has shown throughout a steady progress. When it is considered that only the upper salt measure has yet been but partially developed, it can be seen what a brilliant future opens up to the salt industry of Michigan. The western portion of the Lower Pennisula was represented by a fine display of gypsum of all varieties of shade, from the almost pure white to the STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 515 beautiful flesh tints and dusk brown. This exhibition attracted much attention, particularly from the people of the Atlantic States, who draw annually a large supply from Nova Scotia. There was exhibited from Ida, Monroe county, a sample of glass sand. The quantity of this sand is inexhaustible, as it underlies a very large area in the locality. The qualities of glass made from this sand are the finer grades of cylinder and plate glass. Experts have pronounced it capable of making a quality of plate fully equal to the best French article. The sand is largely used by the Detroit City Glass Works, and is shipped to Pittsburg, Pa., and to Hamilton, Ontario. Mr. Brady expresses obligations to Messrs. Hubbard, Haahns and Bush, of the Detroit Scientific Association, for the fine collection of archaeological specimens exhibited by the association. He also refers to the ancient implements and stone hammers exhibited by Messrs. Chassell & Sheldon, of Houghton. At the close of the Exhibition the great bulk of such minerals as were not especially ordered to be returned to their owners, were packed and shipped according to the direction of the State Centennial Managers, to the State University. The collection so forwarded consisted almost wholly of samples of iron and copper ores. Proper acknowledgment of this gift has been made by the Board of Regents. Exchanges of some of the mineral products of Michigan were effected with Spain, Portugal and the Province of Victoria, and though presenting the Brazilian Commissioner with a very complete collection of copper and iron ores, it seemed impossible to secure any return of the favor. Such minerals as were secured in this manner are at present placed in store in Detroit awaiting disposition. Mr. Brady recommends that they also be placed at the service of the University. In closing his report, Mr. Brady remarks: I feel assured that our State cannot help but soon feel the beneficial results of her creditable display of mineral wealth at this greatest of exhibitions, and I most earnestly hope it may result in awakening a more general spirit of interest among the people of our State in mineral matters. Many have too long considered the subject to be one of minor importance to us, and yet if we look back upon the past three years of financial depression, and consider the effect they have had upon our different business interests, we shall see that above all looms the great copper mining interests of our State, as a lighthouse to the weather-beaten mariner, it apparently being one of the few important interests in the State that has not greatly suffered from the temporary paralysis of business. To the emigrant seeking a home and the capitalist seeking investment, there is no State in the Union that offers as great inducements as the State of Michigan. It therefore behooves us to use all such means as lie within our power to bring our vast resources to the notice of the world. 516 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. III. EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND ART. PUHE Rev. D. C. Jacokes, D. D., of Pontiac, was commissioned by the State Centennial Board of Managers to supervise the preparation, in form for presentation at the Centennial Exhibition, of exhibits representing the varied State interests classified under this head. His labors were by personal visitation and interviews with persons representing the several interests, by circulars, and by correspondence. The work was a novel one, the best methods for which were perhaps at first not fully comprehended by the agent himself, much less by the many persons whose co-operation was necessary. Not to dwell upon the magnitude or difficulty of the work, it is referred to in this connection simply to put the reader upon inquiry as to its magnitude, while considering the resume which follows of its results. Over fifty manuscript reports, representing graded schools, colleges, State institutions, churches, public law and government, libraries, secret societies, and other interests, were the fruit of efforts to that end, mention of which will appear, in their proper order, in pages following. And it is appropriately remarked here that the entire of this chapter is a digest of the exhibit under this head, comments only in a few cases being added by the editor. The educational exhibit of many of the states was located on the gallery along the southerly side of the Main Building, and the space occupied by the Michigan exhibit was the first apartment east of the central stairway. It was therefore very near the center of the Elm avenue front of the Main Building. An international conference of educators was held at the Pennsylvania Hall of Education, Friday, June twenty-third, General Eaton, of the National Bureau of Education, president; The conference continued in session several days. At the meeting held Tuesday, June twenty-seventh, Dr. Jacokes was called upon, and gave an account of the Michigan educational system. STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. The office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction was represented at the Centennial by fifteen volumes of reports. The first act passed by the Legislature of Michigan, in virtue of article ten of the constitution of 1835, providing for a systenm of popular education, and the appointment by the Governor STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 517 of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, was approved July 26, 1836. This act defines the duties of the Superintendent, the chief of which are: to devise a system for common schools, and a plan for a -university and its branches; to make an inventory of all lands and property reserved to the State for the purposes of education; and to require of certain local school officers reports relative to the condition of their respective districts, and that he transmit the same to the Legislature. In compliance with the leading provision of the act, the Hon. John D. Pierce, the first Superintendent of Public Instruction appointed under the provisions of the act of 1836, did, in the year 1837, report a common school system and a plan for a university, with branches, which were adopted, without material alteration, by the Legislature. The constitution of 1850 provided that the Superintendent be elected by the people, biennially, with other State officers. The following is a list of names of Superintendents of Public Instruction, with dates of their entering and leaving office: By appointment: By election: John D. Pierce --------— 1836, to Jan., 1841. Francis W. Sherman, Jan., 1853, to Jan., 1855. Franklin Sawyer -Jan., 1841, to Jan., 1843. Ira Mayhew - -. —-- Jan., 1855, to Jan., 1859. Oliver C. Comstock-_Jan., 1843, to Jan., 1845. John M. Gregory _Jan., 1859, to Jan., 1865. Ira Mayhew -..Jan., 1845, to Jan., 1849. Oramel Hosford — Jan., 1865, to Jan., 1873. Francis W. Sherman, Jan., 1849, to Jan., 1853. Daniel B. Briggs -— Jan., 1873, to Jan., 1877. Horace S. Tarbell was elected Superintendent in 1876 for the term commencing January 1, 1877. The representation of the Michigan department of public instruction at Philadelphia gives many interesting facts in its development through legislation that are important, as affording means of comparison with systems of other states and countries. A summary of them seems hardly called for in this work, as they all appear in the statutes and reports. The business of the department of public instruction has gradually increased, and the details of the office have been faithfully performed, during the past nineteen years, by Mr. C. B. Stebbins, the Deputy Superintendent, who, notwithstanding the changes in the personnel of the Superintendent, retains the position of Deputy by virtue of his peculiar fitness for the position as an experienced executive officer. In the list of Superintendents are the names of several who are still distinguished in various fields of educational labor in this and other States. This department also furnished for exhibition in the educational exhibit four charts, beautifully drawn, by J. E. Sherman, draughtsman at the State land office, Lansing. Each chart was a map of Michigan, showing the territory comprised in each county. The first two gave the educational 66 518 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. statistics and population of each county; the last two the location of primary and high schools. These charts contain a large amount of information as to the time of organizing each county; the amount of taxes raised for school purposes; the amount raised by the two-mill tax; amount of cash on hand at the beginning of each of the ten years preceding 1876, and other facts connected with that decade. On Chart No. II is a pyramid, being an exhibit of the growth of the school population and attendance from 1836 to 1875, inclusive. The whole figure shows the increase of population of school age from year to year; and by light and dark tints, the proportion attending school each year. There was also exhibited, in a large. glazed frame, engravings of University Hall, erected 1873, cost $105,000; Normal School buildings, erected 1852, cost $42,000; State Public School, erected 1873, cost $118,000; Ann Arbor High school building, erected 1856, cost $65,000; high school building at Constantine, erected 1869, cost $38,000; at Saginaw City, erected 1867, cost $80,000; at Coldwater, erected 1861, cost $35,000; at Adrian, erected 1865, cost $75,000; at Lansing, erected 1875, cost $65,000; at Flint, erected 1874, cost $104,000; at Kalamazoo, eiected 1858, cost $60,000; at Marshall, erected 1868, cost $70,000; at Pontiac, erected 1870, cost $67,000; at Grand Rapids, erected 1867, cost $85,000; at Battle Creek, erected 1870, cost $83,000. EXHIBIT BY THE STATE UNIVERSITY. The exhibit from the University of Michigan was of a comprehensive character, embracing students' theses, five volumes; drawings from the engineering department, two volumes; microscopic drawings, five volumes; history of the University (printed), by Professor Adams, the historian; a description of the museum, by Professor Frieze; an elegant portfolio of photographic views of the University buildings and interior views; cases of pharmaceutical preparations of the class of 1876; and a calendar of the University. Also a chart of the whole educational system of the State, very elaborately executed, by Professor Charles H. Dennison, of the University. The chart was large and attractive, forming an object of close study and of great interest to educators. Professor Frieze made a report and key accompanying the chart, in which he says, speaking of the general education of the State: Under this head are placed: 1, The primary or rudimentary schools; 2, The grammar or intermediate schools; 3, The high schools; and, 4, The collegiate, academic or non-professional department of the University. Each of these divisions, it will be perceived, embraces a course of four years of study; and thus the entire course of elementary and liberal education covers a period STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 519 of sixteen years. The conditions of promotion from one grade to another become more uniform, and also more exacting and severe, from year to year, in consequence, first, of the frequent interchange of views amongst the teaching corps, especially at their annual conventions, at their occasional institutes, and through their State magazine; -secondly, of the influence of the State superintendency, and the annual report of the State Superintendent of Education; and, lastly, by the close. connection existing between the leading high schools and the University, which reacts upon the schools, by promoting a more uniform, and constantly stimulating to a higher, standard of scholarship. In explanation of the last statement, it should be remarked, that a system of visiting and inspection has been established, by which committees of the faculty of the University, by request of the school boards, annually visit and examine those high schools which have organized courses preparatory to the University; and by which, when such schools are reported favorably to the faculty, their graduates are admitted to the University on presentation of the high school diploma, and without further examination. As a necessary result of this correlation, the high schools have organized their preparatory departments with parallel courses of study, each course affording the preparation necessary for admission to the corresponding course in the academic department of the University. The effect of this system has been to bring the schools into a close and vital connection with the University, and to quicken and energize the educational work in all its grades, from the lowest to the high. The parallel courses of study above referred to are: 1, the classical; 2, the Latinscientific; and 3, the scientific. These are pursued in the high schools for the period of four years, and continued in the University to the period of graduation with the first degree. The academic department of the University also affords the opportunity to post-graduates of study and examination for the degrees of Master of Science, Master of Philosophy, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Philosophy. The schools for technical and professional education, with the exception of the Normal and Agricultural schools, are organically connected with the University, forming, with the non-professional department, one institution, under the control of the State Board of Regents. These special schools are: the Polytechnic School, embracing a course of Civil Engineering; a School of Mines; a School of Architecture; courses of special and advanced studies in Science; and a School of Pharmacy. EDUCATIONAL CHART. The four pages following embrace the matter of the chart referred to preceding, illustrating the courses of study in the free public schools of Michigan. The positions of the primary, grammar and high schools, and the University, are reversed from what they appear in the chart, to accommodate the division into pages. THE UNIVERSITY. 0 COLLEGIATE. TECHNICAL. CLASSICAL. SCIENTIFIC. LATIN AND SCIENTIFIC. CIVIL ENGINEERING. SCHOOL OF MINES. ARCHITECTURE. z Latin. Geometrical Drawing. Latin, French, Botany. Geometry, Drawing. Drawing. Mathematics. X Greek. Descriptive Geometry. Mathematics. Descriptive Geometry. Descriptive Geometry. Chemistry. ~ Mathematics. French. English Exercises. French, Mathematics. French, Mathematics. Drawing. a Botany. Mathematics. English Language and Exer- Chemistry. French, Design. ~ English Exercises. Botany. cises. English Literature. Descriptive Geometry. English. Botany. X Latin. History, French. Latin, French. Physics, German. Physics. Physics. S Greek. Mathematics. Mathematics. Mathematics. German. Mathematics. o Mathematics, or History. Free-hand Drawing or Per- Descriptive Geometry. Chemistry. Mathematics. English Language - o English Literature. spective. Geometrical Drawing. Astronomy. Descriptive Astronomy. Design Water Color Drawing. 0 P Rhetoric, Essays. Rhetoric. English Essays. Essays. Analytical Chemistry. Applied Descriptive Geom'y. > English Exercises. Mathematics, or History. Essays. z Latin. Greek. Physics, History. Physics, Biology, or Survey- History. Mathematics. Analytical Mechanics. > 6 Physics. Biology or Surveying. ing. Topographical Drawing. Surveying. Surveying. x French. Chemistry, German, or Me- Latin, History. Mathematics, Surveying. Mineralogy. Landscape Architecture. 2 Chemistry. chanics, or Laboratory. German, Chemistry. Field-work. Analytical Chemistry. History of Architecture Astronomy. Physics. Astronomy. Higher Astronomy. Geology. Building Mater'l and Details. History. Astronomy, Zoology. Speeches. Analytical Mechanics. Field-work. Design. Speeches. Speeches. Perspective and Stereotomy. Drawing. Logic and Psychology. Logic and Psychology. Logic and Psychology. Civil Engineering. Mining Engineering. Resistance of Materials. Latin, Greek, German. German, French. Latin and French. Mineralogy, Lithology. Metallurgy, Geology. Foundations. A Mineralogy, Lith. Zoology. Political Economy. Political Economy. Geology, Mechanism, and Ma- Analytical Chemistry. Mechanism. Z > Pale-ontology, Botany. History, Chemistry. German, Chemistry. chine Drawing. Mechanism and Machine Theory of Architecture. H Political Economy. Mineral Lithology. History, Surveying. Engineering Design. Drawing. Design. [-i A History, Astronomy. Paleontology, Zoology. Botany, Astronomy. Machinery and Prime Movers. Resistance of Materials and Original Designs.; Chemistry, Surveying. Astronomy, Botany. Paleontology, Zoology. Chemistry. Engineering. Geology, English Literature. English Literature. Geology, English Literature. Astronomy and Engineering Machinery and Prime Movers. Z Fo rench, Italian or Spanish. Geology, Italian or Spanish. Mineralogy, Lithology. Design. Economic Geology. a International Law. International Law. International Law. | Moral Philosophy and His- Moral Law. Moral Philosophy. ttory of Philosophy. Moral Philosophy. History of Philosophy. History of Philosophy. Italian or Spanish. PROFESSIONAL. PHARMACY. DENTAL SCHOOL. /Analytical Chemistry. | ( Pharmaceutical Botany. | Anatomy. | ( Pathology.al Sch iL cl Botany, Pharmacy. Pharmacy, Crystylography. Physiology. X \ Therapeutics. HomceopathicoMe Sectue i Chemical Physics and Inorganic ) Materia Medica. Chemistry. - Surgery. >, Chemistry.: Quantitative, Organic and Commer- Materia Medica. Organic Chemistry. each. Ca ) Qualitative Analysis. Z cial Analysis. 8 Mechanical Dentistry. o Analytical Chemistry. / Quantitative Analysis. u Toxicology, Analysis Urine. ~ Operative Dentistry. lT4 [ 0 X Pharmaceutical Preparations. I \. _________V____________________. GRAMM-AR AND HIGH SCHOOLS. PRIMARY. HIGH SCHOOL. YE'R READING. ARITHMETIC. GEOGRAPHY. g; YE'R CLASSICAL. LATIN. ENGLISH. SCIENTIFIC.. 1st. Primer and First Writing numbers to 50. i g 1st. Latin.. English Language. Reader. Combinations to 10. Arithmetic. Arithmetic. Arithmetic. Reader._______ —----- Combinations. to 10. _ ~. Geography. | Geography, Algebra. Same as English s ~ I 2d. Second Reader. Writing numb'rs to 100. Oral Instruction.! Algebra. Book-keeping. Course. Combinations to 20. City. b O c Grammar. [ Botany. 0 ~ * —- — Composition.. ~ 3d. Third Reader. Slate Practice in the Oral Instruction. o' ^ _ --, _ Four Fundam'l Rules. County and State. | 2d. Csesar. | > Arithmetic. ~ -- _ ----------------------------------—.- ct Arithm etic. o English.. ~ t 4th. Third Reader. Written Arithmetic in Elementary Geo- History. History. o o u a s History. I History. Same as I Four Fundam'l Rules. graphy. | Physical Geo-'I E Physical Geography. Coursenglsh o c graphy. t | Physiology. Couse. | Latin Prose. 0 0 Civil Government. He. GRAMMAR. Composition. | _ _ _ _ _., o *3 ~ C 3d. Latin. S - Algebra, Zoology. Algebra, Zoology. YE'R READING. ARITHMETIC. GEOGRAPHY. 3 d ~' Greek. Englis Language. Natural Philosophy. o Algebra. | Natural Philosophy. Political Economy., ~.' 1st. Fourth Reader. Common and 1)ecimal Higher Geography. ~ 0 ~ History. ~ Political Economy. French or German. Q ~ Fractions. 0 V.- Rhetoric. ~ Rhetoric. I _ _ I.1t I _ I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I. I H 2d. Fourth Reader. Fractional U. S. Money. Higher Geography. |;' _ H 4th. Latin. m' = Geometry, Algebra. Geometry, Algebra. | L Compound Numbers. I?. ~ II Greek. I Chemistry. Rhetoric. | ~ p --- doQJ^ ~ AlGeometry. | Moral Philosophy. English Language.: 3d. Fifth Reader. Percentage. U. S. History. I.' IT Algebra Intellectual Philoso-. Drawing. __.*_ —---------.= t. = phy. French or German. - 4th. Fifth Reader. Finish and Review. U. S. History. C Geology, Astronomy. | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. | Algebra, History. l Geometry, Trigonometry.. Agricultural Chemistry. | Practical Agriculture.' Book-keeping, Geometry. ~ Botany, Horticulture. ~ Rhetoric, Drawing, Physiology. ~ Astronomy, French,.; e u Practical Agriculture. X Chemistry, Surveying. 4 Entomology, Chemical Physics., Mental Philosophy.. ^ Botany.p English Literature. Meteorology, Mechanics. ~ Moral Philosophy.: 0z; 4 Zoology, Geology. ~ Landscape Gardening. L n D ~ 3; Civil Engineering. o _ > Political Economy. =,. __________________________________________H NORMAL SCHOOL. COMMON SCHOOL COURSE. COURSE IN MODERN LANGUAGES. YEAR. TWO YEARS. YEAR. TWO YEARS. YEAR. FOUR YEARS. YEAR. FOUR YEARS. 1st. Arithmetic, Geography, Physi- 2d. General Principles and Methods 1st. Professional Instruction and 3d. Professional Instruction and ology. of Teaching, Moral Science, Practice Teaching. Practice Teaching. English Grammar, Reading, Practice Teaching, Natural German Botany, Analysis of German, French, Chemistry, Writing. Philosophy, Algebra, Analy- Arithmetic. Algebra. Book-keeping, History of U. S. sis of Arithmetic, Vocal Music, Elementary Algebra, Natural Trigonometry, Surveying (opEnglish Analysis and Composi- Reading, Drawing, General Philosophy. tional). tion. History, General Professional Vocal Music and Drawing. English Literature. Q Exercises in Speaking. Instruction and Practice General History, Civil Govern't. Composition, etc. Teaching. _ Botany, Natural History. 4th. Professional Instruction and p Civil Government. 2d. Professional Instruction in Prac- Practice Teaching. ____i_ _______________________________ _____ _________________________ tice Teaching. Astronomy, German, French, --— ______ __- _ _ _ -German, French, Geometry, Psychology, and General ProFULL ENGLISH COURSE. Geology. fessional Instruction. t Physical Geography. Rhetoric and Criticism, Moral ~- __ - _______ _| Science, History of Education,YEAR. THREE YEARS. YEAR. THREE YEARS. YEAR. THREE YEARS. etc. ___ __ I ___-_ ____ e t c 1st. Same as second 2d. Professional' In- 3d. Professional In- CLASSICAL COURSE. Q year of the Com- struction and struction and _j m o n School Practice Teach- Practice Teach- - Course. ing, Geometry, ing, Algebra, YEAR. FOUR YEARS. YEAR. FOUR YEARS. P h y s. Geogra- T ri gonometry, ____ _____ phy, Geology, Surveying, Ast- t Botany, English ronomy, Chem- 1st. Professional Instruction and 3d Professional Instruction and d Literature, Rhe- istry, Physiol- Practice Teaching, Latin, Practice Teaching, Latin, p. toric, Drawing. o ogy, Moral Botany, Analysis of Arithme- Greek, Chemistry, Algebra, t Science, Logic, tic, Elementary Algebra, Trigonometry, Surveying (opLaboratory Natural Philosophy, Vocal tional), English Literature.: I Practice. Music and Drawing, General Exercises in Read- History, Civil Government. --- ing, Speaking, _______________________ 4th. Professional Instruction and Composition, -- Practice Teaching, Latin, I 1 etc.,through the 2d. Professional Instruction and Greek, Moral Science, Psycourse. Practice Teaching, Latin, chology, and General ProfesGreek, Geometry, Geology, sional Instruction, History of Botany, Physical Geography. Education, etc. Exercises in Reading, Speaking, Composition, etc., through the course.: I. l l l I~~~~~~~~~ STATE CHARITABLE SCHOOLS. STATE REFORM SCHOOL. THE MICHIGAN INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCA- THE STATE PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR DEPENDENT There are two organized departments, the one for TION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB, ANDCHILDREN. STUDY, the other for WORK. THE BLIND. The Common School Course is taught. The children are taught the Common School In the Industrial Department the pupils are taught The Common School Course is taught in this Course and also gnutil mly to work in the Shop and on the Farm.on. industrial employment suited to The scholars are divided into two sections: institution. The students are also taught industialtheir capacities. They are collected from the State I The first section attends school from 9 to 12 pursuits; they are divided into sections, and work a r an b l a rd f t S u they H The second section works from 9 to 12 b Y The first section works from 1 to 4 and study alentl one half d eacare twenty-one years old. H The second section studies from 1 to 4 The other hours of the day have their appropriate allotments for the benefit of the students. DENOMINATIONAL COLLEGES OF MVICHIGANI. ALBION COLLEGE. English Studies' School of Art (Painting and Drawing). z There are the following courses of study organ- T English Preparatory Department. Preparatory Department. H ized in this school:The courses of study equal those of the best col- The course of study is as thorough as in any college ^> A Classical Course. leges in the land. in the country. A Scientific Course KALAMAZOO COLLEGE. HOPE COLLEGE. 0 A Greek Scientific Course. Three regular courses are pursued in this institu- This institution has four departments: Z A Latin Scientific Course. tion: Theological Course is 3 years. Each extends through four years. Also a Prepar- The Classical, Collegiate Course is.. ers atory Department of two courses: The Latin Scientific, and Preparatory Course is.. 4 years. One Classical and Greek Scientific; The Scientific Course. Primary Course is... 6 years. The other the Scientific and Latin Scientific. Each extends through four years. This college has adopted the best methods, and Corresponding to the College Course, each extends A Department of Music. the instruction is thorough. through three years. A Department of Art. A Department of Art, and A Preparatory Department, extending through OLIVET COLLEGE. The courseA Department of Music. three years, and corresponding to the College This institution has the following organized deThe course of study in this college equals the best Course. partments: I in the standards. This institution pursues a thorough course of The Classical. HILLSDALE COLLEGE. instruction equal to the demands of the times. The Scientifical. ^ Four Years Course. The following departments are organized in this ADRIAN COLLEGE. The Ladies' Elective. J institution: In the Collegiate Department there are six distinct Preparatory Department of three years, A Classical Course. departments of instruction, viz.: suited to the Collegiate Course. A Scientific Course. Classics. Normal Department of two years. A Theological Department. Mathematics. English Course. A Commercial and Telegraphic Course. Natural Science. Art Department. A Department of Music. Philosophy.Conservatory of Music. A College Preparatory Department, embracing Political and Social Science. The Elementary Course and the ic a Classical Three Years Course, a Scientific Modern Languages. Course. Two Years Course. A Department of Theology. The course of study equals the first-class colleges Q, An Academical Course of Four Years. School of Music. of the country. 524 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. SPECIAL EXHIBITS. The work of the engineering class of 1876 was exhibited in several volumes of drawings, by Charles A. Marshall, L. H. Strawn, J. D. Sanders and Frank P. Davis. Trestle-work for bridges was a prominent feature of the studies of this class. Most of the drawings related to railroad engineering. The class in biology of 1876 exhibited drawings of microscopic objects, and a volume of microscopic drawings by members of the class. There were three volumes of pen drawings, respectively by Miss Louisa M. Reed, William R. Birdsall and William J. Warner. The other attractive features of the University display were a large silvered and glass case of foreign birds, arranged on a tree, the graceful and variegated plumage of which commanded universal admiration, and many were the exclamations of delight from visitors; one glass case of land, and another of sea shells. These were pronounced rare and very valuable, by good judges. They were collected by J. B. Steere, a graduate of the University. HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY. The history of the University, by Charles Kendall Adams, professor of history, was prepared in compliance with an invitation from the Commissioner of Education, representing the Department of the Interior at Washington. From this historical sketch, a pamphlet of sixty-eight pages octavo, it appears that the declaration in the celebrated ordinance of 1787, that schools and the means of education "shall forever be encouraged," was first realized by legislation in the granting to the Ohio Company "two entire townships of good land for the purposes of a university, within fourteen days after the passage of said ordinance." This, although a small grant, indicated a policy that has since been followed, and after several minor grants and imperfect legislation,. resulted, ultimately, in an act, approved May 20, 1826, in which Congress annulled previous grants and gave in their place two entire townships of land as an endowment for a university in the then territory of Michigan. The privilege of selecting the land from any part of the public domain not otherwise appropriated, greatly augmented the value of this endowment, and the Board of Regents immediately appointed a committee and employed a competent surveyor to select and report. Within ten years of their selection they were declared by the Superintendent of Public Instruction to have attained the average value of twenty dollars per acre, and this was the minimum price fixed by the Legislature in 1838. In pursuance of this enactment, $150,000 A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i -\ W^ ^~~~~~~-ti r^^1fi$ Tf>^dv~~~~rtl~~tth/.hl^'trwt.~~~~ ~ m -Q N {l~~~~~~~~~~~~~i STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 525 were realized by the sale of University lands at an average price of $22.85 per acre. Under the influence of the high hopes raised by these sales, the Regents undertook the active work of organizing the University; but these hopes were, in a great measure, frustrated by subsequent legislation, and the balance of the lands did not realize the prices anticipated. The rights of the University were compelled to yield to the claims of men who pretended to have settled upon university land in ignorance of its reservation for university purposes, and, although these lands were given up on condition that lands of equal value should be granted to the University, this condition was never fulfilled, for the reason that the lands selected first were the best, and could not be duplicated from the public domain. In 1840, nearly 5,000 acres were authorized to be sold for $6.21 per acre. In 1841 the minimum price was reduced to $15, and in 1842 to $12, and the reduction was applied to lands already sold, causing $34,651 to be either returned or credited to previous purchasers. The total sales of land to 1843 amounted to $220,000, but the various acts of relief reduced the sum to about $137,000, showing a loss by this legislation of $83,000 to the university fund. The fluctuation in the value of currency, however, was, in a measure, a justification of this course. The sum ultimately realized on university lands was $450,000. In 1838 the Legislature granted the Regents a loan of $100,000, without interest, for the purpose of organizing the University and erecting the buildings, which debt was extinguished before 1852 by the sale of lands. In 1867 an act was passed granting the University $15,000 a year, but accompanying the act with a condition that required that at least one homeopathic professor should be appointed in the department of medicine. This led to a very prolonged discussion. The Regents concluded it was better not to imperil the medical department by such a grave innovation, and so did not draw the appropriation. Two years later, however, the Legislature not only removed the proviso, but ordered the accumulation-$30,000 and interest-to be paid over to the Regents. In 1873 the appropriation was increased by substituting a twentieth of a mill tax on all the taxable property of the State, from which tax about $31,000 a year is now realized. In 1875 the Legislature made appropriations for special schools, so that the entire income of the University is now: From the State, as interest on the sum realized from the sale of government lands, $38,650; from the twentieth of a mill tax, $31,500; from the State for the school of mines, $10,500; for school of homeopathy, $6,000; for school of dentistry, $3,000; from fees of students for 1874-5, $29,255. Total, $118,905. The interests of education under territorial administration were entrusted to 67 526 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. a board of trustees, consisting of the Governor and the Judges. As early as 1817, a curious plan for a university was adopted by this board, but as the territory only contained 6,000 inhabitants, this ideal university was not realized. In 1821 the Legislature repealed the act of 1817, and passed an act to establish, at Detroit, the "University of Michigan." This board of education continued, without realizing its plans for a university, until the territory was admitted as a state, in 1836. It is to the credit of this board that they established schools which prepared students for the University afterwards established. By a decision of the Supreme Court, in 1856, the continuity of the corporations granted, first in 1817, then in 1821, and afterwards in 1836, was affirmed, and the three are regarded as a single institution. The State constitution first adopted provided for the appointment of a board of regents by the Governor, to be confirmed by the Senate. March 21, 1837, twelve regents were thus appointed, and these, together with the Governor, LieutenantGovernor and Supreme Court Judges, constituted the Board of Regents from that period until 1852, when the new constitution provided for the election of a board of regents by the people, one member from each judicial district, with the same term of office as the circuit judges. Some changes have since been made, and now the Board consists of eight members, whose term of office is eight years, two being chosen from the State at large every two years. Although in the early plans of education, in 1817 and 1821, the university was placed at the head of the general system of education, it was not until 1836 that practical steps were taken. The first step after the state organization was the appointment of Rev. John D. Pierce to the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. To him was entrusted the work of preparing a plan, not only for common schools, but for a university. Mr. Pierce was a gentleman of culture, and was familiar with the plans of European education, especially that of Prussia. His plan became the basis of legislation. Through the recommendations of a committee appointed by the Legislature, in 1840, the management of the University mainly devolved upon the Board of Regents, and they were but little interfered with, and by the adoption of the amended constitution, this responsibility of the Regents was more clearly defined. The management of the educational features of the University was, from the first, practically in the hands of the professors. Five academies or branches were established by the Board after 1837, but all University support to these institutions ceased in 1846. The necessity for these preparatory schools became less as union schools were established. A new career of prosperity seemed to dawn upon the University after the adoption of the new constitution of 1850. This STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 527 constitution separated the Board of Regents farther than ever from legislative control and political influence, and the election of Regents by the people direct seemed to secure a more competent board of regents. In 1843-4 there were fifty-three students, and the number increased to eighty-nine by 1848. From this time till 1852, the number decreased to fifty-seven. Under the new constitution the Board of Regents elected as President Rev. Henry P. Tappan, D. D., of New York. President Tappan was also familiar with European systems and with that of Prussia, and naturally fell in with the plans proposed by Superintendent Pierce, which plans till now had lain practically dormant. Previous to 1850, when the medical department was instituted, nothing but the ordinary classical course had been opened, and even when President Tappan took the presidential chair, there was nothing in the operations of the University to remind him of the Prussian system. He announced to the Board of Regents his design to carry out the plans laid down by the Superintendent of Public Instruction by whom the University was first planned. President Tappan saw the necessity of securing the support and sympathy of the people of the State in his efforts to build up a great practical university. He not only delivered addresses to the students, but he addressed the citizens in various parts of the State, uniting the charm of his personal presence with the force of his sentiments in securing the sympathy and support of the people, and especially of the alumni. He proceeded to establish a scientific course parallel to the classical course. In this was comprised, besides other branches, civil engineering, astronomy, with the use of an observatory, and the application of chemistry to agriculture and other industrial arts. Students who perfect themselves in the scientific course were to be graduated as "bachelors of science." Students to be allowed to pursue special courses, and to receive certificates of proficiency therein. The policy was adopted, in contradistinction to that pursued at Harvard, Yale and elsewhere, of keeping all students of the different courses in intimate relations with each other, by admitting them, as far as possible, to the same classes, the scientific and classical courses running parallel with each other. The chemical laboratory was erected in 1856, and an enlargement soon became necessary. The law department was opened under the instruction of Judges Campbell and Cooley and their fellow-professors, and it soon grew to be the most numerously attended law school in the country. While the scientific features of the University were being developed, the classical department was also strengthened, and both worked harmoniously and successfully. In the selection of professors, President Tappan would insist on one standard 528 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. only, that of ability to instruct. "Egregiously," he declared, " do they mistake the character and ends of this institution, who imagine that because it belongs to no sect or party in particular, that therefore it belongs to all sects and parties conjointly and of equal right. It not only does not belong to any sect or party in particular; it belongs to no sect or party at all." During the administration of President Tappan, Professors Boise, Palmer, Winchell, Brunow, Ford, Frieze, White, Campbell, Walker, Cooley, Wood, Watson and Armor were appointed, and without any reference, and in some cases without even a knowledge of their denominational preferences. The first catalogue in which the name of President Tappan appears contains a list of fourteen officers, and of 222 students; the last one shows that the number had increased, during eleven years, to thirty officers and 652 students. In the summer of 1863, President Haven succeeded to the presidency of the University, and notwithstanding predictions of disaster, as a result of the retirement of President Tappan, the applications for admission in the fall were more numerous than ever. The medical school had become, perhaps, the most prosperous of any in the country when, in 1867, the homeopathic question, in the form of a condition imposed by the Legislature, before referred to, seemed to threaten its extinction by the resignation of professors, in case the condition were complied with. A compromise was attempted by a proposition to establish a homeopathic college in some place other than Ann Arbor, with a professorship of $3,000 a year. This, however, was declared by the Supreme Court as non-compliance with the law, and consequently as not entitling the Board of Regents to the appropriation. The next Legislature (1869) having removed the condition, the University continued to flourish under the administration of President Haven, during which three additional courses of study were introduced. The course in pharmacy, and increased accommodations in the chemical laboratory, added greatly to the attractions of the University. In 1869, after six successful years of labor, President Haven withdrew from the University, leaving with the number of students increased to 1,100. For two years the presidency devolved upon Professor Frieze, during whose administration, after repeated applications from the young ladies of the State for admission, it was discovered by the Board of Regents that there was no law prohibiting women from admission as students. It was in January, 1870, that this question was settled by the adoption of a resolution, offered by Regent Willard, declaring that no rule exists in any of the statutes for the exclusion from the University of any person who possesses the requisite literary and STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 529 moral qualifications. This led to additional appropriations by the Legislature. University Hall was erected; arrangements were made for a separate medical class for female students, for whom the medical lectures were duplicated. During acting President Frieze's administration, the connection, organically, between the high schools and the University was effected, by the publication in the University catalogue of 1870 of a special notice to preparatory schools, in which it was stated that "whenever the faculty shall be satisfied that the preparatory course in any school is conducted by a sufficient number of competent instructors, and has been brought up fully to the foregoing requirements, the diploma of such schools, certifying that the holder has completed the preparatory course and sustained the examination in the same, shall entitle the candidate to be admitted to the University without further examination." The addition to the University library of the books forming the library of the late Professor Rose, of the University of Heidelburg, was next effected, enriching the University by the importation of 4,000 volumes and 5,000 pamphlets on the science of government, political economy and cognate subjects. In June, 1871, Dr. J. B. Angell, of the University of Vermont, was inaugurated president, and he entered upon his duties September following. The innovations on established custom introduced during the administration of acting President Frieze were continued under the administration of President Angell. Women were admitted on an equal footing with men, and the provision of a separate medical class for women was the only provision made for the new element. At first only one woman availed herself of the privilege for several weeks, but the number gradually increased, until 117 women are now in attendance, 4 of whom are studying law, 47 medicine, and 36 literature and science. Not one of the numerous evils predicted as a result of this innovation has yet occurred, and neither the scholarship nor the morality of the University has suffered in consequence. Professor Tyler says: "The physical disasters to the women themselves, which an eminent medical authority has of late clearly demonstrated to be the penal consequences of feminine toil at the dry and arduous tasks of university study, have, thus far, strangely failed to make their appearance in this neighborhood. Indeed, the ladies here seem to thrive ludicrously well under the rugged regimen to which they have been put; and their omission to verify the predictions of an a priori alarm is something bordering on the cruel." Since President Angell has controlled the administration of the University, the senior years of students in literature, science and art has become more attractive by allowing each student to select from the long list presented in 530 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. the calendar the three studies he or she may prefer; consequently the work of the senior year is pursued with an enthusiasm previously unknown. In 1875 the homeopathic question was settled by an appropriation for the establishment of a homeopathic college as a distinct branch of the University.: In addition to the appropriations already mentioned, $8,000 was granted to establish a hospital, on condition that Ann Arbor would add $4,000 to'the sum; $5,000 for a water supply, and $13,000 for a chemical laboratory and other outstanding indebtedness. The course of civil engineering extends through four years and is designed to lay a foundation for the successful practice of the profession. It was commenced in 1857. Twenty graduates took the degree of "C. E." in 1875. A school of mines has been established, in compliance with the legislative act of 1875, with three professors and the necessary assistant instructors. A special apparatus and general equipment of the school have been purchased. The studies extend over four years, and those who complete them will receive the degree of mining engineer. The facilities for technical instruction are ample. A large metallurgical library has been fitted up. It contains a Blake crusher, a California stamp mill, and two stamps, driven by steam; two Hibbs' cupel furnaces, and four large wind furnaces. Besides the mineralogical cabinet, containing about 8,000 specimens, the school has a large quantity of ores and furnace products from the Wyandotte Silver Smelting and Refining Company, and from the mining districts of Nevada. Also, a model collection of iron ores. for technical instruction in the class-room. The school of pharmacy provides for a two years' course in the various branches of chemical analysis. Besides the requisite recitations and lectures, the work of the laboratory requires about four hours of daily application. The work further requires careful microscopical examinations, practice in crystallography, and practical studies in materia medica. The processes of manufacture and the chief chemical industries are made the subject of systematic study. Those who complete the course are well prepared for the duties of a dispensing or manufacturing pharmacist, and receive the degree of pharmaceutical chemist. Eighteen were admitted to this degree in 1875. Other courses are included in the polytechnic school. Those.of botany and zoology were organized in 1875,, under direction of Professor Harrington. The course extends throughout the academic year. It consists of the examination of specimens, of dissections, and of the use of instruments, under the direction and guidance of instructors. The student is required to make his dissections himself, and a course in human anatomy forms a part of the work, when desired by the student. In botany STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 531 the students are conducted through a course in the study of anatomy and physiology of plants, and subsequently are directed in the practical work of a microscopic examination of plant tissues. These examinations are required to be illustrated by careful drawings and descriptions. A microscopical laboratory has been fitted up, and is open every forenoon. It is well supplied with microscopes. For the special work of the class-room in comparative anatomy.and physiology, an excellent set of typical skeletons has recently been procured. The course in higher astronomy also requires two years, the first of which may be the last of the under-graduate course. During the whole of these years the student has access to the observatory, under the special direction of the professor, and during the latter portion of the course takes part in the practical work of observation. It was not until the autumn of 1850 that the first course of lectures was given in the school of medicine. This school was then organized on the same basis as it exists to-day. Each candidate for admission was required to furnish evidence of good moral character, and if a candidate for graduation, also of such literary attainments as had been recommended by the National Medical Association, viz: "A good English education, the knowledge of natural philosophy, the elementary mathematical sciences, and such an acquaintance with the Latin and Greek languages as will enable the student to appreciate the technical language of medicine, and to read and write prescriptions." To be admitted to the degree of doctor of medicine, the student was required to have studied medicine and surgery for a term of three years, and to have attended two full.courses of lectures; to be at least twenty-one years of age, and to have passed all the required examinations. The first catalogue of this department contains the names of Professors Sager, Douglass, Gunn, Denton and Allen, and of ninetyfive students. No buildings have been erected prospectively, but when actually demanded by the increasing number of students. During the outbreak of the war, such were the demands upon the medical department, that additional buildings were absolutely necessary. The citizens of Ann Arbor generously contributed $10,000 towards this object, and two large lecture rooms, with adjacent offices, were provided, at an expense of $20,315. The new building was ready for occupancy in 1864, and the first class assembled in it numbered nearly 500. The people of Ann Arbor also responded in aid of the erection of a hospital, and contributed the $4,000 required by the Legislature as a condition of its appropriation of $8,000, and the hospital was erected, consisting of two pavilions, each 115 feet long by 28 feet wide, attached to the former hospital 532 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. building. Clinical material has been obtained without difficulty since the erection of these buildings, as all medical attendance is gratuitous. The school of homeopathy was opened October, 1875, in a building especially fitted up for the purpose. The law department was established in 1859, and Messrs. James V. Campbell, Charles I. Walker and Thomas M. Cooley were appointed professors. The new buildings, however, for the law department were not ready for occupancy until the autumn of 1863. This building also provided for the general library and a chapel. In 1866 a fourth professor of law was appointed, viz: Ashley Pond, as Fletcher professor of law. Two years later Professor Pond was succeeded by Professor Charles A. Kent, who still occupies the chair. The school of dentistry, provided for by the act of 1875, was at once organized by the Regents, and was opened for students in the autumn of that year. Two professors and a demonstrator were appointed, and the school was commodiously provided for in one of the University buildings, formerly occupied as a dwelling. Every facility required was furnished. Students in dentistry have the facilities afforded by the chemical laboratory, and are permitted to attend the lectures on anatomy, physiology and surgery, in the department of medicine. Candidates for graduation must have devoted three years to the study of the profession, in connection with attendance upon a full course of medical lectures, and must have attended two full courses of lectures in a dental college, one of which, at least, must have been in the University of Michigan. Twenty students availed themselves of the first course in this new school. The general library of the University was commenced in 1840, with 3,700 volumes of books, selected in Europe by Dr. Asa Gray, the professor of botany and zoology in the University. In 1856, John L. Tappan, son of the President, was appointed librarian, and in that year the library was removed from its crowded quarters in the south college to the ample accommodations then afforded by the lower story of the museum building. In 1863 it was removed to its present quarters in the law building, and the following year Rev. Andrew Ten Brook was appointed librarian, a position he still retains. Through the recommendation of President Tappan, regular appropriations have been made for the library since 1853, and it has now about 22,000 volumes and 7,000 pamphlets. The card catalogue plan, as at Harvard, was adopted in 1864. It consists of two parts, one comprising a list of the names of authors, alphabetically arranged, together with the titles of such of their works as may be in the library; the other an index of subjects and a reference to all the works STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 533 in the library which treat of the subjects named. This latter branch of the catalogue is so comprehensive as to include not only the volumes treating of special subjects, but also all the articles of importance in the reviews and magazines. The catalogue consists of about 100,000 cards, so arranged as to be consulted by the student with the greatest ease. The library is open from nine A. M. to five P. M., and from seven to half past nine p. M. The amount appropriated by the Board of Regents varies, from time to time, from $1,500 to $3,000. The average number of books drawn by students through a week of no unusual activity was 278 per day. On Saturday the number was 348. Besides the general library, each of the professional schools has a library of a more specific and technical character. The law library contains 3,500, the medical library 1,500, and the literary societies have connected with the department of literature, science and art, collected libraries of about 3,000 volumes. The Christian Association has a well selected library of 1,000 volumes. So that in the aggregate 31,000 volumes are accessible to the students. In 1837 the Baron Lederer collection of minerals, consisting of 2,600 very choice specimens, was purchased for $4,000. This was the beginning of the present museum. To these were added the collection of Dr. Houghton, assisted by Dr. Sager as zoologist, and Dr. Wright as botanist. Subsequent surveys by Professor Winchell and presentations of the alumni have enriched the collection. To these the White collection, 1,018 entries and 6,000 specimens; the Rominger collection, 2,500 entries and 6,000 specimens; collections presented by the Smithsonian Institute, General Custer and others, altogether constitute a cabinet of 14,000 entries and 41,000 specimens. The zoological collection is somewhat more extensive than the geological. It contains a complete set of the birds which visit Michigan, a nearly complete set of the mammals of the State, almost a complete set of the reptiles found east of the Rocky Mountains, and two thousand species of molusca, embracing all the land and fresh water forms of the Northern and Western states. The Trowbridge collection, made on the Pacific coast, added 1,856 entries, and the Smithsonian deposit 535 entries, of fresh water and marine shells from the same region, besides 200 birds from the Arctic zone. The Ames collection of coleoptera and lepidoptera, 5,000 specimens, and the cabinet for the special illustration of comparative anatomy of not less than 250 species and 1,000 specimens. The most important contribution is that of Dr. Joseph Beal Steere in South America and the islands of the East Indies, the result of five years' labor. Many specimens, being brought from hitherto unexplored regions, are of great value. It is a recent arrival, and can only be estimated as containing 68 534 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 10,000 entries and about 60,000 specimens. The zoological collection as a whole now contains 23,250 entries and over 110,000 specimens. The botanical collection embraces not only specimens of all the plants of the State, numbering about 1,175 species and 15,000 entries, but also numerous collections from other parts of the world. The Houghton herbarium contains twenty-eight folio cases and about 1,800 species of labeled plants, brought together from various parts of the country. The Sager herbarium, of 1,200 species and 12,000 specimens, was collected partly in the Western States, but chiefly in New England. The Ames herbarium has 7,000 specimens and 10,500 duplicates; the Jewitt collection, 2,500 species and about 5,000 specimens. Professor Harrington has added 2,000 species; Captain Dall, an interesting collection of Alaskan plants; Professor Reinsch, 250 species of mosses from Central Europe; Mr. Horace Averill, 408 species of algae; Mr. J. G. Lemmon, 460 species of California plants; and Dr. S. S. Garrigues, about 3,000 specimens of plants from Germany. Professor Steere's collection adds 2,500 specimens of South American and East Indian ferns. The entire collection for the illustration of botany embraces about 10,000 species, 20,000 entries, and 70,000 specimens. The geological, zoological and botanical cabinets together are estimated to contain about 57,250 entries and 221,000 specimens. The cabinet of archaeology and relics contains various articles of domestic and warlike use among the aboriginal inhabitants of North and South America, and among the islanders of the South Pacific; a large collection of pottery and other articles of the ancient Peruvians, as well as specimens of clothing, art, military weapons, etc., of the Amazonian Indians, the modern Peruvians, the Alaskans, the Formosans, the Chinese and the inhabitants of, the Philippine Islands. To this collection, largely made by Professor Steere, have been added sundry relics from the islands of the Pacific, by the Smithsonian Institution. The Department of Agriculture at Washington has also contributed a collection of textile fabrics and various substitutes for cotton. The cabinet of fine arts was begun in 1855. Professor Frieze at that time procured in Europe, under special commission from the Board of Regents, plaster casts of antique statues, engravings and photographs illustrating the various departments of Grecian and Roman art. In 1862 Professor A. D. White received a similar commission, and procured numerous articles, chiefly in bronze. A marble copy of Nydia, by Mr. Randolph Rogers, was presented by an association in Ann Arbor. The museum comprises a gallery of casts, in full size and in reduction, of the the most valuable antique statues and busts; over 200 reductions and models, in terra cotta, of statues, portrait busts and other STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 535 material in the principal European museums; a gallery of engravings and photographic views, executed in Italy and Greece, illustrating the architectural and sculptural remains of Rome, Pompeii, Paestum, Athens and Corinth; the Horace White collection of about 900 portrait medallions, illustrative of mediseval and modern history; about 450 casts from antique gems; a collection of copies, in plaster, marble and bronze, of several of the most important works of Michael Angelo, Canova, Thorwaldsen and Randolph Rogers, and a collection of engraved copies of many of the great masterpieces of modern painting, beginning with the age prior to Raphael. The catalogue of the cabinet of history and fine arts contains about 1,985 numbers. The museum of anatomy and materia medica contains the valuable collection made by Professor Ford, in the course of many years of scientific labor. It is specially adapted for the successful teaching of the science of medicine, and of those branches of it which pertain to the study of anatomy and physiology. It contains a collection of bones to illustrate healthy as well as diseased conditions, and the various changes from infancy to old age; numerous skulls, teeth and other preparations by which the structure of the various stages of both temporary and permanent teeth are illustrated; arterial preparations, embracing complete and partial dissections, exhibiting the arrangement of vessels in health and disease. Models, in wax, papier mache and plaster, illustrate the various parts of the body in a normal as well as abnormal condition. The collection of monstrosities, both single and double, is unusually full and valuable. The materials illustrating materia inedica consist of a very complete set of crude organic medicinal substances, embracing between 500 and 600 specimens imported from Paris, and put up in glass jars of uniform appearance, arranged according to their order in natural history; also, a collection of about 1,000 other specimens of mineral and vegetable substances and preparations, arranged in groups. In addition to the medical museum proper, which contains in the aggregate several thousand specimens, the department is abundantly supplied with plates, photographs, models, preparations and apparatus for the purpose of illustrating the various studies of the medical course. The chemical laboratory was first established in 1849, in the lower story of the building known as the old medical college. It has been, from its beginning, under the superintendence of Professor Douglass as director. The demand for space had so increased by 1855 that the Regents appropriated $5,950 for a laboratory building, which was erected, and enlarged in 1857 by an additional appropriation of $509.95. The new building was thoroughly furnished and equipped with the most approved apparatus. Further extensions were made 536 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. as demanded by increased numbers of students, in 1861, 1867 and 1873. The entire expense of the laboratory to the University fund has been $25,376.75, but the actual cost has been $58,476.75, the difference having been made up by profits on the chemicals sold to students, arising from the difference in price between the wholesale rates paid and the New York list price charged. The laboratory building occupies 15,000 square feet of space, and has 175 tables, each of which is supplied with gas, water, wash-basin and waste-pipe, besides all other necessary apparatus for chemical manipulations. Each student has an air-space of 800 cubic feet, and the laboratory is ventilated by two large Sturtevant fan-ventilators, propelled by steam-power. The laboratory is warmed by steam, and is furnished with six sand, water and steam baths, with drying ovens attached. The general furnace room is supplied with assay, blast and metallurgic furnaces, as well as with the necessary apparatus for organic analysis. The balance room is furnished with Oertling's and Becker & Son's balances, and the library with the standard works on chemistry and cognate sciences, and the chemical periodicals of Europe and America. The astronomical observatory originated as follows: In President Tappan's inaugural address, December 21, 1852, the subject of private munificence, as supplementary to the University endowment, was discussed. Hon. H. N. Walker, of Detroit, expressed to Dr. Tappan a desire to do something in accordance with the spirit of the address. A meeting was appointed to be held December 29, at the- Michigan Exchange, Detroit, when President Tappan unfolded his project. Seven thousand dollars were subscribed on the spot, to be paid within a year, on condition that $10,000 be raised, the whole to be expended, under direction of Dr. Tappan, for the erection and furnishing of a building to be known as "the Detroit Observatory," to be forever connected with the University. The Regents purchased a site of five acres, within half a mile of the University grounds and well adapted by its elevation for the purpose. On this site the observatory was built, and in due time a refracting telescope, with a clear aperture of twelve and five-eighths inches and a focal length of seventeen feet eight inches, with a complete outfit of eye-pieces, micrometers and shades, were placed within the building. A further subscription to pay for the outfit was raised in Detroit, and in 1865 $5,000 more were contributed by citizens of Detroit and Ann Arbor to erect a dwelling-house for the observer. Under the direction of Dr. Brunnow, the observatory took a high rank in the scientific world. In addition to giving instruction to University students, the director was able to carry on numerous scientific researches, which received the most gratifying recognition. Dr. Brunnow published an important STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 537 work on spherical astronomy, besides the tables of Flora and the tables of Victoria, in addition to twenty-six articles in the scientific journals of Europe and America, within the first two years of the active operations of the observatory. In 1858 Mr. James C. Watson, the first pupil of Dr. Brunnow in the University, and a graduate of 1857, was appointed assistant observer, and in 1863, on the recommendation of the first astronomers of the country, he was appointed director of the observatory and professor of astronomy, on the retirement of Dr. Brunnow. This position Professor Watson still retains. During a directorship of thirteen years, although only twenty-five years of age when appointed, Professor Watson has made numerous discoveries of great importance, among which are the following asteroids and comets: First, 1863, September 14, Eurynome; second, 1867, August 24, Minerva; third, September 6, Aurora; fourth, 1868, July 11, Hecate; fifth, August 15, Helena; sixth, September 7, Hera; seventh, September 13, Clymene; eighth, September 16, Artemis; ninth, October 10, Dione; tenth, 1871, August 6, Thyra; eleventh, 1872, April 3, Althsea; twelfth, May 12, Hermione; thirteenth, November 25, Nemesis; fourteenth, 1873, June 13, JEthra; fifteenth, July 29, a planet not yet named; sixteenth, 1874, October 10, Juewa (at Peking, China); seventeenth, 1875, October 18, a planet not yet named; eighteenth, 1876, April 16, a planet not yet named; 1856, April 29, a comet, and another January 9, 1864. October 20, 1857, he discovered the planet afterwards named Aglaia, and January 9, 1864, another named Io; but these were found to have been discovered in Europe only a few days prior to these dates. In recognition of these distinguished services, Professor Watson was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1868, and a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, at Catania, in Italy, in 1870. In the same year he received a gold medal decreed to him by the Imperial Academy of Sciences, in Paris, and in 1875, from the Khedive of Egypt, the patent and decoration of Knight Commander of the Mejidich. Director Watson has also prepared a large treatise on theoretical astronomy, besides numerous papers on astronomical subjects contributed to the scientific journals of Europe and America, and to the transactions of learned societies. The director was placed by the general government in charge of an expedition to Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, to observe the eclipse of the sun, in 1860; was sent to Carlentini, in Sicily, for a similar purpose, in 1870; and to Peking, China, in charge of the expedition of 1874, for the observation of the transit of Venus. In the summary of students in attendance it is shown that in the department of science, literature and the arts, which commenced in 1844, the 538 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. attendance that year was 53; that the attendance gradually increased every year until 1872, when it was 509. In 1875 it was 476. That the department of medicine commenced in 1851 with 95 students; that its highest number was in 1867, 525, and that its attendance in 1875 was 370. That in the department of law the first year, 1860, 90 students were in attendance; that its highest number was in 1867, when there were 395 in attendance. The number in 1875 was 345. The highest total number of students in attendance at the University was in 1867, 1,255; the number in 1875 was 1,191. The author of this sketch of the University concludes with the following remark: "Its history has not been unvarying and monotonous. We have seen something of difficulties and triumphs, but in concluding our narrative, it is a satisfaction to reflect, that if the former show that a state university is no less subject to perils than are institutions resting upon other foundations, the latter afford abundant demonstration that these perils may be overcome. The history of the University of Michigan goes far to prove, if indeed it does not prove conclusively, that highel education, no less than the education afforded by the common schools, may be safely and satisfactorily conducted by the people of an intelligent state." STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. The educational exhibit contained two volumes from the Agricultural College-one containing the annual catalogues from 1863 to 1875, inclusive, and the other a manuscript, "The State Agricultural College of Michigan: its history and present condition, written out under the general direction of the president, by a member of the freshman class, May, 1876." This book contains constitutional provision; location; opening and first four years of the college; reorganization in 1861; State Board of Agriculture; congressional grant of lands; State appropriations; inventory of the College, 1875; students; graduates; course of study; departments of instruction; labor; select course; winter institutes; means of illustration; self-government on the part of students; daily routine; admission; grounds and buildings; labor system; list of officers and graduates; occupation of graduates; College Christian Union; Natural History Society; publications of the College, and chronology. It was one of the most comprehensive of the college histories in the Exhibition. The constitutional provision requiring the Legislature, as soon as practicable, to provide for the establishment of an agricultural school, was made a part of the constitution of Michigan which was adopted in 1850, and the act of STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 539 organization passed the Legislature, pursuant to recommendation of Governor Bingham, and was approved February 12, 1855. The site was selected June sixteenth of the same year, by the executive committee of the State Agricultural Society. The tract selected contains a fraction over 676 acres, divided by the Red Cedar river, and is three miles and a half from Lansing. The total cost of the land was $10,413.47. Over 300 acres are cleared, and much of it is under-drained. The soil is varied, consisting of clay, peat, sand and loams of varied character. The College was opened to students May 13, 1857, Joseph R. Williams being its president. The State Agricultural Society donated its library to the College in 1857, and a valuable donation of plants was received from Professor Asa Gray, of Harvard College, in 1860. The College was under the control of the State Board of Education until 1861, when, by an act of the Legislature, the State Board of Agriculture was established, and its management transferred to them. In 1862 Congress donated 240,000 acres of land for the support of the College, and Professor T. C. Abbot entered on his duties as its president towards the close of the same year. The Cooley herbarium was donated to the College in 1863. Sanford Howard became secretary of the State Board of Agriculture and of the College in 1864, and filled the position until his death, in 1871. The buildings consist of a college hall 50x 100, and three stories high; a boarding" hall 116x116 feet, of three stories, basement and mansard roof; a laboratory 51x100, of one story and basement; a greenhouse of modern construction, 25x113 feet, with gardener's rooms and potting rooms attached 26 feet square; dwelling-houses for the president and professors, secretary and herdsmen, and farm-house; cattle-barn 65x134 feet; horse-barn 36x100 feet; sheep-barn 33x90 feet; tool-shed, apiary, shops, 28x40 feet; piggery, gardenbarn and tool-shed, 25 x 35 feet and 24 x 50 feet; principal entrance, with selfopening gate, and a wind-mill and tank for supplying water to the yards and barns. The employment of the students of the College three hours a day in manual labor is a distinguishing feature of the College that has been maintained since the commencement of the institution. This labor is usually performed cheerfully and well. A compensation, not exceeding ten cents an hour, is allowed for work performed. Five-sixths of the students have applied for more than the required amount of work. The officers of the College work with the students and personally superintend the operations. The College has an extensive library and reading-room, as well as all the 540 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. usual appliances of thorough college instruction. The reports of the College are to be found in the reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction up to and including 1864. From 1861 the reports are to be found in those of the State Board of Agriculture, and catalogues in the usual form have also been published, that of the Centennial year constituting the twentieth annual catalogue. The institution, under the auspices of its board, January, 1876, inaugurated a system of winter institutes, which are held at various points in the State,. where agriculturists are invited and take an active part in the proceedings. Papers are read and discussions occur, reports of which are published in the annual report of the State Board of Agriculture. These have added greatly to. the usefulness and growing popularity of the College. The officers of the College, May 1, 1876, were as follows: STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. H. G. Wells, Kalamazoo. A. S. Dyckman, South Haven. J. Webster Childs, Ypsilanti. M. J. Gard, Volinia. George W. Phillips, Romeo. The Governor of the State, ex officio. Franklin Wells, Constantine. The President of the College, ex officio. H. G. Wells, President. Rev. Robert G. Baird, Secretary. J. Webster Childs, Vice President. Ephraim Longyear, Treasurer. MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY. Theophilus C. Abbot, President, and Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic. Robert C. Kedzie, A. M., M. D., Professor of Chemistry, and Curator of the Laboratory. George T. Fairchild, A. M., Professor of English Literature, and Librarian. Albert J. Cook, M. S., Professor of Zoology and Entomology, and Curator of General Museum.. William J. Beal, A. M., B. S., Professor of Botany and Horticulture, and Curator of the Botanical Museum. Alfred B. Gulley, Professor of Practical Agriculture. Robert F. Kedzie, M. S., Assistant in Chemistry. Rolla C. Carpenter, B. S., C. E., Instructor in Mathematics and Civil Engineering. Charles W. Garfield, M. S., Foreman of the Garden. Charles L. Ingersoll, B. S., Foreman of the Farm. George W. White, Assistant Foreman of the Farm. James Cassidy, Gardener. James W. Short, Steward. The position of this College is that of a pioneer institution. It has formed a model for other states to imitate, and it has among its graduates many professors of other state agricultural colleges. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 541 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. This institution exhibited a quarto volume entitled "A Brief Outline of the History of the Michigan'State Normal School. J. Estabrook, principal. 1876. Ypsilanti." From this book, which is in manuscript, it appears that the establishment of a normal school was first recommended by Hon. John D. Pierce, then Superintendent of Public Instruction, as early as 1836, and subsequently by other superintendents-Mr. Sawyer in 1842, Mr. Comstock in 1843, and Mr. Mayhew in 1848. The act establishing the school passed the Legislature in 1849. This act authorized the Governor to appoint a board of education, who were empowered to select a site, erect buildings, employ teachers, and make the necessary regulations. Ten sections of salt spring lands were appropriated for building purposes, and fifteen sections for an endowment fund. The board finally selected Ypsilanti, the citizens there having donated a suitable site and contributed $13,500 cash towards the expense of building, and engaged to furnish the temporary use of buildings for the Normal and model schools, and to pay the salary of the teacher of the model school five years. The site donated consists of four acres, beautifully located on the high grounds on the western border of the city. To this the Board of Education added four acres more. The building is of brick, three stories in height, with rooms for the normal and model departments, and was formally dedicated October 5, 1852, when addresses were made by Hon. John D. Pierce, Hon. Isaac E. Crary, Chancey Joslin, and Hon. Ross Wilkins. A State teachers' institute was held immediately following the dedication, lasting three weeks. It was attended by 250 teachers. The opening of the State Normal School took place in the spring of 1853. In October, 1859, the building and nearly all its contents were burned, but the loss was covered by insurance, and the building was soon restored. Professor A. S. Welch was principal from 1852 until compelled by sickness to resign, in 1865. D. P. Mayhew, for many years a professor in the school, succeeded him as principal, and continued in charge until January, 1871, when, after an interregnum of one term, filled provisionally by Professor C. F. R. Bellows, Professor J. Estabrook, the present incumbent, became principal. At the close of the year 1876, over 500 ladies and gentlemen will have graduated, most of whom have been engaged in teaching on an average more than three years each, and a large number are still in the profession, occupying prominent positions as educators. The sole object of the institution "is to fit teachers for their work, to increase their teaching power, and to send them forth filled with the spirit of their profession." 69 542 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The societies connected with the school are the Normal Lyceum, the Normal Zealots, the "Phiades," and two others of a more private character. There are two buildings, one a stuccoed brick building, 102x56 feet and three stories high-the main Normal School building; the other is 70x52 and three stories high, occupied by the school of training and observation. There is a library of 1,400 volumes, specially adapted to the wants of the school, for additions to which $500 a year is appropriated by the Legislature. The property is estimated as worth $72,800. The school is under the control of the State Board of Education, consisting of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who is secretary ex officio, and three members elected by the people, each holding office six years. No less than 8,000 students have been admitted to the normal department, and of these 515 have received the full course of instruction and graduated. The various classes of the school were represented in the volume by examination papers, compositions and essays, indicating a good general knowledge of the subjects treated. The officers of the School for the Centennial year were as follows: STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. Witter J. Baxter, Jonesville. Edgar Rexford, Ypsilanti. Edward Dorsch, M. D., Monroe. Daniel B. Briggs (Supt.), ex officio. MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY. J. Estabrook, Principal. A. Lodeman, German and French. Ruth Hoppin, Preceptress. Anna M. Cutcheon, Geography, Drawing, History F. H. Pease, Music. and English Literature. Mary A. Rice, English Grammar and Rhetoric. Alice Barr, Teacher in Experimental School. C. F. R. Bellows, Mathematics. Helen Post, Teacher in Grammar School. Daniel Putnam, Professional Training. W. Warren, Penmanship. Lewis McLouth, Natural Sciences. Addie Lamb, Assistant in Penmanship. J. P. Vroman, Latin and Greek. THE GRADED AND HIGH SCHOOLS. Over twenty of the leading cities and villages of the State were represented at the Exhibition through their school systems. The exhibits were mostly by bound manuscript volumes, covering historical and statistical accounts of the schools represented, with methods of instruction, records of examinations, etc. Reference is here made to the chart prepared at the State University, and which appears on preceding pages, as showing the general course of study pursued in all the public schools of the State, from the lower to the higher -- - ------------ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -----— = i - - 7 I ADRIAN 111(411 SCHOOL. - - ""''-'-~-''-'-;'III~UI~lI~i~l~ —h- -~~ _______ ______ ~ ~ ~ t - I'~~ IHII{~~ ~ ~~ ___ 1 1. Ii Mm I ~ l_ VNN ALLOL 111GB? SILOOT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — --- --- -= -- -~ —_-.-~ ADR IA~N' —-—; HIGH SCHOOL. —-~-_, — __ _- - -....,,, " —,,,7,.. ~ ~_ ~~ 17 -— =-7 544 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. grades. The methods pursued in the several schools are so nearly parallel that a particular description of each exhibit would involve much repetition, and hence a summary mention of them seems to be all that is demanded. Where exceptions are made to this rule it is with no design of making a partial discrimination, but rather to give representative, features applicable in greater or less degree to the schools of all of the larger towns of the State. Reference is properly here made to plates of some of the high school buildings in the State that appear in this connection, as representative of their class at this time. The high school system received its first marked forward impulse about the year 1855. For several years prior to that time a school with some of the characteristics of the modern high school had been maintained at Ypsilanti, but in a quite unpretentious edifice. The Ann Arbor high school, built in 1855, was, according to the recollection of the writer, about the first of its class in the State. The strong argument used in its favor was, that at that place a school was demanded that should be a preparatory school to the University. The cut of the building which is given shows the original structure, as built at a cost of about $30,000, but with an addition of some thirty feet since made to its width. The high school impulse spread rapidly, and the plan of the Ann Arbor building was copied by other towns; and some, especially Ypsilanti, whose school edifice was burned, building even more liberally. In a financial point of view, the more pretentious school edifices of later years do not seem extravagant in comparison with the original cost of the Ann Arbor building, population and property valuation being considered. It should be borne in mind, however, that the high school feature at Ann Arbor was exceptional in view of its relation to the University, and that the development of the system throughout the State has necessitated the construction of ward school houses in many places, the cost of which should be considered as part of the financial problem.*" ADRIAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The exhibit from Adrian consisted of one volume, compiled by Professor William H. Payne, the superintendent of public instruction for the city of Adrian. It contained engravings of the school buildings, a printed historical sketch, the act of incorporation, by-laws, regulations, blanks, certificate on parchment, and examination papers-the whole morocco bound, and gilt. *For statistics of cost of school edifices, and when built, see page 518. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 545 ANN ARBOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. These schools were represented by a quarto volume, handsomely bound in full morocco, gilt, containing two large photographs of school buildings, a handsome title page in ornamental penmanship, by a member of the class of 1875, an engraving of the high school building, plans drawn to scale, list of board of education and teachers, statistics, historical sketch, act of incorporation, sketch of buildings, course of study in the different schools, list of text-books, and results of school work. W. S. Perry, superintendent. BATTLE CREEK PUBLIC SCHOOLS. These schools were represented by a quarto volume, bound in morocco, containing fourteen photographs illustrating the buildings and plans of the schools, both interior and exterior views, with photographic copies of the architectural drawings and designs, a printed sketch of each of the schools and buildings, names of officers and teachers, statistics and narrative history, followed by pupils' work in the form of examination papers, blanks, and printed catalogue for 1874-5. J. L. Stone, superintendent. BAY CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The Bay City school system was represented by four volumes quarto and one octavo. One volume is a special exhibit of photographs of school buildings and plans. of the same, drawn by the architects, and specimens of outline maps drawn under the immediate supervision of the teacher in charge. These maps are followed by drawings by pupils from seven to sixteen years of age. The second volume contains the manuscripts of examinations in the high school classes. The other two large volumes are filled with examination papers of the grammar schools. The smaller volume contains the rules and regulations of the public schools of Bay City. J. W. Morley, superintendent. BENTON HARBOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Two volumes from these schools contain examination papers of the high school in rhetoric, list of the board of trustees and instructors, course of study, rules and regulations, statistics and examination papers in algebra, showing high school work. V. Butler, principal. BROOKLYN UNION SCHOOL. This school exhibited a quarto volume containing photographs of the school board in one group, and of the three teachers in another group, the statistics 546 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. of the school, historical sketch, description of school building, course of study, and manuscripts of examinations, showing a fair average of union school work. David B. Haskins, principal. CALUTIET PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The Calumet school district is perhaps the only district in Michigan where all the real estate and most of the personal property is owned by one company, and consequently where the school tax comes from one source. The Calumet and Hecla Mining Company is the only tax-payer on real estate in the whole district, although this anomalous state of things does not operate unfavorably to the school interest, while it is an evidence of the interest taken by capitalists in the education of the children of industrious operatives. The school building itself is an evidence of unusual liberality and foresight. It is 192x100 feet. The average size of each school-room is 22 x32 feet, and the average width of halls is 14 feet-an excellent provision, facilitating escape in case of fire. Total length of halls, 900 feet; number of stairways, 7-another humane provision for exit; total number of rooms, 38; enrollment of pupils, 1,336; ward schools, 4; whole number of teachers, 20. The volume, which is very handsomely bound, contains excellent photographic views of the buildings and rooms. The historical sketch and statistical information are very neatly printed, and bear the imprint of Hurley Brothers, printers and book-binders, Hancock. The examination papers are of more than average excellence, and the volume, as a whole, is a great credit to the Upper Peninsula. Edwin Curtis, superintendent. COLDWATER PUBLIC SCHOOLS. These schools exhibit two handsome volumes, quarto. The first contains engraving of the central school building, with plans, photographs of high school rooms, view of the fourth ward school building and plan, list of the board of education and instructors, statistics, narrative history, drawings in architecture, geology, geometry, and examination manuscripts in the usual high school studies. The examination papers are continued in the second volume, followed by maps of large size, drawn by the pupils from memory. D. Bemis, superintendent. DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Five handsome quarto volumes are devoted to an exposition of the Detroit public schools. One volume is devoted to high school papers, history, photographs, rules, blanks, etc.; one to examination papers in geography; one to examination papers in arithmetic; one to specimens in drawing, and one to specimens in penmanship. J. M. B. Sill, superintendent. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 547 EAST SAGINAW PUBLIC S(CHOOLS. The schools of East Saginaw are represented by eleven quarto volumes, elegantly bound, giving the most extensive view of graded school operations of any of this class of exhibits. In addition to the "outline history," photographic views of school buildings, courses of study, statistics, blanks, etc., one entire volume is devoted to the German department, one volume to general language lessons, one to arithmetic, one to geography, one to spelling, one to penmanship, and one to music, which was introduced as a regular branch of FLINT HIGH SCHOOL. struction n FLI874, with the national system of music OL.ts and readers, it instruction in 1874, with the national system of music charts and readers, it being the intention to make the course of study correspond as nearly as possible with that pursued in the public schools of Boston, Mass. One volume is also devoted mainly to drawing, for which the Krusis system is adopted. Horace S. Tarbell, superintendent. FLINT PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The quarto volume exhibiting the Flint schools is bound in half morocco, and contains a catalogue of officers and teachers, a historical sketch, six photographic views of school buildings, blanks, and examination papers, giving 548 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. altogether a very comprehensive view of the condition of the schools. T. W. Crissey, superintendent. GRAND RAPIDS EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. The three quarto volumes devoted to an exhibition of the school system pursued in Grand Rapids, constituting the exhibit of the schools of that city at the Centennial, are especially comprehensive in their character. One volume contains seven large photographs, giving views of three of the largest schoolhouses, a picture of the philosophical apparatus, two interior views of the session-room, with the students in their seats, and a view of the museum of the high school; plans of the various school-rooms, neatly drawn by pupils, monthly reports, blank notices filled up, entrance ticket, etc.; a list of books from which high school pupils may select reading for their leisure hours, and text-books; teachers for 1875-6, officers of the board of education; a well written, concise description of the system, buildings, organization, etc. Also, pupils' work in drawing, both from flat copies and from objects. The school system, as described by the superintendent, consists of primary schools, grammar schools, a high school, an ungraded school, designed for persons who, on account of age and maturity, can progress more rapidly than those with whom they would be classed, and a training school for teachers. Each of the first three is divided into four grades, the first grade in each case being the lowest. The whole course of study is divided into twelve parts to correspond with the above grades.- Classes of average ability and attendance require one school year to accomplish the work included in each of the twelve parts, but as the classes in the primary and grammar schools are divided into sections, and promotions are allowed to take place at the end of each ten weeks, opportunity is offered to individual pupils and to whole classes of more than average ability or ambition to pass from section to section and from class to class whenever prepared for such promotions. In the primary schools the following subjects are taught, and the figures attached to each show the relative per cent of time devoted to each: Reading, 100; arithmetic, 80; writing, 40; singing, 40; geography, 10; drawing, 10. In the grammar schools: arithmetic, 100; geography, 88; grammar, 60; reading, 40; writing, 25; singing, 25; physiology, 10; botany, 10; drawing, 10. The high school has eight courses of study, four for those who do not design to attend any higher school, known respectively as English, French, German and business courses; and four others by means of which pupils are prepared for the corresponding courses of the University. The English course embraces the STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 549 following branches of study: English language, 100; mathematics, 100; history, 70; natural history, 65; drawing, 16; physics, 10; chemistry, 10; mental science, 10. During four winter terms night schools have been in successful operation. An average of 140 pupils has been the attendance during the four years. Five teachers have been constantly employed in teaching arithmetic, reading and penmanship. The training school for teachers was organized in 1872, and was designed to furnish an opportunity to graduates of the high school and others of little or no experience in teaching. A primary school of four grades, comprising 200 pupils, in four separate rooms, is placed in charge of a lady principal with eight pupil teachers, four for each half day, who continue in the school for one year. The work is so organized that each teacher has practice during the year in all the primary grades. Each subject, before being presented to the class, is thoroughly discussed, and best methods of presenting the same given. Music is taught by a special teacher in all the schools of the city. Penmanship is taught in all grades above the first primary by a special teacher. Drawing has been taught in the high, grammar and part of the primary schools. In 1875 the population of the district was 29,400. Children between five and twenty, 8,400. Value of school property, $270,000, Expenses of superintendence and instruction, $39,547.60; incidentals, $13,652.05. School enrollment, 4,834. Cost per capita for superintendence and instruction, $12.74; and for incidentals, $4.40; for permanent investment, $6.09; average total cost per capita for whole school, $23.23. Number of books in library, 8,000. The library is a public one, and is sustained by police fines and by moneys voted by the citizens at the annual school meetings. The school buildings consist of ten brick and three wooden structures, with a seating capacity for 4,230 pupils. Six are three stories and seven two stories high. One of the volumes exhibited sliows pupils' work in free-hand drawing by a first-year class of the average age of fourteen years, and examination papers in English composition, rhetoric, zoology, human anatomy, Latin and geometry. The second volume contains examination papers, outline maps from the first year in the high school and fourth year of the grammar school, and the third volume contains examination papers from the grammar and primary grades, with maps. A. J. Daniels, superintendent. IONIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The Ionia schools were represented by two volumes of pupils' work, history of the schools, photographs, rules, etc. W. J. Ewing, superintendent. 70 550 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. HILLSDALE PUBLIC UNION SCHOOLS. The exhibit from the Hillsdale schools consisted of one quarto volume, in half morocco, containing the names of the board of education, officers and teachers, statistics, historical sketch, and record of school officers since 1846, printed in compact form, followed by examination papers by pupils in the various classes. Charles G. Robertson; superintendent. HOWELL UNION SCHOOL. The quarto volume representing this school contains a photograph of the school building, a history, annual circular, with calendar, list of trustees and teachers, courses of study and list of text-books, blanks and examination papers. W. Carey Hill, superintendent. JONESVILLE UNION SCHOOL. The volume representing this school was a quarto, in half morocco, containing list of trustees and instructors, four photographs and plans of the school building, historical sketch, brief history of the teachers, and annual report of the school for the year ending June 25, 1875. The pupils' work consists of maps, examination papers in arithmetic and other studies usually pursued in union schools. J. D. H. Cornelius, superintendent. KALAMAZOO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. -The volumes from the Kalamazoo public schools contain a well-printed narrative of the school system. The examination papers are all written on paper ruled for the purpose, with ample margins; the binding is full morocco, gilt; the photographs are excellent; all the headings and topics are neatly printed, and all the work is done in good style, with the imprint of the "Kalamazoo Publishing Company." Austin George, superintendent. LANSING PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The volume exhibiting the public schools of the capitol city is a quarto, full-bound in morocco, containing photograph of the beautiful new high school building and three interior views, statistics of the school district, list of teachers, manuscripts of examinations, by-laws and regulations, address of the president, J. Evarts Weed, list of text-books, blanks, etc. The marked feature of this exhibit is that the papers were all prepared with only one week's notice. E. V. W. Brokaw, superintendent. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 551 NILES PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The volume devoted to the public schools of Niles is a quarto, bound in half morocco, containing a photograph of the Central school building and plans of floors, drawn to scale, statistics, course of study, list of text-books, photographs, examination papers of the various classes, illustrated by interior photographic views, and blanks. Cyrus B. Thomas, superintendent. PONTIAC PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The volume devoted to the Pontiac schools contains a photograph of the high school building and another of a ward school building; also, a photograph of each member of the school board. A Centennial report, printed, gives statistics of the district, history, list of trustees, description of the buildings, engraving of the high school building and plan of the ward school-houses, course of study, text-books, rules and regulations, results, graduates of the high school, the connection of the high school with the University, and manuscripts of examinations in the various studies, and blanks. Joseph C. Jones, superintendent. SAGINAW CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Three volumes represent these schools. The first contains a description of the central building and photographs of the ward school buildings, list of trustees and teachers, course of study, statistics, and manuscripts of examinations in the various high school and grammar school studies; the second volume is devoted to examination papers in German, and the last to exercises in penmanship. C. A. Grover, superintendent. ST. JOHNS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The exhibit of the public schools of St. Johns consists of a quarto volume, half-bound in morocco, containing two photographic views, one of each schoolhouse, a historical sketch, in manuscript, statistics, examination papers, blanks, a printed manual containing the rules and regulations, course of study, etc. W. R. Clark, superintendent. WYANDOTTE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. These schools exhibited one volume, containing photographs of the school buildings, history of the schools, and manuscripts of examinations showing pupils' work. 552 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Rev. D. C. Jacokes, D. D., of Pontiac, commissioner in charge of the educational exhibit of Michigan, made a full and exhaustive report to the State Centennial Board, dated Pontiac, January 22, 1877. The first chapter of the report details the preliminary proceedings and plan adopted for exhibiting the workings of the Michigan system of education at the Centennial. This plan, first drawn up by the commissioner, was embodied in a circular to the University and colleges. The commissioner then visited these institutions, and while at Adrian obtained the assistance of Professer Payne, and issued a second circular to the colleges. The purpose of the scheme was, "first, to exhibit the characteristic features, the genius of the Michigan graded school system, and, second, to present this information in a manner the most easily accessible to the visitor and the jury." This circular was issued December 20, 1875. On the twenty-eighth of the same month the State Teachers' Association met at Grand Rapids. This meeting of State teachers was addressed by Governor Bagley and the commissioner in explanation of the scheme, and urging the active co-operation of the teachers of the State. A committee was appointed to co-operate with the commissioner, consisting of H. S. Tarbell, W. S. Perry, A. J. Daniels, Austin George and W. H. Payne. On the advice-of the committee, the commissioner proceeded to Washington and Philadelphia, and consulted with General Eaton, of the Bureau of Education at Washington, Director-General Goshorn and Professor Campbell. The plan of exhibition proposed for Michigan was explained in detail, and its characteristic feature of embodying the information and pupils' work in bound volumes, compact and accessible, was welcomed, and so favorable was the impression produced by it that the commissioner was assured that the same plan would be adopted for general use, and the instructions to exhibitors issued by Director-General Goshorn immediately afterwards embodied this "Michigan plan of representation." Finally Professor Payne was instructed to prepare the plan of exhibition in detail, which, on being approved by the Governor, the commissioner and Prof. J. M. B. Sill, was adopted January 17, 1876, and transmitted, with a circular from the Board of Centennial Managers requesting hearty, immediate and active co-operation, to all the graded schools of the State. The second chapter of the report is devoted to a catalogue of the articles collected and exhibited at Philadelphia, mostly in the space devoted to the Michigan educational exhibit, on the southern central gallery of the Main Exhi STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 553 bition Building. These exhibits are described under their appropriate heads in other parts of this work. Including the colleges, State institutions, local, denominational and private schools, churches, societies, etc., there were 151* descriptive volumes exhibited, all or most of which were returned to and are preserved in the State library at Lansing. Most of the volumes were large quartos, elegantly bound in full morocco, and were exhibited in an upright black walnut and glass case, which was opened for the inspection of persons who desired to examine the books. Certain foreign commissioners and others interested in education would spend whole days in examining these books. In regard to the pupils' work, it was universally remarked that it was honest, there being no attempt to conceal defects. From the evident defects the commissioner finds grounds for suggesting improvements in the conduct of the schools, and claims that the effort to write uniform examination papers, as required for this exhibit, has already produced a good effect in making written examinations a means of culture in the schools. The commissioner mentions, as specially worthy of credit, the samples of penmanship from the city of Detroit, where instruction in writing has been for several years in charge of Professor Newby. The samples of writing were by four entire classes in all the grades where penmanship is taught, and are models of neatness, accuracy, and a good illustration of the culture which may be attained even in simple matters by a steady adherence to a rational plan of instruction. He also commends the drawings from the polytechnic school and the microscopical drawings, both from the University; also, Professor Tarbell's volumes, as exhibiting the whole range of graded school work, from the point where pupils begin to write, up to and through the high school, the commissioner regarding these volumes as more comprehensive than any other in the department, and therefore as representing the entire graded school system of Michigan. The commissioner reports the gratifying fact that our State Public School for Dependent Children was the subject of profound study by the philanthropists of all nations, who saw a hitherto unrealized ideal, and that the institution has become a model for universal imitation. The report also mentions the valuable work of Judge Campbell, who was requested to prepare a sketch of the legal history of Michigan; that the work during its progress grew to the dimensions of a history, resulting in the publication of the work entitled, "Outlines of the Political History of Michigan." " Stated on page 516 as "over fifty manuscript reports," predicated on a summary appended to the printed catalogue of the forestry and mineral exhibits. 554 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. The history of the press of Michigan, contributed by T. S. Applegate, comes in for a good and well-deserved share of the commissioner's commendation. The third chapter of the report is devoted to the awards of the judges in the Department of Education and Science. These judges were: Andrew D. White, LL. D., president of Cornell University; D. C. Gillman, LL. D., president of John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; John W. Hoyt, M. D., LL.D., Madison, Wisconsin; Sir Charles Reed, London, England; Juan J. Marin, Spain; Otto Torell, director of the geological survey of Sweden; M. Touret, Paris, France; John M. Gregory, president of Illinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois, formerly Superintendent of Public Instruction for Michigan. The Michigan educational exhibit was thoroughly examined by these eminent gentlemen, and awards of medals and accompanying commendations were made as follows: I. To the Centennial Educational Committee, Michigan, for general educational exhibits. II. To the Michigan State University, for microscopical exhibits, etc. III. To the Industrial School for the Deaf, Dumb and the Blind, Flint, for pupils' work. IV. To the Michigan State Agricultural College, for collection of woods. V. To the School for Dependent Children, Coldwater, for plans, drawings and reports. VI. -To Board of Education, Detroit, for school furniture. VII. To Board of Education, Ann Arbor, for pupils' work. VIII. To Board of Education, Adrian, for pupils' work. The fourth chapter of the report is devoted to the discussion of the question: To what extent do our public schools contribute to the formation of good citizens? The principles embodied in this discussion were, that human supremacy over natural forces and natural products, for man's good, is the true meaning of civilization; that utility should be combined with beauty and symmetry in our inventions, ministering both to material comfort and Desthetical enjoyment; that the industrial spirit has become the spirit of the age; that human intelligence is everywhere at work on these industrial problems, and national greatness and wealth rises with the application of intelligent skill to diversified forms of industry, and lines of traffic will fluctuate as the centers of such production pass from nation to nation, and such centers will be located wherever skilled labor abounds and is employed in the production of articles which excel in quality and style; that the same principles that apply to nations and states apply also to individuals, and lead to the conclusion that in all these respects skilled industry is the sure road to prosperity and progress. On these principles the commissioner bases a strong plea for industrial education being engrafted upon the intellectual education already so extensively established in the State. On this basis Italy is reconstructing her industrial condition. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 555 The branch of instruction required to lead pupils to seek industrial pursuits other than professional, and to fit them for the diversified pursuits of life, according to the views of the commissioner, in addition to the branches already taught in our public schools, is the art of drawing, as lying at the very basis of all skillful constructive ability, and imparting to education an almost universal industrial value. It enters to a greater extent than history and geography the daily needs of men. It is the basis of all industries and all the trades. It serves the mason and the carpenter before serving the architect; it serves the joiner and the blacksmith, the locksmith, the surveyor, the wheelwright, the needle-woman, the lace-maker, the upholsterer, the jeweler, the gardener, all professional workmen, before serving the sculptor and the painter. It was said by Count Laborde, after the Universal Exposition at London, in 1851, that "every man ought to learn drawing on the same ground that he learns writing, and that he might learn it without much more difficulty, since writing is itself a kind of exercise in drawing. Besides, this art, so simple, is destined to work an immense and beneficent revolution in the industry of France. To-day it is seen that the trade in those numberless articles which adorn the dwellings, the furniture, the costume, and, I was about to say, the manners of civilized nations, falls to the country which will introduce to all its industrial products the most delicate and refined tastes." Another quotation is given to show that instruction in drawing is obligatory in Prussia, Holland, Austria, Sweden and Denmark, and is included in the normal school course in France, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Portugal. In Massachusetts instruction in drawing is also made compulsory in the public schools, and in most of the large cities of the North drawing forms a regular branch of instruction, and is placed on an equality with reading, writing and calculating, while in Michigan but little attention has been paid to drawing as a branch of public school instruction. It has gained a foothold in a few of the larger cities, but practically it is a new branch of study, the importance of which has not been fully estimated. Every consideration of public policy and private interest justifies its introduction to the public schools of every grade, where it should be ranked with reading, writing and arithmetic. The commissioner lays down a general programme for the study of drawing in the public schools, beginning with the primary grade, in which oral instruction, with exercises in straight lines and angles, are to be given, with combinatio, the first year, running through a course during the first four years; then directions for the grammar grade, a period of four years, closing with the elements of perspective, construction of original designs, elements of shading, and practical geometry. Then the course 556 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. for high school practice, beginning with drawing ornaments from flat copies, original designs, geometrical drawing, and continuing into the second, third and fourth years, when special courses, at the option of the student, are to be selected, architectural, mechanical, engineering or ornamental. The plan proposed would make drawing an element of school instruction in every grade, from the lowest to the highest, adopting specialties only during the last three years of a twelve years' course. The method recommended on this important topic is well elaborated in the report. The commissioner also recommends more attention to natural philosophy, chemistry and physiology, and urges the importance of a good supply of philosophical apparatus, a chemical laboratory, and a collection of physiological models, in every high school. While recommending greater attention to these practical studies, he recommends that less time be devoted to spelling, geography and grammar, astronomy, mental and moral science, and perhaps rhetoric, and in all but the largest schools Greek should be discontinued. Geography is begun too early, and might be confined to a three years' course, and should be compressed into one text-book. Grammar should be confined to a two years' course, and not be begun before the pupil has acquired sufficient maturity to comprehend it. The text-book of grammar should be purged of the small print. Better to teach a few branches well than to undertake too many and discourage the pupil. In the smaller high schools the course of study should be reduced to three years, and English literature, physiology, botany and the science of government might be substituted for Latin. The ambition to make even small high schools miniature colleges has done infinite harm. The commissioner presents a course of study for the average high school, in which Latin and drawing are taught throughout the course, algebra the first year, book-keeping the first term, physiology and geography the second and third terms of the first year, natural philosophy and geometry the second year, history and chemistry the third year, science of government first term, physiology three terms, and botany the last two terms of the fourth year. While there is no attempt to disparage the efforts already made to furnish a complete system of education, the commissioner claims that the grave questions of finance and the stern necessity which exists for pupils, on leaving school, to be able to earn something; the moral disasters which follow their inability to do this, and the direct moral advantages of an education that shall enable pupils, on leaving school, to apply practically what they have learned, all point to the importance of these changes. That although a full technological education or apprenticeship to any special trade cannot and ought not to STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 557 be expected in the public schools, a training that shall fit pupils for acquiring technological skill in the workshop and manufactory should be provided. The fact that the high school has become organically connected with the University, and consequently a change in its courses must be sanctioned by the University, is discussed. The influence of the University, with respect to the higher standard of scholarship, has been wholesome, while with reference to that kind of instruction which is the first need of the great mass of our people, its influence has not been helpful. The general spirit of the University is literary and professional; it assumes that its students are to become lawyers, clergymen, physicians, teachers, editors, etc. The inevitable consequence is, that the high schools, which are closely connected with the University, must exert the same kind of influence on their pupils. To remedy this difficulty, the commissioner proposes to classify the high schools, as follows: I. A few, the very largest, may become classical schools, making the study of Latin and Greek the predominant purpose. II. A much larger number may make the study of science their leading purpose. III. Other schools, large or small, may pursue an independent course, basing their organization exclusively on the needs of the community in which they are severally situated. After giving an account of the course pursued in the agricultural colleges of France, this division of the report arrives at the following conclusions: I. The course of instruction in our public schools should be simplified; it should be more intensive, less extensive. II. A greater amount of useful knowledge should be communicated-useful as distinguished from the disciplinary or remotely serviceable. III. Technical education and a general literary culture serve two distinct purposes, and they cannot be carried on simultaneously without mutual disadvantage. The fifth chapter or division of the commissioner's report is devoted to a consideration of "the nature and extent of the provisions made in Michigan for the preparatory training of teachers." It is held that we have no educational science, no established first principles to serve as criteria for estimating the validity of our methods; and worse still, there is extreme scepticism, even among prominent teachers, as to the possibility, or even utility, of such a science. In actual practice empiricism is largely dominant. As a rule, teachers enter upon their duties with no critical knowledge of methods, and with no comprehensive notion of the nature and purposes of education. The commissioner then proceeds to consider: I. What is the nature of the preparation which teachers should make for their respective duties? II. Under what circumstances and to what extent is a state justifiable in providing, at 71 558 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. public expense, for the professional education of teachers? III. To what extent has Michigan furnished her teachers with facilities for normal instruction? IV. What additional facilities for this object do we require, and how may they be most completely and expediently applied? V. What means should be taken to stimulate teachers to make use of the helps which are provided for them by the State? The first question is discussed on the basis that technical skill may be acquired in three ways: 1, Empirically, learning by experience; 2, Imitatively, by observing methods as employed by others; 3, Rationally, by first learning the science which underlies the given art. The fact is, empirical art precedes science, historically. The imitative process is strictly preparatory, taking advantage of accumulated experience and acquired skill. It does not necessarily imply scientific knowledge. But the third mode of learning is, in the highest degree, preparatory. Every true art has its correlative science or body of natural laws which underlies its processes. This science confers the power of prevision to avoid mistakes and invent new processes, as well as to correct mistakes and improve the processes in use. Science thus involves art, and he who has learned the science has learned potentially its correlative art; and as the principles of science are few and capable of exact definition, the most economical method of learning an art is to first learn the science which is its foundation. Every well conducted school is in its effect a normal school, if the methods are made the subject of critical study by any portion of its pupils. The conclusion arrived at is, that preparatory training for teachers should consist of: 1, Instruction in the principles of educational science in connection with advanced academical culture; 2, Instruction in methods, in connection with an academic course of study considerably in advance of the grade of instruction to be given. In regard to the question as to the State providing for the professional education of teachers, the commissioner, after discussing it, arrives at the conclusion that it is justifiable in the following cases: 1, When there are no schools of a high grade where teachers may attain that degree of academic instruction which is necessary in their calling; 2, When the current methods of teaching and of general school management are obsolete or poor to such an extent that their renovation becomes a public necessity; 3, When there is need of introducing to general use either a new branch of learning or some new system of instruction; 4, When the necessity is felt of cultivating educational science as the means of placing the system of public instruction on a rational basis. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 559 The facilities furnished by Michigan for normal instruction are the Normal School and an annual appropriation of $1,800 for teachers' institutes. The Normal School was founded in 1849, when there were only six graded schools in Michigan. The effect has been to keep alive the idea that teaching is an.art which may be communicated, and which should be learned by every one who proposes to devote himself to work in the public schools. In its earlier stages it supplied the State with a limited number of better teachers than would otherwise have been placed in charge of schools. It has created a demand for students and has induced some to adopt the profession of teaching who would otherwise have chosen a different vocation. There are now in Michigan 266 graded and high schools, showing vast progress in twenty-seven years. The State employs more than 12,000 teachers. To supply the deficiency caused by death, removal, failure, marriage and change of employment, requires at least 3,000 new teachers every year. Of these the Normal School can only furnish about 100. The high schools perhaps furnish 700 more, so that there are at least 2,000 teachers who enter upon their work without any special preparatory training. It does not appear that graduates of the Normal School are any more likely to obtain the charge of the largest graded schools than are the graduates of other or high schools. Of the 266 graded schools, 26 are under the charge of Normal School graduates, while it is easy to find twenty-six other schools of greater magnitude, with the single exception of Detroit, where the superintendents are not graduates of the Normal School. The Normal School, from its organic limitations, occupies a position just above the grammar grade and slightly within the high school grade. The commissioner claims that he has sought to attain two objects in his analytical examination of the Normal School: 1, To establish a basis of comparison whereby means may be devised for supplementing our existing facilities for normal instruction; 2, To indicate a way by which the Normal School may be strengthened to a still greater amount and a higher quality of good. That the criticisms offered are directed solely against the institution as an organization, not against its administration, past or present. In regard to the teachers' institute plan, the commissioner asserts that the work has never been organized, the law being permissive only, not mandatory. The superintendent is "authorized" to appoint an institute, if "reasonable assurance" is given that fifty, or in some cases twenty-five, teachers desire to assemble for this purpose. The class of teachers most likely to petition for an institute are the most spirited and earnest-the best teachers-the very teachers who need this aid the least. Its movability makes it an efficient instrument to 560 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. arouse enthusiasm in educational matters, both among teachers and the people at large. Its provisions are insufficient. The appropriation only meets the expenses of eighteen institutes a year, whereas every county in the State having twenty schools should have its annual institute, conducted by the State Superintendent or by some competent person whom he shall appoint for that purpose. The law supplies no motive stimulating teachers to attend these institutes. The indifferent and incompetent do not, as a rule, patronize them. If absenteeism without excuse were made a bar to a license, the usefulness of the institute would be greatly extended. In Wisconsin the State is divided into four institute districts, and one professor in each normal school is permanently set apart for the conducting of institutes in certain portions of the year. From -the middle of March to the first of May, and the months of August, September and October, the four conductors are constantly in the field, and in August other qualified persons, principals of high schools, etc., are employed in conducting these institutes. About 60 institutes are held annually, some occupying one and some two weeks, and in August and September a number are held of four weeks' duration. The county superintendent is required by law to hold at least one institute a year in his county. Enrollment blanks, blank registers and reports, and small note-books, are furnished by the board. The registers and reports are in duplicate-one forwarded to the state superintendent, and the other kept on file by the regular conductor of the district. The board pays the conductors and their expenses; other expenses are a charge upon the county. The assignment of conductors and arrangement of dates are the work of the institute committee. In July a conductors' meeting is held, when a well digested syllabus is agreed on for the long term institutes, and greater uniformity in system and method is secured. Probably no part of the whole educational system of the State has more firmly entrenched itself in the confidence and esteem of the people of Wisconsin than this institute work under the present system. The commissioner arrives at the conclusion that there are absolutely no facilities in Michigan for studying the science of education, for learning the rational art of conducting school systems, while the facilities for the instruction of teachers on the imitative plan are vastly out of proportion to our imperative needs. The science of education is critical, as based on psychology, physiology and governmental policy; and historical, as based on types of civilization and systems of education. The conditions necessary for the training of educators on this basis are: 1, On the part of the instructor, a mind of great comprehensive STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 561 power, a natural relish for rational knowledge, profound scholarship in mental science, and a full knowledge of the condition and needs of schools and school systems. 2, On the part of the learner, a relish for philosophical studies, a good degree of general scholarship, and a mind of considerable maturity, which has been trained into habits of exact thinking. The connection of the graded schools with the University is already leading to the placing of these schools in charge of University graduates, and the commissioner, after a full discussion of the subject, arrives at the conclusion that the true way to secure scientific instruction in the art of education is to establish at the University a chair of education, as has been done in the University of Edinburgh. The objection that the science of education does not exist is a strong reason why this should be done. The materials for such a science exist in abundance. Let Michigan aid in organizing that science. The commissioner sees in this proposition a means by which the profession of teaching may be raised so that it will no longer be regarded as a temporary pursuit, but as a profession which shall secure to its members the prerogatives, emoluments and honors which the learned professions confer. It would place the art of teaching on a scientific basis, and open at once a field for the exercise of professional skill, which will create a distinction between rational and empirical practice, and tell in favor of professional emoluments, while the assurance of fair income will attract to the business of teaching that talent which is now diverted to the recognized professions. But as this desirable result cannot be attained at once, the commissioner proposes the following grade of preparation as the best which the great mass of teachers can be expected to secure under existing circumstances: 1, A course of academic instruction such as our high. schools afford; 2, Special instruction in the science and art of teaching, based on a text-book, and supplemented, if need be, by expository lectures; 3, A careful observation of good models of general school management. All this, it is thought, can be accomplished through the high schools without additional expense. There are at least sixty of these schools that can fulfill all these requirements with reasonable completeness. To accomplish this he proposes: 1, That the Superintendent of Public Instruction be empowered to select the schools which may be willing to engage in this work, basing his choice on their general efficiency. 2, Let this officer prescribe a uniform course of instruction in the science and art of teaching. 3, When pupils have completed a regular course of academic instruction for at least three years, and the supplementary course of special instruction, let the Superintendent of Public Instruction issue to such a license to teach for three 562 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. years, such license to be renewed, on examination and proof of success, for successive periods of three years. Already thirty-three high schools have assumed work of this kind, and 682 pupils have been instructed in the art of teaching. The Normal School, without disturbing its status, could be profitably employed in specialties, such as instruction in the art of teaching, drawing and the kindergarten culture. The commissioner strongly urges the necessity of adopting a more thorough supervision, and also a standard or grade of attainment, without which a teacher could not obtain or retain authority to teach, as a means of stimulating teachers to higher achievements. In this matter of competent supervision the laws of Michigan are defective, inasmuch as the 900 township superintendents are but little better qualified than the persons they inspect. Nothing was so clearly shown by the exhibit at Philadelphia as the supreme importance of skillful supervision. The province of Canada furnishes an instructive example of the manner in which a wise supervision may raise the condition of the entire school system of the country. Questions employed in the examination of teachers are prepared by the central board of examiners, for simultaneous use throughout the province. These questions, accompanied by minute instructions, are transmitted in a sealed envelope to every inspector, and are opened only at the moment when the examination begins. Candidates whose papers have a prescribed value receive a license; those who fail must either abandon the business of teaching or make the needed preparation for its duties. The effect is to establish a uniform standard of qualification throughout the several grades of schools, which may be gradually and uniformly raised. There is no escape from the rigor of this inquest, and teachers are obliged to use the means which the law provides for their education and training. The result has been extraordinary progress in all departments of the public school system, the schools having become provided with a better class of teachers. The commissioner closes his report on Michigan education with the following summary of conclusions: I. The University, the head of the system, in its general organization and in its actual administration, is worthy of admiration. In its literary department and its professional and technological schools it offers unexcelled advantages for general and special culture. Its principal chairs are occupied by industrious and eminent scholars; and the general influence which is exerted on the lower schools of the system is wholesome in the extreme. II. The city and village graded schools, usually culminating in a high school, which constitutes the middle element of the system, are generously supported STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 563 by the public, are admirably organized and taught, and together form a characteristic and most valuable feature of our public school system. They enjoy the advantages of systematic and enlightened supervision, and, in general, their affairs are administered with prudent economy. These schools exhibit all the elements of a normal growth, and if their progress be not checked by unforeseen misfortunes, they will become a most beneficent agency for the general culture of our people. III. Our country schools are suffering for the want of intelligent and efficient supervision. The funds for their support are ample, and the houses for their accommodation are in general comfortable and often elegant. Many of these schools are weakened by the withdrawal of their better pupils to village or city schools; and the average grade of teaching is low. Many of our graded schools were formed by the union of several district schools; and this concentration of numbers, resources and interests, in connection with the classification of pupils thus made possible, has given these organizations their peculiar efficiency and strength. There is no reason, in the nature of things, why the schools of each township might not be thus united, graded, compactly organized, and made subject to efficient supervision. IV. Supplementary to our school system proper are our charitable schools for the unfortunate of almost every class-the destitute, the insane, the blind, the deaf and dumb. Like a good parent, the State is a benefactor to all her children without discrimination, to male and female, to rich and poor, to the fortunate and the unfortunate. V. In the main, the organization of our system of public instruction is sound. Its faults are chiefly faults of administration, which can be cured by simple means, whenever we are willing to confess that a system which has been so generally and in many respects so justly lauded, has some real imperfections. VI. There is need of giving an eminently practical direction to our popular education-not practical in the sense of teaching handicrafts, trades and professions, but in that of communicating the knowledge which is of immediate and constant use in the practical affairs of life. The literary and scientific elements in education should be pursued in their just proportions; and to effect this symmetry something must be taken from the first and something added to the second. VII. Our system of normal instruction is inadequate because, in fact, it makes no provision for the cultivation of educational science, and furnishes only meager facilities for that lower degree of professional training which gives fitness for subordinate positions. 564 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL. The Marshall schools made no special exhibit at the Centennial beyond their printed catalogue and cut of the high school building. The cut is given I i),}!i/ii 11 (1 t I!!/ i i I I )1 II IIll/ ___________ _ _ _ o't 11! ii!j IIM I l~l~i 1~ iiiiiii~i II __ as appropriately closing the chapter on school interests. STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 565 IV.-MICHIGAN STATE INSTITUTIONS. IT would be difficult to define clearly the line where human institutions cease to be educational and become something else, but the necessity of classification compels a division and grouping of subjects in this part of this volume. In the method here adopted, the propriety of having those things that are strictly State institutions appear in proximity, is recognized. Hence the last preceding chapter is devoted to the State educational system proper, and this one to "Michigan State Institutions," in which education is more or less blended with beneficent, reformatory or restrictive measures as affecting particular classes of persons. STATE PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR DEPENDENT CHILDREN. The State Public School, at Coldwater, exhibited a quarto volume containing a lithographic view of the buildings; ten photographic views, exteriors and interiors; plan of cottages; plan of grounds; outline plan of all the buildings; annual reports of the boards of control for 1874-5; and a well written manuscript entitled, "The Michigan State Public School for Dependent Children, Its Plans, Aims and History," prepared for the Centennial Exhibition at the request of the State Board of Centennial Managers, by Hon. C. D. Randall, of Coldwater, and of which the sketch which follows is an abridgment. Mr. Randall was the author, in the Michigan Senate of 1871, of the law establishing the State Public School, is Secretary, Treasurer, and a member of the Board of Control of that institution, and Vice-President of the National Prison Reform Congress. There was also exhibited a manuscript entitled, "An Account of the Operations of the State Public School since its Organization, together with Class Examinations, Blanks, etc.," by Lyman P. Alden, Superintendent. A medal and diploma was deservedly awarded for the collective exhibit, giving, as it does, a complete and comprehensive view of this noble charitable institution. HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH. The Michigan State Public School for Dependent Children has a twofold character: First, It is a temporary educational home for the children of the poor, to which poverty alone grants admission. Second, It is a merciful agency to restore a child that has lost its natural home to a family home and to society. In its character first named, it is a branch of the educational depart*ment of the State-purely a school-making all its reports to the Superintendent of Public Instruction. 72 566 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. By means of this school, the Michigan educational system is so far perfected that all healthy, dependent children of sound mind may be educated, beginning in this as dependents and completing the course in our University, the entire system being based on free education. By the two characteristics named, this is the only government institution of the kind existing in any country. It is established and maintained entirely by the State for dependent children, who, without it, would have no home excepting such as private charity or the county poor-house might provide. There were two motives leading to its establishment, and they were: First, to benefit these children. Second, to benefit the State. The children are to be benefited by removing them from the streets and county-houses to good homes, where they would be under moral and educational influences. The State to be benefited by preventing the increase of pauperism and crime, by cutting off their most fruitful sources, thus purifying society and reducing the burden of taxation. It is not, however, penal or reformatory. No taint of crime, by reason of the manner of its admission, attaches to any inmate, any more than it does to those in our district schools. No ministers of offended law bring children to its doors. In all other government institutions in this country and in Europe for children, crime, on sentence or suspension of sentence, gives admission to all or part of their inmates. But this school has no connection whatever with our penal system. Of course, its influences are preventive, but only in the same manner as are our churches and public schools. Dependency, with physical and mental health and proper age, alone admits. The plan is original with Michigan, and as its operations have attracted so much attention from legislators and scholars in social science at home and abroad, the writer has been requested to make this statement of its plan and aims, and of the causes leading to its establishment, for the purpose of showing the policy of governments maintaining such schools. The facts here given are mainly founded on the public records of this State, and where they are not, then on the personal recollections of the writer, who was connected with the project at its origin in the Michigan Senate, and has been most of the time since then in an official capacity. This institution is a very natural development of our modern Christian civilization, that operates to unite the humanities and economies. It is the direct outgrowth of a sentiment in society, that has been increasing for many years, in favor of dependent children, which asked of governments, rather than of private charity, the amelioration of their condition. This sentiment has been mainly developed by the discussions of problems in social science by national and international conventions, associations, prison reform congresses, etc., held in this country and in Europe, for the purpose of perfecting systems of prison discipline, and to recommend measures for the better prevention of pauperism and crime. The addresses and papers of those taking part in these discussions have been published and widely circulated, read with interest, and have exerted a powerful influence in all civilized nations, to carry on and perfect the work began by John Howard alone in the last century. These influences have already established a more reformatory treatment of prisoners, and have provided correctional homes for criminal and vagrant children. In this State they have given us a house of correction, an intermediate prison, a reform school, and a rebuilt State prison, under improved management. At the same time, our jails have nearly been vacated as places of punishment, and our county poor-houses are, on the average, much better adapted to their purposes. But more than this, these influences have in this State inaugurated the preventive system embodied in the State Public School, of which our present chief executive said in a late message, it "will accomplish as much if not more real good than any yet founded by the State." The influences named had early practical effect upon the minds of public men of this State which led to official inquiry. The first official action in this regard, suggesting the propriety and necessity of investigation in matters pertaining to pauperism and crime, was by Governor H. P. Baldwin, who, in the fall of 1868, before assuming the duties of the office to which he had been STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 567 elected, visited several of the State institutions and some of the county jails and poor-houses, and became convinced of the necessity of improvement in the general management, and a revision of our laws relative to them. He, therefore, in his inaugural message, recommended a revision and the appointment of a commission to examine and consider the whole subject connected with our punitive and reformatory institutions, and to report on or before the meeting of the next Legislature. In accordance with this recommendation, a joint resolution authorized (Laws of 1869, page 442) and the Governor appointed the commission during that session. The appointees were, Dr. S. S. Cutter of Coldwater, Hon. C. I. Walker of Detroit, and Hon. F. H. Rankin of Flint, gentlemen eminently qualified for the peculiar and difficult work allotted them. They spent several months in their investigations, visiting many of our county and our State institutions, and extending their researches into other States by visiting their public institutions. Their report to the Legislature of 1871 was able and exhaustive, covering most of the questions in social reform attracting public attention, showing careful research, and containing many valuable recommendations. In submitting this report, Gov. Baldwin, in his message in January, 1871, called especial atteition to the facts and recommendations therein relative to dependent children, in and out of the county poor-houses, and asked for legislation for their relief. This report gave the number of these children under sixteen years of age, and gave a vivid account of their lamentable condition in the county poor-houses. It showed very plainly there was not, nor could there be, in such asylums, any separation or classification of inmates, so that from necessity the children were kept in close contact with the adult inmates of both sexes, who were often the physical, mental and moral wrecks of their own excesses. They also had to associate daily, in crowded rooms, with the diseased, insane and idiotic. In such a school of ignorance and vice as this, which the average county poor-house afforded (and they are no worse in this than in other States) with all these evil influences about them, the prospects for the young were gloomy indeed. And these influences operated strongly to attach the child permanently to the pauper and criminal class in which he was reared; the system thus working most effectually to propagate and perpetuate, from one generation to another, a dependent and criminal class of very low mental and physical type, the ratio of increase therein being disproportionate to the increase of population. Few could be saved to a better life in such surroundings, and hence, in order to save them and protect society, they must be removed to a better home, where they should have moral and educational training. This, in outline, was the scheme which for many years had been recommended by writers in social science, boards of State charities, etc., and was endorsed by our special commission in its report. The recommendation of this commission that the State should assume control of, educate and provide for its dependent children, was the first official one made in this State. The facts and arguments, so well and forcibly stated in this report, brought the whole matter before the people and the Legislature, making the necessity of State intervention and remedy quite apparent, and was the moving cause of favorable action thereon at that time. This preceding legislative action by special investigation has always been a peculiar feature of Michigan legislation. Judge Campbell, in his admirable and scholarly Political History of Michigan, lately published, in speaking of the establishment of our asylum at Kalamazoo, says: "Chancellor Walworth visited personally all the institutions of that kind in the United States. Dr. Pitcher and Dr. Bela Hubbard had made a study of the treatment of insanity and were well informed of the condition of the principal asylums." The commissioners suggested three plans of relief, seeming to prefer them in the order named, as follows: First, Establish a State agency by which dependent children could be removed from the county poor-houses and placed directly in families. Second, Remove them from the county poor-houses to private orphan asylums, the expense of their support therein to be paid by the State. If neither of these plans proved practicable, then: Third, Establish a State primary 568 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. school "after the plan of that in Monson, Mass." Preference and prominence was given the plan second named, in the following language: "It would be well for the State to encourage the establishment of private orphan asylums, by placing therein as many of these children as the officers of these institutions are willing to receive, and allowing them an amount for their maintenance which would equal the expense of keeping them in the alms-house." Neither of these plans was fully adopted, the Legislature proving the more radical, and established an institution, though in some respects like the Massachusetts one, yet being a school and not a penal establishment-it was new, and as an educational, preventive scheme, far in advance of any before proposed. When the Legislature of 1871 convened, it was soon generally understood that the matters treated by the special commission would furnish some of the most important work of the session. It was early decided there should be a joint committee of the Senate and House, composed of the committees on the Reform School and State Prison in the Senate, and the like committees in the House, forming a body of sixteen members. By request of the chairman of the special commission the writer accepted the chairmanship of the Senate committee on the Reform School, which would make him chairman of the joint committee. The joint committee also elected him chairman. During the usual vacation of a few days, the joint committee visited our State charitable, penal and reformatory institutions, and on its return held several meetings, discussing freely what recommendations should be made. After a full discussion, the committee instructed the chairman to report as he did February 15th, 1871. (See the Senate journal of that date.) This report largely adopted the views and conclusions of the special commission in regard to needed improvements in our penal and reformatory institutions, and also in regard to proposed aid for dependent children. The following language was then used in this report, which was the first appearance of the subject in that or in any other previous Legislature: "Your committee also recommend that among the institutions of this State there be established, at an early day, a State Public School, after the plan of that in Massachusetts, for the maintenance and education of indigent children. This class is now generally kept in our poor-houses, which are unfit places in which to rear and educate boys and girls, and whence it cannot be expected they will go bettered in mind and morals. It would be a noble work for the State to do, and it is to be hoped that it will soon take them in its fostering care." When this report was drawn the writer was not aware that the Massachusetts institution recommended was partially penal and reformatory. Two days after the submission of this report, a petition was presented to the Senate, signed by a large number of the citizens of Adrian; also a memorial signed by the officers of the Michigan Orphan Asylum, a very worthy private charity of. that city, both of which requested the Legislature to appropriate money in aid of that institution. The petition stated, * * * * "we earnestly endorse the recommendation of said commissioners, and believe it would be wise for the State to encourage the establishment of orphan asylums by placing therein as many of these children as the officers of such institutions are willing to receive, and allowing them an amount for their maintenance." Both petition and memorial endorse especially this recommendation of the commission, and ask the Legislature, "that you afford such association such aid as shall seem meet and proper upon an investigation of its merits." These papers are printed in full in the Senate Journal of that date. They were referred to the joint committee, where they received due consideration. No formal report was made thereon, but the chairman replied informally to the friends of that asylum that his committee considered the aiding of private institutions out of public funds as of doubtful propriety. That our State constitution had virtually prohibited the extension of such aid by providing that public funds should not be used for private benefit but by a two-thirds vote of the Legislature. Besides this, the granting of such aid would tend to involve our State in the same political embarrassments it had others, where aid had been extended to sectarian schools and asylums. That this sectarian aid savored too much of the union of church and State, and was __::: II~-_ — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---- A PH UII 36~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..: —I~= CZ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~,ri""I gq,~ —-~ —~ —~I;: ~~= _~ —--------— ~~: — --- I~~=~~;~~ —~ —-r~~ —~-~=L~~= —~ —~~=-~===-1~~__~___ T "-~~-~~-~~ —-~~-=_~~-~~' —— ~~~ —~~-~ —~~~~ —- -----------------— ~-~~~~~~~~~ —-=-;~~~ —----- - ~~~~~ —~~ —~~i~ —~~,~~=~~.~~~ —~~__:1,~~ ~'-'El_ STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 569 against the settled policy of our government. The friends of this asylum did not further press their claim, and when the project of the State Public School was brought forward they gave it, as did others, their cordial support. The asylum named was organized in 1865 and reorganized in 1868. It has done a good work, having by private charity alone provided some 300 dependent children with good homes. Since -the opening of the State Public School it has kept up its organization only to supervise those who were indentured. There are, and have existed for a long time, several important and worthy private charities in this State that have contributed very much to educate the public mind and prepare it for favoring those of a broader character founded on State support. The most prominent among these is the Ladies' Protestant Orphan Asylum of Detroit. This was organized in June, 1836, by some of the most prominent ladies of that city. It has during its life of forty years placed in good homes about 1,500 dependent children, and still continues its labors of love, having on the average about thirty children in its care. To use its own language: " The object of the association is to provide a temporary home for dependent children until a family home is found." This in outline is the same as the State Public School, and as much as any other foreshadowed it. Detroit has other very worthy and long-established children's homes. St. Vincent Orphan Asylum, which was established twenty-seven years ago; St. Anthony's Male Orphan Asylum, incorporated in 1867; Woman's Hospital and Foundlings' Home, established in 1868; Home of the Friendless, established ini 1861; House of Providence, in 1869; and the Industrial School, which has been in operation nineteen years. Grand Rapids is entitled to great credit for its Union Benevolent Association and its St. Mark's Home. All these institutions are doing noble work, and are,often the pioneers of our State institutions. The special commission, though presenting very convincing testimony and strong arguments, accompanied them with no bill as the embodiment of their scheme in regard to legislation for the benefit of the class of children referred to. In other countries commissions generally present the bill in their report. But in this country the drafting of laws is usually left to a body of men, none of whom have identified themselves with the project, and most of whom are inexperienced in legislation. The joint committee, in its first report, though presenting other bills at that time, presented none for the benefit of dependent children. But subsequently in the session the writer, after giving the subject as careful a study as he could in the haste of our short sessions, became more strongly impressed that it was time the State should assume control of these children. The first fifty days of the session, after which no bills could be introduced, were rapidly drawing to a close, and without the aid of precedents, for none existed for the institution desired, he prepared such a plan as to him seemed nearest right as an educational preventive project based on our common school system, having no regard to our penal or reformatory systems. Reports of commissions of various states, especially in Ohio and Massachusetts, furnished useful suggestions, but none the basis for the organic law of the proposed school, for they all treated of institutions of a mixed character, partly penal or reformatory, none having treated of an institution purely preventive, beginning with children before they had become criminal. Michigan already had a Reform School, so there was no good reason for establishing one of a mixed character. Governments, through all the ages, had never treated the dependent children question correctly. The poor-house, the work-house, the industrial schools, have always, especially in England, received the innocent and criminal alike, and put them under the same treatment, with the same associations. Under this regime dependent children became criminals, and the governments, not as a remedy, but as a necessity, erected large and expensive reformatories and prisons to reform or punish those whom earlier preventive treatment, in all probability, would have saved to a better fate. It was believed when the question of the plan of the school was considered, that while reformatories were necessary and useful, yet with the dependent childremi prevention was much more just and economical, and 5s0 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. had in itself far more the elements of safety. As education was conceded to be the best preventive of pauperism and crime, especially when assisted by moral and religious training, in drafting the plan of the proposed school, it was the aim of the writer to construct the scheme directly on the educational basis of our common school system, combining temporary support of the younger dependent children in a home under the supervision of the State during minority. So, on that plan was the bill drawn, disconnected entirely with our penal system, so that no taint of crime on sentence, or suspension thereof, should attach to any inmates; so that none in after life should ever have cause to blush that he had been a ward of the State in a school where the house had been built and the school maintained by the same system of taxation that supports the common schools of the State. That the plan thus drawn was a perfect presentation of the proposed scheme is not claimed. It was only intended to outline the project, and at the same time it was framed so as to grant to the board of control of the school full discretionary powers to amplify it by proper regulations notinconsistent with the law. The act, however, with the amendments of 1873 and 1875, drawn by the writer, has so far perfected it, that it appears to operate with no disturbing effect upon the poor-law system of the State, and beneficially in the directions desired. The law thus drawn on the plan named, originating from the influences and sources stated, was on the twenty-second day of February, 1871, the last day of the session for introducing bills, presented in the Senate and referred to the joint committee. (See Senate Journal of that date.) On the third day of March, after a full discussion of the bill, by the unanimous instruction of his committee, the chairman, returned the bill to the Senate with the recommendation for its passage, accompanying the bill with a written report setting forth the reasons in favor of establishing the new State charity. The following extract is given from this report, as the language outlines the bill, and states what has been so far the settled policy of the school: "Your committee earnestly and unanimously recommend the passage of the accompanying bill, by which the State will become the guardian of these children, and taking them as wards into its control, will provide for them suitable homes in good families, and until that can be done, will maintain and educate them in a State Public School. * * * That the children, and any one interested in their behalf, should only recognize the proposed establishment as a temporary home while the child is on its way to its natural place in the family." This measure soon found in the Legislature many friends and no active opponents. While it was under consideration the following gentlemen visited Lansing, and in public addresses favored, it, viz: Z. R. Brockway, Esq.; Hon. C. I. Walker; Rev. E. C. Wines, D. D., LL.D., the noted philanthropist of international reputation; Rev. Dr. Mahan, President of Adrian College; and Rev. Dr. Gillespie, now Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan. No address was made in either house in opposition to the bill. The scheme in the main had been recommended by the special commission, by the joint committee, and the press. On its final passage in the Senate there were 23 ayes and 4 noes. In the House there were 73 ayes and 10 noes. It received the signature of Governor Baldwin April seventeenth, and became the first government institution ever established exclusively for the children of the poor to which poverty alone gives admission. The Hon. C. I. Walker, of Detroit, who was one of the most efficient members of the special commission, and who, on the establishment of the permanent State Board of Charities and Corrections, was made a member of that Board and its President, was in 1873 appointed by Governor Bagley his deputy to attend the National Prison Reform Congress, held in Baltimore. In his address to that body he correctly says of the Michigan State Public School: "This grand public charity is an outgrowth resulting from the investigation made by the special commissioners appointed in 1869 to examine the State penal and reformatory institutions, and county poor-houses and jails. They urged the establishment of a State Primary School. * * STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 571 The establishment of this institution seems to us a step eminently taken in the right direction." The Judge has always taken a warm and intelligent interest in this School since he so strongly recommended it in his admirable report. Judge Campbell, in his excellent history of Michigan, referred to before, gives place to the following history and encomiums: "A most valuable and humane scheme was adopted in 1871, under the recommendation of Governor Baldwin, whereby much wiser provision is made for the prevention of juvenile depravity. A law was then passed to establish a State public school for dependent children. This is fixed at -Coldwater, and the plan has been welljdevised and carefully put in execution under the personal care of Governors Baldwin and Bagley, and is apparently judicious and well adapted to promote the welfare of the young persons who are thus snatched from vicious surroundings." This paper having given an outline of the plan and aims in the history of the project, a full.abstract of the law is unnecessary. For the law in full, reference is made to acts No. 172 of 1871, No. 144 of 1873, and No. 58 of 1875. Also to the report of the special commission, in volume 2 of joint documents of 1870, and reports of the joint committee in the Senate journal of 1871, pages 462 and 784. The organic law of the school appropriated $30,000, and the citizens of Coldwater donated the site and $25,000 to secure the location in that city, where the commissioners located it by reason of- such donation and the suitableness of the place. A further appropriation was made in 1873, and the buildings were completed and opened in May, 1874. The capacity was increased by legislative aid in 1875, so as to accommodate, as it now does, 250 children. The buildings are on the congregate and cottage plans combined, there being the main building and wings, in which are the superintendent's residence and office, dormitories for the matron, teachers, and other employes, the school-room in the wings, the dining-room and kitchen in the rear projection, and the store-rooms, work-rooms, shoe-shop, sewing-room, laundry, engine and boilerroom, etc., in the basement, which extends under all the main building and wings. In the rear,of the main building, and connected with the same by a covered passage-way, are the eight cottages for about thirty children each, who are in charge of a lady cottage-manager in each, whose duties are similar to those of a mother with a smaller family. The capacity of the school can be increased by the addition of cottages only. The children are taught the common English branches, as in our district schools. So far as their age will permit, they are taught how to workthe boys on the farm of forty-one acres, in the garden, in the shoe-shop, and to make their own clothing. The girls assist in making their clothing, do house-work, etc. Special effort is made to cultivate in the children industrious habits. Life in this institution, with a good school, moral and religious (not sectarian) training, wholesome food, comfortable clothing, kind treatment with good discipline, soon produces excellent effects upon these children. The "poor-house look," so apparent in many when first admitted, with the tendency and almost longing for the old vagrant life with some, soon passes away, and their cheerful, healthy appearance, their proficiency in their work Sand in their school, make them compare very favorably with the same number of children attending our district schools. Their moral culture has proper attention, as required by law, both in cottages and school-rooms, and religious services are held for the children each Sunday in the chapel, conducted by the superintendent, and assisted by ladies and gentlemen from the city, representing various religious denominations. The older boys, often fifty at one time, in charge of some teacher or manager, attend service in some one of the city churches. The children entitled to admission are those of sound mind and sound body, under sixteen years of age, that are dependent on the public. Until the buildings have a capacity for all such in the State, the admissions to the school are divided pro rata among the counties in proportion to the number in each that are admissible. They are sent here by the superintendents of the poor, on the decision of the judge of probate of the county where they belong. On the child being 572 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. brought before the judge, with the certificate of the superintendents of the poor, that in their opinion the child is dependent, he hears the testimony as to its alleged dependence, and if he considers it dependent, the child is sent here with a copy of the decision and an abstract of the evidence, which paper forms the basis of the child's history, which is kept upon the records of' the institution. The law requires the board of control to place the children in good family homes as soon as practicable. The board has power to appoint an agent of the school, to have charge of this work. There is also an agent in each principal county, appointed by the Governor, charged with the duty of' finding good homes and supervising the children after indenture. All such indentures contain a clause reserving the right in the board to cancel the same and retake the child when its good requires it. No child can be indentured unless the State agent, and the agent of the school (who is now the superintendent), decides the proposed home a proper one. The whole career of the child during minority, is carefully watched over, and all of its interests zealously protected by the State, as by an own parent. The institution is in charge of g board of control appointed by the Governor, and confirmed by the Senate, for a term of six years each. At this date, this board consists of Charles E. Mickley, of Adrian, president; C. D. Randall, of Coldwater, secretary and treasurer, and James Burns, of Detroit. This board has quite full discretionary powers. It establishes the system of government for the school, engages all employes, and fixes their salaries, on approval of the Governor. The more direct management is in the resident superintendent, to whom is delegated large discretionary powers, and with whom is principally the responsibility of success. The present superintendent is Mr. Lyman P. Alden, a collegiate and successful business gentleman. So far the execution of this scheme has been very successful, and appears to give satisfaction to the people as a very useful agency to save our dependent children'to a better life, and decrease pauperism and crime. For many generations in this country, and in Europe, governments have treated dependents so that pauperism, crime and consequent taxation have increased with the growth of population and the accumulation of wealth, more rapidly than the increase of population. The higher civilization became developed the more misery and degradation was there in the lower classes. In England the ratio of dependents to the population for many years has averaged about one in twenty. In the United States, by the census of 187.0, it was one in 332, and in Michigan, by the same census, one in 462. This condition in England has been reached under the old system that provides only for children after they become criminals. In this country, under the old system, with an over-crowded population, we may acquire all of England's burthen of pauperism and crime. It hence becomes a serious question for legislators and social scientists, whether by the Michigan educational preventive system America may not be saved from becoming what England in crime and pauperism now is. This scheme of a State Public School for dependent children is believed to inaugurate a new era in educational and preventive work. It is receiving the careful consideration of scholars in social science, and legislators at home and abroad, who, with us, are hoping it may prove a very useful agency, created by the social necessities of the age to develop and maintain the purity of' the race. NOTE-The following is the text of the report of the judges, as accepted by the United States Centennial Commission, and in conformity with which an award of diploma and medal vwas decreed to the State Public School: "The undersigned, having examined the product herein described, respectfully recommend the same to the United States Commission for award, for the following reason, viz: For the exhibit of plans, drawings, historical sketches and reports, showing the advantage of the separation of children untainted by crime from those more properly cared for in a reformatory institution; for the adaptation of the separate house or cottage system to the needs of said State Public School; and for the'evidence of thoughtful planning and careful *work in the establishment." STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 573 MICHIGAN INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB, AND THE BLIND. The exhibit of this institution is a large quarto volume, containing a manuscript history, forms of account, six photographic views of the buildings,,educational department, principal's report, teachers' reports, and numerous examination papers written by the pupils, all of whom are either deaf and dumb,.or blind, or partially recovering from these severe afflictions. This State institution is located at Flint, in the county of Genesee, sixty miles north, bearing west, from Detroit. The act establishing the institution was passed in 1848, and the school was first opened in 1854, in a leased building. It is a school in common for deaf mutes and for the blind, rather from -motives of economy than from any relation which the two classes, or the methods for their care and instruction, bear to each other. It was originally called an asylum, the name being subsequently changed to that which it now bears. The first board of trustees consisted of Elon Farnsworth, Wayne *county; Charles C. Hascall, Genesee county; John P. Cook, Hillsdale county; Charles E. Stuart, Kalamazoo county, and Charles H. Taylor, Kent county. The location was made December 21, 1850. Charles H. Palmer was appointed the first principal. The officers and trustees for 1876 were: Charles G. Johnson, president, Monroe; Almon L. Aldrich, treasurer and acting commissioner, Flint; Irving D. Hanscom, secretary, Romeo; Egbert L. Bangs, principal. Most of the teachers in the deaf mute department are persons either wholly or partially deaf. This department was represented at the Centennial by classwork by twelve classes, embracing examination papers and compositions. These show simplicity and sincerity in a remarkable degree, indicating that the deprivation which these unfortunates suffer is in a measure compensated by a larger degree of conscientious sensibility. The compositions are quaint, original and always to the point. The pupils' work, consisting of a bedstead by a blind boy, and bedding by a blind girl, the Lord's prayer in needle-work, a pair of calf boots by deaf mutes, and basket work by blind pupils, attracted much attention, and were praised for their excellent workmanship. The industries taught are cabinet, shoe and basket-making, sewing and printing. In the first two only deaf mute boys are taught; in the third only blind boys. In the fourth deaf-mute and blind girls are instructed. Printing is taught to both deaf-mute boys and girls. The girls are also instructed in cooking, dining-room work, laundry work and chambermaids' work. The younger boys are employed in various ways on the grounds, doing chores, before they 73 574 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. are put to any trade. These industries have been introduced within the past four years. Tuition and board are free to all residents of the State, and the trustees are authorized to assist indigent persons, in the way of clothing, etc., to the amount of forty dollars per annum, which is charged back to the county to which the pupil belongs. Persons from without the State may be admitted upon payment of such amount as will cover their care and keeping. The county poor authorities are required to place all deaf and dumb and blind persons under their charge, who are between the ages of ten and twenty years, and of sound mind, in the institution. Official steps are taken each year for ascertaining the residence of deaf mutes and blind persons, and notifying their friends of their right to the benefits of the institution, attendance by any one person being limited to eight years. The actual work of constructing buildings for the institution was begun in 1853. The principal buildings of the institution now are: Front building, 43 x 72 feet, with east and west wings, each 28 x 60 feet; center building, 40 x 60, and east and west wings, each 50 x 70 feet; main school building, 52 x 54, with two wings, each 25 x60 feet. All of these buildings are four stories in height, except the center of the front building, which is five stories, including basement. The other buildings are: Boiler and engine-house, wash-house, dry-house, ironing-house, cabinet-shop, barn, pump-house, well-house and other necessary outhouses. Value of property, real and personal, $434,954.36. Average annual cost of maintenance, about $34,000. MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. This institution was well represented at the Centennial by a large oblong folio volume, in which were seven fine photographs of the buildings and grounds, by Baldwin, of Kalamazoo, and a historical sketch of the institution. The volume is elegantly and strongly bound, and the manuscript features exceedingly neat. The following particulars are given in the sketch: The site is upon an irregular eminence about one mile west of Kalamazoo. The grounds consist of 200 acres, about one-fifth of which is finely timbered with the original growth of oak and hickory. The water supply is pure and abundant, but has to be raised by steam power. The ground plans of the institution were furnished by Dr. John P. Gray, superintendent of the New York State asylum, at Utica. The erection of the buildings commenced in 1853, and the completion was in 1869. The first patient was received in the spring of 1859, although STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 575 the institution was not officially opened until August twenty-ninth of that year. The Legislature of 1871 appropriated $280,000 for an additional building, which was soon erected. The institution now consists of two hospital buildings distinct and separate, but identical in plan and arrangement, each providing for about 300 patients, with the usual staff of officers, attendants and assistants. The material used in the construction of the buildings is brick, with stone trimmings, and the structures are substantial. The first building completed is occupied exclusively by females, and the male patients are located in the new building. They have a bakery and laundry in common, both of which are at the female department, but in all other respects they are conducted as distinct asylums. The dormitories, a large proportion of which are single, have a cubic capacity of 1,450 feet and a window surface of 28 feet. Very satisfactory ventilation is secured by a centrifugal fan, which supplies pure air, warmed when necessary by steam-pipes, banked in equalizing chambers. This is supplemented by a system of direct radiation, especially designed for cool mornings and evenings. The main exit air-ducts, which open into large cupolas, are supplied, during winter, through ventilating flues located near the base-board. When any free ventilation is required, flues near the ceiling are opened also. The sewers do not pass into the building, and all waste-pipes are double tapped. A strictly professional consideration underlies every detail. Frequent regular medical visits are made; carefully recorded notes are preserved of every case, and occupation, recreation and amusements are prescribed, as well as food and medicine. Great care is exercised in the selection and education of a very full corps of attendants. The proportion of personal attendants to patients is one to six. The aim is to have a very perfectly administered hospital for the treatment of the insane, curable as well as incurable. The cost of the female department, including the amount paid for the land, the engineer's dwelling-house, warming and ventilating apparatus, furniture, barns, outbuildings, stock and implements, and all improvements since 1850, but not including the cost of reconstructing the portion destroyed by fire in 1857, which was $69,237.80, and the asylum extension, was $442,651.57. The whole number of patients admitted is 2,101; of these, 1,509 have been discharged, and 579 remain under treatment. Of those discharged, 579 were recovered, 267 improved, 377 unimproved, and 286 have died. About 14 per cent are epileptics and paralytics. Of the others, 45 per cent are recent cases, and 55 per cent chronic cases. Of the former, 71 per cent were returned, and of the latter, 18 per cent. The disbursements on current expense account from April 1, 1859, to April 576 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 30, 1876, are $1,078,318.98. The whole number of weeks spent by patients under treatment during this period is 218,302, and the average cost of maintenance, including disbursements of every class, is $4.92 a week. The amount received from counties and individuals for the support of patients is $866,012.28 the sum appropriated for the same purpose by the State is $193,110.39. Dr. E. H. Van Deusen has been medical and general superintendent of the Asylum for many years, and has had directory charge of the erection and arrangement. of buildings and accessories. STATE REFORM SCHOOL. The exhibit of the State Reform School consisted of one quarto volume, containing thirteen photographic views of the school buildings and apartments, by B. F. Hall, Lansing; a historical sketch by A. L. Bours, and examination papers by pupils of the School, principally in practical arithmetic. The School is located at Lansing, and its object is the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders by judicious restraint and moral instruction,, and by teaching some useful employment. Many are now occupying positions of usefulness as a result of the restraint and habits of industry acquired in this institution. Governor A. Parsons, in his valedictory message to the Legislature, January, 1855, suggested the establishment of a house of correction for juvenile offenders. The recommendation was repeated by Governor K. S. Bingham, in his inaugural message, and in response to these wise counsels an act passed the Legislature, and was approved February 10, 1855, providing for the establishment of a "house of correction for juvenile offenders." It was to be in or near Lansing, provided a suitable site, of not less than twenty acres, should be donated for the purpose. A site comprising about thirty acres, at the eastern terminus of Shiawassee street, and fronting westward toward Pennsylvania avenue, was donated by the citizens of Lansing, and one hundred and ninety-five acres adjoining the same were subsequently purchased by the State. The building was first opened for the reception of inmates September 2, 1856, and from that time to September 30, 1875, there have been 1,597 commitments, of which 1,477 were white and 111 colored boys, 1 Indian boy, and 8 girls. The name was changed to "Michigan State Reform School" by act approved February 12, 1859. A board of six commissioners originally had the management of the School, but by an act approved February 10, 1857, the management was vested in a "board of control" of three members, consisting at present of George W. Lee, chairman; Daniel L. Crossman, treasurer; and Eli H. Davis, secretary. 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