JOURTNAL
OF THE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
OF NEW-YORK.
THE JOURNAL shall be a judiciously full Record of the Proceedings of the Institute,
a Repository of such Papers or Abstracts of Papers, Communications, etc., as are brief and
suggestive rather than exhaustive, or of present interest, illustrative of a subject in part,
or designed to stimulate inquiry; also, analyses or'abstracts of new works relating to
Anthropology, acknowledgments of donations, and such facts, hints, and observations
bearing on the subjects to which the Institute is devoted, as may be deemed worthy of
record." —Constitttion of the Institute, Section IV.
VO IUM: E I.
NEW-YORK:
WESTERMANN & CO., 471 BROADWAY.
TRUBNER & CO., 60 PATER-NOSTER ROW, LONDON. ASHER & CO., BERLIN.
1871-72.








CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
OF THE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
OF NEW-YORK.
STATE OF NEW-YORK,   ss
County of New - York, 
THIS will certify that the undersigned, being all of full age, and
citizens of the United States, desire to associate themselves together and form a society, to be known in law by the name of
THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK.
The particular objects of this society are the study of man in
all his varieties, and under all his aspects and relations. Its special object will be the study of the history, conditions, and relations of the aboriginal inhabitants of America, and the phenomena
resulting from the contact of the various races and families of men
on the American Continent before and since the Discovery.
The physical characteristics, religious conceptions, and systems
of men, their mythology and traditions, their social, civil, and political organizations and institutions, their languages, literature,
arts, and monuments, their modes of life and their customs,are
specifically within the objects of the Institute.
It will further be the aim of this association to collect all manuscripts, books, and relics illustrating the several subjects above
enumerated, to stimulate and encourage inquiry and research,
particularly in unexplored American fields; and, by means of such
publications as may be deemed proper, to utilize and disseminate
the results of its investigations and efforts for the benefit of science
and of man.
The number of trustees, directors, or managers who shall ma



4            CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION.
nage the affairs of this society shall be five, and the names of such
trustees or directors who shall manage the affairs of the said society during the first year of its existence are as follows:
E. GEORGE SQUIER,
CHARLES C. JONES, Jr.,
W. H. THOMSON,
JOHN G. SHEA,
H. T. DROWNE.
The location of this society shall be in the city, county, and
State of New-York.
This certificate is made under the provisions of the Act of the
General Assembly of the State of New-York, assented to April
12th, 1848, and of the acts amendatory thereof.
Done in the city of New-York, this 20th day of March, 1871.
E. GEORGE SQUIER,
J. C. NOTT,
CHARLES C. JONES, Jr.,
HENRY R. STILES,
W. H. THOMSON,
JOHN G. SHEA,
ALEXANDER J. COTHEAL,
C HARLES RAU,
HENRY T. DROWNE.
Made, signed, and acknowledged in the presence of
JOHN A. WRIGHT,
Notary Public.
STATE OF NEW-YORK, 
County of Kings,  SS.
Be it remembered, that on this the 24th day of March, A.D. 1871,
before me personally came E. George Squier, J. C. Nott, Charles
C. Jones, Jr., Henry R. Stiles, W. H. Thomson, John G. Shea,
Alexander J. Cotheal, Charles Rau, Henry T. Drowne, each-:to
me known, and known to me to be the same persons described in
and who executed the foregoing certificate, and severally a-cknowledged that they executed the same.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed
my official seal, the day and year last above written.
5   JOHN A. WRIGHT,
Notary Public, State of New - York.




CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION.              5
I, George G. Herman, Clerk of the County of Kings, and Clerk
of the Supreme Court of New-York in and for said county, (said
court being a Court of Record,) do hereby certify that John A.
Wright, whose name is subscribed to the certificate of proof or
acknowledgment of the annexed instrument, and thereon written,
was, at the time of taking such proof or acknowledgment, a notary
public of the State of New-York, in and for the said county of
Kings, dwelling in said county, commissioned and sworn, and
duly authorized to take the same; and further, that I am well acquainted with the handwriting of such notary, and verily believe
the signature to said certificate is genuine.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and affixed
the seal of said county and court, this 25th day of March, 1871.
GEORGE G. HERMAN,
Clerk.
(Indorsed. )
I hereby consent to and approve of the incorporation of the
within-named society, and the filing of this certificate, this 27th
day of March, 1871.              ALBERT CARDOZO,
Judge Supreme Court.
(Indorsed. ) Filed March 27, 1871.
STATE OF NEW-YORK,         8.
City and County of New - York, 
I, Charles E. Loew, Clerk of the said City and County, and Clerk
of the Supreme Court of said State for said county, do certify
that I have compared the preceding with the original certificate
of incorporation of the ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NEWYORK, on file in my office, and that the same is a correct transcript therefrom, and of the whole of such original.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, and
affixed my official seal, this 27th day of March, 1871.
CHARLES E. LOEW,
0^lggi~~~~~~~ ~~~~Clerk.




CONSTITUTION  AND BY-LAws.
SECTION I.
OBJECTS OF THE INSTITUTE.
1. THE ANTHROPOLO'GICAL INSTITUTE OF NEW-YoRK has for its
Object the Study of Man in all his Varieties, and under all his
Aspects and Relations.
2. Its special Object is the study of the History, Conditions,
and Relations of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of America, and the
Phenomena resulting from the contact of the various races and
families on the American Continent, before and since the Discovery.
3. The Physical Characteristics, Religious Conceptions, and
Systems of Men; their Mythology and Traditions; their Social,
Civil, and Political Organizations and Institutions; their Language, Literature, Arts, and Monuments; their Modes of Life
and their Customs, are specifically within the objects of the Institute.
4. The Institute will seek to collect all Manuscripts, Books,
and Relics illustrating these several subjects; to stimulate and encourage inquiry and research, particularly in unexplored American
fields; and by means of such Publications as may be deemed
proper, to utilize the results of its investigations and efforts for
the benefit of Science and of Mankind.
5. It recognizes the widest range of discussion, and a complete
toleration of individual opinions on all subjects within the scope
of the Institute's objects.
SECTION II.
MEMBERS.
1. The members of the Institute shall consist of resident members, including all living within sixty miles of New-York; nonresident members, including those not residents, living in the
United States; foreign and honorary members.




CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.                   7
2. Each resident and non-resident member shall pay into the
treasury of the Institute, on acceptance of membership, and before the issue of his diploma, ten dollars, which shall include his
dues for the first year, and five dollars annually thereafter, which
shall entitle him to receive all the publications of the Institute
without further cost. The failure to pay the annual dues for one
year by any member being in the United States, will be regarded
as an act of resignation. Non-resident members have the right
to vote, if present, at any meeting of the Institute.
3. Foreign members are not required to pay an initiation or
other fee, but will. be entitled to the Institute's publications in
virtue of an annual payment of five dollars.
4. Honorary members are limited to ten in number, of whom
five may be elected during the first year of the Institute's existence, two the second, two the third, and one the fourth; and no
further elections for honorary members shall be had, except to.fill
vacancies occasioned by resignation or death. Honorary members
are exempt from all fees and dues, and are entitled to receive the
publications of the Institute free.
5. Any member of the Institute, resident, non-resident, or
foreign, may be excluded from membership by a vote of three
fourths of the members present at any regular meeting, on complaint.of any ten members, which complaint must be laid before
the Institute three months in advance of any action thereon.
6. Resident, non-resident, and foreign members maybe elected
at any regular meeting of the Institute, by choice of three fourths
of the members voting; honorary members by a vote of seven
eighths; and the balloting shall invariably be by white and
black balls, and for each, nominee or candidate separately.. It
shall not be in the power of the society to suspend this provision
by a unanimous vote or otherwise..7. All nominations or applications for membership, and all resignations, must be according to the forms prescribed in the bylaws.
8. Diplomas shall be transmitted to persons elected as resident
and non-resident members on receipt of their acceptance of membership, and on payment of fees and dues; and shall be sent to
foreign and honorary members on receipt of their acceptance of
membership. They shall be signed by the president and at least
one vice-president, and the secretaries, and shall bear the seal of
the Institute.




8               CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.
SECTION  III.
OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE.
1. The officers of the Institute shall consist of a president; two
vice-presidents; an executive committee of five members; a recording, a foreign, and a domestic secretary; a treasurer and a
custodiah, all of whom must be resident members.
2. These officers shall be elected by a majority vote, and shall
hold their offices for a term of two years. Vacancies may be filled
at any second regular meeting of the Institute after that in which
such vacancy shall have been announced.
3. At the November regular meeting of the Institute for the
year with which the term of office of the officers may expire, a
committee of five members shall be appointed, none of whom
shall'be officers, to prepare nominations for officers for the ensuing term, and report the same to the December regular meeting
of the Institute, for its action; and at such December regular
meeting the election of officers shall be held. The annual meeting of the Institute shall be held on the second Wednesday of
January of each yea, unless otherwise ordered.
4. The president shall preside at all meetings of the Institute
preserve order, and enforce its constitution and by-laws.  He
shall not be eligible for more than two consecutive terms, and at
each annual meeting will be expected to give a review of the progress of anthropological science during the year then ending.
5. In the absence of the president, the vice-presidents shall take
the chair in their order; but if none of them be present, the duty
shall devolve on the members of the executive committee in their
order.
6. The president, vice-presidents, and other officers of the Institute shall be ex-officio members of the executive committee, to
which shall be referred all nominations for membership for favorable or adverse report; it shall act as a committee on publications, and admit or exclude from its memoirs any papers that
may have been read or presented, unless otherwise directed by a
two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting;
shall authorize expenditures; provide proper places of meeting;
have entire charge and direction of the affairs of the Institute; and
do all such acts and' deeds as shall appear to them essential to
be done for the purpose of carrying out the objects and views of




GONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.                   9
the Institute.  But no debt shall be contracted or obligation incurred beyond the amount of unappropriated money actually in
the treasury.
7. The recording secretary shall keep a full and impartial account of the proceedings of each meeting of the Institute, which,
after approval at the next succeeding meeting, shall be legibly entered in a book to be provided for the purpose, which shall be
open for the inspection of all members of the Institute, and for
the use of the executive committee. To this end he may employ,
under the direction of said committee, a stenographic reporter,
who shall not be a member of the Institute, who shall report all
proceedings in extenso; and also a copying clerk. He shall also
give due notice by circular of all meetings of the Institute, transmit documents, publications, etc.
8. The foreign secretary shall take charge of; and transmit, all
diplomas of membership to foreign members, and conduct the
foreign correspondence of the Institute.
9.,The domestic secretary shall do the same in respect of
domestic membership and correspondence.
10. The custodian shall receive and preserve, in such places as
may be directed by the executive committee, all books, pamphlets, maps, papers, specimens of art, or relics of antiquity as may
come into the possession of the Institute, by purchase or otherwise; and keep a catalogue of the same, with all needful information concerning them.
11. The treasurer shall collect and deposit with some bank or
banker, to be designated by the executive committee, all fees,
dues, and donations, and other moneys, accruing to the Institute,
receipting for the same, and disburse the same on the warrant of
the chairman and secretary of the executive committee, and shall
report to the Institute once a year, or oftener if desired. His
accounts shall be audited by a committee of three members, not
officers of the Institute, who shall be chosen at the regular meeting of the Institute next preceding the annual meeting, and the
report of said committee shall be read at the annual meeting.
SECTION  IV.
PUBLICATIONS AND DONATIONS.
1. The publications of the Institute shall be under the direction
of the executive committee, and shall consist of



10              CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.
a.-Memoirs of the Anthropological Institute of New-York.
b.-Journal of the Anthropological Institute of New-York.
2. The Memoirs shall be in large and clear type, and contain
only such papers coming before the Institute, or translations
accepted or authorized by it, as shall be mature, exhaustive, or
of permanent value.
The Journal shall be a judiciously full record of the proceedings of the Institute, a repository of such papers or abstracts of
papers, communications, etc., as are brief and suggestive rather
than exhaustive, or of present interest, illustrative of a subject in
part, or designed to stimulate inquiry; also, analyses or abstracts
of new works relating to anthropology, acknowledgments of donations, and such facts, hints, and observations bearing on the subjects to which the Institute is devoted as may be deemed worthy
of record.
3. Every person who shall contribute, by donation or legacy,
sums of money, or presents of books, etc., in furtherance of the
objects of the Institute, shall be recorded as a benefactor; his
name and benefaction shall be announced at a regular meeting of
the Institute, and shall be inserted in its journal.
SECTION  V.
RULES AND BY-LAWS.
1. The Institute may make, alter, or amend such rules and bylaws, not inconsistent with the provisions of this constitution, as
may be deemed appropriate or necessary; these shall not, however, be changed except at a regular meeting, after a month's
notice of the proposed change, and by a vote of two thirds of the
members present.
SECTION  VI.
CHANGE IN CONSTITUTION:
1. This constitution may be changed or modified, at any regular
meeting of the Institute, by a vote of three fourths of the members
present; provided notice of such change or modification, indorsed
by twenty resident or non-resident members, shall have been
given at a regular meeting three months in advance; such notice
to be communicated by the domestic secretary to all resident and
non-resident members.




RULES AND BY-LAWS.
MEETINGS.
1. A QUORUM of the Institute shall consist of ten members.
There shall be a regular meeting on the first Wednesday of every
month from  October to June, inclusive, except January, when
the meeting shall be on the second Wednesday of the month, and
shall be called the annual meeting, at which time the general
reports of the officers of the Institute shall be presented, and the
annual address of the president delivered.
Unless otherwise specially ordered at a preceding meeting, the
hour of meeting shall be eight o'clock P.M.
2. At the annual meeting a list of deaths of members for the
year shall be read, with such obituary notices as may be authorized or approved by the executive committee, and also a list of new
members.
3. The executive committee may call or direct to be called
special meetings of the Institute, of which notice shall be given
as of regular meetings.
4. Each member may introduce two visitors at any meeting,
by writing their names on a list to be handed to the president.
The president at his option may admit any number of visitors.
5. The executive committee shall assemble at the place of meeting of the Institute half an hour, or more if necessary, before each
meeting, regular or special, and one hour before the annual meeting. Upon requisition in writing of three members of the committee, specifying the object, the recording secretary shall call a
special meeting of the executive committee.
6. At the close of each meeting the secretaries and other officers shall deliver at once to the custodian all books and donations, and all papers not required by them for use in discharge of
their duties.
7 All motions, except for adjournments, shall be in writing,




~12   ~       RULES AND BY-LAWS.
signed by mover and seconder, numbered, and entered by the
recording secretary on the minutes in their order.
ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.
1. The president, or the officer designated by the constitution,
shall call the Institute to order at the hour fixed for its meeting,
or as soon thereafter as a quorum shall be present, and the following shall be the order of business:
a. Announcement by the president of the names of visitors
present.
b. Reading of the minutes of the last preceding meeting by the
recording secretary; question on their adoption.
c. Foreign correspondence, etc., by the foreign secretary.
c. Domestic correspondence, etc., by the domestic secretary.
e. Report of executive committee on applications and nominations for membership, and other matters in charge of the committee.
f Balloting for members.
g. Report of custodian.
hi. Report of treasurer.
i. Reports of special committees.
j. Special business.
k. Unfinished business.
1. Action on any proposition to change the constitution or
by-laws.
m. Reading of papers, discussions, and general business.
2. The presiding officer, in his discretion, may limit debate to
fifteen minutes for each person, and may adjourn the meeting at
the end of two hours after the opening of the session-the matters then being before the Institute to come up at the next meeting as unfinished business.
NOMINATION OF MEMBERS.
1. Nominees for admission as members must be proposed and
recommended by not less than three members of the Institute,
according to the following
Form of Nomination.
"We hereby propose and recommend" [here state name in full, the profession or occupation, and usual place of residence of the nominee] "as a fit and
proper person to become a member of the Anthropological Institute of New



RULES AND BY-LAWS.                         13
York."  [Here must follow the signatures of the three members making t7he
nomination, and, if it be for a resident member, one of these must have personal
knowledge of the nominee, and so state.]        Signatures and date.
APPLICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP.
1. Inasmuch as from various circumstances persons worthy and
desirous of membership may not be able to secure nomination according to the above form, they may apply for membership in
the following form, which application, made to any officer or
member of the Institute, shall go before the executive committee,
and if said committee shall be satisfied that the applicant is a fit
and proper person for membership, they shall so report to the Institute, when the applicant shall be balloted for according to
the rules.
Form of Application.
"I, [here state name in full, occupation or profession, and address,] being
desirous of becoming a [resident or non-resident] member of the Anthropological Institute of New-York, hereby submit my name as a candidate for
membership. Not knowing personally any members of the Institute, I refer
to [name of referees] or to my published works, [naming them."]
Signature and date.
Form of Acceptance.
2. "I, the undersigned, having been elected a [resident or non-resident]
member of the Anthropological Institute of New-York, hereby agree to the
constitution and by-laws of the same as they now exist, or may hereafter be
revised or amended; and I will endeavor to advance the objects of said Institute always, provided that, whenever I may be desirous of terminating my
membership, I shall be free to do so, by signifying my wish in writing to the
appropriate secretary, after paying any arrears that may be due from me at
that period."                                   Signature and date.




PROCEEDINGS PRELIMINARY
TO THE
ORGANIZATION
OF THE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK.
THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK  is THE
AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  reorganized.  The steps
leading to this change, and the reasons therefor, sufficiently
appear in the following summary of the Minutes of the late
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
May 11, 1869.-At a regular meeting of the American
Ethnological Society, held this date, the following resolution
was adopted:
Resolved, That a Special Committee of five be appointed to report, at the
next regular meeting, on the best mode of reorganizing the Society, and
giving it an efficient character, consonant with scientific development
generally throughout the world; and that the election of officers be postponed until action shall be had on such Report, and that in the interval the
existing officers of the society be continued in their respective positions.
Messrs. E. G. Squier, A. J. Cotheal, J. A. Spencer, J. C.
Nott, and C. C. Jones, Jr., were appointed a committee under
the resolution.
November 17, 1869.-Mr. SQIER, from  the Special Committee on Reorganization, submitted the following Report and
Resolutions:




PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS.               15
REPORT.
At a late meeting of THE AMERICAN ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
in view of its decline and inefficiency, your Committee was
appointed to consider whether it might be reorganized so as
to give it the rank and usefulness legitimately to be expected
from its name, or whether it should be dissolved altogether, so
as to give place to an organization more vigorous and better in
harmony with thile advanced stage of Anthropological, Ethnological, and Archaeological Science.
In favor of its continuance is the fact of a certainprestige
attaching to it as one of the oldest societies of the kind in the
world; one which has numbered among its promoters and
members some of the ablest and most earnest students of our
own and other countries, and which, in the earlier years of its
existence, made valuable contributions to ethnography generally, and to American ethnography in particular. The Society
was organized mainly under the auspices of the late Hon.
ALBERT GALLATIN, a man of great research, vigor, and keenness of intellect, who brought around him such men as Dr.
Edward Robinson, John L. Stephens, John R. Bartlett, Theodore Dwight, Dr. Francis, George Folsom, Professor W. W.
Turner, Dr. Iawks, and others, all and each of distinction
in their respective departments of inquiry.  Mr. Gallatin's
house was the true seat of the society, and Mr. Gallatin himself its controlling spirit. His name gave it character, and
from  his purse mainly was defrayed the cost of the two
volumes of Transactions which constitute about the only
claim the Society possesses on the respect of the scientific
world, and about its only title to be considered a learned
society.
Except by an abortive attempt to publish a third volume
of Transactions, in 1853, [the publication of some disjointed
numbers of a Bulletin, and a few trifles in the way of loose
papers, the Society has given few signs of vitality. It has had
numerous pleasant reunions, not without a certain interest and
profit to the participants, but it has done no solid, substantial
work. Elsewhere in the world, the studies to which the Society




16             PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS.
is supposed to be dedicated have been prosecuted with
wonderful vigor and effect.  Anthropology, which is only a
more comprehensive name for the Science of Man than
Ethnology, has really risen to the rank of a recognized science.
It is no longer hazy speculation; its area is no longer the
waste field into which pretenders, half-schooled philosophers,
vague theorists, and Jonathan Oldbucks of all sorts, may shove
their inconsequent rubbish, but one in which the most powerful minds, the acutest intelligences, and the most patient investigators may and do work with honor and effect. Statesmen,
whether senators or kings, can no longer overlook the profound
lessons inculcated by anthropology. The political reorganization of Europe is going on in consonance with its discoveries
and results. Religion, under its influences, is separating itself
from  a ritualistic dogmatism  that has nothing to do with
morals or the relationship that exists between man and God,
and has become all the loftier and purer from the dissociation.
To these grand results, we may ask, "What has THE
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY contributed?"  Absolutely,
for twenty years, nothing! True, ten of these years have
been unfavorable to scientific pursuits in this country. Students having cqmmon sympathies and aims have been separated by political and social barriers, and investigators weaned
or diverted from their pursuits by imperative requirements in
other fields. Estranged co-laborers, however, are returning
with that catholic spirit which study for Truth inspires and
encourages, to their old associations and researches; and the
altered condition of our common country encourages and,
indeed, makes necessary a wider and deeper investigation of
the character and true relations of the varieties and races of
mankind than ever existed before.  But this investigation
must be made ab initio, or rather in a purely abstract scientific sense. It can not be done by men! who, for any reason
or motive, bring into the study the element of faith, or adhesion to dogmas or creeds of any kind whatever. These
subtle elements of depression of scientific inquiry have been,
to a certain degree, the ruin of this Society.  Your reporter
can remember when the question of human unity could not




PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS.                17
be discussed without offense to some of the members of the
Society, and when its casual introduction was made a ground
of impassioned protest. This allusion is made only to enforce
the vital truth that, in scientific inquiry, the item  of faith
must be entirely eliminated. Not having been so, discussion
in this society has been relatively tame and fruitless.
Probably no one will dissent from the proposition that no
scientific society can be useful or permanent which does not
publish its proceedings, summarily or otherwise, or which
fails to print its memoirs with a certain degree of regularity.
No man worthy of occupying the attention of any considerable number of intelligent students will prepare an elaborate
memoir, full, as any reputable paper should be, of facts of
present interest or for future use, for the empty honor of a
vote of thanks, and a modest request for a copy for archives
that do not exist.
Such publications involve considerable outlays of money;
how to obtain which is a serious question. Now, if the fees
and dues of membership of this society had been collected
with any thing like the regularity of gas-bills, and if the money
that has been spent, by various members, in those social entertainments, which have been very pleasant but somewhat
expensive pendants to our meetings, had been devoted to the
more important objects of the Society, we should not only have
maintained the credit Mr. Gallatin and its early members gave
to it and advanced science, but have encouraged and brought
new inquirers into our special field of research, besides exposing
and suppressing imposture.
Of course a Society like this, as it has been or may be constituted, would be glad to " have a local habitation" as well
as a name; a library and a museum, a hall to meet in, and a
place for students to study in. The possession of such a place
has been a cherished ambition of some of us, and we have
sought to impress men of wealth, in this city, to endow the
Society. But much reflection, and some experience, have shown
that beyond having a hall to meet in, and a place wherein to
deposit our books and papers safely, it is as well we should be
without endowment. An endowed institution, in nine cases
out of ten, becomes a roost for owls and a refuge for rats and
2




18              PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS.
bats. Look at that ancient society in another State, established,
or rather buried, in a pleasant country town, with its fine
buildings and splendid endowment!  What has it done for
antiquarian science during the last half-century?
We do not need an endowment beyond a publishing fund, reinforced by the regular payment of moderate dues. The Historical Society, perhaps the Astor Library, or some other of the
popular institutions springing up around us, will be willing, if
not eager, to give place to all publications sent to us as a
Society, to all relics presented to us, and give us one and all
free access to consult or study them. In this way trouble and
expense may be spared, and with a relatively light cost the
Society may enter on a vigorous existence.
To return, however, to the main question before us. In
the last published list of resident members of this Society we
find forty-seven names.  Of these, twenty-five are either dead
or removed from  the city.  Our archives have mainly disappeared, and we do not know how many corresponding or
honorary members we really possess. Altogether, as a Society,
we are without means, with little except reflected credit,
without connected records, behind all similar societies in the
world, practically disorganized and effete. We have not kept
pace with ethnological research elsewhere, and have no useful
existence at home. We are no longer an authority; for what
with " holy stones" and such rubbish, we have been led, for
want of firmness and independence, through an amiable but
inexcusable weakness, into apparent sanction of bold impostures, and into childish discussions, hateful to manly intelligence and in derogation of our earlier reputation.
YcIlr committee have come to the conclusion that it is
impossible, even if it were desirable, to reorganize or perpetuate the Ethnological Society. As said before, it has fallen
behind the age, and it is better to start now with an entirely
new organization, with fixed financial rules, with strictly
scientific objects, to meet regularly, and to print in like manner. Your committee, therefore, with a general concurrence
in the above report, for which the chairman, after all, is responsible, recommend the adoption of the following resolutions 




PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS.                     19
I. Resolved, That a Committee of Nine be appointed to call a meeting of
the resident members of this society, and such other gentlemen as they
may believe interested in anthropological studies, at such time and place as
they may decide, for the purpose of organizing a society to be called THE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW-YORK, and that such committee prepare a constitution, etc., for such Institute, to be submitted for the consideration and action of the meeting.
II. Resolvedl, That upon the formation of'the society contemplated by
the foregoing resolution, the American Ethnological Society be de facto
dissolved, and that all moneys in the hands of the treasurer of the society
be transferred to the credit of the new organization, and that all books,
relics, and properties belonging to the American Ethnological Society, be
diligently collected and deposited in some proper place, to be hereafter
designated, as the property of the new society.
The resolutions were unanimously adopted, and the following committee appointed, in conformity with the first resolution 
IIon. E. George Squier, Charles C. Jones, Jr., William IT.
Thomson, M.D., George Gibbs, Charles P. Daly, D. MI.
Treadwell, Charles Ran, Alexander J. Cotheal, Henry T.
Drowne.
MVARCI  9th, 1871-Special Meeting.-First business in
order: Report of Committee to prepare Constitution, etc., for
an Anthropological Society, to succeed THIE AMERICAN ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
The Chairman of the Committee stated that it had been
proposed, in the resolution under which the committee was
appointed, that the new organization should take the name
of "The Anthropological Society of ZNew-York;" but the
committee subsequently resolved on the designation of " The
American Anthropological Society."   After this resolution
was taken, an Association of gentlemen in Boston appropriated the name of" The American Anthropological Society,"
as also, it was reported, another Association in New-York.
Under these circumstances, the Committee thought best
that the reorganized society should profit from the example
of the newly-consolidated Ethnological and Anthropological
Societies of London, and style itself " THE ANTHIROPOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK."
There were, in the opinion of the committee, several advan



20             PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS.
tages in this, apart from the consideration of modesty, since
the name itself would indicate to collectors and correspondents the exact seat of the Institute.
By the consolidation of the Ethnological Society of London
with the Anthropological Society of the same capital, the
designation " Ethnological" had ceased to apply to any society
of importance in Europe, and the term "Anthropological"
had been accepted instead, for reasons well explained by Dr.
Broca, one of which is, that the new name is more appropriate
and comprehensive; and another, that the study of man
requires the cooperation of naturalists as well as archaeologists, anatomists as well as antiquaries.
Mr. SQUIER then submitted the " Constitution and By-Laws
of' THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK, as agreed
on by the Committee," (ante, p. 6, et seq.,) which were unanimously adopted.
The dissolution of THE AMERICAN ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY was
then formally announced, and the gentlemen present proceeded
to the temporary organization of " THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK," by the election of ALEXANDER J.
COTHEAL as Chairman, and HENRY R. STILES, as Secretary.
A committee of three was appointed to prepare nominations
for officers of the Institute, to hold their places as provided in
the Constitution.
The committee reported the following nominations:
Hon. E. GEORGE SQUIER, President.
J. C. NOTT, M.D.,     ce-Prein
GEORGE GIBBS, Esq., -
E. H. DAVIS, M.D.,    I
J. K. MERRITT M.D.,
C. C. JONES, Jr., Esq,  i Executive Committee.
W. H. THOMSON, M.D.,
J. G. SHEA, Esq.;    J
ALEXANDER J. COTIHEAL, Esq., Treasurer.
Prof. CHARLES RAU, Foreign- Cor. Sec.
HENRY T. DROWNE, Esq., Domestic Cor. Sec.
H. R. STILESEsq., Recording Sec.
GEORGE H. MOORE, LL.D., Custodian.




FIRST REGULAR MEETING
OF THE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK.
THE Incorporators named in the Charter of THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK met at No. 52 Wall street,
April 26th, 1871-a majority of the incorporators present.
The Certificate of Incorporation having been read, was unanimously accepted.
The constitution and by-laws of the Institute, approved
at the preliminary meeting for its organization, held March
9th, 1871, (ante p. 1, et seq.,) were unanimously adopted.
The gentlemen nominated for officers of the Institute at the
meeting aforesaid were unanimously elected.
Mr. A. J. COTHEAL, on the ground of approaching indefinite
absence in Europe, resigned the. position of Treasurer, and
Mr. H. T. Drowne was elected Treasurer, pro te.
Mr. H. R. STILES, on the ground of residence outside of the
city, resigned the position of Recording Secretary, and Mr. J.
G. Shea was elected Recording Secretary, pro tern.
Mr. C.. C. JONES, in the absence of the Custodian, was
elected Custodian, pro tern.
Ordered, That on publication of the Act of Incorporation, Constitution,
and By-Laws of THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NEW-YORK, with
the proceedings leading to its organization, a copy of the same be sent
by'the proper secretaries of the Institute to each member (resident, corresponding, and honorary) of the late "American Ethnological Society,"
whose address is known, with the request that he will notify such secretary whether or not he accedes to the same, and that in case no response shall be received from any such member before the first day of
October next, every such person shall be deemed to decline to be a member
of the Institute.
Ordered, That the President be authorized to procure and have executed
a suitable seal for the Institute, and a certificate of membership for the
same; and that the Treasurer be authorized to procure the record books
requisite for the purposes of the Institute.
Adjourned to the 10th of May, prox.




'THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
IN EUROPE AND AMERICA.
AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PARIS,
BY DR. M. PAUL BROCA,
SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE
OF THE FACULTY OF PARIS.
TRANSLATED BY W. LEA ROBERTS, EsQ.
TIE traveler, as he climbs a mountain-side, delights to
stop at intervals and survey the road by which he has ascended. Forgetting the present, he turns his thoughts to the obstacles he has overcome, and draws from them new courage to
face the difficulties which lie around his future path. Like
such a traveler, gentlemen, you wish to-day to survey the
past. After ten years of incessant labor, which have not been
without benefit to science, you desire that the first decennial
anniversary of the foundation of your society should be the
occasion for a retrospective review of the circumstances which,
during this interval, have favored so many discoveries, and
led to so much progress in anthropological science.
There is no occasion, as in ordinary reviews, to present an
analysis, more or less brief, of your achievements. And besides, how would it be possible to condense in an essay like
the present, the contributions and inquiries which already fill
twelve volumes, and of which the enumeration alone would
occupy several hours?
What you require is a general review, in which the work




THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.              23
of each particular individual is lost sight of; an impartial
estimate of the influence which our society has exercised
over the progress of our science; a comparison between anthropology such as it was before you were, and anthropology
such as it is to-day- a delicate and difficult task, and one
which would have been achieved with far more tact, wisdom,
and authority by the eminent professor who this year presides
over our meetings. This duty would have been his of right, and
you invited him first to undertake it. But Monsieur Lartet is
not like other men. In research and in discovery he takes
the lead. But when it comes to making himself prominent, he
shrinks behind others. Not having been able to overcome the
modesty of your president, you have chosen your secretary-general in his place, and it is my duty to comply with your wishes,
which have to me the force of commands; but I can not conceal from myself that, in obeying your behests, I expose myself to failure in undertaking a task beyond my strength.
Already accustomed to rely on your indulgence, it is to that
I appeal to-day, and you will doubtless grant it to me when
you call to mind the old lines,
"Da veniam scriptis quorum non gloria nobis
Causa, sed aspera lex officiumque fuit."
That which characterizes the decennial period of which I
am about to endeavor to give you a historical sketch is the
diffusion of anthropological studies, the rapid and, up to this
time, unprecedented increase of the number of savants lwho
have devoted themselves to this pursuit, and of persons who
have become interested in it. Within a few years, there has
been created a public, numerous and respectable, which understands the importance of our science, which applauds its progress, and has faith in its future.
Before that period, they who devoted themselves to the solution of some of the problems of our science were forced to
be content with but few readers, to see their ideas received
with silence or indifference, and to hear from the lips of the
wise such words of discouragement as, " What a pity that so
much work and so much industry were not applied to more
worthy objects!"  To-day, they find everywhere schools open




24          ACHE -PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
to their discussions; reviews and journals welcome their publications; they meet with enlightened hearers and diligent
readers, and those same wise men now congratulate them on
the usefulness of their investigations.
What, then, are. the causes of this agreeable and welcome
change  They are numerous, no doubt, and we must acknowledge, first of all, that a science of which the history reckons
such names as those of Buffon, Camper, Blumenbach, Prichard,
Milne-Edwards, Morton, Retzius, Rodolphe Wagner-to speak
of the dead only-must, sooner or later, recommend itself to
the minds of men, and triumph over public indifference. We
must remember also that the progress of our science was subordinate to the progress of philology, of geology, of paleontology, of prehistoric archaeology, which only attained the rank
of positive sciences in the first half of the nineteenth century.
As it was impossible that anthropology should reach its present height before these auxiliary sciences had attained their
maturity, so it was necessary that it should, in due time, follow them in their development. But it might for a long time
have waited for its hour if it had not, about ten years ago, received a fresh and vigorous stimulus.
This stimulus, gentlemen, is due to you. It is you who, in
uniting your forces, in combining your various talents, in
bringing to bear to the same end the numerous sciences to
which that of the science of man is tributary, have made the
Anthropological Society of Paris a centre of attraction
whose influence is rapidly spreading. Before you, but under
less fortunate auspices, other societies had, under various
names, attempted the difficult task which you have accomplished.
There was first'The Society of the Observers of Man,"
founded in Paris in 1800, by a union off naturalists and of medical men. The title itself of this society, and the prospectus
drawn up by Jauffret, its perpetual secretary, show clearly
that the intention of its founders was chiefly to promote the
study of the natural history of man. It was proposed, above
all, to direct the.researches of travelers to definite aims and
objects, and the results of their inquiries were relied on to give
interest to the sittings of the society. But no one had then




THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.              25
foreseen the long continental and general wars which were for
a long time to interrupt commerce and foreign travel..In the
absence of these anthropological contributions, which it was
never to receive, the society turned its attention to questions
of ethnology, historical and pyschological. Natural history
was neglected for philosophy, politics, and philanthropy.  The
illustrious Coray, whom the modern Greeks justly look upon
as the father of their nation, had just arrived in Paris, where
his mission was to make known the state of Greece, and to
interest the men of letters and the philosophers of France in
the fate of his oppressed country. Finding some difficulty in
making public his ideas through the medium of the press, then
closely gagged, he addressed the " Society of the Observers of
Man," and to it he presented his celebrated memoir on The
Present State of Civilization in Greece. This memoir made
little impression on the public mind, then engrossed by the
military events of the period; but it had a strong influence on
the society, which soon became the resort of the Philhellenes,
and lost accordingly its scientific character. After about three
years of a languishing existence, it was absorbed by the "Philanthropical Society," leaving in the history of science but faint
traces of its having ever existed. Later, after the fall of the
empire, the memoir of Coray, several times reprinted, and
translated into most of the languages of Europe, became a
point of departure for the Philhellenic movement, and is
quoted to this day as the key-note of the emancipation of
Greece. As to the " Society of the Observers of Man," the part
which it took in this'movement, to which it sacrificed its existence as a scientific body, has been already forgotten. The naturalists who had founded it were too eager to coalesce with the
schools of pure philosophy and belles-lettres. Anthropology
had not yet a sufficiently firm foundation; it was not yet strong
enough to gather to itself and use for its own benefit the extrinsic powers it had called to its aid. Instead of implanting
them in its own soil, it was drawn after them into the shifting
sands of politics.
This abortive experiment had been long forgotten when
some'English philanthropists founded in London, in 1838, the
" Society for the Protection of Aborigines," under the Presi



26t         THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
dency of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton. Although this association reckoned among its members some eminent savants, its
aims were rather political and social than scientific. It was
at this time that the question of slavery, already solved by
England, began to occupy the attention of the French government. In the session of 1839, the Chamber of Deputies having
before it a resolution of Monsieur de Tracy, pointing to the
emancipation of the slaves in our colonies, had appointed a
commission to report upon this important subject; and the
society in London, hoping that the pressure of public opinion
might have a favorable influence on the decision of the chamber, resolved to establish in France a society for the emancipation of the negroes. One of its leading members, Mr.
Hodgkin, came to Paris, and put himself in commlunication
with several distinguished persons, and more particularly with
the eminent naturalist and anthropologist Milne-Edwards.
But an association of this kind was not at that time possible in
France, where, both in manners and in legislation, the selfish
principle of "every one for himself, and the devil take the
hindmost," still prevailed. Nevertheless, the earnest efforts of
Mr. Hodgkin were not without fruit; instead of a political
association, Milne-Edwards and his fiiends resolved to found a
scientific society, and thus sprang into existence the celebrated
"Ethnological Society of Paris," the establishment of which
was authorized by the minister of public instruction (with the
permission of the minister of the interior) on the 20th August, 1839.
Since the failure of the " Observers of Man," anthropology
had made marked progress, and if not yet established as a positive science, it possessed a large mass of materials which only
lacked methodical arrangement. Twenty years of prosperous
peace had restored activity to commerce; numerous voyages
of discovery and several expeditions round the world had enlarged the field of anthropological observations. Many craniological museums began already to be formed. The publication
of the Decades of Blumenbach was finished; the works of Virey,
of Prichard, of Bory de St. Vincent, of Desmoulin, of Gerdy,
of D'Aubigny, of Broc, and of Lesson, had thrown light on the
description and the classification of the races of mankind, and,




THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.              27
more recently, (1839,) the celebrated Morton had brought
out his greatwork, Crania Amgericana. At last, philology,
which for a long time had been a stumbling-block to the
learned, became a positive science; the correlations and affiliations which it established were now no longer hypotheses; and
the study of languages, hitherto so deceptive, was about to become a trustworthy guide in the researches as to the origin of
our race. It was under such favorable conditions that the
Ethnological Society of Paris began its labors, and you know,
gentlemen, how equal it has been to its task. Its two volumes
of Memoirs and its volume of Reports will always be reckoned
among the most important of anthropological collections. But,
although its founders had quickly enlisted many supporters,
the number of its active members remained for a long time
very limited. Its meetings excited some interest, based mainly
on curiosity; but they lacked spirit, while beyond its own
walls its discussions were almost unheeded. When, however,
the first volume of its Memoirs appeared, some English
savants appreciated the usefulness of its work, and resolved to
imitate it. Through their means, in May, 1844, a similar
society was formed in London, and took, like it, the name of
the Ethnological Society, and a short time subsequently a third
society, founded in New-York, adopted the same title.
The Ethnological Society of Paris had thus extended its
influence beyond the seas, and could legitimately congratulate
itself upon its success. But it can not be denied that it was
wanting in compactness and cohesion. At the time it was
founded, the Anthropological Gallery of the Mluseum did not
exist; there was no collection in Paris where the study of the
comparative osteology of the human races could be pursued,
and therefore it could not raise its edifice on the solid basis of
anatomy, which is the only sure foundation of natural history.
In the absence of anatomy, which was scarcely recognized
except in the plan of the society, it devoted itself, and with
the greatest success, to the special study of certain races, their
intellectual and moral characters, their languages, their tendencies, and their place in civilization; questions of the highest
interest, which collectively, under the name of ethnology form
one of the most important branches of anthropology, but whici




28          THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
easily divert men's minds from the hard road of science, leading them into the regions of speculation, all the more uncertain
when they are not guided by the light of observation. Ethnology studies man only as a member, or a constituent element,
of races and peoples. Ethnography studies him, besides, as one
of the habitants of the earth, as one of its productions, as representing a zoological group, subject to the general laws which
govern the whole of nature. He who should confine himself
to this last would neglect the most useful and practical side of
the science of man; but whoever should be bound exclusively
to the first, would ignore the principle which is the only sure
basis of science, and which consists in proceeding from the
simple to the compound, from the known to the unknown,
from  matter and organism  to functional phenomena. The
founders of the society-were not ignorant of all this. MilneEdwards, who drew up its prospectus, and Mr. Vivien de St.
Martin, who later on stated with the most admirable precision
the fundamental principles of anthropology, accorded to both
olie and the other the chief place in the study of the physical
characteristics of: man. But these excellent precepts could not
be applied, because the collections of skulls and skeletons
which we possess to-day did not then exist.
Deprived of the assistance and guidance of anatomy and
craniology, the Ethnological Society was like a small vessel
which without enough ballast leans over to the side where
stands the crew, and which, navigable during calm weather, is
in most imminent danger in a storm. Such a storm soon burst.
The meetings of the society, hitherto peaceful, were agitated
by the question of slavery. The first thing was to determine
the distinctive characteristics of the white and black races;
but it was in vain that the naturalists and anatomists, too few
in number, tried to restrain the discussion within the limits of
natural history. They could not hinder other speakers, friends
or foes of emancipation, from looking at it as a question-of
social politics, and dragging almost the entire society after
them into such a passionate and fiery arena.  This was in
1847; the debate became more lively at each meeting; the
outside world began to be interested; the splendid speeches of
Mr. Schoelcher, the celebrated abolitionist, found an echo in




THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.            29
the press, and the public willingly believed that ethnology, of
which it then heard for the first -time, was not a science, but
something between politics and philanthropy; an unfortunate
impression, not easily rooted up, and which, I may remark in
passing, excited in the end the suspicions of the police against
the founders of the Ethnological Society. This absorbing
controversy lasted nearly a year, and might have continued
till now, if the provisional government of the revolution of
February had not ended it by abolishing slavery itself. But
the Ethnological Society had been so completely absorbed by
this question that, deprived of it, its chief motive to action
seemed no longer to exist. It was not, indeed, dissolved, but
it had thenceforward only a nominal'existence; it ceased to
hold meetings,'and sank away as though there were nothing
more to live for, leaving a blank in science which was only
filled up eleven years later.
There remained, however, in London and New-York, two
Ethnological Societies, which had had neither'an equally
brilliant career nor similar misfortunes. They passed uneventful lives, collected interesting documents regarding different people of the two worlds, and, at long intervals, published some useful works.  But in dividing ethnology from
natural history, they deprived themselves of the assistance of
men accustomed to rigorous methods of observation; they
exerted only a feeble influence over the march of science, and
it was not through them that the chief work of anthropology
was accomplished.
The progress of anthropology, although checked by the
failure of the Ethnological Society of Paris, had not thereby
been stopped. In France, the pursuit of this noble branch of
natural history, begun by M. Serres, was carried forward with
unqualified success by M. de Quatrefages. The Anthropological Gallery of the Museum was established, and increased
rapidly. Numerous essays on craniology were read before the
Academy of Sciences, and at the same time Boucher de
Perthes collected, with invincible zeal, newv proofs of the
antiquity of man. At Stockholm, the great anatomist Retzius
completed his celebrated craniological works, then little
known in France, but already famous'in Germany.  The




30          THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
archaeologists of Denmark, after having established prehistoric
archaeology on a new basis, led the way, by the study of
kitchen-middins (kjokkenmoddings) and turf-pits, to human
paleontology. In Switzerland, by the discovery and examination of lacustrine habitations, the succession of the epochs of
civilization and industry were accurately defined. In England,
our distinguished colleagues, Barnard Davis and Thurman,
began the publication of their splendid work, Crania Britannica, while a diligent and unceasing opening of barrows and
tumuli supplied a large collection of Roman and Anglo-Saxon
skulls.
Lastly, in America, George Samuel Morton continued to
increase his craniological collection, which was for a long time
the finest in the world. He perfected his method of measurement of skulls, completed his description of American types,
and vigorously upheld the doctrine of polygenesis, (diverse
origins,) which several of the most distinguished scientific men
of his country had also embraced. Morton and his disciples
had understood better than their predecessors the necessity of
combining with their study of man that of geology, paleontology, archaeology, that of zoology in general, and of zoological.
and medical geography.  To carry out this plan, and to
extend anthropology to its widest limits, all that was wanting
to the American school was the calm philosophy which places
scientific investigations above and beyond political and religious animosities. In 1851, the year in which the illustrious
Morton died, the United States were agitated by the abolition
question, which ten years later resulted in the most terrible of
civil wars. In the vehement discussion to which the question
of slavery gave rise, interests and feelings were ranged against
each other.  The rights of the weak were opposed to the
power of the strong; theology, as usual, furnished weapons to
both sides; and science at length was dragged into the strife.
By one of those confusions of ideas which men of science
and literature share equally with an uninformed public, it was
imagined that slavery was bound up with the polygenistic
theory, while emancipation was inseparable fiom the monogenistic. Singular forgetfulness of history, which shows slavery
sanctioned by monogenistic laws, accepted by monogenistic




THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.             31
Christians, allowed by monogenistic MIohammedans, introduced
into America on the demand of the bishop, Las Casas, by a
monogenistic Pope; afterward opposed in the seventeenth century by philosophers, who at least did not pride themselves on
their orthodoxy; sneered at by Voltaire, who professed polygenism, and, finally, abolished for the first time by the National
Convention in virtue of a principle with which dogma had
nothing to do! Bnt what mattered the past? We only know
that by the cry of brotherhood and the common origin of the
races of Adam, the religious societies of England had, in the
nineteenth century, carried the question of emancipation; that
inder such auspices the question had been agitated in the
United States; and that nothing more was wanted to induce
the slavery party to take their stand on the theory of the
polygenists. There was a moment in which political discussion
seemed to limit itself to this scientific basis, when it might be
supposed that the fate of the negroes depended on the opinion
of legislators as to the effects of an African sun on human
integuments. The disciples of Morton, attacked fiercely by
some, unduly praised by others, could not remain quiet. One
of them, the learned and lamented Gliddon, gave himself up,
I am sorry-to say, on more than one occasion, to controversies
of mere local interest; but while admitting that the publications of the American school owed their popularity to the
events of the. day, we can not refrain from acknowledging
the high scientific value of the numerous monographs which
appeared in 1854 and 1857, in the two great anthropological
collections published by Nott and Gliddon. Thanks to the
cooperation of several savants, who contributed essays relating to general natural history, to craniology, to language, to
geology, and to paleontology, Types of ilankind, and Idcligenous Itaces of the Earth, were the first two works in which
the vast scope of anthropology, illuminated by modern science,
had been presented in one view. So excellent a beginning was
a good augury of a prosperous career for the American school,
and the sceptre of Anthropology might have, perhaps, ptssed
into its hands, if the political events to which had been due a
portion of its success had not very shortly after clogged its
career., The tempest which had long been gathel'ing over the




32          THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
great republic burst at length with unforeseen violence. A
tremendous war absorbed for many years the resources of the
country. Science was lost sight of amid the clash of arms,
and when the victory of the North had solved the question of
slavery, anthropology, neglected by the public, suffered a
period of eclipse similar to what it had undergone in France
after the revolution of February.
We can not allow ourselves to doubt, gentlemen, that this is
but a passing obscuration, and that the American school will
soon reappear with renewed brilliancy. Let not its example
be lost on ourselves. We may take warning from it, as also
from the Society of the Observers of Man, and the Ethnological Society of Paris, that science can never, without danger,
depart from its proper sphere. We find fault, and justly, with
the scvants who, under the convenient pretense of concentrating their efforts on one pursuit, flatter themselves that they
can remain indifferent to the great questions which agitate
society. The very fact of the superiority of their accomplishments, so far from giving such a right, entails on those gentlemen the duty of taking part in political life, and of exercising
a beneficial influence on those who surround them. Let them,
then, interest themselves in the affairs of their country. They
can not do better than plunge eagerly, according to their
several temperaments, into the philosophical, religious, social,
or humanitarian problems which surround them. And when,
returning to their laboratory or their study,, they apply themselves to scientific inquiries, they ought to lay aside their
feelings and their ambitions, and, closing their ears to external
influences, listen only to the calm voice of truth. For science
ought to hold allegiance to itself alone, and never bend the
knee to party. It is a divine power enthroned above humanity, to direct and not to follow it, and of it alone it may be
said, that it is born to command and not to obey.
While political circumstances allowed in America only a
fleeting interest in anthropological publications, the savants in
Europe were calmly pushing their researches, and with steps
slow but sure advancing to the discovery of archaeological and
paleontological facts which opened new vistas for anthropology.  But their isolated and not always harmonious labors




THE PROGRESS'OF ANTHROPOLOGY.             33
received little attention. A certain discredit even was attached
to such studies, which, having no tie in common, and being
withdrawn from general discussion, appeared but little deserving of confidence. When facts ran counter to popularly
conceived opinions, they were greeted with contempt, or else
with a forbearance near akin to entire indifference. It was
then that the founders of the Anthropological Society of Paris
determined to form a tribunal before which opposing views
might obtain a hearing; to create a scientific centre where
labors hitherto  scattered might meet as on  a'common
ground; and where anthropology, settled on a firmer base,
might claim the aid of all the sciences that could throw light
on the present conditions of the races of men, their history
and their relations, on the development of industry and civilization; and lastly, on the origin of man, the time of his first
appearance, and his place in the economy of nature.
After more than six months occupied in collecting subscriptions, and in obtaining, not without difficulty, authority to
hold its meetings, (under the control of the police,) the new
society met for the first time on the 19th of May, 1859, and
began work on the 7th of July following. I do not'know
whether I deceive myself, but I would fain believe that this
date, of which we celebrate this day the decennial anniversary,
will be a mark in the history of anthropology, and will be
considered by our successors as the opening of an important
era. It is from that date that anthropology has engaged the
attention of- the learned world; that it has everywhere recruited
adherents; that, ceasing to grope in the dark, it -has advanced
rapidly toward a definite object, now visible to every eye. Nevertheless, the beginning of our society was humble enough. The
provisional committee, after many efforts, had been able to enlist but few supporters. Nineteen persons alone had consented
to be placed on the list of founders, and others would only
lend the use of their names. Every body looked askance at an
undertaking of which the usefulness was not apparent, and the
success of which was more than doubtful. But from the time
the society was at work, when it had shown in its first discussions the possibility of solving problems hitherto despised as
3




34          THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
purely speculative, its list of members rapidly increased, its
correspondence multiplied, its publications circulated in other
countries, and it had presently the gratification of seeing its
example followed and its methods adopted in other lands.
This continued success had been owing above all to the activity of its members, and to its unvarying scientific charac
ter; but it is also referable to circumstances preceding and
accompanying its formation.  It entered on its task at the
moment when prehistoric archaeology, reaching back to the
stone age, joined hands with paleontology, and when the
antiquity of man, beihg nearly demonstrated, was about to
open a wider field to anthropological investigations; at a
moment when it became certain that autochthonous European
populations existed prior to Asiatic migrations, and when
ethnogenic theories necessarily came under discussion; and
lastly, at a moment when the first edition of Charles Darwin's
book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natutral Selection,
London, 24th November, 1859, was already in the press; a
work in which the bold hypothesis of transformation, appearing under a totally new form, was about to create a revolution
in natural history, and wherein the comparative anatomy of
the anthropoidal apes, since supplemented by study of the
gorilla, excited the hopes of the transformationists of seeing
their theories extended to man himself.
The Anthropological Society having taken on itself the task
of collecting, arranging, and discussing so many contemporaneous materials, and so many new-born ideas, was able to
add to these two new branches of study, prehistoric and
paleontological anthropology, and zoological anthropology, the
interest excited by which was sufficient, at least, to excite
strong curiosity. But  curiosity, easily aroused, is as easily
quenched, and something more solid is necessary to secure an
enduring success. It is only byresting on broad and deep
foundations that institutions can. uphold themselves, and a
science which, like that of anthropology, is one of pure observation, and which embraces every kind of speculative inquiry,
and is, besides, dependent on numerous other sciences of which
the methods differ from its own, must, in order to preserve its
unity and individuality amidst the multiplicity of objects it




THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.              35
embraces, be supported by a mass of positive knowledge exclusively its own, at once its offspring and its ally. Now,
what is the chief aim of anthropology, if it be not the natural
history of man-that is to say, the anatomy and biology of
man? It is, above all, on this solid basis that the Anthropological Society is establish'ed. Supported on this central pivot,
it can, without losing its way, spread itself in every direction,
multiply and vary its objects of study, and make use of the
most discordant elements. It can even, without going out of
its depth, extract, by means of a vigorous synthesis, the ultimate ideas of general anthropology, which, sooner or later, will
be the crown and glory of our science. It is here that its
strength has been felt, and this is the secret of the influence it
has exercised over the anthropological movement both at home
and abroad.
Within two years after the foundation of our society, the
celebrated anatomist Rodolph Wagner, of Gottenburg, one
of our foreign associates, conceived the idea of establishing, in
Germany, a society, if not similar, at least analogous, to ours.
The German anthropologists, scattered in numerous universities, were too far dispersed to be able, like ourselves, to meet
and carry on a joint work. It was not by means of a permanent society, but by yearly congresses, that Wagner undertook to concentrate the anthropological efforts of his countrymen.  His idea was eagerly embraced by Mr. de Baer, our
illustrious colleague at St. Petersburg, by whom  German
science is so well represented in the empire of the Czars.
The first session was held at Gottenburg, in the month of
September, 1861. Its proceedings were limited to the arrangements for future meetings, plans for work, and discussion of
the methods of skull measurements.  It was decided that the
second session should be held at Gottenburg, and those following at each of the principal towns of Germany in turn. A
collection of skulls, borrowed from the different museums of
Europe, would furnish a basis for anatomical discussions.
The congress, on separating, adjourned for two years. Unfortunately, the illness of Wagner, who was to have presided
over the session of 1863, made another adjournment of a year
necessary, and his death, which occurred in 1864, caused an




36          THE PROGRESS -OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
indefinite adjournment.  The following year, however, an
association of the German anthropologists was started under
a new form, and it is now four years ago, to a day, while our
society was pleasantly celebrating, by a banquet, its sixth
anniversary, a telegram, dated from Frankfort-on-the-Main,
announced the foundation of The Germanic Archives of Anthropology.  It is through the.columns of this important
publication, in which the chief place is given to articles relating
to craniology and prehistoric anthropology, that our German
friends have generally made.known the results of their researches.
I may add, that there is in Germany another periodical
devoted to a similar purpose, known as the Journal of'Ethnology, published in Berlin since the 1st of January, 1869.
But it was most signally in England that the influence of
the Anthropological Society of Paris was felt. The'Ethnological Society of London was quietly pursuing its labors
when the perusal of our publications excited in its midst the
desire to add modern anthropology to the old programme of
ethnology. But the most influential members of this society,
wishing to remain faithful to the traditions of twenty years,
opposed the introduction of anatomy and natural history, and,
after many squabbles, a schism ending in a disruption was
brought about.
On the 24th of February, 1863, the dissenting members
founded, under the presidency of Mr. James Hunt, a new
society, which took, like ours, the name of the ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Thanks to the unwearied activity of its president, and to the. intense interest of the questions it discussed,
the Anthropological Society of London won immediately a
high place in public favor, and achieved such success that in a
few years its members numbered over 800. Not content with
publishing,, like us, annual reports and original articles, it
appointed a committee to translate and edit, in English, the
chief anthropological works published on the continent. At
the same time, it established a quarterly journal, The Anthropological Reiew, of which the seventh volume is already in
press.  These various publications have spread throughout
England a taste for anthropological studies. Nowhere else




'THE' PROGRESS. OF ANTHROPOLOGY.           37
does our science reckon a greater number of disciples, and we
are informed that already the anthropologists in Manchester
find themselves numerous enough to found a second anthropological society, which is an auxiliary to that of London.
We must confess, at the same time, that the excitement of a
contest has had something to do with the zeal of our fellowlaborers.  The old Ethnological Society could not,. without
uneasiness, see a rival society growing by its side,r whose
strength was derived from pursuing eagerly new methods of
investigation, without altogether quitting the old, and which,
consequently, drew to itself the chief part of the work of
ethnology, properly so called.  The Ethnological Society,
weakened for a moment by this defection, increased its efforts,
and soon saw the necessity of enlarging, in its turn, its own
sphere.
The preceding year, on the death of its president, the
venerable Sir John Crawford, Professor Thomas Huxley was
appointed his successor. Nothing could be more significant
than the choice of this gentleman, whose fame rests on his
works on zoology, comparative anatomy, and craniology, and
who has attracted the especial attention of anthropologists by
his celebrated work, Evidence as to Jfan's Place in Nature,
London, 1863.  From  this time forward the Ethnological
Society and the Anthropological Society differed only in
name.  Each had the same object, the same methods, the
same plan, and many members in common. It was therefore
to be hoped that such similarity of interests would lead to a
fusion of the two societies.  Nevertheless, neither would
renounce its distinctive title, and the rivalry between the
anthropologists and the ethnologists continues down to this
hour.* But England is a country large enough, and has within
it a sufficient number of learned men, to enable these two
societies, whose aims are identical, to flourish side by side, and
science can only be a gainer if the spur of rivalry quickens
the activity of each.
While France, Germany, and England were contributing
thus powerfully to the progress of anthropology, the other
* The two Societies are now united.-E. G-. S.




38          THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
countries of Europe were not idle.  Everywhere, from
Sweden to Sicily, from the Volga to the Tagus, learned men
were at work. The examination of ancient tombs, of caverns,
and of the quaternary formations, brought to light numerous
human skulls, and sometimes entire skeletons, the date of
which could be fixed, and the study of which has thrown a
strong light on the ethnogeny of Europe in general, and of
each country in particular.  Everywhere the importance of
these researches has excited the wish to unite and concentrate
them, and during the past four years your secretary-general
has received from various bodies of savants desirous of establishing, in their respective countries, societies similar to ours,
requests for information on this point.  But a permanent
society, devoted to a science so novel, can only flourish where
there already exists a recognized scientific centre, and the
difficulties which we ourselves encountered in Paris at the
outset, can give us some idea of those which have caused the
failure of experiments made under far less favorable conditions. In two places only, Moscow and Madrid, have these
efforts met with success.
In Moscow, in 1866, there was formed, in the " Society of
the Friends of Nature," under the direction of Mr. Demetrius
Sontzoff, a special section of anthropology; but this section
acts as a distinct society, and publishes its works separately.
Large sums of money having been placed at its disposal,
thanks to the munificence of several gentlemen, and especially
to Mr. Daschkow, the Director of the Moscow Museum, the
section of anthropology was able to organize in Moscow, in
1867, a grand exposition, to found an extensive museum, and
to institute several prizes, among others a prize of 17,000
francs for the best anthropological essay on any one of the
numerous populations of the Russian empire. These essays
are to conform, in their substance, to the General Instructions
published by you, and which have been translated into the
Russian language. The section of anthropology has already
made important contributions to ancient and modern craniology, and to the ethnology of Russia, and its future is well
assured.
At Madrid, a Society of Anthropology was founded in




THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.            39
1865, at the instance of Professor Velasco, with the active assistance of M. Delgado Jugo. But unfortunately these gentlemen had not taken into account the ulcer which was wasting
their country.  Nevertheless, all at first seemed prosperous.
Nearly two hundred members joined, all preparatory work was
done and all legal formalities complied with. The queen had
graciously given her authorization. The Minister of Progress
-such was his title-had been pleased to honor with his presence (the 5th June, 1865) the ceremony of inauguration. It
was only when the society wished to set to work that its difficulties began.  The first question submitted for discussion
was that of the aboriginal races of the peninsula-an inquiry
offensive, imprudent, and savoring of heresy-for the very
name of aborigines was pregnant with controversy, and Sister
Patrocinio was no more inclined to allow the discussion of monogamy than Father Claret to tolerate the smallest doubt on the
biblical date of the creation of the world. A certain newspaper
-of which the prototype might without difficulty be found in
France-vehemently demanded what an Anthropological Society in a Catholic country meant? A deputy of the Cortes
questioned the minister of progress as to his culpable connivance at free-thinking. These menaces convinced our brethren
in Madrid that though their thoughts might possibly be free,
the only liberty they had was that of silence, and that as to
freedom, only such as that Figaro speaks of was left to them.
A few of their members continued to meet from time to time
at the museum of Professor Velasco; but there were no more
public meetings, and all printing was suppressed. The revolution of September, however, restored them to their rights,
and last 21st February they held their second inauguration,
and recommenced their labors. We are waiting with impatience their first publications.  The numerous excavations
which for some years past have been carried on in Spain and
Portugal, both in tombs of the stone age and of the quaternary
formations, will supply ample matter for their discussions, and
the. solution of the question as to the aboriginal races of the
Iberian peninsula is doubtless near at hand.
The rapidity with which anthropological societies and associations have spread throughout Europe is a certain indica



40.THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
rtion of the importance of our studies.  But there are still
many savants who have not been able to organize concerted
action at home, and these would find themselves in a state of
isolation were it not that the establishment of an International
Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology opened to them a sphere of usefulness.  This fertile conception is
due to our colleague, M. Gabriel Mortillet. At the meeting of
the Society of Natural Sciences held at Spezzia, in September,
1865, under the presidency of Professor Capellini, 1M. de lMiortillet proposed to the antehistoric section the foundation of an
" International Paleontological Congress."  The proposal was
adopted; and it was decided that the first meeting of such
Congress should be held in September, 1866, at Neufchatel,
under the presidency of Professor Desor. The Congress at
Neufchatel, in its turn, fixed the second session at Paris in 1867,
appointed MI. Lartet as president, and intrusted the task of
organizing and regulating future congresses to a Paris commission.  This commission, in which a large number of the
members of our society took part, thought it advisable to
change the title of the association to that of " International
Congress of Anthropology -and Prehistoric Archeology.'  You
have not forgotten, gentlemen, the important session of August,
1867, coinciding fortunately with the Exposition Universelle,
and at which a great part of the countries of Europe and
America were represented. The third session was held at Norwicl, Sir John Lubbock, President; the fourth will be held
this year at Copenhagen, when Mr. Worsae will preside; and
the prosperity of this useful institution is not henceforward a
matter of doubt.
The principal means of diffusing anthropological knowledge
have doubtless been the learned societies, the journals, and the
congresses which have sprung into existence the past ten years;
and to-day, such is the importance of this branch of study,
that it is universally cultivated. Numerous documents, by which
we benefit largely, are collected day by day, by the Geographical Societies of Paris, of Berlin, and of Geneva; by the Paris
Society of Archaeology and History; by several learned societies in the departments and in Algeria; and lastly and chiefly
by a society to which we are closely allied in more than one




THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.              41
particular, the Ethnographical Society. This society, founded
ten years ago by the exertions of its active perpetual secretary,
MI. Leon de Rosny, was first called the " Oriental and American Ethnographical;" but it gradually widened its sphere, and
for the past two years has assumed the more comprehensive
title of "Society of Ethnography."  Ethnography, as understood by this society, differs in many respects from that branch
of our studies which we call ethnology.  Ethnology is the
science of races, determined by their physical types; ethnography is the science of nations; and what distinguishes a nation is not so much the physical type-which may vary considerably-as the collective intellectual and moral tendencies, together with a community of language, of faith, and of manners. Thus ethnography and- ethnology each divide humanity into groups widely different; yet, as it often happens that
the characteristics of a nation and those of the" race may coincide in a remarkable manner, the two sciences thus derive from
each other a valuable support. It is therefore desirable, gentlemen, to cement the bonds of good fellowship between our society and the Society of Ethnography. In fact, there is nothing can
serve as an excuse for those jealousies which on the other side
of the Channel divided the ethnologists and the anthropologists. While the stand-point of our studies is chiefly that of
the natural history of man, that of the Ethnographical Society is chiefly his psychology and history. Hence we may
sometimes arrive at opposite conclusions, but in this there is
nothing to disunite us.
I have tried, gentlemen, to present to you a sketch of the
active movement anthropological science has undergone during
the past ten years. It counts now its devotees by hosts, instead
of being confined, as formerly, to- a few isolated pioneers. What
discoveries, too, has it not witnessed! Without exaggeration, it
may be said, it has made greater progress in this period, than
during the whole term of its existence. The antiquity of man
demonstrated, reaching back to paleontological epochs; the existence of quaternary man rendered absolutely certain; that
of tertiary man made extremely probable; the succession of
the epochs of the stone age scientifically determined, furnishing a regular chronology for fossil history; cave remains




42          THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
of men discovered, described, and measured, unfolding to our
eyes so many astonishing industries and arts; the multiplicity
of autochthonous races proved by osteology; the ethnogeny of
Europe unraveled; ethnology enriched; general anthropology
established; craniology perfected, and made precise by the
use of geometry, the method of averages supplementing that
of individual observations; the comparative anatomy of the
order of primates developed, and nearly completed; such are
the general results by which this decennial period has been
distinguished.
You do not expect from me, gentlemen, an analysis of so
many discoveries. M. Dally and I are striving earnestly to
lay before you, in our biennial review, the detailed account
giving to each its proper place. What I have wished to describe here is not so much the result of individual as of combined work. I have endeavored to show you the part our society has performed, and the influence it has exerted on the
spread of anthropological studies. And now let us prepare to
resume our labors and our free discussions; let us so persevere
in our investigations that the new decade which begins to-day
be not less fruitful than its predecessor; and let us hasten the
arrival of the day when the poet will not be able to say of
man,
"He knows the universe, but not himself."




VON MARTITTS
ON SOME
POINTS OF  SOUTH-AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY.
" IN Brazil," says Professor Von Martius, "we see a thin
and unequally disseminated population of aborigines, who,
though corresponding in physical conformation, character, customs, and manner of living, exhibit nevertheless a really wonderful diversity in regard to languages. A language is often
confined to a few individuals connected by relationship, forming thus, as it were, a family institute, which isolates those
who use it from all neighboring or distant tribes so completely
that an understanding becomes impossible. On the boat on
which Dr. Spix and myself navigated the inland streams of
Brazil, we often found, out of twenty Indian paddlers, only
three or four who were able to converse with each other; we
had before our eyes the sad spectacle of a total isolation of
every individual in relation to all interests beyond the mere
satisfaction of the first wants of life. In melancholy silence
these Indians seized their paddles, and performed in company
their work, or made preparations for their frugal meal. Without speaking, they sat beside each other in sullen apathy,
though the incidents of travels extending over hundreds of
miles might have drawn them  into a close companionship.
This difference in language-notwithstanding a perfect similarity in other respects-what a remarkable, almost mysterious
phenomenon!" *
Yet Professor Von Martins has not failed to indicate the
* Beitrage zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika's zumal Brasilien's. Leipzig, 1867. Vol. I. p. 46.




44   VON MARTIUS ON SOUTHI-AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
causes which gave rise to the plurality of languages and dialects among the native inhabitants of Brazil. He, like others,
very naturally ascribes this fact to the great number of small
tribes and bands which make up the aboriginal population of
that vast country. His personal experience, however, enables
him to be more explicit in his explanation than other ethnologists who have made similar statements. Dr. Oscar Peschel,
the editor of the Ausland, refers in an article published by
him  in that periodical * to a conversation with Martins,
during which he questioned him concerning the origin of the
numerous Brazilian tongues.  The information he received
from the learned traveler was precise and lucid, and doubtless
will be of interest to linguists in general. " The Brazilians,"
he said, "frequently live in small detachments, being kept
apart by the chase; sometimes only a few families wander together; often it is one family alone. Within the family the
language suffers a constant remodeling. One of the children
will fail to catch precisely the radical sound of a word; and
the weak parents, instead of accustoming it to pronounce the
word correctly, will yield, perhaps, themselves, and adopt the
language of the child. We often were accompanied by persons of the same band; yet we noticed in each of them slight
differences in accentuation and change of sound. His comrades, however, understood him, and he was understood by
them. As a consequence, their languages never can become
stationary, but will constantly branch off into new dialects."
Thus it would seem  that among savages children are to
a great extent the originators of idiomatic diversities. Dr.
Peschel places particular stress on this circumstance, and
alludes to the habit of over-indulgent parents among refined
nations, of conforming to the humors of their children by conversing with them in a kind of infantile language, until they
are' several years old. Afterward, of course, the rules of civilized life compel these children to adopt the proper language;
but no such necessity exists among a hunter family in the primeval forests of South-America; here the deviating form of
speech remains, and the foundation of a new dialect is laid.
* No. 38, Sept. 18th, 1869.




VON MARTIUS ON SOUTH-AMIERICAN ETHNOLOGY.   45
Anthropology as a science is the offspring of the last
decades. In the early part of the present century, when
Martius visited South-Amnerica, the labors of Boucher de Perthes and a host of other investigators had not yet begun. The
coexistence of man in Europe with the large pachydermatous
and carnivorous mammals of the diluvium was not known;
nor had the caves of the reindeer period in France and other
countries, the Swiss lake-dwellings, and the " kjokkenm6ddings " in the north of Europe, been examined by able and eminently successful observers; in short, the great result of modern researches, that man has elevated himself slowly and gradually, during long ages, from an exceedingly low state to his
present superior position, was not a generally accepted fact
among men of science. It is, therefore, both natural and pardonable, that Von Martius should have adhered to views concerning the primitive state of man which were then held by
many, but have now become obsolete. Ile believed in a former purer and happier " natural" condition of mankind in
general, and applied his doctrine in particular to the aborigines
of Brazil, whom he considered as a degenerated race, which
has sunk from a higher degree of culture to its present barbarism. He fails, however, in sustaining his opinion by convincing arguments, as will be sufficiently shown by the following extract: One night he slept in an Indian hut inhabited by
several families. When all were asleep, and he was yet awake
in his hammock, abandoning himself to his reflections, his at-.
tention was suddenly attracted by a curious incident. "In a
dark corner," he says,."arose an old woman, naked, covered
with dust and ashes, the very picture of hunger and wretchedness. She was a slave of our hosts, taken from another tribe.
Cautiously and silently she crept to the fire-place and blew up
the fire; she brought out some herbs and human hair, murmured something, grinned toward the children of her. masters,
and gesticulated in a strange manner. She scratched her head,
threw herbs and hair rolled into balls into the fire, etc. For a
long while I was doubtful what all this signified, till at ast,
springing from my hammock and approaching her, I discovered by her terror and by the imploring signs she made me
not to betray her, that she was practising witchcraft to destroy




46   VON MARTIUS ON SOUTH-AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
the children of her enemies and oppressors. The woman appeared to me like a venomous adder that silently draws near in
the dark to sting its enemy in the heel. This was not the first
instance of sorcery I had met with among the Indians." He
then goes on to speak of the "delusions and obscuring influences which must have worked in the mind of these people,
before they came to fear and to conjure up dark unknown
powers for hurting others;" and concludes that such a complicated superstition could only be the " remnant of an originally
pure worship of nature."
Von Martius could not have brought forward a weaker argument. The sole fact that an old woman practises witchcraft in a Brazilian hut is no indication of a degeneracy of
the aborigines of Brazil, as sorcery is common among savages,
and particularly among many who doubtless never occupied in
earlier times a higher position in the scale of human development. No one, to the writer's knowledge, has thus far looked
upon the natives of Australia as a sunken race; yet they
live in constant dread of witchcraft, and never ascribe the
death of a person to a natuial cause, but to sorcery.t
Whatever Martius says about the Indians of Brazil —and
he describes them with careful minuteness-tends to establish their character as savages in the full sense of the term.
They were savages at the time of his visit, and doubtless still
greater savages centuries ago. The conclusion drawn by Von
Martius seems to be singularly erroneous, and just the reverse
of what most, if not all, anthropologists of the present time
might have deduced from the narrated incident; for man in a
primitive state —whatever that may have been-doubtless
inclined more to superstition than to a "pure worship of
nature."
The time for mixing up sentimentality with science has
gone by: we want facts-real, tangible' facts. Any theory
not built upon such foundations will-hardly find favor in our
days of keen scrutiny and logical deduction.
CHARLES RAU.
* Beitrige, etc., vol. i. p. 4.
t Sir John Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 353.




ANTIQUITIES
FROM THE
GUANO OR HUANU ISLANDS OF PERU.
-.. —---
THE "Guano," or rather (following the Quickua designation) " SHuanu" Islands of Peru consist of three groups, " The
Chinchas," in latitude 130 40' south, longitude 76~ 28' west;
" The Guanapes," latitude 8~ 30' south, longitude 78~ 58' west;
and " The Lobos," in latitude 60 25' 7" south, and longitude
80~ 50', 80~ 45' west, respectively. The fertilizing material
from the Chinchas has, I believe, been wholly removed, and
work has been commenced on the Guaflapes, where the huanu
is best. The Lobos, where the htuanu is poorest, are yet untouched.
All these islands are bare, barren rocks, covered with
huanu, and occupied only by seals and sea-birds. But they
were frequented, in ancient times, by the inhabitants of the
adjacent coasts, (from which they all are visible,) as they are
now by ships from all parts of the world, to obtain the huanu2
with which they are covered in deposits varying from 50 to
200 feet in thickness.
Of the visits of the ancients, the removal of the huanu has
given us abundant evidence. Many aboriginal relics, of gold,
silver, bronze, earthenware, and wood, have been discovered in
the course of excavating; also, ruins of rude buildings and
remains of the dead.
The circumstances and conditions attending these discoveries
-made almost as a matter of course by coolies and other
laborers-have not always been accurately represented, and
must generally be accepted with certain allowances. The




48         ANTIQUITIES FROM THE GUANO ISLANDS.
habit or faculty of accurate observation is rare, and genuine
students are slow to accept accounts which they have not the
means of verifying, even when convinced of the good faith of
their uncritical informants.
The latest story we possess is contained in a recent number
of the London Athencemn, as follows:
"A statement comes to us from Peru, from an English engineer, that
remarkable discoveries have been made in the lower excavations in the
guano of the Guainape Islands. The guano appears to have preservative
properties. Besides gold ornaments and other objects, a quantity of cloth
was found, said to have paintings of animals and symbols, of which the
colors were well preserved. Most of these rolls of cloth were chopped
up. We doubt about the paintings and the symbols, because we suspect
the stuff was tapa, or stamped cloth, as in Polynesia, with which traces of
intercourse have been found in Guafiape.  What is most remarkable is
a stratum of woolen rags, five feet thick, and reaching over a mile in
extent."
At a meeting of the late Ethnological Society of London, held
in November, 1870, a carved wooden implement was exhibited
and described by Mr. JosIAH HARRIS as having been found
" beneath 27 feet of guano, in the Island of South-Guanlape."
Additional to this, a recent number of Nature contains the
following paragraph:
"Besides the objects brought from the Guano Islands of Guafiape, on
the coast of Peru, by Mr. Josiah Harris, and exhibited at the Ethnological
Society last year, we have now the report of a large find. The most
interesting objects are rude representations of the human figure, cut in very
hard wood.  On the north island, beneath forty feet of guano, a cavity
was come upon, which, on the removal of the guano, was found to be
a cave, leading downward further forty feet. This was a kind of Pompeii,
but blocked with bird-dung instead of volcanic ashes.  It had been
evidently frequented by man, and contained many hand-wrought works,
and also well-preserved sea-fowl and other birds, lizards' eggs, but all
petrified, as it were, in the guano.  In many cases, the color of the
eggs is preserved. The cracks and fissures in the walls of the cave were
found filled with solidified ammoniacal salt. Two pieces of earthenware
vases were found, bearing figures, also two gold earrings, and a bundle
of medicinal herbs tied up in woven cloth.  Local antiquaries consider
the objects as far older than the time of the Spanish conquest.  The
point of interest is the accumulation of guano above the surface."
In the year 1859, there was brought to New-York a collection




ANTIQUITIES PROM  THE HUANU ISLANDS.                 49
of gold objects, purporting to have been found in the huanu of
the Chincha Islands. They were disposed of to a dealer in
bullion, while in whose hands they were examined by the late
Mr. THOMAS EWBANK, who described them as follows:
"No. 1 is the representation of a man cut out of a thin
and flat piece of metal. A ruder attempt at the human
figure is scarcely conceivable. The nose and eyes have
been rhised or embossed by rough punches, and are so
exaggerated as to give the face the appearance of that ot
an owl. What is meant for the head-dress is indicated by
a slit at each side of the head. The arms are distinguished
from the body in the same way, the whole forcibly reminding one of the anomalous paper figures cut out by     I   l
children. There are small holes, as if to attach it to
some fixed object by pins, or possibly for suspending it by
twine.
"The edges are excessively ragged, having been cut, no
doubt, by stone chisels. They afford another corroboration of the alleged absence of any thing like shears in
ancient Peru, and of the admiration of the natives when
the Spaniards introduced scissors among them.
"With this was found a cup, raised out of thin metal by  Fig. 1. Object in
the hammer, the marks of which are as observable on the gold, from  the
convex surface of another and similar article as if just Chincha Islands.
made.  The edge has been leveled and smoothed off by abrasion.  The
weight is slightly less than that of twelve gold dollars.
"But the most interesting fact in relation to these trifles is that of their
having been disinterred on a guano island, with thirty feet or more of that
material resting upon them. How many ages did it require to produce this
depth of covering? What the annual or centennial rate of increase is now,
we know not; but if it were known, it would scarcely be applicable to
remote times, when the birds were seldom disturbed by human visitors.
The Peruvians, under the Incas, used guano as a fertilizer; and from the
place of their discovery, those relics doubtless date back to an early period
of Peruvian annals. From the excessive rudeness of form and finish of the
principal one, it may well be supposed to have preceded the advent of the
first Inca.
"Mr. Farris, the owner of the collection of antiquities purchased by Mr.
Folsom for the Ethnological Society, informs me that he has been on the
Chincha Islands, and has seen golden relics found on them, especially on
Chincha Alta, the largest and highest one. They are always found, he
said, on the rock-that is, beneath the lowest stratum of guano. Hence
they were either placed there before that material began to accumulate, or
4




50        ANTIQUITIES FROM THE HUANU ISLANDS.
on spots that had been cleared off, and left until buried under the present
deposit."
Subsequently, Mr. EWBANK  recurred  to  the subject of
articles found in the huanu, in a communication to the late
American Ethnological Society:
" A specimen of Indian art from one of those islands, it will be remembered, was laid before the society several months ago-a small and
rude human figure, in sheet gold.. Its chief interest arose from its having
been discovered under a vast superincumbent deposit, indicative of a
remote and indefinite antiquity. In opposition to this, the idea was
suggested, that it might have been concealed in a cavity dug in the morro
or bluff, and might therefore be of comparatively modern date. Remains
of Indian art have been dug up ever since the shipment of the deposits
began; and in no case do we hear of their discovery on the coast. On
the contrary, they appear wherever excavations have been made; and,
judging from the frequent references made to them, considerable quantities must have been collected. A correspondent of the Herald, in a letter
dated at the islands in November last, mentions, among other matters,'Curiosities and Relies found in the Guano.' Speaking of the NorthChincha, he says,' It is estimated that on this island there is sufficient
guano to supply a demand like the present for fifteen years to come.
The guano in some parts is from one hundred to two hundred feet in
depth. That the island was inhabited before the upper deposits of guano
took place is shown by the fact that at certain depths curiosities are
found, such as rings, armlets like those worn by Indian princesses,
human images in gold and ivory, clay pots, and wooden pikes, supposed
to have been used by the Indians in digging the guano, the fertilizing
properties of which they were undoubtedly acquainted with. The whole
island is undermined with caves and grots, some of them  100 feet in
diameter, which are frequented by seals and sea-lions.' It is this indiscriminate dispersion of the relics over the islands that gives them all
their value, as elements of historical data."
In the year 1867, I received from Mr. HENRY SWAYNE, an
intelligent gentleman of Lima, a series of representations of
fishes of various kinds, cut out from thin plates of silver. The
eyes, fins, and other features are " struck up" (that is, showing
in relief on one side, and in depression on the other) by a die or
other instrument. They are characteristic, being very accurate
representations of fishes actually found in Peruvian waters.
The circumstances attending their discovery were thus briefly
communicated by Mr. SWAYNE:




t'D    IMBIIVK^                                                                                   flu     11~
Silver Fishes found in the Huanu of Peru, South-America.




52        ANTIQUITIES FROM THE HUANU ISLANDS.
"I avail myself of the first opportunity to send you a number of small
silver fishes, which were taken out, by the captain of a coasting vessel, a
friend of mine, from the guano of the Chincha Islands, thirty-two feet below
the surface. I think they will go far to establish the high antiquity of the
aborigines of this country. This friend of mine, Captain Juan Pardo, an
Italian, saw taken out of the guano, at the same time that these fishes were
found, the body of a female, lacking the head, which, however, was discovered at some distance from the skeleton. The chest, breasts, and ribs were
covered with thin sheets of gold, and the whole would have been a most
valuable relic had it been preserved as found. But the workmen divided
the gold, part of which was sold to captains of ships loading guano, and
the body thrown into the sea."
In the collection of the Institute is an ancient poncho of cotton cloth taken from a tomb, among the ruins of Grand Chimu, on the mainland, near Truxillo, several hundred miles north
of the Chinchas, which is freely ornamented with silver fishes,
differing in no essential respect from those sent to me by Mr.
SWAYNE.  They are sewn on the cloth, through small holes
punched in them-a feature found in the articles from  the
huanu, and justifying the inference that these also formed
the ornamentation of some article of wear buried with the dead,
but which had decayed.
Mar. EwBANK, in reporting to the Ethnological Society on
the ornamented poncho alluded to above, stated that the cloth
was of spun and woven cotton, "with two threads in the woof
and three in the weft," and that on the head of the body with
which the poncho was found was a thin silver plate, in the form
of the fish known as the skate, in which were "struck-up " representations of fishes, similar to those attached to the poncho
itself. Fig. 10 is an engraved copy. The original is nine and
a half inches in greatest length, and five and a fourth inches
in greatest breadth.*
Perhaps the best and only exact account of the discovery of
relics in the huanu is afforded by Mr. J. P. DAVIS, of Massachusetts, who, in 1863-4, was government engineer of Peru, and
* Ornaments of this kind, sometimes in the form of plumes, often of gold,
and very elaborate in design, were worn by distinguished persons, in the interior as well as on the coast of Peru, as a mark of distinction. The handle
or stem, if it may be so called, was inserted between the forehead and the fillet encircling it-in fact, a silver or gold aigrette.




ANTIQUITIES FROM THE HUANU ISLANDS.                 53
in that capacity surveyed the huanu islands and reported
on the extent of the deposits on them.  To determine the
latter, it was necessary to make borings and excavations.
During the course of the latter he found the ruins of some
kind of an edifice, various articles of pottery, and a wooden
idol. The latter is a little over a foot high, representing a squatting female, with the legs crossed and hands clasped before
the breast. The ears are represented as bored, and their lobes
widely distended. It is so completely saturated with the salts
of the huanu that it has very nearly the specific gravity of
marble.  Here is the account of Mr. DAvIs:
" The wooden idol was found on the South-Guafape Island, at an elevation of about 450 feet above the sea, and on the edge of a precipice of that
height. It was among the ruins of what appeared to have been a stone hut,
covered to a slight depth by huanu. These were accidentally uncovered in
excavating to determine the thickness of the huanu at that point. With
it were found several earthen utensils and idols. There were three of the
latter in very good preservation, showing a good deal of artistic skill, each
about four inches high. There were two water-jars or flasks, one in the
form of a fish, the material of which was very much decayed, coming off
in flakes, and having all the indications of great antiquity.  The idol is
somewhat decayed, and has the appearance of having been carved about
the time of the flood. It has a benignant countenance, an ample belly, and
an atrocious smell."
I have here brought together about all the accessible information we have concerning the objects of art, etc., found in the
huanu islands thus far explored.  These objects differ only
as individual specimens from similar articles found on the
mainland, whence, in the absence of the means of supporting life on the islands, where there is neither wood nor
water, nor vegetation of any kind, they must necessarily have
come.  The islands on which they have thus far been found
are within plain sight of the mainland, the Chinchas being only
twelve miles, and the Guafapes but seven miles from  the
shore, and easily accessible therefrom  by the rude balsas or
rafts of the ancient inhabitants of the coast- the Yuncas and
Chinchas-the former having their territories opposite the
Guanapes, the latter opposite the islands to which they have
given their name. Both were more or less affiliated, possessing




54           ANTIQUITIES FROM THE HUANU ISLANDS.
Fig. 10.                                           Fig. 11.
Silver Ornament from Truxillo.                    Wooden Idol from the Iuanu
Islands.-Front.
Fig. 12.                                            Fig. 13.
Wooden Idol from the Huanu                          Wooden Idol from the fuanu
Islands. -Side View.                                 Islands.-Rear View.




ANTIQUITIES FROM THE HUANU ISLANDS.          55
substantially the same arts and architecture, and having common modes of life, but neither were Incas nor of Inca
(Quichua) stock, although, not long before the Discovery, they
had been reduced under Inca rule. We know both of these
peoples resorted to the islands to obtain huanu for fertilizing
their lands; perhaps, also, to procure the eggs of the myriads
of birds that frequent them. To these ends they may have
kept up on them some kind of establishments, as Mr. DAVIs's
discoveries imply, taking with them their huacas and canopas,
the idols of their superstition, and the Lares and Penates of
their households. They may, under exceptional circumstances,
have buried their dead there, or made offerings of gold and
silver to the mysterious beings with which they peopled hill
and valley, rock and promontory, and to some of which they
were sure to assign the protection of the islands whence they
drew the material to fructify their fields.
The existence of relics on the islands, I repeat, is no matter
of surprise. The interesting questions are: Can we credit the
accounts of the depths at which they were found or it is pretended they were found, and if so, are we necessarily to infer that the huanu above them is the result of accumulation
after their deposition?
As regards the first query, clearly we have no competent
evidence of the facts connected with the various finds, except
that of Mr. DAVIS, and the articles he found " were covered,
to a slight depth, by the huanu,' the result of accumulations
or the drift of the surface material. As to the evidence of the
Mr. FARRIS quoted by Mr. EWBANK, it is that of a known impostor, and undeserving the slightest credit. It is needless to
throw doubt on the alleged' statement of an English engir
neer;" the statement itself making the task supererogatory.
And as to the other accounts, they are far too vague to be accepted, in this epoch of positive science, as the basis of rational
speculation regarding the antiquity of man or his works on
the shores of Peru. Articles may be found at considerable
depths in the huanu, where they have been buried. They may
have been simply deposited at the surface and fallen down, to
an apparent great depth, with the disintegration or " caving" 
down of the wall of the material in course of removal, and




56        ANTIQUITIES FROM THE HUANU ISLANDS.
thus appear to have been deposited there. We must, however,
exhaust the easiest modes of resolving a question before resorting to those that are complex.
And here I may observe that, in all that has been written
on the articles found in the huanu, it has been assumed that
the vast beds of that material on  the Peruvian  Islands
are the deposits, the excreta, and decayed bodies of waterfowls, seals, etc., which have accumulated in the course of
ages. But these deposits are regularly stratified, and although
science may not have yet satisfactorily accounted for their
origin, it no longer accepts the old and popular notion on that
point as satisfactory.  It is hardly admissible.
E. GEORGE SQUIER.
NOTE.-At a meeting of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
Ireland, June 19th, 1871, according to a report in the London Athenceum, " Mr.
J. Harris exhibited, from Macabi Island, off the coast of Peru, wood carvings,
pottery, and cotton rags. The rags extended many hundred yards, at an
average thickness of five feet, and below a deposit of several feet of guano.
The wood and pottery were discovered at a depth in the guano, of from fifteen to forty-five feet."
The " rags" here described as of cotton, are evidently the same referred to
(ante p. 48) as woolen.




SCULPTURED ROCKS, BELMONT CO., OHIO.
IN the county of Belmont, in the State of Ohio, near the
town of Barnesville, are some interesting sculptured rocks,
well deserving the critical attention of the archaeological
student. I visited the locality soon after the discovery of the
sculptures, and made the drawings which illustrate this paper,
on the spot. When my attention was first called to these
stones, it was under the representation, which, I may add, was
at the time accredited by very respectable authority, that they
were sandstone slabs containing fossil footprints of quadrupeds,
birds, and man. Curious to know if this could really be so, I
visited the spot, and soon convinced myself that the footprints
in question were in fact, as indeed there had been good reason
to anticipate, artificial; the skillful handiwork of some anteColumbian artist. There are two tablets, which lie exposed
upon the top of a hill, shaded by lofty trees. They are the
outcropping, or upheaved slabs, of the coarse carboniferous
grit of the Muskingum coal-beds. They lie, slightly tilted, a
foot or two above the general plane of the soil, presenting a
flat, tolerably smooth surface; and measure, respectively,
about 10 by 12 and 11 by 14 feet, though the general outline
of each is irregular. Upon the upper, moss-covered surface
of these slabs, these interesting intaglios are to be seen, c'overing several square feet with impressions of the foot-tracks of
several species of animals, and among them those of man,
both juvenile and adult.
As will be seen by reference to the illustrations, it is easy to
recognize the feet of the buffalo, the deer, the wolf, or possibly
the dog, the bear, land birds, (certainly the turkey,) water
birds, and, prominently, of man. These impressions are evidently chiseled or scraped out, with great natural fidelity and
surprising artistic skill; presenting in each case the exact




58               SCULPTURED ROCKS-OHIO.
appearance of the natural tread, in plastic clay, of the different animals represented.
They are well calculated to deceive even the most practiced
observer, and one may be readily excused for believing, as
many did, that they were really natural tracks.  I confess to
a difficulty in persuading myself that the birdtracks, especially, were not genuine; the details as to the general plant of the
beauty, had thence taken the fancy to execute upon the same
stones similar impressions of the prints of their own feet and
those of the animals with which they were most familiar.
This view was not without plausibility. A more attentive
inspection, however, soon convinced me that the tracks were
all alike the product of human art.  The evidence of this is,
^             ^   r            \
indeed, decisive; and gives lptred Rocks, Belmont Co., Ohio.
many did, that they were really natural tracks. I confess to
a difficulty in persuading myself that the bird-tracks, especially, wehistorical value. They ar the edai  o the ral plant of the
feet,long vanhe sprd peof the toes, the joints, the phalangial cushions,
the whole impression of each track, were so perfect, that I
almost accepted the suggestion that they were all real; and
that. the Indian artists, attracted by their frequency and
beauty, had thence taken the fancy to execute upon the same
stones similar impressions of the prints of their own feet and
those of the animals with which they were most familiar.
This view  was not without plausibility. A  more attentive
inspection, however, soon convinced me that the tracks were
all alike the product of human art. The evidence of this is,
indeed, decisive; and gives to these, sculptures an important
historical value. They are the record " laid in the rock " of a
long vanished people, possessed of considerable aesthetic culti



SCULPTURED ROCKS-OHIO.                 59
vation-the enduring testimony of an age of art by no means
contemptible. They are the skillful work of students and
thinkers; of men familiar with natural forms, and capable,
not only of distinguishing their characteristic differences, but
of artistically describing them, executing their illustrations in
a most intractable material, and with very inadequate tools.
Who could do these things, could do much else of a like nature, as well or better. In any civilized community of our
own day, however advanced in general art and science, how
few, let us think for a moment, could execute these sculptures,
even with the aid of the improved tools and appliances of the
modern stone-cutter. Not I, not any one, I venture to say, of
the company present; not many professed and experienced
stone-cutters.
^' —^            ~-: —--'                  4 --    -~
Fig. 15.-Sculptured Rocks, Belmont Co., Ohio.
Let it be noted that these figures are intaglios, cut into
the rock to considerable depth, rounded and shaped with a
sure eye and a correct hand. This will be readily seen by an
inspection of the figures in the annexed plate, which are
drawn with the aid of photographs, taken from plaster casts
of the original sculptures.
Engraved figures of the foot-tracks of animals are quite com



60                 SCULPTURED  ROCKS-OHIO.
Fig. 16.-Foot-print of Boy.          Fi g. 17.-Foot-print of Man.
Fig. 19.-Wolf.
Fig. 18.-Bear.
Fig. 20.-Water-Fowl. Fig. 21.-Turkey.             Fig. 22.-Buffalo.
REDUCTIONS OF THE LARGER TRACKS ON THE BELMONT
COUNTY  ROCKS-FROM  PHOTOGRAPHS.




SCULPTURED ROCKS-OHIO.                 61
mon throughout the United States; rarely, however, in association with those of man, and generally they are mere
scratches in outline. Such rocks are especially frequent in
the States of Ohio and Virginia. A brief notice of the most
notable will not be uninteresting. In a letter to Silliman's
Journal in 1822, Mr. Schoolcraft called attention to the then
new discovery of "two curious prints of the human foot in
limestone rock" on the western shore of the Mississippi, near
St. Louis. These prints he describes as strikingly natural, exhibiting every muscular impression with a precision and faithfulness to nature which, he said, he was not able to copy with
exactness in the drawing accompanying his account. This
discovery excited much attention, and casts of the impressions (the originals having been cut from their native bed and
removed to New-Harmony, Indiana) were sent to the leading
scientists of this country and of Europe, by many of whom
they were regarded as genuine fossil human tracks.  Mr.
Schoolcraft himself was of this opinion, and so also was Mr.
Mantell, the distinguished English geologist, who writes of
them as follows: "No doubt exists in my mind that they are
the actual prints of human feet in soft sand, converted into
solid rock by the infiltration of calcareous matter."  Mantell
and others who held this opinion were deceived by the naturalness and beauty of the work.  "I can not conceive," says
Senator Benton, " that there is an artist in America possessed
of the skill necessary to produce such perfect and masterly. pieces of sculpture." Dr. Mantell's expressions of admiration
are not less extravagant, and, we are now justified in saying,
hasty. " They evince," he declares, " a skill and fidelity of
execution which even Chantrey could not have surpassed."
Meanwhile, there were equally competent observers who
did not share this opinion. But the question remained undecided till 1842, when Professor David D. Owen, the slab containing the figures having come into his possession, published
his conviction that the prints were not natural, but manifest
intaglios, of artificial origin. At that time. there were no similar sculptures known in the United States. "To find myself," writes Mr. Owen to Professor Silliman-" the possessor
of a'fossil' unique in the cabinets of Europe or America, or




62              SCULPTURED ROCKS-OHIO.
of a specimen of aboriginal sculpture shaming the best efforts
of Chantrey's chisel, was a prospect calculated to quicken my
perceptions of its merit and beauty. Nevertheless "-and so,
at length, after twenty years' discussion, we get at the plain
truth of the matter-" I regret," he adds, "to be compelled to
the confession that I see no incredible display of anatomical
knowledge or artistic skill; nothing more than we may fairly
attribute to an observant and intelligent Indian, familiar with
tracks of every description." Mr. Owen admits, however, the
easy naturalness of the representations, but considers them
unique of their kind. " Every writer," he says, " who treats
of impressions of human tracks in solid rock, alludes to the
specimen in my possession. It appears much less improbable,"
he concludes, " that some aboriginal artist should have exhibited unlooked-for skill in intaglioing a rock, than that man
should have been coeval with the material in which they are
cut."  It is stated in the fifth volume of Silliman's Journal,
page 225, that two supposed tracks of human feet had been
discovered in a limestone quarry in Jefferson County, Missouri. A block containing the impressions had been cut out
and placed in the outer wall of a stone chimney of a dwellinghouse in that county; an arrangement which completely preserved and satisfactorily exhibited the prints to the observation
of the curious. Drawings of these prints, which were those of
moccasined, and not naked feet, were made, it is said, in 1821;
but I can find no record or description of them beyond this
brief note in the Journal.
But examples of these intaglioed representations of foottracks are not numerous; most usually the figures are drawn
or scratched, merely in outline. Mr. William A. Adams, of
Zanesville, Ohio, writing, in 1842, to Professor Silliman, describes some figures he had seen upon the surface of a sandstone rock, lying on the bank of the Muskingum River. The
representations, he says, were engraved in the rock; being
those of the tracks of the turkey, chiefly, and also of man: of
the latter there were two figures, both of natural size, and accurately drawn, but only in outline, the lines being formed by
a series of points or dots, as if done with the point of a tool.
Mr. Adams thought it was the laying out or beginning of an




SCULPTURED ROCKS-OHIO.                 63
intaglio, the whole surface within the dotted outlines being
also picked or dotted over; and there would seem to be some
probability in the suggestion.
Rocks having similar engraved outline figures of animals
and parts of animals, and especially feet, are of frequent occurrence throughout the Middle and Western States. Mr.
Squier describes several of these, accompanying his account
with illustrative figures, as in the instance of the sandstone
block discovered on the bank of the Guyandotte River, in Cabell County,Virginia. In the centre of the upright face of this
stone is drawn or scratched the rude figure of a woman, on
either side of which are sculptured the tracks of the deer, the
bear, the wolf, and the turkey, but not of man. The resemblances are stated to be quite perfect, and of the natural size.
A similarly marked rock occurs on the Ohio River above the
town of Steubenville, in Virginia.  The figures are in the
same outline style, and mingled with those of animals is
found also the single print of a human foot.
Dr. Troost, in his report on the geology of Tennessee, states
that in what is known as the Enchanted Mountain in that
State, famed for the curiosities of its caves and rocks, there
are several rock surfaces bearing engraved impressions resembling the tracks of turkeys, bears, horses(?), and human beings; as distinct and natural as if they had been really impressed in snow or sand.
The apparent identity of idea and significance which seems
to characterize these engraved rocks was first pointed out by
Mr. Squier, who, for this cause, regarded the inscriptions and
figures as the work of the same people. " There is," he says,
" a family likeness in their style and workmanship that seems
to be conclusive on this point." He also adduces the further
well-established fact of the use by the Indians of a system of
representation, found all over the country, known as picturewriting, "as more clearly indicating their probable origin."
I must think, however, that at that time, before the discovery
of sculptures of such decidedly superior workmanship as distinguishes the Belmont County slabs, now brought to your
notice, due weight was not allowed to the manifest difference,
on the score of refinement of idea and artistic skill, between




64               SCULPTURED ROCKS-OHIO.
that higher class of work and the mere outline scratches which
characterize the more generally known engraved rocks.
Referring to the figures of the Belmont slabs, it will be
noticed that the human feet represented are characteristically
different, on the two tablets; those of the second drawing being distinguished by strongly developed bunions, with which
those of the first are not provided. On one of the slabs is the
rude outline figure of a human face; three dots represent the
nose and eyes, and the forehead is crowned with an erect tuft
of hair. On each is the very well drawn figure of a serpent in
motion. The symbolic figures,'in one of the drawings, are not
upon the same stone with the tracks, but copied from a smaller
stone adjoining.  Similar, though not identical, graphic inscriptions, exist very generally on the engraved rocks of this
country. Some day, perhaps, we shall understand their signification.  On the Guyandotte rock, besides the familiar bow
and arrow, are seen a right-angled triangle, a circle with another character in the centre, a character resembling the letter
P, and an irregularly sected circle. The symbolic figures of
the Belmont group are curious, and correctly represented in
the drawing.*                             JAMEs  W. WARD.
NOTES.
NOTE 1. —n Forsyth County, Georgia, is a carved or incised
boulder of fine-grained granite, about nine feet long, four feet
six inches high, and three feet broad at its widest point. The
figures are cut in the boulder from one half to three quarters
of an inch deep.
As yet no interpretation of these figures has been offered,
nor is it known by whom or for what purpose they were made;
but it is generally believed they were the work of the Chero* BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES.-Squier and Davis. Ancient Monuments
of the Mississippi Valley. Schoolcraft's North-American Indians. Jefferson's
Notes on Virginia. Silliman's Journal, Vols. 5 and 42. American Encyclopcedia, Vol. 3 of Supplement. Mantell's Wonders of Geology. Drake's NorthAmerican Indians. Troost's Report on the Geology of Tennessee. J. W.
Ward, in Annals of Western Lyceum, Cincinnati.




SCULPTURED ROCKS.                   65
kees. On the eastern end of the boulder, running vertically,
is a line of dots, like drill-holes, eighteen in number, connected
by an incised line.                         C. C. J., JR.
0 (0.  v  1
Fig. 23.-North side of Sculptured Rock, Forsyth Co., Georgia.
Fig. 24.-South side of the above.
NOTE 2.-In almost every part of America, in the most secluded and least populated districts, where there are no other
evidences that man ever existed, we find rude sculptures on
rocks and cliffs. These are generally called " inscriptions;" but
they are only so-when not the work of an idle fancy-in the
sense of commemorating events or incidents in a pictorial way.
They are really rough drawings, intelligible only to those acquainted with the events intended to be commemorated. The
most celebrated of these "inscribed rocks," in America, is
that of Dighton, Massachusetts, which some fanciful antiquaries have regarded as bearing Runic characters, and commemorative of some remote visit of the Scandinavians or
Norsemen. But it is accepted now as of Indian origin, differing in no essential respect from hundreds of others sculptured
by the red men. There are two such rocks in the bed of the
Susquehanna River, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, known
as " Big" and " Little Indian Rock."  The figures inscribed
5




66                 SCULPTURED ROCKS.
on these, as shown in the accompanying engravings, are very
fair examples of this kind of aboriginal workmanship, and
only exceptional as being rather more totenmi than is usual.
Rat
~4'a Ae4!            L-'P~'~ 
The groups, it should be explained, are relatively more widely
distributed laterally on the rock, than in the cuts, in which,
however, they preserve, in other respects, their true relations.




CANOE IN SAVANNAH-RIVER SWAMP.
IN 1845, while digging a canal on one of the rice-plantations on the Savannah River-only a few miles distant from
the city of Savannah-at a depth of three feet and a half
below the surface of the swamp, the workmen came upon
a canoe imbedded in the soil. It answered to the description
of what is familiarly known as a dug-out, and had been fashioned from the trunk of a cypress-tree.
Fig. 27.-Buried Canoe from Savannah-River Swamp.
About eleven feet long and thirty inches wide, its depth
was scarcely more than ten inches. Both bow and stern were
strengthened, each by a wooden brace kept in position by
wooden pins passing through the sides of the canoe and entering the braces at either end. This boat curved upward at
both ends, so that the bow and stern rose above the middle
portion. About three feet from the stern was a seat, nine
inches wide, consisting of a rude cypress plank. For its reception the inner sides of the canoe had been notched three
inches below the gunwales, and it was further kept in position
by four wooden pins-two on each side-driven through the
boat and entering the seat at either end, as in the case of the
bow and stern braces. The bottom was flat; the sides rounding. No effort had been made to form a keel. The bow and
stern were both pointed, and not unlike in their general outlines, the latter being more blunt than the former. At the
top the sides were rather more than half aninch in thickness,
increasing, however, as they descended and curved below the




68          CANOE IN SAVANNAH-RIVER SWAMP.
water-line.  When cleaned and dried, this canoe weighed
sixty pounds, and could be transported with the greatest facility by a single individual. The agency of fire had obviously
been invoked in the construction of this little boat. While
there were no marks of sharp cutting tools, the evidence appeared conclusive that the charred portions of the wood, both
within and without, had been carefully removed by rude incisive implements, probably of stone. The plan of felling the
tree and of hollowing out the log, as perpetuated in one of De
Bry's illustrations, seems to have been observed in this instance; and regarding the regularity with which the outlines
and the relative thicknesses of the sides of this boat had been
preserved, one could not but admire the care and skill with
which that dangerous element, fire, had been made subservient
to the use of the primitive boat-builder. It is entirely probable that the ordinary stone axe or chisel was the only implement at command for the removal of the charred surface, as
the cypress-tree was by degrees converted into the convenient
dug-out.
This canoe had evidently lain for a very long time in its
present position, and seemed to have settled gradually. There
was an accumulation of forty inches of mud and soil above it,
and around lay the rotting trunks, arms and roots of forest
trees, which, during the lapse of years, had died and become
intermingled with the debris of the swamp. Above the spot
were growing cypress-trees as large, and seemingly as old as
any in the surrounding forest.
It is difficult to form a satisfactory estimate of the age of
this relic. That imbedded cypress is, for an almost indefinite
period, well-nigh indestructible by ordinary agencies, is capable of proof. We have but to instance the salt marshes along
the line of the Georgia coast, in not a few of which, at the
depth of several feet below the surface, may still be found the
clearly-defined and well-preserved traces of cypress forests,
consisting of limbs, trunks, knees and roots. In former years,
at least some of these salt marshes must have been fresh-water
swamps; and, without the violent intervention of some marked
convulsion of nature, of which we have no record and for which
no plausible reason can be assigned, centuries must have




CANOE IN SAVANNAH-RIVER SWAMP.            69
elapsed before a gradual settling of the coast could have occurred to such an extent as to have admitted the influx of
tidal waves converting cypress swamps into extensive, uniform
salt marshes, destroying the original growth, and finally covering the fallen forests with mud to the depth of several feet.
We are not aware that a sufficiently accurate record has
been kept of the annual deposit of mud from the overflowing
waters of the Savannah River to enable us to derive from this
source a plausible conjecture as to the age of this canoe. So
many uncertainties enter into calculations of this character,
that in most instances all attempts to arrive at definite results
fall far short of satisfactory conclusions. All we know is, that
this Indian canoe is old-older than the barge which conveyed
Oglethorpe up the Savannah, when he first selected the home
of the Yamacraws as a site for the future commercial metropolis of the colony of Georgia-more ancient, probably, than
the statelier craft which carried the fortunes of the discoverer
of this western continent.
So far as our information extends, this is the first and only
well-authenticated instance of the exhumation of an ancient
canoe in this country. It is in just such a locality that we
might have anticipated with greatest confidence the existence
of such a relic. The general use of bark and skin in the manufacture of their canoes, by northern Indians, precludes all
reasonable hope of finding ancient specimens made of such
perishable materials.  The use of the dug-out, like the presence of a stone ax or a jasper arrow-point, tells a true story of
the art-condition of the people by whom it was made. It is
the simplest form of water-craft, and evidences the first effort
in the way of navigation.  Hence, among barbarous tribes
there is no essential diversity either in the shape of these
primitive boats or in the methods employed for their construction.
The Andaman Islanders have single-tree canoes hollowed
out with a p-shaped axe, and, in their labors, are assisted by
the action of fire. On the north-eastern coast of Australia,
the natives use boats formed fiom a single trunk, hollowed out
by fire. The Clalam Indians excel in the manufacture of dugouts made from the trunks of cedar-trees.




70          CANOE IN SAVANNAH-RIVER SWAMP.
In the days of Columbus, the natives of San Salvador fashioned their canoes from the trunks of single trees, hollowing
them out by fire and polishing them with primitive adzes of
flint or shell. Lieutenant Timberlake, speaking of the canoes
in use among the Cherokees, says, " They are generally made
of a large pine or poplar, from thirty to forty feet long, and
about two broad, with flat bottoms and sides, and both ends
alike: the Indians hollow them  now [1761] with the tools
they get from the Europeans, but formerly did it by fire."
The buried canoes in the valley of the Clyde were generally
formed out of a single oak stem hollowed out by blunt toolsprobably stone axes-aided by the action of fire. A few were
"cut beautifully smooth, evidently with metallic tools."
Hence, says Sir Charles Lyell, a gradatioi could be traced
from a pattern of extreme rudeness to one showing great mechanical ingenuity.
Compared with the boat figured by De Bry or the einbauzn
of Robenhausen, or that taken from the peat-moor of Mercurango, or that found in the nook of Moringen-as represented
in Keller's Lake Dwellings-the Savannah River canoe is
more symmetrical and less trough-shaped than them all, and
assimilates more nearly to the form of the modern canoe.
The addition of the braces in the bow and stern- is unusual,
and the presence of the seat is by no means customary. The
primitive river-craft of any people, no matter how low in the
scale of civilization, is interesting; and, when the former occupants of the soil have passed away, leaving behind them
relics at best but few and frail, we experience a sense of genuine satisfaction as we are thus furnished with the physical
proofs of the precise manner in which the Indians of Georgia
constructed the light barks in which they committed themselves to the waters of the Savannah. This rude canoe, from
the Savannah swamp-perhaps'the very first American canoe
which has been unearthed-will be welcomed, as an interesting relic, by the archaeologist. It confirms our conjectures,
and substantially verifies the earliest and most reliable representations, which have been preserved, of the Indian canoes of
the southern waters.            CHARLES C. JONES, JR.




TREPANNING AMONG THE INCAS.*
M. BROOA presented to the Society an ancient Peruvian cranium  on which trepanning had been performed during life,
by a process entirely different from that practiced in European
surgery.
Fig. as.-Aboriginal Surgery-Trepanned Inca Skull from Peru.
The operation of trepanning is one of the most ancient in
surgery; it is mentioned by Hippocrates, who speaks of it as
* From the Journal of the Anthropological Society of Paris, July 4th, 1867.




72             TREPANNING AMONG THE INCAS.
a usual operation, of which he appears not to have known the
origin. Then, as now, trepanning was performed by means of
a circular saw (scie en couronne) through a rotatory movement.
There is nothing to indicate that the Greeks or their ancestors
ever practiced the operation in any other way.
In the Peruvian cranium the trepanning was not effected by
the removal of a circular section of the skull, but by taking
out a square piece, bounded by four straight incisions.
No documents, known up to this time, have established the
existence of regular surgery among the Indians of America
before the arrival of Europeans.  The specimen I present,
therefore, reveals an entirely new fact, and it is necessary first
to establish its authenticity.  The name of the savant who discovered it, and has been kind enough to confide it to me, furnishes in this respect every desirable guarantee. Mr. Squier
is the first archaeologist of America. He is occupied, in a special manner, with the antiquities of Peru, and his high competence can not be called in question. This is a translation
of the note sent to me by him, transmitting the cranium before you:
"This skull was taken from an Inca cemetery in the valley
Yucay, twenty-four miles east of Cuzco, Peru. The cemetery
is within one mile of the' Baths of the Incas,' a favorite resort
of the ruling family or race-their'country-seat,' in fact.
There is no doubt of its ante-Columbian date. The evidence
of its authenticity is complete."
I may add that this skull, of which the walls are very thick,
presents characteristics which could only belong to an Indian
of Peru.  And I now proceed to show that the trepanning
was practiced during life.
Upon the left side of the external plate of the frontal bone
there is a large white spot, quite regular, almost round, or
rather slightly elliptical, 42 millimetres long and 47 broad.
The outlines of this spot are not irregular or sinuous. The
surface is smooth, and presents the appearance of an entirely
normal bone. Around this, to the edges, the general color of
the skull is notably browner, and is perforated with a great
number of small holes, caused by dilatation of the canaliculi.
The line of demarkation between the smooth and cribriform




TREPANNING AMONG THE INCAS.              73
surfaces is abrupt, and it is perfectly certain that the smooth
surface had been denuded of its periosteum several days before
death. It is thus in truth that denudations of the cranium
behave. In the denuded points, the superficial layer of the
external table, deprived of vessels, and thus deprived of life,
undergoes no change and preserves its normal structure, while
the surrounding parts, in undergoing the effects of traumatic
inflammation, become the seat of the ostitis.
After considering the development of these perforations (porosites) of the external table of the denuded surface, it seems
to me impossible to admit that the subject could have survived
the denudation less than seven or eight days. M. Nelaton,
who examined the specimen, thinks he may have survived fifteen days.
The trepanning was performed in the centre of the denuded
part; but the four incisions, which circumscribe the removed
portion, extend at their extremities to the very limits of the
denudation. It is, from this, certain that the separation of the
periosteum was produced by the surgeon, who performed the
operation; for the denudation, more regular than it could be
as the result of an accident, presents exactly, neither more nor
less, the dimensions and form necessitated by the operation
done upon the bone.
This operation consists of four linear incisions, two of which
are horizontal and two perpendicular-the horizontal lines
cutting the vertical ones at right angles, and sufficiently separated to include a rectangular portion of the bone 15 millimetres long and 17 wide-the rectangular portion of bone
included by the lines was entirely removed down to the dura
mater, and the result is a loss of bone, whose absolute extent
corresponds very nearly to that produced by our circular trephines of ordinary size.
At their middle part the four incisions in the bone occupy
its entire thickness, which at this point is 6 millimetres; and
beyond the limits of the removed portion they become more
and more superficial, and terminate in a slight depression on
the surface of the bone at the limits of the denudation. The
width of the incisions is about 2 millimetres in their middle
and superficial part. This width diminishes in the deep parts,




74            TREPANNING AMONG THE INCAS.
so that the bottom of the cuts become linear; it diminishes in
the same way in approximating the extremities of the incisions.
It is interesting to determine the nature of the instrument
used in this operation. A small circular saw, resembling that
used by surgeons, might make cuts very like those just described.  Mr. Squier, to whom  I first submitted this idea,
showed me a drawing representing of natural size a curved instrument found in a Peruvian grave, and whose contour coincided exactly with the bottom of the four incisions; but, on
the one hand, the instrument was not toothed; on the other,
on examining closely the borders of the incisions, we are convinced that they must have been made by a pointed instrument, a large graver, or simply the point of a knife. What
confirms this opinion is, that there exist on the surface of the
bone several linear scratches, which strike off at a very acute
angle from the extremity of three of the incisions. They are
evidently attributable to deviations of the instrument, produced at the commencement of the operation, before the channel
excavated by the reiterated motions of the point was sufficiently deep to prevent these slips.
It is evident that each incision consumed a great deal of
time, if we reflect that the Peruvians had neither steel nor
iron, and that their best metal was bronze.
There is evidently no resemblance between this mode of
trepanning and that which has been known from time immemorial in Indo-European surgery. This is not, however, the
first time that we have shown how very different in America
and the old world were the first sources of industry, of sciences
and arts.
In conclusion, I call attention to another question. For
what motive has this trepanning been performed? There is
no fracture or fissure of either external or internal table. We
notice, it is true, on the internal table several very delicate
linear cracks, but these present all the ordinary characters of
those produced by time, and which are found in the majority
of old crania. There was, then, no fracture, and the surgeon
who performed the operation could consequently only be governed by the functional troubles in diagnosing the existence




TREPANNING AMONG THE INCAS.              75
of an intra-cranial lesion. Was this diagnosis correct  Did
the operation succeed in evacuating a fluid poured into the
cranium   I am far from  affirming this, but am tempted to
believe it. In truth, the internal table around the opening is
the seat of a very different alteration from that which existed
on the external table, around the denudation. It is in patches,
the seat of little perforations, (porositds,) which attest the existence of an ostitis; but this does not seem to have been the
result of the trepanning, because it is not at all regularly distributed around the opening. It is entirely wanting above the
opening, it is slight below, a little better marked on the outside, and is only really well pronounced about a centimetre
and a half on the inner side of the internal border of the
opening. These peculiarities and several others, which would
take too long to detail, are well explained, if we suppose that
there had been for some days before the operation an effusion
of blood under the dura mater.
What astonishes me is not the boldness 6f the operation, as
ignorance is often the mother of boldness. To trepan on an
apparent fracture at the bottom of a wound is a sufficiently
simple conception, and does not necessitate the existence of
advanced surgical art; but here the trepanning was performed
on a point where there was no fracture, or probably even no
wound, so that the surgical act was preceded by a diagnosis.
That this diagnosis was exact, as is probable, or that it was
false, we are in either case authorized to conclude that there
was in Peru before the European epoch an advanced surgery,
and this idea, an entirely new one, is not without interest in
American anthropology.
X. Legauay.-After examining closely the incisions, their
form,- appearance, and inequalities they present, I agree with
M. Broca, that they must have been made by means of a
sharp-pointed metallic instrument, a graver, (un burin.)
NOTE 1.-After examining carefully this interesting skull,
and reading the able opinion of M. Broca, an idea occurred to
me, which may afford an explanation of the nature of the injury that led to the operation, and the reasons for which it
was performed. According to the account of M. Broca, there




76            TREPANNING AMONG THE INCAS.
is no satisfactory reason for the performance of so bold an
operation. He has made no allusion to the probability of a
punctured wound, one made with a small, sharp-pointed instrument. Very small perforations of a skull are sometimes
made by a bayonet, dirk, etc., without fracture. They, however, often cause extravasation of blood within the cranium,
violent inflammation, suppuration, delirium, coma, etc. A
punctured wound, followed by such symptoms, would clearly
indicate trepanning to a surgeon of our day. The operation
too would remove the whole of the injured bone, and leave
no trace behind of fracture or other bone injury.
Such, to my mind, is the rational explanation of the kind of
injury inflicted, and of the symptoms, which justified the operation.                              J. C. NOTT, M.D.
NOTE 2.-I agree in the opinion expressed by M. Broca,
except in this, that I think the cut was made not by a bronze
graver, but by a quartz knife.    J. W. DRAPER, M.D.
NOTE 3.-The spear, lance, and arrow-heads of the ancient
Peruvians were generally of bronze, sharply pointed. I have
in my collection a bronze lance-head, with a socket at one end
for the reception of a staff or handle.  At this point it is
round, measuring a trifle over half an inch in diameter. The
socket extendts inward five and a half inches, and from the
point where it terminates the solid portion of the lance gradually assumes a square form, and tapers regularly to a point.
The whole length of this lance-head is twenty-three inches.
What may be called spear-heads are heavier, thicker, and not
as long. The arrow-heads are of similar form with the lanceheads, usually about five inches long; also fitted with a socket
for receiving the shaft of the arrow. Among the ruins of
Grand Chimu, Northern Peru, near the principal gateway of
an ancient fortress, called " El Castillo," and where, according
to tradition, was fought the final, decisive battle between the
Chimus (Yuncas) and the Incas, I found a vast number of skeletons, the skulls of most of which showed evidence of violence. Some were crushed in, as if from the blows of a club 




TREPANNING AMONG THE INCAS.             77
others were cleft, as if by the stroke of a battle-axe, and others
perforated, as if by lances or arrows, exhibiting a small square
hole corresponding precisely with what would probably be made
by the weapons I have described. In fact, I found a skull thus
perforated, with a bronze arrow still sticking in it.  The
orifice was a clear one, with no radiating fissures. I regret that
this interesting specimen was lost, with other valuable relics,
on its way to the United States. These facts, it appears to
me, tend to sustain the hypothesis of Dr. Nott in regard to
the wound or injury leading to the operation of trepanning in
the skull from Yucay.                         E. G. S.
MISCELLANEOUS.
THE Friend of India contains a letter from the Superintendent of Police in the north-eastern district of Bengal, giving
an account of scalping among the wild tribes on the frontier
of that district. In commenting on this letter the journal
above named says, "The Naga tribes use the scalping-knife
with a ferocity that is only equaled by the American Indians,
and the scalps are carefully preserved as evidences of their
prowess and vengeance over their enemies. On the death of
a chief, all the scalps taken by him during his warlike career
are burned with his remains."
THE eminent English traveler and naturalist, Mr. A. R.
Wallace, defines anthropology as " the science which contemplates man under all his variedaspects, (as an animal, and as
a moral and intellectual being,) in his relations to lower organisms, to his fellow-men, and to the universe."
VOL. XVII. of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge
is devoted to a memoir, by Lewis H. Morgan, entitled, "System of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family,"
containing a series of facts interesting to the student of philology and ethnology.




THE ARCH IN AMERICA.*
Oy- several occasions, I have taken the trouble of calling the
attention of the Society to a series of archaeological impostures that have found a place in our newspaper press-chiefly
in the newspapers of the West, where there seems to be a
morbid tendency in this direction. Most of them  are too
transparent to deceive any man of ordinary intelligence, but
a few are rather adroitly conceived, and have led some very
clever students into a painful kind of semi-credence. At their
instance, I have several times taken the pains to " hunt down"
the current story, and to find it " a hoax." You will remember the " full and particular" account of the vast subterranean temple in the Palisades; the wonderful excavations under
Rock Island; the remarkable tunnel under the Mississippi
River, opposite St. Louis; "the great stone jug in Martin
County, Indiana, eighty feet high;"  the Onondaga Giant;"
"Professor Scott's discoveries in Utah," etc., ad nauseam.
I am almost ashamed to refer to these preposterous stories,
which fall within the same category with the accounts of the
golden plates of Mormon, the "Holy Stones" of Newark,
the Grave Creek inscribed stone, and Pontelli's Discoveries in
Guatemala.  But when we look back to what the exact
sciences have had to pass through, in the way of absurdity and
extravagance, before they took a positive shape, we can not
wonder that the infancy of American archaeology should be
thus beset. The task of fool-killer is not, however, a pleasant
one, nor yet that of clearing away the dead wood of falsehood
and ignorance. It is far easier to inculcate a truth than to
eradicate an error.
Apart from sheer inventions, like those to which I have al* From the Proceedings of the Lyceum of Natural History of New-York.




THE ARCH IN AMERICA.                79
luded, there is another class of impostures, made such by extravagance of description, and absence of critical or accurate
appreciation on the part of observers. I mean in matters in
which there is a basis of truth-a granule around which careless explorers and loose writers contrive to crystallize a mass
of startling and utterly erroneous statement, without apparently being fully conscious of what they are doing. Striving after effect-the prevailing vice of American writers of a
certain class-often carries men past the line of simple extravagance, into the region of real if not intentional falsehood.
I am led to make these remarks, from having just seen in
the newspapers what purports to be a resume of a report of
" Gov. Amy, Special Indian Commissioner in New-Mexico,"
in which he describes certain ancient remains in the Cafon of
Chelly. There is no reason to suspect the accuracy of the
report generally, for the existence of extensive ruins in the
region between the Gila and Colorado has been known for
hundreds of years. Nor am I surprised at the popular, uncritical, and utterly unsupported hypothesis that ascribes these
remains to the "Aztecs."  But when I read that among the
ruins are found " handsome arches and other architectural devices and ornaments," I suspect something more than extravagance of statement.
In all my explorations in the western part of our own country, and in Central and South-America, the seats of highest
aboriginal civilization, I have only once found the arch proper
among remains prima facie aboriginal, and that was among
the ruins of Pachacamac, twenty miles south of Lima, in Peru.
The building in which it occurs is of Inca origin, and called
the Mamacona-that is, Convent of the Virgins of the Sun.
It is one of several of the same origin intruded among the far
more ancient structures of the natives of the coast, subsequently to the Inca conquest. As will be seen from the photographs that I now submit, this is a perfect, well-turned arch,
composed of adobes of large size, in all respects equal to any
composed of similar material that are raised to-day. It is
said that arches are also found among the aboriginal monuments in the vicinity of Tumbez, Northern Peru.
We all know that a kind of bastard arch, formed by over



80                THE ARCH IN AMERICA.
lapping stones, or flat stones set at a certain pitch against each
other, like the rafters of a house, was known among all the
relatively-civilized nations of the continent; but the true arch
is a thing exceptional, and the one to which I have alluded
entirely enigmatical, as I can scarcely conceive that the knowledge and skill of which it gives evidence could have existed
even among those wonderful architects, the ancient Peruvians,
without having a wider or more general application.
I do not believe in the existence of arches among the ruins
in the Canon of Chelly, or anywhere else in New-Mexico,
except among the remains of the old Spanish missionary establishments, which have more than once been confounded with
the monuments of the Indians.
But whatever exaggeration or error of statement may have
been made about the ruins in the Canon of Chelly, it is
dwarfed by the assertion that was made by Captain Carmichael, at the meeting in 1870 of the British Association in
Liverpool, namely, that "he had recently returned from California, where he had heard a Japanese and a Digger Indian of
Nevada, then brought together for the first time, converse intelligibly "  I heard a similar story about the remnant of the
Yunca or Chimu Indians, of the town of Eten in Peru, who
preserve their ancient language. These, it was alleged, could
converse freely with the newly-arrived Chinese. I hardly
need say that I did not find the slightest ground for the
statement.                                    E. G. S.




NOTES AND MEMORANDA.
AMERICA.
THAT the remains of man exist and may be discovered on
this continent, as on the other, in connection with the remains,
fossilized or otherwise, of extinct animals, is more than probable. But if so found, the evidence of the fact must be clear
and complete, so that scientific deduction may be made with
certainty. The alleged discovery by Dr. Koch of relics of human art in connection with the skeleton of the large male
mastodon, now in the British Museum, at a place called Pomme
de Terre, in Benton County, Missouri, has been made the basis
of some speculations as to the antiquity of man in America.
Dr. Koch described the bones as having been found "in a
layer of vegetable mould, covered twenty feet in thickness by
alternate layers of sand, clay, and gravel," and beneath them,
he affirms, were found arrow-heads, and other primitive weapons. According to Dr. P. R. Hoy, in a late number of the
American Naturalist, who, thirty years ago, visited the spot
whence Dr. Koch obtained the bones of his mastodon, the excavation made in getting them out was not more than six feet
deep, and the remains themselves were discovered in " scooping a hole" for obtaining drinking-water, at a depth of only
about two feet beneath the surface. Doubt is consequently
thrown on Dr. Koch's alleged discovery of relics of human art
in this connection.
Mr. H. Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, reports, in the February number of the Gardener's Mlonthly, that during a recent dry season he was enabled to dig through his peat-bed to
the depth of from six to seven feet, to what appeared to him
to have been the shore or bottom of a lake," composed of clear




90               NOTES AND MEMORANDA.
sand, gravel, and small shells." In this he found embedded a
boulder, "surrounded by charred sticks of wood, looking like
the remains of a camp-fire," and the points of some poles that
appeared to have been sharpened by some blunt instrument.
Subsequently, about three rods from this spot, it is alleged,
were found "the horns, a jaw-bone, and the leg" of an elk,
which " were sent to Chicago, and pronounced to be the bones
of an extinct species, probably identical with that found in the
Irish bogs."
The Rev. Cyrus Byington's Grammar of the Choctaw Language, the manuscript of which is in the possession of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, has just been published under the editorial supervision of Dr. D. G. Brinton.
Mr. Byington was a native of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and
from 1819 to. the close of his life, in 1868, was a missionary
among the Choctaws, whose language he studied so thoroughly that when he died he was engaged in revising his grammar
for the seventh time; and his family still have a Choctaw dictionary, embracing 15,000 words, which was left, like the grammar, in manuscript.
Another work of interest to philologists has been printed at
Bogota, in New-Granada —a grammar of the Chibcha language,
by Dr. Ezequiel Uricoechea. The title is, Grammatica. Frases,
Oraciones, Cathezisms, Confessonario y Boca Bulario de la
Lengua Chibcha, 1620. Copiada del ifanuscrito Orijinalpor
E. Uricoechea. The volume fills 64 pages in 8vo.
There has lately been published in Lima, Peru, Ollanta;
or, The Severity of a Father and the Clemency of a King. A
Drama in Three Acts, translated from Quichua into Spanish,
with Notes. By Jose S. Barrarca. The original Quichua text,
which, however, varies in existing manuscript copies, was printed by Von Tschudi, (Die Kechua-Sprache,) in Vienna, 1853.
Opinions differ as to the antiquity of the production. An
English translation, by Clements R. Markham, F.R.G.S., has
just been published in London by Tribner & Co.




NOTES AND MEMORANDA.                91
GREAT BRITAIN.
AFTER long negotiation, the Anthropological and Ethnological Societies of London have been amalgamated under the
name of " The Anthropological Institute of Great Britain
and Ireland," with the following officers: President, Sir John
Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S.; Vice-Presidents, Professor Huxley,
F.R.S., Professor Busk, F.R.S., Mr. John Evans, F.R.S., Dr.
Charnock, Dr. Barnard Davis, F.R.S., Mr. George Harris;
Director, Mr. C. Staniland Wake; Treasurer, Mr. J. W.
Flower, F.G.S.; Council, H. G. Bohn, Colonel Fox, Dr.
Hyde Clarke, W. Blackmore, W. Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S.,
R. Dunn, David Forbes, F.R.S., T. McK. Hughes, Dr. A.
Campbell, S. E. Bouverie Pusey, W. C. Dendy, Sir D.
Gibb, Bart., Dr. R. King, Captain Bedford Pim, R.N., Rev.
D. I. Heath, Dr. J. Beddoe, Dr. George Harcourt, Joseph
Kaines, F. G. H. Price, and C. Robert des Ruffilres; Secretary, J. F. Collingwood; Sub-editor of Journal, F. W.
Rudler. The first regular meeting of the In'stitute was held
February 14th, 1871, when Sir John Lubbock read a paper
"On the Development of Relationships."
After some preliminary observations on the character of the
family among the lower races of men, and the preponderance
of the tribal tie, Sir John proceeded to discuss the conclusions
drawn by Mr. Morgan from the valuable schedules of relationships collected by him and published by the Smithsonian Institution, especially with reference to his theory that the similarity between the Mohawk and Tamil systems indicated any
ethnological affinity between those races, a conclusion which
Sir John was unable to accept. He then proceeded to show
how, in his opinion, that similarity had arisen, and traced up
the gradual development of correct ideas on the subject of relationships from the system of the Sandwich Islanders, which
is the lowest on record, step by step to that of the Karens,
showing that in each system there are points which can only
be explained on the hypothesis of its development from a still
ruder condition. He then compared these actually existing
systems with those which would be produced by a retrogres



92               NOTES AND MEMORANDA.
sion of social customs, and showed that the systems of the
lower races all indicate progress, and that there are no instances of the existence of such a system as would arise in
the case of degradation. He also laid stress on the fact that
the social system is invariably in advance of the nomenclature
of relationships, another evidence of progress as opposed to
degradation. He showed that even in some European nations
we have traces of an earlier lower condition, and that therefore
in the systems of relationships we have an interesting proof of
the social progress of man, and the gradual development of
family ties.
At the second meeting of the Institute, March 20th, Mr.
Hyde Clarke read a paper " On the Migrations of the Georgians, Circassians, and Amazons, and their connection with
the Tibeto-Caucasian race," of which the following is an abstract: " By means of the application of the Georgian, Circassian, and other existing languages in situ, the existence of a
previous Georgian or Caucasian population was shown, and
that the extent of its area was much greater than could have
been suspected:  This Palheogeorgian language had a much
nearer relation to the existing languages than the Hieroglyphic
to the Coptic, or the Cuneiform to the Syriac and Persian, but
it was in a different and earlier stage of comparative grammar
than the Hebrew or Sanskrit, and to which the Caffre group
presents some resemblances of structure. The connection of
the language with the comparative mythology of the worship
of fire and water, gives further evidence as to the diffusion of
a population which had held empire over India, and thence to
the Atlantic shores and these islands. Accepting as a doctrine
the conquest of Palestine from the Canaanites and other races
identified with the Caucaso-Tibetans, the period of empire
would range from 3500 to 4500 years ago, during which the
germs of the existing civilization were developed. This population belonged to the family which includes the Tibetan and
Chinese stocks. Many portions of the Mosaic record, considered to have been interpolated during the Babylonian captivity, now appeared to be of the greatest antiquity. Many subjects, corollary to the main discoveries, were touched upon, including the connection of the Etruscan, the Phrygian, the lan



NOTES AND MEMORANDA.                93
guages of Asia Minor, the Akkaa with the Palaeogeorgian, also
the Lydo-Assyrian rock-cut monuments, the Cyclopean buildings, the so-called Druidic structures, the discovery of metals,
etc."
In a paper recently read by Professor Goldsticker before
the Philological Society of London, he produced linguistic
evidence in support of the Sanskrit, and consequently our
own, numerals having the following values: 1, "he," the
third personal pronoun; 2, diversity; 3, " that which goes
beyond;" 4, "and three," that is, " 1 and 3;" 5, " coming
after;" 6, " four," that is, " and 4," or "2 and 4;" 7, " following;" 8, " two fours," or " twice four;" 9, " that which comes
after," (cf. nava, new;) 10, " two and eight."  Thus, only 1
and 2 have distinct original meanings. After giving these,
our ancestors' powers needed a rest; then they made 3, and
added it to 1 for 4; then took another rest, repeated the notion
of 3 in 5, and the notion of 4 in 6; then rested once more, and
again repeated the notion of 3 and 5 in 7; took another rest,
and got a new idea of two 4's for 8; but for 9, repeated for
the fourth time the "coming after" notion of 3, 5, and 7;
while for 10 they repeated for the third time the addition-notion of 4 and 6. The professor insisted strongly on this seeming poverty and helplessness of the early Indo-European mind.
-He did not put forward the above meanings of the numerals
as new, though he believed that the history of most of the
forms of their names was so.  The anomalous form of the
Sanskrit shash, six, first set him at work on the numerals, and
the Zend form kshvas led him to the true explanation of this,
and thence to that of the other numerals.
Clements R. Markham, Esq., Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society of London, has just edited, from the reports
of the British Surveys of India, a most important memoir, containing, among other matter, a section on the archaeology of
that remarkable region. It is an admirable summary of the
labors of Sir W. Jones, Messrs. Charles Wilkins, Henry Colebrooke, Francis Gladwin, William Chambers, Colin Mackenzie,




94               NOTES AND MEMORANDA.
Buchanan Hamilton, H. H. Wilson, Thomas Daniell, James
Prinsep, General Cunningham, Walter Elliot, James Ferguson,
Edward Thomas, etc., etc.
GERMANY.
ON the first of April, a meeting of the German Anthropological and Ethnological Society took place at Mayence. The
society was started last year at Innsbruck, and already numbers
five hundred and seventy members. The transactions which
took place were represented by five hundred and fifteen voices,
from Berlin, Hamburg, Leipsic, Freiburg, Wiirzburg, Munich,
Vienna, Bonn, Mayence, and other places. Professor Virchow,
of Berlin, was elected to the presidential chair; Professor
Ecker, of Freiburg, and Professor Schaaffhausen, of Bonn,
as Vice-Presidents; and Professor Lemper, of Wirzburg, as
General Secretary. The first general assembly of the society
will take place at Schwerin in September next.
An Anthropological and Ethnological Society (Gesellschaft
fir Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte) has recently
been organized, at Berlin, and Professor Virchow has been
chosen President. The Vice-Presidents are Dr. Bastian, President of the German Geographical Society, and Professor
Alexander Braun; the Secretaries, Professor Hartmann, Drs.
Keneth and Voss; and the Treasurer, Gerichtsrath Deegen.
The society, designed as the principal branch of a general
German Society of the same name, was first organized at
meetings in November, and the first regular meeting was held
on the 11th of December, when a lecture was delivered by
Professor Virchow.
To the late Dr. Gustav Klemm, of Leipsic, belongs the
merit of having first exhibited under one general broad view,
the material and, of course, also the intellectual development
of the whole human race. For accomplishing this object he
was active nearly his lifetime, both as an author and a collector. His large work, Allgemeine Culturgeschichte, (General




NOTES AND MEMORANDA.                 95
History of Culture,) and various minor writings of a kindred
character, amply testify his indefatigable zeal in literary research, while his collection of manufactures from all parts of
the world (brought together during a long period, by purchase
and donations) represents the march of human progress in all
its phases, from the lowest to the highest. The rude tool of flint
and bone has here its place, as well as the plow and the loom.
One may see the boomerang of the Australian savage, and also
the battle-axe and cross-bow of past centuries. The European
pre-historic periods of stone and bronze are illustrated by
many and valuable specimens, and the products of art of classical antiquity are no less represented than those of mediaeval
and later times. Weapons, utensils, dresses, etc., of modern,
uncivilized races are abundant. This remarkable collection,
though possessing the principal features of other ethnological
and archaeological museums, differs in many points from the
latter, on account of the wider scope of its founder.
The iXuseum Klemmianum is still owned by the family of
the deceased savant, but has lately been offered for sale; and
we learn from an elaborate article published by Dr. Obst in an
extra sheet of the Leipziger Zeitung, that a committee has been
formed at Leipsic to provide the means for purchasing the
collection, which is to form hereafter the nucleus of a museum
devoted to anthropology, in the widest conception of the term.
As the breaking up and scattering of the Klemm collection
would be a serious loss to science, it is to be hoped that the
praiseworthy and patriotic undertaking of the committee
will be crowned with success.                     C. R.
In the first number of the Zeitschriftifr Ethnologie, of this
year, is a list of works bearing on Mr. Darwin's theories, compiled by Spengel, which occupies twelve closely-printed octavo
pages. First comes a list of translations into German of The
Origin of Species, of Fertilization of Orchids, and of Variation of Animals and Plants; next forty-three original German
works, criticising and carrying out the Darwinian theory.
These are followed by about an equal number of books which
refer to the same subject incidentally, though sometimes -at




96               NOTES AND MEMORANDA.
considerable length. Among these we find Kupffer's Essay
on the Relation of Vertebrata to Ascidians, Yon Baer's lectures, Carus's Natur und Idee, and Ruitimeyer's Herkunft
unserer Thierwelt. The fourth list is a most valuable one of
reviews, magazine articles, and other scattered papers published in Germany on natural selection and the descent of man.
Books devoted to the latter subject are next enumerated separately; and then translations into German of the kindred
writings of Huxley, Lyell, Wallace, Agassiz, and Bates. Last
comes a classified catalogue of all the works on Darwinism
which have been published outside Germany, in England,
France, Holland, and Italy. This list may be advantageously
compared with that given by Mr. Darwin himself, in the fifth
edition of the Origin of Species. It will be invaluable to
every student of the theory of evolution, and is a remarkable
proof of the amount of scientific thought and work (as well as
of some that is not scientific) which that great naturalist's
writings have called forth.
A communication to the German Society of Anthropology
during the past winter invokes the attention of all persons interested in science to the importance of making use of the opportunities for ethnological research furnished by the war
between France and Germany; and the author, while acknowledging the difficulty of attending to such matters during
military operations, expresses his earnest hope that every possible effort may be made to secure a good series of the skulls
and brains of the African tribes brought by France into the
conflict, and especially those of the Turcos. We have not yet
heard to what extent this suggestion was heeded by those who
had the opportunity.
ITALY.
THE first part of the new Italian Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia has appeared at Florence. Dr. Paolo Mantegazza edits the anthropological part of the book, and Dr.
Felice Finzi the ethnological part. It contains an introduc



NOTES AND MEIMORANDA.                      97
tory essay (on a1itlhrop)ology and1 etllnology, by )Dr. F. Finzi,
and several otler papers, as follows:
"Una  Questione  d' Psieologia Sociale."   Del Dr. A.
Herzen.  "Dell' Indice Cefalospinale."  Di Paolo Mantegazza, (Con Tavo\la.) U"Ila Nota snlli Indice Cefalospinale."
Di P. Mantegazza.'"Esistenza di lina Fossa Occipitale Mediana nel Cranio di mn  Criminale."   Del Prof. C. Lomnbroso.' Intorno alle Cause Deterlninanti i N umeri Proporzionali dei
due Sessi nelle Statistichle delle Nascite.'  iDel Prof. G. Boccardo.  " I Taslnanliani Cenni Storici et Etnologici di  nll
Popolo) Estinto." l)el'Pr(f... Gilioli. (Con Tavola.)
Notizie.  Biblio (ratia.
A sonievlllat rem larkabl e dciscovery  of lmallnll and anilllal remains is annonncedl by Professor Capellini, of Bologna, inl
a grotto in the island of Palmeria, the access to which is
difficult and dangerous.  Here lie caused excavations to be
made, and the result was the discoverIy  of nulmerous flint and
stone impllenlents, tl:e -workmalnslip of which showed that
they I)elongec to the earliest period of the stonge age.  Besides
these wrought implemlents and various otller objects 1)roulght
into the cavern by its lhumlan iccupants, lie found a considerable quantity of bonies of anlinls mingled withl bones of hutnan beings.  Tle condition oft these latter bones, he says,
" would justify the inference that the grotto had beeln inhabited by ainthropophagi, and that the Italians of that epoch were
cannibals, like tllir colltelporaries in Belgium, France, and
Denmlark."
i'"Amnig thehlle luma1n 1oes were found those of women, and
part of the jawbone of a child some seven or eight years of
age.  Sonme of these bones were entire, others were partially
calcined.  In the centre of the cave it was possible to discern
traces of a fire-place.  Professor Capellini says,' Whoever
has busied himself in prehistoric researches, whoever has read
Spring's excellent work on the Chauvaux cavern in Belgium,
and the writings of other authors on the subject of the caverns
in France, will not hesitate to admit that the discoveries in
the island of Pa.lnmeria prove that the Italians were, as I have
7




98                NOTIES AND IMEOIRANDA.
said, man-eaters.  For the present it will be sufficient for ile
to direct the attention of naturalists to the subject.  The
Cyclopeans spoken of in the fable were probably these canniI)als.'"
AUSTRIA.
TIE Anthropological Society of Vienna was founded February 13th, 1870.  Its opening meeting was held in the Consistorial Hall of the University, when the President, Professor
Karl Rokitansky. delivered an address.
SPAIN.
THE Spanish Anthropological Society was organized and
legally established Marcl 16th, 1865.




BOOKS ANI) )ONATIONS RECEIVED.
TIHE Tleory of the Arts; or, Art in RelatioC  to Nature,
Civilization, and Man.  Comprisini) an Investigation, Analytical ai.nd Critical, into tile Origin, Rise, Province, Principles,
and Application of each of tlhe Arts.  By George Harris,
F.S.A., of thle Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, Autlor of
" Civilization Considered  as a Science."   2 vols. 8vo, pp.
328. 306. —Fron  the Author.
Civilization coinsidered as a Science, in Relation to its Essence, its Elements, and its End.  By George Harris, F.S.A.,
Barrister-at-Law, Author of "The Life of Lord Chancellor
Hardwicke," " The True Theory of Representation in a State,"
etc.  1 vol. 8vo, pp. 442.-Fr'om. the Author.
The General Principles of Organization, and tile Evolution
of Organic Forms.  First Annual Address before the Alumni
Society of the Medical Department of ttle University of Nashville.  Delivered in the Hall of the Medical College, February 23d, 1870.  By Jerome Cochran, M.-D., Professor of Chenistrv in the Medical College of Alabama.  8vo, pp. 53.From) the Author.
Honduras: Descriptive, Historical, and Statistical.  By E.
G. Squier, formlerly Minister of the United States in Central
America.  With a Map.  1 vol. 121no, pp. 2T8.-From  the
A utthor.
Flint Chips; a Guide to Pre-Historic Archleology, as Illustrated in the Collection of the Blackmnore Museum, Salisbury,
Eng.  By Edward T. Stevens, I-on. Curator.  1 vol. 8vo, pp
593. —From the MBseumn.




10()          BOOKS AND 1)ONATIONS RECEIV~KD.
Travels in Central America. including Accounts of some
Regions 1unexplored since tle Conquest.  From the French of
the Cllevalier Artlimr Morelet, yv Mrs. M. F. Squier.  Introductioll and Notes by E. G.. Squier.  8vo, p).. 430. With
Maps an:l(:l  llustrations.-Friohlm the Yrawnsalto"r.
Proceedillgs of the Philosophical Society of Glassgo.  Vol.
VI., No. 4; Vol. VII., Nos. 1, and 2.  1867-1870. — From the
Philos8ph0lic(l i0oc(iety of G-ltsgot, ScotlanZd.
Comnpeldio de la Historia de Yucatan.  Por Donl ('rescencio Carrillo. Merida. 1871. —FTrom the Author.
Smithsoniatn Contributions to Knowl1edge.   Vol. XVVI
City of Wasllillgtlon.  18T1. —-From. the Smithsonl in sRl.titution.
Analy ticalt Al l)labet for tl e Mexican atnd Central American
Languages.  iBy Carl Hermann Berendt, M.JD.  New-York,
1869.  Illustrated.  Last publication of the Amellrican Ethnological Society.-From. ITenrzy T. Drowue.
Address of George Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., Presidenlt of the
lilnnean Society.  London, May 24th, 1867.
lMemoir of C(. F. P. Von Martius.  By Charles Rau.
Mittleilungen der Antlhropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien,
for September 16th, 1870.
Wissenschaftlichen Beilage der Leipziger Zeitung, for December 29th, 1869.  No. 104.
Ancient Earth-Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio.  By
Colonel Charles Whittlesy.  Cleveland, Ohio.  8vo, pp. 40.
Maps and Plans.-From the Author.
Fourth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museurn of American Archaeology and Ethnology.-From Professor J. WGyman, Curator.
Brazilian Rock Inscriptions. Extract from American:vatura',Nst.-From  the Author.