AN
HISTORICAL SKETCH
OF.OOW     3TI    Oo 0        1,
IN THE
CITY OF NEW YORK,
1754 —1876.
PRINTED FOR THE COLLEGE.
1 8 7 6.




MACGOWAN & SLIPPER, Printers,
30 Beekman St., N. Y.




PREFACE.
THIS historical sketch of Columbia College and its
associate Schools was prepared at the request of'the
National Bureau of Education in Washington.   The
history from the foundation of the college to the year
1845 is essentially that written by the former President,
Dr. N. F. Moore, and printed in 1846. For the period
from 1845 to I869, the chief source of information was a
continuation of Dr. Moore's history by Rev. Beverley R.
Betts, Librarian of the College. The article on the School
of Law was furnished by Professor T. W. Dwight, Warden
of the School; that on the School of Mines was obtained
from documents issued by the School, from the records,
and from information furnished by the several Professors;
that on the School of Medicine was taken mainly from the
historical sketch of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y., which appeared in the general catalogue of
that college published in I866. The article on the College Library is the article on "Columbia College Library,"
by the late Librarian, W. A. Jones, Esq., published in the
University Quarterly for January, I87I, as abridged and
revised for this sketch by Professor Drisler; that on
library of the School of Mines was prepared by Mr. John
F. Meyer, Librarian and Registrar of the School. The
article on Cabinets and Collections was compiled from
inventories of the several departments in the hands of
the Treasurer, and from information obtained of professors




ii
in charge. The Financial Statement is from the last
annual report of the Board of Trustees to the Regents of
the University of the State of New York, for the year
ending Sept. 30, I875.
Such parts of the Sketch as have not been accounted
for in the above statement, have for their authority documents issued by the college and its several schools, and
the resolutions of the Board of Trustees.
In an Appendix will be found the original charter of
the college and the Acts of the Legislature of the State
of New York relating to the college.
J. H. VAN AMRINGE.
COLUMBIA COLLEGE. N. Y., July, 1876.




NOTE.
THE statement on pages 49, 50, that the annuity of ~750, granted
by the State for five years, was discontinued on the expiration of
that period, is a mistake. Before the expiration of the period named in
the first Act, a second Act was passed continuing the annuity for a further
term of two years.
On page 73, in mentioning the division of certain chairs, it should be
noted that, at the same time, the chair of the Greek and Latin Languages
was divided into two, viz.: that of the Greek Language and Literature,
which Professor Anthon retained, and that of the Latin Language and
Literature, to which adjunct Professor Drisler was promoted.
To the statement on page 80 that the chair of Constitutional History
and Public Law has not been filled since the death of Dr. Lieber, should
be added that, in the spring of 1876, the chair of History, Political Science,
and International Law wascreated, and Professor John W. Burgess, A. M.,
elected to fill it. A similar statement should be added in the account of
the Law School on page 84.








CONTENTS.
PAGES.
Columbia College-General History,..            5- 8
School of Law,.. 8 — 95
School of Mines,...    96-145
School of Medicine,                            146- 149
Libraries,...50-I70
Cabinets and Collections,.. 70-I73
Prizes, Scholarships, and Fellowships,..73-188
Financial Statement,.89-193
Senatus Academicus, 1876,.              94-201
Appendix, containing Original Charter, etc.,..  203-244








GOLUMBJA GOULLME.
AT what period the design of establishing a college in New York was first seriously entertained
does not appear. The earliest intimation that has
been discovered of any such design " is contained
in the records of Trinity Church. From them it
appears that as early as the year 1703, the Rector
and Wardens were directed to wait upon Lord
Cornbury, the Governor, to know what part of
the King's Fatrme, then vested in Trinity Church,
had been intended for the college which he designed to have built."-Address delivered before the
Alumni of Col. Coll. by C. C. Moore.
Some such plan was thought of again, it seems,
in 1729, during Berkeley's residence in this
country; and when disappointed as regarded Bermuda, he sought to transfer the establishment
which had been intended for that island to " some
place on the American Continent, which would
probably have been New York."-Clhandler's Life
of Johnson.
But Berkeley's benevolent design having altogether failed, we find no mention of this subject
until near twenty years afterwards, when several




6
laws of the'Colony were passed for raising moneys
by way of lottery, towards the founding of a college therein; and Bishop Berkeley, in a letter of
August 23d, I749, to Dr. Johnson, who resided
then at Hartford, in Connecticut, says: " For the
rest, I am glad to find a spirit toward learning
prevails in those parts, particularly New York,
where you say a college is projected, which has
my best wishes.'
The earliest of the laws just now alluded to, received the Governor's assent on the 6th of December, I746, nnd was entitled " An act for raising the
sum of two thousand two hundred and fifty pounds,
by a public lottery for this colony, for the encouragement of learning, and towards the founding a
college within the same."
Other similar acts followed, and in November,
175 I, the moneys raised by means of them, amounting then to 63,443 I8s. od., were vested in trustees.
Of these trustees, ten in number, two belonged to
the Dutch Reformed Church, one was a Presbyterian, but seven were members of the Church of
England, and some of these seven were also vestrymen of Trinity Church.  These circumstancesthe known sentiments of this large majority of the
trustees-their well understood, and very natural
desire, that the proposed college should be connected with their church-might sufficiently




7
account for the offer made to them by Trinity
Church, not long after their appointment, " of any
reasonable quantity of the Church farm, (which
was not let out) for erecting, and use of a college;"
from what has been already stated, however, respecting the first mention of a college in the province-from the inquiry addressed by Trinity
Church to Lord Cornbury, in I703-it may not
unreasonably be inferred, that the then recent grant
of the King's Farm to that corporation, had been
made with a view to the advancement of learning
as well as of religion; that some condition to that
effect had been at least implied, on occasion of that
grant.
If such were the case, the present offer from the
church was but the carrying out, after a lapse of
fifty years, of this original design.
As regards the offer now made to the Trustees,
it seems highly probable that some such conditions
as we find afterwards expressed in the conveyance
from the Church to the College, when actually
made, were, from the first, in contemplation of the
parties, and understood between them; but neither
in the proposal from the Church, on the 8th of
April, 1752, nor in the report made thereof by the
Trustees to the Assembly, more than two years
afterwards, is there mention of any conditions
whatever. The natural inference, however, which




8
has been suggested, as to their existence, and the
jealous apprehensions entertained of any, the
smallest, approach to a church-establishment within the province, caused violent opposition to the
plan, as soon as it became known, of obtaining a
royal charter for the college.
This opposition, and the angry controversy to
which it gave rise, delayed the granting of the
charter of King's College, which was finally obtained on October 3Ist, I754.
Previously, however, to the granting of the
charter, the friends of the proposed College had not
been inactive. On the 22d of November, 1753,
the Trustees, previously designated, determined
to invite the Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson, of Stratford, to accept the presidency of the intended college, with a salary of /250, and Mr. Chauncey
Whittlesey, of New Haven, as his assistant, with a
salary of ~200. They were sensible, they said,
that the salary proposed for Dr. Johnson (though
as much as they were able to offer) was inadequate to his merit; but they expressed their belief,
that the vestry of Trinity Church would readily
agree to make a sufficient addition thereto; and
such of the Trustees as were also vestrymen, were
desired to recommend this measure to the vestry.
And that appears to have been done accordingly;
for on the 7th of January, 1754, the Trustees in



9
formed Dr. Johnson by letter, that the vestry of
Trinity Church had agreed to call him as an assistant minister. In his answer, dated February I th,
1754, he neither accepts nor rejects the proposal,
but requires further time to consider of the matter.
He came to New York in the month of April
following, and entered upon the duties of the presidency about three months afterwards.
At a meeting of the Trustees on the I6th of
May, I754, about a month after Dr. Johnson's removal to the city, was read a draft of the proposed
charter, against which a formal protest was offered.
The application for the charter was proceeded
with, in spite of opposition; and in anticipation of
the more formal establishment of their College, the
Trustees gave public notice of an examination of
candidates for admission, to be held during the first
week of the following July, and on the 17th of that
month, Dr. Johnson began, in the vestry-room of
the school-house belonging to Trinity Church, his
instruction of the eight students who were admitted at this first examination. These were, Samuel
Verplanck, Rudolph Ritzema, Philip Van Cortlandt, Robert Bayard, Samuel Provoost, Thomas
Marston, Henry Cruger, and Joshua Bloomer;
and whoever has an old acquaintance with the city
of New York will recognize among them several
familiar and respected names.




10
The royal charter constituting King's College
passed the seals, as was previously mentioned, on
the 31st of October, 1754; but the organization of
the college under it cannot be considered as having taken place before the 7th of May, I755, when,
at a meeting of above twenty of the gentlemen
named in it as Governors, Mr. Goldsbrow Banyar,
Deputy Secretary of the province, attending with
the charter, the Lieutenant Governor, James De
Lancey, after a suitable address, delivered it to the
gentlemen present, and Mr. Horsmanden, one of
the Judges of the Supreme Court, qualified them
as Governors by administering the oaths by law
required to be taken. After which Mr. Chambers,
who presided at this meeting, in a reply to the
Lieutenant Governor, on behalf of the Governors
of the college, expressed most grateful acknowledgments of the honor he had been pleased to
confer on them in their appointment, and hoped
their conduct, as Governors of that corporation,
would always merit the continuance of his honor's
protection, favor and countenance, and convince the
world that they had nothing more at heart than to
promote the glory of God, the true Protestant
religion, and a generous education of their youth
in the liberal arts and sciences.
We may gather whence arose this delay of
above six months, between the date and the




I t
delivery of the charter, from a letter written by
Dr. Johnson to Bishop Sherlock, on the very day
of such delivery, in which he says, "I humbly thank
your Lordship for the most kind regard you express towards me, in view of my undertaking the
care of this young college, which I hope will live
in spite of the most virulent opposition it meets
with. The charter at last passed the seals in
October, while I was returned into the country.
But the clamour was so great, that there were some
alterations in the draught after I went away, for
which I was very sorry, and particularly that the
Bishop of London was left out from being one of
the Governors." " I was in great doubt whether
to accept the presidency: but as I saw that it would
come to nothing if I did not, I at length returned
and accepted the charge. Mr. Beach has concluded
to succeed me at Stratford; so I am settled here
in New York, being also lecturer in Trinity
Church."
The charter, when delivered, named as governors of the College, the Archbishop of Canterbury,
and the first Lord Commissioner for trade and
plantations, who were empowered to act by proxy,
the Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-chief
of the Province ot New York, the eldest Councillor of the Province, the Judges of the Supreme
Court of Judicature of the Province, the Secretary,




12
the Attorney General, the Speaker of the General
Assembly, and the Treasurer of the Province, the
Mayor of the City of New York, the Rector of
Trinity Church, the Senior Minister of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, the Ministers of the
Ancient Lutheran Church, of the French Church,
and of the Presbyterian Congregation in the City
of New York, and the President of the collegeall these ex officio, and together with them four and
twenty of the principal gentlemen of the city, who
were: Archibald Kennedy, Joseph Murray, Josiah
Martin, Paul Richard, Henry Cruger, William
Walton, John Watts, Henry Beekman, Philip Ver
Planck, Frederick Philipse, Joseph Robinson, John
Cruger, Oliver De Lancey, James Livingston,
Esqrs,, Benjamin Nicoll, William  Livingston,
Joseph Read, Nathaniel Marston, Joseph Haynes,
John Livingston, Abraham Lodge, David Clarkson, Leonard Lispenard, and James De Lancey,
the younger, Gentlemen.
The college being now incorporated, and capable of holding the land previously destined for it
by Trinity Church, and mentioned in its charter,
at the next meeting of the governors, on the I3th
of May, I755, the corporation of Trinity Church
delivered to them deeds of conveyance of a piece
of land described therein as situate on the west
side of the Broadway, in the west ward of the City




13
of New York, fronting easterly to Church-street,
between Barclay-street and Murray-street, four
hundred and forty feet, and thence running westerly along Barclay-street and Murray-street to the
North River.
The conditions of this gift to the college-conditions which, being inserted in its charter also,
afforded pretext for the furious opposition it encountered-were, that its President for ever, for
the time being, should be a member of and in
communion with the Church of England, as by law
established; and that the morning and evening
service in th'e college should be the liturgy of the
said church, or such a collection of prayers out of
that liturgy, together with a collect peculiar for
the college, as should be approved by its president
and governors.
All who have any acquaintance with our college,
or its history, will know how wholly unfounded
has proved the inference from those conditions,
that towards students who happened to belong to
the communion of which its president was required
to be, the slightest preference or favor would on
that account be shown.
The charter, indeed, expressly denied to the
college the power of making any laws or regulations tending " to exclude any person of any reli



14
gious denomination whatever, from equal liberty
and advantage of education, or from any of the
degrees, liberties, privileges, benefits, and immunities of said College, on account of his particular
tenets in matters of religion."
To show how little the conditions, which exposed the college to so much obloquy, were considered at the time, by dispassionate men, as stamping the institution with any bigoted or exclusive
character, it may suffice to state the very first act
and proceeding of its Governors.
At their first meeting on the 7th of May, i755,
after the acceptance of the charter, the speech of
the Lieutenant Governor, and the reply of Mr.
Chambers, the Rev. Mr. Ritzema, senior minister
of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, among
other things addressed by him to the Lieutenant
Governor, remarked that he was sorry to have
observed the differences and animosities in the
Province touching several restrictions in the
charter. He expressed his hope that some means
might be fallen upon to heal them; and his belief
that it would conduce greatly to that end if his
Honour would be pleased to grant, either by addition to the charter, or in such other manner as
should be thought most proper, that there should
be established in the college a professor of divinity,




I 5
for the education of such of the youth of their
church as ipight be intended for the ministry, with
a suitable allowance of salary, and to be chosen by
the consistory of that church for the time being.
The Lieutenant Governor, in reply, expressed his
approval of Mr. Ritzema's suggestion, and his
willingness to grant any application in accordance
with it that the Governors might address to him.
The Governors at once, unanimously, adopted Mr.
Ritzema's proposal, and appointed a committee to
prepare their petition accordingly; which being
reported at their next meeting and approved, the
same committee was directed to present it, and at
the meeting after, on the 3d of June, Mr. Banyar,
Deputy Secretary of the Province, delivered to
the Governors his Majesty's additional charter,
making provision for the establishment of a professor in divinity, according to the doctrine, discipline, aud worship established by the National
Synod of Dort.
At a meeting on the 3d of June, 1755, was adopted the device prepared by Dr. Johnson for the seal
of King's College, and which continues to be that
of Columbia College, with only the necessary alteration of its name. The description given of this
device, which is here inserted, deserves notice as
showing how deservedly pre-eminent a place re



i6
ligion held in education, according to the ideas of
those who laid the foundations of our discipline.*
(This description is copied literally from the minutes.)
"THE DEVICE OF THE COLLEGE SEAL.-The College is
represented by a Lady sitting in a Throne or Chair of State,
with Severall Children at her knees to represent the Pupils,
with I Peter, II., I, 2, 7 v., under them to express the
Temper with which they should apply Themselves to seek
for True Wisdom. The words are, Wherefore laying aside all
Malice and all Guile, and Hypocrisies and Envies and Evil
Speakings, as New-born Babes desire the Sincere Milk of
the Word that ye may grow thereby, &c. One of them She
takes by the hand with her left hand expressing her
benevolent design of Conducting them to true Wisdom
and Virtue. To which purpose She holds open to them a
Book in her right hand in which is [in] Greek letters AOPIA
ZQNTA, the living or lively Oracles, which is the Epithet
that St. Stephen gives to the Holy Scriptures-Acts 7: 38.
Out of her Mouth over her left Shoulder,goes a Label
with these words in Hebrew Letters ORI-EL-God is my
Light; alluding to Ps. 27: I, expressing her Acknowledgment of God the Father of Lights, as the Fountain of all
that Light, both Natural and Revealed with which She
proposes to inlighten or instruct her Children or Pupils;
whereof the Sun rising under the Label is the Emblem
or Hieroglyphic, alluding to that expression Mal. IV., 2.
* It was, indeed, with a view chiefly to religion that all the earlier literary institutions of our country were established. This was true especially
of Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, and Princeton colleges, as is shown
by the Rev. Dr. Alva Woods, in his Valedictory Address to the University
of Alabama, p. 34.




I7
The Sun of Righteousness arising with healing in his
Wings. Over her head is Jehovah in a Glory, the Beams
coming triangularly to a Point near her head, with these
words around her for her Motto, IN LUMINE TUO VIDEBIMUS LUMEN-In thy light shall we see light.-Psal. 36: 9.
On the Edge around are engraved in Capitals, SIGILLUM
COLLEGII REG. NOV. EBOR. IN AMERICA-The Seal of
King's College at New York in America."
In the summer of 1756, the Governors of the Institution, having provided for other exigencies of
the College, proceeded to erect a building for its
accommodation. The plan for this having, in compliment to Sir Charles Hardy, been submitted to
him, and having received his approbation, was
adopted by the Governors on the I3th of July, 1756;
and on the 23d of the following month the first
stone was laid by Sir Charles Hardy, and the
President addressed the Governors of the College,
Sir Charles Hardy, and the Lieutenant Governor,
Mr. De Lancey, in a brief Latin speech, congratulating them on this happy event, which had succeeded almost beyond expectation ".Per varios
casus et tot discrimina rerum."
The inscription on this first stone, which was beneath the south-east corner of the central or older
portion of the college building in College Place,
was as follows:



Hujus Collegii, Regalis dicti, Regio
Diplomate constituti in Honorem
Dei 0. M. atq: in Ecclesise Reiq: Publicae
Emolumentum, primum hunc lapidem
posuit Vir praecellentissimus, Carolus
Hardy, Eques Auratus, hujus Provinciae
Praefectus dignissimus. Augti. die 230.
An. Dom. MDCCLVI.
During the year 1755, a second class having been
admitted into college, an additional instructor became indispensable, and Mr. Wm. Johnson, A.M.,
a young gentleman who had received his education
at Yale College, was appointed to the place which
had been originally offered to Mr. Whittlesey.
Mr. Johnson, after holding. his office for about a
year, went to England to take orders, and Mr.
Leonard Cutting, of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge,
a thorough-bred classical scholar, was in I756 appointed in his stead.
In November of the following year, I757, Dr.
Johnson was driven from New York by the smallpox, and remained in the adjacent county of Westchester for above a year.
Although when Dr. Johnson retired from the
city there were not above thirty students altogether
in the then three classes, yet, Mr. Cutting being
unequal to the care of all, the Governors, on the
8th of November, 1757, appointed Mr. Treadwell




I9
a young gentleman of excellent character, educated
at Harvard College, and recommended by Professor Winthrop as eminently qualified for the
station, to be professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy; and to aid his instructions an
apparatus of instruments for teaching Experimental
Philosophy was imported from Europe. It was
made a part of Mr. Treadwell's duty to teach also
the Latin and Greek languages to the two younger
classes.
Dr. Johnson returned to the city, and to his
more immediate care of the college, in March,
1758; and on the 2Ist of June following was held
the first commencement; at which the degree of
Bachelor of Arts was conferred on eight students,
five of whom were of the number of those admitted in I754-the other three had been educated
either in Philadelphia or at Princeton. At this
same commencement twelve gentlemen, who had
been elsewhere educated, were created Masters of
Arts, or, holding that degree already from some
other institution, were admitted ad eundem.
The year following, there was no public commencement; but the degree of Bachelor of Arts
was conferred on two candidates, one of whom
had been educated at Princeton, and the other
was, out of six admitted in 1755, the only one who
had completed his four years of study. The re



20
marks made in the Matricula of the College
respecting those who entered the Freshman Class
together with him are, of one, that he " in his third
year went to Philadelphia College;" of another,
that " about the middle of his second year he went
into the army;" of another, that he "after three
years went to merchandise;" of the fourth, that
"after about two years he went to privateering;"
and of the fifth, that he " after three years went to
nothing."  Similar brief remarks  are found
throughout the Matricula of King's College, on
those who left it before the completion of their
course. One "left College in his second year,
having behaved very indifferently."  Another
went away in his third year, " and was not much
regretted." And of another, again, we find " the
loss regretted."
In October of this year, 1759, dread of the smallpox again drove Dr. Johnson out of town, and
during his absence, which lasted until the month
of May following, the duties of the College were,
for a time, divided between Mr. Cutting and Professor Treadwell; but the declining health of the
latter, and his death in 1760, made it necessary to
seek some one qualified to take his place; and
such an one, it seems, was not at that period easily
found. During the interval of about eighteen
months between the death of Professor Treadwell




21
and the appointment of his successor, Mr. Samuel
Giles was for a time employed as an instructor in
Mathematics.
In February, 1760, a committee was appointed
to write to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and
such other persons as they might think fit, to procure two proper persons " to assist the President
in carrying on the education and instruction of the
youth of the College."
This resolution of the Governors, and Dr. Johnson's own desire to provide a successor to himself-some one on whom he might, within a few
years at farthest, devolve the duties of the presidency-gave occasion for several letters on both
sides between him and Archbishop Secker, who
seems to have taken much pains, though for a long
time without success, to obtain such a person as
the College required.
Meantime the College building had been so far
completed that the officers and students began to
lodge and mess there in May, 1760; and on the
26th of the following month the procession proceeded thence to St. George's Chapel to hold the
third annual commencement. On this occasion
the President, in a Latin speech, congratulated the
Governors assembled for the first time in the College Hall.
The building thus completed was that older por



22
tion of the old college edifice in College Place
which was contained between the wings. It constituted one-third part of the original design, and
in the minutes of the Governors is repeatedly
styled the north side of the College. An English
traveller in the province at that period, the Rev.
Dr. Burnaby, remarks,'" The college when finished
will be exceedingly handsome. It is to be built
on three sides of a quadrangle fronting Hudson's
or North River, and will be the most beautifully
situated of any college, I believe, in the world.
At present only one wing is finished, which is of
stone, and consists of twenty-four sets of apartments, each having a large sitting room with a
study and bedchamber." The same writer speaks
of the president as "a very worthy and learned
man, but rather too far advanced in life to have
the direction of so young an institution."
In November, 1761, the place of Mr. Treadwell
was at length filled by the appointment of Mr.
Robert Harpur, a gentleman educated at Glasgow,
as professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. It was some time longer, however, before
Archbishop Secker's inquiries succeeded in finding any one fitted to aid Dr. Johnson in discharging the duties of his office, and after a while to
succeed him in it. The person at length selected
for this purpose was the Rev. Myles Cooper,




23
A. M., a Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, who
came out in the autumn of 1762. From the Archbishop, who had on several previous occasions
mentioned him, he brought a letter dated Aug.
I8th, 1762, which begins, "Good Dr. Johnson.
The bearer is Mr. Cooper. God grant he may
prove a proper man, and useful among you." In
November following, Mr. Cooper was appointed
Fellow of the college, Professor of Moral Philosophy, and to assist the President in his instruction
and government. This instruction, given by the
President, had, since the regular organization of
the college, been confined to Greek, Logic, Metaphysics, and Ethics.
Archbishop Secker continued to testify a lively
interest in Mr. Cooper's success, and the welfare
of the college, mentioning him repeatedly in subsequent letters; and on the 30th of March, 1763,
he writes, in reference to Dr. Johnson's (then, as
he thought, only proposed) resignation, "' I assure
you I will do nothing to retard your retirement,
beyond expressing my wishes that you would be
so kind to your college, and to Mr. Cooper, as to
give him competent time for becoming, and showing himself in some degree proper to succeed you."
But Dr. Johnson had already, on the Ist of March,
resigned his office, and on the I2th of April following, Mr. Cooper, upon whom his duties had mean



24
time devolved, was elected to supply his place.
Dr. Johnson returned to Stratford, where, in the
midst of his son's family, surrounded by numerous
old friends, he passed the quiet remainder of his
days.
At the same meeting at which Dr. Johnson's
resignation was announced, a plan was adopted
for the establishment of a grammar school in connection with the college, and this was opened not
long afterwards under the charge of Mr. Matthew
Cushing, of Charlestown, Massachusetts. A librarian also was appointed, and a new body of
laws, better adapted, as was thought, to the actual
condition of the college, received the assent of the
Governors, and on the following day was announced in their presence in the College Hall.
Among the changes which it introduced was a
great enlargement of the scheme of studies in the
classical department.
When Dr. Johnson retired from the college he
left there four and twenty students; a very inconsiderable number, it is true, but equivalent, nevertheless, to nine hundred at the present day, if proportionate regard be had to the population of the
city at that period and now. Of these twentyfour, and the thirteen admitted during the two following years, only twenty-eight in all completed
their college course, and were graduated; but we




25
find among them a very unusual proportion of distinguished men. The biographer of one of them,
Peter Van Schaack, after mentioning that he entered the Freshman class in 1762, remarks, " This
was an eventful era in his life. It was here that
he formed an interesting and valuable acquaintance with John Jay, Egbert Benson, Richard
Harison, Gouverneur Morris, Robert R. Livingston, and many other illustrious men, whose enviable reputations now constitute the richest property of their country."
The first commencement at which Mr. Cooper
presided, was held in St. George's Chapel, on the
17th of May, 1763, five weeks after his appointment,
when two students were admitted to the degree
of Bachelor, and seven alumni of the college to
that of Master of Arts.
The commencement of the following year also
was held at St. George's Chapel; but all the commencements of King's College subsequent to that
were in Trinity Church, except those of I767 and
1768, which were at St. Paul's Chapel. Respecting that of 1765, in Trinity Church, we find mentioned, as if it were a novelty, that three anthems,
and several other pieces of music were performed;
and so of the following commencement, also, it is
stated that "the exercises were intermixed with
music."




26
For near six months after Mr. Cooper's appointment to the presidency, he had the aid of both
Mr. Cutting and Mr. Harpur, as instructors in the
college; but on the resignation of the former in
October, 1763, he greatly needed the assistance of
some other teacher. Negotiations were entered
into with Mr. Richardson and other gentlemen of
Oxford, and efforts were made in other quarters,
but for a long time in vain, to find some suitable
person to fill Mr. Cutting's place. At length, on
the 24th of October, 1765, Dr. Clossy, a gentleman
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and who, before his emigration to America, had attained a
high standing in his profession, by the publication
of an able work on Morbid Anatomy, was appointed tutor, with a salary of ~I44, and a further
salary of ~36 was assigned to him as Professor of
Natural Philosophy; Professor Harpur, to whom
this subject had previously belonged, teaching
thenceforth only Mathematics.
The affairs of the college seem to have gone on
prosperously now for several years. The classes
were taught by Mr. Cooper, Mr. Harpur, and Dr.
Clossy, and under such able instructors possessed
advantages which, perhaps, no seminary of so
young a standing in this country had enjoyed.
On the 26th of February, 1767, a committee previously appointed to petition Sir Henry Moore,




27
Governor of the province, for a grant of land,
made report that they had obtained one of 24,000
acres. The same committee was thereupon empowered to view the lands, and, if it was thought
fit, to have them surveyed.  From subsequent
proceedings of the Governors, in relation to these
lands, on the 2oth of March, I770, when measures
for their more speedy settlement were adopted, it
appears that they were situate in the new county
of Gloucester, in the province of New-York; that
they were not only erected into a township, with
the usual privileges, but to the great advantage,
as was hoped, of the college, were constituted to
become the county town.
All these anticipations, however, were to be disappointed. Unluckily for the college, its township was comprehended within that tract of country which, after being in dispute for six and twenty
years between New York and New Hampshire,
or settlers claiming under grants from her, was
erected into the new State of Vermont, and all
grants of lands lying within its limits, made by
New York, were, in consideration of thirty thousand dollars, which it paid to New York, declared
null and void.
This treaty, which the State of New York, from
weighty considerations of public policy, rather
than for the paltry sum of money paid, found it




28
expedient to make, surrendered a property belonging to the college, which would at this day have
been of immense value, and in so doing, may be
regarded as having given to the college a claim
for retribution, which all that the State has since
done for it does not fully satisfy.
In February, 1767, Mr. Harpur, the pr6fessor
of Mathematics, resigned his office, nor does it
appear that any person was appointed in his
place.
The Grammar School, established in 1763, seems
not to have succeeded as was hoped. In August,
1767, it was found that the college had sunk by it
about ~370. Some reforms were therefore made,
and its expenses were reduced by dispensing with
one of the teachers until then employed. - At the
same time the Governors took an important step
towards advancing the usefulness and reputation
of the college, by their adoption of a scheme proposed by Dr. Clossy, in connection with Drs.
Middleton, Jones, Smith, Bard, and Tennent, for
the institution of a Medical School within the college.
The Governors having considered the plan submitted by these gentlemen, and their offer to give
courses of lectures during the winter, each on
some branch of his profession, expressed a high
confidence in their merit, learning, and abilities,




29
with a due sense of their generous and disinterested proposals, and unanimously appointed them
to be professors-Samuel Clossy, M. D., of Anatomy; Peter Middleton, M. D., of Pathology and
Physiology; John Jones, M. D., of Surgery; James
Smith, M. D., of Chemistry and Materia Medica;
Samuel Bard, M. D., of the Theory and Practice
of Medicine; John V. B. Tennent, M. D., of Midwifery.
Three of these professors, the Doctors Middleton, Jones, and Bard, were shortly after this the
most active promoters of that noble charity, the
New York Hospital, and it appears from a medical discourse delivered by Dr. Middleton, at the
college, on the 3d of November, I769, that the
first suggestion relative to the establishment of a
hospital in New York was made by Dr. Bard.
" The necessity and usefulness of a public infirmary," says Dr. Middleton, "has been so warmly
and pathetically set forth, in a discourse delivered
by Dr. Samuel Bard, at the College Commencement in May last, that his Excellency Sir Henry
Moore immediately set on foot a subscription for
that purpose, to which himself and most of the
gentlemen present liberally contributed."-Account
of the N. Y. Hospital, p. 63. Historical Sketch of
the Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons, p. 7.
For several years after the organization of the




30
Faculty of Medicine, we find little of importance
in the minutes of the Governors, besides what has
been already noticed; nor is there any thing, as
regards the college, derived from other quarters
that deserves particular remark. The institution
seems to have been advancing steadily in a prosperous and quiet course, except in so far as the
daily increasing political excitement of the times
may have disturbed it.
Among papers left in this country by Dr. Cooper
(for so he may henceforth be styled, as he received
in 1768, both from the University of Oxford, and
from the Governors of King's College, the degree
of LL.D.) there is one containing an account of
King's College, which is ascribed to him. This
account must have been written, not only after
the establishment of the Medical School, but since
Natural Law is mentioned in it as among the subjects taught, and there was no professor of that
previous to I773, it is probably to be assigned to
some date not long after that.
This paper, after mentioning the manner in
which the college was founded, and some leading
provisions of its charter, then goes on to state that
" Since the passing of the charter the Institution
hath received great emolument by grants from his
most gracious majesty King George the Third,
and by liberal contributions from many of the no



3I
bility and gentry in the parent country; from the
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and from several public-spirited gentlemen in America and elsewhere. By means of
these and other benefactions, the Governors of the
College have been enabled to extend their plan of
education almost as diffusely as any college in
Europe; herein being taught by proper Masters
and Professors, who are chosen by the Governors
and President, Divinity, Natural Law, Physic,
Logic, Ethics, Metaphysics, Mathematics, Natural
Philosophy, Astronomy, Geography, History,
Chronology, Rhetoric, Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
Modern Languages, the Belles Lettres, and whatever else of literature may tend to accomplish the
pupils as scholars and gentlemen.
" To the College is also annexed a Grammar
School for the due preparation of those who propose to complete their education with the arts and
sciences.
" All students but those in Medicine, are obliged
to lodge and diet in the College, unless they are
particularly exempted by the Governors or President; and the edifice is surrounded by an high
fence, which also encloses a large court and garden, and a porter constantly attends at the front
gate, which is closed at ten o'clock each evening
in summer and nine in winter; after which hours




32
the names of all that come in are delivered weekly
to the President.
"The College is situated on a dry, gravelly soil,
about one hundred and fifty yards from the bank
of the Hudson river, which it overlooks; commanding, from the eminence on which it stands, a
most extensive and beautiful prospect of-the opposite shore and country of New Jersey, the City
and Island of New York, Long Island, Staten
Island, New York Bay with its Islands, the Narrows, forming the mouth of the harbor, etc., etc.;
and being totally unencumbered by any adjacent
buildings, and admitting the purest circulation of
air from the river, and every other quarter, has
the benefit of as agreeable and healthy a situation
as can possibly be conceived.
" Visitations by the Governors are quarterly;
at which times, premiums of books, silver medals,
etc., are adjudged to the most deserving.
" This Seminary hath already produced a number of gentlemen who do great honor to their professions, the place of their education, and themselves, in Divinity, Law, Medicine, etc., etc., in
this and various other colonies, both on the American continent and West India Islands; and the
College is annually increasing as well in students
as reputation."
The Rev. John Vardill, A. M., appointed in




33
1773 Professor of Natural Law, and soon after of
History and Languages also, was an alumnus of
King's College, and the first one who was ever
appointed to any office therein-a pupil of Dr.
Cooper, he seems to have agreed with him entirely in politics. He must have left this country very
soon after his appointment, if, indeed, he were not
absent when it was made, for the writer of a letter
from London, in the beginning of 1775, speaks of
him as " Parson Vardill, a native of New York,
who has been here a twelvemonth, a ministerial
writer under the signature of Coriolanus, lately
appointed King's Professor in the College of New
York, with a salary of ~200 sterling."
Dr. Cooper may have thought himself in duty
bound to take an active part in the fierce strife of
tongues and pens which, towards the close of his
presidency, exercised the utmost powers of all
who imagined they could use those weapons with
effect. He of course " took the side of the British
government, and distinguished himself in the political controversies of the day against Smith, Livingston and other literary champions of the whig
party. In one of these skirmishes, he is said to
have been met and worsted by an anonymous
antagonist, whom he soon after discovered in the
person of one of his own pupils, Alexander Hamilton, then a student in one of the younger classes.




34
It would be injustice to the memory of Dr. Cooper
not to add, that far from betraying anything like
mortification or resentment, he uniformly treated
his youthful antagonist with good humor and even
respect.-Analectic Maeg., v. I4, p. 96.
It may justly be regarded as a proof of the influence which liberal studies exercise upon the minds
of youth, in awakening a love of liberty-a spirit
intolerant of tyranny, injustice, and oppressionthat, notwithstanding the political principles of
those who administered the government of King's
College, and especially of Dr. Cooper; and although the talents and popularity of the President
might seem likely to recommend his opinions to
his pupils, yet a large proportion of them were so
far from adopting his tory principles, as to be
among the foremost champions of liberty, in the
cabinet and the field. "There were early found
Jay and Livingston, Morris and Benson, Van
Cortlandt and Rutgers, and Troup and Hamilton."-Verplanck's Address, delivered before the Philolexian and Peithologian Societies of Col. Coll. p. 13.
The name of Hamilton (whom the College has
always insisted on reckoning as one of her alumni),
stands conspicuous among  those of students
matriculated in I774. Had the circumstances of
the college and those eventful times allowed him
to complete his academic course, it would, no




35
doubt, considering his ardor and activity of mind,
have been a brilliant one even within the college
walls; but the voice of his country called him to a
higher and more extended sphere of action. Abandoning the studious retirement of academic shades,
to take part in the struggles of the battle-field, or
the deliberations of the cabinet, he has made his
name the property of the historian, and the theme
of a loftier praise than any that these pages are
able to award.
The boldness with which Dr. Cooper maintained,
in his writings and his conversation, principles
and sentiments highly offensive to a most numerous
party, at a time of great popular excitement, at
length so roused the indignation of his political
opponents, that on the night of May Ioth, 1775,
his lodgings in the college were forcibly entered
by a mob, to the fury of which, had he been found
there, he would probably have fallen a victim. A
few days previous, had been published a letter,
dated Philadelphia, April 25, 1775, addressed to
Dr. Cooper and four other obnoxious gentlemen
of this city, ascribing to them, and to their assurances of the defection of New York, all the hostile
proceedings of England-the blood of their fellowsubjects who had fallen in Massachusetts-towns
in flames-a desolated country-butchered fathers,
weeping widows and children, with all the horrors




36
of a civil war. They are denounced as parricides,
and told that the Americans, reduced to desperation, will no longer satisfy their resentment with
the execution of villains in effigy; and the letter
concludes:
" Fly for your lives, or anticipate your doom by
becoming your own executioners.-THREE MILLIONS."-Amer. Archives, 4th Series, vol. 2. col. 389.
If those of the three millions who sought Dr.
Cooper on this occasion, were animated by the
wrathful spirit which breathes through this epistle,
we may easily imagine the treatment he would
have received from them. But their design was
frustrated by one of his former pupils, who, preceding the throng of several hundred men, admonished him of his danger just in time to save him.
He escaped, only half-dressed, over the college
fence; reached the shore of the Hudson, and wandered along the river bank till near morning,
when he found shelter in the house of his friend
Mr. Stuyvesant, where he remained for that day,
and during the night following took refuge on
board the Kingfisher, Captain James Montagu, an
English ship of war at anchor in the harbor, in
which soon afterwards he sailed for England.
On the i6th of May, or six days after this narrow escape of the President, the Rev. Benjamin




37
Moore, an alumnus of the college, who a few
months previous had returned from England in
holy. orders, was appointed by Ihe Governors
Prwses pro tempore; it being supposed that Dr.
Cooper might, which he never did, return.
In consequence of Dr. Cooper's absence there
was no public commencement held this year; but
the degree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on
seven students, and that of Master of Arts on two
alumni of the college; and eight students were
admitted.
On the 6th of April, in the following year, I776,
the Treasurer of the College received from the
Committee of Safety a message, desiring the Governors to prepare the College within six days, tor the
reception of troops. The students were in consequence dispersed, the library and apparatus were
deposited in the City Hall, or elsewhere, and the
college edifice was converted into a military hospital. Almost all the apparatus, and a large proportion of the books belonging to the college, were
wholly lost to it in consequence of this removal;
and of the books recovered, six or seven hundred
volumes were so, only after about thirty years,
when they were found, with as many belonging to
the N. Y. Society Library, and some belonging to
Trinity Church, in a room in St. Paul's Chapel,
where, it seemed, no one but the sexton had been




38
aware of their existence, and neither he nor anybody else could tell how they had arrived here.
Previous to this dispersion of the college library,
it contained, besides books purchased by the Governors and those bequeathed by Dr. Bristowe and
by Mr. Murray, many valuable works given by the
Earl of Bute and other individuals, and from the
University of Oxford, a copy of every w'ork printed
at the University Press.
This forcible seizure of the college building, for
as such, in fact, we may regard it, was perhaps
suggested by the same feeling of political animosity that had been manifested with such violence
in the attempt to seize on Dr. Cooper's person. The Committee of Safety, when they aimed
this blow  at an obnoxious institution, which
they looked upon as a mere hot-bed of Toryism,
were little aware of the fruits their country was
about to reap from plants that had been reared
in it.
An eminent jurist has remarked "that until the
foundation of King's college, little more than
twenty years before the Declaration of Independence, there were no seminaries within the colony,
in which any other than a very indifferent education could be procured. The influence of that
institution on the literary character of the State
was truly wonderful; for though the whole num



39
ber of students educated in the college prior to
1775 was but one hundred, many of them attained
to great distinction in their respective professions
and in public life. In reference to them and to
their Alma Mater, the language of the Roman
poet would scarcely be too strong."
" Felix prole virum  -
Laeta deum partu, centum complexa nepotes,
Omnes coelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes."
As a specimen of the elder born of this " Titanian progeny," our author names "Robert R.
Livingston, Gouverneur Morris and John Jay,
each distinguished, alike by his genius and erudition, and all illustrious in the' annals of their
country, for their talents as writers and their services as statesmen. -Benj. F. Butler's Anniversary
Discourse before the Albany Institute in 1830, p. 54.
In the year 1776, again, no public commencement was held; but six students, who had just
completed their course when the College was
broken up, were admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The college record of this year remarks: "The turbulence and confusion which
prevail in every part of the country effectually
suppress every literary pursuit."
It would seem, however, that some instruction
continued to be given under the auspices of King's




40
College, though not within its walls, for we find in
its Matricula the names of William Walton and
Jamhes Delancey Walton, entered in the year I777;
and the Governors appear to have met occasionally after this, for there exists a certified copy of
minutes of a meeting on the 17th of May, 1781.
These are the only indications, faint as they are,
which have been discovered of the slumbering existence of the college during a period of eight
years-from the spring of I776 to that of I784except, that it afterwards appears from the
minutes of the Trustees of Columbia College, on
the 28th of March, 1788, that Mr. Moore, the President ad interim, occupied during a part of this
period a house furnished by Mr. Lispenard for the
use of the officers and students of the college,
when the college edifice was converted into a
hospital.
At the end of this period of eight years, during
which the college remained in abeyance, as it were,
the Legislature of New York, on the ist of May,
1784, passed "An Act for granting certain privileges to the college heretofore called King's College, for altering the name and charter thereof, and
erecting an University within this State."
The Regents of the University appointed by this
Act held their first meeting only four days after
the passing of it; but, for want of a quorum, ad



41
journed to the day following, when they organized
their Board by the appointment of Governor Clinton, as Chancellor; the Hon. Pierre Van Cortlandt, as Vice-Chancellor; Brockholst Livingston,
as Treasurer; and Robert Harpur, as Secretary
of the University. Mr. Livingston, who in the
office to which he was now appointed continued
to serve Columbia College zealously and faithfully during the long period of forty years, being
a son of the gentleman who had so bitterly opposed King's College thirty years before; and Mr.
Harpur, the same person who had seventeen years
before resigned his professorship therein.
At this same meeting a committee was appointed
"to demand and receive from the late corporation
of the college called King's College" whatever
property had belonged to it; and the Regents
entered with laudable activity upon their task of
setting in order the affairs of the revived institution, which by the recent Act was styled Columbia
College. Among other measures for that purpose
adopted at this first meeting, was the appointment of the Rev. John Peter Tetard as Professor
of the French Language and the assignment of
various important matters to several committees.
One was charged with the repairs of the college
edifice; another with the duty of engaging proper
instructors; a third with that of devising a seal




42
for the new corporation; a fourth with that of preparing by-laws for it; and a fifth with the care of
sending a suitable person to solicit subscriptions
in France and other parts of Europe. This last
measure, and the appointment of a French Professor before any other, may be viewed as evidence
of the more intimate relations subsisting between
the now independent States and France.
On the I5th of the same month of May, the
Regents resolved to institute a Grammar School
in the college, and appointed Mr. William Cochran as master thereof, and also to be temporary
teacher in the college, of the Greek and Latin
Languages; of which, on the 23d of December
following, he was elected Professor.
On the I7th of May, 1784, the first student of
the college, under its new name and government,
De Witt Clinton, presenting himself as a candidate for admission into the Junior Class, was examined, found qualified, and admitted accordingly
by a committee of the Regents consisting of the
Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, and Secretary, the
Mayor of New York, and the newly appointed
professor Tetard. And in this manner, by a committee of the Regents, do all subsequent examinations appear to have been conducted, for so long
as the college continued under their immediate
care.  During this period, which was of about




43
three years, they seem to have been very zealous
and active in their endeavors to place the college
on a respectable footing-to make it, in fact, the
nucleus of an institution which might deserve to
be styled an University. With this view they applied themselves diligently to obtain subscriptions
of money towards the maintenance of the college;
and making large calculations, probably, on the
success of these, they resolved, December I4th,
1784, to organize the four faculties of Arts, Divinity,
Medicine, and Law, making the first to comprise
seven professorships, the second to consist of such
as might be established by the different religious
societies within the State, pursuant to the Act
instituting the University-the third to be composed of seven professors, and the last of three.
Besides all which there were to be nine extra
professors, a president, a secretary, and a librarian-and all this magnificent scheme was adopted
when the entire income from the real and personal property of the college did not exceed the
sum of twelve hundred pounds.
From the catalogue of the college it may be
seen what professorships were, in fact, established
at this time, or afterwards, while the college remained under the immediate superintendence of
the Regents.  During this period no president
was appointed, but the duties of the office were




44
discharged by the professors, in turn, and at the
commencements held in 1786 and I787, instead of
diplomas, there were given under the seal of the
corporation, and signed by the secretary, certificates that the parties receiving them were entitled
to the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
This delay in appointing a President appears
from a report adopted by the Regents, April 4th,
1785, to have been because the deranged state of
the funds of the college, and the great losses it
had sustained, rendered them unable to offer such
a salary as would induce a suitable person to
accept the office.
At length the Regents becoming sensible of the
defective constitution of the University under the
law from which they derived their authority; and
a committee appointed to consider its state having, on the 15th of February, 1787, together with
their report thereon, submitted the draft of a bill
containing provisions calculated, as they thought,
to remedy the defects of the actual system, the
Regents adopted the report of this committee,
and laid their bill, as amended by a subsequent
committee, of which John Jay and Alexander
Hamilton were members, before the Legislature
of the State, which on the I3th of April following
passed, accordingly, "An Act to institute an




45
University within this State, and for other purposes therein mentioned."
By the 8th, and some of the subsequent sections of this Act, which have reference to Columbia College, its original charter, with the necessary alterations, was confirmed, and it was placed
under the care of twenty-nine gentlemen named
in the Act as its Trustees, who were to exercise
their functions until their number should be reduced by death, resignation, or removal from the
State, to twenty-four, after which all vacancies
in their number were to be filled by their own
choice.
The first meeting of the Trustees of Columbia College was on the 8th of May, 1787, when
they reappointed Robert Harpur and Brockholst
Livingston to their respective offices of Clerk and
Treasurer, and adopted, in so far as they were not
repugnant to the present constitution of the college, the by-laws which had been established by
the Regents for its government.
On the 2Ist of the same month of May, William Samuel Johnson, LL.D., son of the first
president of King's College, was elected President, and on the I2th of November following, he




46
signified to the Trustees his acceptance of the
office.
At this time the Faculty of Arts and that of
Medicine consisted, each, of three professors.
There were no professors in the Faculties of Law
and of Divinity, and the only extra professor
was one of the German language, who received
no salary. Of the thirty-nine students, (nearly
one-half of them belonging to the Freshman
Class,) five lodged and boarded in the college,
and five others had rooms and studied there.
The yearly income of the Institution was about
one thousand three hundred and thirty pounds.
During the first four or five years after the reorganization of the college, there occurred scarcely any thing that deserves mention, except the
resignation in I789 of Mr. William Cochran, Professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and
the appointment of Mr. Peter Wilson in his place.
One of the students in college, during these
first years of its renewed existence, but who did
not finish his course there, was John Randolph,
of Mattoax, Virginia, at that time, but better
known afterwards as of Roanoke. He and his
brother, Theodoric, entered the Freshman Class
in 1788, and were promoted to the Sophomore
Class in I789; after which Theodoric's name
does not again occur; but John, as appears from




47
the matricula, entered the Junior Class of the following year.
In February, I792, the Trustees, acting on
the suggestion of the Medical Society of the State,
and in concert with the Regents of the University,
established the Medical school of the college on
a more respectable footing than before, by the
appointment of a Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, and seven Medical Professors. Dr. Samuel
Bard, who had been Professor of the Theory and
Practice of Medicine in the first medical school
established in the college in 1767, and more recently had held first the professorship of Chemistry, and then that of Natural Philosophy and
Astronomy, while the college was governed by
the Regents, was now elected Dean of the new
Faculty, in which there were associated with
him Doctors Baily, Post, Rodgers, Hamersley,
Smith, Nicoll, and Kissam, all eminent in their
profession.
Dr. Romaine, who had been giving lectures
at the college on certain branches of medical science, having, on the organization of this new
school, resigned his office, the rooms which had
been used by him were arranged for its accommodation, such alterations being made therein as
were required.
In April, I792, the Rev. Elias D. Rattoon, on




48
the resignation of Professor Wilson, was chosen
Professor of the Greek and Latin languages;
and in May, 1794, received the further appointment of Professor of Grecian and Roman Antiquities. He resigned both offices on the 9th of
June, I797, and on the I9th of the same month,
his predecessor, Dr. Wilson, was re-elected to fill
them, as he thenceforth continued to do for three
and twenty years.
Besides the establishment of a medical school,
the Trustees gave further evidence, during the
year 1792, of their desire to make the college useful and respectable, by filling several other professorships.  Dr. Kunze was re-appointed Professor of Oriental Languages. Dr. Mitchill was
chosen Professor of Natural History, Chemistry,
Agriculture, and Botany: and M. de Marcelin,
Professor of French. In the following year, 1793,
Mr. James Kent was elected Professor of Law,
and in 1795, the Rev. Dr. M'Knight was appointed
Professor of Moral Philosophy and Logic, the
Rev. John Bisset, A. M., of Aberdeen, Professor of
Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres; and the professorship of Geography was assigned to Dr. Kemp, in
addition to that of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, which he already held.
Meanwhile the foundation of an additional building was, in conformity with the original plan




49
of the college, laid at right angles to the then
existing edifice, along the west side of the college
green; and on the northern end of this foundation,
in order to supply the more immediate wants of
the institution, was begun a superstructure intended to contain a hall and several recitation
rooms.
The Trustees were encouraged to the making
of the appointments just now mentioned, the laying
of this more extensive foundation than they were
able to finish, and the purchase of a large addition
to the college library, by a grant obtained from
the Legislature in April, I792, of ~7,900, and of
the further sum of ~750 annually for five years.
They soon discovered, however, that they had
extended their views, and had proceeded in their
plan of building farther than this addition to their
means would warrant. In I796 they were obliged
again to ask for legislative aid to complete their
edifice; and their application proving unsuccessful, the committee employed about the new building was empowered to proceed with it until the
money granted for that purpose should be expended, and in June of the year following, was
directed to sell the perishable building materials
which then remained on hand.
The annual payment of ~75o by the State being.




50
discontinued on the expiration of the period of five
years for which it had been granted, the additional professors, towards whose salaries that
money had been applied, were found too burthensome, and consequently, in February, 1799, the
duty of teaching Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres,
Logic and Moral Philosophy, was devolved upon
the President. Mathematics, Natural Philosophy
and Geography were united under one professorship. The Latin and Greek Languages, Roman
and Grecian Antiquities, were combined to form
another. The professorships of the Oriental Languages, of French, and of Law, were discontinued.
A professorship, however, of Natural History and
Chemistry was instituted, and these studies were
made to form part of the regular academic course.
On the I6th of July, I8oo, Dr. Johnson, having
nearly reached his 74th year, and feeling the infirmities of age, resigned his presidency and retired
to Stratford. The tranquil life to which he was
there restored, and the air of his native village,
re-established in a great degree his bodily health,
and in the enjoyment of a leisure so well earned
by the professional toils and highly important
public services of his previous long career, he
lived to enter upon his 93d year, " retaining to the
last his vigor and activity of mind, the ardor of
his literary curiosity, and a most lively interest in




51
whatever concerned the welfare of this country,
and of the Christian world."
On Dr. Johnson's resignation the Trustees empowered the senior professor to preside at the
ensuing commencement, and to confer the degrees
that had been ordered.
On the 25th of May, I80I, the Rev. Dr. Wharton,
of Philadelphia, was elected president, and, on the
3d of August, signified, by letter, his acceptance
of the office, which, on the IIth of December
following, he resigned.
It was now determined that the professorship
which for about three years had been annexed to
the presidential office, should be detached therefrom, and that the President, in future, should be
charged merely with a general superintendence of
the institution, the duty of attending at examinations, presiding at commencements, and performing such other acts as are more peculiar to his
office. This change was adopted on the 30th of
December, I801, and on the following day the
Right Rev. Benjamin Moore was appointed to the
office of president, which he had held ad interim
on the departure of Dr. Cooper, above six and
twenty years before. At the same time the Rev.
Dr. Bowden, who, like Bishop Moore, was an
alumnus of the College, was appointed to the now




52
distinct professorship of Moral Philosophy, Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres, and Logic.
Under this new arrangement the President was
not expected to reside in the college, nor, on ordinary occasions, to take an active part in its discipline and government; the chief management of
its daily concerns being committed to the professors. The plan was not a good one in itself; but
Doctors Kemp, Wilson and Bowden, being highly
respectable and able men, the college, notwithstanding, went on well, increasing in reputation
and in number. Its funds derived some augmentation from a grant of lands made to it in I802 by
the Regents of the University; its real estate in
the city was daily becoming more valuable; the
hall and recitation rooms on the north end of the
new foundation were completed; and though the
remainder of that foundation (already falling to
ruin) and the original college edifice presented
a decayed and unsightly appearance, yet the
internal condition of the institution, at this period,
was not unprosperous.
And, except that its buildings were yearly
growing worse, there was little change about the
college, nor does its history offer anything that
deserves especial notice until the 22d of June,
I809, when, upon the recommendation of a committee, consisting of Mr. Rufus King, and the




53
Reverend Doctors Mason, Abeel, Hobart, and
Miller, a new regulation was adopted, whereby
the requisites for admission into college, after the
Ist of October, I8Io, were raised much higher
than they had ever been before; and in February
following, the same committee, to which the Rev.
Dr. Romeyn had in the interim been added, reported, also, a new course of studies and system
of discipline within the college, in accordance
with the new statute as to admission.
The adoption of the well-considered plans of
this very able committee was calculated, and had
the effect, greatly to elevate and extend our system
of collegiate education.
In the spring of I8IO the Trustees obtained a
new charter from the Legislature of the State, by
which certain restrictions in the former charter
were removed, and some defects therein, which
experience had discovered, were supplied.
From the annual report to the Regents, in February, I8IO, it appears that the number of students
matriculated for that year was I35. The Trustees
remark, that on comparing this with former reports, "the Regents will perceive that notwithstanding the many embarrassments with which
she has to struggle, Columbia College not only
maintains her ground, but increases her importance." They further observe, that they have




54
prosecuted the theoretical and practical system of
the college so far toward its results as " to lay a
broader and stronger basis for sound and thorough
education than (as they believe) has hitherto been
known in these States."
The affairs of the institution being, in some respects, thus hopeful, and a great zeal for its advancement manifested, Bishop Moore, in May,
i811, resigned his presidency, in order to make
room for some one who would have it in his power
to devote himself wholly to the college; and, in
the following month, the Trustees determined to
divide the powers and duties of the presidential
office between a president and an officer to be
styled Provost, who, in the absence of the President, should supply his place, and who, besides
exercising the like general superintendence with
the President, should conduct the classical studies
of the Senior Class. The statutes of the college
were altered accordingly, and, on the 17th of June,
8I I, the Rev. William Harris was elected President, and the Rev. Dr. Mason, Provost.
On the I4th of February, 1812, the Legislature,
in accordance with the petition of the Trustees,
passed an act making the Provost of the college
for the time being eligible as a member of their
Board, and, in May following, the Provost, Dr.
Mason, was elected a Trustee.




55
On the 25th of November, 1812, Dr. Kemp died,
after having, for eight and twenty years, discharged with great ability and fidelity the duties
of professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. The resolutions of the Trustees on this occasion manifest their high respect for his memory,
and their concern for the loss which the college
had sustained.
During the last illness of Dr. Kemp, and for
some time after his decease, the duties of his office
were divided between Mr. James Renwick, whose
services were voluntarily and gratuitously rendered, and Mr. Henry Vethake, who had been engaged by the Trustees; but, on the 3d of May,
1813, Mr. Robert Adrain was elected to fill the
vacant professorship. The purchase by the college of the late professor's books made a valuable
addition to its library.
On the Ist of November, 1813, the Trustees
agreed to incorporate their medical school with
that of the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
a new institution which the Regents of the University had established in the city of New York.
On the Iith of July, i816, Dr. Mason resigned
his office of Provost, and, on the 7th of November
following, the Trustees determined that the powers
and duties of that office should devolve upon the
President, except that the duty of conducting the




56
classical studies of the Senior Class should be restored to the Professor of the Greek and Latin
Languages.
An attentive examination made into the state
of their finances, having satisfied the Trustees that
they might safely undertake extensive repairs of
the old edifice, and the erection of additional
buildings, they, on the 6th of September, 1817,
agreed upon the general outlines of a plan for that
purpose, and appointed a committee to carry it
into effect.
Two wings, each fifty feet square, and each containing two houses for professors, were added at
the extremities of the original edifice, and of this
older building, which underwent very extensive
alterations, one-fourth part being reserved as a
dwelling-house, the residue was so arranged as to
furnish a chapel, a library, and all the required
recitation rooms.
Shortly before the adoption of this plan, the
Rev. Dr. Bowden, who, for about sixteen years,
had filled the office of Professor of Moral Philosophy, Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres, and Logic,
died much lamented. The Trustees adopted resolutions which feelingly expressed their high sense
of the long and faithful services of the deceased,
and of the learning and ability with which he had
discharged his professional duties, together with




57
their veneration for the example displayed by him
of all the moral and Christian virtues; and neither
in this case nor in that of Dr. Kemp's death did
they limit to words alone the evidence of their
regard.
On the 3d of November, 1817, the Rev. John
M'Vickar was appointed to the professorship
which Dr. Bowden had held, and, at the same
meeting, with a view to relieve Dr. Wilson of some
portion of the duties which his advancing age
began to render burthensome, it was resolved to
appoint an adjunct professor of the Greek and
Latin Languages. On the first day of the following month Mr. Nathaniel F. Moore was elected to
that office, and charged with the duty of teaching
those languages to the Freshman Class.
Meanwhile the improvements in the exterior
of the college, and the additions that had been resolved upon, were going forward; but it was not
until the 2d of October, I820, that, the projected
alterations being completed, the Building Committee handed in their final report. During the
progress of the work, the Trustees received a valuable contribution towards it, by a grant from the
State of $Io,ooo; and the same Act, passed February I9th, I819, added also to the value of the
college property, by rescinding the condition of a
grant which had been made five years before, of




58
the Botanic Garden-a piece of some twenty acres
of ground about three miles out of town-a condition requiring that the college should be removed to the land so granted within the next
twelve years.
But the extensive additions and alterations about
the college proved so expensive, that notwithstanding this legislative aid, a considerable debt
had been incurred.
The Trustees, however, would not be deterred
thereby from assuming new burthens, which
either a just regard for the claims of one who had
long served the college with fidelity, or the exigencies of its discipline and course of study,
seemed to lay upon them. Accordingly, when
Dr. Wilson found himself obliged by increasing
infirmities wholly to resign his office, as in February, I820, he did, they, in consideration of his
" faithful and eminently useful services during
eight and twenty years; of his advanced age, and
the peculiar circumstances of his situation,"
granted him a liberal annuity for life. Being persuaded, moreover, that the welfare of the college
required a division of the professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy into a professorship of Mathematics and Astronomy, and a professorship of Natural and Experimental Philosophy
and Chemistry, they resolved on such division




59
accordingly; and, leaving Dr. Adrain charged
with the former, appointed, on the 4th of December, I820, Mr. James Renwick to the latter office.
To that which Dr. Wilson had resigned, the
adjunct professor, Mr. Nathaniel F. Moore, was,
in February, I820, preferred, and, on the 6th of
the following month, Mr. Charles Anthon was
appointed to supply his place.
The college, now for the first time, saw most of
her offices filled by her own alumni-Professors
M'Vickar, Moore, Anthon, and Renwick having
all been reared within her walls, while previous to
1817, only three of all who had ever held office in
the college had received their education there.
These were the Rev. John Vardill-who probably never entered on the duties of his office-the
Rev. Benj. Moore, and the Rev. John Bowden.
On the 3d of November, 1823, the Honourable
James Kent was re-appointed to the professorship
of Law, which he had five and twenty years before
resigned, after having then held it five years. The
present appointment of this accomplished jurist
having given occasion to a course of lectures at
the college, which proved the germ of his learned
Commentaries, was, consequently, attended with
results, which, while they reflect honour on the
college, are of inestimable value to the science of
jurisprudence, and the whole legal profession.




On the 5th of September, 1825, was established,
for the first time in the college, a professorship of
the Italian language and literature; to which the
Trustees appointed Signor Lorenzo Da Ponte, a
gentleman of singular talent, a scholar and poet of
no ordinary merit.
On the 7th of November, in the same year, Dr.
Adrain resigned his professorship of Mathematics
and Astronomy. In the letter offering his resignation, he, in the warmest terms possible, recommended as his successor Henry J. Anderson, M. D.,
an alumnus of the college, who on the I Ith of the
same month was elected in his place.
In October, 1827, a new body of statutes for the
government of the college was adopted, and in
December of the same year the Trustees resolved
to establish, under their patronage, a grammar
school, of which the Board of the college should
have the superintendence and control. The plan,
however, failed altogether of success, until after it
had received some modifications in the month of
April following; nor, even then, did it, for a long
time, succeed in any great degree. In the spring
of 1829, measures were taken to erect a suitable
building for its accommodation. This was finished
and occupied in the month of October following,
and the Trustees made an agreement with Mr.




6i
John D. Ogilby, as master of the school, under the
control and direction of the College Board.
In October, I829, Dr. Harris died, after being
in the presidential office for above eighteen years;
but, with full charge of the college for only the
last thirteen of them; during all which time he
had manifested the most entire and zealous devotion to its interests.
On the 9th of December following his decease,
the Honourable William A. Duer, LL. D., was
elected in his place.
Early in 1830 extensive modifications of the college system were adopted-the existing course of
study, being preserved entire, was denominated
the Full Course, and another, in addition thereto,
was established, which was called the Scientific and
Literary Course-and this was open to others besides matriculated students; all persons whatever,
and to such extent as they thought fit, being
permitted to attend.
On the 3d of February, 1830, several new professors were appointed-viz: The Rev. Samuel H.
Turner, D. D., was elected Professor of the Hebrew Language and Literature-Mariano Velesques de la Cadena, Professor of the Spanish
Language and Literature-the Rev. Manton Eastburn, Lecturer on Poetry, and Wm. H. Ellet, M.D.,
Lecturer on Elementary Chemistry.




62
In November, 1830, Professor Anthon took
charge of the College Grammar School, as its
Rector, under an agreement which was variously
modified from time to time until the first of May,
I833, when the arrangement was concluded.
Upon the appointment of Professor Anthon
as Rector of the Grammar School, Mr. J. L.
O'Sullivan  was  employed   as  classical  in*structor of the Freshman Class, and Dr. Ellet as
instructor of the Sophomore Class in Elementary
Chemistry; and in May, 1832, a distinct professorship of this department being established, Dr. Ellet
was appointed to fill it. He held this appointment
however, for only one year, when new arrangements, dictated by the necessity of reducing the
expenses of the college, determined the Trustees
to discontinue his professorship.
In October, 1835, Professor Moore having resigned his office, Dr. Anthon, the Jay-Professor
(as since February, 1830, he had been styled) was
elected in his place, and Mr. Robert G. Vermilye,
an alumnus of the college, was appointed classical
instructor of the Freshman Class, Librarian, and
Secretary of the College Board.
On a revision of the statutes, in the year 1836,
both courses of study pursued in the college were
further enlarged; and the Scientific and Literary
Course in particular was defined and materially




63
extended. And in order that this course, as well
as the scientific branches of the Full Course, might
be conducted in the most efficient manner, the
Trustees appropriated the sum of $Io,ooo for the
purchase of additional apparatus, as well as for
adding to the library the requisite books of reference and illustration.*
On the I3th of April, I837, was celebrated, with
much solemnity, the semi-centennial anniversary
of the re-organization of the college under Trustees of its own. The Trustees, President, Professors, Alumni, and students of the college, united
in measures calculated to give interest to the day.
In the morning, at St. John's Chapel, an Oration
and a Poemn were delivered, before a numerous
audience, by Alumni of the college previously appointed. Odes in several languages, composed
and arranged to music for the occasion, were sung;
there were suitable religious services, and appropriate music, and honorary degrees were conferred
on several distinguished gentlemen, selected by a
committee specially appointed for that purpose.
In the evening the college was decorated, illuminated, and thrown open for the reception and
* During the preceding year, I835, the Trustees had increased the
means of instruction belonging to the college by the purchase of two collections of minerals, at an aggregate cost of $2,300, and subsequently
there was added to their cabinet a valuable geological collection, presented.
by the State.




64
entertainment of a large number of invited guests.
In January, 1838, the Trustees made a valuable
addition to the College Library by purchasing
that of their former professor, Moore, whom they
also appointed Librarian, and as such he was, for
about a year, busily employed in making a new
arrangement and a catalogue of the whole library,
and placing this department of the college on a
better and more serviceable footing than before.
On his resignation, Mr. George C. Schaeffer was
appointed in his place.
In May, 1842, President Duer found himself
obliged, by severe and long-continued illness, to
resign his office; and on the first of August following, Nathaniel F. Moore, LL. D., was appointed
in his place.
In June, 1843, Dr. Anderson resigned the professorship of Mathematics and Astronomy, and in
the following month the Rev. Charles W. Hackley, S. T. D., was appointed in his place.
In April, 1843, a professorship of the German
Language and Literature was established on an
endowment of $20,000, bequeathed for that purpose by Frederick Gebhard, Esq., and in the
month of June following, John Louis Tellkampf,
J. U. D., of Gottingen, was appointed Gebhard
Professor.
On a revision of the statutes in July, of this year,




the Scientific and Literary Course, after an unsuccessful experiment of thirteen years, was finally
abolished. As distinguished from the Full Course,
it had never found much favor with the public.
There was not a single student engaged in it at
this time, and during the last two years there had
been, in all, but four.
At the same time that the revision of the statutes
was made, the Trustees directed that the German
Language and Literature should be made a part
of the College course; and at the beginning of the
second session of the following year, Professor
Tellkampf began the instruction of his classes.
Difficulties, however, which had not been wholly
unanticipated, interfered with the success of the
new arrangement. In October, I847, Professor
Tellkampfresigned his position and was succeeded,
on the first of November of the same year by the
Reverend Henry I. Schmidt, who still holds the
office. In January, I847, the attendance of the
two higher classes was made voluntary, and that
arrangement continued in force till 1857, when the
study of German was made wholly voluntary; and
to guard against the possibility of the department's sinking into a sinecure, four annual prizes,
two of $30 each and the others of $20, were instituted. This arrangement is still in force, and has
been found to work well. About one-fourth of




66
the students avail themselves of the instruction of
the Gebhard Professor, and pursue their studies
with energy and vigor, and the liberal -intentions
of the founder of the Professorship are fairly
carried out.
Upon the resignation of Professor Vermilye, in
I843, the instruction of the Senior Class in Greek
and Latin was intrusted to the President, and the
Freshmen were required to attend Professor Anthon. This arrangement subsisted, however, but
for a single session; and in the month of April following, Dr. Anthon resumed the instruction of the
Senior Class while Mr. Henry Drisler, an alumnus
of the College, who had, since the resignation of
Mr. Vermilye, aided in the instruction of the
Freshman Class, took entire charge of the classical
studies of that class, first as Tutor and afterwards
as Adjunct Professor.
In October, 1847, Mr. Schaeffer resigned his
office as Librarian, having accepted a professorship in Danville College, Kentucky, and his assistant, Mr. Lefroy Ravenhill, was appointed in his
place; and two years later, Mr. Stephen R.
Weeks, the Janitor of the College, was made
Assistant Librarian, upon the recommendation of
President Moore.
In December, 1844, Mr. J. W. S. Hows was
appointed Professor of Elocution, with the duty




67
of giving instruction therein to the Freshman
Class, and in January, 1845, entered upon his
duties. In 1848, William Betts, A. M., an alumnus.
and Trustee of the College, was elected Professor
of Law, in the room of Chancellor Kent, who had
died not long before. In the winter of 1849-50,
Mr. Betts delivered, in the College, a course of
Lectures on International Law. In July, 1849,
Dr. Moore resigned the presidency, and in the
following month of November, Charles King,
Esquire, was elected his successor.
The rapid growth of the city and the falling in
of the lease of the Botanic Garden directed the
attention of the Trustees early in 1850 to the consideration of the disposition of that portion of
their property. The Botanic Garden was a tract
containing about 260 lots of ground, bounded an
the north by 5 st St., on the south by 47th St., on
the east by the 5th Avenue, and on the west by a
line nearly parallel to and about a hundred feet
distant from the 6th Avenue. It had been given
to the college by the State of New York, in 1814,
as a partial compensation for the large estate in
Gloucester County, which she had lost when Vermont was made a State. It had for many years
brought in a trifling revenue, which had long been
wholly inadequate to meet even the expenses in
which it had involved the college; and now it




68
seemed about to make still more formidable demands upon her resources to meet taxes, assessments, and the cost of regulating the lots. The
whole subject of the disposition of this property
was one of extreme delicacy and difficulty, and
occupied the careful attention of the Trustees for
nearly two years.  It was finally leased,'and so
judiciously that it has now become one of the best
parts of the city.
Dr. Ravenhill dying in 1851, William  Alfred
Jones, A. M., was appointed his successor, and
held the office of Librarian for more than 14 years.
On the I4th of November, 1854, Dr. Renwick resigned his professorship. At the same time, an
order of Emeritus Professors was instituted, for
the purpose of appropriately acknowledging the
services of those professors who had devoted
themselves to the college for twenty years or
more, and Dr. Renwick was made the first Emeritus Professor. These gentlemen were to be without salaries or stated duties, but were to have certain privileges and honors, the principal of which
were these: Each of them was to have the right
of nomination to one free scholarship to be called
by his name, of delivering an annual lecture in the
college, and of sitting with the Faculty on public
occasions. His portrait also was to be painted at
the expense of the college, and hung in the library




69
or in some proper room in the college buildings.
Since Dr. Renwick, three other gentlemen have
received this honor, viz.: the Rev. Dr. John
McVickar, made Emeritus Professor of the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion, in I864,
after an active service of 47 years; Dr. Charles
Davies, in I865, Emeritus Professor of Higher
Mathematics; and Dr. Henry James Anderson, in
I866, Emeritus Professor of Mathematics and
Astronomy,-the rule requiring twenty years' service having been suspended in the case of Drs.
Anderson and Davies.
On the 4th of April, I854, Richard S. McCulloh,
A. M., then a Professor in Princeton College, N. J.,
was elected Professor of Natural and Experimental
Philosophy and Chemistry.
The requirements of commerce rendered necessary the removal of the college from College
Place; and in I857 it was removed to the block
which it now occupies, bounded by 49th and 5oth
Sts., 4th and Madison Avenues. The old college
buildings have long ceased to exist, and the College Green is transformed into streets lined with
costly warehouses.
The working out of the plan of enlarging the
scope of instruction given by the college went on
simultaneously with that for the removal of its
site. Both subjects, indeed, had been in the hands




of a committee since 1853, for it was found that
the two could not be separated. Thus, although
the committee presented their final report as early
as I854, their suggestions could not be immediately carried into practice.  Unexpected and
inevitable delays arose in finding accommodations
in the upper part of the.town, and the old college
had just sufficient room for the body of professors
that taught and the course of instruction that was
carried on within its walls. When, however, the
removal of the college was completed, it became
possible to carry out in part the plan which had
been suggested by the committee and adopted by
the Trustees. That plan contemplated the preservation of the " Classical course as at present established for three years; that is, the Freshman,
Sophomore and Junior, with adaptations, however,
to the future studies, both sub-graduate and postgraduate; and a co-ordinate, mainly scientific
course, with due regard to classical and ethical
instruction, to occupy two years, and a third
when the demand shall justify it.  These two
courses, proceeding in nearly parallel lines,
were to meet at the commencement of the Senior
year, and the students to be prepared to undertake any of the studies to be thereafter taught."
(Report of the Committee on the Course, July 24,
1854.) Threeschools —viz.: of Philosophy or Phi



7'
lology, ol Jurisprudence and History, and a school
of Mathematical and Physical Science-were to be
instituted, into one of which the students were to
enter at the beginning of the fourth or Senior year,
and at the end of that year those who had pursued
the earlier classical course were to receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and those who had pursued the scientific course that of Bachelor of
Science. The studies of these schools, however,
were not to end with the first degree, but were to
continue for two years longer, and to form what
was to be called the post-graduate course. This
scheme, admirable as it was in conception, was
never fully carried out. Several professors were,
indeed, added to the Faculty in 1857, and the
Senior Class was divided into schools, called the
Schools of Letters, Jurisprudence and Science, as
had been proposed by the committee; but the postgraduate course, as contemplated by the committee, never had any existence. The committee in
charge of the subject were authorized, by resolutions of the Board of Trustees, June 28, 1858,
to open the post-graduate course of instruction on
the first Monday of November following, to secure the services, "for such portions of the next
two years as they may be able," of Professor
James D. Dana, in the department of Geology and
Natural History; of Professor Arnold Guyot, in




72
Physical Geography and kindred subjects; of
Mr. George   P. Marsh, in the English Language; of Professor Theodore W. Dwight, for
the Law Department, and of such other instructors
as the committee might deem proper, under the
instructions given them, in any department of
Jurisprudence, Science or Letters. Professors of
the college were also to give their aid. In the
Fall of 1858, the course was opened and continued
for one year. Professor Guyot delivered a course
of lectures on Comparative Physical Geography
in its relation to History and Modern Civilization;
Mr. Marsh a course upon the English Language;
Professor William G. Peck upon Engineering in
all its branches; Professor Charles W. Hackley
upon Physical Astronomy; and Professor Charles
Murray Nairne upon Ethics and Moral Philosophy.
But the time seemed not to be ripe for the proper
support by the public of the scheme, and it was
relinquished after one year's trial.  The college
indeed by no means abandoned its cherished plan
of giving more than ordinary academic training;
but professional and scientific schools superseded
that more liberal and extended course of teaching,
by which it had been hoped to inspire young men
with an ardent and honorable love of learning,
and to qualify them for those "higher and more
arduous efforts of self-instruction " which the col



73
lege has ever regarded as the true aim and purpose of academic training.
The chairs held by Professors McVickar, McCulloh and Hackley were divided in 1857, with
the consent and approbation of the gentlemen who
held them. The duties of the former two, indeed,
had become too onerous to be discharged by a
single man, however earnest and energetic he
might be. The professorships held by Professor
McVickar were divided into three, viz: a chair of
the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion,
which the professor himself retained; a chair of
Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and Literature,
which was filled by the election of Charles Murray
Nairne, A. M.; a chair of History and Political
Science, to which Francis Lieber, LL. D., was
elected. About the same time, Charles A. Joy,
Ph. D., was made Professor of Chemistry, it
being the purpose of Professor McCulloh, with
the approbation and by the direction of the Trustees, to confine himself to the department of
Physical Science. Professor Hackley took the
chair of Astronomy, and Charles Davies, LL. D.,
was made Professor of Mathematics.
The Professorship of Law, which had formerly been held by Chancellor Kent, and to which
Mr. Betts was elected in 1848, had long existed in
name only.  Neither of these gentlemen had,




74
indeed, attempted anything more than to deliver
a single course of lectures; and after the chair had
been vacated by the withdrawal of Mr. Betts, in
1854, it was not again filled. In 1858, however,
it was determined to make the Department of Law
an efficient and active portion of the college, and
to combine it with the School of Jurisprudence in
such a manner as that, while it should be a real
preparation for practice at the bar, it should also
give instruction in such kindred subjects as History, the Science of Government and International
and Constitutional Law.  Accordingly, on the
17th of May, I858, Theodore W. Dwight, A. M.,
was made Instructor in Municipal Law, and afterwards promoted to be Professor and placed at the
head of the Department, with the title of Warden
of the Law School. Instruction in Constitutional
Law was given by Professor Lieber, and in Moral
Philosophy by Professor Nairne. John Ordronaux, M1. D., was made Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. Courses of Lectures were delivered by
several distinguished legal gentlemen of New
York, who liberally gave their services without
remuneration.  The result of these energetic
measures was that at the first commencement in
May, I860, twenty-eight students received the
degree of LL. B., and the next year there were
sixty-three students in the Law School. The num



75
ber of students has steadily increased, and in the
present year (1875-6) there are 573 in attendance.
In I860, an arrangement was made by which the
College of Physicians and Surgeons of the City of
New York-an institution chartered by the. Regents of the University of the State of New York,
in 1807, and with which the Medical School of
Columbia College was incorporated in I813-was
adopted as the Medical Department of the College.
Dr. Hackley dying in I86I, the Department of
Astronomy was entrusted to Mr. William G. Peck,
a graduate of the U. S. Military Academy, who
had been, 1857-9, adjunct Professor of Mathematics, and since 1859 Professor of Pure Mathematics. On the third of June, in the same year,
the division of the Senior Class into schools was
abolished, and it was directed that all the students
of that class should thenceforth follow the same
course of study. In I864, the Senior Class was.
allowed an option between the classics and higher
mathematics; and in 1872, this option was extended so that since that time choice may be made
between Greek and higher mathematics; Latin
and higher Physics; Psychology and higher Chemistry —the required studies for the whole class
being Organic Chemistry and Geology; Astronomy; Optics and Acoustics; Economics; Philosophical Essays.




Early in the year I863, Mr. Thomas Egleston,
Jr., prepared a plan for the establishment of a
School of Mines and Metallurgy in connection
with the college. In the course of the year 1864,
the plan proposed by Mr. Egleston was adopted
by the Trustees, and arrangements were made for
establishing a School of Mines under his direction. Mr. Egleston was made Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy, and shortly afterwards
Brig. Gen. Francis L. Vinton was made Professor
of Mining Engineering. With this force, augmented by the addition of Charles F. Chandler,
Ph. D., as Professor of Analytical and Applied
Chemistry, the School of Mines was formally
opened on'the I5th of November, 1864, in rooms
assigned to it in the college buildings. Arrangements were made by which Professors Joy, Peck,
Van Amringe, and Rood, of the College Faculty,
were to give instruction in the School. In I866,
a Chair of Geology and Paleontology was created
and filled by the appointment of Dr. John S.
Newberry, a gentleman who had acquired much
experience and reputation in the subjects assigned
him. The number of students in the School increased so rapidly that it was soon found necessary to provide additional accommodations for
them; and, accordingly in the year following the
establishment of the School, a building was fitted




77
up for its especial use. This building was found
the next year to be inadequate, and a new and
larger one was erected. In 1874, the older portions of the buildings occupied by the school were
replaced by a large and costly structure, planned
with special reference to the purposes of the
school. The nucleus of a mineralogical collection
was formed by a valuable donation of minerals
made by George T. Strong, Esq., and this was
soon afterwards enlarged by the gift from the
Hon. Gouverneur Kemble, of a larger similar collection. Dr. Newberry also brought with him
his magnificent geological and paleontological
collection, which is one of the most perfect in existence, and in fossil botany surpasses every other
known. The collections of the School have been
greatly enlarged by purchases, gifts and exchanges, and are now among the most complete
in the United States.
In this connection it seems proper to mention
the Herbarium presented to the college by the
late Professor John Torrey. This elegant collection, of which more particular mention will be
made hereafter, is peculiarly rich in type specimens,
and is much resorted to by botanists of the vicinity and from a distance. Professor Torrey presented, also, to the college his extensive and valuable Botanical Library.




78
On the 2ISt of December, 1863, Ogden M. Rood,
A. M., was elected Professor of Mechanics and
Physics in the place of Mr. McCulloh, who was
expelled from his professorship, October 15, I863,
" for having abandoned his post and joined the
Rebels." Early in the next year President King
sent in his resignation, and on the I8th of May ensuing, the Rev. Frederick A. P. Barnard, S. T. D.,
LL. D., some time Chancellor of the University
of Mississippi, was elected his successor.  Dr.
Barnard entered upon his duties in June, I864,
and on the 3d of the following October delivered
his inaugural address in the college chapel. Mr.
Jones, the Librarian, retiring in i865, the Rev.
Beverley R. Betts, A. M., succeeded him. Under
the administration of Mr. Jones, and for several
years before his time, much attention was paid to
the Library.  The Library had, indeed, never
been neglected; but while the income of the college was small, the sums that could be appropriated to it were necessarily limited. With increased appropriations, however, it has been found
possible not only to keep its older accumulations
in almost perfect order, but also to add to it by
degrees many works of great and permanent
value. The College Library was never large, but
it is choice and select. Since the establishment of
the Schools of Law and Mines, many books have




79
been removed to those schools. This, however,
is regarded as a temporary arrangement, rendered
necessary by the fact that the Law School is at a
distance from the college, and that the members of
the School of Mines desire the use of certain
books at hours at which they could not conveniently have access to the College Library. A
handsome collection of German books was added
in 1843 to the College Library by the liberality of
Professor Tellkampf, who selected them  with
great care in Germany.
Dr. Anthon died in 1867, after a service of
forty-seven years; and Professor Drisler-who,
like his instructor and friend, Dr. Anthon, had
given the labor of his life to the college-was
transferred from the chair of Latin to that of
Greek. Charles Short, LL. D., some time President of Kenyon College, in Ohio, succeeded him
as Professor of Latin. In May, I868, two prizes
of $300 and $50o respectively, for proficiency in
Greek, were established by the Trustees. These
were to be contended for at the end of the Junior
year, and the examinations were to be upon an
entire play of JEschylus, Sophocles, or Euripides,
which had not been read in the college course.
In 1864, Professor McVickar retired from active
employment and was made Emeritus Professor.
His department was committed to the President.




8o
In 1865, Professor Davies was made Emeritus
Professor, and his department was committed to
Professor Peck, assisted by Mr. J. Howard Van
Amringe, A. M., an alumnus of the college, who
was appointed Tutor in I860, was made Adjunct
Professor in 1863, and in June, 1873, was made
Professor of Mathematics. At the same time
(i865) Professor Lieber was transferred to the
Law School, and his duties in the college were
entrusted to Professor Nairne, with a Tutor. Dr.
Lieber died in 1872, and the chair of "Constitutional History and Public Law" has not since
been filled.
In  1871, two fellowships in Literature and
Science, open upon certain conditions to members
of the graduating class, each of the annual value
of $500, to be held for three years, were instituted;
and at the same time, six scholarships in Classics
and Mathematics were established in the Freshman and Sophomore classes, and the like number
in the Junior class, in Latin, in Logic and English
Literature, in History and Rhetoric, in Chemistry,
in Mechanics and in Physics. The next year this
scheme was remodeled by dividing the scholarships in the Sophomore and Freshman classes by
adding in the latter class a scholarship in Rhetoric,
and in the Junior class one in Greek, and by so
rearranging the whole as to make fourteen instead




of twelve scholarships, each of the annual value of
one hundred dollars.
Columbia College has, at the present time, a
Faculty of Arts, a Faculty of Law, a Faculty of
Medicine, and a Faculty of Mining and General
Science, embracing a President and eighty-seven
Professors and other instructors, and, in all the
Departments, thirteen hundred and sixty-one
students.
School of Law-Columbia College.
The Law School of Columbia College, in its
present form, was established in New York city
in the year I858. There had been, at an early day,
courses of law lectures delivered by a distinguished
jurist and professor in the college, Chancellor Kent.
These had attracted much attention, and had been
of great service in fitting students to practice at
the bar. They had been for many years wholly
discontinued, and at the time referred to (1858)
there was no systematic instruction in law given
by any public institution in the city. The fundamental purpose sought to be attained by the existing organization was to give to students of law
a more systematic and comprehensive course of
instruction than was to be obtained by the ordi



82
nary methods of legal education which then prevailed. Though a few law schools were then in
existence in other parts of the country, they attracted no considerable body of students, and legal
training and admission to the bar were commonly
sought through the avenue of the lawyer's office.
The inadequacy of this mode of preparation to
furnish a proper professional education, affording,
as it did, no regular, thorough and well-graded
course of legal studies, was believed to render
necessary and expedient the establishment of a
system of institutional instruction similar to that
adopted in academic colleges in teaching other
branches of learning. One of the chief objects in
view was to impart to the study of jurisprudence
a more distinctively scientific character, and to
inculcate a knowledge of legal principles by the
constant drill of oral recitation on the part of the
students, and by familiar expositions given by
thoroughly qualified instructors. In the adoption
of this method of instruction by daily recitation,
the custom, usually observed at that time and subsequently in similar institutions, of teaching by the
mere reading of lectures to the students, was designedly much qualified, and this essential feature
of the plan upon which the school was founded
has, until within a comparatively recent time, constituted its distinguishing characteristic, as com



83
pared with other law schools. The anticipated
advantages to be derived from the system adopted
have been abundantly justified in actual experience. The school was organized under the immediate supervision and control of Professor Theodore W. Dwight, who was appointed Warden of
the School and Professor of Municipal Law, and
who has remained at its head until the present
time. Previously to 1858, he had been connected
for several years as Professor of Law with Hamilton College, in Clinton, N. Y., from which he
was called to assume this position. A regular
curriculum of studies in the various subjects of
municipal law was arranged by him which should
give to the students a thorough knowledge of the
principles of all important topics of law and of
general jurisprudence. With him were associated
to form the Faculty of the Law School, Professors
Francis Lieber and Charles M. Nairne, who were
also members of the Faculty of the academic department of the college, and in 1860 there was
added to this number Dr. John Ordronaux, as
Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. The school
was located at a distance from the college, so as
to be nearer the business portion of the city, and
more convenient of access to students, many of
whom are connected with lawyers' offices while
pursuing their studies in the school, and have,




84
therefore, to come from the lower portion of the
city. During the first year the exercises were
held at the rooms of the Historical Society, on
Eleventh street, but at the commencement of the
ensuing year the school was located in Lafayette
Place, directly opposite the Astor Library, which
continued to be its location until the Fall of I873,
when, more ample accommodations becoming
necessary, the present location (8 Great Jones
street) was chosen. Professor Leiber's connection
with the school continued until his death, in the
summer of 1872, and he gave yearly a course of
lectures upon those special subjects in which he
had gained great distinction for his learning, originality and independence of thought, extensive
research and sound judgment, viz.: the History of
Political Literature, Political Ethics, the origin,
development, objects and history of Political Society, Constitutional Government, etc. Since his
death, his place has been temporarily filled by
special lecturers, delivering courses of lectures
upon the cognate subjects of political science, civil
polity and international law, among whom have
been included Hon. George H. Gusman, formerly
U. S. Consul to Denmark, Charles W. McLean
and Professor John W. Burgess, of Amherst College. It is expected, however, that a professor
will soon be elected to occupy, permanently, this




85
vacant chair. Professor Nairne is still assigned to
the position of lecturer upon the Ethics of Jurisprudence. Professor Ordronaux delivers an annual
course of lectures on Medical Jurisprudence, including personal and domestic relations, physically
considered, and the subject of insanity, in all its
bearings, civil as well as criminal, upon legal responsibility. In April, I875, the number of the
Faculty was further increased by the election of
George Chase, Esq., as Assistant Professor of Municipal Law. The first class connected with the
school numbered thirty-five (35), and the number
has been constantly increasing, until at the present
time (I876) the entire membership of the school is
five hundred and seventy-three (573), of whom two
hundred and fifty-one (25I) belong to the Senior
class, and three hundred and twenty-two (322) to
the Junior class. The statistical table, published
near the end of this article, exhibits the uniform
progress and growth of the school.
With this brief historical sketch, it is now proper
to refer to the present condition of the institution.
The regular and systematic instruction of the students upon the various topics of legal science is
under the control of Professor Dwight. The plan
of instruction combines the study of selected textbooks, with lectures. The student is expected to
prepare himself each day upon a topic assigned by




86
the professor. He is then examined upon the subject studied. Having grappled with some of its
difficulties, he is prepared for the full oral exposition which accompanies an examination. He is
encouraged at the same time to ask questions upon
any difficulties which may have suggested themselves to him. Written lectures are also given, in
which the principles of law are succinctly stated
and leading authorities are cited for further information. Under this system, the attention of the
student is actively aroused, and he is prepared to
pursue with eagerness such avenues of legal
knowledge as may be open to him. It is believed
that most of the young men who commence the
study of law in this country need the training and
discipline which a thorough and systematic course
of drill and daily examination may furnish them.
The instruction in the other departments consists
mainly of lectures, with references to approved
text-books and authorities. Courses of lectures
are also delivered by Professor Dwight, as supplementary to the regular course of instruction,
upon the various topics of Municipal Law. Series
of lectures are given annually upon Political
Science, International Law, the History, Development and Character of Constitutional Government, Medical Jurisprudence, &c., as has been previously stated. Professor Chase delivers yearly




87
courses of lectures upon Criminal Law, the Law
of Torts, and upon Pleading.
The course of study occupies two years, and is
so arranged that a complete view is given during
each year of the subjects embraced within it. The
plan of instruction includes the various branches
of common law, equity, commercial, international,
and constitutional law, and especial attention is
given to all topics'embraced within the rule
of the Supreme Court of New York, prescribing the studies requisite for admission to the
bar. The first year is occupied with the study
of general commentaries upon municipal law, of
the law of contracts, and of real estate. The second year includes equity, jurisprudence, commercial law, the law of torts, criminal law, evidence,
pleading and practice. It is expected that a third
year, or post-graduate course, will soon be organized for those students who may desire to pursue
their studies beyond the regular course. Each of
the two classes is divided into two divisions, each
of which occupies ten hours with the Professor of
Municipal Law in each week. Any student may
join either division of his class as he may prefer.
The hours of attendance in the department of
Municipal Law are at 9:30 A. M., II A. M., 3 and
4:30 P. M. The other lectures do not generally
exceed three in each week. There are no exercises in the school on Saturdays.




88
The library of the school is open for the use of
the students during the term, from 9 o'clock A. M.
to 10 o'clock P. M., when those who desire it pursue their studies, especially in the preparation of
cases for the moot court. The central position of
the school renders it easily accessible. It is quite
near the Astor Library, to which students have
access, and the law department of which contains
several thousand volumes, including a very extensive series of English and American reports, with
a valuable and rare collection of works on foreign law, and a full collection of French cases,
ancient and modern.
By a statute of the college, going into effect in
1876, a preliminary examination has been required
as a qualification for admission under the following
provisions: graduates of literary colleges are admitted without examination; other candidates for
admission must be at least eighteen years of age,
and have received a good academic education,
including such a knowledge of the Latin language
as is required for admission to the Freshman Class
of this college —viz.: four books of Cesar's " Commentaries de bello Gallico," six books of Virgil's
"IEneid," and six orations of Cicero. All applicants must be of good moral character.
The tuition fees are $Ioo per year, payable in




89
advance, which will admit the students to all the
lectures and to the use of the Law Library.
Two moot courts are held every week, at each
of which a cause previously assigned is argued by
six or eight students. One week after the argument, an opinion upon the cause is delivered by
the Professor presiding. The students are encouraged to take active part in these discussions,
as an invaluable means of acquiring a knowledge
of the law reports, and of becoming practically
familiar with the preparation of briefs, the collection of authorities, and the decision of important
litigated questions.
There has also been established in the school a
series of prizes in the department of Municipal
Law, to be awarded to those members of the
graduating class in each year who have exhibited
the greatest proficiency and excellence. These
prizes are three in number: the first of $250, the
second of $I5o, and the third of $Ioo. The competitors for these prizes must have pursued the
full course of study prescribed by the rules of the
School. The examination is conducted by means
of written essays upon a selected subject, and by
written answers to a large variety of printed questions upon various topics of law; the adjudication
of the prizes is made by a committee of three
prominent members of the legal profession prac



90
tising at the New York bar. The award is determined by the combined excellence of the essays
and of the written answers to the examination
questions. In deciding upon the comparative
merit of the contestants, the clearness, vigor, and
comprehensiveness of reasoning exhibited, the
accuracy of statement, extent of learning, and
conciseness and elegance of expression shown, are
made the chief distinguishing tests. These prize
examinations have been of the greatest value in
promoting soundness and precision of scholarship,
closeness of application, independent study and
research, and have encouraged a salutary emulation in laying broad and deep the foundations of
legal knowledge.  A single prize of $I50 per
annum has been also recently established in the
department of Political Science by Robert N.
Toppan, Esq., of New York.
The admission of students to the bar is regulated
as follows: An examination for degrees is held at
the close of the Senior year before the professors
of the Law School and the Law Committee of the
Trustees, occupying four days and extending over
all the studies of the course. The degree of Bachelor of Laws is conferred upon such students as
shall have pursued, to the satisfaction of the Trustees and the Professors of Municipal Law, the
entire course of study, and shall have passed the




9I
requisite examination. By the laws of the State,
graduates of the Law School, having been in
attendance for eighteen months, are admitted to
practice in all the courts of the State on receiving
the college diploma. They are admitted directly,
without further examination as to their legal attainments, on proper application to the court, on
furnishing satisfactory evidence of their good
moral character. A student of the school who remains a year or more, but not sufficiently long to
graduate, is entitled to an allowance of one year
in making up the time required of clerks in offices
by rule of court, as preliminary to his admission.
This time is three years. An official certificate of
the time of his attendance is given him on proper
application to the Warden of the Law School.
The following table exhibits the number of students connected with the school since its organization:
Seniors. Juniors. Total.
1858-59..........................  35  *  35
1859-60.......................  28  35  63
860-6i........................... 6I  42  I03
1861-62......................... 79  38 II7
1862-63........................  9  56 I46
1863-64.........................  99  72  17I
1864-65.........................   93  77  I70
I865-66............................  6I I 9 i80
1866-67.........................  92  78 170
I867-68............................  78  I02  I80
I868-69......................... 97 I07 204




92
Seniors. Juniors. Total.
I869-70.........................  95  135  230
870-7..........................  I 9 124 243
1871-72..........................  124  i67  291
I872-73-.......................... 162  209  37I
I873-74............................  198  240  438
I874-75.......................... 231 291 522
I875-76................... 251 322 573
The advantages of an education in a law school,
as compared with other modes of obtaining a
knowledge of legal principles and of securing admission to the bar, have, it is believed, been
abundantly and unquestionably demonstrated by
the experience of this school, and by the great
success which it has achieved in point of numbers
and influence. Its students are gathered from all
parts of the United States, and there have been
not a few in attendance, during the successive
years of its existence, who have come from foreign
countries. An institution of this kind, therefore,
exerts a very wide and beneficial influence in elevating the standard of legal scholarship, in bringing into deserved prominence the scientific aspects
of the study of jurisprudence,.and in successfully
inculcating a high grade of professional ethics. The
particular benefits of a course of study in such an
institution may be more specifically stated in the
following terms:
(I.) They give the student a general and systematic outline of legal principles.




93
(2.) They remove out of the way difficulties inherent in the subject, from its vast extent, and its
technical and scientific phraseology.
(3.) As a consequence, they tend to produce
clearness of conception on the student's part, and
lead him to carefulness and precision in expression.
(4.) They furnish for him during his professional
career a supply of legal rules, which are so fixed
in his memory that they can be continuously and
confidently referred to for illustration, and as a
basis for deductions, thus making it unnecessary
to burden the memory with specific cases.
(5.) They inspire hope; courage, and enthusiasm
in the student's progressive acquaintance with a
science which is not only vast, but, as ordinarily
acquired, dreary, and which can still be made interesting and attractive if it is pursued in the
natural manner of first grasping principles and
then considering details. It is of the greatest consequence that there is always at hand a trained
lawyer in the person of his professor, to whom the
student can go when in doubt, and ask such questions and seek such explanations as will cause his
doubts to be removed.
(6.) Law Schools make the student acquainted
with reports of law cases, ancient as well as modern,
and their comparative value; teach him how to




94
study the cases reported, and to apply legal rules
to them, and thus give him an invaluable key to
the great mass and volume of legal knowledge,
which, from many who do not attend them, is
wholly hidden. Next to perfect familiarity with a
legal rule is the knowledge where to find it speedily when wanted, and this acquisition of a lifetime is most satisfactorily begun in the precincts
of a law school.
(7.) They inspire a desire for communication
and discussion with one's fellows.  Under the
guidance of the professors, the students tend to
form societies for improvement by debate and
mutual questioning. Mfoot courts are founded,
kindly feeling is promoted, as well as professional
courtesies and amenities. Solid friendships are
formed, out of which springs a healthy regard for
the good opinion of one's associates. Trickery
and artifice, and sharp practice generally, are discouraged; a sound moral tone prevails, and professional ethics are promoted.
(8.) Most of all, law schools tend to prevent
students from becoming mere technical lawyerssticklers for form and critics of syllables; and to
inspire them with a love for broad principles, and
a corresponding aversion to all modes, however
current, of spending time and talents in begetting
and abetting knavery. To an ingenuous mind,




95
nothing can be more delightful than the act of
tracing' the principles of jurisprudence historically,
from their germs in the early conditions of our
race down to the present time. It is these fundamental and underlying principles of law which the
law schools seek after, digging for them as for
hidden treasure.  Learning, history, philosophy
and ethics must be brought to bear upon students,
and they must be taught diligently to "inquire
of the sages not only to know the law, but the
reason thereof."
(9.) It should be added that law schools adopt
substantially the same methods of instruction as
prevail in American literary colleges, and make
use of the familiar oral exposition, or the more
formal lecture, or rapid and persistent questioning,
or apt illustration, and, in fact, use all the forms of
the higher education to quicken and vivify the
mind, and to cause instruction to be interesting
and its results permanent. All the better educated
young men naturally seek them. Their general
culture leads them to delight in principle. The
law school thus becomes a prolongation of the
college, and its influence extends far forward into
the student's professional career.




96
School of Mines —Columbia College.
Prior to the year 1864 there was no school in
the United States in which mining was taught as
a science. There were, in several institutions,
nominal chairs of Mining Engineering; but it is
nevertheless true that, up to the date noted, the
young men of the country went abroad for their
technical education in this department. The Columbia College School of Mines was founded in
1864, and was established for the distinctive purpose of furnishing to persons who desired it the
means of acquiring a thorough scientific and practical knowledge of those branches of science
which relate to mining, and of supplying to those
engaged in mining and metallurgical operations
persons competent to take charge of new or old
works, and conduct them on thoroughly scientific
principles.
In March, 1863, Mr. Thomas Egleston, a graduate of the Ecole des Mines of Paris, prepared a
" Plan for a School of Mines and Metallurgy in
New York City," and so far interested the trustees of Columbia College in it that they consented
to make it, under certain conditions, a branch of
the college-the essential condition being that




97
the school was not to be a burden upon the funds
of the college, but was to rely for its maintenance
upon the liberal contributions which Mr. Egleston
had been encouraged to expect from friends of
science in the City of New York.
In January, 1864, Mr. Egleston was appointed.
Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy, and two
rooms in the college building were assigned him,
with an appropriation of five hundred dollars to
fit them up.
The Rev. Dr. F. A. P. Barnard, who became
President of the college shortly after Mr. Egleston's appointment, saw at once signs of promise
in the newly inaugurated school; and it was
chiefly his enlightened spirit, foresight, judgment
and devotion that established it upon a firm basis,
carried it through the most critical period of its
existence, and finally expanded and developed it,
until, in the thoroughness and scope of its teaching,
it is believed to be unsurpassed by any professional
school in this country or abroad.
Early in I864, General Francis L. Vinton-who,
like Professor Egleston, was a graduate of the Ecole
des Mines of Paris-was appointed Professor of
Mining Engineering; and a few months later Professor C. F. Chandler, of Union College, was
made Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry.




98
The question of ways and means soon became a
very embarrassing one. The expected endowment from friends of science was not obtained,
and the school suffered for want of apparatus,
chemicals, and the other appliances necessary for
practical instruction in science. The committee
of trustees in charge of the School and their associates were, by the terms of their appointment,
not at liberty to apply to the trustees, and if they
had been, the finances of the college itself were in
a somewhat straitened condition. In this emergency, several gentlemen -among whom Mr.
George T. Strong, Dr. John Torrey, and Mr.
William E. Dodge, Jr., were most prominentcontributed three thousand dollars to equip a
small laboratory, and thus to permit the opening
of the school. The professors themselves were
of course unpaid, except so far as they might
derive compensation from the fees of students.
Professors Joy, Peck, Van Amringe, and Rood, of
the Academic Department, lent their aid to make
the course of instruction complete. Rooms were
assigned for the laboratory in the basement of the
main-college, where one was arranged capable of
accommodating twelve students, and on the i5th
of November, 1864, the school was opened.
Twenty-five students entered on the opening day
(twice as many as could be accommodated), and




99
the numbers reached forty-eight during the session.  Increasing numbers brought increasing
wants, without a corresponding increase of contributions towards the maintenance of the school.
In less than three months after the opening there
had accrued a deficit of $2,300, which the committee had no means of meeting; and it was evident that this deficit would grow with time. The
alternative presented was to appeal to the trustees
or to abandon the undertaking. The committee
were pledged to make no such appeal-all except
the President of the college, who had been elected
since the committee was appointed, and had been
added to it after his election. He volunteered to
take upon himself the individual responsibility of
laying the matter before the board, which he did,
with the result of obtaining relief from the immediate embarrassment, and of subsequently securing
the passage of a resolution whereby the trustees
undertook to give the school a fair experiment, by
providing the means necessary for its support, not
only through the current year, but also through
the year ensuing-its further permanence to be
dependent on the result. During the second year,
therefore, appropriations were made for this
school in the same manner as for other departments of the institution, and salaries were assigned to the professors.




I00
The unexpected success of this first session encouraged the trustees to enlarge the accommodations of the School, which they did by appropriating $30,000 to fit up for its uses a building 70 by
30 feet in dimensions, on the college grounds, and
providing room in the laboratory and drawing
academy for seventy-two students. Eighty-nine
were, however, admitted, and the new rooms
proved to be inadequate.  At the close of the
second year the experiment was pronounced a
success; and other appropriations, amounting to
$70,000 in all, were voted for the construction of
a new building, the purchase of a complete equipment, and the estimated current expenses of the
third year. From this time on the school continued to grow in numbers and in strength. The
new building provided for was prepared during
the summer of I865, and was soon found inadequate to accommodate the increased number of
students. In the year 1874 a much larger building
was erected at a cost of $I5o,ooo, and fitted up
with every convenience for the purposes of the
school.
When the school was first opened, no examination
for admission was required. The course was to extend over three years, and two regular courses were
open to students. On the satisfactory conclusion
of one of these courses, the student was to receive




IOI
the degree of Engineer of Mines; and at the conclusion of the other, the degree of Bachelor of
Philosophy. Students were also, under certain
conditions, permitted to take partial courses,
which led to no degree. At the beginning of the
second year, however, candidates who desired to
enter for a degree were required to pass an examination in algebra, geometry and trigonometry.
Experience showed that the most of those who
entered were not sufficiently well prepared in
mathematics, physics, and general chemistry, to
prosecute with advantage the subsequent course;
and in I868 a Preparatory Class (which is practically the first year of the school) was established.
At the same time the course of study was enlarged, so as to include four parallel courses of
study, to which, in the following year, a fifth
course was added-so that now the system of
instruction includes five parallel courses of study,
viz.:
I. Civil Engineering.  III. Metallurgy.
II. Mining Engineering. IV. Geology and Natural History.
V. Analytical and Applied Chemistry.
The plan of instruction includes lectures and recitations in the several departments of study;
practice in the chemical, mineralogical, blow-pipe
and metallurgical laboratories; projects, estimates,




102
and drawings for the establishment of mines, and
for the construction of metallurgical and chemical
works, reports on mines, industrial establishments,
and field geology.
The detail of subjects in the several courses may
be seen from the following
SYNOPSIS OX STUDIES.
The studies in the Preparatory and First Years
are alike in the five courses.
PREPARATORY YEAR.
Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, and Mensuration.
Physics.
Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic-Lectures and recitations.
French.
German.
Drawing-Pen and colored topography; sketching from
plane models and from nature; water-color landscapes; use of instruments, and machine drawing.
FIRST YEAR.
Analytical Geometry and Calculus.
Descriptive Geometry-Plane and spherical projections,
warped surfaces-Lectures and exercises.
Shades, Shadows, and Perspective-Lectures and exercises.
Stone-Cutting.
Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic-Lectures and recitations.
Stoichiometry-Lectures and blackboard exercises.




103
Qualitative Analysis-Lectures and laboratory practice.
Crystallography-Lectures and practical exercises.
Blowpipe Analysis, qualitative-Lectures and laboratory
practice.
Botany-recent and fossil.
Zoology-recent and fossil.
French.
German.
Drawing-Use of instruments, problems in descriptive
geometry. shade, shadows, perspective and stonecutting.
SUMMER VACATION.
MEiMOIR.
I.-COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING,
SECOND      YEAR.
Mechanics-Mechanics of solids; mechanics of liquids;
mechanics of gases.
Civil Engineering.
Strength of Materials.
Geodesy -- Surveying with chain, with compass, with angular instruments, and with plane table; Practical
Trigonometry, Levelling, Hydrography, Geodesic
operations for the construction of maps.
Quantitative Analysis-Lectures and laboratory practice.
Metallurgy -General processes, fuel, furnaces, iron and
steel.
Geology-Lithological, cosmical, physiographic, historic
and dynamic.
Mineralogy -Determinative mineralogy, and blowpipe examination of minerals.




104
Physics-Undulatory theory of light, Ohm's law, etc.
German.
Drawing-Machines, furnaces, and other constructions.
SUMMER VACATION.
MEMOIR.
THIRD     YEAR.
Mechanics applied to engineering, problems of hydraulics
and pneumatics.
Constructions-Machines, turbines and other waterwheels, air and steam engines, etc.
Economic Geology-Theory of mineral veins; ores; deposits and distribution of metals, iron, copper, lead,
etc.; character, history, uses and distribution of
coal, lignite, peat, petroleum, salts, clays, building
and ornamental stones, fertilizers, etc.
Drawing-Project drawings.
Project-Dissertation and drawings, embracing the solution of some problem in engineering assigned by
the Faculty of the School.
II —COURSE IN MINING ENGINEERING.
SECOND YEAR.
Mechanics-Mechanics of solids; mechanics of liquids;
mechanics of gases.
Mining Engineering-Surveying and mining operations.
Strength of Materials.
Quantitative Analysis-Lectures and laboratory practice.
Blowpipe Analysis, quantitative-Lectures and laboratory
practice.
Metallurgy-General processes, fuels, furnaces, iron and
steel.




Io5
Geology-Lithological, cosmical, physiographic, historic
and dynamic.
Mineralogy-Determinative mineralogy, and blowpipe examination of minerals.
Physics-Undulatory theory of light, Ohm's law, etc.
German.
Drawing-Machines, plans, etc.
sUMMER VACATION.
MEMOIR.
THIRD     YEAR.
Mining Engineering-Mining machines.
Assaying-Lectures and laboratory practice; ores of lead,
silver, gold, tin, antimony, copper, nickel, cobalt,
and mercury; gold and silver bullion.
Economic Geology-Theory of mineral veins; ores; deposits and distribution of metals, iron, copper, lead,
etc.; character, history, uses, and distribution of
coal, lignite, peat, petroleum, salt, clay, building and
ornamental stones, fertilizers, etc.
Metallurgy-Lectures on copper, lead, silver, gold, zinc,
etc.
Quantitative Analysis-Laboratory practice.
Drawing-Project drawings.
Project-Dissertation and drawings, embracing the solution of some mechanical, mining or metallurgical
problem, assigned by the Faculty of the School.
DEGREE OF MINING ENGINEER.
III,-COURSE IN METALLURGY.
SECOND      YEAR.
Mechanics.
Quantitative Analysis-Lectures and laboratory practice.




io6
Blowpipe Analysis, quantitative-Lectures and laboratory
practice.
Metallurgy-General processes, fuels, furnaces, iron and
steel.
Geology-Lithological, cosmical, physiographic, historic,
and dynamic.
Mineralogy-Determinative mineralogy, and blowpipe examination of minerals.
German.
Drawing-Furnaces, machines, etc.
SUMMER VACATION.
MEMOIR.
THIRD YEAR.
Assaying-Lectures and laboratory practice; ores of lead,
silver, gold, tin, antimony, copper, nickel, cobalt,
and mercury; and gold and silver bullion.
Economic Geology-Theory of mineral veins; ores; deposits and distribution of metals, iron, copper, lead,
etc.; character, history, uses and distribution of
coal, lignite, peat, petroleum, salt, clays, building
and ornamental stones, fertilizers, etc.
Metallurgy-Lectures on copper, lead, silver, gold, zinc,
etc.
Quantitative Analysis-Laboratory practice.
Lithology-The character and genesis of rock masses;
microscopic and chemical study of rocks.
Drawing-Project drawings.
Project —Dissertation and drawings, embracing the solution of a metallurgical problem, assigned by the
Faculty of the School.
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF PHILOSOPHY.




107
IV.-COURSE IN GEOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY.
SECOND      YEAR.
Quantitative Analysis-Lectures and laboratory practice.
Blowpipe Analysis, quantitative-Lectures and laboratory
practice.
Mineralogy —Determinative mineralogy, and blowpipe examination of minerals.
Metallurgy-General processes, fuels, furnaces, iron and
steel.
Geology-Lithological, cosmical, physiographic, historic
and dynamic.
German.
Drawing-Making sections, sketching and drawing fossils
and other natural history objects.
SUMMER VACATIoN.
MEMOIR.
THIRD     YEAR.
Economic Geology-Theory of mineral veins; ores, deposits and distribution; metals, iron, copper, lead,
etc.; character, history, uses and distribution of
coal, lignite, peat, petroleum, salt, clays, building
and ornamental stones, fertilizers, etc.
Lithology-The character and genesis of rock masses;
microscopic and chemical study of rocks.
Palaeontology-Systematic review of recent and fossil
forms of life, animal and vegetable.
Metallurgy.
Drawing-Project drawings.
Dissertation, embracing results of observation and study
of some subject, assigned by the Faculty of the
School.
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF PHILOSOPHY.




io8
V,-COURSE IN ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY.
SECOND      YEAR.
Applied Chemistry-Lectures on chemical manufactures;
acids, alkalies, and salts; glass, porcelain, pottery,
limes, mortars and cements.
Quantitative Analysis-Lectures and laboratory practice.
Blowpipe Analysis, quantitative-Lectures and laboratory
practice.
Mineralogy-Determinative mineralogy and blowpipe examination of minerals.
Metallurgy-General processes, fuels, furnaces, iron and
steel.
Geology-Lithological, cosmical, physiographic, historic
and dynamic.
German.
Drawing-Furnaces, machines, apparatus, etc.
SUMMER VACATION.
MEMOIR.
THIRD YEAR.
Applied Chemistry-(I) Fuel and its applications; (2) Artificial Illumination: candles, oils, lamps, petroleum,
gas and its products; (3) Food and Drink: water,
milk, cereals, starch, bread, meats, tea, coffee, sugar,
fermentation, wine, beer, spirits, vinegar, preservation of food, tobacco, etc.; (4) Clothing: textile
fabrics, bleaching, dyeing, calico printing, paper,
tannin, glue, india-rubber, gutta-percha, etc.; (5) Artificial Fertilizers: guano, superphosphates, poudrettes, etc.; (6) Disinfectants, Antiseptics, Preservation of Wood, etc.
Quantitative Analysis-Laboratory practice.
Assaying-Lectures and laboratory practice: ores of lead,
silver, gold, tin, antimony, copper, nickel, cobalt,
mercury, and gold and silver bullion.




o09
Economic Geology-Theory of mineral veins; deposits of
metallic ores: iron, copper, etc.; coal, peat, lignite,
petroleum, salt, clay, building and ornamental
stones, fertilizers, etc.
Metallurgy-Lectures on copper, lead, silver, gold, zinc,
mercury, etc.
Drawing-Project drawings.
Dissertation, embracing results of observations and experimental study on some chemical subject, assigned
by the Faculty of the School.
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF PHILOSOPHY.
The course in the several Departments of Instruction is as follows:
MATHEMATICS.
Preparatory Year.-Geometry, plane volumetric and
spherical; algebra, so far as to include the
general theory of equatations; trigonometry, plane, analytical and spherical; mensuration of surfaces and of volumes.
First Year.-Analytical geometry of two and three
dimensions; differential and integral calculus, with applications to mechanics and astronomy.
PHYSICS.
The students in the preparatory year are occupied during the first term with the subject of Heat,
including the Steam-Engine, while the second
term is employed in the study of Voltaic Electricity, Magnetism and Electro-magnetism. These
courses of Lectures are fully illustrated by appro



1IO
priate experiments; the instruction is conveyed
by lectures and recitations, practical problems
being occasionally proposed for solution.
During the second year, courses of lectures are
delivered on the laws of Electro-dynamics, on the
Mechanical Theory of Heat, on Mathematical Optics, and on the Undulatory Theory of Light. Portions of these courses are accompanied by experimental demonstrations.
The cabinet of Physical Apparatus will rank with
the best on this continent, and extensive additions
are made to it each year.
MECHANICS.
This subject is taught during the second year.
The course of instruction embraces the following
subjects:
Representation and measurement of forces;
composition, resolution, and equilibrium of forces;
principles of moments and virtual moments;
theory of parallel forces; application to centre of
gravity; stability.
Elementary machines; friction, resistance to
rolling, stiffness of cords, atmospheric resistance.
General equations of motion; rectilineal, uniform, and uniformly varied motion; curvilinear
motion, free and constrained; centrifugal force;
application to the governor; vibratory motion;
application to the pendulum; motions of transla



III
tion and rotation; moment of inertia, principal
axes and ellipsoid of inertia; laws of impact; centre of percussion; general theorem of work; accumulation of work; application to fly-wheel.
Mechanics of fluids; pressure due to weight;
equal transmission of pressures; application to
hydraulic press; buoyancy and flotation; application to specific gravity.
Tension and elasticity of gases and vapors; laws
of variation; application to pumps and siphons;
investigation of the barometer formula; motion of
liquids in pipes and open channels; living force of
fluids; application to hydraulic ram; mechanics
of capillarity.'PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.-Students of the second
and third years may be admitted to the course of
practical astronomy in the observatory, which will
include the theory and use of the transit instrument and sextant, and the determination of geographical position. Instruction in this branch is
given by the assistant in the observatory.
DRAWING AND GRAPHICS.
During the first session of the preparatory year,
the student is taught the use of drawing instruments, and then to execute topographical maps.
He is first instructed in the use of the pen to delineate lines of level, shaded with lines of declivity, and completed with the conventional signs of




112
different features, such as water, forests, marshes,
cultivated grounds, outcrops of veins, etc.; subsequently he is taught to represent the same with
the application of the conventional signs and
colors used by our government and civil engineers. During the second session the course of
instruction includes sketching in pencil from plane
models, and from nature; afterwards colored
sketches or landscape drawing in water colors,
and machine drawing.
During the first year, Descriptive Geometry is
taught. The course of instruction includes the
study of Davies' treatise on this subject, with lectures and blackboard exercises, illustrated by Olivier's and other models, exposing the more difficult problems of intersections and the generation
of warped surfaces.
The instruction in drawing includes the use of
mathematical instruments in constructing on paper
the problems of Descriptive Geometry.
During the second session Graphics are taught,
including the study of Davies, Shades and Shadows and Perspective, and Warren's Stone-cutting, with explanatory lectures, the exhibition of
models, and the solution of various problems of
shades and shadows.
The course of drawing includes instruction
and practice in the use of instruments, the pen and




113
brush, with India-ink, in drawing mathematical
forms in projection and perspective, shading them,
casting their shadows, and washing them. This
is followed by an application of the principles
learned to the execution of a drawing of a machine, or the section of a furnace, wherein the
shadows are accurately calculated and washed,
and the drawing is appropriately colored.
In the second year the course includes, during
the first session, the drawing of machines, mills,
furnaces, etc., from plane models.  These are
shaded, their shadows calculated and cast, and the
whole properly colored. The dimensions are also
quoted, so that these drawings serve as types of
working drawings.
During the second session the students draw
from various models in relief, chiefly furnaces and
machines. They first make a free-hand sketch
from the relief, and upon it place the dimensions
which they measure; subsequently they draw the
finished representation in the academy to a proper
scale, with shades, shadows, colors and dimensions. This practice is of benefit in accustoming
the student to take rapid sketches of established
works upon which he may be required to report,
or by which he may wish to direct himself.




II4
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Is taught during the second and third years. In
the second year the. course of instruction includes Surveying (theory and practice), Topography, Geodesic operations for the tracing of
maps, Hydrography, Strength of Materials, etc.,
followed by a course of instruction in general
engineering statics, and a course of roads and
bridges, etc., according to Mahan's Civil Engineering, which is used as a text book, with
Vinton's Strength of Materials.
The drawing includes maps, problems in
stone-cutting, and copies from models, plane and
in relief.
In the third year the course consists of
lectures on Hydraulics, Pneumatics, and Machines.
During the vacation at the close of the last year,
(1874-75), the first year students were required
to prepare a memoir on Cements and Artificial
Stones, to be handed in on or before November
Ist, I875.
For graduation, students of the third year were
required to execute the following memoir and
project:
A Memoir on the Transformation of Movements
by Eccentrics-to be handed in on or before
November Ist, I875.




IIS
And on or before the I5th of April, I876, the
following
Project for a railroad;
A topographical levelling made by the present
graduating class, having given them a system of
horizontal lines representing a certain contour,'
they were required for a project in Civil Engineering to determine a variable grade between two
points, following a given line, such that the cuttings and fillings may be as nearly equal as possible, and for a slope or ramp, 5 met. wide, destined for the establishment of an automatic inclined plane by the Mining Engineers.
Upon the grade are to be laid two parallel railroads, each o9go met. wide, substantially made.
The side slopes shall be two upon three for earth,
and two upon one for rock. The cross sections
shall be calculated not more than 6 met, apart, and
the profile of determined grade and cross sections,
as well as actual line of surface, shall be drawn, referred to any horizontal plane. Give also the plan
of the road, and the position of the slope stakes,
in each section, referring the cuttings and fillings
in red to the grade.
In the text the cuttings and fillings between the
cross sections must be closely evaluated, the details of the railroad construction described, and
some attempt made at estimating the cost of the




II6
whole work under conditions of the ground which
the student may assume from his knowledge of it.
MINING ENGINEERING.
Mining Engineering is taught during the second
and third years. The instruction comprises a
course of lectures illustrating the theory and
practice of mining operations at home and abroad;
giving the general principles of reconnoitering and
surveying mineral property and mines; the attack,
development, and administration of mines and the
mechanical preparation of ores, with the exhibition and use of all necessary reconnoitering and
surveying instruments, particularly the mining
theodolite, and the exhibition of various models.
In surveying, the student is taught to make surface and subterranean surveys, to direct and adjust his works; also the solution of some problems
of underground surveying by descriptive geometry, and many special examples of determining
lines on the surface corresponding to given lines
below, etc.
Attack describes the miners' method; the use
of drills, picks, powder, nitro-glycerine and new
explosives, compressed air, etc.; the proper location and construction of tunnels, slopes, shafts,
wells for sounding, Artesian wells, salt and oil
wells; preceded by a theory and description of
the most typical veins, true or irregular, and




II7
other deposits of ore, salt, coal and oil, exemplified
at home and abroad.
Development includes the description of the
best methods in experience of laying out subterranean works for production and conservation in
the present and future: for proper and economic
ventilation, transportation, hoisting, pumping or
draining, distribution of workmen, etc.
Administration includes a review of the foregoing, with regard to a concentration of ideas and a
general comparison of production cost to market
price of untreated ore.
Here the student is taught to forecast the expense of the establishments he must make; their
annual cost; the cost of miners, employees, machines, material, etc.; and offset these with the result of production, so endeavoring to solve the
problem of making a given mine pay in given circumstances, by scientific attack, distribution and
general rational economy.
Mechanical preparation describes the various
accepted methods of reducing massive ore to a
condition either yielding metal or fitting the material for metallurgical processes.  Models of
stamps, crushers, shaking-tables, sluices, etc., are
exhibited, with plans and sections of mills, and
coal-breakers at home and abroad.
During the vacation at the close of last year




II8
(i 874-75), the first year students pursuing the course
of Mining Engineering were required to prepare a
memoir on Cars and Brakes for Exterior Transportation, to be handed in on or before November
Ist, 1875.
For graduation in 1876 in the course of Mining
Engineering, third year students were required to
execute the following memoir and projects:
A Memoir on Hoisting Machinery, to be handed
in on or before November Ist, I875.
And on or before April i5th, I876, the following
Projects:
I. Metallurgical Project for an establishment to
produce annually 30,000 tons of Bessemer steel.
The establishment will produce its own Bessemer
Pig, but will purchase its Spiegel. The works
must be situated at some point in the United
States, where the ores and fuel suitable for the
manufacture of Bessemer Pig can be had.
II. Mining Project: On a slope such as the Civil
Engineering project describes, the Mining Engineers will establish all the apparatus and machinery for an automatic inclined plane. They
will draw and describe the landings at both ends,
the cars, the cables, the rollers, the pulleys and
brakes, method of hitching, etc. The Cabany car
of Anzin is preferred; the cars Inay load I,ooo
kils. of coal, the width of railroad being o9go




II9
metres. The student will determine the dimensions of the car, and, assuming the product of the
mine to be constant and indefinite, he will examine
what system of trains on the slope in question will
effect the transportation of the greatest volume in
a given time, between the two given points, admitting plenty of room at the landings for makling
up trains or for hitching on to an endless chain if
one is used.
MACHINES.
The course of machines, which is inseparable
from that of mining engineering, is given during
the third year. It teaches the theory of the machines used in mining works. It is the application
of mechanics to the construction of water-wheels,
turbines, wind-mills, steam and heat engines,
pumps and ventilators, transmission of force by
compressed air, and the formulae with their theory
for the resistance of materials. Models of waterwheels, steam-cylinders, steam-engines, blowingmachines, etc., are exhibited.
In the resistance of materials the calculations are
shown for the sections of different parts of machines, the fly-wheel, pump-rods, connecting-rods,
etc., also for such constructions as retaining walls,
arches, timbering, supports, etc. The course of
the third year also includes a plan of drawing and
estimates for some projected work of mining, or




t20
the construction of a machine for some of the uses
of mining. The system ot projects is to the young
engineer a real practical application of all his three
years' study by which he is made to investigate
prices, compare theories, models, methods, and
dispositions, and in competing with his class to
take pains to furnish the best arguments, illustrations, and calculations he can, in order to support
his views.
Among the instruments and models for illustration and use in this department are the following,
viz.: a full set of surveying instruments; ore mill
and shaft, crushers, stamps, boring derrick, rods
and tools, shaking-tables, washing-tables, etc., for
mechanical preparation of ores, in solid models;
steam engines, sections ot steam cylinders, waterwheels, turbines, in solid models; timber and
masonry joints, roof and bridge trusses, masonry
canal lock, in solid models; a machine for testing
the resistance of materials to transverse, tensile
and crushing strains, constructed to apply and accurately weigh strains of from five to fifty thousand
pounds; the Olivier models, forming all mathematical surfaces by silk threads, and admitting of
a variety of transformations; also other models
illustrating general and special problems of Descriptive Geometry, shades and shadows, and stonecutting; drawings of machines and parts of ma



121
chines for studying and copying; also, landscapes,
in crayon and in water color, for instruction in
sketching; models of mining machines and mining
tools, stationary steam-eIgines, single and double
cylinders, sections of steam-cylinders, waterwheels, turbines, shaking-tables, stamps, crushers,
blowing-machines, pumps, etc.; Derill's apparatus for fusion at high temperatures, with the
necessary machinery for the compression of
air.
MODERN LANGUAGES.
The design in this department is to teach the
students how to read French and German scientific books with facility.
Instruction is given for four hours a week in
each of these languages during the preparatory
year, and two hours a week during the first year,
and in German one hour a week during the second
year. As the text books employed in the classroom are altogether works on science, the students
can acquire a sufficient vocabulary to enable them
to use French and German authors in all the departments of the school.
No attempt is made to produce accomplished
scholars in all branches of German and French literature, but attention is concentrated upon the
immediate wants of the young men. In this way




122
no time is lost, and the instruction becomes thoroughly practical.
GENERAL CHEM I STRY.
The Preparatory Class attend three exercises a
week in General Chemistry throughout the year.
It is intended to lay the foundation of a thorough
knowledge of the theory of the subject preliminary
to the practical instruction in the chemical laboratory. For this purpose the class is drilled upon
the lectures, with free use of the best text-books.
The students are expected to write out full notes,
which' must be exhibited to the Professor at the
close of each session. At the end of the year the
members of the class must pass a rigid examination before they can be admitted to a higher
grade.
The first year students also attend three times a
week during the year, and receive instruction in
Theoretical Chemistry, adapted to the wants of
special scientific students. They are expected to
keep full notes to be exhibited at the end of the
year.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.
There is a laboratory devoted to Qualitative
Analysis, another to Quantitative Analysis, and an
Assay laboratory. These laboratories are provided with all the necessary apparatus and fixtures,




123
and each is under the special charge of a competent assistant. Each student is provided with a
convenient table with drawers and cupboards, and
is supplied with a complete outfit of apparatus and
chemical reagents.
During the first year Qualitative Analysis is
taught by lectures and black-board exercises, and
the student is required to repeat all the experiments at his table in the laboratory. Having acquired a thorough experimental knowledge of the
reactions of a group of bases or acids, single members of the group or mixtures are submitted to
him for identification. He thus proceeds from
simple to complex cases till he is able to determine
the composition of the most difficult mixtures.
Constant use is made of the spectroscope in these
investigations.
When the student shows on written and experimental examination that he is sufficiently familiar
with Qualitative Analysis he is allowed to enter
the Quantitative laboratory.
During the second and third years, Quantitative
Analysis is taught by lectures and blackboard exercises, and the student is required to execute in
the laboratory in a satisfactory manner a certain
number of analyses. He first analyzes substances
of known composition, such as crystallized salts,
that the accuracy of his work may be tested by a




124
comparison of his results with the true percentage.
These analyses are repeated till he has acquired
sufficient skill to insure accurate results. He is
then required to make analyses of more complex
substances, such as coals, limestones, ores of copper, iron, zinc, and nickel, pig-iron, slags, technical products, etc., cases in which the accuracy of
the work is determined by duplicating the analyses, and by comparing the results of different
analysts.
Volumetric methods are employed whenever
they are more accurate or more expeditious than
the gravimetric methods. In this way each student acquires practical experience in the chemical
analyses of the ores and products which he is most
likely to meet in practice.
ASSAYING.
During the third year the student is admitted
to the Assay laboratory, where he is provided
with a suitable table and a set of assay apparatus;
and where he has access to crucible and muffle
furnaces, and to volumetric apparatus for the assay
of alloys of gold and silver.
The general principles, as well as the special
methods of assaying, are explained in the lectureroom, and at the same time the ores of the various




125
metals and their appropriate fluxes are exhibited
and described.
The student is then supplied with the different
ores, and is required to assay each ore in duplicate, under the immediate supervision of the
instructor.
To facilitate the assay of ores of the precious
metals, a system of weights has been introduced,
by which the weight of the silver or gold globule
obtained shows at once, without calculation, the
number of troy ounces in a ton of ore.
ST ICHIOMETRY.
Stoichiometry, the arithmetic of chemistry, is
taught in a special course of lectures and blackboard exercises during the second session of the
first year; and its practical applications are developed in lectures on quantitative analysis and assaying.
APPLIED CHEMISTRY.
The instruction in Applied Chemistry extends
through the second and third years, and consists
of lectures, illustrated by experiments, diagrams
and specimens.
The subjects discussed are:
I. Chemical manufactures: acids, alkalies and salts.
(i.) Sulphur, sulphurous acid, hyposulphites, sulphuric
acid, bisulphide of carbon, etc.




I26
(2.) Common salt, soda ash, hydrochloric acid, chlorine,
binoxide of manganese, bleaching powder, chlorates,
chlorimetry, etc.
(3.) Carbonate of potash, caustic potash, alkalimetry,
acidimetry, etc.
(4.) Iodine, bromine, etc.
(5.) Sodium, aluminium, magnesium.
(6.) Phosphorus, matches, etc.
(7.) Nitrates of potash and soda, gunpowder, gun-cotton, nitro-glycerine, etc.
(8.) Ammonia salts.
(9.) Cyanides.
(Io.) Alum, copperas, blue vitriol, salts of magnesia,
baryta, strontia, etc.
( I.) Borates, stannates, tungstates, chromates, etc.
(12.) Mercury salts, silver salts, photography.
(I 3.) Electro-metallurgy.
(I4.) Oils, fats, soaps, glycerine.
(I5.) Pigments, paints, essential oils, resins, varnishes,
inks.
II. Glass, porcelain, and pottery.
III. Limes, mortars, hydraulic cements, gypsum, lutes,
putty, etc.
IV. Fuel and its applications.
V. Artificial illumination: candles, oils, and lamps, petroleum, gas and its products.
VI. Food and drink: water, milk, cereals, starch, bread,
meat, tea, coffee, sugar; fermentation, wine, beer. spirits,
vinegar, preservation of food, tobacco, etc.
VII. Clothing: textile fabrics, bleaching, dyeing, calico
printing, paper, tanning, glue, india-rubber, gutta percha,
etc.




127
VIII. Fertilizers: guano, superphosphates, poudrettes,
etc.
XI. Disinfectants, antiseptics, preservation of wood,
etc.
The second year students of I875-76, in the
course in Analytical and Applied Chemistry, were
required to hand in on or before November ist,
1875A Memoir on one of the following subjects:
(I.) On a Rational Classification of Organic Compounds. (2.) On the Decompositions and Transformations of Organic Compounds. (3.) On the
Additive and Substitution Products of Benzole.
(C6H6). The third year students in the same
course were required to hand inA Memoir on one of the following subjects: (I.)
Milk, Butter and Cheese. (2.) Fermentation, Wine,
Beer, and Spirits. (3.) Dyeing and Calico Printing. (4.) India-rubber and Gutta Percha;
And the following:
Chemical Dissertation on a subject which they
may select, subject to the approval of the President and the Professors of General Chemistry and
Analytical Chemistry..COLLECTION ILLUSTRATING APPLIED CHEMISTRY.
Several thousand specimens of materials and
products illustrating all the subjects included in
the course of instruction in Applied Chemistry are




128
arranged in a cabinet of industrial chemistry for
the illustration of the lectures and inspection of
the students.
The collection includes suites of materials, the
products of the various operations, and diagrams
of machinery and apparatus. Specially rich are
the collections illustrating common salt, aluminium, phosphorus, matches, sulphur and sulphuric acid, photography, photo-relief printing,
photo-lithography, electro-metallurgy, petroleum,
coal gas, coal tar and its products, pigments, dyeing and calico printing, tanning, glue, india-rubber,
beet and cane sugar, ceramics, glass, fertilizers,
disinfectants, etc.
GEOLOGY AND PAL AEONTOLOG Y.
FIRST YEAR.
Botany and Zoology, as an introduction to
Palaeontology-lectures and conferences throughout the year.
During the vacation at the close of the first year,
students pursuing the course in Geology     and
Natural History are required to prepare a memoir
on one of the following subjects, to be handed in
on or before November Ist:
(I.) Notes on the Flora or Fauna of any Geographical
District visited. (2.) Observations on the structure, distribution, and habits of any of our fresh water fishes. (3.)




I29
Catalogues and collections of mollusks inhabiting any
lakes, rivers, or districts. (4.) Notes on the economy of
the observed insects. (5.) Notes on the various observed
methods by which the seeds of plants are distributed.
SECOND YEAR.
Lithology: Minerals which form  rocks and rock
masses of the different classes-lectures and practical exercises.
Geology-Cosmical, Physiographic       and   Historical-lectures throughout the year.
During the vacation at the close of the second
year, students pursuing the course of Geology
and Natural History are required to prepare a
memoir on one of the following subjects, to be
handed in on or before November ist:
(i.) Report on the Geology of.any district visited, embracing: a. Topographical features and their cause. b.
Surface Geology. c. Sections of Strata with lithological
character, thickness, dip, strike, and fossils of each bed.
Sketches of rock outcrops. d. Suit of specimens of rocks
and fossils, rocks 3 x 4 x I inches.
(2.) Report on any special formation which may be examined, embracing: a. The geographical area of its outcrops. b. Its mineral character, and origin of the material
composing it. c. List and collection of its fossils, d.
Reading of the history of its deposition.
(3.) Report on any examined deposit of ores or other
useful minerals: as, a. The magnetic iron ores of New
York and New Jersey, phenomena and history. b. The




130
limonite ores of the Alleghany belt, character of deposits
and age. c. The zinc ores of Franklin or Friedensville.
d. The chromic iron of the Alleghany belt, where and how
it occurs.
THIRD VEAR.
Economic Geology: Theory of Mineral Veins;
Ores, Deposits and Distribution of Iron, Copper,
Lead, Zinc, Gold, Silver, Mercury     and  other
metals; Graphite, Coal, Lignite, Peat, Asphalt,
Petroleum, Salt, Clay, Limestone, Cements, Building and Ornamental Stones, Gems, Fertilizers, etc.
Palaontology: Systematic review of recent and
fossil forms of life-lectures throughout the year.
For graduation in the course of Geology and
Natural History, students will be required to present, on or before the I5th of April, a dissertation
on one of the following subjects:
(i.) The mesozoic sandstones of New Jersey and the
Connecticut Valley, their geological phenomena, history
and relations to the associated trap rocks.
(2.) The limonite iron ores of the Alleghany belt; their
phenomena, age, and origin-i. e., where and how they
occur; when and how they were deposited.
(3.) Eozoon Canadense; is it organic?
The rooms occupied by these departments are
a museum Ioo x 28 feet, a lecture room 30 x 40 feet,
a conference room 22 x 32 feet, and a laboratory
and professor's study, each 22 x 16 feet.




I3I
The Geological Hall is provided with wall and
table cases along the sides, and the centre is occupied by a series of casts and skeletons of the larger
vertebrates.
The table cases in the Geological Hall form
closed cabinets below, in which there are over 700
numbered drawers or trays, each 3 x I  feet in
area. These trays contain special suites of specimens, and more than half the entire geological collection.
The collections in this hall embrace:
ist. A lithological collection of 500 specimens
of rocks, and the minerals that make rocks.
2nd. A collection illustrating Historical Geology, in which the rocks and characteristic fossils
of all the different formations are arranged in such
order as to represent the geological column. This
collection numbers about 25,000 specimens.
3rd. A collection of ores, coals, oils, clays, and
building materials, and other useful minerals illustrative of the course of lectures on Economic
Geology, and believed to give the fullest representation of the mineral resources of the United
States of any collection yet made.
4th. A Palaeontological series, which includes
collections of recent and fossil vertebrates, articulates, mollusks, radiates, and plants.  In this
series is to be found the largest collection of fossil




132
plants belonging to any institution in the world,
including many remarkably large and fine specimens, and over 200 new species, of which representatives are not known to exist elsewhere. Also
the most extensive series of fossil fishes in the
country, including, among many new and remarkable forms, the only specimens known of the gigantic Dinichthzys, a suite of Ward's casts of extinct saurians and mammals; a fine skeleton of the
great Irish elk, etc., etc.
MINERALOGY.
The studies of the department of Mineralogy
continue through two years. In the first year the
students are instructed in crystallography and in
the use of the blow-pipe. Lectures on crystallography embrace the entire subject, including the
description of both normal and distorted forms, in
the study of which the students have access to a
collection of more than three hundred models,
embracing all the possible and theoretical forms.
Besides this collection, they have the use of a collection of 150 glass models; in addition to these
two collections, most of the species in the collection of minerals are illustrated by models in wood
of nearly all the forms.
The exercises in qualitative blow-piping last
through half of the year, and are composed of the




133
analysis of mixtures of alloys and minerals.  In
the examination the students are required to examine one substance containing from five to six
elements, one containing eight, and one containing
twelve different elements. The collection of blowpipe substances is contained in 400 different bottles.
The blow-pipe laboratory is a large, well ventilated room, to which the students have access
at all hours of the day, where each student has a
drawer with a lock assigned to him, which he
retains until the close of the term.
In the second year the lectures are illustrated
with a very complete lantern, arranged for the
electric and lime light, presented by F. A. Schermerhorn. Conferences are held at least once a
week, where the students are required to determine minerals placed before them, by the eye, or
by asking questions with regard to their characters which could not be determined without experiment. They are required to give the name,
composition, crystalline form, and prominent
blowpipe and physical characteristics of every
mineral they determine. To facilitate this work,
they have a collection of about 2,000 carefullylabelled specimens, to which they have free access,
and on which they are allowed to try the usual
physical and blow-pipe experiments.




134
They have, besides, constant access to the cabinet of minerals, which contains fifteen thousand
specimens, arranged in table cases, intended to
show the different characteristics of minerals, and
about two thousand arranged in wall cases to
show their associations.
The lectures on mineralogy comprise descriptive mineralogy, properly speaking, and physical
and optical mineralogy in all its departments; for
which purpose the cabinets contain I50 sections of
minerals cut perpendicular to their axes, and 25 or
30 sections of chemical compounds, a series of 12
prisms to illustrate the property of dichroism,
and a dichroscope for the purpose of studying
them. For the study of sections, the laboratory
has a Groth polariscope; for the study of the
phenomena of parallel and divergent light, and
also for measuring the optical axes, a Soliel polariscope, a Wheatstone Neuremburg apparatus, presented by D. Willis James; De Lenormont's apparatus with sections for the study of the conductibility of heat in minerals has been provided
for the use of the laboratory; a Fouques magnetoelectric apparatus for the analysis of rocks;
Derill's apparatus for fusion at high temperatures,
with the necessary machinery for the compression
of air; a Ross microscope for the study of rocks
by polarized light, with the analyzer and polarizer




I35
arranged so as to be thrown in and out of the field
at will without disturbing the instrument; a
Jolly's balance for specific gravity.  There are
besides these a fine Wollaston goniometer, by
Deluil, of Paris, presented by the late Gouverneur
Kemble; a Mitscherlich goniometer, presented by
Dr. C. R. Agnew; and a Babinet's goniometer,
presented by D. Willis James; besides Carrangeau's application goniometer. For the measurement of angles and the indices of refraction, there
are seventeen glass prisms of different composition and angles, and four quartz prisms cut in
different directions with regard to the axes. All
of these different pieces of apparatus are illustrated by apparatus adapted to the lantern. The
lantern polariscope has two Nicols prisms, which
are 21 inches on a side, a saccharometer, a dichroscope; a megascope, and microscope arranged for
projecting the phenomena of minerals and rocks
under polarized light.
The vertical lantern is arranged for the study of
polarization of liquids, &c. All of this lantern
apparatus was presented by S. L. M. Barlow.
The collection of minerals was founded by a
valuable collection, given as the first donation to
the school by the late George T. Strong, of this
City, which was very shortly supplemented by
the donation of another collection by the late




I36
Gouverneur Kemble, containing many autographs
and specimens from the cabinet of Hany. As
these collections were both very rich in duplicates, very many valuable additions have been
made to the cabinet by exchange. Collections
were also made in Europe during several years,
and were presented to the school through the
generosity of the late John Caswell, W. H. Aspinwall, R. P. Parrott, Morris K. Jessup, D. S. Egleston, W. E. Dodge, Jr., C. Lanier, and J. Crearer.
The crystals in this collection are arranged upon
pedestals in such a way that they can be readily
seen and examined by the student. For the expenses of this department, and for the increase of
the collections of instruments and minerals, the
trustees make an annual appropriation of five hundred dollars.
METALLURGY.
The course in metallurgy embraces lectures
upon combustion, construction of furnaces, preparations of fuels, and the metallurgy of cast iron,
steel, and all the metals.  They last during a
period of two years, and discuss all the best
methods used in this country and in Europe for
extracting metals from the ores, as well as those
which may be used in special cases. It is designed
to make them as practical as possible, and for this




I37
purpose the economical details of cost are given,
when they can be obtained from authentic sources.
Special details are given of the ores of this country which are difficult to treat, and to the solution
of practical problems which may occur, and to
changes which different economic relations are
liable to cause in the treatment of the same ore in
different localities. More than one thousand photographic negatives, for use in the lantern, have
been prepared to illustrate all the principal processes used in modern metallurgical works, as
well as the erection and construction of furnaces,
blast engines, and other machinery used in metallurgical operations.
The collection illustrating metallurgy includes
models of furnaces, and a very large collection of
drawings, and tracings in most cases from drawings from which works have actually been built.
This collection, which embraces several hundred
tracings, has been collected in this country and
Europe from the best types of works, and are
generally sufficiently detailed to be used as construction drawings. The metallurgicalcollection,
properly speaking, embraces about three thousand specimens, illustrating nearly all the prominent metallurgical processes in every stage of their
progress.  Many of these specimens have been
analyzed and assayed; and these are constantly




138
open in the museum to the inspection of the students.
As an application of the lectures, the students
are required to work out a project and to present
working drawings and estimates for the erection
of works to treat a given ore in stated conditions,
these being generally the problems which require
solution in some parts of the United States.
Every other year is devoted to projects on iron or
steel, the intermediate year being given up to
gold, silver, copper, and the other metals. For
the expenses and collections of this Department
the Trustees appropriate $500 annually.
The metallurgical laboratory connected with
this department is provided with all the apparatus
for ordinary chemical analysis, and with balances,
and embraces a series of three rooms arranged in
a building constructed in the year I874 for the
purpose. It is provided with the Bunsen, Orsat,
Doyere and Regnault apparatus for the analysis
of gases, and Godwin's apparatus for determining
their density. It has a vertical spectroscope by
Dubosey, and a horizontal one with two prisms,
also by Dubosey, the gift of D. Willis James, of
this city, and also with Siemen's electric and
water pyrometer for the measurement of high
temperatures. For the expenses of the Laboratory
the Trustees appropriate $250 annually.




139
~In the second year the lectures in metallurgy are
supplemented by a course in quantitative blowpiping, where the students are taught to assay
gold, silver, lead, copper, bismuth, tin, cobalt,
nickel, and. coal, for which purpose a blowpipe
laboratory is provided with ten balances of exceedingly delicate construction, made by Lingke of
Freiburg. The examination in this department
consists in the assays of ores the values of which
are determined within a limited time. The students are taught both the use of the balances and
of Harcourt's scale, as well as the use of the
micrometer for measuring buttons.
A CA TION WORK.
MEMOIR:
During the vacations, at the close of the first
and second years, students are required to prepare
memoirs on subjects assigned to them by the
Faculty.
These memoirs must be based upon the personal
examination of works in actual operation, must be
illustrated by drawings made to scale, and accompanied, when possible, by specimens. Mention
must be made of works visited and books consulted.




I40
The memoirs are bound into volumes for
preservation at the School.
The following subjects for memoirs were assigned for the vacation of 1875 
FOR STUDENTS [/lWHO HAD COMFPLETED THE
FIRST YEAR.
i. Those pursuing the course in Civil Engineering:
Cements and Artificial Stones.
2. Those pursuing the course in Mining Engineering 
Cars and Brakes for Exterior Transportation.
3. Those pursuing the course in Metallurgy, one of the
following subjects: On a rational classification of Organic
Compounds; on the decompositions and transformations
of Organic Compounds; on the additive and substitution
products of Benzole.
4. Those pursuing the course in Geology and Natural
History, one of the following:
(i,) Notes on the Flora or Fauna of any geographical
district visited. (2.) Observations on the structure, distribution, and habits of any of our fresh water fishes. (3.)
Catalogues and collections of Mollusks inhabiting any
lakes, rivers or districts, (4.) Notes on the economy of
observed insects.  (5.) Notes on the various observed
methods by which the seeds of plants are distributed.
5. Those pursuing the course in Analytical and Applied
Chemistry, one of the following: On a rational classification of Organic Compounds; on the decompositions and
transformations of Organic Compounds; on the additive
and substitution products of Benzole.




I41
FOR STUDENTS WHO HAD COMPLETED THE
SECOND YEAR.
i. Those pursuing the course in Civil Engineering:
Transformation of Movements by Eccentrics.
2. Those pursuing the course in Mining Engineering:
Hoisting Machinery.
3. Those pursuing the course in Metallurgy, one of the
following: (i.) Regenerative Furnaces. (2.) Blair's Direct
Process. (3.) The Siemens-Martin's Process.
4. Those pursuing the course in Geology and Natural
History, one of the following:
(i.) Report on Geology of any district visited. Embracing: a. Topographical features and their cause. b.
Surface Geology. c. Sections of Strata with lithological character, thickness, dip, strike, and fossils
of each bed. Sketches of rock outcrops.  d. Suite
of specimens of rocks and fossils, rocks 3x4x I
inches.
(2.) Report on any special formation which may be examined. Embracing: a. The geographical area of its
outcrops. b. Its mineral character and origin of the
material comprising it. c. Sets and collections of its
fossils. d. Reading of the history of its deposition.
(3.) Report on any examined deposits of ores or any other
useful minerals: as, a. The Magnetic Iron ores of
New York and New Jersey, phenomena and history.
b. The Limonite ores of the Alleghany Belt, character of deposits and age. c. The Zinc ores of Franklin
or Friedensville. d. The Chromic Iron of the Alleghany Belt, where and how it occurs.
Those pursuing the course in Analytical and Applied




142
Chemistry, one of the following: (I.) Milk, Butter, and
Cheese. (2.) Fermentation, Wine, Beer, and Spirits.
(3 ) Dyeing and Calico Printing. (4.) India-Rubber and
Gutta Percha.
During the session, the students may visit the
different machine-shops and metallurgical establishments of the city and its environs.
During the vacation, each student is expected
to visit mines, metallurgical and chemical establishments, and to hand in on his return a memoir
on some subject assigned him. He is also required
to bring collections, illustrating his memoir, which
collections are placed in the museum, reserved as
a medium of exchange, or made use of in the
laboratories.
A special Scientific Library has been provided
for the use of the students of the School, which
already numbers more than six thousand volumes,
and is rapidly increasing.
DEGREES.
Those who complete the required course of
studies will receive the degree of Engineer of
Mines, Civil Engineer, or Bachelor of Philosophy.
Graduates of the School who pursue for one
year a course of study prescribed by the Faculty,
and present an acceptable dissertation embodying
their results, receive the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy.




I43
The following statistical table will exhibit the
progress of the school:
No. attending     No. of
Year.       Full Course.  Special Students.  Total.
1864-65                                      48
1865-66          -                           92
1866-67          74             47          121
1867-68          70             52          122
1868-69          62             29           91
I869-70          51             26           77
1870-71          40             57           97
1871-72          57             59          II6
1872-73         105             41          I46
I873-74         I4I             27          I68
1874-75         I80             22          202
I875-76         200             22          222
A  writer in the North American Review, for
January, 1871, in an article on "Mining Schools
in the United States," says, with reference to this
school:
"The construction of a school building and the provision of apparatus are very far from being all the work
accomplished in the six years' life of this institution. The
literature of the mining profession in the English language is very imperfect, and it was impossible to conduct
the school in any other way than by lectures. These lectures, too, had to be very different from those delivered in




144
German schools. There the professor not infrequently
delivers a loose, often rambling, often too dry, often too
agreeable lecture, the object of which, in ordinary cases,
is merely to point out to the pupil what direction he
should give to his studies. He is expected to go home,
and, with the lecture as his guide, to pore over his books,
obtaining his real information from them. The cases
where the lectures of the professor are expected to be the
only or principal source of knowledge are comparatively
rare. Here it is very different. The lectures are sometimes all the student has. They must, therefore, be very
full in fact, but also well condensed in language, or the
course would become interminable. This necessity is far
from being a disadvantage. The lectures delivered in
New York have the value of original examinations into
the sciences they discuss; and when they are published,
as is to be hoped they will be in good time, the body of
mining science, as contained. in American text books, will
be very different from that possessed by any other
country.
I have spoken above of the immense labor required to
carry on a mining school, and the heterogeneous character
of its operations. Of this the school under discussion is
a good example. Where there was not a specimen, a crucible, or a furnace, six years have sufficed for the collection of seventy-five thousand specimens, illustrating geology, mineralogy and metallurgy; of models of furnaces,
machines, crystals, geometrical sections; of a library of
three thousand volumes; of laboratories for assay and for
chemical operations, which are larger and better than
those of any other mining school in the world. The value
of all these must be close on two hundred thousand




145
dollars, and the work has been enormous. Nor can a
good school be established with less labor or less expense.
But the results are commensurably great. Among all the
most famous schools in the world, there is not one so well
supplied with apparatus, and not one where all the departments are carried on with the same equal care. Remarkable as it may seem, no school in Europe-unless that in
St. Petersburg is to be excepted-can compare with this
in the appointments either of its chemical or its assay
laboratories.
" If the other schools which are to be founded in this
country are established with equal care, fifty years will
see a great change for the better in American mines. The
enormous losses which are to-day experienced, even in
the best conducted works, and the absurdities which are
perpetrated in the name of mining, will pass away with
the ignorance that causes them."




146
School of Medicine-Columbia College.
In 767, the Governors of the college established
a Medical School, which continued in existence
till November, 1813, at which time the Trustees
agreed to incorporate it with the College of Physicians and Surgeons. There was no Faculty of
Medicine in the college from 1813 to i860. In
this latter year it was revived by the adoption of
the College of Physicians and Surgeons as the
Medical Department of the college. The following is a brief historical sketch of the College of
Physicians and Surgeons:
The college was chartered March i2th, I807,
by the Regents of the University of the State of
New York, pursuant to an act of the Legislature,
passed March 24, I791. The officers were elected
May 5, 1807; and the first course of lectures, commencing November 7th, of the same year, were
delivered in a small two-story building in Robinson Street. About the close of the session, however, the college, having received from the Legislature an endowment of twenty thousand dollars,
was enabled to purchase an edifice in Pearl Street
better adapted for their purposes, which was for



I47
mally opened for the reception of students in November, 1808.
The Medical Department of Columbia College
having been discontinued in November, 1813, the
union of the two schools, as recommended by the
Regents of the Ufiiversity as far back as April
Ist, 1811, was, at length, consummated March
7th, 1814, and a commodiously-arranged brick
building on the north side of Barclay Street, near
Broadway, secured for the new organization.
This alliance, however, proved to be of but
short duration, since some of the Faculty withdrew, and, under the authority of Queen's College,
New Jersey, established the "New Medical Institution" in a large building in Duane Street.
This latter school suspended in 1816.
At this crisis in its affairs, the Regents of the
University reorganized the college under an entirely new charter, which gave its management to
a Board of twenty-five Trustees, whose tenure of
office was subject to the will of the Regents themselves.
In February, 1821, to the dissensions between
the college and the New York County Medical
Society, which began sometime during 18I9, there
succeeded new causes of discord between the
Trustees and the Faculty. These culminated in
the resignation of the entire Faculty in April,




148
1826, and the appointment of a new corps of Professors a few months afterwards.
The original Faculty, soon after their resignation, revived the Medical Institution, under the
auspices of Rutgers (formerly Queen's) College,
New Brunswick, New Jersey; but, by legislative
enactment, the diplomas were afterwards rendered so manifestly illegal that the Faculty abandoned the contest, and the school ceased to exist.
By a new provision in the Constitution, the
Faculty were henceforth excluded from seats in
the Board of Trustees, which was now to be composed of a majority of gentlemen who did not belong to the medical profession. As a result, both
bodies have since worked in unison for the common good.
The college removed from Barclay to Crosby
Street in November, 1837, where its sessions were
held up to the inauguration of the present edifice
(Fourth Avenue, corner of Twenty-third Street),
January 22d, 1856.
Since then nothing noteworthy in its history
occurred until the Legislature, by an amendment
of its charter, March 24th, I860, delegated the authority of the Regents to the Trustees; and, in
June of this year, also, the institution was constituted the Medical Department of Columbia College, and now bears the title of the " College of




149
Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New
York-Medical Department of Columbia      College."
The union is complete in'the single respect that
the united authority of the two institutions is
necessary to the conferring of degrees, all the
diplomas bearing the signature of the President
of Columbia College, with those of the Faculty of
Medicine. The School has an independent Board
of Trustees, and its financial affairs are entirely
distinct from those of Columbia College.
The following table will show the number of
students in attendance since the adoption of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons as the Medical Department of the college:
Year.     Number in at-   Year.  Number in attendance.               tendance.
1860-61       260         1868-69      309
1861-62       209         1869-70      338
1862-63       254         I870-71      327
863-64       288         I871-72      332
I864-65       440         1872-73      359
I865-66       465         I873-74      387
1866-67       344         I874-75     452
1867-68       319         1875-76     410




150
Libraries.
The College Library is by no means extensive,
but remarkably choice, as the merest glance of an
instructed eye may readily perceive. It has been
repeatedly sifted and arranged, so that, by donations and exchanges, few duplicates remain. It
now amounts to upwards of I8,ooo volumes, with
some 2,500 unbound pamphlets. Its character is,
for the most part, scholastic, almost strictly a College Library; not a popular town library for general circulation. Hence, it is deficient in modern
and current works of entertainment, and, necessarily, must exclude some specialties absolutely
essential to the attractiveness of a general library.
The books in the Library are arranged in ten
alcoves, and as many cases with glass doors. Portraits of all the past Presidents of the college-eight
in number-that of the second Dr. Johnson, by
Trumbull or Stuart-of the Provost, Dr. J. M. Mason, of all the earlier Professors-the head of Dr.
Cochrane, by Trumbull, of De Witt Clinton, with
a fine head of Columbus, a copy from Parmigiano,
compose the gallery of the college. The original
iron crown, which surmounted the cupola of the old




151
college (King's College) in the days of royalty,
now quietly reposes on a bracket.
The history of the Library of Columbia College
begins almost contemporaneously with that of the
college.  Within a few years after the Royal
Charter passed the seals, on the 3Ist of October,
1754, two valuable gifts, together with many important works, given by the Earl of Bute and
other individuals, and from the University of Oxford a copy of every work printed at the university press, are recorded by Dr. Moore, in his history of the college, as laying the foundation of the
present collection. The gifts just mentioned were
the libraries of Mr. Joseph Murray, of the Inner
Temple, and of the Rev. Dr. Bristowe, (to the extent of some I,500 volumes, of which few can now
be identified,) whose book-marks occur ins some
old law works, theological treatises, and other
ponderous literature, generally in the form of
massive folios. Many, if not most, of the rare old
tomes forming these collections were dispersed
during the war-from I776 to'84 —when the college was closed as an academic retreat and used
as an hospital for the soldiery. In April, I792, a
large addition was made to the college Library in
consequence of a grant from the Legislature. In
18 I, 1,500 dollars were appropriated by the Board
of Trustees, for the purchase of books.




152
Upon the death of Dr. Kemp, "on the 25th of
Nov., 1812, after having for eight and twenty years
discharged with great ability and fidelity the duties
of Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy," the Trustees bought his library. In 1825, the
Trustees bought the collection of Professor da
Ponte, consisting of Italian poets, historians, political economists, and miscellaneous literature. In
1836, "the Trustees appropriated Io,ooo dollars
for the purchase of additional apparatus as well as
for adding to the Library the requisite books of
reference and illustration." In I838, " the Trustees
made a valuable addition to the College Library,
by purchasing that of their former Professor, Dr.
N. F. Moore." This collection of an accomplished
scholar was especially rich in the classical department and that of Philology; and in Italian literature, embracing many excellent and some beautiful editions.
In  1843 a Professorship  of the  German
Language was established on an endowment
of Mr. Gebhard, and a sufficient sum was set apart
for the purchase, by Dr. Tellkampf, who occupied
the Chair, of a select collection of the standard
German authors.
Professor Drisler, during his visit to Europe,
I859-60, was empowered by the Library Committee to purchase works in his department which




I53
cover a wide range (among these may be named
Canina's great work on the Monuments of Ancient
Rome; the new Paris edition of Stephani Thesaurus Graecus; Ritter's Erdkunde, 22 vols.; Histoire
de l'Academie des Inscriptions et de Belles-Lettres,
So vols.; and the Bonn edition of the Byzantine
Historians, 48 vols.), chiefly works by German
scholars in the sections of Classical Literature
and Archaeology, Topography, and Mythology,
and, in a word, of the various topics that are included in the very wide province of Classical Literature " and the connected subjects."
The Trustees have also enriched the departments of Early English Literature and BellesLettres by the purchase, quite recently, of 455
volumes, largely first editions, from their former
librarian, Wm. A. Jones, Esq.
Since the removal, in I857, of the college to
its present site, in 49th street, the appropriations have been much more liberal-and have
been expended by the late librarian, and his present worthy successor, in a spirit and with a discrimination that, it is trusted, will yield a rich
return during the second century of the college.
The library has also been greatly fostered by
the generous donations of her early friends, her
trustees in their individual capacity, her officers,
and her alumni. Among the most prominent




i54
instances may be named Dr. John Watts, who gave
some of the more valuable of the elder English
classics; Robt. Watts, Esq.; Myles Cooper, the
second Iresident; Dr. John   M. Mason, the
Provost, whose  name   is occasionally found
in  rare editions of the Greek   and   Latin
classical authors; Dr. Hosack, Senr., who gave
a large body of Transactions of learned Societies and Scientific Journals; Dr. Wright Post; Dr.
DeKay; John Wells, Esq.; Gen. Laight; Gulian
C. Verplanck, Esq.; Messrs. F. Van Rensselaer
and De Rham, the personal friends and family
connections of Ex-Pres. Moore; Bishop Wainwright; Pres. Duer; W. H. Harison Esq.; Dr.
Bowring, of a set of Bentham's works; Washington Irving, of a set of his own writings, more
read by the students than the works of any other
single author; a number of others to I85I, the
most valuable of which are the munificent gift of
the British Government of the Public Records of
Great Britain, and several most valuable among
the " exchanges " of Mons. Vattemare.
Donations amounting to several hundred
volumes have been received from the libraries of
Messrs. John Anthon and G. T. Strong, and from
Mr. Jehiel Post, Prof. Drisler, and Mr. Lenox;
and, just previous to the removal of the college,
from Dr. Hosack, Jr., and Dr. J. W. Francis, the




books originally belonging to the N. Y. Literary
and Scientific Society. In 1859, Mr. Johnson, of
Stratford, Conn., presented the law library of his
father, the first President of Columbia College.
This library has now been removed to the Law
School of the college (see Law Library), as well
as the Law Library of John Jay, the first ChiefJustice of the United States, a gift from his grandson, Mr. John Jay, of this city. In 1872, Bishop
Eastburn, of the Class of 1817, left to the college
a portion of his library, amounting to 647 volumes
of theological and general literature; and finally,
Messrs. R. L. and A. Stuart of this city presented
a complete set of Clark's collection of the AnteNicene Fathers, in 24 volumes. Both the State
and general Governments send regularly all their
publications, historical and scientific documents.
In continuation of this sketch of the formation
of the library, it may be well to name a few of the
more prominent works, but this'can be done only
in the most cursory way. There are valuable
editions of the sacred Scriptures, in whole or in
part, in more than twenty languages; a fine copy
of the Mischna, 3 vols. folio, Amsterdam; Kennicott and Houbigant's Hebrew Bibles,; Bryan
Walton's Biblia Polyglotta, the Republican edition,
I657, so called from its dedication to Cromwell;
a fine copy of the Vulgate, 3 vols., folio, Paris,




1628; the  Codex   Friderico-Augustanus,  ed.
Tischendorf, and the Codex Vaticanus, ed. Vercellone et Cozza, Rome, 5 vols., 4to; Critici Sacri
-a massive body of biblical criticism.
The Greek and Latin Fathers are well represented in early editions and stately folios-" huge
armfuls," as Lamb styled his old English favorites;
a phalanx of scholars, orators, saints, and philosophers. Among these, the celebrated edition of St.
Chrysostom, by Sir Henry Saville, and the
elegant folio edition of 1638 of Cyril of Alexandria. There are rare and choice copies of Lactantius and Tertullian, both Aldines.
A solid array of ecclesiastical historians of the
Anglican and Roman Churches is here found. To
these may be added " Conciliorum omnium generalium
et provincialiium Collectio Regia," elephant folio,
on large paper of admirable texture and marvellous typography, in 38 vols. folio, I644; comprehending from St. Peter, A.D. 34 to sedes Vacans,
1314; from the Council of Ravenna, after the
death of Clement V., to the election of John XXI.
or XXII.
In this department or section of the library are
the original quartos and folios of most of the great
Fathers of the Church of England, of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: Andrews, Cudworth, Chillingworth, Donne, Heylin, Hammond,




I57
Jewel, Latimer, Leslie, Lightfoot, Bramhall, Fuller,
Hall, Mede, Stillingfleet, Wilkins, and modern reprints of Taylor, Barrow, South, Sherlock, Horsley,
Jortin, Lowth, Paley. The collection of works on
the Evidences includes the sterling writers in that
department: Grotius, Paley, Butler, Morgan, E.
Smith, Ray, Derham, Jones, Burton, Magee, the
Boyle Lectures, the Bridgewater Treatises, with
the scarce Ninth Fragment of Babbage, down to
the present day, along with many rare and curious
tracts and treatises, polemical and devotional,
principally of the 17th century.
The library is furnished, as a matter of course,
with the complete works of the great old masters,
as well in Science as in Literature and Speculative
Philosophy. The masterpieces left us by the
ancients in Science are included in the classical
portion of the library; among the moderns are
Gassendi, Descartes, Newton, Boyle, Leibnitz,
and their great compeers. In the different subdivisions of the Sciences, we may quote a few
names: as in Pure Mathematics, besides the great
names just mentioned, Maseres, Sanderson, Carnot, Wolf, Maupertius, Bezout, Bossut, Euler,
Clairaut, Bourdon, Dechale, Schottius, Legendre,
Lardner, Babbage, Playfair, Hutton, Airy, Monge,
Dupin, Walton, Peacock, Sir William  Hamilton,
Hirsch, Todhunter, etc.




158
In Astronomy, Galileo, Kepler (new ed.), Laplace,
Boscovich, Lalande, Bailly, Huygens, Borda,
Flamsteed, Delambre, Leverrier, Hansen, Bessel,
Brunnow, Argelander, Encke, Oluffsen, Pontecoulant, Struve, Weisse, Gauss, Airy, Chambers,
Arago.
In Physics, we may mention, among others, English and French, Hutton, Haiy, Libes, Cavallo,
Mussenbr;3ck, Noad, Desaguliers, Rutherford,
Hooper, Rumford, Nicholson, Muller, Peclet,
Poisson, Priestley, Humboldt, Airy, Lockyer,
Maxwell, Moigno, Thomson, Tait.
In Mechanics, and the applications of mechanics
and mathematics to Engineering, the Steam Engine,
etc., there are found some of the best modern
treatises.
Among the curiosities of Old Science, we should
not forget Athanasius Kircher on Optics, and
Otto Guericke, with the curious plates, Cornelius
Agrippa, Oughtred's Clavis Mathematica, Licetus
de Cometis, Borellius de vi percussionis et de
motu animalium.
For the departments of Science generally,
Chemistry, Natural History, see the Library of
School of Science, and for Botany the Botanical
Library. There is a good edition of Wilson, and a
fine (subscription) copy of Audubon.
In the department of Literary and Critical Jour



I59
nals, the library has full sets-original editions-of
the Edinburgh, the London Quarterly, the Foreign
Quarterly, the Retrospective, the Westminster,
North British, the North American, the American Quarterly, and the New  York Reviews;
Blackwood's, Fraser's and Macmillan's magazines;
Rheinisches Museum, Schneidewin's Philologus,
Kuhn's Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Sprachforschung; Valpy's Classical Journal, Transactions
of the Philological Society, Oxford and Cambridge
Essays, Portfolio, Literary World, Notes and
Queries.
Of Dictionaries and Cyclopedias, connecting the
departments of History and Biography, and the
worlds of Literature and Science, there are the
works of Bayle, Moreri, Chambers; D'Herbelot's
Bibliotheque Orientale, Biographie Universelle,
Chalmers' and Rose's Biographical Dictionaries,
and the Nouvelle Biographie Moderne, the Encyclopedia of Diderot and D'Alembert, the Britannica, third and eighth (last) editions, the Metropolitana, the Edinburgh, and the New American
Cyclopedia, the Conversations-Lexicon, Herzog's
Real Encyclopidie fur Prot. Theologie, and Ersch
und Griber's Cyclopidie, the latter still in course
of publication, and of itself nearly filling one small
case.
In the portion of the library devoted to the




i6o
Literature- of Greece and Rome, the best editions
have been selected, always in good and often in
fine condition. There are choice Aldines and
Elzevirs, with rare impressions from the offices of
the Stephens, Foulis, Tonson, Baskerville, and
other eminent printers, with several of the Wetstein, Barbou and Bipont editions.
There are of the classical writers and early
Fathers ten princeps editions, Appian, Aristophanes,
Plutarch's Morals, Plato, Diodorus Siculus, Philo
Judaeus, Eusebius, Photius, Theophylact, Athenagoras. The translation of Plato by Ficinus, I473,
and a Latin translation of Herodotus, folio, I475,
are believed to be the oldest books in the collection.
The Archeological section, and that of Classical
Topography, Mythology, and, in a word, all that relates to the illustration of the ancient classics, in
the researches and commentaries    of modern
scholars, embraces the great works of Montfaueon,
the noble Thesauri of Grevius and Gronovius,
Lipsius, Meursius, Winckelmann, Clinton; the architectural designs of Stewart and Revett, Canina's
Monuments of Ancient Rome, Visconti's Iconographie, etc., the illustrated works of Hope and
Gell; Vyse and Perring; Denon's and Joinard's
illustrated works on the Pyramids; the plates
of Dulong, Fontana, Bartoli; treatises on
Numismatics, Latin, German and English; on




i6i
Architecture, from  Vitruvius and  Palladio to
Chambers and Fergusson, and Stuart; on Costume, on Typography, on Ancient, and, to some extent, on Modern Art. In Classical Topography, there
are Cramer, Leake, Mure, Rennell, Dennis, Nibby,
Dodwell, Hobhouse, Wordsworth, Curtius, Wyse,
Schliemann, etc.
In Philology, embracing a very wide range of.
signification, grammars and lexicons, upwards of
seventy of each, in many languages; speculations
on language and verbal criticism; histories of Literature and Bibliography, the library is "well
mounted."
The prominent names in Literary History are
Andres, Baillet, Fabricius, Gervinus, Guinguene,
Hallam, Harles, Laharpe, Morhof, Miiller, Mure,
Gladstone, Schoell, Teuftel, Tiraboschi, Warton,
Dunlop, Schlegel, Barante, Cave, Chambers,
Duyckinck, Fauriel, Ticknor, Allibone, Menzel;
while as subsidiary to this, the library is well
supplied with bibliographical aid.
Ancient History, in the writings of the original
historians, falls within the province of classical
literature; but the library is also supplied with
the best modern Histories of Greece and Rome,
and approved versions of the standard authors in
this department. Nor has Modern History been
neglected, especially the Histories of our own




162
country, and those of England, of France, and of
Italy.
Tn English History, with its collateral illustrations, beside the ordinary standard authorities of
Hume, S. Turner, Lingard, Hallam, Mackintosh,
Macaulay, Mahon, etc., to and including Buckle,
there are, in early-sometimes first-folio eds., the
Saxon Chronicle, Bede, Matthew  Paris, Usher,
Buchanan, Bacon, Baker, Fuller, More, Herbert,
Camden, Raleigh, Clarendon, Burnet, Whitlock,
Daniel, Hackett, Oldmixon, Walker, and Rapin,
with Houbraken's fine heads; a sprinkling of
Memoirs of the Stuart and Georgian periods; a
few rare old biographies of the seventeenth century, and some of later date: Ellis's Letters,
Granger's Biographical History, Walpole's and
other Epistolary Collections, Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biography, Harleian Miscellany.
American History, though by no means a speciality, includes original folio editions of Smith's Virginia and Cotton Mather's Magnalia, Dickerison's
Farmer's Letters, Lee's Memoirs, lately brought
into notice by the able monograph of Mr. Moore,
Graham's Letters on Vermont, Journals of Madam
Knight and Rev. Mr. Buckingham, Antiquitates
Americanae, and the rare original tract of
Denton, of which a few years since but two copies
were known to be in the country; some of the




163
early French travellers, Rochefoucauld, Volney,
Michaud, Chateaubriand; some half dozen of the
older State Histories; the best lives of the great
statesmen of the country; the political classicscollected writings of Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Hamilton, Webster, Franklin; the Federalist,
original edition, 2 vols. i8mo; Documentary History of the State of New York; American Archives; State Papers; Diplomatic Correspondence; Journals of Congress; Annual Register.
With Italian History, the library is well provided, in a body of authors, including the works
of Bentivoglio, Botta, Costanza, Denina, Giannone,
Guicciardini, Machiavelli, Muratori, Nani, Pignotti, Palavicini, Sandini, Sismondi, Segni, Villani, Varchi.
In French History, the collection is not equally
rich, yet there are Duchesne, Comines, Froissart,
Monstrelet, Davila, De Thou, Sully, Voltaire,
Rollin, Grimm, with the modern school of Sismondi, Guizot, Thiers, Thierry, Martin, Mignet,
and Michelet; Historique Annuaire and Memoirs
relating to the Revolution and to Napoleon.
A number of valuable works on Geography and
Chronology-" the eyes of history " —-are here, consisting of old Treatises, modern Tables and Charts,
and a good collection of Voyages and Travels.
In Continental Literature, the German portion of




I64
the library, exclusive of a few volumes of History, Political Science, Philology, and Classical
Archaeology, is chiefly confined to elegant literature; a choice collection of poetry, fiction, the
drama, and aesthetical criticism.
Italian Literature is as well cared for as History,
and includes several fine editions of standard authors, and a few uncommonly rare works. There
is some Law and Theology; rare editions of the
novelists, Boccaccio (I549 and 1761), Bandello,
Sachetti; a set of Italian Economists in fifty
volumes. In poetry, there are choice copies of
Dante, I578; Tasso, 1721 and i76I; Alfieri, (Pisa;)
Bembo, Ist edition; Petrarch (1550, 1582;) Pulci,
I73I.
Beside the historians, the scientific memoirs,
and the elementary scientific treatises, there is
little of French Literature,. a few old novelists, as
Scarron, Sarasin, and Rabelais, the great dramatists, fine quarto editions of Rousseau, Montesquieu, Fenelon, Pascal-choice, what there is,
but little of it.
In English Literature, the library contains all
the great old prose writers of the I6th, I7th and
I8th centuries, who have written upon Theology,
Morals and History, while the more substantial
portion of the literature of the present has not been
neglected.




i65
Of Prose Fiction, the first demand of the Circulating, and the last of the College Library proper,
unless the humorous sketches of Mr. Irving be included under that head, there is not-except the
Waverley Novels, which are regarded- as literary
illustrations of history-strictly speaking, an English novel in the library.
In Metaphysical and Moral Philosophy, in Logic,
in Rhetoric, in _Asthetical Philosophy, in Treatises on
Education, the library possesses the. sterling authors, Greek, Latin, French and English, from
Aristotle and Plato to Cousin and Sir William
Hamilton; while the great German writers, though
not so fully represented, are not neglected.
The Law Library contains a complete series of
the reports and statutes of the United States, and
of the reports of the State of New York, with the
most valuable of those of other States; a full series
of the English reports from the Year-books to the
present time, with several editions of the English
statutes, and the principal treatises on American
and English law. It embraces many editions of
the body of the civil law, and the treatises of the
most eminent commentators upon it, with many
works of interest in Scotch, German, French,
Italian, and other foreign law.
It includes the original law library of William
Samuel Johnson, the first President of Columbia




i66
College after the Revolution, and one of the framers
of the Constitution of the United States, for which
the college is indebted to the liberality of his
descendant, the Hon. William Samuel Johnson, of
Stratford, Connecticut. It has been  further
enriched by another donation of peculiar historic interest, from John Jay, Esq., of Bedford,
New York, embracing the law library of his grandfather, John Jay, the first Chief-Justice of the
United States.
The number of volumes in the library is about
4,000.
The library is open for the use of the students
during the term from nine o'clock A. M. to ten
o'clock P. M., when those who desire it pursue
their studies, especially in the preparation of cases
for the moot court. The central position of the
school renders it easily accessible. It is quite near
the Astor Library, to which students have access,
and the law department of which contains several
thousand volumes, including a very extensive
series of English and American reports, with a
valuable and rare collection of works on foreign
law, and a full collection of French cases, ancient
and modern.
The Library of the School of Mines was
founded when the school was established-in the
fall of 1864. At this time, when the connection




I67
subsisting between the school and the college
proper was not quite so intimate as it now is, the
income of the college was small, and it was felt
that no appropriation of money could be made
either to found the special library or to meet its
current expenses. The short roll of students partaking of the benefits of the school during its first
year or two were permitted to consult the books
in the Academic Library; and their special needs
were further recognized by devoting part of the
annual library appropriation to the purchase of
certain much-needed books. Subsequently, about
one thousand volumes were transferred from this
library and deposited for the use of the school in
a room set aside for the purpose. This was the
nucleus of the present library. To these were
soon added many volumes of valuable works procured in exchange for about five hundred duplicate volumes of Reports of Natural History Surveys of the Several States and Territories, generously donated to the school by various authorities.
When the funds of the college grew more
ample, an annual appropriation of $500 was made
for the benefit of the library.  This sum has
been increased from time to time until, in 1870,
it reached the sum of $2,000, which is the amount
of the present annual appropriation.




168
The total amount of appropriations thus far
made is about $I7,000.
The library now contains about 7,000 volumes,
half of which are volumes of periodical publications. The several departments which are embraced within the library are Chemistry, general,
analytical and applied; Engineering, civil, mining
and mechanical; Geology, Mineralogy, Botany,
Zoology, Physics and Mechanics. It is particularly strong in the standard works pertaining to
chemistry, analytical and applied; metallurgy,
mineralogy and mining engineering. One of the
most valuable features of the library is its
extensive collection of periodical publications:
complete series of Comptes Rendus; Poggendorff's
Annalen; Philosophical Magazine; Erdman's Journal; Annales des Mines; Dingler's Journal; Annalen der Chemie u. Pharmacie; Annales de
Chimie et Physique; Silliman's Journal, etc. Nearly eighty periodical publications are regularly received and kept on file in the library. These embrace the more important official reports of departments of government pertaining to the specialties of the school, and all the more valuable foreign
and American private journals and reviews.
The systematic books embrace many rare and
valuable individual works. Among these the
Cavendish edition of Gmelin's Handworterbuch,




I69
17  vols.;  Palaeontographica: Beitrige  zur
naturgeschichte der vorwelt, 25 vols.; Works
of the Palaeontographical Society, London, 25
vols.; and the chief editions, in English, French
and German, of the principal works of Keil, Percy,
Combes, Ponson, Gaetschman and Rittenger.
The library contains many volumes and portfolios of plates. Two of the most valuable and
rare series of this description recently added (by
donation) are the collection of plates to illustrate
the light-house system of the United States, and
"Collection des Dessins distribues aux eleves de
l'Ecole Imperiales des Ponts et Chaussees a Paris."
Peculiarly interesting at this time is the full collection of the literature pertaining to the World's
Exhibitions held at London, Paris, Vienna, etc.
The growth of the library has been very much
augmented by generous donations from official
sources and individuals interested in the school.
Two hundred bound volumes and five hundred
pamphlets have recently been added by bequest
of the late H. F. Q. D'Aligney.
The Botanical Library contains twelve hundred
and forty volumes. Besides embracing most of
the books required for ordinary investigations, it
is rich in scarce memoirs and separate papers received from their authors, such as cannot be pur



170
chased, and yet are often of greater value to the
scientific investigator than costly volumes.
CABINETS AND COLLECTIONS.
In addition to such as have already been noted
in the account of the School of Mines, there are,
in the Academic Department:
A chemical and geological cabinet and collection illustrating fully elementary chemistry
and geology, embracing the original New York
State Cabinet of Geology, a collection of minerals and a valuable cabinet of rare chemicals;
also a full set of chemical apparatus:
A set of models illustrating the subject of geometry of two and three dimensions; Schr6der's
Models of Descriptive Geometry, Standard Metre,
etc.; a full set of surveying instruments, as chains,
surveyor's compass, pocket compass, transit, level,
plane table, theodolite, etc.:
A mechanical collection, embracing models of
pulleys, levers, screw, inclined plane, parallelogram of forces, Atwood's machine, reversible
pendulum, air pump, aerostatic apparatus, hydrostatic apparatus, balance and apparatus for specific gravity, etc., Schoedler's mechanical movements illustrating the subject of mechanics in all
its branches:
Maps, globes, lantern and apparatus for illus



I7I
trating the subject of astronomy; a forty-six inch
transit instrument by Troughton & Simms, an
equatorially-mounted refractor of five-inch aperture, to which is attached a spectroscope with the
dispersive power of thirteen flint glass prisms
of fifty-five degrees, by Alvan Clarke; a set
of comparison apparatus with electrodes, Pliicker's
tubes, coil, etc., accompanies the spectroscope; altitude and azimuth instrument, declination transit,
chronometer and break-circuit chronometer, heliostatic mirrors, sextant, etc., etc.:
A large and complete physical apparatus, among
the pieces of which may be mentioned a Foucault's
pendulum, 26 feet in length, and a complete Foucault gyroscope by Froment; a fine cathetometer
by Griinow, a spherometer, a comparateur, standard U. S. yard, standard metre, and a horizontal
pendulum arranged for quantitative work:
Acoustic apparatus, such as (e. g.), Helmholtz's
apparatus for the reproduction of the vowel
sounds'; Seebeck's syren; a complete phonautograph; a set of Meldes' tuning forks, Liissajous' tuning forks and vibrating microscope; apparatus for the refraction of sound; a set of Helmholtz's resonators and vowel-forks:
Magnetic and electrical apparatus, of which may
be mentioned a Lamont's declination compass,
Wiedemann's galvanometer, Griinow's spark-mi



172
crometer, torsion balance, and sine and tangent
compass; a Siemens' unit and an original Holtz
machine; a large Richie coil; also Ruhmkorff coil and a diamagnetic apparatus:
An extensive optical apparatus, of which may be
noted, Rutherfurd's automatic train of six prisms,
ruled plates by the same for measuring wave
lengths; apparatus for conical refraction, various
sections of wave surfaces, Fessel's and Whedtstone's wave machines; Jamin's interferential refractor, Duboscq's apparatus for studying the interference and refraction of light, a large Nachet
inverted microscope; polarizing apparatus for projection. Some of the pieces of this latter may be
also mentioned on account of their size, such as
a double refracting prism (3") three inches in diameter, a Nicol's prism (2-") two and one-half
inches diam. and (7"/) seven inches long.; a Foucault
prism (4") four inches in diameter, and (7") seven
inches in length; etc., etc.:
A botanical collection containing about sixty
thousand species, phaenograms and cryptograms:
it is peculiarly rich in what are called type specimens, that is, the identical plants named by the
authors who have described or noticed them in
their published works: it possesses extensive collections of plants from the North Pacific Exploring
Expedition, from Commodore Perry's Japan Ex



I73
pedition, from the various expeditions of Fremont,
and from the explorations of North America, even
within the Arctic Circle, besides many rare and
valuable specimens from all parts of the world: it
embraces the collection of the late Prof. John
Torrey, which is valuable as containing the original specimens from which the "Flora of North
America" was prepared; the Meissner-Crooke
collection which is the authority of the polygonacee, proteacea, thymeleaceae, etc., of De
Candolles Prodromus; the "Chapman" collection
containing the originals, from which was published the "Flora of the Southern United States,"
and also a small collection made by the late
A. Halsey.
PRIZES, SCHOLARSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS.
In the Academic Department, the following
scheme of prizes, etc., obtains:
I.-FoR PROFICIENCY IN GERMAN.-After the
concluding examination there shall be awarded to
the best student in German, in the Junior class, a
prize of money, or its equivalent, at his option, of
thirty dollars', -and to the next best, a prize of
twenty dollars.




174
In like manner, to the best student in the Sophomore class, a prize, as before, of thirty dollars, and
to the next best, one of twenty dollars.
I [.-PRIZE OF THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION.-A
prize of fifty dollars in money, or its equivalent, at
the option of the receiver, established by the
Association of the Alumni of Columbia College,
was first awarded at the commencement in June,
1858.
It is to be given " to the most faithful and deserving student of the graduating class."
Three names are selected by the Faculty, and
submitted to the class, who, from these three,
designate one to receive the prize.
III.-SCHEME OF TWO ANNUAL SEMINARY PRIZES.
Founded November, i85, in Columbia Collegc, by
the Rev. Dr. Johtn Mc Vickar, for the Society for
Promoting Religion and Learning; and for which
an endowment of $I,ooo is provided on the following conditions.
i. The first to be entitled "The Society's Greek
Seminary Prize of Thirty Dollars," to be annually
competed for among such members of the graduating class as shall have given in their names to
the President at least one month previous to such
competition, as candidates for the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal




I75
Church, each student giving in his name as " competitor" to designate the prize for which he contends, and to be confined to the choice then made.
The examination for such prize to be held publicly
in the chapel, and separate from the general examination. To be on:
I. The Epistles of the New Testament (in Greek)
"ad aperturam libri."
II. On some one of the early Greek Fathers, to
be designated at the time of noticing the prize;
or, if none be designated, then upon some portion
of Chrysostom or Athanasius, at the choice of the
student.
The decision to be with the President and the
Greek Professor.
2. The second, to be entitled "The Society's
English Seminary Prize of Twenty Dollars," to be
annually competed for as before, and to consist in
the production of an essay (to be publicly read, or
not, as the President may determine,) of the ordinary length of a pulpit discourse, on some subject
connected with the course of evidences on which
the class has been engaged; such subject to be
selected by the Professor of the evidences, and
given out by him at the time of notice; and the
prize to be adjudged, as before, by the President




176
and Professor of that branch, such decision to have
respect toI. The general ability and soundness of the
essay;
II. Its logical and demonstrative form; and
III. The pure Saxon style and idiom in which
it is written.
The name of the successful candidate to be enrolled in a suitable book to be provided for that
purpose, lettered appropriately and kept on the
library table; to be announced with other honors
on the commencement day; and also recorded
honorably in the Society's books.
IV.-JUNIOR PRIZES IN GREEK.-For the encouragement of proficiency in the Greek language and
literature, two prizes have been established, to be
annually awarded to members of the Junior class
under the following conditions.
An annual prize of the value of three hundred
dollars shall be awarded to the student of the Junior class who shall pass the best examination on an
entire play of.Eschylus, Sophocles, or Euripides,
which has not been a subject of college study in
that class; and a second prize of one hundred and
fifty dollars shall be awarded to the student of the
Junior class whose examination shall appear to be




I77
next in order of merit, both under the following
conditions:
The prizes shall be open for competition to such
students of the Junior class as shall have been
members of the college for two years, and shall
not have appeared in any term or examination
record deficient in scholarship in any department
of study.
The examination for the prizes shall be held
within one week after the concluding college examination, and shall be conducted by a committee
of three appointed by the President, who are to be
selected from among the Alumni not connected
with the college, and the Professors in the classical departments. It shall be in writing, and shall
have reference to the subject-matter as well as
form of the play, the title of which shall have been
assigned at the beginning of the academic year by
the Professor of Greek with the approval of the
President.
The examiners may in their discretion subject
all or any of the competitors to a viva voce examination in addition to the written examination above
described.
The competitors shall all be subject to the same
tests.
The result of the examination shall be estimated




178
according to a scale of values previously assigned to the questions.
The student whose performances shall receive
under this regulation the highest number of marks
shall be entitled to the first prize, provided such
number does not fall below a fixed minimum standard previously determined, and the student whose
total is next in amount to the highest shall be entitled to the second prize, with the same proviso.
The names of the successful competitors shall
appear in the college catalogue, and the President
shall cause the same to be published in three daily
papers of this city as soon as the award is made
known.
V.-SENIOR PRIZES IN ENGLISH.-On the 2d of
June, 1873, the following resolution was adopted
by the Board of Trustees:
Resolved, That two prizes in Rhetoric and English Composition of$Ioo and $50 be established, to be competed
for by written theses at the end of the Senior year; and
that it be referred to the Board of the College to report
suitable regulations.
The following are the rules and regulations
established by the Faculty:
i. The subject shall be prescribed every year
except the first (1873-74), on or before the first
day of November.




'79
2. The Essays shall be delivered to the Professor
of English on or before the first day of May.
3. The Essays shall be copied in a hand different from the author's.
4. They shall bear a motto or a fictitious name,
and be accompanied by a sealed note repeating
the motto or name, disclosing the author and containing a declaration on honor that the accompanying essay is the authentic genuine production
of the author, in form as follows, viz.:I hereby declare, on my honor, that the essay bearing
the motto" -— " was written by me, without undue aid
from persons or books, and is, in the usual sense of
authorship, the authentic, genuine production of A, B, or C.
5. The essays shall be submitted to a committee
of three, whose decision shall be final, and the appended notes shall be opened at commencement.
6. If in the opinion of the Committee of Judges
for the year none of the essays is worthy of the
first prize, the second shall be awarded, and if
none be worthy of first or second prize, both may
be withheld for that year.
7. No student deficient in the studies of the
year in any one department shall be admitted to
the competition.




I80
VI.-PRIZE SCHOLARSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS.
-By resolutions of the Board of Trustees, there
have been established in the College fourteen
Scholarships, of the annual value of one hundred
dollars each; and two Fellowships, of the annual
value of five hundred dollars each.
Four of the Scholarships are offered for competition to members of the Freshman class, one in
Latin, one in Greek, one in Mathematics, and one
in Rhetoric.
Four are offered for competition to members of
the Sophomore class, one in Latin, one in Greek,
one in Mathematics, and one in History.
Six are offered for competition to members of
the Junior class, three in literary and three in
scientific studies, viz.: one in Latin, one in Greek,
one in Logic and English Literature, one in Chemistry, one in Mechanics, and one in Physics.
The examinations for these Scholarships are to
be held immediately after the final examination of
the classes for the year.
The Fellowships are offered for competition to
members of the Senior class at the close of the
academic course. One of these is a Fellowship in
Literature, the other a Fellowship in Science.
The subjects of examination for the Fellowship in
Literature are Greek, Latin, and Intellectual and
Moral Philosophy; and those for the Fellowship




I8I
in Science are Chemistry, Geology, Astronomy,
the Calculus, and Physics.
The Fellows are required to continue their
studies, under the direction of the President, for
the term of three years; at the end of which time
the Fellowship expires by limitation. They may
study at the college, or elsewhere, in the United
States or abroad; but in any case they will report
to the President at such intervals and in such
mode as he may prescribe.
In the School of Law a series of prizes has been
established, to be awarded to such members of the
school as shall have attained the highest excellence
in their respective classes. Three such prizes are
given in the Department of Municipal Law. They
were first awarded in the spring of I86o, and will
hereafter be continued yearly. Competitors for
these prizes must have pursued the full course of
study prescribed by the rules.
in the Department of Municipal Law the sums
awarded will be:
For the first prize, two hundred and fifty dollars.
For the second prize, one hundred and fifty dollars.
For the third prize, one hundred dollars.
The rules respecting the adjudication of prizes
are as follows:
I. There shall be an examination of the candidates for prizes at the close of each collegiate year.




I82
Candidates must have been connected with the
Law School for two collegiate years.
2. The tests of excellence shall be twofold:
a. By an examination in, writing, in answer to printed
questions.
b. By essays prepared upon such legal topics as may be
suggested.
The prizes shall be adjudicated upon the combined excellence of the essays and of the examinations. Diligence and regularity of attendance
upon the prescribed exercises of the school shall
also form an element in reaching the conclusion.
3. The following directions must be observed
by the candidates in preparing essays:
a. The essays shall be written on white letter paper of
the best quality, with a margin of an inch wide. Only
two pages of each sheet shall be written upon. The
chirography must be plain and legible. The essays shall
not exceed ten sheets in length, or three-fourths of an
hour in delivery, if spoken.
b. The positions taken in the essays shall, if debatable,
be fortified by the citation of authorities. Where the
point is reasonably well settled, a single decisive and leading authority will suffice. In other cases more are admissible.
c. Conciseness and clearness of expression, accuracy of
statement, and close reasoning, should be carefully studied
by the essayists.




I83
d. Each essay must be signed with a fictitious name and
be accompanied by a sealed envelope, upon the outside of
which shall be written the fictitious name attached to the
essay, and within, a slip of paper containing the real name
of the author. The essays shall be delivered to the Professor of Municipal Law on or before April 28th. The
essays shall belong to the College.
4. The examination upon the printed questions
shall be made as follows:
a. Those who intend to compete for the prizes shall
enter their names in a book provided for that purpose,
upon the day of examination. If among these persons
there are any who have been wanting in a reasonable
degree of punctuality, they shall be informed before ex —
amination that they may fail to obtain the prize.
b. The Professor of Municipal Law shall call a session
of the candidates at such a time, near the close of the
collegiate year, as may be convenient. He shall furnish
at the opening of the session the printed papers to the
students, who shall write their answers in his presence
upon paper similar to that provided for the essays, with
similar margin. During this session there shall be a general silence observed, except in regard to such necessary
questions as may be addressed to the Professor, and there
shall be especially no communication of the candidates
with each other respecting answers. A failure to observe
these rules will work a forfeiture of the right to receive a
prize.
c. After the session is finished, each set of answers to
the printed questions shall be signed by the candidate




184
with the fictitious name attached to his essay, and handed
in to the Professor presiding. The answers shall belong
to the College.
5. The essays and answers shall thereupon be
transmitted to a Committee on Prizes, consisting
of three members of the legal profession, who are
to be selected by the Law Committee of the College. The report of this committee will be communicated to the Professor of Municipal Law in
writing.
6. The names of the successful candidates will
be announced at the Law Commencement.
7. The prizes shall be awarded, at the option of
the recipient, in money, medals, or books. Where
no notice is given to the contrary, the award will
be in money, until otherwise ordered.
In the School of Mines there are two annual
prizes of fifty dollars each-one to the student of
the first year who passes the best written and experimental examination in- Qualitative Analysis,
and one to the student of the school who gives
evidence of the most thorough knowledge of the
theory and practice of Assaying. These prizes are
called Torrey Prizes, in honor of the late Prof.
John Torrey.
In the School of Medicine the scheme of prizes
is as follows:




I85
I. FACULTY PRIZES.-Two prizes are awarded
annually by the Faculty for the best two graduating
Theses presented during the year, viz.: A First
Prize of Fifty Dollars, and a Second Prize of
Twenty-five Dollars. Competing Theses should
be submitted to the Secretary of the Faculty,-in
the case of Fall candidates, by September I; in
the case of Winter candidates, by February I.
II. ALUMNI ASSOCIATION PRIZE.-This is an
annual Prize of not less than Two Hundred
Dollars, open for competition to all Alumni of the
School. It is awarded for the best Medical Essay
submitted, if deemed sufficiently meritorious, upon
any subject the writer may select. The Prize
Committee is appointed annually by the Association at their Annual Meeting on the evening before
the Commencement. Competing Essays must be
marked by a device or motto, and accompanied
by an envelope similarly marked, containing the
name and address of the author. They must be
submitted to the Prize Committee on or before
the 15th day of February in each year.
No award was made in I875. The Prize for
I876 will be Four Hundred Dollars.
HI.-STEVENS TRIENNIAL PRIZE.-Established
by the late ALEXANDER H. STEVENS, M. D., former President of the School, on the following plan:
Each Prize, to be awarded triennially, is to con



I86
sist of the interest yielded by the principal fund
during the preceding three years, and will amount
to Two Hundred Dollars.
The administration of the Prize is entrusted to
a commission, consisting of the President of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons (School of
Medicine), the President of the Alumni Association, and the Professor of Physiology, in the same
institution.
The following are the subjects for the Triennial
Prize of 1876:
ist. The History of Epidemic Diseases in the
United States, from I86o to I870; statements as to
locality, dates, extent of prevalence, and mortality,
to be authenticated by appropriate references.
The question of treatment is not to form a part of
the above subject.
2d. The use of the Spectroscope in its application to scientific and practical medicine.
The competing essays on either of the above
subjects must be sent in to the President of the
School, on or before the first day of January, I876.
Each essay must be designated by a device or
motto, and must be accompanied by a sealed
envelope, bearing the same device or motto, and
containing the name and address of the author.
The envelope belonging to the successful essay
will be opened, and the name of the author an



187
nounced, at the Annual Commencement, in March,
1876; at which time the subjects for the next
triennial prize (I879) will also be announced.
The prize is open for universal competition.
IV, JOSEPH MATHERP SMITH PRIZE.-The fund
for this Prize is endowed by the relatives of the
late Dr. SMITH, as a memorial of his services as
Professor from 1826 to I866. Under its provisions
an Annual Prize of One Hundred Dollars will be
awarded for the best essay on the subject.for the
year, presented by an alumnus'of this School, or
member of the graduating class. The Prize Comrnittee, consisting of the President of the School,
the Professor of Pathology and Practical Medicine, and the President of the Alumni Association,
shall designate each year the subject for the following year. The competing essays should be
sent to the President of the School on or before
the ist of January in each year; each essay to be
signed with a device or motto, and accompanied
by a sealed envelope inscribed with the same
device or motto, and containing the name of the
author. The envelope of the successful Essay to
be opened, and the Prize awarded at the Annual
Commencement.
The subject of the Prize to be awarded in March,
1877, is Hygifnze, f i cither of its Special Depart-....en ts,




I88
V. OTIS PRIZE.-This is an Annual Prize of
Fifty Dollars, established by Professor OTIS, for
the best Report of the Clinical and Didactic Lectures on Venereal Diseases, given in the School
during the previous year.
VI. THOMAS PRIZE.-This is an Annual Prize
of a case of Obstetrical and Gynaecological Instruments, established by Professor THOMAS, for the
best written Report of the Cases presented at his
Clinic during the Winter Session.
VII. SEGUIN PRIZE.-This is an Annual Prize
of a Microscope, established by Professor SEGUIN,
for the most deserving Report of the Cases presented at his Clinic during the Winter Session.
VIII. VANDERPOEL PRIZE.-This is a Special
Prize for the year 1875-6, offered by Dr. S. 0.
VANDERPOEL, for the best Examination in Anatomy. It consists of the sum of Fifty Dollars.




lSn
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
The following statement, taken from the last
annual statement made to the Board of Regents
of the University of the State of New York, sets
forth the financial position of the college:
I. DESCRIPTION   AND   VALUE    OF   COLLEGE
BUILDINGS, ETC(
The buildings of the college consist of the main
building devoted to instruction in the academic
department; the chapel and library  the west
wing now used for the Herbarium, a faculty room,
students' study and waiting-room, and the residence of the janitor; the School of Mines buildings;for the collections and instruction of that
school; and a house for the President. These
occupy the grounds comprising   the  block of
ground bounded by Fourth and Madison Avenues,
Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Streets.
Value of college buildings and grounds appurtenant thereto, including buildings recently erected for the School of Mines..  530,000o
The number of volumes in the general library,
including bound pamphlets, is I7,339. Its
total estimated value is....    46,000




190
Iii the law library, in use fi-l the Law- School,
there are about 4,030 volumes, *ofthe estimated value of.....         $8,5oo
The library of the School of Mines consists of
5,963 volumes, of the estimated value qf  22,000
In the botanical library there are I,220 volumes, of the estimated value of.4,00oo
The chemical, philosophical, astronomical and
mathematical apparatus and cabinets, exclusive of those of the School of Mines,
and exclusive of the Herbarium, are valued at......      9,500
The chemical and philosophical apparatus and
cabinets of the School of Mines are valued
at...     122,000
The Herbarium is valued at...         25000
Total amount invested as above for purposes
of instruction.....     $787,700 ~
2. DESCRIPTION AND VALUE OF OTHER CLOLLE(GE
PROPERTY.
Real estate. The college owns land in the
city of New York in College Place, Park
Place, Murray, Barclay, and Greenwich
Streets, subject to long leases of divers
and separate lots. It is estimated th:at
this land will yield in the next year a net
revenue of five per cent. upon a capital of 2,128,26ooo
The college also holds two hundred and sixtyfour lots of land (as now divided) situated between the Fifth and Sixth Avenues
and Forty-seventh and Fifty-first Streets.
All these lots are under lease, and improved by the erection of buildings which




in all cases belong to the lessees. it is
difficult to ascertain the assessed valuie of
the interest of the college therein, except
so far as it may be estimated Irom the
rents. The rents reserved by the leases
of this estate now yield a net income upon
a capital of..         $2,41,786.8o
PERSONAL PROPERTY.-The college held at the
end of the financial year, on the 30th September, I875:
Invested by deposit with New
York Life and Trust Co.$20,951,12
Cash balance at end of year.   1,668.12
Invested on Mortgage..   366,653.21
Advances to dean of School of
Mines....,000.00
390,272.45
Showing the total estimated xvalue of the property which can be applied to the general
purposes of the college to be..  $4,560,319.25
The Gebhard fund is applicable only to the
support of a professorship of the German
language and literature, and is now invested on bond and mortgage. Its amount is  21,375.00
Total estimated value of the property of the
college other than such as is included --
under head one.        $4,581,694.25
3. DEBTS.
The total amount of debt contracted by the
Trustees, and remaining unpaid at the end
of the year was..... $41,240.oo
No debt was contracted during the year. The
interest accrued on the debt was..   4,038.24




102
4. REVENUE.
Amount charged for tuition fees
of academic students.      $2,100.00
Of law students.   47,283,18
Of stldents of School ot Mines.  27,275o00
For diplomjas in the college.     230-00
For diplomas in Law School.    1,05000oo
- $87,938 18
Receipts from students of School of Mines
for breakage and supplies..  *   $6,8.93
Proceeds of old material in college cellars.  Ii8.50
Interest derived from the personal funds of
the college other than the Gebhard fuind
was........    1,764.94
Rents for the year collected..  2o4,o94.34
Interest on rents....                  86.75
Rents in arrear and unpaid..              798.00
Total revenue from above sources           $301,087.64
5. EXPENDITURE.-The whole expenditures applicable to said income, paid or payable for
said year are as follows:
Salaries of officers of the college,... $72,734.22
Interest accrued during the year on debts of
the college..,..    4,038.24
Ordinary repairs of college property..     918.86
Fuel and all other incidental expenses of the
college.....                  I7,302.51
Salaries of officers of the Law School..  9,975.oo
Repairs of the Law School....    2,oo6.65




I93
Fuel and all other incidental expenses of such
school.....       $27,622.08
Salaries of officers of School of Mines..  34,325.63
Repairs of such school.....     41300oo
Fuel and all other incidental expenses of such
school.....        37,722.41
Expenses of Treasurer's and Clerk's offices,
and of estate, including taxes...,4835
Total.... $2o8,io6.95




'1-1
SENATUS ACADEMICUS,
Tp USTEIES OF COL TU1BIA COLLTEGE.
NAMES.                                    RESIDENCES.
HAMILTON      FISH, I,LL. D..................25I East I7th Street.
Chairman of the Board.
SAMUEL B. RUGGLES, LL. D............ 24 Union Square.
WiLLIAM     BETTS, LL. D...............I22 East 3oth Street.
BENJAMIN I. HAIGHT, S. T. I). LL. D... 56 West 26th Street.
ROBERT RAY..............................363 West 28th Street.
GOUVERNEUR M. OGDEN,....... 87 Fulton, h. 89 W. ioth Street.
Treasurer.
EDWARD L. BEADLE, M. D.............. Poughkeepsie.
MANCIUS S. HUTTON, S. T. D.......... 47 East Ninth Street.
HORATIO POTTER, S.T.D., LL. D., D. C. L 38 East 22d Street.
LEWIS M. RUTHERFURD................75 Second Avenue.
JOHN    C. JAY, M. D...................... 24 West 48th Street,
WILLIAM     C. SCHERMERHORN......... 49 West 23d Street.
MORGAN DIX, S. T. D.................... 27 W\est 25th Street.
FREDERICK A. P. BARNARD, S. T. D..
LL. D., L. H. D....................... College Green.
SAMUEL BLATCHFORD, LL.D.......... 12 West 22d Street.
STEPHEN P. NASH...................... I West Igth Street.
CHARLES R. SWORDS.................... 56 Broadwtay,
ANTHONY HALSEY......................291 Broadw-ay.
Clerk.
JOSEPH W. HARPER.............. -...33I Pearl Street.
CORNELIUS R. AGNEW, M. D..........244 Madison Avenue.
EVERT A. DUYCKINCK................. 20 Clinton Place.
JAMiES W. BEEKMAN.................. 5 East 34th Street.
AARON E. "TANDERPOEL............... I4 East I6th Street.
CHARLES A. SILLIMAN..................Tro, N. Y.




I95
TR USTEES. —S JCHR OL OF MED I CINE.
NAMES, S.R.ESIDENCES.
EDWARD      G. LUDLOW, _1I'. D........School of Medicine.
JOHN P. CROSBY............... 50 LexingtonAvenue.
GURDON BUCK, M. D...............   46 West 29th Street.
DANIEL D. LORD...................... 45 West i9th Street.
JAMES W. BEEKMAN.................... 5 East 34th Street.
BENJAMIN      R. WINTHROP.......... 20 Union Square.
EDWARD L. BEADLE, M. D.......... Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
FREDERICK A. CONKLING.......... 27 East Ioth Street.
SULLIVAN H. WESTON, D. 1............            3 East 45th Street.
WILLIAM     BETTS, LL. D.................22 East 3oth Street.
CAMBRIDGE LIVINGSTO           N..............  44 West 22d Street.
JARED    LINSLY, M. D....................22 Lafayette Place.
JOHN J. CRANE, M. D................... 31 West 2ISt Street.
ELLSWORTH        ELIOT, M. I).............. 48 West 36th Street.
JAMES IL. BANKS, M. D........   47 Fifth Avenue.
ROBERT G. REMSEN............... 87 Fifth Avenue.
EDWARD DELAFIEID................. 46 East 22d Street.
WILLARD PARKER, M. D................         4I East I2th Street.
JOHN G. ADAVIS, M. D..................
TOHN    SHERWOOD-................. 423 West 4Ist Street.
FREDERICK       A. P. BARNARD, S. T. D.,
LL. D., L. H. D.......................Columbia College.
SAMUEL T. HUBBARD, M. D............ 27 West 9th Street.
ALFRED S. PURDY, M. D.)................ 30 West 33d Street.
Pres. Alumni Association.
ALONZO CLARK, M. D., ex-oC —co..........      23 East 2Ist Street.
THOMAS F. COCK, M. D..............233 Madison Avenue.
A1 CGA D EMI.-C  D EPA-RT M-ENT.
F!.. t'! C 8  7'!.
FREDERICK A. P. BARNARD), S. T. D.,
LL. D., L. H. D........................College Green.
President.
HENRY DRISLER, LL. D................. 48 West 46th Street.
Jay Professor of the Greek Language and Literature.




I96
NAMES.                                     RESIDENCES.
HENRY I. SCHMIDT, S. T. D........... 126 West 43d Street.
Gebhard Professor of the t(erman Language and Literature,
CHARLES A. JOY, PH. D.................17 East 7oth Street.
Professor of Chemistry.
CHARLES DAVIES, LL. D................. Fishkill Landing.
Emeritus Professor of the Higher Mathematics.
WILLIAM     G. PECK, LL. D..............Columbia College.
Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy.
CHARLES MURRAY NAIRNE', L... D..163 West 34th Street.
Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and English Literature.
J. HOWARD VAN AMRINGE, A. M....... 65 West 46th Street.
Professor of Mathematics and Secretary of the Faculty.
OGDEN N. ROOD, A. M.................. 341 East I5th Street.
Professor of Mechanics and Physics.
CHARLES SHORT, LL. D................ 24 West 6oth Street.
Professor of the Latin Language and Literature.
JOHN W. BURGESS, A. M........... Columbia College.
Professor of History, Political Science and International Law.
OTHER OFFICERS.
AUGUSTUS C. MERRIAM, A. M.......       i Columbia Cllege.
Tutor in Greek and Latin.
JOHN    D. QUACKENBOS, A.         M., M. D....33I West 28th Street.
Tutor in Rhetoric and History.
EDWARD J. HALLOCK, A. Ml..5........            5 East 56th Street.
Assistant in General Chemistry.
MAGNUS C. IHLSENG, C. E., E.'I.......Columbia College.
Assistant in Physics.
WILLIAM     H. INGERSOLL, A. M., E. I.,
L,L. B..............................   Col m bia  College.
Assistant in the Astronomical Observatory.
CORNELIUS R. DUFFIE, S. T'1. D.........233 Lexington Avenue.
Chaplain.




I97
NAMES.                                     RESIDENCES.
BEVERLEY R. BETITS, A. M............122 East 3oth Street.
Librarian.
STEPHEN      R. WEEKS.....................Columbia College.
Assistant Librarian.
SCHOOL OF LA W.
FACUL TY.
FREDERICKA. P. BARNARD, S. T. D., LL. D.. Columbia College.
President.
THEODORE W. DWIGHT, LL. D........ 8 Great Jones Street.
Warden of the Law School and Professor of Municipal Law.
CHARLES MURRAY NAIRNE, L. H. D...163 West 34th St.
Professor of Ethics of Jurisprudence.
JOHN    ORDRONAUX, M. D., LL. D........Roslyn, L. I.
Professor of Medical Jurisprudence.
GEORGE CHASE, LL. B..................          8 Great Jones Street.
Assistant Professor of Municipal Law.
JOHN    W. BURGESS, A. M................Columbia College.
Professor of History, Political Science and International Law.
LECTURER.
GEORGE H. YEAMAN.....................294 Broadway.
SCHOOL OF MINES.
FA CUL TY.
FREDERICK A. P. BARNARD, S T. D.,
LL. D., L. H. D......................Columbia College.
President.
THOMAS      EGLESTON, E. M., PH.           D.,
LL.  D...............................  Io  Fifth  Avenue.
Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy.
FRANCIS L. VINTON, E. M., C. E.......St. Denis Hotel.
Professor of Civil and Mining Engineering.




I98
NAMES.                                   RESIDENCES.
CHARLES F. CHANDLER, PH. D., M. D.,
LL. D...........................   5i  East 54th  Street.
Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. Dean of the Faculty.
CHARLES A. JOY, PH. D..................117 East 7oth Street.
Professor of General Chemistry.
WILLIAM     G. PECK, LL. D................ Columbia College.
Professor of Mechanics.
J. HOWARD VAN AMRINGE, A. M.......165 West 46th Street.
Professor of Mathematics.
OGDEN N. ROOD, A. M..................341 East I5th Street.
Professor of Physics.
JOHN S. NEWBERRY, M. D., IL. D......Columbia College.
Professor of Geology and Palaeontology.
IVS TR UC TORS.
FREDERICK STENGEL, A. M. (in German)i22 Waverley Place.
JULES    E. LOISEAU, A. B., LL. D.         (in
French)............................. 23 East 33d Street.
ASSISTANTS.
ALEXIS A. JULIEN, A. M................ Columbia College.
Assistant in Analytical Chemistry.
ELWYN     WALLER, A. M., E. M., PH. D... 33 West I5th Street.
Assistant in Analytical Chemistry.
FREDERICK      A. CAIRNS, A. M........... 40 Grove Street.
Assistant in Analytical Chemistry,
WILLIAM     PISTOR, E. M..................413 West 2Ist Street.
Assistant in Drawing.
I. W. RUSSELL...........................
Assistant in Geology.
PIERRE DE PEYSTER RICKETTS, E. M. 50 West 5oth Street.
Assistant in Assaying.




'99
NAMES.                                    RESIDENCES.
HENRY CARRINGTON BOLTON, A. M.,
PH.  D.................................  49  W est 5Ist Street.
Assistant in Analytical Chemistry.
CHARLES ADAMS COLTON, E. M.......748 Fifth Street.
Assistant in Mineralogy.
EDWARD JOHN         HALLOCK, A. M.......II5 East 56th Street.
Assistant -in General Chemistry.
JOHN    KROM     REES, A. M., E. M.........303 East I7th Street.
Assistant in Mathematics.
WILLIAM HALSEY INGERSOLL, A. M.,
LL. B., E. M..........................   5  East 2Ist Street.
Assistant in the Astronomical Observatory.
GRACIE S. ROBERTS, E. M.............. 88 Union Av.Brooklyn.
Assistant in Civil and Mining Engineering.
JOHN    HENRY CASWELL, A. B..........370 Fifth Avenue.
Assistant in Mineralogy.
JAMES S. C. WELLS, PH. B..............Hackensack, N.J.
Assistant in Analytical Chemistry.
MALVERN W. ILES, PH. B...............Columbia College.
Assistant in Analytical Chemistry.
JOHN    F. MEYER..........................Columbia College.
Registrar and Librarian.
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE.
FA C UL' Y.
ALONZO     CLARK, M. D................... 23 East 2ist Street.
President and Professor of Pathology and Practical Medicine.
WILLARD PARKER, M. D................. 4t East I2th Street,
Professor of Clinical Surgery.
JOHN C. DALTON, M. D.................. 41 West 48th Street.
Professor of Physiology and Hygiene.
SAMUEL ST. JOHN, M. D...............208 West 43d Street.
Professor of Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence.




200
NAMES.                                    RESIDENCES.
THOMAS M. MARKOE, M. D............. 20 West 3oth Street.
Professor of Surgery.
T. GAILLAIRD THOMAS, M. D...........         294 Fifth Avenue.
Professor of Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children.
JOHN T. METCALFE, M. D.............. I West 30th Street.
Emeritus Professor of Clinical Medicine.
HENRY B. SANDS, M. D................. 35 West 33d Street.
Professor of Anatomy.
JAMES W. McLANE, M. D............... 46 West 23d Street.
Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children.
THOMAS T. SABINE, M. D............... 46 West 23d Street.
Adjunct Professor of Anatomy.
CHARLES F. CHANDLER, Ph. D......... 5i East 54th Street.
Adjunct Professor of Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence.
EDWARD      CURTIS, M. D................. 27 Washington Place.
Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.
FRANCIS DELAFIELD, M. D............... 2 West 23d Street.
Adjunct Lecturer on Pathology and Practical Medicine.
JOHN    G. CURTIS, M. D.................. o  West 4oth Street.
Adjunct Lecturer on Physiology and Hygiene.
WILLIAM      DETMOLD, M. D.............. 38 East 9th Street.
Emeritus Professor of Clinical and Military Surgery.
WILLIAM     H. DRAPER, M. D............... 4 East 37th Street.
Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin.
CORNELIUS R. AGNEW, M. D..........244 Madison Avenue.
Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear.
ABRAHAM JACOBI, M. D..................1 o West 34th Street.
Clinical Professor of Diseases of Children.
FESSENDEN       N. OTIS, M. D.............. o8 West 34th Street.
Clinical Professor of Venereal Diseases.
EDWARD C. SEGUIN, M. D............... 41 West 20th Street.
Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System.
GEORGE M. LEFFERTS, M. D...........333 West 22d Street
Clinical Lecturer on Laryngoscopy and Diseases of the Throat.




201
NAMES.                             RESIDENCES.
CHARLES McBURNEY, M. D.......... 46 East 30th Street.
Demonstrator of Anatomy.
CHARLES KELSEY, M. D................. 48 East 30th Street
Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy.
FACUL TY OF THE SPRIiANG SESSION.
JAMES L. LITTLE, M. D................. 266 West 42d Street.
Lecturer on Operative Surgery and Surgical Dressings.
GEORGE G. WHEELOCK, M. D.......         r   est 37th Street.
Lecturer on Physical Diagnosis.
A. BRAYTON BALL, M. D.............. 38 West 36th Street.
Lecturer on Diseases of the Kidneys.
ROBERT F. WEIR, M. D.................. 9 East 32d Street.
Lecturer on Diseases of the Genito-Urinary Organs.
FRANK E. BECKWITH, M. D......,....567 Lexington Avenue
Lecturer on Diseases of Children.
4ATTHEW D. MANN, M. D.............. 8 West 45th Street.
Lecturer on the Microscope as an Aid to Diagnosis.
CLINICAL ASSIS TANTS.
JAMES L. LITTLE, M. D.        Lucius D. BULKLEY, M. D.
JOHN T. KENNEDY, M. D.        THOS. E. SATTERTHWAITE, M. D.
HENRY F. WALKER, M. D.        THOMAS A. MCBRIDE, M. D.
CHARLES S. WARD, M. D.        FRANK P. KINNICUTT, M. D.
ROBERT W. TAYLOR, M. D.       ISAAC ADLER, M. D.
W. DE FOREST DAY, M. D.       SAMUEL B. ST. JOHN, M. D.
WOOLSEY JOHNSON,/MI. D.       ROBERT F. WEIR, M. D.
OREN D. POMEROY, M. D.        DAVID WEBSTER, M. D.
A. BRAYTON BALL, M. D.        W. H. VERMILYE, M. D.
ALBERT H. BUCK, M. D.         GEORGE G. WHEELOCK, M. D.
GEORGE B. FOWLER, M. D.,
Curator of the College Museum.








AN
APPENDIX
CONTAINING THE
ORIGINAL CHARTER
OF
COLUMBIBA        COLLEGE,
IN THE
CITY OF NEW YORK,
OCTOBER 31eT, 1754;
WITH
THE ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE
ALTERING AND AMENDING THE SAME,
OR RELATING TO THE COLLEGE.








THE
ORIGINAL CHARTER
OF
COLUMBIA COLLEGE.
GEORGE THE SECOND, by the grace of God, of Great
Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith,
&c. To all to whom these presents shall come, Greeting:
Whereas, by several acts of the Governour, Council, and
General assembly of our Province of New York, divers
sums of money have been Raised by Publick Lotteries,
and appropriated for the founding, erecting, and establishing a College in our said Government, for the Education
and Instruction of Youth in the Liberal Arts and Sciences:
And Whereas, the Rector and inhabitants of the City of
New York, in Communion of the Church of England, as
by Law Established, for the encouraging and promoting
the same good design, have sett apart a parcel of ground
for that purpose, of upwards of Three Thousand Pounds
value, belonging to the said Corporation, on the west side
of the broadway, in the west ward of our City of New
York, fronting easterly to Church street, between Barclay
street and Murray street, four hundred and forty foot;
And from thence running westerly, between and along the
said Barclay street and Murray street, to the North River;
And also, a street, from the middle of the said Land, Easterly to the Broadway, of ninety Foot, to be called Robinson street, And have declared that they are ready and




206
desirous to Convey the said Land in Fee, to and for the
use of a College, intended and proposed to be Erected and
Established in our said Province, upon the terms in their
said declaration mentioned: And Whereas our Loving
Subjects, the Trustees, appointed in and by an act of the
Governor, Council, and General Assembly of our said
Province of New York, Intitled an Act for Vesting in
Trustees the sum of three Thousand four Hundred and
forty three Pounds eighteen shillings, by way of Lottery,
for erecting a College within this Colony, esteeming the
said Lands offered and sett apart by the said Rector and
Inhabitants of the City of New York, in Communion of
the Church of England, as by Law Established, the most
convenient place for the Building, Erecting, and Establishing, a College, in our said Province, have, by their humble
petition, presented to our trusty and well beloved 7ames
De Lancey, Esq., our Lieutenant Governor and Commander
in Chief of our said Province of New York, In Council,
prayed our Letters patent of Incorporation for the Better
Establishing, Erecting, and Building a College, on the said
Lands, and the more Effectually Governing, Carrying on,
and Promoting the same, and Instructing of Youth in the
Liberal Arts and Sciences; Wherefore, Wee, being willing
to Grant the Reasonable request and desire of our said
Loving Subjects, and to Encourage the said good design
of promoting a Liberal Education among them, and to
make the same as Beneficial as may be, not only to the
Inhabitants of our said Province of New York, But to all
our Colonies and Territories in America, Know Ye, that
Wee, considering the premisses, do, of our especial Grace,
Certain Knowledge, and meer motion, by these presents,
will Grant, Constitute, and ordain, that when, and as soon as




207
the said Rector and Inhabitants of the City of New York,
in Communion of the Church of England, as by Law
established, shall legally convey and assure the said
herein before mentioned Lands to the Corporation, or
body politick, Erected and made by these our Letters
patent, That there be erected and made on the said Lands,
a College, and other Buildings and Improvements, for the
use and conveniency of the same, which shall be called
and Known by the name of King's College, for the Instruction and Education of Youth in the Learned Languages,
and Liberal Arts and Sciences; And that in consideration
of such Grant, to be made by the Rector and Inhabitants
of the City of New York, in Communion of the Church of
England, as by Law Established, the President of the
said College, for the time being, shall for ever hereafter be
a member of, and in Communion with the Church of
England, as by Law established; And that the Governors
of the said College, and their successors, for ever, shall be
one body Corporate and politick, in deed, fact, and name,
and shall be called, named, and distinguished, by the name
of the Governors of the College of the Province of New
York, in the City of New York, in America, and them and
their successors, by the name of the Governors of the
College of the Province of New York, in the City of New
York, in America, one Body Corporate and politick, in
deed, fact, and name, really and fully, we do for us, our
heirs and Successors, Erect, Ordain, make, Constitute, declare, and Create by these presents, and that by that name,
they shall and may have perpetual succession: And we
do for us, our heirs, and successors, for the Continuance
and Better Establishment of the said College, Will, Give,
Grant, Ordain, Constitute, and appoint, that in the said




208
College, to be Erected and Built upon the Lands aforesaid
there shall from henceforth forever be a Body Corporate
and politick, Consisting of the Governors of the College
of the Province of New York, in the City of New York, in
America; And for the more full and perfect Erection of
the said Corporation and Body politick, consisting of the
Governors of the College of the Province of New York,
in the City of New York, in America, we do will, Grant,
ordain, Constitute, assign, Linitt, and appoint, by these
presents, the most Reverend Father in God, our Trusty
and well beloved Thomas, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury,
and the most Reverend the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury for the time being; The Right Honorable Dunk,
Earl of Halifax, first Lord Commissioner for Trade and
Plantations, and the first Lord Commissioner for Trade
and plantations for the time being; Our now Lieutenant
Governor and Commander in chief of our said Province of
New York, and the Governor or Commander in chief of
our said Province for the time being; the eldest Councilor of our said Province now and for the time being; the
Judges of our Supreme Court of Judicature of our said
Province now and for the time being; the Secretary of
our said Province now and for the time being; the Attorney General of our said Province now and for the time
being; the Speaker of the General Assembly of our said
Province now and for the time being; the Treasurer of
our said Province now and for the time being; the
Mayor of our City of New York in our said Province now
and for the time being; the Rector of Trinity Church in
our said City of New York now and for the time being;
the Senior Minister of the Reformed Protestant Dutch
Church in our said City now and for the time being; the




209
Minister of the ancient Lutheran Church in our said City
now and for the time being; the Minister of the French
Church in our said City now and for the time being; the
Minister of the Presbeterian Congregation in our said
City for the time being; the President of the said College,
appointed by these Presents, and the President of the said
College for the time being, to be chosen as herein after is
directed, and twenty four other Persons, Who shall be
called and named, and are hereby called and named, the
Governors of the College of the Province of New York, in
the City of New York in America ~ lnd for that purpose
WV, have elected, nominated, ordained, constituted, limited,
and appointed, and by these Presents do, forus, our Heirs,
and Successors, elect, nominate, ordain, constitute, limit,
and appoint, the said most Reverened Father in God,
Thomas, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Lord
Archbishop of Canterbury for the time being; The Right
Honourable Dunk, Earl of Halifax, first Lord Commissioner for Trade and Plantations, and the first Lord Commissioner for Trade and Plantations for the time being;
our now Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief
of our Province of New York, and the Governor or Commander in chief of our said Province for the time being;
the eldest Councilor of our said Province now and for the
time being; the Judges of our Supreme Court of Judicature of our said Province now and for the time being; the
Secretary of our said Province now and for the time being;
the Attorney General of our said Province now and for
the time being; the Speaker of the General Assembly of
our said Province now and for the time being; the Treasurer of our said Province now and for the time being; the
Mayor of our said City of New York now and for the time




210
being; the Rector of Trinity Church in our said City now
and for the time being; the Senior Minister of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in our said City now and
for the time being; the Minister of the ancient Lutheran
Church in our said City now and for the time being; the
Minister of the French Church in our said City now and
for the time being; the Minister of the Presbiterian Congregation in our said City for the time being; the President
of the said College, appointed by these Presents, and the
President of the said College for the time being; and
Archibald Kennedy, Joseph Murray, Josiah Martin, Paul
Richard, Henry Cruger, William Walton, John WatLs,
Henry Beekman. Philip Ver Planck, Frederick Philipse,
Joseph Robinson, John Cruger, Oliver De Lancey, James
Livingston, Esquires, Benjamin Nicoll, William Livingston, Joseph Read, Nathaniel Marston, Joseph Haynes,
John Livingston, Abraham Lodge, David Clarkson, Leonard Lispenard, and James De Lancey the Younger,
Gentlemen, to be the present Governors of the said College; and we do by these Presents ordain and appoint our
well beloved Samuel Johnson, Doctor of Divinity, to be the
first and present President of the said College, for and during his Good Behaviour; and do will that he and the President for the time being after him, who shall also hold his
office during Good behaviour, shall have the Immediate care
of the Education and Government of the students that shall
be sent to and admitted into the said College for Instruction and Education, according to such Rules and orders as
shall be made by the Governors of the said College; And
they are by these presents made and constituted a Body
Corporate and politick, by the said name of the Governors
of the College of the province of New York, in the City




211
of New York, in America; and they and their successors,
by the said name of the Governors of the College of the
province of New York, in the City of New York, in
America, be, and for ever hereafter shall be, a Body politick and Corporate, in deed, fact, and name, and shall be
Capable and able in Law to sue and be sued, Implead and
be Impleaded, answer and be Answered unto, Defend and
be Defended, In all Courts and places, before Us, our
Heirs and Successors, and before all and any the Judges,
Justices, Officers, and Ministers of Us, our Heirs and
Successors, in any Court or Courts, place and places
Whatsoever, in all and all manner of actions, suits, Complaints, Pleas, causes, matters, and demands whatsoever,
and of what kind or nature soever, in as full, ample manner and form as any of our other Liege Subjects of our
said Province of New York can or may sue and be sued,
Implead and be Impleaded, defend and be Defended, by
any Lawfull ways and means whatsoever. And, also, that
they and their successors, by the said name of the Governors of the College of the Province of New York, in the
City of New York, in America, be, and for ever hereafter,
shall be a Body Corporate, Capable and able in Lav to
purchase, take, hold, receive, Enjoy, and have any messuages, houses, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, and
real Estate whatsoever, in Fee simple, or for Term of Life,
or Lives, or Years, or in any other manner howsoever, for
the use of the said College; Provided always, the clear
yearly value thereof do not exceed the sum of Two Thousand pounds Sterling; and also Goods, Chattells, Books,
moneys, annuities, and all other things of what nature and
kind soever. And, also, that they and their Successors,
by the same name of the Governours of the College of the




212
Province of New York, in the City of New York, in
America, to and for the use of the said College, shall and
may have full power and authority to Erect and build any
house or houses, or other Buildings, as they shall think
necessary or convenient; and also to Give, Grant, Bargain,
sell, demise, assign, or otherwise dispose of all or any
messuages, Lands, Tenements, Rents, and other Hereditaments, and real Estate, and all Goods, Chattells, money,
and other things whatsoever, as to them shall seem fitt,
either in the payment of the Salary or Salaries of the
President, Fellows, and Professors of the said College, or
any other Officers or ministers of the same, at their will
and pleasure: excepting always, and it is, Nevertheless, our
True Intent and meaning that the said Governors of the
said College for the time being, and their Successors, or
any of them, shall not do or suffer to be done, at any time
hereafter, any act or thing whereby or by means whereof
the Lands set apart and offered to be Conveyed by the
Rector and Inhabitants of the City of New York, In Communion of the Church of England as by Law Established,
for the use of the College, or any part thereof, shall be
Vested, Conveyed, or Transferred, to any other person,
contrary to the true meaning hereof, other than by such
Leases as are hereafter mentioned: our will and pleasure
is, therefore, and we do for us our heirs and Successors
will and ordain, that no Grant or Lease of the said Land,
or any part thereof, shall be made by the said Governors
of the said College which shall exceed the number of
Twenty one Years, and That either in possession or not
above three years before the End and Expiration or Determination of the Estate or Estates in possession. And
we do by these presents will, ordain, and direct, that the




213
said Governors of the said College (Except always the
Lord Archbishop of Canterbury for the time being, and
our first Lord Commissioner for Trade and Plantations)
do, at their first meeting, after the receipt of these our
Letters patents, and before they proceed to any business
of and concerning the said College, take the oaths appointed to be taken by an act passed in the first year of
our Late Royal Father's Reign, Entituled, [an Act for the
further security of his Majesty's Person and Government,
and the Succession of the Crown, in the Heirs of the late
Princess Sophia, being protestants, and for extinguishing
the Hopes of the pretended Prince of wales, and his open
and Secret abettors,] and make and subscribe the declaration mentioned in An Act of Parliament made in the
twenty fifth year of the Reign of King Charles the second,
Entituled, [an act for preventing Dangers which may happen from popish Recusants;] As also, an oath, faithfully to
execute the trust Reposed in them, as members of the
said Corporation, which Oaths we authorize and Impower the Justices of our Supreme Court of Judicature, for
our said Province of New York for the time being,
any or either of them to administer; and that when, and
as often as any person or persons, either by his office or
place in our said Government, or Elsewhere, (Except
always the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury for the time
being, and our first Lord Commissioner for Trade and
Plantations for the time being,) or by Choice of the said
Governors of the said College, shall become, or be
Chosen a Member or members of the said Corporation,
they shall, before they are admitted, or enter into the
said office or Trust, take the said Oaths, and Subscribe
the said Declaration to be administered to them in the




214
manner above directed. And we do further will, ordain,
and direct, that the Governors of the said College, shall
yearly, and every year hereafter, forever, on the Second
Tuesday in the Month of May, in every year, meet together in our said City of New York, for the Better
taking care of, and Promoting the Interest of the said
College; and that the said Governors of the said College,
or any fifteen or more of them being met, shall be a Legal
meeting of the said Corporation, and they, or the major
part of them so met, shall have full power and authority
to adjourn from day to day, as the Business of the said
College may require, and to do, execute, and perform all
and every act and acts, thing and things whatsoever,
which the said Governors of the said College are, or shall
by these, our Letters patent, be authorized and
Impowered to do, act, or Transact, in as full and
ample manner, as if all and every of the members
of the said Corporation  were present.   And   we
do  will, ordain, and  direct, that as our Right
Trusty and well beloved Thomas, Lord Archbishop ot
Canterbury, and the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury for
the time being; and our said first Lord Commissioner for
Trade and Plantations, and the First Lord Commissioner
for Trade and plantations for the time being, cannot attend the meetings of the said Corporation, they and each
ofthem shall, from time to time, have full power and
authority to appoint a Proxy, in writing, under their hand
and seal, which person or persons so appointed by them,
and each of them shall and may Represent them, and
each ofthem, Respectively, according to such appointment, and shall have full power to vote and act as a
Governor or Governors of the said Corporation, at any




2I1
and every meeting of the said Corporation, as fully-and
amply as if they, the Constituents, and each of them were
present at every such meeting or meetings; Anzd, in Case
any other meeting or meetings of the said Governors of
the said College shall, at any other time or times, be
Judged and deemed Necessary for the Carrying on and
promoting of the Business and Interest of the said College, or the Government thereof, by any five members
of the said Corporation, we do, by these presents, authorize and Impower such five members by writing, and under their hands, to direct the Clerk of the said Corporation to Give notice of the day appointed by them, for such
meeting, at the said City of New York, by advertiseing
the same in one or more of the publick news papers, at
Least, seven Days before such meeting; and, that at such
meeting, the said Clerk, before entering on any Business,
shall Certify such Notification under his hand, to
the Board then met; Provided, always, Fifteen or
more of the   said  members shall be then met together, which said fifteen or more members, so met In
Puirsuance of such Notification, shall be a Legal meeting
of the said Governors of the said College; and they, or
the major part of them so mett, shall have full power and
authority to adjourn from day to day, as the Business of
the said College may require, and to do, Transact, and perform, all matters and things whatsoever, that the said
Governors of the said College are, or shall be authorized
and Impowered to do, by these presents. And of our furftier Grace, Certain Knowledge, and meer motion, to the
Intent that the said Corporation and Body politick, may
answer the end of their erection and Constitution, and
may have perpetual succession and Continue forever,




216
Wee do for us, our heirs, and Successors, Give and Grant
unto the said Governors of the said College of the Province of New York, in the City of New York in America,
and to their Successors for ever, that when and as often
as they or any fifteen or more of the said members of the
said Corporation or of their Successors shall be mett
together at their said Yearly meeting herein before appointed, or at any other meeting upon Notification, as
aforesaid, for the Service of the said College, that the
Governor or Commrander in chief of our said Province of
New York, and, in his absence, the First person in Rank
in our said Government, who holds his place as a
Governor of the said Corporation by his office, place, or
Dignity, and, in the absence of such, the Eldest Governor
or member of the said Corporation then present, such
Seniority to be taken according as they are named in this
our Charter, during the lives of the present Governors and
after their death, the Seniority to be taken and accounted as
they have been a Longer or shorter time Governors of
the said Corporation, shall preside at such meeting from
time to time, and that at such meeting or meetings from
time to time, they or the major part of them so met, shall
have full power and authority to Elect, nominate, and appoint any person to be president of the said College in a
Vacancy of the said Presidentship for and during his Good
Behaviour; provided, always, such President Elect or to
be elected by them, be a member of, and in Communion
with the Church ot England, as by Law Established; and,
also, to Elect one or more Fellow or Fellows, Professor or
Professors, Tutor or Tutors, to assist the President of the
said College in the Education and Government of the
Students belonging to the said College, which Fellow or




217
Fellows, Professor or Professors, Tutor or Tutors, and
every of them, shall hold and Enjoy their said office or
place, either at the will and pleasure of the Governors of
the said Corporation or during his or their Good Behaviour, according as shall be agreed upon Between such
Fellow or Fellows, Professor or Professors, Tutor or Tutors, and the said Governors of the said College, Provided,
always, such Fellow or Fellows, Professor or Professors,
Tutor or Tutors, before they or either of them enter into
or Take upon themselves such office, do take the Oaths
and subscribe the declaration hereinbefore directed, to be
Taken and subscribed by the Governors of the said College before they enter upon their said Respective offices;
and that when, and as often as any or either of the said
offices shall become Vacant by death or otherwise, the
said Governors, or the major part of any Fifteen or more
of them so met as aforesaid, shall have full power to Elect,
Nominate, and appoint, other or others in their places,
upon the same proviso or Condition as aforesaid; and,
Also, to Elect, Nominate, and appoint, upon the Death,
Removal, Refusal to Qualify, or other vacancy of the place
or places, of any Governor or Governors of the said Corporation not holding his office or place as a member of
the same, by virtue of any other station, office, place, or
dignity, from time to time, other or others in their places
or stead as often as such vacancy shall happen, which
Governor or Governors so from time to time elected and
appointed, shall, by virtue of these presents, and of such
Election and appointment be vested with all the powers,
authoritys, and priviledges, which any Governor of the
said Corporation is hereby Invested with. And, we do
further, of our especial Grace, certain Knowledge, and




218
meer motion, for us, our heirs, and Successors, Grant and
ordain that when and as often as the president of the said
College, or any Fellow, Professor or Tutor holding his
place during Good behaviour shall misdemean himself in
his or their said offices, and thereupon a Complaint or
Charge in writing of such misdemeanour shall be exhibited against him or them by any member of the said Corporation, at any meeting or meetings of the said Corporation met and convened as aforesaid, That it shall be Lawful for the said members of the said Corporation then met,
or the major part of them from time to time, upon Examination and due proof, to suspend or discharge such President, Fellow, Professor, or Tutor, from his said office, and
other or others in his or their place or places to appoint;
and, we do further for us, our heirs, and Successors, will
and Grant that the said Governors of the said College, or
the major part of any fifteen or more of them Convened
and mett as aforesaid, shall and may, from time to time, as
occasion may require, Elect, Constitute, and appoint, a
Treasurer, Clerk, and Steward, for the said College, and
to appoint them and each of them their respective Business and Trusts, and to displace and discharge from the
Service of the said College such Treasurer, Clerk, or
steward, and to elect other or others in their places and
stead; and such Treasurer, Clerk, and steward, so Elected
and appointed, we do for us, our heirs, and Successors, by
these presents Constitute and Establish in their several
offices, and do Give them full power and authority to Exercise the same in the said College, according to the direction and during the pleasure of the said Governors of
the said College, or the major part of any fifteen or more
of them Convened as aforesaid, as fully and freely as any




2I9
other the like officers in any of our universities or any ot
our Colleges in that part of our Kingdom of Great Britain
called England, Lawfully may and ought to do: and we
do further, of our Especial Grace, Certain Knowledge, and
meer motion, Give and Grant unto the said Governors of
the said College, that they and their Successors, or the
major part of any fifteen or more of them Convened and
mett Together in manner aforesaid, shall and may direct
and appoint what Books shall be publickly read and
taught in the said College, by the President, Fellows, Professors, and Tutors; and shall and may, under their Common seal, make and set down, and they are hereby fully
Impowered, from time to time, to make and set down in
writing, such Laws, ordinances, and orders, for the Better
Government of the said College, and Students and Ministers thereof, as they shall think best for the General
Good of the same, so that they are not Repugnant to the
Laws and statutes of that part of our Kingdom of Great
Britain called England, or of our said Province of New
York, and do not extend to exclude any person of any
Religious Denomination whatever from Equal Liberty
and advantage of Education, or from any the Degrees,
Liberties, Priviledges, Benefits, or Immunities of the said
College, on account of his particular Tenets in matters of
Religion; And such laws, Qrdinances, and orders, which
shall be so made as aforesaid, we do by these Presents,
for us, our heirs, and Successors, Ratify, Confirm, and
allow, as Good and Effectual to bind and oblige all and
every the Students and Officers and Ministers of the said
College; and we do hereby authorize and Impower the
said Governors of the said College, or the major part of
any fifteen or more of them, at any of their meetings




220
Convened as aforesaid, and the President, Fellows, and
Professors for the time being, to put such Laws, ordinances, and orders, in execution, that is to say, such as
Inflict upon any Student the Greater Punishments of
Expulsion, Suspension, Degradation, and public Confession, by the Governors of the said College, or the major
part of any fifteen or more of them, convened and met
Together as aforesaid only; and such as Inflict the Lesser
Punishments, by the President, Fellows, and Professors,
or any of them, according to the true Intent of such Laws,
ordinances, and orders, as shall be made In Pursuance of
these presents for that purpose. And we do further will,
ordain, and direct, that there shall be forever hereafter
Publick morning and evening service Constantly performed in the said College, morning and evening for ever,
by the President, Fellows, Professors, or Tutors, of the
said College. or one of them, according to the Liturgy of
the Church of England as by Law Established, or such a
Collection of prayers out of the said Liturgy, with a Collect peculiar for the said College, as shall be approved of
from time to time by the Governors of the said- College,
or the major part of any fifteen or more of them Convened
as aforesaid: and we do further will and Grant, that the
said Governors of the said College for the time being, or
the major part of any fifteen or more of them Convened
as aforesaid, shall have full power and Lawful authority to
visit, order, punish, place, and displace, The Treasurer,
Clerk, Steward, students, and other officers and ministers
of the said College, and to order, Reform, and Redress, all
and any the disorders, misdemeanors and abuses in the
persons aforesaid, or any of them, and to Censure, suspend, or deprive them, or any or either of them, So always,




221
that no visitation, act, or thing, in or Concerning the
said College, be made or done by any other person or
persons whatsoever but as is herein before Directed and
Declared. And we do further, of our Especial Grace,
Certain Knowledge, and meer motion, will, Give, and
Grant, unto the said Governors of the said College, that
for the Encouragement of the Students of the said College to Dilligence and Industry in their Studies, that they
and their Successors, and the major part of any fifteen or
more of them Convened and mett together as aforesaid,
do, by the President of the said College, or any other person or persons by them authorized and appointed, Give
and Grant any such degree and degrees to any the students of the said College, or any other person or persons by
them thought worthy thereof, as are usually Granted by
any or either of our universities or Colleges in that part
of our Kingdom of Great Britain called England, and that
the President, or such other persons to be appointed for
that purpose as aforesaid, do sign and seal Diplomas or
Certificates of such Degree or Degrees, to be kept by the
Graduates as a Testimonial thereof. And Further, of our
Especial Grace, Certain Knowledge, and meer motion, we
do for us, our heirs, and Successors, will, Give, and Grant,
unto the said Governors of the said College, and to their
Successors, that they shall and may have one Common
Seal, under which they shall and may pass all Grants,
Diplomas, and all other writings whatsoever, requisite,
necessary, or Convenient to pass under the seal of the
said Corporation; which seal shall be Engraven in such
form and with such Devices and Inscriptions as shall be
agreed upon by the said Governors of the said College, or
the major part of any fifteen or more of them that shall be




222
Convened for the service of the said College, in the manner above directed; and by these our Letters patent it shall
and may be Lawful for them and their Successors, at
any of their meetings Convened as aforesaid, as they
shall see cause, to Break, Change, alter and new
make the same, or any other common Seal, when
and as often as to them shall seem convenient.
And we, further, for us, our heirs, and Successors, Give
and Grant unto the said Governors of the said College, and
their Successors, or the major part of any fifteen or more
of them Convened as aforesaid, full power and authority,
from time to time, and at all times hereafter, to nominate
and appoint all other Inferior officers or Ministers which
they shall think convenient and necessary for the use of
the College, not herein particularly named or mentioned,
which Officers and Ministers we do hereby Impower to
execute their Respective offices or Trusts, during the will
and pleasure only of the Governors of the said College, or
the major part of any fifteen or more of them Convened
as aforesaid, as fully and freely as any other the like Officers or ministers in and of our Universities or any other
College in that part of our Kingdom of Great Britain
Called England may or ought to do. And, Lastly, of our
Express will and pleasure, and meer motion, we do, for us,
our heirs, and Successors, Give and Grant unto the said
Governors of the said College, and to their Successors
for ever, that these our Letters patent, being entered of
Record, as is hereinafter particularly Expressed, or the
Enrollment thereof, shall be Good and Effectual in the
Law, to all Intents and purposes, against us, our heirs,
and Successors, without any other Lycense, Grant, or Confirmation, from us, our heirs, or Successors, hereafter by




223
the said Governors of the said College to be had or obtained, Notwithstanding the not reciting or misrecital, or
not naming or misnaming of the aforesaid offices, Franchises, Priviledges, Immunities, or other the premises or
any of them; and notwithstanding a writt ad QuodDamnum
hath not issued forth to inquire of or concerning the Premises, or any of them, before the ensealing hereof, any Statute, act, Ordinance, or provision or any other matter or thing
to the Contrary thereof in any wise Notwithstanding; To
have, hold. and Enjoy, all and singular the Priviledges, Liberties, advantages, and Immunities, and all and singular
other the Premises herein or hereby Granted, or meant,
mentioned, or Intended to be herein and hereby Given
and Granted unto them, the said Governors of the said
College of the Province of New York, in the City of New
York, in America, and to their Successors for ever. In
Testimony whereof, we have caused these our Letters to be
made patent, and the Great seal of our Province of New
York to be hereunto affixed, and the same to be entered
of Record in our Secretary's office of our said Province, in
one of the Books of Patent there Remaining. Witness our
Trusty and well beloved James De Lancey, Esq., our
Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in chief in and
over our Province of New York, and the Territories depending thereon in America, in, by, and with the Advice
and Consent of our Council of our said Province, this
thirty first day of October. in the year of our Lord one
thousand seven hundred and fifty four, and of our Reign
the twenty eighth. The following Erasures and Interlineations appearing in these our Letters Patent. That is
to say, in the first skin, Line four, the word [Law]. Line
nineteen, these words, [by these our Letters Patent, that




224
there be Erected and made] Interlined: line twenty one,
[with] wrote on Eraisure: line twenty two, [Law] Interlined. In the second skin, line Twelve, [the] interlined,
and [Younger] wrote on Eraisure. In the third skin, the
First line, [and secret,] and in the sixth Line, [Administered] wrote partly on eraisure. In the twelfth line, [And
the first Lord Commissioner for Trade and Plantations]
Interlined. And in the fourth skin, and first line, the word
[And] Interlined. —--------
---     -----------— CLARKE, Junior.




ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE,
RELATING TO
COLUMBIA COLLEGE.
An ACT to institute an University within this State, and for
other Purposes therein mentioned.
Passed April I3th, I787.  [Sess. Io. ch. 82. sec. 8, 9, o1, II. Greenleafs Edit.
vol. i. p. 437. Kent & Radcliff's Edit. vol. ii. p. 336.]
VIII. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
That the charter heretofore granted to the governors of
the college of the province of New York, in the city of
New York, in America, dated the thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
and fifty-four, shall be, and hereby is fully and absolutely
ratified and confirmed in all respects, except that the college
thereby established, shall be henceforth called Columbia
college: That the style of the said corporation shall be, The
trustees of Columbia college, in the city of New York; and
that no person shall be trustees of the same, in virtue of any
offices, characters, or descriptions whatever; excepting
also such clauses thereof as require the taking of oaths,
and subscribing the declaration therein mentioned; and
which render a person ineligible to the office of president
of the college, on account of his religious tenets, and prescribe a form of public prayer to be used in the said college; and also excepting the clause thereof which pro



226
vides, that the by-laws and ordinances to be made in pursuance thereoi, should not be repugnant to the laws and
statutes of that part of the kingdom of Great-Britain,
called England; except also, that in all cases where fifteen
governors are required to constitute a quorum for the despatch of business, thirteen trustees shall be sufficient.
Provided always, That the by-laws and ordinances to be
made by the trustees of the said Columbia college, shall
not be contrary to the constitution and laws of this
state.
IX. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
That James Duane, Samuel Provost, John H. Livingston,
Richard Varick, Alexander Hamilton, John Mason, James
Wilson, John Gano, Brockholst Livingston, Robert Harpur, John Daniel Gross, Johann Christoff Kunze, Walter
Livingston, Lewis A. Scott, Joseph Delaplaine, Leonard
Lispenard, Abraham Beach, John Lawrence, John Rutherford, Morgan Lewis, John Cochran, Gershom Seixas,
Charles M'Knight, Thomas Jones, Malachi Treat, Samuel
Bard, Nicholas Romein, Benjamin Kissam, and Ebenezer
Crossby, shall be, and they are hereby constituted and
declared to be the present trustees of Columbia college, in
the city of New York, and that when by the death or resignation, or removal of any of the said trustees, the number of those trustees shall be reduced to twenty-four, then
and from thenceforth the said twenty-four trustees shall
be, and they hereby are declared and constituted trustees
of the said Columbia college, in perpetual succession, according to the true intent and meaning of the said charter; and all vacancies thereafter shall be supplied in the
manner thereby directed.




227
X. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
That all and singular the power, authority, rights, privileges, franchises, and immunities, so heretofore granted
to, and vested in the said governors of the college of the
province of New-York, in the city of New-York, in America, by the said charter, excepting as before excepted,
shall be, and the same hereby are granted to and vested
in the trustees of Columbia college, in the city of NewYork, and their successors forever, as fully and effectually, to all intents and purposes, as if the same were herein
particularly specified and expressed; and all and singular
the lands, tenements, hereditaments, and real estate,
goods, chattels, rents, annuities, moneys, books, and other
property, whereof the said governors of the college of the
province of New-York, in the city of New-York, in America, were seised, possessed, or entitled, under and in virtue of the said charter, or with which the regents of the
said university were invested, under or by virtue of the
said acts, for the use or benefit of the said Columbia college, shall be, and the same hereby are granted to and
vested in the said trustees of Columbia college, in the
city of New-York, and their successors forever, for the
sole use and benefit of the said college; and it shall and
may be lawful to and for the said trustees and their successors, to grant, bargain, sell, demise, improve, and dispose of the same, as to them shall seem meet. Provided
always, That the lands given and granted to the governors of the college of the province of New-York, in the
city of New-York, in America, by the corporation, heretofore styled, The rector and inhabitants of the city of NewYork, in communion of the church of England, as by law
established, on part whereof the said college is erected,




228
shall not be granted for any greater estate, or in any other
manner, than is limited by the said charter.
XI. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
That when any special meeting of the trustees of the said
college shall be deemed necessary, it shall and may be
lawful to and for the senior trustee of the said college,
then in the city of New-York, and taking upon himself
the exercise of the office, (which seniority shall be determined according to the order in which the said trustees
are named in this act, and shall be elected hereafter,) and
he is hereby authorized and required, on application for
that purpose in writing under the hands of any five or
more of the said trustees, to appoint a time for such special meeting, in some convenient place within the said
city, and to cause due notice thereof to be given in the
manner directed by the said charter.
XXII. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
That the act, entitled, An act for granting certain privileges
to the college heretofore called King's college, for altering
the name and charter thereof, and erecting an university
within this state, passed the ist day of May, 1784; and the
act, entitled, An act to amend an act, entitled, An act for
granting certain privileges to the college heretofore called
King's college, for altering the name and charter thereof,
and erecting an university within this state, passed the
26th day of November, 1784, be, and they are hereby
severally repealed.
[The 8th, 9th, loth & Inth ~~ of the preceding Act repealed by ~ Io, act March
23, I8io, following.]




229
An ACT to encourage Literature, by Donations to Columbia
College, and to the several Academies in the State.
Passed April sith, 1792. [Sess. 15. ch. 69. sec. I. 3. Greenleaf's Edit. vol. ii.
P. 479.]
WHEREAS it has been represented to the legislature,
that the funds of Columbia college, in this state, have, in
consequence of events which took place during the late
war, been so far diminished, as to render it impracticable
for the trustees to defray certain necessary expenses which
have accrued to the college, in consequence of the alterations in the streets of the city of New York, and to repair
the losses which the college sustained during the late
war, with respect to its library, and to incur such further
expenses as would render the seminary more extensively
useful, without pecuniary aid from the legislature: For
remedy whereof,
I. Be it enacted by the Peo51le of the State of New York,
represented in Senate and Assembly, That there shall be allowed and paid to the trustees of Columbia college, or
their order, for the use of the institution, the sum of
fifteen hundred pounds, for the purpose of enlarging its
library, and the sum of two hundred pounds tor a chemical
apparatus; and the sum of twelve hundred pounds for the
purpose of building a wall, necessary to support the
grounds of the college, and the further sum of five thousand pounds for the purpose of erecting a hall and an additional wing to the college, pursuant to the original plan
of the institution; and the treasurer is hereby authorized
to pay the said respective sums out of such moneys as
may be or may come into the treasury, of the annual
revenue of the state, and which may not be appropriated




230
for the purpose of supporting government, or satisfying
claims against the state, or for completing the sum of two
hundred thousand pounds to be loaned in the several
counties of this state, by virtue of the act, entitled, "An
act for loaning moneys belonging to the state."
III. And be it further enacted, That the treasurer shall
annually, for five years, unless otherwise directed by the
legislature, pay to the trustees of Columbia college, or
their order, out of the like moneys as above described, the
sum of seven hundred and fifty pounds, to be applied to
the payment of the salaries of such additional professors
in the said college, as the said trustees shall think proper
to appoint.
[After the expiration of the five years, the payment of
the sum of seven hundred and fifty pounds was continued
for the further term of two years by an act, entitled, "An
act for the payment of certain officers of government and
other contingent expences." Passed April I, I796.-(3
Greenleaf 340.)]
In an act, entitled, "An act respecting Union college,
and for the purposes therein mentioned," passed March
3oth, 1797, the following clause occurs:
And be itfurther enacted, that the treasurer of this state,
shall annually, on the first Tuesday of July, in every year
hereafter, during the pleasure of the legislature, pay to
the trustees of Columbia college, the sum of five hundred
dollars, to be appropriated by the said trustees to the
preservation of the Anatomical Museum in the said college, and for procuring additional articles thereto, and for
making such allowance as they shall judge proper to the
professor of Anatomy in said college, for his services in
the care and charge of such museum.-(3 Greenleaf 449.)




231
An ACT to amend the Act entitled, "An Act for the Encouragement of Literature."
Passed April 3d, I8oz. [Sess. 25. ch. 1os. sec. I, a. Webster's Edit. vol. iii.
p. I65.]
WHEREAS it appears, from a report of the surveyor-general, that the grant of a certain tract of land in the county
of Washington, adjoining the south end of Lake George,
to the regents of the university, in and by the act, entitled,
"An act for the further encouragement of literature," interferes with the bounds of lands previously granted; and
the regents having prayed for a grant of other lands adjoining the same, and in lieu thereof, to enable them the
more effectually to fulfill the purposes for which the grant
of those lands was intended: Therefore,
I. Be it enacted by the People of the State of New- York,
represented in Senate and Assembly, That the said regents
of the university, and their successors, shall be and hereby are vested with the seisin and possession of the lands
hereafter described, belonging to the people of this state;
that is to say, a certain tract of land in the county of
Washington, adjoining the south end of Lake George, beginning on the east shore of the said lake, where the westerly bounds of a tract of two thousand acres, granted by
letters patent to William Houghton, strikes the same, and
running thence along the said Houghton's tract southerly
and westerly to the northwest corner thereof, then with a
straight line to the most westerly corner of a tract of two
hundred acres granted by letters patent to John Jones,
then along the southerly bounds thereof, to Lake George,
and then along the same southerly, easterly, and northerly,
to the place of beginning, containing one thousand seven




232
hundred and twenty-four acres of land; and the former
grant to the said regents, so far as the same included lands
not herein described, shall be void.
II. And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for
the said regents to grant and convey to the trustees of
Columbia and Union colleges, and their successors, the
lands above described, together with the lands at Ticonderoga and Crown Point already vested in the said regents,
in such proportions as they shall deem just and reasonable, for the use of the said colleges respectively.
An ACT relative to Columbia College in the City of New York.
Passed March 23d, I81o. [Sess. 33. ch. 85. Webster & Skinner's Edit. of Statutes, vol. vi. p. 24.]
WHEREAS the trustees of Columbia college, in the city
of New-York, have represented, that sundry   impediments to their trust, and to the interest of literature in the
college, are found by experience from certain restrictions
and defects in their charter, and have prayed relief, and
that their charter, when amended, may be comprised in
one act: Therefore,
I. BE it enacted by the people of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, That John H. Livingston,
Richard Varick, Brockholst Livingston, Abraham Beach,
John Lawrence, Gershom Seixas, Richard Harison, John
Watts, William Moore, Cornelius I. Bogart, John M. Mason, Edward Dunscomb, George C. Anthon, John N.
Abeel, James Tillary, John H. Hobart, Benjamin Moore,
Egbert Benson, Gouverneur Morris, Jacob Radcliff, Rufus
King, Samuel Miller, Oliver Wolcott, and John B. Romeyn,




243
the present trustees of the said college, and their successors, shall be and remain forever hereafter, a body politic
and corporate, in fact and in name, by the name of "The
trustees of Columbia College, in the city of New York,"
and by that name shall and may have continual succession
for ever hereafter, and shall be able in law to sue and be
sued, implead and be impleaded, answer and be answered
unto, defend and be defended, in all courts and places
whatsoever, and may have a common seal, and may change
and alter the same at their pleasure, and also, shall be able
in law to take by purchase, gift, grant, devise, or in any
other manner, and to hold any real and personal estate
whatsoever; Provided always, The clear yearly value of
the real estate to be so acquired, shall not exceed the sum
of twenty thousand dollars; and also that they and their
successors shall have power to give, grant, bargain, sell,
demise, or otherwise dispose of, all or any part of the said
real and personal estate, as to them shall seem best for
the interest of the said college.
II. And be itfurther enacted, That the said trustees, and
their successors, shall forever hereafter have full power
and authority to direct and prescribe the course of study,
and the discipline to be observed in the said college, and
also to select and appoint by ballot or otherwise, a president of the said college, who shall hold his office during good behaviour; and such professor or professors,
tutor or tutors, to assist the president in the government
and education of the students belonging to the said college, and such other officer or officers, as to the said trustees shall seem meet, all of whom shall hold their offices
during the pleasure of the trustees: Provided always,




234
That no such professor, tutor, or other assistant officer
shall be trustee.
III. And be itfurther enacted, That if complaint shall be
made in writing to the said trustees, or their successors,
by any member of the said corporation of any misbehaviour in office by the president, it shall be lawful for
the said trustees, or their successors, from time to time,
upon examination, and such due proof of misbehaviour,
to suspend or discharge such president, and to appoint
another in his place.
IV. And be it further enacted, That eleven of the said
trustees, lawfully convened, as is hereinafter directed,
shall be a quorum for the dispatch of all business, except
for the disposal of real estate, or for the choice or removal
of a president, for either of which purposes there shall be
a meeting of at least thirteen trustees.
V. And be it further enacted, That the said trustees' shall
have full power and authority to elect by ballot their own
chairman once in every year, or at such other periods as
they shall prefer.
VI. And be it further enacted, That the said trustees
shall also have power, by a majority of votes of the members present, to elect and appoint, upon the death, removal out of the state, or other vacancy of the place or
places of any trustee or trustees, other or others, in his
or their places or stead as often as such vacancy shall
happen; and also to make and declare vacant the seat of
any trustee who shall absent himself from five successive
meetings of the board; and also to meet upon their own
adjournment, and so often as they shall be summoned by




235
their chairman, or in his absence by the senior trustee;
whose seniority shall be accounted according to the order
in which the said trustees are named in this act, and shall
be elected hereafter; Provided always, That the said chairman or senior trustee shall not summon a meeting of the
corporation unless required thereto in writing by three of
the members; Andprovided also, That he cause notice of
the time and place of the said meeting to be given in one
or more of the public newspapers printed in the City of
New York, at least three days before such meeting: and
that every member of th.e corporation resident in the city
shall be previously advertised in writing of the time and
place of every such meeting.
VII. And be it further enacted, That the said trustees
and their successors, shall have power and authority to
grant all such literary honours and degrees, as are usually
granted by any university, college, or seminary of learning in this state, or in the United States; and in testimony
of such grant to give suitable diplomas under their seal,
and the signatures of the president and such professors,
or tutors of the college, as they shall judge expedient;
which diplomas shall entitle the possessors respectively
to all the immunities and privileges which either by usage
or statute are allowed to possessors of similar diplomas
from any university, college, or seminary of learning.
VIII. And be it further enacted, That the said trustees
and their successors shall have full power and authority
to make all ordinances and by-laws which to them shall
seem expedient for carrying into effect the designs of
their institution; Provided always, That such ordinance or
by-laws shall not make the religious tenets of any person




236
a condition of admission to any privilege or office in th
said college, nor be inconsistent with the constitution and
laws of this state, nor with the constitution and laws ofthe
United States.
IX. And be itfurther enacted, That all the real and personal estate whatsoever and wheresoever, which were
formerly vested in the governors of the college of the
province of New-York, in the city of New-York, in America, or in the trustees of Columbia college in the city of
New-York, be and the same is -hereby confirmed to and
vested in the said trustees of Columbia college in the city
of New-York, and their successors for ever, for the sole
use and benefit ot the said college; and that it shall and
may be lawful to and for the said trustees, and their successors, to grant, bargain, sell, demise, improved and
dispose of the same, as to them shall seem meet; Provided
always, that the lands given and granted to the governors
of the college of the province of New-York, in the city of
New-York, in America, by the corporation heretofore
styled "The Rector and Inhabitants of the city of NewYork, in communion of the Church of England, as by law
established," on part whereof the said college is erected,
shall not be granted for any greater term of time than
sixty-three years.*
X. And be it further enacted, That the eighth, ninth,
tenth, and eleventh sections of the act entitled, " an act to
institute an university within this state, and for other purposes therein mentioned," passed the thirteenth day of
*See Act, passed April I5, 1852, iOst.




237
April, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
an eighty-seven, be and the same are hereby repealed.*
An ACT to render the Provost of Columbia College in the city
of New- York, eligible to be a trustee thereof.
Passsed Feb. i4th, xI8I. [Sess. 35. ch. 6. Webster & Skinner's Edit.
vol. vi. p. 348.]
Whereas the trustees of Columbia college have, by their
petition, prayed that the provost of the said college may
be made eligible as a trustee of said college:
Be it enacted by the People of the State of New  York, represented in Senate and Assembly, That it shall and may be lawful for the provost of Columbia college, in the city of New
York, for the time being, to be elected and act as a trustee of
the said college, anything contained in the act entitled, "an
act relative to Columbia college in the city of New York,"
or in any other act or charter of the said college, to the
contrary notwithstanding.
An ACT instituting a Lottery for the promotion of Literature, and for other purposes.
Passed April 13th, I814. [Sess. 37. ch. Izo, sec. 6, 7, Webster & Skinner's
Edit. vol. iii. p. 142.]
VI. And be it further enacted, That all the right, title, and
interest of the people of this state in and to all that certain piece or parcel of land, with the appurtenances, situate in the ninth ward of the city of New York, known by
*See also the Act passed April 9, 1813, sess. 36 ch. 82., Van Ness & Woodworth, vol. ii. p. 265, and new Revised Statutes, vol. iii. p. 236, re-enacting
the above act, omitting only the Preamble, and the names of Trustees: and
with the additional proviso, as to the eligibility of the Provost as a Trustee.




238
the name of the Botanic Garden, and lately conveyed to
the people of this state by David Hosack, with the appurtenances, be and the same is hereby granted to and vested
in the trustees of Columbia college, in the city of New
York, their successors and assigns; but this grant is made
upon the express condition, that the college establishment shall be removed to the said tract of land hereby
granted, or to lands adjacent thereto, within twelve years
from this time; and if the said establishment shall not be
so removed within the time above limited, then and from
thenceforth, this grant shall cease and be void, and the
premises hereby granted shall thereupon revert to the
people of this state.
VII. And be it further enacted, That the trustees of
Columbia college shall, within three months from the time
of the passage of this act, transmit to the trustees of each
of the other colleges in this state, a list of the different
kinds of plants, flowers, and shrubs in said garden; and
within one year thereafter, the said trustees of Columbia
college, shall deliver at the said garden, if required, at
least one healthy exotic flower, shrub, or plant of each
kind, of which they shall have more than one at the time
of application, together with the jar or vessel containing
the same, to the trustees of each of the other colleges of
this state, who shall apply therefor.




239
An ACT relative to Columbia College, in the city of New
York.
Passed February i9th, 18i9. [Sess. 42. ch. 19. Gould & Co's Edit.
vol. v. 26.]
WHEREAS it is of the first importance in a free state,
that seminaries of learning should be carefully protected,
and, from time to time, receive the fostering aid of the
legislature: And whereas, with these views, all the right,
title, and interest of the people of this state in a certain
piece or parcel of land, situate in the ninth ward of the
city of New-York, called " The Botanic Garden," was in
and by an act of the legislature, entitled "an act instituting a lottery for the promotion of literature, and for other
purposes," passed April I3th, I814, given and granted to
Columbia College, subject to certain conditions therein
specified: And whereas the said grant has not been productive of the benefits intended by the said act: Therefore,
I. BE it enacted by the Peofle of the State of New York,
represented in Senate and Assembly, That that part of the
sixth section of the act, entitled, "an act instituting a
lottery for the promotion of literature, and for other purposes," passed April I3th, I8I4, which contains a condition
to the grant made to the trustees of Columbia college,
that the college establishment shall be removed to the
tract of land thereby granted, or to the lands adjacent
thereto, and the seventh section of the said act, be and
the same are hereby repealed.
II. And be it further enacted, That the sum of ten thousand dollars be paid by the treasurer, on the warrant of the
comptroller, to the trustees of Columbia College, out of
any moneys not otherwise appropriated, to be applied by the
said trustees as the interests of the said college may require.




240
An ACT to amend an act, entitled "An Act relative to
Columbia College, in the city of New York," passed March
23, I8IO. (Laws of 1852, ch. 3IO.)
Passed April 15, 1852.
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows.:
I. The ninth section of the act entitled, " An act relative
to Columbia college, in the city of New-York," passed
March 23d, eighteen hundred and ten, is hereby amended,
by adding at the end of said section the following words:
"unless the consent of said grantors in writing, under
their corporate seal, shall be first had and obtained to the
disposal thereof, free from such restriction."
An ACT to authorize the trustees of Columbia College in the
city of New York, to take and hold certain real estate.
(Laws of I857, chap. 132.)
Passed March 19, 1857, three-fifths being present.
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows:
SECTION i. The Trustees of Columbia college, in the
city of New York, are hereby authorized to purchase and
take, and to hold in fee simple, and dispose of a certain
parcel of land situate in the nineteenth ward of the city
of New York, and bounded northerly by the southerly
side of Fiftieth street, southerly by the northerly side of
Forty-ninth street, easterly by a line parallel with and one
hundred feet distant westerly from the westerly side of the
Fourth avenue, and westerly by a line parallel with and




241
five hundred feet distant easterly from the easterly side of
the Fifth avenue, or any part or parts thereof, and dispose
of the proceeds for the use and purposes of said college.
~ 2. This act shall take effect immediately.
An ACT to authorize the trustees of Columbia College, in the
city of New York, to take and hold certain real estate.
(Laws I860, chaap. 5.)
Passed March 2, i86o.
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact asfollows:
SECTION i. The trustees of Columbia college, in the
city of New York, are hereby authorized to purchase and
take, and to hold in fee simple, and dispose of such land,
in addition to that which they were authorized to take and
hold under the act, entitled " An act to authorize the
trustees of Columbia College, in the city of New York, to
take and hold certain real estate," passed March nineteenth,
eighteen hundred and fifty-seven, as shall be situated in
the city of New York, and shall, together with the land
taken and held under the said act, be comprehended
within the following bounds, to wit: the southerly side
of Fiftieth street; the westerly side of the Fourth
avenue; the northerly side of Forty-ninth street, and a
line drawn parallel with the Fourth avenue, and distant
four hundred and fifty feet westerly therefrom, or any part
or parts thereof.




242
An ACT relative to the law school of Columbia College.
(Laws of I860, chabp. 202.)
Passed April 7th, 1860.
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows:
SECTION I. The professors in the law school of Columbia college, and the law committee of the trustees of said
college, viz.: Samuel B. Ruggles, Hamilton Fish, Alexander W. Bradford, Gouverneur M. Ogden, George T.
Strong and William Betts, and such persons as shall from
time to time form such law committee, any three of whom,
being counselors at law, shall form a quorum upon whose
examination and recommendation, as evidenced by the diploma of said college granted upon such recommendation,
any graduate of said law school shall be admitted to practice as an attorney and counselor at law in all the courts
of this state. No diploma shall be sufficient for such admission which is given for any period of attendance upon
said law school for a less term than eighteen months, but
this period of eighteen months shall not apply to the
members of the present senior class in said law school
who may be admitted to practice as aforesaid upon the examination and recommendation of said committee, and
upon the evidence of the diploma of the college.
~ 2. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act
are hereby repealed.
~ 3. This act shall take effect immediately.




243
An ACT in relation to Columbia College, in the city of New
York. (Laws of 1872, chap. 96.)
Passed March 8, 1872; three-fifths being present.
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows:
SECTION I. The trustees of Columbia College, in the
city of New York, are hereby authorized, from time to
time, to purchase and take and hold in fee simple, any
lands situate in the city of New York, for a new site or
sites for the said college or for any of the schools or necessary buildings of the same, and to sell and convey any
lands now held by said college, but no lands owned by
said college shall be exempt from taxation, except such as
are or may be in actual use as a site or sites for said college.
~ 2. This act shall take effect immediately.