SMITIISONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. ~ --- 165 M ONTOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. BY H. ALLEN, M.D. ASSIST. SURGEON, U. S. A. WASHINGTONN SMTITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: JUNE, 1S64. A ) YERTISE MEN T. THE following memoir, by Dr. Allen, is designed to exhibit the present state of our knowledge respecting the species of Cheiroptera, or bats, found in America, north of Mexico, and their general geographical distribution. It is based principally on the specimens il the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, although the collections of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge have also been consulted. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, April 26, 1864. PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER (ii) TAtBLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Advertisement..... i Introduction....,.. v Artificial Key to the Genera....... xxiii Faim. MEGADERMATID......... 1 MACROTUS, Gray. I Macrotus californicus, Bacird.... Fam. NOCTILIONID23..... 5 NYCTINOnIUS, Geoff.....r, Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes..... 7 Fam. VESPERTILIONID2E....... 11 NYCTICEJUS, Raf....11 Nycticejus crepuscularis, Allen. 12 LASIURUS, Raf.... 14 Lasiurns noveboracensis, Tomes.. 15 Lasiurus cinereus, Alien..... 21 Lasiurus intermedius, Alien. 25 SCOTOPHILus, Leach........27 Scotophilus carolinensis, Allen.. 28 Scotophilus fuscus, Allen.... 31 Scotophilus seorgianus, Allen..... 35 Scotophilus noctivagans, Lee....39 Scotophilus hesperus, Allen..... 43 VESPERTILIO, Keys. & Bias. 46 Vespertilio evotis, Allen... 48 Vespertilio subulatus, Say......51 Vespertilio affinis, Allen.. 53 Vespertilio lucifugus, Lec... 55 Vespertilio yumanensis, Allen... 58 Vespertilio nitidus, Allen.... 60 SYNOTUS, Keys. & Bias.... 2 Synotus macrotis, Allen..... 63 Synotus townsendii, WVagner.... 65 AxTROZOUS, Allen....66 Antrozous pallidus, Allen...... 68 Appendix... *.. 71 Alphabetical Index....83 ( iii ) INTRODUCTION. AMONG the numerous agents which Nature employs for restricting the excessive increase of the insect world, the bats hold a conspicuous position. Eminently adapted to an animal regimen, the vast majority of these animals are exclusively insectivorous in their habits. Mosquitos, gnats, moths, and even the heavily mailed nocturnal Coleoptera, fall victims in large numbers to their voracious appetites. Certain members of the order, such as Flying Foxes (PTEROPODIDE), are strictly frugivorous, it is true; and others, as the Dog-bat of Surinam (Noctlula leporina), classified as an insect-eating bat, partakes occasionally of fruit in addition to its more animal diet; none of the species found in this country, however, are known to subsist on any other than insect food. In this respect they hold a decided relationship to certain birds, and it is interesting to observe how, under different circumstances, these widely separated animals serve us to the same end. The functions which the latter perform during the day, the former assume in the evening. The latter prey upon the diurnal insects, while the former feed exclusively upon the crepuscular and nocturnal kinds. The disappearance of the birds of day is a signal for the advent of the dusky host, which, as it were. temporarily relieve from duty their more brilliant rivals in guarding the interests of Nature. But, while thus connected with birds in their position in the world's economy, bats have none of that grace of form, or beauty of coloring so characteristic of the others. Their bodies are clumsy and repulsive;. their hues are dull and unattractive-nor can the eye dwell with pleasure upon their grotesque and awk( V ) Yi INTRODUCTION. ward motions. This aversion-so universally evinced toward these little animals-is heightened by the associations of the time and place of their daily appearance. Attendant, as they are, upon the quiet hours of twilight, when the thickening gloom is conducive to the development of superstitious feeling, bats have always been associated with ideas of the horrible and the unknown. In olden times, when the imagination of the people exceeded the accuracy of their observations, it was one of the numerous monsters inhabiting their caverns and forests. It has done service in many a legend; its bite was fatal; it was the emblem of haunted houses; its wings bore up the dragon slain by St. George. It is easy to trace from this early impression the permanent position that the bat, as an emblem of the repulsive, held in letters and the arts. It is mentioned in the Book of Leviticus as one of the unclean things. Its image is rudely carved upon the tombs of the ancient Egyptians. The Greeks consecrated it to Proserpine. It is part of the infernal potion of the witches in Macbeth, while Ariel employs it in his erratic flights. In art, its wings have entered largely into the creation of those composite horrors-evil spirits, nor have modern artists escaped. i'rom the absurdity of encumbering the Satan of Holy Writ with like appendages.' Of this association with the monstrous the intelligent observer ceases to take note when the finer beauties of structure develop themselves under his gaze. ITpon acquaintance he learns, perhaps with surprise, that, in anatomical and physiological peculiarities, and zoological position, the bat is a subject for study worthy of the attention of the most contemplative. Indeed, no order of animals is more interesting, and none has received greater attention from the hands of savans. The early pioneers of natural history were far astray in.their endeavors to correctly define the nature and position of the bat. Some authors place bats among the birds, because they are able to fly through the air; while others assign them a position, To this fancy of the ancients of placing the wings of a bat upon demons is happily opposed the sweet conceit of poets in adorning the figures of angels and cherubim with the wings of birds. The wing of a bat is sombre and angular-that of a bird is of delicate hues and replete with curves. It is therefore poetic justice to have the one become an emblem of the infernal as the other is an expression of the heavenly formn INTRODUCTION. v~i among the quadrupeds, because they can walk on the earth. Some again, who admitted the mammalian nature of the creatures, scattered them at intervals through the scale of animated beings, heedless of any distinction excepting the single characteristic in which they took their stand, and by which they judged every animal. These are but a few of the diverse opinions which prevailed among the naturalists of former times, among which the most ingeniously quaint is that which places the bat and ostrich in the same order, because the bat has wings and the ostrich has not."1 Without reviewing the recorded errors of these observers, we will be content to call the attention of the reader to the following brief account of the structure of flying animals, so that the true position of the bat among them may be definitely fixed. There are two distinct types of modification which the vertebrate skeleton has undergone in adapting the animal for flight, both of which depend upon some peculiarity in the structure of the anterior extremities; and in order to obtain a correct opinion of them we propose to cast a glance at each in turn. Plan of bony structure of the wings of flying vertebrate animals. r I. Wing membrane supported by all fingersa. Bones of carpus separat- Bats (Vespertilio), order of MAA. ed; flight maintained by I e II. WVing membrane supported by the 4th dermal expanse. finger only (which is immensely developed), the others remaining freei Pterodactyles, order of REPT. r III. Bones of metacarpus 2-3 in numberb. Bones of carpus united; Feathers not radiatingflight maintained by der- Living birds (AVES)-class. mal appendages IV. Bones of metacarpus 4 in numberFeathers radiatingL Archxopteryx (AVES)-subclass. Wood, Nat. Hist. I (Mam.), 114. Viii INTRODUCTION. ( I. The BAT, in which the humerus is long and slender, with a small pectoral ridge. Ulna rudimentary, attached to the curved radius, which constitutes the bulk of the forearm; carpus composed of 6 bones; the metacarpal bones 5 in number, separate and distinct; the phalanges generally 2 in number; thumb, and il some the index finger surmounted by a claw. 1I. The PTERODACTYLE, in which the humerus is short and straight, very broad at head, with angular and prominent pectoral ridge; ulna and radius distinct, of nearly equal size; carpus composed of 5 bones; metacarpus of 4 bones, separate and distinct; 1st finger with 3 joints, 2d with 4, 3d with 5, 4th with 4 joints, all provided with claws, with the exception of the 4th, which is remarkable for the extraordinary development of its several joints. It is from this last mentioned finger to the base of the foot that the skin was stretched by which the animal was enabled to fly. ( III. The BIRD, in which the humerus is curved, more or less slender; pectoral ridge prominent, not angular; ulna large, curved, not united with the slender and more diminutive radius; carpus of 2 bones; metacarpus of 2, sometimes of 3 bones-the first being small and cylindrical, the other two of larger dimensions andl united so as to form a bone resembling the bones of the forearm; ulnar phalanx of 1 joint, united to the radial which is composed of 2. The power of sustaining flight not dependent upon the expansion of skin, but upon the excessive development of dermal appendages (feathers). IV. The ARCH2EOPTERYX' agrees with the typical bird in general particulars, but differs in the number of the metacarpal bones, which are here 4 in number: the 1st and 2d are slender, free and separate from one another; the 3d and 4th bear considerable resemblance to those of extant birds, in being large, stout, and closely approximated; but are not, however, united. Flight is supposed to have been maintained in the same manner as in living birds. I Archceopteryx lithograpplica, H. voN MEYER, a fossil of the Lower Jurassic formation of Germany, obtained from the lithographic stone at Solenhofen. It was first made known to science by Prof. Wagner, at a meeting of the Mathematico-Physical Class of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Munich, in 1861, and was more minutely described, by H. Hermann vou Meyer, in Jahrbuch fir Mineralogie, 1861, 561. This remarkable fossil, which is at present exciting such profound attention among anatomists, combines the characters of the bird and the reptile so intimately that it was for a time a matter of doubt to which INTRODUCTION. i DIAGRAM OF THE BONES OF ANTERIOR EXTREMITIES OF FLYING VERTEBRATES. e tt ti' d I IV III II I. BAT.-a. Scapula. b. Humerus. c. Radius. d. Rudiment of ulna anchylosed to radius. e. Carpus. f. Metacarpus. g. Phalanges. II. PTERODACTYLE.-References the same as in Fig. I. III. BIRD. — eferences as in Fig. I. The dotted outline of the second ungual phalanx indicates the occasional occurrence of a claw at this point. The majority of birds are without it. IV. ARCHloPTERYX.-References as in Fig. I. The dotted outlines seen at carpus and the terminal phalanges are restored portions. X INTRODUCTION. In addition to the instances already given, certain fishes, as the Exocoetus and Dactylopterus, possess the power of sustaining true flight. The mechanism that lifts the body of the fish from the water, and upholds it for a short time in the air, is obtained in the pectoral fins, which, in these animals, are enormously developed. The structure of these fins is homologous to that of the anterior extremities of other vertebrates-their form alone being modified to adapt the animal to the medium in which it is placed. Thus we have, in each great subdivision of vertebrate animals, a representative capable of sustaining flight. Another somewhat similar modification of the animal economy is met with in a few animals of arboreal habits. Here a peculiar arrangement of the skin is observed, which enables the possessor to break the force of downward leaps. In the Flying Lemur (Galeopithecus), in the Flying Squirrel (Pteromys), and in the Flying Opossum (Petaurista), the furred skin extends laterally from the sides of the body, and is attached to anterior and posterior extremities at the metacarpal and metatarsal regions respectively. The only instance of osteological development is obtained in the Dragon (Draco volans), a small lizard from Sumatra, in which long, transverse processes from either side of the lumbar vertebra support a thin membranous growth which is capable of being opened and shut by means of muscles attached to the bony frame-work. Anatomy. —From the consideration of the mechanism of the wings of bats, it is an easy transition to speak of their anatomy. The bones of Cheiroptera, though incapable of receiving air from the surrounding medium, are nevertheless of very light class it could be assigned. Its peculiarities consist of a continuation of the bones of the vertebral column posteriorly to the number of twenty segments, thus creating a tail seven inches in length; of the metacarpal bones, being composed of four bones instead of two or three as in living birds; and of the reptilian character of the pelvis. For descriptions concerning this curious animal the reader is referred to the original paper by M. von Meyer, loc. cit.; an article in The Intellectual Observer, for Dec. 1862 (with plate), by Wm. H. Woodward; an article in Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2d series, XXXV, May, 1863, 129 (Prof. Dana); an article in Phil. Trans. CLIII, part I, 1863, 33, pl. 1 to 4 (Prof. Owen). The last mentioned paper is the most complete on the subject, and is accompanied with a handsome full size plate of the fossil. It is from this memoir that the outline engraving on the opposite page has in part been taken. INTRODUCTION. xi structure. The skeleton of a bat is expressive of lightness and tenuity. The bones of the common Brown Bat (V. subulatus), from which this description is taken, weighed but eleven grains. The skull is of proportionate large size, rounded at cranium. The parietal crest, generally faintly produced, is frequently entirely absent; at the superior angle of occipital bone a faintly defined triangular patch is seen in those skulls where the temporal fossae on either side have not extended quite the length of the side of cranium. Orbit incomplete; temporal fossse very large; zygomata perfect, generally slightly curvilinear, somewhat depressed in centre. Anterior nares large, sub-circular, extending back on the palate to a level with the canine teeth. Intermaxillary bones rudimentary and not meeting in front. The bo.nes of the cranium are without diploe, and the interior of the skull without tentorium. Auditory bullae (viz., the circular appendages to the external meatus) very large. Occipital condyles broad; foramen magnum large, sub-oval, somewhat depressed. The maxillary bones are stout, and support all the teeth, excepting the incisors, which are held in position by the inter-maxillary bones. The lower jaw is stout, receding at symphysis, where it is very high, and extends backwards to a level with the 2d premolar tooth; coronoid process high, blunt, strongly marked externally to its base with the concave surface for the insertion of temporal muscle. The anterior border is vertical, the superior and posterior are slightly oblique, ending in the condyloid process; the articulating head of which is arranged transversely to the axis of the bone. The ramus of the jaw is turned slightly outward, and is thin and compressed. A large hamular process is conspicuous immediately inferior to the articulating surface. The teeth are of variable number-being in some species as low as 30, in others as high as 38. This variation, combined with differences in their contour, furnish characters of great importance in the classification of these animals. The principal differences are seen in the number of the incisors and molars. The usual number of incisors is 4 in the upper, and 6 in the lower jaw. The number is never in excess of this, though frequently falling short of it. Thus, in some genera there are but 2 incisors above and 4 below; or there may be none above and but 2 below. When the number in the upper jaw is confined to 2 teeth the central incisors are wanting. The number in the lower jaw is x.i IN-TROD1UCTION. always 6 in the family Vespertilioidice, with the exception of the Californian genus Antrozous, which has here but 4 incisors, In this particular it shows evidence of its affinity with the family Phyllostomide, in which 4 incisors in the lower jaw is the normal number. The molars are of two kinds: the true molars, and the false or premolars. The former are the larger and situated most posteriorly, the latter are small, placed between the true molars and the canines, and appear to unite the characters of both these teeth. The premolar adjoining the first molar bears a stronger resemblance to the grinders than to the premolar adjacent to the canine, which shows decided resemblance to the eye tooth. The number of molars (true and false) in any bat never exceeds 6 above and 6 below. In any diminution of this number the first premolar is always wanting. The minute description of the teeth is reserved for the remarks under each species. It will be well in this place, however, to define the true molars, and since they are not subject to any material variation in shape no mention of them will be made in the text. The true molars are 3 in number, both above and below. In the upper jaw they are of a sub-triangular shape, wider than long, their bases being outward, and their apices rounded and blunt. The first and second teeth have two V-shaped cusps upon the articulating surface of the crown-the anterior border of each cusp being more prominent than the posterior. The union of these two cusps constitutes what is known as the W-shaped crown. This irregularity is occasioned by the sinuate incurving of the enamel of the tooth; it eminently adapts the organ for the mastication of insect food. The inner portion of the articulating face is lower than the outer, is of a rounded shape, and is furnished with but one cusp, which, however, placed immediately behind the anterior triangular cusp, runs obscurely backwards to behind the posterior cusp, giving these teeth the appearance of being quadri-cuspid. The third molar, lmuch smaller than the preceding, has a straight anterior and a rounded posterior surface; the external face of crown is irregular and sinuate, posterior unicuspid. In the lower jaw the molars are of equal size. They are longer than wide. Each tooth is made up of two V-shaped cusps, their INTRODUCTION. X:i bases lying inwards, their apices very acute. The anterior cusp is wider and somewhat higher than the posterior. The vertebral columnz is remarkable for the absence of any prominent processes. The cervical vertebrae are little more than slender rings of bones surrounding a spinal marrow of unusual width. The dorsal are also very uniform in appearance, each bone having its sides furnished with a slightly elevated tubercle. The ribs attached to them are relatively broad, very long, and much curved, thus giving the thorax a somewhat compressed appearance. The first rib is remarkable for its extreme breadth, especially at the point where it articulates with the sternum, being here twice the width of the clavicle. The sternum is of great strength. The manubrium is markedly crested, broad and flat at base whence two blunt, obtuse alae spring from either side to articulate with the clavicle and first rib. The gladiolus and xyphus are large and robust; the latter has upon its inferior extremity an expanded cartilaginous piece, which is continuous with the linea alba. The object of this excessive development of the sternum is evident: the immense power employed in the maintenance of flight necessitating the presence of strong osseous points for attachment of the muscles. The clavicle is long, much arched, and slightly flattened from before backwards. The scapula is of a sub-rhomboid shape. At the upper third of its dorsal surface the dorsal spine runs obliquely forwards and terminates in the large acromion. The coracoid process is also conspicuous, and projects at right angles from the scapula parallel with a similar process from the internal superior angle of the shoulder blade. The humerus is long, cylindrical; head small, scarcely longer than shaft; two processes before and behind the articulation are observed for the insertion of the scapular muscles. The inferior extremity has but one articular facet. The forearm consists of the radius alone, the ulna being entirely absent or confined to a mere rudiment attached to the upper posterior part of the radius. The radius is slightly arched, much larger than humerus, and like it without any process. The carptus is composed of 6 bones, of which the largest supports the radius. The bones of the imetacarpus are greatly developed in length, constituting the bony frame-work upon which the wing membranes are stretched. The thumb has two joints, the terminal one of which is surrounded by a claw, the others having generally X-V INTRODUCTION. three joints each-long and cylindrical. The pelvis is slender and narrow. The ilii are elongated, not widened, and markedly convex on outer surfaces; ischia relatively large, and converging; pubis rather slender. The ossa innominata are readily disunited at symphysis, their union to the sacrum being firmer. Obturator foramen large and elliptical. Both femur and tibia are long cylindrical bones, presenting no features of interest. The fibula is slender, acuminate and imperfect; it arises from the base of the tibia, and terminates midway up that bone. By the partial eversion of the lower extremity it appears to lie to the inner side of the tibia. The toes are five in number and armed with sharply curved claws; the calcaneum is enormously developed as a spicula of bone, running obliquely downwards and inwards towards the tail, and inclosed within the border of the interfemoral membrane. The termination of this bone is abrupt in some species, in others its extremity blends with the free edge of the membrane. The tail is composed of nine joints in the majority of bats, which diminish in width from above downwards; the tip of the tail may or may not be included in the interfemoral membrane. Mr. Thomas Bell, in reviewing the osteology of the bat, uses the following language:"The whole of this structure is so perfectly adapted to the peculiar habits of the animals as to require no comment. The great development of the ribs, sternum, and scapula for the attachment of strong muscles of flight; the length and strength of the clavicle; the extension of all the bones of the anterior extremity, all admirably tend to fulfil their obvious end." —Cyclopedia of Anat. and Phys., art. Cheiroptera. The digestive apparatus is very simple, as might be supposed from the nature of the food upon which these animals subsist. The stomach is simple, with small fundus. The intestine is short, measuring but one and a half times the length of the body, and in many species without a ceecum. The nervous system is highly developed, especially the special senses of hearing and of touch. The ears, both internally and externally, are highly perfected. The cochlea are disproportionately large as compared with the size of the semicircular canals. The ampullae, as already seen, are very large. To this osseous structure, for the reception of sound, is added the complicated auricle with which all insectivorous bats are provided. These INTRODUCTION. XV are fiequently much larger than the head, and of great variety of shapes: their variations of form being of great importance in classification. The internal border is generally much curved, and terminates in an obtuse or acute projection, called the internal basal lobe (c); the external border of the ear is of an irregular convex contour, and ends anteriorly in a blunt and thickened fold of membranethe external basal lobe (d).! The tragus, or oreillon (e), is an upright growth of membrane extending from the base of the auricle up the centre of the external ear. The function of this appendage is not known; it probably acts as a valve to prevent foreign substances entering the ear, or to prevent the volume of sound received from such a large auricle in impinging too forcibly upon the delicate tympanum. The nose is also frequently the seat of extensive dermal growths. These appendages, situated about the nostrils, may be simple upright, triangular folds of skin, or they may be exceedingly complicated in structure. No North Amnerican bat, with but one exception (11. californicus), has such a development. Though the external ear is evidently intended to augment the sense of hearing, there is some doubt whether the nose leaves hold the same relation to the olfactory sense. These growths are composed of reduplications of skin, and are not related to the lining membrane of the nose. They are probably the agents for augmenting the sense of touch alone, and in this way act conjointly with the wing membranes. It is in this latter structure that the sense of touch chiefly resides. The bones of the extremities being covered on either side with an enduplication of skin, form a frame-work upon both sides i In the above cut the external basal lobe has been turned, backwards to disclose the base of tragus. xvi INTRODUCTION. of which the papillar of touch are extensively distributed. This function, in many places, is probably aided by the delicate hairs which are sparsely distributed linearly upon the under surfaces of the membranes. These may perform a function analogous to that observed in the labial whiskers which are so prominent in the Fclidee. Spallanzani was the first to notice the high development to which this sense had been brought in these animals. His experiment is well known, but will bear repetition here:"In 1793 Spallanzani put out the eyes of a bat, and observed that it appeared to fly with as much ease as before, and without striking against objects in its way, following the course of a, ceiling, and a.voiding, with accuracy, everything against which it was expected to strike. Not only were blinded bats capable of avoiding such objects as parts of a building, but they shunned, with equal address, the most delicate obstacles, even silken threads, stretched in such a manner as to leave just space enough for them to pass with their wings expanded. When these threa.d were placed closer together, the bats contracted their wings, in order to pass between them without touching. They also passed with the same security between branches of trees placed to intercept them, and suspended themselves by the wall, &c, with as much ease as if they could see distinctly."-Godman's Amer. Nat. Hist. I, 1831, 57. Habits.-The habits of these animals are but little known. We possess a general knowledge that they are of nocturnal and crepuscular habits; that they feed upon night insects; that they frequent in their hours of repose secluded retreats in common with other nocturnal animals. To this circumstance, as much as any other, our ignorance of their habits is chiefly due. The darkness and unpleasant surroundings of their haunts are sufficient obstacles to cool the ardor of the most enthusiastic naturalist. Opportunities are offered occasionally, however, to observe their flight, and their habits in repose, by their accidental entrance into the open apartments of our dwellings in warm weather.l' In this connection I take the liberty of quoting from Mr. Audubon's Eccentric Naturalist," a sketch which appeared in the "Ornithological Biography' of that author. The hero of this sketch is well known to have been M. Rafinesque. The incident narrated was one of a series of adventures equally ludicrous which Mr. Audubon graphically narrates:"' When it was waxed late I showed him to the apartment intended for INTRODUCTION. Xvii Under these circumstances they can be readily caught, and although bearing captivity poorly, can yet with care be sustained for some time. In this condition they will take small pieces of raw meat with avidity, though-strange as it may appearrefuse to partake of insects. They appear to drink largely of water. A small Brown Bat, which I once caught and cagled, would lap up water eagerly when all food was refused. The first act of the bat, after emerging in the evening from its retreat, is to fly to the water. The following account illustrating this peculiarity, as well as showing the enormous numbers in which these animals will live together, is of great interest. It is from the pen of M. Figaniere, Minister to this country from Portugal, in a letter addressed to Prof. Henry, Secretary of Smithsonian Institution:" In the winter of 1859, having purchased the property known as Seneca Point, on the margin of the Northeast River, near Charlestown, in Cecil County, Maryland, we took possession of it in May of the next year. The dwelling is a brick structure covered with slate in the form of an lL, two-storied, with garret, cellars, and a stone laundry and milk house attached. Having been uninhabited for several years it exhibited the appearance, with the exception of one or two rooms, of desolation and neglect, with damp, black walls, all quite unexpected, as it had been but very slightly examined, and was represented in good habitable condition, merely requiring some few repairs and a little painting. " The boxes, bundles and other packages of furniture which had preceded us, lay scattered around and within the dwelling: these, with the exception of some mattresses and bedding for him during his stay, and endeavored to render him comfortable, leaving him writing material in abundance. I was indeed heartily glad to have a naturalist under my roof. We had all retired to rest. Every person I imagined was in deep slumber, save myself, when of a sudden I heard a great uproar in the naturalist's room. I got up, reached the place in a few moments, and opened the door, when, to my astonishment, I saw my guest running about the room naked, holding the handle of my favorite violin, the body of which he had battered to pieces against the walls in attempting to kill the bats, which had entered by the open window, probably attracted by the insects flying around his candle. I stood amazed, but he continued running round and round, until he was fairly exhausted; when he begged me to procure one of the animals for him, as he felt convinced they belonged to a' new species.'" B Xviii INTRODUCTION. immlediate use, were hastily arranged for unpacking and placing in order at leisure. The weather, which was beautiful, balmy and warm, invited us towards evening to out-door enjoyment and rest after a fatiguing day of travel and active labor; but chairs, settees and benches were scarcely occupied by us on the piazza and lawn, when to our amazement, and the horror of the female portion of our party, small black bats made their appearance in immense numbers, flickering around the premises, rushing in and out of doors and through open windows-almost obscuring the early twilight, and causing a general stampede of the ladies, who fled covering their heads with their hands, fearing that the dreaded little vampires might make a lodgment in their hair. " This remarkable exhibition much increased our disappointment in regard to the habitable condition of our acquisition, and was entirely unexpected, inasmuch as the unwelcome neighbors were in their dormant state and ensconced out of sight, when the property was examined previous to purchase. With their appearance and in such immense numbers the prospect of immediate indoors arrangement and comfort vanished; the paramount, the urgent necessity was to get rid of such a nuisance as quickly as possible; and the question was by what means could this be accomplished. Our scientific friends and acquaintances, both in New York and Philadelphia, were consulted, various volumes of natural history were examined in order to ascertain the peculiar habits of the vermin, but we derived no effectual consolation from these sources. One of our friends, indeed, sent us from New York an infallible exterminator in the form of a receipt obtained at no inconsiderable cost: strips of fat pork saturated with a subtle poison were to be hung up in places where the annoying'creatures' did most congregate; of this they would surely eat, and thus'shuffle off their mortal coil.' How many revolving bat seasons it might have required by this process to kill off the multitude, the urgency of the case would not allow us to calculate, and the experiment was therefore abandoned. "Evening after evening did we patiently, though not complacently, watch this periodical exodus of dusky wings into light from their lurking places one after another, and in some instances in couples and even triples, according as the size of the holes or apertures, from which they emerged, in the slate roofing would permit. Their excursions invariably commenced with the cry of INTRODUCTION. xix the'zwhippoorwill,' both at coming evening and at early dawn; and it was observed that they always first directed their flight towards the river, undoubtedly to damp their mouse-like snouts, but not their spirits, for it was likewise observed that they returned to play hide and seek, and indulge in all other imaginable gambols: when, after gratifying their love of sport and satisfying their voracious appetites (as the absence of mosquitos and gnats testified), they would re-enter their habitation, again to emerge at the first signal of their feathered trumpeter. I thus ascertained one very important fact, namely, that the bat, or the species which annoyed us, ate and drank twice in twenty-four hours. Such appeared their habit, such therefore was their indispensable need. Upon ascertaining this fact, after having tried suffocation by the fumes of brimstone with only partial success, I concluded to adopt a more efficient plan of warfare; and for this purpose commenced by causing all the holes, fissures in the wood-work, and apertures in the slating to be hermetically sealed with cement: this put a stop to their egress; but to avoid their dying by starvation and deprivation of water, which would manifold increase the annoyance by adding their dead to their living stench, I ordered apertures of about two feet square to be opened in the lathe and plastered partition on each side of the garret windows, and also in the ceiling of every garret room; lastly, when the bats' reveille was sounded by the bugle of the whippoorwill, all the hands of our establishment, men and boys, each armed with a wooden implement (shaped like a cricket bat), marched to the third floor,'on murderous deeds with thoughts intent:' a lighted lantern was placed in the middle of one of the rooms, divested of all furniture, to allure the hidden foe from their strongholds. After closing the window to prevent all escape into the open air, the assailants distributed at regular distances to avoid clubbing each other, awaited the appearance of the bats enticed into the room by the artificial light and impelled by their own natural craving. The slaughter commenced, and progressed with sanguinary vigor for several hours, or until brought to a close by the weariness of dealing the blows that made the enemy bite the dust, and overpowered by the heat and closeness of the apartment. This plan succeeded perfectly. After a few evenings of similar exercise, in which the batteurs became quite expert in the use of their weapon, every wielding of the wooden bat bringing down an expiring name XX INTRODUCTION. sake, the war terminated by the extermination of every individual of the enemy in the main building. However, there still was the cock-loft of the laundry, which gave evidence of a large population. In this case I lad recourse to a plan which had been recommended, but was not carried out in regard to the' dwellinghouse. I employed a slater to remove a portion of the slating vwhich required repairing. This process discovered some fifteen hundred or two thousand bats, of which the larger number were killed, and the remainder sought the barn, trees, and other places of concealment in the neighborhood. " In the main building nine thousand six hundred and forty bats, from actual counting, were destroyed. This was ascertained in tlie following manner: After the battlinig of each evening the dead were swept into one corner of the room, and in the morning, before removing them to the nmanure heap, they were carefully counted and recorded; many had been killed before and some few after the reckoning was made, and were not included in it, nor were those killed under the adjoining laundry roof. The massacre commenced by killing fewer the first evenings, the number increasing, and then diminishing towards the end; but it was generally from fifty or a hundred, up to six hundred and fifty-the highest mortality of one evening's work-dwinldling down to eight, five, three, and two. This species of bat is generally small, black, and very lively. Some smaller than the ordinary size were found, probably young ones, and one or two larger, supposed to be grandfathers, of a reddish hue, which was thought to be from age. These vermin were generally more or less covered with a sniall sized bug, not very dissimilar to the common chinch, but of a different species. As previously stated, the bat has a very disagreeable odor, which also pertains to its ejection. "The manure, as well as the bodies of the slain, was used to fertilize the flower and vegetable garden, and thus, in some degree, they served to compensate us for the annoyance to which we had been subjected. The manure, however, required to be applied with caution, since, if used in too large a quantity, it appeared to burn the organism of the plants. "To remove the very disagreeable odor which remained in the upper part of the house, various kinds of disinfectants were employed with some advantage; but the most effectual method re INTRODUCTION. XXi sorted to was that of opening holes of about four inches square, two at each gable end, to permit a current of air to pass through. These holes were covered with iron gauze, to prevent the re-entrance of any of the remainder of the army of the enemy which might hover around the premises. "At the end of five years the odor has now nearly disappeared, being hardly perceptible during a continuance of very damp weatther. The fact mentioned above of the numerous parasites infesting bats is perhaps the most revolting feature in these creatures. Thle enormous population of Acari found upon their bodies is due to the great generation of animal heat in their close haunts, a condition conducive to a rapid increase of all kinds of vermin. In this country the common bed-bug (Cimex lectularis) is frequently found upon their fur. The entrance of a bat, with its precious burden, into the open window of a farm house is the solution of that frequently propounded question of the despairing housewife: "Where can the bugs come from?" Of individual anecdotes of bats we have but few examples. The following, illustrating the maternal instinct, is taken from Godman's Nat. Hist. I, 1831, 56. It is narrated by Mr. Titian Peale: "In June, 1823, the son of Mr. Gillespie, the keeper of the city square, caught a young Red Bat (L. noveboracensis), which he took home with him. Three hours afterwards, in the evening, as he was conveying it to the Museum, in his hand, while passing near the place where it was caught, the mother made her appearance and followed the boy for two squares, flying around him and finally alighted on his breast, such was her anxiety to save her offspring. Both were brought to the Museum-the young one firmly adhering to its mother's teat. This faithful creature lived two days in the Museum, and then died of intjuries received from her captor. The young one, being but half grown, was still too young to take care of itself, and died shortly after.' ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA. 1. ISTIOPHORA. (Bats with upright appendage on nose.) M EGADERMATIDE. Nose leaf simple, triangular, acuminate... Macrotus. II. GYMNORHINA. (Bats without upright appendage on nose.) A. Nostrils circular; wing membranes narrow; tail either much longer or much shorter than interfemoral membrane... NOCTILIONID. Lips grooved.. Nyctinomus. B. Nostrils subelliptical; wing membranes ample; tail inclosed in interfemoral membrane-the final joint in some instances exserted.....ESPERTILIONIDA. a. Two incisors in upper jaw. t Six incisors in lower jaw. * Interfemoral membrane more or less hairy... Lasiurus. ** Interfemoral membrane not hairy... Nqcticejus. t Four incisors in lower jaw.. Antrozous. b. Four incisors in upper jaw. t Molars 6; internal basal lobe of ear acute.... Vespertilio, $ Molars less than 6; internal basal lobe of ear rounded. * Nose with two symmetrical excrescences... Synotus. ** Nose without excrescences. Scotophilus. ( xxiii ) MONOGRAPH OF NORTH AMERICAN BATS. FAM. MEGADERMATIDJE. MACROTUS, GSRY. lacrotus, GRAY, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1843, 21. Ears large, joined; leafy appendage simple, erect; interfemoral membranes large; point of tail free. Fig. 1. 5Macrotus californicus. Skcull thin, light, tapering. The cranium inflated; parietal crest small. Dentition. Molars 5. Canines I. Incisors 4. Canines I. Molars 5 34 teeth. 6 1 4 1 6 Upper Jaw.-The incisors disproportionate; the central large and chisel-shaped; the lateral small, pointed, and converging. Canines small, slightly concave on inner, convex on outer surface; 1 2 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. no basal cusps. First premolar of peculiar shape, thin and compressed. It is unicuspid, with a small posterior basal point visible from without. The second is thicker, and has an internal basal ridge. The third and fourth molars not peculiar. The fifth is small, greatly compressed from within outwards. Lower Jaw. —Incisors crowded, indistinctly trilobed; canines with a marked basal cusp. The first and second premolars of about equal size, thick, with basal ridge. The remaining molars not peculiar. In placing this genus under Megadermatidwe it should not be considered as having any strong affinity to the genus 3egaderma. When a family or subfamily is extensive, the first and last members of it often differ considerably from one another; and in the present instance the genus Megaderma may be considered to stand at one end of the subfamily, while JMacroius is at the other, the intervening members being wanting. The nose leaf of Mlegaderma is complex and naked, that of Mlacrotus is simple and hairy. Meegaderma has no tail, while that of Macrotus is produced beyond the interfemoral membrane. Macrotus has some resemblance to that group of Phyllostomatide, of which Glossophaga is the type. The head has the same long, rostroid appearance, the small acuminated nose leaf, the cleft in the lower lip, and the abrupt interfemoral membrane. The genus, in fact, appears to stand between Megadermatidwe and Phyllostomatide. The genus MIacrotus was established by Gray in the Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1843, p. 21, upon specimens of ]I. waterhousii brought from Hayti by Dr. Parnell. The description was very brief, and accompanied by no mention of the dentition. MACROTUS. 3 Macrotus californicus, BAIRD. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Macrotus californicus, BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1858, 117.-IB. Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv. II, 1859, Mammals, p. 4, pl. i, fig. 2. Description.-Head long. Face hairy. Eyes rather large, almond-shaped. Nose leaf acuminate, higher than broad, its narrow nostrils placed in its base obliquely. Ears very large, united over the head by an incised, transverse membrane; they are oval and slightly hairy. Tragus not quite half as high as the auricle; lanceolate straight on outer border, where at base there is an abrupt increase in width with a slight revolution posteriorly; inner border not thickened, the upper half concave, lower half convex. Lower lip cleft, shield triangular acute. Thumb slender, long; basal joint shortest. Tail produced two lines beyond the interfemoral membrane. The calcaneum large. Wing membrane extends to ankle; in some specimens it seems to arise by a slight attachment from the calcaneum in the same manner as in the genus Natalus. Foot moderate, with short compressed hairs on upper surface, claws rather large. The fur is indistinctly tricolored. Above, base white, terminal third fawn, its tip gray. Below, base likewise white, terminal third fawn, its tip white-thus giving the fur a grizzled, wavy appearance. The hair about the face is shorter and more inclined to brown. Immediately behind the junction of the ears the head is almost naked. The basal portions of the ears have growths of hair upon them which may be contiguous in the living animal. This species is closely related to M. waterhousii, Gray, of Cuba, Hayti, and other West Indian Islands; but a comparison 4 NO0RTH AMERICAN BATS. of the type with good specimens of the latter from Cuba, preserved in alcohol, and presented by Prof. Poey to the Smithsonian Institution, show unmistakable differences, as do others from Jamaica, recently received from kMr. March. The chin plates are less acutely defined; the internal border of the tragus is much thickened, and the revoluted portion at the base of the external border is slightly swollen. The fur is bicolored; central portion dark-brown instead of fawn. The nose leaf is of about the same height as in the above species; the tail, however, is.25 of an inch shorter. The dentition is similar. The L. mexicana, Saussure, is a species from Mexico described by M. Saussure in Revue et Mag. de Zool., 2d series, XII, 1860, p. 486. The author states that the description is taken from a specimen which was in poor condition. It is difficult to tell from his description whether his species is the same as IlL californicus or not. Fig. 4. Macrotus californicns. MEASUREMENTS. 0 ^ <_. g 0 c0.D J' II 11 b a. a iib' t C ) b;t b' t,_ 5 C 1..-.-.0t C 3 A d d C, c3 a, El a o o0 0 _ 0s 2317 2.3 1.6 0.2 1.10 0.9 3.3 0.5 1.1 0.5 10.0 Ale. 5214 417 2.0 1.3 0.2 1.8 0.8 3.0 05 1.0 0.4[ 10.0 5214a 411 20 1.4 0.2 1.10 0.10 3.2 0.4 1.2 O 100 0 5214b 410 2.0 1.3 0.2 20 0.10 3.0 0.5. 10 0.4 10.0 5214c 797 2.0 1.2 0.2 20 08 3.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 110 5214d 2.0 1.4 0.2 1.8 010 3.0 0.5 0.11 04 10.6 521.4e 412 2.0 1.4 0.2 1.9 0.9 3.0 0.5 1.0 06 11.0 6174 415 2.0 1.3 0.2 1.8 0.8 3.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 10.6 NYCTINOMUS. 5 LIST OF SPECIMENS. Cat. No.,Specimens.) Locality. Presented by Nature of Spec'n. 23-17 1 Fort YuliC., Cal.; aj. C. H. Thomas. In alcohol (type). 5214 2S Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus. Ii alc1hol. 6174 1 Cape St. Lucas. John Xautus. In alcohol. FAM. NOCTILIONIDMJ. NYCTINOMUS, GEOFF. Nygctinomus, ET. GEOFFROY, Desc. de l'Egypte (Hist. Nat.), II, 1814.-Is. GEOFFROY, Ann. des Sc. Nat. I, 1824, 337.-CASTELNAU, Exp. d'Amer. Sud; Mammif. pl. xii, f. 2. Ears generally joined; lips thick, pendulous, grooved; nose sharp, well defined; tragus obtuse, broad and square; tail produced beyond the interfemoral membrane nearly half its length; great toes separated from the others, and fringed on their outer side. Fig. 5. N. nasutus. Skutl.-The cranium is inflated, with no appearance of crest, and very papery. The anterior nares small. Intermaxillary bones rudimentary; facial angle small. Auditory capsules large. Lower jaw slender and elongated. 6 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Dentition. 5 1 2 1 5 Molars 5. Canines. Incisors. Canines. Molars _30 teeth. 5 1 4 1 5 Upper Jaw.-Superior incisors converge but do not touch. The first premolar is very small, but not hidden; the second has a sharp, well defined internal cusp. The internal cusp of the third upper molar has a posterior prolongation; last molar large. Lower Jaw.-The incisors are very small, bilobed and crowded. The canines are slender, with an internal cusp, which does not meet its fellow in the middle line. Two premolars of nearly equal size, unicuspid, the posterior being a little the larger. The remaining three molars are in nowise peculiar. A singular confusion has always existed in the efforts of naturalists to accurately determine the forms of the Molossoid group of the Noctilionide. The names of Vespertilio, Mlolossus, Dysopes, Dinops and Nyctinonmus, have been applied almost indiscriminately to the different species. Geof. St. Hilaire established the genus MColossus, in 1805, in Ann. du Mus. VI, 150. In 1814, he founded the genus Nyclinornus in the " Description de l'Egypte." As far as my observation has been extended, it is among these two genera that the different species can be properly grouped, excepting perhaps the form Cheiromeles, Horsf. ]Molossus is an American genus. Nyctinomus has an extensive distribution, being found in Africa, Australia, and America. Peters, in "Reise nach Mozambique," has described two African species under the names of Dysopes brachypterus and limbatus, but the figured skulls and weads correspond exactly to those of Nyctinomus. Tomes, while adverse to the separation, states that if separated, Molossus australis, Gould, from Australia, belongs to Nyctinomus. Horsfield's elaborate and sagacious researches in Asia have brought to light NT. tenuis; and finally, Is. St. Hilaire noticed as early as 1824 (Ann. des Sc. Nat., April, 1824), the prevalence of the genus in America. Nyctinomus can readily be distinguished from Molossus by the following characters:Mololssus. Superior incisors converge and touch. Molars four in upper jaw; internal cusp of third molar not prolonged NYCTINOMUS. posteriorly; last molar small. Skull not markedly broad. Lips thick and heavy, but not furrowed. Nose rounded. Tragus a mere point of integument. Nyctinomus. Superior incisors converge but do not touch. Molars in upper jaw five; internal cusp of third upper molar having a posterior prolongation; last molar large. Skull broad. Lips very pendulous and furrowed. Nose sharp, well defined. Tragus obtuse, broad, and square. Nyctinomus nasutus, TOKES. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Molossus nasutus, SPIX, Sim. et Vesp. Bras., 1823, 60, pl. xxxv, fig. 7; fid Isis, August, 1824, 899 (Brazil).-SCHINZ, Syn. Mamm. I, 1844, 143. Dysopes nasutus, TEMM., Mon. MaRmm. I, 1827, 234.-IB. Zool. Jour. III, 1828, 459.-WAGNER, Suppl. SCHREBER, I, 1844, 474.-Ib. V, 1855, 711. Nyctinonmus nasutus, TOMES, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 68 (Jamaica). Nyctinomnus brasilicnsis, IsID. GEOFF., Ann. des Sc. Nat. I, April, 1824, 337, pi. xxii (Brazil).-IB. Zool. Journ. I, 1825, 133.-FERUSSAC, Bull. des Sc. Nat. II, 1824, 74. Nyctinomus mnurinus, GRAY, Griffith's Cuv. Ann. Kingdom, V,'1828, 66. Nycticea cynocephala, LECONTE, Cuv. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie) I, 1831, 432 (South Carolina). Molossus cynocephalus, COOPER, Ann. N. Y. Lye. IV, 1837, 65, pl. iii, fig. 1.-WAGNER, Suppi. SCHIEBER, V, 1855, 714. Molossus fuliginosus, COOPER, Ann. N. Y. Lye. IV, 1837, 67, pl. iii, f. 3 (S. Carolina.) Rhinopoma carolinensis, GUNDLACH, Archiv f. Natur. 1840, 358, (not of Geoff., in Desm. Mamm. 1820, 130, and Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XLV, 1829). -LECONTE, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, 1855, 437.? Dysopes naso, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. I. 1840, 475, based on 7Nctinomus brasiliensis, GEOFF. Nyctinomus nexicanus, SAUSS., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. XI, 1860, 283. 8 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. Description. —Head rather large; made to appear more so by the heavy pendulous lips. Ears broad as high, obtusely square, almost joining on top of the head; on their inner anterior border five minute warts are observed. The outer border is emarginate at its upper, strongly concave at its lower portion, where at its basal third it is doubled upon itself. The miouth has upon it a bristled wart. The tragus is small, very obtuse; the outer border rather the longer. It is furnished at the tip with three or four bristles. The sides of the face are very little swollen. The inflated portions are continuous with the inner border of the ear, and both it and the pendulous lips, which are crimped into eight perpendicular lines, are studded with stiff bristles some three lines in length, those near the mouth being shorter. The snout is prominent, produced, truncated, and emarginate; a little ridge runs down the median line. The upper margin is beautifully crenulated, the lower is thickly set with a row of projecting setae, between which and the base of the nostrils runs a deep groove. The nostrils themselves are simple, rounded, and open sublaterally. The lower lips are thick but not crimped; they are quite bristly, and a small median wart is placed three lines from the mouth. The fur is thick, short, soft, and almost entirely confined to the body. Above it is dark fawn at tip, with a base of a whitish hue. It extends up upon the back of the ears one-third their height. There is a very delicate patch on the interbrachial membrane. In front the color is light cinereus at base; tip a delicate fawn. Thumb moderate. Foot large; toes furnished with long hairs; the first and fifth fingers with numerous and thicker hairs in addition. Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes, has been selected as the name of this species after careful search. For a long time, NV. brasiliensis, Is'd. Geof., was thought to have the priority, but the reference following Dysopes nasutus, Spix, in the above synonymy, shows clearly that this description has the priority of one year over the former. Mr. Tomes's name follows the title, since he was the first to give it its proper name. Geoff. St. Hilaire, after founding the genus Nyctinomrus, is said to have described a bat from North America, which was called Rhinoporma carolinensis. This is considered by Major Leconte to be the same as the species under consideration. But Nyctinomus has a naked nose, while Rhinopooma has a well developed noseleaf and operculum. There has been no figure given of this NYCTINOMUS. 9 animal, but a glance at a figure of another species of the same genus, R. nacrophylla, Geoff., Plates of the "Description de l'Egypte," pl. i, fig. 1 (erroneously entitled Taph)ozous filet), will at once show the wide differences existing between lRhinopoma and Nyctinomus. I have discarded Geoffroy's name, therefore, thinking it very probable that it has had an erroneous locality thrust upon it.' It is somewhat singular that Major Leconte should have adopted this name at the sacrifice of his own —NTcticea cynocephala-upon the bare supposition that the specific name, caroline sis, might lead to the conclusion that RhiPnopoma had been found in North America. As far as I have been enabled to observe, there are no leaf-nosed bats whatever inhabiting the Atlantic slope of the United States. The species M. cynocepehalus and fuliginosus, of Mr. Cooper, evidently refer to the same animal; the minute differences observed in the ears are due to the circumstance that Mr. Cooper's descriptions were taken from dried specimens. There is no longer much doubt about the extensive distribution of this species. Mr. Tomes2 has examined specimens fiom different South American localities, and he affirms that they are identical with those obtained from South Carolina. I have also examined a specimen from Hayti, and another from Buenos Ayres, both of which belong to the Mus. Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, and theyappear to be precisely similar to the more northern individuals. It may be proper to state that Wagner considers the lfolossus nasutus of Spix to be different frolm Nyctinomus brasiliensis of Geoffrey (=D. nasutus, Telmm.), and gives the name of D. naso to the latter species. Burmeister also applies the latter name to a species found about Buenos Ayres (Reise durch die La Plata Staaten, II, 1861, 392) and in Chile. "This (N. nasutus) has been supposed by Major Leconte and others to be the R. caroliensis of M. Geoffroy; but having examined the types of this species in the Paris Museum, I am enabled to state that this is not the case. The R. carolinensis is a small Molossus from West Africa and Bourbon (MI. acetabulosus = i3. natalensis)."-Tomes, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 68. 2 " I have received specimens from many localities in South America and have compared them with others from Central America, and with the types of N. brasiliensis in the- Paris Museum; and again with specimens of N..fidi,giosus from Charleston, S. C., whence they had been sent by Dr. Bachman, and I find them to be all one species."-Tomes, loc. cit. 10 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. M EASUREMENATS. _ cl, _. _, 494 2.6 1.1 1.9 0.6 3 0.4 0.7 0.2 10.3 2.6 1.0 1.7 0.6 3.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 10,0 5227.. 2.4 1 3 1.6 0.6 3.2 0.41 0.6 0.2 9.9 o219.. 2.3 1.3 1.6 0.6 3.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 10.0 2.3 1.2 1.7 0.6 3.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 10.6 2.0 1.3 1.6 O 3.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 104 5225.. 2.2 1.2 1.6 0.6 3.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 10.3 LIST OF SPECIMENS. Cat. No. No. of Sp. Locality. Presented by Nature of Specimen. 3-173 1 Upper Rio Grande. Dr. T. C. Ienry. Dry. 5473 1 E Paso. J. I. Clark. 522') 1 Eastern Texas. " " Alcoholic. 5219 3 Pecos to R. Grande. Capt. J. Pope. 5406 2 Grand Coteau, La. St. Chas. Coll. 5223 1 AMatamoras. Lt. Couch. 5227 1 Fort Yuma, Cal. Matj. G. H. Thomas. 4742 "U. S." aj. Leconte. Dly. Fig. 8.,,, 11/\ <00.\