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FOREWORD
UGAR is one of the principal foods of the world. The United
States consumes far more sugar than any other nation of the
world.
Cultivation of sugar beets and cane is one of the most important
agricultural industries of the United States. The industry of the Territory of Hawaii is almost wholly that of agriculture, and sugar constitutes by far the greater part of its agriculture. On this account the
employment, prosperity and happiness of the majority of the people
of these Islands depend upon the continued success of our sugar
industry.
This pamphlet, which consists of a reprint of educational articles
appearing from time to time in newspapers of the Territory, is issued
for the purpose of giving general and specific information regarding
sugar, its history, its position in world relations and the extent and
methods of its production locally in Hawaii by American industrial
organizations. Competition within the borders of the United States
between foreign sugars produced at low cost has been and probably
will always be keen. The people of the United States have wisely
decreed in favor of a tariff policy which will maintain the production
of sugar under our flag, thereby preventing the possibility of the
control of an essential food product by foreign monopoly.
It is hoped that these articles will contribute to the readers'
knowledge of sugar and aid in convincing him of the importance of
this industry to the Territory of Hawaii and to the United States.
HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION.
Honolulu, T. H., July, 1926.
* s




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A    T THE early dawn of civilization, a hermit, living in India, created sugar cane and from its juice made the first sugar.
Whether this enterprising anchorite applied methods of creation similar to those employed centuries later by Luther Burbank, or
methods somewhat more spectacular, is left to the imagination. But
the legend does tell us his object, which was to provide a heavenly
food for the earthly paradise which he was arranging for his rajah.
Such is the legendary origin of sugar cane and sugar.
The distribution of sugar cane and the development of the industry have been interwoven with conquest and adventure. Sugar
has swayed the politics of mighty nations striving for world supremacy; it has entered into the policies of famous statesmen; it has played
a prominent part in world activity and government.
Radiating from India, both east and west, sugar cane found its
way around the world. Chinese writings of the eighth century B. C.
record that it had been imported from India. Three hundred years
before Christ, the armies of Alexander the Great returned from India
bringing the "honey-bearing reed" to Asia Minor and Europe. The


2




conquering Moors brought it into Spain; the Crusaders brought it
from Palestine; daring Portuguese navigators carried it to the Madeiras, Azores and Cape Verde Islands; Christopher Columbus brought
it to the New World and planted it in Santo Domingo in 1493.
When Captain Cook discovered these Islands in 1778, he found a
number of varieties of sugar cane. Tradition tells us that sugar cane
was brought here by foreigners. A Japanese junk is supposed to have
landed here in the 13th century, and a Spanish vessel two hundred
years later. However, the probabilities are that the cane varieties
found here by Captain Cook were introduced by the ancient Hawaiians from the south seas.
Sugar was formerly considered a rare and costly luxury, to be indulged in only by princes and noblemen. Down through the centuries
an increasing demand has been met with an increasing production,
and today "concentrated sunshine," as sugar is termed, is consumed in
the homes of the rich and the poor alike, as a necessity.


3




f/


'7/e PioWminodnc               fa f Sucqal in
Wox'ld Affairs
S   UGAR has played its part in the history of world affairs. Napoleon Bonaparte gave the sugar industry serious attention in
his plans of empire building. On March 11, 1811, he issued
an edict that 79,000 acres of land in the empire be devoted to the
raising of sugar beets, whose value as a sugar producer had only
recently been developed. This was the famous decree that gave impetus to the beet sugar industry of the world-the edict of Nantes.
Since that time the industry has been encouraged with bounties
and subsidies by practically every European government. As recently as March 7, 1925, the British Parliament passed a bill to encourage the production of sugar in Great Britain by paying a bonus
of five cents for every pound of refined sugar produced in England,
Ireland or Scotland.
In Chinese manuscripts of 200 B. C., it is shown that the kingdom
of Funan paid its tribute to China in sugar cane. During the 15th
century a citizen of Venice received a reward of $1 1,940 for inventing a process of making loaf sugar. The emperor, Charles V, obtained enough revenue from import taxes on Santo Domingan sugar
during the 16th century to build the royal palaces at Madrid and
Toledo. Frederick William III, king of Prussia, provided funds for the
erection of the first real sugar factory in Germany in 1802.


4




Conferences of European nations were held at Brussels in 1898
and 1901 to adjust bounties, taxes, and duties on sugar produced in
Europe.
The United States is the largest consumer of sugar in the world.
The attention of Congress has been directed to dozens of tariff bills
on sugar, and many states have legislated to foster the sugar industry.
The Customs Revenue derived from the tariff on imported sugar
is a large part of the revenue of our government.    The actual figures
for 1922 and 1923 are as follows:
Revenue From Sugar Imports
Customs Revenue From
Year          All Imports for Con-                Per Cent of Total
sumption.           Amount     Revenue from All
Imports for
Consumption
1922              $451,356,289         $147,443,983     32.7
1923               566,495,828          127,475,381     22.5
Average........      $508,926,058         $137,459,682     27.0


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THE WO
SWEIET 1


T   HE nations of the earth have entered a brisk competition for
the production and control of sugar during the past century. The European nations have encouraged the beet sugar
industry within their boundaries, for their own supply, and export
markets have been sought eagerly. The world's annual crop of
sugar has increased from 1,045,000 tons in 1840 to over 24,000,000
tons in 1925.  Volumes of treaties, tariffs and bounties have been
made to regulate price, duties, subsidies and foster the industry. No
other commodity has received the national and international attention given to sugar.
The United States consumes thirty per cent of the world's production.  It consumed over 6,000,000 short tons of sugar in 1925.
This was the record year, consumption amounting to 107 pounds
per person. Over fifty per cent of the sugar used in the United
States is supplied by Cuba, whose product comes in under a preferential tariff. About 23 per cent comes from Hawaii, the Philippines
and Porto Rico, and over 20 per cent is produced within the boundaries of the states.


6




The largest sugar-producing countries of the world are, first,
Cuba, with a 1925 crop of approximately 5,740,000 short tons.
The second is British India with a 1925 crop of over 2,854,000
tons, and Java third with over 2,000,000 tons. The beet sugar crop
of the United States for 1925 amounted to over 1,000,000 tons.
The 1925 crop of Hawaii was over 776,000.
Under tariff protection the Hawaiian crop combined with the
domestic beet crop of the United States holds the Cuban control of
the market in check.


/




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uusar


H      AWAII'S great sugar industry has a historical background
of real interest.  Men from many nations of the earth
have played a part in its development. Its struggles and
achievements are inseparably linked with the political, social and
economic progress of this Territory. Its history is rich in action and
human interest through more than a hundred years of development.
Throughout the Islands the remains of early sugar tnills still
stand as reminders of bustling days in the '60s and '70s when
sugar began to come into its own as a staple industry in Hawaii.
Captain Cook found sugar cane growing here in 1778, and there
is every reason to believe that it was brought here by the early
migrations of the natives.
A Chinese who came to the Islands in 1802 on a vessel trading
for sandalwood brought a stone mill and a boiler with him. He set
up this apparatus on the island of Lanai; but after grinding one
small crop, he left the Islands. Don Francisco de Paula Marin, a
Spaniard who came to Hawaii in 1791, succeeded in making sugar
in 1819.
In 1823 an Italian named Lavinia made sugar in Honolulu by
pounding the sugar cane with stone beaters, on poi boards, and boiling the juice in a small copper kettle.


8




In 1825 an Englishman, John Wilkinson, first began the cultivation of sugar on a large scale by planting 100 acres in Manoa Valley, Oahu; but after his death in 1827, the cultivation was discontinued.
In 1835 the sugar industry received its first permanent impulse
from an American firm, Ladd & Company, who obtained a grant
of land from the king and established a small plantation at Koloa,
Kauai. With the gold rush to California in 1849 and the opening
of the Civil War in 1861 the demand for Hawaiian sugar was stimulated and the industry first commenced to thrive; although real
progress did not occur until a number of years later..)..  --.0  -. --—. ---.i g i    _      <
_JLT~- II ~-'K   —..~ ~ _ ~


9




ofgress
of Sugar i saoraii


A      TRIP around the island of Oahu a little over forty years ago
would have revealed a different world. Over the Pali to
Kaneohe or in the now beautiful residential districts of Nuuanu and Manoa Valleys, quaint old sugar mills were operating.
They were driven by horse, oxen or water power and one stick of
cane at a time was fed through their upright wooden rollers.
Compare this rustic scene with the bustling industry of today.
Gigantic mills are grinding thousands of tons of sugar cane daily.
The investment in mill equipment and buildings by several of the
present-day plantations runs far above the $2,000,000 mark. The
total capital now invested in the industry amounts to between $150,000,000 and $1 75,000,000.
Plantation payrolls for the year ending October 31, 1924,
amounted to $24,000,000.
In 1856, the entire crop of sugar of the Islands was 547 tons.
The 1925 crop amounted to over 776,000 tons. In 1880, the average yield of each plantation was between 200 and 800 tons of
sugar per year. Today a number of the plantations produce between 30,000 and 60,000 tons of sugar annually. In 1880, the


10




plantations employed from 50 to 200 men each. Today a number
of the plantations employ over 2000 men each and some over 3000
men. There are now fifty-one plantations in Hawaii as compared
with five in 185 7.
In 1875, a reciprocity treaty was negotiated between the United
States and the Hawaiian Kingdom, allowing Hawaiian sugar into
America free of duty. This treaty marks the real beginning of development. Twelve years after the signing of the treaty, the Islands
exported 100,000 tons of sugar. Since the annexation of Hawaii to
the United States in 1898, continuous progress has been made in
the development of the industry.


11




/


11


Uavaii'sSU Sa inQusti'ij
FROM the background of history in every great nation or every
great enterprise certain men stand out who have figured prominently in its progress and development. The sugar industry
of Hawaii numbers its list of illustrious names-men whose energy,
courage and vision have developed the resources of these Islands,
creating one of the finest organized agricultural industries in the
world, upon which the general prosperity and wealth of the Territory
today is based.
These men were of the same hardy pioneer stock that built up the
great western United States. While covered wagon trains were fighting their way through the hardships and dangers of the West, and
throngs from many nations were rushing to the gold fields of California, the foundations for industry and progress were being laid in
Hawaii.
These pioneers of Hawaii's sugar industry included men who
brought capital to invest, and many others who came here poor,


12




but worked their way up through sheer pluck and industry. Fortunes were lost as well as made. Many succeeded and many failed,
but all contributed their share to development. There were energetic Americans, and many native Hawaiians high in the councils
of their kingdom; Englishmen, Scotchmen, Irishmen, Norwegians,
Germans, Portuguese, Spaniards-men of various nationalities, but
men who possessed in common the pioneer spirit and energy. Many
of them have contributed inventions which not only advanced the
sugar industry here, but had a far-reaching effect on the sugar industry throughout the world.
There were many severe obstacles to be overcome and hardships to be encountered, but progress though slow was steady, and
the sugar industry of Hawaii can look back over more than 100
years of development with pride in the achievements of its pioneers.


13




\t^in Hawai Sugar             dust 
T     HE lives of many early pioneers of Hawaii's sugar industry are
woven through with a thread of adventure and romance that
gives a colorful picture of the pioneer days in which they lived
and made their achievements.
James Campbell, a notable figure in Hawaii during the past century, ran away from his home in Ireland in 1839 and came to
America. From New Bedford, Mass., he took passage on a whaling vessel bound for the Pacific around the Horn.  The ship was
wrecked in the South Seas. Campbell's life was saved by a floating
spar which enabled him to reach an island. Cannibals captured him
and would probably have made a meal of him, but he again saved
his life by repairing an old flintlock musket in the possession of the
chief. The chief ordered him set free and he was adopted by the
tribe. He escaped to Tahiti a few months later on a passing ship
which was putting into the island for fresh supplies. In Tahiti he
assisted the natives in a rebellion against the French and finally left
for Hawaii on a whaler which landed him at Lahaina, Maui.
He accumulated some capital by building and repairing houses
and ships, and with this started a sugar plantation at Lahaina in
1861. Success came through hard work and in the early '70s he


14




founded the Pioneer Mill at Lahaina which today is one of the main
plantations of the Islands. In 1879 Mr. Campbell bored the first
flowing well of artesian water in Hawaii at Ewa, Oahu. This well
is still flowing.
Dr. Robert W. Wood, who came to Hawaii in 1839, is known
as the first financially successful grower of sugar cane here.  He
started sugar planting in 1849 after ten years' service as physician
in the hospital for seamen at Honolulu.
Valdemar Knudsen, son of Knud Knudsen, President of Norway,
was beckoned to America by the adventurous blood of his Norsemen forebears. For some time he engaged in the book-publishing
business in the East, but gave this up and left for California in the
historic gold rush of 1849. With his earnings in the gold fields of
Yuba Dam and Feather River he established a successful trading and
provision business and became prominent in California's early history. While returning from a visit to his parents in Norway in 1853,
Mr. Knudsen contracted "Panama fever" and the doctor ordered
him to a warm, dry climate. Largely by chance he landed at Koloa, Kauai, from a sailing vessel, and there learned that his fortune
was lost through duplicity of business associates in California.
He started his career in Hawaii from the bottom, and through
his own efforts built up a large industry. He devoted his attention to
sugar production and became manager of Grove Farm Plantation,
later purchasing and developing lands at Kekaha and Mana which
today form several of the most productive plantations in the Islands.


15




Su/ar Industr
SuqarIndustrq


A    MONGST the many pioneers who distinguished themselves in
building Hawaii's great sugar industry are the names of
Henry Perrine Baldwin, Samuel T. Alexander, Claus Spreckels and John M. Horner.
H. P. Baldwin and S. T. Alexander were both born in Hawaii
of early New England missionary parents. Both started as young
men in the cultivation of sugar cane, and became lifelong friends and
business associates. They organized the firm of Alexander & Baldwin which today is one of the most prominent in the business world
of Hawaii. In 1863 S. T. Alexander became manager of Waihee
Plantation on Maui, with H. P. Baldwin as head luna. In 1869
both resigned and established the Haiku Plantation on Maui. Mr.
Baldwin came to Honolulu to borrow $1800 from his share in the
venture and had a hard task raising the money. In 1876 the partners started the Hamakua-Haiku ditch which was a tremendous undertaking in those days. The ditch extended 17 miles through a
heavily forested, mountainous country and when completed cost
$80,000 instead of the estimated $25,000. It was the first important


16




irrigation project undertaken in Hawaii and almost ruined the partners financially. However, it enabled them to get water to large
areas of land that had been practically worthless, and finally resulted
in their prosperity and the organization of another plantation at
Paia, Maui. They later acquired the Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar
Co., at Puunene, Maui, formerly owned by Claus Spreckels, and also
Kihei Plantation. Mr. Baldwin established the Hawaiian Sugar Company's plantation at Makaweli, Kauai, in 1889.
Both men began poor and through their own efforts built up
vast industrial and business enterprises in Hawaii. Their names and
their characters are honored by all who knew them.
Claus Spreckels, who made such a great name for himself in
American industry, was attracted to Hawaii in 1876. He started
cane culture on a large scale on the island of Maui. In 1878 he
completed plans for a great irrigation project costing $500,000 to
reclaim 17,000 acres of land. The enterprise was a success and the
Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Co. was established, adding a tremendous increase to Hawaii's sugar output. After 1893 Mr. Spreckels gradually withdrew his interests from Hawaii.
John M. Horner, known as "the pioneer farmer of California,"
came to Hawaii in 1879 to cultivate sugar cane. He developed large
agricultural interests here and in the early '80s predicted that Hawaii would eventually produce 600,000 tons of sugar a year. His
prediction was ridiculed then, but in 1925 the Territory's output
amounted to 776,072 tons.


17




E$i~L=p  E


C APTAIN JAMES MAKEE of Woburn, Mass., who came to
Hawaii in 1843 on the whaling ship "Maine," became,
through an accident, one of the pioneers in the sugar industry here. While the "Maine" lay in the roadstead off Lahaina,
Captain Makee was attacked by the ship's cook, who brutally cut
him with a cleaver and escaped, leaving him for dead. Medical aid
was given the Yankee captain on an American warship anchored at
Lahaina, and during a long convalescence he became interested in
Hawaii. He established a ship chandlery business in Honolulu and
later purchased "Torbett's Plantation" at Ulupalakua, Maui. In
1877 he launched a breakwater project at Makena, Maui, to facilitate the shipment of sugar.  Two years later he engaged in a sugar
growing venture with King Kalakaua at Kapaa, Kauai, a part of
the present Makee Sugar Company.
Paul Isenberg, who played a prominent part in developing the
sugar industry on the island of Kauai, came to Hawaii as a young man
from Dransfeld, Germany, where his father was a clergyman of the
Lutheran Church. His voyage was made on the bark "Harburg"
and took six months. He worked as an overseer on Lihue Plantation and became its manager in 1862 following the death of W. H.


18




Rice. Mr. Isenberg is said to have had an extraordinary capacity
for hard work and achieved many developments. He added large
areas of land to the Lihue Plantation and brought them under cultivation. He also became prominent in the business world of Hawaii
as a partner in the development of the firm of Hackfeld & Co.
William Hyde Rice, who distinguished himself as a political leader
and governor of Kauai under the Hawaiian monarchy, also played a
part in the sugar industry. He was a son of early missionary parents
and was born in the Islands. Like his father, William Harrison Rice,
he centered a great interest in sugar growing, and was instrumental
in organizing and developing several of Kauai's large plantations.
Charles Reed Bishop, from a humble start when he came to Honolulu in 1846, built up Hawaii's oldest banking institution, The
Bank of Bishop & Co. In 1876, when the reciprocity treaty was signed between Hawaii and the United States, a period of heavy investment in sugar followed, which strained credits and brought about a
near financial crisis in Honolulu.  Mr. Bishop gave great service to
the industry by assuming a large financial responsibility and averting
the danger.


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raiis Suqar Industry


STORIES of the business and industrial achievements of men who
have worked their way up the ladder of success are close to the
heart of every American. These traditions of American life
and progress were carried out in many of the careers of the builders
of Hawaii's great sugar industry.
The story of Benjamin Franklin Dillingham is a colorful example
of American creative genius and foresight. He was born in Brewster, Mass., of old Puritan stock. As a young man he became a sailor
on merchant vessels. At the age of 21 he shipped on the bark
"Whistler" for a voyage to Hawaii. While riding horseback ashore
in Honolulu he was thrown and his leg was broken. His ship returned to the coast while First Officer Dillingham remained behind in
the hospital. Upon his recovery he entered the employ of Henry
Dimond, hardware dealer, as a clerk at $40 per month. In 1869,
with Alfred Castle, he purchased Henry Dimond's business and the
firm became Dillingham & Co. In 1889 Mr. Dillingham retired from
the firm and devoted his attention to the great enterprise of linking
up Honolulu with its back country by means of a railroad. His project
met with much criticism and was known as "Dillingham's Folly."
Back of Dillingham's plan was the great vision of turning miles
of wild, unproductive land into a vast sugar producing area to be


20




tapped by his railroad.  Today we see the actual result of this
man's vision as we stand upon Red Hill and look over miles of waving, green sugar cane-one of the most highly productive agricultural areas in the world. Dillingham conceived the plan of irrigating
this land with artesian water raised to the necessary level by pumps
Through his untiring enthusiasm he at last succeeded in interesting
capital in his project. Ewa plantation was organized, and on Sept.
4, 1889, the first train to run out of Honolulu took an excursion
party one-half mile into the Palama rice fields. With the extension
of the railway there was a need for more freight, and Mr. Dillingham
proceeded with the organization of Oahu plantation and Honolulu
plantation.  Waianae, Waialua and Kahuku plantations were expanded and the Oahu Railway was finally extended to Kahuku,
opening up to railroad transportation practically all of the extensive
sugar growing areas of Oahu.
Mr. Dillingham later extended his operations to the islands of
Hawaii, Kauai and Maui where he promoted several plantations and
built what is now known as the Hawaii Consolidated Railway which
taps the large sugar growing areas of the island of Hawaii.


21




\su /
MQIieiIIW!                      lioilt o sugar
IN NO other part of the world are as many races of men living and
working so closely and harmoniously as within the boundaries
of the Territory of Hawaii.
East meets West, North meets South, and they all meet each other
in Hawaii. Races of men have come here from the four corners of
the earth, and it is the great sugar industry of Hawaii that has
brought them here.
As early as 1850 Hawaii's sugar industry began to look to other
parts of the world for needed help. This necessity was due to the
development of the industry and the steady decline of the native
Hawaiian race which had hitherto supplied the necessary labor.
From then to the present day the sugar industry has been bringing people here to work and assist in its development. Immigrations of Americans, Portuguese, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Rus

22




sians, Koreans, Scandinavians, Germans, Galicians, South Sea Islanders, Porto Ricans and Filipinos have been brought here.
Hawaii's sugar industry has given them all steady work. There
have been no hard times-prosperity and development have been
constant. Today the sugar plantations of Hawaii employ 49,000
people.
Many men from these races have risen to prominence, wealth
and position in the community. Thousands of good citizens have
developed and a Territory has grown up of which we are all proud.
A land for which the future holds great possibilities.
Practically all of the races mentioned have played a more or
less prominent part in the expansion of the Territory's prosperity
through the development of its main industry.
We will treat separately with the history of the various races in
the Islands in connection with the sugar industry in following articles.


23




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T    HE Chinese have been linked closely with the history and development of Hawaii's great Sugar Industry. The first sugar
mill in the Islands is said to have been erected by a Chinaman
in 1802 on the island of Lanai. The first sugar mill at Wailuku,
Maui, was started by a Chinaman named Hung Tai in 1828.
In 1794 the foreign population of the Hawaiian Islands consisted
of ten white men and one Chinaman. The Chinese were early traders with Hawaii. They sought sandalwood, which grew in abundance on the mountains here. The Chinese name given to Hawaii
was Tan Heong Shan or the "Sandalwood Mountains."
In 1850 when the necessity for labor on the sugar plantations
began to make itself felt, the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society
looked towards China for relief. In 1852 Captain Cass landed 195
Chinese laborers in Honolulu on the bark "Thetis." These people


24




were placed on the plantations and proved themselves honest, steady
workmen. In July of the same year 98 more were brought to Honolulu. Most of these were Hakkas and the rest from the district
of Heong Shan.
From 1852 until the end of the century Chinese immigration
steadily increased; the greatest number coming in the '70s and
'80s. Up to the time of the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, over
37,000 had arrived in the Islands.
The service of the Chinese in the sugar fields gave a great impetus to the sugar industry, which was steadily expanding and was
in great need of labor to carry out necessary work and development.
After annexation the Chinese Exclusion Act went into effect and
the Chinese, many of whom went into other lines of work, soon became outnumbered in the sugar industry.
The Chinese here have proved themselves good farmers and
good business men. Today they produce most of the poi and vegetables consumed in Hawaii and control many flourishing business
enterprises.
The Chinese population of Hawaii today is 24,500. Last year
they paid a half million dollars in territorial taxes. They owned
real property assessed at $11,000,000 and personal property at
$3,000,000. Their savings bank deposits totaled more than $3,000,000. There are at present about 6,500 students of Chinese descent in the schools of the Territory. These are developing into good
citizens and good Americans. The Chinese still play a part in Hawaii's sugar industry.


25




Ip


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in 


Suqar


industrn


T   HE demand for workers to develop Hawaii's resources and industry has brought men from many corners of the earth to
work on the sugar plantations here.
In the early '50s an attempt was made by Kamehameha IV to
remove all the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island to Hawaii. The British
consul general demanded that they be admitted as subjects of the
British Crown. Minister of Foreign Affairs Wyllie, of Hawaii, would
not consent to this and the project was dropped.
In December, 1859, the American schooner "Wamp" arrived at
Koloa, Kauai, with ten South Sea Islanders who hired themselves
out to Koloa Plantation.
In 1864, through the recommendation of Kamehameha V, a bill
was passed creating a Bureau of Immigration. In 1868 another attempt was made to procure South Sea Islanders, but nothing was accomplished. In 1877 the Bureau directed Captain Mist to the South
Sea Islands to promote emigration, and in May, 1878, he returned
on the "Storm Bird" with 86 Micronesians.


26




In 1880 Mr. A. L'Orange was sent to Norway for the purpose of
procuring emigrants from that country. This resulted in the arrival
of 615 Norwegians here in 1881. The German bark "Cedar" arrived in June, 1881, bringing the first party of Germans to the
Islands. There were 71 men, 19 women and 34 children brought
here by the owners of Lihue Plantation. In October, 1898, the German ship "H. F. Glade" arrived with 365 Galician laborers. During
the same year Ewa Plantation brought 14 American farmers and
their families from California to work on the plantation on a profitsharing system. Modern houses were built for them, transportation
was paid, pasture land was given them, and rich sugar land planted
in seed cane was given them to cultivate. The experiment was not a
success, however, for all gradually drifted away to other work.
From 1909 to 1912 there were 2,056 Russians brought to Hawaii from Manchuria by the Hawaiian Board of Immigration. The
total cost of this immigration amounted to nearly $178,000. Only
about sixty per cent of these people accepted employment on the
plantations and these soon drifted away and most of them left the
territory.
In April, 1907, the steamship "Heleopolis" arrived here with
2,246 Spanish immigrants from the district of Malaga, South Spain,
where sugar-cane planting is conducted. In 1903 the first Koreans
were brought to Hawaii on the S. S. "Gaelic."  Porto Ricans have
also been brought here in considerable numbers and have proven
themselves good workers.


27




i '
_f, —
Portuguese
workers in    Iaewaiian
Sugar
AMONG the races of men who have played a part in the development of Hawaii's great sugar industry, the Portuguese
hold a prominent place. Up to 1853 there were but 86
Portuguese in the Islands. These men came originally from Fayal,
Graciosa, St. Jorge, and the Cape Verde Islands as sailors on whaling ships.
One of the first sugar mills in the Islands was set up by a Portuguese, Antonia Silva, at Waikapu, Maui, where he made sugar in
1828.
The Portuguese did not come to the Islands in large numbers
until after 1876 when the reciprocity treaty was signed admitting
Hawaiian sugar to the United States free of duty. Sugar production
was greatly stimulated through this treaty and a pressing demand for
labor made itself felt. Through the agency of Dr. Hillebrand, then
a resident in the island of Madeira, satisfactory arrangements were
made for the immigration of laborers from Madeira and the Azores.
The sailing vessel "Priscilla" was chartered for the purpose and arrived here September 30, 1878, after a voyage of four months, with the
first company numbering 180.


28




A treaty of immigration was arranged between the two governments in 1882 through the efforts of Hon. H. A. P. Carter, and a
diplomatic representative of Portugal, Count A. de Souza Canavarro,
was sent to Hawaii.
As illustrated throughout their national history, the Portuguese are
an adventurous, enterprising people and excellent colonizers. Therefore little difficulty was encountered in recruiting sufficient numbers
for the work in Hawaii. The Portuguese workers proved a real boon
in the development of Hawaii's sugar industry, and immigrations of
these sturdy, industrious people were carried out for Hawaii's sugar
industry from 1878 until 1913. The total number brought here in
that time amounted to over 20,000 people. The majority of these
were brought from the Azores and Madeira Islands.
Today the Portuguese population of Hawaii is numbered at
26,700. A large percentage were born and reared here as American citizens. Besides their importance as a factor in developing Hawaii's main industry they have been identified with many lines of endeavor in the Territory. An unusually large percentage are home
owners. They have proven themselves progressive, enterprising citizens and many have risen to positions of prominence and standing in
the community and in the business world of Hawaii.
Today many of the skilled positions on the plantations are held
by Portuguese and they still continue to play a part in Hawaii's sugar
industry.


29




.., W~cr"     --- T ---


EVELOPING an industry that represents the principal resource
and wealth of a great Territory requires the work of many
men. Workmen of many nations have participated in the
growth of Hawaii's Sugar Industry. Among these the Japanese
command an important place.
Tradition tells us that the Japanese may have been the first ones
to bring sugar cane to Hawaii, when a Japanese junk touched at the
island of Maui in the 13th century.
The first Japanese residents of Hawaii were a small band of castaways brought to Honolulu on the American whaling ship "John
Howland," in 1832. They had been picked up from a desolate
island after being marooned many months following the wreck of
a fishing junk. Among them was a Japanese known as John Mung


30




whom the American missionaries here educated. He returned to
Japan with his companions after ten years. In 1856 Commodore
Perry broke the shell of Japanese isolation. In 1860 John Mung returned to Honolulu as Captain Mungero of the Imperial Japanese
Navy, aboard the Japanese steamer "Candinmarrah." He had won
fame and rank in Japan through his education and travel and translation of Bowditch's great American work upon navigation. He was
the first native of Japan who navigated a vessel out of sight of land
according to scientific principles. The friendly Captain Mungero
created a closer acquaintance between Japan and Hawaii.
In 1868 Mr. Van Reed, Hawaiian consul in Japan, was asked by
the Hawaiian Bureau of Immigration to investigate the value of Japanese as laborers likely to remain in this country. He reported highly
of them and arranged for the transportation of 148 Japanese on the
ship "Scioto." These people proved satisfactory and were placed
at work on the sugar plantations here. The next immigration did not
occur until 1885 when 1946 Japanese were brought to Hawaii following an agreement between the Hawaiian Bureau of Immigration
and the Japanese government. From that time until 1907 Japanese
immigration to Hawaii was continuous. The largest number arriving
in one year was 19,908 in 1899 and the smallest was 34 in 1900.
For many years the Japanese supplied the larger part of the labor
performed on the sugar plantations of Hawaii. They have proved
themselves intelligent and industrious workers and have played an
important role in developing Hawaii's prosperity.
They have won a prominent place in the industrial and business
world of Hawaii and in all branches of skilled employment. The
present generation is growing up with American education, American customs, American standards of living in American environment
and are good American citizens.


31




T   ODAY the Filipinos outnumber all other races of men among
the workers on Hawaii's sugar plantations. There are now
24,000 Filipinos employed in the sugar industry here. The
nearest race of men to them in point of numbers has a total of about
13,000 employes on the plantations.
The Filipinos are doing an important work in Hawaii today and
they have proved themselves good workmen for the job.
The majority of the Filipinos who are brought to Hawaii are
from the Ilocano and Visayan districts of the Philippines and, in their
homeland are engaged mostly in agricultural work. Many thousands
of workmen are required to carry on Hawaii's main industry and as
early as 1906 the plantations turned to the Philippines for the sturdy
men who now supply the bulk of the labor in the sugar industry. The
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association entered an agreement with the
Philippine commission relative to the importation of labor from the
Philippine Islands.  The first immigration, amounting to about 200
men, arrived here in 1906 and 1907. The next group of Filipinos
to arrive came in 1909. From then to the present day the immigration has been continuous.


32




Their passage to Hawaii and all expenses are paid and also their
return passage after a period of three years or 720 working days.
Many return to the Philippines with substantial savings and buy small
farms of their own.  The Filipinos today are eager to come to
work in Hawaii and many more applications are received than can
be taken care of.
The Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association maintains an organization in the Philippines with a head office in Manila and branches in
each province where workmen are taken. This organization looks
out for the welfare of the plantation laborer in many ways after he
has returned from Hawaii as well as at the time he is recruited to
make his voyage here. A description of this work, also of the living
and working conditions and the system of pay and bonuses of the
workers on Hawaii's sugar plantations will be told in full later.


33




I.


A

/ q
_-r
1
-i

T   HE development of Hawaii's Great Sugar Industry represents
the principal development of the resources of these Islands.
When the sugar industry in Hawaii was practically at its beginning in 1836 the total exports from the Islands amounted to only
$73,000 in value. In 1924 the total exports of Hawaii were valued
at nearly $109,000,000. Hawaii's sugar crop alone for 1924 was
valued at over $74,000,000.
Hawaii's first trade with the outside world began with the harvest of its sandalwood which was sold in China. Exports of this
wood in 1836 were valued at $26,000. This trade began prior to
1810 and lasted for twenty years or more. The American whaling
ships came in 1819 and Honolulu soon became the base of operations for whaling ships from all over the world. At the height of
the whaling industry in the '50s, Hawaii's exports were only around
$500,000 and $600,000 annually.
Hawaii's greatest wealth was in her land. But this land was not
developed.  Areas devoted to agriculture were little more than


34




enough to supply the needs of the people for food. The vast areas
of fertile lands were covered with forests or used for the grazing of
scattered herds of cattle. Exports of hides and goat skins amounted
to $16,000 in 1836. Today the sugar industry of Hawaii cultivates
an area of over 210,000 acres.
With the exhausting of the sandalwood forests and the falling
away of the whaling fleet, Hawaii turned to its sugar industry as its
main resource. This industry had been going forward in the face
of many setbacks since 1835. In 1874, when the whaling vessels practically disappeared, Hawaii's total exports had risen to over $1,800,000 and in 1884, several years following the Reciprocity Treaty with
the United States and extensive developments in sugar production,
the annual export values had reached over $8,000,000. In 1894
they amounted to over $9,000,000 and have constantly increased
since.
Hawaii's sugar crop for 1925 was 776,072 tons of 2000 pounds
and its value was nearly $75,000,000, even with the exceedingly
low prices of sugar prevailing in this year.
The sugar industry of Hawaii is developing the resources of the
Territory through one of the most modern and intensively cultivated
agricultural industries in the world.


35




1   t!,. I


'CISf —ur'' hi os l           /CWt
su tar inuu 
CIENCE has worked wonders in our world of today. All about
us are its marvels. Right here in Hawaii science has made history in our principal industry. The intensive cultivation and
development of Hawaii's great sugar industry and possibly its very
existence today are indebted to science.
The Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, located in the heart of the Makiki district of Honolulu, is
the workshop of a group of scientists who are constantly laboring for
the progress and protection of Hawaii's sugar industry. Among
them are men whose names have an honorable place in the world of
science —men who can tell thrilling tales of adventure in tropical
swamp and jungle in far corners of the earth-men who have made
long searches for insect parasites to combat cane pests that menaced
Hawaii's sugar industry.
This Experiment Station has a history marked with achievement.
The development of new varieties of sugar cane, hardier and more
productive in this soil, is an outstanding success. Intensive production
of the land has been attained through scientific study and application
of fertilizer. Instead of "playing out" as in the history of much of


36




the world's most fertile agricultural lands, the sugar lands of Hawaii
have actually become more productive under constant cultivation.
The benefits of this work have not been confined to the sugar
industry alone. Other plant life has been preserved, and industry
assisted.
In most countries, and elsewhere in the United States, agriculture
looks to the government for scientific protection and development.
Sugar in Hawaii demands its own staff of scientists and supplies them
at its own cost.
The Experiment Station is maintained by the sugar plantations
of Hawaii who cooperate through the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.  It was established in 1895, just a few years before a
scourge of insect pests attacked the industry. It started with about
three workers, and today has a staff of over forty. Its first year's
expense was $7000, while the expenses of the Experiment Station
for 1925 were estimated at $385,000.
The work is divided into an Entomology Department, a Pathology Department, an Agricultural Department, a Forestry Department, a Sugar Technology Department, and a Chemistry Department. Our following articles will tell of the interesting work and
achievements of the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station.


37




_/i6~
671 


I


-   - --
If Stor-io.   —:
eStor! of


UPPOSE that all the oranges of California or all the apples of
Oregon, or the wheat of Kansas, or the corn of Iowa were to
be attacked with a disease that would lay waste these vast producing industries-a disease that would temporarily baffle all efforts
of science. Such a thing would be a great disaster of far-reaching
effect. Hawaii's Sugar Industry was threatened with the menace of
a rapidly spreading plant disease, less than a score of years ago.
The largest areas of Hawaii's sugar lands were planted in "Lahaina"
cane, which was then the most productive variety. This cane was
attacked by a root disease, and the sugar industry suddenly awoke to
the deterioration of "Lahaina" at such a remarkable rate as to threaten the existence of many plantations. Then, at the height of this
dismal situation came "H-109" to save the day for Hawaii's sugar
industry. "H 109," Hawaii's own sugar cane, not only afforded relief
from the menace of "Lahaina disease," but brought even greater
benefits by reason of its increased volume of production.


38




"H-109" is a name with widespread fame and respect in the
sugar grower's world. It is an achievement in plant development
with results equal to the spectacular work of that well-known plant
wizard, Luther Burbank.  "H-109" is distinctly Hawaii's product.
Ten years ago there were but 500 acres of "H-109"' growing in Hawaii. Today 80,000 acres are devoted to this sugar cane and the
area is increasing each year.
"H-109" produces more tons of sugar per acre than any other
variety of sugar cane grown in Hawaii, and has a particularly hardy
constitution in its natural environment, which is on the irrigated
plantations of the Islands. It has increased the value of Hawaii's
sugar crop by many millions of dollars, and ranks as one of the most
highly productive sugar canes in the world.
"H-109" first saw the light of day at the Experiment Station of
the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association in Honolulu in 1905. It
was one of a group of 5000 seedlings, the first to be propagated in
Hawaii from Hawaiian grown sugar canes. It is a seedling of a
"Lahaina" cane. Under the careful observation of Charles F. Eckart,
then Director of the Station, "H-109" began to stand out from its
companions and show prospects of a bright future. Year after year
it was replanted and tested and sent out to the various plantations
for observation.  It attracted the interest of George F. Renton, then
manager of Ewa Plantation. He gave "H-109" its most extensive
commercial test by planting it over a large area, and it proved a
great success.
But the sugar industry of Hawaii is not content to rest with one
big achievement in this line. A staff of experts at the Experiment
Station are constantly at work observing thousands of new seedlings
each year. Some of the most successful sugar cane varieties from
all over the world are also being brought here for testing and cross
breeding. This may develop in the future even more suitable canes
for Hawaii, to increase the value of the Territory's productiveness.


39




aed an insect scurge


- 7


G      REAT wars are being waged in the Hawaiian Islands in which
the hosts number millions. Campaigns are on a tremendous
scale and the casualties are appalling. No startling headlines
are written about these wars, but they are quite real, nevertheless.
They were started by scientists and are eagerly watched and fostered
by these gentlemen. They are the wars of insect parasites that prey
upon insect pests and prevent them from destroying the main industry of the Territory.
The development of sugar production in Hawaii received a severe
setback in the early years of this century when the cane fields became infested with the sugar-cane leafhopper. This pest resembles
a miniature grasshopper to the layman's eyes, but its activities and
rapid increase threatened the sugar industry of the Islands with ruin.
Thousands of acres of growing cane throughout the Territory were
infested and virtually laid waste.
The plantations sought the aid of two noted entomologists-R.
C. L. Perkins and A. Koebele-who proceeded to Australia where
the leafhopper was known, but thought to be held in check by some


40




natural enemy. They succeeded in finding and bringing to Hawaii in
1904 a minute egg parasite of the leafhopper, so small that it cannot readily be seen with the naked eye. This tiny parasite finds
the egg of the leafhopper which it punctures and then places its
own egg within. The parasite then develops at the expense of its
host. When first introduced it rapidly eliminated the menace of the
leafhopper in Hawaii and constantly kept this pest in check.
In 1920 Frederick Muir brought in another natural enemy of
the leafhopper from Australia-an egg-eating parasite, which has
reduced the leafhopper to a greater scarcity than at any time since
it has become - pest here.
The Cane Borer was another pest which had exacted heavy toll
from the sugar industry. Frederick Muir, entomologist with the H.
S. P. A. Experiment Station, was sent out in search of a natural
enemy for this pest. After several adventurous years in the swamps
and forests of the South Sea Islands, the persistent entomologist
found the right parasite in the wilds of New Guinea. It is called the
Tachinid Fly and closely resembles the ordinary house-fly. Its introduction in Hawaii has meant the saving of millions of dollars to
the sugar industry.
Another serious menace to the sugar industry broke out in 1912.
The Anomala Beetle, whose small grub attacked the roots of the
cane, was discovered on Honolulu plantation where nearly an acre
of cane had been destroyed by them. Scientists were immediately
dispatched to find parasites for this pest. In four years' time the
anomala beetle had spread from one acre of ground to many thousands of acres, and a belt of sugar cane on Oahu three miles wide
was severely injured by the pest. Its natural enemy was found in a
small wasp obtained from the Philippines and brought here. Within
two years from the introduction of its enemy in 1916 the anomala
beetle pest was brought under control. The anomala beetle was
accidentally introduced here, probably from some potted flowers or
plants brought in from the Orient.
This important work forms part of the duties and responsibilities
of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association in Honolulu and its branches throughout the Islands. Trained
and experienced men in several branches of science are constantly at
work to guard and to promote Hawaii's great sugar industry.


41




I  '1.
tl [,!


f-~L  I
qI


c
'i
9


HAWAIIS WATER
SUPPLY


T  HE future growth of Hawaii's industry and population depends
upon the protection of her water supply. Water is vital to
Hawaii, and forests are vital to water. The Forestry Department of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Experiment Station, has been actively engaged with this problem for a number of
years.
Since its organization in 1919 this Forestry Department has
grown and secured the planting of over 1,000,000 trees throughout
Hawaii. More than 200,000 trees were planted last year. Besides
this, innumerable seeds have been scattered throughout the forest
areas by hand and by aeroplane. A large nursery is maintained by
the Hawaian Sugar Planters' Association on Vineyard Street in Honolulu. Trees from this nursery are given to anyone who will plant
them. Large numbers of trees have also been taken from this nursery
to the Islands of Molokai and Lanai, and the sugar and pineapple
plantations throughout all of the Islands draw upon it for thousands
of trees which are planted on their lands.


42




Within the memory of many living men there were miles of dense
native forests in the Islands which have died out and are now replaced by grass or waste lands. Where there were once running
streams the year around in many districts, there are now dry stream
beds filled only occasionally with roaring torrents that quickly run
off to the sea. The conservation of this valuable water and its slow
delivery into the streams and artesian reservoirs of the Islands depend upon the natural water holding properties of the forests on the
watersheds. The native forests of Hawaii, once very luxuriant in
their growth, are extremely sensitive and are fast dying away under
new conditions. The inroads of grazing cattle and the constant
pressure exerted by Hilo grass and other introduced weeds and
shrubs, have caused their rapid retreat.
Trees and plant life from all parts of the world have been brought
to Hawaii and tested to find the most suitable varieties under conditions here. The successful varieties are extensively replanted in the
forest areas and should some day develop new forests for Hawaii.
An arboretum covering 400 acres has been recently established in
upper Manoa Valley, in the interest of the forestation work of this
department, and in a few years will be a large botanical garden.
Several other arboretums have been established at other points in
the Islands.
While this forestry department was primarily organized as a protection to the sugar industry it is actually rendering a public service,
the benefits of which extend to every citizen and community in the
Islands.
The Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Forestry Department
works in close co-operation with the Territorial Board of Agriculture
and Forestry and every effort is being made to secure and maintain
adequate forest reserves throughout the Territory.


43 




1925 \ I


T   HE Territory of Hawaii supports a larger population per acre
of improved land than practically any State in the United
States. Two-thirds of Hawaii's productive agricultural land
is devoted to its great Sugar Industry. These sugar lands are among
the most intensely cultivated lands in the world. Hawaii's prosperity
in a very large measure depends upon its principal industry, which
is sugar production.
Year after year the sugar growing lands of Hawaii have been
made more productive through the study and use of scientific methods. Over forty years ago it was predicted that the soils of Hawaii
would be rapidly exhausted. Science came to the front with methods
that have given the sugar industry of Hawaii an unexampled record
in agricultural history. The lands have produced constantly a yearly
harvest without rest or fallow, and are now more productive than
they were a generation ago.


44




These results are mainly due to the scientific use of fertilizer.
The fertilizer bill of Hawaii's sugar industry for 1924 was close to
$6,000,000. This is double the amount used in 1914.        Over
95,000 tons, or an average of over 1650 pounds of fertilizer per
crop were applied to every acre of sugar cane, the largest amount
used on any staple crop in the world. For every ton of sugar produced, $10.00 worth of fertilizer was used. Sugar production in Hawaii has shown an average increase of two tons to the acre since
1905.
The Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association has made an exhaustive study of Hawaiian soils.    Extreme
care is taken to protect the fertility of these soils and the highest
quality of the proper elements are brought here from various parts
of the world to be used in fertilization.
This is another important work of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters'
Association, Experiment Station.  A   corps of trained men constantly devote their attention to its study and application.


45




Plantation


IN OUR series of articles entitled "The Story of Sugar in Hawaii,"
we have given you many historical facts about this interesting
industry. Twenty-two of these articles have appeared in newspapers throughout the Territory during the past six months. You
have been told of the origin and history of sugar-the development
of the sugar industry in Hawaii-the history of its pioneer leaders
and workers here —the development of Hawaii's resources through
this industry, and the achievements of science in sugar.
Now we are going to take you out to the plantations.
Our succeeding articles will bring you to the "firing line" on the
plantation itself, where sugar is actually being grown and manufactured. You will go through the giant mills with their intricate machinery and interesting processes-into the fields where thousands
upon thousands of acres of green sugar cane are spread before your


46




eyes ---you will learn of immense irrigation proects il
oad buildingyu will see how plantation   eopl live,  ork and
play —you will see and learn a hundred and one interestin things
on the big sugar plantations of your Territory.
)
Jj5j


47




qreatest Suqatr


T    HE Irrigation Systems on Hawaii's Sugar Plantations rank
among the finest in the world. They are unequalled in any
other sugar-growing country.
Mountains have been tunneled, hundreds of miles of canals and
ditches have been built, syphons, flumes, reservoirs, as well as hundreds of artesian wells and scores of electric and steam-operated
pumping stations are in use. Around $19,000,000 have been spent
by the plantations in irrigation equipment alone. They have been
called the "most daring and successful pioneers of irrigation in the
world."
Water is the life blood of the plantation, and the vast network
of canals and ditches intersect the fields like an intricate web of
arteries and veins. It takes about 4000 tons of water to produce one
ton of sugar in Hawaii.
The first large irrigation project in the islands was undertaken on
Maui by Samuel T. Alexander and Henry P. Baldwin. From the
forest-covered slope of East Maui, cut by deep gorges and valleys,
water was brought seventeen miles through ditches and syphons to


48




the potentially fertile but dry leeward slopes. In spite of difficulties
in construction and financing the project was completed in 1878 at
a cost of $80,000, a cost that would be ridiculously low today.
This was immediately followed by a larger ditch constructed by
Claus Spreckels, to irrigate the land on the central Maui plain.
Since that date a very extensive water system has been developed,
paralleling and extending the lines of the original system, at a cost of
over $4,000,000. The latest addition to this great Maui project
is the "Wailoa Ditch" which costs $1,500,000 and is capable of delivering 140 million gallons of water daily.
On Oahu, the great Waiahole Aqueduct, built by the Oahu Sugar
Company at a cost of $2,500,000, brings water from the opposite
side of the Koolau mountains through a tunnel nearly three miles
long.
The Olokele ditch, supplying the Hawaiian Sugar Company's
plantation on Kauai with water from the Olokele Canyon, is fourteen
miles long and its upper portion includes a continuous tunnel for six
miles, within a cliff. There are a number of other spectacular engineering achievements on the plantations, which have enabled thousands of acres of land to be placed under intensive cultivation, and
have greatly increased the Territory's productiveness. Development
of water is still going on, and a number of plantations now have large
projects under construction.


49




harvest
x     W  ATER for irrigation on Hawaii's Sugar Plantations is obtained from two sources:-from the mountains, and from artesian wells. Vast systems of tunnels, ditches and syphons
have been built to take care of the former, and scores of large pumping stations and hundreds of wells have been drilled to tap the artesian supply.
For each ton of sugar produced 4,000 tons of irrigation water
are used, or 1,000,000 gallons. At the average acreage production
of six tons of sugar this means that each acre of land receives enough
water to cover it to a depth of nineteen feet during one crop. Vast
pumping systems are built to do their part in this enormous task.
One plantation alone has a pumping capacity of 120,000,000
gallons of water per day in addition to the amount it gets from its
mountain supply. This one plantation pumps and uses daily nearly
three times the water consumed by all the population and industries
of the city of San Francisco, and one and one-half times the amount


50




used by the city of Boston. There are a number of other plantations having from sixty to one hundred and ten million gallons pumping capacity per day.
Many of the plantations have from six to twelve or more pumping stations which tap the artesian wells. Water is pumped from
these stations to varying elevations, sometimes as high as six hundred feet. These stations are equipped with large steam or Diesel
or centrifugal pumps electrically driven. The plantations are watchful in keeping their pumping equipment up to date.
At some locations on the plantations pumps have been placed in
shafts between 200 and 400 feet below the surface of the ground in
order to reach the water level. Several of the large pumping stations
are built in pits, giving the observer a thrill when he looks down upon
their glistening array of machinery. Each pumping station taps a
number of artesian wells and a single unit may pump as much as
22,000,000 gallons of water per day.
At Ewa Plantation on Oahu, the irrigation water supply depends
entirely upon sixty-one artesian wells and the pumping capacity is
over 100,000,000 gallons per day.
The pumps are usually kept working day and night and the night
water is deposited in a series of reservoirs built throughout the fields.
The steep slope of the land and the nature of the soils on the islands
make the storage of surface water from streams in extensive reservoirs an extremely difficult, and in many cases, an unpractical undertaking. The largest reservoir in the Territory is the Wahiawa
Reservoir near Schofield Barracks, built by the Waialua Plantation.
Here the whole valley was dammed up, creating a reservoir capacity
of 2,544,000,000 gallons. The Koloa Reservoir on the island of
Kauai covers a square mile of land and has a capacity of 2,225,000,000 gallons.
Extensive tests in irrigation have been made by the plantations
and by their Experiment Station. The most effective and economical
methods of applying the water to the sugar crop have been adopted.
Experts in this work are constantly in employ, striving for the
maximum results in this branch of the sugar industry.


51




T    HERE is a total of thirty-nine railway systems in the Territory
of Hawaii. You don't hear much about most of them, but
they are here nevertheless, as busy as bees, and the hissing
and whistling of their scores of locomotives and the rumbling of
thousands of loaded and moving cars tell of their activity day and
night throughout the land. They are the plantation railways of your
Territory.
Thirty-two of Hawaii's sugar plantations operate their own railway systems, with a total of 140 locomotives, representing an investment of about $1,500,000 alone, besides thousands of cars, and a
total of about 900 miles of main-line track, running from five to
thirty miles on each plantation, with the addition of around 300
miles of portable track. Over $5,000,000 is invested by plantations
in their own railroads.
Five of the larger plantations maintain their own complete railway shops where they build all of their own cars and do all repair
work.
The work of these plantation railways is to carry the harvested
sugar cane from the fields to the mill. Their main lines radiate from
the mill to all sections of the plantation, and portable track is laid


52




from the main lines to each field where cane is being cut. They
also carry men, supplies and equipment to all parts of the plantation.
Besides the thirty-two plantation railways, there are seven independent railways which render the Territory a complete railway service. These were primarily built to tap the great sugar growing districts and carry their product to a central shipping point. The vast
majority of all their freight comes from this source.
These seven railways have a total mileage of about 325 miles
on all islands. They have a total of sixty locomotives, approximately
1400 freight cars and 110 passenger cars. They are: The Oahu
Railway & Land Co., and the Koolau Railway, on Oahu; The Hawaii Consolidated Railway and the Hawaii Railway, on Hawaii; the
Kahului Railway on Maui; and the Ahukini Terminal & Railway, and
the Kauai Railway on Kauai.
The most modern safety devices and equipment have been adopted by these railways. They represent a tremendous investment, and
form an effective part of the organization that makes possible Hawaii's great sugar crop.
The plantations of Hawaii first began to adopt railways in the
late '70s. Previously the majority of the hauling work had been
done by oxen teams, and all transportation was slow and primitive
until sugar stimulated the development of railroads.


53




lz \.                 I,


A     N INTERESTING sight on some of Hawaii's sugar plantations is the endless line of sugar cane coming rapidly floating
down a V-shaped flume on its way from the harvesting
fields to the sugar mill. Occasionally a jam occurs and there is a
quick raising of signals along the line and a scurrying of men to the
point to break the jam. In a smaller way it would remind an old
lumberman of a log jam on the rapid rivers of Michigan and Wisconsin in the old days when the rivermen came down with the spring
log drive.
Several plantations have in excess of fifty miles of permanent
flumes and from ten to fifteen miles of portable flumes. Where the
fields are cut by deep gullies and canyons it is necessary to construct
many high trestles to carry the flumes. The highest now in use is
two hundred and fifty feet at Halawa, Hawaii, and there are many
from seventy-five to over a hundred and seventy-five feet on the
Hilo coast of Hawaii. A corps of carpenters on each plantation is
kept busy building, laying portable flume and on upkeep work.


54




The cut cane often travels long distances in the flume from fields
to mill-on one plantation about nine miles.
Fluming as a means of transportation is used in wet districts
where there is an abundance of rainfall and where irrigation is not
practiced. To a limited extent it is also used on irrigated plantations in getting cane down from higher elevations. The water is then
diverted to irrigation on the lower fields.
There are permanent main-line flumes from which portable flume
is laid to fields where harvesting is going on. The portable flumes
are V-shaped and made in sections of from twelve to fourteen
feet. Flumes are laid from two hundred to four hundred feet apart
in the fields and the cane is carried to it either by hand or on sleds
and piled alongside. When ready a stream of water is turned into
the upper end and the men throw the cane into the flume in small
bundles. The stream of water rushing down the steep grade carries
the cane along and delivers it either into cars or onto the mill carrier.


55




Jransportinq
CANE
'lhrl the Air


H      AVE you ever seen a hundred-and-seventy-five-pound bundle
of sugar cane come whizzing down the side of a hill, on an
overhead wire, with its trolley wheel screaming and smoking,
the bundle swaying from side to side, then disappearing over the brow
of the hill in the twinkling of an eye?
If you haven't, you've missed one of the most spectacular operations in the sugar transportation business. There are three plantations
where this method of transporting cut cane to the mill is used-Kaiwiki Sugar Co., the Kona Development Co., and the Kukaiau section
of Hamakua Plantation Co., all on the island of Hawaii. It is necessitated by the fact that scarcity of water makes fluming impossible,
and the steep slope of the land which starts from sea-level and continues to an elevation of about 14,000 feet to the top of Mauna Kea,
makes railroad building excessively expensive and difficult.
Up in the mauka fields at an elevation of from 1500 to 2000 feet
the cane is cut and made up into bundles of about 1 75 pounds, bound
by a chain sling in the end of which are rings. These rings go over a
hook hanging from a deeply grooved trolley wheel.
The bundle and trolley are lifted till the wheel takes hold of the
wire, then given a shove, and off it goes downhill on its trolley wire


56




some twenty feet from the ground, for a distance as great as three and
a half miles.
The receiving platform is the most spectacular spot to watch this
operation. The bundles come sizzling in over the wire, jumping a gap
and crashing into a stout timber backstop. Here men quickly remove
the chains and trolley, dropping the cane through a hole in the platform to cane cars or the mill carrier.
A remarkable thing about trolley transportation is the effect which
climatic conditions have on the speed at which the bundles travel.
On hot days the cable expands and a certain amount of slack occurs
in the space between the trolley support poles, which makes the wire
sag and slows up the bundles. When it is cold, the steel wire contracts and becomes taut, and that is when the bundles from steep
grades arrive at the receiving platforms with smoking trolleys and at
great speed.
About 17,000 pounds of cane an hour are received over the wire
-the bundles arriving at the rate of usually not less than two per
minute.
The pulleys and slings are loaded on mules, and carried back to
the cutting fields again, an operation which takes many mules and ties
up considerable labor.
This method of gravity delivery of cane is probably the most expensive process used, but is necessitated on these plantations where
grades are very steep, water scarce and railroading too difficult to be
practical.
It is simply an illustration of the way in which one of the many
exceedingly difficult problems in connection with the sugar industry
in Hawaii has been solved.


57




f
How sugar
1   jN
is grown
E     MINENT authorities who have made a study of the sugar industry throughout the world have declared that the scientific culture and manufacture of sugar is further advanced
in the Territory of Hawaii thanufactur of sugar is fthe world.
The planting, cultivation and harvesting of sugar cane on Hawaii's plantations reveals many modern methods and interesting
sights to the observer.
In cultivating, the ground is turned with steam ploughs to depths
up to twenty-four inches. These ploughs are operated by powerful
engines that work in pairs, one on each side of a field, usually from
one thousand to fifteen hundred feet apart.  One engine pulls a
gang-plough across the field and the other draws it back. Ordinarily in California the farmer ploughs only from four to six inches
deep.
After the lands are ploughed and harrowed and all the weeds
turned under, double mould-board ploughs are used to make the fur

58




rows in which the seed is planted. These furrows are about five feet
apart and eighteen inches deep. At regular intervals of about thirtyfive feet, lateral ditches are cut to deliver water from main irrigation ditches to every part of the field.
A section of about twelve inches from the upper part of the sugar
cane stalk is cut while cane is being harvested in other fields. These
sections are planted in a row in the furrows, sometimes end to end,
and sometimes with an intervening space. At every joint of the cane
there is a bud or eye, from which a shoot of cane will sprout. They
are covered with one to one and a half inches of dirt and the water
is turned in until the furrow contains from three to four inches of
water. Between six and ten days afterward, the little green cane
shoots appear above the ground. From this time forward continuous
irrigation and cultivation, together with proper fertilization and care
against disease are required until the cane matures.
The production of sugar per acre varies according to conditions
and the type of cane. The amount of sugar obtained per acre of cane
ranges from two and one-half tons to twelve tons, the average being
about six tons.
It takes about eighteen months for a crop to mature in Hawaii.
The plantation area is about double that used for any one crop.
While one crop is being harvested another is growing. During certain periods each year, usually in June and July, a visitor on an Hawaiian plantation can see one crop growing, one being harvested and
one being: planted.  Harvesting begins in December and ends in
July or August, and planting begins from March to June and usually
ends in September, according to plantation conditions.
After the first harvest the old cane roots are usually left in the
ground for another growth. The second crop is called "first
ratoons."  From two to four ratoons are grown from the original
planting.
In Cuba the cane is harvested every twelve months; ratoons are
harvested for ten years and more, over ninety per cent of the annual
crop being ratoons, without expense of replanting and very little
cultivation and irrigation.
in Hawaii when the cane is ready for harvesting the fields are
set on fire. This fire burns up the dry leaves and trash without injuring the cane, if flis ground quickly. The men then go into the
fields and cut the stalks close to the ground with a long cane knife.


59




;Z'      __1 


) ii \0        \\ \  1I7
IIow Suaar is Made
(No.l)


VER twelve million sacks of sugar, weighing 125 pounds each,
are manufactured and shipped from this Territory each year.
Although this is by far the principal industry of the Territory, a large number of people here are unfamiliar with the interesting process required in the making of sugar. It is the object of
this article and the following one to show you through one of the
large sugar mills and to explain in a brief and clear way the process of manufacture.
When the sugar cane is being harvested in the fields, railroad
trains are busy day and night hauling it quickly to the plantation mill.
Samples of the cane are here taken to the laboratory for chemical
analysis of sugar and juice content and a chemical check and supervision is maintained throughout the entire milling process. The cane
is unloaded by a mechanical device from the cars onto a moving
conveyor which carries it into the mill.


60




It then passes through a crusher that breaks it into small pieces
and mats it into an even layer for its progress through the mill. The
mills consist of from nine to eighteen rough surfaced rolls, each weighing from 12 to 16 tons. These are arranged in units of three rolls,
one above and two below, the units following one another in a direct
line. The rolls are forced together by hydraulic rams exerting a
pressure of four hundred to six hundred tons. As the matted cane
slowly passes through the group of rolls, additional juice is extracted.
In front of the last set of rolls the cane is sprayed with hot water,
which softens the fiber and dilutes any remaining juice.
In modern Hawaiian mills using such powerful equipment, around
ninety-eight per cent of sugar is extracted from the cane which is a
higher extraction than obtained by any other sugar country in the
world. With the crude equipment used thirty or forty years ago less
than fifty per cent of the juice was extracted.
The fibrous, woody residue of the cane, called "bagasse," passes
from the last set of rolls on a moving conveyor to the large boiler
plant, where it is used for fuel. The ashes from the furnaces are
returned to the fields as fertilizer. The juice from the mills is immediately treated with milk of lime and heated to 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The hot juice is then run into settling tanks, where dirt and
other insoluble matter sinks to the bottom after which the clear juice
is drawn off. The residue of foreign matter passes to filter presses
where the mud is separated from the sugar bearing juice and is returned to the fields. The light brown clarified juice from the settling
tanks and filter presses is a thin liquid which must be reduced to a
syrup before going to the vacuum pans to be crystalized into sugar.
There are many interesting processes to follow before this juice
is converted into sugar.


61




cw Sqar is Made
(N0. 2)


IN OUR previous article we described to you how juice is extracted
from the sugar cane and is put through a purifying process.
From that point we will now tell you what further processes it
goes through in the making of sugar.
Clarified juices from the sugar cane contain about 85 per cent
of water and 15 per cent of solids. A large portion of this water
must be removed by evaporation before further processing. Every
one knows that water will boil on top of a mountain at a lower temperature than it will at sea level. This principle of physics is ingeniously used to evaporate the water out of the clarified juice making
steam work over and over again to accomplish this purpose. "Multiple Evaporators" are used. These are immense upright tanks containing steam tubes through which the exhaust steam from the mill
passes. The hot steam boils off some of the water in the first
evaporator. The vapor passes on to the second one where a vacuum


62




of about 7 or 8 inches is maintained. This vapor is hot enough to
evaporate some of the water from the juice at this vacuum. The
vapor then passes to the third evaporator where the vacuum is about
18 inches and works just as hard as if it were new hot steam. The
vapor then goes to the fourth evaporator where the vacuum is about
27 or 28 inches and does its final job of evaporating. This ingenious
use of heat to bring about four separate evaporations saves fuel and
thereby reduces expenses.
The evaporated juice now emerges in a syrup containing only
about thirty-five per cent of water and sixty-five per cent of solid
matter. The condensed syrup is then drawn into large, round, upright structures which present an intricate mass of gauges, coils,
levers and valves to the eye of the uninitiated observer, and are
known as vacuum pans. The syrup is again boiled and the sugar
grains commence to form in a thick "mother liquor."  Here the expert sugar boiler's art comes into play in forming the sugar crystals
of the right size and properly increasing their numbers. When the
sugar boiler decides that the right moment is ready for the "strike"
he breaks the vacuum by opening a valve at the top of the pan
and then allows the mass to drop into a mixing tank with revolving
paddles, by releasing a valve at the bottom.
This partially formed sugar mass mixed with molasses, called
massecuite, then goes to its final process in the Centrifugal machines.
These are shaped like tubs and are about forty inches in diameter
and twenty-four inches deep. Perforated brass baskets revolve at a
tremendous rate inside a heavy outer casing. The centrifugal action
forces practically all of the liquor out through the screen and leaves
in the machine all of the grains of sugar that were formed in the
vacuum pan. The dry crystallized raw sugar is then dropped into
bins, from which it is drawn off through spouts and packed in sacks
containing 125 pounds each.
This raw sugar is then shipped to the refinery on the mainland,
a large part of it going to the Crockett Refinery near San Francisco. It
is there refined into the beautiful snow white product which you use
in your coffee cup and which comes to you in hundreds of other food
products.
63




!f


SlI           J (? 1-JI  
it
INVL                                   IMOIIANCE
Bg Me of iawai's Sugar Industr
PT YHE present high efficiency of modern cane sugar mills throughout the world is due in a marked degree to the creations of
men connected with the sugar industry of Hawaii. Because
of the great cost of producing sugar cane here in comparison with
Cuba and other large cane sugar producing countries, there has been
added incentive to obtain the highest possible recovery of sugar
from the cane, and to intensify methods of cane production.
Inventions of Hawaii's men represent important achievements
that take a high place in the history of the sugar industry of the
world. They are the brain products of men from practically every
rank in the industry. Due to these many developments the man
power necessary to produce a ton of sugar from the cane today, is
less than one-tenth of that required fifty years ago.


64




One of the greatest of these inventions was that of the Centrifugal Machine for drying sugar and freeing it from molasses. This
was developed in 1855 by D. M. Weston, then president of what is
now the Honolulu Iron Works. This machine performs in a few
minutes a task which formerly took weeks and was then only accomplished with a great waste. Centrifugal machines of this type are
now in use in all modern sugar mills throughout the world.
Another invention of note is the Wicks Cane Unloader, a long
mechanical arm or rake, which pulls the cane from the cars onto
the traveling conveyor where it is carried to the mill to be ground.
One man working levers can now do with ease and dispatch what
was formerly hard work for 15 to 20 men. This device was invented
in 1901, by Harry Wicks, then chief engineer of the Honokaa Sugar
Co., Island of Hawaii.
The "Messchaert Groove" invented in Hawaii by P. A. Messchaert, formerly mill superintendent of Oahu Sugar Company, is
used throughout the world on sugar mill rollers. Before the invention of this simple juice groove in the rollers, mill feed was difficult.
There was considerable waste in reabsorbed juices, and extraction
suffered.
It would be impossible in this space to give in detail the many
improvements and inventions which have been accomplished in the
modern sugar mill by men of Hawaii's Sugar Industry, but the following list gives some of the more important inventions and the men
responsible for them:
Juice Strainer, Cush Cush Elevator and Automatic Bagasse Feeder,
1895; by John A. Scott, Manager, Hilo Sugar Co.
65
5




Rotary Bagasse-Feeder, 1904; Max Lorens, Consulting Engineer, H.
Hackfeld & Company.
Clarifying Centrifugal, 1909; E. W. Kopke, Consulting Engineer,
Honolulu Iron Works Company.
Mo3schaert Juice Grooves in Rollers, 1913; P. A. Messchaert, Superintendent, Oahu Sugar Company, Ltd., Oahu.
Searby Shredder, 1914; Wm. Searby, Superintendent, Hawaiian
Commercial and Sugar Company, Maui.
Ewart Bagasse Conveyor, 1916; A. F. Ewart, Works Manager, Honolulu Iron Works Company, Honolulu.
Ramsay Maceration Scraper, 1916; W. A. Ramsay, Manager, Catton,
Neill & Company, Honolulu.
H. I. W. Company, Patented Steel Cheek, 1916; W. J. Dyer and
A. F. Ewart, Engineers, Honolulu Iron Works Company, Honolulu.
Foster Motor Fuel from Molasses, 1917; J. P. Foster, Superintendent, Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd., Maui.
Meinecke Chutes, 1921; J. Meinecke, Chief Engineer, Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd., Maui.
Peck's Revolving Juice Screen, 1922; S. S. Peck, Consulting Chemist, Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., Honolulu.
Cast Steel Top-Cap, with Hydraulic Jack Incorporated, 1911; W. G.
Hall, Manager, Honolulu Iron Works Company, Honolulu.


66




Hind Hubless Knives, 1918; R. Renton Hind, then of Honolulu, invented a new type of knife for cutting and leveling sugar cane in
the carrier. Improvements have been made and patented under
the name of "Ha-Ko-Hi" Revolving Cane Knives.




67






A


Plantatioditio
conditions


T    HE laborer and his family who live on the sugar plantations in
Hawaii today dwell amid conditions which for wholesomeness and convenience are far above those of his city brother.
The plantation home is a neat, well-made structure built for individual families. Each house is surrounded by a small plot of
ground which many families improve with flowers and grass or use
for vegetable gardens. Modern housing is receiving much study and
attention. Running water is supplied to the houses and electric lights
are being installed as a modern development where power is available.  Houses are firmly built of seasoned lumber, on a standard
design which usually includes a small front porch and at least three
rooms of ample size. In back of the houses are wash rooms equipped with modern plumbing and with shower or tub baths. These
are solidly built with floors of concrete and have complete facilities
for preparing hot water and washing clothes. There is ample space
everywhere and the visitor to the plantation notices a neatness and
sanitation and a wholesome, healthy atmosphere which is invariably
lacking in the crowded districts of the city.
Most of the laborers take pride in making their homes attractive
and contests are often held for the most attractive gardens. Prizes
are offered by the plantation management with results that show surprising skill.
68




Single men are also housed in sanitary and convenient quarters.
Some of these houses are of a different type. Often two or three
single men occupy a small house, though sometimes a house of a
different type is assigned to a larger group.
The plantation laborer receives his house and fuel (either firewood, coal or kerosene) absolutely without any charge. For electric
light a charge is made which averages about $1.00 per month.
Staple foods and the necessities of life are sold to employees at
cost by the plantation stores. In most of these stores not even the
overhead expense of the store is figured into the price. Articles in
the general stock of the store which do not come within the necessity class are sold at normal prices. It is not compulsory for any
employee to buy at a plantation store. In all plantation towns there
are stores operated by private concerns and plantation people are
at perfect liberty to buy at these stores if they wish.
Medical attention is furnished absolutely free of cost to all ordinary plantation laborers and their families. Practically every plantation maintains a complete modern hospital in charge of a physician
and surgeon who is employed by the plantation and who is usually
a resident there. Charges for hospital and medical services to the
higher grades of skilled employees are low and reasonable.
The visitor to the fields will often notice vegetables planted along
the outside rows next to the sugar cane, and further in the cane fields
along the ditches and furrows vegetable gardens are often quite extensively planted in spaces between the cane growth. This is done
by the workmen for their own use and saves them a considerable
amount on the family food bill.
With his free house, free fuel, free medical attention, low cost for
food and necessities, and chances for gardening, the plantation laborer has a good opportunity to save money, and hundreds of them
do put away substantial savings accounts.
Our following article will tell how the laborer is paid, also of
the churches, schools, clubs, recreation halls, sports, theatres, hospitals and welfare work which are at his disposal on the sugar plantations of this Territory.
69




F     IRST of all, there is the so-called "basic wage" of $1.00 per
day.  The existence of this wage, which is a MINIMUM
wage, frequently causes confusion and misunderstanding resulting in the impression that the minimum wage is the wage generally paid, which is not so.
The plantation system requires some starting point or guaranteed
minimum wage for new and inexperienced laborers. This has been
met in Hawaii by guaranteeing every employee, even the most inefficient, that he will receive a MINIMUM of $1.00 per day, plus free
housing, free water, free fuel and free medical attention for himself
and all of his family.  How much more than this the employee earns
is largely up to the laborer himself, as will be evident from a further
explanation of the work system of the plantations. Only about 5%
work under the minimum guaranteed wage.
To encourage continuous work, the plantations give to all day
laborers who have worked 23 days per month or more a monthly
bonus of 10% of their earnings. Thus the guaranteed minimum wage
is really $1.10 per day, plus perquisites of housing, etc.


70




A further bonus is given to all day laborers working 23 days or
more per month when the raw sugar price for the month averages
5c per pound or more. At 5c average price for raw sugar, this additional bonus is 5%, which is paid on top of the 10%  "turn-out"
bonus. Every fraction of a cent increase over 5c per pound for sugar
causes an increase in this profit-sharing or "sliding scale" bonus so
that at 6c average price the added bonus is 15%; at 7c, is 25%, etc.
The worker under the minimum wage guarantee, as is the case
with all other day workers, receives overtime pay at "time-and-ahalf" rate and the bonuses are paid on such earnings also.
So much for the minimum wage man.
About 95% of all sugar plantation day workers perform their
duties under one of the several forms of "contracts."  "Contracts"
on sugar plantations in Hawaii refer to various systems of work which
are really kinds of piece work. There are two general classes of
contracts, the "short term" contract and the "long term" contract.
It is to the interest of the plantation to encourage the laborer to
work under a contract which will enable him to earn more money
because he produces a greater number of units of work. More units
produced by each man means a reduction in the number and expense of housing, medical attention, fuel, etc. The plantation manager organizes the work of his plantation so that he can let out to
men the hoeing of fields, the irrigating of cane, fertilizing cane, cutting, loading, and many other jobs upon a unit basis. At these short
term contracts men earn in accordance with the work they do and
earnings run from $1.50 per day to as high as $4.00 a day and sometimes more, to which, of course, is added both forms of bonus.
Then there are the so-called long term contracts under which
the plantation gives to a group of men a certain acreage already
planted in cane and started on its way to production. These men
take care of the crop of cane, performing all necessary work on this
area until it is mature and the men are paid a rate per ton of cane


71




produced by their field, which rate is fixed in accordance with the
history and records of the field at such an amount as will enable the
industrious worker to earn a substantial daily wage. During the time
cane is growing and the work is being performed on the field, the
plantation finances the grower by regular monthly advances to which
is added the bonus for turnout. At the time of settlement under the
contract the bonus payments are not deducted but the advances are.
Long term cultivating contractors become very adept at producing
cane and their earnings are among the highest on the plantations.
All contract laborers, whether short term or long term, get the
turnout bonus and get their house, water, fuel and medical attention
free just the same as any other laborer on the plantation.
The policy of management of Hawaiian Sugar Plantations is to
give their laborers as much opportunity as is possible to increase their
earnings by performing more and better work. Studies of methods
are being made and, for instance, educational work is done to show
men how to cut cane so that the tonnage cut by each man will increase, which means an increase in his earnings.
Of greatest importance to laborers is the fact that work on Hawaiian sugar plantations offers work every day in the year. There
is no lay-off time-no idle season to be provided for —no unstability
to drain savings or cause expense and hardship.
The prosperity of laborers and their general ability to earn under
industrious effort is demonstrated by the clean and well-nourished
children of laborers in the public schools, by the large number of
automobiles owned and maintained for laborers on the plantations
in the plantation villages. The savings banks have hundreds of thousands of dollars on deposit by laborers, and from six to $800,000
is sent back each year by Filipino sugar plantation laborers to their
parents or relatives in the Philippines which are substantial facts
showing the success of the laborers under the sugar plantation wage
system.


72




Filipino laborers who come to Hawaii have the right of return at
the expense of the plantations to their native land after three years
upon fulfilling the terms of their engagement. A great many take
advantage of this privilege, returning with their families to the Philippines, but after taking a vacation there return to Hawaii attracted by
the stable labor conditions, the fair wage on plantations, the good
housing and general better surroundings.


)


1'Il


73




LIL_


___1_L _____
__
__C
--—  --- —----------
 ---
-1 -~-~.lh
C_ ~~;n, )cP-3.I~*;
LC-Cr-rz,_4
I —  -   -,
r.;  r.L7- is i, *fiA,  nE.,


^ ^<-.f   >.- e*6.


EACH sugar plantation in our
ity, with all the elements
wholesome, interesting and
plantation.


Territory is a complete communthat go to make community life
healthful for the employees of the


The visitor to Hawaii's plantations sees many things about the
community life that surprise him and win his approval. Large, modern school buildings are conveniently located on all plantations, and
many of the plantations maintain kindergartens at their own expense
for the training of the smaller children.
Nurseries and playgrounds have also been installed by many plantations. The young mothers can leave their children to be cared for
during the day by expert attendants, and they also receive kindly
and helpful advice and assistance in the care of the little ones. The
playgrounds are equipped with all the swings and devices that romp

74




ing, happy children enjoy, and hundreds of them play there and
receive physical training and instruction.
Many of the plantations also have modern, well-equipped dairies
that supply milk to all who want it on the plantation at cost price or
less. Visiting nurses are employed who make regular calls at every
home, where they assist with advice on diet, sanitation, housekeeping
and care of the health. Plantation laborers and their families also
receive free medical attendance, and the plantations have their own
hospitals. These are bright, airy, modern, and as completely equipped as any up-to-date city hospital, many with X-ray apparatus,
complete operating rooms, etc. They are under the supervision of a
physician and surgeon who resides on the plantation. Maternity
cases or illness of any kind are cared for without cost to the laborer.
Each plantation has its well attended movie theatre, and many of
the plantations have built special recreation halls equipped with billiard tables, games, gymnasium and auditorium with full stage equipment, where home talent shows and exercises are often held. Sports
take a prominent place in plantation life. The various plantation department each usually boast a baseball team, and the games between
rival plantations always draw an immense crowd of enthusiastic backers. Large field-meets are often held where all the athletic talent
displays its prowess to admiring throngs.
Practically every plantation town has two or more churches, and
congregations of many denominations have their own churches or
meeting places on the plantation. The laborers also have their own
clubs which are aided by the plantation and where they can meet
with their companions and enjoy a game of pool or billiards and
read the latest magazines and newspapers.
The plantation stores are complete department stores where
everything can be had from ice cream sodas to a set of furniture.
Besides this there are usually a number of privately owned stores in
the plantation towns. Branches of the large Honolulu banks are established on, or within reach of practically all plantations and hundreds of the laborers carry substantial savings accounts with them.
The plantations of Hawaii have proved that it is good business
to make life happy, healthy, attractive and unusually worth while for
their employees, and no effort is being spared to make it so.


75




P     LANTATION employees represent an unusual variety of trades
and occupations.  The daily tasks performed on Hawaii's
sugar plantations require specialists skilled in many different
kinds of work.
A staff of trained chemists is constantly busy in the plantation
laboratory testing the cane as it enters the mill and checking the sugar
through the process of manufacture so as to prevent losses.  Soil
samples and fertilizer are analyzed to determine just what chemical
elements are necessary and in what proportion to supply them to
the soil through fertilization.
Mechanics of nearly every description, from chief engineer to
machinist are employed in the sugar mill. Many plantations have
their own machine shops where repair and replacement work on
machinery are done.  Several plantations also maintain their own
railway shops where cars for hauling sugar cane are built.
Railway engineers, agriculturists, accountants, chemists, timekeepers, veterinarians, truck drivers, automobile mechanics, dairymen,
trained nurses, physicians, welfare workers, electricians, clerks, lunas


76




(foremen), pump engineers, storekeepers, civil engineers, all find
employment on the modern sugar plantation of Hawaii.
The plantation furnishes homes free for all of its employees.
Fuel and water are also furnished free by the plantations. Light is
furnished at a small cost. Medical attention is furnished at low cost
to skilled employees and without cost to laborers and their families.
A trip over a plantation will show an attractive home community
with lawns, and trees and flower gardens.
The skilled employees of the plantation usually have their own
club with tennis courts, swimming pool, or other attractions. And
each plantation community has its busy social activities.
Each sugar plantation in Hawaii represents an active, productive
community made up of members from many trades and professions,
whose efforts all cooperate in Hawaii's greatest industry.


77




__:    1                  F-~


il b  J  I


Refining   Hawaii's
Sugar (No.1)


A     LL of the raw sugar exported from the Hawaiian Islands is
being refined at two refineries in the San Francisco Bay region-part at the Western Sugar refinery, located at the
Potrero in San Francisco and owned by J. D. and A. B. Spreckels
Securities Co. Mr. Claus Spreckels, now deceased, was recognized
as the pioneer leader in the development of the sugar refining industry of the Pacific Coast. The larger part is refined at the refinery of
the California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corporation, located at
Crockett, California, about thirty miles northeast of San Francisco,
on the Straits of Carquinez. The Crockett refinery is owned by
thirty-three of the fifty-two plantations producing raw sugar in the
Hawaiian Islands, representing about eighty per cent of the total
sugar production.
In 1904 a number of Hawaiian plantations organized the Sugar
Factors Company, Ltd., and purchased the sugar refinery at Crockett
in 1905. From a simple beginning, the Crockett refinery has now
grown into the largest sugar refinery in the world. It is one of the
show places of California and thousands of visitors go through the
plant every year.
78




The Matson line's large fleet of ships carry the raw sugar from
the plantation mills of Hawaii direct to the docks of the refinery.
This raw sugar is refined for two reasons: To remove impurities,
foreign substance and color, and to prepare a pure, wholesome, attractive table product of high food value and excellent keeping
qualities.
In this and the following article we will give a brief description of
the refining process. The raw sugar is a mass of fairly pure crystals
coated with a thin film of molasses. The first step is to separate the
crystals from the molasses so the high and low purity products can
be treated separately. From the raw sugar bin the sugar is removed
by bucket elevators to the top floor of the melt house and is distributed into minglers and thoroughly mixed with syrup. The resulting mixture, called "magma," is a thick mass of a rich brown color.
From the mingler the magma drops to the floor below into centrifugal
machines running at 1100 revolutions per minute. As the machine
fills the centrifugal force throws off the syrup through the perforated
wall of the machine leaving behind the crystals of sugar. The crystals
are then washed with a fine spray of water which is carried off by
centrifugal force, leaving the sugar free from the greater part of its
impurities. The Hawaiian raw sugar thus washed is raised in purity
to 99.2 per cent, leaving but 0.8 per cent of impurities to be removed
by subsequent operations to attain finally a product in the form of
granulated sugar of practically 100 degrees purity.  The resulting
liquor, known as "affination syrup," is used partly for treating subsequent batches of raw sugar in the same manner, the excess being
specially treated for the recovery of the sugar held in solution.


79




'(Na2)


IN OUR previous article we described the large refineries in the
San Francisco Bay region where Hawaii's raw sugar is refined,
and also described the beginning of the refining process.  In
this article we will complete the description of sugar refining.
From the centrifugal machines where the sugar crystals are thoroughly washed, it passes to a large cylindrical tank on the floor below,
where it is dissolved in hot water to a density of 63.0 per cent of
solid matter.
This liquor is then pumped to the top floor of the "char house,"
which is usually a structure of from ten to twelve stories high. It
is delivered into tanks equipped with steam coils for heating and
compressed air is forced in to agitate and mix the solution. These
tanks are called '"blowups."  The liquor is kept at a temperature of
185 degrees Fahrenheit, and lime and kieselguhr (diatomaceous
earth) are added to facilitate subsequent filtration.  The liquor is
then forced through filter presses containing many filter cloths upon
which the kieselguhr and the insoluble impurities adhere and through
which the liquor passes. The bright, sparkling liquor, free from in80




soluble impurities, then passes to the bone-char filtration for the removal of color and a part of the soluble impurities.
Bone-char resembles charcoal in appearance and is made from
the bones of animals. This is the most perfect process of decolorization and purification, but is expensive.  Right at this point in the
refining process lies the difference between the manufacture of beet
and the refining of cane sugar in the United States. There is no beet
factory in the United States using the expensive bone-char filtering
process.
There are 108 char-filters in the Crockett plant. Each is a cylinder ten feet in diameter and twenty-four feet in height, holding approximately 100,000 pounds of bone-char. All sugar solutions are
filtered through this bone-char before being concentrated and crystalized. Bone-char has the peculiar property of removing from the
sugar solution the soluble salts and coloring matter. The elimination
of these undesirable impurities allows the subsequent recovery of the
sugar in its purest form.
The next step is to convert the pure, sparkling, colorless sugar
liquor into crystal form. This is done by boiling under vacuum at a
low temperature and concentrating the liquor to a low water content,
when the sugar crystalizes out of solution. The resulting mixture of
crystals and mother-liquor is dropped from the vacuum pan into
rapidly revolving centrifugals, where the mother-liquor is thrown out
by centrifugal force and the sugar partially dried. The final drying
is effected in large, slowly rotating cylindrical drums, by means of a
current of hot air, from which the sugar is delivered thoroughly dried.
It is then cooled and is ready for separation and packing.
The sugar is next sent over separators, which screen the crystals
and sort the grains into different sizes-coarse, medium and fine.
There are several different kinds of sugar manufactured, in addition
to the white granulated, such as "soft" or brown sugars, which are
used largely by bakers in the preparation of gingerbread and dark
colored cakes. Then there is the confectioner's sugar, which is made
especially for candy manufacturers.  Cube sugar is also made and
two different grades of powdered sugar are manufactured. In one
case the grains pass through a silk cloth with 4,000 openings per
square inch, and in the other through a cloth where there are 17,000
openings per square inch. As many as twelve different grades of
refined sugar are produced and packed in more than twenty various
types of containers at the Crockett refinery.


81




rlhe Fid Value of
Sugar


SUGAR is an energy builder of the first order and adds vim and
vigor to the child and strength and energy to the grown-up.
There is no commodity purchased by the consuming public
which is more pure or less subject to adulteration. Even butter is
artificially colored before it is marketed for human consumption,
whereas sugar-and cane sugar particularly-has a reproductivity
second to none, being uniform in color, granulation, density and
purity. Refined sugar is almost chemically pure and has unlimited
keeping qualities. There is probably less waste of it in the household than any other food product. Sugar is adaptable for use with
a larger variety of dishes than any other food product.
Sugar is ten times more easily digested than starch. The average starchy food takes three to four hours for digestion whereas the
human body commences to burn a ration of sugar from ten to thirty
minutes after it is eaten. For this reason sugar was of immense value
to the belligerent armies during the recent war and was given as a
shock ration to troops prior to an attack.


82




The old myth that sugar adversely affects the teeth has long since
been disproven by scientists. Any food allowed to remain in and
about the teeth will produce evil effects and decay. Sugar, however, is among the foods least harmful to the teeth.
Likewise the myth that sugar is bad for the kidneys has been dispelled. It is a harmless product that can be administered generously
to children. In fact, a recent pamphlet published by the United States
Department of Agriculture said, "Sugar would seem to be a food
especially adapted to children."
Sugar exceeds in caloric value most of the cereals and in fact
nearly all the food materials of the home with the exception of
such concentrates as fat, butter, cheese, etc., which are far more
expensive.
Your diet should consist of 3,200 calories per day, sixty per cent
of which should be composed of carbohydrates such as cereals,
SUGAR, bread, potatoes, etc.; a calory is a unit of energy. The
following table shows the calories developed by the food items listed:


Price
per Pound
Butter ---  -48c
Bacon ----            50c
SUGAR -— 6c
Macaroni           12 ' 2c
Pork Chops    -       30c
Bread ---              1 Oc
Roast Beef --         30c
Round Steak —     -  25c
Sirloin Steak ---     20c
Shoulder of Beef.-.12 c1
MMilk     ---      -    6c
*Green Vegetables_5c to 15c
*Fresh Fruits ------ 5c to 20c


Calories
per Pound
3600
2800
1860
1650
870 to 1530
1200 to 1300
600 to 1300
530 to 850
600 to 900
440 to 780
340
80 to 400
200 to 600


Calories for
One Cent
(Average)
74
56
323
132
40
125
32
28
38
49
57
24
32


Hawaiian sugar is produced on American soil through the aid of
American capital; is transported in American ships, is refined in an
American plant by American workmen. It is strictly an American
product.   Pure refined cane sugar is nothing more nor less than
"crystallized sunshine."
*Milk, green vegetables and fresh fruits are not to be judged by caloric values.
These foods are the chief sources of vitamins so necessary to the human machine.


83




WreO1                       U8.(
Irwi,
lI         F.. e' ^
UGAR is a necessity to the people of all nations today.
No nation chooses to be entirely dependent upon a foreign
source for any necessity of its people. Lessons of government
and economics carried down through the centuries teach us that
domestic happiness, prosperity and peace, as well as protection
against evils of war, demand that, wherever possible, each nation
produce its necessities within its borders. The most desirable condition, of course, is to produce ALL of its needs; where this is not
possible, it is requisite that sufficient production be within the national borders to prevent the evils resulting from dependence upon
foreign monopoly and to insure protection and safeguard against interrupted supply in case of war.
Thus we find practically all governments fostering the production of sugar within their own borders.
England, small in area and restricted agriculturally, subject to
easy interruption of foreign trade in time of war, has given a gov

84




ernment subsidy of 4.65 cents per pound for each pound of sugar
produced in England or Scotland, while the subsidy for sugar production in the Irish Free State is 5.31c per lb. Also, preference is given
to the entry of Colonial sugars and the securing of capital for investment in domestic sugar production is made easy through the Trades
Facilities Act. The sugar beet acreage in Great Britain for 1926
is over 40 times that planted in 1920, showing the successful results
of this government stimulus. Britain is wise in her fostering of home
grown sugar.
Australia also subsidizes sugar production.
During 1925 eight nations of the world increased their customs
tariff rates to protect and encourage the local production of beet
sugar within their national boundaries, such step being considered
necessary because foreign cane sugars were reaching their markets at
less than the cost of domestic production.
Belgium established a tariff of 20 francs per 100 kilograms on
imported sugar.
Italy has increased her duty to 9 gold lire per 100 kilos.
Germany's new tariff is 8 marks per 100 kilos of raw and 10
marks on refined sugars.
Bulgaria puts a protection of 47 gold leva per 100 kilos, equivalent at present exchange to about 2.6c per lb.
Jugoslavia protects its home grown sugar to the extent of a
tariff on raws of 25 gold dinars per 100 kilos, and on refined 55 -which means a protection of from 2.4c to 5.3c per lb.
Finland and Poland are earnestly striving to increase domestic
sugar production and have established protective duties about 4c
per lb. Switzerland, too, has recently increased its tariff protection;
Sweden is considering an advance in tariff.
France protects her local producer by a tariff of over 8!/2c per
lb. on imports, at par exchange, and even at the depreciated rate
which has recently maintained, this amounts to 2c and more per lb.
These illustrations cover only a few of the principal foreign countries. Many more might be quoted to show that the nations of the
world realize the wisdom of domestic production of sugar as a food
necessity and apply the policy of tariff protection or of production
subsidies to encourage the home industry.
85




M._
-- 7 ---
Domestic    roduction of Suar
inA   U t.S.A
O    NE-SEVENTH or more of all the energy obtained from food
by the people of the United States comes from sugar. We
are the greatest sugar eaters in the world.
Sugar is good to the taste; it has a high and beneficial food value
and it supplies more units of energy for each cent of cost than any
other article of our diet. The characteristic standard of living in the
United States is to demand and use the best, which easily explains
our high figure of sugar consumption.
Sugar beets can be grown in practically every state of our Union;
they are grown and sugar is manufactured from them in 17 states.
Sugar cane growing is an important domestic industry in Texas,
Louisiana and Florida, and the climatic conditions in Hawaii, Porto
Rico, the Philippines and the Virgin Islands have made possible the
growing of sugar cane on large acreages in these island territories
and possessions of our nation.
The combined domestic sugar production of the United States in
1925 was about 2,875,000 tons of 2000 lbs., as against 919,000


86




tons in 1901, showing that the domestic production of sugar has increased to something more than three times its volume in 1901.
Consumption has increased about two and one-half times in this
period.
This increase in domestic production of sugar within the United
States has been made possible only by the maintenance of tariff protection against foreign-produced sugars whose low cost of production
would otherwise have enabled them to enter the United States at a
price which would utterly destroy the domestic sugar production within our borders or under our flag.
At the same time, the people of the United States have had the
advantage of "cheap" sugar all these years, except during 1920,
when a material decrease in the domestic production added to a sudden release of sugar from war-time control enabled the Cuban producers to force the price of sugar to unheard-of heights. Still the
domestic production within our borders kept the price below that
paid in Canada, France, Great Britain, Spain and Italy during 1920.
Domestic production in 1921 increased again by 900,000 tons
over 1920 and reasonable price levels were restored, which facts illustrate and confirm the value of a large, domestic sugar production.
The domestic sugar industry of the United States is one of our
greatest national agricultural assets.


87




IIb           pTg                of Vr(;7    nd the
T     HE domestic sugar industry of the United States has generally
received protection and encouragement by the imposition of
an import tariff on foreign sugars, or the payment of a bounty
on refined sugar.
When George Washington was President, the import duty was 1 c
per lb. on brown sugars, 3c on loaf sugar and 1 V2c on others. These
duties were increased to as high as 3c on brown and 12c on loaf
sugar when James Madison was President in 1816.
Prior to 1863 the "Dutch Standard" color test was applied in
grading sugar in applying tariff duties. In that year, a combination
of polariscope test and the Dutch standard was set as defining grades
of sugar. Since 1913 only polariscopic grading of sugar has been applied. 96~ raw sugar is the figure generally used for comparing
sugar duties.


88
0o




The present tariff law provides for an import tariff of 2.206c
per lb. on 96~ sugar, but gives importations from Cuba a preference
of 20%, making the duty on Cuban imports 1.7648c per lb. As
Cuba can produce sugar at a very low cost, the result of the present
tariff is that the domestic sugar producers meet practically no other
competition within the United States than that from Cuban produced
sugars.
When Uncle Sam freed Cuba from the yoke of Spain, he went
further and with characteristic generosity stabilized her government
and threw out a material inducement to the stabilization of her chief
industry by giving it an advantage of 20% over any other foreign
nation in the greatest market in the world. In so doing, the effect
upon the great home industry was forgotten.
Cuba's production in the year before this preference became
effective, 1902, was 967,000 tons (2000 Ibs.) while in 1925 it had
risen to 5,741,000 or over six times the earlier figure.
Naturally, the lower standards of living of the workers in Cuban
fields, if they can be called standards, together with other advantages,
enable the production of sugar cane and sugar at a low labor cost
and a low total cost with which the American farmer and manufacturer could not in any way compete unless given adequate tariff protection.
Like many other American agricultural and manufacturing industries domestic sugar production would be wiped out if left to the
unrestrained competition of low cost foreign producers. American
labor in the sugar industry must be protected against such labor conditions as exist in Cuba and other foreign countries.
If the United States produced even a fair portion of her rubber
needs under our flag, it would not now be at the mercy of foreign
producers and suffering from prices made high by foreign control of
production.
Certainly, the domestic sugar industry is a great insurance against
abnormally high prices such as Cuba imposed on us in 1920 and
even disregarding the many other advantages naturally flowing from
an American industry involving three-quarters of a billion dollars in
investment and employing nearly 300,000 people, its maintenance
as a prosperous industry is necessary as an economic insurance. American methods of sugar production are the standard of the world.
American sugar needs should be produced at home and it can
be done under proper protection.


89




T   HE Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, known as the "H. S.
P. A.", is a name familiar to every resident of this Territory.
It should therefore be of interest to you to know the history
of this association and the service it performs.
The H. S. P. A. as an organization is perhaps one of the most
unique business organizations in the world. It is an unincorporated,
voluntary association of forty-six plantation companies which have
for years combined in working for the common good of the sugar
industry of Hawaii, and indeed of the world, expending millions of
dollars in such work, each plantation contributing its share.
The first attempt at cooperation by the plantations occurred in
the early fifties with the organization of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society. This association went out of existence, however,
in a business depression about 1857, and no further attempt was


90




made until 1882. At a convention held in the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce in Honolulu in March, 1882, The Planters' Labor
& Supply Company was formed with leading plantations throughout
the Islands as members. In 1895 this company was reorganized under its present name of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.
The purpose of the H. S. P. A. is to work for the mutual benefit
and development of the sugar industry of Hawaii. One of the most
outstanding achievements of the Association is its Experiment Station where scientific study and control of the industry have made possible great advancements, and have accomplished and promoted work
which has been of far-reaching benefit to the Territory in general.
The work of this station was described in detail in previous articles.
The H. S. P. A. also studies and compiles accurate records about
the sugar industry, and constantly supplies valuable information and
data to all its members. The securing of labor for all plantations
that are members is also a very important service of the association.
The headquarters of the Association are located on the fifth
floor of the Bank of Hawaii building in Honolulu. The H. S. P.
A. Experiment Station occupies practically a complete block of
land in the Makiki district with acres of experimental plots, forestry
plots and fields located at other points on Oahu and other islands of
the group.


91




CONC


IN A SERIES of forty-four articles published in the newspapers
throughout this Territory we have told you "The Story of Sugar"
in Hawaii.
From the history of the earliest pioneer of the industry down
to the description of the plantations of today, we have given you
the facts, problems and achievements of Hawaii's main industry in
clear, concise language.
In doing so it has been our object to give the public a better understanding of what this industry is doing and what it means in the
life of our Territory.
In concluding this series of articles, we feel that it has been worth
while to have made the public acquainted with the details of our business. The general interest shown in the series of its fair-minded consideration by thousands of readers has made it well worth the effort.
We wish to express our appreciation of your interest and hope
you have found the information about the sugar industry profitable.
It is a subject in which every resident of Hawaii should be well
versed.


92




HAWAIIAN SUGAR CROP —1924-1925
From October 1, 1924, to September 30, 1925
(Compiled by Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association)


Islands                  *Tons
HAWAII
Olaa Sugar Co., Ltd......... 33,921
Waiakea Mill Co............ 10,938
Hilo Sugar Co.............. 23,106
Onomea Sugar Co........... 27,776
Pepeekeo Sugar Co......... 14,241
Honomu Sugar Co........... 9,231
Iakalau Plantation Co...... 17,861
Laupahoehoe Sugar Co....... 14,808
Kaiwiki Sugar Co., Ltd...... 7,688
Hamakua Mill Co........... 14,241
Paauhau Sugar Plantation Co. 12,274t
Honokaa Sugar Co.......... 9,492t
Pacific Sugar Mill........... 7,171t
Niulii Mill and Plantation.. 2,990t
Halawa Plantation.......... 3,295
Kohala Sugar Co............. 7,058
Union Mill Co.............. 4,029
Hawi Mill and Plantation... 10,689
Kona Development Co., Ltd.. 2,121
Hutchinson Sugar Plan. Co.. 10,700t
Hawaiian Agricultural Co.... 19,793t
Wailea Milling Co............ 4,960
Crescent City Mill. Co., Ltd..  742
Total................269,125
MAUI 
Pioneer Mill Co., Ltd........ 35,395
Olowalu  Co.................  2,065
Wailuku Sugar Co.......... 17,881
Hawaiian Coml. & Sugar Co.. 67,726
Maui Agricultural Co....... 40,711
Kaeleku Plantation Co., Ltd.. 6,026
Haiku Fruit & Packing Corp.    190
Total.................169,994


Islands                  *Tons
OAHU
Honolulu Plantation Co...... 23,915
Oahu Sugar Co............. 64,030
Ewa Plantation Co.......... 50,826
Apokaa Sugar Co., Ltd...... 1,136
Waianae Co...............   6,820
Waialua Agricultural Co., Ltd 32,585
Kahuku Plantation Co....... 11,220
Laie Plantation............ 1,886
Koolau Agricultural Co., Ltd. 1,552
Waimanalo Sugar Co........ 8,178t
Hawaiian Pineapple Co., Ltd.    89
California Packing Corp.....   223
Total................202,460
KAUAI
Lihue Plantation Co., Ltd... 22,434
Grove Farm Co., Ltd........ 4,755
Koloa Sugar Co., The....... 11,199
MeBryde Sugar Co., Ltd..... 18,360
Hawaiian Sugar Co......... 24,856
Gay & Robinson............ 3,861
Waimea Sugar Mill Co., The.. 2,924
Kekaha Sugar Co., Ltd...... 19,535
Kilauea Sugar Plan. Co...... 6,280t
M.akee Sugar Co............ 18,597
Kipu Plantation............ 1,692




Total.................134,493
Total for Territory.....776,072


*2.000 pounds to the ton.
t Iarvesting of 1925 crop not completed September 30th, 1925.


93




HAWAIIAN SUGAR PRODUCTION
From Early Records Down to Date in Tons of 2000 Pounds


Year


No. of Tons


1837................................................................


* 2


Year


No. of Tons


1860......................   572
1861.....................   1,281
1862...................... 1,503
1863......................   2,646
1864......................   5,207
1865......................  7,659
1866......................   8,865
1867...................,   8,564
1868...................... 9,10}
1869......................  9,151
1870......................   9,392
1871...................... 10,880
1872......................  8,498
1873...................... 11,565
1874..................... 12,283
1875...................... 12,540
1876...................... 13,036
1877......................  12,788
1878......................  19,215
1879..................... 24,510
1880...................... 31,792
1881......................  46,895
1882......................  57,088
1883...................... 57,05
1884...................... 71,327
1885...................... 85,695
1886......................108,112
1887......................106,362
1888......................117,944
1889.....................121,083
1890.....................129,899
1891................ 137,492
1892.....................131,308
1893................. 165,411
* First record of exportation.


Year
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926


No. of Tons.................... 153,342......................147,627.....................221,828......................251,126......................229,414......................282,807..................... 289,544...................... 360,038...................... 355,611......................457,991...................... 367,475...................   426,428...................... 429,213....................  440,017.....................  521,123...................... 535,156......................518,127......................566,821......................595,258......................546,798......................617,038......................646,445......................593,483......................644,574......................576,842......................603,583......................556,871......................539,196......................609,077...................... 545,606......................701,433......................776,072
(estimated).......... 752,589


94








SUGAR CROPS OF THE WORLD


The following are Willett & Gray's latest
2240 pounds:


estimates in tons of


Harvesting
Period
United States-Louisiana..........Oct.-Jan.
Porto Rico.........n.............Jan.-June
Hawaiian Islands.............. Nov.-June
Virgin Islands, W. I................Jan.-June
Cuba...........................Dec.-June
British West Indies-Trinidad....... Jan.-June
Barbados.........................Jan.-June
Jamaica......................... Jan.-June
Antigua..........................Feb.-July
St. Kitts......................... Feb.-Aug.
Other British West Indies.......... Jan.-June
French West Indies-Martinique......Jan.-July
Gaudeloupe......................Jan.-July
San Domingo.......................an.-June
Hayti.......................... Dec.-June
Mexico...... Dec.-June
Central America —Guatemala.........Jan.-June
Other Central America...............Jan.-June
So. America-iDemerara....Oct.-Dee. &May-June
Surinam..................    Oct.-Jan.
Venezuela.......................Oct.-June
Ecuador (1926-27 18,000)........... Oct.-Feb.
Peru........................ Jan.-Dec.
Argentine (1926-27 375,000).........May-Nov.
Brazil............................Oct.-Feb.
TOTAL    IN  AMERICA.............
British India......................Dec.-May
Java (1926-27 2,005,500)..............May-Nov.
Formosa and Japan.....N............Nov.-June
Philippine Islands....................Nov.-June
TOTAL IN     ASIA...................
Australia (1926-27 450,000).......... June-Nov.
Fiji Islands.........................June-Nov.
TOTAL IN AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA...............
Egypt.................. Jan.-June
Mauritius (1926-27 200000).........Aug.-Jan.
Reunion........................... Aug.-Jan.
Natal (1926-27 223,000)..............May-Oet.
Mozambique....................  May-Oct.
TOTAL IN AFRICA.................
Europe-Spain........................Dee.-June
TOTAL CANE SUGAR CROPS......
95


Tons
1925-26
175,000
525,000
645,000
7,000
4,900,000
55,000
45,000
57,675.15,000
13,000
7,500
45,000
40,000
350,000
13,500
175,000
25,000
62,500
102,000
10,000
19,000
16,976
265,000
395,733
650,000
8,614,884
2,923,000
2,278,900
498,460
425,000
6,125,360
522,344
90,000
612,344
107,000
232,700
59,130
213,807
70,000
682,637
9,000
16,044,225


Tons
1924-25
79,002
589,760
692,804
7,200
5,125,970
69,628
49,315
42,843
14,632
15,563
9,000
47,995
39,990
311,270
8,280
165,223
25,562
73,240
90,874
10,200
19,000
18,700
310,522
246,717
812,493
8,875,783
2,548,000
1,977,490
458,836
581,064
5,565,390
43S,680
100,810
536,490
110,000
224,710
52,380
143,974
44,278
575,342
8,087
15,561,092






SUGAR CROPS OF THE WORLD
Harvesting        Tons        Tons
Period         1925-26     1924-25
Europe-Beet-Germany................Sept.-Jan.      1,600,000    1,575,684
Czecho-Slovkia................ Sept.-Jan.      1,520,000    1,409,703
Austria........................ Sept.-Jan.         80,000       75,443
Hungary.........................Sept.-Jan.        162,000      202,354
France...................... Sept.-Jan.           755,000      827,472
Belgium......................... Sept.-Jan.      335,000      400,105
Holland......................    Sept.-Jan.       310,000      329,244
Russia and Ukraine............... Sept.-Jan.     1,041,903     458,375
Poland........................... Sept.-Jan.      590,000      494,854
Sweden.......................... Sept.-Dec.       204,500      135,270
Denmark....................... Sept.-Jan.         175,600      140,000
Italy........................... Aug.-Oct.         162,000     422,429
Spain.............................Sept.-Jan.     225,000      260,000
Switzerland...................... Sept.-Jan.        6,395        5,906
Bulgaria..........................Sept.-Jan.      38,000       39,758
Roumania.....................  Sept.-Jan.       110,000       86,256
England (192Q-27 130,000).........Sept.-Jan.       51,140       23,730
Other Countries.................. Sept.-Jan.       94,465      191,907
TOTAL IN EUROPE...............                     7,460,403    7,078,490
United States-Beet.................July-Jan.        804,439      974,185
Canada-Beet....................... Oct.-Dec.         32,475       36,200
TOTAL BEET SUGAR CROPS.........                    8,297,317    8,088,875
GRAND TOTAL-CANE AND BEET
SUGAR.......................               24,341,542   23,649,967
Estimated  Increase  in the World's
Production Over Previous Year...                 691,575     3,533;858
_          =__......   _..||


96




JaxL. Jeb. M~'ar. AM.~: June JLUIJ- M91 set. Oct JN~ov. Dec. Pi
2 ~   12
-_.1225  _  ~   ~    ~   ~   ~   ~~22
New York Price 9611 Centrifugal Sugar Controlling Sales of Hawaiian Sugar.






U                _~I__


I


Calories


Granulated
Sugar
Bread       -172
Prunes                                                    147
Pork                                   85
Cheese                                  85
Mutton
Milk                                  79
Butter                              75
Beef                             63
Apples                       so
Lamb                     37
Fowl                 24
Eggs                 23
Codfish             19
Potatoes          14
Food Value for One Cent. Based on Average Wholesale Prices of 1925.
(From Statistics of the U. S. Depts. of Agriculture and Labor; reprinted from American Sugar Refining Co.'s Report for 1925.)






Cuba
2,909,030 Tomr
52.79$


Cuba
2,648.223 Tons
55.39%


Cuba
2,824.155 Tons
68.18%


Sources of Sugar Consumed in the United States in 1923
CWilett & Gray)


Sources of Sudar Conunmed in the United States.in 1924
(WUlett & aOra)


r M


Comparison of Sources of Sugar Consumed in the United States During the Years 1923, 1924 and 1925.
(Compiled from Willet & Gray's Statistics; reprinted from American Sugar Refining Co.'s Report for 1925.)




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