;:li~b ICln~a ";i~~~',ti"r; rai ibsiil:rs B;J-XJIEii;ir;Biii;'8ii9: IBiC~ ~I? ii" iBii.si;ii x IC 6~i IM~ rinia:i~~1.,,,,,,PII:I.W,;"i II,:~ za il ri,l IEll; ~I~~ir; s:lg::sj1 gg i~:. ~~~~~ rggi; FlbQ iiasi: iBiil RI% 111"~ la~ I dl;a [V" ~":r ~iilx~isl~ E#ll 151 I:rlr ~%BLgl Ilrl z;i~:Isnlill ic? 1111 Y,::;;:iiiiiiA,: ikRlei.2E~:P r 18111 IlxsBlb i""i I ~,,,,, ILisa I ~;"l~%i:IB I~~ Ilill I;,,, r~ir; "";: ;;"E; diiics I I 4 r i k. A) HAWAIIAN FUNGI BY FRANK LINCOLN STEVENS BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN 19 WITH IO PLATES I, i HONOLULU, HAWAII PUBLISHED BY THE MUSEUM 1925 DR. F. L. STEVENS, PROCESSOR OF PLANT PATHOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, WAS BISHOP MUSEUM FELLOW IN YALE UNIVERSITY FOR TIlE YEAR 1921-22. THE PAPERS ON HAWAIIAN FUNGI WERE SUBMITTED AT INTERVALS FROM 1922-23 AND WERE REVISED AND PUT IN THIE PRESENT FORM BY THE AUTHOR IN 1924. ISSUED OCTOBER, 1925. CONTENTS PAG1 Introduction -...-... —.. ---. ---------------... --- —-.-. 3 Myxomycetes........................-............ — -------- 6 Amaurosporales.................................................................... 6 Lamprosporales..........-................................................... 7 Phycomycetes......8.................................................... 8 Saprolegniales............................................... 8 Peronosporales........................................ 8 Mucorales -................................................................... Entomophthorales.................-......................................... 9 Ascomycetes....................O................................................ Io Pezizales..........................................................-.............-..-..-..-.. -- - I P erisporiales..................................................................................................................... 23 Hysteriales........................ -........................ 12 Aspergillales...................................... 13 Dothideales -................................ 13 Perisporiales.-........- -.. —. ----....... 23 J-Iemisphaeriales........................- 63 H ypocreales............................................................................ 93 Sphaeriales.-...-......................... 95 Laboulbenialesi.....-....................................I.......................... I Basidiom ycetes.........................2............................................................. I2 Uredinales -.....-........ —..................................................... 12 Ustilaginales...-.............. —......... — -..1I25 Fungi imperfecti....-..................-... -.. I27 F phaeropsidales.............................................................................. I28 Melanconiales —...........-..... -.......... 144 Moniliales -..........-......1........... 147 Fungus of unknown affinity................-6.-.......... I62 Hosts of Hawaiian Fungi and the Fungi on them................................................... I62 Hosts of Hawaiian meliolas by families................................-.....-....... 174 Hosts of Hawaiian rusts indicating the endemic, the indigenous, and the recent.... I76 Species of Hawaiian rusts indicating the approximate source.................................... I76 Literature cited............................................ - I77 Index to Fungi.......................................................... I87 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Plate I. Yoshinagella on Cibotium -...................................................... I84 II. Amaurosporales, Dothideales, and Perisporiales......-..................-............. 184 III. Amaurosporales, Dothideales, and Perisporiales..................................... 84 IV. Sooty molds, figs. 1-44.......-.. --- —-.......................... I84 V. Sooty molds', figs. 45-48, and forms of sooty molds..................................... 84 PAGE VI. Aulacostroma osmanthi, Echidnodes pisoniae, Pluriporus gouldiae, Seynesiopeltis, and Calothyriella..-........1.............................1........ 84 VII. Echidnodella cocculi and Questieria euphorbiae -.................................. 184 VIII. Trichopeltis................................................................... 84 IX. Trichopeltis reptans, T. pulchella, T. chilensis, Microthyriella, Hexagonella, and Anomothallus —............................ 184 X. Anomothallus erraticus, Septoria rollandiae, Mycosphaerella dianellae, Phyllosticta colocasiophila.....-..................... 184 Figure i. Yoshinagella................................................ -I5 2. Pauahia sideroxyli....................................... I8 3. Trabutia minima........................ —......................................... I8 4. Actinodothidopsis coprosmae..-.................. —.....-.....-..... 19 5. Schizochora pandani.-...-... —..... —.......................... 21 6. Apiospormontagnei, Oligistroma suttoniae.-............................ 21 7. Meliola.. —......................................................................... 3I 8. Meliola.................................................................. --- —------------ - 36 9. Meliolineae: Irene and Meliolina haplochaeta -................................... 42 io. Meliolineae: Meliolina and Amazonia....................................-........ 47 II. Meliolineae: Amazonia and Actinodothis...................................-........ 49 12. Aulacostroma osmanthi........................................-...................... 64 I3. Pleuriporus gouldiae........6............................ 65 I4. Seynesiopeltis, Beelia, Calothyriopeltis and Echidnodes -...-................. 70. Trichopeltis........................................................................ 8 I6. Trichopeltis reptans -...................................... 82 I7. Trichopeltis reptans........-.......... ---.................................. 83 I8. Enthallopycnidium gouldiae and Trichothallus hawaiiensis.................... 84 I9. Trichothallus hawaiiensis'.....................-.......-...-.... 85 20. Microthyriella hibisci.-....................-.............-.....-.....-.. 88 21. Hexagonella peleae.-.......-.....-..............-....... ---... o 22. Anomothallus erraticus......................-................... 92 23. Gibberella pulicaris and Rosellinia citriformis......................-..... 96 24. X enolophium....................-............................................................. 97 25. Lageniforma bambusae.. —.......................... -...99 26. Lageniforma, Guignardia, ahd Mycosphaerella...... —...-............-.......- I02 27. Mycosphaerella and Sphaerulina........-................................. 103 28. Phyllosticta, Harknessia, and Stagonospora.......................................... 130 29. Pycnidia of Clypeoseptoria rockii..................................... 141 30. Pycnidia of Leptothyrium sidae..-.-.......................... - 143 3I. Botrytis and Ramularia.............................. I50 32. Conidiophore and conidia of Helminthosporium cibotii.........................- -... 152 33. Condiophores and conidia of Helminthosporium gleicheniae and Cercospora pipturi............................................... 155 34. Excioconidium of Graphium dubautiae cibotti..-... —..-........................ 157 35. Coremia of Graphium dubautieae............ —... ---................-...-.. -159 HAWAIIAN FUNGI BY F. L. STEVENS INTRODUCTION The present publication is the result of an effort to unite into one list fungi known to exist on the Hawaiian islands. The larger part of the list represents collections that I made during a period of four and a half months in the year 1921, while serving as a Bishop Museum Fellow of Yale University. Previous collections, aside from those of fungi growing upon economic plants, had not been large. Reichardt (I53) in 1877 reported ten species of Hawaiian fungi, being part of a botanical collection of Dr. Wawra made during the years 1868-1873. In 1895 A. A. Heller (8i) collected on the islands of Hawaii about 500 species of plants, 22 of which were fungi. Several of these, and three not included in the sets, were described as new species by Ellis and Everhart in two publications (58). Charles N. Forbes, botanist of the Bishop Museum for twelve years, an indefatigable collector of flowering plants and an enthusiastic and able botanist, collected a few fungi, some of which were left undetermined in the Museum collections, while thirty-nine species of the higher fungi were sent away for determination, most of them to C. G. Lloyd. Dr. H. L. Lyon, since 1907 plant pathologist of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, submitted a collection of approximately Ioo specimens of fungi to George F. Atkinson for determination. Those determined gave a total of 58 species. In addition R. Thaxter made a report in 1917 on the Laboulbeniaceae of the Territory and A. T. Speare (172) reports on four other entomogenous fungi. It thus appears that, aside from the fungous pests of important economic plants and the entomogenous fungi, less than I30 species of fungi had been identified as occurring in the Hawaiian islands (including Palmyra) and very few of these had been recorded in any publication.1 Aside from the records indicated above, the fungi affecting economic plants have been intensively studied and reported on by the botanists of the Hawaiian 1 Since this paper was written and while the manuscript was awaiting publication, an article entitled, "Higher fungi of the Hawaiian islands" has been published by E. A. Burt (Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden. I0:I79-I89, April, 1923), based on Basidiomycetes that were collected by me and in part taken from the Bishop Museum and submitted to Dr. Burt by me. These collections comprised I50 numbers belonging to 6I species. 4 Bernice P. Bishop Museum —Bulletin Sugar Planters' Association and of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station (federal). The fungi of the crop plants are therefore well known. In preparing these studies I have incorporated all information given in the publications mentioned above and with the exception of certain of the higher fungi that were sent to me by Dr. E. A. Burt for determination and separate report (see footnote I) have used, in so far as they were useable, all collections of fungi in the Bishop Museum, the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station and in Dr. Lyon's private collection, which he very generously placed at my disposal. In studies of the superficial fungi, such as the Perisporiaceae and Capnodiaceae, brilliant surface lighting under the objective of the microscope by means of the Silverman illuminator has been exceedingly serviceable, giving details of surface structure of perithecia, setae, etc., such as could otherwise not have been secured. With these surface fungi the method of securing mounts by means of the celloidin drop (I78) has also been of great service, enabling the retention of the mycelium of colonies in the normal positions. Microtome sections have been made in the case of most of the internal fungi, particularly in the order Dothideales. My own collections of fungi in Hawaii number something over 1200, They represent many collecting trips in many and diverse regions on Oahu; one three-day collecting trip on Kauai spent chiefly in the region of Kokee; and one week on Maui, the collecting being chiefly in the wet forest along the Olinda pipeline and on Pogue's ditch trail. One month was spent on Hawaii, motoring entirely around the island and collecting at many places, the most interesting and productive of which were the regions near Kilauea, in Kona, and near Waimea. The work of so brief a period could not result in complete collections from any one region, much less from all the islands. The Hawaiian Territory presents great diversity of humidity and temperature even in the accessible regions to say nothing of the inaccessible cliffs and gorges. Still I regard the results as fairly representative of the Hawaiian fungous flora. The rusts, smuts, and black superficial fungi and truly parasitic fungi have been, perhaps, especially in mind and this has doubtless led to greater degree of completeness of these collections, though many more of each will reward exhaustive search. The higher fungi have been less thoroughly taken and the fleshy agarics have been almost ignored. I wish to express my thanks to the University of Illinois for the leave of absence which made the trip possible, also for financial assistance from the Graduate School. Both the success and the pleasure of the trip were due to most hearty co-operation of the many kind friends made in Hawaii. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 5 I am particularly indebted to Albert F. Judd, President of the Board of Trustees of the Bishop Museum, for assistance in arranging itineraries and for introductions to many hospitable, delightful people of the islands, who did much to aid me in collecting; to Dr. Herbert E. Gregory for his hearty co-operation in extending to me every facility of the Bishop Museum; and to Dr. H. L. Lyon for similar courtesies at the Sugar Planters' Experiment Station. I wish also to record my appreciation of most helpful assistance on the island of Hawaii from Mr. Julian Monsarrat of Kapapala Ranch; from Mr. Thomas C. White in Kona, and Mr. J. W. Waldron at Waimea and Kukuihaele; and on the island of Maui from Mr. Henry A. Baldwin and Mr. Worth Aiken. I am especially indebted to Mr. Charles S. Judd, Territorial Forester, for many courtesies. The naming of host plants was attended with considerable difficulty for one unfamiliar with a region so unique as Hawaii, and the assistance of Mr. Otto H. Swezey was invaluable to me in preliminary determinations. All determinations in so far as possible were verified by comparison with specimens in the Bishop Museum herbarium. Such comparison usually rendered certain the genus of the host plant, but for many fungi accurate determination of the host species was impossible. All of the grasses were very kindly determined for me by Mrs. Agnes Chase. Other host determinations are acknowledged in the text. Specimens credited to Forbes-Stevens were found in the Museum herbarium on hosts collected by Forbes for the host, and not for the fungus. The segregation of the fungi I made, but the numbers given with them are the original numbers of Forbes. All collections unless otherwise recorded were made by me in the year I92I, and all determinations are mine unless otherwise indicated. Specimens of my collection are deposited in the herbaria of the institutions where the various groups were studied and also when sufficient material was available in the herbarium of the Bishop Museum and in that of the University of Illinois. In the preparation of these studies I have been aided by the various members of the graduate school, in Botany, of the University of Illinois as follows: P. A. Young, E. F. Guba, P. A. Glick, G. C. Curran, H. L. Dixon, and 0. A. Plunkett, also by my technician Amy G. Weedon. The paper on the Microthyriaceae, Stigmataceae and Polystomellaceae was submitted by Ruth W. Ryan in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Botany in the graduate school of the same University I923, while that on the Capnodiaceae was similarly submitted by Jose M. Mendoza. The text regarding the genus Questieria was prepared by Prof. M. Arnaud of Montpellier, France, and several determinations and descriptions were made by Prof. H. Sydow of Berlin, Germany. The smuts were examined by G. P. Clinton, who also made contributions 6 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin to the text. Miss Mary E. Currie kindly determined the Myxomycetes. All determinations of the rusts, unless otherwise stated, were made by J. C. Arthur, who has also very kindly read my final rust manuscript and offered many valuable suggestions. The line drawings of the Meliolas and of the Dothideales are by L. R. Tehon, and all photographs by A. G. Eldridge. I am greatly indebted to Miss Helen A. Purdy, Bishop Museum Fellow, for the preparation of the Bibliography and to Miss Elizabeth B. Higgins for editorial criticism. Assistance in spelling of Hawaiian place names has been given by Dr. Harold L. Lyon and other friends in Honolulu. [The responsibility for the spelling of scientific names and for the arrangement and verification of keys and indexes rests with the author.Editor.] MYXOMYCETES 2 The few species of Myxomycetes here reported are merely incidental collections made in trips, the primary object of which was to collect parasitic fungi. They are all well known and cosmopolitan in their distribution. According to Forbes (6I) "Our knowledge of the Mycetozoa is limited to six species," but I fail to find a record of these six. The number to record in Hawaii could doubtless be very much increased by a little special search for Slime Molds. MYCETOZOA Rostafinski Sluzowce (Mycetozoa) Monographia (Paris: 1875). A. Lister, A monograph of the Mycetozoa, London, I91I. SUB-CLASS II ENDOSPOREAE AMAUROSPORALES PHYSARACEAE 1. FULIGO Haller, Hist. Stirp. Helv., vol. 3, p. IIO, I768 No. I. Fuligo septica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 1466, 179I. On dead stump. Oahu: Hakipuu, June I9, no. 56I. On grass and fern. Oahu: Honolulu, School St., June I, 1917, Lyon, no. I3I. On dead stump and dead Eucalyptus leaf. Hawaii: Kukuihaele, Aug. 2, no. IO93. 2The determinations' of the Myxomycetes were made by Mary E. Currie. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 7 This species commonly fruits on grass and low herbs and its occurrence in fruit on a living fern is of note. Though there is much variation within the species, it is very easily recognized, and is cosmopolitan in its distribution. Sometimes its fruits smother the living plants. No. 2. Fugilo cinerea Morg. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 105, I896.) var. escorticata Lister. On dead wood. Maui: Olinda pipeline, Sept. 5, no. 1137. This species is not uncommon and has been collected in the eastern and western United States. STEMONITACEAE 2. STEMONITIS Gleditsch, Meth. Fung. p. 140, I753 No. 3. Stemonitis splendens Rost. (Mono. p. I95, I875), var. flaccida Lister. (See P1. II, E.) On dead wood. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 475. This specimen is of special interest on account of the comparative rarity of the variety. The capillitium which differs slightly from the type is shown in Plate II, E. It has been reported from the British Isles and from several of the United States. LAMPROSPORALES LYCOGALACEAE 3. LYCOGALA Adanson, Fam. PI., vol. 2, p. 7, 1763 No. 4. Lycogala epidendrum Fries, Syst. Myc., vol. 3, p. 80, I829. On dead wood. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 7Io-Hawaii: Kealakekua, July 23, no. 95I, and July 25, no. Ioo8. Also in the Bishop Museum as determined by C. G. Lloyd. It is a species which shows little variation except in size, and is probably the commonest and most cosmopolitan in its distribution of all Myxomycetes. ARCYRIACEAE 4. ARCYRIA Wiggers, Fl. Holsat., p. I09, 1780 No. 5. Arcyria cinerea Pers. Syn. Fung., p. 184, I80I On Metrosideros polymorpha. Hawaii: Kealakekua, July 21, no. 954. This is a common species, very often occurring in large quantities, and is readily recognized. 8 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin PHYCOMYCETES SAPROLEGNIALES 5. PYTHIUM Pring. Jahr. Wiss. Bot., vol. I, p. 304, 1858 No. 6. Pythium butleri Subra., Mem. Dept. Agr. India, vol. Io, p. I8I, I919 On Saccharum officinarum. (cane) Reported by C. W. Carpenter (31) as the cause of root rot (Lahaina disease). On Ananas sativus. (pineapple), Oahu; Kailua, reported by Carpenter (3I). On Orysa sativa (rice), reported by Carpenter (3I). No. 7. Pythium sp. On Colocasia sps. (taro), reported by Carpenter (31) as cause of root rot. Other references to Pythium sp., or to pythium-like fungi, associated with root rot of rice, cane, banana or taro are to be found in articles by Carpenter (29) and also by Caum (34) who says "several undetermined species are reported as parasitic on the roots (cane). PERONOSPORALES ALBUGINACEAE 6. ALBUGO (Pers.) S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI., vol. I, p. 540, I82I. Cystopus Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat., 3d ser; vol. 8, p. 371, 1847. This genus though common in temperate regions, seemed rare in Hawaii. No cosporic material was found. No. 8. Albugo candida (Pers.) Kun.tze, Rev. Gen. PI., vol. 2, p. 58, I89I1 Cystopus candidus Lev. Op. cit. On Sinapis cernua "kai choy." Oahu: Between Diamond Head and King St., Honolulu, May I9, no. 17; Hawaii: Keauhou, Kona, Bishop Estate road, July 23, no. 938. Reported also by Carpenter (29, Rep. I918). Collected also at Honolulu, October 3, 1917, Carpenter no. 167; Manoa, Lyon, Sept. 20, 90o9. On Brassica campestris. (turnip) Carpenter (29, Rep. I918, p. 44). Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 9.No.9. Albugo ipomoea-panduranae (Schw.) Swing. jour. Myc., vol. 7, P. 11L2, I1891I Cystopus ipomoea-panduranae Stev. and Swing. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, p. 67, 1889. On Ipomoea insularis. Oahu: Honolulu, Beretania St., May i8, no. 4-Hawaii, Kukuihaele, August 2, no. 1102. PERONOSPORACEAE 7. PHYTOPHTHORA De Bary, Jour. Roy, Agr. Soc., Vol. 12 P. 240, 1876. No. io. Phytophthora colocasiae Rac. Par. Alg. Pilze Javas, vol. i, p. 9, 1900 On Colocasia, sp. (taro) Oahu: Molokai, and Hawaii, C. W. Carpenter (29, Rep. 1919). No. ii. Phytoiphthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary, jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. vol. 12, P. 240, 1876 On Solanitrn tuberosumn. (potato), widely prevalent' (29). Reported by Carpenter in Hawaii (29, Rep. 1918; 30); Maui and Oahu (29, Rept. 1917). Other specimens were collected as follows: May, 19I3, by L. D. Larsen; Maui, Waiakoa, 1916, and Oahu, 1917, by C. W. Carpenter. On Lycopersicum esculenturn (tomato), Carpenter, C. W. (29, Rep. 1918). MUCORAILES MUCORACEAE 8. RHIZOPUS Ehrenb. Nova Acta Acad. Leop., vol. 10, pt. 1, Ip. 198, 1 820. No. 12. R. nigricans Ehrenb. On Ipomoea bat atas. Reported as "Rhizopus sp." by Carpenter but undoubtedly this species. ENTOMOPHTHORALES ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE 9. ENTOMOPHTHORA Fres. Bot. Zeit., vol. 14, P. 883, 1856 NO. 13. Entomophthora sp. On Perkinsiella saccharicida, (cane leaf-hopper). Recorded by A. T. Speare (172). IO Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin No. 14. Entomophthora pseudococci Speare On Pseudococcus sacchari. Recorded by Speare (I72). 10. METARRHIZIUM Giard, Bull. Fr. Belg., vol. 12, p. 217, 1889 No. I5. Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) On Adoretus sinicus, Anomala orientalis, Rhabdocnenis obscura, Monocrepidius exsul, Pantomorus fulleri, Gonocephalum seriatum, Plusia chalcites. Recorded by A. T. Speare (I72). ASCOMYCETES The collections of ascomycetous fungi from Hawaii are especially rich in the Perisporiales with the Meliolineae perhaps leading in interest. The Hemisphaeriales, Dothideales and Microthyriaceae also present many forms of special interest. The remaining ascomycetous orders, though the number of species reported herein is considerable, still falls far below the number that an equal amount of time devoted to collecting in other regions would afford. Certain species are included herein since they appear on a list of determinations made by G. F. Atkinson based on fungi collected by Lyon. The list is included in a letter dated September 3, I909, and the specimens on which it is based were deposited in the herbarium of Cornell University. Some obviously incorrect determinations, as well as several names never published occur in the list. All such are omitted. These which I use are given just as Professor Atkinson listed them, without editing, and are followed by the reference to Atkinson's list. Numerous other fungi are included because they are listed by Caum as occurring in Hawaii. All such are followed by the reference "Caum." KEY TO ORDERS OF ASCOMYCETES HEREIN REPORTED Perithecia not stalked on a receptacle, not on insects Ascoma at maturity open and more or less cup-like Discomycetes....-..... Pezizales Ascoma free, asci uncovered, linear.......................................... Hysteriales Asci in a cylindrical, globose or dimidiate perithecium Asci arranged at different levels in the perithecium........................ Aspergillales Asci from a common level Perithecia globose and without typical ostiole Stromatic...-..-.-...........................................Dothideales Not stromatic.-....... —.....................Perisporiales Perithecia ostiolate Perithecia dimidiate................-....................Hemisphaeriales Perithecia not dimidiate Perithecia not dark colored............................ Hypocreales Perithecia dark colored...............-...................Sphaeriales Perithecia on a stalked receptacle, on insects....................................Laboulbeniales Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi II PEZIZALES KEY TO HAWAIIAN FAMILIES OR GENERA Peridium and hypothecium of the same tissue......... ---—......-...-....... Pezizaceae Peridium with a differentiated surface layer Peridium pseudo-parenchymatic —..-....................................... Mollisiaceae Peridium pseudo-prosenchymatic.................. -..........-.............Helotiaceae Paraphyses apically obtuse-, —..............-....................Dasyscypha Paraphys'es acute...... -................................................... Erinella PEZIZACEAE 1. PEZIZA Dill. Nov. Gen. PI., p. 74, helv. no. 2221, 17I9 No. I6. Peziza gelantinosa Hall Atkinson lists as Lyon no. 22 f. MOLLISIACEAE 12. PSEUDOPEZIZA Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 290, 1869 No. 17. Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc. Fung. Ard. n. 90, Malpighia, vol. I, p. 455, I887. On Medicago sativa. Oahu: Waialua, Oct. 10, I913, L. D. Larsen, Lyon no. 404; Honolulu, April 21, 1913. Lyon no. (?); Wahiawa, I9I3. Lyon no. 340. HELOTIACEAE 13. DASYSCYPHA Fries, Syst. Myc., vol. 2, p. 89, 1822 No. I8. Dasyscypha sadleriae Stevens and Young n. sp. Affected pinnules black, gray, or brown, discolored areas sometimes limited by veinlets. Apothecia IIO-260 o in diameter; hypophyllous, scattered thickly over areas not covered by host sori, borne on short stalks, globose at first, but finally becoming saucer-shaped or flat-topped, white, becoming pink when wet, round or irregular, hairy. Asci clavate, 68-80 by I2-I5t, 8-spored. Paraphyses filiform, blunt, 50-70 by I-2p. Spores hyaline, I-celled, granular, ends acute, 9-I6 by 3-4/j. (See P1. III, G.) On living leaves of Sadleria sp. Hawaii: Hamakua, July 31, no. 1078. Saccardo describes no species of Dasyscypha on either Sadleria or on Blechnum, a genus closely related to Sadleria. The fungus appears to be actively parasitic, causing well marked diseased spots. No. I9. Dasyscypha ulei (Wint.) Sacc. Syll. Fung., vol. 8, p. 452, 1889 Peziza ulei Winter. Hedwigia, vol. 24, p. 258, 1885. On living leaves of Gleichenia longissima. Oahu: Wahiawa, May 31, no. I53. 12 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin On Gleichenia sp. Oahu: Konahuanui trail, Nov. 3, 19I2, Lyon no. 167, Maui: Pogue's Ditch Trail, Sepf. 6, no. II58. The characters of the fungus on these fern leaves agree closely with those of the printed description except that the apothecia are light yellow to white instead of red. Well developed diseased spots are produced. 14. ERINELLA Sacc. Syll. Fung., vol. 8, p. 507, 1889 No. 20. Erinella longispora Karst. Sacc. Syll. Fung., vol. 8, p. 507, 1889 Lachnum longisporum Karst. Hedwigia, vol. 29, p. 191, 1889. Lyon no. 26. In Atkinson's list as determined by Durand. HYSTERIALES KEY TO HAWAIIAN GENERA Spores brown....-.......................-..................... Rhytidhysterium Spores hyaline, filamentous...............-L.................................. Lophodermium 15. RHYTIDHYSTERIUM Speg. Anal. Soc. Ci. Argent., 4, no. I91, 1882 No. 21. Rhytidhysterium prosopidis Peck Rept. 46, N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 39, 1893 On Prosopis juliflora. Oahu: Honolulu, 1913. Lyon no. 406. 16. LOPHODERMIUM Chev. Fl. Gen. Env. Paris, vol. I, p. 436, 1826 No. 22. Lophodermium intermissum Starb. Bih. S v. Vet.-Acad. Handl., vol. 2I, p. 17, I895 On Acacia koa. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 3, no. 234; Maui: Pogue's ditch trail, Sept. 6, no. 1156. The present form is provisionally placed under this species with the description of which it agrees closely, though its agreement with L. arundinacium is also very close, notwithstanding that the latter is on a monocotyledonous plant, while the present form is on a dicotyledonous one. No. 23. Lophoderium arundinaceum (Schrad.) Chev. Fl. Gen. Env., Paris, vol. I, p. 435, 1826 On Vincentia ang'ustifolia. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 3, no. 246; Palolo valley and Mt. Olympus, June 0o, no. 373, and June 24, no. 727; Tantalus, June 22, nos. 652 and 622. The present form is placed under this species after careful comparison with herbarium specimens. (Rabenhorst, Fungi Europaei, no. 1226). Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi I3 No. 24. Lophoderium sacchari Lyon, H.S.P.A. Exp. Sta., Rec., vol. 9, p. 6oi, 1913 On Saccharumn officinarum (cane) Hawaii, I913, Lyon no. 29I. "On dead leaves of Saccharumn officinarum. Hawaii." Caum. ASPERGILLALES 17. ASPERGILLUS Mich. Nova P1. Gen., p. 212, I729 No. 25. Aspergillus parasiticus Speare On Pseudococcus sacchari. Recorded by A. T. Speare. DOTHIDEALES Lindau, in E. & P., Nat. Pfl., vol. I, Abt. i, p. 373, 1897 My previous collecting experience, in the Caribbean tropics, included numerous species of Dothideales, which, by their conspicuous character and abundant distribution, were in marked contrast to the collections of Dothideales of Hawaii, where, although the eye was trained to recognize them, they were found only rarely and in inconspicuous form. Notwithstanding this sparseness of species the forms that were found are for the most part of exceptional interest both in their morphology and as throwing light upon phylogeny. The series of three forms described below on Cibotium shows a very remarkable differentiation to have occurred on this host. Forms placed here in the Dothideales and forms described elsewhere with the meliolas or with the Microthyriaceae clearly show these groups to merge into each other. In certain of the dothids, though sub-cuticular or subepidermal, the habit of multiple anchorage or penetration into the mesophyll similar to that shown by the Polystomellaceae is found, though no sign of radiate structure appears. It is probable that certain of the superficial Microthyriaceae, by some such steps as are represented by Meliola-Amazonia-Actinodothidopsis, have led to a group of superficial dothids. On the other hand the same fungi or others have emphasized their host attachment; developed a powerful hypostroma and in fact changed from the superficial habit, as of the Polystomellaceae, to the subcuticular or subepidermal habit of the dothids. KEY TO HAWAIIAN GENERA OF DOTHIDEALES Stromata palisade-formed, superficial or erumpent....-.......................... Dothideaceae Stromata superficial, centrally fastened..........................................................Coccoideae Spores i-celled, hyaline................-................18. Yoshinagella Stromata superficial, fastened at many places....................................... Leveillellelae Spores, 4-celled, brown..........................................................19. Pauahia 14 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin Stromata subcuticular or subepidermal.............................-..Phyllachoraceae Stromata between cuticle and epidermis.............................................. Trabutiineae Spores I-celled, hyaline, paraphyses present............................ --—..20. Trabutia Spores I-3 celled, hyaline.........................- 21. Actinodothidopsis Stromata between epidermis and palisade tissue...............................Scirrhiineae Spores i-celled, hyaline, appendaged........-............. -.. ---- - 22. Schizochora Spores 2-celled, hyaline, Cells equal................................... 23. Scirrhia Cells unequal..................................24. Apiospora Stromata in the mesophyll-.....................-........................ Phylachorineae Spores i-celled, hyaline, paraphyses present................................ Phyllachora Spores' 2-celled, hyaline, paraphyses absent -................- 26. Oligostroma No definite stroma; loculi isolated in the mesophyll...............Montagnellaceae 27. Hyalocurreya DOTHIDEACEAE Nitschke, emend. Theis. and Syd. Ann. Myc., vol. 13, p. I74, I915 COCCOIDEAE 18. YOSHINAGELLA v. H6hn, in Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien., vol. 122, p. 36, 1913 No. 26. Yoshinagella polymorpha Lyon (in lit.) n. sp3. Stromata erumpent, emerging naked and black, and soon becoming stipitate and setose. Setae usually arranged as a crown, but rarely completely covering the s'troma, long, 6oo-850o, black, stiff, septate; setal tips obtuse, or sometimes swollen to knobs. Asci about I4 —60 by 9/1, 8 spored. Paraphyses filamentous. Spores uniseriate or inordinate, continuous, hyaline, oblong, I4-I8 by 7-9 a, dilute green. Conidia small, 4-5 by 3 A, I-celled, irregularly ovate to pyriform, slightly fuscous, borne on long, simple conidiophores. (See P1. I, A, B, E, F, G; fig. i, a, b, c, d.) On living leaves of Cibotium menziesii. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 694 (type); Castle trail, I912, Lyon no. I65; Palolo valley, I912, Lyon nos. 142, 433, 468.-Hawaii: Upper ditch trail, July 31, no. Io6I; Pahala, I919, Lyon no. 480.-Kauai: no. II6I, Swezey. This fungus is fairly constant in its characters. The hypostroma is well developed, reaching more than half the way through the leaf as a rather compact mycelial network. The stroma emerges through the epidermis, first as a minute smooth, globular structure. It soon becomes top-shaped and flat-topped, with a stipe some 275 A broad, at the same time developing a beautiful corona of black setae (PI. I, B, F). In rare instances the whole top of the stroma is setose. Viewed from above the top of the stroma, the portion encircled by the setae, has a honeys This name was suggested by H. L. Lyon in a personal letter; the description is by Stevens. I am indebted to Dr. Lyon for opportunity to make preliminary examination of his herbarium specimens and for information as to suitable localities for collecting this fungus. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi I5 I e d FIGURE I.-Yoshinagella: a, microtome section of a stroma of Y. polymorpha, showing the characteristic palisade arrangement of the stroma-the hypostroma penetrates deep into the mesophyl-the origins of the setae from the rim of the stroma, the developing perithecia under the rim of the stroma, and the central cavity lined with conidiophores.-b-d, Y. polymorpha (No. 694) on Cibotium m enziesii: b, conidiophores and conidia; c, setae and setal tips; d, asci with spores; e, Yoshinagella nuda on Cibotium chamissoisection of a stroma. i6 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin comb (See PI. I, E, F) appearance and frequently shows also globular protuberances. By crushing the stromata, or still better by use of microtome sections, it appears that in certain stages of development the central portion is concave and conidiabearing while the border or rim of the disk shows evidence of developing perithecia (fig. a). Other stages show the perithecia well developed and filled with asci. (PI. I, G). No. 27. Yoshinagella polymorpha Lyon var. pauciseta Stev. n. var. PI. I, C. Setae usually few or entirely absent, and when present irregularly arranged and short (90-230 o). (In very rare instances the stroma showed regular radiating setae.) Stromata small, round, black, not so distinctly stipitate as in Y. polymorpha. Pycniospores and all other structures as' in Y. polymorpha. On Cibotium chamissoi. Hawaii: Hamakua, upper ditch trail, July 31, nos. io66 and 1077.-Maui: Pogue's ditch trail, Sept. 6, no. II56. This variety differs markedly from Y. polymorpha in that the setae of the stroma are very few in number or quite lacking (See P1. I, C), and when present, are very rarely found arranged as a crown on the stroma. The stromata, too, lack the characteristic shape and are merely irregular small cushions, and the conidiiferous and ascigerous parts are not regularly distributed. No. 28. Yoshinagella nuda Stevens n. sp. P1. i, D, H, and fig. I, e. Stromata black, hard, irregular in shape, without setae or rarely with few scattered setae, varying greatly in size from less than a millimeter to more than two centimeters in diameter. Other characters as' in Y. polymorpha. On Cibotium chamissoi. Oahu: Wahiawa, May 31, nos. 151 and I55; Ahren's ditch trail, June 8, no. 286; Mt. Olympus, June o0, nos. 305, 307, 332, 372; Waiahole ditch trail, June 12, no. 388; Tantalus, June 20, no. 591, and June 22, no. 656; Olympus, June 24, nos. 664 and 701. Also in Lyon's collection as nos. 331 and 419. This species differs from Y. polymorpha in that it is devoid of setae, also the stromata are very large and irregular. It differs in the same way from Y. polymorpha var. pauciseta, and from this form it is in particular delimited by the striking difference in the size of the stromata. (Compare P1. I, C with P1. I, D). In cross section the stromata are seen to be irregular (P1. I, E) without the stipe found in Y. polymorpha, and often without the regular arrangement of ascigerous and conidiiferous regions. The three forms described above constitute a very interesting series and display remarkable morphological features. Were Y. polymorpha to be considered alone, it would clearly be placed in the Coccoideae of the Dothideales, as conceived by Theissen and Sydow (I96, vol. 13, p. 265). In this section it would be excluded from the only genera with centrally Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi I7 fastened stromata; from Trichodothis and Perischizon by its one-celled hyaline spores; from Yoshinagella by its stromatic setae. When, however, the three forms are considered together it is obvious from their identity of spore and ascus character, and by their occurrence on closely related hosts that they are closely related genetically, and I am of the opinion that the three should be considered as co-generic. Though Yoshinagella is without setae and the absence of setae in it is emphasized in the key of Theissen and Sydow, I believe that the correct procedure is to broaden the conception of that genus, previously known by only one species, by including in it forms with stromatic setae, as I have done. Though Trichodothis is clearly a separate genus, as is shown by its 2-celled brown spores, it is of interest to note that its stromatic setae closely resemble those of Y. polymorpha in these rare instances in which they are setose over the whole upper surface. Comparison of specimens of Asterina comata B. & R., the type species of Trichodothis, from the exsiccati (158; 149; 56) show these stromata to be so like the completely setose forms of Y. polymorpha that the latter would clearly fall within Trichodothis, except for its spore characters. Considering the identity of perithecial structure and contents of these three forms, together with the fact that they all occur on Cibotium in Hawaii, it is extremely probable that all descended from a common ancestor parasitic on Cibotium or a closely related host. The collections in hand indicate that Y. polymorpha is limited to C. menzeisii as a host and that the two other forms occur only on C. chamissoi, though this generalization may be broken down when more collections are available. In the present light it appears as though a non-setose race first developed on C. menzeisii and that later this gave rise to the less setose, but more aggressively parasitic races. LEVEILLELLEAE 19. PAUAHIA Stevens n. gen. Stromata superficial, of perpendicular palisade structure, locules several. Spores brown, 3-septate. Named in honor of the Princess Bernice Pauahi. No. 29. Pauahia sideroxyli Stevens n. sp. Stromata black, 2-8 mm. in diameter, I-2 mm. thick, hypophyllus, rough. Loculi many, 200-215 A in diameter. Asci evanescent, 2-4 spored, no paraphyses. Spores brown, 61-64 by 21 A, obtuse, 3-septate, the terminal cells markedly smaller than the others. (See fig. 2.) On Sideroxylon rhyncospermum. Maui: Nahiku, Jan., I909, Lyon no. 6I. Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin This fungus clearly belongs to the Dothideaceae as emended by Theissen and Sydow, and appears to belong to the section Leveillelleae, though FIGURE 2.-Pauahia sideroxyli on Sideroxylon rhyncospermmn (Lyon no. 6I): a, section of a stroma showing locules; b, spores. an intramatricular mycelium was not observed. The septation and color of the spores clearly differentiate this from all other genera. PHYLLACHORACEAE TRABUTIINEAE 20. TRABUTIA Sacc. and Roum. Rev. Myc., vol. 3, p. 27, I88I No. 30. Trabutia minima Stevens and Weedon, n. sp. Spots approximately circular, definite, 3-Io mm. in diameter, often coalescing; epiphyllous. Surface of diseased spot brown to black, covered in the older, central portion by an irregular, radiating white network. Stromata epiphyllus, subcuticular, minute (I50 S in diameter, and 25 A thick). Perithecia 21-25 A in diameter, usually with only one ascus, rarely two. Asci oblong or nearly globular, 8-spored, 2I by 14 A, wall thick, (3 A). Spores hyaline, 14-I6 by 3, obtuse. On unknown dicotyledonous host, Kauai, June 15, no. 445. F RE 3.-Trabutia mnma (No. 445): a, pycnidial stage; b, a stroma showing FIGURFt 3.-Trabutia minima (No. 445): a, pycnidial stage; b, a stroma showing subcuticular character, the locules, and the mycelial projections between the epidermal cells. This fungus occurs in large diseased spots (P1. ii, A), but these probably are not caused by this fungus; but by some other agency, since no significant mycelial penetration is observed. What appears to be a pycnidial stage also occurs. (See P1. II. A; fig, 3, a, b.) Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 19 21. ACTINODOTHIDOPSIS Stevens n. gen. Stroma clypeate, subcuticular, composed of narrow bands of pseudo-parenchymatic structure (not radiate). Perithecia solitary, globular, ostiolate, upper part merging into the clypeus, lower part thin walled. Asci 8-spored, spores I to 3-celled, hyaline. Stromata epiphyllus, linear and irregularly arranged, about I50 o wide, composed of irregularly radiating threads. No. 31. Actinodothidopsis coprosmae Stevens n. sp. Stromata subcuticular, clypeate, consisting of a compact, black mycelial mass between the cuticle and the epidermal cells, usually about 20/ thick, numerous, dense, thick, mycelial masses extend downward from the stromata between the epidermal cells and considerable ways into the mesophyll. Locules globose, distinctly ostiolate, 80-I50o in diameter, often widely separated, developing below the clypeate stromata, between it and the palis'ade cells; thin-walled on the bottom and sides. Paraphyses filiform. Asci 8-spored, 29-43 by I8/j. Spores 22-25 by 3.5 L, obtuse, I-septate (possibly 3-septate), very pale chlorine-green. (See Pi. II, B; fig. 4.) On Coprosma sp. Kauai: Waimea canyon, upper pipe trail, June 15, no. 457. ' *ii,- '}i'}'l C FIGURE 4.-Actinodothidopsis coprosmae (No. 457) on Coprosma: a, portion of a stroma viewed from above, showing several separate perithecia; b, mycelial structure of the edge of a stroma; c, showing position of the stroma below the cuticle; d, spores; e, the clypeate stroma and three locules. This fungus resembles the Hemisphaeriales in the general character of its stroma, but the perithecium is not dimidiate, but globular, and the stroma is not radiate, though it verges toward radiate character, fig. 4, b). In this family its affinities would be nearest to the Stigmateaceae on account 'of sub-cuticular development, though differing from this group in not 20 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin being truly radiate. It differs from the Polystomellaceae as given by Theissen and Sydow (196, vol. 15, p. 399), in that the ascoma is neither superficial nor radial. The fungus also shows relationship with the Clypeosphaeriaceae, a family closely related to the Dothideales as evidenced by the fact that the genus Trabutia and certain species of Anthostomella, formerly placed in the Clypeosphaeriaceae, are now regarded as Dothideaceous. In the Clypeosphaeriaceae our fungus most nearly resembles Hypospila from which it differs in the texture and extent of its clypeate stroma. In the Dothideales as conceived in the monograph of the group by Theissen and Sydow, where the fungus has greatest affinity it differs from the Munkielleae in that the radiate structure is not typical. Here it would fall next to Microdothella from which it differs in having 2-celled spores, also essentially in stromatic characters. The distinctive characters of this fungus are that its perithecia are produced below the clypeus, not in a stroma, and that the clypeate stroma is pseudo-radiate. Its relationship, considering all characters, seems to be with the Dothideales, near the Trabutiineae in the Phyllachoraceae. SCIRRHIINEAE 22. SCHIZOCHORA Syd. Ann. Myc., vol. II, p. 265, 1914. No. 32. Schizochora pandani Stevens n. sp. Stromata amphigenus, about I mm. in diameter, but often coalescing to form large spots, most abundant near the bases of old leaves. Stromata about 230-310 A in diameter, surrounded by a narrow dark zone due to the mycelial invasion of the epidermal cells. Surface of the stroma slightly arched, non-ostiolate, spores liberated by the falling away of the whole of the perithecial covering, stromata unilocular. Asci 150-I85 A long, narrow, thin-walled, spores hyaline, uniseriate, but overlapping, fusiform, ending in long, awn-like tips, extreme dimensions 54-6I by 7t, either one or two celled. No paraphyses. (See PI. ii, D; fig. 5.) On Pandainus odoratissimus. Oahu: Waiahole ditch trail, June 6, no. 408; Kalihi valley, June 2, no. I87. Only one species of this genus has been described, and that on Fiscus in the Philippines. The stromata are very minute and either sparsely scattered or very closely placed over the leaf surface. (See PI. II, D.) Each stroma is' normally surrounded by a dark zone, due to the occupied mesophyll. These areas often blend with other similar areas and a comparatively large spot bearing many stromata may result. In microtome section the main part of the stroma is seen to be between the epidermis and the underlying layer of cells; this stroma showing a typical dothideaceous palisade arrangement. (See fig. 2, a.) The ascigerous locule is' always broad and shallow. The mesophyll is, to considerable depth, well occupied with the dark mycelium of the fungus. The fungus appears to agree in general structure with Schizochora, as figured and described by Sydow, with the exception that it has no paraphys'es and that the spores are sometimes I- septate. Stevens —Iawaiian Fungi 21 D - zZZ-0.7 7 7 7, rk l FIGURE 5. —Schiochora pandani (No. 408) on Pandanus odoratissimus: a, a stroma showing its sub-epidermal development, also the mycelium in the epidermal cells and in the mesophyll; b, ascus; c, ascospores. 23. SCIRRHIA (Nitschke) Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 220, 1869 No. 33. Scirrhia lophodermioides, El. and Ev. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl., vol. 22, p. 435, I895 On dead grass. Heller no. 2368. 24. APIOSPORA Sacc. Soc. Veneto-Trentina Sci. Nat., vol. 4, p. 9, 1875 No. 34. Apiospora montagnei Sacc. Ou Cortaderia argentea, Pampas grass. Hawaii, Kealakekua, July 23, no. 933. (See fig. 6, a.) FIGURE 6.-a, Apiospora montagnei-ascospores; b, Oligostroma suttoniae (No. 868a) on Suttonia lessertiana-spores and young stroma below the cuticle and extending between the palisade cells; c, Oligostrozma suttoniaespores. This specimen agrees remarkably well with the published descriptions, except that the stromata are frequently somewhat larger (3 mm.) and the ascospores somewhat thicker (up to iI t). 22 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin PHYLLACHORINEAE 25. PHYLLACHORA (Nitschke) Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 216, I869 No. 35. Phyllachora freycinetiae Stevens n. sp. Spots scattered, small, 2-4 mm. tan colored. (Plate II, C.) Stromata showing from both sides of the leaves, most abundant below. Perithecial cavities large, irregular, often angular, often over 300 o in diameter, centrally located in the mesophyll. Asci 8-spored, I I by 7 A, long, narrow, straight. Spores uniseriate, hyaline, continuous, 7 by I4 A, oblong, paraphyses filiform, numerous. On Freycinetia arnotti. Oahu: Kalihi valley, June 2, no. 184. No Phyllachora is recorded on any member of the Pandanaceae. No. 36. Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 216, I869 On Eragrostis variabilis. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 600. As Theissen and Sydow (I96, vol. 13, p. 437) remark, the species P. graminis, as now known, is a collective species and much time and study will be required to separate it into its component species. Many species of Phyllachora are now recorded on grasses which by their description are indistinguishable from each other and from P. graminis. No Phyllachora appears heretofore to have been noted on Eragrostis. The present species is recorded as above though it could with equal reason be placed in any of the following species, with all of which it agrees sufficiently closely: P. striatula, Th. and Syd. on Axonopus semialatus; P. caespiticia, Th. and Syd. on Bambusa; P. boutelouae, Rehm, on Bouteloua curtipendula; P. sphaerosperma on Cenchrus echinatus; P. vulgata, Th. and Syd. on Muhlenbergia sps; P. paspalicola, P. Henn, on Paspalum; P. pogonatheri, Syd. on Pogonatherum saccharoideum; P. polypogonis, Th. and Syd. on Potlypogon crinitus; P. serialis, Ell. and Ev., on Spartina stricta; P. cordobensis, Rehm. on grasses; P. cynodontis; (Sacc.) Niessl. on Cynodon dactylon; P. fuscescens Speg. on Agrostis. The following species are also very close, though differing to a somewhat greater degree than these of the foregoing list; P. olyrae, Rehm, on Olyra; P. trichoolaenae, P. Henn., on Tricholaena rosea. It is somewhat remarkable that the present specimens are the only representatives of the genus Phyllachora collected in Hawaii. 26. OLIGOSTROMA Syd. Ann. Myc., vol. I2, p. 265, I914 No. 37. Oligostroma suttoniae Stevens n. sp. Spots circular, visible from both sides of the leaf, 7-I2 mm. in diameter, border indefinite, centers tan-colored. Stromata epiphyllus, small, black, numerous in roughly circular arrangement slightly raised above the leaf surface. Stromata at first in the Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 23 epidermis and between it and the palisade cells. Locules located in the palisade region. Asci 8-spored, about 80ot long. No paraphyses. Spores I-septate, hyaline, long-cylindrical, straight or slightly crooked, obtuse, 40-43 by 4 t, pale straw colored. (See fig. 6, b, c.) On Suttonia lessertiana. Hawaii: Kilauea, July I6, no. 868a. Six species only of this genus are recorded by Theissen and Sydow. Our species agrees with none of these, although it is somewhat close to 0. mayteni (P. Henn.) Th. and Syd. and to 0. mulinicola (Speg.) Th. and Syd. on Maytentus and Mulinum, respectively. The stromata develop first in the epidermis, then extend into the palisade region. Mycelium in looser form also reaches into the mesophyll for considerable distance. It is in the palisade region that greatest development occurs and here that the locules form. As the asci mature the stroma above the locule thickens, pressing the cuticle upwards. (See fig. 6.) MONTAGNELLACEAE Theis. and Syd. 27. HYALOCURREYA Theis. and Syd., Ann. Myc., vol. I3, p. 640, 1915 Curreya Sacc. Syll. Fung., vol. 2, p. 65I, I883. No. 38. Hyalocurreya sandicensis (El. and Ev.) Theis. and Syd. Ann. iMyc., vol. 13, p. 640, 1915 Curreya sandicensis El. and Ev. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI., vol. 24, p. I35, I897 On Alphitonia ponderosa. Heller's collection no. 2758, collected on Kauai in I895 (58, vol. 24, p. I35). PERISPORIALES KEY TO HAWAIIAN FAMILIES Mycelium dark Mycelium not slimy, straight walled, net-like...............................Perisporiaceae Mycelium dematium-like or, if straight-walled, slimy.........................Capnodiaceae Mycelium pale...................................................................Erysiphaceae PERISPORIACEAE MELIOLINEAE It is of interest to note that all the meliolas collected in Hawaii are found on plants indigenous to the islands, and that most of the host species collected are endemic, with large representation on such typically Hawaiian genera as Gouldia, Clermontia, Kadua, Lobelia, Pelea, Scaevola, and Straussia. Consideration of such hosts of the meliolas, as Coprosma, with New Zealand affinities, Acacia with Australian relatives, Scaevola, 24 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin Cyrtandra, Pipturus, Gouldia, Metrosideros, and Wikstroemia, kin to South Sea forms, indicates their western origin. Only one host, Physalis peruviana, is attributed to American origin. There is indication that the meliola flora is much more ancient than the rust flora (see Uredinales), and that it was dominated from the west, while the younger rust flora shows much more American influence. The ratio of number of meliola species to number of possible host species in Hawaii and in Porto Rico is as follows: VASCULAR HOSTS MELIOLAS RATIO Hawaii............................... 999 34.034 Porto Rico.............................. 2250 103.046 It is thus seen that the meliolas are approximately 50 per cent more abundant in Porto Rico than in Hawaii. Since the lowland flora is now largely or quite overrun or even obliterated by encroachment of introduced plants, it is only in the higher elevations that meliolas occur; the lowest altitude at which any was found was above Wahiawa at about 1500 ft. This limitation to higher regions appears to be due, however, to the matter of host distribution rather than to any direct relation between meliolas and climate or altitude, since in Porto Rico meliolas flourished in all altitudes and in all climatic conditions. This relation of the meliolas to the ancient flora of the islands clearly points to their long, even very ancient, association with these hosts or their progenitors. The meliolas have long been regarded as belonging to the Perisporiales.. It appears to me, in view of the frequent possession of a true ostiole and the usual presence of a rudimentary one and still more on consideration of the forms showing a truly radiate ascogenous structure, that they are very closely related to the Microthyriaceae. The genus Meliola as formerly understood has recently been subdivided into several genera, as is shown in the key on page 28. In placing these genera Theissen recognizes the microthyriaceous character of his genus Amazonia, placing it in that family in the sub-family Asterineae, while he places Meliola and Irene in the Perisporiaceae, a grouping necessitated by the thoroughly artificial nature of his classification. The genus Actinodothis is placed in the Dothidiaceae by Sydow. Such separation of genera that are essentially very closely related does not reflect, but really very much obscures, actual relationship. The main argument relied upon by those who advocate separation of the meliolas from the Asterineae is based upon the assertion that the perithecia (thyriothycia) of the Asterinas arise in the so-called "inverse" manner, while the meliolas are said to develop the perithecia Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 25 otherwise. Even should this difference in mode of growth be substantiated by conclusive investigation, I do not regard it as of sufficient importance to warrant the wide separation, into separate families, of such genera as Actinodothis, Amazonia, and Meliola. To bring together again these genera, closely related morphologically and doubtless phylogenetically, I therefore place them in the sub-family Meliolineae of Arnaud (which I shall designate commonly as the meliolas). The occurrence of the species Irene puiggarii, Meliola cyperi and Amazonia asterinoides, which are known in such widely separated parts of the world as Africa, South America, and Hawaii, and on plants endemic, or at least not introduced by man, points to very great antiquity of the meliolas and of their parasitic habit. Moreover the occurrence of these forms on many hosts but slightly related and with morphological changes in the meliolas so slight as to be indistinguishable, indicates a remarkable morphological constancy in these forms. The parasites on the meliolas, which I discussed in an earlier paper in connection with the Porto Rican forms (I80, vol. 65) are essentially the same in Hawaii as in Porto Rico. Arthrobotryumn, Helminthosporium, and certain nectriaceous, microthyriaceous, and other ascigerous and pycnidial parasites, several species of each, appear to be quite the same species on the Hawaiian and Porto Rican specimens. This, too, points strongly to a very ancient existence of this parasitic relation. The characters exhibited in the various species of the meliolas appear to be remarkably constant, comparatively invariable. The most characteristic features possessed by all meliolas are the dark, coarse, superficial mycelium and the three- to four-septate, brown spores in evanescent asci which bear only two or at most four spores. One line of differention has resulted from either the loss of or the acquisition of the dimidiateperithecial habit, segregating Amazonia and Actinodothis from the remaining genera. Hyphopodia are remarkably constant, though in some forms they show tendency to vary in position and shape, and in Meliolina, the most widely divergent of the Hawaiian meliolas, hyphopodia have almost completely disappeared. The loss or acquisition of the habit of producing setae leads to the segregation of the genus Irene. The ascopores in all of the species are remarkably uniform in size, color, septation, and shape. Only a few species show distinctive features such as mucronate or conic apices or tapering spores. Within given species all characters, and particularly spore size, are much more constant than in most fungi. Segregation of two great groups results from the occurrence of three-septate and four-septate forms. So fixed are species in this 26 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin regard that deviation from the mode is never seen, unless in the genus Actinodothis, as recorded by Sydow (187, p. I74). The character of the tips of the setae, whether uncinate, dentate, branched, or whether acute or obtuse, is one of remarkable constancy, though within a few species there is variation in this character. Although taken as a whole the meliolas show constancy to type, some rather remarkable variation is found. In the species Actinodothis perrottetiae and A. suttoniae the colonies which are densely crustose may be either with or without capitate hyphopodia, their presence seeming to be dependent upon the degree of crowding of the mycelium in the colony. In A. perrottetiae also, though the perithecia are usually dimidate, merely pockets, slightly raised under a flat crust, frequently a pocket continues to grow, resulting in the emergence of a truly spherical, typical Meliola-like perithecium. In Irene cheirodendronis the perithecia are at first dimidate and with mature spores. If the colony continues to grow the perithecia become truly globular, thus merging the characters of Irene with those of Amazonia. The fact that Amazonia perrottetiae and Actinodothis perrottetiae, two forms very distinct in colony habit,-one dense, crustose, definite, with no free mycelium, the other with loose, lax, indefinite, free mycelium-occur on the same host, and that the two fungi have spores and hyphopodia considerable alike, argues for their common ancestry. Two characteristics, density of colony and form of perithecium, have varied largely, but spores, hyphopodia and host have remained constant. In view of the facts just recorded, I do not regard the genera as set up in the meliolas to possess any phylogenetic significance; they are merely aids in grouping the forms according to their present morphology. The two genera Actinodothis and Meliolina differ markedly from other meliolas, each in two important respects. Actinodothis has a distinct, welldeveloped, superficial stroma and a well-developed hypostroma, both characters indicating relationship with the Dothideales. Meliolina develops no superficial stroma and its superficial mycelium bears only rudimentary, or rather vestigial, capitate hyphopodia. It does, however, show within the host tissue, a larger development of mycelium than is found in any of the other meliolas. Linked with the larger development of internal mycelium in these two genera is naturally found a greater pathogenicity, and the diseased areas associated with these genera are both larger and more pronounced than with other meliolas. If a typical Meliola be regarded as the ancestral form-all evidence points to great antiquity of Meliola-it is obvious that these two genera illustrate how, by increase in power to invade host tissue accompanied by such morphological changes as these two genera show, two tendencies are Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 27 9 ~ here expressed, which in culmination might give rise to the Dothideaceae on the one hand and to the Parodiellinaceae on the other. The Hawaiian meliolas, to a remarkable extent, fall into groups of rather closely related forms. Thus in the genera Meliola and Irene there are five distinct groups. The first of these consists of six members which have the formula 3411 or 341 2/3, and contains M. cyperi. The second with the formula 311 (with the fourth term I, 2 or 3) consists of ten members, all endemic. A third group is characterized by divided mycelial setae, formula 3131, and contains Ml. palmicola. A fourth group consists of M. puiggarii, M. exilis and M. spendens. The fifth group contains Irene triloba and I. inermis with three other species. It is conceivable, though by no means certain, that these groups indicate the common ancestry of the forms included, and that the form in a group that is known in other lands may represent the most primitive type of the group and its source. Thus a primitive M. cyperi may have given rise to the whole group of formula 34II as it now occurs in Hawaii. It is not probable, however, that the three Amazonias are closely related, since it appears reasonably certain that Amazonia perrottetiae and Actinodothis perrottetiae are derived directly from a common ancestor. (See p. 26.) Several of the Hawaiian meliolas show distinct evidence of a parasitic habit, causing a diseased spot that shows clearly from both sides of the leaves. In the following presentation I have adopted the excellent scheme of group numbers originated by Beeli (14), the use of which may be made clear by the following table: TABLE I.-EXPLANATORY OF THE BEELI SCHEME OF GROUP NUMBERS DIGIT REFERS TO FIGURE INDICATES I Spore septa..................................... 2 3. i Spore septa-5 2 3-septa 3 4-septa I smooth 2 warts prominent 2 Perithecium................................., 3 setae uncinate or spiral 4 s'etae not uncinate or spiral M o absent I straight 3 M ycelial setae.......................... 2 uncinate 3 dentate 4 branched I alternate 4 Capitate hyphopodia.-.........-....-. 2 opposite 3 altrnate or opposite I 20 -- 2 30 / — 5 Length of spore-..-.................... 3 40 Az4 50 i 5 60o - *,y 1,?* 28 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin "I I0 A6 Breadth of spore............................. 330.. 4 40 - l 100 At7 Diameter of perithecium............. 2 200. - 3 3 300 -14 300 + I 300 -- 8 Length of setae.......................... 2 500 3 Iooo P — 4 I00o -A+ Thus group number 3112.4231 means with 4-septate spores, perithecium smooth, setae straight, capitate hyphopodia opposite, with spores 40 pt or less in length, 20 / or less in breadth, perithecium 300 t or less in diameter and setae less than 300 t long, as is true in M. koae. The number of species of Hawaiian meliolas previously known was 4; the number now known is 34. The number of hosts previously known was 4; the number now known is 58. The number of hosts now known would doubtless be much increased if all the hosts could be definitely referred to species rather than merely to genera. None of these species was on an introduced host. See pp. 174-5. MELIOLINEAE KEY TO GENERA Ascus evanescent, with less than eight spores: Perithecium at maturity globose, not dimidiate: Typical hyphopodia always present: Mycelium setose, Nos. 39 to 58 —.......................... --- —----- 28. Meliola Fries Mycelium not setose, Nos. 59 to 66.........................................29. Irene Sydow Typical hyphopodia never present Nos. 67-68...-..... 30. Meliolina Sydow Perithecium at maturity typically dimitate: Free mycelium present Nos. 69-71.......... --- ——.- 31. Amazonia Theissen Free mycelium not pres'ent Nos. 72-73-.......32. Actinodothis Sydow Ascus persistent, cylindrical, 8-spored...................................Meliolinopsis Beeli 28. MELIOLA Fries, Syst. Orb. Veg., p. 62, 1825. KEY TO THE HAWAIIAN SPECIES Of THE GENUS MELIOLA Peritheca with setae: Capitate hyphopodia mainly opposite......................No. 39 M. lobeliae 3412.4221 Capitate hyphopodia alternate or oppos'ite -......... --— No. 40 M. vaccinii 3413.4233 aNot known in Hawaii. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 29 Capitate hyphopodia mainly alternate: Colony loose................................ 41 M. kaduae 3411.3223 Colony dense Setae acute or obtuse........................No. 42 M.alyxiae 3411.4223 Setae acute-...................-...... Capitate hyphopodia usually irregularly triangular.-.................................. No. 43 M.cyperi 3411.4233 Capitate hyphopodia usually irregularly oblong.............................. 44 M. juddiana 3411.5334 Perithecia without setae: Mycelial setae simple and entire Capitate hyphopodia opposite Typically spherical..................................No. 45 M. sandwicensis 3112.3222 Typically oblong Mycelium typically slightly sinuous... --- —--— No. 46 M. koae 3112.4231 Mycelium typically straight......................-.. —No. 47 M. peleae 3112-4233 Capitate hyphopodia opposite or alternate: Mycelium loose, long.............-................. No. 48 M. sideroxyli 3113.3213 Mycelium close, short.- --—............................ —.. —No. 49 M. lyoni 3113-4232 Capitate hyphopodia alternate: Setae strongly arched................ —.............. No. 50 M. hawaiiensis 3111.4221 Setae straight or nearly so Setae about 200 tL long Tip acute...............-.............No. 51 M. morbosa 3111.4221 Tip obtuse................................................ No. 52 M. visci 3111.4231 Setae 280-Ioo long Colonies dense, setae abundant, No. I.-.-.-No. 53 M. forbesii 3111.4223 Colonies less dense, fewer setae...................No. 54 M. osmanthi 3111.4225 Mycelial setae dentate or branched Capitate hyphopodia opposite........................... -No. 55 M. kauaiensis 3132.4221 Capitate hyphopodia alternate Colony dense, almost crustose.................. --- —No. 56 M. dracaenae 3131.5321 Colony less dense..............................No. 57 M. palmicola 3131-4223 No. 39. Meliola lobeliae Stevens n. sp. Fig. 7, a. Fungus amphigenous, more abundant below. Perithecia abundant in the central regions of colonies, globose, I25-I85 L in diameter. Perithecial appendages similar to those of the mycelium, but usually more crooked, arising from the base of the perithecium. Surface of perithecium slightly rough. Spores 4-septate, 35-45 by I4-I8tA, obtuse, but slightly constricted at the septa. Mycelium loose, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, mainly opposite, but sometimes alternate; stalk cell short, head cell oblong or globular. Ampulliform hyphopodia opposite or alternate. Mycelial setae sparse, I50-260o long, simple, straight, black, 9 thick at base, apex obtuse. (See fig. 7, a.) Group number 3412.422I. On Clermontia. Maui: Iao Valley, Sept. 9, No. II54 (type); Molokai, Forbes-Stevens, no. 32, Hawaii: Keauhou, Kona, Bishop estate road, July 25, no. 979. This species falls within the same group as M. juddiana and M. zladuae but differs from them. No species has heretofore been described on any of the Lobeliaceae. 30 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin No. 40. Meliola vaccinii Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous. Colonies 2-3 mm. in diameter. Perithecia abundant in the central regions of old colonies, globose, I50-230 A in diameter. Perithecial appendages arising from the base of the perithecium, similar to the mycelial setae, but usually shorter and more crooked. Perithecial surface rough, Asci evanescent. Spores' 4-septate, 40-50 by 8/A, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium crooked, dense, branching irregularly. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate, unilateral or irregularly arranged, sometimes opposite; stalk cell short, head cell nearly oblong or irregular. Ampulliform hyphopodia numerous, mostly opposite, occurring in groups or scattered. Mycelial setae few, long (580o), simple, straight, black, iot thick at base, apex obtuse. (See fig. 7, b.) Group number 3413.4233. On FVaccinium reticulatum. Hawaii: Kilauea, July i6, no. 866, July 13, no. 821-Hilo, flow of i88I, July 8, no. 739 (type)-Maui: Olinda pipeline, Sept. 5, no. 1146, Forbes-Stevens, 1916, no. 694. Five species have been described on the Ericaceae, but each has 3-septate spores. The leaf tissue is discolored, reddened, over an area somewhat larger than the mycelial colony. No. 41. Meliola kaduae Stevens n. sp. Fungus hypophyllous. Colonies very thin, almost invisible. Perithecia globose, 125-140 u in diameter. Perithecial surface slightly rough, setae few, short (50-9o 0 long), acute. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 28-40 by I /L, obtuse, cylindrical, but slightly constricted at the septa. Mycelium very loose, slender, (5t), branching at acute angles. Capitate hypopodia numerous, far apart (36-50o), alternate; stalk cell short or long (7 L), head cell irregular-pyriform. Ampulliform hyphopodia few, opposite or alternate. Mycelial setae long (650oL), simple, straight or crooked, black, apex acute. (See fig. 7, c.) Group number 3411.3223. On Straussia kaduana. Oahu: Olympus, June 10, no. 335. On Straussia sp. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June 16, no. 483 and no. 511, June I6, no. 512; Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 617. On Gouldia terminalis. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 604. On Gouldia sp. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 6oi (type), no. 604 and no. 597: On Gouldia lanceolata. Hawaii: Waimea, July 30, no. I049. On Kadua sp. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 6oia. M. kaduae falls into classification within the group of M. circinans, with both mycelial and perithecial setae-the perithecial setae simple and not spiral nor nodose, but its spores are markedly smaller than any of this group. Of the meliolas described on the Rubiaceae only two have perithecial setae and from these it differs markedly. The mycelium shows very distinctive character. No. 42. Meliola alyxiae Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous. Colonies 3-I5 mm. in diameter, densely black, circular or irregular, scattered, with numerous setae. Perithecia abundant, clustered, globose, St evens-Hawaiian Fungi 31 ax FIGURE, 7 —Meliola: a, Meliola lobeijee (No. 1 154) on Clermiontia sp.-myceliuni showing variation in hyphopodia, some opposite, some alternate; b, Melicia vaccinii (No. 866) on Vacciniurn reticulatum-mycelium and capitate and ampulliform. hyphopodia; c, Meliola kaduae (No. 6oi) on Gouldia sp., showing a setum, also the lax, distant hyphopodia; d, Meli'ola alyxiae (No. 1075) on Alyxia olivaeformis, showing dense character of colony and the irregular hyphopodia, als'o a setum; e, Meliola juddiana (No. 235) on Pelea sandwicensis-mycelium showing opposite hranching and al'ternate hyphopodiAa, also a mycelial setum; f, Meliola sandwicensis (No. 537) on Gouidia coriacea-mycelium and hyphopodia, a spore, and setae; g, M.- peleae (No. 440) onl Pelea barbigera, showing the comparatively straight mycelium with opposite branching and capitate hyphopodium; h, Meliola koae (No. 163) on Acacia koa-mycelium and hyphopodia, setae, and a spore. 32 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin I40-I70 o in diameter, surface quite rough with irregular prominences. Perithecial setae similar to those of the mycelial, but shorter (about 150 E), arising around the base of the perithecium. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 46-54 by I4-I8 A, obtuse, much constricted at the septa. Mycelium dense, often very dense and crustose, crooked, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell angular, several-pointed. Ampulliform hyphopodia rare, scattered. Mycelial setae numerous, 770 A long, simple, straight or crooked; black, I I thick at base, apex usually acute. (See fig. 7, d.) Group number 3411.4223. On Alyxia olivaeformis. Hawaii: Hamakua, Upper ditch trail, July 31, no. I062 and no. 1075; Keauhou, Kona, Bishop Estate road, July 25, no. 975; Puna, July 9, no. 756. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 514. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 3, no. 2I0 and no. 217 (type); Ahren's ditch trail, June 8, no. 409 and no. 985. On Vaccinium reticulatum. Hawaii: Kilauea, July 13, no. 821. The densely matted mycelium and the angular hyphopodia are characteristic. Though some thirteen species have been described on the Apocynaceae none of them has perithecial setae. N.43. Meliola cyperi Pat. in Gaillard, Le Genre Meliola, p. 70, Paris, 1892. Group number 3411.4233. On Vincentia angustifolia. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 3, no. I96; Tantalus, June 22, no. 603; Palolo Valley, June 10, no. 344; Olympus, June 24, no. 705. Maui: Olinda pipeline, Sept. 5, no. II44. On Gahnia leptostachyia. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 672; Wahiawa, June 3, no. 226; Palolo Valley, June Io, no. 361; Kauai: Pipe trail, Waimea canyon, June I5, no. 435. On Gahnia gaudichaudii. Hawaii: Kilauea, July I7, no. 879. On Rhynchospora thyrsoidea. Kauai: Waimea canyon, Forbes-Stevens, 68o. On Baumea meyenii. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 7II. This fungus was reported also by Heller on Cyperaceae, no. 2249. These specimens agree remarkably closely with Patouillard's original description, drawn from a sedge from Africa, as well as with specimens of my own collected in Porto Rico. The paralleling of the mycelium along the veins is particularly noticeable on Gahnia, much more so than on Vincentia. Old colonies are almost devoid of setae and often weather away in the central portions. No. 44. Meliola juddiana Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous, more often hypophyllous. Colonies circular, often 5-10 mm. in diameter, black, dense or diffuse, setae numerous. Perithecia abundant in the central regions of large colonies, globose, 26o0 in diameter. Perithecial setae usually arising around the base of the perithecium, short (Ioo-i0-0), strongly Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 33 curved, acute. Surface of perithecium rough with prominences which may rarely become elongated. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 60 by 25tL, obtuse, slightly constricted at the septa. Mycelium dense, II A thick, branching at acute angles. Branches often opposite. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell oblong to irregular. Ampulliform hyphopodia numerous usually opposite and in groups. Mycelial setae long (900-I200 A) black, simple, straight or slightly curved, I5 /t thick at base, apex acute. P1. Ii, F; fig. 7, e. Group number 34II.5334. On Pelea hawaiiensis. Kauai: Pipe trail, Waimea canyon, June 15, no. 44I. On Pclea elliptica. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 526. On Pelea sp. Maui: Olinda pipeline, Sept. 5, no. II48. Oahu: Palolo valley, June o1, no. 297; Olympus, June 24, no. 712 and 704. Hawaii: Keauhou, Kona, July 25, no. 986 (type) and jno. 974; Waimea, July 30, no. 1048; Hamakua, upper ditch trail, July 28, no. Io34; collected also by Lyon (Lyon no. 346), Tantalus, May 27, I913; Kaala, Sept. 7, I913 (Lyon no.?). Molokai: Forbes-Stevens, Halawa (no. 483). On Pelea rotundifolia. Oahu: Forbes-Stevens, no. 1328. On Pelea clusiaefolia. Maui: I9I0, Forbes-Stevens. Lanai: MunroStevens, in 1915. On Pelea sandwicensis. Forbes-Stevens, no. 235, I920. On Pelea parvifolia. Molokai, Forbes-Stevens, no. 4II. On Pelea cinerea. Oahu, Forbes-Stevens, no. I816, I912. This species is named in honor of Mr. Albert F. Judd of Honolulu in recognition of his service to science. The form falls within a group containing only four species namely M. circinans Earle, M. cyperi Pat., Al. pennata v. H6hn and Al. pectinata v. H6hn. The spore size alone of our species distinguishes it from all of these but M. pennata, while the mycelial setae serve to distinguish it from that species. Fifteen species on eleven hosts are recorded elsewhere on Rutaceae; all of these, however, lack perithecial setae. The collections show the fungus to be generally distributed throughout the Territory of Hawaii and to occur on many species of Pelea. The fact that some collections are strictly epiphyllous, others strictly hypophyllous, and still others amphigenous, and that some collections show a colony with much crowded mycelium, while others possess a loose mycelial colony, may indicate that the species is being differentiated into varieties. Some of the most salient differences between this species and the preceding are brought out in the key, others are seen in comparing the specimens. No. 45. Meliola sandwicensis El. and Ev. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl., vol. 22, p. 434, I895. Group number 3112.3222. 34 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin On Gouldia macrocarpa. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 626; Kauai: Pipe trail, Waimea canyon, June 15, no. 459. On Gouldiai coriacea. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 482 and no. 537; Pipe trail, Waimea canyon, June 15, nos. 446 and 454. On Gouldia lanceolata. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 612; Kuliouou, May 29, no. I44. On Gouldia terminalis. Hawaii: Waimea, July 30, no. Io50. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, nos. 604 and 621. On Gouldia elongata. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 537. On Gouldia sps. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, nos. 709 and 720. Hawaii: Hamakua, Upper ditch trail, July 28, no. Io28; July 3I, nos. Io6o, Io78, and Io85. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 495; Pipe trail, Waimea canyon, June 15, nos. 432 and II62. On Kadua knudsenii. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 525. On Kadua sp. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, nos. 601 and 597; Olympus, June 24, no. 708. Hawaii: Waimea, July 30, no. 1049. Maui: Mapulehu Valley, July, I912, Forbes-Stevens, no. 311. This fungus was originally described as on a rubiaceous host by Ellis and Everhart from Heller's specimen no. 2369. It appears, as the above collections show, to be widespread and common on Gouldia and Kadua. No. 46. Meliola koae Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous on leaves and on both sides of the phyllodia. Colonies 2-6 mm. in diameter, black, more or less dense, setae numerous. Perithecia abundant in the central regions of large colonies, globose, I70-260o/ in diameter; surface with small prominences'. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 47-50 by I2-I4 a, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium crooked, branching irregularly. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, opposite or alternate, mostly opposite; stalk cell short, head cell nearly oblong, straight or bent. Ampulliform hyphopodia few. Mycelial setae numerous, I70-250 o long, simple, crooked to scythe-shaped, black, 7/A thick at base, apex obtus'e, pale. Group number 3112.423I. (See PL. II K; fig. 7, h.) On Acacia koa. Oahu: Wahiawa, May 31, no. 163 (type); Kauai: Kalalau trail, May 31, no. 521; Hawaii: by Lyon, October, 1913, Lyon no. 4I5. Although numerous species of Meliola have been described on Leguminosae, none of these agrees with our species. No. 47. Meliola peleae Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous, usually more abundant below, but sometimes exclusively above. Colonies usually 6-Io mm. in diameter, often confluent, dense, setae abundant. Perithecia, globose, 140-215 / in diameter. Perithecial appendages none. Surface of perithecium rough with low tubercles. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 43 by 15 L, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium dense, branching at acute angles, 7 thick. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, opposite; stalk cell short, head cell nearly Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 35 oblong, regular. Ampulliform hyphopodia rare, opposite or alternate. Mycelial setae 500-600o long, straight, black, apex obtuse, sometimes quite sparse. Group number 3II2.4233. (See PL. II, G; fig. 7, g.) On Pelea sp. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, nos. 669 and 726; Kauai: Waimea canyon, June 15, no. 434; Hawaii: Hamakua upper ditch trail, July 31, no. Io73; Kona, Keauhou, July 25, no. 988; Kilauea, July 14, no. 840 (type); Molokai: Pukoo Ridge, August, 1912, Forbes-Stevens, no. 411. On Pelea rotundifolia. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 30, no. 200. On Pelea barbigera. Kauai: Waimea canyon, June 15, no. 440. On Pelea elliptica. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 3, no. 203; Lanai: Munro in 19I5 and I916. On Pelea sandwricensis. Kauai: Waimea canyon, June 15, no. 449. On Pelea cinerea. Lanai: in I913, Forbes-Stevens, no. 25I; Oahu: in I912, no. I776, and Forbes-Stevens, no. 1328. On Cryptocarya mannii. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 506. This species appears to be more closely related to M. ludibundal than to other described species, but it differs from this in several characters. It agrees with none of the species described on the Rutaceae. Though this and M. juddiana both occur on Pelea, sometimes found even upon the same leaf (Forbes-Stevens no. I328). The distinguishing characters are marked, particularly in that one has a setose perithecium and the other no such setae; one has opposite hypopodia and the other alternate. There are differences in the character of the mycelium. The two species do not intergrade. One specimen, no. Io73, was without setae and was of dense mycelium; but this was apparently due to heavy overgrowth by a parasite. The distribution of these two fungi on many species of Pelea and on many of the islands is noteworthy. No. 48. Meliola sideroxyli Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous more abundant above. Colonies I-3 mm. in diameter, irregular, indefinite, and scattered, numerous, with few setae. Perithecia globose, small, 9go0 in diameter. Surface slightly rough. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 40 by I8A, obtus'e, constricted at the septa. Mycelium loose, straight or crooked, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate or opposite; stalk cell short, head cell oblong. Ampulliform hyphopodia numerous, opposite, alternate or irregular, occurring in groups or scattered. Mycelial setae few, 460-600 long, simple, straight or s'omewhat crooked, black to straw color, 9 A thick at base, apex obtuse, pale, translucent. (See fig. 8, a.) Group number 3113.3213. On Sideroxylon sandwicense. Kauai: Kokee, August 28, no. I 60, 0. H. Swezey. Four species of Meliola, all of the formula 3III, have been described on the Sapotaceae. The present form is nearest to M. callicarpae from which it differs in both perithecia and setae. 36 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin ac~~~~/ C d " l e I d FIGURE 8.-Meliola: a, Meliola sideroxyli (No. II60) on Sideroxylon sandwicensis, showing mycelium and setae; b, M. lyoni (No. 901) on Dodonaea viscosa -crowded mycelium with capitate hyphopodia and also a spore; c, M. hawaiiensis No. 667 on Eugenia sandwicensis-mycelium and a setum, also section of a perithecium, showing its' thin wall; d, M. morbosa (No. 452) on Claoxylon sandwicense-mycelium, capitate hyphopodia, and a setum; e, M. visci (No. II49) on Viscum articulatum-mycelium and a setum; f, M. gregoriana (No. 2306) on Danella odorata-portion of colony, showing crowded mycelium with large angular, capitate hyphopodia and a setum; g, M. osmanthi (No. 513) on Osmanthus sandwicensismycelium and a setum; h, M. kauaiensis (No. 436) on Kadua knudsenii — mycelium and setal tips; j, M. dracaenae (No. 1393) on Dracaena aurea-. tips of setae; k, M. palmicola (No. 678) on palm-tips of setae. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 37 No. 49. Meliola lyoni Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous. Colonies very small,' I-2 mm. in diameter, scattered, numerous, dense, partially crustose. Perithecia abundant in the central regions of old colonies, globos'e, I50-215A in diameter. Surface smooth. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent, 2-3-4 spored. Spores 4-septate, 43-47 by I8-20 o, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium dense, crooked, in older portions matted and crustose, quite thick (7.5L). Capitate hyphopodia numerous, opposite or alternate; stalk cell short, head cell nearly globular, about 14 / in diameter, regular, with prominent penetration pore. Ampulliform hyphopodia numerous', usually opposite, occurring in groups. Mycelial setae few, usually only 2-Io per colony, often absent, long (3401o), simple, straight or slightly crooked, apex obtuse. (See fig. 8, b.) Group number 3113.4232. On Dodonaea viscosa. Hawaii: Kilauea, July 14, no. 843 (type), and July I6, no. 865; Hualalai, July I9, no. 90o, by Chas. Judd; flow of I855 below Hale Aloha, June 7, 1915, Forbes-Stevens, no. 754; Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 508; also Forbes-Stevens, no. 87. This fungus falls near M. abrupta Syd. and its close kin, but agrees with none of these completely. One species, M. cookeana var. major Gaill., described on Dodonaea from Brazil does not agree closely with our species. The most distinctive features of the fungus are its small, often crustose, colonies and the globular head cells of the capitate hyphopodia. Named in honor of Dr. H. L. Lyon of Honolulu in recognition of his work on Hawaiian fungi. No. 50. Meliola hawaiiensis Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous, more abundant above. Epiphyllous colonies 2-4 mm. in diameter, scattered, with numerous setae. Hypophyllous colonies smaller. Perithecia abundant, globose, I70-200o in diameter. Surface rough. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent, 2-spored. Spores oblong, 4-septate, 50 by I41A, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium dense, almost crustose, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell nearly oblong. Ampulliform hyphopodia rare. Mycelial setae long, 185-310 F, simple, curved or sickle-shaped, black, 9,u, thick at base, apex obtuse. Group number 3111.4221. (See fig. 8, c.) On Eugenia sandwicensis. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 667 (type). Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 490. Maui: Kaluaaha, Aug., I912, Forbes-Stevens, no. 315; collected also by Lyon in 1913 (Lyon no. 275); also in the Lyon collection as no. 60, which was reported by Atkinson as immature and possibly as Asterina crustosa. The fungus grows as dense, black, epiphyllous colonies. Beneath these is produced a distinct diseased spot of slightly larger area than that of the colony. On the lower side of the leaf these spots show plainly as definitely limited, brown regions in the normal green. Microtome sections through the diseased spots showed the protoplasts and chloroplasts disorganized, though it did not show the presence of any mycelium. Chemical alteration 38 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin was evident from the fact that the diseased region accepted stains more readily, also that the diseased epidermis was softer and tore apart much more readily than did the normal epidermis. Such extensive pathogenic changes as are here shown are seldom produced by any Meliola and in the absence of any mycelial invasion must indicate powerful toxic or enzymic action. This species differs markedly from the six described on Eugenia, also from M. densa, M. psidii, and M. laxa, the only forms at all closely related, among the many species recorded on Myrtaceae. Among species on other hosts those nearest to it are M. falciseta and M. didymopanicis, but it is clearly distinct from these. No. 5I. Meliola morbosa Steven.s n. sp. Fungus amphigenous. Colonies 1-3 mm. in diameter, scattered, with few setae. Perithecia abundant, globose, II0-I90ot in diameter; surface smooth or slightly rough with conic protuberances. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent, 2-spored. Spores 4-septate, 36 by I4 A, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium slightly crooked, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell oblong, large (15-30 o long.) Ampulliform hyphopodia rare, scattered. Mycelial setae few, about 200-250/ long, simple, straight, or somewhat curved, stiff, black, II thick at base, apex abruptly acute. (See fig. 8, d.) Group number 311I.422I. On Claoxylon sandwicense. Kauai: Upper Waimea canyon, June 15, no. 452. Very definite diseased spots somewhat larger than the colonies are produced. No. 52. Meliola visci Stevens n. sp. Colonies diffuse, often a centimeter in diameter, densely black, with numerous setae. Perithecia very numerous, globose, II0-215 A in diameter. Surface slightly rough with low prominences. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 43-46 by I8tA, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium very black, dense and crooked, often matted, branching irregularly. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell oblong or somewhat irregular. Ampulliform hyphopodia few, opposite or alternate. Mycelial setae, I50-230o long, simple, straight or somewhat crooked, black, 9p thick at base, apex obtuse. (See fig. 8, e.) Group number 3111.4231. On Viscum articulatum. Oahu: Wahiawa, May 31, no. 167 (type); Maui: Olinda Pipeline, Sept. 5, no. II49. This fungus was found on Viscum which was growing on koa infested with M. koae, and since to the unaided eye the colonies on koa and Viscum looked much alike, it appeared that the meliolas might be the same. Microscopic examination, however, shows them to be different, particularly as to the arrangement and form of the capitate hyphopodia. Two species have been described on the Loranthaceae, one on Loranthus with forked setae, the other on Viscum (M. arcua.ta Doidge) with larger spores than the present form. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 39 No. 53. Meliola gregoriana Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous, more abundant above. Colonies 2-5 mm. in diameter, scattered, numerous, with numerous setae. Perithecia rare, globose, about 200 o in diameter. Surface smooth. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 47 by I8g, obtuse, slightly constricted at the septa. Mycelium varying from somewhat loose to closely matted, branching at acute angles, but often paralleling the veins. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short to long (I5 ), head cell pyriform to angular and irregular. Ampulliform hyphopodia numerous, opposite or alternate, often occurring in groups. Mycelial s'etae 620 o long, simple, straight, black, apex acute, absent on old weathered colonies. (See fig. 8,f.) Group number 311I.4223. On Dianella odorata. Oahu: Kalihi valley, March, I916; ForbesStevens, no. 2306. Named in honor of Herbert E. Gregory, Director of the Bishop Museum. Meliola gregoriana differs clearly from M. dracaenae in length and shape of setae and in size of spores, from M. lucumae in setae and hyphopodia, from M. roureae in mycelium. All previously described on Liliaceae are with dentate apices to the mycelial setae. No. 54. Meliola osmanthi Sydow, emend. Stevens Sydow, Ann. Myc. vol. I8, p. I57, I918 Fungus amphigenous, more abundant below. Colonies 2-8 mm. in diameter, circular or irregular, black, often blending to cover the leaf. Hypophyllous colonies with more abundant setae. Perithecia abundant, globose, I85/ in diameter. Surface smooth. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 40-43 by I8-21/A, obtuse, slightly constricted at the septa. Mycelium crooked, often very dense, branching irregularly; capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell rarely oblong, more often angular or irregular. Ampulliform hyphopodia numerous, often opposite and occurring in groups. Mycelial setae, often very numerous, 220-280o, simple, straight or crooked, black, 9 J thick at base, apex obtuse. (See fig. 8, g.) Group number 31114223. On Osmaznthzus sandwicensis. Oahu: Kuliouou, May 29, no. 146; Ahren's ditch trail, Wahiawa, June 8, no. 289; Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 513 (type). Six species are described on Oleaceae, none of which agrees with this. Of species on other families, it is closest to M. lacumae Stev., but from this differs markedly in colony character. No. 55. Meliola kauaiensis Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous. Setae abundant. Perithecia abundant in the central region of old colonies, globose, 200 t in diameter. Surface slightly rough. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 43-47 by 18-20 t obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium dense, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, opposite; stalk cell short, head cell nearly oblong. Ampulliform hyphopodia rare, usually opposite. Mycelial setae, 260-280 / long, 40 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin simple, straight, black, 9 At, thick at base, apex two to several forked, branches, 7-30 /A long. (See fig. 8, h.) Group number 3132.4221. On Kadua knudsenii. Kauai: Pipe trail, Waimea canyon, June 15, nos. 436 and 437. On Kadua sp. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 531 (type). No species on Rubiaceae even approaches this in specific characters. Its nearest kin among other meliolas appears to be M. hessii and M1/. crucifera, from which, however, it differs distinctly. No. 56. Meliola dracaenae Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous. Colonies I-4 mm. in diameter, somewhat elongated lengthwise of the leaf, black, scattered, with numerous setae. Perithecia abundant in the central regions of large colonies, globose, very variable in size, I85-230o in diameter. Surface very slightly roughened. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, quite variable in size, 54-61 by 18-25 A, obtuse, constricted at the s'epta. Mycelium very dense, usually crustose, crooked, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate unilateral or irregularly arranged; stalk cell short, head cell pyriform or slightly irregular. Ampulliform hyphopodia scattered or clustered. Mycelial setae about 300 t, long, scythe-shaped, 9 t thick at base, apex toothed or with short and very irregular branches, or often simple. (See fig. 8,1.) Group number 3131.5321. On Dracaena aurea. Kauai: Pipe trail, upper Waimea canyon, June I5, no. 419 (type); Forbes-Stevens, no. 1393, 1909. Three species of Meliola have been described on the Liliaceae, all with divided apexes of the setae, but differing clearly from this form. No. 57. Meliola palmicola Win.t. Hedwigia, vol 26, p. 6I, 1887. Group number 3131.4223. On palm, Forbes-Stevens, no. 678. Three species of Meliola of the formula 3131 have been described on palms and two others of formulae 31II, and 3II-. The present specimen is closely related to both M. furcata and M. palmicola, and appears to agree more closely with Ml. palmicola. This species appears to be widely distributed, being first described from Tonkin and later reported from America, India, and South Africa. (See fig. 8, k.) No. 58. Meliola sp. ind. On Mahba sandwicensis. Oahu: Kuliouou, May 29, no. I45, collected by Caum. The mycelium was dense, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, crowded, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell oblong, regular. Mycelial setae 6oo t long, simple, straight or crooked, black. Further details could not be determined. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 4I On Suttonia sp. Oahu: Kuliouou, June 29, no. I43, collected by Caum. Mycelium branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, opposite; stalk cell short, head cell oblong to pyriform. Mycelial setae 220A long, simple, straight or crooked, black, 7A thick at base, apex acute. 29. IRENE Theis. and Syd. Ann. Myc., vol. 15, p. 194, 1917 KE Y TO HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS IRENE Spores 3-septate. Perithecia with low conic prominences......................5.......59, I. exilis 2105.5230 Perithecia with conic prominences more than I2.1 thick and usually less than 20Ao long............................. 60, I. splendens 2201.5330 Perithecia with several conic protuberances more than 20o long...........................61, I. puiggarii 2201.4220 Spores 4-septate: Perithecium smooth to warty (warts not predominant or well differentiated) Mycelium not sinuous: 62, 1. triloba 3201.4220 Mycelium sinuous: Spores' curved: 63, I. cheirodendronis 3101.6240 Spores not curved: 64, I. cyrtandrae 3101.4220 Perithecia with tubercles well differentiated................65, I. inermis 3201.3230 Perithecium with setae more than 6o0u long.............66, 1. scaevolicola 3402.4230 No. 59. Irene exilis (Syd.) Stevens n. comb. Meliola exilis Syd. Ann. Myc., vol. 2, 170, I904 Group number 2102.5230. On Vaccinium reticulatum. Hawaii: Kilauea, July 13, no. 821. Five species only of Meliola are described on the Ericaceae, one on each of five genera. The present form agrees closely with Sydow's description of M. exilis. It is noteworthy that all the species described on the Ericaceae have 3-septate spores. This species though found on the same collection, no. 82I, with Meliola vaccinii, indeed on the same leaf, is very distinct in many respects. (See fig. 9, a.) No. 60. Irene splendens Stevens n. sp. Fungus hypophyllous. Colonies' I-6 mm. in diameter, circular to irregular, scattered, sparse or numerous. Perithecia abundant in each colony, globose, 250-300oo in diameter. Surface very rough with many conic protuberances about I5 1 high, but occasionally longer (50o) and vermiform, 25 1 broad at base. Asci evanescent, 2-spored. Spores 3-septate, 47-55 by 21-22 1, obtuse, strongly constricted at the central septum, less so at the others, dark, wall brittle. Mycelium scattered, crooked, branching irregularly. Capitate hyphopodia few, alternate; stalk cell long, head cell irregularly angular. Ampulliform hyphopodia not seen. Mycelial setae none. (See fig. 9,b.) Group number 220I.5330. 42 42 ~~~Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin b c lq -qr A I 'In I f 8 A FIGTJRV 9.-Meliolineae: a —, Irene: a, I. exrilis (No. 8210 on Vctccinium reticulatummycelium with capitate hyphopodia and a perithecium showing surface roughening; b, I. splendens (No;' 430) on Aiphitonia excelsa-mycelium and a perithecium showing surface prominences, also a spore; c, I. puigg~arii (No. 1029) on Rubu~s hawaiiensis-rnycelium with hyphopodia and a portion of a peritheciumn showing appendages; d, I. cheirodendronis (No. ii65) on Cheirodendron gaudichaudii-mycelium with hyphopodia, also a spore; e, I. cyrtandrae (No. 793) on Cyrtandra cordifolia-mycelium, spores and a perithecium with setae-like mycelium; f, I. inermis (Heller No. 2062) on Physalis peruviana-mycelium, with hyphopodia, also a spore; g, I. scaevolicola (NO. T6o) on Scaevola chamissoniana-mycelium, hyphopodia, and perithecial appendages; h, Meliolina haplochaeta (Lyon no. i) on Metrosideros collia, polymiorpha var., showing~ setae, some simple, some branched. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 43 On Alphitonia excelsa. Kauai: Upper Waimea canyon, June 15, no. 430. This exceedingly interesting form is in a group consisting heretofore of only three known species, M. natalensis in South Africa, which has smaller spores, M. ilicis, so imperfectly described as to be unrecognizable, and 7M. puiggarii (see next number) from which it differs markedly in spore shape and character of mycelium. The perithecia and asci are typically those of Meliola, but the spore, with its deep median constriction, and the mycelium with few hyphopodia, show kinship with genera such as Perisporium. M. acervata has been erroneously reported as on Alphitonia ponderosa in the Heller specimen in the Shaw gardens, but the specimen is clearly Physalis peruviana. No. 6I. Irene puiggarii (Speg.) Doidge, S. Africa Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 39, 1920. Meliola puiggarii (Speg.) Fung. Puigg. n. 228. Group number 2201.4220. On Rubus hawzaiiensis. Hawaii: Hamakua, Upper ditch trail, July 28, no. 1029. Maui: Pogue's ditch trail, Sept. 6, nos. II55 and II59; Olinda pipeline, Sept. 5, no. I138. Of all meliolas M. puggarii is one of the most clearly marked in specific characters. (See fig. 9, c.) Forms with three septa and those with larviform perithecial appendages are comparatively rare; forms combining these two characters number only five known species in the world, three from Africa and two from South America. The secondary characters afforded by the capitate hyphopodia are also quite distinctive. Considering all characters, this is readily separated from all other species. Comparison of the type specimen collected at Apiahay in Brazil in I888 (kindly loaned to me by Prof. Spegazzini) with my Hawaiian and Porto Rican specimens (Nos. 8270, 8892, 8650) and with three specimens collected by Miss Doidge in South Africa (Nos. 1574, I77 and an unnumbered specimen) show all of these specimens, of such distant origin, to be remarkably alike, indeed indistinguishable. In spite of the occurrence of this form on lands so far apart as Africa, Hawaii, Brazil, and Porto Rico, I believe them all to belong to one species. It is difficult to believe that this unique combination of rare characters has arisen independently several times, and is more reasonable to assume that in some manner the species has been distributed from its place of origin. Owing to the inconspicuous character of the colonies this fungus often escapes observation, unless the hand lens be used; it may well be that it is of more general distribution and grows on more hosts than the collections indicate. 44 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin No. 62. Irene triloba (Wint.) Stevens n. comb. Meliola triloba (Wint.) Hedwigia, vol. 25, p. 95, I886 Group number 3201.4220. On Pipturus albidus. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 713; Tantalus, June 22, nos. 608, 66I. Hawaii: Wailuku river, July 8, no. 752; between Kona and Waimea, July 27, no. 1020; Puna, July 9, no. 760; between Hilo and Kilauea, July Io, no. 766; Keauhou, Kona, Bishop Estate road, July 25, no. 982. These collections are referred provisionally to this species on a basis of comparison with printed descriptions and with specimens on Pilea previously so determined by me and by others. No. 63. Irene cheirodendronis Stevens n. sp. Fungus hypophyllous. Colonies black, punctiform, circular, r-2 mm. in diameter, scattered. Perithecia, one, rarely more, in the centers of colonies. At first dimidiate, later globose, 280-420 / in diameter, smooth or slightly rough. No appendages. Asci evanescent, 2-spored. Spores 4-septate, 54-61 by I4-18 A, obtuse, thickest at the middle and tapering toward each end, very slightly constricted at the septa, slightly curved. Mycelium dense, coarse, almost crustose, very crooked, branching at acute angles and irregularly. Capitate hyphopodia few, scattered, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell very angular and irregular. Ampulliform hyphopodia not seen. No setae. (See fig. 9, d.) Group number 3101.5240. On Cheirodendron gaudichaudii. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 64I; Kauai: Alakai swamp, August 22, no. I165 (type), 0. H. Swezey. No non-setose form has been described on the Araliaceae. The shape of the spore is characteristic. No. 64. Irene cyrtandrae Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous. Colonies I-2 mm. in diameter, scattered, numerous. Perithecia few in the central regions of large colonies, globose, 150-I70 a in diameter. Surface slightly rough. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 40-43 by I8, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium sinuous, usually bent abruptly at each hyphopodium, branching irregular. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell oval to pyriform or irregular and angular. Ampulliform hyphopodia opposite or alternate, often occurring in groups. Mycelial setae none. (See fig. 9, e.) Group number 3101.4220. On Cyrtandra lessoniana, Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 48I (type). On Cyrtandra cordifolia, Hawaii: Kilauea, July II, no. 793. This species is remarkable in that the mycelium, though usually with abundant hyphopodia, is occasionally found reaching out for long distances and devoid, or nearly devoid, of hyphopodia. Such filaments, often found in the central regions of a colony, resemble setae of peculiar type and might be mistaken for such. The characters of the mycelium and hyphopo Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 45 dia are also distinctive. Only one other meliola has been reported on the Gesneriaceae, and that a setose one. No. 65. Irene inermis (Kalch. and Cooke) Theiss. and Syd. Ann Myc., vol. 15, p. I94, 1917 Mleliola inermis (Kalch. and Cooke) Grevillea, vol. 9, p. 34, i88o Meliola acervata El. and Ev. Bull Torr. Bot. C1., vol. 24, p. 126, 1897 Group number 3201.3230. On Physalis peruviana. Hawaii: Keauhou, Kona, Bishop Estate road, July 21, no. 915; Kauai: Pipe trail, Waimea canyon, June 15, nos. 462 and 463; Oahu: Nuuanu valley, Sept. 14, no. 1164; collected also by Lyon, Tantalus, May II, 1913, Lyon no....-...; and Lyon nos. 332 and 418. Also reported from Hawaii on Physalis peruviana in the Heller collection, and described by Ellis and Everhart as M. acervata. My fungus agrees more closely with the original description than with the description given by Ellis and Everhart. Though usually epiphyllous, it is also frequently found hypophyllous. The perithecia are very rough with many conic, translucent protuberances, usually about 30 i high, but sometimes 45. They also frequently exceed 200 o in diameter. The mycelium is very characteristically crooked, usually with a sharp bend, geniculation, at each hyphopodium. The head cells of the hyphopodia are nearly globular. (See fig. 9, f.) No. 66. Irene scaevolicola Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous, colonies more abundant below. Epiphyllous colonies I-3 mm. in diameter, scattered. Hypophyllous colonies 1-2 mm. in diameter. Perithecia, globose I90-260 o in diameter. Surface somewhat rough. Perithecial appendages consist of long, straight or crooked, translucent setae, which arise, several in number, around the base of the perithecium; obtuse, 300-380 / long. Spores 4-septate, 40-46 by I9 L, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium dense, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, crowded, opposite; stalk cell short, head cell oblong or rarely globular. Ampulliform hyphopodia scattered. Mycelial setae none. (See fig. 9, g.) Group number 3402.4230. On Scaevola chamzissoniana. Oahu: Wahiawa, May 31, nos. I60 (type); June 3, nos. 229, 234, and 243; Tantalus, June 22, no. 616; Olympus, June 24, no. 698; Hawaii: between Hilo and Kilauea, July 10, no. 774; Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, nos. 492, 497, 486, 502, and 510. On Scaevolai glabra. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 472; Hawaii: between Hilo and Kilauea, July 10, no. 778. On Scaevola mollis. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, nos. 663, 696 and 703; Palolo Valley, June Io, no. 331, June 3, no. 251. Only two known species show a group number 3402, both of these described in my laboratory and both differing essentially from the present species. The only species that has been described on the Goodeniaceaenamely, M. scaevolae Syd. on Scaevola fructescentis in the Philippines, is 46 Bernice P. Bishop Museumsn-Bulletin also quite different. The extremely hairy lower surface of the leaves of S. mollis do not appear to change at all the character of the Irene growth upon them. 30. MELIOLINA Syd. Ann. Myc., vol. 12, p. 553, I914 No. 67. Meliolina haplochaeta Syd. Ann. Myc., vol. 15, p. 145, 1917 On Metrosideros collina polymorpha var.? Oahu: Nuuanu Pali, Dec. I, 1907, Lyon no. I (type); Kalihi valley, June 2, no. 176. Hawaii: Kealakekua, July 23, no. 965; between Hilo and Kilauea, July io, no. 775. Molokai: Forbes-Stevens, Waialua ridge, Sept. 1912, no. 593. The colonies of this fungus are as described by Sydow, small and distinct. In many specimens no diseased spots are visible from the opposite side of the leaf, but in some a small diseased area is evident. Though the setae are described by Sydow as simple, examination of this more extensive material shows that some of them are branched. The specimen, Lyon no. I, was sent to G. F. Atkinson, who sent it to Rehm, who reported it back to Atkinson under a manuscript name that was never published. Rehm later sent the specimen to Sydow in whose hands it became the type as indicated above. (See fig. 9, h.) No. 68. Meliolina sydowiana Stevens n. sp. Fungus hypophyllous. Colonies 3-20 mm. in diameter, circular, often concentric to irregular, indefinite, black, with setae very numerous. Perithecia abundant, globose, 300-340 A in diameter. Surface densely setose, setae similar to those of the mycelium. Asci evanescent. Spores 3-septate, 54 by I5 a, obtuse, tapering to each end, much constricted at the septa. Mycelium loose. True capitate hyphopodia absent, occasional short branches sometimes found. Ampulliform hyphopodia none. Mycelial setae 420 o long, dichotomously or irregularly branched, black, about 5 / thick at base and uniform in diameter, except at the apices of the branches which taper and are pale in color, branches often 200oo long. Apex acute. (See fig. Io, a.) On Metrosideros macropus. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 72I; Kuliouou, May 29, Caum. On Metrosideros collina polymorpha var. incana Rock (I55). Hawaii: Kilauea, July II, 1921, no. 788. On Metrosideros collina polymorpha var.? Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 639. Hawaii: Kealakekua, July 25, no. 976. Maui: Olinda pipe line, Sept. 5, I92I, nos. 1144 and II45. Two species of this genus, and closely related to the present form, have been described on Eugenia, viz., M. radicans, on E. xanthophylla and MA. pulcherrima on E. jam bolalna, both from the Philippines. The present species is pronounced by Sydow as distinct from these. A large distinct diseased spot is produced, showing clearly from the opposite side of the leaf. Microtome sections show the fungus penetrating the cuticle at many Stcvcns —Hawaiian Fungi 47 places and the entire mesophyll of the leaf in a diseased area is penetrated, though but sparsely, by the mycelium. FIGURE io.-Meliolineae: a, Meliolinasyndowiana-setum showing branching, mycelium with vestigial haustoria, and mycelium within the host tissue; b and c, Amazonia: b, A. perrottetiae (No. 717a) on Perrottetia sandwicensismycelium with angular hyphopodia, also spores; c, A. psychotriae (No. 6Io) on Wikstroemia, showing edge of a colony with free mycelium bearing alternate hyphopodia. 31. AMAZONIA Theis. Ann. Myc., vol. ii, p. 499, 1913: vol. 15, p. 421, 1917 MELIOASTER, Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa, vol. 8, p. 123, I920 KEY TO SPECIES OF AMAZONIA Spores 3-septate.................-..........3.......................... A. perrottetiae 210I.4220 Spores 4-septate Colonies with solitary or few perithecia...-...........3.......3I A. psychotriae 3IOI.42?0 Colonies with several perithecia...................................32 A. ohianus 3101.42?0 No. 69. Amazonia perrottetiae Stevens n.. sp. Fungus epiphyllous. Colonies 3-7 mm. in diameter, scattered, numerous. Perithecia few, dimidiate, about I8o0 in diameter. Perithecial appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 3-septate, 43-47 by I i, obtuse, only slightly constricted at the septa. Mycelium loose, slightly sinuous, branching at acute angles. Capitate hypho 48 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin podia distant, alternate; stalk cell short to long (I4A), head cell irregularly several lobed. Ampulliform hyphopodia alternate, scattered. Mycelial setae none. (See PL. II, L; fig. xo, b.) Group number 2101.4220. On Perrottetia sandzweicensis. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 717a, (type), and no. 702; Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 474. The species is quite distinctive in character of mycelium, hyphophodia and spores. No species of Amazonia with 3-septate spores has been previously recorded. Seven species of Meliola have been described on the Celastraceae, of which three have 3-septate spores; none has the group number 2IOI. None has been described on Perrottetia. No. 70. Amazonia psychotriae (P. Henn.) Theis., Ann. Myc., vol. Ii, p. 499, 1913 Meliola asterinoides Wint. var. major Gaill Le Genre Meliola, p. 58, Paris, 1892. Meliola asterinoides Wint. var. psychotriae P. Henn. Hedwigia, vol. 43, p. 361, 1904 Amazonia polypoda Syd. Ann. Myc., vol. 15, p. I45, 1917 Group number 310I.4220. (See P1. II, H; fig. Io, c.) On Straussia hawaiiensis. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 3, no. 205; Olympus, June IO, no. 337. On Straussia kaduana. Oahu: Olympus, June 10, no. 335. On Straussia malriniana. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 535. Oahu: nos. 217, 244, 252; Ahren's ditch trail, June 8, no. 276. Collected also by Lyon, no. 96, on Tantalus, Sept. 9, I909. On Straussia sp. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, nos. 624, 617, 609; Olympus, June 24, no. 716; June Io, no. 335; and June 24, no. 715. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June 16, nos. 476, 5II, 483, 496, 505, 5I6, and 530; Pipe trail, Waimea canyon, June 15, no. 442. Hawaii: Puna, July 9, no. 757; between Kapapala and Kona, July 20, no. 895; Keauhou, Kona, Bishop Estate road, July 23, no. 962; July 25, no. 973; Puna, July 9, no. 755. On unknown dicotyledenous host. Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 483. On Labordea sp. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 611. On Scaevola sp. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 634. On Scaevola glabra. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 640. On Alyxia olivaeformis. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 3, no. 239; Ahren's ditch trail, June 8, no. 985. On Euphorbia clusiaefolia. Oahu: Wahiawa, June 3, nos. 202 and 212. On Wikstroemia elongata. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 610. On Wikstroemia foetida var. oahuensis. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 635. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 49 On Wikstroemia phillyreaefolia. Oahu: Tantalus, June 22, no. 629. On Wikstroemia sp. Maui: Halawa, August, I912, Forbes-Stevens no. 479; Oahu: Castle trail, March, I912, Forbes-Stevens no. 2148. On Clermontia miultiflora. Oahu: Olympus, June Io, nos. 330 and 329. On Clermontia sp. Maui: Iao valley, Sept. 7, no. II54. On Coprosma sp. Kauai: Pipe line trail, Waimea canyon, June I5, nos. 437, 444, 458 and 456; Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 523. On Lobelia sp. Hawaii: Keauhou, Bishop Estate road, July 25, no. 979. FIGURE II.-Meliolineae: a, Actinodothis perrottetiae (No. 717) on Perrottetia sandwicensis-the mycelium at the edge, also a stroma on a leaf, showing s'everal locules and numerous places of cuticular penetration, and the mycelium within the mesophyll; b, A mazonia ohianus (No. 842) on Metrosideros polymorpha, showing mycelium and hyphopodia; c, Actinodothis suttoniae (No. 143) on Suttonia lessertiana, showing the mycelium at the edge of a colony, a portion without hyphopodia, and another portion with atypical hyphopodia. This form shows little or no differentiation on its many Hawaiian hosts. Some differences in hyphopodia in the series is noted, giving variation from almost globular to elliptical and oblong, also variation in the amount and character of the free mycelium, and it is possible that with sufficient study, 50 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin races or varieties might be here differentiated. The variation on a given host is, however, so great that I have referred all the collections as representing A. psychotriae. In some specimens the free mycelium is more abundant than in others and in some is looser, but the differences on one host appear to be as great as on different hosts. In microtome section one cavity only is usually seen. The pseudoparenchyma surrounding the cavity is many cells thick, giving the stroma a dothideaceous character. Though certain collections show the slight differences mentioned by Sydow for distinguishing his species A. polypoda, which is based on Lyon's no. 96, from A. psychotriae, these forms appear to me to intergrade with the others. All the specimens agree remarkably well in all details with the description of either M. asterinoides var. major or var. psychotriae, as given by Gaillard; with the figure by Arnaud (3, vol. I6), and with the specimen of Ule (Mycotheca Braziliensis no. 55) and with Hennings (83, vol. 43, p. 36I). Our specimen agrees well with no. 2038 labeled M. asterinoides Wint. kindly loaned to me from the herbarium of Brussels. The fungus is widely distributed, being reported from the Congo region and South Africa, the Amazon region of South America, and from India. Its hosts previously reported are in the Rubiaceae. No. 71. Amazonia ohianus Stevens n. sp. Fungus epiphyllous. Colonies 2-3 mm. in diameter, scattered, sparse. Perithecia few in the central regions of old colonies, dimidiate and with an open ostiole. Perithecial appendages none. Spores 4-septate, 43-47 by 18-20 A, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium dense, branching at acute angles. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell ovoid or oblong-pyriform. Ampulliform hyphopodia few, scattered. Mycelial setae none. (See fig. Ii, b.) Group number 3IOI.42?o. On Metrosideros polymorpha (Ohia lehua). I-Hawaii: Kilauea, July I4, no. 842 (type); between Hilo and Kilauea, July o1, nos. 780 and 775; Hamakua, Upper ditch trail, July 3I, no. Io65. No Meliola of the dimidiate type is described on the AMyrsineae. Indeed the flattened character of the perithecium, and the well-defined ostiole, together with the colony character and hyphopodia are distinctive. 32. ACTINODOTHIS Sydow, H. and P. Phillip, Jour. Sci., vol. 9, p. 174, 1914 The only species previously placed in this genus-namely, A. piperis,is regarded by Arnaud as co-specific with Meliola asterinoides Wint. Whether or not this be so, I regard the characters of the Hawaiian species, particularly the possession of a stroma many cells thick bearing several locules, the absence of free mycelium, and the presence of a considerable Stevens-HIawaiian Fungi 5I hypostroma within the host, as being sufficient reason for separating these forms generically from other known forms. Since the perithecial cavities in the stroma are not enclosed in a clearly differentiated wall, the fungus might well be placed in the Dothedeales and this genus should be regarded as on the transition line between the Dothedeales and the Microthyriales. KEY TO HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF ACTINODOTHIS Spores 4-septate.......................................................72, A. suttoniae 3100.63?0 Spores 3-septate............-............... 73, A. perrottetiae 2101.42?0 No. 72. Actinodothis suttoniae Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous, but more abundant above than below. Colonies 1-3 mm. in diameter, scattered, densely black. Perithecia, one in the center of each colony, dimidiate with one or more loculi. Appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 4-septate, 65 by 20-25 A, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium very dense, completely crustose. Capitate hyphopodia, ampulliform hyphopodia, and mycelial setae none. (See PL. III A, B.D.; fig. i, c.) Group number 3Ioo.63?o. On Suttonia, lessertiana. Hawaii: Hamakua, Upper ditch trail, July 31, no. io88. Kealakekua, July 22, no. 980. Kauai: Forbes-Stevens, no. 267. Maui: Iao Valley, Sept. 7, no. 1152. Oahu: Kuliouou, May 29, no. I43 (type), collected by Caum; collected also by Rock, and by Mrs. C. S. Judd, Puu Huluhulu, July 17, 1921, no. 882. On Suttonia kauaiensis. Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 47. This fungus shows quite typical Meliola spores and mycelium, but differs essentially from the usual meliolas in that there are neither hyphopodia nor setae of any kind; but more particularly in that the plant body consists entirely of a disc composed of radiating and closely appressed mycelial threads. Since all such threads in one colony are of approximately equal length, there is no free mycelium. The condition is very much such as would be presented by Amazonia asterinoides deprived of its free mycelium and with several locules. The close appression of the mycelial threads may be the reason for the absence of hyphopodia. The cuticle under the mycelium was seen to be penetrated at very close intervals, at nearly every host cells length, by very fine haustoria. Their fate within the cells was not determined. No. 73. Actinodothis perrottetiae Stevens n. sp. Fungus amphigenous, but more abundant below. Colonies densely black, circular, scattered, 2-7 mm. in diameter. Perithecia several in each stroma, dimidiate or arising above the surface as true, globular perithecia. Appendages none. Asci evanescent. Spores 3-septate, 40-43 by I4 A, obtuse, constricted at the septa. Mycelium very dense, completely crustose. Ampulliform hyphopodia and setae none. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate; stalk cell short, head cell large (about 20 o 52 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin long) very irregular and angular, or in some colonies almost or entirely absent. (See PI. III, C, E; fig. Ii, a.) Group number 2101.42 o. On Perrottetia sandwicensis. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 717 (type). Kauai: Kalalau trail, June I6, no. 474. Maui: Pogue's ditch trail, Sept. 6, no. II59. Hawaii: Waimea, July 30, no. Io55; also by Lyon no. 68. The colonies are so thick and crustose, as to have the general aspect of a dothideaceous fungus. The brown mycelium penetrates the cuticle in many places under the thallus, and extends fully half way through the leaf, though sparse. The stroma is many cells thick and somewhat lighter in color in the interior. CAPNODIACEAE4 The family Capnodiaceae includes a large, difficult, and little known group of fungi that are very abundant in the tropics and sub-tropics, very much less so in temperate regions. The term "fumagine" of the French comprises sooty, black, superficial fungi mainly belonging to this family. The nearly equivalent term in German is "Russthau" or sooty dew; in Italian the terms "morfeau," "fumago," "nero" and "mal di cenere" are used. The sooty moulds present many difficulties of classification for diverse reasons: (I) They are often sterile, consisting merely of mycelium; and many, if sporiferous, bear only conidia, although many have perithecia with asci and ascospores. (2) They frequently grow in colonies which consist of more than one species of fungus, indeed it is not uncommon to have specimens that show as many as seven or more species within the limit of a low-power microscope field. In such specimens it is often difficult to distinguish which of the component parts of a colony are genetically connected and which distinct. (3) The morphologic structures, pycnidia, setae, mycelium and even perithecia are in many instances known to be remarkably variable. How variable others are is unknown. (4) In much of the literature, there is great uncertainty as to the taxonomic position of structures described, due to the causes above mentioned. Thus we find described by Webber as Meliola, a fungus later regarded as Capnodium by McAlpine. This confusion intensifies the taxonomic difficulties. 4The text regarding this family was prepared by Jose M. Mendoza under the guidance of F. L. Stevens and constituted part of a master's thesis submitted to the graduate school of the University of Illinois. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 53 (5) The specimens are of such nature, usually composed of mixed colonies, that no ordinary specimen or even a given microscopic mount can serve as a type unless a very definite morphological unit on a given slide be so designated, and this is often impossible, because the perithecium -for example-must be ruptured in a water mount and the object may then be lost in making the mount permanent. (6) The fungi are extremely difficult to isolate in pure culture, thus practically precluding this means of study. Various classifications which differ radically from each other have been proposed for the Capnodiaceae. Three of the leading classifications are presented in the form of keys below: SYNOPSIS OF ARNAUD S CLASSIFICATION OF CAPNODIACEAE A. Spheriacees dictyosporees a) g. Pleosphaeria Speg. Sub-gen. Pleomorfea " Eu-Pleosphaeria b) g. Teichospora Fuckel Sub-gen. Eu-Teichospora Capnodium Limacinula " Teichosporina c) g. Ceratocarpia Rolland d) g. Pleomeliola Sacc. e) g. Teichosporella Sacc. Sub-gen. Tephrosticta " Zukaliopsis B. Spheriacees phragmosporees a) g. Limacinia Neger Sub-gen. Eu-Limacinia " Morfea " Leptocapnodium b) g. Perisporium Fries c) g. Schenckiella Henn. d) g. Perisporiopsis Henn. e) g. Zukalia Sacc. f) g. Scorias Fries g) g. Meliola Fries h) g. Asteridiella MacAlp. i ) g. Asteridium Sacc. KEY TO THE FAMILY CAPNODIACEAE, V. HOHINEL A. Hyphae only subcuticular, united into a membrane...-.... Kusanobotrys P. Henn. B. Hyphae free, superficial a) Spores muriform I. Asci 8-spored-................C....................Capnodium Mont. 2. Asci 8 to I6-spore d.....................................................Capnodaria Sacc. b) Spores 3 to several-celled I. Spores brown a' As'ci 8 to I6-spored-......-.............................Capnodaria Sacc. b' Asci 8-spored I' Spores not cylindrical ----................. —.............Limacinia Neg. 2' Spores cylindrical.P............p......................Perisporina P. Henn. 2. Spores hyaline or sub-hyaline a' Hyphae sparse, not slimy.................................Perisporiopsis P. Henn. b' Hyphae abundant, bundle-like, slimy -...............................Scorias Fr. c) Spores 2-celled I. Mycelium in the matrix, spores brown........................................Alina Rac. 2. Mycelium wholly superficial a' Asci single.a ay............................................Balladyna Rac. b' Asci numerous aa. Spores hyaline............-................... Dimerosporina v. H6hn bb. Spores brown...................................Henningsiomyces Sacc. d) Spores -celled.....................................................................................Capnodiella Sacc. 54 Bernice P. Bishop 1Museum-Bulletin It is to be seen that in the classification of Arnaud, stress is laid on the septation of spores. Secondary and tertiary are color of spores, arrangement of mycelium and shape of perithecia, while final distinction between genera rests chiefly on the structure of perithecia. Von H6hnel lays primary stress on the location of hyphae, and the final distinction between genera is based on the septation of spores, color of spores, and the number of spores in the ascus. Theissen and Sydow divide Capnodiaceae into two sub-families, Eucapnodiaceae and Chaetothyrieae on the structure of perithecia; additional characters are: septation of spores, location of mycelium and perithecium and the presence or absence of setae on the perithecia. The final distinctions between genera rest chiefly on the mycelial structures, septation of spores, presence or absence of paraphyses and number of asci present. These differences in classification tend to large differences in the grouping of the genera and even in the limiting of genera from each other. Moreover, differences in the application of rule of nomenclature lead to the employment of different generic names for the same morphological groups -for example, what is called Limacinia under one system becomes Chaetothyrium in another. For the purpose of classification of the forms encountered in the present studies which possess a mature ascigerous stage the system of Theissen and Sydow is followed inserting in their system such additional new genera as are needed to make place for the new forms encountered, also including those new genera already described by others. KEY TO FAMILY CAPNODIACEAE MODIFIED AFTER THAT oF THEISSEN AND SYDOW A. Perithecia stalked, at least vertically extended............... Eucapnodiaceae Theiss. & Syd. I. Spores only transversely septate I. Spores 4 or more celled a) Spores colorless (r) Mycelium perisporioid, interwoven, slimy...................................Scorias (2) Mycelium dematioid, membranous........................................ Antennella (3) Mycelium dematioid, setose..................................-.... — Antennellopsis b) Spores brown, ascus many-spored -............................Capnodaria 2. Spores 3-celled, hyaline........Ann........................... ---- 33. Antennellina 3. Spores 2-celled, hyaline a) Spores cylindrical, tapering at one end (I) Mycelium perisporioid-.......................................-...... Scoriadopsis (2) Mycelium dematioid.r i.....................................Parascorias b) Spores filiform.-Dr............................Doratospora II. Spores muriform I. Spores colorless......-.................. -...... ---............. --- Paracapnodium 2. Spores brown.....................- - -................ -..... --- ---.......... --- —. Capnodium Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 55 B. Perithecia not stalked, globular, dematioid ---..............- -Chaetothyriea I. Mycelium and perithecia superficial, free a) Setae present I. Spores 2-celled, colorless a' Perithecia naked, thin-walled, clear; mycelium with long twisted setae....................... Dimerosporina b' Perithecia soft, leathery, dark; mycelium and perithecium with long rigid setae..........................Chaetothyrina c' Perithecia thin-walled, dark, with only one apical setum; mycelium setose.......................................Ceratochaete 2. Spores 2-celled brown a' Mycelium with hyphopodia I' Perithecia with single ascus.................................. B..alladyna 2' Perithecia with many asci.......................... Balladynopsis b' Mycelium without hyphopodia.............................. Neohoehnelia 3. Spores 4 to many-celled, colorless a' Setae present about the ostiole only; mycelium smooth...Aithaloderma b' Setae present on mycelium or peritheciumn.................34. Chaetothyrium 4. Spores many-celled, colored...........................................................Stella 5. Spores muriform, hyaline..................................Treubiomyces 6. Spores filiform............................................................................. Actinocymbe b) Setae absent I. Spores 2-celled, colorless a' Paraphyses present.......................................................................... M icrotyle b' Paraphyses absent......................................................... Calyptra 2. Spores 2-celled, brown a' Perithecia with single ascus.............................. --- Balladynella b' Perithecia with many asci..................................................Henningsom yces 3. Spores 4-celled, end cells hyaline..................................... 35. Limaciniopsis 4. Spores transversely many-celled, colorless a' Paraphyses present................................................................ 36. Lim acinella b' Paraphyses absent.............................................................................Lim acinia 5. Spores transversely many-celled, brown....................37. Phragmocapnias 6. Spores muriform, hyaline to rose or colorless........... 38. Phaeosaccardinula 7. Spores muriform, dark brown.............................................................Coccodium II. Mycelium or perithecia immersed a) Mycelium subcuticular, perithecia free; spores brown, 2-celled...Kusanobotrys b) Mycelium free with central foot immersed......................................... Ad...... A elopus Doubtful genera Spores 2-celled a) A scus 8-spored..............................................................Lizonia b) A scus i6-spored.-.................................................................. -- Pseudolizonia Spores several-celled, brown..............................................................................Asteridiella 33. ANTENNELLINA Mendoza n. gen. Mycelium dematioid, straw-colored; perithecia globular to oval, stalked, brown to dark, ostiolate; asci ovate, aparaphysate, 8-spored; spores hyaline, cylindrical, 2-septate; pycnidia of many sizes and shapes; pycniospores hyaline, oblong. No. 74. Antennellina hawaiiensis Mendoza n. sp. Mycelium dematioid, straw-colored to pale yellow, irregularly branched; perithecia numerous, globular to oval, stalked or at least vertically extended, honeyyellow to brown, ostiolate, about 85 x 6o0; asci ovate, numerous, aparaphysate, 8 -spored, about 37 x I3 A; spores hyaline, cylindrical, tapering toward one end, 2-septate, 56 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin about 12 x 3 L; pycnidia numerous, honey-yellow to brown, ostiolate, of various sizes and shapes, from long-cylindrical to almost oval, about 36-84 x I6-20; pycniospores numerous, hyaline, oblong, about 4x2 I. (See P1. Iv, I-4.) On Manzgifera indica. Oahu: Honolulu, June I4, no. 266. The characters of this fungus resemble closely those of Antennella, Theiss. and Syd. except in the septation of spores. My fungus has 2-septate spores while those of the genus Antennella has 3-septate spores. Numerous pycnidia with pycniospores have been found in this fungus while in the description of Antennella pycnidia have not been mentioned This fungus is associated with another, probably Parascorias byrsoninae. The two fungi cover the upper surface of the leaf forming two layers or strata, Parascorias byrsonimae being uppermost. Antennella hazwaiiensis appears as a thin coating on the surface of the leaf, while the other has a black, thick, sooty appearance. They both cover the entire surface of the leaf and are strictly epiphyllous. 34. CHAETOTHYRIUM Speg., Fungi Guaran. vol. 2, no. I23, I888. No. 75. Chaetothyrium straussiae Mendoza n. sp. Mycelium straw-colored, gelatinous, setose, in a mat-like weft, composed of twoc kinds of cells, cylindrical and ovoid; perithecia few, globular, ostiolate, setose, about I38A in diameter; setae numerous, long and slender, with or without hyaline coating, about I25 L long and 7 I wide near the base; asci numerous, ovate, 8-spored, aparaphysate, about 50 x I6 A;' spores ovate to elliptical, hyaline, 3-septate, about 21 x 8 / (See P1. IV, 20-23.) On Straussia mariniana. Oahu: Wahiawa, May 31, no. I57. The characters of my fungus agree with those of the genus Chaetothyrium, but it differs from C. rickianum, Theiss. in the size and shape of the spores which in C. rickianum are more nearly cylindrical and also smaller. It differs from C. guaraniticum Speg. and C. musatrum (Speg.) Theiss. in spore size. The setae are very common in this fungus. Sometimes two setae are joined together at the tips, forming into one with two basal ends. The colonies are irregular in size varying from less than a millimeter to almost covering the whole surface of the leaf and are strictly epiphyllous. The fungus is abundant in many of the specimens examined. No. 76. Chaetothyrium hawaiiense Mendoza n. sp. Mycelium hyaline to ashy, irregularly arranged, polymorphic, varying from almost. beaded to cylindrical; perithecia numerous, globular, gelatinous, brown to dark, ostiolate, setose, IoI-I60o in diameter; setae from Io to 25 in number on a perithecium, ashy to black in color, obtus'e, septate, about 2I I long and, 5/ thick near the base, absent on the mycelium; ostiole with no definite border, round; asci numerous, ovate, aparaphysate, 8-spored, about 87 x 24 t; spores hyaline, 3-septae, about 23 x 5 I. (See P1. IV, 24-27.) Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 57 On 3lIorinda citrifolia. Oahu: Hakipuu, on Mr. A. F. Judd's property, June I9, no. 577. This fungus resembles Chaetothyrium Speg. sufficiently to warrant its inclusion in that genus. It differs from C. rickianumn Theiss., because of the absence of setae on the mycelium and in the size and shape of spores. It also differs from C. guaraniticum Speg. in the absence of setae on the subiculum and in the shape and size of spores. C. musarum (Speg.) Theiss., has also I-septate spore. Comparisons were made between this fungus and C. peribebuyense (Speg.) Theiss.; C. hirsutum (Speg.) Theiss.; C. stuhlmannianum (P. Henn.) Theiss.; and C. punctiforme Rick. and it was found that it is quite different from all of them in size and shape of spores. The fungus described above is associated with another which apparently has numerous perithecia, but due to the absence of spores it cannot be identified. The two fungi form irregular colonies varying from less than a millimeter in diameter to almost covering the whole upper surface of the leaf. They form a leathery, sooty mass which could be picked off easily with forceps. No. 77. Chaetothyrium magniferae Mendoza n. sp. Mycelium straw-colored to pale-yellow, in appearance gelatinous, forming a weft composed of two kinds of cells, cylindrical and ovoid; perithecia numerous, ambercolored to brown, globular, ostiolate, about 120 t in diameter, sometimes found bearing setae, sometimes without setae; setae few, from two to several on a perithecium, black, straight, acute, about 75/u long and 6iu thick near the base; asci numerous, ovate, 8-spored, aparaphysate, about 32 x 15 A; spores hyaline, 5 to 6-septate, truncate at one end and round on the other, about 18x 5 A; pycnidia numerous, of many sizes and shapes from globular to cylindrical and long or short. (See P1. Iv, 28-33.) On MAangifera indica. Oahu: Honolulu, June 6, no. 267. This genus' is based on Chaetothyrium guaraniticum Speg. as the type, a species that was originally described by Spegazzini as with I-septate spores. Theissen, however, states that the mature spores are 4-celled. The present species appears to resemble Chaetothyrium sufficiently to warrant its inclusion in that genus, though my fungus differs considerably from the species already referred to. Ch. rickianum Theiss. is characterized by the possession of abundant setae on the subiculum with but few on the perithecia; the same is true of Ch. guaraniticun Speg. My fungus has no setae on subiculum. The shape of the spores and the presence of many pycnidia on this species also indicate that it is different from C. guaraniticumn and C. rickianum. The colonies are irregular, varying from less than a millimeter in diameter to almost covering the whole surface of the leaf, mostly epiphyllous, but sometimes found on the lower portion of the leaf. Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin 35. LIMACINIOPSIS Mendoza, n. gen. Mycelium perisporioid; perithecia globular, ostiolate, without setae; asci 8-spored, aparaphysate; spores 4-celled, brown with 2 end cells' hyaline. No. 78. Limaciniopsis rollandiae Mendoza n. sp. Mycelium perisporioid, hyaline, filiform; perithecia few, globular, amber-colored to dark brown, gelatinous, ostiolate, about 96-I22 A in diameter; setae absent; asci numerous, ovate, paraphysate, 8-spored, about 67x21 A; spores 4-celled, brown with two end cells hyaline, about 24 x 9t. (See PI. iv, 34-37.) On Rollandia racemosa. Oahu: Waiahole ditch trail, June 12, no. 407. This fungus is closely like Limacinia except for the presence of paraphyses and the color of the end cells of the spores. The fungus above described is associated with a filimentous blue-green alga. Colonies are more or less circular varying from about a millimeter to almost a centimeter in diameter. They are irregularly scattered and strictly epiphyllous. The alga is so closely attached to the fungus that it could be mistaken for mycelium. 36. LIMACINIELLA Mendoza, n. gen. Mycelium nearly cylindrical, hyaline, without setae; perithecia globular, asci numerous, paraphysate, 8-spored; spores cylindrical. No. 79. Limaciniella psidii Mendoza n. sp. Mycelium composed of more or less cylindrical cells, hyaline to straw-colored, radiating from the perithecia; perithecia globular, amber to reddish-brown, with a distinct ostiole, about 200 t in diameter; asci numerous, paraphysate, ovate, 8-spored about 68 x I4; paraphyses thready; spores hyaline, long, cylindrical, 7 to 9-celled, about 50 x 4. (P1. IV, 38-40.) On Psidium guayava. Kauai: Waimea, June I6, no. 542. This fungus resembles Limacinia in its transversely septate spores but differs in the possession of paraphyses and in the shape of spores which are long and pointed. The fungus described above is associated with many fungi. Chaetothyriumn hawaiiense and Phaeosaccardinula morindae are also found in great abundance. The colonies appear as black, sooty, irregular patches, varying from a few millimeters to almost covering the whole surface. They are amphigenous, though more abundant on the upper portion of the leaf. 37. PHRAGMOCAPNIAS Theiss. and Syd. Ann Myc. vol. 15, p. 480, 1917 No. 80. Phragmocapnias smilicina Mendoza, n. sp. Mycelium dematioid, constricted, dark brown, irregularly branched; perithecia not stalked, globular, few, ostiolate, about 80-120 o in diameter; asci numerous, ovate, aparaphysate, 8-spored, about 34 x22 A; spores ovate, hyaline when young, brown when mature, constricted, 3-septate, about 26x8 t. (See P1. IV, 41-44.) Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 59 On Smilax sp. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, nos. 670 and 98I. On Pelea sp. Oahu: Olympus, June 24, no. 670. The characters of my fungus resemble those of Phragmocapnias sufficiently to permit its inclusion in that genus. It differs, however, from P. betle Syd. and Butl., which is the type species, in having 3-septate spores. In the size of spores it also differs from Limacinia resinae Sacc. and Bress., L. crassa Patt. and L. callitris (McAlp.) Theiss., which were later put under the genus Phragmocapnias. P. juniperina (Cke.) Theiss. has cylindrical celled-mycelium, while my fungus has a beaded one. This fungus is associated with several fungi which were not determined. owing to the absence of ascigerous bodies. Plochmopeltidella smilicina is also found in abundance. The colonies appear as black, sooty, irregular patches varying from less than a millimeter to almost a centimeter in diameter and sometimes covering the whole surface of the leaf. They are strictly epiphyllous. 38. PHAEOSACCARDINULA P. Henn., Hedwigia vol. 44, p. 67, I905 No. 8I. Phaeosaccardinula morindae Mendoza n. sp. Mycelium hyaline to straw-colored, in a mat-like weft, composed mainly of ovoid cells' interwoven with long cylindrical cells; perithecia numerous, globular, gelatinous, greenish to dark brown, ostiolate, about 220/u in diameter; ostiole with no definite border, more or less transparent; asci numerous, ovate, 8-spored, aparaphysate, about 44 x 30 A; spores muriform, hyaline, 4-septate either obliquely or longitudinally, about 27x IO0. (See P1. v, 45-48.) On Morinda citrifolia. Oahu: Hakipuu, June 6, Albert F. Judd's property, no. 572. This fungus agrees with the genus Phaeosaccardinula in characters, but it differs from Ph. diospyricola P. Henn. in the septation of spores and the absence of paraphyses and from other species in the size and shape of spores. Ph. roseospora v. H6hn. has very long cylindrical spores differing from those of my fungus. Comparisons made with the descriptions of P. ficina Syd., P. malloti (Rehm.) Theiss., P. butleri Syd., P. theae Syd. and But., P. samoensis v. H6hn., P. matrini (E. and S.) v. H6hn., P. costaricensis (Speg.) Theiss., and P. tahitiensis (Pat.) Theiss. showed that P. morindae does not agree with any of them in the size and shape of spores. The fungus is associated with several fungi, one of them probably a species of Chaetothyrium. The colonies appear as black, thin, leathery, sooty patches varying from less than a millimeter to almost covering the whole surface of the leaf and are usually epiphyllous, though sometimes found on the lower portion. 60o Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin During the study many well-defined morphological forms such as mycelium, setae, conidiophores, conidia and pycnidia were found, but without perithecia. Many leaves examined were densely coated with sooty mould that on examination proved to consist of mycelium only, or of mycelium and setae only, or again of only mycelium and pycnidia or pycniospores. In the early part of the study records were made by drawings and descriptions of such morphological forms with the hope that examination of additional specimens might reveal the perithecial connection. In some specimens, though not in all, the ascigerous forms have thus been found. It is deemed wise to present figures and descriptions of these definite morphological structures even though the ascigerous stage is as yet unknown, recognizing that many of the structures pertain to unknown ascigerous species, though it is quite possible that some-perhaps many-of these morphological units have lost entirely the power of producing perithecia. I do not deem it wise to assign names to those detached morphological forms and therefore refer to them by number only. A key to those forms is as follows: KEY TO MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS Mycelium A. Beaded I. Beads large a. Constricted, echinulate...........-................................................Form i b. Constricted, not echinulate..................................................................... Form 2 2. Beads small a. C onstricted.........................................................................................................F orm 3 B. Non-beaded 1. Straw-colored, cells cylindrical............................................................................Form 4 2. Dematioid-membranous in a loose mat................................ —................................Form 5 3. Cells dark cylindrical small, varying to large, finely reticulate.................Form 6 Setae A. Variable types arising from a closely woven, straw-colored mycelium............Form 7 B. Borne only on the perithecia, colorless, cystidium-like, obtuse..........................Form 8 C. Dark-brown, gradually tapering toward the end -... ---- - Form 9 D. Arising from a beaded-mycelium, sometimes with small branches at the end... -.Form- -—...............o.............-............................................................... Form Io Pycnidia A. Numerous', of many sizes and shapes........................................................................Form II B. Few, globular to oval i. Borne on finely reticulate mycelium....................................................Form 12 2. Borne on constricted, echinulate mycelium................................................... --- —------— Form 13 3. Borne on constricted non-echinulate mycelium........................................ ------- Form 14 FORM I Fungus consists only of mycelium, composed of beaded, constricted cells; irregularly many-branched. The mycelial branches taper toward the end, the cells becoming smaller and smaller. Mycelium varies greatly in length; some threads short, others extremely long overlapping one another; individual cells' more or less irregular in shape ranging from oval to nearly spherical and in size 7-i6 X 5-12t; the color Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi ranging from yellow to dark brown. This form is very common with the sooty moulds and is known to be the mycelial stage pertaining to several distinct ascigerous genera-for example, Parascorias and Phragmocapnias; but most specimens of this form bear no spores. The type of pycnidium similar to those shown in Plate v, 14, is occasionally seen. (See P1. v, IA and IB.) FORM 2 Fungus consisting of mycelium, composed of cylindrical to beaded cells; mycelium yellow to brown in color; cells' echinulate, with small spines, 18-32 X I2-I6t in size. This form differs from Form I in the echinulation and arrangement of the cells. Form I is always found in great abundance forming a sooty coating on the surface of the plant while Form 2 is seldom found. No form of perithecium is ever found on this mycelium, but pycnidia evidently like that shown in Plate iv, 14, are occasionally found at the end of the branch. (See P1. v, 2.) FORM 3 Mycelium mat-like, irregularly branched, honey-yellow to almost green, composed of beaded cells 4-II X 205t in size. This form differs from Form I, since it has smaller cells and more matted arrangement. Pycnidia of variable size and shapes such as those shown in Plate iv, II, were occasionally found borne on this kind of mycelium. Antennellina hawaiiensis has a mycelium indistinguishable from this form. (See PI. v, 3.) FORM 4 Mycelium composed of short or long cylindrical cells, pale to yellow, irregularly branched, forming a loose weft. Cells are 12-21 X 3-7 g. This type of fungus is often found, especially in the Hawaiian material, and is always associated with the Form i. The two mycelia form separate layers, the beaded one being on top. (See PI. v, 4.) ]ORM 5 Mycelium dematioid, membranous, forming a close weft, crossed by long cylindrical cells, pale to honey-yellow; ovoid cells 469 X 2-6 s; mycelium sometimes setose; setae black, stout, pointed at the end. This type of mycelium is often found and many times is associated with other fungi. In several of the fungi studied-namely, Phaeosaccardinula morindae, Chaetothyrium straussiae and Treubiomyces pullchrivus the mycelial stage was similar to this form. (See P1. v, 5A and 5B.) FORM 6 Decumbent portion of the mycelium composed of threads made up of small cylindrical cells which branch, giving rise to threads of large finely recticulated, more or less beaded, cells. Decumbent mycelium yellow to dark-brown; cylindrical cells about II X 4U; large beaded cells about 25 X 12 /. The fungus appears like a tiny cobweb on the surface of the leaf. Occasionally a pycnidium borne at the tip of the mycelium, like that in Plate v, I2, was found, but no spores. (See P1. v, 6.) FORM 7 Setae apparently very similar to those under discussion have been described and figured in connection with two genera of the Capnodiaceae-namely, Chaetothyrium and Treubiomyces, in which the setae are borne either on a myceliel net-work or on perithecia or both. The chief character setting them off from ordinary setae, such for example as in Colletotrichum, Volutella, etc., is that they are averaging about 41 wide near the base. 62 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin This form of setae varies in type, size, and mode of formation. It is generally black, stout, acute and usually, though not always, found coated with a layer of pale, straw-colored cells (Plate v, 7A and 7B). It is often found in great abundance, many hundreds of them within an area of a millimeter square. They vary in size from 48 to IOO / long and 4 to 5 A thick near the base. Sometimes the setae are divided into two o four apical forks (P1. Iv, 7c and 7D.) This branchin form is found only on the mycelium. Setae of very similar nature are sometimes found constructed as though two setae have joined together at their apices (P1. v, 7t), that is to say, they posses's two bases but no apical region. The whole structure is about 140o t long. (See P1. v, 7A, 7B, 7c, 7D and 7:.) FORM 8 Setae hyaline, cystidium-like, obtuse, only borne on the perithecia, from 20 to as many as 35 on a single perithecium, average about 45 b long and IO/A in diameter. This form is not very common with the sooty moulds. Doratospora guianensis, one of the fungi studied, bears the same setae on its perithecia. (See P1. v, 8.) FORM 9 Setae dark brown to almost black, generally slender, gradually tapering at the end, acute, borne on the mycelium and on the perithecium, average about 132 / long and 9 / wide near the base. This type is not often found in the sooty moulds. (See P1. v, 9.) FORM IO Setae dark brown to black, beaded, with two to four branches at the end, average size about 300 long and I7u wide near the base; branches about I6 t long and 7 t thick, borne on a beaded mycelium. The mycelium that bears these setae is' different from any of those beaded mycelia previously described. It has small, black, non-echinulated, non-reticulated cells. This mycelium rarely branches. (See PI. v, Io.) FORM II This form of pycnidium sometimes occurs in great abundance. It is of indefinite shape. Although it generally varies from almost globular to cylindrical, yet it is sometimes found elongate to beak-like. The size varies from about I9 to 36 A long and 9 to 36 A in diameter. It is gelatinous and is provided with an ostiole surrounded by a fringe composed of cylindrical cells. This pycnidium is borne on a mycelium composed of beaded cells very much like that of Form 3. Antennellina hawaiiensis has also a similar mycelium. The spores are numerous, hyaline, oval, one-celled and about 2 X I. (See P1. v, II.) FORM 12 Pycnidia amber-colored to dark-brown, gelatinous, globular to oval, no ostiole, average about 70 X 40 o. This type of pycnidium is rarely found and is borne on a mycelium like that of Form 6. It is' different from any of the pycnidia of Form ii, since it is of uniform shape while those in Form II are of variable shape. It also differs from Forms 13 and I4, since it is borne on a finely reticulated mycelium. Form 13 is borne on an echinulated mycelium and Form 14 is borne on a simple beaded mycelium. (See P1. v, 12.) FORM 13 Pycnidia amber-colored to dark brown, gelatinous, globular to oval, no ostiole, average size about 60 X 36. This type of pycnidium is borne on a reticulated mycelium similar to that of Plate v, 2. (See P1. v, 13.) Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi 63 FORM 14 Pycnidium globular to oval, amber-colored to dark brown, ostiolate, average size about 80 X 50 u., borne on mycelium with beaded cells apparently like that in Form I. (See P1. v, I4.) ERYSIPHACEAE The representatives of this group, though commonly seen in the conidial stage, were in no instance found with perithecia, though special and careful search was made for these structures. This absence of perithecia was noted by me also in Porto Rico (179) and seems to be the normal condition in the tropics. Without perithecia it is impossible definitely to classify the mildews and they are therefore reported under the form genus Oidium with the Fungi Imperfecti. The following species are probably there represented. 39. MICROSPHAERA Lev. Ann. Sc. Nat. IlI, vol. 15; I54, 1851 No. 82. Microsphaera euphorbiae (Pk.) B. and C. 40. ERYSIPHE Hedw., Lev. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 15, I6I, I85I No. 83. Erysiphe polygoni DC. No. 84. Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. 41. SPHAEROTHECA Lev. Ann. Sc. Nat. III, vol. I5, 138, 1851 No. 85. Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr. No. 86. Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev. HEMISPHAERIALES Theis. Ann. Myc., vol. II, p. 468, 1913 KEY TO HAWAIIAN FAMILIES OF THI HtEMISPHAERIALES Perithecial covering radial Thallus filamentous Ascoma innate Ascoma subcuticular. —.....................................S.....tigmataceae Ascoma superficial, hypothallus immersed.............................Polystomellaceae Ascoma and thallus superficial................................................... M icrothyriaceae Thallus membranous. —.....-.................-,, Trichopeltaceae Perithecial covering not radial........................ —........-.......,. —....,H e rmisphaeriaceae Thallus both filamentous and membranous....,.... -.................Anomothallus STIGMATACEAE 42. AULACOSTROMA Sydow, Phil. Jour. Sci., vol. 9, sec. C, p. I76, 1914 No. 87. Aulacostroma osmanthi Stevens and Ryan n. sp. Amphigenous, colonies at first forming small spots, later often becoming confluent, I cm. in diameter. Perithecia irregular, straight to curved,.3-I.I mm. by; 1: / i'r;::!~ ~0 64 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin 227 A, black, margin brown; hyphae brown, Io0 thick, cells of the epidermis only sparsely filled with mycelium. Asci 8-spored, spatulate, 25-30 X IOOtA, paraphyses numerous, filiform, equalling the asci; no epithecium; spores inordinate, black, I-septate, 14 X 32-35 A, strongly constricted at the septum, and separating there. The two ends of the spores obtuse, and much darker than the median region. Differs from A. palowanense Syd. by having larger perithecia differently arranged, and larger asci and spores. (See P1. vI, A, B; fig. I2.) FIGURE I2.-Aulacostroma osmanthii: a, cross section of the perithecia showing asci and spores; b, ascus and spores. On Osmanthus salndwicensis. Oahu: Waialae, June 2i, 1921, A. F. Judd, collector. A superficial examination of the fungus would have placed it in the Hysteriales, but a careful study of the border of the perithecium revealed its radiate character, so that it falls clearly within the genus named above, which Theissen and Sydow (196, p. 403, 1917), place in an appendix to the Stigmataceae, though in earlier writings the same fungus was regarded as dothideaceous, or as belonging to the Hysteriaceae. Stevens-Hawaiian Fungi POLYSTOMELLACEAE 5 KEY TO HAWAIIAN GENERA Ascoma superficial with an intramatricular hypostroma. Perithecia round............................................................Polystomelleae Free mycelium lacking Hymenia under the same membrane, only separated by a hyaline plectenchyma tissue Paraphysate..........-...... —.-....-.............43. Polystomella Aparaphysate..........................-.....-..........- 44. Pluriporus 43. POLYSTOMELLA Speg. Fung. Guar., Anal. Soc. Ci. Argent., vol. 26, p. 53, I888 No. 88. Polystomella kaduae Stevens and Ryan n. sp. Stromata about 2 mm. in diameter, and I50 thick, hyaline with a surface layer about 18-30 o thick, dark. Hyphostroma of palisade structure and dark, filling the epidermis; mycelium in the mesophyll scant. Surface view shows many ostioles (50 or more) and that the cover is radiate. Asci 8-spored, long stalked (including stalk about 25 X II0oA) much thickened at the apex. Spores inordinate, oblcng or tapering very slightly toward the ends. obtuse, hyaline, I-septate, 7 X 22 s, not constricted, paraphyses filamentose. On Kadua glomerata. Hawaii: Kealakekua, July 25, no. oo005. In spore size and other marked ways this differs from P. pulcherrima on Rubiaceae from South America. Nearly always if a stroma is found on one side of a leaf, a corresponding one is found on the opposite side. In section the palisade-like hypostroma in the epidermis is very evident. The constant coincidence of stromata on the two sides of the leaf suggests that the mycelium also penetrates the mesophyll. If so it is in very scant quantity for it is not seen. 44. PLURIPORUS Stevens and Ryan n. gen. Free mycelium lacking, asci aparaphysate, spores brown, 2-celled. Perithecia disk form, ostioles numerous. Asci separated in a single row. No. 89. Pluriporus gouldiae Stevens and Ryan n.. sp. Epiphyllous, perithecia 1-3 mm. in diameter, irregularly scattered, seldom confluent, numerous, black, carbonaceous, disk form, ostioles numerous, arranged in concentric circles. As'ci 8-spored, clavate, separated, II-34 X 22-45 i, embedded in a single row, aparaphysate. Spores equally 2-celled, ovate, I-septate, brown when mature, 9-IOX5-32 A, broadly rounded at the ends. Intercellular hypostroma present. (See P1. VI, E; fig. I3.) The section on Polystomellaceae was written by Ruth W. Ryan and F. L. Stevens. 66 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin On Gouldia coriacea. Kauai: Waimea canyon pipe trail, June 15, 1921, no. 454 and no. 455 (type). The genus presents certain characteristics of both the Polystomellaceae and the Myriangiaceae. The radiate character and the arrangement of