4" T Belgiqu e! $ AIDS', Billy ill Illinois; adult 1);tIlIll"T 3A f I I Fiji I gg N'li,i NZ pi li4,ll',,P 81 Pill, oz T Bolivia M N ,K! 1, 'o S 8 y, $1 0 TO, 15 V Uiv S~~;? qI ~ru YeL, ht~;rNS K<,-d'::~~~~~.,~;00 4) r t7:At n~: &yPI 1k vs j\1 C';( Yi SELECT ORATIONS OF CICERO. THE FOUR ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE, WITH AN INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION ON THE HAMILTONIAN SYSTEM. BY WILLIAM UNDERWOOD, *OIN-N-LAW AND PARTNER OF THE LATE HAMILTON. ~ TUB SEVEN REMAINING ORATIONS, WITH AN NTERLINEAR TRANSLATION ON THE SYSTEM OF LOCKIL BY THOMAS CLARK. PHILADELPHIA: CHARLES DESILVER; CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER; J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. *w YORK: D. APPLETON & CO. BOSTON: NICHOLS & HALL. CINCINNATI: ROBERT CLARKE & CO; WILSON, HINKLE & CO. SAN FRANCISCO: A. L. BANCROFT & CO. o: S. C. Gtos & Co. —Charleston, S. C.: J. M. GREER & SON; EDWARD PERRI l M 7 VIV- R h T -N. a t. mWrmtL & Arn M T.k r vmr_.7im M!. M,rTrTuo r.a.: STEVENS & Mlacon,Ga. 1AADS & 78 ac7t 2'/Z. Bntere!, msording to the Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by '; CHARLES DESILVER, in the Clerk's Oece'of the District Court of the United States for th /astr District of Pennsylvania. PREFACE. IN this interlinear translation of Cicero, the four orations against Catiline are translated, according to the Hamiltonian system, by Underwood, the son-in-law and partner of Hamilton. The London edition of these four orations has been carefilly revised, and the errors and omissions corrected and supplied; for without the greatest care on the part of the editor, errors and omissions are very apt to occur in interlinear translations. As these four orations against Catiline constitute so small a portion of the present publication, it may be considered as almost altogether an original interlilopar translation of the select orations of Cicero; and that nearly on the plan suggested by the great poet and distinguished Latin scholar, Milton, and the celebrated metaphysician and writer on education, Locke. The orations expressly translated by the American editor of this Philadelphia edition are: the ORATTO PRO ARCHIA POETA-PRO MARCELLO -PRO LEGE MANILIA - PRO L. MURENA - PRO Q. LIGARIO - PRO REGE DEIOTARIO- PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. Thus making a more complete collection of select orations of Cicero than any published in the United States; containing all (ii ) PREFACE. the orations that are read in any of the schools and colleges of this country, and comprising all those in the editions of Anthon, Bullions, Johnson, and others. As a mere verbal translation would be inadequate to convey the meaning of Cicero in his orations, it has become necessary to add thereto. When such additions only express the thought of the author more intelligibly in English, they are denoted by being placed between parentheses (), and constitute a part of the sentence; but when such additions are, as it were, explanations, and do not properly constitute a part of the sentence, they are placed between brackets [ ], and may be considered as short explanatory notes. This applies only to those orations translated by the American editor. When several words in English are necessary to express a Latin word, such words are united together by hyphens, as: Quod nuntiaret What might-he-announce but when, in forming an English sentence, a word intervenes between such two or more words that denote a Latin one, the figure 'is placed before the words thus separated, as: Palam fecerat testamentum. *He-had openly 'mada (his) will. This also only applies to the orations translated by the American editor THOMAS CLARK. ) TESTIMONIALS AS TO TIlE MERITS OF ~tt nterlhmear nurslattat n nf the Classics. Tstztmony of celebrated men in favour of the interlineary system of translations, as being best adapted for learning a language. MIILToN.-We do amiss to spend seven or eight years merely in scraping together as much Latin and Greek as might be learned easily and delightfully in one year. If, after some preparatory grounds of speech by their certain forms got into memory, they were led to the praxis thereof in some chosen short book lessoned thoroughly to them, [that is, read and translated to them], which would bring the whole language quickly into their power. This I take to be the most natural and most profitable way of learning languages. [Children] should begin with the chief and necessary rules of some good grammar, either that now used, or any better; and while this is doing, their speech is to be fashioned to a distinct and clear pronunciation, as near as may be to the Italian, especially in the vowels. Next, to make them expert in the usefullest points of grammar, some easy and delightful book should be read to them. [By this, Milton means that the teacher should read some easy Latin book to his pupils, and translate and explain it repeatedly, until they understand such Latin book, and can them selves translate it.] 1* (v) TESTIMONIALS. JOHN LOCKE, author of the "Essay on the Human Understanding."-When I consider what ado is made about a little Latin and Greek, how many years are spent in it, and what a noise and business it makes to no purpose, I can hardly forbear thinking that the parents of children still live in fear of the schoolmaster's rod, which they look on as the only instrument of education; as a language or two to be his whole business. How else is it possible that a child should be chained to the oar, seven, eight, or ten of the best years of his life, to get a language or two, which, I think, might be had at a great deal cheaper rate of pains and time, and be learned almost in playing. [The first project of Locke] is to trouble the child with no grammar at all, but to have Latin as English has been, without the perplexity of rules, talked into him, for, if you will consider it, Latin is no more unknown to a child, when he comes into the world, than English; and yet he learns English without a master, rule, or grammar; and so might he Latin, too, as Tully did, if he had somebody always to talk to him in this language, And when we so often see a French woman teach an English girl to speak and read French perfectly in a year or two, without any rule of grammar, or anything else but prattling to her, I cannot but wonder how gentlemen have overseen this way for their sons. If, therefore, a man could be got, who, himself speaking good Latin, would always be about your son, talk constantly to him, and suffer him to speak and read nothing else, this would be the true and genuine way, and that which I would propose, not only as the easiest and best, wherein a child might, without pains or chiding, get a language which others are wont to be whipt for at school six or seven years together; but also as that wherein, at the same time, he might have his mind and manners formed, and be instructed in all other parts of knowledge of things that fall under the senses, and require little more than memory. But if such a man cannot be got who speaks good Latin, the next best thing is to have him taught as near this way as may be, which is by taking some easy and pleasant book, such as AEsop's Fables, and writing the English translation (made as literal as can be) in one line, and the Latin words which answer each of them, just over it in another. These let him read every day, over and over again, till he perfectly understands the Latin; and then go on to another Fabl*, TESTIMONIALS. Vii,i he is also perfect in that, not omitting what he is already perfec' ii, but sometimes reviewing that to keep it in his memory. The formation of the verb first, and afterwards the declensions of the nouns and pronouns, perfectly learned by heart, facilitate his acquaintance with the genius and manner of the Latin tongue, which varies the signification of verbs and nouns, not as the modern languages do, by particles prefixed, but by changing the last syllable. More than this of grammar, I think, he need not have, till he can read himself Sanctii Minerva. As he advances in acquiring a knowledge of words, he must advance, pari pasu, in obtaining a thorough and critical knowledge of grammar. When by this way of interlining Latin and English one with another, he has got a moderate knowledge of the Latin tongue, he may then be advanced a little farther, to the reading of some other easy Latin book, such as Justin, or Eutropius; and, to make the reading and understanding of it the less tedious and difficult to him, let him help himself with the English translation. Nor let the objection, that he will then know it only by rote, fright any one. This, when well considered, is not of any moment against, but plainly for, this way of learning a language. For languages are only to be learned by rote; and a man who does not speak English and Latin perfectly by rote, so that having thought of the thing he would speak of, his tongue, of course without thought of rule or grammar, falls into the proper expression and idiom of that language, does not speak it well, nor is master of it. Languages were made,'not by rules of art, but by accident, and the common use of the people; and he that speaks them well has no other rule but that, nor anything to trust to but his memory, and the habit of speaking, after the fashion learned from those that are allowed to speak properly, which, in other words, is only to speak by rote. SYDNEY SMITH.-The Hamiltonian system, on the other hand: 1st. Teaches an unknown tongue by the closest interlinear translations, instead of leaving a boy to explore his way by the lexicon or dictionary. 2d; It postpones the study of grammar till a considerable progress has'been made in the language, and a great degree of practical grammar has been acquired. 3d. It substitutes the cheerfulness and competition of the Lancasterian TESTIMONIALS. system for the dull solitude of the dictionary. By these means a boy finds he is making a progress, and learning something from the very beginning. He is not overwhelmed with the first appearance of insuperable difficulties; he receives some little pay from the first moment of his apprenticeship, and is not compelled to wait for remuneration till he is out of his time, The student, having acquired the great art of understanding the sense of what is written in another tongue, may go into the study of the language as deeply and as extensively as he pleases. The old system aims at beginning with a depth and accuracy which many men never will want, which disgusts many from arriving even at moderate attainments, and is a less easy, and not more certain road to a profound skill in a language, than if attention to grammar had been deferred to a later period. In fine, we are strongly persuaded that, the time being given, this system will make better scholars; and, the degree of scholarship being given, a much shorter time will be needed. If there is any truth in this, it will make Mr. Hamilton one of the most useful men of his age; for, if there is anything which fills reflecting men with melancholy and regret, it is the waste of mortal time, parental money, and' puerile happiness, in the present method of pursuing Latin and Greek. VIRGIL, HORACE, CAISAR, CICERO, OVID, SALLUST, JUVENAL, LIVY, XBNOPHON'S ANABASIS, HOMER'S ILIAD, and the GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN, have already been published on the interlinear plan, and will be succeeded by the other Classics, as speedily as is consistent with accurate preparation, and the importance of the undertaking. CHARLES DESILVER, 1229 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. SPECIAL AGENTS. CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFPELFINGER, J. B. LIPPINCOTT & Co., Philadelphia; D. APPLETON & Co., MAsoN, BAKER & PRATT, New York; NICHOLS & HALL, Boston; ROBERT CLARKE & Co., Cincinnati; A. L. BANCROFT & Co., San Francisco; JANSEN, MCCLURG & Co., Chicago; BE H. CusHINaG Houston, Texas. PRIMA ORATIO THE FIRST ORATION MARCI TULLII CICERONIS IN LTUCIUM CATILTNAM, OF MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO AGAINST LUCIUS CATILINE, HABITA IN SENATU. HELD (DELIVERED) IN THE SENATE. 1. QUOUSQUE tandem abut~re nostrA How far at length wilt thou abuse with our _ptientig, Catilina? Quamdiu etiam tste tuus patience, 0 Catiline? How long also that thy furor eludet nos? ad quem finem effrenata fury will (it) elude us? to what end (thy) unbridled audacia jactabit sese? ne nocturnum audacity will (it) boast itself? whether the pightly presidium Palatii (movit) te guard of the Palatium (has (that) moved) thee nihil vigiliae urbis nothing (has that in no respect affected thee), the watches of the city (moverunt) nihil, timor populi have (they) moved (thee) nothing, the fear of the people nihil, concursus omnium bonorum (has that moved thee) nothing, the assemblage of all the good nihil, hie miinitissimus locus (has that moved thee) nothing, this most fortified place senatfs habendi of a senate to be held (of holding a senate) (has that moved thee) nihil, ora que vultus horum move nothing, the faces and looks of these (senators) have (these (9) 10 PRIMA ORATIO runt nilil? Sentis non tua consilia moved (thee) nothing? Perceivest thou not thy counsels patere? Vides non tuam conjurationen to be open (to be exposed)? Seest thou not thy Conspiracy jam teneri constrictam cons-cienti& omniun; already to be held bound by the consciousness of all horum? Quem nostim arbitraris these (senators)? Whom of us supposest thou ignorare quid egeris proxima, to be ignorant what thou mayest have acted on the nearest quid superiore necte, ubi fueris, (last night), what on the former night, where thou mayest have been quos convocaveris, quid consilii whom thou mayest have called together, what of counsel ceperis? 0 tempora! 0 mores. Senatus thou mayest have taken? 0 the times! 0 the manners. The senate intelligit haec, consul videt, tamen hic vivit. understands this, the consul sees (it), yet this (Catiline) lives. Vivit? imo, vero; etiam venit in senatum. -Fit Lives? yes, truly; even comes into the senate. He becomes particeps publici consilii: notat et designat a partaker of the public counsel: he notes and marks out oculis unumquemquO nostrum ad caedem. with (.iis) eyes each of us to (for) slaughter Autem nos fortes viri videmur satisfacere reipublice, But we brave men seem to do enough for the republia, si vitemus furorem, ac tela istius. |.C. we may avoid the fury, and the weapons of that (Catiline). Oportebat te, Catilina, jampridem duci ad It did behove thee, 0 Catiline, long since to^be led to mortem jussu consulis: istam pestem, death by order of the consul: (it behoved) that pest (destruction), quam tu machiharis jam diu in nos omnos, which thou contrivest already a long time against us all, conferri in te. Vero an amplissimus to be brought upon thee. But whether the most ample (most honvir, P. Scipio, maximus pontifex, privatus ourable) man, P. Scipio, the greatest priest, (as) a private (person' 411 MARCI TULLIT CTCERONIS. 11 interfecit Tiberium Gracchum. mcdiocriter labeslew Tiberius Gracchus, moderately making factantem statum reipublice: vero nos consules, to totter the state of the republic: but we consuls, perferemus Catilinam cupientem vastare orbein shall we endure Catiline desiring to lay waste the globe terra caede, atque incendiis? f Nam of the earth with slaughter, and with conflagrations? For praetereo illa nimis antiqua, qu6d Q. Servilius I pass over those too ancient (examples) that Q. Servilius Ahala occidit suA manu Spurium Melium, Ahala killed with his own hand Spurius Melius, studentem novis rebus. Ista studying for new things (having revolutionary designs). Tliat virtus fuit, fuit quondam in hec republicS, ut virtue has been, has been once in this reputlic, that fortes viri coercerent perniciosum civem acrioribus brave men would check a pernicious citizen with sharper suppliciis quam acerbissimum hostem. Enim (more severe) punishments than the most bitter enemy. For habemus vehemens et grave senatusconsultum we have a vehement and heavy (severe) decree of the senate in te, Catilina: non consilium neque auctoritas against thee, 0 Catiline: nbt the counsel nor the authority hujus ordinis deest reipublicae; nos dico of this order (of the senate) is wanting to the republic; we I say aperth, nos consules desumus. openly, we consuls are wanting (to it). ' 2. Senatus quondam decrevit, ut L. Opimius The senate once decreed, that L. Opimius consul videret, ne respublica caperet quid the consul should see, lest the republic might take any (thing) detrimenti: nulla nox intercessit; C. Gracchus, of detriment: no night intervened; C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus, burn from a most famous father, grandfather, (and) ancestors, interfectus est propter quasdam suspiciones seditionum: was slain because of some suspicions of seditious: PRIMA ORATIO M. Fulvius, consularis, ocisus est, cum liberis. M. Fulvius, a consular (man), was killed, with (his) children. Simili senatusconsulto respublica permissa est By a like decree of the senate the republic was permitted 0. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus; num (confided) to C, Marius and to L. Valerius the consuls; whether mors ac poena reipublicse remorata est death and the punishment of the republic retarded (fail to overtake) L. Saturninum, tribunum plebis, et L. Saturninus, tribune of the common people, and C. Servilium, praetorem, unum diem postea? At nos C. Servilius, the praetor, one day afterwards? But we patimur aciem auctoritatis horum suffer the edge of the authority of these (the senators) hebescere jam vicesimum diem. Enim habemus to become Blunt already the twentieth day. For we have senatusconsultum hujusmodi, verumtamen inclusium a decree of the senate of this sort,' nevertheless inclosed in tabulis, tanquam gladium reconditum in vagina: in the tablets, as if a sword hidden in the scabbard. ex quo senatusconsulto convenit te, Catilina, ftom wiich decree of the senate it was fit thee, 0 Catiline, interfectum esse confestim. Vivis; et vivis tob have been slain immediately. Thou livest; and thou livest non ad audaciam deponendam, sed ad not to (for) audacity to be placed down, but to (for thy audacity) confirmandam. Conscripti Patres, cupio me to be confirmed. Conscript Fathers, I desire myself esse clementem; cupio me non videri dissolutumi to be mild; I desire myself not to seem d'issoluate in tantis periculis reipublicae: sed jlam (negligent) in so great dangers of the republic: but ntiw; condemno me ipsum inertise que nequitit, I condemn myself of inactivity and of negligence, Castra collocata sunt in ItaliA contra rempublicam, Camps have been placed in Italy against the republic, in faucibus Etruriae: nnumerus hostium in the jaws (passage) of Tuscany: the number of the enemils MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 13 crescit in singulos dies: autem videmus:ncreases into single days (daily): but we see unperatorem eorum castrorum, que ducem hostium, the commander of those camps, and leader of the enemies, intra moenia, atque adeo in senatu, molientem within the walls, and even in the senate, attem ti. quotidie aliquam intestinam perniciem reipublicse. S, daily some intestine destruction to the republic. If jussero te, Catilina, jam comprehendi; si I shall have ordered thee, 0 Catiline, now to be seized; if interfici, credo, erit verendum (I shall have ordered thee) to be slain, I believe, it will be to be feared mihi, * ne omnes boni hoc factum esse to me (by me), lest all the good (may say) this to have been done non serius A me, potius quam quisquam dicat not too late by me, rather than any (person) may say crudelius. Verum ego nondum (it to have been done) too cruelly. But I not yet adducor ut faciam hoc, quod oportuit factum esse am led that I may do this, which it has behoved to have been done jampridem, de certa causa. Tum denique long since, from a certain cause. Then at last interficiam te, cum jam nemo poterit inveniri I will slay thee, when now nobody will be able to be found tam improbus, tam perditus, tam similis tui, so wicked, so lost (abandoned), so like of thyself, qui fateatur, - non id factum esse jure. who may confess not that to have been done by right. Quamdiu quisquam erit, qui audeat defendere te, I As long as any (person) shall be, who may dare to defend thee, vives; et vives ita ut vivis nunc, thou shalt live; and thou shalt live so as thou livest now, obsessus meis multis et firmis praesidiis, ne Beset by my many and firm guards, lest possis commovere te contra rempublicam. thou mayest be able to move thyself against the republic. Etiam oculi et aures multorum speculabuntur atque Ato0 the eyes and ears of many shall spy and 2 i PRIMA ORATIO custodient te non sentientem, sicut fecerunt Rhall watch thee not perceiving, so as they have done adhuc. hitherto. 3. Etenim quid est - quod expectes jam For what is it which thou mayest expect now amplius, Catilina, si neque nox potest obscurare more, Catiline, if neither night is able tu conceal tenebris nefarios coetus nec privata domus with darknesses (thy) impious assemblies, nor a private house continere vocem ture conjurationis parietibus? si to contain the voice of thy conspiracy with (its) walls? if omnia illustrantur, si erumpunt? Muta all (things) are brought to light, if they burst forth? Change jam istam mentem: crede mihi: obliviscere csedis now that mind: believe to me: forget of slaughter atque incendiorum: teneris undique: omnia and of conflagrations: thou art held on all sides: all tua consilia sunt clariora nobis luce: quae thy counsels are clearer to us than light: which (thilgS) licet etiam recognoscas mecum. Ne it is allowed even thou mayest recognise with me.. Whether meministi me dicere in senatu ante hast thou remembered me to say in the senate before duodecimum diem kalendarum Novembris, C. Manlium the twelfth day of the calends of November, C. Mailius, satellitem atque administrum tuae audaciae, fore the attendant and assistant of thy audacity, to be about to be in armis certo die, qui dies esset futurus ant<e in arms on a certain day, which day might be about to be before sextum diem kalendarum Novembris? I N num the sixth day of the calends of November? ' bWhtler Catilina non modo tanta, tam atrox, tam Cutiline not only so great, so atrocious, so incredibilis res fefellit me, verum, id quod est incredible a thing deceived me, but, that which is multo magis admirandum, dies? Ego idem by much more to be wondered at, the day? I the sane (person) I i MAPRCI TULLII CICERONIS. 15 dixi in senatu, te contulisse caedcm said in senate, thee to have appointed the slaughter optimatum in ante quintum diem kalendarum of the aristocracy unto (the day) before the fifth day of the calends.Novembris, tur cum multi principes civitatia of November, then when many chief (persons) of the state profugerunt Roma, non tam causa sui fled from Rome, not so (much) for the sake of themselves conservandi, quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum. to be preserved, as of thy counsels to be repressed Num potes (as for the sake of repressing thy designs). A Whether art thou able infitiari, te circumclusum meis praesidiis, meg to deny thyself being closed around by my guards, by my diligentia illo die ipso, potuisse non commovere diligence on that day itself, to have been able not to move te contra rempublicam? cum tu, discessu thyself against the republic? when thou, at the departure cseterorum, dicebas te esse contentum tamen nostrA of the rest, didst say thyself to be content yet with our - coede qui remansissemus. Quid! slaughter (with the slaughter of us) who might have remained. What! cum tu confideres te esse occupaturum Proeneste when thou mightest trust thyself to be about to occupy Prmeneste nocturno impetu kalendis ipsis Novembris: by a nocturnal attack on the calends themselves of November: ne sensiti illam coloniam. munitam esse whether hast thou perceived that colony to have been fortified meo jussu, meis proesidiis, custodiis, que vigiliis? by my order, by my garrisons, guards, and watches? Agis nihil, moliris nihil, cogitas Thou actest nothing, thou attemptest nothing, thou thinkest (devisest) nihil, quod ego non modo audiam non, sed etiam nothing, which I not only may hear not, but even videam non, que plan e sentiam. may see not, and plainly may perceive. 4. Recognosce tandem mecum illam superiorens. ecognise (call to mind) at length with me that former PRIMA ORATIO noctem: jam intelliges me vigilare multo night: now thou wilt understand me to watch by much acrius ad salutem reipublicse quam te ad more sharply to (for) the safety of the republic than thyself to (for) perniciem. Dico te venisse priori nocte the destruction (of it). I say thee to have come on the former night inter falcarios (agam among scythe-makers (into the scythe-maker's street) (I will act (speak) non obscure), in domum M. Leccse: complures not obscurely), into the house of M. Lecca: (I say) many socios ejusdem amentiae que sceleris convenisse partners of the same madness and crime to have come together eodem. Num audes negare? Quid! to the same place. Whether darest thou to deny (it)? What! taces? Convincam, si negas. Enim art thou silent? I will convict (thee), if thou deniest. For video quosdam esse hic in senatu qui fuere I see some (persons) to be here in the senate who were una cum te. 0 immortales dii! ubinam gentiuin together with thee. 0 immortal gods! where of nations sumus? in qua urbe vivimus? quam (where in the world) are we? in what city do we live? what rempublicam habemuii? Sunt hic, hic in republic have we? There are (persons) here, here in nostro numero, conscripti patres, in hoc sanctissimo our number, conscript fathers, in this most sacred que gravissimo consilio orbis terrse, qui and most weighty (dignified) council of the globe of the earth, who cogitent de meo interitu, que may devise concerning my destruction, and (the destruction) nostrfm omnium, qui de exitio hujns of us all, who (devise) concerning the destruction of this urbis, atque adeo orbis terrarum. Ego consul city, and even of the globe of the earths. I the consul video hosce, et rogo sentcntiam de repuAlica: see these (persons), and I ask opinion concerning the republic: et vulnero eos nondum voce, quos oportebat and I wound those not yet with (my) voice, whom it did bihovT MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 17 trucidari ferro. Igitur, Catilina, to be slaughtered with the iron (sword). Therefore, Catiline, fuisti apud Leccam illa nocte: thou wast at Lecca (at Lecca's house) on that night: distribuisti partes Italie; statuisti que thou distributedst the parts of Italy; thou appointedst whither placeret quemque proficisci; delegisti it might please (thee) each to depart; thou selectedst quos relinqueres Romwe, quos educeres whom thou migbtest leave of (at) Rome, whom thou mightest lead out cum te; descripsisti partes urbis ad with thee; thou describedst parts of the city to (for) incendia; confirmasti te ipsum jam conflagrations; thou coatirmedst (affirmedst) thyself now (soon) esse exiturum; dixisti esse etiam turn to be about to go out; thou saidst to be (that there was) even then paullulum morae tibi, quod ego viverem. Duo a very little of delay to thee, because I might live. Two Romani equites reperti sunt qui liberarent te ista Roman knights were found who might free thee from that cur&, et pollicerentur sese interfecturos care, and might promise themselves (to be) about to slay me in meo lectulo ill 'nocte ipsa, paullo ante me in my little bed on that night itself, a little ^tee lucem. Ego comperi omnia hec, etiam vestro light. I discovered all these (things), even your coetu vix dum dimisso: munivi atque assembly scarcely yet being dismissed: I fortified and firmavi meam domum majoribus praesidiis; I strengthened my house with greater (stronger) - guards; exclusi eos quos tu miseras ad me mane [ excluded those whom thou hadst sent to me in the morning salutatum, cum illi ipsi 'venissent, quos to salute (me), when those (persons) themselves might have come, whom ego jam preedixeram multis ac summis viris ~ already had foretold to many and to the highest men ease venturos ad m ' id temporis. to he about to come to me (at) that of time. 2* 1~ PRIMA ORATIO 5. Cum qu9e sint ita, Catilina, When (since) which (things) may be thus, Catiline, perge quo coepisti; egredere aliquando proceed whither thou hast begun; go out sometimes ex urbe; portea patent, proficiscere: ilia (at length) out of the city; the gates are open, depart: those tua Manliana castra desiderant nimium diu te thy Manlian camps want too long thee (their) imperatorem. Educ cum te etiam omnes tuos' vommander. Lead out with thee also all thy si minus, quam plurimos: purga (associates); if less (if not all), as many as possible: cleanse urbem: liberabis me magno metu, dummodo the city: thou wilt free me from great fear, provided that murus intersit inter me atque te: the wall (the city wall) maybe between between me and thee: potes non versari jam diutius cum nobis: thou art able not to be engaged now longer with us: feram non, patiar non, sinam non. I will bear (it) not, I will suffer (it) not, L will permit (it) not. Magna gratia est habenda Great favour is to be had (great thanks must be given) immortalibus diis, atque huic Jovi Statori ipsi, to the immortal gods, and to this Jupiter Stator hiuiself, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis, qubd effugimus the most ancient guardian of this city, that we have escaped jam toties hanc tam tsetram, tam horribilem now so many times this so foul, so horriblo pestem que tam infestam reipublicae. Summa salus plague and so hostile to the republic. The highest saifty reipublicse est non periclitanda stepius in uno of the republic is not to be endangered too often in one homine. Quamdiu insidiatus es mihi, consuli man. As long as thou plottedst against to me, the consul designato, Catilina defendi me non publico elect, Catiline I defended myself not by a pablio praesidio, sed privatA diligentif: cum proximis guard, but by private diligence: when at the nearest (!tl I MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 19 consularibus comitiis voluisti interficere me, consulem, consular- elections thou wishedst to slay me, the consul, et competitores in campo, and (thy) competitors in the plain, (the Campus Martius), compressi tuos nefarios conatus prsesidio et copiis I repressed thy impious attempts with a guard and forces amicorum, nullo tumultu concitato publice: denique, of friends, no tumult being excited publicly: lastly, quotiescunque petisti me, obstiti tibi as often as thou hast sought (aimed at) me, I have opposed to thee per me, quamquam videbam meam perniciem esse (by) myself, although I did see my destruction to be conjunctam cum magna calamitate reipublicae. conjoined with a great calamity of the republic. Nune jam petis universam rempublicam Even now thou seekest (aimest at) the whole republic aperte. Vocas - templa immortalium deorum, openly. Thou callest the temples of the immortal gods, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, the roofs (houses) of the city, the life of all the citizens, denique, totam Italiam, ad exitium et vastitatem. lastly (in fine), the whole Italy, to destruction and devastation. Quare quoniam audeo nondum facere id, quod est Wherefore because I dare not yet to do that, which is primum atque proprium hujus imperil the first and proper (peculiar duty) of this command (of the que discipline majorum: consular power) and of the discipline (custom) of (our) ancestors: faciam id quod est lenius ad severitatem, I will do that which is milder to (as to) severity, et utilius ad ' communem salutem; nam si and more useful to (as to) the common safety; for if jussero te interfici, reliqua manus I shall have ordered thee to be slain, the'remaining hand (band conjuratorum residebit in republica: sin tu of the conspirators will settle in the republic: but if thou exieris, (quod hortor te jamdudum), magna shalt have gone out (which I exhort thee long since), the great PR1MA ORATIO et perniciosa sentina [reipublicse], tuorum comitum, and pernicious sink [to the republic], of thy companions, exhaurietur ex urbe. Quid est, Catilina? will be drawn off out of the city. What is it, Catiline? Num - dubitas facere id, me Whether doubtest thou (dost thou hesitate) to do that, me imperante, quod jam faciebas commanding, which now (just now) thou didstdo (wast about to do) tug sponte? Consul jubet hostem exire by thy own accord? The consul orders (thee) an enemy to go.out ex urbe: interrogas me, num in exilium? Jubeo outof the city: dost thou ask me, whether into exile? I order non; sed si consulis me, suadeo. (thee) not; but if thou consultest tne, I persuade (thee to do so). 6. Enim quid, Catilina, est, quod jam possit For what, Catiline, is there, which now maybe able deleotare te in hac urbe? In qua est nemo, to delight thee in this city? In which there is no one, extra istam conjurationem perditorum without (unconnected with) that conspiracy of lost (aban. hominum, qui metuit non te; nemo qui doned) men, who fears not thee; no one who oderit non. Quse nota domesticae turpitudinis may have hated not (thee). What mark of domestic turpitude est non inusta tute vitae? Quod dedecus privatarum is not branded to thy life? What disgrace of private rerum hveret non infamie? Quae libido abfuit things adheres not to (thy) infamy? What lust has been absent ab oculis, quod facinus umquam A from (thy) eyes, what bad deed (has been absent) ever from tuis manibus, quod flagitium a toto corpore? thy hands, what villany from (thy) whole body? Cui adolescentulo, quem irretisses To what youth, whom thou mightest have ensnarea illecebris corruptelarum, tu prsetulisti non by te allurements of debaucheries, thou hast borne before not ferrum ad audaciam, aut facem ad libidinem? it er a sword to (for) audacity, or a torch to (for) lust? MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 21 Vero quid! nuper cum morte But what (why shall I mention)! lately when at the death superioris uxoris vacuefecisses domum of (thy) former wife thou mightest have made vacant (thy) house novis nuptiis, ne cuinulasti non hoc for new nuptials, whether hast thou heaped up (augmented) not this scelus etiam alio incredibili scelere?!Quod ego crime also by another incredible crime? 'Which I prsetermitto, et facile patior sileri, ne pass by (omit), and easily suffer to be kept silent, lest immanitas tanti facinoris videatur aut the monstrousness of so great a wicked deed may seem either extitisse in hlc civitate, ant non vindicata esse. to have existed in this state, or not to have been punished. tratermitto ruinas tuarum fortunarum, omnes quas pass by the ruins of thy fortunes, all which senties impendere tibi proximis Idibus: thou wilt perceive to hang over to thee at the nearest (next) Ides: venio ad illa quse pertinent non ad privatam I come to those (things) which pertain not to the private ignominiam tuorum vitiorum, non ad tuam domesticam disgrace of thy vices, not to thy domestic difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam difficulty and turpitude, but to the sum (the whole) reipublicae, atque ad vitam que salutem nostrim of the republic, and to the life and the safety of us omnium. Ne lux hujus vitta, aut spiritus hujus all. Whether the light of this life, or the breadth of this cooli potest esse jucundus tibi, Catilina, heaven (atmosphere) is able to be pleasant to thee, Catiline, cum scias, esse n'eminem horum when thou mayest know, to be (that there is) no one of these (sena. qui nesciat te stetisse cum tors) who may not know thee to have stood (that you stood) with telo in comitio pridie kalendas weapon in the assembly house the day before the calends /Januarias, Lepido et Tullo consiuibus? belonging to January, Lepidus and Tullus (being) consuls? PRIMA ORATIO Paravisse manum cause consulum et To ha e prepared a hand (band) for the sake of the consuls and principum civitatis interficiendorum? Non of the chief (persons) of the state to be slain? Not aliquam mentem, aut tuum timorem, sed any mind, or thy fear (fear of thine), but fortunam reipublicae obstitisse tuo sceleri the (good) fortune of the republic to have opposed to thy wickedness ac furori? Ac jam omitto illa: enim nequo and fury? And now I orit those (things): for neither sunt commissa.post obscura, aut non are'(the crimes) committed (by thee) afterwards obscure, or not multa. Quoties tu conatus es interficere me many. How often thou hast endeavoured to slay me designatum; quoties consulem? (being consul) elect; how often (being) consul? Quot tuas petitiones ita conjectas, How many thy aims (how many thrusts of thine) so cast (directed), ut viderentur non posse vitari, ego effugi that they might seem not to be able to be avoided, I have escaped quadam parva declinatione, et, ut aiunt, corpore? by a certain small bending, and, as they say, with the body? Agis nihil, assequeris nihil, moliris nihil, Thou actest nothing, thou attainest nothing, thou attemptest nothip4g, quod valeat latere mihi, in tempore: neque which may be able to lie hid from me, in the time: noi tamen desistis conari ac velle. Quoties yet dost thou desist to endesvour and to wish. How often jam ista sica extorta est tibi de LOW (already) that poniard has been wrested from thee from manibus? Vero quoties excidit et elapsa est the bands? But how often it has fallen out and has slipped out aliquto casu? Tamen potes non carere ea by some accident? Yet thou art able not to be without it diutius: quoe quidem quibus sacris linger: which (poniard) indeed to what sacred ritee i initiata'sit ac devota abs te nescio, quod it may have been initiated and devoted by thee I know not, that MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 23 putas necesse defigere earn in corpore thou thinkest (it) necessary to fix it in the body consulis. I f the consul. 7. Vero nunc, quse est ista tua vita? Enim jam But now, what is that* thy life? For now loquar cum te sic, ut videar non esse permotus I will speak with thee so, that I may seem not to be moved odio quo debeo, sed ut with the hatred with which I ought, but that (I may seem to be moved) misericordig, quae nulla debetur tibi. with pity, which none (none of which) is due to thee. Venisti paullo ante in senatum: quis ex hgc Thou camest a little before into the senate: who out of this tanta frequentia, ex tot tuis amicis ac so great assemblage, out of so many thy friends and necessariis, salutavit te? Si hoc contigit nemini acquaintances, saluted / thee? If this has befallen to no one post memoriam hominum, expectas contumeliam after (since) the memory of men, dost thou wait for reproach, vocis cum sis oppressus gravissimo of voice when thou mayst be (thou art) oppressed by the most heavy judicio taciturnitatis?VQuid, quod tuo judgment of silence? Why (why should I mention), that at thy adventu ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt? Quod omnes arrival those seats were made vacant? That all consulares, qui persaepe fuerunt constituti the consular (persons), who very often have been appointed tibi ad cedem, reliquerunt istam partem to (by) thee to (for) slaughter,, left that part subselliorum nudam atque inanem simul atque of the seats naked and empty as soon as assedisti? Quo animo tandem pujas hoc thou satest near? With what mind at length dost thou think this fereriaum tibi? Mehercle, si mei servi metuerent t9 be bore td(by) thee&? By Hercules, if my slaves might fear taw isto pacto, ut omnes tui cives me yt that agreement (in that manner), as all thy citizeng 24 PRIMA ORATIO tnetuunt te, putarem meam domum fear thee, I should think my house (ought) relinquendam: arbitraris tu non urbem to be left: thinkest thou not (that) the city (ought to be tibi? Et, si viderem me tam graviter left) to (by) thee? And, ff I might see myself so heavily suspectum atque offensum meis civibus injufi&, suspected and offensive to my citizens (even) with injustice, nallem me carere aspectu ci'eium quam I would rather myself to be-without the sight of (my citizens), than conspici infestis oculis omniumnt cum tu to be-viewed with the hostile eyes of all: when thou agnoscas conscientig tuorum scelerum justum mayst-recognise by a consciousness of thy crimes the just odium omnium, et jam diu debitum tibi, dubitas hati;d of all, and now a-long-time due to thee, doubtest thou vitare aspectum que prmesentiam eorum, (dost thou hesitate) to avoid the sight and the presence of those, mentes que sensus quorum vulneras? Si tui the minds and feelings of whom thou woundest? If thy parentes timerent atque odissent te, neque parents night-fear and might-have-hated thee, neither posses placare eos ulla ratione, thou mightest-be-able to appease them by any reason (means), concederes, ut opinor, aliquo ab oculis eorum thou shouldst-retire, as I think, some-whither from the eyes of them nune patria, quse est communis parens nostrum now the country, which is the common parent of us omnium, edit ac metuit te; et jam diu all, has-hated (hates) and fears thee; and already a long-time judicat nihil de te, nisi cogitare judges nothing concerning tee, unless to devise (that you devise) de suo parricidio. Tu,yerebere neque concerning her parricide (des uction). Wilt-thou-reverence neither auctoritatem hujua, neque sequere the authority of this (of her), nor wilt-thou-follow (her) judicium, neque pertimesces vim? Qut judgment, nor wilt-thou-fear %her) force? Which MARCI TULLII MICERoNIS. 25 sic agit cum te, Catilina, et (the country) thus acts (pleads) with thee, Catiline, and quodammodo tacita loquitur. \ Nullum facinus in some-manner silent speaks. No wicked-deed exstitit jam aliquot annis, nisi per tee nullum has-existed now (for) some years, unless through thee no flagitium sine te: tibi uni neces multorun villany without thee: to thee one (alone) the deaths of many civium, tibi vexatio que direptio sociorum citizens, to thee (alone) the harassing and plundering of allies fuit impunita ac libera: tu valuisti non solum has been unpunished and free: thou hast-been-able not only ad leges ac quaestiones negligendas, verum to (for) laws and (judicial) inquiries to be neglected, but etiam ad evertendas que perfringendas.., v46 to (for them) to be-overturned and to be-broken-through. Quamquam illa superiora ucrunt non ferenda, Although those former (villanies) have-been not to be borne tamen tuli ut (ought not to have been borne), yet I have borne (them), as potui: vero nune totam me esse in I was-abl: but now the whole myself (for my whole self) to be in metu propter te unum; quidquid increpuerit, fear because-of thee one (alone); whatever may-have-made-a-noise, Catilinam timeri; Catiline is to be-feared; (that Catiline should be the sole cause of nullum consilium videri posse fear in every disturbance); (for) no design to seem to be-able iniri contra me, quod abhorreat to be-entered-an'against me, which may-abhor (be inconsistentwith) a tuo scelere; est non ferendum. Quamobrem from thy crime; (this) is not to be-borne. Wherefore discede, atque eripe hune timorem mihi, ne depart, and take away this fear from me, lest opprimar, si est verus; I may-be-oppressed (that I may not be oppressed), if it is a true (fear); sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando desinam timere. but-if false, that at-length sometimes I may-cease to fear. 8 PRIM'A ORATIO 8. Si patria loquatur hec cum te, ut If (thy) country may-speak these (things) with thee, as dixi, ne dcbeat non impetrare, I have-said, whether may-she-owe not (ought she not) to obtain etiam si possit non adhibere vim? (her request), even if she may-be-able not to apply force? Quid? quod tu ipse dedisti te What (why should I mention)? that thou.thyself hast-given thyself in custodiam? Quiq? quod causa suspicionis into custody? What (why)? that for-the-sake of suspicion vitandae, dixisti te velle habitare to be-avoided, thou saidst thyself to wish (that thou wishedst) to reside apud M. Lepidum? A quo receptus non, ausus es at M. Lepidus? i By whom being-received not, thou hast-dared etiam venire ad me; atque rogasti ut even to come to me; and thou askedst (me) that asservarem te mese domi cum tulisses I-would-guard you in my hous< when thou mightest-have-borne responsum quoque a me, me (thou hadst received) that answer also from rue, I myself posse esse tuto nullo mode cum te to be-able to be (that I could be) safely in no manner with thee iisdem parietibus, qui essem in magno periculo, in the same walls (ofa house), who might-be in great danger, quod contineremur iisdem moenibus; venisti because we might-be-contained in the same city-walls; thou camest ad Q. Metellum, praetorem: a quo repudiatuss to Q. Metellus, the prretor: by whom being-rejeoted, demigrasti ad tuum sodalem, optimum virum, thou wentest-over to thy companion, the best man M. Marcellum, quem tu videlicet (that very good man), M. Marcellus, whom thou. forsooth putasti fore et diligentissimum tboughtest to be-about-to-be (would be) both most-diligent ad te custodiendum et sagacissimum ad to (for) thee to be-guarded (to guard thee), and most-sagacious to suspicandum et fortissimum ad (for) suspecting (thee) and most-brave to (for the0) MARCI TULLII CICERON1fS. Yindicandum. Sed quam longe videtur to be-punished (for punishing thee). But how far does-he-seem debere abesse a carcere atque a vinculis, qui to-ought to be-absent from prison and from bonds, who ipse jam judicaverit se dignum custodi? himself now (al-eady) may have-judged himself worthy with custody Cum quie sint ita, Catilina, (of custody)? When (since) which (things) may-ho thus, Catilinc, dubitas, si potes non morari -hic doubtest thou (dost thou hesitate), if thou-art-able not to delay here sequo animo, abire in aliquas terras, et with an equal mind, to go-away into someo lands, and mandare istam vitam, ereptam multis justis to commit that life (of thine), rescued from many just que debitis suppliciis, fuge que solitudini? Refer, and due punishments, to flight and to solitude? Refer, inqnis, ad senatum (enim postulas id), et, si hic thou sayest, to the senate (for thou demandest that), and, if this ordo decreverit placere sibi, order (the senate) shall-have-decreed to please to itself, (that it pleases te ire in exsilium, dicis te esse them), thee to go into exile, thou sayest thyself to be obtemperaturum. Referam non id, quod abhorret a about-to-comply. I will-refer not that, which abhors from meis moribus: et tamen faciam (is inconsistent with) my manners: and yet I will-make ut intelligas, quid hi sentiant that thou mayest-understand, what these (the senators) may perceive de te. Egredcre ex urbe, Catilina: (think) concerning thee. Go-out out-of the city, Catiline: libera rempublicam metu: proficiscerc in exsilium, free the republic from fear: dep;u t ilt,) exile, Si expectas hanc vocein. Quid cst, Catilina? If thou waitest-for this voice (word). What is-it, Catiline? ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis silentium whether dost-thou-observe, whether dost-thou-porceive the silence hornm? patiuntur, tacent. Quid of these (senators)? they suffer (it), they are-silent. What (why) 28 PR1MA ORATIO expectas auctoritatem loqucntium, voluntatem dost-thou-wait-for the authority of (them) speaking, the will quorum tacitorum perspicis? At si dixissem of whom (being) silent thou-plainly-seest? But if I might-have-said hoc idem huic optimo adolcscenti, this same (thing) to this best (exccllent) young-man, P. Sextio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello; jam P. Sextius, if to the most-brave man, M. Mareellus; now senatus intulisset vim et (immediately) the senate would-have-brought-on (inflicted) force and manus optimo jure mihi consuli in hoc tempIo hands with the best right to me the consul in this temple ipso; autem cum quiescunt de te, Catilina, itself; but when they are-quiet concerning thee, Catiline, probant; cum patiuntur, decernunt; cum tacent, they approve; when they suffer (it), they decree; when they are-silont) clamant. Neque hi solum, auctoritas quorum they exclaim. Neither these (senators) alone, the authority of whom videlicet est cara tibi, vita vilissima; sed forsooth is dear to thee, (their) life (is) most cheap; but etiam illi Romani equites, honestissimi atque optimi also those Roman knights, most-honourable and best viri, que ceteri fortissimi cives, qui circumstant men, and the other most-brave citizens, who stand-around senatum, et frequentiam quorum tu potuisti videre, the senate, and the assemblage of whom thou hnst-been-able to see, et perspicere studia, et paulo ante and to see-plainly (their) desires, and a little before (a little while exaudire voces: manus ac tela ago) to hear their voices (shouts): the hands and weapons quorum jam diu ego vix contineo abs te, of whom already a long-time I scarcely restrain from thee, adducam eosdem facile, ut I may-lead the same easily (I could easily induce the same), thai prosequantur usque ad portas, te relinquentem they may-follow until to the gates, thee leaving h1ec, quze studes jampridem vastare. these (things), which thou studiest long-since to lay-waste. MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 29 9. Quamquam quid loquor? ut ulla res Although what (why) do I speak? that any thing frangat te? ut tu umquam corrigas te? ut may-break thee? that thou ever mab st-correct thee? that tu meditere ullam fugamm? ut tu cogites ullum thou mayst-meditate any flight? that thou mayst-devise any exsilium? Utinam immortalcs Dii duint istam exile? 0 that the immotrtal (iods may-give that mentem tibi! Tametsi video, si perterritus mec mind to thee! Although I see, if being-alarmed by my voce induxeris animun ire in exsilium, voice thou shalt-have-induced (thy) mind to go into exile, quanta tempestas invidiae impendeat nobis, how-great a tempest of envy (unpopularity) may impend to us si minus in praesens tempus, recenti (me), if-not unto (for) the present time, by the recent memorig tuorum scelerum, at in posteritatem. memory of thy crimes, but unto posterity (at a future Sed eat tanti mihi; time). But itis of so-much (oonsequenco) to me (it is worth the dummodo ista sit privata calamitas, et oarifice); provided-that that may-be a private calamity, and sejungatur a periculis reipublicae. Sed est may-be-separated from the dangers of the republio. But it-is non postulandum, ut tu commoveare tuis vitiis, not to be-demanded, that thou mnyst-bo-moved from thy vices, ut portimescas poe1as legum, ut that thou mayst-fear the penalties of the laws, that concedas temporibus reipublicme; enim thou mayst-ooncede to the times (circumstanoes) of the republic; for neque es is, Catilina, ut aut pudor neither art-thou that (person), Catiline, that either shame revocarit te a turpitudine, aut metus a may have-recalled thee from turpitude, or fear from periculo, aut ratio a furore. Quamobrem proficiscere, danger, or reason from fury. Wherefore depart, ut dixi jam seupe: ac, si vis conflare M I have-said already often: and, if thou wishest to blow-together 8* PRIMA ORATIO invidiam mihi tuo inimico, ut (produce) envy (unpopularity) to me thy enemy, as praedicas; perge recta in exsilium: vix thou declarest; proceed straightway into exile: scarcely feram sermones hominum, si fcceris id: shall-I-bear the speeches of men, if thou-shalt-have-aone that: vix sustinebo molem istius invidise, si scarcely shall-I-support the mass of that envy, if ieris in exsilium jussu consulis: thou shalt-have-gone in exile by the order of the consul: sin autem mavis servire meae laudi et glorife, but-if thou wishest-rather to serve to my praise and glory, egredere cum importune manu sceleratorum; go-out with (thy) troublesome hand (band) of wicked confer te ad Manlium: concita perditos (associates); betake thyself to Manlius: excite lost cives: secerne te a bonis: infer (abandoned) citisens: separate thyself from thegood: bring-on bellum patriae: exsulta impio latrocinio, war to (thy) country: exult in impious robbery (warfare), ut videaris non isse ejectus a me ad alienos, that thou-mayst-seem not to have-gone cast-out by me to aliens, sed invitatus ad tuos. Quamquam quid but being-invited to thy-own (friends). Although what ego invitem te, a quo sciam jam (why) may-I-invite thee, by whom I may-know (persons) now proemissos esse qui praestolarentur tibi (already) to have-been-sent-before who should-wait for thee armati ad Aurelium forum? Sciam diem armed to (at) the Aurelian forum? I may know the day pactam esse et constitutam cum Manlio? A quo to have-been-agreed-on and appointed with Manlius? By whom sciam etiam illam argenteam aquilam, quam I may-know ee en that silver eagle, which confide futuram esse perniciosam et funestam tibi, I trust to be-about-to-be destructive and fatal to thee, sa omnibus tuis, cui sacrarium tuorum and to all thy (friends), to which a shrine of thy MARCI TULLII CICEKtONIS. 31 scelerum fuit constitutum tuac domi, crimes was appointed of thy (at thy) house, praemissam esse? Ut tu possis carere ill to have-been-sent-before? How mayat-thou-be-able to be-without that diutius, quam solebas venerari, (eagle) any longer, whioh thou-wast-accustomed to worship, proficiscens ad cedem? A altaribus cujus departing to slaughter? From the altars of which transtulisti ssepe istam impiam dexteram ad thou-hast-transferred often that impious right-hand to necem civium? the death (slaughter) of citizens? 10. Ibis aliquando tandem, quo ista tua Thou-wilt-go at length, whither that thy effrenata ac furiosa cupiditas jampridem rapiebat unbridled and furious desire long-since did-seize te. Enim neque hmec res aftert dolorem (hurry) thee. For neither this thing brings pain tibi, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatcm: to thee, but some (a certain) incredible pleasure: natura peperit te ad hanc amentiam, voluntas nature has-produced thee to this madness, (thy) will exercuit, fortuna servavit: tu has exercised (thee in it), fortune has-preserved (thee for it): thou nunquam concupisti non modo otium, sed ne quidem never hast-coveted not only ease, but not-even bellum, nisi nefarium: nactus es manum war, unless a nefarious (war): thou hast-obtained a band improborum conflatam ex perditis, of dishonest (men) blown-together (formoed) out of lost atque derelictis non inodo ab omnii (abandoned men), and forsaken not only by every fortuna, verum etiam spe. Qua laetitia fortune, but even hope. With what gladness tu perfruere hic? quibus gaudiis exsultabis? in wilt-thou-enjoy here? in what joys wilt-thou-exult? in quanta voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero how-great pleasure wilt-thou-revel, when in so-great a number PRIMA ORATIO tuorum neque audies neque videbis of thy (associates) neither wilt-thou-hear nor wilt-see quemquam bonur virum? Illi tui labores, qui any good man? Those thy labours, which feruntur, meditati sunt are-borne (are commonly reported), have-been-meditated (practised) ad stadium hujus vite: jacere to (for) the study (purpose) of this (kind of) life: to lie humi, non modo ad stuprum obsidendum, on-the-ground, not only to (for) adultery to-be-lain-in-wait-for, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum; vigilare, but even to (for) adaring-deed to be-gone-through; to watch, non solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum not only lying-in-wait for the sleep of husbands, but etiam bonis occisorum. Habes ubi ostentes even forthe goods of (them) slain. Thou hast where thou mayst-display illam tuam prreclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, that thy famous patience of hunger, of cold, inopioe omnium rerum; quibus senties to of want of all things; with which thou wilt-perceive thyself esse confectum brevi tempore. Profeci tantum turn, to be wasted in a short time. I profited so-much then, cum repuli te a consulatu, ut posses when I repelled thee from the consulship, that thou mightest.be-able potius tentare rempublicam exul, quam rather to try (attack) the republic (as) an exile, than vexare consul: atque ut id, quod to harass (it) (as) a consul: and that that, which susceptum esset' scelerate a te nominaretur might have-been-undertaken wickedly by thee should-be-named latrocinium potius quam bellum. a robbery rather than a war. 11. Nunc, conscripti patres, ut detester ac Now, conscript fathers, that I may detest (avoid) and deprecer a me, quandam prope may-deprecate from myself, some (a certain) nearly (almost) justam quverimoniam patriae: percipite diligenter, just oomplaint of (my) country: attend-to diligently X SI,~MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. quoeso, que dicam, et mandate ea Ipray, (the things) which I may-say, and commit theu penitus vestris animis que mentibus. Etenim, si inwardly to your minds and understandings. For, if patria, quo est multo carior mihi mea vit', si (my) country, which is by-much dearer to me than my life, if cuncta Italia, si omnis respublica loquatur cum me: the whole Italy, if all the republic may-speak with me: M. Tulli, quid agis? ne tu patieris eum M. Tullius, what actest-thou? whether wiltthou-suffer him exire, quem comperisti esse hostem: quem to go-out whom thou hast-discovered to be an enemy: whom vides futurum ducem belli: quem sentis thou scest about-to-be a leader of the war: whom thou perceivcst exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium, to be.waited-for (as) commander in the camps of the enemies, auctorem sceleris, principem conjurationis, the author of the wickedness, the chief of the conspiracy evocatorem servorum et perditorum civium, the summoner (to war) of slaves and of lost (abandoned) citizens, ut videatur non esse emissus ex urbe abs te, that lie may-seem not to be sent-out out-of the city by thee, sed immissus in urbem? I Nonne imperabis hunc but sent-in into the city? Wilt-thou-not-command this duci in vincula, non rapi ad (Catiline) to-be-led into bonds, not to be-seized (hurried) to mortem, non mactari summo supplicio? Quid death, not to be-slain with the highest punishment? What tandem impedit te? ne mos majorum? at-length hinders you? whether the custom of (our) ancestors? At perspepe etiam privati multarunt But very-often even private (persons) have fined (punished) perniciosos cives morte in hac republica. An destructive citizens with death in this republic. Whether leges quve rogat aesunt de supplicio the laws which have-been-begged (passed) concerning the punishment Rom'fnorum civium? At nunquam in of Roman citizens (do these prevent thee)? But never in PRIMA ORATIO hac urbe ii tenuerunt jura civium, qu. this city those have-held (retained) the rights of citizens, who defecerunt a republicS. An times invidiam have-revolted from the republic. Whether fearest-thou the envy posteritatis? Vero refers praeclaram (displeasure) of posterity? But thou returnest a famous gratiam Romano populo, qui extulit te, acknowledgment to the Roman people, which has-raised thee, hominem cognitum per te, nulla a man kmown through thyself (alone), with no commendatione majorum, per omnes gradus recommendation of ancestors, through all steps honorum tam mature ad summum imperium, (degrees) of honours so early to the highest command, si propter invidiam, aut metum alicujus periculi, if because-of envy, or fear of some danger, negligis salutem tuorunl civium. Sed si est thou neglectest the safety of thy citizens. But if there-is quis metus invidive, num est invidia severitatis any fear of envy (displeasure), whether is the envy of severity ac fortitudinis pertimescenda vehementius" quam and of fortitude to be-feared more-violently, than (that) inertiae ac nequitie? An, cum Italia of inactivity and of negligence? Whether, when Italy vastabitur bello, urbes vexabuntur, tecta shall-be-devastated with war, cities shall-be-harassed, roofs ardebunt: existimas te non (houses) shall-be-on-fire: dost-thou-think thyself not (to be) conflagraturum turn incendio invidive? about-to-burn then with a conflagration of envy (unpopularity)? 12. Ego respondebo pauca his sanctissimis I will-answer a few (words) to these most-sacred vocibus reipublicoe, et mentibus hominum, qui voices (words) of the republic, and to the minds of men, who sentiunt idem. Si ego judicarem feel the same (have similar sentiments). If I might-judge hoc optimum factu, conscripti patres, Catilinaw this best to be-done, conscript fathers, Catilino MAR0CI TULLII CICERONIS. 85 multari morte; dedissem non to be-fined (punished) with death; I would-have-given not usuram unius horse ad vivendum isti Ithe use of one hour to to be-lived (for living) to tbat gladiatori. Etenim, si summi viri, et clarissimi gladiator. For, if the highest men, and the most-famous cives non modo contaminarunt non, sed etiam citizens not only have contaminated not, but even honestarunt se, sanguine Saturnini, et have-ennobled themselves, by the blood of Saturninus, and Gracchorur, et Flacci, et complurium superiorum; of the Gracchi, and of Flaccus, and of many superiors, certe erat non verendum mihi, ne quid certainly it was not to-be-feared to (by) me, lest any (thing) invidiae redundaret mihi in posteritatem, hoc of unpopularity might-redound to me unto posterity, this parricida civium interfecto. -Quod si ea impenderet parricide of citizens being-slain.; But-if it might-impend mihi maxime, tamen fui semper (threaten) to me mostly (very much), yet I have-been always hoc animo, ut putarem invidiam partam virtute, with this mind, that Imight-think envy produced byvirtue, gloriam, non invidiam. \ Quamquam sunt nonnulli in glory, not envy. - Although there-are some in hoc ordine, qui aut videant non ea this order (assembly), who either may-see not \those (things) qume imminent, aut dissimulent ea, quae which impend, or may-dissemble those (things), which vident, qui aluerunt spem Catilinae mollibqs they-seer: iwho have-nourished the hope of Catiline by soft (mild) sententiis, que corroboraverunt nascentem opinions, and have-strengthened the growing copjurationem credendo nonm, Auctoritatem conspiracy by believing (it) not. ' The authority quorum multi secuti, non solum improbi, of whom many 'having-followed, not only the dishonest, verun etiam imperiti, si animadvertissem in but * also the unskilful, if I might-bave-animadverted upon PRIMA ORATIO hunc, dicerent factum esse crudeliter him (if I had punished him), would-say (it) to have-been-done cruelly et regie. Nunc intelligo, si iste and royally (tyrannically). Now I understand, if that (Catiline) pervenerit quo intendit, in Manliana Ehall-have-arrived whither he stretches (purposes), into the Manlian castra, neminem fore tam stultum, qui videat camps, no-one to be-about-to-be so foolish, who may-see non conjurationem factam esse; neminem tam not a conspiracy to have-been-made; no-one so improbum, qui fateatur non. Autem hoc uno dishonest, who may-confess (it) not. But this one interfecto, intelligo, hanc pestem (Catiline alone) being-slain, I understand, this pest reipublice reprimi paullisper, non posse of the republic to be-repressed for-a-little-while, not to be-able comprimi in perpetuum. Quod si to be-compressed unto perpetual (for ever). But-if ejecerit ' se, que eduxerit suos he shall-have-cast-out himself, and shall-have-led-out his-own cum se, et aggregaverit ceteros (associates) with himself, and shall-have-gathered-together the other naufragos collectos undique eodem; shipwrecked (ruined persons) collected from-all-sides to-the-same-place; non modo haec tam adulta pestis reipublicae, verum not only this so adult pest of the republic, but etiam stirps ac semen omnium malorumalso the roots and seed of all evils exstinguetur, atque delebitur. will-be-extinguished, and will-be-blotted-out (destroyed). 13. Etenim jam diu, conscripti patres, For already a long-time, conscript fatlers, versamur in his periculis conjurationis que insidiis: we-are-engaged in these dangers of conspiracy and in snares: sed nescio quo pacto, maturitas but I know-not by what agreement (by what means), the maturity omnium scelerum, ac veteris furoris et audacite?'f all crimes, and ol old fury and afdaicity MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 37 crupit in\tempus nostri consulatfis. Quod si has-broken-out into the time of our (of my) consulshlip. But-if ex tanto latrocinio iste unus out-of so-great robbery (conspiracy) that one (Catiline alone) tolletur; videbimur fortasse esse relevati shall-be-taken-away; we-shall-seem perhaps to be relieved cura et metu ad quoddam breve tempus: autem from care and fear to (for) some short time: but periculum residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in the danger will-settle, and will-be inclosed inwardly in venis atque in visceribus reipublice. Ut ssepe homines the veins and in the viscera of the republic. As often men * egri gravi morbo, cum jactantur sestu que sick with a heavy disease, when they are-tossed with heat and febri, si biberint gelidam aquam, videntur with fever, if they may-have-drunk cold water, seem primo relevari, deinde afflictantur multo gravius at-first to be-relieved, afterwards are afflicted by much more-heavily que vehementius; sic hic morbus, qui est in republica, nnd morc-violently; so this disease, which is in the republic, relevatus poena istius ingravescet being-relieved by the punishment of that (Catiline) will grow-grievous reliquis civibus. Quare, conscripti patres, to the remaining citizens. ^ V Wherefore, conscript fathers, improbi secedant, secernant se the dishonest may retire (let them retire), let-them-separate themselves a bonis, congregentur in unum locum; denique, from the gond, let-them-be-assembled into one place; finally, id quod jam dixi ssepe, secernantur a that which already I have-said often, let-them-be-separated from nobis muro, desinant insidiari us by the wall (of the city), let-them-cease to lie-in-wait consuli suMe domi, circumstare for the consul of his-own house (at his own house), to stand-around tribunal urbani praetoris, obsidere curiam the tribunal of the civic praetor, to beset the council-house cum 'gladiis, comparare malleolos et faces ad with swords, to prepare combustibles and torches to (for) - PRIMA ORATIO urbem inflammandam. Denique, sit inscriptum the city to be-set-on-fire. Finally, let-it-be inscribed in fronte uniuscujusque civis, quid sentiat in (on) the forehead of each citizen, what he may-feel de republica. Polliceor hoc (what are his sentiments) concerning the republic. I promise this vobis, conscripti patres, tantam diligentiam fore to you, conscript fathers, so-great diligence to be-about-to-be in nobis consulibus, tantam auctoritatem in.will be) in us consuls, so-great authority in vobis, tantam virtutem in Romanis equitibus, you, so-great virtue (valour) in the Roman knights, tantam consensionem in omnibus bonis, ut so-great agreement in all the-good, that profectione Catilinae videatis omnia esse by the departure of Catiline you-may-see all (things) to be patefacta, illustrata, oppressa, vindicata. Hisce exposed, brought-to-light, oppressed, punished. ~ With these ominibus, Catilina, cum summa salute reipublicae, omens, Catiline, with the highest safety of the republic, et cum tua peste ac pernicie, que cum exitio and with thy-own pest and destruction, and with thedestruction eorum qui junxerunt se cum te omni scelere of those who have-joined themselves with thee in every crime que parricidio, proficisoere ad impium ac nefarium and parricide, depart to an impious and nefarious bellum i Tum tu, Jupiter, qui constitutus es a war. Then thou, Jupiter, who has-been-established by Romulo iisdem auspiciis quibus haec urbs; Romulus with the same auspices with which this city (was quem nominamus vere Statorem hujus established); whom we name truly the Stator of this urbis atque imperii, arcebis hunc et socios city and empire, wilt-ward-off this (Catiline) and the companions hujus a tuis aris que ceteris templis, a tectis of this from thy altars and from the other temples, from the roofs ac mienibus urbis, a vita que fortunis (houses) and the walls of the city, frow the life and the fortunes MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 89 Omnium civium; et mactabis Omnes of all the citizens; and thou wilt-sacrifice (destroy) all inimicos bonorum, hostes patriae, latrones Italim, enemies of the good, enemies of the country, the robberst of Italy, conjunctos inter se foedere scelerum ac united among themselves by a covenant of crimes and nefaria' Societate, vivos que mortuos, leternis by nefarious — soeiety,, alive and dead, with eternal sUPPiCiiS. p~unishments.// SECUNDA ORATIO THE S.ECOND ORATION AD QUIRITES. TO THE ROMANS. 1. TANDEM ALIQUANDO, Quirites, vel ejecimus At-length, Romans, either we bave-cast-out ex urbe, L. Catilinam, furentcm audacia, anbelantem out-of the city, L. Catiline, raging with audacity, panting-after scelus, molientem nefarie pestem patrime, crime, attempting nefariously the pest (destruction) of the country, minitantem ferrum que flammam vobis atque huic urbi, threatening sword and flame to you and to this city, vel emisimus vel prosecuti sumus verbis or we have-sent (him) out, or we-have-followed with words ipsum egredientem. Abiit, excessit, evasit, himself going-out. He has-departed, he has-gone-out, he has-escaped, erupit. Jam nulla pernicics comparabitur intra he has-burst-out. Now no destruction will be-prepared within moenia mcenibus ipsis a illo monstro atque the walls for the walls themselves by that monster and prodigio. Atque sine controversia vicimus prodigy (of wickedness). And without controversy we have-conquered quidem hunc unum ducem domestici belli. Enim jam indeed this one leader of domestic war. For not illa sica versabitur non inter nostra latera: that poniard will be-engaged not among our sides pertimescemus non in campo, (will not be aimed at our sides): we shall-fear (it) not in tie plain non in foro, non in curia, (tho Campus Martius), not in the forum, not in the counoilhouJe, (40) MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 41 deniqe, non intra domesticos parietes. Ille motus est 2nally, not within (our) domestic walls. He was-moved loco, cum depulsus est ex urbe. Jam from (his) place, when he was-driven out-of the city. Now geremus palam justum bellum cum hoste, nullo we shall-carry on openly a just war with an enemy, no-one impediente. Sine dubio perdidimus, que magnifice hindering. Without doubt we destroyed, and magnificently vicimus hominem, cum conjecimus ilium ex occultis conquered the man, when we cast FJim out-of hidden insidiis in apertum latrocinium. Vero quanto snares into open robbery (war). But with how-great moerore tandem putatis illum esse afflictum et sorrow at-length do you-think liim to be afflicted and profligatum, quod extulit non mucronem cast-down, because he has-carried-out not the sword-blade cruentum, ut voluit, quod egressus est, nobis vivis, bloody, as he wished, because he went-out, ourselves alive quod extorsimus ferrum ei de (Ibeing alive), because we have-wrested the sword from him- from manibus, quod reliquit cives - incolumes, quod the hands, because he has-left the citizens safe, because urbem stantem? Ille nunc jacet prostratus, (he has left) the city standing? He now lies overthrown, Quirites, et sentit se esse perculsum atque abjectum, Romans, and perceives himself to be struck and cast-down, et profecto retorquet saepe oculos ad hanc urbem; and indeed turns-back often (his) eyes to this city; quam luget ereptam esse ex suis faucibs: which he mourns to have-been-snatched out-of his jaws: quse videtur mihi quidem laetari, quod which (city) seems to me indeed to rejoice, because evomuerit tantam pestem, que projecerit it may have-vomited-out so-great a pest, and may-have-cast (it) Toras. without.,/ 2. At si quis est talis, quales oportebat omnes But if any (person) is such like-as it did-behove all 4* SECUNDA ORRATIO esse, qui accuset me vehementer in hoc ipso, to be, who may accuse me violently in this (thing) itself, in quo mea oratio exsultat et triumphat, quod in which my speech exults and triumphs, because comprehenderim non tam capitalem hostem, potius I may have-seized not so capital an enemy, rather quam emiserim: ista est non mea culpa, than I mayhave-sent (him)-out: that is not my fault, Quirites, sed temporum. Oportebat jampridem Romans, but (the fault) of the times. It-did-behove long-since L. iCatilinam interemtum esse, et affectum gravissimo L. Catiline to have-been-slain, and affected with the heaviest supplicio; que et mos majorum, et severitas punishment; and both the custom of (our) ancestors, and the severity hujus imperil, et respublica postulabat of this command (of the consular power), and the republic did demand id a me. Sed quam multos putatis fuisse, qui that from me. But how many do you-think to have-been who crederent non quoe ego deferrem? quam would believe not (the things) which I might-allege? how multos, qui putarent non propter many, who would-think (them) not (to exist) because-of stultitiam? quam multos, qui etiam defenderent? folly? how many, who even would-defend (them)? quam multos, qui faverent propter improbitatem? how many, who would-favour (them) because-of dishonesty? Ac si, illo sublato, judicarem omne And if, he (Catiline) being-removed, I might-judge every periculum depelli a vobis; jampridem ego danger to be-repelled from you; long-tince I sustulissem L. Catilinam, non modo periculo would-have-removed L. Catiline, not only, with danger mere invidie, verum etiam vite. (at the peril) of my envy (unpopularity), but even of life. Sed cum viderem, re etiam turn probatd But when I might-see, the thing even then being-approved ne quidem vobis omnibus si multassem tot-even to (by; you all (the senators), if I might-bave-puniahed MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 43 illum morte, ut meritus erat, fore him with death, as he had-deserved, to be-about-to-be (it might be) ut oppressus invidig, possem non persequi that being-oppressed with unpopularity, I should-be-able not to pursue socios ejus: deduxi rem hue, the companions of him: I have-brought-down the thing hither (to this), ut possetis pugnare palam tur, cum videretis that you might-be-able to fight openly then, when you might-see hostem aperte. Quem hostem, quidem, Quirites, the enemy openly. Which enemy, indeed, Romans, quam vehementer ego putem esse.timendum foris, how violently I may think to be to be-feared without licet intelligatis (being out of the city), it may-be-allowed (that) you may-understand hinc, quod fero etiam illud moleste, hence (you may learn from this), that I bear even this grievously, quod exierit ex urbe parum comitatus. that he may-have-gone-out out-of the city little accompanied. Utinam ille eduxisset omnes suas copias cum 0 that he might-have-led-out all his forces with se! Eduxit mihi Tongillum, quem coeperat himself! He has-led-out for me Tongillus, whom he had-begun amare calumnia in prsetexta: to love with calumny (feigned love) in the pretexta (in youth): (he has Publicium et Munacium, alienum es quorum led out) Publicius and Munacius, the debt of whom contractum in popinA poterat afferre nullum motum contracted in the tavern was-able to bring no movement reipublicse: quos viros reliquit? quanto (commotion) to the republic: what men has-he-left? with how-great sere alieno, quam valentes, quam nobiles? debt, how powerful, how noble? 8. Itaque ego contemno magnopere illum exercitum, Therefbre I despise greatly that army et Gallicanis legionibus, et hoc delectu, (of Catiline), both with the Gallic legions, and with this choice quem Q. Metellus habuit in Piceno et Gallico (ley) which Q. Metellus has had in the Picenian and Gallic SECUNDA ORATIO agro, et his copiis, qute comparantur a field (territory), and with these forces, which are-prepared by nobis quotidie; collectum ex desperatis us daily (I despise that army); collected out-of hopeless senibus, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, old-men, out-of rural luxury, out-of rustic spendthrifts, ex iis qui maluerunt deserere vadimonia out-of those who have-wished-rather to desert (their) recognisances quam illum exercitum: quibus si ego ostendero non than that army: to whom if I shall-have-shown not modo aciem nostri exercitus, verum etiam si only the array of our army, but even if (I shall have h edictum praetoris, concident. Mallem shown) the edict of the prator, they will-fall (faint). I would-rather eduxisset cum se suos milites hos, quos he mightlhave-led-out with himself (as) his soldiers these, whom video volitare in foro, quos stare ad I see to flutter-about in the forum, whom (I see) to stand to (at) curiam, quos venire etiam in senatum: qui thecouncil-house, whom (I see) to come even into the senate: who nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpurA: qui si shine with perfumes, who glitter in purple: who if permanent hic, mementote illum exercitum non tam they remain here, remember that army not so quam hos, qui deseruerunt exercitum esse (much) as these, who have-deserted the army to be pertimescendos nobis. Atque sunt etiam timendi to be-feared to (by) us. And they-are even to be-feared hoe magis, quod sentiunt me scire quid by this more, because they perceive me to kaow what cogitent, neque tamen permoventur. Video cui they may-devise, nor yet are-moved. I see to whom Apulia attributa sit, qui habeat Etruriam, qui Apulia may have-been-assigned, who may-have Etruria, who Picenum agrum, qui Gallicum, qui depoposcerit the Picenian field (territory), who the Gallic, who may have-demanded sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum. to himself these civic snares of slaughter and of conflagratioa. MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 45 Sentiunt omnia consilia superioris noctis They perceive all the counsels of the former night delata esse ad me: patefeci in to have-been-brought (reported) to me: I exposed (them) in senatu hesterno die: Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit: the senate yesterday: Catiline himself feared, I fled* quid hi exspectant? Nte illi errant vehementer, what (why) these wait? Truly they err violently si sperant illam meam pristinam (very much), if they hope (expect) that my former lenitatem futuram perpetuam. mildness about-to-be perpetual. 4. Jam assecutus sum quod exspectavi, ut vos Already I have-attained what I waited-for, that you omnes videretis conjurationem factam esse aperte all might-see a conspiracy to have-been-made openly contra rempublicam. - Nisi, vero, si est quis against the republic. Unless, indeed, if there-is any (person) qui putet similes Catilinse non sentire who may-think the like of Catiline (think like Catiline) not ta feel cum Catilina. Jam est non locus lenitati; res with Catiline. Now there-is not place for mildness; the thing ipsa flagitat severitatem. Etiam nunc concedamr itself demands severity. Even now I will-concede unum: exeant; proficiscantur; patiantur ne one (thing): let-them-go-out; let-them-depart; let-them-suffer not miserum Catilinam tabescere desiderio sui; the wretched Catiline to pine-away with the want of them; demonstrabo iter. Profectus est Aurelia viA I will-point-out the journey. He departed by the Aurelian way: si volent accelerare, consequentur ad vesperam. if they-shall-wish to hasten, they will-overtake (him) to (at) evening. 0 fortunatam rempublicam, si quidem, ejecerit 0 fortunate republic, if indeed, she may-havee-ast-out hanc sentinam hujus urbis! Mehercule, Catilina uno this sink of this city! By-Hercules, Catiline one exhausto, respublica videtur mihi relevata (alone) being-drawn-off, the republic seems to me relieved SECUNDA ORATIO et recreata. Enim quid mali ant sceleris potest and refreshed. For what of evil or of crime is-ablk fingi aut excogitari, quod ille conceperit to be-fashioned or to be-devised, which he may have-conceivei non? Quis veneficus totf Italia, quis gladiator, not? What poisoner in whole (all) Italy, what gladiator quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis subjector what robber, what assassin, what parricide, what substitutos testamentorum, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, of wills, what over-reacher, what debauchee, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae infamis mulier, what spendthrift, what adulterer, what infamous woman, quis corruptor juventutis, quis corruptus quis what corruptor of youth, what corrupted (person), what perditus potest inveniri, qui fateatur lost (abandoned person) is-able to be-found, who may-confess non se vixisse familiarissime cum Catilin? not himself to have-lived most-familiarly with Catiline? Quae csedes facta est per hosce annos What slaughter (murder) has-been-done through these-here years sine illo? Quod nefarium stuprum (of late years) without him? What nefarious debauchery non per illum? Vero jam, quae tanta illecebra not through him? But now, what so-great allurement juventutis fuit umquam in ullo homine, quanta in of youth has been ever in any man, as-great-as in illo? qui ipse amabat alios turpissime, serviebat him? who himself did-love others most-basely, dia serve flagitiosissime amori aliorum: (was subservient) most-villanously to the love of others: pollicebatur aliis fructum libidinum, he did promise to others (to some) the fruit (enjoyment) of desires, aliis mortem parentum, non mode impellendo, verum to others thedeath of parents, not only by impelling, but etiam adjuvando. Vero nunc quam subito collegerat even by assisting. But now how-suddenly he had-cuTlected, ingentem numerum perditorum hominum, non a large number of lost (abandoned) men, not MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 47 solum' ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris? Nemo, only out-of the city, but even out of the fields? No-one, noL mode Romse, sed nec in ullo angulo not only of Rome (at Rome), but neither in any corner totius Italiae, fuit oppressus alieno ere, quem of the whole Italy, was oppressed with-debt, whom adsciverit non ad hoc incredibile feedus be may-have-attached not to this incredible eovenaut sceleris. of crime. 5. Atque ut possitis perspicere diversa studia And that you-may-be-able to see-plainly the different studies ejus in dissimili ratione, est nemo in of him in a dissimilar reason (manner), there-is no-one in gladiatorio ludo paullo audacior ad facinus, qui the gladiatory play (school) a little more-bold to daring-deed, who -fateatur non se esse intimum Catilinge: may-confess not himself to be the intimate (friend) of Catiline: nemo levior et nequior in no-one lighter (more unsteady) and more profligate in (on) scene, qui commemoret non se fuisse prope -the stage, who may-mention not himself to have-been nearly sodalem ejusdem. Atque tamen idem, the companion of the same. And yet the same (Catiline), assuefactus exercitatione stuprorum et scelerum, accustomed by the exercise of debaucheries and of crimes, frigore, et fame, et siti, ac vigiliis perferendis, in cold, and in hunger, and in thirst, and in watchings to be-borne, prsedicabatur fortis ab istis; cum subsidis was-declared brave by those (persons); when the aids industriae atque instrumenta virtutis consumerentur of industry and the instruments of virtue might-be-consumed in libidine que audacia. Vero si sui comites in desire and audacity. But if his companions secuti fuerint hunc; si flagitiosi greges may-have-followed this (Catiline); if the villanous flocks desperatorum hominum exierint ex urbe: 0 of hopeless men may-bave-gone-out out-of the city; 0 48 SECUNDA ORATIO beatos nos, 0 fortunatam rempublicam, 0 preclaram happy us, 0 fortunate republic, 0 famous laudern mei consulatis! Enim jam libidines hominum praise of my consulship! For ' now the desires of the men sunt non mediocres, audacise non humanae ac are not moderate, (their) audacities not human and tolerandae: cogitant nihil, nisi caedes, nisi to be-supported: they devise nothing, unless slaughters, unless incendia, nisi rapinas; profuderunt conflagrations, unless rapines; they have-poured-forth (squandered) sua patrimonia; abligurierunt suas fortunas; their-own patrimonies; theyhave-spent-in-feasting their fortunes; res cos jampridem; fides nuper thing (property has failed) them long-since; faith (credit) lately coepit deficere; tamen illa eadcm libido, quve has-begun to fail (them); yet that same desire, which erat in abundantia, permanet. Quod si in vino was in (their) abundance, remains. But-if in wine et alea quaererent solum comissationes et scorta, and dice they-might-seek only revellings and prostitutes, illi essent desperandi. quidem; sed tamen they would-be to be-despaired-of indeed; but yet essent ferendi. Vero quis possit ferre hoc, they would-be to be-borne. But who may-be-able to bear this, (for? inertes homines insidiari fortissimis viris, inactive men to lie-in-wait for the bravest men, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, the most-foolish for the most-prudent, the drunken for the sober, dormientes vigilantibus? Qui mihi, accubantes the sleeping for the watching? Who (for me), reclining in conviviis, complexi impudicas mulieres, languidi in banquets, having-embraced unchaste women, languid vino, conferti cibo, redimiti sertis, obliti with wine, filled with food, crowned with garlands,-besmeared unguentis, debilitati stupris, eructant suis with perfumes, weakened with debaucheries, belch-out in their sermonibus ceedem bonorum, atque incendia discourses the slaughter of the good, and the conflagrations MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. urbis. Quibus, ego confido, aliquod fatum impendere: of the city. To whom, I trust, some fate to impend: et poenas jam diu debitas improbitati, and the penalties already a long-time due to dishonesty, nequitie, sceleri, libidini, ant jam plane to licentiousness, to crime, to desire, either already plainly instare, ant certe jam appropinquare. Quos si to be-at-hand, or certainly already to approach. Whom if meus consulatus, quoniam potest non sanare, my consulship, since it is-able not to cure, sustulerit; propagarit may have-removed; it will have propagated (it will have added a duration) non nescio quod breve tempus, sed multa saecula not I know-not what short time, but many ages reipublice..Enim est nulla natio quam to the republic. For there-is no nation which pertimescamus; nullus rex qui possit facere bellum we may-fear; no liing who may be-able to make war Romano populo. Omnia externa, terra que to the Roman people. All external (things), by land and mari pacata sunt virtute unius: by sea have-been-appeased by the valour of one (Pompey alone): domesticum bellum manet; insidiae sunt intus; a domestic war remains; the snares are within; periculum est inclusum intus; hostis est intus; the danger is inclosed within; the enemy is within; est certandum nobis cum luxuria, cum amenti&, it-is to be-contended to (by) us with luxury, with madness, cum scelere. Quirites, ego profiteer me ducem with crime. Romans, I profess (declare) myself the leader huic bello; suscipio inimicitias to this war; I take-up (I take upon myself) the enmities perditorum hominum. Quae poterunt of the lost (abandoned) men. What (things) shall-be-able sanari, sanabo quacunque ratione; quae tL, be-cured, I will-cure by whatsoever reason (means); what erunt resecanda, patiar non mancre ad,things) shall-be to be-cut-off. I will-suffer not to remain to 5 SECUNDA ORATIO perniciem civitatis. Proinde, aut exeant, ant the destruction of the state. Therefore, either let-them-go-out, ot quiescant; ant, si et permanent in urbe, et let-them-remain-quiet; or, if both they remain in the city, and in eadem mente, exspectent ea (uoe in the same mind, let-them-expect those (things) which nerentur. they deserve. 6. At etiam sunt, Quirites, qui dicant But even there-are (persons), Romans, who may-say Catilinam ejectum esse a me in exsilium. Quod Catiline to have-been-cast-out by me into exile. Which si ego possem assequi verbo, ejicerem istos if I might-be-able to attain by word, I would-cast-out those ipsos, qui loquuntur haec. Videlicet (persons) themselves, who speak these (things). That-is-to-say timidus, et permodestus homo potuit non (forsooth) the timid, and very-modest man was-able not ferre vocem consulis: simul atque jussus est ire to bear the voice of the consul: as-soon-as he was-ordered to go in exsilium, paruit ivit. HIesterno die, cunr Into exile, he obeyed, he went. On-yesterday, when interfectus essem poene maee domi, I might-have-been-slain almost of my house (at my own house), vocavi senatum in tedem Jovis Statoris: I called the senate into the temple of Jupiter Stator: detuli omnem rem ad conscriptos patres. I referred all the thing (affair) to the conscript fathers. Quo, cum Catilina venisset, quis senator appellavit Whither, when Catiline might-have-come, what senator addressed cum? quis salutavit? denique, quis ita aspexit him? who saluted (him)? finally, who so looked-on (him) ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut as a lost (abandoned) citizen, and not rather as importunissimum hostem? Quin etiam principes ejus a most-troublesome enemy? But even the chiefs of that ordinis, reliquerunt illam paltem subselliorum order (the senatorial), left that part of tlhe seats MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. ad quam ille accesserat nudam atque inanem. Hie to which he had approached naked and empty. Here ego, ille vehemens consul, qui ejicio cives in I, that violent consul, who cast-out citizens into exsilium verbo, qusesivi a Catilina, an. fuisset exile by a word, asked from Catiline, whether he might-have-been. nocturno conventu apud M. Leccam, necne. in the nocturnal assembly with (at the house of, M. Lecca, or-not. Cum ille audacissimus homo, convictus conscientia, When that most-audacious man, convicted by consciousness, primo reticuisset: patefeci cetera. at-first might-have-kept-silent: I exposed the other (things). Edocui quid egisset ea nocte [ubi I informed what he might-bave-acted on that night [where fuisset], quid constituisset in proximam, he might-have-been], what he might-have-appointed upon the next quemadmodum ratio totius belli (night), in what-manner the reason (plan) of the whole war descripta esset ei. Cum hsesitaret, might-have-been-described to (by) him. When he might-hesitate, cum teneretur; - quvesivi, quid when he might-be-held (when he was convicted); I asked,. what (why) dubitaret proficisci eo, quo pararat he might-doubt (hesitate) to depart thither, whither he had-prepared jampridem: cum scirem arma, cum secures, (to go) long-since: when Imight-know arms, when axes, cum fasces, cum tubas, cum militaria signa, when fasces, when trumpets, when military signs (ensigns), cum illam argenteam aquilam, cui ille etiam when that silver eagle, to which he even fecerat sacrarium scelerum suse domi, nad-made a shrine of crimes of his-own house (at his own house), preemissam esse. Ejiciebam in exsilium, to have-been-sent-before. Did-I-cast-out into exile (him), quem videbam jam ingressum esse in bellum? whom I did-see already to have-entered into war? Etenim, credo iste Manlius centurio, qui For, I believe (fcrsooth) that Manlius the centurion, who SECUNDA ORATIO posuit castra in Fesulano agro, indixit has-placed camps in the Fesulanian field (territory), has-declared bellum Romano populo suo nomine: et illa war to (on) the Roman people in his-own name: and those castra nunc exspectant non Catilinam ducem: et camps now await not Catiline (as) leader: and ille, ejectus in exsilium, conferet se he, being-cast-out into exile, will-betake himself (to) Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra. Marseilles, as they say, not into these camps. 7. 0 miseram conditionem, non modo reipublice 0 wretched condition, not only of. the republic administrandue, verum etiam conservandse? Nunc, si to be-managed, but even to be-preserved? Now, if L. Catilina, circumclusus ac debilitatus meis consiliis, L. Catiline, closed-around and weakened by my counsels, laboribus, periculis, pertimuerit subitd, labours,.(and) dangers, may have-feared suddenly, mutaverit sententiam, deseruerit sues, may have-changed (his) opinion, may have-deserted his-own abjecerit consilium belli faciundi, (associates), may have-cast-off the counsel of war to be-made conVerterit iter ex hoc (the design of mating war), may have-turned (his) journey out-of this cursu scelerfs et belli ad fugam atque in exsilium; course of crime and of war to flight and into exile; ille dicetur non spoliatus esse a me armis he Will-be-said not to have-been-despoiled by me from the arms audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus me& of audacity, not astonished and frightened by my diligentif, non depulsus de spe que conatu, sed diligence, not driven-off from (his) hope and attempt, but indemnatus, innocens ejectus in exsilium a uncondemned, innocent (to have been) cast-out into exile by consule vi et minis: et erunt qui the consul by force and bythreats: and there-will-be (persons) who velint illum, si fecerit hoc, existimari non pmay-wish him, if he shall-have-done this, to be-thought not MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. improbum, sed miserum: me non diligentissimum dishonest, but wretched: me not a most-diligent consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum. Est tanti consul, but a most-cruel tyrant. It-is of so-much mihi, Quirites, subire tempestateln to me (I think it worth the while), Romans, to undergo the tempest hujus falsae atque iniquse invidioe, dummodo of this false and unjust envy (unpopularity), provided-that periculum hujus horribilis ac nefarii belli the danger of this horrible and nefarious war depellatur a vobis. 'Sane dicatur may-be-driven-off from you. Truly he may-be-said ejectus esse a me, dummodo eat in exsilium. to have-been-cast-out by me, provided-that he may-go into exile. Sed credite mihi, est non iturus. Ego numquam But believe to me, he-is not about-to-go. I never optabo a immortalibus diis, Quirites, causa meae shall-wish from the immortal gods, Romans, for-the-sake of my 'nvidiae levandae, ut audiatis L. Catilinam inpopularity to be-relieved, that you may-hear L. Catiline ducere exercitum hostium, atque volitare in to lead an army of the enemies, and to flutter-about in armis: sed tamen audietis triduo: que arms: but yet you will-hear (it) in the-space-of-three-days: and timeo illud multo magis, ne aliquando sit invidiosum I fear this by much more, lest at-length it may-be envious mihi, quod emiserim potius (producing unpopularity) to me, that I haay-have-sent-out rather quam quod ejecerim illum. Sed cum than that I may have-cast-out him. But when (since) sint homines, qui dicant ilium ejectum esse there-may-be men, who may-say him to have-been-cast-out cum profectus sit, iidem quid dicerent, when he may-have-departed, the same (persons) what would (they) say, si interfectus esset? Quamquam isti, qui dictitant if he might-have-been-slain? Although those, who say-often Catilinam ire Massiliam, queruntur non Catiline to go (is goint to)' Marseilles, coimllain-of not 5* SECUNDA ORATIO tam, quam verentur hoc. Est nemo istorum so (so much), as they fear this. There-is no-one of those tam misericors, qui malit non so merciful, who may wish-rather not (who would not prefer) illum ire ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses. him to go to Manlius than to the people-of-Marseilles. Autem Mehercule, si ille numquam ante cogitasset But by-Hercules, if he never before might-have-devised hoc, quod agit, tamen mallet se this, which he acts (he is doing), yet he would-wish-rather himself.interfici latrocinantem quam vivere to be-slain robbing (warring against his country) than to live exsulem. Vero nunc, cum nihil adhuc acciderit an exile. But now, when nothing as-yet may-have-happened ei praeter voluntatem que cogitationem to him beside (contrary to) the wish and the thought ipsius, nisi quod profectus est Romai nobis of himself, unless that he has-departed from Rome us (being) vivis, optemus potius ut eat in alive, we may-wish (let us wish) rather that he may-go into exsilium quam queramur. pxile than (that) we may-complain (of it). ' 8. Sed cur loquimur tam diu de uno But why do we-speak so long-time concerning one hoste, et de eo hoste qui jam fatetur enemy, and concerning that enemy who already confesses se esse hostem,, et quem timeo non, quia murus himself to be an enemy, and whom I fear not, because the wall interest, quod volui semper? dicimus (of the city) is-between, which I have-wished always? do we-say nihil de his qui dissimulant, qui remanent nothing concerning those who dissemble, who remain Romae, qui sunt cum nobis? Quos ego quidem of Rome (at Rome), who are with us? Whom I indeed studeo non tam ulcisci, quam study (greatly desire) not so (so much to take-revenge-on, as sanare, et placare eos reipublicae, si to eure, to to appease (to reconcile) them to the republic, if MARCI TULLTI CICERONIS. 55 possit fieri ullo modo; neque intelligo it-may-be-able to be-done in any manner; nor do I understand quare id possit non fieri, si volent wherefore that may be-able not to be-done, if they shall-wish audire me. Enim exponam vobis, Qulrites, ex to hear me. For I will explain to you, Romans, out-of quibus generibus hominum istse copise comparentur: what kinds of men those forces may be-prepared deinde afferam singulis (plur.) medicinam (raised): afterwards I will-bring to each the medicine consilii atque mese orationis, si potero of (my) counsel and of my speech, if I-shall-be-able (to offer) quam. Est unum genus eorum, qui in magno ally. There-is one kind of those, who (being) in great aere alieno, etiam habent majores possessiones: -debt, also have greater possessions: adducti amore quarum, possunt dissolvi led by the love of which, they are-able to be-dissolved nullo modo. Species horum (to be detached from them) in no manner. The appearance of these hominum est honestissima (enim sunt locupletes); men is the most-honourable (for they-are wealthy); vero voluntas et causa impudentissima. Tu but (their) wish and cause (is) most-shameless. Thou sis ornatus et copiosus agris, tu mayest-be adorned (furnished) and abundant in fields thou (mayest sedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, be well furnished) with edifices, thou with silver, thou with household, tu omnibus rebus; et dubites thou with all things; and mayest-thou-doubt (dost thou hesitate) detrahere de possessione, acquirere ad to withdraw from (to diminish) thy possession, to acquire to fidem? Enim quid exspectas bellum? faith (to gain in credit)? For what dost-thou-expect war? quid! ergo in vastatione omnium putas what? therefore in the laying-waste of all (things),dost-thou-think tuas possessiones futuras sacrosanctas? thy possessions about-to-be sacred (inviolable)? SECUNDA ORATIO an novas tabulas? errant, whether (dost thou expect) new tablets (an abolition of debts)? they err, qui exspectant istas a Catilina. [Novse] tabulae who expect those from Catiline. [New] tablets proferentur meo beneficio, verum auctionarise. shall be-brought-forward by my kindness, but auctionary Enim neque isti qui habent (tablets -catalogues of sale). For neither those who have,ossessiones possunt esse salvi ulla ali ratione. possessions are-able to be safe in any other manner. Quod si voluissent facere maturius, neque But-if they might-have-wished to do (it) earlier, nor (id quod est stultissimum) certare cum usuris (that which is most-foolish) to contend with usuries fructibus proediorum; uteremur his with the fruits of (their) farms; we should-use (experience) with these locupletioribus et melioribus civibus. Sed (would have them) wealthier and better citizens. But puto hosce homines minime pertimescendos, I think these men least (very little) to be-feared, quod aut possunt deduci de sententia; because either they are-able to be-led-away from (their) opinion; aut, si permanebunt, videntur mihi magis or, if they shall-remain, they seem to me more (rather) facturi vota, contra rempublicam quam about-to-make vows (wishes) against the republic than laturi arma. about-to-bear arms. 9. Est alterum genus eorum, qui quamquam There-is another kind of those, who although premuntur Tere alieno, tamen exspectant they are-pressed with debt, yet expect dominiationem: volunt potiri rerum: dominion (authority): they wish to possess of things (power): arbitrantur se posse consequi honores, republics they think themselves to be-able to attain honours, the republic perturbata, quos desperant quieta. being-disturbed, which they despair (the republic being) quiet. MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 57 Quibus hoc videtur prsecipiendum, scilicet unum To whom this seems (fit) to be-advised, that-is-to-say one et idem quod omnibus ceteris, ut desperent and the same (thing) which to all the rest, that they may-despair se posse consequi id, quod conantur: primuni themselves to be-able to attain that, which they attempt: first omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere of all myself to watch, to be-present, to foresee (provide) reipublicee: deinde magnos animos for the republic: afterwards (secondly) great minds (spirit) esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam, to be in good men, great agreement (unanimity), maximam multitudinem, prieterea magnas copias a very-great multitude (of them), besides great forces militum: denique, immortales deos proesentes, of soldiers: finally, the immortal gods being-present (propitious), esse laturos auxilium huic invicto populo, to-be about-to-bear aid to this unconquered people, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi, (to this) most-famous empire, (to this) most-beautiful city, contra tantam vim sceleris. Quod si jam against so-great violence of crime. But-if already adepti sint ' id, quod cupiunt cum summo they may have-obtained that, which they desire with the highest furore: num sperant illi se futures consules, fury: whether hope they themselves about-to-be consuls, ac dictatores, aut etiam reges in cinere (sing.) urbis, and dictators, or even kings in the ashes of the city, et sanguine civium, quae concupierunt and in the blood of the citizens, which (things) they have-coveted conscelerata ac nefaria mente? Vident non with criminal and nefarious mind? Do they see not se cupere id, quod si themselves to desire (that they desire) that, which if adepti fuerint, sit necesse concedi alicui they shall-have-obtained, may-be necessary to be-conceded to some fugitive ant gladiatori? Tertium genus est jam fugitive or gladiator? The third kind is already SECUNDA ORATIO affectum setate, sed tamen robusturn affected by age (is old) but yet robust exercitatione: ex quo genere est Manlius ipse, by exercise: out-of which kind is Manlius himself, cui Catilina nunc succedit. Hi sunt homines ex to whom Catiline now succeeds. These are men out-of iis colonis quas Sulla constituit Fesulis, universas those colonies which Sulla established at Fesulse, the whole quas ego sentio esse optimorum civium, et which I perceive to be of the best citizens, and fortissimorum virorum: sed tamen hi sunt coloni, of the bravest men: but yet these are colonists, qui jactarunt se sumtuosius que insolcntius who have-boasted themselves too-expensively and too-insolently in insperatis que repentinis pecuniis. Dum hi in (their) unhoped-for and sudden monies. While these aedificant, tamquam beati: dum delectantur build as-if happy (wealthy): while they are-delighted prsediis, lecticis, magnis familiis, with (their) farms, with couches, with great households, apparatis conviviis, inciderunt in with prepared (magnificent) banquets, they have-fallen-in into tantum es alienum, ut si velint esse salvi, so-great debt, that if they may-wish to-be safe, Sulla sit excitandus iis ab Suall may to be-roused to them (Sulla must be raised by them) from inferis: -qui etiam impulerunt nonullos agrestes, the shades-below: who also have-impelled some rustics, tenues atque egentes homiqes, in illam eandem slender (poor) and needy men, into that same spem veterum rapinarum. Utrosque quos ego, hope of old rapines. Both whom I, Quirites, pono in eodem genere prsedatorum que Romans, place in the same kind of plunderers and direptorum. Sed moneo eos hoc: desinant furere, of pillagers. But I advise them this: let them-cease to rage ac cogitare proscriptiones et dictaturas. Enim end to devise proscriptions and dictatorhips. For MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 59 tantus dolor illorum temporum est inustus civitati, so-great grief of those times is branded to the state, ut jam non modo homines, sed ne quidem pecudes 1 hat now not only men, but not-even cattle videantur mihi esse passurge ista. may-seem to me to be about-to-suffer those (things). 10. Quartum genus est sane varium, et mistum, The fourth kind is truly various, and mixed, et turbulentum: qui jampridem premuntur; and turbulent: who long-since are-pressed (with debt); qui nunquam emergent: qui vacillant in who never will emerge (therefrom): who totter in vetere aere alieno, partim inertia, partim negotio *ld debt, partly by sloth, partly by business gercndo male, ~ partim to be-carried-on badly (by conducting their business badly), partly etiam sumtibus; qui defatigati vadimoniis, also. by expenses; who being-harassed by recognisances, judiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum, by judgments, by proscriptions (sequestrations) of goods, permulti dicuntur conferre se et ex urbe very-many are-said.to betake themselves both out-of the city et ex agris in illa castra. Ego arbitror and out-of the fields into those camps. I think hosce esse non tam acres milites quam these (latter) to be not so (so much) active soldiers as lentos infitiatores. Primum qui homines si popsunt slow cheats. First which men if tbetsre-able non stare, corruant; sed ita, ut non modo not to stand, let-them-fall; but so, that not onl. civitas, sed ne quidem proximi vicini sentiant. the state, but not-even the nearest neighbours may-.jkceive. Nam intelligo non illud, quamobrem, si posstm For I understand not this, wherefore, if they are-able non vivere honeste, velint perire turpiter; not to live honourably, they may-wish to perish basely; aut cur arbitrentur se perituros minore or why they may-think themselves about-to-perish with less SECUNDA ORATIt dolore cum multis quam si pereant soli. Quintun; pain with many than if they may-perish alone. The fifth genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, denique, omniumr genus is of parricides, of assassins, finally, of all facinorosorum, quos ego revoco non a CatilinA. the villanous, whom I call-back not from Catiline, Nam neque possunt divelli ab eo; et sane For neither are-they-able to-be-torn-away from him; and truly pereant in latrocinio, quoniam sunt ita multi let-them-perish in robbery (war), since they-are so many ut career possit non capere eos. Autem that the prison may-be-able not to take (to hold) them. But postremum genus non solum numero, verum etiam the last kind not only in number, but also genere ipso atque vita est: quod est proprium in kind itself and in life is (this): which is proper Catilinse, de delectu ejus, immo vero to Catiline (peculiarly his own), from the choice of him, yea-even de complexu ac sinu ejus: quos from the embrace and bosom of (his bosom friends): whom videtis pexo capillo, nitidos, ant you see with combed (curled) hair, neat (elegant), either imberbes, aut barbatos bene; tunicis beardless, or bearded well (exquisitely); with tunics municatis et talaribus; amictos velis, having-sleeves and reaching-to-the-ancles; clothed with veils, non togis: omnis industria vitae quorum et not with togas: all the industry of the life of whom and labor vigilandi expromitur in coenis labour of watching is-brought-out (exhibited) in suppers antelucanis. Omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes before-day-break.t All gamesters, all adulterers, all impuri que impudici versantur in his impure and unchaste (persons) are-engaged (associate) in these gregibus: hi tam lepidi ac delicati pueri didicerunt focks: these so pretty and delicate boys have-learnt non solum amnare ct amnri, neqec cantare et not u.ly t Ie, a toe l(loe, a.dr to e d to sing aund MARCI TULLII CICEtRONIS. saltare, sed etiam vibrare sicas, et spargere to dance, but also to brandish poniards, and to scatter venena: qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiamsi poisons: who unless they go-out, unless they-perish, even-if Catilina perierit, scitote hoc futurum Catiline may have-perished, know-ye this about-to-be(that thiswill be) Catilinarium seminarium in republica. Verumtamen a Catilinarian seminary (nursery) in the republic. Nevertheless quid isti miseri volunt sibi? Num what (do) those wretched (persons) wish for themselves? Whether sunt ducturi suas mulierculas cum are-they about-to-lead their little-women (their women) with se in castra? Autem quemadmodum poterunt themselves into the camps? But how will they-be-able rarere illis, praesertimjam his noctibus? to be-without them, especially now in these nights (of November)? Autem quo pacto illi perferent But by-what agreement (in what manner) will-they-bear Apenninum, atclie illas pruinas ac nives? Nisi the Apennine, and those.frosts and snows? Unless putant se oleraturos hiemem facilius they think themserve',:Nwut-to-support winter more-easily idcirco, quod,lidicerunt saltare nudi in mn-this-account, becajse t' y-have-learnt to dance naked in Ionviviis.,anquets. 11. 0 bellr.J, magnopere pertimescendum, cum 0 war greatly to be-feared, when 3atilina sit habiturus hanc praetoriam cohortem Jatiline may-be about-to-have this prsetorian cohort scortorum. Instruite nunc, Quirites, vestra 'body guard) of debauchees. Array now, Romans, your?rsesidia, que vestros exercitus contra has tam guards, and your armies against these so prseclaras copias Catilinse: et primum opponite Famous forces of Catiline: and first oppose vestros consules que imperatores illi confecto et your consuls and commanders to that exhausted and SECUNDA ORATIO saucio gladiatori: deinde educite florem ac wounded gladiator: afterwards lead-out the flower and robur totius Itajioe contra illam ejectam ac strength of the whole of Italy against that out-cast and debilitatam manum naufragorum. Vero debilitated hand (band) of shipwrecked (of ruined men). But jam urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum now the cities of (your) colonies and of (your) municipal-towns respondebunt silvestribus tumulis will-answer (will oppose) to the woody (rustic) hillocks Catilinae. Neque vero debeo conferre cseteras:f Catiline. Nor truly ought-I to compare (your) other copias, vestra ornamenta, prsesidia, cum inopia atque forces, your equipments, guards, with the need and egestate illius latronis. Sed si, omnibus his rebus want of that robber. But if, all these things omissis, quibus nos suppeditamur, ille eget, being-omitted, in which we are-supplied, he is without, senatu, Romanis equitibus, populo, urbe, aerario, a senate, Roman knights, a people, the city, a treasury, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, omnibus provinciis, revenues, the whole Italy, * all the provinces, exteris nationibus: si, his rebus omissis, velimus foreign nations: if, these things being-omitted, we may-wish contendere causas ipsas, quae confligunt to contend (to compare) the causes themselves, which conflict inter se, possumus intelligere ex eo between themselves, we are-able to understand out-of that ipso quam valde illi jaceant. Enim (thing) itself how very-much they may-lie (are fallen). For ex hac parte pudor pugnat, illinc out-of this part (on this side) modesty fights, thence (on thepetulantia; hinc pudicitia, illinc other side) insolence; henct (on this side) chastity, thence stuprum; hine fides, illinc fraudatio; hinc pietas, adultery; hence faith, thence cheating; hence piety, illinc scelus; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc thence crime; hence constancy, thence madness; hence MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. honestas, illinc turpitude; hinc continentia, illinc honesty, thence baseness; hence continence, thence lubido; denique, oequitas, temperantia, fortitude, lust; finally, equity, temperance, fortitude, prudentia, omnes virtutes certant cum iniquitate, cum prudence, all virtues contend with iniquity, with luxuria, cum ignavia, cum temeritate, cum omnibus luxury, with idleness, with rashness, with all vitiis; postremo, copiae cum egestate, bona vices; lastly, forces (supplies) with want, good ratio cum perdita, sana mens cum reason with lost (reason), a healthy (sound) mind with amentia; denique, bona spes confligit cum desperatione madness; finally, good hope conflicts with despair omnium rerum. In certamine ac prselio hujusmodi, of all things. In a contest and battle of this sort, nonne, etiamsi studia hominum whether-or-not, even-if the desires (support) of men deficiant, immortales dii ipsi cogent tot may-fail, the immortal gods themselves will force so-many et tanta vitia superari ab his preeclarissimis and so-great vices to be-overcome by these most-famous virtutibus? virtues? 12. Cum quae sint ita, Quirites, vos defenditc Since which (things) may-be thus, Romans, do you-defend vestra tecta quemadmodum jam antea custodiis que your roofs as already before with guards and vigiliis: consultum est ac with watches: it has-been-consulted (it has been cared for) and provisum mihi, ut esset satis praesidii provided to be (by me), that there-should-be enough of guard urbi sine vestro motu, ac sine to the city without your motion (without disturbing you), and without ullo tumultu. Omnes vestri coloni que municipes any tumult. All your colonists and municipal facti certiores a me de;citizens) being-made more-certain (being informed) by me concerning SECUNDA ORATIO hoc nocturn, excursione Catiline, defendent facile this nocturnal excursion of Catiline, will defend easily suas urbes que fines: gladiatores, quam ille their cities and territories: the gladiators, which he (Catiline) putavit fore maximam et certissimam thought to be-about-to-be a very-great and a very-certain manum sibi, quamquam sunt meliore animo hand (band) to himself, although they-are with better mind quam pars patriciorum, tamen continebuntur than a part of the patricians, yet shall-be-retained nostrA potestate. Q. Metellus, quem ego, (held in check) by our power. Q. Metellus, whom I, prospiciens hoc, praemisi in Gallicanum que foreseeing this, sent-before into the Gallic and Picenum agrum, aut opprimet hominem, aut the Piceni.n land, either will-oppress the man, or prohibebit omnes motus que conatus ejus. Autem will hinder all the movements and attempts of him. But de reliquis rebus constituendis, maturandis, concerning the-remaining things to be-appointed, to be-hastened, agendis, referemus jam ad senatum, quem videtis to be-acted, we will-refer now to the senate, which you see vocari. Nunc etiam atque etiam volo to be-called. Now also and also (again and again) I wish illos monitos qui remanserunt in urbe, atque adeo, those (to be) advised who hare-remained in the city, and-moreover, qui relicti sunt a Catilinu contra salutcm urbis, who have-been-left by Catiline against the safety of the city, que omnium vestram, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen and of all you, although they-are enemies, yet quia nati sunt cives. Si mea lenitas adhuc because they have-been-born citizens. If my mildness hitherto visa est cui solutior, exspectavit has-seemed to any (person) too-loose (too lax), it has-waited-for hoc, ut id erumperet quod latebat. Quod this, that that might-burst-forth which did lie-concealed. What est reliquum, possum non jam is remaining (as far as regards the future), I am-able not now MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. oblivisci hanc esse meam patriam, me esse consulem to forget this to be my country, myself to be the consul horum; aut esse vivendum mihi of these; either to be to be-lived to(by) me (that I must either live, cum his, ant moriendum pro his with this, or to be-died for these (or die in defence of these). Est nullus custos portee, nullus insidiator There-is no keeper of the gate (ofthe city), no plotter viae; si qui volunt exire, possunt of the way (way-layer); if any wish to go-out, they are-able consulere sibi. Vero qui commoverit se to consult for themselves. But (he) who shall-have-moved himself in urbe, cujus ego deprehendero non modo in the city, of whom I shall-have-detected no ullum factum, sed inceptum ve conatum; sentiet any deed, but undertaking or attempt; sha erceive esse in hc urbe vigilantes consules, esse to be (that there are) in this city vigilant consuls, to be egregios magistratus, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, excellent magistrates, to be a bold senate, to be arms, esse carcerem, quem nostri majores voluerunt esse to be a prison, which our ancestors have-wished to be vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum. the avenger of nefarious and of manifest crimes. 13. Atque omnia hoec agentur sic, And all these (things) shall-be-acted (done) so, Quirites, ut maximal res minimo motu, summa Romans, that the greatest things with the least commotion, the highest pericula nullo tumultu, intestinum ac domesticum dangers with no tumult, an intestine and domestic bellum, crudelissimum ac maximum post memoriam war, the most-cruel and the greatest after (since) the memory hominum, sedetur, me uno of men, may-be-allayed, myself one (an individual) togato duce et imperatore. Quod ego wearing-the-toga (being) the leader and commander. Which I administrabo sic, Quirites, ut si poterit fieri will administer so, Romans, that if it shall-be-able to be-done 6* 66 SECUNDA ORATIO ullo modo, ne quidem quisquam improbus in any manner, not-even any dishonest (person) sufferat poenam sui sceleris in hac urbe. Sed may undergo the penalty of his crime in this city. But si vis manifeste audacie, si periculum impendens if the violence of manifest audacity, if the danger hanging-over patriae deduxerint me necessario de hac to (my) country shall have-led-away me necessarily from this lenitate animi; perficiam profecto illud quod videtur lenity of mind; I will-perform indeed that which seems vix optandum in tanto et tam scarcely to be-wished-for (expected) in so-great and so insidioso bello, ut ne quis bonus intereat, que deceitful war, that not any good (person) may-perish, and vos omnes jam possitis esse salvi poena you all now may-be-able to be safe by the penalty paucorum. Quse quidem ego polliceor (punishment) of a few. Which (things) indeed I promise vobis, Quirites, fretus neque mea prudentia, neque to you, Romans, relying neither on my-own prudence, not humanis consiliis; sed multis et non dubiis on human counsels; but on many and not doubtful significationibus immortalium deorum, quibus significations (omens) of the immortal gods, who ducibus ego ingressus sum in hanc spem que (being) leaders have-entered into this hope and sententiam; qui jam defendunt non sua templa opinion; who now defend not their-own temples atque tecta urbis procul, ut qiondam and the roofs (houses) of the city afar-off, as once solebant, ab externo atque longinquo hoste, they were-accustomed, from an external and distant enemy, sed hic praesentes suo numine atque auxilio: but here present with their-own influence and aid. quos vos, Quirites, debetis precari, venerari, atque whom you, Romans, ought to pray-to, to adore, and implorare, ut defendant a nefario scelere to implore, that they may-defend from the nefarious crime MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 67 perditissimorum civium, hanc urbem, quam of most-lost (abandoned) citizens, this city, which voluerunt esse pulcherrimam, florentissimam, they have-wished to be the most-beautiful, the most-flourishing, que potentissimam, omnibus copiis hostium and the most-powerful, all the forces of enemies superatis terra que mari. being-overcome by land and by sea. TERTIA ORATIO TL.E TBIRD ORATION AD QUIRITES. TO THE ROMANS. 1. QUIRITES, videtis rempublicam, que vitam Romans, you see the republic, and the life vestrim omnium, bona, fortunas, conjuges, que vestros of you all, goods, fortunes, wives, and your liberos, atque hoc domicilium clarissimi imperii, children, and this abode of a most-famous empire, fortunatissimam que pulcherrimam urbem, ereptam a most-fortunate and most-beautiful city, snatched ex flamma atque ferro, ac paene ex faucibus cut-of flame": and sword, and almost out-of the jaws fati, et conservatam ac restitutam vobis, hodierno die, of fate, and preserved and restored to you, on-this-day, summo amore immortalium deorum by the highest (very great) love of the immortal gods erga vos, meis laboribus, consiliis que periculis. towards you, by my labours, counsels and dangers. Et si ii dies quibus conservamur sunt non minus And if those days in which we are-preserved are not less jucundi atque illustres nobis quam illi quibus pleasant and illustrious to us than those in which nascimur; quod laetitia salutis est certa, conditio we are-born; because the joy of safety is certain, the condition nascendi incerta; et quod nascimur sine of being-born (is) uncertain; and because we are-born without sensu, serVamur cum voluptate: profecto quoniamfeeling, we are-preserved with pleasure: indeed because (68) MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 69 sustulimus illum Romulum, qui condidit hane urbem, we have-raised that Romulus, who founded this city, ad immortales deos benevolentiA que fam&: to the immortal gods with benevolence and with fame: is debebit esse in honore apud vos que vestros he will-ought to be in honour with (among) you and your posteros, qui servavit hanc eandem urbem conditam descendants, who has-preserved this same city being-founded que amplificatam. Nam restinximus ignes jam and enlarged. For we-have-extinguished the fires already prope subjectos que circumdatos toti urbi, templis, nearly cast-under and placed-around tothewhole city, to the temples, delubris, tectis, ac moenibus; que to the shrines, to the roofs (houses), and to the walls; and (we) iidem retudimus gladios destrictos in rempublicam, the same have-blunted the swords drawn against the republic, que dejecimus mucrones eorum ab and we have-cast-down the points of them (of the swords) from vestris jugulis. Quse quoniam your throats. Which (things) because j ~ illustrata sunt, patefacta, comperta in they have-been-brought-to-light, made-open, discovered in senatu per me, exponam jam breviter vobis, the senate through me, I will-explain now briefly to you, Quirites, ut vos, qui ignoratis, possitis Romans, that you, who are-ignorant-of (them), may be-able scire ex actis,; et quanta let quam manifesta,) to know out-of (from) acts, both how-great and how manifest et qua ratione investigata sint (they are), and by what reason (manner) they may have-been-traced et comprehensa. Principio, ut Catilina erupit and detected. In the beginning, when Catiline burst-out ex urbe paucis diebus ante, cum " reliquisset out-of the city by a few days before, when he might-have-left Romae socios sui sceleris, acerrimos,f Rome (at Rome) the partners of his crime, the most-active duces hujusce nefarii belli: vigilavi semper, et leaders of this nefarious war: I have-watched always, and TERTIA ORATIO providi, Quirites, quemadmodum possemus esse have-foreseen, Romans, in-what-manner we might-be-able to be salvi in tantis et tam absconditis insidiis. safe in so-great and so hidden snares. 2. Nam tur, cum ejiciebam Catilinam ex urbe For then, when I did-cast-out Catiline out-of the city (enim vereor non jam invidiam hujus. verbi, (for I fear not now the envy (unpopularity) of this word, cum illa sit magis timenda, quod exierit since that may-be more to-be-feared, because he may have-gone-out vivus), sed tur cum volebam illum exterminari, alive), but then when I did-wish him to be-banished, putabam ant reliquam manum conjuratorum I did-think either the remaining band of conspirators exituram simul, aut eos qui restitissent about-to-go-out together, or those who might-have-remained fore infirmos ac debiles sine illo. Atque to be-about-to-be infirm and weak without him. And ego, ut vidi eos, quos sciebam esse inflammatos I, when I saw those, whom I did-know to be inflamed maximo furore et scelere, esse cum nobis, et with the greatest fury and crime, to be with us, and remansisse Romse, consumsi omnes dies que to have-remained at Rome, consumed all (my) days and noctes in eo, ut sentirem ac viderem quid nights in this, that I might-perceive and I might-see what agerent, quid molirentur: ut, quoniam mea they might-act, what they might-attempt: that, because my oratio faceret minorem fidem restris auribus, oration might-make less faith to your ears, propter incredibilem magnitudinem (would gain little credit), because of the incredible greatness sceleris, comprehenderem rem ita, ut turn demum of the crime, I might-detect the thing so, that then at-length provideretis vestrse saluti animis, cum you might-foresee (provide) for your safety with (your) minds, when videretis maleficium ipsum oculis. Itaque you might-see the mischief itself with (your) eyes. Therefore MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. ut comperi legatos Alloberogum when I discovered the ambassadors of the Allobroges sollicitatos esse a P. Lentulo, causa Transalpini to have-been-solicited by P. Lentulus, for-the-sake of a Transalpine belli, et Gallici tumultus excitandi, que eos war, and of a Gallic tumult to be-excited, and those missos esse in Galliam ad suos cives, que eodem to have-been-sent into Gaul to their citizens, and by the same itinere, cum litteris que mandatis ad Catilinam, que journey, with letters and commands to Catiline, and Vulturcium adjunctum comitem iis, atque literas Vulturcius joined (as) a companion to them, and letters datas esse huic ad Catilinam, putavi facultatem to have-been-given to him to Catiline, I thought the means oblatam mihi, ut quod erat difficillimuim, que offered to me, that (a thing) which was most-difficult, and quod ego semper optabam a immortalibus diis, which I always did-wish-for from the immortal gods, tota res deprehenderetur manifesto non solum that the whole thing might-be-detected manifestly not only a me sed etiam a senatu, et a vobis. Itaque by me but also by the senate, and by you. Therefore hesterno die vocavi ad me L. Flaccum et C. Pomtinum, on-yesterday I called to me L. Flaccus and C. Pomtinus, fortissimos praetores, atque viros amantissimos the most-bold praetors, and men most-loving reipublicae: exposui omnem rem; ostendi quid of the republic: I explained all the things; I showed whatplaceret fieri. Autem illi, qui it might-please (what I thought proper) to be-done. But they, who seritirent omnia prteclara atque egregia might-feel all illustrious and excellent (sentiments) de republicS, susceperunt negotium sine concerning the republic, took-up the business without recusatione, ac sine ulla mora, et cum\ refusal, and without any delay, and when advesperasceret, pervenerunt occulte ad Mulviumn it might-become-evening, they-arrived secretly to (at) the Mulvian TERTIA ORATIO pontem, atque fuerunt ibi in proximis villis, bridge, and were there in the nearest country-houses, ita bipartito, ut Tiberis et pons interesset so in-two-parties, that the Tiber and the bridge might-be-between inter eos. Autem et ipsi eduxerunt multos fortes between them. But both they led-out many bold viros eodem sine suspicione cujusquam, et men to-the-same-place without the suspicion of-any-one, and ego miseram ex Reatina praefectura complures I had-sent out-of the Reatinian prefecture many delectos adolescentes, opera quorum utor chosen young-men, with the assistance of whom I use assidue in republica, praesidio cum gladiis. constantly. in the republic, to a guard (as a guard) with swords. Interim tertia vigilia fere exacta, cum In-the-mean-time the thir'd watch almost being-completed, when legati Allobrogum inciperent jam ingredi the ambassadors of the Allobroges might-begin already to enter-upon Mulvium pontem cum magno comitatu, que the Mulvian bridge with a great attendance, and Vulturcius una, impetus fit in eos: Vulturcius together (with them), an attack is-made upon them: gladii educuntur et ab illis, et a nostris; res swords are-drawn-out both by them, and by our (men); the thing erat nota prsetoribus solis; ignorabatur a / was known to the prsetors alone; it-was-unknown by ceteris. the rest. '3. Tum interventu Pomtini Then at-the-coming-between (on the intervention) of Pomtinua atque Flacci, pugna, quse commissa erat, sedatur. and of Flaccus, the fight, which had-been-engaged, is-appeased. Quoecunque litterse erant in eo comitatu Whatever letters were in that attendance (company) traduntur proetoribus, signis integris; are-delivered-up to the praetors, with the signs (seals) entire; ipsi conprehensi' deducuntur ad me, cum themselves being-seized are-led-down to me, when MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. dilucesceret jam. Atque vocavi statim ad it might-become-daybreak already. And I called immediately to me Cimbrum Gabinium, improbissimum machinatorem me Cimbrus Gabinius, the most-wicked contriver omnium horum scelerum, suspicantem nihildum. of all these crimes, (he) suspecting nothing-as-yet. Deinde item L. Statilius arcessitur, et post eum Thb n also L. Statilius is-sent-for, and after him C. Cethegus; autem Lentulus venit tardissime, credo / C. Cethegus; but Lentulus came most-slowly, I believe quod vigilarat proxima nocte praeter because he-had-watched on the-nearest (last) night beyond consuetudinem litteris dandis. (his) custom in letters to be-given (in giving the letters). Vero cum placeret summis ac clarissimis But, when it might-please (seem fit) to the highest and most-famous viris hujus civitatis, qui, re audita, convenerant men of this state, who, the thing being-heard, had-come-together frequentes ad me mane, litteras aperiri frequent (in numbers) to me in-the-morning, the letters to be-opened a me prius quam deferri ad senatum; ne, si nihil by me before than to be-referred to the senate; lest, if nothing inventum esset, tantus tumultus videretur might-have- been-found, so-great disturbance might-seem (to be) injectus civitati a me temere; negavi me esse cast-in to the state by me rashly; I denied myself to be facturum, ut deferrem non integram rem about-to-make, that I should-refer not the entire thing de publico periculo ad publicum consilium. concerning the public danger to the public council. Etenim, Quirites, si ea, qus delata erant For, Romans, if those (things), which had-been-referred ad me, reperta essent non; tamen ego Treported) to me, might-have-been-found not; yet I arbitrabarinon nimiam diligentiam esae pertimescendam did.think not too-great diligence to be to be-feared mihi in tantis periculis reipublicae. GCagi to me (by me) iif so-great dangers of the republic. I coJepted 7 TERTIA ORATIO celeriter frequentem senatum, ut vidistls. quickly a frequent (numerous) senate, as you have-seen. Atque interea, admonitu Allobrogum, misi And in-the-mean-time, by the advice of the Allobroges, I sent statim C. Sulpicium, proetorem, immediately C. Sulpicius, the praetor, si esset quid telornm, if there-might-be any (thing) of weapons, ex sedibus (plur.) Cethegi; out-of the house of Cethegus; 'extulit maximum numerum brought-out a very-great number gladiorum. of swords. fortem virum, qui, a bold man, who, efferret might-bring-(them)-out ex quibus ille out-of which he sicarum et of poniards and 4. Introduxi Vulturcium sine Gallis; dedi I led-in Vulturcius without the Gauls; I gave ei publicam fidem, jussu senatus; hortatus sum to him the public faith, by order of the senate; I exhorted ut " indicaret ea, quse sciret sine that he should-indicate those (things), which he night-know without timore. Tur ille, cum recreasset se vix fear. Then he, when he might-have-recovered himself scarcely ex magno timore, digit, se habere mandata et out-of the great fear, said, himself to have commands and litteras a P. Lentulo ad Catilinam, ut uteretur letters from P. Lentulus to Catiline, that he-should-use praesidio servorum, et accederet cum with guard (the help) of slaves, and should-approach with exercitu ad urbem quam primum; autem id eo the army to theocity as-soon-as-possible; but that with this consilio, ut cum incendissent urbem ex design, that when they might-have-set-fire-to the city out-of omnibus partibus, quemadmodum descriptum erat all parts, as it-had-been-described que distributum, que fecissent infinitam cedem and distributed, and might-have-made an infinite slaughter civium, ille esset proesto qui et exciperet of citizens, he might-be at-hand who both might-catch (those) MARCI TULLTI CICERONIS. 75 fugientes, et conjungeret se cum his ducibus fleeing, a/d might-unite himself with these leaders urbanis. Autem Galli introducti' dixerunt bolonging-to-the-city. But the Gauls being-led-in said jusjurandum et litteras datas esse sibi a an oath and letters to have-given to themselves by P. Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem; P. Lentulus, Cethegus, (and) Statilius to their nation; atque ita praescriptum esse sibi ab his et a and thus to have-been-prescribed to themselves by these and by L. Cassio, ut mitterent equitatum in Italiam L. Cassius, that they should-send cavalry into Italy quam primum, pedestres copias non defuturas as-soon-as-possible, foot-forces not about-to-be-wanting -sibi; autem Lentulum confirmasse sibi ex to them; but Lentulus to have-confirmed' to them out-of Sibyllinis fatis que responsis haruspicum, se esse the Sybilline fates and the answers of diviners, himself to be illum tertium Cornelium, ad quem esset necesse that third Cornelius, to whom it might-be necessary regnum hujus urbis atque imperium pervenire: the kingdom (rule) of this city and the command to arrive: Cinnam et Sullam fuisse ante se; que eundem Cinna and Sulla to have-been before himself; and the same dixisse hunc esse annum fatalem ad:person) to have-said this to be the year ordained-by-fate to (for) interitum hujus urbis atque imperii, qui esset the destruction of this city and empire, which might-b'e decimus annus post absolutionem virginum, autern the tenth year after the acquitting of the virgins, bul vicesimus post incensionem Capitolii. Autem the twentieth after the setting-on-fire of the Capitol. But dixerunt hanc controversiam fuisse Cethego cum they said this dispute to have-been to Cethegus with caeteris, quod, placeret Lentulo et ceteris the rest, because, it might-please to Lentulus and to the rest ceedem fieri, atque urbem;ncendi the Aslaughter td be-made, and the city to be set-on-fre 76 TERTIA ORATIO Saturnalibus, id videri nimium longum on the Saturnalia, that to-seem too-long Cethego. to Cethegus. 5. Ac, ne sit longum, Quirites, jussimus And, lest it may-be long (tedious), Romans, we-ordered tabellas proferri, que dicebantur the tablets (letters) to be-brought-forward, which were said datae (esse) a quoque: primum ostendimus signum to have-been-given by each: first we showed the sign (sea]) Cethego; cognovit: nos incidimus linum; to Cethegus; he acknowledged (it): we cut the thread; legimus; erat scriptum manu ipsius senatui we read; it was written with the hand of himself to the senate et populo Allobrogum, scse esse facturum and to the people of the Allobroges, himself to be about-to-do quoe confirmasset legatis (the things) which he might-have-confirmed (affirmed) to the ambassadors eorum: orare ut item illi facerent qume of them: to beg that also they would-do (the things) which legati eorum recipissent sibi. the ambassadors of them received to them (might have taken on Tum Qethegus, qui paulo ante themselves to promise). Then Cetnegus, who a little before respondisset aliquid de gladiis ac sicis might-have-answered some (thing) concerning the swords and poniards, quse deprehensse erant apud ipsum, qui which had been-discovered with him (at his house), and dixisset se semper fuisse studiosum might-have-said himself always to have-been studious (an admirer) bonorum ferramentorum, debilitatus atque abjectus, b if good weapons, weakened and cast-down, litteris recitatis, convictus conscienti&, repente:heletters being-read aloud, convicted by consciousness, suddenly conticuit. ^ta4 lius introductus cognovit manum oecame-silent. Statilius being-led-in acknowledged (his) hanil et suum signunT; tabellae recitatte sunt in fere and his seal; lablets (letters) were-read-aloud unto nearly MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. eander sententiam; confessus est. Turn ostendi.he same purpose; he confessed. Then I showed tabellas Lentulo, et quresivi ne1. the tablets tletters) to Lentulus, and I sought (asked) whmtherjcognosceret signum; annuit; vero signuin he would-acknowledge the seal; he nodded-assent; but the seal quidem est notum, inquam, imago clarissimi \ indeed is known, I said, the image of the most-famous viri tui avi, qui amavit patriam et suos cives man thy grandfather, who loved (his) country and his citizens unice, quae quidem etiam muta debuit singularly, which (image) indeed even (although) dumb ought revocare te a tanto scelere. Litterae ad senatum to recall thee from so-great crime. The letters to the senate que populum Allobrogum leguntur eAdem ratione: and people of the Allobroges are-read in the same reason si vellet dicere quid de his (manner): if hemight-wish to say any (thing) concerning these rebus, feci potestatem. Atque ille quidem primo things, I made (gave) power. And he indeed at-first negavitf; autem aliquanto post, toto indicio denied; but somewhat after, the whole discovery exposito atque edito, surrexit: qusesivit a being-explained and being-published, he rose: he sought (asked) from Gallis, quid esset sibi cum iis, the Gauls, what might-be to himself with them (what he had to do quamobrem venissent suam domunm with them), wherefore they should-have-come (to) his house i que item a Vulturcio. Qui cum respondissent and also from Vulturcius. Who when they-might-have-answered illi breviter que constanter, per quem que quoties to him briefly and constantly, through whom and how-often venissent ad eum; que qusesissent they might-have-come to him; and they might-have-sought (asked) ab eo ne locutus esset nihil secum from him whether he might-have-spoken nothing with-them de Sibyllinis fatis: tum ille, subito demens concerning the Sibylline fates: then he, suddenly mad 7* TERTIA ORATIO scelere, ostendit quanta vis conscientise with crime, showed how-great the force of consciousness esset; nam cum posset inficiari id, repente aight-be; for when he iight-be-able to deny that, suddenly prater opinionem omnium, confessus est: ita beyond (contrary to) the opinion of all, he confessed: thus non modo illud ingenium et exercitatio dicendi, not only that ability and exercise of speaking, qua valuit semper, sed etiam, propter vim in which he prevailed always, but also, because-of the force manifesti atque deprehensi sceleris, impudentia, of manifest and of detected crime, (his) impudence, qua superabat omnes, que improbitas defecit. ~in which he did-burpass all, and dishonesty failed (him). Vero Vulturcius subito jussit litteras proferri But Vulturcius suddenly ordered the letters to be-brought-forward atque aperiri, quas dicebat datas esse sibi and to be-opened, which he did-say to have-been-given to him a Lentulo ad Catilinam. Atque ibi Lentulus by Lentulus to (for) Catiline. And there (then) Lentulus perturbatus vehementissime, tamen cognavit et being-disturbed most-violently, yet acknowledged both suum signum et manum; autem erant scripte his the seal and hand; but they were written sine nomine, sed ita: "Cognosces qui sim ex without a name, but thus: "Thou wilt-know who I may-be nut-of eo quem misi ad te. Cura ut sis (from) him whom Ihave-sent to thee. Take-care that thou mayst-be vir, et cogita in quem locum progressus sis, a man, and think (consider) into what aplace thou mayst-have-advanced, et vide quid jam sit necesse tibi. Cura ut and see what now may-be necessary for you. Take-care that adjungas tibi auxilia omnium, etiam infimorum." thou mayst-join to thee the aids of all, even of the lowest." Deinde Gabinius introductus cum primo cepisset Then Gabinius being-led-in when at-first he might-have-begun respondere impudenter, ad extremum negavit nihil to answer impudently, to (at) the last he denied nothing MIARCI TrLLII CICERONIS. 79 ex iis quae Galli insimulabant out-of those (things) which the Gauls did accuse (lay to his charge). Ac cum illa visa sunt mihi quidem, Quirites, And when those (things) seemed to me indeed, Romann, certissima argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabell;e, most-certain arguments and discoveries of crime, the letters, signa, manus, denique, confessio uniuscujusque: seals, the hands, lastly, the confession of each; tur illa multo certiora, color, then (so) these (seemed to me) by much more-certain, the colour, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. Enim obstupuerant the eyes, the look, the Milence. For they had-become-astonished sic, intuebantur terram sic, nonnumquam so, they did-look-upon the earth so, sometimes adspiciebant inter se sic furtirn, they did-look among themselves (one upon the other) so by-stealth, ut viderentur non jam indicari ab aliis, sed that they might-seem not now tobe-denounced by others, but ipsi indicare se. *themselves to denounce themselves. 6. Indiciis expositis atque editis, The discoveries being-explained and being-published, Quirites, consului senatum, quid placeret Romans, I consulted the senate, what it might-please (them) fieri de summa republica. Acerrimse ac to he-done concerning the chief republic. Most-severe and fortissimse sententias dictse sunt a principibus, most-bold opinions were-said by the chief (senators), quas senatus consecutus est sine ullA varietate. Et k which the senate followed without any variety. And quoniam consultum senatus nondum perscriptum est, since the decree of the senate not-yet has-been-transcribed, exponam ex memoria vobis, Quirites, quid I will-explain out-of memory to-you, Romans, what senatus censuerit. Primum gratie aguntur the senate may-have-voted. First thanks are-acted (given) mihi amplissimis verbis, quod respublica to me in most-ample words, because the republic 80 TERTIA ORATIO liberata sit maximis periculis virtute, may have-been-liberated from the greatest dangers by (my) valour, consilio, mea providentia: deinde L. Elaccus et by (my) counsel, by my foresight: then L. Flaccus and' C. Pomtiis, prsetores, laudantur merito ac jure, C. PoLmtinus, the prsetors, are-praised deservedly and with right, quod usus essem forti que fideli because I might-have-used (experienced) with the bold and faithful opera eorum; atque etiam laus impertitur forti assistance of them; and also praise is-imparted to the bold viro, meo collegae, quod removisset a suis man, to my colleague, because he might-have-removed from his-own consiliis et reipublicae eos qui fuissent counsels and (from those) of the republic those who might-have-been participes hujus conjurationis. Atque censuerunt ita. partakers of this conspiracy. And they voted thus, ut P. Le:tulhs, cum abdicasset so that P. Le-nRTUilS; when he-might-have-abdicated himself prvetur&, tur traderetur in custodiam; from the prmtorship, then should-be-delivered-up into custody que item uti C. C ethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius, and also that C. Cethegus, L. $',tt, P. Gabinius, qui omnes erant proesentes, traderentur in who all were present, should-be-delivered-up into custodiam; atque hoc idem decretum est in custody; and this same (thing) was-decreed against L. Cassim, qui depoposcerat sibi procurationem L. Cassius, who had-required for himself the management urbis incendendae: in M. Ceeparium, cui of the city to be-set-on-fire: against M. Caeparius, to whom indicatum erat Apuliam attributam esse It had-been-indicated (it appeared) Apulia to have-been-assigned ad pastores sollicitandos: in P. Furium, qui to (for) the shepherds to be-solicited: against P. Furius, who est ex his colonis, quos L. Sulla deduxit is out-of (from) those colonists, whom L. Sulla led-down (to) Feesulas; in Q. Manlium Chilonem, qui semper Fasuls - against Q. Manlius Chilo, who always MAIRCI TULLII CICERONIS. versatus erat una cum hoc Furio in hAc had-been-engaged together with this Furius in this sollicitatione Allobrogum; in P. Umbrenum, solicitation of the Allobroges; against P. Umbrenus, libertinum hominem, a quo constabat Gallos a freed-man, by whom it was-evident the Gauls primum perductos esse ad Gabinium. Atque senatus first to have-been-led to Gabinius. And /the senate usus est ea lenitate, Quirites, ut ex tantI used with that mildness, Romans, that out-of so-greait conjuratione, que tantA vi ac multitudine a conspiracy, and so-great force and multitude domesticorum hostium, republic^ conservata, of domestic enemies, the republic being-preserve.l, arbitraretur mentes reliquorum posse sanari it might-think the minds of the rest to be-able to be-cured poena novem perditissimorum hominurn. by the punishment of nine most-lost (most abandoned) men. Atque etiam, Quirites, supplicatio decreta est mco And also, Romans, a thanksgiving was-decreed in my nomine immortalibus diis, pro singulari meritc name to the immortal gods, for the singular merit eorum; quod contigit primum mihi of these (things); which (thing) has happened first to me togato post hane urben conditam; wearing-the toga (a civilian) after (since) this city being-built; et decreta est his verbis, "Quod liberassem and it was-decreed in these words, "Because I might-have-freed urbem incendiis, cives coede, Italiam the city from conflagrations, the citizens from slaughter, Italy bello." Si que supplicatio conferatur cum ceteris, from war." If which thanksgiving may be-compared with others, Quirites, hoc intersit, quod ceterae, Romans, this may be-the-difference, that others (have.been appointed). republica gesta bene, haec una constituta est. the republic being-carried-on well, this alone has been-appointed, conservatA. Atque illud, quod fuit faciendum (the state) being-preserved. And this, which was to-be-donu TERTIA ORATIO primum, factum est atque transactum. Nam quamquam first, was-done and dispatched. For although P. Lentulus, patefactus indiciis et suis P. Lentulus, being-exposed by discoveries and byhis-own confessionibus, judicio senatfis, amiserat nol confessions, by the judgment of the senate, had-lost noc modo jus pratoris, verum etiam civis; tamen only the right of priator, but also of citizen; yet abdicavit se magistratu; ut quse religio he abdicated himself from the magistracy; that what scruple fuerat non C. Mario clarissimo viro, quo minus had-been not to C. Marius a most-famous man, by which less occideret C. Glauciam, prsetorem, de quo nihil he should kill C. Glaucias, a prsetor, concerning whom nothing decretum erat nominatim, nos liberaremur eA had-been-decreed by-name, we should-be-freed -from that religione in P. Lentulo privato puniendo. scruple in P. Lentulus a private (person) to be-punished. 7. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, tenetis nefarios Now since, Romans, you-hold the nefarious duces sceleratissimi que periculosissimi belli leaders of (this) most-wicked and most-dangerous war jam captos et comprehensos, debetis existimare already taken and detected, you ought to think omnes copias Catilinse, omnes spes atque opes, all the forces of Catiline, all (his) hopes and resources, concidisse, his periculis urbis depulsis. Quem to have-fallen, this dangers of the city being-driven-off. Whom quidem ego, cum ego pellebam ex urbe, indeed I, when I did-drive out-of the city, providebam hoc animo, Quirites, Catilina remote, did-foresee this in (my) mihd, Romans, Catiline being-removed, nec somnum P. Lentuli, nec adipem L. Cassii, neither the sleep of P. Lentulus, nor the fat of L. Cassiis, nor furiosam temeritatem Cethegi esse pertimescendawn Uno tne furious rashness of Cethegus to be to be-feared mihi. Ille unus ex omnibus his erat t) 'by) me. He one (alone) (Catiline) out-of all these was MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. timendus, sed tamdiu dum continebatur moenibus to be-feared, but (only) so-long while he was-contained by the walls urbis. Norat omnia, tenebat j f the city. He had-known (he knew) all (things), he did-hold aditus omnium; poterat audebat (understand) the accesses of all; he was-able (and) did-daro appellare, tentare, sollicitare: erat ei to call (salute), to try, to solicit: there-was to him (he had) consilium aptum ad facinus; autem neque lingua counsel fit to (for) daring-deed; but neither (his) tongue neque manus deerat consilio. Jam habebat nor hand was-wanting to (that) counsel. Already lie did-have certos homines delectos ac descriptos ad certain men chosen and described (appointed) to (for) certas res conficiendas. Vero neque, cum certain things to be-completed. ~ But neither, when mandaverat aliquid, putabat confectum. he had-commanded some (thing), did he think (it) completed. Erat nihil quod ipse obiret non, occurreret, There-was nothing which himself would-undergo not, would-oppose vigilaret, laboraret: poterat (would lend aid to), would-watch, would-labour (not): he was-able ferre frigus, sitim, famem. Nisi ego, compulissem to bear cold, thirst, hunger. Unless I might-have-driven hunc hominem tam acrem, tam paratum, tam audacem, this man so active, so prepared, so bold, tam callidum, tam vigilantem in scelere, tam diligentem so cunning, so vigilant in crime, so diligent in perditis rebus, ex domesticis insidiis in in lost (abandoned) things, out-of domestic snares into latrocinium castrense (dicam id, robbery belonging-to-the-camp (war) (I will-say that, quod sentio, Quirites), depulissem non facile which I think, Romans), I should-have-driven-off not easily hane tantam molem mali a vestris cervicibus. Ille this so-great mass of evil from your necks. lie constituisset non Saturnalia nobis, neque would-have-appointed not the Saturnalia for us, nor TERTIA ORATIO denuntiasset tanto ante diem exitii eT would-have-denounced by so-much before the day of destruction and fati reipublicae, neque commisisset, ut of fate to the republic, nor would he-have-committed, that (his) signum, ut denique suwe littere deprehenderentur seal, that in-fine his-own letters should-be-discovered testes manifesti sceleris. QuOe nunc witnesses of manifest crime. Which (things) now gesta sunt, illo absente sic, ut nullum furtum have-been-carried-on, he being-absent so, that no theft in privata domo umquam inventum sit tam in a private house ever may-have-been-found-out so palam, quam haec tanta conjuratio in republica openly, as this so-great conspiracy in the republic inventa est atque deprehensa manifesto. Quod si has-been-found-out and I discovered manifestly. But-if Catilina remansisset in urbe ad hanc diem, Catiline might-have-remained in the city to this day, quamquam quoad fuit occurri atque obstiti although as-long-as he was (here) I met and I opposed omnibus consiliis ejus, tamen, ut dicam to all the counsels (designs) of him, yet, that Imay-say levissime, fuisset, dimicandum most-lightly (to say the least), it would-have-been to be-fought nobis cum illo, neque nos umquam, dum ille hostis to (by) us with him, nor we ever, while that enemy fuisset in urbe, liberassemus rempublicam might-have-been in the city, should-have-freed the republic tantis periculis, tantA pace, tanto otio, from so-great dangers, with so-great peace, with so-great ease, tanto silentio. with so-great silence. 8. Quamquam omnia haec, Quirites, Although all these (things) Romans, administrata sunt a me ita, ut videantur et have-been-managed by me so, that they may-seem both gesta esse ct provisa nutu to haive-been-carried-on and foreseen (provided for) at the nod (will) MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. ( atque consilio immortalium deorum. Que cum and counsl of the immortal gods. And when possumus consequi id coAjcTura, quod gubernatio R.e are-able to arrive-at that by-conjecture, because the governance tantarum rerum videtur vix potuisse esse of so-great things seems scarcely to have-been-able to be(thework) humani consilii: vero tur ita praesentes tulerunt of human counsel: but then so present they brought opem et auxilium nobis his temporibus, ut assistance and aid to us in these times, that possemus paene videre eos oculis. Nam, ut we might-be-able almost to see them with the eyes. For, that omittam illa, faces que ardorem coeli I may-omit these (things), the torches and the burning of the heaven visas ab occidente nocturno tempore, ut seen from the west in the nocturnal time, that (I may omit: jactus fulminum, ut motus terrae, ut the castings of lightnings, that the motions of the earth, that (I may omitj cetera, quse tam multa facta sunt, other (things), which (being) so many were-done (happened), nobis. consulibus, ut immortales dii viderentur us (being) consuls, so-that the immortal gods might-seem canere hsec quse nunc fiunt: to sing (foretel) these (things) which now are-done (happen). certe, Quirites, hoc quod sum dicturus est neque certainly, Rornans, this which I am about-to-say is neither praetermittendum neque relinquendum. Nam profecto to be-passed-over nor to be-left. For indeed tenetis memorik, Cotta et Torquato consulibifs, you hold in memory, Cotta and Torquatus (being) consuls, complures res in Capitolio percussasesse de coolo, many things in theCapitol tohave-been-struck from heaven, cum et simulacra immortalium deorum depulsa sunt, when both the images of the immortal gods were-thrust-down, et statuse veterum hominum dejectme, et sera (plur.) and thestatues of ancient men cast-down, and the brass legum liquefacta. Etiam ille Romulus, (brazen tablets) of the laws melted. Also that Romulus,? TERTIA ORATIG qui condidit hanc urbem, tactus est::luem who founded this city, was-touched (scathed): whom Ineministis fuisse in Capitolio inauratum you-remembered to have-been in the Capitol overlaid-with gold parvum atque lactentem, inhiantem uberibus little and sucking, gaping-after to the teats lupinis. Quo tempore quidem, cum belonging-to-the-wolf. At which time indeed, when aruspices convenissent ex tota Etruria, diviners might-have-come-together out of the whole Tuscany, dixerunt caedes atque incendia, et interitum they said slaughters and conflagrations, and the destruction legum, et civile ac domesticum bellum, et occasum of the laws, and civil and domestic war, and the fill totius urbis atque imperii appropinquare, nisi of the whole city and empire to approach,- unless immortales dii placati omni ratione, the immortal gods being-appeased in every reason (manner), flexissent prope fata ipsa suo might-have-bent (diverted) almost the fates themselves by their numine. Itaque responsis illorum tune divinity (influence). Therefore at the answers of them theni et ludi facti sunt 'per decem dies, neque ulla both games were-made through ten days, neither any res praetermissa est quse pertineret ad thing was-omitted which might-pertain (tend) to placandum deos; que iidem jusserunt facere appeasing the gods; and the same (diviners) ordered to make smulacrum Jovis majus, et collocare in excelso, the image of Jupiter greater, and to place (it) in a lofty et contra atque fuerat ante, (situation), and on-the-contrary and (than) it had-been before, convertere ad orientem; ac dixerunt se sperare, to turn (it) to the east; and they said themselves to hope, si illud signum, quod videtis, conspiceret if that sign (statue), which you see, should-view (shouldlook oortum solis, et forum, que curiam, towards) the rising of the sun, and the forum, and thecouncil-house, MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 87 fore, ut ea consilia, que to be-about-to-be (that it would be) that those counsels, which inita essent clam contra salutem urbis might-have-been-entered-into secretly against the safety of the city atque,imperii, illustrarentur, ut and of tne empire, would-be-brought-so-clearly-to-light, that possent perspici a senatu que Romano they might-be-able to be seen-through by the senate and Roman populo. Atque illi consules locaverunt people, And those consuls placed-out (made arrangements for) illud collocandum ita; sed tanta fuit tarditat that to be-placed thus; but 'so-great was the slowness operis, ut collocaretur neque a superioribus of the work, that it might-be-placed neither by the forner consulibus, neque a nobis ante hodiernum diem. consuls, nor by us before this-day. 9. Hic quis potest, Quirites, esse tam aversus Here who is-able, Romans, to be so averse a vero, tam praeceps, tam captus mente, from the truth, so headlong, so taken in mind (deprived qui neget omnia hsec quae of understanding), who may deny all these (things) which videmus, que prsecipue hanc urbem, administrari we see, and especially this city,. to be-managedi nutu atque potestate immoftalium Deoruin? by the nod and by the power of the immortal Go(ds Etenim cum responsum esset ita, csedes, For when it might-have-been-answered thus, slaughters, incendia, que interitum reipublicae comparari, conflagrations, and the destruction of the republic to be-preparel, et ea a perditis civibus; quae and these (things) by lost (abandoned) citizens; which (things) tum videbantur nonnullis incredibilia propter then did-seem to sope incredible because of magnitudinem scelerum: sensistis ea the greatness of the crimes: you have-perceived these (things' non modo cogitata.esse, verum etiam suscepta a Uot only to have-been-devised, but even undertaken by 88 TERTIA ORATIO nefariis civibus. Vero nonne est illud ita prvesens, nefarious citizens. r But is-not this so presen, at videatur factum esse nutu optimi.,hat it may-seem to have-been-done by the nod of the best, maximi Jovis, ut, cum hodierno die mane et tLo greatest Jupiter, that, when on this-day in the morning both conjurati et indices eorum the conspired (the conspirators) and the discoverers (accusers) of them ducerentur meo jussu per forum- in sedcm might-be-led by my order through the forum into the temple Concordice, eo tempore ipso signum of Concord, in that time itself the sign (statue) statuerctur? Quo collocato atque converso ad might-be-erected? Which being-placed and being-turned to 70s quc senatum, et senatus et vos vidistis omnia you and the senate, both the senate and you saw all qume cogitata erant contra salutem omnium, (things) which had-been-devised against the safety of all, illustrata et patefacta. Quo isti brought to-light and exposed. By which (for which reason) those sunt digni etiam majore odio que supplicio, (persons) are worthy even with greater hatred and punishment, qui conati sunt inferre funestos ac nefarios who have-endeavoured to bring-on fatal and nefarious ignes non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed fires not only to your abodes and to your roofs, but etiam templis atque delubris Deorum. Quibus also to the temples and to the shrines of the Gods. To whom si ego dicam me restitisse, sumnam nimium if I may-say myself to have-resisted, I shall-take too-much mihi, et sim non ferendus. Ille, ille Jupiter to myself, and may-be not to be borne. That, that Jupiter restitit: ille voluit Capitolium, ille hec templa, ille resisted: he wished the Capitol, he these temples, he hanc urbem, ille vot omnes esse salvos. Ego this city, he (wished) you all to be safe. I Buscepi hane mentem que voluntatem, Quirites, have-taken-up this mind and wish, Romans, MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. immortalibus Diis ducibus, atque perveni ad the immortal Gods (being) leaders, and I have arrived to hsec tanta indicia. Vero jam illa sollicitatio these so-great discoveries. But now" that solicitation Allobrogum, tanta res, numquam credita (esset) of the Allobroges, so-great a thing, never would-have-been-trusted Eic a Lentulo que ceteris domesticis hostibus, tam thus by Lentulus and by the other domestic enemies, so ' dementer et ignotis et barbaris, madly both to unknown and to barbarous (foreign persons), que litterse profecto numquam commissse essent, and the letters indeed never would-have-been-entrustcd, nisi consilium ereptum esset huic unless counsel (discretion, might-have-been-snatched-away from this tante audaciae a immortalibus Diis. Vero quid? so-great audacity by the immortal Gods. But what ut homines Galli, ex ci itate (why shall I mention)? that men Gauls, out-of a state male pacata, quse una gens restat, quae videatur ill appeased, which one (only) nation remains, which may-seemn et posse et non nolle facere bellum Rornano both to be-able and not to be-unwilling to make war to the Roman populo, negligerent spem imperii et amplissimarum people, should-neglect the hope of empire and of the most-ample rerum ultro oblatam sibi a patriciis hominibus, things willingly offered to themselves by patrician men, que anteponerent vestram salutem suis opibus: and should-prefer your safety to their-own powers: putatis id non factum esse divinitus? praesertim do you-think that not to have-been-done divinely? especially qui superarent nos non pugnando, sed tacendo. who might-overcome us not by fighting, but by keeping-silence. 10. Quamobrem, Quirites, quoniam supplicatio Wherefore, Romans, since a thanksgiving decreta est ad omnia pulvinaria, celebratote has been-decreed to.(at) all the cushions (temples), celebrato illos dies cum vestris conjugibus ac liberis. Nam those days with your wives and children. FiL 8* 90 TERTIA ORATIO sepe multi justi honores habiti sunt ac debiti often many just honours have-been-held and due immortalibus Diis, sed profecto numquam justiores. t) the immortal Gods, but indeed never more-just Enim erepti ex crudelissimo ac (than these). For being-snatched out-of the most-cruel and miserrimo interitu, et erepti sine caede, most-wretched destruction, and being-snatched without slaughter, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione, without blood, without an army, without fighting, togati vicistis, me uno (you) wearing-the-toga have-conquered, me one (person) togato duce et imperatore. Etenim wearing-the-toga (being) leader and commander. For recordamini,' Quirites, omnes civiles dissensiones, you-recollect, Romans,. all the civil disagreements, neque solum eas, quas audistis, sed et nor (and not) only those, which you have-hearl, but and (also) has, quas' vosmetipsi meministis et vidistis. these, which you-yourselves have-remembered and have-seen. L. Sulla oppressit P. Sulpicium: ejecit ex L. Sulla oppressed (destroyed) P. Sulpicius: he cast-out out-of j., urbe C. Marium, custodem hujus urbis, que partimki( the city C. Marius, the keeper of this city, and -prt7" ejecit ex civitate, p teff interemit multos fortes vast-out out-of the state, part slew many bold viros. Cn. Octavius, consul, expulit suum collegam men. Cn. Octavius, the consul, expelled his colleague ex urbe armis: omnis hic locus redundavit out-of the city by arms: all this place bas-overfiowea acervis corporum et sanguine civium. (abounded) with heaps of bodies and with the blood of citizens. Postea Cinna cum Mario superavit: Afterwards Cinna with Marius overcame (got the upper hand): vero tur, clarissiinis viris interfectis, lumina but then, the most-famous men being-slain, the lights civitatis exstincta sunt. Postea Sulla ultus est of the stAte were-extinguished. Afterwards Sulla revenged MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 91 crudelitatem hujus victorioe: neque est quidem the cruelty of this victory: nor is-it indeed opus dici, quanta diminutione civium, necessary to be-said, with how-great diminution of citizens, et quanta calamitate reipublicae. M. Lepidus and with how-great calamity of the republic. M. Lepidus dissensit a clarissimo et fortissimo viro, dissented from the most-famous and most-brave man, Q. Catulo: interitus ipsius attulit non luctum Q. Catulus: the destruction of himself brought not grief reipublicae tam, quam ceterorum. to the republic so (so much), as (did the destruction) of the rest. Atque tamen omnes ille dissensiones crant And however all those disngreements were hujusmodi, Quirites, qume pertinerent non ad of this-sort, Romans, which might-pertain not to rempublicam delendam, sed ad the republic to be-destroyed, but to (the republic) commutandam: illi voluerunt non nullam rempublicam to be-changed: they wished not no republic esse, sed se esse principes in ea quae to be, but (they wished) themselves to be chiefs in that which esset: neque hane urbem conflagrare, sed might-be: nor (did they wish) this city to be-on-fire, but se florere in hac urbe. Atque tamen omnes themselves to flourish in this city. And yet all illse dissensiones, nulla quarum quaesivit exitium those disagreements, no-one of which sought the destruction reipublicae, fuerunt ejusmodi, ut dijudicatme sint of the republic, were of that-sort, that they may have-been-settled nqn reconciliatione concordise, sed internecione not by a reconciliation of concord, but by the slaughter civium. Autem in hoc maximo que crudelissimo of citizens. But in this greatest and most-cruel bello uno post memoriam hominum, bellum quale war alone after (since) the memory of men, a war like-as nulla barbaria umquarn gessit cum suA gente, no barbarous-country ever carried-on with its nation, TERTIA ORATIO in quo bello haec lex fuit constituta a Lentulo, in which war this law was appointed by Lentulus, Catilinf, Cassio, Cethego, ut omnes, qui possent Catiline, Cassius, Cethegus, that all, who might be-able esse salvi, urbe salva, hi ducerentur to be safe, the city (being) safe, these should-be-led (ieemed) in numero hostium; gessi me ita, in the number of the enemies; I have-borne (conducted) myself so, Quirites, ut conservaremini omnes salvi; et Romans, that you might-be-preserved all safe; and cum vestri hostes putassent tantum civium when your enemies might-have-thought so-much of citizens superfuturum, quantum restitisset infinita about-to-survive, as might-have-remained from infinite cmdi, autem tantum urbis, quantum flamma slaughter, (and) but so-much of the city, as the flame potuisset non obire: servavi et urbem might-have-been-able not to-go-over: I have-kept both the city ct cives integros que incolumes. and the citizens entire and safe. 11. Pro quibus tantis rebus, Quirites, ego postulo For which so-great things, Romans, I require nullum prsemium virtutis a vobis, nullum insigne no reward of virtue from you, no mark honoris, nullum monumentum laudis, prseterquam of honour, no monument of praise, except sempiternam memoriam hujus diei. Ego volo omnes the eternal memory of this day. I wish all meos triumphos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta my triupmphs, all ornaments of honour, monuments glorise, insignia laudis condi et collocari of glory, marks of praise to be-hid (treasured) and to be-placed in vestris animis. Nihil mutum potest delectare in your minds. Nothing dumb is-able to delight le, nihil tacitum, denique, nihil hujusmodi, quod tne, nothing silent, finally, nothing of this-sort, which etiam minus digni possint assequi. even less worthy (persons) may be-able to attain MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 93 Nostrse res, Quirites, alentur vestra Our things (affairs), Romans, shall-be-cherished in your memoria, crescent sermonibus, inveterascent et memory, shall-increase in discourses, shall grow-old and corroborabuntur monumentis literarum; que Ehall be-strengthened in the monuments of letters; and intelligo eandem diem, quam spero I understand (feel convinced) this same day, which I hope fore aeternam, propagatam et ad salutem to be-about-to-be eternal, propagated both to the safety urbis, et ad memoriam mei consulatus; que of the city, and to the memory of my consulship; and uno tempore duos cives extitisse in hac at one time two citizens to have-existed in this republicS, alter quorum terminaret fines republic, the 4S (one) of whom should bound the limits vestri imperii non regionibus terre, sed of your empire not by the regions of the earth, but coeli; alter servaret domicilium que sedem of heaven; the other should-preserve the-abode aid seat ejusdem imperil. of the same empire. 12. Sed, quoniam fortuna atque conditio earum But, since the fortune and condition of those rerum quas ego gessi, est non eadem, quoe things which I have-carried on is not the same, which illorum qui gesserunt externa bella; quod (that is) of those who have-carried-on foreign wars; because sit vivendum mihi cum his quos it may-be to be-lived to me (I inust live) with those whom vici ac subegi; isti rcliquerunt I have-conquered and have subdued; those have-left (their) hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos: est vestrum, enemies either slain or oppressed: it-is your Quirites, providere, si sua facta prosunt duty), Romans, to provide, if their deeds profit ceteris, ne mea quando obsint mihi. Enim to others, lest mine at-any-time may-injure to me. For 94 TERTIA ORATIO ego providi ne sceleratae ac nefaris I have-provided lest the wicked and nefarious mentes audacissimorum hominum possent minds (intentions) of the most-daring men might be-able nocere vobis; est vestrum providere ne noceant to hurt to you; it-is your (duty) to provide lest they may-hurt mihi. Quamquam, Quirites, potest noceri to me. Although, Romans, it is-able to be-hurt mihi ipsi nihil quidem jam ab istis. to myself nothing (not at all) indeed now by those. Enim est magnum (These persons can do me no injury.) For there-is a great presidium in bonis, quod est comparatum guard (protection) in good (men), which is provided mihi in perpetuum: magna dignitas in to me unto perpetual (time): great dignity in republica, quse tacita semper defendet me: the republic,, which silent always will defend me: magna est vis conscientise, quam qui great is the force of consciousness, which (those) who negligent, cum volent violare me, ipsi shall-neglect, when they shall-wish to do-violence-to me, themselves indicabunt se. Etiam is will-discover themselves (will expose themselves). Also that animus est in nobis, Quirites, ut non modo mind is in us (me), Romtns, that not only cedamus audacive nullius, sed etiam we may-yield to the audacity of no (person), but also lacessamus semper ultro omnes. improbos. we may-assail always 'willingly all the dishonest. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum hostium But-if every attack of domestic enemies depulsus a vobis, convertit se in me unum: driven-off from you, turns itself upon me one erit providendum vobis, Quirites, (alone): it will-be to be-provided to you (by you), Romans, qu& conditione posthac velitis eos esse qui In what condition hereafter you may wish those to be who MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. obtulerint se invidie que omnibus periculis may-have-offered themselves to envy and to all dangers pro vestra salute. Quid quidcm est quod possit for your safety. What indeed is-there which may-be-able jam acquiri mihi ipsi ad fructum now to be-acquired for myself to (for) the fruit (enjoyment) vite, prxsertim cum videam neque quidquam of life, especially when I may-see neither any (thing) altius in vestro honore, neque in gloria virtutis, higher in your honour, nor in the glory of virtoe, quo quidem libeat mihi adscendere? whither indeed it may-be-pleasing to me to ascend? Perficiam illud profecto, Quirites, ut I will-complete this indeed, Rlomans, that (being) privatus tuear atque ornem ea a private (person) I may-defend and I may-adorn those qute gessi in consulatu: ut, si qua (things) which I carried-on in (my) consulship: that, if any invidia suscepta est in republic3 conservanda, envy has-been-taken-up in the republic to be-preserved ltedat invidos, valeat (in preserving the republic), it may-hurt thle envious, it may-avail mihi ad gloriam. Denique, tractabo to me to glory. Finally, I will-handle (conduct) me ita in republica, ut meinerim myself so in the republic, that I may-have-remembered semper quae gesserim, que (may remember) always. what (things) I may-have-carried-on, and curem * ut ea videantur gesta esse k -care that these (things) may-seem to have-been-carried-on 'by o / non casu. Vos, Quirites, quoniam est by virtue! not by accident. You, Romans, since it-is jam n, veneramini ilium Jovem, custodem hujus now nig t, worship thiat Jupiter, the keeper of this urbis ac vestrum, atque discedite in vestra tecta: city and of you, and depart into your roofs et, quamquam periculum est jam depulsum, (houses): and, although danger is now driven-away, 96 TERTIA ORATIO, ETC. tamen defendite ea, xeque ac priori ye. defend them, equally and (as)- on the former nocte, custodiis que vigiliis. Providebo, night, with guards and with watches. I will-provide, Quirites, ne id sit faciendum Rtomans, lest that may-be (that that may not be) to be-done diutius vobis, atque ut possitis esse in longer to you (by you), and that you may-be-able to be In perpetua pace. perpetual peace. QUARTA ORATIO THE FOURTH ORATION HABITA IN SENATU. HELD IN THE SENA TE. 1. CONSCRIPTI patres, video ora atque Conscript fathers, I see the countenances and oculos vestruim omnium esse conversos in me: the eyes of you all to be turned unto me: video vos esse sollicitos non solum de vestro I see you to be solicitous not only concerning your periculo ac reipublicse, verum etiam, si id danger and (that) of the republic, but also, if that depulsum sit, de meo periculo. Vestra may-have-been-driven-off, concerning my danger. Your voluntas erga me est jucunda mihi in malis, good-will towards me is pleasant to me in evils (dangers), et grata in dolore: sed, quseso per immortales and grateful in grief but, I pray by the immortal deos, deponite ear, atque obliti mese gods, put-down (lay aside) it, and having-frgotten of my salutis, cogitate de vobis ac de vestris safety, think concerning yourselves and concerning your liberis. Si haec conditio quidem consulatus children. If this condition indeed of the consulship data est mihi, ut perferrem omnes acerbitates; has-been-given to me, that I should-bear all bitternesses, omnes dolores que cruciatus, feram non all griefs and torments, I will-bear (them) not solum fortiter, sed etiam libenter, dummodo dignitas only boldly, but even willingly, provided-that digulty 9 f(9) 98 QUARTA ORATIO que salus pariatur meis laboribus vobis que and safety may-be-produced by my labours to you and Romano populo. Ego sum ille consul, conscripti to the Roman people. I am that consul, conscript patres, cui non forum, in quo omnis sequitas fathers, to whom not the forum, in which all equity continetur; non campus, consecratus is-contained; not the plain (Campus Martius), consecrated consularibus auspiciis; non curia, summum to consular auspices; not the council-house, the highest auxilium omnium gentium; non domus, commune aid of all nations; not (my) house, the common perfugium; non lectus, datus ad quietem; refuge; not (my) bed, given to (for) rest; denique, non haec sedes honoris fuit umquam vacua finally, not this seat of honour has-been ever free periculo mortis atque insidiis. Ego tacui from danger of death and from snares. I have-kept-silent multa, pertuli multa, concessi multa, many (things), I have-borne many (things), I have-yielded mainy sanavi multa quodam meo dolore, (things), I have-cured many (things) wilh some my-own grief in vestro timore. Nunc, si (with some pain to myself), in (amid) your fear. Now, if immortales dii voluerunt hunc esse exitum mei the immortal gods have-wished this to be the issue of my consulatus, ut eriperem vos, conscripti consulship, that I might-snatch-out (rescue) you, conscript patres, que Romanum populum ex miseri caede, fathers, and the Roman people out-of wretched slaughter, conjuges, que vestros liberos, que vestales (your) wives, and your children, and the vestal virgines ex acerbissima vexatione; templa atquo virgins out-of the most-bitter vexation; the temples and delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam nostrum omnium shrines, this most-beautiful country of us all ex foedissim& flamma; totam Italiam ex bello out-of the fuulest flame; the whole Italy out-of war MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 99 et vastitate: quecunque fortuna proponetur mihi and devastation: whatever fortune shall be-proposed to me uni, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentulus, inductus alone, may be-undergone. For if P. Lentulus, induced a vatibus, putavit suum nomen fore fatale by prophets, thought his name to be-about-to-be ordained-by-fate ad perniciem reipublicte, cur ego leter non to the destruction of the republic, why may-I-rejoice not meum consulatum extitisse prope fatalem ad my consulship to have-existed almost ordained-by-fate to salutem reipublice? the safety of the republic? 2. Quare, conscripti patres, consulite vobis Wherefore, conscript fathers, consult for yourselves prospicite patrime, conservate vos, conjuges, look to your country, preserve yourselves, wives, liberos, que vestras fortunas, defendite nomen que children, and your fortunes, defend the name and salutem Romani populi: desinite parcere mihi, ac safety of the Roman people: cease to spare to me, and cogitare de me. Nam primum debeo sperare to think concerning me. For first I ought to hope omnes deos, qui president huic urbi, esse all the gods, who preside-over to this city, to be relaturos gratiam mihi pro eo ac mereor: about-to-return the favour to me according-to that as I deserve: deinde si quid obtigerit, moriar then (in the next place) if any (thing) shall-have-befallen, I shall-die aequo que parato animo. Enim neque turpis mors with an equal and prepared mind. For neither a base death potest accidere forti viro, neque immatura is-able to happen to a brave man, nor an immature (death) consulari, nec misera sapienti. Nec to a consular (man), nor a wretched (death) to a wise (man). Nor tamen sum ego ille ferreus, qui movear non yet am I that iron (person), who may-be-moved not moerore carissimi atque amantissimi fratris by the sorrow of (my) dearest and most-loving brothel s 100 QUARTO ORATIO proesentis, que lacrymis omnium horum, a quibus being-present, and by the tears of all these, by whom videtis me circumsessum. Neque exanimata uxor you see me surrounded. Neither (my) fainting wife revocat non ssepe meam mentem domum, filia calls-back not often my mind home, (and) daughter abjecta metu, et parvulus filius, quem respublic:a cast. -- with fear, and (my) very-little son, whom the republic videtur mihi amplecti tamquam obsidem mei seems to me to embrace as-if a hostage (pledge) of my consulatus: neque ille gener, qui exspectans consulship: nor that son-in-law, who awaiting exitum hujus diei, adstat in meo conspectu. the issue of this day, stands-near in my sight. Moveor omnibus his rebus, sed in earn partem, I am-moved by all these things, but unto that part, ut sint omnes salvi vobiscum, etiamsi aliqua that they may-be all safe with you, even-if sonio vis oppresserit me, potius quam et illi violence may-have-oppressed me, rather than both they et nos pereamus una cum republic,. Quare, and we may-perish together with the republic. Wherefore, conscripti patres, incumbite ad salutem reipublicae: conscript fathers, apply to the safety of the republic: circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent, look-around-upon all the storms, which hang-over (threaten), nisi providetis. Non Tib. Gracchus, qui voluit unless you provide. Not Tib. Gracchus, who wished fieri iterum tribunus plebis: non C. Gracchus, to be-made again tribune of the peqple: not C. Gracchus, qui conatus est concitare agrarios: non L. Saturninus, who endeavoured to excite the agrarians: not L. Saturninus, qui occidit C. Memmium, adducitur in aliquod who slew C. Memmius, is-brought into some dlscrimen, atque in judicium vestrx distinction (controversy), and into the judgment of your severitatis. Ii tenentur, qui restiterunt Roma, severity. Those are-held, who have-remained at Rome, MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 101 ad incendium urbis, ad vestram cdedem to (for) the conflagration of the city, to your slaughter omnium, ad Catilinam accipiendum: of all (for the slaughter of you all), to (for) Catiline to be-received: littera, signa, manus, denique confessio the letters, seals, hand, finally the confession uniuscujusque tenentur; Allobroges sollicitantur; of each are-held; the Allobroges are-solicited; scrvitia excitantur; Catilina arcessitur; id consilium the slaves are-excited; Catiline is-sent-for; that counsel initum est, ut, omnibus interfectis, nemo has-been-entered-into, that, all being-slain, no-one relinquatur ne quidem ad nomen reipublicae may-be-left not-even to (for) the name of the republic deplorandum, atque ad calamitatem tanti to be-deplored, and to (for) the calamity of so-great imperii lamentandam. an empire to be-lamented. 3. Indices detulerunt omnia haec, The informers have-brought (reported) all these (things), rei confessi sunt; vos jam judicastis the accused have-confessed (them); you already have-judged multis judiciis: primum, quod egistis (them) by many judgments: first, because you acted gratias mihi singularibus verbis: (have given) thanks to me in singular words (in extraordinary et decrevistis conjurationem wwrditorum trms): and you decreed (decided) a conspire"., 1.w hominum patefactam esse me& virtute atque (abandoned) men to have-been-exposea by my virtue and diligentig: deinde quod coegistis P. Lentulum, ut diligence: then because you-forced P. Lentulus, that abdicaret se proeturg: turn quod he should-abdicate himself from the preetorship: then because censuistis eum, et ceteros, de' quibus judicastis, you voted him, and the others, concerning whom you judged, dandos in custodiam: que maxime - quod to be-given into custody: and mostly (especially) because 9* 102 QUARTA ORATIO decrevistis supplicationem meo nomine, qui honos you decreed a thanksgiving in my name, which honour habitus est nemini togato ante me: postremo has-been-held to no-one wearing-the-toga before me: lastly, hesterno die dedistis amplissima prmemia legatis on yesterday you gave most ample rewards to the ambassadors Allobrogum, que Tito Vulturcio. Omnia quae of the Allobroges, and to Titus Vulturcius. All which sunt ejusmodi, ut ii, qui dati sunt (things) are of this-sort, that those, who have-been-given nominatim in custodiam, videantur sine ulla by-name into custody, may-seem without any dubitatione damnati esse a vobis. Sed ego doubt to have-been-condemned by you. But I tnstitui referre ad vos, conscripti patres, have-determined to refer to you, conscript fathers, tamquam integrum, et quid judicetis as-if an entire (anew matter), both what you may-judge de facto, et quid censeatis de concerning the deed, and what you may-vote concerning poeng; -preedicam illa, quae sunt the punishment; I will-previously-say those (things), which are consulis. Ego videbam jampridem magnum (the business) of a consul. I did see ' long-since great furorem versari in republica, et madness to be-engaged (to be prevalent) in the republic, and qusedam nova mala misceri et concitari: sed some new evils to be-mingled and to be-excited: but nunquam putavi hane tantam, tam exitiosam never I thought this so-great, so destructive conjurationem haberi a civibus. Nunc, quidquid conspiracy to be-held by citizens. Now, whatever est, quocunque vestrae mentes atque sententiae it-is, whither-soever your minds and opinions inclinant, est statuendum vobis ante noctem. incline, it-is to be-determined to you (by you) before night, Videtis quantum facinus delatum sit You see how-great a daring-deed may have-been-brought (reported) MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 103 ad vos: si putatis paucos esse affines huic, to you: if you think few to be bordering (necessary) to this, erratis vehementer. Hoc malum disseminatum est you err violently. This evil has-been disseminated latius opinione: manavit non more-widely than opinion (than is supposed): it has flowed not solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes, only through Italy, but even has-passed-over the Alps, et serpens obscure, jam occupavit multas and creeping obscurely, already has-occupied many provincias. Id nullo pacto potest opprimi provinces. That by no agreement (means) is-able to be-oppressed sustentando ac prolatando. Quccunque ratione by supporting and by deferring. In whatever reason _ placet, est vindicandum vobis celeritit. an neS it pleases, it-is to be-punished to you (by you) quickly. / 4. ideo duas sententias esse adhuc; I see two opinions to be hitherto (that there are unam D. Silani, qui censet, eos hitherto two opinions); one of D. Silanus, who votes, those qui conati sunt delere hoec esse multandos who have-endeavoured to destroy these (things) to be to be-fined morte: alteram C. Coesaris, qui removet (punished) with death: the other of C. Caesar, who removes poenam mortis, amplecitur omnes acerbitates the penalty of death, embraces all the bitterness ceterorumsuppliciorum. Uterque versur in - summA of other punishments. Each is-engaged in the highest severitate et pro sua dignitate, et pro severity both for (according to) his-own dignity, and for magnitudine' rerum. Alter putat oportere the greatness of things. The other (the one) thinks (it) to behove non eos qui conati sunt privare nos omnes, not those who have-endeavoured to deprive us all, qui Romanum populum vita who (have endeavoured to deprive) the Roman people with life qui delere imperium, qui (of life), who (have attempted) to destroy the empire, who 1.04 QIARTA ORATIO exstinguere riomen Romani popu!i, frui vitl, to extinguish the name of the Roman people, to enjoy wilh ilfs. et hoc communi spiritu and with this common )reath (the air breathed by us all) punctum temporis: atque recordatur hoc genus a point of'time (a moment): and calls-to-mind this kind poenae usurpatum esse ssepe in hac republict of punishment to have-been-used often in this republic in improbos cives. Alter intelligit mortem non against dishonest citizens. The other understands death not constitutam esse a immortalibus diis causta to have-been-appointed by the immortal gods for-the-sake supplicii, sed esse aut necessitatem naturae, aut of punishment, but to be either a necessity of nature, or quietem laborum ac miseriarum. Itaque sapientes a rest of labours and of miseries. Therefore wise (men) numquam inviti, fortes etiam saepe libenter never unwillingly, the bold even often willingly oppetiverunt earn. Vero vincula, et ea sempiterna, have-undergone it. But bonds, and those eternal certe inventa sunt ad singularem (for life), certainly have-becn-invented to (for) the singular poenam nefarii scelcris. Jubet dispertiri punishment of nefarious crime. He orders (them) to be-distributed municipiis. Ista res videtur habere to the municipal-towns. That thing seems to have iniquitatem, si velis imperare; difficultatem, injustice, if thou-mayest-wish to command (it); difficulty, si rogare: tamen decernatur, si placet. if to ask (it): yet let-it-be-decreed, if it pleases (yo). Enim ego suscipiam, et, ut spero, For I will-take-up (will take upon myself), and, as I hope, reperiam, qui putent esse non sumt will-find (those), who may think (it) to be not (the part) of their dignitatis recusare id, quod statueritis dignity to refuse that, which you shall-have-appointed causa salutis omnium. Adjungit gravem for-the-sake of the safety of all. He adjoins a heavy ]\MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 105 peiam municipibus, si quis punishmont, to the inhabitants of the municipal towns, if any-one eorum ruperit vincula: af them (the conspirators) shall-have-broken the bonds (escaped): circumdat horribiles custodias, et sancit he places-around dreadful guards, and sanctions (things) digna scelere perditorum hominum, ne quis worthy with the crime of lost (abandoned) men, lest any-one possit levare poenam eorum, quos condemnat, may-be-able to lighten the punishment of those, whom he condemns, aut per senatum, aut per populum. Etiam either through the senate, or through the people. Also (even) eripit spem, quae sola solet consolari he snatches-away hope, which alone is-accustomed to console hominem in miseriis. Prseterea, jubet bona a man in miseries. Besides, he orders (their) goods publicari: relinquit vitam solam nefariis to be-confiscated: he leaves life alone to the nefarious hominibus: quam si eripuisset, men: which if he might-have-snatched-away, ademisset multas poenas animi atque he would-have taken-away many punishments of mind and corporis, et omnes scelerum, uno dolore. of body,. and all (the punishments) of crimes, by one pain. Itaque, ut aliqua formido esset posita improbis Therefore, that some dread might-be placed to the dishonest in vita, illi antiqui voluerunt qusedam supplicia in life, those ancients wished some punishments pjusmodi esse constituta impiis apud o' that-sort to be appointed to the impious with (among) inferos: videlicet, quod intelligebant, - the shades-below: that-is-to-say, because they did-understand,;s remotis, mortem ipsam non esse pertimescendam. these being-removed, death itself not to be to be-feared. 5. Nunc, conscripti patres, ego video quid intersit Now, conscript fathers, I see what it may-interes' me&. Si secuti eritis with mine (how much it may be to my interest). If you shallhs~vjollowed lb 106 QUARTA ORATIO sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam is secutus est hanc the opinion of C. Caesar, since he has-followed this viam in republicS, que habetur popularis, way in the republic, which is-held (is accounted) the popular fortasse populares impetus erunt minus (way), perhaps popular attacks will-be less pertimescendi mihi, hoc auctore et to be-feared to me (by me), this (person being) the author and cognitore hujusce sententire. Sin illam acknowledger of this opinion. But-if (you follow) that alteram, nescio an amplius negotii other, I know-not whether more of business (trouble) contrahatur mihi. Sed tamen utilitas reipublic,' may be-contracted for me. But yet the advantage of the republic vincat rationes meorum pcriculorum. let (it) conquer the reasons (calculations) of my dangers. Enim habemus a C. Cesare, sicut dignitas ipsius For we have from C. Caesar, as the dignity of himself et amplitudo majorum ejus postulabat, and the greatness (nobility) of the ancestors of him did-require, sententiam, tanquam obsidem perpetuae an opinion, as-if an hostage (pledge) of (his) perpetual voluntatis in rempublicam. Intellectum est, quid good-will unto the republic. It has-been-understood, what intersit inter levitatem conciQnatorum et may be-the-difference between the levity of public-speakers and animum vere popularem, consulentem saluti a mind truly popular, consulting for the safety populi. Video non neminem de istis qui of the people. I see not no-one (some one) from those who ~volunt se haberi populares, abesse, wish themselves to be-held (to be accounted) popular, to be-absent, videlicet, ne ferat sententiam de capite that-is-to-say, lest he may-bear an opinion concerning the head (life) Romanorum civium. Is, nudiustertius, et of Roman citizens. iHe, the-day-before-yesterday, both dedit Romanos cives in custodiam, et decrevit gave,,,.-Rman citizens into custody, and decreed *. # MARCI TLULLII CICERONIS. 107 mihi supplicationem, et hesterno die affecit indices to me a thanksgiving, and on-yesterday affected the informers maximis premiis. Jam hoc est dubium nemini, j with the greatest rewards. Now this is doubtful to no-one, quid judicarit de tot. re et causA, what he may-have-judged concerning thewhole thing and cause, qui decrevit custodiam reo, gratulationem who has-decreed custody to the accused, congratulation qusesitori, praemium indici. At, vero, 0. Caesar to the inquirer, reward to the informer. But, truly, C. COesar intelligit Semproniam legem constitutam esse understands the Sempronian law to have-been-appinted de Romanis civibus; autem qui sit hostis concerning Roman citizens; but who may-be an enemy reipublicae,' eum posse nullo modo esse civem: of the republic, him to be-able in no manner to be a citizen: dcnique, latorem ipsum Sempronioe legis, finally, the bearer (maker) himself of the Semlpronian law, dependisse poenas reipublicae jussu populi. to have-paid penalties to the republic by-the-order of the people. Idem putat largitorem et prodigum Lentulum The same (person) thinks the briber and prodigal Lentulus non posse appellari popularem, cum not to be-able to be-called belonging-to-the-people, since cogitarit tam acerbe que tam crudeliter he may-have-devised so bitterly and so cruelly de pernicie Romani populi, exitio concerning the destruction of the Roman people, the ruin hujus urbis. Itaque, mitissimus atque lenissimus of this \ city. Therefore, the most-mild and most-gentle homo dubitat non mandare P. Lentulum man (Csesar) doubts (hesitates) not to commit P. Lentulus meternis tenebris que vinculis; et sancit in posterum, to eternal darkness and to bonds; and sanctions unto aftr (time), ne quis possit jactare se lest any (person) may-be-able to toss himself (to be officious) supplicio hujus levando, in the punishment of him to be ligbtened (in lightening his punishmient). 108 QUARTA ORATIO et posthac esse popularis in pernicie Romani and hereafter to be popular in the destruction of the Roman populi. Etiam adjungit publicationem bonorum, rt people. Also he adjoins confiscation of goods, that etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur omnes even want and beggary may-follow all cruciatus animi et corporis. torments of mind and of body. 6. Quamobrem, sive statueritis hoc, Wherefore, whether you shall-have-appointed this, dederitis mihi comitem ad concionem you will-have-given to me a companion (Cgesar) to the public-assembly carum atque jucundum populo; sive dear and acceptable to-the-people; or-if malueritis sequi sententiam Silani, you shall-have-wished-rather to follow the opinion of Silanus, defendetis facile me atque vos a vituperatione you will-defend easily me and yourselves from the blame crudelitatis, atque obtinebo ear fuisse of cruelty, and I shall-obtain (maintain) it to have-been multo leviorem. Quamquam, conscripti patres, que by much lighter. Although, conscript fathers, what crudelitas potest esse in immanitate tanti cruelty is-able to-be in the outrageousness of so-great sceleris punienda? Enim ego judico de meo a crime to be-punished? For I judge from my-own sensu. Nam ita liceat mihi perfrui vobiscum feeling. For thus it may-be-allowed to me to enjoy with you salva republica, ut ego, quod sum vehementior in a safe republic, that I, because I am more-vehement in hac causa, moveor non atrocitate animi, (enim quis this cause, am-moved not by cruelty of mind, (for who est mitior me?) sed quadam singulari humanitate is milder than I?) but by some singular humanity et misericordia. Enim videor mihi videre hanc and mercy. For I seem to myself to see this urbem, luccm orbis terrarum, atque arcem tit' the light of the globe of the earths, aind the citadel MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 109 omnium gentium, subito concidentem uno incendio; of all nations, suddenly falling by one conflagration;. cerno animo miseros atque insepultos acervos I discern in (my) mind wretched and unburied heaps civium in sepulta patria; aspectus et furor of citizens in (my) buried country; the appearance and fury Cethegi bacchantis in vestrA ceede versatur of Cethegus revelling in your slaughter is-engaged (revolved) ante oculos mihi. Vero cum proposui before the eyes to me. But when I have-proposed (represented) mihi Lentulum regnantem, sicut ipse confessus est to myself Lentulus ruling, as himself confessed se sperasse ex fatis, hunc Gabinium himself to have-hoped out-of(according-to) the fates, this Gabinius esse purpuratum, Catilinam venisse cur exercitu, to be clothed-in-purple, Catiline to have-come with (his) army, tur perhorresco lamentationem matrumfamilias; tur then I dread the lamentation of mothers-of-families; then fugamr virginum atque puerorum, ac vexationem the flight of virgins and of boys, and the harassing vestalium virginum; et quia hsec videntur of vestal virgins; and because these (things) seem mihi vehementer misera atque miseranda, idcirco to me violently wretched and to be-pitied, on-that-account praebeo me severum que vehementem in I afford (I show) myself severe and violent against eos qui voluerunt perficere ea. Etenim quaero those who have-wished to perform them. For I seek (ask) si quis paterfamilias, suis liberis interfectis a servo, if any father-of-a-family, his children being-slain by a slave, uxore occisA, domo incense,.sumserit (his) wife being-killed, (his) house being-set-on-fire, shall-have-taken non quam acerbissimum supplicium de servis; not as-bitter-as-possible punishment of (his) slaves; utrum is videatur esse clemens ac misericors, an whether he may-seem to be clement and merciful, or inhumanissimus et crudelissimus? Vero milli most-inhuman and most-cruel? But (he would seem) to me 10 QUARTO ORATIO importunus ac ferreus qui lenierit non imlportunate (cruel) and made-of-iron who shall-have-soothed not suum dolorem que cruciatum dolore ac cruciatu his-own grief and torment by the grief and torment nocentis. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui of (the person) injuring. Thus we in these men, who voluerunt trucidare nos, qui have-wished to slaughter us, who (have wished to slaughter) conjugeg-;qui nostros liberos; qui conati sunt (our) wives, who our children; who have-endeavoured delere singulas domos uniuscujusque nostrum, et to destroy the several houses of each-one of us, and hoc universum domicilium reipublicae; qui egerunt this whole abode of the republic; who have-acted id, ut collocarent gentem Allobrogum (attempted) this, that they might-place the nation of the Allobrogcs in vestigiis hujus urbis, atque in cinere (sing.) in the traces of this city, and in the ashes deflagrati imperil: si fuerimus vehementissimi of the consumed empire: if we-shall-have-been very-vehement habebimur misericordes; sin voluerimus we shall-be-held (accounted) merciful; but-if we-shall-have-wished esse remissiores, fama summe crudelitatis, in to be more-remiss, the report of the highest cruelty, in pernicie patriae que civium, est subeunda the destruction of country and of citizens, is to be-undergone nobis. Nisi, vero, L. Ctesar, fortissimus vir, et to us (by us). Unless, truly, L. Casar, a most-bold man, and amantissimus reipublice, visusest cuipiam crudelior, most-loving of the republic, seemed to any-one more-cruel, cum dixit virum suae sororis, electissima3 when he said the man (husband) of his-own sister, a most-select feminae, prsesentem et audientem, esse privandum woman, being-present and hearing, to be to be-deprived vita; cum -dixit avum interfectum esse, from life (of life); when he said (his) grand-father to have-been-slain, jussu consulis, que filium ejus impuberem, by order of-the-consul, and the son of him not-being-of-age, MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. missum legatum a patre, necatum esse in being-sent ambassador by the father, to have-been-killed in carcere. Quorum quod simile factum (est)? Quod prison. Of whom what, like (thing) was-done? What consilium reipublicae delendae initum (est)? design of the republic to be-destroyed was-entered-into? Voluntas largitionis versata est A wish of giving-liberally (to-the-people) was-engaged (existed) tum in republica, et qusedam contentio partium. then in the republic, and some contention of parts Atque illo tempore avus hujus (of parties). And at that time the grandfather of this Lentuli, clarissimus vir, armatus persecutus cst Lentulus, a most-famous man, being-armed pursued Gracchum: ille etiam tur accepit grave vulnus, ne Gracchus: he also then received a heavy wound, lest quid minueretur de summa republicS': any (thing) might-be-diminished from the highest republic: hic arcessit Gallos ad fundamenta this (Lentulus) sends-for the Gauls to (for) the foundations reipublicse evertenda, concitat servitia, vocat of the republic to be-overturned, excites the slaves, calls Catilinam, attribuit nos Cethego trucidandos, Catiline, assigns us to Cethegus to be-slaughtered, ceteros cives Gabinio interficiendos, urbem Cassio the other citizens to Gabinius to be-slain, the city to Cassius infiammandam, totam Italiam Catilinee vastandam to be-set-on-fire, the whole Italy. to Catiline to be-laid-waste que diripiendam. Vereamini, censeo, ne in hoc and to be-plundered. You should-fear, I judge, lest in this tam immani ac nefando scelere, videamini so outrageous and impious crime, you may-seem statuisse aliquid nimis severe; cum sit to have-determined something too severely; when it-may-be verendum multo magis, ne remissione poenae co be-feared by much more, less by permission of punishment videamur fuisse crudeles in patriam, quam we mny-seem to have-been cruel unto the country, than 112 QUARTA ORATIO ne severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes lest by the severity of punishment too violent in acerbissimos hostes. against the most-bitter enemies. 7. Sed, conscripti patres, possum non dissimulare But, conscript fathers, I am-able not to dissemble ea quve exaudio. Enim voces jaciuntur, those (things) which I hear. For voices (speeches) are-cast quae perveniunt ad meas aures, eorum qui (uttered), which arrive to my ears, of those who videntur vereri, ut habeam satis proesidii ad seem to fear, that I may-have enough of guard to (for) ea transigunda quse vos those (things) to be-performed (for performing those things) which you statueritis hodicrno-die. Omnia et shall have-determined on-this-day. All (things) both provisa sunt, et parata, et constituta, conscripti have-been-foreseen, and prepared, and appointed, conscript patres, cum meA summa cur, atque diligentia, fathers, when (as well) by my highest care and diligence, turn etiam multo majore voluntate Romani then (as) also by a much greater wish of the Roman populi ad summum imperium retinendum, et people to (for) the highest empire (rule) to be-retained, and ad communes fortunas conservandas. Omnes to (for) the common fortunes to be-preserved. All homines omnium ordinum, denique omnium setatum men of all orders, finally of all ages adsunt: forum est plenum, templa circa forum are-present: the forum is full, the temples about the forum plena, omnes aditus hujus loci ac templi pleni. full, all the approaches of this place and temple full. Enim haec causa sola inventa est post urbem For this cause alone has-been-found after (since) the city conditam, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque being-founded, in which all might-think one and idem, proeter eos, qui cum viderent esse thesame(thing), except those, who when they might-see (it) to be MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 113 pereundum sibi, voluerunt to be-perished to (by) themselves (that they must perish), wished potius perire cum omnibus, quam soli. Ego excipio rather to perish with all, than alone. I except et libenter secerno hosce homines: enim neque and willingly separate these men: for neither puto habendos in numero improborum do-I-think (them) to be-held (accounted) in the number of dishonest civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium. Vero citizens, but the (number) of most-bitter enemies. But ceteri, immortales dii! qua frequentia, quo the rest, immortal gods! with what attendance (number), with what studio, qua virtute consentiunt ad communem ardour, witl what virtue (boldness) they-agree to the common dignitatem que salutem? Quid ego commemorem hic dignity and safety? Why may-I-mention here RomaVos equites? Qui ita concedunt vobis summam the Roman knights? Who so concede to you the sum ordinis que consilii, ut certent (the chief place) of rank and of counsel, that they may-contend vobiscum de amore reipublice: quos revocatos with-you concerning love of the republic: whom being-recalled ex dissensione multorum annorum ad societatem out-of a disagreement of many years to the society que concordiam hujus ordinis, hodiernus dies and concord of this order (the senators), this-day atque hbec causa conjungit vobiscum: quam and this cause unites with you: which conjunctionem confirmatam in meo consulatu, si union confirmed in my consulship, if tenuerimus perpetuam in republicS, confirmo we shall-have-held (it) perpetual in the republic, I confirm vobis, nullum civile ac domesticum malum esse to you, no civil and domestic evil to be renturum posthac ad ullam partem reipublicae. ibout-to-come hereafter to any part of the republic. Video tribunos aerarios, I see the tribunes belonging-to-the-treasury (the receivers general), 10* 114 QUARTA ORATIO fortissimos viros convenisse pari studiv most-bold men to have-come-together with like ardour reipublicae defendende; item universos scribas: of the republic to be-defended; also all the clerks: quos cum hsec dies casu frequentasset ad whom since this day by accident might-have-collected to verarium, video esse conversos ab exspectatione the treasury, I see to be turned from the expectation sortis ad communem salutem. Omnis multitude of (their) lot to the common safety. All the multitude ingenuorum, etiam tenuissimorum, of freeborn (citizens), even of the-most-shlnder (poorest), adest. Enim quis est, cui hsec templa, aspectus is-present. For who is there, to whom these temples, the sight urbis, possessio libertatis, denique hsec lux ipsa, of the city, the possession of liberty, finally this light itself, ct hoc commune solum patrise, sit non cum and this common soil of country, may-be not when carum, turn vero dulce atque jucundum? (as well) dear, then (as) truly sweet and pleasant? 8. Est pretium operve, conscripti patres, It-is the price of labour (it is worthwhile), conscript fathers, cognoscere studia to know (to acquaint yourselves with) the studies (ardour) libertinorum hominum, qui suA virtute consecuti of the freed-men, who by their virtue having-attained fortunam civitatis, judicant hanc esse vere suam the fortune of the state, judge this to-be truly their-own patriam: quam quidam nati hinc, et nati tountry: which some (persons) born hence, and born summo loco, judicaverunt non esse suam in the highest place (condition), have-judged not to be their-own patriam, sed urbem hostium. Sed quid ego commemorem country, but a city of enemies. But why may-I-mention homines hujusce ordinis, quos private fortunae, quos the men of this order, whom private fortunes, whom communis respublica, quos denique ea libertas, quae the common republic, whom finally that liberty, which MARCI TULLII CICERONI1. 115 est dulcissima, excitavit ad salutem patrioe is most-sweet, has-excited to the safety of (their) country defendendam? Est nemo servus, qui sit modo to be-defended?. There-is no-one a slave, who may-be only tolerabili conditione servitutis, qui perhorrescat non in a tolerable condition of slavery, who may-dread not audaciam perditorum civium, qui cupiat non the audacity of lost (abandoned) citizens, who may-desire not haec stare, qui conferat non tantum voluntatis these(things) tostand, who may-confer not so-much of good-will quantum audet, et quantum potest ad communem as he dares, and as he-is-able to the commnon salutem. Quare si forte hoc quod auditum est safety.. Wherefore if by-chance this which has-been-heard commovet quem vestruim, quendam lenonem Lentuli moves any-one of you, a certain pimp of Lentulus concursare circum tabernas, sperantem animos to run-about around the shops, hoping the minds egentium atque imperitorum posse sollicitari of the needy and of the unskilful to be-able to be-solicited pretio; id quidem coeptum (est) atque by a price (reward); that indeed has been-begun and tentatum: sed nulli inventi sunt ant tam miseri tried: but none have-been-found either so wretched fortune, aut tam perditi voluntate, qui velint in fortune, or so lost (abandoned) in will, who may-wish non illum locum ipsum sellse atque operis, ei not that place itself of (their) seat (stall) and of work, and quotidiani qutestus, qui non suum cubile ac of daily gain, who (may wish) not his couch and lectulum, denique qui non hunc otiosum little-bed, finally who (may wish) not this idle (peaceablej cursum suae vitse esse salvum. Vero multo maxima course of their life to be safe. But by much the greatest pars eorum, qui sunt in tabernis, immo vero (enim part of those, who are in the shops, yes truly (for id est potius dicendum) universum hoc genus, that is rather to be-said) the whole this kind (class), 116 QUARTO ORATIO ' est amantissimum otii. Etenim omne instrumentum,.s most-loving of ease. For all the apparatus; omnis opera, ac quaestus eornm sustinetur all the labour, and gain of them is-supported frequentil civium, alitur otio: si quoestus by-assemblage of citizens, is-cherished by ease: if the gain quorum solet minui, tabernis occlusis, quid of whom is-accustomed to be-diminished, the shops being-shut, what tandem est futurum, incensis. Cum at-length is about-to-be, (the shops) being-set-on-fire. Since quse sint ita, conscripti patres, proesidia which (things) may-be thus, conscript fathers, the guards (protection) Romani populi desunt non vobis: providete ne of the Roman people are-wanting not to you: foresee lest vos videamini deesse Romano populo. you may-seem to-be-wanting to the Roman people. 9. Habetis consulem reservatum ex plurimis You have a consul reserved out-of very-many periculis et insidiis, atque ex media morte, non dangers and snares, and out-of middle death, not ad suam vitam, sed ad vestram salutem: to (for) his-own life, but to (for) your safety: omnes ordines consentiunt mente, voluntate, all orders (ranks) agree in mind, in will, studio, virtute, voce ad rempublicam in ardour, in valour, in voice to (for) the republic conservandam: communis patria obsessa facibus to be-preserved: (your) common country beset with the torches et telis impiae conjurationis, supplex tendit and weapons f an impious conspiracy, suppliant stretches (her) manus vobis: commendat vobis se, vobis vitam hands to you: she commends to you hersclf, to you the life omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium, of all the citizens, to you the citadel and the Capitol, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium perpetuum ac to you the altars of the Penates, to you that perpetual and sempiternum ignem Vestee, vobis omnia templa eternal fire of Vesta, to you all the temuples MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 117 atque delubra deorum, vobis muros atque tecta and shrines of the gods, to you the walls and roofs (houses' urbis. Praeterea est judicandum vobis of the city. Besides it is to be-judged to you (by you) hodierno die de vestra vita, de anima on-this-day concerning your life, concerning the life vestrarum conjugum ac liberorum, de fortunis of your wives and children, concerning the fortunes omnium, de sedibus, de vestris of all, concerning (your) seats (abodes), concerfiing your focis. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum hearths. You have a leader mindful of you, forgetful sui, quae facultas datur non semper: habetis of himself, which means is-given not always: you have omnes ordines, omnes homines, universum Romanum all ranks, all men, the whole Roman populum, id quod videmus primum in people, that which we-see first (for the first time) in civili causa hodierno die, sentientem unum atque a civil cause on-this-day, thinking one and idem. Cogitate una nox paene delerit the same (thing). Think one night almost may have-destroyed imperium fundatum quantis laboribus, libertatem an empire founded with how-great labours, liberty stabilitam quanta virtute, fortunas auctas que established by how-great valour, fortunes increased and exaggeratas quanth benignitate deorum. Est heaped-up by how-great kindness of the gods. It-is providendum hodierno die, non modo ne id possit to be-foreseen on this-day, not only lest that may be-able umquam posthac confici, sed ne quidem ever hereafter to be-performed, but not-even cogitari a civibus. Atque locutus sum hoec, to be-thought (devised) by citizens. And I have-spoken these non ut excitarem vos, qui paene praecurritis (things), not that I might-excite you, who almost run-before mihi studio; sed ut mea vox, qum debet to me (outstrip me) in ardour; but that my voice, which ought 118 QUARTA ORATIO esse princeps in republicS, videretur functa (esse) to be chief (first) in the republic, might-seem to have-discharged consulari officio. with the consular duty (to have discharged the consular duty). 10. Nunc, conscripti patres, antequam redeo ad Now, conscript fathers, before-that I return to sententiam, dicam pauca de me. the opinion, I will-say a few (things) concerning myself. Ego video me suscepisse tantam multitudinem I see myself to have-taken-up so great a multitude inimicorum, quanta manus conjuratorum.est, of enemies, as-great-as the band of the conspirators is, quam videtis esse permagnam: sed judico earn esse which you see to be very-great: but I judge it to be turpem et infirmam, contemtam et abjectam. base and weak, despised and abject. Quod si aliquando, ista manus concitata furore But-if at-sometime, that band being-excited by the fury et scelere alicujus, valuerit plus quam and by the crime of some-one, shall-have-prevailed more than vestra dignitas ac reipublicae; tamen, conscripti your dignity and (that) of the republic; yet, conscript patres, poenitebit me numquam meorum factorum fathers, ' it will-repent me never of my deeds atque consiliorum. Etenim mors, quam illi fortasse and counsels. For death, which they perhaps minitantur mihi, est parata omnibus: nemo threaten to me, is prepared for all: no-one assecutus est tantam laudem vitae, quanta vos has-attained so-great praise of life, with as-great-as you honestastis me vestris decretis. Enim decrevistis bave-ennobled me by your decrees. For you have-decreed semper ceteris gratulationem reipublicse gestae always to others thanksgiving of the republic being carried-op bene, mihi uni reipublicTe conservatie. Illf well, to me one (alone) of the republic being-preserved. Thai Scipio sit clarus, consilio que virtute cujus Scipic may-be famous, by the counsel and by the valour of whom MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 119 Hannibal coactus est redire in Africam, atque Hannibal was-forced to return into Africa, ana decedere ex Italia: alter Africanus to depart out-of Italy: the other (Scipio) Africanus ornetur eximia laude, qui delevit duas may-be-adorned with excellent praise, who destroyed the two urbes infestissimas huic imperio, Carthaginem que cities most-hostile to this empire, Carthage and Numantiam: ille L. Paullus habeatur egregius Numantia: that L. Paullus may-be-held (accounted) an excellent vir, currum cujus Perses, rex quondam man, the chariot of whom Perses, a king once potentissimus et nobilissimus, honestavit: Marius most-powerful and most-noble, ennobled: Marius sit in aeterna gloria, qui bis liberavit Italiam may-be in eternal glory, who twice freed Italy obsidione et metu servitutis: Pompeius from siege and from fear of slavery: Pompey anteponatur omnibus, res gestse may-be-placed-before (preferred) to all, the things carried-on atque virtutes cujus continentur iisdem (the exploits) and virtues of whom are-bounded by the same regionibus ac terminis quibus cursus solis. regions and limits by which the course of the sun Erit profecto inter laudes horum (is bounded). There-will-be indeed among the praises of these aliquid loci nostrae glorime: nisi forte something of place to our (for my) glory: unless by chance est majus patefacere provincias nobis, quo it-is a greater (thing) to open provinces to us, whithel possimus exire, quam curare ut etiam ill we may-be-able to go-out, than to take-care that even those qui absunt habeant quo victores who are-absent may have (a place) whither (being) conquerors revertantur. Quamquam uno loco conditio they may-return. Although in one place (respect) the condition externse victorike est melior quam domesticse; of externa' victory is better than (that) of domestic (victory), 120 QUARTA ORATIO quod hostes, alienigenTe, aut oppressi serviunt because enemies, foreigners, either being-oppressed serve aut, recepti, putant (become subservient), or, being-received (into friendship), think se obligatos beneficio: autem, ex nunero themselves obliged by the favour: but, out-of the number civium, qui depravati aliqua. dementia, of citizens, (those) who being-depraved by some madness, coeperunt semel esse hostes patrie, cum have-begun once to be enemies of the country, when repuleris a pernicie reipublicse, thou mayst-have-repulsed (them) from the destruction of the republic, possis nee coercere eos vi nec placare thou mayst-be-able neither to restrain them by force nor to appease beneficio. Quare video seternum bellum by kindness. Wherefore I see an eternal war susceptum esse mihi cum perditis to have-been-undertaken to me (by me) with lost (abandoned) civibus: quod, vestro auxilio, que omnium citizens: which, by your aid, and (by that) of all bonorum, que memoria tantorum periculorum, the good, and by the memory of so-great dangers, que semper haerebit, non modo in hoc populo qui which always will adhere, not only in this people which servatus est, sed etiam in sermonibus ac mentibus has-been-preserved, but also in the discourses and the minds omnium gentium, ego confide posse facile propulsari of all nations, I trust- to be-able easily to be-repulsed a me atque a meis. Neque profecto ulla tanta from me and from mine. Nor indeed any so-great vis reperietur, quve possit perfringere et violence will be-found, which may-be-able to break-through ane. labefactare vestram conjunctionem que Romanorum to overthrow your union and (that) of the Roman equitum, et tantam conspirationem omnium bonorum. knights, and so-great agreement of all the good. 11. Cum qum sint ita, conscripti patres, Since which (things) may be so, conscript fathera, MARCI TULLII CICERONIS. 121 pro imperio, pro exercitu, prp provincig, quam for the command, for the army, for the province, which neglexi, pro triumpho, que ceteris insignibus I have-neglected, for the triumph, and the other marks laudis, quse repudiata sunt a me, propter of praise, which have-been-rejected by me, because-of custodiam urbis que vestrse salutis, pro the guardianship of the city and of your safety, for clientelis que hospitiis provincialibus, the clientships and friendships belonging-to-the-provinces (for my que tamen tueor clients and friends in the provinces), which yet I defend opibus urbanis non minore labore by the resources belonging-to-the-city not with less labour quam comparo: igitur pro omnibus his than I procure (them): therefore for all these rebus, pro meis singularibus studiis in vos, things, for my singular studies (ardour) unto you, que pro hoc diligentia, quam conspicitis, ad and for this (my) diligence, which you perceive, to (for) rempublicam conservandam, postulo nihil aliud the republic to be-preserved, I require nothing other (else) a vobis, nisi memoriam hujus temporis, from you, unless the memory (remembrance) of this time, que totius mei consulatus: dum quoe erit and of the whole of my consulship: while which shall-be infixa vestris mentibus arbitrabor me esse septum infixed to your minds I shall-think myself to be inclosed firmissimo muro. Quod si vis improborum by a most-strong wall. But-if the violence of the dishonest fefellerit atque superaverit meam spem, shall-have-deceived and shall-have-overcome my * hope, commendo vobis meum parvum filium; cui profecto r commend to you my little son; to whom indeed erit satis proesidii, non solum ad there will-be enough of guard (protection), not only to (for) salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si safety, but even to (for) dignity, if 11 122 QUARTA ORATIO, ETC. memineritis ilium esse filium ejus you shall-have-remembered him to be the son of that (person) qui solus conservaverit omnia hase sue who alone may-have-preserved all tliese (things) at his-own periculo. Quapropter, conscripti patres, decernite danger. On-which-account, conscript fathers, decree diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter, de diligently, as you have-begun, and boldly, concerning vestra summa salute, que Romani populi, your highest safety, and (that) of the Roman people, de vestris conjugibus ac liberis, de concerning your wives and children, concerning aris ac focis, de fanis ac templis, (your) altars and hearths, concerning (your) fanes and temples, de tectis ac sedibus totius urbis, concerning the roofs and seats (abodes) of the whole city, de imperio, de libertate, de salute concerning the empire, concerning liberty, concerning the safety Italiae, que de universa republica. Enim of Italy, and concerning the whole republic. For habetis eum consulem qui dubitet non et you have that consul who may-doubt (hesitate) not both parere vestris decretis, et defendere ea to obey to your decrees, and to defend those (things) quae statueritis quoad vivet, et which you shall-have-determined as-long-as he shall-live, and praestare per se ipsum, possit. to perform (them) by himself, (as-long-as) he may-be-able. ORATIO THE ORATION MARCI TULLII CICERONIS, OF MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO, PRO FOR A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA. A. LICINUS ARCGIAS TItE POET. 1. Sr quid ingenii est in me judices, quod If aught of talent is in me 0 judges, (and) which quam exiguum sit sentio; aut si qua exercitatio how slight it-is I-feel; -or if any practice diceudi, in qua non, infitior me esse, in (public) speaking, in which I do not deny (that) I/ am mediocriter versatum; aut si aliqua ratio moderately experienced; or if any method [systematic hujusce rei knowledge] of-this-same thing [of this same art of public speaking] profecta ab studiis optimarum artium arising from the-study of-the-best arts [liberal sciences] ac disciplina, a qua ego confiteor nullum and from-instruction, from which I confess no tempus meve aetatis abhoruisse. time [part] of-my life to-have-been-averse [to have been Hic A. Licinus debet vel in estranged]. This A. Licinus ought [is entitled] even in [among] primis repetere a me fructum omnium the-fst to-olaim-in-return from me the fruit [benefit] of all (123) 124 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POiTA. earurn rerum prope suo these things [of all these mental endowments] nearly.(as) his jure. Nam quoad longissiim mea mens (own peeular) right, For as far (as) my mind potest respicere spatium praeteriti temporis, et can look-back (on) the space of past time, and recordari ultimam memoriam pueritise, (can) recall the-most-remote remembrance (of early) youth, repetens inde usque, video repeating [tracing] (my life) thence even-to (the present time), I-see hunc exstitisse mihi principem, this (man) to-have-been to-me (my) principal (leader) et ad suscipiendam, et ad. ingrediendam bdth in undertaking, and in entering-on (progresingi j. rationem horum studiorum. Quod si the-method rinces f these studies. Beause [and] if hsec -vox conformata hortatu quo this voice (of mine) formed by-the-encouragement and prteceptis hujus, fuit aliquando saluti precepts of this (man), was at-any-time a means (of) safety nonnullis, debemus profecto quantum est situm in to some, we ought certainly as much (as) is placed in nobis fere et opem et salutem us [as far as lies in our power] to bring both aid and safety huic ipsi, a quo accepimus id, quo to this (man) himself, from whom we-have-received that, by which possemus opitulari:t servare alios. Ac ne we-might (be able) to aid and to-save others. And lest quis a nobis forte miretur hoc ita any-one from (among) us by-chance might-wonder (at) this so dici, quod sit' in hoc quaedam alia said (by me), because there-is in "this (Archias) some othel facultas ingenii que ne haec faculty of-genius (a somewhat different talent) and not this ratio ant disciplina dicendi, science or discipline (of public) speaking (which we may possess), ne quidem fuimus nos unquam penitas dediti nor indeed were we (ourselves) ever entirely given ORATIO PRO ARCHIIA POETA. 125 huic uni studio. Etenim omnes artes, quse to-this on.- study (of oratory). For all the arts, which pertinent ad humanitatem habent mnay-relate to humanity [to liberal and polite studies] have quoddam commune vinculum, et continentur some common bond (of union) and are contained quasi quadam cognatione inter [are connected together] as-if by some relationship among se. themselves. 2. Sed ne videatur esse mirum cui But (that) it1 may not 'appear to be wonderful to-any (one) vestrum, me in legitimA questione, et in publico of you, '(that) I in a legal question, and ip a public judicio,. cum res agatur apud court (of justice) when the thing (the action) is tried before '.* /,,* t '',. I A I b. 4 * *,I^, 1 ' praetorem R omani populi lectissirium virum, a praetor of-the-Roman people the-most-select of men et apud severissimos judices, [a most meritorious man], and before most-grave [strict] judges, tanto conventu ac frequentig hominum uti (and) in such an assembly and multitude of men should use hoc genere dicendi, quod abhorreat non mod6 this kind (of public) speaking, which is at variance not only a consuetudine judiciorum verum etiam a with the custom of courts (of justice) but also with forensi sermone: quseso a vobis, ut forensic speech [pleading at the bar]: I request of you, that detis mihi, in hac' causa, hanc veniam, you-may-grant me, in this case, that indulgence, accommodatam huic reo, quemadmodum spero suitable. to thisiCfendant, (and) as I-hope non molestam vobis,.ut patiamini me dicentem pro not disagreeable to-you, that you may allow me pleading for summo poeta atque eruditissimo homine, hoc a distinguished poet and for-a-most-learned man, in thits / concursu literatissimorum hominum, hac vestr. Concourse of-most-instructed men, before-this your 11* 126 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. humanitate, humanity [before a court constituted of men distinguished for such lhbea' denique, hoc praetore exercente judicium, knowledge], in-fine, such-a prsetor exercising judicature loqui paullO liberius de studiis [presiding at the trial], to speak a little more-freely of the studies humanitatis ac literarum, et in persona ejusmodi, of-the-liberal-arts and literature, and in a character such-as-this, quae, propter otium 'ac' studiumn, est minim[ who, on account (of his) quiet-life and studies, 'is very little tractata in judiciis que perlculis, uti prope 'conversant iff"public trials and (their) risls, to use nearly it tpu i 'trial'1s,a ( the 1'r:',:. "^i ' "i '....... ". quodam novo et inusitato genere dicendi. a certain new and unusual mode of-speaking. (Quod /..^..'1 si sentiam tribui que Which (indulgence) if (as) I feel is to be granted and concedi mihi a vobis, profectb perficiam, ut allowed to me by you, assuredly I-will-efiet, that, t, putetis, hunc A. Licinium non modo non you-may-think, (that) this A. Licinium 'is not only not segreganiim " a numero civium to be separated from the number of citizens [to be deprived of the cum sit civis, verum etiam, si rights of citizenship] when he is a-citizen, but (that) also, if esset non, fuisse adsciscendum. he were not (a citizen), he-ought-to-have-been admitted (among them). 3. Nam ut Archias primum excessit ex pueris, For as Archias first,.grew-out of boyhood, atque ab iis artibus, quibus puerilis aetas and from (the study of) those arts, by-which puerile age solet informari ad humanitatem contulit se ad is-wont to be trained to liberal knowledge he devoted himself to studium scribendi: primaim Antiochiae to-the-study of writing[poetic composition]: at firsf atAntioch (nam natus est ibi nobili loco) (for he-was-born there in-an-illustrious rank) [of a noble familyJ quondam celebri et copiosi urbe, atque affluenti, formerly, a celebrated aand rich city, and aboundilg, J, ',,; ' ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 127 eruditissimis hominibus, que liberalissimis with-the-most-learned men, and (celebrated for) liberal studiis, contigit celeriter antecellere omnibus studies, it-happened (to hip) speedily to excel all gloria ingenni. Post in ceteris partibus In the renown (of his) talents. Afterwards in other parts Asise que cunctae Graeciae, ejus adventus celebrabantur of-Asia and of all Greece, his arrivals were celebrated, sic, ut exspectatio hominis t so [were so much talked of], that the expectation of-the-man [desire superaret famam ingenii, of seeing the man] might exceed (even) the fame of (his) talents (but), adventus ipsius que admiratio - the arrival of hiamself and the admiration (it caused even surpassed), ' exspectationemn Italia erat tune plena Graecarum -— 4the xpectation., Italy was then full of-Greek artium ac disciplinarum, que hbec studia colebantur arts and culture, and these studies were cultivated et tur in Latio vehementius, quam nunc in both then in Latium more ardently, than (they are) now in iisdem oppidis, et hie Romse propter the-same towns, and hero at-Rome (for) on-account-of tranquillitatem reipublicse non negligebantur. the tranquillity of the republic 'they were not, neglected (but Itaque et Tarentini et Rhegini flourished greatly). Therefore both the Tarentinians and the Rhegians et Neapolitani donarunt huric civitateO and the Neapolitans rewarded him with-the-city [granted him ' que ceteris prsemiis; et omnes the rights of citizenship] and with-other gifts; and all (men) qui poterant judicare aliquid de ingeniis who could judge any-thing of talents [who had dcscernexistimarunt dignum mont enough t, distinguish merit] thought (him) worthy (of their) cognitione atque hospitio. Cum esset jam notus acquaintance and hospitality. When he-was already known hac tantA celebritate famae ' absentibus, venit by-this so-great celebrity of reputation to-those-absent, he 6ame A,.- 128 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POBTA. Romam, Mario consule, et Catulo. Nactus est, to-Rome, Marius being-consul, and Catulus. He-found, primum, eos consules, quorum alter posset adhibere at first, those consuls, of whom the one codld furnish (him) maximas res ad scribendum, cum alter the greatest subjects to be-written-on, when the other (could not res gestas, tur etiam only furnish him) things performed [military achievements], but also studium atque aures. Statim (an attachment to liberal);tudies and (correct) ears. Immediately Luculli, cum Aarchl S esset etlam turn pretextatus, the Luculli, though Aarchias was even then a young-man, receperunt eum suam domum. Sed hoc received him 'into their 'house. But this (was) non solum ingenii ac literarum, not only (on account 'of his) 'talents and 'of (his) 'learning, verum etiam naturae atque but also 'of,(his) 'nature [good natural disposition] and virtutis, ut domUn' u1^.- -fu.erit prima 'of (his) 'virtue, that the house, which had been the first (residence) hujus adolescentise, eadem esset familiarissima of his youth, the same was most-familiar senectuti.'ld Erat illis temporibus jucundus il 'to (his) 'old a. l He was at-that time agreeable. Metello illi Numidico, [held in affectionate esteem] to Q. Metellus 'that (celebrated) Numidicus, et ejus filio Pio. Audiebatur a M. AEmilio; anq his son Pius. He-was-listened-to by M. Emiliua; vi'ebai,.,,.. 'q cum Q. Catulo, et patre et he lived (on terms of intimacy) wjiyt Q. Catulus, both fatler and filio; colebatur a L. Crasso. Cum teneret son; he-was-greatly-esteemed by L. Crassus. W ien (as also) he j el! ^t,a q ctap, )M',-i ~ c'Y onsuetudine LucuIlos vero, Ak"A'; 2&cheitk(to hnsmit by habits (of intimacy) the-Luculli indeed, et Drusum, et Octavios, et Catonem, et totam also Drusus, and the-Octavii, and Cato, and the-whole domum Hortensiorum, afficiebatur summo family of the Hortensii, he-was-rewarded with-the-gretesi w ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 129 hotore; quod honour [ie was held by them in the greatest honour and esteem]; for non solum colebant eum, qui not only (those) cultivated him [courted his acquaintance], who studebant percipere atque audire aliquid, verum studied,) to learn and to hear something, but etiam, si qui forte simulabant. also, if any one by chance affected (this). 4. Interim, satis longo intervallo, In-the-meanwhile, a sufficiently long interval (of time cum esset profectus cum L.Lucullo in having elapsed), when he had gone with L. Lucullo into Siciliam, et cum decederet ex ea provincia cum Sicily, and when he departed from that province with eodem Lucullo, venit Heracleam. Quae cum esset the-same Lucullus, he came to Heraclea. Which as - tw3as civitas equissimo jure ac a-city (enjoying),the-very-same rights (and privileges with Rome) and ' federe ' voluit adscribi se in 'in (strict) 'alliace,(therewith) he desired to-be-enrolled himself in earn vitatem; que cum ipse putaretur dignus that city (as a citizen); and as he was thought worthy per se, turn auctoritate et graci& Luculli (of it), by himself, as-well-as by-the-authority and favour of Lucullus impetravt id ab Heracleensibus. Civitas ne obtained this from the Heracleans. The-rights-of-Roman-citizenship est data lege Silvani et Carbonis. " Si was granted (to him) by-the-law of-Silvanus and of Carbo. 'lf qui fuissent adscripti foederatis civitatibus; any-persons had-been enrolled among-the-confederated cities; si cum lex ferebatur habuissent domicilium in if when the-law was-passed they had a-residence n ' Italia; et si sexaginta diebus essent profeisiapucl Italy; and if '^Jin sixty days they had declared before pretorem.". Cum hic haberet "tie'praleor (their wish to be enrolled as citizens)." As he had jam domicilium multos annos, professus est already a residence (of) many years, he-declared (his intention) 1o3 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. spud Q. Metellum, prsetorem, suum famlliaiussmtium.. before Q. Metellus, the praetor, his most-intimate-friend. Si dicimus nihil aliud nise de civitate ac lege, If we-say nothing else except about (his) citizenship and the law dico nihil amp]lus; causa (as relates toit), 'I (need) 'say nothing more; th.e-ause dicta est. Enim quid horum Grati is.le.ed (land is gained). For which of these (statements) 0 Gratius potest infirmari? ne negabis esse can be-invalidated? 'you 'will not 'deny (that) he-was adscriptum tur Heraclee? Adest enrolled then (among the citizens) at-Heraclea? There ij present vir summa aifutorlit, et religione e a man (having) the highest authority, and religion [scrupulous et fide,. Lucullus, qui dicit se regardfortruth] and integrity, iL. Lucullus, who says (that) he non opinari, sed scire, non does not think, but (that) he knows (it to be so), (that) 'he 'did not audivise, sed vidisse non interfiuisse, 'hear, but saw (it) (that) 'he 'was not only 'present, sed eglsse.. H.Ieracleenses legati adsunt, but acted (in the affair). Heraclean delegates are present, nobilissimi homines; e aj44; causA most-celebrated men (of the highest rank); they-have-come on account hujus judicii, cum mandatis et cum publico of this trial, with instructions (from theircity) and with public testimonio; qui dicunt hunc adscriptum testimony; who say (that) he (was) a naturalized Heracleensem. Hie tu desideras publicas tabulas Heraclean. Here you desire the public registers IIeracleensium, quas omnes scimus interisse of the Ileracleans, which 'we all know to-haverishe Italico bello, tabulario incenso. Est ridiculum, in-the-Italian war, th reg stry being burned) It is ridiculous,,.,..... A.,.,l,, dicej nihil adk ea. quse habemus; quserere to say nothing to those (proofs) which we have; (but) to ask-for quae possumus non habere; et tacere 1'ho0s) which we can not have; and to 1e silent AM 01l.J ' ^' ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 131 de memoria hominum, flagitare concerning the recollection [testimony] of men, (and) to-insist-on memoriam literarum; et cum habeas jthe testimony of records; and when you-may-have religionem amplissimi viri, the O,i Ul eston y of a iMt. honotrrble., man, (and) jusjurandu que Aidem integerrimi municipii, the oath. and faith of a most-respectable municipality, repudiare ea, qua possunt nullo modo to reject these (things), which car - in no manner depravari desiderare tabulas, quas idem dicis be falsified (and) to require registers, which even you-say solere corrumpi. At habuit non domicilium in accustomed to be altered. But he-had not a domicile in fif i.Ois qui tot annis ante civitatem datam, JLtr: (not)he who for-so-many years before citizenship wasgranted tl tllocavit sedem omnium suarum rerum ac (him), had placed the seat,of 4a11.. his effects and' ~ fortunarum Romre? (At non est professus? of all his fortunes at Rome? But he 'did not declare (his - - we Immo vero iis intention of becoming a citizen)? Yes indeed (he did, and) in-those tabulis professus quae solse ex illi registers did he declare (his intention) which alone out-of that professione, que collegio praetorum obtinent declaration, and college of preetors obtains autoritatem publicarum tabularum. the authority of public registers. 5. Nam cum tabulae Appii dicerentur asservatae For as the registers of Appius were-said (to) have-been-kapt negligentius, levitas Gabinii very carelessly, the trifling (and inconsistent conduct) of Gabinus quamdiu fuit incolumis, calamitas post as-long-as he-was safe (and), the misfortune after (hisN damnationem, resignasset omnem fidem tabularum; condemnation, had-taken-away all the faith of tne registers Metellus, homo [had deprived his registers of all credit]; Metellus, a man 132 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. sanctissimus que modestissimus omnium, fuit tanta the most pure and scrupulous of all (men), was so diligentia, ut venerit ad L. Lentulum (full of) care, that he came to L. Lentulus praetorem, et ad judices, et dixerit, se esse the proetor, and to the judges, and said (that), he was commotum liturg unius nominis. Igitur his disturbed by-the-erasure of-a-single name. Therefore. in these tabulis videtis nullam lituram in nomen A. Licinii. registers you-see no erasure in the name. of A. Licinius. QuWe cum sint ita, quid est quod dubitetis Which(things) when they are so, what is there that you-may-doubt de ejus civitate, praesertim cum fuerit adscriptus about his citizenship, especially as he was enrolled quoque in aliis civitatibus?. Etenim cum also in other cities - (as a citizen)? For when homines in GrTecia impertiebantur the men in Greece [Magna Griecia, or Southern Italy] granted civitatem multis mediocribus, et prseditis the-rights-of-citizenship to many ordinary-men, and endowed ant null9 arte aut aliqnl humili, gratuito, either with no profession or some low-one, (and this) gratuitously credo Rheginos ant Locrenses, aul (can) I believe, (that) the Rhegians or the Locrians, or Neapolitanos, ant Tarentinos noluisse id huie the Neapolitans, or Tarentines would not (give) that to him praedito summA glori ingenii, quod solebant endowed-with the greatest renown of talent, which they-were-accustomed largiri scenicis artificibus. Quid? cum ceteri, non to grant to theatrical artists. What? when others, not modo post civitatem datam, sed etiam only after citizenship had-been-granted (to them), but also post Papiam legem, irrepserint aliquo modo il after the Papian law, had crept by some means into tabulas eorum municiporum; hic rejicietur, qui the registers of these municipalities; 'will-he-bc 'rejected, whone utitur quidem illis in quibus est dees not 'avail (himself) indeed of those in hich he is ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 133 scriptus, quad semper voluit se esse enrolled, because 'he always 'wished himself to be (considered) Heracleensem. Requiris nostros census a Hera clean. You demand our census [the censor's lists] scilicet. Est enim obscurum, proximis censoribus indeed. It is then unknown (that), under-the-last censors hunc fuisse cum [at the time of taking the last census] he was with clarissimo imperatore L. Lucullo apud exercitum; the-most-illustrious commander L. Lucullus with the-army; superioribus fuisse cum (that at the time of) the-preceding (census to this last) he-was with eodem qusestore in Asia; the same (person when he was) quaestor in Asia; (that) primis Julio et Crasso in-the-first (census, after he became a citizen) Julius and Crassus nullam partem populi esse censam. (being censors) no part of-the-people was rated Sed quoniam census non [no census was taken]. But as the census 'does not confirmat jus civitatis, - ac tantummodo indicat 'confirm the-right of-citizenship, and only indicates eum, qui sit -census se (that) he, who may-be rated [returned in the census] (that) he jam turn gessisse ita, pro cive; already then had-conducted (himself) so, as a citizen (gs to claim iis temporibus, quse tu criminaris enrollment); at-the-same time, that you charge (that) ne quidem ipsius judicio eum versytum esse not even 'in his-own 'opinion 'did he exercise jure Romanorum civium, et ssepe fecit the right of Roman citizens, 'he both often 'made testamentum nostris legibus, et adiit a will (according) to our laws, and he entered on hlereditas Romanorum civium, et inheritances (left to him by) Roman citizens, and (hie name) 12 134 ORATIO PRO ARCIIIA POETA. delatus est ad Terarium in berneficiis, was-carried to the-public-treasury among the-beneticiaries [and the a L. honourable mention of his name was enrolled in the public treastry].by L. Lucullo proconsule. Lucullus the proconsul. 6. Quaere argumenta, si potes quae. Seek (for other) proofs, if you can (findj any Enim hic nunquam revincetur neque sno For this (Archias) never will-be-refuted either by-his-own judicio, neque amicorum. opinion, or (that of his) friends.! Quseres a nobis, Grati, cur tantopere \ You ask of us, 0 Gratius, why 'we 'are so greatly delectemur hoc homine. Quia suppeditat nobis 'taken-up with-this man. Because he supplies us ubi et animus reficiatur ex hoc forensi (with that) whereby both the mind may-be-refreshed after this forensic strepitu et aures defessae convicio noise [after the noise of the forum] and the ears fatigued with wrangling conquiescant. An tu existimas, aut posse may-find-repose. Or do you suppose, either (that it) would-be-possible nobis suppetere, quod for us to-have-a sufficient supply (of subjects), which dicamus quotidie, in tanta varietate rerum, we-might-discourse-on daily, in such a-variety of things nisi excolamus nostros animos [pleadings], unless we-cultivated our minds doctrine, ant animos posse ferre by the study of literature, or (that) (our) minds could bear tantam contentionem, nisi relaxemus eos eAdem such (great) efforts, unless we relaxed them by-the-sarme doctrina? Ego vero fateor, me esse deditum studies? I indeed confess (that), I am given his studiis; pudeat ceteros si qui ita to-these studies; 'let others 'be ashamed, if they 'have so abdiderunt se literis, ut possint 'buried themselves in literature [in the study of], that they can ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POTTA. 135 affere nihil ex his, neque ad communem bring nothing from these (studies), either for the common fructum, neque profere in adspectum advantage, or to-bring-forth (any thing) to the view (of men) que lucem. and the-light [or to publish any thing that may bear inspection]. Autem quid me pudeat, judices, qui tot But why (need) I be ashamed, 0 judges, who so-many annos vivo ita, ut unquam ant meum years live [have lived] so, that ever either my otium abstraxerit me, ant voluptas leisure [love of tranquillity] may-have-drawn me from, or pleasure avocarit, aut denique somnus may-have-called (me) from, ~ or in fine sleep retardarit tempore aut commodo may-have-retarded (me) from the dangers or advantaoe nullius? of any one [from defending those in danger, or forwarding the advanQuare quis tandem reprehendat tageous claims of others]? Wherefore who in fine may-reproach me, aut quis jure succenseat mihi, si quantum me, or who by right may-be-angry with me, if as-much temporum conceditur ceteris, ad obeundas suas res. time (as) is conceded to others, for transacting their affairs, quantum ad celebrandos festos dies ludorum, a^-much (as is given) for celebrating festival days. of gamne, quantum ad alias voluptates, et ad requiem as-much (as is given) to other pleasures, and to the rest ipsam animi et corporis; quantum alii itself of the mind and of the body; as-much (time as) others tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, devote to early banquets [to the pleasures of the table], quantum denique alete, quantum as-much in-fine (as is devoted) to dice [games of hazard], as-much pilve; tantum egomet sumpsero (as is devoted to) ball-playing; so-much (time) I shall have-taken mihi ad recolenda hvec to myself [may I not take the same time] for ~ again-cultivating these ORATIO PRO ARCIIIA P)OETA. studia? Atque hoc est adeo magis concedelldum studies? And this is so-much the more to-be-allowed mihi, qubd ex his studiis quoque hec facultas et to me, because from these studies also this faculty and oratio crescit, quse, speaking [this faculty of public speaking] improves (in me), which, quantacunque est in me, nunquam defuit in-whateeer-degree it exists in me, never was-wanting periculis amicorum. to-the-dangers 'of (my) 'friends [never was refused to defend my friends Quoe si videtur levior cui, certe in danger]. Which if it-may-seem trifling to-any-one, certainly quidem sentio, ex quo fonte hauriam, illa indeed I-know, from what s9urc8 I-may-draw, those (subjects) qule sunt summa. Nam, nisi suasissem mihi which are the most-important For, unless I-had-persuaded myself ab adolescentiA, prseceptis multorum, que from youth (upwards), by-the-precepts of many (masters), and multis literis esse nihil in vita, magnopere by much literary-study (that) there is nothing in life, greatly expetendum, nisi laudem atque honestatem, to be-sought-after, except praise and honesty [an autem in persequenda ea, honourable name], but in following (the attainment of) these, omnes cruciatus corporis, omnia pericula mortis atque all tortures of-the-body, all the dangers of death and exsilii, esse ducenda parvi; nunquam of exile, are. to be held as of small (acecount); never objecissem me pro vestra salute in tot ac tantas had-I-exposed myself for your safety in so many and so-great dimicationes, atque in hos quotidianos impetus contests, and in these daily attacks profligatorum hominum. Sed omnes libri sunt pleni, of profligate men. But all books are full, roces sapientium plenae, vetustas the voices of-the-wise are full (of the maxims of philosophy), antiquity plena exemplorum; omnia quae jacerent in (is) full of examples; all which might-have-lain is / O1ATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 137 tenebris, nisi lumen literarum accederet. darkness, unless the light of literature had-approached (them). Quhm multas imagines fortissimorum virorum How many images [delineations] of the bravest men expressas, non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad delineated, not only to be contemplated, but also to imitandum, et Graeci et Latini scriptores be imitated, 'have both the Greek and Latin writers reliqucrunt nobis; quas ego, semper preponens 'left us; which I, always placing mihi in administranda republica, before me in conducting the republic [in administering public conformabam meam mentem et animum ipsA affairs], moulded my mind and soul by this cogitatione excellentium hominum. contemplation of excellent men. 7. Quispiam quseret; quid? fuerunt illi ipsi 'Should any one 'inquire; what? were those same summi viri, quorum virtutes proditse sunt illustrious men, whose virtues have-been-handed-down (to us) literis, eruditi istane doctrina, quam tu effers in books, instructed in-this-same learning, which you extol (by your) laudibus. Est difficile confirmare hoc de omnibus; praises. It is difficult to-affirm this of all; sed tamen est certum, quid respondeam. but yet this is certain, which I-may-answer (thereto). Ego fateor multos homines fuisse excellenti I confess (that) many men have-been with distinguisied animo ac virtute, et sine doctrine, x propb minds and virtue, and without learning, as-if-nearly divino habitu naturae ipsius, extitisse per by.the-divine disposition of nature itself, have-become, - of se ipsos et moderates et graves. Adjungo themselves both discreet and important (men). I add etiam illud asepius naturam, sine doctrlne also this (that) more-often nature, without learning valuisse ad laudem atque virtutem, quAm doctrinam bhg.sailed for fame and virtue, than learning 12* 138 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POSTA. sine nature. Atque ego without nature [without a good natural disposition]. And 1 contendo idem, cum quoedam. ratio, que contend at-the-same (time), when a certain method, and conformatio doctrina accesserit ad eximiam atque modelling of learning accedes to an excellent and illustrem naturamn, turn ilud lluYtrious nature [natural disposition], then (that) that nescio quid preclarum ac singulare I-know-not what brilliant and extraordinary (in the character) solere existere; ex hoc numero esse hunc is-accustomed to-take-place; of this number was that divinum hominem Africanum, quem nostri patres divine man Africanus, whom our fathers viderunt; ex hoc C. Laelium L. Fururm, saw; of this (number was) C. Lalium (and) L. Furius, moderatissimos et continentissimos homines; ex hoc most-discreet and continent men; of this fortissimum virum, M. Catonem, (number was also that) most-vigorous man, M. Cato, illum senem, et doctissimus illis temporibus, that old man [the elder], and the-most-learned in-those times, qui profecto si nihil adjuvarentur literis who (all) indeed if 'they 'had not 'been-aided by literature ad percipiendam que colendam virtutem, nunquam in understanding and cultivating virtue, 'would never contulissent se ad studium earum. 'have-applied themselves to the study of them [literature]. Quod si hic tantus fructus non ostenderetur, Even if this so-great advantage 'should not 'be-made-apparent, et si delectatio sola peteretur ex his studiis, tamen, and if delight only is sought from these studies, however. ut opinor, judicaretis hanc adversionem animi as I think, you-would-judge this employment of-the-mind humanissimam ac liberalissimam. Nam ceterve most-human and liberal. For other sunt neque omnium temporum, koccupations, ate (properJ neither (for) all times; ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 139 neque aetatum, neque locorum; hbec studia nor (for all) ages, nor (for all) places; these studies alunt adolescentiam, oblectant senectutem, ornant foster youth, delight old-age, adorn secundas res, adversis preebent perfugium ac prosperity, in adversity they offer a refuge and solatium, delectant domi, non impediunt a comfort, they-delight (us) at-home, 'they 'do not 'hinder (us) foris, pernoctant cum nobis, peregriabroad, they-pass-the-night with us, they-accompany-us-innantur, rusticantur. our-journeys, they-pass-the-time-with-us-in-the-country. 8. Qubd si ipsi possemus neque attingere Although if we-ourselves could neither attain-to hec, neque gustare nostro sensu, these, nor taste (them) with-our senses [nor enjoy them], tamen deberemus,mirari ea; etiam cum videremus however we ought to admire thenl even when we-see in aliis. Quis -nostrim 'fuit tam agresti' ac (them) in others. Who of-us was (of) so rude and duro animo, ut nuper morte Roscii non insensible a mind, as lately at-the-death of-Roscius not (to) commoveretur? Qui,. mortuus esset cum have-been-moved? Who (though he), died when (he was) senex, tamen propter excellentem artem an old-man, yet on-account-of (his) excellent art ac venustatem, videbatur omnino and the beauty (of his performance), appeared altogether (as if he). debuisse non mori. Ergo ille tantum motu ought not to die. Therefore (when) he only by-the-motion corporis conciliarat. sibi, - a nobis of (his) body [by his gestures] had gained for himseif, from us omnibus, amorem, nos negligemus incredibiles all, (our) love, 'should we 'neglect the incredible motus animorum, que celeritatem ingeniorum? movements of-the-mind, and the-celerity of talents? Quoties, judices, vidi ego hunc Archiam, (enim How-often, 0 judges, 'have I 'seen this Archias, (for 140 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. utar vestrA benignitate, quoniam tam diligenter I-will-use your kindness, since you so attentively attenditis me, in hoc novo genere dicendi), quoties listen to-me, in this novel kind of pleading), how-often vidi ego hunc, cum scripsisset nullam literam, 'have I 'seen him, when he-had-written not (even) a letter, dicere ex tempore magnum numerum optimorum to recite extempore a great number of the best versuum, de iis ipsis rebus, que tur verses, concerning the very same affairs, which 'were then agerentur quoties revocatum dicere eandem 'transacting! as-often-as he-was-recalled to-repeat the same rem, commutatis verbis atque sententiis thing (he did it), with changed words and sentences! Que vero scripsisset accurat~ que cogitate, That indeed which he-had-written accurately and with-reflection, vidi ea sic probari, ut I-have-seen them 'to-be so 'approved, that 'they (seemed as if) pervenirent ad lagidem veterum scriptorum. they-had-attained to the praise of ancient writers [to the praise Ego non diligam hunc? bestowed on ancient writers]. 'Shall I not 'love this (man)? non admirer? non putem not admire (him)? 'may-I not 'think (that I ought) defendendum omni ratione? Atqui, to defend (him) by all means (in my.power)? Moreover, sic accepimus a sumnis que eruditissimis 'we-have so 'learned from most-eminent and most-learned hominibus studia et doctrina ceterarum' rerum men, (that) the studies and science of other things constare et prTeceptis et arte, poetam valere cnsists both in-precepts and art, (that) the poet prevailed natura ips,'- et excitari viribus (as such) by nature itself, and (that) he-was-excited by-the-vigour mentis, et inflari quasi of (his) mind, and (that) he-was-breathed-into [inspired] as-if quodam divino spiritu. Quare suo jure ille by some divine spirit. Wherefore by-his-own right 'does this ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 141 noster Ennius appellat poetas sanctos, quod our Ennius 'call poets holy, because videantur esse commendati nobis quasi aliquo dono they-seem to-be recommended to us as-if by-some gift atque munere deorum. Igitur, judices, hoc nomen and present of-the-Gods. 'Let then, 0 judges, 'his 'name poetae sit sanctum apud vos, homines humanissimos, of poet 'be sacred with you, men (of) most cultivated quod nulla barbaria unquan (minds), which (name of poet) no barbarous (nation) ever violavit. Saxa et solitudines respondent voci; violated. Rocks and deserts reply to-the-voice immanes bestie soepe flectuntur atque (of the poet); savage beasts 'are often 'turned aside and consistunt cantu; nos, instituti optimis rebus, stand-still by song; we, formed to-the-best things [we who non moveamur voce have received the best education], 'may not 'we-be-moved by-the-voice poetarum? Colophonii dicunt Homerum esse suum of the poets? The Colophonians say (that) Homer was their civem, Chii vindicant. suum, Salumnii citizen, the Chians claim (him as) their (citizen), the Salumninans repetunt, Smyrnai vero confirmant esse reclaim' (him), the Smyrnians indeed assert (that) he-was suum, itaque etiam dedicaverunt delubrum theirs, (and) therefore also they-have-dedicated a temple ejus in oppido; permulti alii praeterea of him in (their) town; a-great-many other (places) besides pugnant atque contendunt inter fight and contend among se. themselves (for the honour of his birth-place). 9. Ergo expetunt alienum, quia fuit poeta, Therefore they-claim a stranger, because he-was a poet, etiam post mortem; nos repudiamus hunc even after (his) death; shall we repudiate this (Archias) vivum, qui est noster, et voluntate et legibus? alive, who is ours, both by (his) free will and by (our) laws? 14 '"' ORATIO PRO ARCIIIA PO)TA. prsesertim cum olim Archias contulerit omne especially when heretofore Archias contributed all (his) studium atque omne ingenium, ad celebrandum zeal and all (his) talents, to celebrating gloriam que laudem Romani populi? Nam et the glory and praise of-the-Roman people? For also adolescens attigit Cimbricas res, (when) a-young-man he-touched-on the Cimbrican affairs Lon thewars et fuit jucundus illi C. with the Cimbri], and was agreeable to [was in favour with] that C. Mario ipsi, qui videbatur durior ad hec Marius himself, who seemed (to be) very-insensible to such studia. Neque enim est quisquam tam aversus a studies. Nor indeed is there any one so averse to Musis qui non facile patiatur eternum praeconium the Muses who'would not readily 'suffer the eternal plmnegyric suorum laborum mandari versibus. Aiunt of his labours to-be-committed to verse. They-say (that) Themistoclem, ilium summum virum Athenis, dixisse, Themistocles, that. greatest of men in Athens, had said, cum quaereretur ex eo, quod acroama,.aut cujus when it-was-inquired of him, what player, or whose vocem, libentissim5 audiret; "ejus a quo voice, 'he-would most-willingly 'hear; "his by whom sua virtus optima predicaretur." Itaque his virtue [exploits] 'might-be best 'celebrated." Thereforo ille Marius, item eximi~ dilexit L. Plotium, this (same) Marius, also greatly loved L. Plotius, cujus ingcnio putabat ea, quai gesserat, 'by whose 'talents he thought that, which he-had-performed, posse celebrari. Vero totum Mithridaticum bellum, could-be celebrated. But all the Mithridatic war, magnum atque difficile, et versatum in multa great and difficult (as it was), and carried-on in much varietate terra que mari, expressum est ab diversity (of success) by-land aud by-sea, has-been-related by hoc; qui libri illustrant non mode this (Archias); which books (of poetry of his) shed-lustre-on not only.l,, ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 148 L. Lucullum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum. L. Lucullus, (that) most brave and distinguished man, verum etiam nomen Romani populi. Enir but also (on) the name of-the-Romuan people. For Romanus populus, Lucullo imperante, aperuit Pontum 'the Roman people, Lucullus commanding, 'laid-open Pontud vallatum quondam, et regiis opibus, et natura defended hitherto, both by-the-royal resources, and by-the-nature ipsa regionis; exercitus Romani populi, eodem itself of-the-country; the army of the Roman people, the samoe duce, non maxima manu fudit (Lucullus) being general, 'with no 'very large ' force dispersed innumerabiles copias Armeiorum; est laus Romani countless forces of Armenians; it-is theglory of-the-Roman 'populi, amicissimam urbem Cyzicenorum, people, (that) the-most-friendly city of-the-Cyziceni, consilio ejusdem esse ereptam atque by the (wise) counsels of this-same (Lucullus) was delivered-from and servatam ex omni regio impetu, ac ore preserved from every royal attack, and from-the-mouth ac faucibus totius belli; and jaws of the whole war [from the perils of a destructive war]; semper feretur et prsedicabitur 'the glory) 'will always be related and celebrated (as peculiarly) nostra, L. Lucullo dimicante, cum classis our-own, L. Lucullus fighting (as our general), when the fleet hostium depressa, ducibus interfectis, et of-the-enemy was sunk, the commanders (thereof) being slain, and ille ircredibilis navalis pugna apud Tenedus; that incredible naval battle at Tenedos; (these) sunt nostra tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri are our trophies, our monuments, our triumphi. Quare quorum ingeniis triumphs. Therefore (I say that those men) 'by whose 'talents haec feruntur, ab these things) are-diffused [are spread out among the people], by elis fama Romani populi celebratur. Noster tbem 'is the glory of-the-Roman people 'celebrated. Our-own 144 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. Ennius fuit carus superiori Africano; itaque Enlius was dear to the elder African (Scipio); therefore etiam is putatur esse constitutus e marmore also he is-supposed to-have-been constituted of marble in sepulchro Scipionum. [to have been sculptured in marble] on the sepulchre of-the-Scipios. At ejus laudibus cert~ non solium ipsi, qui But 'by his 'praises certainly not only those, who laudantur, sed etiam nomen Romani populi are praised, but also the name of-the-Roman people ornatur. Cato, proavus hujus is honoured. Cato, the-great-grandfather of this (Cato, here present,) tollitur in coelum; magnus honos adjungitur rebus is extolled to the skies; great honour is attached to-the-affairs Romani populi. Denique, omnes illi Maximi, of-the-Roman people. In-fine, all the Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii, decorantur, non sine the Marcelli, (and) the Fulvii, are honoured, not without communi laude nostrum omnium. the common praise of-us all. 10. Ergo nostri majores receperunt illum, Th'erefore our ancestors received him [Ennius], qui fecerat haec, hominem who had-done this (who had written on these subjects) a man (of) Rudinum in civitatem; nos ejiciemus Rudiae in (their) city (as a citizen); 'shall we 'rejeco hunc Heracleensem de nostra civitate, this ' Heraclean [Archias] from our citizenship, (a man) expetitum multis civitatibus, autem in hac sought by many cities, but in this (our city) constitutum legibus? constituted (a citizen) 'by (our) 'laws? Nam si quis putat minorem fructum glorioe For if any one thinks that a smaller harvest of glory percipi ex Graecis versibus, quam ex Latinis, is-to-be-obtained from Greek verses, than from Latinverses, vehementer errat; propterea quod Greca leguntur he greatly errs; because that Greek (works) are read ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 145 in fere omnibus gentibus, Latina continentur among almost all nations, Latin (works) are confined suis finibus, exiguis sane. Quare to-their-own limits, (and these) small-enough without-doubt. Wherefore si em res, quas gessimus definiuntur if these things, which we-have-performed are-bounded (only) regionibus orbis terroe, debemus by-the-regions of-the-circle of-the-earth [by the whole world], we-ought cupere, qu6 tela nostrarum manuum to desire (that), whither the weapons of our hands pervenerint, eodem gloriam que may-have-reached, (that into) the same (place) (our) glory and famam penetrare; quod cum haec sunt renown 'should (also) 'penetrate; because while these (things) are ampla ipsis populis, de quorum rebus scribitur, illustrious to those people, of whose affairs it-is-written tum certe, hoc est [whose exploits are the subjects of writing], then certainly, this is maximum incitamentum, et periculorum the greatest incitement (to the encountering), both of dangers ct laborum iis, qui dimicant de vitA, causa and of tabours to those, who fight for life, (and) the cause gloribe. Quam multos scriptores suarum rerum of glory. How many writers of his exploits 'is ille magnus Alexander dicitur habuisse cum se! the great Alexander 'said to-have-had with him! Atque is tamen, cum adstitisset ad tumulum Achillis And he yet, when he-stood at the grave of Aehillis in Sigeo inquit, "0 fortunate adolescens, on (the promontory of) Sigeum said, "0 fortunate young-man, qui inveneris Homerum praeconem ture virtutis." who may-have-found a Homer the panegyrist of thy fame." Et vere: nam Disi illa Ilias extitisset, idemr And truly: for if that Iliad 'had (not) 'existed, the same tumulus, qui contexerat ejus corpus, etiam nomen, grave, which covered his body, even the name obruisset. Quid? nonne hic noster (thereof), would-have-perished. What? 'did not this our-own 13 146 ORATIO P'RO ARCHIA POETA. Magnus, qui, cum adaquavit fortunan great (Pompey), who, when he-equalled (his) fortune virtute donavit Theophanem 'by (his) 'virtue (and valour) grant The9phanes Mitylenseum, scriptorem suarum rerum civitate tile Mitylenaean, the historian of his deeds the-rights-of-citizenship in concione militum? et illi nostri fortes viri, sed in an assembly of-the-soldiers? and those our brave men, but rustici ac milites commoti quAdam dulcedine glorise, rustics and soldiers moved by a certain charm of glory, approbaverunt illud magno clamore, quasi particepes approved it by a great shout, as-if participants ejusdem laudis? Itaque credo si Archias non of-the-same praise? Therefore I suppose if Archias Lhad not esset Romanus civis legibus, ut potuisset non 'been a Roman citizen by-the-laws, that 'he-could not perficere donaretur 'have brought (it) to-pass (that) he should-be-presented civitate ab aliquo imperatore! with-the-rights-of-citizenship by some commander (of ours)! Cum Sulla donaret Hispanos et Gallos, When Sylla granted the Spaniards and the Gauls (the rights of credo repudiasset hunc petentem! citizenship), I suppose he would-have refused him petitioning quem nos vidimus in (for the citizenship)! whom [Sylla] we (ourselves) have-seen in concione, cum malus poeta de populo a-public-assembly, when a bad poet from (among) the people subjecisset ei libellum, quod fecisset epigramma, had presented him a petition, because he-had-made an epigram in eum, tantummodo alterni4 longiusculis [a short poem], on him, only in alternate somewhat-longez versibus, statim verses [in alternate hexameters and pentameters], (that he) immediately jubere praemium tribui ei, ex iis rebus, quas ordered a present to-be-given to him, of those things, which tune vendebat, sub ea conditione, 'be was then 'selling, under that condition, (that) ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 147 ne scriberet quid postea. Qui he-should-not write any-thing hereafter. (Would not he), who duxerit sedulitatem mali poetse, tamen dignam bad-thought the industry of-a-bad poet, yet worthy (of) aliquo prsemio, expetisset ingenium et jome reward, have-sought out (to honour) the talents and virtutem et copiam in scribendo hujus? Quid? ability and copiousness in writing of this (Archias)? What? neque impetravisset a suo 'could-he neither 'have-obtained (the freedom of the city) from his familiarissimo Q. Metello Pio, qui donavit most intimate (friend) Q. Metello Pius, who had-granted multos -civitate, neque per se many the-rights-of-citizenship, neither by himself [by his own request] neque per Lucullos? qui prsesertim usque nor by Luculli? who [Metellus] especially so eb cuperet scribi de suis rebus, greatly desired to-be-written-on concerning his affairs, [to have his ut etiam dederet suas aures deeds commemorated] that 'he also gave his ears [attention] poetis natis Cordubae, sonantibus quiddam to poets born at Cordova, (though) uttering something pingue atque peregrinum. dull and barbarous. 11. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod Nor indeed is that to-be-dissembled, which potest non obscurari; sed ferendum pra nobis; can not be-concealed; but is-to-be-brought before us omnes trahimhur studio [but must be openly avowed] (that) 'we all 'are-drawn-on by-a-desire laudis, et quisque optimus I ducitur of praise, and each best (person) [the best of us] is led maxime gloria. Philosophi ipsi, etiam illis chiefly by-glory. Philosophers themselves, also in-those libellis, quos scribunt de gloria contemnenda, books, which they-write about glory to-be-despised, inscribunt suum nomen; [on he contempt of glory] inscribe, their names (in the booai 148 ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POiTA. in eo ipso, in quo despiciunt praedicationem que in that same (case) in which they-despise praise and nobilitatem volunt praedicari de se, ac se renown they-wish to be mentioned themselves, and themselves nominari. Quidem named. [They desire to become notorious, and to be talked of]. Indeed Decimus Brutus, ille summus vir et imperator, Decimus Brutus, that great man and commander, exornavit aditus suorum templorum ac adorned the approaches of his temples and monumentorum carminibus Attii sui amicissimi. monuments with-the-verses of Attius his most-intimate-friend. Jam vero, ille Fulvius, qui bellavit cum AEtolis, (And) even also, that Fulvius, who fought with the Atolians, Ennio comite, non dubitavit consecrare Ennius being (his) companion, 'did not 'hesitate to-consecrate manubias Martis Musis. Quare imperatores, the spoils of-Mars to-the-Muses. Wherefore (when) generals, in qua urbe prope armati, in any city nearly armed, [almost with arms in their hands], coluerunt nomen poeitarum, et delubra Musarum, revered the name of poets, and the temples of-the-Muses, in ea togati judices debent non abhorrere a in this (city) civil judges ought not to-be-averse to the honore Musarum et a salute poetarum. honour of-the-Muses and to the safety of-poets. Atque, ut faciatis id libentius, jam And, that you-may-do that the-more-willingly, 'I-will now judices, indicabo me vobis, et O judges, 'declare myself to you [reveal my feelings to you], and confitebor vobis quodam de meo amore gloriae, I-will-confess to you something concerning my love of glory, fortasse nimis acri, verumtamen honesto. Nam hic perhaps too eager, but-yet honourable. For this attigit atque inchoavit versibus (Archias) touched on and has-begun (to celebrate) 'in (his) 'verses res, quas nos gessimus in nostro consulatu, the deeds, which we have-performed in our consulship, ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 149 Aiinul cum vobis, pro salute hujus urbis, atque together with you, for the safety of this city, and imperil, et pro vita civium, que pro universa the empire, and for the life of-the-citizens, and for the entire republica; quibus auditis, quod visa est mihi republic; which (verses) being heard, because it appeared to me magna et jucunda res, hortatus sum hunc ad a great and agreeable subject, I encouraged him to perficiendum. Enim virtus desiderat nullam aliam complete (it). For virtue desires no other mercedem laborum que periculorum, prster hane reward of labours and dangers, except that laudis et glorise; qua quidem judices detracta, of praise and renown; which indeed 0 judges being-taken-away, quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo, et tam brevi what is there, that in this so small, and so short curriculo vitse, exerceamus nos in tantis a course of life, (that) we-should-exert ourselves in such laboribus? Certe si animus prsesentiret nihil in labours? Certainly if the mind did-forebode nothing as respects posterum, et si regionibus, quibus spatium vitse est the future, and if in-the-limits, in which the space of life is circumscriptum, terminaret omnes suas cogitationes circurmscribed, it-should-bound all its thoughts iisdem, nec frangeret se tantis by-the-same, 'itwould not break itself (down) by-such-great laboribus, neque angeretur tot curis que laoours, neither would-it-be-tormented with-so-many cares and vigiliis, neque toties dimicaret de vita ipsa. watchings, nor so-often would-it-contend for life itself. Nunc qusedam virtus insidet in quoque optimo, quse Now a certain virtue resides in every good-man, which concitat animum noctes et dies stimulis glorise, excites the mind night and day by-the-stimulus of glory, atque admonet, commemorationem nostri and reminds (it), (that) the remembrance of our nominis esse non dimittendam cum tempore name is not to-be-sent-away with the time of (our) 13* 150 OkATIO PRO ARCIIIA PORiTA. vitae, sed adsequandam life, [our name will not perish with-our life], but is-to-be-made-equal cum omni posteritate. with all posterity. [Will be transmitted to the latest posterity.] 12. An vero omnes videamur esse tam parvi 'Do-we then indeed all 'appear to be 'of such 'little animi, qui versamur in republica, mind, [so narrow minded,] who are occupied in the republic, [with atque in his periculis que laboribus vitae, affairs of state,] and in these dangers and labours of life, ut cum usque ad extremum spatium duxerimus that when even to the extreme space (of life) we-have-drawn nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum, no tranquil and peaceful breath, (that) arbitremur omnia moritura simul cum nobis? we-should-think all things are-to-perish together with us? An, cum multi summi homines studiose And-whether, when many great men 'have carefully reliquerint statuas et imagines simulacra non loft-behind statues and images representations not animorum, sed corporum, debemus non multo of-the-mind, but of-the-body, 'ought not 'we much-more malle relinquere effigiem nostrarum virtutum to-prefer to-leave-behind (us) the effigy of our virtues ac consiliorum expressam et politam and 'of (our) deliberations expressed and elaborated summis ingeniis? Ego vero arbitrabar, omnia, by-the-greatest geniuses? I indeed thought, (that) all, quse gerebam, jam turn in gerendo, which I-was-performing, already then in performing(them), (that) me spargere ac disseminare in sempiternam I was scattering and disseminating (them) for the eternal memoriam orbis terrae. recollection of the circle of-the-earth. [To be perpetually remembered Sive haec vero throughout the whole world.] Whether this (remembrance) indeed abfutura est a meo sensu post mortem, sive, ut will-be-absent from my perception after death, or, as ORATIO PRO ARCHIA POETA. 151 sapientissiri homines putaverunt, pertinebit ad the-most-wise men have-thought, it-will-appertain to aliquam partem mei. Nunc certe quidem delector some portion of myself. Now truly indeed I am delighted quadam cogitatione que spe. with-some-such thought and hope. Quare, judices, conservate hominem eo pudore, Wherefore, 0 judges, preserve a man (of) such modesty quem videtis comprobari (in his merit as Archias), which (merit) you-see approved turn dignitate amicorum, tur etiam as-well by-the-dignity [high rank] 'of his 'friends, as also vetustate; autem ingenio by-the-long-continuance (of their friendship); but (his) talent tanto quantum convenit existimare id, quod being as great as it-may-be-accorded to appreciate it, which videatis esse expetitum ingeniis summorurn you-may-see, to-have-been sought by-the-talents of-the-greatest hominurm; men; [his talents were highly estimated by illustrious men of the greatest causa vero ejusmodi, que Palents themselves.] (his) cause indeed (is one) of this kind, which comprobetur beneficio legis, auctoritate nay-be.established by-the-benefit of-the-law, by-the-authority municipii, testimonio Luculli, tabulis 'of (his) 'municipality by-the-testimony of-Lucullus, (and) by-the-registers Metelli. Quse cum sint ita, of Metellus. WVLicb (things) when they-may-be so, [which being so,] petimus a vebis, judices, si debet esse qua we-entreat of you, 0 judges, if there should be any commendat;n non modo humana, verum etiam divina commendation not only human, but also divine in tanip negotiis, ut accipiatis eum sic in in such-great affairs, that you-would-receive him so in vestram fidem, ut videatur esse levatus your faith, [protection,] that he-may-seem to be relieved vestri humanitate, potius quAm violatus ty-yoar kindness, rather than injured by (your) ORATfO PRO ARCIIA POETA. acerbitate, qui semper ornavit vos, qui severity, (he) who 'has always 'adorned you, who (has celebrated) vestros imperatores, qui res your commanders, who has (commemorated) the-things gestas Romani populi, qui etiam profitetur performed [the exploits] of-the-Roman people, who also promised se esse daturum reternum testimonium lauduni, (that) he is to give an eternal testimony of praises, his nostris recentibus, que vestris domesticis in-these our recent, and your domestic periculis, que qui est eo numero, qui dangers, and who is in that number, (of poets), who 'have semper sunt habiti atque dicti sancti apud omnes. always 'been-held and called holy among all (nations). Quax de causa dixi pro mea Which (things) in relation (to) the cause I-have-related according to my consuetudine, judices, breviter que simpliciter, confido custom, 0 judges, briefly and simply, (and) I trust ea probata esse omnibus, quae (that) those (things) have-been-approved by all (of you), which locutus sum non consuetudine fori, neque judiciali, 1-have-spoken not in accordance with-the-bar, nor judicial et de ingenio hominis, et communiter (practice), both concerning the talents of-the-man, and in-general de ipsius studio, ea, judices, spero esse respecting his stludies, these (things), 0 judges, I-hope to-have-been accepta in bonam partem; certe scio received in good part; ' I certainly 'know (they) (will be) ab eo, qui exercet judicium. by him, who exercises judicature. [Who presides at this trial.] ORATIO THE ORATION M. TULLII CICERONIS, OF M. TULLIUS CICERO, PRO FOR M. MARCELLO. M. MAR CELL US. 1. HODIERNUS dies, conscripti patres, attulit This day, conscript fathers, has-brought finem diuturni silentii, quo an end [has made an end] 'of (my) 'long silence, in which his temporibus eram usus, non in these times I-have-made-use-of, [have indulged in,] not aliquo timore, sed partim dolore, partim from-any fear, but partly from-sorrow, partly veracundi&; que idem initium dicendi, from-modesty; and at-the-same-time the commencement of saying, meo pristino more, que vellern, que quse sentirem. in-my ancient manner, what I-might-wish, and what I-might-think Enim nullo modo possum prxeterire tacitus (on affairs). For in-no wise can-I pass-over silent tantam masuetudinem, tam inusitatam que inauditam such-great humanity, such unusual and unheard-of clementiam, tantum modum omnium rerum, in clemency, such-great moderation (in) all things, in summi potestate, denique, the highest power, [when possessed of unlimited power,] in-fine, tam incredibilem ac psene divinam sapientiam. Enim tsch incredible and nearly divine wisdom. For (153) 154 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. M. Marcello reddito, conscripti patres, vobis que M. Marcellus being-restored, 0 conscript fathers, to you and reipublicse, puto non solum illius vocem et to-the-republic, I-think (that) not only his voice and auctoritatem, sed etiam meam conservatam ac authority, but also mine is preserved and restitutam, et vobis et reipublicae. restored, both to-you and to-the-republic. Enim dolebam, conscripti patres, et vehementer For I grieved, 0 conscript fathers, and 'was vehemently angebar, cum viderem talem virum, in eadem 'distressed, when I-saw such l a man, (who was) in the same causa, in qua ego fuissem, non esse in eadem cause, in-which I had-been, not to-be in the same fortuna: nee poteram fortune: [not enjoying the same good fortune with myself,] nor could-I persuadere mihi, nee ducebam esse fas persuade myself, nor did-I-think that it was right (that) me versari in nostro veteri curriculo, illo ernulo I should-be-engaged in our old career, he the rival atque imitatore meorum studinrum ac laborum and imitator of-my studies and labours (and) quasi quodam socio et comite distracto a me. as-it-were an associate and companion being-torn from me. Et ergo, C. Caesar, aperuisti mihi consuetudinem And therefore, 0 C. Casar, you-have-opened to-me the habits meae pristinae vitae, interclusam et of-my former life, (which) were-closed-on (me), and sustulisti quasi aliquod signum omnibus his you-have-raised as (it were) a standard for-alf those ad sperandum ben5 de omni republica. (here present) to hope well concerning the entire republic. Enim intellectum est mihi, in multis, et For it-was-made-apparent to me, in many (instances), and maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante omnibus, principally in my myself, (and) but a little before (now) to all cum concessisti M. Marcellum senatui (here present), when you-granted M. Marcellus to-the-senate ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 155 que Romano populo, proesertim commemoratis and to-the-Roman people, especially (after) having-made-mention offensionibus, te anteferre auctoritatem hujus J (of his) offences, (that) you would-prefer the authority of this ordinis, que dignitatem reipublicse, vel- tuis order, [the senate] and the dignity of-the-republic, either to-your doloribus vel suspicionibus. resentments or suspicions. Ille quidem hodierno die cepit maximum He (Marcellus) indeed to-day received the greatest fructum omnis anteactse vitse, cum summo reward of all (his) past life, as-well by-the-unanimous consensu senatus, tur praeterea tuo gravissimo consent of the senate, as moreover in your [Caesar's] most-solemn et maximo judicio. Ex quo profecto intelligis, and supreme judgment. From this indeed you (may) quanta sit laus in beneficio understand, how-great is the renown (to you) in (this) benefit dato, cum sit tanta conferred, [by granting Marcellus this kindness] when there is so-much gloria in accepto. Ille vero est fortunatus, glory (to him) in receiving (it). He indeed is fortunate, ex salute cujus non paene minor letitia from the safety of whom not scarcely less joy pervenerit ad omnes, quam ventura sit ad ipsum. will accrue to all, than may arrive to himself. Quod quidem [Than he himself may feel, when he hears it.] Which (favour) indeed contigit ei meritb, atque optimo jure. Enim has-happened to-him deservedly, and with-the-best right. For quis est prsestantior illo aut nobilitate, who is more-excellent (than) he either in nobility (of birth), aut probitate, aut studio optimarum or probity, or the zealous (cultivation) of-the-most-liberal artium, aut innocentia, aut ullo genere arts, or in purity-of-life, or in any kind laudis. of-praiseworthy-actions. 156 ORATIO PRO,M. MAICELLO. 2. Tantum flumen ingenii est nullius, Such a stream of genius is of-no-one, [no one possesses tanta vis tanta copia dicendi such a flow of genius,] such power and such copiousness of-speaking aut scribendi nullius, quse, non dicam or of-writing (has) no-one, which, 'I-will not 'say exornare, sed C. Ciesar possit to-embellish, but (even) 0 C. Caesar (that) he-might-be-able enarrare tuas res gestas. Tamen affirmo (et tua to-relate your exploits. However I assert (and with youi pace dicam hoc,) nullam laudemi esse permission I-will-say this,) (that) no renown is ampliorem in his, quam earn, quam more-glorious in these (exploits) than that, which consecutus es hodierno die. Soleo ssepe ponere you-have-acquired this day. I-am-accustomed often to place ante oculos, que libenter usurpare id (this) before (my) eyes, and willingly to-maintain it crebris sermonibus, omnes res gestas nostrorum in frequent conversations, (that) all the deeds of-our imperatorum, omnes exterarumn gentium, que commanders, all (those) of foreign nations, and potentissimorum populorum, omnes clarissimorum of-the-most-powerful people, all (those) of-the-most-celebrated regum, posse conferri cum tuis, nec magnitudine kings, can-be-compared with yours, neither in-the-greatness contentionum, nec numero praeliorum, nec varietate of-the-contests, nor in-the-number of-the-battles, nor in-the-variety regionum, nec celeritate conficiendi, nec of-the-countries, nor in-the-celerity of-performing, nor dissimilitudine bellorum; nec vero in-the-diversity (of character) of-the-wars; nor indeed (that) disjunctissimas terras potuisse peragrari the-most-widely-separated countries could-have been-travelled-over citius passibus cujusquam, quam, non more-rapidly by-the-footsteps of-any-one, than, 'I-will not ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 157 dicam, lustrate sint cursibus, sed 'say, may-have-been-passaed-through by-(your)-marches, but victoriis. by-(your)-victories. Quae quidem nisi ego fatear esse Which (things) indeed unless I should confess (tbat) they-are ita magna, ut vix mens aut cogitatio cujusquam so great, that scarcely the mind or imagination of-any-one possit capere ea, sim amens; sed tamen could comprehend them, I-would-be devoid-of-reason; but yet sunt alia majora. Nain quidam solent there-are other (things) greater. For some are-accustomed cxtenuare verbis bellicas laudes, que to-depreciate by (their) words [by their remarks] military praises, and detrahere eas ducibus, communicare to-detract those (praises) from-the-generals, (and) to share (them) cum multis, ne sint with the many, [with the soldiers,] (so that) they 'may not 'bo propriae imperatorum. Et certe, in armis the peculiar (right) of-the-commanders. And certainly, in military-affairs virtus militum, opportunitas locorum, the bravery of-the-soldiers, the opportunity of-the-places, [advantage of auxilia sociorum, classes commeatus juvant position,] the assistance of allies, fleets (and) supplies help multum; vero Fortuna vindicat sibi maximam mouch; but Fortune claims for herself (in war) the greatest partem, quasi suo jure; et quidquid part (of success), as her-own right; and whatever est gestum prospere, ducit id paene omne has-been-done successfully, she-considers it almost all suum. her-own (work). At vero, C. Caesar, babes neminem socium hujas But truly, 0 C. Caesar, you-have no-one (as) a partner of this glorise, quam es adeptus paulo ante. Totum glory, which you-have-obtained a little before. [Just now.] All hoc, quantumcunque est, (quod certe maximum), this, how-(great)-soever it is, (and which certainly (is) very great), 11 158 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. cst totum, inquam, tuum. Centurio decerpit niliil ex is all, I-say, yours. The centurion plucks nothing from ista laude sibi, praefectus nihil, cohors this renown for himself, the prefect (of cavalry) nothing, the cohort nihil, turma nihil. Quin etiam kof infantry) nothing, the troop (of cavalry) nothing. Nay even Fortana, illa ipsa domina humanarum rerum, non 1Fortune, that same mistress of-human affairs, does not offert se in societatem istius gloriae, present herself in the society of-this glory (as a participant thereof), cedit tibi; fatetur esse totam et propriam she cedes (all) to you; she confesses (that) it is all and peculiarly tuam. Enim nunquam temeritas commiscetur cum yours. For never 'is rashness 'mingled with sapienti'a, nee casus admittitur ad consilium. wisdom, nor 'is chance 'admitted to the-counels (of prudence). 3. Domuisti gentes You-have-conquered nations innumerabiles multitudine, countless 'in (their) 'number. abundantes omni genere abounding in all kinds vicisti ea, quae you-conquered those (things), which conditionem, ut possent condition, that they-might barbaras immanitate, barbarous 'by (their) 'ferocity, infinitas locis,, immense (as respects) space, copiarum; sed tamen of-resources; but yet habehant naturam et had the nature and vinci; enim est be-conquered; for there-is nulla vis tanta,' que possit non debilitari que no strength so-great, which may not be-weakened and frangi ferro ac viribus. Vincere animum, cohibere broken by-arms and force. To-conquer the mind, to-repress iracundiam, temporare victoriam, non modo extollere anger, to-temper victory, not only to-raise-up jacentem adversarium praestantem nobilitate, ingenio a prostrate foe excelling in-noble-birth, talents virtute, sed etiam amplificare ejus pristinam (and) virtue, but also to-enlarge his former dignitatem; qui faciat haec, ego non compare eum dignity; who does this, I 'do not 'compare him ORATJO PRO M. MARCELLO. 159 cum summis viris, sed judico simillimum with the-most-illustrious men, but think (him as) most Deo. like to God. Itaque, C. Caesar, illae tue bellicae laudes Therefore, 0 C. Caesar, those your warlike praises celebrabuntur quidem non solum nostris literis atque will-be-celebrated indeed not only in-our literature and linguis, sed psene omnium gentium; neque language, but (in that) 'of almost 'all nations; nor unquam ulla aetas conticescet de tuis laudibus. Sed 'will ever any age 'be-silent about your praise. But tamen res ejusmodi, nescio quorrodo, etiam cum yet things of-this-kind, I-know-not how, even when leguntur, videntur obstrepi clamore they-are-read, appear to-be-overpowered (in noise) by-the-shouts militum, et sono tubarum. At vero, cum of-the-soldiers, and by-the-sound of-the-trumpet. But indeed, when aut audimus, aut legimus aliquid factum either we-hear, or read (that) something has-been-done clementer, mansuete, juste, moderate, sapienter, clemently, humanely, justly, moderately (and) wisely, (proesertim in iracundia, quse est inimica (especially in anger, which is inimical 'to (prudent) consilio, et in victoria, quae natura est insolens et 'counsel, and in victory, which by nature is insolent and superba); quo studio incendimur, non modo in haughty); with what ardour are-we-inflamed, not only in res gestas, sed etiam in fictis, ut things (actually) performed, but even in fictitious (things), that ssepe diligamus eos, quos nunquam vidimus! often we-love those, whom 'we-have never 'seen! Vero te, quem intuemur prsesentem, cujus But you, whom we-behold (here) present, whose mentem que sensus cernimus eos, ut mind and feelings we-perceive them (to be such), that quidquid fortuna belli reliquum fecerit reipublicme, all-that the fortune of war may-have-left to-the-republic, 160 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. velis id esse salvum, quibus you-wish that to-be safe (and secured to the republic), with-what laudibus efferemus? quibus studiis prosequemur? praises shall-we-extol (you)? with-what zeal shall-we-follow quA benevolentia complectemur? (ycu)? with-what affection shall-we-embract (ytu)? Parietes hujus curise, me dins fidius The (very) walls of this senate-house, may Jupiter help me [most as(ut videntur mihi) gestiunt agere gratias tibi, suredly] (as they seem to me) exult to return thanks to you, quod brevi tempore illa auctoritas because in-a-short time that authority (of the senate) futura sit, in et his suis will-hereafter-be, [will be restored] in both these their [thesenators') scdibus suorum majorum. seats, (arnd that) of their ancestors. 4. Equidem cum viderem modo cum vobis Indeed when I saw just-now with you [senators] lacrymas C. Marcelli, optimi viri, et prediti the tears of C. Marcellus, a most-excellent man, and endowed commemorabili pietate, memoria omnium with-recommendable affection(forhis brother), therecollection of all Marcellorum obfudit meum pectus. M. Marcello the Marcelli gushed over mly heart. M. Marcello conservato, tu rcddidisti suam dignitatem etiam Leing-preserved, you [Cassar] have restored their dignity even quibus mortuis; que vindicasti (to those Marcelli) who are dead; and you-have-saved nobilissimam familiam, jam redactam ad paucos a-most-noble family, now reduced to few paene ab interitu. Tu igitur jure (in number) nearly from perishing. You therefore with-right antepones hunc diem tuis maximis ct innumerabilihus will-prefer this day to your greatest and countless gratulationibus. Enim hsec res est propria congratulations. For this affair is the peculiar (right, Caesaris unius; ceterae gestae, te duce, of GCesar alone; other deeds, you being the general, (thought ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 161 illae magnie quidem, sed tamen they (were) great indeed, but yet (were performed) multo que magno comitatu. Autem tu with a numerous and great train (of associates). But you es idem et dux et comes hujus rei; are at-the-same-time both general and associate of this affair que quidem est tanta, ut (of pardoning Marcellus); which indeed is so-great, that (though vetas allatura sit finem tuis tropaeis que monumentis, age may-bring an end to your trophies and monuments, (enim est nihil factum opere aut manu (for (there) is nothing made by labour or by the hand (of man) quod aliquando vetustas non conficiat which some-time-or-another length-of-time 'may not 'dissipate et consumat); at vero hbec tua justitia et lenitas and consume); but yet-indeed this your justice and lenity animi quotidie florescet magis, ita ut of mind 'will every day 'become more 'celebrated, so that quantum diuturnitas detrahet tuis operibus, as much as-length-of-time will-detract from your deeds, tantum afferat laudibus. Et quidem so-much may-it-add (to your) glory. And indeed viceras omnes ceteros victores civilium as-you-may-have-surpassed all other conquerers (in) the civil bellorum jam ante aequitate et wars now before [that have happened before now] in equity and misericordia, vero hodierno die vicisti te ipsum. mercy, but this day you-have-surpassed yourself. Vereor, ne hoc, quod dicam, possit non perinde l-fear, lest that, which I-say, may not equally-as-well intelligi auditu, be understood by the hearing, [by those only hearing it mentioned], atque ipse sentio cogitans. Videris as I-myself feel (it, when) reflecting (thereon). You-appear vicisse victoriam ipsam, cum remisisti to-haveZ-eonquered victory herself, when you-have-remitted victis ea, quae illa erat adepta. o-the-conquered those things, which she had obtained (for you) 14* 162 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. Nam cum conditione victorice ipsius omnes For when by-the-conditions of victory self 'we all (who were) victi jure occidissemus, conquered 'might by right 'have-fallen (by the sword, or been ruined sumus conservati judicio tuse in our estates), we-have-been-preserved by-the-judgment of your clementiae. Recte igitur unus clemency. [By your merciful decision.] Rightly therefore (you) alone es invictus, a quo etiam conditio que vis victorias are unconquered, by whom even the conditions and power of victory ips us devicta est. self have-been-conquered. 5. Atque conscripti patres, attendite quAm late And 0-conscript fathers, observe how far hoc judicium C. Caesaris pateat; enim omnes, this decision of-C. Casar may extend; for all, 'we, qui sumus compulsi ad illa arma, who 'were compelled (in) that (civil) war (to take up arms), nescio quo misero que funesto fato I-know-not by-what miserable and fatal destiny ( reipublicse, etsi tenemur aliqua culpA humani of-the-republic, although we-are-charged with some fault of-human? erroris, certe liberati sumus a scelere. Nam, error, twe certainly 'are liberated from crime. For, cum, vobis deprecantibus, sconservavit M. Marcellum when, you entreating, he preserved M. Marcellus reipublicae; reddidit memet mihi, et iterum to-the republic (also); he restored me to-myself, and once-more reipublicue, nullo deprecante, to-the-republic, no-one entreating (for me), (he also restored) reliquos amplissimos viros et sibi ipsis et those-other illustrious men both to themselves and 'to (their} patrimse quorum et frequentiam et dignitatem 'country; whose both numerous-concourse and dignity videtis in hoc ipso consessu. Ille non induxit you see in this same assembly. He 'has not 'brought (any) hostes in curiam; sed judicavit, enemies into the-senate-house (by this); but he-has-decided (that# ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 163 bellum esse susceptum a plerisque potius the war was undertaken by the-most (of them) rather ignoratione et falso atque from-want-of-knowledge (of his real intentions) and frGm a false and inani metu, quam cupiditate aut crudelitate. groundless fear (of him), than from cupidity or from-the-cruelty In quo bello quidem semper putavi (of revenge). In which war indeed 'I always 'have-thought de pace audiendum, que semper (that proposals) respecting peace ought-to-be-listened-to, and 'I always dolui non modo pacem, sed orationem etiam 'grieved (that) not only peace, but the entreaties even civium flagitantium pacem repudiari. Enim ego of citizens earnestly-begging (for) peace should-be-rejected. For 1 unquam secutus sum neque illa, nec ulla never followed [took a part in] either (in) these, or any civilia arma; que semper mea consilia fuerunt socia civil war; and always my counsels were-associated pacis et togae, non (with) peace and the-gown, [civil affairs and pursuits,] not (with) belli atque armorum. Secutus sum hominem war and arms. I-followed the man [Pompey] privato officio, non publico; que from (a sense of) private duty, not public; and tantum fidelis memoria grati animi valuit so-great 'did the faithful remembrance of a grateful mind 'prevail apud me, ut non modo null& cupiditate, over me, that (there was) not only. (through) no desire sed quidern ne spe, prudens (of advantage), but indeed not (even through) hope, prudent et sciens ruerem ad voluntarium interitum. and knowing I-rushed-on to voluntary destruction. Quod quidem meum consilium fuit And indeed my views were (on this subject) (not) minime obscurum. Nam et in hoc ordine, in-the-least dissembled. For also in this order (of the senate), re integr&, dixi multa the thing being entire, [the war not havingyet broken out], I-said muon 164 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. de pace; et in bello ipso sensi eadem, concerning peace; and in the war. itself 'I-was-of the same 'opiniont etiam cum periculo mei capitis. Ex quo nemo even with the-risk of-my life. From which no-one erit jam tam injustus existimator rerum, qui 'would now 'be so unjust a judge of-things, who dubitet, quse fuerit Coesaris voluntas de might doubt, what may-have-been Caesar's intentions respecting bello, cum statim censuerit auctores pacis the war, when 'he immediately 'thought (that) the advisers of peace conservandos, ceteris fuit iratior. ought-to-be-preserved, (but) with-the-others he-was more-irritated. Atque fortasse id minus mirum tur, cum exitus And perhaps it (was) less strange then, when the-result esset incertus, et fortuna belli anceps; vero might-be uncertain, and the fortune of-war doubtful; but(he) qui, victor, diligit auctores pacis, is profecto who, a conqueror, loves the advisers of peace, he certainly declarat se maluisse non dimicare, quam declares (that) he would-rather not have-fought, than vincere. have conquered. [That he would always have preferred peace to civil war.] 6. Atque sum quidem testis hujus rel And I am indeed a witness (as respects) this thing M. Marcello. Enim nostri sensus, ut sempel for M. Marcellus. For our opinions, as 'they always congruebant in pace, sic etiam tur in bello. Quoties 'agreed in peace, so even when in war. How-often ego vidi eum, et cum quanto dolore, 'have I 'seen him, and with what great grief, extimescentem cum insolentiam certorum hominum, dreading as-well the insolence of certain men, tur etiam ferocitatem victorioe ipsius! Quo, as also the ferocity of victory self! Wherefore, C. Caesar, tua liberalitas debet esse gratior o C. Caesar, your liberality ought to be the-more-agreeable nobis, qui vidimus illa. Enim jam to us, who have-seen those (things). For now ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 165 cauSae the causes (of the two parties, namely, that of Pompey and Cesar) 'are non sunt comparandae inter se, sed not 'to-be-compared (or discussed) among themselves, but vitorie. ' Vidimus (the use that would be made) of victory (by each, may be). We-have-seen tuam victoriam terminatam exitu praeliorum; your victory terminated with-the-result 'of (your) battles; non vidimus gladium vacuum vaging, in urbe. 'we.have not 'seen the sword unsheathed, in the city. Gives, quos amisimus, vis Martis perculit eos The citizens, whom we-have-lost, the force of Mars 'struck them non ira victoriae; ut nemc 'down [they fell in battle] not by-the-fury of victory; so-that no-one debeat dubitare quin C. Caesar, si posset fieri, ought to doubt but-that C. Caesar, if it-could-have been-done, excitaret multos ab inferis; quoniam conservat would-have-raised many from the dead; since he-preserves ex eadem acie quos potest. Verc from that-same army (of Pompey) (those) whorn he-can. But alterius partis, dicam nihil amplius, (as respects) the other party (of Pompey), I-will-say nothing more, quam (id quod omnes verebamur) victoriain than (that which 'we all 'feared) (that) victory futuram fuisse nimis iracundam. Enim quidam would-have-been too revengeful. For some minabantur non modo armatis, sed threatened not only (their) armed (opponents), but interdum etiam otiosis; sometimes also (those who were) quiet, (and took no part in the dicebant cogitandum esse, nec quid contest); they-said (that) it-was-to-be-considered, not what quisque sensisset, sed ubi fuisset; ut quidem each-one might-think, but where he-had-been; that indeed immortales Dii videantur mihi (etiamsi expetiverint the immortal Gods seem to me (even-though they-may-have poenas a Romano populo, ob aliquod inflicted punishment on the Roman people, on-account-of some 0 1B6 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. delictum, qui excitaverint tantum et tam luctuosum offence,, who stirred-up so-great and so mournful a civile bellum) vel jam placati, vel aliquando civil war) 'are either now 'appeased, or at-length satiati, contulisse omnem spem salutis satiated, (and that) they-have-brought' all (our) hope of safety ad clementiam et sapientiam victoris. to (depend on) the clemency and wisdom of-the-conqueror. Quare gaude isto tuo tam excellenti bono; Wherefore rejoice in-this your so excellent a privilege; et fruere cum fortuna et gloria, tur etiam and enjoy as well (your) fortune and glory, as also (your) natura, et tuis moribus; ex quo quidem kind-disposition, and your amiable-manners; from which indeed est maximus fructus que jucunditas sapienti. there is the greatest fruit and pleasure to-the-wise-man. Curu recordabere tua cetera, When you-call-to-your-recollection your other (actions of life), etsi persaepe congratulabere virtuti, although you 'will very-often 'congratulate (yourself on your) valour, tamen plerumque tuse felicitati. yet often (you will have to thank) your good-fortune. Quoties cogitabis de nobis, quos voluisti esse As-often-as you-shall-think of us, whom you-have-wished to be salvos in republics simul cum te, toties safe in the republic together with yourself, so-otten cogitabis de tuis maximis beneficiis, you-will.think of your very-great favours (bestowed on us), toties de incredibili liberalitate, toties so-often-will-you-think of (your) incredible liberality, so-often de tua singulari sapientia; que audebo dicere of your unexampled wisdom; which I-will-venture to say (are) non modo summa bona, sed nimirum vel not only (your) greatest goods, but certainly even (your) sola. Enim tantus est splendor in vera laude, only. For so great is the splendour in true praise, tanta dignitas in magnitudine animi et so great (i the) dignity in greatness of mind and O RATIO PRO M. MARCELLO 167 consilii, ut huec videantur esse donata a virtute, of counsel, that these appear to-be-given by,virtue, cetera commodata a fortuna. Noli igitur the others confided by fortune. Do-not therefore defatigari in conservandis bonis viris lapsis, become-wearied in preserving good men fallen, praesertim non cupiditate, aut aliqua pravitatate, especially not by cupidity, or any depravity sed opinione officii, fortasse stulta, lof disposition), but by a sense of duty, perhaps foolish, (but) certe non improba, et quAdam specie certainly not wicked, and by.a-certain appearance (of duty) reipublicse. Enim est non ulla culpa tua, si aliqui to-the-republic. For it is not any fault (of) yours, if some timuerunt te; que contra summa laus, feared you; and on-the-contrary (it is your) greatest praise, quod plerique senserunt timenthat the-most have-become-sensible (that) you-were (not) dam fuisse minime. to-have been-feared in-the-smallest (degree). 7. Vero nunc venio ad tuam gravissimam querelam, But now I come to your most-heavy complaint, et atrocissimam suspicionem; quae est providenda, and severe suspicion; which is to-be-guarded-against, non magis tibi ipsi, quam cum omnibus civibus, not the more for-you yourself, than also for-all the citizens, tur maxime nobis, qui sumus conservati a then more-especially for-ourselves, who have-been preserved by te; quam ~ etsi spero esse falsam, you; which (suspicion) though I-hope (that it) is false, tamen nunquarm extenuabo verbis. Enim yet 'I-will never 'extenuate (it) by (my) words. For tua cautio est nostra cautio; ut si your caution (for yourself) is our caution; (so) tlat if pecandum sit in alterutro, malim videri it-may-be-erred in on-either (side), I-would-rather seem-to-be nimis timidus, quam parum prudens. Sed too timid, than too-little prudent. [imprudent.] But ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. quisnam est iste tam demens? ne de tuis? who is this-one so senseless? whether(is he) of your-own tamctsi qui sunt magis tui, quam (friends)? and-yet who are more your (friends), than (those) quibus insperantibus tu reddidisti salutem? an to whom without-hoping-for-it you have-restored safely? or-any ex eo numero, qui fuerunt unA cum tee? from-among that number, who had-been together-with you (in the Est non credibilis tantus furor war)? It-is not credible (that there should be) such madness in ullo, ut, quo duce sit in any-one, that (the general), through which general he-may-have adeptus summa omnia, non anteponat attained the height (of) all (his wishes), 'he-should not 'prefer hujus vitam suae. At si tui cogitant this (general's) life to-his-own. But if your(friends) think (or plan) nihil sceleris, cavendum est, nothing of wickedness (against you), I-suppose-it-must-be-cared-for, ne inimici quid. Qui? lest (your) enemies (might do) any-thing (against you). Who (are they)? Enim omnes, qui fuerunt aut amiserunt / or all, who were (your enemies), 'have either 'lost vitam sui pertinacia, ant retinuerunt (their) lives by-their obstinacy, or they-preserved (them) tua misericordia; ut ant nulli de inimicis by-your mercy; so-that either none of (your) enemies supersint, aut, qui superfuerunt sint remain, or (those), who have-remained are (your) - amicisslml. most-devoted-friends. Sed tamen, cum sint in animis hominum tantae But however, as there are in the minds of men so many latebrse, et tanti recessus, augeamus hiding-places, and so-many (secret) recesses, let-us-increase sane tuam suspicionem, enim simul augebimus then your suspicion, for at-the-same-time we-shall-increase diligentlam. Nam quis est, tam (your) diligence (and eircumspection). For who is there, so ORATTO PRO M. MARCELLO., 169 ignarus omnium rerum, tam rudis in ignorant of all things, so unskilled in (the affairs of) republica, tam nihil cogitans unquam nec the republic, so thoughtless (as) never (to reflect) either de sun salute, nec de communi, qui about his-own safety, or about the common (safety), who 'does non intelligat suam contineri tua salute, not 'understand (that) his-own (safety) is comprised in-your safety, et ex tug vita unius pendere omnium? and (that) on your life alone depends (the lives) of all? Equidem, cogitans de te (ut debeo) dies que noctes, In truth, thinking of you (as I ought) day and night, extimesco duntaxat humanos casus, I fear only (those) human accidents (to which all are et incertos eventus valetudinis, et subject), and the uncertain events of-health, and fragilitatem communis naturme; que doleo the weakness 'of (our) 'common nature; and I-grieve (that) cum respublica debeat esse immortalis, ean while the republic ought to be immortal, (that) it consistere in anima unius mortalis. Vero si ad depends on the life of-one mortal (man). But if to humanos casus, que incertos eventus human accidents (of life), and the uncertain events valetudinis, accedit consensio sceleris que of health, there-is-added the conspiracy of crime and insidiarum, quem Deum credamus posse opitulari treachery, then what God might we-think could assist reipublicae, si cupiat. the republic, (even) if he-desire (to do so). 8. Omnia, quae, C. Caesar, sentis jacere perculsa All things, which, 0 C. Csesar, you perceive to lie knocked-down atque prostrata impetu belli ipsius, (quod fuit and prostrated by-the-violence of war itself, (which was necesse) sunt excitanda tibi; necessarily so; (all these) are to-be-raised-up by you; judicia constituenda the-tribunals-of-justice arp-tq-le-established (on their ancient footing) 15 170 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. fides revocanda, libidines comprimendme, confidence is-to-be-restored, licentiousness is-to-be-repressed, soboles propaganda; omnia quae jam dilapsa, population is-to-be-increased; all-things, which now fallen-to-pieces, fluxerunt, vincienda sunt (are fast perishing and) passing away, are-to-be-bound (together and severis legibus. Fuit non recusandum, reinstated) by severe laws. It-was not to-be-denied (that), in tanto civili bello, que tanto ardore in so-great a civil war, and in-so-great an excitement animorum et armorum, quin of mind and of arms, (in civil contests), but that (violently) quassata, respublica, quicunque fuisset eventus s,"Ahaken, the republic, whatever might-be the event belli, perderet multa et ornamenta.:f-the-war, would-lose much both as (respects) the ornaments lignitatis et prsesidia sume stabilitatis; que uterque 3f (its) dignity and the guards of its stability; and each dux faceret multa armatus, qume idem general would-have-done many-things (while in) arms, which he prohibuisset fieri, togatus. would-have-forbidden to-be-done, (when) clothed with the toga. (the Omnia quae vulnera belli curanda sunt dress of peace). All which wounds of war are-to-be-cured tibi; quibus nemo prseter te potest.mederi. oy you; which no-one except you can heal. Itaque invitus audivi illam tuam prseclarissimam Therefore (with) regret I heard that your very-celebrated et sapientissimam vocem, "Vixi satis diu vel and very-wise saying, "I-have-lived sufficiently long either naturae vel gloriae." Satis fortasse si vis for-nature or for glory." Sufficiently (long) perhaps if you-wish ita naturae; etiam addo si placet glorise; (it to be) so for-nature; also I-add if it-pleases (you) for-glory; at (quod est maximum) certe parum but (what is (of) the greatest (importance), certainly (but) little patrie. Quare omitte, quseso (long enough) for (your) country. Wherefore give-up, I-pray (you ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 171 istam prudentiam doctorum hominum in contemnendg this wisdom of learned men in despising morte; noli esse sapiens nostro periculo. Enim death; do not be wise at-our risk. For 'it-has ssepe venit ad meas aures, te dicere istud idem often 'come to my ears, (that) you say this same nimis crebro, te vixisse satis (thing) too often, that-you have-lived sufficiently (long) tibi. Credo; sed tum for-yourself. I believe (you are of this mir"';; but then (only) audirem id, si viveres tibi soli, ant si would-I-listen (to) it, if you-lived for yourself alone, or if etiam natus esses tibi soli. Nunc, cum tuse also you-were-born for yourself alone. (But) now, when your res gestse complexe sint salutem deeds have-embraced (and are identified with) the safety omnium civium, que cunctam of all the citizens, and (the same may also be said of) the entire rermpublicam; tantum abes a perfectione republic; 'you-are so-very 'distant from the completion maximorum operum, ut nondum jeceris of (your) greatest works, that 'you-have not-as-yet 'laid fundamenta quae cogitas. Tu the foundations (thereof) which you-may-think (you have). Will you hic definies modum tuae vitae non here limit the measure of-your life, not as respects the salute reipublicse, sed aequitate animi? Quid safety of-the-republic, but the equanimity of your mind? What si istud est ne quidem satis if that (portion of your life passed) is not indeed sufficient tuSe gloriae? cujus, quamvis sis sapiens, for-your glory? of which (glory), although you-be a-wise-man non negabis, te esse avidissimum. 'you will not 'deny, (that) you are very desirous. Igitur inquies,.ne parum magnam gloriam Therefore you-ask, (is it) but little (of) great glory relinquemus? Immo we-shall-leave (behind us, should our life now terminate)? Truly 172 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. vero satis aliis, quamvis multis; tibi uni parum. indeed enough for-others, however numerous; for-you alone (too) little. Enim quidquid est, quamvis sit amplum, For whatever is (your glory), although it-may be ample, id certe est tur parum, cum est aliquid it certainly is then little, when there-is something amplius. Quod si, C. Csesar, greater (of glory, that may be obtained). Because if, 0 C. Caesar, hic futurus sit exitus tuarum immortalium rerum, this were-to-be the result 'of your immortal achievements, ut, adversariis devictis, relinqueres rempublicam that, (your) enemies being conquered, you-would-leave the republic in eo statu, in quo nunc est; vide, quxeso, no in that state, in which 'it now 'is; see (to it), I-beg-you, lest tua divina virtus sit habitura plus admirationis your divine virtue may-hereafter-have more of-admiration quAm glorise; siquidem gloria est illustris ac than of-glory; since glory is illustrious and pervagata fama multorum et magnorum meritorum, wide-spread renown of-many and great services (done), vel in suos, vel in patriam, vel in omne either to one's (friends), or to one's country, or to the whole genus hominum. race of-men. 9. Igitur haec est pars reliqua tibi, hic Therefore this. is the part (that) is left to-you, this actus restat, in hoc elaborandum est ut act remains (to be performed), in this exertion-is-to-be-made that constituas rempublicam, que eA 'you-may-(firmly) 'establish the republic, and this (republic) composit&, tu in primis perfruare -being (thus) 'settled, you (may be)among the first to enjoy (it) cum summa tranquillitate et otio; turn, cum in the greatest tranquillity and leisure; then, when et solveris quod debes 'you-have both 'discharged the duty which you-owe 'to (your) patrise, et expleveris naturam ipsam satietate country, and may-have-filled nature herself with satiety ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 173 vivendi dicito si voles, of living [and shall have attained to a good old age] say if you-wish, te vixisse satis diu. Enim quid omnino est (that) you have-lived sufficiently long. For what after-all is hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum, this same long (living), in which there is something the last quod cum venit, omnis (and which must have an end), which when it-arrives, all prseterita voluptas est pro nihilo, quia postea past pleasure i~ for nothing, because after-that futura est nulla? Quanquam iste animus tuus there will be nothing? Although that mind (of) yours nunquam contentus fuit his angustiis, quas never was-content with-those narrow (limits), which natura dedit nobis ad vivendum; que semper nature has-given us to live (in); and always flagravit amore immortalitatis. was-inflamed with-the-love of-immortality. Nec vero haec tua vita ducenda est, quse Nor truly 'is this your life 'to-be-considered (as that), which continetur corpore et spiritu. Ilia, illa, inquam is-contained in-the-body and spirit. That, that, I-say est tua vita, quae vigebit memoria omnium is your life, which will-flourish in-the-memory of all sseculorum; quam posteritas alet, quam eternitas ages; which posterity will-cherish, which eternity ipsa semper tuebitur. Huic oportet itself 'will always 'preserve. For this (existence) it-behoves (that) tu inservias, huic ostentes te; you exert (yourself), for-this you-will-show yourself (in your quo quidem jampridem habet multatrue glory); (a life) which indeed long-since has many-things que miretur; nunc etiam expectat, quae which may-be-admired; now also it-looks-for (that), which laudet. Certe posteri obstupescent, may-receive. praise. Certainly posterity will-be-amazed, (when) audientes et legentes imperia. hearing, and reading (of) (your various) commands, 15* 174 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. provincias, Rhenum, Oceanum, Nilum, the provinces, the Rhine, the Ocean, the Nile, (yourj innumerabiles pugnas, incredibiles victorias, innumerable battles, (your) incredible victories, (your) innumera monumenta, tuos triumphos. Sed, nisi countless monuments, (and) your triumphs. But, unless haec urbs stabilita erit tuis consiliis et institutis, this city is-firmly-settled by your counsels and - laws, tuum nomen modo tur vagabitur longe atque your name 'will only then 'be-spread-out far and late; quidem non habebit stabilem sedem et wide; (but) indeed 'it will not 'have a stable abode and certum domicilium. Etiam erit inter certain domicile (to dwell in). Also there-will-be among eos qui nascentur, sicut fuit inter nos, those who (hereafter) will-be-born, as there-was among ourselves, magna dissensio, cum alii efferent tuas res gestas, great dissension, while some will-raise your exploits laudibus ad coelum, alii fortasse requirent aliquid, with praises to heaven, others perhaps will-require something que id vel maximum, nisi (more), and that even the-greatest-of-all, unless restinxeris incendium civilis belli salute you-shall-have-extinguished the conflagration of civil war by-the-safety patrie; ut illud videatur fuisse 'of-(your) 'country; (so) that the-former may-appear to-have-been (the fati, hoc consilii. Igitur work) of fate, this (the latter the work of your wise) counsel. Therefore servi etiam iis judicibus, qui multis seculis have-regard also to-those judges, who many ages post judicabunt de te, et quidem, haud scio an hereafter will decide concerning you, and indeed, perhaps incorruptius, quAm nos; nam judicabunt, et more-unbiassedly, than we (can); for they-will-judge, bot. sine amore et sine cupiditate, et rursus without affection and without cupidity, and (also) again sine odio et sine invidig. Autem etiam si without hatred and without envy. But also if (all) ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 175 id non tune pertinebit ad te this 'should not then 'affect to you (hereafter, when dead) (ut quidam falso putant); certe nune pertinet (as some falsely suppose); 'it certainly now 'behoves (you) te esse talem,. ut nulla (that) you be such, [conduct yourself in such a manner], that no oblivio unquam obscuratura sit tuas oblivion 'shall ever (hereafter) 'obscure your laudes. praises. 10. Voluntates civium fuerunt diversee, que The inclinations of-the-citizens were diverse, and (their) sententiae distractae, enim non opinions distracted (and divided in the civil war); for 'we did not solum dissidebamus consiliis et studiis, sed etiam only 'differ by (our) counsels and wishes, but also armis et castris. by-arms and camps (and took different sides in the military operations). ' Autem erat qusedam obscuritas, erat But there-was some obscurity (in the affair), there-was certamen inter clarissimos duces; a contest between the-most-celebrated generals (Csesar and Pompey); multi dubitabant, quid esset optimum; many doubted, what might-be best (to be done, for the inmulti quid expediret sibi; terest of the republic); many what might-be-expedient for-themselves; multi quid deceret; etiam nonnulli many what might-be-becoming (for them to do); also some quid liceret. what it-might-be-allowed (for them to do for their own private interest).. Respublica perfuncta est hoc misero que The republic 'has (at last) 'gone-through this miserable and fatali bello; is vicit, qui non fatal (civil) war; he has-conquered, who 'would not inflammaret suum odium fortune, 'inflame his hatred by success (or make use of good sed leniret fortune as a means of revenge), but would-mitigate (it) 176 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. bonitate; nec, qui, omnes quibus by kindness (and clemency); nor, who, all (those) with whom iratus esset judicaret, etiam he-had-been-displeased (and offended) would-he-deem (them), also eosdem dignos exsilio aut morte. Arma the same (as) worthy (of) exile or death. Arms posita ab aliis, ab aliis erepta sunt. were-laid-down by some, from others they-were-taken. (That) civis est ingratus que injustus, qui liberatus citizen is ungrateful and unjust, who having-been-freed periculo armorum, tamen retinet armatum from-the-dangers of war, yet retains a hostile animum; ut etiam ille sit melior, mind; (so) that also he is better (and more excusable), qui cecidit in acie, qui profudit animam in causa. who fell in battle, who lost (his) life in the cause. Enim qui potest videri pertinacia quibusdam, For that-which may appear obstinacy in some, eadem aliis constantia. Sed jam omnis the same in-others (may appear) constancy. But now all dissentio fracta est armis, et exstincta dissension has-been-crushed by-arms, and extinguished aequitate victoris; restat, ut omnes velint by-the-justice of-the-conqueror; it-remains, that all may-desire unum, qui modo habent non solum one (and the same thing), who indeed may-have not only aliquid sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis. Nisi, any-thing of wisdom, but also soundness-of-mind. Unless, Caesar, te salvo, et manente in ista 0 Caesar, you being-safe, and remaining in this (same) sententia, qua cum antea vel.turn hodie opinion, which as (well) heretofore as moreover to-day maxime usus es, 'you-have more-especially 'made-use-of, [in the same opinions you have possumus non esse salvi. always declared yourself to be of] 'we-can not be safe. Quare omnes, qui volumus haec esse salva, Wherefore (we) all, who wish these (things) to-be safe, ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 177 et hortamur et obsecramus te ut consulas both exhort zl il entreat you that you consult (your) vitse, ut ture saluti; que omnes life, that (you would consult) your safety; and 'we all pollicemur tibi (ut etiam loquar pro aliis. 'promise you (that 'I-may also 'speak for others, quod ipse sentio de me), quoniam putas that-which I-myself feel as respects myself), because you-think aliquid subesse, quod there 'is something (formed against you) 'concealed, which cavendum sit, non modo excubias et it-may-be-necessary-to-guard-against, not only watches and custodias, sed etiam oppositus nostrorum sentinels, but also (we promise) the opposition of our laterum et corporum. sides and bodies (as ramparts against your enemies). 11. Sed unde oratio orsa est terminetur in But whence (my) speech began let-it-end in eodem. she same (place). [Let my speech end with the same expressions of thanks, Omnes, C. Caesar, agimus maximas that it began with.] 'We all, 0 C. Caesar, 'return great gratias tibi; habemus etiam majores. thanks to-you; we-have also (yet) greater (thanks that we Nam omnes sentiunt idem; cannot express). For all feel the same (thing); quod potuisti sentire ex precibus et which you-might-have perceived from the entreaties and lacrymis omnium. Sed, quia est non necesse tears of all. But, because it-is not necessary omnibus stantibus dicere; certe for all standing up to declare (their feelings and opinions); certainly volunt dici a me, cui est quodammodo they-wish (them) to-be-expressed by me, to whom it-is in-some-sort necesse, et quod volunt, et quod decet. necessary (to say), both what they-wish, and what is-proper, et id, quod intelligo debere praecipue fieri a me, and that, which I consider ought principally to-be-done by me, 178 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. (M. Marcello reddito a te huic ordini (M. Marcello being-restored by you to this order (of the senate) que Romano populo et reipublicae). Nam sentio and the Roman people and to-the-republic) For I-feel (that) omnes letari, non ut de salute unius solum, sed ut all rejoice, not as for the safety of one alone, but as de communi salute omnium; atem quod est!or the common safety of all; but which is (a proof; summae benevolentia (quae fuit semper nota of the greatest affection (which was always known omnibus me erga ilium, ut vix cederem to all, (that) I (had) towards him, that scarcely did-I-yield C. Marcello optimo et amantissimo fratri, quidem to C. Marcellus his most excellent and affectionate brother, indeed prseter eum nemini), cum praestiterim id sollicitudine, except him tono one), as I-showed this 'by (my) 'solicitude, curg, labore tamdiu quamdiu 'by (my) 'are, (and) 'by (my) 'exertion as-long as dubitatum est de illius salutate, certe debeo it-was-doubted respecting his safety, I certainly ought prsestare hoc tempore liberatus to show (my affection) at-this time (when) freed magnis curis, molestiis, doloribus. from great cares, troubles, (and) sufferings (respecting him). Itaque, C. COesar, sic ago gratias, ut me Therefore, 0 C. Ceesar, I thus return thanks, that I being non solum conservato a te omnibus rebus, sed not only preserved by you in-all things, but etiam ornato, tamen ad tua innumerabilia merita also honoured, however to your innumerable kind acts in me unum, (quod arbitrabar posse non jam to me alone, (which I-thought could not even-now fieri), hoc tuo facto be made) (greater), by this your act (of pardoning M. Marcellur' maximus cumulus accesserit.;he greatest crowning-favour has acceded. ORATIO THE ORATION M. TULLII CICEKONIS, OF M. TULLIUS CICERO, PRO FOR MANILIA LEGE. THE MANILIAN LA W. 1. QUANQUAM conspectus vester frequens Although the sight (of) your numerous (assembly) semper est visus mihi, Quirites, multo Lhas always 'appeared to-me, 0 Romans, (by) much jucundissimus, autem hie loens amplissimus the-most-agreeable (sight), moreover this place the-most-dignified ad agendum, ornatissimus ad dicendum; to treat (with you), (and) the-most-honourable to speak (in); tamen, hoc aditu laudis, qui semper maxime however, from-this avenue to praise, which 'was always especially patuit, cuique optimo, non mea 'open, to each distinguished (and excellent man), not my voluntas, sed meae rationes vitae susceptae ab will, but my rules of life adopted from ineunte wetate prohibuerunt me. Nam the commencing age (of my career 'held me 'back. For cum antea, per atatem, auderem nondum when heretofore, on-account-of (my) age, I dared not-yet attingere auctoritatem hujus loci, que statuerem, aspire to-the-dignity of-this place, and 'I-sat (it) 'down, (179) 180 'ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. nihil oportere afferi huc nisl (tnat) nothing ought to-be-brought to-this-place unless (it! perfectum ingenio elaboratum industrig; putavi were-perfected by talent (and) elaborated by industry; 'I (therefore) omne meum tempus transmittendum 'thought (that) all my time was-to-be-given-over temporibus amicorum. Ita neque fuit hic locus to-the-affairs of-my-friends. Also neither was this place unquam vacuus ab iis, qui defenderent vestram ever unoccupied by those, who might-defend your causam; et meus labor versatus caste que cause (and interests); and my labour employed faithfully and integre in periculis privatorum, est consecutus honestly in the dangers of private (individuals), has-obtained amplissimum fructum ex vestro judicio. the-most-ample reward from your judgment (and opinion, Nam cum propter dilationem favourably pronounced for me). For when on-account-of the adjournment comitiorum, renuntiatus sum ter, primus of-the-comitia, I-was-declared (elected) three-times, (as) first praetor cunctis centuriis, facile intellexi, praetor by-all the centuries, 1I readily 'understood (from this), Quirites, et quid judicaretis de me, et quid O-Romans, both what you-might-judge of me, and what praescriberetis allis. Et nunc, cum sit tantium you-might-prescribe to others. And now, when there-may-be so-much auctoritatis in me, quantum vos voluistis of authority (and influence) in me, as you have-willed esse honoribus mandandis; et (that) there be by-honours assigned (to me, by you); and tantum facultas ad agendum, so-much capacity (and fitness) for treatihg-with-you (and addressing quantium prope quotidiana exercitatio dicendi you), as almost the daily exercise of speaking potuit afferre vigilanti homini, ex usu could bring to an industrious man, from the practice (of the) forensi; et certe si cst quid auctoritatis in bar; and certiainly if there is any-thing of-authority in OPRATIO P1O LEGE MANILIA. 181 nc, utar ea apud cos, qui dederunt eam mie, I-will-use it before those, who conferred this (authority) mihi; et si etiam possum conscqui quid dicendo, on me; and if also I can effect any-thing by speaking, ostendam potissimum iis, qui quoque I will-display (it) the-most-especially to-those, who also censuerunt suo judicio fructum have-thought by-their (favourable) opinion (and suffrages, that) a-reward tribuendum esse ei rei. Atque video, ought-to-be-given (me) for-this thing. And I-see, (that), illud in primis, Iletandum esse mihi jure, that in particular, 'ought-to rejoice me by-right, quod in hac insolita ratione dicendi mihi, ex that in this unusual mode of-speaking for-me, (and)from hoc loco, talis causa oblata est, in qua oratio this place, such a cause is offered (to me), in which an oration potest deesse nemini. Enim dicendum est de could fail no-one. For it-is-to-be-discoursed about singulari que eximia virtute Cn. Pompeii; hujus the-singular and eminent virtue of Cu. Pompey; of-this orationis est difficilius invenire exitum qu~m discourse it-is more-difficult to-find the termination than principium. Ita non tam copia, the commencement. Therefore not so-much copiousness (or diffusion), quam modus in dicendo queerendum est. 'is (a restricted) mode in speaking is-to-be-sought-for. 2. Atque ut mea oratio proficiscatur inde, And that my oration may-proceed-from thence, unde omnis hsec causa ducitur; grave et whence all this affair is-derived; a serious and periculosum bellum infertur vestris vectigalibus iJngerous war is-waged against-your revenues atque sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus, and allies by two most-powerful kings, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, Mithridates and Tigranes, of-whom the one being-left alter lacessitus, (to himself and unmolested), the other provoked (by your attacks),!6 1.82 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. arbitrantur occasionem oblatum esse sibi ad think (that) an opportunity is-ofered to-tllelm to occupandum Asiam. Literse quotidie afferuntur occupy Asia. Letters 'are daily 'brought ex Asia Romanis equitibus, honestissimis viris, from Asia to Roman knights, most-honourable men, quorum magnae res occupatse, in ol, whom [belonging to whom] great sums-of-money employed, in exercendis vestris vectigalibus, aguntur; qui, collecting your revenues, are-at-stake; who, pro necessitudine, quae est mihi, cum illo on-account-of the-intimate-connexion, which is with-me, with that ordine detulerunt ad order (of knight, from which I have myself sprung) brought to me causam reipublicae, (and entrusted) me (with the task of pleading) the cause of-the-republic, que pericula suarum rerum; Bithyniae, quve and the dangers of their (private) fortunes; in Bithynia, which est nunc vestra provincia, complures is now your province, (it is said that) many vicos exustos esse; regum Ariobarzanis, quod villages have-been-burnt; (that) the kingdom of Ariobarzanes, which finitimum est vestris vectigalibus, esse totum in borders-on your tributaries, is entirely in potestate hostium; Lucullum, gestis magnis the power of-the-enemy; (that) Lucullus, having-performed great rebus, discedere ab eo bello; huic, qui exploits, is retiring from that war; (that) to-him, who successerit non satis paratum esse may-succeed (Lucullus) 'it has not 'been sufficiently 'provided ad administrandum tantum bellum; unum for conducting so-great a war; (that) one-person [Pom. deposci atque expeti ab omnibus sociis et pey] is-demulnded and required by all allies and civibus imperatorem ad id bellum; hunc citizens (as) the commander for that war; (that) this ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 183 eundem unum metui ab hostibus, prmeterea same individual is-feared by the enemy, (and) besides (him) neminem. no- one. Videtis quae sit causa You-see what may-be the case (and the nature of the affair before nunc, considerate quid sit agendum. Videtur you); now, consider what is-to-be-done. It-seems mihi primum dicendum esse de genere to-me (that) first mention-ought-to-be-made of the nature belli, deinde de magnitudine, tum de of-the-war, afterwards of (its) magnitude, (and) then of imperatore diligendo. Genus belli est ejusmodi, the commander to-be-chosen. The nature of-the-war is of-that-kind, quod debeat maxime excitare atque inflammare which ought very-greatly to-excite and to-inflame vestros animos ad studium persequendi; your minds to the zealous-desire of-carrying (it) on (to a sucin quo gloria Romani populi ccssful conclusion); in which the glory of-the-Roman people agitur, qume tradita est vobis a majorilius, is-staked, which has-been-handed-down to you by (your) ancestors, cum magna in omnibus (which glory of your ancestor) when (it was) great in all rebus, turn summa in militari re; salus things, (was) then the greatest in military affairs; the safety sociorum atque amicorum agitur, pro qua vestri of-our-allies and friends is-at-stake, for which your majores gesserunt multa magna et gravia bella; ancestors have-waged many great and serious wars; ccrtissima et maxima vectigalia Romani populi the most-sure and greatest revenues of-the-Roman people aguntur; quibus amissis, requiretis are-at-stake; which being-lost, you-will-require (and miss et ornamenta pacis, et subsidia belli; bona both the ornaments of peace, and the subsidies of war; the property multorum civium aguntur, quibus consulendum est of many citizens is-at-stake, for-which care-is-to-be-taken *: X, '., 184 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. a vobus, et causa ipsorum et by you, both for the sake of-those-interested and (for the pake) rcipublicae. of the republic. 3. Et quoniam semper fuistis appetentes And because 'you always have-been seekers glorive, atque avidi laudis praeter ceteras gentes, of glory, and eager of praise beyond (all) other nations, illa macula, suscepta superiore Mithridatico bello, that stain, received in-the-former Mithridatic war, delenda est vobis, quoe jam insedit penitus is-to-be-effaced by-you, which (stain) now has-settled deep atque inveteravit in nomine and 'established (itself) 'by-length-of-time on the name Romani populi; quod is qui, uno of-the-Roman people; that he (Mithridates) who, in-one (and the die, in tota Asia, in tot civitatibus, same) day, in all Asia, in so-many cities (and states), denotavit uno nuntio, atque significatione designated by-a-single messenger, and by-the-signification (or order) una literarum Romanos cives alone of-a-letter (he carried with him) Roman citizens trucidandos que necandos, non modo adhuc to-be-butchered and put-to-death, not only as-yet suscepit ullam poenam dignam scelere; has-hc-(not)-receivcd any punishment commensurate with-the-crine; sed jam regnat, tertium et vicesimum annum but 'he now 'reigns, (in the) three and twentieth year ab illo tempore; et regnat, ita ut from that time (of the massacre); and he-reigns, so that 'he-does non velit occultare se Ponto, neque latebris not 'pretend to-hide himself in-Pontus, nor in-the-lurking-places Cappadocite, sed emergere e patrio of Cappadocia, but (he seeks) to-emerge from (his) hereditary regno, atque versari in vestris kingdom, and to-carry-on (his warlike operations) among your vectigalibus, hoc est in luce. Asim. tributaries, that is in (open day) light (and view of all) Asia *' ' * *:' * ' '* ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 185 Etenim adhuc, vestri imperatores ita contenderunt For until-now, your generals 'have so 'contended cum illo rege, ut reportarent ab with that king, that (they may be said to) have carried off from illo insignia victorise, non victoria.. L. Sulla him the-tokens of victory, (and) not victory (itself). L. Sylla triumphavit de Mithridate, L. Murena triumphavit, triumphed over Mithridates, L. Murena triumphed duo fortissimi viri, et summi imperatores; (overhim), two most-valiant men, and the greatest commanders; sed triumpharunt ita, ut ille, pulsus que superatus, but they triumphed so, that he, repulsed and defeated, regnaret. Verumtamen laus est tribuenda illis still reigned. But-indeed praise is to-be-given to-those imperatoribus quod egerunt; venia danda, generals (for) what they did; pardon is-to be-granted, quod reliquerunt; propterea quod respublica for what they-left-undone; because that the republic revocavit Sullam ab eo bello in Italiam, Sulla recalled Sylla from that war to Italy, (and) Sylla Murenam. (recalled) Murena. 4. Autem Mithridates contulit omne reliquum But Mithridates employed all the intervening tempus, non ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad time, not in the oblivion of-the-old war, but in comparationem novi; qui, posteaquam the prepasing of a new (war); who, after-that edificasset que ornasset maximas classes, que ae -had-built and equipped very-great fleets, and comparasset permagnos exercitus, ex quibuscunque assembled very-large armies, from whatever gentibus potuisset, et simulasset se nations he-could, and pretended (that) he (was aboutJ inferre bellum Bosporanis, snis to wage war against-the-inhabitants-on-the Bosphorus, his finitimis; misit legatos ac literas, usque in neighbours; he-sent ambassadors and letters, even unto 16* 186 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. Hispaniam ad eos duces, cum quibus turn Spain to those leaders, with whom 'we-were thenr gerebamus bellum; cum ut bellum gereretur 'waging war; so that the war might-be-carried-on terrA que mari, in duobus disjunctissimis, que by-land and by-sea, in two widely-separated, and maxime diversis locis, uno consilio very greatly dissimilar places, with one (and the same) plan a binis copiis hostium, vos districti (of operation) by two armies of-the-enemy, (so that) you occupied ancipiti contentione dimicaretis de imperio. by-a-double contest might-have-to-fight for the empire (itself). Sed tamen periculum alterius partis, Sertorianse But however the danger of-the-other part (namely), the Sertorian atque Hispaniensis, quac habebat multo plus and Spanish (danger), which had much more firmamenti ac roboris, depulsumest divino consilio stability and strength, was-warded-off by-the-divine wisdom ac singulari virtute Cn. Pompeii; in altera parte, and singular valour of Cn. Pompey; on the other part res ita administrata est a L. Lucullo, (in Asia), the affair 'was so 'managed by L. Lucullus, summo viro, ut illa magna atque praeclara a-most-distinguished man, that those great and brilliant initia gestdtrum rerum videantur esse tribuenda, beginnings 'of (his) 'exploits may-seem to be attributed, non ejus felicitati, sed virtuti, autem heec not 'to his 'good-fortune, but to (his) 'valour, but these extrema, quae nuper acciderunt, latter (reverses), which lately have-happened, (may seem to be attrinon culpae, sed fortunea. Sed de buted), not (to any) fault (of his), but (to bad) fortune. But of Lucullo dicam alio loco, et ita dicam Lucullus I-shall-speak in-another place, and 'I shall so 'speak (of him) Quirites, ut videatur, neque vera laus 0 Romans, that it-may-seem, (that) neither true praise detracta ei nostra oratione, neque falsa has-been-taken-from him by-our oration, nor false (praise) ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 187 afficta esse De dignitate atque glorin to-have-been-bestowed (on him). Concerning tbe-dignity and the-glory vestri imperii, quoniam is est exorsus mese of-your empire, as that is the beginning of my orationis, videte, quem animum putetis oration, consider, what (feelings of) mind you-may-think suscipiendum vobis. ought-to-be-entertained by-you. 5. Vestri majores ssepe gesserunt bella Your ancestors 'have often 'waged wars (on account mercatoribus ac naviculariis injuriosius of their) merchants and seafaring-men 'having-been too-injuriously tractatis; tandem, quo animo debetis vos esse, ~treated; in-fine, in-what (state of) mind ought you to-be, tot millibus Romanorum civium necatis, so-many thousands of Roman citizens being-slain, (by an order uno nuntio, atque uno tempore? Vestri carried) by-one messenger, and (all) at-the-same time? Your patres voluerunt Corinthum, lumen totius Groecie, ancestors resolved (that) Corinth, the light of-all Greece, extinctum esse quod legati should-be extinguished (and destroyed) because (your) ambassadors erant superbius appellati; vos patiemini eum regem were too-haughtily addressed; you suffer that king esse inultum, qui necavit legatum Romani populi, to-be unpunished, who murdered an ambassador of the Roman people, consularem, cxcruciatum vinculis ac (and he of) consular-dignity, (after being) tortured by chains and verberibus, atque omni supplicio? Illi scourging, and all (kinds of) punishments? They (your non tulerunt libertatem ancestors) 'did not 1suffer the liberty (and privileges) Romanorum civium imminutam; vos negligetis of Roman citizens to-be-infringed; 'will you 'neglect vitam ereptam? Illi (to avenge) the-life taken (from your ambassador)? They persecuti sunt jus legationis avenged the right, (and privileges) of-an-embassy (when) 188 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA.. violatum verbo; vos relinquetis legatum violated (only) by-a-word; 'willyou 'leave (unavenged) an ambassador interfectum, omni supplicio? Videte, ne, ut put-to-death, by-all (kinds of) torture? See-to-it, lest, as fuit pulcherrimum illis, relinquere vobis tantam it was a-most-illustrious (thing) for-them, to-leave to you so-great gloriam imperii; sic sit a glory of-empire (and such great renown); so it-may-be turpissimum vobis, non posse tueri et a-most-shameful (thing) for-you, not to-be-able to defend and conservare, id, quod accepistis. Quid, to preserve, that, which you-have-received (from them). What quod salus sociorum vocatur. in (shall I say of this), that the safety of-the-allies is-placed in summum periculum ac discrimen? Rex Ariobarzanes, the greatest danger and hazard? King Ariobarzanes, socius atque amicus Romani populi, expulsus est the ally and friend of-the-Roman people, has-been-driven regno; duo reges imminent toti Asite, 'from (his) 'kingdom; two kings threaten all Asia, (who are) non solum inimicissimi vobis, sed etiam vestris sociis not only most-hostile to-you, but also to-your allies atque amicis; autem omnes civitates, cuncta Asia and friends; - but all the cities, entire Asia atque Graecia, propter magnitudinem periculi, and Greece, on-account-of the magnitude of-the-danger, coguntur expectare vestrum auxilium: are-forced to-expect (and wish for) your assistance; arbitrantur neque audent deposcere certum they-think (that) neither dare-they request a certain imperatorem, a vobis, cum (particular) commander, [namely, Pompey,] from you, when proesertim vos miseritis alium, neque posse especially you have-sent another, nor (suppose that) they-could facere id, sine summo periculo. do it, without the greatest danger (from the commander just Vident et sentiunt hoc idem, quod uppointed). They-see and feel this same (thing), which ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 189 vos esse unum virum, in quo sint omnia you (do, that) there-is one man, in whom are all summa, et eum esse the highest (qualities, for carrying on the war), and (that) he is prope, (quo etiam carent aegrius), near, (for which also they-desire (him) the-more-impatiently), ipso adventu cujus, atque nomine, by-this-self-same arrival of-him, and 'by (his) 'name, tametsi ille venerit ad maritimum bellum, although he came to a maritime war (against the pirates), tamen intelligunt impetus hostium esse yet they perceive (that) the attacks of-the-enemy were represses ac retardatos. Hi rogant vos repressed and retarded. These (allies and friends) entreat you tacite, quoniam silently, because (through fear of offending the commander of the pronon licet loqui libere, ut vince) 'it-is not 'allowed (them) to speak freely (and openly), that quoque existimetis se sicut dignos 'you-would also 'consider them as worthy of your socios ceterarum provinciarum, quorum favours, as are the allies of-other provinces, whose salutem commendetis tali viro: atque safety you-may-have-confided to such a man (as Pompey): and hoc etiam magis, quam ceteros, quod for-this (reason) also the-lnore-so, than the others (are), because mittimus homines ejusmodi in provinciam cum we-send men of-that-sort into this province with (military imperio, ut etiam si defendant and civil) authority, (so) that though if they-defend (them) ab hoste, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbes from the enemy, yet their arrival among the towns sociorum non differant multum ab hostili of-the-allies 'does not 'differ much from a hostile expugnatione. Audiebant hunc antea, nunc capture. They-heard (of) him before, now vident praesentem, tant&,hey-see (him) present (among them), (a man) of-so-much 190 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. temperantia, tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, moderation, of-so-much mildness, of-so-much humanity, ut ii videantur esse beatissimi, apud quos that those seem to be the-most-fortunate, among whom ille commoratur diutissime. he sojourns the-longest-time. 6. Quare, si vestri majores, propter socios, Wherefore, if your ancestors, on account (of their) allies, ipsi lacessiti nulla injuria, gesserunt (although) themselves provoked by no injury, waged bella cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum ]Etolis, wars with Antiochus, with Philip, with the AEtolians, cum Poenis; quanto studio convenit with the Carthaginians; wilh-what zeal (therefore) does-it-become.os, provocatos injuriis, defendere salutem you, provoked by injuries, to-defend the-safety 'of (your) sociorum, una cum dignitate vestri imperii; 'allies, together with the dignity of-your empire; prsesertim cum agatur de vestris maximis especially when (the thing) agitated (is) about your greatest vectigalibus? Nam vectigalia (and most productive) revenues? For the revenues ceterarum provinciarum, Quirites, sunt tanta of-the-other provinces, 0 Romans, are (only) so-great ut possimus vix esse contenti ad that we-can scarcely be content (with them, as sufficient) for tutandas provincias ipsas; Asia vero est tam defending the provinces themselves; Asia indeed is so opima et fertilis, ut facile antecellat omnibus fertile and productive, that (it) easily excels all (other) terris, et ubertate agrorum, et varietate countries, both by-the-richness 'of (its) 'soil, and by-the-variety fructuum, et magnitudine pastionis, et 'of (its) 'fruits, and by-the-extent 'of (its) 'pastures, and multitudine earum rerum, que exportantur. Itaque, by-the-multitude of-those things, which may-be-exported. Theretorc, Quirites, hbec provincia vobis, si vultis 0 Romans, this province (belonging,' o-you, if vou-wish ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 191 sustinere, et utilitatem belli, to sustain (and defend), both (its) usefulness (in time) of war, et dignitatem pacis, est non modb 9nd (its) dignity (and ornament in time) of peace, is not only defendenda calamitate, sed etiam a to-be-defended (by you) 'from (all) 'calamity, but also from thetu calamitatis. Nam in ceteris rebus, -cun (even) the fear of calamity. For in other things, when calamitas venit, tur detrimentum accipitur; at kany) calamity arrives, then damage is received; but in vectigalibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam in revenue-affairs not only the arrival of-evil, but also metus ipse,, affert calamitatem. Nam cum copiae the fear itself (of it), brings calamity. For when the forces hostium non longe absunt, etiam- si nulla of-the-enemy 'are nqt far 'distant, (and) also if ' no irruptio sit facta, tamen pecora relinquuntur, inroad be made, however the flocks are-abandoned, agricultura deseritur, navigatio mercatorum agriculture is-deserted, the navigation (and commerce) of-merchants conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu, ceases-to-be-active. So (that) neither from port (duties on exports neque ex decumis, neque and imports), nor froin the tithes (on agricultural produce), nor ex scripture potest vectigal conservari. from the pasturage-tax could (any) impost be preserved Quare ssepe fructus totius anni jor obtained). Wherefore often the produce of-an-entire year amittitur. uno rumore periculi, atque uno is-lost by-a-single rumour of danger, and by-the-mere terrore belli. 'Tandem, quo animo fear of war. In-fine, in-what (state of) mind existimatis ant eos esse, qui pensitant vectigalia do-you-think (that) either those are, who pay duties nobis, ant eos qui exercent atque to-us, or those who (tmake it their business to) collect and, exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis exact (them), when two kings with very-large forces 'are 192 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. prope adsint? Cam una excursio equitatfis possit, nearly 'present? When one incursion of-cavalry may, perbrevi tempore, auferre vectigal totius in-a-very-suiort time, carry off the revenue of-the-whole anni? Cum publicani arbitrentur, se year? When the-farmers-of-the-revenue may-think, (that) they habere magno periculo maximas familias, maintain at-a-great risk very-great companies (of slaves), quas habent in saltibus, quas in agris, which they-have in the-forests, which (they have) in the-fields, quas in portubus, atque custodiis? which (they have) in the harbours, and in-the-custom-houses? Ne putatis, vos posse frui illis rebus, nisi Whether do-you-think, (that) you can enjoy those things, unless conservaveritis eos, qui sunt fructui vobis (ut you preserve those who are (thus) useful to-you (as dixi antea), non solum liberates calamitate, sed I-said before), not only freed from calamity, but etiam formidine calamitatis? also from-the-dread of calamity? 7. Ac illud quidem ne negligendum est vobis, And that indeed 'is not 'to-be-neglected by you, quod ego proposueram mihi extremum, which I had-proposed to-myself (as) the-last-thing (to be mencum essem dicturus, de genere belli, tioned), when I-might (come) to-speak, concerning the kind of-war, quod pertinet ad bona multorum (namely, that) which appertains to the property of-many Romanorum civium; quorum, Quirites, pro Roman citizens; of whose (interest), 0 Romans, in vestra sapientia, ratio your wisdom, a sentiment of regard (for their interests) 'ie diligenter habenda est vobis. ' Nam et especially 'to-be-had by you. For also publicani, et honestissimi et ornatissimi the-farmers-of-the-revenue, both honourable and accomplished homines, contulerunt suas rationes et copias in men, have-transferred their means and wealth into ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 193 illam provinciam; res et fortuna quorum that province; the property and fortune of these ipsorum debent esse, per se, curse same (men) ought to-be, on-their-own-account, (an especial) care vobis. Etenim si, semper duximus to you. For if, (as) 'we-have always supposed vectigalia esse nervos reipublicae; certe the revenues to-be the sinews of-the-republic; 'we certainly diceremus esse recte, eum ordinem, 'may-be-said to be right, (when we assert, that), that order qui exercent illa, esse (of men, the equites), who(follow-the-busiiess-of-,ollectin them, are firmamentum ceterorum ordinum. Deinde,.gnavi the support of-the-other orders. In-the-next-place, active et industrii homines ex ceteris ordinibus, and industrious men from the other orders, (that) partim ipsi negociantur in Asia, quibus, absentibus, partly themselves traffic in Asia, who, being absent, debetis consulere; partim habent magnas you-ought to-take-care of; (and who) partly have great pecunias suas, et suorum collocatas sums-of-money (both) their-own, and (that) of-their-friends, placed in 'ea provincia. Igitur erit vestrae humanitatis, in that province. Therefore it-will be (a part) 'of your 'humanity, prohibere magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate; to-shield a great number of-those citizens from misfortune; sapientiae, videre calamitatem (it will be a part of your) wisdom, to-perceive (that) the misfortune multorum civium posse non esse sejunctam a of-many citizens can not be separated from (that of) republica. Etenim illud primum, refert- parvi, the republic. For that at-first, it-avails little, (that) vos recuperare postea, victoria, vectigalia amissa you recover hereafter, by-a-victory, the revenues lost publicanis Neque enim, erit facultas by-the-farmers-thereof. Nor also, will-there-be the means iisdem ' -redimendi, with-these-same (farmers of the revenge) 'of (agaip) 'copjracting-ta; 17 194 ORATIO PRO LEGE MAN1LIA. propter calamitatem, collect-the-revenue, on;account-of the calamity (of losing their property), neque voluntas allis, propter timorem, nor (will there be any) desire to others, on-account-of the fear Deinde, quod eadem Asia, atque iste (of the risks). Next, that-which this-same Asia, and this idem Mithridates docuit nos initio Asiatici very-same Mithridates taught us in-the-beginning of the Asiatic belli; id quidem debemus certe retinere war; that indeed we-ought certainly to retain 'in (our) memoria docti calamitate. Nam scimus turn, 'memory taught by calamity. For we-know (that) then, cum permulti amiserant magnas res, fidem concidisse when very-many had-lost large fortunesit credit fell Romse, solutione impedita. Enim multi at Rome, the payment (of debts) being hindered. For many possunt non amittere rem atque fortunas in ung can not lose (their) property and fortunes in a civitate, ut non trahunt plures, cum se, in city, that 'they-do not 'draw, many, with themselves, into eandem calamitatem. A quo the same calamity (of loss of property and fortune). From which periculo, prohibete rempublicam, et credite mihi misfortune, do-you-defend the republic, and believe me (id quod ipsi videtis), haec fides, atque (that which you-yourselves perceive) (to be so), these credits, and hsec ratio pecuniarum, quae versatur Romte, this rate (and state) of-money-affairs, which are-practised at Rome, quve in foro, implicata est cum illis which (are also practised) in the forum, are-bound-up with those Asiaticis pecuniis, et Asiatic sums of money (belonging to citizens of Rome), and cohTeret. Ila possunt non cling (to them). Those (sums of moneys, invested in Asia), can not ruere, \ ut htec, labefactata fall (and be lost), (but) that these (money affairs in Rome), being shaken codem motu, non concidant. Quare by-the-same motion, would not fall (with them). Wherefore *"*.. ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 195 ridete, num vobis dubitandum sit incumbere consider, if you ought-to-doubt to-apply-yourselves omni, studio ad id bellum, in quo gloria vestri with-all zeal to that war, in which the glory of-your nominis, salus sociorum maxima vectigalia, name, the safety 'of (your) 'allies, (your) greatest revenues, fortunoe plurimorum civium, cum (and) the fortunes of many citizens, with republics defendantur. the republic are defended (and protected). 8. Quoniam dixi de genere belli, Because I-have-spoken concerning the nature of-the-war, 'I nunc dicam pauca de magnitudine. now 'will-say a few (words) concerning (its) magnitude. Enim hoc potest dici; esse genus belli For this may be-said (of it); (that it) is a kind of-war ita necessarium, ut sit gerendum; esse so necessary, that it-is(absolutely) to-be-waged; (that) it-is non ita magnum, ut sit pertimescendum. In quo, not so great, that it-may-be-greatly-feared. In which, est maxime loborandum, ne forte ea it-is principally to-be-sought-for (by me), lest by-chance those-things videantur vobis esse contemnenda, quae may-seem to-you to-be despised, which 'are diligentissime providenda sunt. Atque ut omnes most-diligently 'to-be-provided-against. And that all intelligant, me impertire L. Lucullo tantum may-understand, (that) I grant to L. Lucullus so-much laudis, quantum debeatur forti viro, et sapientissimo of praise, as is due to-a-brave man, and to-a-very-wise homini, et magno imperatori; dico, ejus man, and to-a-great general; I-say, (that) 'on his adventu, maximas copias Mithridates fuisse ornatas 'arrival, the-very-great forces of-Mithridates were equipped atque instructas, omnibus rebus; que and supplied, with-all things (necessary for the war); and urbem Cyzicenorum clarissimam Asiae, que (that) the town of-the-Cyzicenians the-most-celebrated of Asia, and 196 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. amicissimam nobis, obsessam esse ab rege ipso, the-most-friendly to-us, was-besieged by the king himself, maxima multitudine, et vehementissime with-a-very-great multitude (of troops) and most-violently oppugnatum, quam L. Lucullus liberavit assaulted, which (town) L. Lucullus relieved summis periculis obsidionis, virtute, assiduitate, from-the-greatest dangers of-a-siege, 'by (his)'valour, perseverance, consilio; ab eodem imperatore (and wise) counsel; (and that) by the same general (Lucullus) magnam et ornatam classem superatam esse atque a large and well-equipped fleet was-defeated and depressam, quae, inflammata studio sunk, which, inflamed with-an-eager-desire (of vengeance), raperetur ad Italiam Sertorianis ducibus; was-hurried-on towards Italy by Sertorian leaders; prseterea. [officers belonging to Sertorius's party in Spain]; moreover (that) magnas copias hostium deletas esse multis large forces of-the-enemy were-destroyed in-many prseliis; que Pontum patefactum esse nostris battles; and (that) Pontus was-opened to-our legionibus, qui ante clausus esset Romano populo, legions, which before had-been-shut to-the-Roman people, ex omni aditu; Sinopen atque Amisum, in on al' (its) approaches; that Sinope and Amisus, in quibus oppidis, erant domicilia regis ornata atquo which towns, were the palaces of-the-king adorned anti referta omnibus rebus; que permultas ceteras urbes filled with-all things; and very-many other towns Ponti et Cappadociae captas esse, uno aditu of-Pontus and of-Cappadocia were-taken, 'by(his)'mere approach atque adventu; regem spoliatum patria and arrival; (that) the king deprived 'of (his) 'paternal atque avito regno, contulisse se supplicem ad and ancestral kingdom, betook himself a suppliant to alios reges, atque ad alias gentes; atque omnia other kings, and to other nations; and (that) all ORATIO PRO LEGE MANTLIA. 197 hec gesta esse, sociis Romani populi salvis, tills was-performed, the allies of-the-Roman people being-safe, atque vectigalibus integris. Opinor and the revenues being entire (and undiminished). I-think hoc esse satis laudis; atque ita, (that) this is enough of-praise; and so (delivered), Quirites, ut vos intelligatis hoc L. Lucullum 0 Romans, that you may-understand this (that) L. Lucullus laudatum esse similiter, ex hoc loco a has-been-praised in-like-manner, from this place [the rostrum]. hy nullo istorum, qui obtrectant huic legi atque none of-those, who object to-this law and causse. cause (of giving the command to Pompey). 9. Fortasse nunc requiretur, quemadmodum Perhaps 'it-will now 'be-asked, how cum haec sint ita, magnum bellum possit esse when these-things are so, (that) a great war can be reliquum. Cognoscite, Quirites; enim left (for us to wage). Know (then) 0 Romans; for hoc videtur quseri non sine causa. Primum this seems to-be-asked not without reason. First Mithridates sic profugit ex suo regno, ut illa Medea Mithridates so fled from his kingdom, as that Medea dicitur quondam profugisse ex eodem Ponto; is-said once to-have-fled from this-same Pontus; quam, praedicant, in fuga dissipavisse membra whom, they-say, in (her) flight had-strewed-about the limbs sui fratris, in iis locis, qua parens of-her brother, in those places, where (her) father persequeretur se, ut dispersa collectio eorum, might-follow-after her, that the dispersed collection of them, que patrius moeror retardaret celeritatem and paternal grief might-retard the celerity persequendi. Sic Mithridates fugiens, 'of (his) 'pursuing (her). Thus Mithridates flying, reliquit in Ponto omnem maximam vim auri 'eft in Pontus all (that) very-great abundance of-gold 17* 198 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. atque argenti, que omnium pulcherrnmarum and of-silver, and of-all (those) most-beautiful rerum, quas et acceperat a majoribus, et things, which both he-had-inherited from (his) ancestors, and ipse congesserat in suum regnum, (which) he-himself had-collected-together in his kingdom, direptas, superiore bello, ex tota Asia. Dum plundered, in-the-former war, from all Asia. While nQstri diligentius colligunt omnia haec, rex our-men diligently collect all these-things, the king ipse effugit e manibus. Ita moeror himself escaped out-of (their) hands. So (as) grief retardavit illum in studio persequendi, retarded him (the father of Medea), in the ardour of-pursuing, (so) hos laetitia. Tigranes, these (our soldiers were retarded) by-the-delight (of plunder). Tigranes, Armenius rex, excepit hunc in illo timore et the Armenian king, received him in this (his) alar-m and fugh, que confirmavit diffidentem suis rebus, et flight, and he-encouraged (him) despairing of-his affairs; and erexit afflictum que recreavit 'cheered (him) 'up afflicted (and cast down), (and) he-solaced (him) perditum. In cujus regnum, posteaquam ruined, (with new hopes). In whose kingdom, after L. Lucullus venit cum exercitu, plures gentes etiam L. Lucullus arrived with the army, many nations also concitatse sunt contra nostrum imperatorem. Enim were-excited against our general. For metus injectus erat iis nationibus, quas Romanus fear was-inspired into those nations, whom the Roman populus nunquam putavit, neque lacessendas people 'had never 'thought, either (of) harassing bello, neque tendandas. Erat etiam alia by-war, or (of) attempting (to do so). There-was also another gravis atque vehemens opinio, qute pervaserat per grave and vehement opinion, which had-prevailed through animos barbararum gentium, nostrum exercitum the minds of-the-barbarous nations, (that) our army ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 199 esse adductum in eas oras causa diripendi was led into those countries, for-the-purpose of despoiling locupletissimi, et religiosissimi fani. Ita multae a-very-rich, and much-revered temple. So many atque magnae nationes concitabantur, quodam and great nations were-excited (against us), by-some novo terrore ac metuJ Autem etsi noster exercitus - new terror and Tear. But although our army ceperat urbem ex regno Tigranis, et usus erat had-taken a town in the kingdom of Tigranes, and had-obtaihed secundis proeliis, tamen commovebatur successful battles, however moved nimiA longinquitate locorum, ac desiderio by-the-very great distance of-the-places, and by-the-desire suorum. of their (friends and home, to which they wished to return). 'I-will Non jam dicam plura hic; enim illud fuit extremum, not now 'say more here; for this was the extreme ut magis maturus reditus quaereretur, ex (point, so) that'a more speedy return was-sought-for, from iis locis a nostris militibus, quam longior processio. those places by our soldiers, than a farther advance Autem Mithridates et confirmarat (desired.) But Mithridates 'had both revived (the confidence of) suam manum, et juvabatur his-own (immediate) band (of followers), and he-was-aided eesum, qui- — ceg ant (and strengthened, by the assistance) of-those, who had assembled se ex ejus regno, et magnis themselves (together) from his (own) kingdom, and by great adventitiis copiis multorum regum et nationum. adventitious forces of-many kings and nations. Jam accepimus hoc solere fere fieri sic, 'We-have already 'understood that it usually mostly happens so, ut afflictse fortunae, regum, facile alliciant ad that the fallen fortunes of-kings, easily entice on-account-of misericordiam opes multorum, que maxime pity (for them) the assistance of-many, and most-especiallv ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. eorum, quf sunt aut reges, aut vivunt in of-those, who are either kiug^, or (who) live unaer regno; qu6d regale nomen videatur iis, a-kingly-government; because the-royal name wpp rfte"- -— th.evm, esse magnum et sanctum. Itaque, victus, to-be great and sacred. Therefore, (though) conquered, potuit efficere tantum, quantum unquam he-could effect so-much (more), than 'he ever ausus est optare incolumis. Nam 'dared to-hope-for (when) safe, (and in prosperity). For cum recipisset se in suum regnum, fuit non when he-had-returned to his kingdom, he-was not contentus eo; quod acciderat ei content (to remain quiet) there; (for) this had-happened to-him prseter spem, ut posteaquam beyond (his) hopes, that after-that, pulsus erat; unquam attinhe-had-been-driven (out of his-kingdom); he-should-ever touch geret illam terran, sed fecit impetum that country (with his foot again), but he-made an attack in vestrum clarum atque vitorem exercitum. Sinite on your renowned and conquering army. Allow me, Quirites, hoc loc (sicut potoe solent, qui me, 0 Romans, in-this place (as the poets used (to do), who scribunt Romanas res), prseterire nostram wrote (verses) on-Rotan affairs), to pass-over our calamitatem; quae fuit tanta, ut non nuntius ex calamity; which was so-great, that not a messenger from proelio, sed rumor ex sermone the battle (field), but rumour through the conversation (of men; afferret ear ad aures L. Luculli. brought this (news of our calamity) to the ears of L. Lucullus. Hic in illo ipso malo, que gravissima' offensione Here in this same misfortune, and 'in (this) 'most-grievous disaster belli, L. Lucullus, qui tamen potuisset fortasse of-the-war, L. Lucullus, who yet might perhaps mederi, ex parte iis incommodis, coactus vestro bive-remedied, in part those disasters, c mpelled by-your ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 201 jussu, quod putavistis veteri exemplo, tommand, because you-thought, in accordance with-ancient example modum statuendum diuturnitati imperii, (and principles), a term was-to-be-set (to) long-continued command, dimisit partem militum, qui jam confecti erant he-discharged a part of-the-soldiers, who now had-completed stipendiis, partem tradidit Glabrioni. (their) term-of-service, a part he-delivered-over to-Glabrio (his Praetereo multa consult; sed vos successor). I-pass-over many-things on-purpose; but you perspicitis ea conjectura. Putetis may-perceive them by-conjecture. You-may-consider (therefore) quantum illud bellum factum, quod potentissimi how-important that war is-made, which most-powerful reges conjungant, agitatme nationes kings unite-in, (which) agitated (and irritated) nations renovant, integrae gentes suscipiant, renew, (which) the.entire people-of-a-country undertake, (and of vester novus imperator accipiat, which war) your new commander [Glabrio] receives vetere exercitu pulso. (the command), the old army being repulsed. "1 VYi~ er mihi fecisse satis multa verba, It seems to-me (that) I-have-rade enough many words, quare hoc bellum [that I have spokpn enough,] (to show you) why this war esset genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine might-be 'from (its) 'nature itself necessary, 'from (its)'magnitude periculosum; videatur restat, ut dangerous; it seems (that) it remains, that dicendum esse, de imperatore diligendo ad id mention-ought-to-be-made, about the commander to-be-selected for this bellum, ac praeficiendo tantis rebus. war, and the entrusting (him with) such great affairs. Utinam, Quirites, haberetis tantarm copiam I-wish, 0 Romans, that-you-had so-great an abundance fortium atque innocentium virorum, ut haec vobis of-brave and honest men,, that this your 202 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. deliberatlo esset difficilis quemnam deliberation would-be difficult (in determining) whom putaretis potissimum preficiendum you-might-consider most-especially (proper) to-be-entrusted tantis rebus, ac tanto bello. Vero nunc with-such-great affairs, and with-so-great a war. But now cum sit Cn. Pompeius unius, qui superarit when there is Cn. Pompey alone, who may-have-excelled gloriam non modo eorum hominurn, qui nunc sunt, the glory not only of those men, who now are, sed etiam memoriam antiquitatis, virtute; but also the-remembrance (of the men) of-antiquity, by (his) courage quae res est, qus possit facere (and merits); what thing is (there then), which can occasion dubium animum cujusquam, in hac caus? Enim ego a doubt in-the-mind of-any-one, in this case? For I existimo sic, in summo imperatore, has quatuor consider thus, (that) in a great general, these four res oportere inesse, scientiam militaris things are-necessary (for him) to-be-possessed-of, the-science of military rei, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. affairs, valour, the authority (of renown), (and) good-fortune. Quis igitur fuit ant unquam scientior, Who therefore was either ever more-skilled (in military affairs), aut debuit esse hoc homine? qui e ludo, or ought to-have-been (than) this man? who from school, atque disciplin& pueritise, profectus est ad exercitum and the instruction 'of (his) 'youth, went to, the army patris, atque in disciplinam 'of (his) 'father, and for (the purpose of receiving) instruction (in) militise; maximo bello, military affairs; (there being then) a-very-great war, [the social war,] atque acerrimis hostibus; qui extrema and most-active enemies; (he,) who (thus) at the close (of his) pueritil fuit miles summi imperatoris, ineunte boyhood was a soldier of-a-consummate commander, on entering adolescentig, ipse imperator maximi (the age of) a-young-man, (was) himself the commander of-a-very-great ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 203 exercitfis; qui saepius conflixit cum hoste, army; who 'had more often 'fought with (the public) foe, quam quisquam concertavit cum inimico, I han any-one had-contended with *(a private) enemy, gessit plura bella, quam ceteri legerunt, had-waged more wars, than others had-read-of, confecit plures provincias, quAm alii had-settled-the-affairs (of) more provinces, than others concupiverunt; cujus adolescentia erudita est ad had-longed-for; whose youth was-trained to scientiam militaris rei non prseceptis alienis, the knowledge of-military affairs not by-the-precepts (of) others, sed suis imperiis, non offensionibus belli, but 'by his 'commands (of armies), not by-the-disasters of war, sed victoriis, non stipendiis, sed triumphis. but by-victories, not by-campaigns, but by-triumphs. Denique, quod genus belli potest esse, in quo In-fine, what kind of-war can there-be, in which fortuna reipublicae non exercuerit ilium? the-good-fortune of-the-republic 'may not 'have-exercised him, Civile, (and given him an opportunity, to display his abilities)? The civil (war), Africanum, Transalpinum, Hispaniense, the African (war), the Transalpine (war), the Spanish (war), mixtum ex civitatibus atque -ex a mixed (war, composed) of states (revolted from Rome), and of bellicosissimis - ationibus, servile, navale bellum, the most-warlike nations, the servile (war), the-naval war varia et diversa genera, et bellorum (against the pirates), various and diverse kinds, both of wars et hostium, non solum gesta ab hoc uno, and of enemies, 'were not only 'waged by this one (man), sed etiam confecta; declarant esse but also terminated (successfully); they-assert (that) there is nullam rem positam in militari usu, qum no thing laid-down (or established) in military practici wrbic possit fugere scientiam hujus viri. could escape the knowledge of-this man. 204 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 11. Vero jam, quse oratio potest inveniri par But nowl, what language can 'e-found equal virtuti Cn. Pompeii? quid est, quod 'to-the (military) 'virtue of-Cn. Pompey? what is there, which quisquam possit afferre aut dignum illo, aut novuin any-one can announce either worthy of-him, or new vobis, aut inauditum cuiquam? Enim neque sunt to you, or unheard-of by-any-one? For neither are ille solae virtutes imperatoris, quae vulgo those the only virtues of-a-commander, which 'are commonly existimantur, labor in negotiis, fortitudo 'considered (as such), (namely), industry in business, fortitude in periculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in in danger, energy in acting, rapidity in conficiendo, conshium in providendo; executing, (wise) counsel in foreseeing, (and providing against quae sunt tanta in hoc uno quanta events); which (all) are so-great in this one (man) as non fuerunt in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus, quos never were in all other commanders, whom aut vidimus, aut audivimus. Italia est testis 'we-have either 'seen, or heard-of. 1 Italy is a witness quam, L. Sulla ipse, ille victor, confessus est, (of this), which, L. Sulla himself, that conqueror, confessed, liberatam virtue et subsidio hujus. Sicilia was-delivered by-the-valour and assistance of him. [Pompey.] Sicily est testis, quam cinctam undique multis is a witness, which surrounded on-all-sides by-many periculis, explicavit, non terrore belli, sed dangers, he-delivered, not by-the-terror of-war, but celeritate consilii. Africa est by-the-celerity 'of (his) 'deliberations (and operations). Africa is testis, que oppressa magnis copiis witness, which oppressed (and overwhelmed) by-the-great forces hostium, redundavit sanguine eorum ipsorum. of-the-enemy, the country overflowed with-the-blood of-these same Gallia est testis, per quam, iter in (enemies). UadUl is s-~itness, thruiogh which, a ruad into ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 205 [lispaniam patefactum est nostris legionibus, Spain. was-opened for-our legions, internecione Gallorum. Hispania est testis, quse by-the-massacre of-the-Gauls. Spain is a-witness, which suepissime conspexit plurimos hostes superatos, ery-often has-seen (our) many enemies overcome, que prostratos ab hoc. Italia est sepius et and prostrated by this (man). Italy is often and iterum testis, quse cum premeretur tetro, again a witness, which when it-was-hard-pressed by-the-disgraceful, que periculoso servili bello, expetivit auxilium ab and dangerous servile war, requested aid from hoc absente; quod bellum attenuatum est atque him absent; which war was-weakened and imminutum expectatione Pompeii, adventu diminished by-the expectation of Polnpey, 'by (his) 'arrival (it) sublatum ac sepultum. Vero jam omnes was-done-away-with and buried. But now all oroe, atque omnes exterse gentes ac nationes, the coasts, and all foreign people and nations, denique omnia maria, tum universa, tun in in-fine all the-seas, as-well collectively, as in singulis, omnes sinus atque portus, testes. Enim particular, all the bays and harbours, (are) witnesses, For quis locus, toto mari, habuit ant tam what place, in-all (the Mediterranean) sea, had either so firmum proesidium, ut esset strong a protection, (and was so strongly fortified), that it-might-be tutus, aut fuit tam abditus, ut safe (from the attacks of the pirates), or was so concealed, that lateret? Quis navigavit, qui it-might-be-hidden (from them)? Who made-a-voyage, by-sea, that 'did non committeret se, aut periculo mortis, aut not 'expose himself, either to-the-danger of death, or servitutis, cum mari navigaretur, aut hieme, aut of slavery, when the sea was-to-be-navigated, either j -lM-ijs ---'-os' referto praedonum?? Quis unquam full of pirates (in summer)? Who ever 18 206 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. arbitraretur hoc tantun bellum, tam could-have-supposed (that) this so-great a war, so turpe, tam vetus, tam late dispersum, posse disgraceful, so old, (and) so widely dispersed, could confici, aut ab omnibus imperatoribus uno be-terminated, either by all the generals in-one anno, aut ab uno imperatore omnibus annis? year, or by one general in-all the years (of his life)? Quam provinciam tenuistis liberam a pr.edonibus, What province have-you-kept free from pirates, per hosce annos? quod vectigal fuit through these-here (late) years? what (source of) revenue was tutum vobis? quem socium defendistis? cui safe for-you? what ally have-you-defended? to-whom fuistis presidio vestris classibus? qum were-you a guard (and defence) with-your fleets? how multas insulas existimatis esse desertas? quam many islands do-you-suppose to-have-been deserted? how multas urbes sociorum aut relictas metu, many cities of-the-allies 'have either 'been-left through-fear, aut captas pr.edonibus? or captured by-the-pirates? 12. Sed, qitid ego commemoro longinqua? But why 'do I 'make-mention-of distant (things)? Hoc fuit quondam, fuit proprium Romani This was formerly, (this) was the peculiarity of-the-Roman populi bellare longe a domo, et defendere people to-carry-on-war far from home, and to protect f'ortunas sociorum, propugnaculis imperii, the fortunes 'of (their) allies, by-all-the-defences-and-arms of-the-empire, non sua tecta Ego dicam, (uId) not (to contend for) their houses (and homes). I say, (that) mare, per hosce annos, fuisse clausum vestris the bea, during these-latter years, has-been closed to-your sociis, cum nostri exercitus nunquam allies, when our (own) armies 'have never transmiserint a Brundisio, nisi summai 'crossed-over (the sea) from Brundisium, unless in-the-depth (of) ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 207 iieme? Querar qui, ab exteris winter? May-I (not) complain, (when those) who, from foreign nationibus venirent ad vos, captos, cum legati nations were-coming to you, were-captured, when the ambassadora Romani populi redempti sint? dicam of-the-Roman people had-to-be-ransomed? may-I (not) say, (that) mare fuisse non tutum mercatoribus, cum the sea was not safe for-the-merchants, when duodecim secures- pervenerint in the twelve axes (of two prators) had-come into potestatem prsedonum? Commemorem Cnidum aut the power of-the-pirates? Need-I-mention Cnidus or Colophonem, aut Samum, nobilissimas urbes, que Colophon, or Samos, most-noble cities, and innumerabiles alias captas esse, cum innumerable others (all) captured (by the pirates), when sciatis vestros portus, atque eos portus, quibus you know your-own harbours, and those harbours, from-which ducitis vitam et spiritum, you-draw life and breath, [from which you derive the means of fuisse in potestate praedonum? An vero, sustenance,] were in the power of-the-pirates? Or indeed, ignoratis celeberrimum portum Caietae, are-you-ignorant (that) the-very-celebrated harbour of Caieta, atque plenissimum naviuni, direptum esse a and (then) very-full of-ships, was-plundered by prsedonibus, prentore inspectante? Autcm the pirates, a (Roman) prsetor looking-on? But ex Miseno liberos ejus ipsius, qui tthat also) from Misenum the child of-that same (person), who antea ibi gesserat bellum cum prsedohibus, before 'had there 'waged war with the pirates, sublatos esse a praedonibus? Nam quid ego was carried-off by the pirates? For why 'may I (not) querar Ostiense incommodum, atque illam labem 'complain (of) the Ostian disaster, both that stair; atque ignominiam reipublice, cum, vobis prope and ignominy of-the-republic, when, you almost "08 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. aspectantibus, ea classis, cui consul Roman, looking-on, that fleet, over-which a consul of-the-Roman?opuli prsepositus eset, capta atque oppressa est people was-placed, was-taken and destroyed a prsedonibus? Pro immortales dii! Ne potuit by-the-pirates? By the immortal Gods! How could incredibilis, ac divina virtus unius hominis the incredible, and divine virtue (and courage) of-one man affere tantam lucem reipublicae [Pompey] bring such-great light (and safety) to-the-republic. tam brevi tempore, ut vos, qui modo videbatis 'in so 'short a time, that you, who not-long-since saw classem hostium ante ostium Tiberinum, the fleet of-the-enemy before the mouth (of the) Tiber, nunc audiatis esse nullam navem preedonum now hear (that) there-is no ship of-the-pirates intra ostium Oceani? Atque within the straits of-the Ocean? [within the straits of Gibralter?] And quanquam videtis qua celeritate, hsec although you-see with-what rapidity, these (things) gesta sint, tamen non praetereunda sunt may-have-been-done, however 'they-are not 'to-be-passed-over a me, in dicendo. Enim quis unquam, aut by me, in (my) discourse. For who ever, either studio obeundi negotii, aut consequendi with-the-desire of transacting business, or of-seeking-after queestus, potuit, tam brevi tempore, adire tot gain, could, 'in so 'short a time, visit so-many loca, conficere tantos cursus, quam places, (and could have) performed such (long) voyages, as celeriter impetus belli navigavit, rapidly (as) the impetuosity of war navigated (the deep), Cn. Pompeio duce? \ qui, mari nondum...n Pompey being leader. who, the sea 'not (being as) 'yet tempestivo ad navigandum, adiit Siclliam, in-a-proper-state for navigation, sailed (to) Sicily exploravit Africlam; inde venit cum classs explored (the coast of) Africa; thence he-came with the flee' ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. Sardiniam, atque munivit hsec tria frumentaria to Sardinia, and he fortified these three granaries subsidia reipublicae, firmissimis praesidiis que classibus. of the republic, with-very-strong garrisons and with-fleets. Inde cum recepisset se in Italiam, duabus Hispaniis Thence when he-had-returned into Italy, the two Spains et Cjsalpina Gallii confirmata praesidiis ac and jlObsalpine Gaul being-strengthened by-garrisons and navibus, item missis navibus in oram Illvrici by-ships, also having-sent ships unto the coast of the Illfrican maris, et in Achaiam que omnem Graeciam, sea, and unto Achaia and all Greece, adornavit duo maria Italioe maximis classibus he-furnished the two seas of Italy with-very-large fleets que firmissimis prsesidiis; autem ipse adjunxit and very-strong garrisons; but he-himself added totam Ciliciam ad imperium Romani populi, all Cilicia to the empire of-the-Roman people, undequinquagesimo die, ut profectus est Brundisio; on-the-forty-ninth day, after he-had-left Brundibium; omnes prsedones, qui, ubique fuerunt, all the pirates, who, in-whatever-place they-were, 'were partim capti sunt que interfecti, partim dediderunt partly 'captured and killed, partly they-surrendered se imperio ac potestati hujus unius. themselves to-the-command and power of this one (man). Idem Cretensibus, [They unconditionally surrendered to Pompey.] Also to-the-Cretans, cum misissent legatos que deprecatores ad (who) when they-had-sent ambassadors and intercessors to eum, in Pamphyliam usque non ademit him, to Pamphylia, 'he-even did not 'take-from (them) spem deditionis, que imperavit the hope (of receiving their) submission, and he-commandecO obsides. Ita Cn. Pompeius extrema,thern to give) hostages. Thus Cn. Pompey at-the-end (of) hieme apparavit, ineunte vere, suscepit, winter prepared for, at-the-commencement (of) spring, undertook, 18* 210 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. media restate confecit, tantum bellum by-the-middle of summer terminated, (this) so-great a war 'of) tam diuturnum, tam longe que late dispersum, quo such long-duration, so far and wide spread-out, by which bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur. war all people and nations were oppressed.... 13. Hac virtus imperatoris, est This virtue (and talent of this) commander, is divina atque incredibilis. Quid? ceterse divine and incredible. What? (his) other (virtues) quas paullo ante coeperam commemorare, quantae which a little before I-began to mention, how-great atque quam multse sunt? enim non solum virtus and how numerous they-are? for not only the virtue bellandi querenda est in summo atque (and talent) of-carrying-on-war are-required in a great and perfecto imperatore, sed sunt multse eximias artes perfect commander, but there are many eminent qualities administrse que comites hujus virtutis. the-hand-maids and companions of this (military) virtue (and talent). Ac primum, quanta innocentia deb6nt And firstly, how-much honesty (and purity) ought imperatores esse? deinde quanta temperantia in commanders to-have? then how-much moderation it omnibus rebus? quanta fides, all things? how-great the-faith (and confidence that ma) quanta facilitate? quanto be placed in them), how-very (easy of) access? how-great (their) ingenio? quanta humanitate? genius (and good disposition)? how-great (their) humanity? quse breviter consideremus, qualia sint which (qualities) 'let-us briefly 'consider, how they-may-be in Cn. Pompeiio. Enim omnia in, (or may be appropriate to), Cn. Pompeius. For all sunt summa, Quirites, sed ea possunt are (of) the highest (degree in him), 0 Romans, but these may magis cognosci atque intelligi, ex contentione better be known and understood, from comparison (with, ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 211 aliorum, quam ipsa per sese. Enim quem others, than they by themselves, For whom possumus putare aliquo in numero can-we reckon in-any (manner) among the number imperatorum, in cujus exercitu, veneant of-generals, in whose army, they-may-sell centuriatus, atque venierint? quid the-office-of-centurion, and may-have-sold (it)? how (can we suppose hunc hominem cogitare magnum, aut amplum, that) that man thinks (in) a great, or (in) a noble, de republica, qui ant and lofty (manner) concerning the republic, who 'may-have either diviserit pecuniam depromptam ex aerario 'distributed the money. taken-out from the-public-treasury ad administrandum bellum, magistratibus, propter to carry-on the war, among the magistrates, on-account-of cupiditatem provincive, ant, a desire (to retain the command) 'of (his) 'province, or, propter avaritiam, reliquerit Romae, in on-account-of ' avarice, may-have-left (the money) at Rome, at quntu? (Vestra admurmuratio, Quirites, facit, interest?j Your murmurs, 0 Romans, make (it appear), ut videamini agnoscere, qui fecerint haec; autem that you-seem to-recognise, who may-have-done this; but ego nomino neminem; quare nero poterit irasci I mention no-one; wherefore no-one may get-angry mihi, nisi qui ante voluerit confitere (with) me, unless (he) who beforehand might-wish to-confess de se. Itaque quis concerning himself, (that he has committed such faults). Therefore who ignorat quantas calamitates, nostri exercitus is ignorant how-many calamities, our armies ferant, quocunque ventum sit, may-have-brought, in-whatever-place (they may) arrive, propeter hanc avaritiam imperatorum? on-account-of this avarice, (and rapacity) 'of (our) 'generals? Recordamini itinera, quse, per hosce annos, Iacollect the marches, which, during these-latter years, 212 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. nostri imperatores fecerunt in Italia, per agros our commanders made in Italy, through lands atque oppida Romanorum civium, tum and towns of Roman citizens, then 'you-will facilius statuetis, quid existimetis fieri apud the-more-easily 'determine, what you-may-think is-done among exteras nationes. Utrum arbitramini, per foreign nations. Whether do-you-think, (that) during hosce annos, plures urbes hostium deletas ease these-latter years, more towns of-the-enemy have-been-destroyed armis vestrorum militum, an civitates sociorum by-the-arms of-your soldiers, or cities of (your) allies in hibernis? Enim neque potest in the winter-quarters (of your soldiers)? For neither can is imperator continere exercitum, qui non that commander restrain (his) army, who 'does not continet se ipsum; neque esse severus in 'restrain himself; nor can he be strict in judicando, qui non vult alios esse judging (of others), who 'does not 'wish (tohave) others to-be severos judices in se. Hic miramur hunc strict judges over himself. Here let-us-admire this hominem, tantum excellere ceteris, cujus man, [Pompey,] so-much excelling (all) others, whose legiones pervenerunt sic in Asiam, ut legions arrived (in that state of discipline) in Asia, that non modo manus tanti exercitus, sed not only (not) the hand (of any one) of-so-great an army, but ne quidemr vestigium dicatur nocuisse cuiquam not even the footstep may-be-said to-have-injured any pacato? Vero jam, quotidie sermones ac peaceable (person)? But now, daily reports and literae perferuntur, quemadmodum milites letters are-brought (to us), how the soldiers hibernent. Non modo vis conduct.-ttemselves-in-winter-quarters. Not only (that) force affertur nemini, ut faciat sumptum in is 'applied to-no-one, that he-should-make expense in (maintaining' ORATIO PRO LEGE MAN ILIA. 213 militem; sed ne quidem permittitur cuiquam a soldier; but this is not even allowed to any one cupienti. Enim nostri majores voluerunt, wishing (to do so). For our ancestors desired, (that) in tectis sociorum atque amicorum, esse in the-houses 'of (our)'allies and friends, (there ought) to-be perfugium hiemis, non avaritise. a refuge (from the severity) of-winter, not (a place) of-rapacity. 14. Age vero, considerate qualis sit But now, toni ider what may-be (his) temperantia in ceteris rebus. Unde putatis moderation in other things. Whence do-you-suppoLe inventum illam tantam celeritatem, et ta m originated that so-great celerity, and such incredibilem cursum? Enim non eximia incredible (expeditious) voyages? For no extraordinary vis remigum, aut quaedam inaudita strength (or skill) of-the-rowers, or any (hitherto) unheard-of ars gubernapdi, aut aliqui novi venti, skill of-steering-a-vessel, or any new winds, (that) pertulerunt ilium tam celeriter in ultimas carried him so swiftly unto the-most-distant terras: sed eve res, qute solent rernorari ceteros lands: but those things, which used to retard other non retardarunt; avaritia non (commanders) 'did not 'retard (him); avarice 'did not devocavit ab instituto cursu ad aliquan 'call (him) 'away from (his) intended route to any prmedam, non libido ad voluptatem, non amcenitas plunder, no lust to pleasure, no charms ad delectationem, non nobilitas (of a place enticed him) to the enjoyment (of it), no renown urbis ad cognitionem, denique. of-a-city (induced him) to become-acquainted (with it), in-line, nor labor ipse ad quietem. Postremo nct labour itself to (indulge in) repose. Lastly signs et tabulas, que cetera ornamenta Grsecorum the statues and pictures, and the other ornaments of Greek I/ '2 1 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. oppidorum, quoe ceteri arbitrantur towns, which other (commanders) suppose tollenda esse, ille quidem -existimavit, ea might-be-taken-away, he indeed thought, (that) they ne visenda sibi. \Itaque nunc qumiln, 'they-ought not 'to-be-seen... b, -hjw,JTherefore now indeed, omnes in his locis intuentur Cn. Pompeium, sicut all in those places look-upon Cu. Pompey, as aliquem non missum ex hac urbe, sed some-one not sent from this city, but (as one) delapsum de coelo; nunc denique incipiunt credere descended from heaven; now at-length they-begin to-believe fuisse quando homines Romanos, (that) there-had-been once (such) men (among) the Romans, hac abstinentia; quod jam (thus distinguished) by that moderation; which (until) now videbatur incredibile exteris nationibus, ac falsb appeared incredible to foreign nations, and falsely proditum memoriae. Nunc splendor vestri transmitted to-the-tnemory (of posterity). Now the splendour of your in zi lucet illis gentibus. Nunc, non sine em tpir shines (on) these nations. Now, not without causa, intelligunt, suos majores tur, cum reason, they-understand, (that) their ancestors then, when habeamus magistratus hac temperantia,, we-had magistrates (distinguished) by such temperance, maluisse servire Romano populo, quam imperare would-rather serve the Roman people, than command aliis. Jam vero, aditus ad eum privatorum others. Now indeed, access to him (by) private-persons dicuntur esse ita faciles, ita liberie, is-said to-be so easy, and so unrestrained (are) querimoniae de injuriis aliorum, ut isi qui the complaints of the injuries of others (received), that he, who excellit principibus dignitate, facilitate, excels the-first-and-highest (of men) in dignity, in affability, videatur esse par infimis. Jam quantum seems to-be on-a-par with-the-lowest. Now how-much ORATIO PRO LEGB MANILIA. 215 valcat consilio, quantum gravitate he-prevails 'by (his wise) 'counsel, how-much 'by-the weight et copia dicendi, in quo ipso, inest and copiousness of (his) speaking, in which same, there-exists quxdam imperatoria dignitas, vos, Quirites, a certain commanding dignity, (which) you, 0 Romans, ssepe cognoscitis, in hoc ipso loco. Vero often experience, in this same place. [The forum.] But quantam putatis ejus fidem existimari inter how-great do-you-think his (good) faith was-estimated among socios, quam hostes omnium gentium the allies, which the enemies of-all nations [the pirates] judicarint sanctissimam? Jam tanti may-have-judged (to be) most-sacred? Now by-such-great humanitate est, ut sit difficile dictu, utrum humanity it is (so), that it-may-be difficult to-say, whether hostes timuerint ejus virtutem magis, the enemy may-have-feared his valour. more, (when) pugnantes, an dilexerint mansuetudinem fighting, or have-loved (his) mildness (more, when they victi. Et quisquam dubitabit, quin were) conquered. And 'will any-one 'doubt, but-that tantum bellum transmittendum sit, huic so-great a war (as the Mithridatic) may-be-entrusted to-him, qui videatur natus esse quodam divino consilio who may seem to-have-been-born by-some divine counsel ad conficienda omnia bella nostrae to the (successfully) finishing all the wars of our (present) memorise? reocllection (and time)? 15. Eti quoniam auctoritas valet multum, quoque And because great-reputation avails much, as-well in administrandis bellis, atque in militari imperio, in carrying-on war, as in military commakid, certe est dubium nemini, quin ea re, there certainly is (no) doubt to-any-one, but-that in-this affair, ille idem imperator possit plurimum. Autem quis that same commander can-do much. But who 216 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. ignorat, vehementer pertinere ad administranda is-ignorant, (Lhat) it strictly belongs to the conducting bella, quid hostes, quid socii existiment de of) war, what the enemy, what the allies may think about vestris imperatoribus, cum sciamus, homines your commanders, when we-know, (that men commoveri in tantis rebus, ut aut are-moved (and excited) in such-great affairs, that either contemnant aut metuant, aut oderint aut ament, they-may-despise or fear, or may-hate or love (them), non minus opinione et famai, quam aliqua certa not less by-opinion and by-report, than by-any certain ratione? Quod nomen igitur fuit unquam reason (and grounds)? What name therefore was ever clarius in orbe terrarum? cujus more-celebrated (than Pompey's) in the world? whose res gestse pares? id quod maxime exploits (have been) equal (to his)? (and) that which most-greatly facit ad autoritatem; de quo homine contributes to his authority (and dignity); of what man vos fecistis tanta et tam praeclara judicia? 'have you 'made so-great and so illustrious judgments? An vero putatis esse usquam ullam Or indeed do-you-think (that) there-was any-where any oram tam desertam, quo fama illius diei region so deserted, in-which the renown of-that day 'may non pervaserit; cum universus Romanus populus, not 'bave-penetrated; when the-entire Roman people, foro referto, que omnibus templis repletis, the forum being-full, and all the temples being-filled, ex quibus hic locus potest conspici, depoposcit sibi from which this place might be-seen, demanded for themselves Cn. Pompeium unum, imperatorem ad commune Cn. Pompey alone, (as) commander for tie common bellum.omnium gentium? - --- Itaque. war of-al -toa L~3Th ar against the pirates?] Therefore, ut non dicam plura, neque confirmem exemplis that 'I-may not 'say more, nor confirm by-the-examples ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 217 aliorum, quantum auctoritas valeat in of others, how-much authority prevails (aud has influence) in bello; exempla omnium egregiarum rerum war; the examples of-all eminent exploits sumantur ab eodem Cn. Pompeio; die are-to-be-taken from this-same Cn. Pompey; on-the-day quo', qui prepositus est maritime bello a vobis In-which, he was-placed-over the maritime war by you (as, imperator, repente tanta vilitas annonae commander, suddenly so-great a cheapness of provisions consecuta est, ex summa inopia et caritate followed, from the greatest want and dearness frumentariae rei, spe unius of corn, by-the-hope (and confidence placed in) one hominis, et nomine quantam man, and (by-the renown of his) name 'such (cheapness) 'as vix diuturna pax potuisset eflicere, ex summZt scarcely a long peace could-have effected, from the greatest ubertate agrorum. Jam, calamitate in fertility of-the-fields. Yet-now-more, the (great) calamity in Ponto accepta, ex eo proelio, de quo paullo Pontus being-sustained (by us), by that battle, of which a little ante, invitus admonui vos, cum socii before, 'I unwilling 'admonished you, when (our) allies pertimuissent, opes que animi hostium were-greatly-alarmed, (when) the powers and spirits of-the-enemy crevissent, provincia haberet non satis had-increased, (when) the province had not a sufficiently firmum praesidium; amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, strong defence; you-might-have-lost Asia (then), 0 Romans, nisi fortuna Romani populi divinitus unless the good fortune of-the-Roman people 'had providentially attulisset Cn. Pompeium, id ipsum temporis, ad 'brought Cn. Pompey, at-that same time, inte eas regiones. Adventus hujus et continuit those regions. The arrival of-this (man), both checked Mithridatem inflammatum insolitA victoriS, et Mithridates flushed with-unwonted victory, and 19 218 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. retardavit Tigranem minitantem Asiae, magnis retarded Tigranes threatening Asia, w ith-great copiis. Et quisquam dubitabit, quid forces. And 'will any-one 'doubt, what perfecturus sit virtue, qui perfecerit he-may-accomplish 'by (his)'virtue (and bravery), who has-accomplished tantum auctoritate? aut quam, facile so-much 'by (his) 'authority (and reputation)? or how easily conservaturus sit socios et vectigalia, 'will (not) 'he-preserve (our) allies and revenues, imperio atque exercitu, qui 'by (his) 'command (and authority) and 'by (his) army, who defenderit ipso nomine ac rumore? has-defended (them) by-his-very name and renown? 16. 'Vero age, illa res declarat quantam But come, 'does (not) this thing 'declare how-great auctoritatem ejusdem hominis apud hostes was) the authority of-this-same man amlong the enemies Romani populi, quod ex locis tam of-the-Roman people, (namely,) that from iplaces so longinquis, que tam diversis, distant, and so different (in their institutions, and far from tam brevi tempore omnes dediderunt one another), 'in so 'short a time all had-surrendered se huic uni? quod legati Cretensium, themselves to this one (man)? that the ambassadors of-the-Cretans, cum esset in eorum insuli noster imperator que when there was in their island our commander and exercitus, venerunt ad Cn. Pompeium, in prope army, came to Cn. Pompey, unto nearly ultimas terras, que dixerunt, the-most-distant countries (of the world), and said, (that) omnes civitates Cretensium velle dedere se all the cities of-the-Cretans 'Wished to-surrender themselves ei? Quid iste idem Mithridates? nonne to-him? What (did) this same Mithridates (do)? 'did-ho not misit legatum ad eundem Cn. Pompeiun usque in send an ambassador to the-same Cn. Pompey even to ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 219 Hispaniam? eum quem Pompeius semper Spain? he whom Pompey 'has always judicavit legatum; ii, quibus erat semper 'considered (as) an ambassador; those, to-whom it-was always molestum, esse potissimum an annoyance, that (this ambassador) 'should-be more especially missum ad eum, maluerunt judicari 'sent to him, [Pompey,] would-rather (have him) to be thought speculatorem, quam legatum. Potestis jam a spy, than an ambassador. You-may now igltur, Quirites, constituere quantum existimetis therefore, 0 Romans, determine how-much you may think hanc auctoritatem amplificatum, multis that this authority (and influence) augmented, by-many rebus gestis postea, que vestris magnis exploits afterwards (performed), and by-your great judiciis, (and solemn) judgments (and opinions expressed in his favour), valituram esse apud illos reges, quantum apud will-avail with those kings, (and) how-much with exteras nationes. foreign nations. Est reliquum, ut dicamus pauca et timide, It remains, that we-may-say a few (words) and timidly, de felicitate, quam nemo potest prsestare, concerning good-fortune, which no-one may show, de se ipso, (or ought to boast of) of himself (as being his own case), (but which) possumus meminisse et commemorare de altero, we-may remember and commemorate of another, sicut est sequum homini de potestate deorum. as it-is proper for-man (to speak) of the power of-the-gods, Enim ego sic existimo (and their disposal of affairs). For I thus think (and am of imperia stepius mandata esse, atque opinion), (that) commands 'have oftener 'been-confided, and exercitus commissos Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, armies entrusted to-Maximus, to-Marcellus, to-Scipio, 220 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus, non solum to-Marius, and to-other great commanders, not only propter virtutem, sed etiam on-account-of (their) valour (and military skill), but also propter fortunam. Enim profecto quibusdam on-account-of (their) good-fortune. For indeed to-some summis viris, quvedam fortuna fuit, divinitus, very-great men, a certain good-fortune was, by-the-favour-of-heaven, adjuncta ad amplitudinem et gloriam, et ad added to (their) grandeur and glory, and for bene gerendas magnas res; \autem de successfully performing great exploits; but concerning felicitate hujus hominis, de quo nunc the-good-fortune of-this man, of whom 'we-are now agimus, utar hac moderatione dicendi, 'discoursing, I-will-make-use-of that moderation (in) speaking, non ut dicam, fortunam positam esse in illius not that I-may-say, (that) fortune was-placed in his potestate, sed ut videamur meminisse prseterita, power, but that we-may-seem to-have-remembered past-things, sperare reliqua ne aut (and) to hope (well for those that) remain (to come) nor either (that) nostra oratio videatur esse invisa our speech may-appear to be (arrogant, or) displeasing immortalibus diis, aut ingrata. to-the-immortal gods, or ungrateful (for what has been done). Itaque non predicaturus sum, Quiriths, quantas Therefore 'I am not 'going-to-declare, 0 Romans, what-great res gesserit domi que militse, terrA que mari, affairs he-achieved at-home and in war, by-land and by-sea, que quanta felicitate; ut semper, non modo and with-what-great good-fortune; that always, not only cives assenserint ejus voluntatibus, socii the citizens assented (to) his will, the allies obtemperarint, hostes obedierint, sed etiam yielded (to him), the enemies obeyed (him), but also venti que tempestates obsecundarint. Hoc the winds and weather favoured (him). This I-will ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 221 brevissime dicam unquam fuisse very-briefly say (that) never (in any place) had (any one been tam impudentem, qui tacitus auderet optare found) so presumptuous, who silently might-dare to-wish-for tot, et tantas res, a immortalibus diis, so many, and such-great things, from the immortal gods, quot et quantas immortales dii detulerunt ad as-many and as-great (as) the immortal gods have-granted to Cn. Pompeium. Quod ut sit proprium ac Cn. Pompey. Which that it-may-be a peculiar and perpetuum illi, Quirites, debetis velle perpetual (favour and privilege) to-him, 0 Romans, you-ought to-wish et optare, (sicuti facitis), cum causa communis and to-entreat, (as you-do), as-well for-the-sake of-the-common salutis atque imperii, tur hominis safety and of-the-empire, as (for the sake) of-the-man ipsius. himself. Quare, cum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut Wherefore, when both the war is so necessary, that possit non negligi; ita magnum, ut it-can not be-neglected; so great, that sit administrandum accuratissime; et cum possitis it-is-to-be-conducted most carefully; and when you-can preficere ei imperatorem, in quo sit eximia place-over it a commander, in whom there-is the-most-excellent scientia belli, singularis virtus, clarissima knowledge of-war, uncommon bravery (and talent), illustrious auctoritas, egregia fortuna; dubitabitis, authority, (and) eminent good-fortune; will-you-doubt, Quirites, quin conferatis hoc tantum boni, 0 Romans, but-that you-may cnfer this so-great a good, quod oblatum est, et datum vobis a immortalibus which is offered, and given to-you by the immortal diis in conservandum atque amplificandum gods for preserving and aggrandising rempublicam? the rpyublio? 19* 222 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 17. Quod si Cn. Pompeius esset privatus, hoc Even if Cn. Pompey were a private-person, at this tempore Romse; tamen is diligendus erat ad tantum time in-Rome; yet he ought-to-be-selected for so-great bellum, atque mittendus. Nunc; cum a war, and to-be-sent (to carry it on.) Now; whei ad ceteras summas utilitates, quoque haec to the other eminent advantages, also this opportunitas adjungatur, ut adsit in iis opportune-circumstance may-be-added, that he-is-present in these ipsis locis, ut habeat exercitum, ut possit same countries, that he has an army (with him), that he-can statim accipere ab eis, qui habent; immediately receive reinforcements from those, who have quid expectamus, aut cur n n, (armies there); what do-we-wait-for, or why 'do-we not, immortalibus diis ducibus, committimus the immortal gods (being our) leaders, o commit quoque hoc bellum regium eidem, cui also this war of-the-kings to-the-same (person), to-whom cetera commissa sunt, cum summa the other (wars in those countries) are committed, with the greatest salute reipublice? advantage to-the republic? At enim Q. Catulus clarissimus vir amantissimus But indeed Q. Catulus a most'illustrious man (and) most attached reipublicae, affectus vestris amplissimis to-the-republic, (and one) affected (honourably) by-your very-considerable beneficiis; que item, Q. Hortensius praeditus favours; and also, Q. Hortensius (a man) endowed summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, with-the-highest ornaments of honour, of fortune, of virtue, (and) ingenii, dissentiunt ab hac ratione. of talent, (both) dissent from this (my) opinion (of giving the Ego confiteor, quorum command to Pompey). I confess, (that) their auctoritatem, multis locis, valuisse plurimum apud authority, on-many occasions, has-prevailed very-much with ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. vos, et oportere valere; sed in hac cause, tametsi you, and ought to-prevail; but in this cause, although cognoscitis, auctoritates fortissimorum you-know, (that) the authority and opinions of-the-most-brave et clarissimorum virorum contrarias, and most-illustrious men (are) contrary (and different from tamen, omissis autoritatibus, one another), however, omitting the authority (of opinions), possumus exquirere veritatem, re ipsa, we-can inquire-into the truth, by (examining) the affair itself, et ratione; atque hoc facilius, quod and (by the aid of) reason; and this the-more-easily, because' omnia ea, quae adhuc dicta sunt a me, all those (things), which as-yet have-been-said by me, idem isti concedunt esse vera, et these here-same (persons) concede to-be true, and (that) bellum esse necessarium, et magnum, et the war is a necessary, and a great (one), and (that) omnia summa esse in Cn. Pompeio all the highest (qualifications) are-to-be (found) in Cn. Pompey uno. Quid igitur Hortensius ait? "Si omnia only. What therefore 'does Hortensius 'say? "If all (power) tribuenda sint uni, Pompeium unum is-to-be-conferred-on one (person), (that) Pompey alone esse dignissimum; sed tamen, non is the-most-worthy (of it); but however, (that) 'it-is not oportere deferri omnia ad unum." Ista 'proper to-grant all (power) to one (person)." This oratio jam obsolevit, argument 'has now 'become-obsolete, (and has no force), refutata multO magis re, quam verbis. Nam having-been-refuted, much more by-facts, than by-words. For tu idem, Q. Hortensi, dixisti multa, graviter que you the-same, Q. Hortensius, have-said much, forcibly and ornate, pro tua summa copia, ac singulari eloquently, according-to your very-great fluency, and uncommon facultate dicendi, et in senatu, contra fortem talent (in) speaking, both in the senate, against (that) -ourageous 224 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. virum A. Gabinium, cum is promulgasset legem, de man A. Gabinius, when he-had-proposed the law, about constituendo uno imperatore contra prxdones; et constituting one commander againbt the-pirates; and ex hoc ipso loco, item fecisti verba permulta from this very-same place, 'you also 'spoke much contra earn legem. Quid? tur, per immortales against that law. What now? then, by the immortal deos! si tua auctoritas valuisset apud Romanum gods! if your authority had-prevailed with the Roman populum plus, quam salus Romani populi ipsius, people more, than the safety of-the-Roman people itself, vera causa, teneremus (and) the true cause (and interest of the republic), would-we-possess hane gloriam, atque hoc imperium orbis terrse? this glory, and this command of-the-world? An hoc turn videbatur tibi esse imperium, Whether 'did this then 'appear to-you to-be dominion, cum legati, prostores que quvestores Romani when the ambassadors, praetors and questors of-the-Roman populi capiebantur? cum prohibebamur people were-made-captives? when hindered (and cut off) commeatu et private, et publico, ex from-supplies (of provisions) both private, and public, from omnibus provinciis? cum omnia maria ita clausa all the provinces? when all the seas 'were so 'closed nobis, ut possemus jam neque obire privatam, to us, that we-could at-that-time neither transact private, neque publicam rem transmarinam? nor public business beyond-the-seas? 18. Qum civitas fuit unquam antea, What city (or state) was there ever heretofore, I-do non dico Atheniensium, quse dicitur quondam not say of-the-Athenians, who it-is-said formerly tenuisse satis late mare, non held a sufficiently extensive (command of) the sea, not Carthaginiensium, qui valuerunt permultum, of-the-Carthaginians, whh prevailed very-much, ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 225 classe, que maritimis rebus, non Rhodiorum, 'with (their) 'fleet, and maritime affairs, not of-the-Rhodians, quorum navalis disciplina, et gloria remansit, whose naval discipline, and naval renown has-remained, usque ad nostram memoriam: que civitas even to our memory (and time): what state unquam antea, tam tenuis, que insula (was there) ever heretofore, so feeble, (and) what island tam parva, quae non defenderet suos portus, et so small, which 'could not 'defend its harbours, and agros, et aliquam partem regionis, atque fields, and some portion 'of (its) 'territory, and maritimae orpe per se ipsa? At Hercle, aliquot maritime coast by itself (alone)? But by-Hercules, for-some continuos annos, ante Gabiniam legem, ille Romanus successive years, before the Gabinian law, that Roman populus, cujus nomen permanserat people, whose name (and renown) has-remained (as) invictum in navalibus pugnis, usque ad unconquered in naval battles, even to (within) nostram memoriam, caruit magna, our memory, have-felt-as-if-deprived-of a great, ac mult6 maxima parte, non modo utilitatis, and (of) much the greatest part, not only of-what-is-useful, sed dignitatis atque imperii; [namely, the revenues,] but 'of (their) 'dignity and 'of (their) 'empire; nos, quorum majores classe superarunt regem we, whose ancestors 'by (their) 'fleet conquered king Antiochum que Persen, que omnibus navalibus Antiochus and Perses, and in-all naval pugnis vicerunt Carthaginienses, homines engagements defeated the Carthagenians, men exercitatissimos.in maritimis rebus, que paratissimos, most-skilled in maritime affairs, and well-provided ii poteramus, in (with every thing relating thereto), we (the same) could, in nullo loco, esse jam pares praedonibus; nos, qui no place, be now equal to-the-pirates; we, who 226 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. antea non modb habebamus Italiam tutam, sed heretofore not only kept Italy safe, but poter:mus prsestare omnes socios, in ultimis we-could show all (our) allies, in the-most-distant oris, salvos autoritate nostri imperii; turn, coasts, to-be-safe by-the-authority of-our empire; then, cum insula Delos, tam procul a nobis, posita when the island of-Delos, so far-distant from us, situated in JEgeo mari, quo omnes commeabant in the LEgean sea, in-which all (merchants) assembled cum mercibus atque oneribus, with the gains (of their commerce), and the freights (of their ships), parva sine muro, referta divitiis, (though) small (and) without walls, (and) filled with-riches, (yet) timebat nihil; iidem carebarmus non modo it-feared nothing; (but) even-we are-deprived-of not only provinciis, atque maritimis oris (the intercourse) with-the-provinces, and the sea coasts Italiae, ac nostris portubus, sed etiam jam of-Italy, and our harbours, but also now (even) Apia via; et his temporibus, magistratus from-the-Apian road; and in-these times, a magistrate Romani populi non pudebat ascendere in hunc of-the-Roman people 'was not 'ashamed to-come-up into this ipsum locum, cum vestri majores very-same place, [the rostra,] when your ancestors reliquissent eum vobis ornatum nauticis exuviis, had-bequeathed it to you adorned with naval trophies, et spoliis classium. (against the pirates, on Pompey). and the spoils of fleets, (and address you against conferring the command, 19. Romanus populus, Q. Hortensi, existimavit, The Roman people, 0 Q. Hortensius, considered, te et ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia, that you and the others, who were of the same opinion, dicere ea, quse sentiebatis, bono animo; spoke that, which you-thought, with-a-good (and sincere) mind; I sed tamen idem Romanus populus, in but however the same Roman people, in (an affair concerning) ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 227 communi salute, maluit obtemperare suo dolori, the common safety, preferred to-obey their own painful-feelings quam' vestrme auctoritati. Itaque 'of fear and shame), than (to yield) to-your authority. Therefore una lex, unus vir, unus annus, non modd on1 law, one man, [Pompey,] one year, not only liberavit nos, ill miseria ac turpitudine; sed delivered us, from-that misery and infamy; but etiam effecit, ut aliquando videremur omnibus also caused, that once (again) we-might-appear to-all gentibus ac nationibus, vere imperare terra que people and nations, really to-command by-land and mari. Quo etiam videtur mihi indignius by-sea. For which 'it also 'appears to-me more-unworthy obtrectatum esse adhuc, dicam Gabinio that-opposztitn-should-have-been-made hitherto, shall-I-say to Gabinius anne Pompeio, an utrinque? (id quod est verius), or to-Pompey, or to-both-of-them? (that which is more-likely), ne A. Gabinius legaretur, lest A. Gabinius might-be-chosen-a-lieutenant (of Pompey), (though) Cn. Pompeii, expetenti ac postulanti. Utrum Cn. Pompey (himself), desiring and requesting (it). Whether ille, qui postulat legatum n:d tantum bellum, est he, who requests a lieutenant for so-great a war, it-is non idoneus, qui impetret quem velit, cum not proper, (that) he should-obtain whom he-wishes, when ceteri eduxerint ad expilandos other (commanders) have-taken-out (with them) to pillage socios, que diripiendas provincias, legatos, quos the allies, and plunder the provinces, the lieutenants, whom voluerunt; an debet ipse, cujus lege he desired; whether ought he, [Gabinius,] 'by whose law salus ac dignitas constituta est, safety and dignity has-been-placed (on a sure basis), Ronano populo, atque omnibus gentibus esse for-the-Roman people, and for-all nations is to-be expers glorise (prevented from participating in, and) (be) deprived of-the-renown 228 OtATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. imperatoris, atque ejus exercitus, qui of the-comnmander, and of-his army, which constitutus est ipsius consilio atque was-constituted (and appointed) 'by his 'counsel and periculo? An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius 'at (his)'risk? Whether C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Coelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, omnes quos nomino, Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, all whom I-mentioon causa honoris, cum fuissent tribuni fur-the-cause of-honour, [out of respect,] when they-had-been tribunes plebis, proximo anno, potuerunt of-the-people, in the next year (after their tribuneship), could esse legati; in hoc Gabinio uno, sunt be lieutenants; in (opposition to) this Gabinius alone, are tam diligentes, qui deberet priecipuo jure (people) so active, who ought by-an especial right esse etiam, in hoc bello, quod geritur Gabinia to-be also, in this war, which is-carried-on by-the-Gabinian lege, in hoc imperatore, atque exercitu, law, (and) under this commander, [Pompey,] also in (this) army, quem constituit per vos ipse? de which he-constituted through yourselves (byyoursuffrages)? about legando quo, spero consules relaturos ad 'appointing whom 'a-lieutenant, I-hope the consuls will-refer (it) to senatum. Qui si dubitabunt, the senate (for their favourable action). Who if they-should-hesitate aut gravabuntur, ego memet profiteor relaturum: or be-reluctant, I myself declare (that) I-will-refei neque inimicum edictum (the matter to them); neither 'shall the inimical edict cujusquam, Quirites, impediet me, quo of-any-one (of the consuls), 0 Romans, 'hinder me, that not minus, fretus vobis, defendam vestrum jus the less, relying on-you, I-should-defend your right que beneficium; neque audiam quidquam, and favour (conferred); neither will-I-listen (to) any-thing, pr&eter intcrcessionem; de except the interpilsitioii [veto] (of the tribunes); concerning ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 229 quS (ut arbitror), isti ipsi, qui minantur, which (as I-think), these same (persons) who threaten (opposition), etiam atque etiam considerabunt, quid liceat. will again and again 'consider, what may-be-allowed Quidem mea' sententia, Quirites, 'to them to do). Indeed in-my opinion, 0 Romans,.. Gabinius unus adscribitur, socius A. Gabinius alone is-to-be-enrolled, (as) an associate (in subCn. Pompeio maritimi belli, que Jrdinate command) fbr Cn. Pompey (in) the maritime war, and erum gestarum; propterea quod alter the exploits (thereof); because that the one [Gabinius] detulit id bellum suscipiendum vestris suffragiis g.-ve that war to-be-undertaken by-your suffrages uni; alter delatum, que susceptum, to-one (man), [Pompey;] the other having-received, and undertaken, confecit. finished (it). 20. Reliquum est, ut videatur It remains, as it-appears, (that something) dicendum esse, de auctoritate et sententiA is-to-be-said, concerning the authority and opinion Q. Catuli; qui cum qusereret ex vobis, si poneretis of Q. Catuli; who when he-inquired of you, if you-place omnia in Cn. Pompeio uno, si quid all (your trust) in Cn. Poinpey alone, if any-thing factum esset de eo, in quo essetis habituri spem; - should-happen him, in whom would-you-place (your) trust; cepit magnum fructum sue virtutis 'he [Catulus] 'received a great reward for-his virtue ac dignitatis, cum omnes, prope unt voce, and dignity, when 'you all, nearly with-one voice dixistis, 'vos habituros esse spem in ipso." 'said, (that "you would-place (your) hope in himself." Etenim est talis vir, ut sit nulla res For 'he [Catulus] is such a man, that there is no thing tanta ac tam difficilis, quam ille possit non et so-great and so difficult, that he can not both 20 230 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. tegere consilio, et tueri integritate, direct (it) 'by (his) 'counsel, and defend (it) 'by (his) 'integrity, et conficere virtute. Sod in hoc ipso and accomplish (it) 'by (his) 'valour. But in this same (case) vehementissime dissentio ab co, quod, quo 'I most-vehemently 'differ from him, because, by-how-much minus certa, ac minus diuterna, est vita hominum, less certain, and less lasting, is the life of man, hoc magis, respublica debet frui vita by-so-much the more, the republic ought to-make-use-of the life atque virtute summi hominis, dum licet per and talents of-an-illustrious man, while it-is-allowed by immortales deos. At enim nihil the immortal gods (to do so). But indeed (you may say) 'let nothing novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta new 'be-done contrary to the examples and practices majorum. Non dico hoc loco, nostros 'of-our-'ancestors. 'I-will not 'say in-this place, (that) our majores in pace semper paruisse consuetudini, nncestors in peace always conformed to usage, (and, in bello utilitati, semper in war to-utility (and expediency), (that) 'they always accommodasse rationes novorum 'accommodated plans (resulting from their) new consiliorum, ad novos casus temporum; non deliberation, to new emergencies of-the-times; 'I-will not dicam, duo maxima bella, Punicum 'mention, (that) two very-great wars, the (third) Punic (with Carthage) et Hispaniense esse confecta, ab uno anI the Spanish were-carried-through (successfully), by one imperatore, duas potentissimas commander, [the younger Scipio,] (that) two most-powerful urbes, Carthaginem atque Numantiam, qum maxime cities, Carthage and Numantia, which very-much minitabantur huic imperio, esse deletas, ab eodem threatened this (our) empire, were destroyed, by the same Scipione; non commemorabo,/ nuper BSipio; 'I-will not 'remind-you, (that) some-short-time-since ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 231 visum esse ita vobis que vestris patribus, ut it-seemed equally proper to-you and to-your fathers, that spes imperii poneretur in C. Mario uno, the hopes of-the-empire should-be-placed in C. Marius alone, (so) ut idem administraret bellum cum Jugurth&, that the same [Marius] should-conduct the war with Jugurtha, idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis; the same (person) with the Cimbri, (and) the same with the Teutoni; recordamini in ipso Cn. Pompeio, in recollect in (the case of) this same Cn. Pompey, as-respects quo Q. Catulus vult nihil novi constitui, quam whom Q. Catulus wishes nothing new to-be-adopted, how miulta nova sint constituta wmany new (things) may-there have-been-adopted (in Pompey's favour) summa vroluntate Q. Catuli. with-the-highest approbation of Q. Catulus. 21. Enim quid tam novum, quam privatum For what (was) so new, (as) that a private adolescentulum conficere exercitum difficile young-man should-levy an army in-a-critical tempore republice? confecit; prseesse huic? time of-the-republic? he-did-levy (it); to command it? prsefuit; gerere rem opitime he-did-command (it); (and) to-carry-through the affair most-successfully, suo ductu? gessit. by-his-own guidance, (and in person)? he-did carry it through (successQuid tam prseter consuetudinem, quAm fully). What (can be) so contrary to-usage, than (for) imperium atque exercitum dari peradolescenti command and an army to-be-given to-a-very-young homini, cujus aetas longe abesset a senatorio man, whose age 'was far 'distant from the senatoriul gradu? Siciliam, atque degree? [from the age required for a senator?] 'to-have Sicily, alnd Africam, permitti que administrandum bellun Africa 'to be confided (to him), and to carry on the( war in ea? Fuit in his provinciis in them? Re-was in these provinces (distinguished) 232 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. singulari innocentil, gravit 'by (his) 'uncommon honesty, dignit: confecit i,ximum bellurm i; Afric; he-terminated a-very-great war in Africa, victorem exercitum. Quid verQ (his) victorious army. What indeed ate, virtute; y, (and) valour; i, deportavit, (and) brought-back, tam inauditum, so unheard-of, uam Romanorum equitem as-that a Roman knight At ear rem quoque (to him)? But this thing also modo vidit, sed etiam putavit only saw, but also thought cel(brandam omni studio. celebrated with-all zeal. qultm ut, cum essent than that, when there were triumphare? should-have-a- triumph -gran ted Romanus populus, non the Roman people, not visendam, et (that) it-ought-to-be-seen, and Quid tam inusitatum, What so unusual. duo clarissimi que two most-illustrious and fortissi consules, Romanus eques mitteretur most-brave consuls, (that) a Roman knight should-be-sent ad maximum, que formidolosissimum bellum to (carry on) a very-great, and most-dangerous war pro consule? Missus est. Quo tempore quidem, for the consul? (Yet) he-was-sent. At which time indeed, cum esset nonnemo in senatu, qui diceret, when there-was an individual in the senate, who said, (that) privatum hominem oportere non mitti pro consule; a private man ought not to-be-sent for the consul; dicitur; L. Philippus dixisse, [as proconsul] it-is-said; (that) L. Philippus said (on the occasion), "sua sententia se non mittere ilium pro (that) "in-his opinion he 'would not 'send him for consule, sed pro consulibus." Tanta spes the consul, but for (both) the consuls." So-great 'was the hope constituebatur in eo bene gerendae 'placed ia him 'of well 'conducting (the affairs of) reipublicae, ut munus duorum consulum committeretur the republic, that the office of-the-two consuls might-be-entrusted virtui unius adolescentis. Quid to-the-valour (and talents) of-one young-man. What (is there) ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 283 tam singularis, quam ut, ex senatusconsulto, so extraordinary, as that, by a decree-of-the- senate, solutus legibus, fieret being-freed from the laws (fixing the age for holding office), he-was-made consul, ante quam licuisset, per leges, capere consul, before that it-was.allowed, by the-laws, (for him) to-hold ullum alium magistratum? Quid tam incredibile, any other magistracy? What so incredible, quAm ut iterum, Romanus eques as that a-second-time, a Roman knight triumpharet, ex should-have-the-honour-of-a-triumph-awarded-to-him, by senatusconsulto? qume nova a-decree-of-the-senate? whatever new (or unusual precedents) constituta sunt, in omnibus hominibus, post have-been-established, in (the case of) all (other) men, since memoriam hominum, ea sunt non tam multa, the memory of-man, (all) these are not so many, quAm haec, quae vidimus in hoc uno homine. as those, which we-see in this one man. [Pompey.] Atque hsec tot exempla, tanta ac And these so-numerous examples (of dispensation), so-great and tam nova, profecta sunt in eundem hominem so novel, have-originated in (favour of) this-same man a auctoritate Q. Catuli, atque a [Pompey] from the authority of Q. Catuli, and from (that) ceterorum amplissimorum hominum ejusdem of other illustrious men of-the-same dignitatis. dignity. 22. Quare videant, ne sit periniquam, et Wherefore let-them-see-to-it, lest it-may-be very-unjust, and non ferendum, illorum auctoritatem, not to be-borne-with, (that) their authority (and opinion), de dignitate Cn. Pompeii, respecting the dignity (and elevation) of Cn. Pompey, (which dignity' semper comprobatam esse a vobis, vestrum 'has always 'been-approved-of by you, (tlaf) your 20 * 234 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. judicium de eodem homine, que auctoritatem judgment concerning the same man, and the authority Romani populi improbari ab illis; prsesertim, of-the-Roman people should-be-blamed by them; especially. cum Romanus populus, jam suo jure, possit when the Roman people, (now) in-their-own right, can defendere suam auctoritatem in hoc defend their authority (and opinion), as respects this homine, vel contra omnes, qui dissentiant; propterea man, even against all, who may-dissent; because quod, iisdem istis reclamantibus, vos delegistis that, these very-same objecting, you selected illum unum ex omnibus, quem praeponeretis him alone from all, whom you-might-place-over bello predonum, Si vos fecistis hoc temere, et. the war-with) the pirates. If you did this rashly, and parum consuluistis reipublicae; recte (but) little consulted (the interests) of the republic; rightly 'did isti conantur regere vestra these (persons here present) 'endeavour to-regulate (and guide) your studia suis consiliis; autem sin vos tur wishes (andresolves) by-their counsels; but if you then vidistis plus in republica; saw more (deeply) into (the interest of) the republic (than they did); vos, his repugnantibus, per vosmet ipsos attulistis (if) you, these opposing, by yourselves have-conferred dignitatem huic imperio, salutem orbi terrarum; dignity to-this empire, (and) safety to-the-circle of-the-earth; aliquando isti principes [the world]; (so that) at-length these chiefs (of the senate) fateantur, et sibi, et ceteris, may-confess, (that it is necessary) both for-themselves, and others parendum esse auctoritati universi Romani populi to-obey the authority of-the-entire Roman people. Atque in hoc Asiatico bello, et regio, And in this Asiatic war, and regal (war with the kings) non solum illa militaris virtus, qus est singularis in not only that military talent, which is eminent in ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA, 235 Cn. Pompeio, sed quoque multae aliae et Cn. Pompey (is required), but also many other and magnse virtutes animi requiruntur. Est great virtues (and qualities) of-the-mind are-required. It-is difficile, vestrum imperatorem ita versari, in difficult, (that) your commander 'be so 'employed, in Asia, Cilicia, Syria, que regnis interiorum Asia, Cilicia, Syria, and in-the-kingdoms of-the-interior nationum, ut cogitet nihil aliud, quam de nations, that he-may-think-of nothing else, than concerning hoste, ac de laude. Deinde etiam, si sunt the enemy, and concerning renown. Then, also, if there-are qui moderatiores pudore ac (those) who (are) more-held-in-restraint by-,hame and temperantia, tamen nemo arbitratur eos the-control-of-themselves, yet no-one thinks (that) they esse tales, propter multitudem cupidorum are such, on-account-of the multitude of-covetous (and rapacious hominurn. Est difficile dictu, ulrtes, in quanto 7..t1eQ,~ It-is difficult to-say, 0 Romans, in what-great odio simus apud exteras nationes, hatred (and unpopularity) we-are among foreign nations, propter injurias ac. libidines eorum, quos on-acuount-of the injuries and (wicked) licentiousness of-those, whom missimus ad eas, per hos annos cum imperio. we-have-sent to those (nations) during these (late) years with command. Enim quod fanum putatis, in illis terris For what temple do-you-think, in those countries, (has-been) religiosum nostris magistratibus, quam religiously-sacred (in the eyes of) our magistrates, what civitatem sanctam, quam domum city (has been held) sacred, what (private) house fuisse satis clausam ac munitam? locupletes ac has-been sufficiently shut and fortified? rich and copiosae urbes jam requiruntur, quibus opulent cities 'are now 'sought-for, against which (some) causa belli inferatur, propter cupiditatem caase (or pretext) of war may-be-alleged, on-account-of the desire 236 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. deripiendi. Libenter disputarem heec of plundering (them). 'I-would willingly 'discuss these (things) coram, cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, summis et publicly, with Q. Catulus and Q. Hortensius, most eminent and clarissimis viris; enim noverunt vulnera sociorum; illustrious men; for they-have-known the wounds of-the allies; vident eorum calamitates; audiunt querimonias. they-see their calamities; they-hear (their) complaints. Putatis vos mittere exercitum contra hostes Do-you-think (that) you send an-army against the enemy pro sociis, an simulatione for (the protection of your) allies, or-rather under-the-pretence (of acthostium, contra socios atque ing against) enemies, (really to act) against allies and amicos? quve civitas est in Asia, quae possit friends? what city is there in Asia, which can capere animos, ac spiritus, comprehend (or satisfy) (the greedy) mind, and (rapacious) spirit, non modo imperatoris, ant legati, sed unius not only of-a-commander, or of-a-legate, but (even) of-a-single tribuni militum? \' {tribune of-the-soldiers? 23. Quare, etiam si habetis quem, qui, signis Wherefore, also if you-have any-one, who, the standards collatis, videatur posse being collected, [the battle having commenced] may seem to-be-able superare regios exercitus; tamen nisi erit idem, to-overcome the royal armies; however, unless he-be one, qui possit cohibere se a pecuniis sociorum, who can restrain himself from the money of-the-allies, qui manus, oculos, animum, who (can restrain) (his) hands, (his) eyes, and (his) minl, ab eorum conjugibus ac liberis, qui (and desires) from their wives and children, whe ab ornamentis fanorum, atque (can restrain them) from the ornaments of-the temples, and oppidorum, qui ab auro que regia of-the-towns, who (likewise can keep them) from the gold, and royal ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 237 gaza; non erit idoneus, qui mittatur ad treasures; 'he-will not 'be a-proper-person, who may-be-sent to Asiaticum que' regium bellum. Putatis, ecquam the Asiatic and royal war. Do-you think, (that) any civitatem pacatam fuisse, quoe sit locuples? city has-been-subdued, which may-be rich? (or) ecquam esse locupletem, quoe videatur istis any (city, that) is rich, which may-seem to-these pacata esse? Maritima ora, Quirites, (commanders) to-be-subdued? The sea coast, 0 Romans, requisivit Cn. Pompeium, non solum propter requeated Cn. Pompey, not only on-account-of gloriam militaris rei, sed etiam propter the renown 'of (his) 'military exploits, but also on-account-of continentiam animi. Enim, the moderation 'of (his) 'mind. For, (the people inhabiting the sea videbat, Romanum populum. non locupletari coast) saw, (that) the Roman people 'were not 'made-richer quotannis, publica pecunir, praeter paucos; from-year-to-year, by-the-public money, except a few; nos neque assequi quidquam aliud, (and that) 'we neither 'attained any-thing else, nomine classium, nisi ut, detrimentis by-the-name 'of (our) 'fleets, unless that, injuries (and losses) accipiendis, videremur affici majore being-sustained, we-might-seem to-be-affected with greater turpitudine. Nunc, qua cupiditate, disgrace. Now, with-what cupidity (to obtain money), quibus jacturis, quibus with-what bribery, (made to influential persons), with-what conditionibus, homines engagements, (entered into for the obtaining command), men profisciscantur in provincias, isti ignorant go to the provinces, are-these-here ignorant-of videlicet, qui non arbitrantur omnia forsooth, who 'do not 'think (that) all (command) deferenda esse ad unum? Quasi vero, videamus is-to-be-conferred on one? As if-indeed,'we-might(not) 'perceive 238 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. Cn. P,peium esse magnum, cum suis virtutibus, Cu. Plmpey to-be great, as-well by-his-own virtues, turn etiam vitiis alienis. Quare nolite dubitare, as also by-the-vices (of) others. Wherefore do-not doubt, quin credatis omnia huic uni, qui, inter but-that you-may-entrust all to-this one (man), who, for tot annos, unus inventus sit, quem socii so-many years, 'has alone 'been-found, whom the allies gaudeant venisse in suas urbes cum exercitu.,__.rejoice (to see) come into their towns with an army. Quod si, Qlirites, putatis hanc causam - But if, 0 Romans, you-think this cause, (of giving the sole confirmandam auctoritatibus; command to Pompey), ought-to-be-confirmed by authorities; vobis est auctor, P. Servilius, vir you-have (as) adviser-of-the-measure, P. Servilius, a man peritissimus omnium bellorum, que maximarum most-experienced (in) all the wars, and (in) the greatest rerum: cujus res geste tantae, terrat que mari, affairs: whose exploits so-great, by-land and sea, exstiterunt, ut, cum deliberetis de bello, have-excelled (so much), that, when you-deliberate concerning war, nemo debeat esse vobis gravior no-one ought to-be (considered) by-you (as) a-more-weighty auctor: est C. Curio prseditus vestris adviser-in-this-neasure: there is C. Curio endowed with your summis beneficiis, summo ingenio et prudentiS, highest favours, with-the-greatest talent and prudence, que gestis maximis rebus; est Cn. Lentulus, and having-performed the greatest exploits; there-is Cn. Lentulus, in quo, omnes cognovistis, pro vestris in whom, 'you all ' have-known, by-reason-of your amplissimis honoribus, esse summum most ample honourn, there is the greatest (wisdom of) consilium, summam gravitatem; est counsel, (and) the greatest weight (of character); there Is C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, C. Cassius, (distinguished by his) integrity, virtue, (and) ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 239 lsngulari constantia. Quare videte, uncommon constancy (and perseverance). Wherefore see (then), num videamur posse respondere orationi illorum, whether we-appear to-be-able to-reply to-the-speech of-those, qui dissentiunt, auctoritatibus horum. who -dissent-from (us), by-the-authorities of-these (men mentiond) 24. Quae... c.um —sintita C. Manili, primur --- Whichthings when they-are so, 0 C. Manili, in-the-first-place, laudo, que vehementissime comprobo et istam tuam I praise, and most-vehemently approve both this your legem, et voluntatem, et sententiam; law, and the purpose (intended by it), and the opinion deinde hortor te, ut, Romano (respecting the commander); next I-exhort you, that, the Roman populo auctore, maneas in people approving (and abetting), you-may-remain (steadfast) in (your) sententia, neve pertimescas vim, aut minas opinion, nor (that) you-may-fear the violence, or threats cujusquam. Primum, arbitror, esse satis of-any-one. In-the-first-place, I-believe, (that) there is enough perseverantire animi in te; deinde cum videamus of-perseverance of-mind in you; next, when we-see tantam multitudinem adesse, cum tanto studio, so-great a multitude assembled-here-present, with so-great zeal quantam nunc videmus iterum (for the cause), as-much-as 'we now 'see a second time in prseficiendo eodem homine; (displayed) in appointing-to-command the-same man; [Pompey;] quid est, quod dubitemus, aut de re what is there, that we-may-doubt, either concerning the affair aut de facultate perficiendo. Autem ego, or of the power (of) accomplishing it. But I, quidquid est in me studii, consilii, laboris, ingenii, whatever is in me of-zeal, of-counsel, of-industry, of-talent, quidquid possum hoc beneficio Romani whatever I-am-able-to-do by-this kindness of-the-Roman populi, atque hac pratoriR people (in bestowing office on me), and by-this pruetoriua 240 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. potestate, quidquid power, (I nm possessed of), whatever (I am able to do) auctoritate, fide, constanti; 'by (my) 'authority, credit, constancy, (and perseverance in the cause); polliceor ac defero omne id tibi et I-promise and offer all this, (both) to-you [Manilius] and Romano populo, ad conficiendam hanc rem. Ito- t~Le - _an people, for the accomplishing this affair. Que testor onfiii~s deos,.eto-s6 maxime, qui And I-call-to-witness all the-gods, and those most-especially, who president huic loco que templo, qui maxime preside over-this place and temple, (and) who especially perspiciunt mentes omnium eorum, qui adeunt ad see-into the minds of-all those, who go to Rempublicam, me neque the Republic, [who apply themselves to public affairs,] (that) I neither facere hoc rogatu cujusquam, neque quo am doing this at-the-request of-any-one, nor because putem per hanc causam conciliari gratiam I-may-think, by this cause, to-conciliate the favour Cn. Pompeii mihi, neque quo quae'am ex of Cn. Pompey for-me, nor because I-may-seek from amplitudine cujusquam, aut praesidia the dignity (or elevated rank) of-any-one, either protection mihi periculis, ant adjumenta honoribus; for-myself in-dangers, or aids (in acquiring) honours; propterea quod, tecti innocentia, facile therefore that, shielded by innocence, 'we-will easily repellemus pericula, ut oportet hominem prsestare; 'repel dangers, as it-becomes a man to-do; autem consequemur honores, neque ab uno, but we-will-obtain honours, neither from one (person), neque ex hoc loco, sed illa nostri eadem nor from this place, but by-that our same laboriosissima ratione vitae, most-laborious course of-life (we have heretofore pursued), si vestra voluntas feret. Quamobrem, if your (kind) wishes sustain (and favour me). Wherefore, ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 241 quidquid susceptum est, in hac causa mihi, whatever has-been-undertaken, in this cause (by) me, Quirites, confirmo me suscepisse id omne 0 Romans, I-assure (you, that) I undertook it all, cause reipublica; que tantum abest, for-the-cause (and interest) of-the-republic; and so-much is-it-therefrom, ut videar quaesisse mihi aliquam bonam that I-may-seem to-have-sought for-myself any good gratiam, ut, etiam intelligam, offices (cr favours of others), that, 'I also 'understand, (that) suscepisse multas simultates partim obscuras, I-have-become many enmities partly hidden, partim apertas, non necessarias partly open, (enmities) not necessary (to be incurred by) mihi, non inutiles vobis. Sed ego statui, me, (but) not without-use to-you. But I determined, (that) oportere me prseditum hoc honore, it behoved me invested with-this honour (of the praetorship), affectum, Quirites, vestris tantis beneficiis, (and) affected, 0 Romans, by-your so-many favours, (that) vestram voluntatem, et dignitatem reipublicae, et your will, and the dignity of-the-republic, and salutem provinciarum atque sociorum, proeferre the safety of-the-provinces and of-the-allies, were-to-be-preferred omnibus meis commodis et rationibus. to-all my-own advantage and affairs (and interests) 21 ORATIO THE ORA TION M. TULLII CICERONIS, OP M. TULLIUS CICER O, PRO FOR L. MURENA. L. M UR ENA 1. Quae deprecatus sum a immortalibus diis, That-which I-entreated from the immortal gods, judices, more que instituto majorum, ~) judges, (according to) the usage and institutions 'of (our) 'ancestors, illo die, quo auspicato, comitiis on-that day, on-which the-auspices-were-taken, 'I, in the comitia centuriatis, renuntiavi L. Murenam consulem; centurlata, 'declared L. Murena consul (elect); ut ea res eveniret bene (namely), that that affair (of the election) might-eventuate advantageously atque feliciter mihi que meo magistratui, populo, and happily to-me and to my magistracy, to-the-nation, que plebi Romanae: precor eadem ab eisdem and people of-Rome: I-pray-for the-same-thing of the same immortalibus diis, ob obtinendum consulatum immortal gods, on entering-upon the consulship (by) ejusdem hominis, uni cum salute, the same man, together with (his personal) safety (and privileges), et ut vestrae mentes atque sententiae consentiant and that your minds and opinions may agree (242) ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 243 cum voluntatibus que suffragiis Romani populi, with the wishes and suffrages of-the-Roman people, que ea res afferat vobis, que and (that) this affair (of your agreement) may-bring to-you, and Romano populo, pacem, tranquillitatem, otium, que to-the-Roman people, peace, tranquillity, ease, and concordiam. Quod si illa solemnis precatio concord. For if that solemtn prayer (offered up in comitiorum, consecrata consularibus the assembly) of-the-comitia, hallowed by-consular auspiciis, habet tantam vim, et religionem in auspices, has so-great a power, and religious-effect in se, quantam dignitas reipublicse postulat; it, as the dignity of-the-republic requires; idem ego sum precatus, ut quoque eis at-the-same-time I prayed, that also to-these-same hominibus, quibus hic consulatus datus esset, me men, to-whom this consulship had-been-granted, I rogante, ea res (presiding over the assembly, and) asking (their opinion), the same thing eveniret fauste, feliciter, que prospere. might-turn-out auspiciously, happily, and prosperously. Qu0e cum sint ita, judices, et cum omnis Which-things when they-are so, 0 judges, and when all potestas immortalium deorum aut translata sit ad the power of-the-immortal gods 'is either 'transferred to vos, aut certe communicata cum vobis, idem consul you, or certainly shared with you, the same consu! commendat eum vestrse fidei, qui recommends him (Murena) to-your faith (and protection), wh( antea commendavit immortalibus diis; ut et before had-recommended (him) to-the-immortal gods; so-that(he) both declaratus consul voce ejusdem hominis, declared consul by-the-voice of-the-same man, (Cicero) et defensus, tueatur beneficium and defended (by the same), he-may-watch-over the favours Romani populi, cum vestrA salute, atque of-the-Roman people, (together) with your safety, and (that) 244 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. omnium civium. Et quoniam in hoc of-all the citizens. And because in (the discharge of) this officio, studium duty (which I have undertaken, of defending Murena), the zeal mewe defensionis, atque etiam ipsa susceptio of my defence (of him), and even the-very undertaking cause, reprehensa est ab accusatoribus; of-the-cause (itself), has-been-reprehended by the accusers; antequam instituo dicere pro L. Murena, (therefore) before I-commence to plead for L. Murena, dicam pauca pro me ipso; non quo, I-will-say a few (words) respecting my self; not because, defensio mei officii sit potior the defence of-my duty (in this cause) may-be preferred (as of more mihi, quidem in hoc tempore, quAm importance) to-me, even at this time, than (the defence) salutis hujusce, sed ut, meo facto of-the-safety of-this-same (person); but that, my acts (in this case) probato vobis, possim majore auctoritate, being-approved by-you, I-may-be-able with-greater authority propulsare impetus inimicorum, ab (and weight), to-repel the-attacks 'of (his) 'enemies, upon hujus honore, famA, que omnibus fortunis. his honour, fame, and all (his) fortunes. 2. Et primum, respondebo M. Catoni, And in-the-first-place, I-will reply to M. Cato, (who is dirigenti vitam ad certam normam in the habit of) regulating life according-to a certain rule rationis, et diligentissime perpendenti momenta of-reason, and diligently weighing the value officiorum omnium, de meo officio. of-the-duties of-all, concerning my-own duty (in this cause). Cato negat, fuisse rectum me et Cato denies, (that) it-was right (or proper, that) I both consulem, et latorem legis consul, and (also) proposer of-the-law (against, ambitus, et tam severe brioery-and-improper-influence-to-obtain-office, and'having so severely ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 245 gesto consulatu, and strictly 'dicharged (the duties of) the consulship, 'should (in tho attingere, causam slightest degree) 'touch, (or have any thing to do with) the cause L. Murenae. Cujus reprehesio vehementer movet of L. Murena. Whose reprehension vehemently moves me, ut non solum probem (and excites) me, so that not only 'I-may (explain and) 'prove vobis, judices, rationem mei facti to-you, 0 judges, the reason of-my action (and conduct), (and) quibus debeo maxime, verum etiam ut to-whom I-ought especially (to do so), but also that (I ought Catoni ipsi, gravissimo atque to do the same) to Cato himself, a most-respectable and integerrimo viro. A quo tandem, M. Cato, est upright man. By whom in-fine, 0 M. Cato, is-it aequius, consulem defendi, quam a consule? more-just, (that) a consul should-be-defended, than by a consul? Quis, in republica, potest, aut debet esse conjunctior Who, in the republic, can, or ought to-be more-united mihi, quam is, cui respublica traditur, a me uno, to-me, than he, to-whom the republic is-delivered, by me alone, sustinenda, sustentata meis magnis laboribus et to-be-sustained, having-been-upheld by-my great labours and periculis? Qubd'* in iis rebus repetendis, dangers? For '4, in those things demand-is-made-for-recovery, quae sunt mandipi, is debet praestare periculum which are warranted-property, he ought to-incur the risk judicii, qui obligavit se nexu, of-a-trial, who has-bound himself by-the-obligation (of warranting the profecto etiam rectius, in judicio consulis iale), certainly also more-justly, in the trial of a consul designati, is consul potissimum, qui declaravit elect, that consul most-especially, who declared (him) consulem, debebit esse auctor beneficii consul, ought-to-be the guarantee (for him) of-the-favourg Roimani populi, que defensor periculi. of-the-Roman people, and (his) defender (in case) of danger. 21* ,'46 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. Ac, si, ut in nonnullis civitatibus solet fieri, And, if, as in some states it-is-the-custom to-be-done, patronus huic causme constitueretur an (advocate or) patron for-this cause should-be-appointed publice, is potissime daretur publicly (by the authorit;er), he 'would most-especially 'be-assigned defensor, offecto honore, qui, as-a-defender, to-the-one-invested with-the-honour (of office), who, praeditus edem honore, afferret non endued with-the-same honour (of office himself), might-bring inc minus auctoritatis, quam facultatis ad dicendum. less authority, than ability to (his) pleading. Quod si, ii, qui jam invehuntur ex alto For if, those, who now are-brought (by the winds) from the high in portun solent praecipere summo (sea) into the harbour are-accustomed to-give with-the-greatest studio, solventibus portu, et rationem care, (those) leaving the harbour, both an-account tempestatum, et praedonum, et locorum; of-the-storms, and of-the-pirates, and of (the dangerous) places; quod natura fert, ut faveamus eis, qui because nature impels (us), that we-favour those, who. ingrediantur eadem pericula, quibus nos are-about-to-undergo the same dangers, which we perfuncti sumus: quo animo tandem have-gone-through: in-what (state of) mind 'is-it then oportet me esse, jam prope videntem terram, 'proper (that) I should-be, now near seeing land, ex maga jactatione, in after a great tossing (on the stormy sea of public life), as-respects hunc, cui, video, esse subeundas maxirnas tempestates him, who, I-see, is-about encountering the greatest storms reipublice? Quare si est boni consuli, of-the-republic? Wherefore if it-is (the part) of-a-good consul, non solum videre, quid agatur, verum etiair. not only to-see-to, what 'is (now) 'doing, but also providere, quid futurum sit; ostendam, to-foresee, what may-hereafter-be (the state of affairs); I-will-show ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 247 alio loco, quantum intersit communis salutis, 'n-another place, how-much it-interests the common safety, esse duos consules, in republica (that) there-should-be two consuls, in the republic kaiendis Januariis. Quod si est on-the-kalends-of-January. [On the first of January.] Which if it-is ita, non tam officium debuit vocare me so, not so-much (my) duty ought to-call-on me (to defend) fortunas hominis amici, quam respublica the fortunes of-a-man (my) friend, as (that) the republic consulem ad defendendam communem (should call on) the consul to defend the common salutem. safety. 3. Nam quod tuli' legem de ambitu, For that I-proposed the law concerning bribery, certe ita tuli, (and corrupt means of obtaining office), 'I certainly 'did so 'propose (it), ut non abrogarem ear, quam tulerim that 'I-might not 'abrogate that (law), which I-had-proposed jampridem mihimet ipsi de defendendis long-since to-my-own self, concerning defending (and warding periculis civium. Etenim si confiterer off) the dangers of (my) fellow citizens. For if I-were-to-confess largitionem esse facturn, que defenderem id, (that) bribery was committed, and should-defend it, (as) esse recte factum, facerem improbe, 'having-been rightly 'done, I-would-act unjustly (and reprehenetiam si alius tulisset legem: vero cum sibly), even if anotler(person) had-proposed the law: but when defendam, nihil commissum esse contra I maintain, (that) nothing has-been-done (by Murena) against legem, quid est, quad latio legis impediat the law, what is-there, that the proposing of-the-law should-hinder meam defensionem? Negat esse my defence (of him)? He (Cato) denies (that) it-is ejusdem severitatis, tin consonance with) the same severity (and strictness), 248 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. expulisse urbe Catilinam molientem to-have-expelled from-the-city Catiline plotting exitium reipublicme intra moenia, verbis the destruction of-the-republic, within the walls (thereof), by-words, et pene imperio, et nunc dicere pro and almost by-command, and now to-plead the cause of L. Murena. Autem ego semper libenter egi has L. Murena. But I 'have always willingly 'acted those partes lenitatis et misericordiTe, quas natura ipsa parts of-mildness and of-compassion, which nature herself docuit me: non vero appetivi illam persotlam has-taught me: 'I-did not indeed 'seek-for that character gravitatis que severitatis, sed, impositam mihi of-rigour and of-severity, but, being imposed on-ile ab republica, sustinui, sicut dignitas 'as a duty) by the republic, I-sustained (it), as the dignity hujus imperii postulabat, in summo periculo of-this empire required, amid the greatest danger civium. Quod si tur, cum respublica desiderabat of-the-citizens. And if then, when the republic required vim et severitatem, vici naturam, et fui force and severity, I-conquered (my) nature, and was tam vehemens quAm cogebalb non quam voleba-m: as rigorous as I-was-forced-to-be, not as I-wished: nunc, cum omnes causpe vocent me ad misericordiam, now, when all motives call me to compassion, atque ad humanitatem, quanto studio tandem debeo and to humanity, with-what ardour then ought-I servire meae naturae que consuetudini? to-indulge my nature and habits (inclined to humane, and At de officio mere defensionis, friendly feelings)? But concerning the duty of-my defence ac de ratione tuae accusationis, (of Murena), and concerning the motives of-your accusation etiam fortasse erit nobis dicendum (of him), (there) also perhaps will-be (occasion) for-us to-speak in alia parte orationis. in another part of-the-oration. ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 249 Sed, judices, conquestio Ser. Sulpicii, sapientissimi But, 0 judges, the complaint of Ser. Sulpicius, a most-wise atque ornatissimi hominis, commovebat me non and most-accomplibhed man, moved me o10 minus, quam accusatio Catonis: qui dixit less, than the accusation of Cato: who [Sulpicius] said ferre gravissime et acerbissime, me (that he) bore very-heavily and very-bitterly, (that) I oblitum familiaritatis que having-forg9tten (the claims) of-long-acquaintance and necessitudinis defendere causarm of-intimate-and-binding-friend.ship was-defending the cau.e L. Murena contra se. Ego cupio, judices, satisfacere of-L. Murena against him. I desire, 0 judges, to-satisfy huic, que adhibere vos arbitros. Nam curn him, and employ you as umpires (between us). For when est grave, accusari vere in amicitia, turn, it-is a serious (thing), to-be-accused truly in friendship, so, etiam si falso accuseris, est non negligendum. even if 'you-be falsely 'accused, it-is not to-be-neglected. Ego Ser. Sulpici confiteor, et me debuisse tibi, I 0 Ser. Sulpicius confess, (that) both I owed you, in tua petitione, omnia in your application (and canvass for the consulship), all (my' studia atque officia, pro nostra necessitudinc, zeal and (good) offices, according-to our intimate-friendship, et arbitror praestitisse. and I-think (that) I-have-performed (the same, by giving all the assist Defuit nihil a me ance in my power). There-lacked nothing on my (part, to assist) tibi petenti consulatum, quod postulandum esset, aut you soliciting the consulship, that could-be-required, either ab amico, aut a gratiosso, ant from a friend, or from a favoured (and influential person), or a consule. Illud tempus abiit; ratio fromn the consul. 'hat time has-gone-by; the motive (of actions mutata est. Existimo sic, sic persuadeo mihi, is-changed. I-think so, and so persuade myself, (that) 25 0 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. me @Cnl.ne tibi tantum contra honorem I o*vs you as-much (assistance) against the advancement L. Murena, quantum tu ausus sis of-L. Murena (to the consulship), as you might-venture postulare a me; contra salutem, to require-of from me; (but that) against (his personal) safety, debere nihil. Neque enim, si turn adfui tibi, I-owe (you) nothing. Nor indeed, if 'I then 'stood-by you, cumr peteres consulatum, debeo idcirco nunc, curn when you-sought the consulship, ought-I for that reason now, when petas Murenam ipsum, esse adjutor you-seek (to injure) Murena himself, to-be (your) assistant eodern pacto. Atque hoc non modo non by-the-same agreement. And this not only 'is not laudari, sed potest ne quidem concedi, ut, 'to-be-praised, but can not indeed be-conceded, that, nostris amicis accusantibus, non defendamus our friends accusing, 'we-might not 'defend etiam alienissimos. even the-greatest-strangers. 4. Autern, judices, est et vetus, et magna But, 0 judges, there-is both an old, and great amicitia cum MurenA mihi, quTe non friendship with Murena (and) me, which (friendship) 'shall not idcirco obruetur a Ser. Sulpicio, in dimicatione for-such-reason 'be-overwhelmed by Ser. Sulpicius, in a capital capitis, quod ab eodem trial, (involving all the civil rights of Murena), because by the same superata est in contentione (Sulpicius, this friendship) was-overcome in a contest (for) honoris. QuTe causa si esset non, the honour (of office). Which motive (of friendship), if it-were not tamen vel dignitas hominis, (in existence), yet either the dignity (and high rank) of-the-man, vel amplitude ejus honoris, quem adeptus est, or the-great-dignity of-his office, which he-has obtained, inussisset mihi summam famam superbire would-have-branded me (with) the greatest stigniu of-pride ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 251 qve crudelitatis, si repudiassem causam tanti and of-cruelty, if I-had-repudiated a cause of-so-much periculi, hominis amplissimi, et suis ornamentis 'ianger, of-a-man most-distinguished, both by-his-own honours et Romani populi. Neque enim licet and (by those) of-the-Roman people. Neither indeed is-it-allowed mihi jam, neque est integrum, ut non me now, nor is-it wholly-in-my-power, that 'I-should not impertiam meum laborem, sublevandis 'impart my labour (and assistance), in-alleviating periculis hominum. Nam cum tanta prTemia the dangers of-men. For when such-great rewards data sint mihi pro hbec industria, have-been-given to-me, for this industry (in defending others), quanta antea nemini; as before-this (have been conferred) on-none (for like services); deponere labores, per quos ceperis ea, to-desist-from labours, by which you-obtained those (honours), cum adeptus sis, esset hominis, when you-have-obtained (them), would-be (the part) of-a-man, et astuti et ingrati. Si quod licet both cunning and ungrateful. If however it-would-be-allowed (for me) desinere, si, te auctore, possum, to-desist (from my labours), if, you being the adviser, I-might (do so), si nulla turpitudo inertiae, nulla superbiae, if no disgrace (or reproach) of-indolence, none of-arrogance, nulla culpa inhumanitatis suscipitur; ego no fault of-inhumanity is-incurred (thereby); I (would) vero libenter desino. Sin autem fuga laboris indeed willingly desist. But if the shunning of-labour coarguit desidiam, repudiatio supplicum superbiam, proves idleness, the rejection of-suppliants (proves) arrogance, neglectio amicorum improbitatem; (and) the neglect of-friends (proves) worthlessness; (and) nimirum hxec causa est ejusmodi, quam nec indeed this cause is of-that-kind, which neither industrius, nec misericors, nec officiosus possit an industrious, or merciful, or obliging (man) can '252 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. deserere. Atque hujusce rei, Servi, facillime abandon. And of this thing, 0 Servius, 'you-may very-easily ceperis conjecturam de tuo ipsius studio 'form an opinion, from your own pursuits (as a lawyer). Nam si putas necesse tibi, etiam respondere For if you-think-it necessary for-you, also to-give-legal-advice adversariis tuorum amicorum, consulentibus de to-the-enemies of-your friends, consulting (you) respecting jure; et si existimas turpe, te advocate, the law; and if you think (it) shameful, you having been counsel, illum ipsum, (and given your advice and opinion), (that) the same (person), contra quem veneris, cadere causa; against whom 'you (now) 'appear, should-lose (his) cause; noli esse tam injustus, ut, cum tui fontes resolve-not to-be so unjust, that, wLen your springs pateant vel tuis inimicis, (of legal knowledge) are-open, even to-your enemies, (that) putes nostros rivulos oportere esse you-would-think (that) our (small) rivulets ought to-be clauses etiam amicis. Etenim si familiaritas closed, also 'to (our) 'friends. For-indeed, if (my) long-friendship tua removisset me ab hoc causa, et si hoc idem (for) you had-removed me from this cause, and if this same accidisset Q. Hortensio, M. Crasso, clarissimis had-happened to Q. Hortensius, to M. Crassus, most-distinguished viris, si item ceteris, a men, (and engaged in this case for Murena), if also to-others, by quibus intelligo tuam gratiam magni whom I-know your favour and (esteem) 'is greatly aestimari; consul designatus non haberet 'prized; the consul elect 'would not 'have defensorem, in ea civitate, in qua nostri majores a defender, in that city, in which our ancestors voluerunt unquam deesse patronum had-resolved that never should-there-be-wanting a patron nemini infimo. Ego ipse (and defender) to-any-onie, (even of) the lowest-degree. I myself I ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 253 vero, judices, existimarem me nefariuim, si indeed, 0 judges, would-consider myself a-wicked-man, if defuissem amico, crudelem, si I-were-wanting to (my) friend, a-cruel-man, if (I were wanting) misero, superbum si consuli. to-one-in-distress, an-arrogant-man, if (I were wanting) to-the-consul. Quare quod dandum est amicitiae, larg Wherefore "whatever is-to-be-conceded to-friendship, 'will-be freely dabitur a me, ut agam cum te, Servi, non 'given by me, so-that I-will-act with you, 0 Servius, in no secus, ac si esset meus frater, qui est carissimus otherwise than if (it) were my brother, who is most-dear mihi, in isto loco. Quod to me, (stood) in this same place (that you are). Whatever tribuendum est officio, fidei, religioni, is-to-be-yielded to-duty, to (good) faith, (and) to-religion, moderabor id ita, ut meminerim, me dicere I-will regulate it so, that I-may-remember, (that) I am-pleading pro amici periculo, contra studium for (the safety) of-a-friend in-danger, against the attacks 'of (another) amici. 'friend. 5. Intelligo, judices, fuisse tres partes I-understand, 0 judges, (that) there-were three parts totius accusationis,. et unam earum of-the-entire accusation, and (that) one of-them versatam esse, in reprehensione vitae, has-been-taken-up, in the censure (of his mode of) life, alteram in contentione the other in contesting (his claims, on account of his not being of dignitatis, tertiam in criminibus the proper rank and) dignity, (and) the third with the crimes ambitus. Atque harum trium of-bribery (and corruption in the election). And of-these three partium, illa prima, quae debeat esse gravissima, parts, that first, which ought to-have-been the-most-grave, fuit ita infirma et levis, ut magis lex was so weak and trifling, that rather the law, (respecting) 02 254 ORATIO PRO L. MIURENA. quoedam accusatoria coegerit illos dicere aliquid, certain (forms of) accusation, forced them to-say something, de vita L. Murenae, quam vera facultas concerning the life of L. Murena, than (any) real powei maledicendi. Enim Asia objecta est of-criminating (him). For Asia has-been objected (to him as a qume non expetita est ab hoc ad reproach) which 'was not 'sought by him, for (the purpose voluptatem et luxuriam, sed of indulging in) pleasure and luxury, but which peragrata in militari labore. Qui si adolescens, he-traversed in military duty. Who if (when) a-young-man, suo patre imperatore, non meruisset; his-own father being commander, 'he-had not 'served videretur, aut timuisse hostem, ant (in the army); he-would-seem, either to-have-feared the enemy, or imperium patris, aut repudiatus a parente. the command of-his-father, or to-have-been-repudiated by his parent. An cum filii praetextati Whether when the sons, (under 17 years, and) wearing-the-prsetexta triumphantium soleant potissimum sedere in equis; of-those-triumphing used especially to-sit on the horses fugiendum fuit huic decorare (drawing the triumphal car); was-it-to-be-avoided (by) this one, to adorn triumphum patris militaribus donis, the triumph 'of (his) 'father, 'with (his own) 'military rewards, ut, rebus gestis communiter, so-that, by-exploits performed together, (it might be said that) psene triumpharet simul cum patre? Hie 'he nearly 'triumphed together 'with (his) 'father? This (man) vero, judices, et fuit in Asi&, et fuit magno then, 0 judges, both was in Asia, and was a great adjumento fortissimo viro suo parenti in periculis, assistance to-the-very-brave man his father in dangers, solatio in laboribus, gratulationi in a comfort (to him) 'in (his) 'labours, a congratulation (to him) ir victoria. Et, si Asia habet quandam suspicionem victory. And, if Asia has a certain suspicion ORATIO PRO L. MURENA, 2,55 luxurise. non unquam vidisse Asiam, sed of luxury, not (that) 'he ever 'saw Asia, but (that) vixisse continenter in Asia, laudandum est. Quamobrem he-lived temperately in Asia, is-to-be-praised. For-which-reason nomen Asie fuit non objiciendum Murense, ex the name of-Asia was not to-be-objected to Murena, from qua laus constituta est familiae, memoria which renown was constituted (and arose)'for (his) 'family, a memorial generi, honos et gloria nomini: sed 'for (his) 'race, (and) honour and glory 'to (his) 'name: but aliquod flagitium ac dedecus aut susceptum some debauchery and scandalousness (was) either acquired in Asia, ant deportatum ex Asia. Vero (by him) in Asia, or (when) brought from Asia. But meruisse stipendia in eo bello, to-have earned pay [to have served in the army] in that war, quod turn Romanus populus gerebat, non modo which then the Roman people waged, not only maximum, sed etiam solum, fuit the greatest, but also the only-one, was (a proof) 'of (his) virtutis: libentissime meruise, patre 'valour: 'to-have-most-willingly 'served (in the army, his) father imperatore, pietatis: finem being commander, 'of (his filial) 'piety: (that) the termination 'of (his stipendiorum fuisse victoriam ac triumphum 'military) services was the victory, and triumph patris, felicitatis. Idcirco 'of (his) 'father, (and which was a proof) 'of (his) 'good-fortune. Therefore quidem in hisce rebus, est nihil loci maledicto, indeed in these things, there-is no room for-censu e, quod laus occupavit omlia. because praise has-taken-up all (the place). 6. Cato appellat L. Murenam saltatorem. Si Cato calls L. Murena a dancer. If (this is, vere objicitur, est maledictum vehementis truly objected (to him), it-is the reproach of-a-violent accusatoris; sin falso maledici conviciatoris accuser; but-if falsely (it is that) of-a-slanderous calumniator. ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. Quare cum sis istA auctoritate, Wherefore when you-are (of) such authority (and weight of character), debes non, M. Cato, arripere maledictum ex you-ought not, 0 M. Cato, to-snatch calumny out-of trivio, aut ex aliquo convivic the-cross-streets, (where idlers meet), or from some carousal scurrarum, neque temere vocari consulem Romani of-buffoons, nor rashly to-call the consul of-the-Rouman populi saltatorem: sed conspicere, quibus vitiis people a dancer: but to-consider, with-what vices prseterea sit necesse eum affectum esse, besides it-may-be necessary (that) he should-be-affected, cui istud possit vere objici. Enim fere nemo to-whom this may-be truly objected. For almost no-one saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit; neque dances, (when he is) sober, unless perhaps he-is-crazy; neither in solitudine, neque in moderate atque honesto in solitude, nor in a moderate and decent convivio. Saltatio est extrema comes tempestivi feast. Dancing is the last companion of-prolonged convivii, amoeni loci, multarum feasting, of-pleasant (and luxurious) places, (and) of-many (voluptuous) deliciarum. Tu arripis id mihi, quod pleasures. You catch-at that, (it seems to) me, which (it) est necesse omnium vitiorum esse is necessary (that) of-all vices (it should) be postremum: relinquis illa, quibus the last: you-leave those (things unnoticed), which remotis, hoc vitium potest non omnino esse. being-removed, this vice can not at-all exist. Nullum turpe convivium, non amor, non 1No disgraceful feasting, no improper love, no comissatio, non libido, non sumptus revelling, no lust, no extravagance-in-expenditure ostenditur. Et, cum ea non reperiantur, is-shown. And, when those (things) 'are not found, quae habent nomen voluptatis, que quae sunt vitiosa; which have the name of-pleasure, and which are vicious; (he) ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 257 in quo potes non reperire luxuriam ipsam, in eo in whom you-can not find luxury itself, in him putas te reperturum umbram luxurie? do-you-think (that) you will-find the shadow of-luxury? Potest nihil igitur dici in vitam L. Murenae? Can nothing therefore be-said against the life of L. Murena? Inquam nihil omnino, judices. Consul designatus I-say nothing at-all, 0 judges. The consul elect 'is sic defenditur a me, ut nulla fraus, thus (and on those grounds) 'defended by me, that no fraud, nulla avaritia, nulla perfidia, nulla crudelitas, nullum no avarice, no perfidy, no cruelty, no petulans verbum ejus proferatur. Habet lascivious word of-his can-be-brought-against (him). It-is bene: fundamenta defensionis jacta sunt. Enim well: the foundations of-the-defence are-laid. For nondum defendinius bonum virum, atque we-are not-as-yet 'defending a good man, and integrum hominem, nostris laudibus, quibus postea upright man, by our praises, which hereafter utar, sed prope confessione inimicorum. T-will-make-use-of, but almost by-the-confession 'of (his) 'enemies. 7. Quo constituto, aditus ad Which (first part) being-established, the approach to contentionem dignitatis, quae fuit the contest (respecting his) dignity (and rank), which was altera pars accusationis, est facilior mihi. the second part of-the-accusation, is more-easy for-me. Video esse in te, Ser. Sulpici, summam I-see (that) there-is in you, 0 Ser. Sulpicius, the highest dignitatem generis, integritatis, industriae, que dignity of-birth, of-integrity, of-industry, and omnium ceterorum ornamentorum, fretum quibus, of-all other accomplishments, relying on-which, est par aggredi ad petitionem consulatfis. it-is proper (for you), to-attempt to apply (for' the consulship Cognosco ista esse paria in I-k w that-these-same (virtues and endowments) are equally-so in 22 * 258 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. L. Muren&, atque ita paria, ut neque ipse poterit L. Murena, and so equal, that neither he-himself could-be vinci dignitate, neque surpassed in-dignity (and worth by you), nor 'can-he (Mureuna superarit te dignitate. Contempsisti genus 'surpass you in-dignity. You-have-despised the family L. Murenae; extulisti tuum. Quo loco, si of L. Murena; you-have-extolled your-own. On-which subject, if sumis hoc tibi, nisi qui sit patricius, you-assume this to-yourself (to assert), except he who is a patrician, neminem esse natum bono genere; facis, videatur, no-one is born of-a-good family; you-act, it-would-seem, ut rursus plebes sevocanda in Aventinum. that again the people were-to-be-called-out to the Aventine bill. Autem sin sunt amplae et honesta plebeian But if there-are distinguished and honest plebeian familiae; et proavus, et avus families; (and indeed) both the great-grandfather, and grandfather L. Murenae fuerunt prietores, et pater, cum of-L. Murena were praetors, and (his) father, when triumphasset amplissime atque honestissime he-had-triumphed most-splendidly and honourably (for exploits ex praetura, hoc reliquit huic performed) in (his) praetorship, (and) thereby left to-him faciliorem gradum adipiscendi a-more-easy step [and thereby prepared the way for him] of-obtaining consulatfs, quod is jam debitus patri the consulship, because it 'was already 'due to-the-father petebatur a filio. Vero tua nobilitas, Ser. Sulpici, was-sought by the son. But your nobility, 0 Ser. Sulpicius, tametsi est summa, tamen est notior although it-is (of the) highest (order), yet it-is more-known literatis hominibus et historicis, vero obscurior to-literary men and historians, but less-known populo et suffragatoribus. Enim pater fuit to-the-people and to-the-voters. For (your) father was equestri loco; avus celebratus nullA in-the-equestrian rank; (your) grandfather was-celebrated by no ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 259 illustri laude. Itaque non ex recenti sermone Illustrious reputation. Therefore not from the modern discourse hominum, sed ex vetustate annalium est memoria of-men, but from the antiquity of-annals is the remembrance tuse nobilitatis eruenda. Quare ego soleo. of-your nobility to-be-extracted. Wherefore I am-accustomed semper aggregare te in nostrorum numerum, quod, always to-associate you in our number, because, cum esses filius Romani equitis virtute que when you-are the son of-a-Roman knight, 'by (your) 'virtue and industriA perfecisti, tamen industry, you-have-attained (such reputation, that) yet putarere dignus summg amplitudine: you might-be-thought worthy of-the-highest honours (of the state): nec unquam visum est mihi esse minus virtutis nor 'did-it ever 'seem to-me to-be less of-virtue in Q. Pompeio, novo homine, et fortissimo viro, in Q. Pompeius, a new man, and a-most-brave man, quAm in nobilissimo homine, M. jEmilio. Etenim than in (that) most-noble man, M. iEuilius. For est ejusdem animi atque ingenii, tradere it-is (a part) of-the-same mind and talent, to-transmit suis posteris, quod'Pompeius fecit, amplitudinem to-his posterity, which Pompeius did, the greatness (and honour) nominis, quam non acceperat; of-a-name, which 'he had not 'received (from his parents); et, ut Scaurus, renovare, virtute prope and, like Scaurus, to-renew, 'by (his) 'virtue, the nearly intermortuam memoriam sui generis. extinct remembrance of-his family. 8. Quanquam ego jam putabam, judlces, Although I heretofore did-think, 0 judges, (that it) perfectum esse meo labore, ignobilitas had-been-brought-about by-my exertion, (that) want-of-nobility generis ne objiceretur multis fortibus viris; qui of-birth 'might not 'be-objected to-many brave men; who jacebant, non mod6 commemorandis temained-neglected, not only (when) mentioning (and pointing out) 260 ORATIO PRO'L. MURENA. Curiis, Catonibus, Pompeiis, illis antiquis, the Curii, the Catoes, the Pompeii, those ancient, fortissimis viris, novis hominibus, sed his most-brave-men, (and) new men, but these recentibus, Mariis, Didiis, et Cveliis. Cum ego modern-ones, the Marii, the Didii, and the Celii. Wher. I vero, tanto intervallo, refregissem indeed, so-great an interval (of time having elapsed), had-broken ista claustra nobilitatis, ut aditus ad consulatum these barriers of-nobility, so-that access to the consulship posthac, non pateret magis nobilitati, quAm hereafter, 'might not 'be-open more to-nobility, than virtuti, sicut fuit apud nostros majores: to-virtue (and merit), as it-was with our ancestors: 'I-did non arbitrabar, cum consul designatus, ex vetere et not 'think, when the consul elect, of an old and illustri famili&, defenderetur filio Romani illustrious family, was-defended by-the son of-a-Roman equitis, consule, accusatores dicturos esse knight, (he being) consul, (that) the accusers would-say-any thing de novitate generis. Etenim accidit mihi concerning newness of family. For it-happened to-me ipsi, ut peterem, cum duobus patriciis, myself, that I-sought-for (the consulship), with two patricians altero improbissimo atque audacissimo, (against me), the one a most-worthless and most-audacious (man), altero modestissimo, atque optimo viro: tamen, the other a most-modest, and most-excellent man: however, superavi Catilinam dignitate, Galbam gratia. I-overcame Catiline in-dignity, (and) Galba in-favour. Quod si id deberet esse crimen novo Because if this ought to-have-been (alleged as) a crime to-a-new homini, profecto neque inimici, neque invidi man, certainly neither enemies, nor envious-persons defuissent mihi. Omittamus would-have-been-wanting to-me (on the occasion). Let-us-omit igitur dicere de genere, dignitas therefore saying (any thing) concerning birth, the dignity ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 261 cujus est magna in utroque: videamus of-which is great in each (candidate): let-us-look cetera. to-the-rest. "Petit quaesturam unh, et ego 'He (Murena) 'sought the quaestorship together (with me), and I factus sum prior." Est non was-made the first" (in order, says Sulpicius). It-is not (necessary) respondendum ad omnia. Enim neque fugit to-reply to every-thing. For neither does-it-escape quemquam vestrum, cum multi pares (the observation of) any-one of-you, when many equal dignitate fiant, autem unus solus possit in-dignity are-designated (for office), but one alone can obtinere primum; ordinem dignitatis et obtain the first (place); (for that) the order of-dignity and renuntiationis esse non eundem; propterea quod of-announcement is not the same; because that renuntiatio habeat gradus, autem the announcement (of the election) may-have degrees, but lignitas sit persoepe eadem omnium. the dignity may be (considered) very-often (as) the same (for) all. Sed quaestura utriusque fuit propemodum But the quaestorship of-each (of you) was nearly (of) pari momento sortis. Hie habuit, equal importance (as assigned by) lot. This-one [Murena] had, Titia lege, tacitam et quietam provinciam: by-the-Titian law, a still and quiet province: tu illam Ostiensem, cui, cum you [Sulpicius] had that Ostian (province), at-which, when quaestores sortiuntur, solet etiam the quaestors draw-lots, it-is-customary also (for the by-standers) acclamari; non tam gratiosam et to-shout-out (in derision); (a province) not so pleasant and illustrem, qu~m negotiosam et molestam. Nomen illustrious, as full-of-care and troublesome. The name itriusque consedit in of-each (of you) settled-down in (your) 262 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. quaestura. Enim sors dedit qusestorship, (and was not heard out of it). For chance gave vobis nullum campum, in quo virtus posset you (both) no field, in which (your) virtue might excurrere que cognosci. Spatium temporis come-forth and (make itself) be-known. The space of-time reliqui, vocatur in remaining, (after the qusestorship was passed), is called into contentionem. Tractatum est dissimillimg ratione contest. It-was-managed in-a-very-different manner '' ab utroque. by each. 9. Servius secutus est, hlc cum nobis, hanc Servius followed, nere with us, this urbanam mi]itiam respondendi, scribendi, city warfare of-answering (legal questions)., of-writing, cavendi, plenam sollicitudinis ac of-giving-legal-caution-and-advice, full of-solicitude and stomachi; didicit civile jus: vigilavit multum; chagrin; he-studied the civil law: he-watched much; laboravit; fuit presto multis; he-laboured; he-was present for-many; [he was to be seen by all;] perpessus est stultitiam multorum; pertulit he-suffered-much (from) the folly of-many; he-bore (with) arrogantiam; exsorbuit difficultatem: vixit ad arrogance; he-overcame difficulties: he-lived At arbitrium aliorum, non ad suum. Magna the will of-others, not at his-own. (There is) great laus, et grata hominibus, unum hominem praise, and (a thing) pleasing to-men, (that) one man elaborare, in eg scientig, qus sit profutura should-labour, in that science, which may-be advantageous multis. Quid Murena interea? Fuit to-many. What (was) Murena (doing) in-the-mean-time? He-was legatus L. Lucullo, fortissimo et sapientissimo a lieutenant to L. Lucullus, a most-brave and most-wise viro, summo imperatori; in qua legatione man, (and) great commander; in which lieutenance ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 263 duxit exercitum; contulit signa; he-commanded an army; he-brought-together the standards; [he conseruit manum; engaged in battle;] he-joined hand; [he fought hand to hand;] fudit magnas copias hostium; cepit urbes he-routed great forces of-the-enemy; he-took (several) towns partim vi, partim obsidione; sic obiit istam partly by-force, partly by-besieging; 'he so 'traversed this Asiam refertam, et eandem delicatam, Asia filled (with luxuries), and that-same (so) voluptuous, ut reliquerit in eg, neque vestigium avaritise, neque that he-left in it, neither a trace of-avarice, nor luxuriae; in maximo bello sic versatus est, ut of-luxury; in a-very-great war 'he-was so employed, that hic gesserit multas et magnas res, sine he performed many and great exploits, without imperatore, imperator nullam sine the commander, (but) the commander (performed) none without hoc. Atque loquar haec, quanquam L. Lucullo him. And (as) I-mention these-things, notwithstanding L. Lucullus praesente, tamen, ne videamur, propter being present, yet, (that) 'we-may not 'seem, on-account-of nostrum periculum, habere licentiam fingendi our danger, to-have a license of fiction concessam ab ipso, omnia sunt testata publicis granted (to us) by himself, all are verified by-the-public literis; quibus L. Lucullus impertit despatches (of that commander); in-which L. Lucullus imparts tantum laudis, quantum neque ambitiosus, neque so-much of-praise, as neither an ambitious, nor invidus imperator debuit tribuere alteri in snvious commander ought to-have-granted to-another in communicanda gloria. Est summa honestas, participating (his) glory. There-is the greatest honesty, summa dignitas in utroque; quam ego si the greatest dignity in each-one (of you); which I if liceat mihi per Servium, ponam in pari atque it-is-allowed to-me by Servius, will-place in the-like and 264 ORATTO PRO t. MURENA. eAdem laude. Sed non licet. Agitat in-the-same (degree of) praise. But 'it-is not allowed. He-agitates inilitarem rem; insectatur totam hane legationem; military affairs; he-attacks all this lieutenancy putat consulatum esse (of Murena); he-thinks, (that) the consulship is (an office requiring) assiduitatis, et barum quotidianarum operarum. industry, and these daily labours. Inquit, "mibi fueris tot annos apud exercitum? He-says, "were-you not so-many years with the army? non attigeris forum? tamdiu did-you ever 'set-foot (in) the forum? 'were-you (not) so-long abfueris? et cum venris, longo intervallo, 'absent? and when you-return, (after) a long space-of-time, contendas cum iis, qui habitarunt in will-you-contend with those, who (may be said to) dwell in foro, de dignitate?" Primum the-forum, about dignity (and merit)?" First (as respects) ista nostra assiduitas, Servi, nescis quantum this our assiduity, 0 Servius, you-know-not how-much fastidii interdum afferat hominibus, quantum disgust 'it sometimes 'occasions men, and-how-much satietatis. Expediit mihi quidem satiety. It disembarrassed (and helped) me indeed vehemeter, gratiam esse exceedingly, (that) the favour (I had won by my conduct) was positam in oculis. Sed tamen placed before the eyes (of my countrymen). But however superavi satietatem mei I-overcame the satiety of-myself, (occasioned by my frequent appear meo magno labore, et tu fortasse ance), by-my great labour (and exertions), and you perhaps idem: verum tamen desiderium (have done) the-same-thing: but however the desire obfuisset nihil (of hearing us, occasioned by absence), 'might-have-been no 'injury utrique nostrim. Sed, hoc omisso, ut, to-either of-us. Jut, this being-passed over, that, ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 265 revertamur ad contentionem studiorum we-may-return to the contest (and comparison) 'of (our) 'studies atque artium; qui potest (and habits), and 'of (our) professions; to-whom can 'there-be (any) dubitari, quin ad adipiscendum consulatum, gloria 'doubt, but-that for obtaining the consulship, the renown militaris rei afferat multo plus of military exploits may-bring much more (of claim thereto, as redignitatis, quAm civilis juris? spects) dignity (and merit), than (that) of-the-civil law? Tu vigilas de nocte, ut respondeas You watch at night, that you-may-give-answers (and advice) tuis consultoribus: ille, ut perveniat to-your clients: he (does the same), that he may-arrive matur~ cum exercitu, eo, quo early, with his army, in that place, whither intendit. gallorum exsuscitat te, he-is-directing-his-march. (The crowing) of-the-cocks awakes you, cantus buccinarum illum. 'Tu instituis the sound of-the-trumpets (awakes) him. You arrange (the manner actionem, ille instruit of conducting) a case (in law), he draws-up (an army in) aciem; tu caves, ne tui consultores order-of-battle; you take-care, lest your clients' capiantur, ille ne urbes aut castra. be-taken (unawares), he, lest the towns or the camps (may be Ille tenet et scit, ut copiae hostium taken). He understands and knows, how the forces of-the-enemy arceantur tu, ut aquae pluviae; may-be-kept-back (from doing harm), you, how the rains ille exercitatur (and inundations, may be kept back, from doing harm); he is occupied in propagandis finibus; tu in regendis: in extending the boundaries (of the empire); you in regulating ac nimirum (enim quod (the boundaries of private estates): and assuredly (for what 23 266 ORATIO PRO L. MIURENA. sentio, dicendum est), virtus militaris rei I-think, must-be-said), the excellence of-military ast prsestat omnibus ceteris. surpasses (that of) all others. 10. Haec peperit nomen (It is) this (military skill, that) has-produced a name Romano populo, hbec aeternam gloriam for-the-Roman people, this (has produced) eternal glory huic urbi; hac coegit orbem terrarum parere for-this city; this-same has-forced the whole world to-obey huic imperio: omnes urbanx res, omnia htec nostra this empire: all city affairs, all these our proeclara studia, et haec forensis laus noble studies (and pursuits), and this forensic reputation et industria latent, in tutela et praesidio and industry lie-sheltered, under the defence and protection bellicae virtutis. Atque simul suspicio tumultus of warlike virtue. And as-soon-as a suspicion of-a-tumult increpuit, illico *nostrae artes is reported, immediately our arts (of eloquence and pleading) conticescunt. become silent. Et quoniam videris mihi osculari istam And because you-seem to-me to-kiss (and fondle) this scientiam juris, tanquam tuam filiolam, science of-the-law, as-if (it were) your little-daughter, non patiar te versari in tanto errore, ut 'I-will not 'suffer you to-be under so-great an error, that arbitrere istud, nescio quid, quod didicisti you-should-think this, I-know (not) what, which you-have-learned tanto opere, esse aliquid prxclarum. Ego semper with-so-much labour, to-be something eminent. I always judicavi te dignissimum 'consulatu, et omni judged you most-worthy of-the-consulship, and of-every honore, aliis virtutibus, continentia, gravitate, honour, by-otheo virtues, 'by (your) 'moderation, gravity, justitia, fide, omnibus ceteris. *ustice, good-faith, (and) by-all (your) other (virtues). 'I-will ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 267 Non quidem dicam, quod didicisti civile jus, not indeed 'say, (that) because you-have-learned the civil law, perdidisti operam; sed dicam illud, you-have-lost (your) labour; but I-will-say this, (that) esse, in ill disciplina, nullam there-is, in that knowledge (of the civil law), no munitam viam ad consulatum. Enim omnes artes, sure way to the consulship. For all the arts, quoe conciliant studia Romani populi nobis, which conciliate the good-will of-the-Roman people to-us, debent habere, et admirabilem dignitatem, et ought to-have, both an admirable dignity, and pergratum utilitatem. very-agreeable usefulness. 11. Summa dignitas est, in iis, qui The highest dignity (and esteem) is, in those, who antecellunt militari laude; enim omnia quse sunt excel in-military renown; for all-things which are in imperio, et inf statu in the empire, (or connected with it), and in the state (and conditions civitatis, putantur defendi et firmari ab of-the-government, are-considered to-be-defended and strengthened by iis; etiam summa utilitas; siquidem themn; (there is) also the greatest usefulness (in them); since eorum consilio, et periculo possumus 'by-their 'counsel, and the dangers (they incur), we-can perfrui, cum respublica, turn etiam nostris enjoy, as-well the republic, as also our (private) rebus. Etiam illa facultas dicendi est gravis, et property. Also that talent of-speaking is important, and plena dignitatis, quse saepe valuit in deligendo full of-dignity, which often has-availed (much) in electing consule, posse permovere consilio atque oratione, a consul, to-be-able to-move by counsel and oratory, mentes, et senatus, et populi, et eorum, qui the minds, both of-the-senate, and of-the-people, and of-those, who judicant res. Consul quseritur, qui, judge (and decide) affairs. A consul is-required, who, (by his eloquence) 268 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. dicendo, nonnunquam comprimat tribunicio3 in-speaking, 'may sometimes 'repress tribunician furores, qui flectat concitatum populum, qui resistat excesses, who may-sway the excited people, who resists, largitioni. Non;and opposes himself against) bribery-and-corruption. (It is) not mirum, si ob hane facultatem homines, strange, if on-account-of this talent, (that) men, (whowere) non nobiles, ssepe consecuti sunt consulatum: not noble, often have-obtained the consulship: praesertim cum hbec eadem res pariat plurimas especially when this same thing procures many gratias, firmissimas amicitias, maxima favours, (and great influence), the firmest friendships, the greatest studia, Quorum, Sulpici, est zeal, (and good feeling towards us). Of-which, 0 Sulpicius, there-is nihil, in isto vestro artificio. Primum, quse nothing, in this your profession. In-the-first-place, what dignitas potest esse in tam tenui scientia? Enim dignity can-there-be in so slender a science? For sunt parvae res, prope occupatSe in singulis they-are small affairs, nearly taken-up with single literis, atque interpunctionibus verborum. letters, and the punctuation of-words. Deinde, etiam si, apud nostros majores, fuit In-the-next-place, even if, among our ancestors, there-was quid admirationis in isto studio, id, vestris any-thing of-admiration in this study (of yours), it, your mysteriis enuntiatis, est totum contemptum et mysteries being-revealed, is altogether despised and abjectum. Pauci quondam sciebant, posset degraded. Few formerly knew, (whether) it-might agi lege, necne. Enim be-done by-law, or-not. [Whether they might go to law, or not.] For vulgo habebant non fastos. Qui generally (the people) had no calender. (Those) who consulebantur erant in magnA potenti&: a quibus were-consulted were in great power: from whom ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 269 etiam dies petebantur, tanquam a also days (of consultation) were requested, as by Chaldaeis. Quidam scriba inventus est, the Chaldaen-astrologers. A certain scribe (or writer) was-found, Cn. Flavius, qui confixerit oculos cornicum, Cu. Flavius (by name), who might-have-pierced the eyes of crows, et proposuerit [who could deceive the cunning ones,] and (who) exposed populo fastos. ediscendos singulis diebus, et to the people a calender to-be-learned for-each day, and compilarit, ab cautis jureconsultis. ipsis, (thus) pilfered, from the subtle lawyers themselves, eorum sapientiam. Itaque illi irati, their-own science. Therefore they [the lawyers] enraged, quod veriti sunt, ne, ratione dierum because they were afraid lest, the order of-the-days (for going to law), pervulgata et cognita, posset agi lege, being-published and known, (that people) might go to-law, sine suh optera, composuerunt quasdam without their assistance, they composed (and invented) certain notas, ut ipsi interessent in (legal) forms, that they- 'might (necessarily) 'be-present in omnibus rebus. all affairs. 12. Cum hoc posset fieri bellissime. When this may have-been-done very-well, " Sabinus fundus est meus;" "immo (as thus): "The Sabine farm is mine;" "indeed (it is) meus;" deinde judicium: mine;" (rejoins the opponent); then judgment (is given): (the noluerunt. Inquit lawyers) would not (agree to this mode of procedure). Says-on,, "fundus, qui est in agro, qui vocatur Sabinus." "the farm, which is in the country, which is-called the Sabine." Verbose satis. Cedo, quid postea; Ego aio eum Verbosely enough. Well, what next; I say that (farm) esse meum, ex jure Quiritium." Quid turn? ts mine, according to the-law of.the-Romans." What then? 23 * 270 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. "Ego voco te ex jure, nde ibi manu ' I call you out-of-court, from that-place-there, to-contend consertum." Ille, unde petebatur, with-me." lie, when it-was-demanded, [the defendant] habebat non, quid responderet huic, tam had not, what (wherewith) he-might-reply to-this-one, so loquaciter litigioso. Idem jureconsultus transit verbosely litigious. The-same lawyt- (now) crosses-over, mode Latini tibicinis; inquit. in-the-manner of-a-Latin flute-player; and-says: (from-that-place-there), "unde tu vocasti me ex jure manu consertum, "whence you called me out of court, to contend with (me), inde ibi ego revoco te." Interea, ne from thence I (now) call you." In-the-mean-time, lest Prtetor putaret se pulchrum ac the Praetor should-think himself (to be) an excellent and beatum, atque lucky (person), [should have too good an opinion of himself], and ipse loqueretur aliquid sua sponte, should himself 'say something of-his-own accord, carmen compositum est ei quoque, cum a set-form-of-words is-composed for-him also, when absurdum ceteris rebus, tur vero in illo absurd in-other things, so indeed in this. "Utrisque, suis superstitibus, dico, istam "To-each, their witnesses-being-present, I-say, (that) this viam, inite viam," ille sapiens (is) the way, proceed on-the-way," that wise (lawyer) aderat proesto, qui doceret inire was-present at-hand, who might-show (how) to-proceed viam. "Redite viam." Redibant eodem on-the-way. "Return on-the-road." They-returned with-the-same duce. Credo hsec, tur jam sidebantur leader. I-believe (that) these-things, even then, appeared ridicula apud illos barbatos: homines, ridiculous, among those bearded (personages): (tl.) men, cum constitissent rectN, atque in when they-had-placed (themselves) properly, and in ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 271 loco, juberet abire; ut statim a place, should-be-ordered to-go-away; that they might immediately redirent eodem, unde abissent. return to-the-same-place, whence they-had-gone. Omnia illa fucata sunt iisdem ineptiis. All these (legal forms) are-tainted with-these-same follies, " Quando conspicio te in jure," et hec: "When I-behold you in law," and these: " Aune tu dicis vindicaveris " Or- 'do you 'say (this for appearance) or have you sustained causa?" quae dum occulta erant, qui the cause?" which while they-were-kept-secret; (those) who tenebant ea necessario petebantur held those (secrets) were.. necessarily sought-for, ab cis: vero postea pervulgata, by those, (having law suits): but afterwards having-been-divulged, atque jactata in manibus et and thrown (about) in hands, [and well handled] and excussa, reperta sunt inanissima prudentiae. examined, they-were-found - (to be) most-devoid of-sense, autem plenissima fraudis et stultitive. Nam cumr but very-full of-fraud and folly. For when permulta praeclare constituta essent very-many things 'were admirably 'established legibus, ea pleraque corrupta sunt an by-the-laws, 'they-were mostly 'corrupted and depravata ingeniis jureconsultorum. Omnes depraved by-the-ingenuity of-the-lawyers. All mulieres, propter infirmitatem consilii, women, on-account-of the weakness 'of (their) 'judgment, majores voluerunt esse potestate tutorum: (our) ancestors resolved should-be in-the-power cf-guardiana: hi invenerunt genera tutorum, qum these (lawyers) found-out classes of-guardians, which (classes) continerentur potestate mulierum. Illi might-be-contained (or held) in-the-power of-the-women. They noluerunt sacra interire: (our ancestors) did-not-wish the sacred-family-rites to-die-out 272 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA, ingenio horum senes by-the-ingenuity of-these (lawyers) old-men, (who hadno children.) reperti sunt ad faciendas coemptiones, were-found for making (fictitious) purchases (of the causa interimendorum sacrorum. family estates), for-the-purpose of destroying the-sacred-rites, Denique, in omni civili jure (entailed on such estates). In-fine, in all the civil law reliquerunt acquitatem, they [the lawyers] abandoned equity, (and the spirit of the tenuerunt verba ipsa: ut, laws), (and only) held-on, (literally to) the words themselves: as quia in libris alicujus, invenerant (for instance), because in the books of-some-lawyer, they-had-found id nomen, causa exempli, putarunt that name (Caia), by-reason (of giving an) example, they-thought omnes mulieres, quae facercnt (that) all women, who might-contract (matrimony by the coemptionem, vocari Caias. Jam qnidem ceremony of) co-emption, were called Caia. Yet indeed illud solet videri mihi mirum, tot tam that used to-seem to-me strange, (that) so-many (and) so ingeniosos, per tot annos etiam nunc ingenious-persons, through so-many years, (and) even now potuisse non statuere, utrum oporteret dici would not determine, whether it-might-best be-said tertium diem, an perendinum: judicem, an the third day, or the-day-after-to-morrow: judge, or arbitrum; rem, an litem. arbiter; the action, or the suit. 13. Itaque (ut dixi) nunquam fuit Therefore (as I-have-said), there never was (any) consularis dignitas in ista scientig; qune tota consular dignity, in this science; which altogether constaret ex fictis que commenticiis rebus; consists o' fictitious and imaginary things; (an IJ vero mult6 minores gratie. Enim certainly much fewer favours (can be obtained by it). For ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 273 quod patet omnibus, et est seque promptum that-which is-open to-all, and is equally free mihi et meo adversario, id potest nullo pacto to-me and to-my adversary, it can in-no manner, esse gratum. Itaque jam (be considered) to-be a favour. Therefore 'you-have now perdidistis non mod6 spem collocandi beneficii, 'lost not only the hope of-conferring a benefit, sed etiam illud, quod aliquandiu but also that (consideration) which 'you for-a-certain-tine fuit "licet consulere." 'had, (of being respectfully asked) "is-it-allowed (me) to consult (you)." Nemo potest existimari sapiens in No one can be-considered wise, (who is only skilled) in ea prudentia, qum neque valet quidquam extra that knowledge, which neither is-worth any-thing without Romam usquam, neque Romae, rebus proRome any-where, nor in Rome, during-the-vacation-oflatis. Nemo potest ideo haberi peritus, the-courts. No-one can.therefore be-considered skilled, quod in eo, quod omnes (above other, in the civil law), because in that which all sciunt, possunt nullo modo discrepare know (equally well), they-can in no wise differ inter se. Autem res non ideo putatur among themselves. But a thing 'is not therefore 'thought difficilis, quod continetur, et per paucis et difficult, because it-is-contained, both in a few and minime obscuris literis. Itaque si moveritis by-no-means obscure writings. Therefore if you-excite mihi, homini vehementer occupato, stomachum, me, a man excessively occupied, (to) anger, triduo profitebor me esse jureconsultum. in-three-days I-will-profess myself to-be a lawyer. Etenim, quae aguntur de scripto, For (those things) which are transacted by writing, sunt omnia scripta; neque est tamen have all (their) written forms; nor is there indeed 274 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. quidquam scriptum tam anguste, quo ego any-thing, written so abbreviatedly, that I possim non addere, "de qua re agitur;" can not add, "about what thing is-it-the-question;" autem quae consuluntur respondentur but those-things (about which) advice-is-asked, are-answered minimo periculo. Si responderis id, quod with-very-little risk. If you-answer that, which oportet; videare rcspondisse idem, quod is-right; you-may-seem to-have-answered the same, that Servius; sin aliter; videare etiam Servius (would); but-if otherwise; you-may-seem also nosse et tractare controversum jus. Quapropter to-know, and (how)to-handle the controversial law. Wherefore non solum est illa militaris gloria anteponenda not only is that military renown to-be-preferred vestris formulis atque actionibus, verum etiam to-your (legal) forms and actions, but also consuetudo dicendi longe et multum antecellit the habit of speaking, far and much excels isti vestrae exercitationi, ad this your practice (of the law), for (obtaining) honorem. Itaque plerique videntur mihi, the honour (of office). Therefore many seem to me, initio multo maluisse in-the-commencement (of their public life) 'to-have much 'preferred hoc: post, cum potuissent non this (practice of eloquence): afterwards, when they-could not assequi id, potissimum delapsi sunt Fucceed-in it, they-have mostly 'fallen-back istuc. - Ut aiunt there-where-you-are, (to the practice of the law). As they say in Graecis artificibus, eos esse auloedos, respecting Greek musicians, (that) those are flute-players qui potuerint non fieri citharoedi: sic wyho could not become players-on-the-harp: thus videmus nonnullos, qui potuerunt non evadere we-see some, who could not become ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 275 oratores, eos devenire ad studium juris. orators, (that) they betake-themsclves to the study of-the-law. Magnus labor dicendi, Great (is) the labour, (in acquiring eminence, in public) speaking, magna res, magna dignitas, autem great (is) the thing (itself), great (its) dignity, but summa gratia. ' Etenim great (is) the favour, (and influence connected with it). For a vobis quaedam salubritas from you (lawyers) a certain (degree of) health [safety] petitur, ab iis, qui dicunt, salus is sought, (but) from those, who plead [from the orators] safety ipsa. Deinde vestra responsa atque itself (is sought). Next your answers and decreta et saepe evertuntur dicendo, et sine decisions are, both often overturned by-eloquence, and without defensione oratoris possunt non esse the defence of-the-orators they-could not be (established on a) firma; in qua, si satis firm (basis); in which (art of oratory), if 'I-had-made sufficient proecissem dicerem parcius de ejus 'progress (myself) I-might-have-spoken more-sparingly of its laude: nunc dico nihil de me, sed de iis, qui praise: now I-say nothing of myself, but of those, who sunt, aut fuerunt magni dicendo. are, or were great in-speaking. 14. Sunt duse artes, que possunt locare homines There are two professions, which can place men in amplissimo gradu dignitatis; una in the-most-exalted degree of-dignity (and consideration); the one imperatoris altera boni oratoris. Enim (that) of-a-commander, the other (that) of-a-good orator. For ab hoc ornamenta pacis retinentur; ab illo by this (last), the ornaments of-peace are-preserved; by the former, pericula belli repelluntur. Tamen ceterse virtutes the dangers of-war are-repelled. However other virtues ipsM valent multum per se, justitia, (and tmerits) themselves avail much of themselves, as justice, ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. fides, pudor, temperantia; quibus, onMnes good-faith, modesty, temperance; in which, all intelligunt te, Servi, excellere: sed nunc know, (that) you, 0 Servius, excel: but now dispute de studiis dispositis I-am-arguing of (those) pursuits disposed, t(nd calculated) ad honorem, non de insit' virtute for (obtaining) the honour (of office), not of the innate virtue cujusque. Omnia ista studia nobis excutiuntur of-each-one. All these pursuits for-us are-dashed de manibus, simul atque aliquis novus motus from (our) hands, as-soon as any new movement coepit canere bellicum. Etenim, (or commotion) begins to-sound the warlike (signal). For, ut ingeniosus poeta, et valde bonus auctor ait, as an-ingenious poet, and very excellent writer says, proeliis promulgatis, "pellitur e medio," non battles being-announced, "there-is-driven from among-us," not solum ista vestra verbosa simulatio prudentiae, sed only this your verbose imitation of-prudence, but etiam illa domina ipsa rerum, "sapientia; res also that mistress herself 'of (all) 'things, "wisdom; every thing geritur vi; orator spernitur," non solum is-done by-violence; the orator is-despised," not only odiosus in dicendo, ac loquax, verum the disagreeable-one in speaking, and the wordy-one, but-indeed etiam "bonus; horridus miles amatur;" vero also " the good-one; the rough soldier is-beloved;" indeed totum vestrum studium jacet. Inquit, all your pursuits lie-neglected. lie says, (men) "repetunt rem, non ex jure manu consertum, "redress (their) affairs, not by a process of law, sed mage ferro." Quod si est ita, Sulpici, but rather by-the-sword." Which if it-is so, 0 Sulpicius, forum cedat castris, otium militie, stilus the forum must-yield to-the-camp, tranquillity to-war, the pen gladio, umbra soli; denique, to-the-sword, the shady (retreat to exposure) to-the-sun; in-line, ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. ea res sit prima in civitate, propter quam civitas that thing is the first" in a state, through which the state ipsa est princeps omnium. Verum Cato itself is the chief of-all (states). But Cato (endeavours to) demonstrat nos facere nimium magna show, (that) we make too great (an affair of this) nostris verbis; et oblitos esse, omne by-our discourse; and, (that we) have-forgotten, (that) all illud Mithridaticum bellum gestum esse that Mithridatic war was-waged, (as it were) cum mulierculis. Quod ego existimo, judices, with women. Which I believe (to be), 0 judges, longe secus: que de eo disseram pauca; far otherwise: and about this I-will-say something; (andbut enim neque causa continetur little), for neither 'is (my) cause (properly) 'contained in hoc. in this. Nam, si omnia bella, quae gessimus, cum For, if all the wars, which we-have-carried on with Grsecis, contemnenda sunt, triumphus the Greeks, are-to-be despised, (then) 'let the triumph M. Curii de rege Pyrrho derideatur; F. Flaminini of M. Curii over king Pyrrhus 'be derided; (that) of F. Flamininus de Philippo; M. Fulvii de Etolis; over Philip; (that) of M. Fulvius over the Etolians; (that) L. Paulli de rege Perse; Q. Metelli de of L. Paullus over king Perses; (that) of Q. Metelli over Pseudophilippo; L. Mummii de Corinthis; the false Philip; (that) of L. Mummius over the Corinthians; sin hoec bella fuerunt gravissima, que victorire but-if these wars were very-important, and the victories eorum bellorum gratissimme; cur Asiatice of-these wars (were) most-acceptable (to us); why 'are the Asiatic nationes, atque ille hostis I contemnitur a nations, and that enemy (Mithridates) 'despised by te? Atqui video ex monumentis veterum rerum you? But I-see, from the records of-ancient transactions 24 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. Romanum populum gessisse, vel maximum;that) the Roman people carried-un,' indeed a-very-great bellum cum Antiocho; L. Scipio victor cujus belli war with Antiochus; L. Scipio the conqueror, in this war, partita gloria cum Publico fratre, ille, shared the glory (thereof) with Publicus (his) brother, he, Africa oppressa, ferebat prse se, (Publicus Scipio), Africa being-conquered, bore before himself, quam laudem, cognomine ipso, hic this renown, by-the-surname itself (of Africanus), this (L. Scipio) assumpsit eandem sibi ex nomine Asiae. assumed the-same (renown) to-himself from the name of-Asia. In quo bello quidem, egregia virtus M. Catonis In which war indeed, the rare virtue of M. Cato, tui proavi enituit; quo ille, cum esset, your great-grandfather shone-forth; and-as he, when he-might-be, ut ego statuo mihi, talis, qualem video te esse, as I set-it-down to myself, the same, as I-see you to-be, nunquam profectus esset, si 'would never 'have-gone (to that war), if arbitraretur bellandum esse cum mulierculis. Neque he thought it-was-to-fight with women. Neither vero, cum senatus egisset P. Africano, ut indeed, when the senate had-arranged-with P. Africanus, that proficisceretur legatus fratri; cum ipse, paullo he-would-go (as) lieutenant 'to (his) 'brother; when he, a little ante, Hanibale expulso ex Italia, ejecto ex before, Hannibal being-driven from Italy, ejected from Africa, Carthagine oppressa, liberasset rempublicam Africa, (and) Carthage conquered, had delivered the republic maximis periculis, nisi putaretur illud from-the-greatest dangers, unless it-was-thought (that) that bellum grave et vehemens. war (was) a serious and violent-one. 15. Atqui si consideraris diligenter, quid But if you-consider carefully, what Mithridates potuerit, et quid effecerit, et Mithridates might-have-done, and what he-accomplished, and ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. qui vir fuerit, nimirurn antepones hunc what (kind of} a man he-was, 'you-will assuredly 'prefer thia regem, omnibus regibus, cum quibus Romanus king, to-all the kings, with whom the Roman populus gessit bellum; quem, L. Sulla, non rudis people have-waged war; whom, L. Sylla, no rude imperator, ut dicam nihil aliud, (or inexperienced) commander, that I-may-say nothing else, maximo et fortissimo exercitu, excitatum with-a-very-large and very-powerful army, having-excited-him pugna, invectum bello in totam (by a lost) battle, and) having-attacked (him) by-war in all Asiam, dimisit cum pace; quem L. Murena, Asia, left (him) in peace; whom L. Murena, pater hujusce vehementissime que the father of this (Murena) 'having most-violently and vigilantissime vexatum, reliquit, ex magnat parte vigilantly 'harassed, left, for the great part repressum, non oppressum; qui rex sump'tis aliquot checked, (but) not reduced; this king, having-taken some annis sibi, ad confirmandas rationes et copias, years to-himself, to strengthen (his) affairs and forces, ipse tantum invaluit, opibus que he so re-established (himself), 'by (his) 'resources and conatu, ut putaret se conjuncturum Oceanurn efforts, tbat he-thought, (that) he might-unite the Ocean cum Ponto, copias Sertorii curn suis. with the Black Sea, the forces of-Sertorius (in Spain) with his-own. Ad quod bellum, duobus consulibus missis, To which war, two consuls being-sent, ita, ut alter persequeretur in-this-manner, that, (while) the one pursued Mithridatem, alter tueretur Bithyniam; Mithridatcs, the other should-defend Bithynia; calamitosae res alterius, et terra et mari, the calamitous affairs of-one-of-them, both by-land and sea, vehementer auxerunt et opes et nomen regis: greatil increased both the means and renown of-the-king: 280 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. vero tantse exstiterunt res L. Luculli, ut neque but so-great were the exploits of-L. Lucullus, that neither najus bellum possit commemorari, neque gesturn a greater war can be-mentioned, nor one-waged majore consilio et virtute. Nam cum impetus with-more (wise) counsel and valour. For when the force totius belli constitisset ad mcenia Cyzicenorum, of-all the war had-centered against the walls of-the-Cyzicenians, quo Mithridates putasset, ear urbem fore and Mithridates had-thought, (that) that town would-be sibi 'januam Asie, qua effracta et revulsa, tota for-him the door of-Asia, which broken-down and destroyed, all provincia pateret, omnia the (Roman) province (of Asia) would-be-open (to him), all hbec perfecta sunt ab Lucullo ut urbs these-things were-(so)-accomplished by-Lucullus that the town fidelissimorum sociorum defenderetur, et omnes of-the-most-faithful allies was-defended, and all copie regis consumerentur diuturnitate the forces of-the-king were-consumed by-the-long-duration obsessionis. Quid? arbitraris, illam navalem of-the-siege. What? do-you-think, (that) that naval pugnam ad Tenedum, commissam mediocri certamine battle at Tenedos, was-fought with-a-slight coniest, et parva dimicatione, cum classis hostium, inflata and small combat, when the fleet of-the-enemy, inflated spe atque animis, peteret Italiam contento with-hope and courage, sought Italy with-a-strained cursu, acerrimis ducibus? (and rapid) course, (and) with-most-ardent (and active) leaders? Mitto proelia; praetereo oppugnationes oppidorum. I omit the battles; I-pass-over the storming of-towns Aliquando tandem, expulsus regno, tamen When in-fine, expelled 'from (his) 'kingdom, yel tantum valuit consilio atque auctoritate, ut, so did-he-prevail 'by (his) 'counsel and authority, that ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 281 adjuncto se rege Armeniorum, renovarit having united himself with-the-king of-the-Armenians, he-renewed novis opibus que copiis. (the contest) with-new resources and forces. 16. Ac, si mihi nunc dicenAnd, if 'it-were (necessary) for-me now 'todum esset, de rebus gestis nostri exercitus speak, concerning the things performed (by) our army que imperatoris, possem commemorare plurima et and general, I-might relate many, and maxima proelia. Sed non agimus id. great battles. But 'we-are not 'doing that, (nor is Dice hoc: si hoc bellum, si hie it our object). I-say this: if this war, if this hostis, si ille rex contemnendus fuisset, neque enemy, if that king were-to-have-been-despised, neither senatus, et Romanus populus putasset 'would the senate, and Roman people 'have-thought, (that) suscipiendum tant& cura, neque gessisit-was-to-be-undertaken with-so-much care, nor would-theyset tot annos, neque have-waged (the war) for-so-many years, nor (would there have tanta gloria L. Lucnlli: neque vero been) such-great 'glory (to) L. Lucullus; nor indeed Romanus populus, tanto studio, detulisset 'would the Roman people, with-such-great zeal, 'have-offered ad Cn. Pompeium curam conficiendi (and entrusted) to Cn. Pompey the care of-finishing ejus belli; ex omnibus culjus pugnis, quse this war; of all his (Pompey's) battles, which sunt innumerabiles, vel acerrima videtur mihi are innumerable, yet the-most-violent seems to-me illa, qua commissa est cum rege, et pugnata that, which he-engaged-in with the king, and fought summa contentione. Cum ille eripuisset se with-the-greatest ardour. When he (Mithridates) had-escaped ex qua pugna, et confugisset Bosporum, qub from that battle, and had-fled to-the-Bosphorus, whithe: 24 282 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. exercitus posset non adire; etiam in extrema an army could not approach; also in (his) extreme fortuna et fuga retinuit tamen regium nomen. fortune and flight he-retained however the royal name. Itaque Pompeius ipse possesso Therefore Pompey himself having-obtained-possession (of his) regno, hoste pulso, ex omnibus oris, kingdom, (and) the enemy being-driven, from all (his) regions, ac notis sedibus, tamen posuit tanturn and known places (and resorts), however he-placed so-mucl in anima unius, ut cum (importance) in the life of-one-man, that when he (Pompey) possideret omnia, quae ille tenuerat possessed all, which he (Nithridates) had-possessed adicrat speraret victoriS; might-have-made-claim-to, (or) might-have-hoped-for by (his) victory; tamen non judicarit, bellum confectum however 'he did not 'think (that) the war was-finished, antequam expulit illum vita. Tu, Cato, before-that he-had-deprived him of-life. 'Do you, 0 Cato, contemnis hunc hostem, cum quo, tot imperatores 'despise this enemy, with whom, so-many commanders gesserunt bella per tot annos tot have-waged wars through so-many years (and through) so-many proeliis? vita cujus expulsi et ejecti battles? (and 'was not) the life of-him 'expelled and ejected aestimata est tanti, ut, (from his kingdom) esteemed of-so-much-importance, that, ejus morte nunciata, turn denique his death being-announced, then at-length (only) arbitraremur bellum confectum? Igitur in hoc we-thought the war was-finished? Therefore in this bello, defendimus L. Murenam, legstum war, we-maintain (that) L. Murena, (as a) lieutenant cognitum esse fortissimi animi summi was-known (as a man of) of-the-greatest courage of-the-greatest consilii maximi laboris; et hane counsel (and skill, and also) of-the-greatest industry; and (that) this ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 283 ejus operam habuisse non minus dignitatis his performance (and services) have no less a claim ad adipiscendum consulatum, quam (founded on merit) for obtaining the consulship, than hanc nostram forensem industriam. this our forensic industry. 17. "At enim in petitione praturae Servius "But indeed in the soliciting of-the-prtetorhip Servius renuntiatus est prior." No was-announced (as) the first," (or highest on the list). What, vos pergitis agere cum populo ex syngraphl 'are you proceeding to-deal with the people as-if-on a bond ut, quem. locum honoris, (or written contract), so-that, whatever place (or rank) of-honour, semel dederit cuipiam, eundem 'they-may once 'have-given to-any-one, the same (rank) debeat reliquis honoribus? Enim they-ought (to confer on him) in-other honours (of office)? For quod fretum, quem Euripum putatis habere what strait, what Euripus do-you-think has tot motus, tantas, tam varias agitationcs so-many movements, so-great, (and) such varied agitations fluctuum, ratio comitiorum of (its) waves, as the manner (and nature) of-the-comitia 'may (not) habet quantas perturbationes et quantos 'have equally-great perturbations and equally-great (swellings aestus? Unus dies intermissus, and tossings of) tides? A single day having-been-discontinued, aut nox interposita, saepe perturbat omnia; or a night having-been-interposed, often disturbs every-thing; et parva aura rumoris nonnunquam cornmmutat and the small breeze of-rumour sometimes changes totam opinionem. Saepe etiam sine ulli apertft the entire opinion. Often also without any open causa fit aliud, atque existimamus, cause the thing-terminates otherwise, than we-supposed ut nonnunquam etiam populus admiretur (it would), so-that Sometines even the people wonder 284 'ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. factum esse ita: quasi vero ipse non (that) it-was-done so: as-if indeed they-themselves 'had not fecerit. Nihil est incertius vulgo, 'done (it). Nothing is more-uncertain (than) thecommon-people, nihil obscurius voluntate hominum, nihil nothing more-obscure (than) the wishes of-men, nothing fallacius totA ratione comitiorum. more-fallacious (than) the whole order (and nature) of-the-comitia Quis arbitratus est, (and the result of their elections). Who would-have-supposed, (that) L. Philippum summo ingenio, opera, gratia. L. Philippus (a man of the) greatest talent, industry, favour, nobilitate posse superari a M. Herennio? (and) nobility could be-overcome by M. Herennius? Quis Q. Catulum antecellentem Who (thought that) Q. Catulum (a man) excelling humanitate, sapientia, integritate a in-humanity, wisdom, (and) integrity (would be beaten) by Cn. Mallio? quis M. Scaurum, hominem Cn. Mallius? who (thought that) M. Scaurus, a man gravissimum, egregium civem, of-great-weight-of-character, a-most-excellent citizen, (and) fortissimum senatorem a most-intrepid senator, (would be beaten, at the election,) by Q. Maximo? Non modo putatum esset horum Q. Maximus? Not only was-it-thought (that) of-these-things nihil fore ita, sed cum quidem esset nothing would-happen so, but when indeed it-was '> factum, potuit ne intelligi, quare factum esset ita. done, it-could not be-understood, why it-was-done so. Nam ut tempestates saepe commoventur aliquo For as storms often are-excited by-soms certo signo coeli, sepe improvise certain sign of-the-heavens, (so also) often 'they-are auadenly concitantur ex nulla certa ratione, ex aliqua 'put-in-motion from no certain reason, (or) from some obscura causa: sic, in hac populari tempestate obscure cause: so, in this popular tempest ORATIO PRO L, MURENA. 285 comitiorum - saepe intelligas, quo signo of-the-comitia 'you-may often 'know, by-what sign commota sit; ssepe causa est ita it-may-have-been-set-in-motion; (but) often the cause is so obscura, ut videatur excitata esse casu. obscure, that it-may-seem to-have-been-excited by-chance. 18. Sed tamen, si ratio reddenda est, duse But however, if a reason must-be-given, two res vehementer desideratas sunt in things were most-particularly wanting, in (soliciting) praeturg, que ambme profuerunt Murense in the prsetorship, which both were-of-advantage to-Murena, in consulatu: una exspectatio muneris, (soliciting) the consulship: the one (was) the expectation of-public-shows, quse creverat, et nonnullo rumore, et studiis which had-increased, both by-certain rumours, and by-the-zeal que sermonibus competitorum: altera, quod and conversation 'of (his) 'competitors: the other, that ii, quos habuerat in provinciA ac legatiolie those, whom he-had in the province and legation, (as) testes omnis, et sum liberalitatis et virtutis, witnesses of-all, both of-his liberality and 'of (his) 'virtue, nondum decesserant. Fortuna reservavit 'had not-yet 'left (the province). Fortune had-reserved utrumque horum ei ad petitionem consulatus. each of-them for-him for (his) seeking-for the consulship. Nam et exercitus L. Luculli, qui convenerat For both the army of-L. Lucullus, that had-assembled ad triumphum, idem fuit priesto comitiis L. for the triumph, the same was present at-the-comitia of-I. Murense; et amplissimum Murena, (to assisthim in obtaining the consulship); and the most-splendid munus, quod desiderabat petitio preture, publicshows, which were-wanting in-seeking-for the praetorship, restituit praeturg. Num he-replaced, (by giving them 'in (his) 'prmtorship. Whether 'do haec videntur tibi parva adjumenta et these-things 'appear to-you trifling aids and 286 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. subsidia consulates? Voluntas militum? assistances (for obtaining) the consulship? (Is) the good-will of-the-soldiers quse cum valet per se (a trifle)? which as it-avails by itself 'on-account-of (its) multitudine, tur gratia apud suos, 'numbers, as-also 'by (their) 'influence among their-own turn vero in declarando consule, (connexions), so indeed in electing a consul, habet etiam multum auctoritatis (the army) has also much authority (and weight) apud universum Romanum populum. Suffragatio with the entire Roman people. (Is) the vote militaris? enim consularibus comitiis of-the-military (a trifle)? for in-the-conbular comitia imperatores deliguntur non interpretes commanders are-elected not interpreters (and expounders) verborum. Quare gravis est of-words (and legal forms). Therefore weighty (and influential) is illa oratio, * that speech, (of the soldier to the by-standers, at the comitia), "recreavit me saucium, donavit me "he-took-care-of me wounded, he-gave me (a share of) praeda; hoc duce, cepimus castra the booty; under-this leader, we-took (that) 'camp, (and) contulimus signa; nunquam iste imposuit fought (that) battle; never 'did this-general 'impose plus laboris militi, qukm ipse sumpsit more labour on-the-soldier, than he was-willing-to-undergo sibi; cum fortis, tur felix etiam." himself; as brave (as he was), so fortunate (he) also (was)." Quanti putas hoc esse ad How-much do-you-think (that) this is (of use) to (gain) famam, ac voluntatem hominum? Etenim si renown, and the good-will of-men? For if religio est tanta illis comitiis, (the feeling of a) religious-(superstition) is so-great in-those couitia. ut semper adhuc omen that alway (even) to-the-present (time), the omen (of the century) ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 287 prlerogativum valuerit, that-by-lot-voted-first, 'had (a great) 'influence (on the result of the eleequid est mirum, in hoc famam tion),:vhat is (then) wonderful, (that) in this-man the renown felicitatis qle sermonem valu'of (his) 'good-fortune, and the discourse (of his soldiers) should-haveisse? availed (so much)? 19. Sed, si ducis hec leviora, quse But, if you-think these-things too-trifling, which (yet) sunt gravissima, et anteponis hanc urbanam are the most-important, and (if) you-prefer these city suffragationem militari, noli valde contemnere votes to-the-military (votes), do-not too-much despise elegantialm hujus ludorum, et magnificentiam the elegance of-his shows, and the magnificence 'of (his) scenee; 'scenes, (and theatrical exhibitions, as given for the gratification of the quae admodum profuerunt huic. people); which 'were greatly 'advantageous to-him Nam quid ego (in procuring the favour of the people). For what 'shall I dicam, populum ac vulgus imperitorum 'say, (but that) the people, and the multitude of-ignorant-men magnopere delectari ludis? tare greatly 'delighted with-games (and public shows)? Est minus mirandum: quanquam id est (Which) is less to-be-wondered-at: although it is satis huic cause; enim comitia sunt sufficient for-this cause; for the comitia are (composed) populi ac multitudinis. Quare si magnificentia of-the-people and of-the-multitude. Wherefore if the magnificence ludorum est.oluptati populo of-games (and public shows) is a pleasure to-the-people, est non mirandum, earn profuisse it-is not to-be-wondered-at, (that) it was-of-service L. Murenee apud populum. Sed si nosmet ipsi, to-L. Murena with the people. But if we ourselves, 288 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. qui et impedimur negotiis ab omni who 'are both 'hindered by-business from (taking part in) all delectatione, et in occupatione ipsa, possumus amusements, and in (that) occupation itself, we-can habere multas alias delectationes, tamen oblectamur havo many other amusements, however are-delighted et ducimur ludis; quid tu admirere and are-attracted by-shows-and-games; why 'are you (then) 'astonished de indocta multitudine? L. Otho, fortis vir, at the ignorant multitude? L.\, Otho, a brave man, meus necessarius restituit equestri ordini my intimate-acquaintance restored to-the-equestrian order non solum dignitatem, sed etiam voluptatem. not only (its) dignity, but also (its) pleasure, Itaque hec (by the seats assigned to it at the public games). Therefore this lex, que pertinet ad ludos, est omnium law, which relates to thepublic-games-and-shows,is of-all gratissima, quod honestissimo ordini the most-agreeable (and acceptable), because to-a-most-honourable order restitutus est, cum splendore, quoque is-restored, with the splendour (of their rank), also fructus jucunditatis. Quare ludi, crede the enjoyment 'of (their) 'pleasure. Therefore games, believe mihi, delectant homines, etiam illos, qui dissimulant, me, delight men, as-well those, who dissimulate non solum eos, (and pretend, not to be delighted therewith), as not only those, qui fatentur; quod ego sensi who confess (they are pleased therewith); which I experienced in mea petitione. Nam nos quoque in my application (for the consulship). For we also habuimus scenam competitricem. Quod had a theatrical-decoration as-a-competitor. And-though si ego aedilis feceram trinos ludos, tamen if I, (who when) sedile gave the triple games, 'was however commovebar ludis Antonii; putas 'moved (and alarmed) by-the-games of-Antonius; do-you-think, ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 289 istam ipsam argenteam scenam hujus tthat) this same silver scene of-this (man Murena), quam irrides, nihil adversatam tibi, qui casu which you-deride, 'was nothing 'against you, who by-chance feceras nullos? Sed sane omnia '(never) gave 'any (games)? But indeed 'let all haec sint paria; forensis opera sit par militari thes 'be equal; 'let forensic labour 'be equal to-military urbana suffragatio sit par militari; 'let the civic vote 'be equal to-the-military; 'let (those, fecisse magnificentissimos ludos sit idem, who) have-given the most-magnificent games 'be the same, et unquam fecisse nullos: quid? as (those who) 'have never 'given any: what (then)? ne existimas nihil interfuisse 'do-you 'think there 'was nothing 'present (of difference) inter tuam sortem, in ipsa prseturg, et between your lot, in that-same praetorship, and (that) istius? of-this-man [Murena]? 20. Sors hujus fuit ea, quam omnes tui The lot of him [Murena] was that, which all 'we your necessarii optabamus tibi, dicendi juris; friends 'wished for-you, (namely, that) of deciding the law in qua, magnitude negotii (and dispensing justice); in which, the greatness of-the-business conciliat gloriam, largitio sequitatis procures renown, (and) the liberality of-equitable-decision (procures) gratiam: in qua sorte, sapiens praetor, qualis favour: in which lot (of office), a wise praetor, as hie fuit, vitat offensionem this (man) [Murena] was, avoids (giving) offence Mquabilitate decernendi, adjungit benevolentiam by-the-uniform-justice of-his-decisions, he-unites benevolence lenitate audiendi. with-indulgent-affability of-listening (to complaints). (This is a) Egregia provincia, et apta ad most excellent province, and adapted for (obtaining) 25 290 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. consulatum, in qua laus oequitatis, integritatia, the consulship, in which the praise of-justice, of-integrity, facilitatis, ad extremum concluditur of-affability (maybe obtained, and which) at last is-terminated voluptate ludorum. Quid tua sors? by-the-pleasure of public-plays. What (was) your lot? tristis, atrox; questio peculatus, a gloomy, (and) harsh-one; inquiry-into embezzlement-of-public-money, ex alters parte, lacrimarum et squaloris, ex on the-one side, (full) of tears and squalid-appearance, on altera, plena catenarum, atque the-other (side), full of-chains (and imprisonments), and indicum. Judices cogendi inviti, of informers. Judges are-to-be-forced-to-sit 'against (their) 'will, (and) retinendi contra voluntatem; scriba damnatus, to-be-detained against (their) will; a scribe was-condemned, totus ordo alienus: the whole order (was, in consequence), alienated (from him): gratificatio Sullana the-bounty of Sylla (from the public treasury to his followers) reprehensa; multi fortes viri, et prope is condemned (and reversed); many brave men, and nearly (agreat) pars civitatis offensa est; lites severe part of-the-city are offended; damages 'are severely aestimatse; cui placet obliviscitur, assessed; (he) to whom it-gives-pleasure forgets-it, (but he), cui dolet, meminit. Postremo tu noluisti to-whom it-gives pain, remembers-it. In-fine you would-not ire in provinciam. Possum non go to the province (assigned to you). I can not reprehendere id in te, quod probavi in me ipso, reprehend that in you, which I-approved in my self, et praetor et consul. both (when) praetor and consul, (by not going to the provinces assigned Sed tamen provincia attulit multas bonas to me). But however the province brought many excellent gratias L. Murenae, cum optima existimatione. favours for-L. Murena, with the greatest reputation. ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 291 Proficiscens fhabuit delectum in Umbri$; Journeying-thither he-had a levy-of-troops in Umbria; (the state of) respublica dedit ei facultatem liberalitatis; the republic gave to-him the power of-being-liberal (and indulusus qua, adjunxit gent, as respects the levy); having-made-use of-which, he-united multas tribus sibi, que conficiuntur many tribes to-himself (in interest), which are-constituted municipiis Umbrioe. Autem in GalliC ipsA, by-the-municipalities of-Umbria. But in Gaul itself, perfecit sequitate que diligentia, ut nostri he-accomplished 'by (his) 'equity and diligence, that our homines exigerunt pecunias jam desperatas. Tu men recovered money already despaired-of. You interea fuisti Romae, silicet praesto in-the-mean-time were at-Rome, without-doubt (to be) near (and aiding) amicis. Fateor; sed tamen cogita 'to (your) 'friends. I-confess (all this); but however think-on illud, studia nonnullorum amicorum solere this, (that) the zeal of-some friends is-accustomed minui in eos, a quibus intelligant to-be-diminished towards those, by whom they-understand (that) provincias contemni. provinces are-despised. 21. Et quoniam, ostendi, judices, fuisse And because, I-have-shown, O judges, (that) there-was parem dignitatem in Murena atque in equal dignity (and worth) in Murena and in Sulpicio, ad petitionem consulatfs, disparem Sulpicius, in (their) claims of-the-consulship, (but) unequal fortunam provincialium negotiorum; jam dicam good-fortune of-provincial affairs; I-may now say (it) apertihs, in quo meus necessarius Servius fuerit more-openly, in what my intimate-friend Servius may-have-been infe ior, et dicam ea, i: ferior, (as a candidate for the consulship), and I-may-say these-things, vobis audientibus, tempore you listening, the time (and occasion of the election) 292 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. jam arnisso, quoe ssepe dixi, ipsi soli, 'having now 'passed, which 'I often 'said to-himself alone, re integra. Perssepe the business (of the election) being-undetermined. 'I-have very often dixi tibi, Servi, te nescire petere 'told you, 0 Servius, (that) you know-not-how to-solicit consulatum: et in iis rebus ipsis, quas the consulship: and in those things themselves, (respecting) which videbam te, et agere et dicere, magno et I-saw you, both act and speak, with-a-great and 'forti animo, solitus sum dicere tibi, te videri courageous mind, I-used to-say to-you, (that) you seemed mihi magis fortem senatorem, quam sapientem to-me more (like) an intrepid senator, than a prudent candidatum. Primum terrores et minae accusandi, candidate. In-the-first-place the terrors and threats of impeaching quibus tu (those candidates, who might be suspected of bribery), which you solebas uti quotidie, sunt fortis viri: used to-use daily, (may) be (the part) of-an-intrepid man; sed et avertunt opinionem populi a spe but both turn-away the opinion of-the-people from (any) hope adipiscendi, et debilitant studia (on his part) of obtaining (office), and weaken the zeal amicorum. Nescio quo pacto hoc fit semper; 'of (his) 'friends. I-know-not by-what means it is always (so), neque animadversum est in uno aut altero, neither has-it-been-observed in one or two (candidates), sed jam in pluribus; simul atque candidatus but already in many; (that) as-soon-as a candidate visus est meditari accusationem, videatur seems to-meditate impeachment (of candidates), it-appears ut desperasse honorem. Quid ergo? that (he) has-despaired (of) the honour (of office). What then? non placet persequi injuriam acceptam? 'is-it not 'agreeable to prosecute an injury received I Immo vehementer placet; sed est aliud Indeed 'it-is exceedingly 'agreeable; but there is a different ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 293 ternpus petendi, aliud persequendi. time for soliciting (the consulship), a different (time) for prosecuting Ego volo petitorem, prTsertim (candidates). I require (that) a candidate, especially consulatis, magng spe, magno animo, for-the-consulship, (should be of) great hope, of-great courage, deduci, et in forum, et in campum, and be-accompanied, both into the forum, and into the Campus Martius, magnis copiis ' inquisitio by-a-great assemblage (of friends): the-inquiry-into-the-conduct candidati, proenuntia repulsee, non placet mihi; of-a-candidate, the announcer of-a-repulse, 'does not 'please me; non comparatio testium potius, quam suffragatorum; neither the procuring of-witnesses rather, than of-voters; non minse magis, quAm blanditise; non neither threats more, than blandishments; neither (angry) declamatio potius, quhm persalutatio; declamations (against bribery) rather, than saluting prsesertim cum jam, (the people by name, and soliciting votes); especially when now, boc novo more omnes in-this new manner (of soliciting votes), all concursent domos fere omnium, the candidates go-round among-the-houses 'of nearly 'all (the citizens), et ex vultu candidatorum faciant, quantum and from the countenance of-the-candidates they-make-out, how-much quisque videatur habere animi et facultatis. each-one may-seem to-have (of hope) spirit, and of-means " Tu ne vides ilum tristem? (for the contest), "'Do you not 'see that sad-looking (man)? demissum? jacet, diffidit, (that) dejected (one)? he-is-down, he-doubts-his-chance, abjecit hastas." Hic he-has-thrown-away his spears (and given up the day)." This rumor serpit: "tu scis illum cogitare rumor spreads-abroad: "do you know (that) he is-thinking-of accusationem? inquirere an impeachment (of the candidates)? (that) he-is-inquiring 25* 294 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. in competitores? qunerere testes? in (relation to his) competitors? (that) he-is-seeking-for witnesses? Faciam alium, quoniam hic ipse I-will-make another (my candidate), because this-one himself desperat sibi." Intimi amici ejusmodi despairs (of success)." The intimate friends of-this-kind candidatorum debilitantur, deponunt of-candidates are-debilitated (and dispirited), they-remit-in (their) studia, aut abjiciunt rem testatam; zeal (for him), or give-up the thing evident (to all as hopeless); aut reservant suam operam et gratiam, judicio or reserve their aid and influence, for-the-trial et accusationi. and accusation. 22. Accedit eodem, ut, etiam candidatus It-happens likewise, that, even the candidate ipse, possit non ponere totum animum, atque himself, can not place (his) entire mind, and omnem suam curam, operam, que diligentiam in all his care, labour, and diligence in petitione. Enim cogitatio accusationis adjunsoliciting (office). For the thought of impeachment is-addedgitur, non parva res, sed nimirum maxima thereto, not a small affair, but assuredly the greatest omnium. Enim est magnum, te comparare of-all. For it-is a great-thing, (that) you prepare ea, quibus possis exturbare hominem a those-things, by-which you-can expel a man from civitate, prsesertim the state, (and deprive him of the rights of citizenship), especially non inopem, neque infirmum; qui (one, who is) not destitute, nor weak; whe defendatur, et per se, et per suos, can-defend-himself, both by himself, and by his-own (friends), et etiam vero per alienos. Enim omnes and even indeed by strangers. For 'we all concurrimus ad propulsanda pericula; et qui 'hasten to repel danger; and 'we, who ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 295 sumus non aperte inimici, in periculis 'are not openly enemies, (and) in the danger capitis prrestamus of-ca pital-punishment, (either of life, or loss of citizenship), offer officia et studia amicissimorum, etiam the duties and zeal of-the-most-friendly (relations), even alienissimis. Quare ego expertus molestiam to-the-greatest-strangers. Whereas I-having-experienced the trouble et petendi, et defendendi, et accusandi, both of-soliciting (office), and of-defending, and of-accusing, sic intellexi; in petendo 'I-have thus lunderstood, (and formed my opinion); (that) in seeking esse acerrimum studium; in (for office) there-is the most-ardent zeal (required); in defendendo officium; in accusando defending (a person) duty (and faithfulness); in accusing laborem. Itaque statuo (and impeaching) labour (and industry). Therefore I-maintain sic, ut posse nullo mod6 fieri, ut (it to be) thus, that it-can in-no wise be-done, that idem diligenter adornet, atque the same (person) 'can diligently 'prepare (materials), and instruat accusationem, et petitionem arrange (them) for-an-accusation (or impeachment), andfor-a-soliciting consulatis. Pauci possunt sustinere unum, (for) the consulship. Few can sustain the one (part), nemo utrumque. Tu existimasti, cum deflexises no-one both. 'Did you 'think, when you-turned-aside te de curriculo petitionis, que transtulisses from the career of-seeking-office, and transferred (your) animum ad accusandum, te posse satisfacere mind to impeachment, (that) you could satisfy utrique negotio? Vehementer (the requirements) for-both affairs? (If you did) 'you greatly errasti. Enim quis dies fuit, posteaquam 'erred. For what day was-there, after- that ingressus es in istam denuntiationem you-entered on this announcement (of your intention) 296 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. accusandi, quem tu non totum consumpseris of-impeaching, which you 'did not altogether consume in ista ratione? in this employment (of procuring materials, for an impeachment)? 23. Flagitasti legem ambitfs, qnte You-earnestly-demanded a law (against) bribery, which non deerat tibi. Enim erat Calpurnia (law) 'was not 'wanting to-you. For there-was the Calpurnian scripta severissime. Gestus mos eat, et (law) written (in) very-severe (terms). In-compliance, both tuae voluntati et dignitati. 'with your 'wish and dignity, (a new law, respecting briSed tota illa lex fortasse bery, was passed). But all that law 'might perhaps armasset tuam accusationem si haberes 'have-armed your impeachment (with new terrors) if you-had reum nocentem; vero refragata est an accused-person really-guilty; but-indeed it-was-opposed-to (and petitioni. Gravior injurious) 'to (your) 2seeking (the consulship). More-severe p1lena efflagitata est tua voce, in plebem; punishment was-earnestly-demanded by-your voice, against the people; animi tenuiorum commoti; exsilium in the minds of-the-lower-orders were-alarmed; banishment against nostrum ordinem; senatus concessit our (senatorial) order (for bribery); the senate acceded tuae postulationi, sed non libenter constituit to-your request, but not willingly did-they-establish duriorem conditionem communi fortunae, a severer condition for-the-common fortune (of the order te auctore. Poena addita est of senators), you (being) the author (thereof). Punishment was-added excusationi morbi, voluntas multorum to-excuses (on account) of-sickness, the good-will of-many offensa, quibus aut laborandum est, (towards you) was-hurt, by-whom either business-is-to-be-performed contra commodum valetudinis, (in the courts), contrary to-the-state (of their) health, ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 297 aut incommodo morbi, etiam ceteri fructus or to-the-inconvenience of-sickness, also the other advantages vitae relinquendi. Quid ergo? quis tulit of-life are-to-be-relinquished. What then? who proposed hsec? Is, qui paruit auctoritati senatus, these-things? He, who obeyed the authority of-the-senate, (and) tu3e voluntati: denique is tulit, qui your wish: in-fine he proposed (it), who 'did mimime probarat. Existimas illa, not-at-all 'approve (it). Do-you-think (that) these, (following quae, meA summa voluntate, propositions of yours), which, with-my highest approbation, frequens senatus repudiavit, mediocriter a full senate rejected, 'was (only) slightly adversata esse tibi? 'opposed-as-a-hinderance to-you (in the affair of the consulship)? Flagitasti confusionem suffragiorum, fou-earnestly-demanded the confused (mingling) of-the-votes prorogationem legis Manilise, oequationem (of the centuries), an extension of-the-law of-Manilia, an equalizing gratiae, dignitatis suffragiorum. lHonesti of-the-influence, (and) rank of-suffrage. Honourablo homines, atque gratiosi in suis vicinitatibus, et men, and of-influence in their neighbourhood, and municipiis tulerunt graviter, pugnatum esse municipalities took-it ill, (that) they-should-be-opposed a tali viro, ut omnes gradus et dignitatis et by such a man, so-that all degrees both of-rank and gratiae tollerentur, idem of-influence should-be-taken-away (from them), 'you, the same-persor-, v)luisti judices esse editicios, -desired the judges to-be chosen (by the parties in the suit), ut occulta odia civium, quxe nunc continentur so-that the secret hatreds of-citizens, which 'are now 'contained tacitis discordiis, erumperent in (within the 'ounds of) private, animosities, may-break-out against fortunas cujusque optimi. Omnia haee the fortunes of-any very-great (person). All these-things ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. muniebant viam accusandi tibi, obsmpiebant fortified the way of-impeaching for-you, (but) they-otstrutted adipiscendi. (that) of-obtaining (the consulship). Atque ex omnibus illa maxima plaga And from all (which) that very-great wound injecta est tuse petitioni, me non tacente, was-given to-your seeking (the consulship), I not being-silent, de qua multa gravissime dicta sunt ab about which many-things 'were very-severely 'said by (that) ingeniosissimo et copiosissimo homine Hortensio. very-talented and very-fluent nian Hortensius. Qub etiam durior locus datus mihi dicendi; Wherefore also a more-difficult task is-given to-me of-speaking; ut, cum ante me, et ille dixissct, et as, when before me, both he had-spoken, and (likewise) M. Crassus, vir et summa dignitate, et M. Crassus, a man both (of) the greatest dignity, and diligentia, et facultate dicendi; ego in extreme, diligence, and talent in-speaking; I in the last-place, *, non agerem aliquam partem (and concluding), 'will not 'treat any (particular) part causoe, sed dicerem de tota re, of-the-cause, but may-speak concerning the whole affair, quod videretur mihi. Itaque versor what might-seem (proper) to-me. Therefore I-am- (now) occupied fere in iisdem rebus, et, quoad possum, judices, nearly with the same subjects, and, as-much-as I-can, 0 judges, occurro vestrae sapientiae. I-help your wisdom, (in coming to a decision). 24. Sed tamen, Servi, quam securim putas But however, 0 Servius, what axe do-you-think te injecisse, tute petitioni (that) you laid, (to cut off the success of) your seeking cum tu adduxisti Romanum (for the consulship), when you (by your conduct) had-brought the Rorman Ipopulum in eum metum, ut pertimesceret people into that (state of) apprehension, that they-greatly-feared ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 299 ne Catilina fieret consul, dum tu aomparares lest Catiline might-le-made consul, while you were-preparing accusationem, deposita atque abjecta in impeachment, having-given-up and thrown-aside (your) petitione? Etenim videbant te inquirere, a)plication (for the consulship)? For they-saw you inquiring-for tristem ipsum, amicos (witnesses, and proofs of bribery), sad yourself, (and your) friends moestos; animadvertebant observationes, testificadejected; they-noticed the precautions, the depositiones, seductiones testium, secessionem tions, the taking-aside of-witnesses, the going-apart (and consultation) subscriptorum; quibus rebus of-the-subscribers, (who abetted the impeachment); by-which things certe, vultus ipsi candidatorum solent certainly, the countenances themselves of-the-candidates used videri obscuriores; Catilinam interto-appear more-clouded (and dejected); (that) Catiline in-the-meanea alacrem atque letum, stipatum choro time (was) active and cheerful, densely-accompanied by-a-band juventutis; vallatum indicibus atque sicariis; of-young-men; surrounded by-informers and assassins; inflatum cum spe militum turn inflated with the hope (of the assistance) of-the-soldiers, as-also promissis mei collegoe, quemadmodum ipse the promises of-my colleague, as he-himself dicebat; circumfluentem exercitu Arretinorum et said; encompassed by-an-army of-Arretinian and Fesulanorum colonorum, quam turbam, ex Fesulanian colonists, which crowd, (composed) of dissimillimo genere, homines distinguebant very-differcnt materials; (those) men very-remarkable (who) perculsi calamitate temporis Sullani. Ipsius were-ruined by-the-calamity of-the-times of-Sylla. His vultus erat plenus furoris; oculi [Catiline's] countenance was full of-fury; (his) eyes sceleris; sermo arrogantire sic ut consulatus of-wickedness; (his) speech of-arrogance so that the consulshir 300 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA videretur ei jam exploratus, et conditus domi. might-seem to-him (as) now certain, and laid-up at-home Contemnebat Murenam; (to be used when required). IIe-despised Mureua, numerabat Sulpicium suum accusatorem, non he-counted Sulpicius (amongst) his accusers, not competitorem; denuntiabat vim ei; (as his) competitor; he-announced violence to-him; minabatur reipublicae. he-threatened the republic. 25. Quibus rebus, qui timor sit injectus omnibus By-which things, what fear was-excited in-all bonis, que quanta desperatio reipublicae, si good (men), and what-great desperation of-the-republic, if ille factus esset, nolite velle a me he should-be-made (consul), do-not require of me commoneri; vosmet ipsi recordamini that-it-be-adverted-to; you yourselves remember (all this) cum vobis. Enim meministis, cum voces illius among yourselves. For you-remember, when the expressions of-that nefarii gladiatoris percrebuissent, quas dicebatur wicked gladiator [Catiline] had-spread-abroad which it-was-said habuisse in domestica concione, cum negasset he-delivered in a private meeting, when he-may-have-denied, fidelem defensorem miserorum posse inveniri (that) a faithful defender of-the-unfortunate could be-found, nisi eum, qui ipse, esset miser; unless (that) he, as himself [Catiline], might-be unfortunate; saucios et miseros opertere non credere (that) the injured and unfortunate ought not to-trust, promissis integrorum et fortunatorum; quare to-the-promises of-the-uninjured and fortunate; wherefore qui vellent replere consumpta (those) who desire to-replenish (their) exhausted (fortunes, and) recuperare erepta, spectarent to-recover (that, which) has-been-taken (from them), let-them-see-to-it, quid ipse debcret, quid possideret, quid what any-one-himself may-owe, what he-lmay-possess, what ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 301 auderet; oportere eum, qui futurus esset be-might-dare (to do); (that) it-behoved him, who was-tv-be dux et signifer calamitosorum, esse minime the leader and standard-bearer of-the-unfortunate, to-be little timidum, et valde calamitosum. fearful, and (to have undergone) great calamities (and misIgitur tur, his rebus auditis, fortunes). Therefore then, these things being-heard (and ascertained), meministis senatusconsultum fieri, me referente, you-remember (that) a decree-of-the-senate was-made, I moving comitia ne haberentur postero die, (it), (that) the comitia 'should not 'be-held on-the-next day, ut possemus agere de his rebus in senatu. that we-might consult about these things in the senate. Itaque postridie, frequenti senatu, excitavi Therefore next-day, (in) a full (meeting of) the senate, I-called-on Catilinam, atque jussi eum,r si quid vellet, Catiline, and I-requested him, if 'he so 'desired, dicere de his rebus, quae to say (something in explanation) concerning these things, which allatse essent ad me. Atque ille, ut semper fuit were-reported to me. And he, as 'he always 1was apertissimus, non purgavit se. very-open (in his declarations), 'did not 'clear himself sed indicavit atque induit. (of the charge), but openly-owned (them) and took-them-on-himself. Enim tur dixit, esse duo corpora For then he-said, (that) there-were two bodies (in) reipublicoe, unum debile, infirmo capite; alterum the republic, the one weak, with-a-weak head; the other firmum, sine capite; huic, cum meritum esset strong, without a head; to-this (last), as it-had-deserved ita de se, non defuturum caput, so (well) of himself, 'there-should not 'be-wanting a head, 'while se vivo. Frequens senatus congemuit, he 'was-alive. A full senate groaned (at hearing this), decrevit, tamen neque satis severe pro (and) passed-a-decree, however not sufficiently severe, for 26 802 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. indignitate rei. Nam erant partim, the indignity of-the-affair. For (some) 'were partly ideo non fortes in decernendo, quia timebant therefore not severe in 'deciding, because they-feared nihil; partim, quia timebant. Tur erupit nothing; (others) partly, because they-feared. Then he-rushed e senatu, triumphans gaudio, quem omnino from the senate, triumphing with-joy, who altogether non oportuerat exire illuc vivum; 'ought not 'to-have-been-allowed to-depart thence alive; prsesertim cum ille idem, paucis diebus especially when this same (Catiline), a few dayt ante, in eodem ordine, respondisset before, in this-same order (of the senate), had-replied Catoni, fortissimo viro, minitanti ac denuntianti to-Cato, a most-valiant man, threatening and announcing judicium, si quod incendium excitatum esset a capital-trial, (that) if any conflagration should-be-kindled in suas fortunas, se non restincturum id against his fortunes, (that) he 'would not 'extinguish it aqua sed ruina. by-water but by-ruin. 26. Commotus tur his rebus, et quod sciebam Moved then by-these things, and because I knew jam turn homines conjuratos deduci in (that) already then men banded-together were-led into campum a Catilin, cum gladiis, the Campus Martius by Catiline (armed) with swords, 'I (also) descendi in campum cum firmissimo praesidio 'went-down into the campus with a strong guard fortissimorum virorum, et cum illa lata que insigni of-very-brave men, e and with that broad and conspicuous lorica, non quve tegeret me (etenim sciebam, breast-plate, not that-it might-defend me, (for I-knew, (that) Catilinam non solere petere latus aut Catiline 'was no' 'used to-aim at the sides or ventretn, sed caput et collum), verum the 'fore-part-of-the-body, but at the head and neck), but ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. at omnes boni animadverterent, et cum that all good (citizens) might-notice (it), both when viderent consulem in metu, et periculo, they-might-perceive the consul in fear, and in-danger, (and) id quod est factum, concurrerent ad meum that which was-done, (that) they-would-assemble to my presidium que opem. Itaque cum putarent te, protection and assistance. Therefore when they-thought you, Servi, remissiorem in petendo, 0 Servius, (to be) more relax in seeking-fur (the consulship), (and) viderent Catilinam inflammatum, et spe et saw Catiline inflamed, both with-hope and cupiditate, omnes, qui cupiebant depellere illam desire, all (those), who desired to-repel that pestem ab republica, statim contulerunt se ad pest from the republic, immediately went-over to Murenam. Autem consularibus comitiis, magna Murena. But in-the-consular comitia, (of) great-imnportance, est repentina inclinatio voluntatum, praesertim cum is a-sudden turn of-will, especially when.incubuit ad bonum virum, et ornatum it-rests-on (and is inclined) to a good man, and provided multis aliis adjumentis petitionis. Qui with-many other aids (in) seeking (the consulship). Who cum honestissimo patre atque majoribus, as (he was) of-a-most-worthy father and ancestors, adolescentiS modestissima, (was distinguished) by-a-youth (of) much-modesty (and self-control), legatione clarissima, praetur& probatX 'in (his) 'leutenancy greatly-distinguished, 'in (his) 'pretorship approved in jure, grate in munere, in provinciA in legal-affairs, acceptable in his public shows, in (his) province ornat&; diligenter petisset, every-thing-required-being-supplied; he-diligently sought (the conet ita petisset ut neque cederet sulship), and so sought (it), that 'he neither 'yielded to (those, minanti, neque minaretur cuiquam; threatening (him), nor did-he-threaten any-one, 804 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. mirandum est subitam spem Catilinm is-it-to-be-wondered-at (that) the sudden hope of-Catiline adipiscendi consulatus fuisse magno adjumento of- * training the consulship was a-great aid huic? to-bim? Est nunc ille tertius locis mihi orationis There is now that third part for-me of (my) speech de criminibus ambitus, perpurgatus ab iis, concerning the crimes of-bribery, fully-cleared-up by those, qui dixerunt ante me, retractandus a who have-spoken before me, (but which) is-again-to-be-gone-over by me, quoniam Murena voluit ita; in quo loco me, because Murena wished (it to be) so; in which place respondebo Postumio meo familiari, I-will-reply to-Postumius my intimate-friend, (and) ornatissimo viro, de indiciis most-accomplished man, concerning the discoveries divisorum, et de pecuniis of-the-distributors-of-bribes, and concerning the sums-of-money deprehensis; ingenioso et bono seized (in their hands); 'to (that) 'talented and good adolescenti, Ser. Sulpicio, de centuri is young-man, Ser. Sulpicius, concerning the centuries equitum; M. Catoni, homini excellenti in omni of-the-knights; to-M. Cato, a man excelling in every virtute, de ipsius accusatione, de virtue, concerning his accusation, respecting senatusconsulto, de republica. the-decree-of-the-senate, (and) respecting the republic. 27. Sed prius, conquerar pauca de But first, I-may-complain (of) a few-things respecting fortuna L. Murenae, quae repente moverunt (the bard) fortune of-L. Murena, which 'have suddenly 'excited meum animum. Nam cum ssepe antea, judices, my mind. Now as 'I-have often heretofore, 0 judges, et ex miseriis aliorum, et ex meis quotidianis both from the miseries of-others, and from my daily ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 305 curis que laboribus, judicarem eos homines fortunatos, cares and labours, 'judged those men fortunate, qui, remoti a studiis ambitionis, secuti sunt otium who, remote from the pursuits of-ambition, have-sought-after ease ac tranquillitatem vitao: vero turn in his tantis, 'and tranquillity of-life: but moreover in these so-great que tam improvisis periculis L. Murenae, sum ita and so unexcited dangers of-L. Murena, I-am so affectus animo, ut queam non satis miserari, affected 'in (my) 'mind, that I-can not sufficiently commiserate, neque communem conditionem nostrum omnium, neither the common condition of-us all, neque eventum que fortunam hujus; nor the lot and fortune of-this (man, Murena.); qui, primum, dum conatus est adscendere unum who, firstly, when he-attempted to-ascend one gradum dignitatis, ex continuis honoribus degree (higher in) dignity, from the continued honours familiae que majorum, venit in periculum, (ofoffice) 'of (his) 'family and ancestors, gets in danger, ne amittat ea, quse relicta sunt, lest he-may-lose those (honours), which have-been-left (him by his quse parta sunt ipso; deinde, ancestors), (and) those-which were-obtained by-himself; then, propter studium novae laudis, )n-account-of (his) pursuit of-new praise (and honours of officc), etiam adducitur in discrimen veteris 'he also 'is-led into danger (of losing his) ancient fortunae. Que cum sint gravia, judices, fortune. Which as they-may.be serious (things), 0 judges, turn illud est acerbissimum, quod habet eos yet that is harshest, that he-has those accusatores, qui non odio inimicitiarum as-accusers, who (are) not (induced) by-the-hatred of-animosities ad accusandum, sed qui studio accusandi to accuse, but who 'in (their) 'zeal of-accusing descenderunt ad inimicitas. Nam, ut omittam bave-descende' to enmities. For, that I-may-oiuit 26* 306 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. Servium Sulpicium, quem intelligo, permotum Servius Sulpicius, whom (as) I-understand, was-moved non injurig L. Murena-, (and urged to action) not 'by (any) injury (received from) L. Murena, sed contentione honoris; Cn. Postumius but in-a-contest for-the-honours (of office); Cn. Postumius amicus paternus accusat, ut ipse ait a friend (of) the family accuses (him, and) as he-himself says vetus vicinus ac necessarius, qui protulit an old neighbour and acquaintance, who has-produced complures causas necessitudinis, potuit commemorare many instances of-friendship, (but) could remember nullam simultatis; Ser. Sulpicius accusat, none of-hatred; Ser. Sulpicius (theyounger) accuses (him), sodalis filii, cujus ingenio (and who is) the companion 'of (his) [Murena's] son, 'by whose 'talents omnes necessarii paterni debebant esse all - the friends (of his) father ought to-be (made) munitiores; M. Cato accusat, qui quanquam more-secure; M. Cato accuses, (him), who though unquam fuit, nulla re, alienus a Murena, 'he never 'was, in-any thing, estranged from Murena, tamen natus erat nobis, in hac civitate, ea yet he-was-born among-us, in this city, under-such conditione, ut ejus opes et ingenium deberent circumstances, that his assistance and talents ought esse prsesidio multis, etiam alienissimis, to-be a protection to-many, even to-the-greatest-strangers, (anti) vix exitio cuiquam inimico. Igitur scarcely the ruin (of) any (personal) enemy. 'I-will therefore primum respondebo Postumio, qui, nescio quo pacto first 'reply to-Postumius, who, I-know-not why videtur mihi, candidatus prfetorius seems to-me, (being as he is) a candidate (for the) praetorship in consularem,. quasi desultorius (torun) against the consular (competitor), like-as-if a-vaulter-on-horses incurrere in quadrigarum curiculam. Si cujus were-to-jump into a-four-horse chariot. If his ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 807 competitores deliquerunt nihil, concessit eorum competitors had-been-wanting in-nothing, he-yielded to-their dignitati, cum destitit petere; autem worth, when he-desisted from-seeking (the praetorship); but sin aliquis eorum largitus est, amicus if any-one of-them had-been-guilty-of-bribery, a friend expetendus est, qui potius persequatur alienam is-to-be-sought, who 'would rather 'prosecute another's injuriam, quam suam. * * injury, than his-own. * * * 28. Nunc venio ad M. Catonem, quod est 'I now 'come to M. Cato, (and) this is firmamentum ac robur totius accusationis, qui the support and strength of-the-whole accusation, who tamen est ita gravis et vehemens accusator, ut however is so severe and vehement an accuser, that pertimescam multo magis ejus auctoritatem I-fear much more his authority (and weight quam criminationem. In quo of character), than (his) accusation. As-respects this accusatore, judices, ego primum deprecabor accuser, 0 judges, I 'shall in-the-first-place 'earnestly-entreat illud, illius dignitas ne quid (of you) this, (that) his [Cato's] dignity 'may not (be of) any noceat L.. Murenae, ne quid expectatio 'injury to-L. Murena, nor any (his) expectation tribunatfs, ne quid splendor et gravitas of-the-tribuneship, nor any (his) splendour and solidity-of-character totius vitse; denique ea bona 'of (his) 'whole life; in-fine (that) those qualities (and ad. M. Catonis, quae ille adeptus est, ut vantages) of-M. Cato, which he has-obtained, that posset prodesse multis, ne obsint huic he-might be-useful to-many, 'may not 'be-an-injury to-him soli. L. Africanus fuerat bis consul, et deleverat alone. L. Africanus had-been twice consul, and had-destroyed duos terrores hujus imperii Carthaginem que the two (great) terrors of-this empire Carthage and 808 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. Naumantiam, cum accusavit L. Cottam. Erat in Numantia, when he-accused L. Cotta. There-was in eo summa eloquentia, summa fides, summa him the most-perfect eloquence, the greatest good-faith, the greatest integritas, auctoritas tanta quanta Romani integrity, (his) authority (was) as-great as-that of-the-Roman populi, in imperio ipso, quod tenebatur people, in the empire itself, which was-defended (and preserved) illius opera. Ssepe audivi majores natu 'by his 'exertion. 'I-have often 'heard old-men dicere hoc, hanc eximiam dignitatem say this, (that) this very-great dignity (and authority) accusatoris plurimum profuisse L. Cottae. of-the-accuser 'was (of) very-great 'advantage to-L. Cotta. Sapientissimi homines, qui tur judicabant illam The very-wise men, who then judged this rem, noluerunt quemquam ita cadere in cause, did-not-wish (that) any-one 'should so lose-his-cause in judicio, ut videretur abjectus nimiis court, that it-might-seem he-was-borne-down by-the-too-great viribus adversarii. Quid? Non ne Romanus power 'of (his) 'adversary. What-then? 'Did not the Roman populus (nam traditum est memorice) eripuit people (for it-is-preserved-in (our) memory) 'deliver Ser. Galbam tuo proavo, M. Catoni, fortissimo Ser. Galba from-your great-grandfather, M. Cato, a very-brave atque florentissimo viro, incumbenti ad ejus and very-distinguished man, (who was) bent on his perniciem. Semper in hac civitate, et universus destruction. Always in this city, both the entire populus, et sapientes judices, ac prospicientes in people, and wise judges, and looking-for into posterum, restiterunt nimis magnis opibus accuthe future, have-resisted the too great power of-actorum. Nolo accusator afferat potcntiam eusers. I-do-not-wish (that) an accuser should-bring powcr in judicium, non aliquam majorem vim, to the tria., nor any greater force (than common), ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 309 non excellentem auctoritatem, non nimiam nor excelling authority (and character), nor too-great gratiam. Omnia hsec valeant ad salutem influence. All these are-of. avail (and to be used) for the safety innocentium, ad opem impotentium, ad auxilium of-the-innocent, for the assistance of-the-weak, for the aid calamitosorum: vero in periculo, et in pernicie of-the-unfortunate: but in danger, and in the ruin civium, repudientur. Nam si quis forte of citizens, they-are-to-be-rejected. For if any-one by-chance dicet hoc, Catonem non fuisse descensurum should-say this, (that) Cato 'would not have descended ad accusandum, nisi prius to accuse, unless 'he-had previously (examined into, and) judicasset de causa; instituet, 'formed-a-judgment (and opinion) concerning the cause; it-will-establish judices, iniquam legem, et miseram conditionem 0 judges, an unjust law, and a miserable condition periculis hominum, si existimabit, judicium for-the-dangers of-men, if it-be-held, (that) the judgment accusatoris in reum oportere valere of-the-accuser against the defendant ought to-have-force (against pro aliquo prsejudicio. him) like some legal-precedent. 29. Ego, Cato, audeo non, propter singulare I, 0 Cato, dare not, on-account-of the singular (great) judicium mei animi de tfu virtute, vituperare opinion (formed in) my mind of your virtue, censure tuum consilium; forsitan possim, in 'our determination (in this case); perhaps I-may-be-able, in nonnullA re conformare et leviter emendare. some things to-mould and slightly to-amend (it). "Non peccas multa," inquit ille senior magister:"You-do not 'offend much," said that aged instructor fortissimo viro; "sed, si peccas possum regere:o-a-very-brave man; "but, if you-do-offend I-can rule te." At ego verissime dixerim, you (and set you right)." But I 'may most-truly 'say, (that) 310 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. te peccare nihil, neque in ull1 re esse te you offend (in) nothing, nor (that) in any thing are you hujusmodi, ut videare potius corrigendus, of-that-nature, that you-may-seem rather (to require) to-be-corrected, quAm leviter inflectendus. Enim natura ipsa than 'to-be gently 'put-right. For nature herself finxit te ad honestatem, gravitatem, temperantiam, formed you for honesty, gravity, temperance, magnitudinem animi, justitiam, denique ad omnes greatness of-mind, justice, (and) in-fine for all virtutes, magnum et excelsum (those) virtues, (that constitute) a great and distinguished hominem. Istuc accessit doctrina man. To-this acceded a system-of-doctrines (and precepts' non moderata, nee mitis, sed, ut videtur mihi not moderate, nor mild, but, as it-seems to-me paullo asperior, et durior, quAm aut veritas aut somewhat harsher, and more-severe, than either truth or natura patiatur. Et quoniarn haec oratio non nature may-allow. And because this speech 'is not habenda est nobis, aut cum imperita multitudine, 'to-be-delivered (by) us, either before an ignorant multitude, aut in aliquo conventu agrestium, disputabo paullo or in some assemblage of-rustics, I-will-discourse somewhat audacius de studiis humanitatis, quae sunt more-boldly concerning the studies of-polite-literature, which are nota et jucunda et mihi et vobis. Scitote, known and agreeable both to-me and you. Know (then), judices, hec divina et egregia bona, quae 0 judges, (that) those divine and admirable qualities, which videmus, in M. Catone, esse ipsius propria. we-see, in M. Cato, are his peculiar-pIoperty. Quse nonnunquam requiremus, omnia ea sunt What 'we sometimes 'reprehend, all such are non a natur,, sed a magistro. (derived) not from nature, but from (the instruction of) a master. Enim fuit quidam vir summo ingenio, For there-was a certain man (of) the greatest talents, (named) ORATIO PRO L. MURBNA. 311 Zeno, aemuli cujus inventorum Zeno, the admirers (and followers) of-whose discoveries (and doctrines) nominantur Stoici. Hujus sententice et praecepta are called Stoics. Hlis opinions and precepts sunt ejusmodi: sapientem nunquam moveri are of-this-sort: (that) the-wise-man 'is never 'moved gratiA; nunquam ignoscere delicto cujusquam; by-favours; (that) 'he never forgives the-crime of-any-one; neminem esse misericordem, nisi stultum et (that) no one is merciful, unless a fool and levem; non esse viri neque a trifler; (that) 'it-does not 'belong-(to)-a-man (to allow himself) either exorari, neque placari; sapientes solos to-be-intreated, or to-be-propitiated; (that) the wise only esse formosos, si sint distortissimi; are beautiful, though they-may-be the-most-distorted (in person); si mendicissimi, divites; (that) if (they are) the poorest-beggars, (yet they are) rich; (that) si serviant servitutem, reges; autem if they are in slavery, (yet they are) kings; but dicunt, nos, qui sumus non sapientes, esse they-say, (that) we, who are not wise, are fugitivos, exsules, hostes, denique insanos; fugitives, exiles, enemies, in-fine mad-men; (they say that' omnia peccata esse paria; omne delictum esse all sins are equal; (that) every offence is nefarium scelus; nec eum delinquere a nefarious crime; nor (that) he 'does (not) 'offend minus, qui gallum gallinaceum, cum fuerit less, who (killed) a cock, when there was non opus, quam eum, qui suffocavit patrem; no necessity,' than he, who suffocated (his) father; (that) sapientem opinari nihil, poenitere the-wise-man believes nothing (till fully convinced), (that) he-repents nullius rei, falli in nullA re, nunquam of no thing, (that) he-is-deceived in no thing, (that) he never inutare sententiam. changes (his) opinion. 312 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 30. Ingeniosissimus homo, M. Cato, arripuit hsec, The most-talented man, M. Cato, adopted these inductus eruditissimis (opinions and doctrines of Zeno), induced-thereto by-the-most-learned auctoribus; neque causa disputandi, writers; (and this) not for-the-purpose of-disputing (about them) ut magna pars, sed vivendi ita. as the great part (of men do), but of-living as (they prescribe). Publicani petunt aliquid? " Cave 'Do the farmers-of-the-revenues 'petition-for any-thing? "Take-care gratia habeat quidquam momenti." (lest) influence have any-thing of-weight (with you)." Aliqui miseri et calamitosi veniunt 'Do some miserable and unfortunate (persons) 'come (to you) supplices? " Fueris sceleratus et nefarius, as suppliants? "You-will-be a wicked and criminal (man), si feceris quidquam, adductus misericordia." if you-do any-thing, induced by-mercy." 'Does Aliquis fatetur se pecasse, et petit veniam any-one confess (that) he has-done-wrong, and asks-fpr pardon ejus delicti? "Ignoscere facinus est nefarium." (for) his offence? "To-pardon crime is wicked." At delictum est leve. "Omnia peccata sunt paria." But the fault is trifling. "All offences are equal." Dixisti quidpiam? "Est fixum et statutum." HIave-you-said any-thing? "It is fixed and determined." Non ductus esre, sed opinione. 'You-were not induced by-the-thing (itself), but by-supposition. "Sapiens opinatur nihil." Errasti in aliqug "A wise-man supposes nothing." You-may-have-erred in some re. Putat maledici. thing. He-considers (himself) to-be-calumniated (by this remark). Illa sunt nobis, ex hac disciplina. "IDixi Those are (the results) for-us, from this doctrine. "I-said in senatu, me delaturum nomen consularis in the senate, (that) I would-announce the name of-a-consular candidati." Dixisti iratus. candidate (for impeachment)." (But) you-said (it when) angry. ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 313 "Nunquam, inquit, sapiens irascitur." At "Never, says-he, 'does a wise-man 'get-angry." But caus a temporis, (it may have been said) by-reason (of some peculiar) circumstance, inquit, "est improbi hominis fallere he-replies, "it-is (the part) of-a-dishonest man to-deceive mendacio; est turpe mutare sententiam; by-a-falsehood; it-is shameful to-change (one's) opinion; (to allow exorari, scelus; misereri, cl.'s self) to-be-entreated, is a crime; (and) to-pity, (is) flagitium." Autem illi nostri (enim infamy." But those our (masters and teachers) (for fatebor, Cato, me quoque in adolescenti&, I-will-confess, 0 Cato, (that) I also in (my) youth, diffisum meo ingenio, qusesisse adjumenta diffident (of) my-own talents, sought the assistance doctrine, illi nostri, inquam, of-the-doctrine (of philosophers), those our (teachers), I-say, a Platone et (who derived their doctrine, and principles) from Plato and Aristotele, moderati et temperati Aristotle, (and who were) moderate and temperate homines, aiunt, gratiam aliquando valere men, say, (that) favour 'does sometimes 'have-an-influence apud sapientem; boni viri with a-wise-man; (that it is the part) of-a-good man misereri, esse distincta genera to-pity, (that) there-are distinct kinds (and degrees) delictorum, et dispares poenas; esse of-crimes, and different (grades of) punishments; (that) there-is locum ignoscendi apud constantem a place for-forgiveness (even) with a firm-and-determined hominem; sapientem ipsum, ssepe opinari man; (that) the-wise-man himself, often forms-an-opinion (about) aliquid, quod nesciat; nonnunquam something, that he-does-not-know (for certain); (that) 'he sometimes irasci; eundem exorari et placari; 'gnts-angry; (that) he the-same may-be-entreated and propitiated 27 814 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. quod interdum dixerit, si sit that-which 'he-may-have occasionally 'said, if it-should-be rectius ita, mutare; aliquando decedere more-proper so, he-changes; 'he sometimes 'recedea de sententil; omnes virtutes moderatas esse from (his) opinion; (that) all virtues are-to-be-regulated quadam mediocritate. by a certain (degree of) moderation. 31. Si, Cato, cum istA natura, If, 0 Cato, with this (good) natural-disposition, (which qua fortuna detulisset te ad hos you possess,) any (good) fortune had-brought you to these magistros, tu non quidem esses melior vir, instructors, you 'would not indeed 'have-been abetter man, ncc fortior, nec temperantior, nec justior (neque nor more-brave, nor more-temperate, nor more-just (nor enim potes esse) sed paullo propensior ad lenitatem. indeed can-you be) but a little more-inclined to lenity. Non accusares adductus nullis inimicitiis, 'You-would not 'accuse (when) led-thereto by-no animosities, lacessitus nullA injuri&, pudentissimum (or) provoked by-no injury, a most-modest (and worthy) hominem, praeditum summa dignitate atque man, endowed with-the-highest dignity-of-rank and honestate; putares cum fortuna posuisset te integrity; you-might-think when fortune had-placed you atque L. Murenam in custodia ejusdem anni, and L. Murena in the guardianship of-the-same year, te conjunctum esse cum hoc vinculo (that) you were-united with him 'by (the political) 'ties reipublica; quod dixisti atrociter in senatu, of-the-republic; that-which you-said so-severely in the sen2ae, ant non dixisses, aut seposuisses Lyou-would either not 'have-said, or would-have-put-it-aside, aut interpretarere in land not applied it to him), or would-have-explained (it) in mitiorem partem. Ac te ipsum (quantum ego a milder manner. And (that) you yourself (as-much-as I ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 315 opinione auguror) nunc et concitatum in (my) 'opinion (may) predict) now both excited quodam impetu animi, et elatum vi naturae oy-a-certain impulse of-the-mind, and elated by-the-force of-nature atque ingenii, et flagrantem recentibus studiis and of-genius, and inflamed by-the-recent studies preeceptorum usus jam flectet, of-the-precepts (of the Stoics), experience 'will at-some-time 'bend, dies leniet, aetas mitigabit. Etenim isti ipsi, time soften, (and) age render-milder. For these same, vestri preeceptores et magistri virtutis, videntur your preceptors and instructors (in) virtue, seem mihi protulisse fines officiorum, paullo longius, to-me to-have-carried the limits of-duty, a little farther, quam natura vellet; ut cum, anima, contendissimus than nature requires; so-that when, in-mind, we-had-striven ad ultimum, tamen consisteremus (to reach) to the ultimate (limits), yet we-should-stop-short ibi, ubi oportet. "Ignoveris nihil." there, where it-is-proper (to do so). "Pardon nothing" (you say). Immo aliquid, non omnia. Indeed (truly;);,aething (may be pardoned, but) not all. "Feceris nihil causa gratise." Immo resistito "Do nothing by-reason of-favour." Yes-indeed resist gratiee cum officium et fides postulabit. "Sis favour, (but only) when duty and good-faith will-require-it. "Be ne commotus misericordia." Etiam, in dissolvenda not moved by-pity." Certainly, in relaxing severitate; sed tamen est aliqua laus (proper) severity; bat yet there-is some praise (for) humanitatis. Permaneto in sententia. Vero, humanity. Abide in (your) opinion. True, nisi alia melior vicerit sententiam. unless another better (opinion) should-prevail-over (your) opinion. Ille Scipio fuit hujuscemodi, quem The (great) Scipio was (a man) of-this-kind, (to) whom 'it-caused non poenitebat facere idem, quod tu; habere no 'regret to-do the same, that you (do); (and) to-have 316 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. eruditissimum, et paene divinum hominem domi; a most-learned, and nearly divine man 'in (his) 'house; cujus oratione et prmeceptis, quanquam erant 'by whose 'discourse and precepts, although they-were ista eadem, quae delectant te, tamen non the very same, which (so) delight you, yet 'he-was not factus est asperior, sed (ut accepi a senibus), 'made more-austere, but (as I-have-heard from old-men), lenissimus. Quis vero comior, most-mild. Who indeed (was) more-civil-and-obliging, (than) C. Laelio? quis jucundior ex isto C. Laelius? who more-agreeable, (than he, though formed) by these eodem studio? quis gravior sapientior same studies (that you are)? who more-grave (and) wise illo? Possum dicere haec eadem de (than) he? I-can say these same (things) concerning L. Philo, de C. Gallo; sed deducam te L. Philus, (and) concerning C. Gallus; but I-will-conduct you jam tuam domum. Ne existimas quemquam fuisse now to-your-own home. Do-you-think any-one was commodiorem, comiorem, moderatiorem ad omnem milder, more-obliging, more-moderate as-respects all rationem humanitatis, Catone tuo prothe relations of-humanity (and life), (than) Cato your greatavo. Cum vere que graviter diceres de grandfather. When 'you truly and gravely 'spoke of priestanti virtute cujus, dixisti te habere of-the-eminent virtue of-this (man), you-said (that) you had domesticum exemplum ad imitandum. Illud quidem a domestic example to imitate. That indeed est exemplum propositum tibi domi; sed is an example offered to-you 'in (your own) 'family; but tamen similitudo illius naturse potuit however the resemblance of-his nature (and endowments) could magis pervenire ad te, qui ortus es ab illo, more-easily arrive to you, who are-descended from him. quam ad unumquemque nostrum; vero illud than to I any-one of-us; but that ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 817 exemplar tam propositum mihi ad imitandum, example is as-much 'offered to-me for imitation, quam tibi. Sed, si adsperseris illius comitatem as to-you. But, if you-would-have-mingled his obliging-civility et facilitatem, tuse gravitati que severitati, ista an affability, (with) your gravity and severity, those quidem. non erunt meliora, quse nunc (things) indeed 'will not 'be better, which now Bunt optima, sed certe jucundius are excellent, but certainly (will become) more-agreeable (when) condita. seasoned. 32. Quare, ut revertar ad id, quod institui, Wherefore,that I-may-revert to that, which I-had-proposed, tolle mihi nomen Catonis e causa; remove take-away for-me the name of-Cato from the cause; remove ac prsetermitte auctoritatem, quse in judiciis and make-no-mention-of authority, which in trials debet, aut valere nihil, aut valere ad salutem; ought, either to-avail nothing, or (ought) to-avail for the safety congredere cum me criminibus ipsis. (of the accused); attack with me the crimes themselves Quid accusas, ' Cato? (that he is charged with). What do-you-accuse-him-of, 0 Cato? quid affers in judicium? quid arguis? Accusas what du-you-bring to trial? what do-you-prove? Do-you-accuse ambitum,? Non defendo. Reprehendis (him of) bribery? 'I-do not 'defend (bribery). You-reprehend me, quod defendam idem, quod punierim me, that I-defend the same, which I-would-have-punished lege. Punivi ambitum, non innocentiam. by-a-law (ofmy proposing). I-punished bribery, not innocence. Vero ambitum ipsum, accusabo vel cum te, si But bribery itself, I-will-accuse even with yourself, if voles. Dixisti senatusconsultum facyou-desire (it). You-have-said (that) a decree-of-the-senate wastam esse, me referente, " si corrupti made, I proposing-it, (as thus) "if (persons) corrupted 27 * 318 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. mercede issent obviam candidatis, si by-recompense [bribery] should-go-out to-meet the candidates, if conducti sectarentur, si locus hired-persons attend-and-follow (them), if a place (were given free) vulgo tributim gladiatoribus, et to-the-common-people by-tribes (in shows of) the gladiators, and item, si prandia data essent vulgo, also, if dinners were-given to-the-common-people, (this would videri facturn contra Calpurniam legem." Ergo all) seem done against the Calpurnian law." Therefore senatus ita judicat, haec videri facta the senate so decided, (that) these (things) seemed to-have-been-done contra legern, si facta sint; decernit, quod est against the law, if they-were-done; it-decreed, what there-is nihil opus, dum morem gerit candidatis. no occasion-for, while it-complied-with-the-wishes (of the) candidates. Nam factum sit, nec ne, vehementer quseritur. For (if) done, or not, 'is vehemently 'questioned. Si factum sit, quin sit contra legem, nemo potest If it-is-done, but-that it-is contrary to-the-law, no-one can dubitare. Est igitur ridiculum, relinquere id doubt. It-is therefore ridiculous, to-leave that incertam, quod est dubium; quod potest esse uncertain, which is doubtful; that-which can be dubium nemini, id judicare. Atqui a doubt to-no-one, that determnne (and decide on). But-now id decernitur, omnibus candidatis postulantibus: that (decree) was-passed, all the candidates asking-for-it: ut ex senatusconsulto, possit neque Bo-that from the-decree-of-the-senate, it-can neither intelligi cujus intersit, neque be-understood 'for whose 'advantage, or interest it-might-be, nor contra quem sit. Quare doce illa against whom it-might-be. Therefore show (that) that commissa esse a L. Murena; tur egomet was-done by L. Murena; then I-myself concedam tibi commissa esse contra legem. will-concede to-you (that) it-was-done contrary to-law. ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 319 33. "Multi prodierunt obviam decedenti de " Many went-out to-meet-him returning from (his) provinci,a petenti consulatum." Solet fieri. )rovince, seeking the consulship." It-is-the-custom to-do-so. Autem eccui non proditur revertenti? But to-whom 'do (persons) not 'go-out-to-meet returning Quae multitudo ista fuit!" Primum, (from abroad)? What a multitude this was!" In-the-first-place, si possim non reddere rationem istam tibi; quid if I-can not explain this to-you; what habet admirationis, multos prodisse obviam is-there wonderful, (that) many (persons) went-out to-meet tali viro advenienti, consulari candidato? Quod such a man coming, (as) a consular candidate? Which nisi factum esset, videretur magis mirandum. unless it-had-been-done, would-seem the more to-be-wbndered-at. Quid? si etiam addam illud, quod non abhorret What-then? if 'I also 'add this, which is not contrary a consuetudine, multos rogatos esse? num sit to custom, (that) many were-invited? whether is-it aut criminosum, aut mirandum, in civitate qua either criminal, or to-be-wondered-at, in a city (in) which rogati soleamus venire deductum filios 'we, (when) 'asked are-accustomed to come to-escort the sons hominum infimorum, prope de of-men of-the-lower-order, (when candidates), nearly when nocte, s8epe ex ultima yet night, [at early dawn of day], often from the extreme (part of) urbe, in ea homines esse non gravatos the city, (that) in that men are not burdened (when) prodire tertia horg in Campum they-go-forth at-the-third hour [nine o'clock] into the Campus Martium, presertim, rogatos nomine talis Martius, especially, (when) invited in-the-name of-such viri? Quid? Si omnes societates a man (as Murena)? What? If all the societies (of knights) venerunt, ex numero quorum, mult, had-come (to meet him), out-of the number of-whom, many ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. sedent hlc judices? quid? si multi homines nostri sit here (as) judges? what? if many men of-our honestissimi ordinis? quid? si illa most-honourable order (had gone)? what? if that officiossima tota natio candidatorum, qum most officious (body) the whole nation of-candidates, which patitur neminem introire in urbem non suffers no-one to-enter into the city not honeste? denique si in-an-honourable-way, (had gone out to meet him)? in-fine if accusator, noster Postumius ipse, venit obviam the accuser, our Postumius himself, had-come to-meet-him cum bone magna catervA sua; with a very large crowd (of) his (followers and dependants); quid habet ista multitudo admirationis? what has this multitude of admiration, (or what that may Omitto clientes, vicinos excite our surprise)? I-omit (his) clients, (his) neighbours, tribules, totum exercitum Luculli, qui venerat, those-of-his-tribe, the whole army of-Lucullus, which had-come, per eos dies ad triumphum; dico hoc, on those days to the triumph; I-say this, (that) gratuitam frequentiam in isto officio, a voluntary concourse (of friends) in such kind-offices, 'was unquam defuisse, non modo dignitati ullius, sed never 'wanting, not only to-the-dignity of-any-one, but ne quidem voluntati. "At multi sectabantur." not even to-his-wish. "But many followed-him." Doce, mercede; concedam esse Show, (that it was) for-reward; (and) I-will-concede it-to-be crimen. Hoc quidem remoto, quid a crime. This (reward) indeed being-removed, what reprehendis? do-you-find-fault-with? 34. "Quid opus est, inquit, sectatoribus?" "What need is-there, says-he, (of) followers?" Tu quseris id a me, quid opus sit eo, Do yo- 'ask that of me, whau need may-there-be in-that, ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 321 quo semper usi sumus? Homines tenues which 'we-have always 'practised? Men (of) humble-rank habent unum locum aut promerendi beneficii have the only opportunity 'of either 'conferring a favour in nostrum ordinem ant referendi, in on our order or of-returning (a benefit received), in hanc operam, atque assectationem this aid (give us), and (this) attendance (on us), nostris petitionibus. Neque enim potest fieri, in-our seeking-for-office. Neither indeed could (it) be-done, neque postulandum est a nobis, aut ab Romanis nor is-it-required from us, or from the Roman. equitibus, ut sectentur candidates suos knights, that they-should-accompany the candidates their necessaries, totos dies; si nostra domus particular-friends, for-whole days (together); if our house celebratur a quibus, si interdum is-frequented by them, [the senators and knights,] if sometimes ieducimur ad forum, si honestamur uno we-are-escorted to the forum (by them), if we-are-honoured with spatio basilicse, videmur diligenter a turn (round the portico) of-some-basilica, we-seem (to be) diligently observari et coli; ista assiduitas respected and honoured; this assiduity (in attendance) est tenuiorum amicorum, et non is (the part) 'of (our) 'humble friends, and (who are) not occupatorum, quorum copia non solet occupied (with business), whose assistance 'is not lused deesse bonis et beneficis. Noli igitur, Cato, to-be-wanting to-the-good and beneficent. Do-not therefore, 0 Cato, eripere hune fructum officii inferiori generi take-away this benefit of-duty from-the-inferior class hominum; sine eos, qui sperant omnia a nobis, of-men; allow those-men, who hope all from us, ipsos quoque habere aliquid, quod possint themselves also to-have something, which they.can tribuere nobis. Si erit nihil, praeter ipsorum give. us. If there-were nothing, except their 322 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. suffragium, est tenue; si, ut suffragentur, valent vote, it-is trifling; if, that they-aid-us, they-can-avail nihil grati&. Ipsi denique, ut solent nothing 'by (their) 'influence. They in-fine, as they-are-accustomed loqui, possunt non dicere pro nobis, non to-say, can not plead for us, (can) not epondere, non vocare suam domum; go-security (for us), (can) not invite (us) to-their houses; ttque petunt omnia hbec a nobis, neque and they-ask all these (things) of us, nor putant posse compensari, qu.e consequuntur do-they-think (that) they-can compensate, that-which they-receive a nobis ulla alia re, nisi sua opera. from us in-any other way, unless 'by (this) 'their assistance Itaque restiterunt et Fabiio legi, (and attendance). Consequently they-resisted both the Fabian law, quae est de numero sectatorum, which is concerning the number of-followers, (that might be alet senatusconsulto, quod lowed to attend a candidate,) and the decree-of-the-senate, which factum est, L. Casare consule. Enim est nulla was-passed, L. Cesar being-consul. For there-is no poeno, quoe possit excludere observantiam punishment, which can exclude (or prevent) the regard tenuiorum ab hoc vetere institute of-the-lower-classes from this ancient custon 'of (showingtheir; officiorum. "At spectacula data sunt 'duty-and-zeal (for a candidate), "But shows were-given vulgo tributim, et vocati ad to-the-common-people by tribes, and they-were-invited to prandium." Etsi hoc, judices, non cmnino dinner." Although this, 0judges, 'was not at-all factumest a Murena, autem factum est ab ejus 'done by Murena, but was-done by his amicis more et modo; tamen admonitus friends in-accordance-with-custom and mode; however admonished re ipsa, Servi, recordor quantum oy-the-thing itself, 0 Servius, I-remember how-much-of [how manyj ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. punctorum, hae quoestiones, habitse in senatu, votes, these discussions, had in the senate, detraxerint nobis. Enim quod tempus fuit, aut j.nay-have-taken from-us. For what time was-there, either nostra memoria, aut nostrorum patrum, quo in-our memory, or (that) of-our fathers, in-which hoec, sive est ambitio, sive liberalitas, this (same thing), either be-it ambition, or liberality, fuerit non, ut locus daretur, et in circo, was not, that a place (or seats) might-be-given, both in the circus, et in foro amicis et tribulibus? and in the forum 'to (one's) 'friends and those-of-one's-own-tribe? Primum hsec homines tenuiores qui nondum First these men (of) the-lower-classes, who 'had not-yet assequebantur a suis tribulibus vetere 'obtained from their tribe's-men in-accordance-with-old institute. * * * custom. * * 35 * * * Prsefectum fabrum * * * (That) the praefect, (or chief) of-the-artificers semel dedisse locum suis (or military workmen) once gave a place (or seats) to-his tribulibus: quid statuent in primaries viros, tribe's-men: what will-they-decide as-respects eminent men, qui compararunt totas tabernas in circo, causa who have-prepared entire booths in the circus, for-the-use tribulium? Item omnia haec, Servi, of (their) tribe's-men? Also all these, 0 Servius, (accusacrimen sectatorum, spectaculorum, prandiorum, tions of) the crime of-followers, of-shows, of-dinners, ~onjecta sunt a multitudine in tuam nimiam are-attributed by the multitude to your too-great diligentiam; in quibus tamen Murena diligence (and scrupulousness); in which ~ however Murena defenditur ab auctoritate senatus. Enim quid? is-defended by the authority of-the-senate. For what? Num senatus putat crimen prodire obviam? 'Does then the senate 'think (it) a crime to-go-out to-meet(anyone)? ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. "Non; sed mercede." Convince. Num "No; but (if) for-a-reward, (it does)." Prove-it. Does multos sectari? "Non; (the senate think it a crime, that) many follow? No; sed conductos." Doce. but (it does, if they) are-hired." Show, (that Murena has done Nuin dare locum ad this). Does (the senate condemn) giving a place (or seats) to spectandum? aut invitare ad prandium? see (the shows)? or to-invite to dinner? Minime; "sed vulgo passim." Quid Not-in-the-least; "but to-the-multitude without-distinction." What est vulgo? "Universos.", Non is to-the-multitude? "The entire-collection (of citizens)." Not igitur, si L. Natta, adolescens summo loco, therefore, if L. Natta, a young-man (of) the highest rank, qui, et videmus quo animo jam sit, who, both we-see (of) what (disposition of) mind 'he now 'may-be, et qualis vir sit futurus, voluit esse and what (kind of) man he-may-be hereafter, wished to-be gratiosus, in centuriis equitum, et ad hoc in-favour, with the centuries of-the-knights, both for this officium necessitudinis, et ad tempus duty of-friendship, (and relationship,) and for the time reliquum id erit fraudi, aut, crimini to-come, 'will this 'be a crime, or, (cause of) accusation ejus vitrico; nec, si Vestalis virgo, propinqua 'to his step-father; nor, if a Vestal virgin, a relation et necessaria hujus concessit suum locum and friend of-this (Murena) gave-up her place gladiatoribus huic, non illa et fecit pie, in-the-gladiatorial-exhibitions to-him, 'did not 'she then 'act kindly, et hic remotus est a culpa. Omnia hbec and he [Murena] is-removed from censure. All these-things Bunt officia necessariorum, commoda are the duties of-friends, the convenience-and-gratification tenuiorum, munia candidatornm. of-tho-lowel-clasues, (and) the privileges of-candidates. ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 825 At enim Cato agit cum me sustere But indeed Cato acts (and argues) with me austerely, et Stoice. Negat esse verum, allici and like-a-Stoic. He-denies (that) it-is proper, to-conciliate benevolentiam cibo; negat judicium hominum good-will by-food; he-denies (that) the judgment of-men oportere corrumpi voluptatibus in ought 'to-be (influenced, or) 'corrupted by-pleasures in mandandis magistratibus. Ergo, confiding (any of) the magistracies (to candidates). Therefore, causa petitionis, si quis vocat ad coenam, in-the-case of-seeking-office, if any-one invites to supper, condemnetur. "Qaippe," inquit, " tu hc-may-be-condemned. 'For-now-indeed," says-he, 'do "you petas mihi summum imperium, tu 'seek (I would ask) the highest command, (do) you (seek) summam auctoritatem, tu gubernacula the greatest authority, (do) you (seek) the helm reipubliccs, fovendis sensibus hominum, et of-the-republic, by-pampering the senses of-men, both deleniendis animis, et adhibendis voluptatibus? by-soothing the minds, and by-administering pleasures? Utrum," inquit, "petebas lenocinium a Whether," says-he, " did-you-ask the-station-of-a-pimp from grege delicatse juventutis, an imperium orbis terrarum a herd of-effeminate young-men, or the command of-the-world a Romano populo?" Horribilis oratio sed from the Roman people?" A horrid speech but (our) usus, vita, mores, civitas ipsa customs, (our modes of) life, (our) manners, the state itself respuit ear. Tamen neque rejects (and refutes) this. However neither 'did Lacedaemonii, auctores istius vitae atque the Lacedaemonians, the authors of this (your mode) of-life and orationis, qui accumbant quotidianis epulis in of-speaking, who recline to (their) daily meals on robore, neque vero Cretes, nemo quorum hard-oak (benches), nor indeed the Cretans, no-one of-whom..v 326 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. unquam gustavit cubans, retinuerunt suas ever tastes (any thing) reclining, preserve their r1espublicas melius, quAm Romani homines qui republics better, than the Roman people who dispertiunt tempora voluptatis que laboris: set-apart times (for) pleasure and (times for) labour: quorum alteri deleti sunt uno ot'these the-one [the Cretans] were-destroyed (as a nation) by-one adventu nostri exercitus; alteri invasion of-our army; the other [the Lacedaemonians] conservant suam disciplinam que leges, proesidio preserve their discipline and laws, by-the-protection nostri imperil. of-our empire. 36. Quare, Cato, noli reprehendere nimiun Wherefore, 0 Cato, do-not reprehend 'with too severa oratione instituta majorum, que res 'severe a speech the customs 'of (our) 'ancestors, which the thing ipsa, quse diuternitas itself, (in the flourishing state of our affairs), which the long continuance imperii comprobat. Fuit ex eodem 'of (our) 'empire has-shown-to-be-good. There-was of the same studio, eruditus vir apud nostros study, [school of the stoics], a learned man among our patres, homo et honestus et nobilis, Q. Tubero. fathers, a man both honest and noble, Q. Tubero Is, cum Q. Maximus daret epulum (by name). He, when Q. Maximus gave a solemn-feast Romano populo nomine sui patrui Africani, to-the-Roman people in-memory 'of his 'uncle Africanus, rogatus est a Maximo, ut sterneret triclinium. was-requested by Maximus, that he-should-cover the couch, cum Tubero esset filius [prepare a banqueting place], as Tubero was the son sororis ejusdem Africani. Atque ille of-the-sister of-the-same Africanus. And he eruditissimus homo, ac Stoicus, stravit a most-learned man, and a Stoic, covered (moan) ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 327 Punicanos lectulos hoedinis pelliculis, et Carthagcnian couches with 'little goats' 'skins, and exposuit vasa Samia; quasi vere mortuus set-out vessels (of) Samian-earthenware; as-if indeed the dead cynicus Diogenes honestaretur, et non mors cynic Diogenes were-honoured, and not the death divini hominis Africani; quem, cum Maximus lof (that) 'divine man Africanus; whom, when Maximus laudaret ejus supremo die egit praised on his last day [day of his death] he-gave gratias immortalibus diis, qu6d ille vir thanks to-the-immortal gods, because that m:n [Africanus] 'was potissimum natus esset, in hac republica; cnim more-especially 'born, in this republic; fur fuisse necesse, imperium terrarum it-was a necessary (consequence, that) the empire of-the-world esse ibi, ubi ille esset. In must-be there, where he might-be (as a citizen). At celebranda morte hujus, Romanus the celebrating (of) the obsequies of-this man, (Africanus), the Roman populus tulit graviter hanc perversam sapientiam people 'were much'displeased at-this perverse wisdom Tuberonis. Itaque integerrimus homo, et of Tubero. Therefore (he, Tubero,) a most-honest man, ani optimus civis, cum esset nepos most-excellent citizen, (and) also-though-he-was the grandson L. Paulli, filius, ut dixi, sororis P. Africani, of-L. Paullus, the son, as I-said, of-the-sister of P. Africanus, (yet) dejectus est proetura his he-lost (his election, when a candidate for the) pretorship, by-these haed nis pelliculis. Romanus populus odit 'little goat 'skins. The Roman people hate privatam luxuriam, diligit publicam magnificentiam, private luxury, (and) love public magnificence, non amat profusas epulas, multb minus 'they-do not 'love profuse banquets, much lesb sordes et inhumanitatem, Distinguit * sordidness and meanness, 'They distinguish (between, 328 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. rationem officiorum ac temporum, vicissitudinem the relations of-duties and of-occasions, the vicissitudes laboris ac voluptatis. Nam quod ais mentes of-labour and of-pleasure. For that you-say the minds hominum oportere allici nulla re ad of-men ought to-be-induced by-no thing (else) in mandandum magistratum, nisi dignitate; conferring magistracy, except by-dignity (and worth); hoc tu ipse, in quo est summa dignitas, this you yourself, in whom there-is the greatest dignity (and worth), non servas. Enim cur rogas quemquam, ut 'do not 'observe. For why do-you-ask any-one, that studeat tibi, ut adjuvet te? Ta he-should-take-care (of) your-interest, that he-should-help you? You rogas me, ut prxesis mihi, ut ego ask me, that you-may-be-placed-over me, that I committam me tibi. Quid tandem? Oportet, may-commit myself to-you. What then? Is it-proper, me rogari istuc abs te, an te (that) I be-asked this by-you, or (that) you (be asked it) potius a me, ut suscipias laborem que rather by me, that you-should-undertake labour and periculum pro mea salute? Quid? quod hahes perils for my safety? What? that you-have nomenclatorem? a nomenclator? [a slave, who accompanied his master, and whispered In co quidem fallis et the names of the citizens to him.] In this indeed you-mislead and decipis. Nam si est honestum deceive. For if it-is an honourable (and praiseworthy thing), tuos cives appellari nomine abs te, (that) your fellow-citizens should-be-addressed by-name by you, est turpe eos esse notiores tuo servo, it-is shameful, (that) they should-be better-known to-your slave, quam tibi. Sin si etiam noris, than to-yourself. But if also you-might-have-known (them}, tamen appellandi sunt per yet (if through custom) 'they-are (only) 'to-be-addressed through ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 829 monitorem, cur petis tthe suggestion of your) prompter, why do-you-ask (the name) ante, quam insusurravit? aut quid, cum before, than he-has-whispered-it-to-you? or why, when admoneris, tamen salutas ita, quasi noris you-are-reminded, yet you-salute (them) so, as-if you-had-known tute? quid posteaquam designatus es, salutas (them) well? why after you-are-elected, do-you-salute multo negligentius? Si dirigas omnia hoec so-much more-negligently? If you-regulate all these (things) ad rationem civitatis recta sunt, sin velis according to-the-usages of-the-state they-are-right, but-if you-wish perpendere ad proecepta discipline to-weigh (them) according-to the precepts 'of (your) discipline reperiantur pravissima. Quare (and sect) they-may-be-found (to be) very-had. Wherefore nec isti fructus ludorum gladiatorum conviviorum neither these enjoyments of-games of-gladiators of-banquets non eripiendi Romance plebi, omnia quse 'are not 'to-be-taken from-the-Roman people, all which nostri majores comparaverunt; our ancestors prepared, (and instituted for their gratifinec est ista benignitas adimenda candidatis, cation); nor is this kindly-feeling to-be-taken-from the candidates, quve significat liberalitatem magis quam largitionem. which indicates liberality more than bribery. 37. At enim respublica adduxit te ad But indeed (theinterest of) therepublic led you to accusandum. Credo, Cato, te venisse isto accuse. I-believe, 0 Cato, (that) you came with-this animo et eA opinione. Sed tu laberis mind and with-this opinion. But you fall imprudentiA. Quod ego facio, by-imprudence (you act imprudently, and err). That-which I do, judices, facio cum gratia amicitie atque dignitatis O judges, I-do for the sake of-the-friendship and of-the-worth L. Murenae, tur clamo atque testor me facere of-L. Murena, then I-proclaim and attest (that) I do-it 28 * 330 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. causa pacis, otii, concordise, libertatis, for-the-cause of-peace, of-tranquillity, of-conccrd, of-liberty, salutis, denique vite nostrum omnium. Audite, of-safety, in-fine of-the-lives of-us all. Hear, audite, judices, consulem, dicam nihil hear, 0 judges, (your) consul, I-will-say nothing arrogantius, dicam tantur cogitantem arrogantly, 'I-will (only) 'say so-much (that I) thinking de republica, totos dies atque noctes. about the republic, entire days and nights, (may be allowed to L. Catilina non despexit say, with propriety and moderation). L. Catiline 'did not 'despioe atque contempsit rempublicam usque eo, ut and contemn the republic so far, that arbitraretur se oppressurum hanc civitatem, he-thought (that) he could-reduce this city, ea copi$, quam eduxit cum se. Contagio with-that force, which he-led-out with him. The contagion illius sceleris patet latius quAm quisquam putat; of-that crime spreads more-widely than any-one supposes; pertinet ad plures. Intus, intus, inquam it-belongs to many. Within, within, I-say (that) Trojanus equus est; a quo, me consule, the Trojan horse is; by which, I being-consul,'you-will nunquam dormientes opprimemini. Quaeris never sleeping (be surprised and) 'be-oppressed. You-ask a me quid ego metuam Catilinam. Nihil; of me why I fear Catiline. (I fear) nothing (of him); et curavi ne quis metueret; and I-have-taken-care (that) no one might-fear (any thing); sed illius copias, quas video hic, dico esse but his forces, which I-see here, I-say are metuendas; nec est nunc exercitus L. Catilinae, to-be-feared; nor is now the army of-L. Catiline, tam timendus, quAm isti, qui dicuntur deseruisse so-much to-be-feared, as these-here, who are-said to-hare-deserted ilium exercitum. Enim non deseruerunt, sed that army. For 'they-have not deserted, but ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 831 rclicti ab illo in speculis atque insidiis, restiterunt being-left by him as out-posts and ambuscades, remained in capite atque in nostris cervicibus. Hi against (our) heads and against our necks. These volunt et integrum consulem, et bonum imperatorem, wish both an honest consul, and good commander, et natura et fortune conjunctum cum (one, who is) both by-nature and by-fortune united with salute reipublicae, deturbari vestris sententiis, the safety of-the-republic, to-be-overthrown by-your decision, dejici de praesidio urbis, et de (so as) to-be-removed from the protecting of-the-city, and from custodia civitatis. Quorum ferrum et audaciam, the guardianship of-the-state. Whose weapons and audacity, ego, judices, rejeci in campo, debiliI, 0 judges, have-repulsed in the Campus-Martius, I-have-intimitavi in foro, seepe etiam compressi dated (them) in the forum, (and) 'have often also 'repressed meoe domi; si vos tradideritis (their attempts on me) in-my-own house; if you will-have-given-up his alterum consulem consecuti erunt to-them the one-of-the-two consuls they-will-have-obtained plus mult5 vestris sententiis, quam suis gladiis. much more by-your votes, than by-their swords. Magni interest, judices, esse duo 'It-is of-great 'consequence, 0 judges, (that) there-should-be two consules in republica kalendis Januariis, consuls in the republic on-the-kalends of-January [first of January], id quod ego perfeci, multis repugnantibus. that which I have-accomplished, many striving-against-it. Nolite arbitrari mediocribus consiliis, aut usitatis Do-not think (that) by-moderate counsels, or the usual viis, aut * * * Non improba lex, non perniciosa ways, or * * * No bad law, no pernicious largitio, non aliquod malum aliquando auditum bribery, not any evil at.any-time heard-of quaeritur reipublicae. Consilia inita sunt Is-sought-for against-the-republic. Plans have-been-entered-into 832 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. in hac civitate, judices, delendae irbis. in this city, 0 judges, of-destroying zhe town. trucidandorum civium, extinguendi Romani nominis. of-massacring the citizens, of-extinguishing the Roman name. Atque heec, cives, cives inquam, (si est fas And these-things, citizens, citizens I-say, (if it-is rig eos appellari hoc nomine), et cogitant et (that) they be-called by-this name), both think and cogitaverunt de sua patrig; ego quotidie occurro have-thought against their country; I daily counteract consiliis horum. Debilito audaciara, the plans of-these-men. I-weaken (their) audacity, (and) resisto sceleri. Sed moneo vos, judices; resist (their) wickedness. But I-admonish you, 0 judges; meus consulatus est jam in exitu: nolite my consulship is now (nearly) in (its) termination: do-not subtrahere mihi vicarium mese dilitake-from me one-who-is-to-supply-my-place (in) my diligentias; nolite eum adimere, gence, (and care for the republic); do-not 'take him 'away, cui cupio tradere rempublicam incolumem, to-whom I-desire to-give-over the republic safe, defendendam ab his tantis periculis. to-be-defended from these so-great dangers. 38. Atque non videtis, judices, quid aliud And 'do-you not 'see, 0 judges, what other evil accedat ad haec mala? Te, te, Cato, appello; accedes to these evils? You, you, 0 Cato, I-address; nonne prospicis tempestatem tui anni? do-you not foresee the storm of-your-own year jam enim hesternA concione perniciosa (oftribuneship)? now indeed in-yesterday's assembly the pernicious vox tribuni designati, tui collegse, intonuit; contra voice of-a-tribune elect, your colleague, sounded-forth; agains. quem tua mens multum, omnes whom your-own mind and foresight (provided) much, (also) 'd;d all boni providerunt, qui vocaverunt te ad good-men 'provide-against, who requested you tc ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 333 petitionem tribunatis. Omnia, quse be-a-candidate (for) the tribuneship. All, which agitata sunt per hoc have-been-agitated (and plotted against the Republic) for these (last) triennium, jam scitis esse ab eo tempore, three-years, as you-know to-have-been from that time, quo consilium initum a L. Catilina et Cn. in-which the plot was-entered-into by L. Catiline and Cn. Pisone interficiendi senatfis, erumpunt in hos dies, Piso of massacring the senate, break-out in these days, in hos menses, in hoc tempus. Qui locus est, in these months, in this time. What place is-there, judices, quod tempus, qui dies, quae nox, cum ego O judges, what time, what day, what night, that I non eripiar atque evolem ex insidiis ac 'am not 'snatched-from and escape from the snares and mucronibus istorum, non solum meo consilio, swords ' of-these-men, not only by-my-own counsel sed etiam multn magis divino? (and precaution), but indeed much more-so by-divine (counsel Neque isti volunt me interfici and providence)? Nor tdo these-men 'wish me to-be-killed meo nomine, sed demovere on-my-own name, [on my own individual account,] but to-remove vigilantom consulem de presidio reipublicae; a vigilant consul from the guardianship of-the-republic; nec mi'hus vellent, Cato, tollere te quoque, nor 'do-they the less 'wish, 0 Cato, to-remove you also, si possent, aliquA ratione; id quid, crede mihi,. if they-could, by-any means; that which, believe me, et agunt et moliuntur. Vident, (they are) both attempting and endeavouring-to-effect). They-see, quantum sit in te animi, quantum ingenii, how-much there-is in you of-courage, how-much of-talent, quantum auctoritatis, quantum praesidii hew-much of-weight-of-character, how-much of-protection (for) reipublicae; sed cum viderint tribunitiam vim the republic; but when they-have-perceived the tribunitian power 834 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. spoliatum consulari auctoritate, et auxilio, tur deprived of-the-consular authority, and assistance, then arbitrantur, se facilius oppressuros they-think, (that) they 'will the-more-easily 'oppress (and over te inermem et debilitatum. Nam non come) you defenceless and weakened. For 'they-do not timent, ne consul sufficiatur. 'fear, lest (another) consul should-be-substituted (in place of Vident te fore in Murena, should he be condemned). They-see (that) you will-be in potestate tuorum collegarum; sperant Silanum, the power of-your colleagues; they-hope (that) Silanus, clarum virum, sine collega, te sine consule, an illustrious man, without a colleague, you without a consul, rempublicam sine prmsidio, posse objici sibi. the republic without a protection, may-be exposed to-them In his tantis rebus, que in (in their attacks on it). In these such-great affairs, and in tantis periculis est tuum, M. Cato, qui natus es such-great dangers it-is your part, 0 M. Cato, who are-born non mihi, non tibi, sed patrime, videre quid not for-me, not for-yourself, but 'for your 'country, to-see what agatur retinere adjutorem, defensorem, socium may-be-done to-retain an assistant, defender, (and) associate in republica, consulem, consulem non cupidum, in the republic, (as) consul, a consul not ambitious, (quod hoc tempus maxime (or desirous of change), (which this (present) time greatly postulat) constitutum fortune ad amplexandum requires) formed 'by (his) 'fortune to embrace otitun; scientia ad gerendum (and enjoy) ease and leisure; with-the-knowledge to carry-on bellurn; animo et usu ad quod negotium war; of-mind and experience for any business velis. you-may-wish. 39. Quanquam, omnis potestas hujusce rei Although, all the power of-this affair ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 335 sita est in vobis, judices; vos in hac caus, is-placed in you, 0 judges; you in this cause tenetis, vos gubernatis totam rernpublicam. Si hold, you govern, the whole republic. If L. Catilina cum suo consilio nefariorum hominum, L. Catiline with his council of-infamous men. quos eduxit cum se, posset judicare de hac whom he-took-out with him, could judge concerning this re, condemnaret L. Murenam; si posset affair, he-would-condemn L. Murena; if he-could interficere occideret. Enim rationes illius 'put (him) 'to death, he-would-kill (him). For the plans of-this-man petunt, ut respublica orbetur auxilio; require, that the republic should-be-deprived 'of (its proper) 'assistance; ut copia imperatorum contra suumn that the number-and-power of-the commanders opposed (to) his furorem minuatur; ut major facultas detur fury may-be-diminished; that greater power may-be-given tribunis plebis, adversario depulso, to-the-tribunes of-the-people, (his) opponent (Murena) being-rejected, concitandae seditionis ac discordiae. (for the purpose) of-exciting sedition and discord, Igitur honestissimi atque sapientissimi viri, Therefore the most-honourable and most-wise men, delecti ex amplissimis ordinibus, selected from the highest orders, (of the state, for judges in ne judicabunt idem, quod ille this case,) 'will not 'judge the same, as that importunissimus gladiator, hostis reipublicae, most-dangerols gladiator [Catiline], the enemy of-the-republic, judicaret? Credite mihi, judices, in hac cause, would-judge? Believe me, 0 judges, (that) in this case, non solum feretis sententiam de 'you not only 'pronounce judgment on (the safety) L. Murenae, etiam verum de vestrg salute. of-L. Murena, (but) also indeed on your-own, safety. Venimus in extremum discrimen; est nihil jam, We-have-come into extreme danger; there-is nothing now, ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. unde nos reficiamus, aut ubi lapsi whence we may-repair (our strength), or where fallen resistamus. Non solum auxilia, quae habemus we-may-resist. Not only the resources, which we-have non minuenda, sed etiam nova, si possit 'are not 'to-be-diminished, but also new-ones, if it-can fieri comparanda. Enim hostis est non apud be-done are-to-be-procured. For the enemy is not on Anienem, quod, Punico bello visum est gravissithe Anio, which, in-the-Punic war appeared the most-grievousmum, sed in urbe, in foro (immortales dii! thing, but in the city, in the forum (0 immortal gods! potest hoc dici sine gemitu;) etiam est can this be-said without a sigh;) also there-is [are] non-nemo hostis in illo sacrario reipublicoe, some enemies in this sanctuary of-the-republic, inquam non nemo in curia ipsa. Dii I-say (there are) some in the senate-house itself. 'May the gods faxint, ut meus collega, fortissimus vir, armatus, grant, that my colleague, a most-brave man, 'may, armed, opprimat hoc nefarium latrocinium Catilinae; ego Isuppress this nefarious armed-robbery of-Catiline; 1 togatus, vobis que omnibus bonis adjutoribus, a civilian, you and all good (men) being-assistants, discutiam et comprimam consilio hoc periculum, will-dispel and crush 'by (my) 'counsel this danger, quod conceptum, respublica parturit. Sed which conceived (in it), the republic is-about-to-bring-forth. But quid tandem fiet, si heec, elapsa de nostris what 'will in-fine 'happen, if these-things, escaped from our manibus, redundarint, in eum annum, qui hands, should-make-their-appearance in that year, which consequitur? Erit unus consul, et is non follows (this)? There-will-be (only) one consul, and he not occupatus in administrando bello, sed in occupied in conducting warlike-affairs, but in sufficiendo collegua. Jam qui proouring-the-election-of-a-collegue, (in the consulship). Now those-whe ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 8387 impedituri sint hunc * * * illa immanis pestis, will-hinder him * * * that enormous pest, importuna, prorumpet, qua poterit; et jam dangerous, will-break-forth, where it-can; and already minatur Romano populo; repente advolabit in it-is-threatening the Roman people; suddenly it-will-fly to suburbanos agros; furor versabitur in castris, timor the suburban districts; fury will-prevail in the camp, fear in curig, conjuratio in foro, exercitus in in the senate-house, conspiracy in the forum, an army in Campo, vastitas in agris; autem in omni the Campus-Martius, devastation in the country; but in every sede ac loco metuemus flammam que ferrum. habitation and place we-fear the fire and the sword. Quae jamdiu comparantur, omnia (These things), which 'are for-a-long-time 'prepared, allista eadem, si respublica ornata erit suis these same, if the republic should-be-provided 'with her (proper) praesidiis, facile comprimentur; et consiliis 'defences, 'will easily 'be-repressed; both by-the-counsels magistratuum, et diligenti& privatorum. of-the-magistrates, and by-the-diligence of-private-persons. 40. Quse, judices, cum sint ita, primum, Which-things, 0 judges, as they-are so, in-the-first-place, causa reipublicae, qua nulla res debet esse for-the-sake of-the-republic, (than) which no thing ought to-be potior cuiquam, moneo vos pro me& summa dearer to-any-one, I-admonish you on-account-of my very-great diligentiA in rempublicam et diligence (and zeal) in (the affairs of) the republic and (well) cognita vobis, pro consulari auctoritate known to-you, on-account-of (my) consular authority hortor, pro magnitudine periculi obtestor, I-cxhort (you), on-account-of-the-greatness of-the-danger I-entreat ut otio, ut paci, ut saluti. ut (you), that for-tranquillity, that for-peace, that 'for (your) 'safety, that vestrse vitae et, ceterorum civium, consulatis; for-your life and (that), of-the-rest of-the-citizens, you-would-consult, 29 338 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. deinde ego, adductus officio defen(and take measures); next I, induced by-the-duty of-a-desoris et amici, oro atque obsecro, judices, fender, and of-a-friend, do-pray and entreat, 0 judges, vestram fidem, ut ne obruatis recentem your good-faith, that 'you-do not 'overwhelm the recent gratulationem miseri hominis, L. Murenae, et felicitations of-a-distressed man, L. Murena, and confecti cum morbo corporis, tur dolore animi, afflicted with disease of-body, as-well-as with-distress of-mind, nova lamentatione. Modo ornatus maximo by-a-new (cause of) lamentation. Just honoured with-the-greatest beneficio Romani populi, videbatur fortunatus, favour of-the-Roman people, he-seemed-to-be fortunate, quod primus attulisset consulatum in because 'he first 'had-brought (the honour of) the consulship into veterem familiam, primus in antiquissimum an old family, (and) first into a most-ancient municipium; nunc idem sordidus municipality; now the same-person (of) squalid-appearance, (on squalore, confectus morbo, perditus account of his), neglected-dress, afflicted with-sickness, spent lacrymis ac moerore, est vester supplex, judices, with-tears and sorrow, is your suppliant, 0 judges, obtestatur vestram fidem, implorat misericordiam, he-invokes your good-faith, he-implores (your) compassion, intuetur vestram potestatem, ac vestras opes. he-earnestly-looks to-your power, and to-your might. Nolite, per immortales deos, judices, privare eum Do-not, by the immortal gods, 0 judges, deprive him hac re, qua putavit, se fore honestiof-that thing, by-which he-thought, (that) he would-become more-honorem, etiam ceteris honestatibus ante oured, (but) also of-other honours, (which he had) before partis, atque omni dignitate que fortung. Itaque obtained, and of-all (his) dignity and fortune. Therefore ita, judices, L. Murena orat atque obsccrat vos, so, 0 judges, 'does L. Murena 'pray and entreat you. ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 339 si injuste l]esit neminem; si violavit (that) if'he-has unjustly 'injured no-one; if he-has-offended aures ve voluntatem nullius; si, ut levissime the ears or desires of-no-one; if, as'I-maymost-moderately dicam, fuit odio nemini, nec domi nec 'say, he-was (a cause of) hatred to-no-one, neither at-home nor militise, sit apud vos locus modestiae, in-war, may-there-be with you an asylum (for) moderation, sit perfugium demissis hominibus, may-there-be (with you) a refuge for-dejected men, sit auxilium pudori. Spoliatio may-there-be (with you) encouragement for-modesty. The depriving consulatus debet, judices, habere magnam miseriof-the-consulship ought, 0 judges, to-excite great compascordiam. Enim una cum consulatu omnia sion (in you). For together with the consulship all-things eripiuntur. Vero, his temporibus, consulatus are-taken-away. Indeed, in-these times, the consulship ipse potest habere nullam invidiam. itself can have no envy. [The consulship is not Enim objicitur concionibus sedito be envied.] For (the consul) is-exposed to-the-harangues of-thetiosorum, insidiis conjuratorum, telis Caseditious, to-the-plots of-conspirators, (and) to-the-weapons of-Catilinse; denique opponitur solus ad omne periculum, tiline; in-fine it-is-opposed alone to every danger, atque ad omnem invidiam. Quare, judices, and to all (kinds of) unpopularity. Wherefore, 0 judges, non video quid invidendum sit Murenle, aut 'I-do not 'see what may-be-envied (in) Murena, or cuiquam nostrum, in hoc prweclaro consulatu. ony-one of-us, in this distinguished (office of) consulship. Vero quee sunt miseranda, ea But (those things) which are to-be-commiserated (in it), these versantur ante mihi oculos, et vos potestis videre are-present before (my) eyes, and you may 8oo et perspicere. and clearly-perceive (them). 340 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 41. Si (quod omen Jupiter avertat!) If (which omen 'may Jupiter 'avert!) afflixeritis hunc vestris sententiis, quo you-should-condemn this-man by-your sentence, whither 'will miser vertet se? domumne? ut earn the-miserable-man 'turn himself? home? that that imaginem clarissimi viri, sui parentis, quam image of-a-most-illustrious man, his parent, which paucis diebus ante, conspexit laureatam, in a few.days before, he-had-beheld crowned-with-laurels, for sua gratulatione, videat eandem deformatam his congratulation, he-may-see the same (now) disfigured ignominia que lugentem? an ad matrem, quoe with-ignominy and in-mourning? whether to (his) mother, who misera modo osculata suum filium conwretched (woman) 'had just 'kissed her son (as) consulem, nunc cruciatur et sollicita est, ne paullo sul, now tormented and agitated, lest a little post conspiciat eundem spoliatum omni dignitate? after she-may-behold him deprived of-all (his) dignity Sed quid ego appello matrem aut (and honours)? But why 'do I 'mention mother or domum, quem nova poena legis privat, et domio home, whom the new penalty of-the-law deprives, both of-home et parente, consuetudine que conspectu omnium and parent, (and) of-the-intercourse and sight of-;ll suorum. Igitur miser ibit his (relations and acquaintances). Therefore the miserable-man will-go in exsilium? Quo? ne ad partes Orientis, in into exile? Where? whether to the parts of-the-East, in quibus fuit multos annos legatus, et duxit which he-was for-many years a lieutenant, and led (and exercitus, et gessit magnas res? At commanded) armies, and performed great things? But habet magnum dolorem reverti eodem cum it-occasions great sorrow to-return to-the-same-place witb ignominit, unde decesseris cum honore. An ignominy, whence you-had-departed with honour. But ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. 341 abdet se in contrariam partem terrarum, ut should-he-hide himself in a different part of-the-earth, as Transalpina Gallia, quem nuper libentissime viderit Transalpine Gaul, whom lately 'it most-willingly 'saw cum summo imperio, videat eundem (invested) with supreme power, (now) may-see thesame-person lugentem, moerentem exsulem? In eg provincia mourning, grieving (and) an exile? In that province porro, quo animo, adspiciet suum fratrem, moreover, with-what state-of-mind, would-he-behold his brother, C. Murenam? qui erit dolor hujus? qui C Murena? what will-be the grief of-this-one? [Murena] what moeror illius? quts lamentatio utriusque? the sadness of-that-one? [his brother] what the lamentation of-both? autem quanta perturbatio fortune, atque sermonis, but what an alteration of-fortune, and of-speech, quod, in locis quibus paucis diebus ante, nuntii that, in the places in-which a few days before, messengers, que literse celebrassent, Murcnam esse factum and letters had-joyfully-announced, (that) Murena was-made consulem, et unde hospites atque amici concurconsul, and whence (his) guests and friends hadrerint Romam gratulatum, repenfe eo accedat flocked to-Rome to-congratulate (him), suddenly there arrives ipse nuntius sue calamitatis? Quse the same messenger (with the news) of-his calamity? Which-things si sunt acerba, si misera, si if they-are harsh, if (they are) miserable, if (they are) luctuosa, si alienissima a vestrA mansuetudine lamentable, if (theyare) most-foreign to your clemency et misericordia, judices, conservate beneficium and mercy, 0 judges, preserve (for him) the favour Romani populi; reddite of-the-Roman people, (that they have conferred on him); restore consulem reipublicoe; date hoc pudori the consul to-the-republic; grant this to-the-modesty ipsius, date mortuo patri, date of-the-man-himself, grant (it) 'to (his) 'dead father, grant (it) 'to (his) 29* 342 ORATIO PRO L. MURENA. generi et familiae, date etiam Lanuvio honestissimo 'kindred and family, grant (it) also to-Lanuviumamost-honourable municipio, quod vidistis frequens quo municipality, (the inhabitants of) which you-have-seen thronging and mcestum in tota hac caus&. Nolite avellere a sad in all this cause. Do-not tear from patriis sacris Junonis Sospitce, cui est necesse the paternal sacrifices of-Juno Sospita, to-whom it-is necessary omnes consules facere, domesticum et suum (for) all consuls to-sacrifice, her-domestic and her potissimum consulem. Quem ego, si commendatio most-especial consul. Whom I, if (my) recommendation habet quid momenti, aut mea confirmatio have any weight, or my strong-assurance (any) auctoritatis, consul, judices, ita commendo consulem, authority, (I) consul, 0 judges, so recommend the consul ut promittam et spondeam, futurum esse (elect), that I-promise and will-answer-for-him, (that) he-will-be cupidissimum otii, studiocissimum most-desirous of-tranquillity (in public affairs), most-anxious bonorum, acerrimum contra seditionem, ifor the welfare) of-good-men, most-active against sedition, fortissimum in bello, inimicissimum huic conjurationi, most-brave in war, most-inimical to-this conspiracy qua nunc labefactat rempublicam. (of Catiline), which now shakes the republic. ORATIO THE ORATION M. TULLII CICERONIS, OF M. TULLIUS CICERO, PRO FOR Q. LIGARIO. Q. LIABRIUS. 1. MEUS propinquus, Q. Tubero, detulit ad te, My relation, Q. Tubero, has-brought before you, 0. Cesar, novum, et ante hunc diem, inauditum O C. Caesar, a new, and before this day, unheard-of crimen, Q. Ligarium fuisse in Africa; que C. crime, (that) Q. Ligarius was in Africa; and C. Pansa, vir priestanti ingenio, fretus fortasse Pansa, a man (of) excellent talent, trusting perhaps (to) ea familiaritate, qume est ei cum te, that familiarity, which is to-him with you, [familiarity, that ausus est confiteri. Itaque nescio exists between you,] has-ventured to-confess-it. Therefore I-know-not quo vertam me. Enim veneram paratus, where I-may-turn myself. For I-had-come prepared, quum tu neque scires id per te, neque potuisses as you neither knew it of yourself, nor could-have audire aliunde, ut abuterer tua ignoratione heard (it) any-where, that I-might-abuse your ignorance ad salutem miseri hominis. Sed quoniam quod for the safety of-a-miserable man. But because that-which (343) 344 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. latebat, diligentia inimici investigatum est, was-concealed, by-the-diligence 'of (his) 'enemy has-been-discovered, confitendum est, ut opinor; przesertim quum meus it-must-be-confessed, as I-suppose; especially when my necessarius Pansa fecerit, ut id esset non jam friend Pansa has-acted (so), that it would not now integrum; que controversia omissa, omnis be-in-my-power (to deny it); and controversy being-omitted, all oratio conferenda est ad tuam miseri-rdiam (my) speech must-be-addressed to your mercy qua plurimi conservati sunt, quum impetravissent by-which many have-been-preserved, when they-had-besought a te non liberationem culpe, sed veniam from you not a release (from) crime, but pardon (for) errati. Igitur, Tubero, habes, quod est maxime error. Therefore, 0 Tubero, you-have, what is greatly optandum accusatori, confitentem reum; sed to-be-wished-for (by) an accuser, a confessing defendant; but tamen confitentem hoc, se fuisse in ea parte, however confessing this, (that) he was in that part qua te, qua tuum patrem, virum [Africa,] in-which you, (were), in-which your father, a man dignum omni laude. Itaque est prius necesse worthy (of) all praise (was). Therefore it-is first necessary confitemini de vestro delicto, quAm (that) you-confess your-own fault, than (that) reprehendatis ullam culpam Ligarii. you-may-reprehend any fault of Ligarius. Enim Q. Ligarius, quum esset nulla suspicio For Q. Ligarius, when there-was no suspicion belli, profectus est in Africam, cum C. Considio, of-war, went to Africa, with C. Considius, legatus; in qua legatione, probavit se ita, as-lieutenant; in which lieutenancy, he-proved himself so, et civibus et sociis, ut Considius, (acceptable), both to-the-citizens and to-the-aYies, that Considius, dededens provinciA, posset non satisfacere (on) departing from-the-province, could not have-satisfied ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 345 hominibus, si praefecisset alium quemquam the people, if he-had-placed any other-whatever (over) provincise. Itaque Ligarius quum diu recusans the province. Therefore Ligarius when (by) long refusing profecisset nihil, invitus accepit provinciam; he-had-accomplished nothing, against-his-will he-accepted the province; cui praefuit sic in pace, ut ejus integritas ac over-which he-presided so in peace, that his integrity and fides esset gratissima, et civibus et sociis. good-faith were most-acceptable, both 'to (our) 'citizens and allies. SubitB bellum exarsit; quod On-a-sudden the war, (between Pompey and Csesar) broke-out; which qui erant in Africa audierunt (war) those-who were in Africa heard-of (its actually) geri, ante quAm parari. being-waged, before (they heard) that preparations-were-made (for it). Quo audito, partim inconsiderat& cupiditate, Which being-heard, partly by-inconsiderate zeal, partim quodam cseco timore, quserebant * partly (on account of) some blind fear, they-sought-for aliquem ducem, primb salutis, post some-one (as) leader, at-first, (indeed, for the sake) of-safety, afterwards etiarn sui studii; quum Ligarius spectans also (led by) their-party zeal; when Ligarius looking domum, cupiens redire ad sues, (towards) home, (and) desiring to-return to his (relations and passus est se implicari nullo negotlo. friends), suffered himself to-be-implicated in-no (such) business. Interim P. Atius Varus, qui praetor obtinuerat In-the-mean-time P. Atius Varus, who (as) praetor had-obtained Africam, venit Uticam; statim concurAfrica, (as his province,) came to-Utica; immediately there-was. sum est ad eum. Atque ille arripuit imperium, a-flocking to him. And he seized on-the.command. non mediocri cupiditate, si illud potuit esse 'with no moderate 'cupidity, if that could be imperium, quod deferebatur ad privatum, clamore command, which was-conferred on a private-person, by-the-clamour 346 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO imperitse multitudinis, nullo publico of-an-ignorant mob, (and having the sanction of) no public consilio. Itaque Ligarius, qui cuperet effugere council. Therefore Ligarius, who desired to. avoid omne tale negotium, conquievit paulum adventu all such affairs, rested for-a-while by-the-arrival Vari. of-Vari. 2. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius vacat omni To-this-point, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius is-free from-all culpa. Egressus est domno non modoc blame. He-left home not only, (for the purpose of ad nullum bellum, sed ne quidem ad minimam joining) in no war, but not indeed with the least suspicionem belli; profectus legatus suspicion (of embarking in any) war; he-went (as) a lieutenant in pace, ita gessit se in pacatissima in (time of) peace, 'he so 'conducted himself in a most-peaceable provincia, ut expediret ei pacem province, that it-advantaged him (that) peace (should continue) esse. Profectio certe debet non to-be. (His) departure (from Rome) certainly ought not offendere tuum animum; num igitur remansio? to-offend your mind; then-why therefore (his) remaining Mult; minus; nam profectio habuit (in Africa)? Much less; for (his) going-thither had non turpem voluntatem, etiam remansio no discreditable intent, (so) also (his) remaining (there was) honestam necessitatem. Ergo haec duo tempora au honest necessity. Therefore these two periods carent crimine: unum, quum profectus est legatus; are-free from-reproach: the one, when he-went (as) lieutenant; alterum quum efflagitatus a provinci, prTepositus est the other when being-importuned by the province he-was-placed-over Africee. Tertium tempus, est quo post Africa. The third period, is (that) in-which after adventum Vari restitit in Africa: quod si est the arrival of-Varus he-remained in Africa:. which if it-is ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARX0. 347 criminosum est crimen necessitatis, non voluntatis, criminal is a crime of-necessity, not of-will, An ille, si potuisset ullo mode evadere, maluisset-.Vhether he, if he-could in-any manner have-escaped, would-rather esse Uticse, quam Romwe, cum P. Atio, quAmn be at-Utica, than at-Rome, with P. Atius (rather), than cum concordissimis fratribus, cum with (his) most-united (and beloved) brothers, with alienis, quam cum suis? Quum strangers (rather), than with his-friends-and-relations? When (his) legatio ipsa fuisset plena desiderii ac government (in Africa) itself was full of-regret and sollicitudine, propter quendam incredibilem amorem solicitude, on-account-of some incredible affection fratrum, potuit hic esse aequo animo, (for his) brothers, could he be in-an-easy-state (of) mind, distractus a fratribus, discidio belli? Igitur, separated from (his) brothers, by-the-discords of-war? Therefore, Coesar, habes adhuc nullum signum, in Q. Ligario, 0 Cesar, you-have as-yet no sign, in Q. Ligarius, alienm voluntatis a te. Animadverte, of-an-unfriendly disposition towards you. Observe, ego quseso qua fide defendam causam I entreat (you) with-what confidence (in you) I-defend the cause cujus; prodo meam, 0 admirabilem clementiam, of-this-man; (and)declare my-own, 0 admirable clemency, atque decorandum laude omnium, praedicatione, and (worthy) to-be-celebrated by-the-praise of-all, by-proclamation, literis que monumentis! M. Cicero defendit by-written-records and monuments! M. Cicero defends alium apud te, fuisse non in ea (and pleads for) another before you, (who) was not in that voluntate, in qua confitetur disposition (of mind against you), in which he-confesses (that) se ipsum fuisse, nec extimescit tuas tacitas he himself was, nor does-he-dread your silent cogitationes, nec reformidat quid occurrat thoughts, nor does-he-fear what may-occur 348 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. tibi, de se ipso, audienti de to-you, concerning himself, (while) hearing, (what he is pleading) for alio. another. 3. Vide, quam non reformidem! See, that 'I-am not 'afraid (to express my vide quanta lux tuse liberalitatis, opinion before you)! see how the light of-your liberality et sapientise oboriatur mihi dicenti apud te! and wisdom rises on-me speaking before you! contendam voce quantum potero, ut Romanus I-will-raise (my) voice as-much-as I-shall-be-able, that the Roman populus exaudiat hoc. Bello suscepto, people may-hear it. The war being-undertaken, Caesar, etiam ex magna parte gesto, O Caesar, also for a great part (already) carried-on, coactus nulla vi, judicio ac voluntate constrained by-no force, 'from (my own) 'judgment and free-will profectus sum ad ea arma, que sumpta erant I-went to those arms, which were-taken-up contra te. Apud quem against you. [I joined the armies opposed to you.] Before whom igitur dico hoc? Nempe apud eum, qui quum then do-I-say this? Indeed before him, who when sciret hoc, tamen antequam vidit me, (though) he-knew this, yet before he-saw me, reddidit reipublicae: qui misit literas ad me restored (me) to-the-republic: who sent letters to me ex 2Egypto, ut essem idem, qui fuissem; qui, from AEgypt, that I-might-be the same, which I-had-been; who, quum ipse esset unus imperator, in toto when he-himself was the one (sole) commander, in the entire imperio Romani populi, passus est me esse alterum; empire of-the-Roman people, suffered me to-be the other; a quo, hoc ipso C. Pansa perferente from whom [Caesar], this same C. Pansa (came) bringing mihi hunc nuntitim tenui concessos me. this tuessage (that) -lmight-retain the conceded (faces of a ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 349 laureatos, quoad putavi successful commander) wreathed-with-laurel, as long-as I-thought tenendos; qui turn denique putavit 'prcper), (that) they-might-be-kept; who then at-last thought se reddere mihi salutem, si dedisset (that) 'he (did not properly) 'grant me safety, unless he-gave ear spoliatam nullis ornamentis. Vide quaeso, it despoiled of-no honours-and-dignities. See, I-pray Tubero, ut, qui non dubitem dicere de (you), 0 Tubero, that (I), who 'do not 'hesitate to-speak concerning meo facto, audeam de Ligarii. Atque my-own actions, may-dare (to speak) of (those) of-Ligarius. And dixi hsec propterea de me, ut I-have-said these-things on-that-account concerning myself, that Tubero ignosceret mihi quum dicerem eadem Tubero may-pardon me when I-say the same-things de se; cujus industrise que glorise ego concerning himself; whose industry and renown I faveo, vel propter propinquam cognationem, applaud, either on-account-of (our) near relationship, vel quod delector ejus ingenio que studiis, or because I-am-pleased 'with his 'talents and zeal, vel quod existimo laudem adolescentis proor because I-think (that) the praise of-a-young-man (my) repinqui, etiam redundare ad aliquem fructum lation, also redounds to some advantage (of) meum. Sed quaero hoc: quis putat esse crimen, my-own. But I-ask this: who thinks (it) to-be a crime, fuisse in Africa? Is nempe, qui et ipse to-have-been in Africa? (Why) he indeed, who both himself voluit esse in eAdem Africa, et queritur, se wished to-be in the same Africa, and complains, 'that) he prohibitum a Ligario; et certe congressus est was-prohibited by Ligarius; and (who) certainly assembled armatus contra Coesarem ipsum. Quid (with others) armed against Caesar himself. What enim, Tubero, ille tuus destrictus gladius agebat indeed, 0 Tubero, 'did that your drawn sword 'do ~Jo 350 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. in acie Pharsalia? cujus latus ille mucro in the battle (of) Pharsalia? whose side 'was that sword petebat? qui erat sensus tuorum (of yours) 'aimed-at? what was the meaning (and intent) of-your armorum? quse tua mens, oculi, manus ardor arms? what your mind, eyes, hands, (and) ardour animi? quid cupiebas? quid optabas? Urgeo of-soul? what did-you-desire? what did-you-wish? (But) I-am-urging nimis; adolescens videtur commoveri: revertar too-strongly; the young-man seems to-be-moved: I-will-return ad me; fui in armis in iisdem. to myself; I-was (also) in arms in the same (cause). 4. Autem quid aliud, Tubero, egimus, nisi, But what else, Tubero, are-we-in-want-of, unless, ut quod hic potest, nos possethat which he [Caesar] can-do, (in acts of clemency,) we might-bemus? Quorum impunitas igitur, Caesar, est able-to-do? Whose - impunity therefore, 0 Caesar, is laus tuse cementia,, oratio eorum ipsorum, the praise of-your clemency, 'shall the speech of-these same-men, acuet te ad crudelitatem? Atque in (the accusers,) 'stir you 'up to cruelty? And in hac causa, Tubero, equidem desidero nonnihil, this cause, 0 Tubero, 'I indeed 'miss in-some-degree, etiam tuam prudentiam, sed mult6 magis tui not-only your prudence, but much more (that) of-your patris; quod homo quum excellens father; because (this) man (your father) when excelling ingenio, turn etiam doctrina, non 'by (his) 'talents, as also 'by (his) 'learning, 'did not viderit, quod genus causae hoc esset; nam si 'see, what kind of-cause this might-be; for if vidisset, maluisset agi a te he-had-perceived (it), he-would-rather (that it) were-conducted by you quovis modo profectb, quam isto. in-any (other) manner indeed, than in-this (of yours). Arguis fatentem; est You-accuse (one) confessing (what you allege against him); (this) is ORATIO PRO Q. LIGAARIO. 351 non satis; accusas eum, qui habet causam, aut ut not enough; you-accuse him, who has a cause, either as ego dice, meliorem quam tu; aut ut tu I say, better than you (have); or as you vis parem. Hsec admirabilia: sed quod will-have-it equal. These-things (are) strange: but what dicam est simile prodigii. Ista accusatio habet I-am-about-to-say is like a prodigy. This accusation has non eam vim, ut Q. Ligarius condemnetur, not that force (and object), that Q. Ligarius should-be-condemned, sed ut necetur. Nemo, Ronianus civis, but that he-should-be-killed. No-one, a Roman citizen, (ever) egit hoc ante te. Isti externi mores did this before you. These foreign manners (are accustomed) incitari odio usque ad sanguinem, to-be-excited by-hatred even to (spilling) blood, (and are the aut levium Grsecorum aut immanium manners) either of-fickle Greeks or of-ferocious barbarorum. Nam quid aliud agis? barbarians. For what else are-you-doing? (that) 'he-may ne sit Romae? ut careat domo? not 'be in-Rome? that he-may-be-deprived of-home? (that) 'he-may ne vivat cum optimis fratribus, ne cum hoc not 'live with (his) most-excellent brothers, nor with this T. Broccho avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, suo T. Brocchus (his) uncle, nor with his r son, his consobrino, ne cum nobis? ne sit in cousin, nor with us? (that) 'he-may not 'be in (his) patria? Est num? potest num carere omnibus country? Is-it then-so? can-he then want all his magis, quAm caret? these-things more, than 'he-does (actually now) 'want (them)? I rohibetur Italia, exsulat. Ergo tu vis non he.is-prohibited from-Italy, he-is-an-exile. Therefore you wish not privare hunc patria, qua caret, to-deprive him 'of (his) 'country, which 'he-is (already) 'deprived-of, sed vita. At ne quisquam egit isto modo but (of his) life. But not any-one acted in-this manner (in) 352 QRATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. istud apud eum dictatorem this (accusation of yours) (even) before that dictator [Sylla] quidem, qui multabat morte omnes, quos oderat. indeed, who punished with-death all, whom he-hated. Ipse jubebat occidi, nullo postulante; le-himself ordered (them) to-be-killed, no-one soliciting (it); 'he etiam invitabat praemiis; even 'invited by-rewards, (the commission of these murders); quve crudelitas tamen, vindicata est, aliquot annis which cruelty however, was-avenged, some years post ab hoc eodem, quem tu vis nunc after by this same (person), [Cesar] whom you desire now esse crudelem. to-be cruel. 5. Ego vero, inquies non postulo istud. I indeed, you-say 'do not 'ask this, (the death Mehercule, Tubero, existimo ita. Enim of Ligarius). By-Hercules, 0 Tubero, I-think so. For novi te, novi vestrum patrem, novi domum I-know you, I-know your father, I-know (your) family que nomen; studia virtutis, humanitatis and name; the love - of-virtue, of-humanity (and politeness) doctrinse plurimarum atque optimarum of the-learning (and science) of-many and most-excellent artium, vestre familime ac generis, arts (and sciences), (for which) your race and family sunt nota mihi. Itaque certb scio, (are distinguished), are known to-me. Therefore'I certainly'know, vos non petere sanguinem. Sed (that) you 'do not 'seek for-blood. But 'you (the accusers) attenditis parum. Enim res 'attend little (to the consequences of this). For the affair spectat eo, ut non videamini (of the prosecution) tends to-that, that 'you-do not 'seem esse contenti, ea poena, in qua Q. Ligarius to-be satisfied, with-that punishment, in which Q. Ligariuv sit. Quse alia igitur praoter may-be [may have received]. What other (punishment) therefore except ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 353 mortem est? Enim si est in exsilio, sicut death is-there? For if he-is in exile, as 'he (actually) est, quid amplius postulatis? an ne 'is, what more do-you-ask-for? whether (that) 'he-may not tignoscatur? Hoc vero mult. acerbius, que 'be pardoned? This (would be) indeed much more-harsh, and multo durius. Pugnabis ne impetremus id, much harder. Will-you-strive-against, lest we-should-obtain that, quod nos domi petimus precibus which we 'at (his) 'house [Caesar's] asked-for with-entreaties, (and) lacrymis, strati ad pedes, non fidentes tears, having-thrown-ourselves at (hic) feet, not confiding tam nostrse cause, quam hujus humanitati? so-much to-our-own cause, as 'to his 'humanity? et irrumpes in nostrum fletum? et prohibebis and do-you-break-in upon our tears? and will-you prohibit nos jacentes ad pedes, voce supplicum? us lying at (his) feet, (to speak) with-the-voice of-suppliants? Si quum faceremus hoc domi, quod If when we-were-doing this at-the-house (of Caesar), which 'we et fecimus et, ut spero, fecimus non frustra, both 'did-do and, as I-hope, we-did (it) not in-vain, tu repente irrupisses, et coepisses clamare: 'you-had suddenly 'broke-in (upon us), and had-commenced to-cry-out "C. Coesar, cave ignoscas, cave te "0 C. Caesar, take-care that-you-forgive, take-care (how) you misereat fratrum obsecrantium pro salute take-compassion on-brothers supplicating for the safety fratris;" nonne exuisses omnem of-a-brother;" 'would-you not 'have-divested (yourself of) all humanitatem? Quant6 durius hoc, humanity? How-much-more (disagreeable and) hard (than) this quod nos petimus domi, id (is it, that) what we petitioned-for 'at (his) 'house, (that) the same oppugnari a te in foro? te tollere should-be-opposed by you in the forum? (that) you should-take-away perfugium misericordice multorum in tali miserii? the refuge of-mercy of-many in such misery? 30 354 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. Plane dicam, Caesar, quod sentio. S1 in hac 'I-will openly 'say, 0 Casar, what I-think. If in this tuf tantA fortune, lenitas non esset tanta, your so-great fortune, (your) lenity 'had not 'been so-great, quantam tu per te, per te, inquam, obtines as you of yourself, of yourself, I-say, possess (intelligo, quid loquar), ista victoria redundaret (I-understand, what I-say), this victory would-abound acerbissimo luctu. Enim quAm with-the-most-distressin-g mourning (and grief). For as essent multi de victoribus, qui vellent te there-may-have-been many of the victors, who wished you esse crudelem, quum etiam reperiantur to-be cruel, so also 'may-there (not) 'be-some-found de victis? quam multi, qui, among the conquered, (who wish the same thing)? as many, who, quum vellent ignosci nemini a when they-desire (that) pardon-should-be-granted to-no-one by te, impedirent tuam clementiam, quum etiam ii, you, would-impede your clemency, so also those, quibus ipse ignovisti, nolint te esse whom you-yourself had-pardoned, do-not-wish you to-be misericordem in alios? Quod si possemus probare merciful to others? For if we-could prove Caesari, Ligarium fuisse non omnino in Africa; to-Caesar, (that) Ligarius was not at-all in Africa; si vellemus esse saluti should-we-have-desired to-be (the means of procuring) the safety (of an) calamitoso civi, honesto et misericordi mendacio, unfortunate citizen, by-a-well-meant and commiserating falsehood, tamen non hominis, in tanto discrimine yet 'it-Would not 'be (the part) of-a-man, in such-great hazard et periculo civis, refellere et redarguere nostrum and danger of-a-citizen, to-refute and reprehend our mendacium; et si esset alicujus, certe falsehood; and if there-might-be any-one, 'it-would certainly non esset ejus, qui fuisset in eadem not have-been (the part) of-him (to do so), who had-been in the same ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 356 cause et fortune. Sed tamen aliud nolle, state and condition. But however it-is-one-thing not-to-wish, Coesarem errare, aliud nolle misetthat) Caesar should-err, another not-to-wish (that) he-should-be-mer. reri. Tune diceres "Caesar, cave ciful. Then (in the first case) you-would-say "0 Csesar, beware credas; fuit in Africa; tulit arma (how) you-believe (this); he-was in Africa; he-bore arms contra te." Nunc quid dicis? Cave against you." Now what do-you-say? Beware (how) ignoscas." Haec vox est nec hominis, you-pardon." This language is neither (tho part) of-a-man nec ad hominem; qui utitur (to utter), nor (to be addressed) to a man; (and) he-who makes-use qua apud te, C. Caesar, citius abjiciet suam of-it before you, 0 C. Caesar, 'will sooner 'throw-off his-own humanitatem, quam extorquebit tuam. humanity, than (that) he-will-extort yours (from you). 6. Ac primus aditus, et postulatio And the first opening (of the case), and declaration Tuberonis fuit haec, ut opinor, se velle dicere of-Tubero was this, as I-suppose, (that) he wished to-speak de scelere Q. Ligari. Non dubito, quin of the crime of-Q. Ligarius. 'I-do not 'doubt, but-that admiratus sis, vel quSd quisquam afferret you-were-surprised, either that any-one had-brought-forward de nullo alio, vel quod is, qui fuisset in (this) against no other-per^n, or that he, who had-been in eadem causa, vel the same cause (and conditidn himself, should bring it forward), or quidnam novi sceleris. Tu (that he should bring forward) something of-a-new crime. 'Do you vocas illud scelus, Tubero? cur? Enim illa causa call that a crime, 0 Tubero? why-so? For that cause adhuc caruit isto nomine. Alii [of Pompey] as-yet had-been-free-from this name. Some appellant errorem; alii timorem; qui call (it) an error; others (call it) fear; those-who (judge 856 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. durius, spem, cupiditatem, odium, pertinaciam; more-harshly (call it), hope, cupidity, hatred, pertinacity; qui gravissime temeritatem; adhuc, practer those-who(judge) most-severely(call it) temerity; as-yet, except te, nemo scelus. Ac quidem mihi, you, no-one (has called it) a crime. And indeed (it appears) to-me, si proprium et verum nomen nostri mali quseritur, if a proper and true name of-our misfortune is-required, videtur qutedam fatalis calamitas incidisse, et it-seems (as if) some fatal calamity had-fallen-upon, and occupavisse improvidas mentes hominum: ut nemo occupied the improvident minds of-men: so-that no-one debeat mirari, humana consilia superata esse ought to-wonder, (that) human counsels.. were-overcome divin3 necessitate. Liceat esse miseros; by-divine necessity. May-it-be-allowed (us) to-be miserable; quamquam, hoc victore, possumus although, this-man [Caesar] (being) conqueror, we-can non esse; sed non loquor de nobis; loquor not be (so); but 'I-do not speak of ourselves; I-speak de illis, qui occiderunt. Fuerint concerning those, who fell (in battle). They-may-have-been cupidi, fuerint irati, ambitious, they-may-have-been under-the-influence-of-passion-and-anger, fuerint pertinaces; vero liceat Cn. Pompeio they-may-have-been obstinate; but let Cn. Pompey mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere crimine (who is) dead, let many others be-free-from the crime sceleris, furoris, parricidii. Quando quisquam of-wickedness, of-rage, (and) of-parricide. When 'has any-ono audivit hoc ex te, Caesar, aut quid aliud tua 'heard this from you, 0 Caesar, or what else 'did your arma voluerunt, nisi propulsare arms, (and military exploits,) 'intend, unless to-repel contumeliam a te? quid ille tuus invictus insult-and-injury from yourself? what 'did that your invincible exercitus egit, nisi tueretur suum jus, et army 'intend, unless-that it-might-defend its rights, and ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 357 tuam dignitatem? Quid? tu, quum cupiebas your dignity? What? you, when you-were-desirous (that) esse pacem, ne agebas id, ut there-should-be peace, whether you-acted so, that conveniret tibi cum sceleratis, an ut you-might-come-to-terms-of-agreement with the wicked, or that cum bonis civibus? Vero, Czesar, tua (it might be) with good citizens? Indeed, 0 Caesar, your maxima merita in me non certe viderentur very-great favours to me 'would not certainly 'have-appeared mihi tanta, si putarem me conservatum a to-me so-great, if I-had-thought, (that) I was-preserved by te ut sceleratum. Autem quomodo tu you as a wicked-person. But how 'would you meritus esses bene de republica, quum voluisses, 'have-merited well of the republic, if you-had-desired, tot sceleratos esse dignitate (that) so-many wicked (men) be (continued) in (their) dignity incolumi? Tu, Caesar, (and honours, without having them) impaired? You, 0 Caesar, initio, existimavisti illam secessionem, in-the-beginning, thought that (affair) a secession, non bellum; neque hostile odium, sed civile not a war; nor a hostile hatred, but civil dissidium; utrisque cupientibus rempublicam dissension; men-on-both-sides desiring the republic salvam, sed partim consiliis, partim (to be) safe, but partly 'with (good) 'intentions, partly studiis, aberrantibus a communi utilitate. 'through (party) 'zeal, wandering from the general welfare. Dignitas principum erat psene par; The dignity of-the-leaders [Pompey and Caesar] was nearly equal; fortasse eorum qui sequebantur non par: perhaps (the dignity) of-those who followed (was) not equal: causa turn dubia, quod erat aliquid in the cause (was) then doubtful, because there-was something in utrAque parte, quod posset probari; nunc ea. tach party, that might be-approved-of; now that ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. judicanda est melior, quam etiam dii is-to-be-judged the better (cause), which even the gods adjuverunt. Vero, tua clementia cogniti, assisted (and favoured). But your clemency being-known, quis non probet earn victoriam, in qua nemo who 'does not 'approve-of that victory, in which no-one occiderit nisi armatus? may-have-fallen unless (he were) armed? 7. Sed, ut omittam communem causam, But, that I-may-omit the general cause, veniamus ad nostram utrum let-us-come to our (particular cause of Ligarius), whether tandem existimas fuisse facilius, Tubero, in-fine do-you-think (it) to-have-been easier, 0 Tubero, (that) Ligarium exire ex Africa, an vos Ligarius (should) depart from Africa, or (that) you (should) non venire in Africam? Ne poteramus, not arrive in Africa? But could-we (avoid doing so), inquies, quum senatus censuisset? Si consulis you-say, when the senate had-decreed-it? If you-consult me, nullo modo. Sed tamen me, (I say you could) in-no way (avoid doing so). But however idem senatus legaverat Ligarium. the same senate had-sent-as-lieutenant Ligarius (into Africa). Atque ille paruit, eo tempore, And he obeyed, at-that time, [before the civil war,] quum erat necesse parere senatui; vos paruistis when. it-was necessary to-obey the senate; (but) you obeyed tune, quum nemo paruit, qui noluit. then, [during the civil war,] when no-one obeyed, who did-not-wish. Reprehendo igitur? Vero minime; enim neque Do-I-blame (you) therefore? Not in-the-least; for neither licuit vestro generi, nomini, familiae, disciplinae, was-it-allowed 'to your 'race, name, family, and education, aliter. Sed non concede hoc, ut (to do) otherwise. But 'I-do not 'grant this, that (those) rebus quibus gloriemini in vobis, easdem things which you-glory-of in yourselves, (that) the same-things ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 359 reprehendatis in aliis. Sors Tuberonis you-should-blame in others. The lot of Tubero [the father, for the conjecta est ex consulto senatfis, command of a province,] was-drawn by a decree of-the-senate, quum ipse non adesset, etiam when he-himself 'was not 'present, (and when) 'he-was also impediretur morbo; statuerat excusare. 'hindered by-sickness; he-had-determined to excuse (himself). Ego novi hec propter necessitudines omnes, I knew these-things on-account-of the intimacies (of) all-kinds, quse sunt mihi cum L. Tuberone. which are (peculiar) to-me with L. Tubero. Eruditi unA domi, contubernales We-were-instructed together at-home, (we were) mess-mates (in) militiae, post affines, denique in omni war, afterwards connected-by-marriage, in-a-word during all vita familiares, etiam magnum vinculum, life familiar-acquaintances, also (that) great bond qubd semper usi sumus (of union existed between us), because 'we-were always 'devoted (to) iisdem studiis. Scio igitur Tuberonem the-same studies (and pursuits). I-know therefore, (that) Tubero voluisse manere domi; sed quidam ita agebat desired to-remain at-home; but a certain-person so acted ita opponebat sanctissimum nomen and urged, (and) 'gave such 'force to-the-most-sacred name reipublicse, ut etiamsi sentiret aliter, tamen of-the-republic, that although he-might-think otherwise, however posset non sustinere pondus ipsorum verborum. he-could not sustain the weight of-his words. Cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri, vel potins lie yielded to-the-authority of-a-most-distinguished man, or rather paruit. Profectus est una cum iis, causa he-obeyed (him). He-departed together with those, the cause quorum erat una; fecit tardius of-whom was one-and-the-same (with his); he-made a slow iter. Itaque venit in Africam jam journey. Therefore he-arrived in Africa (when) already 360 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. occupatam. I-inc oritur crimen in occupied. Hence originates (the charge of) crime against Ligarium, vel potius ira; nam si est Ligarius, or rather (of) anger (against him); for if it-is ullum crimen voluisse, est non minus magnum any crime to-have-wished, it-is no less a great vos voluisse obtinere Africam, (crime) (that) you wished to-obtain (possession of) Africa, arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad the citadel of-all the provinces, (a country) fitted-by-nature to gerendum bellum contra hanc urbem, quam carrying-on war against this city, than (that) aliquem maluisse se. Atque any-one else might-have-wished (to obtain it for) himself. And tamen is aliquis non fuit Ligarius. though this some-one 'might not 'have-been Ligarius. Varus dicebat se habere imperium; certe Varus said (that) he had the command; 'he certainly habebat fasces. Sed, quoquo modo illud habet 'had the fasces. But, in-whatever manner that may-hold se, quid valet haec vestra querela? itself, [however that may be], what avails this your complaint. "Non recepti sumus in provinciam.' (that) "'We-were not 'received in the province." Quid si essetis? Ne tradituri fuistis earn What if you-had-been? Would-you-have-delivered it (up) Ctesari, an retenturi contra Coesarem? to-C<aesr. or have-held (it) against Caesar? 8. Vide, COesar, quid licentiae, vel potius audaciae, See, - 0 Caesar, what licence, or rather audacity, tua liberalitas det. Si Tubero respondert, yvur liberality gives (us). If Tubero should-repy, (that) suum patrem traditurum fuisse tibi Africam, qub his father would-have-delivered-up to-you Africa, whither senatus que sors miserat, non the senate and the lot (he drew) had-sent (him), 'I-shall not dubitabo, apud te ipsum cujus interfuit, 'hesitate, before you yourself, (( Cesar,) whose interest-it-wa, ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 361 eum facere id, reprehendere ejus consilium (that) he should-do this, to-reprove his intention gravissimis verbis. Enim non si with-the-most-severe words. For (it does) not (follow, that) if ea res fuisset grata tibi, esset etiam this thing may-have-been acceptable to-you, (that) it-should also probata. Sed jam omitto totum hoc; non be-approved (by you). But 'I now 'omit all this; not tam ne offendam tuas patientissimas aures, so-much lest I-might-offend your most-patient ears, quam Tubero ne videatur facturus fuisse, as-that Tubero 'might not 'seem to-have-been-about-to-do, quod nunquam cogitavit. Igitur veniebatis that-which 'he never 'contemplated (doing). Therefore you-came in provinciam Africam, unam ex (and attempted to enter) into the province (of) Africa, the one of omnibus, maxime infestam huic all (others) the most-greatly inimical (to the results of) this victoriae; in qua erat victory (of Pharsalus); in which (country of Africa) there-was potentissimus rex, inimicus huic causae, a-most-powerful king, opposed to-this cause (of Caesar), voluntas, aliena, firmi the disposition (of the people of the province) hostile, firm (and atque magni conventus. determined), and large assemblages (of Roman citizens, opposed Quoero, quid facturi fuistis. Quamquam to Caesar). I-ask, what would-you-have-done. Yet dubitem, quid facturi fuistis, quum videam, 'may-I (not) 'doubt, what you-would-have-done, when I-see, quid feceritis? Prohibiti estis ponere pedem in what you-have-done? You-were-prohibited to-set a foot in vestrA provincig, et prohibiti cum summg injuriA. your province, and prohibited with the greatest injustice. Quomodo tulistis id? Ad quem detulistis How did-you-bear this? - To whom did-you-carry querelam injuriae acceptee? Nempe the complaint of-the-injury (and injustice) received (by you)? Why 31 862 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. ad eum, cujus auctoritatem secuti to him [Pompey], whose authority (and command) being-followed veneratis in societatem (and acknowledged) you-had-come to (his) party (and associates) belli. Quod si veniebatis in provinciam (in) the war. Because if you-came into the province causa Csesaris, profectO venissetis ad for-the-cause of-Caesar. 'yot-would certainly 'have-gone to eum, exclusi provincia. Venistis ad him, (when) excluded from-the-province. (But) you-came t& Pompeium. Qume querela ergo est apud Pompey. What complaint therefore is (that to make) before Caesarem, quum accusetis euin, a quo queramini, Caesar, when you-accuse him, of whom you-complain, vos prohibitos gerere bellum (that) you were-prohibited (by him, from) carrying-on war contra Caesarem? Atque quidem in hoc licet against Caesar? And indeed in this-thing, it-is-granted per me, vel cum mendacio, gloriemini, si by me (that), though with a falsehood, you-may-boast, if vultis, vos tradituros fuisse provinciam Coesari. you-please, (that) you would-have-delivered the province to-Cuesar. Etiamsi prohibiti estis a Varo et a quibusdamn Even-if you-had-been-prohibited by Varus and by some aliis; ego tamen confitebor, culpam esse Ligarii, others; I however confess, (that) the fault was of-Ligarius, qui privaverit vos occasione tantae laudis. who deprived you of-the-opportunity of-so-much praise. 9. Sed vide, queso, Cesar, constantiam But see, I-pray-you, 0 Caesar, the constancy 'of (this) ornatissimi viri L. Tuberonis; quam quamvis, ego 'most-accomplished man L. Tubero; which although, 1 ipse probarem, ut probo, tamen non myself might-approve, as I-do-approve, however 'I-would not commemorarem, nisi cognovissem earn virtutem 'have-mentioned (it), unless I-had-known, (that) that virtue solere laudari a te in primis. Qume constantia used to-be-praised by you especially. Which constancy ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 363 Igitur fuit unquam tanta, in ullo homine? therefore was (it) ever so-great, in any man? constantiam dico? nescio an possim constancy do-I-say? I-know-not whether I-might (not) melius dicere patientiam. Enim quotus quisque better say patience. For what individual fecisset istud, ut in civili dissensione, would-have-done this-thing, that in civil dissensions, rediret ad eos ipsos, a quibus non he-should-return to those same, by whom 'he-had not esset receptus, etiam esset rejectus cum crudelitate. 'been-received, (and) even was-rejected with cruelty. Cujusdam magni animi, atque (This^ would be the act) of-some great mind, and ejus viri, quem nulla contumelia, nulla vis, of-that man, whom no contumely, no force, nullum periculum possit depellere, de susceptA no danger could drive, from (his) adopted causa, que proposita sententia. Enim ut cause, and formed opinion. For although cetera fuissent paria Tuberoni cum Varo, other-things may-have-been equal to-Tubero with Varus, honos, nobilitas, splendor, ingenium, quae fuerunt honour, nobility, splendour, (and) talent, which were nequaquam; hoc certe praecipuum by-no-means (equal); this (was) certainly the particular (advantage) Tuberonis, qubd venerat in suam provinciam cum of-Tubero, that he-had-come in his province with justo imperio ex consulto senatis. a just (and legal) command (derived) from a decree of-the-senate. Hinc prohibitus non ad Csesarem, Hence (when) prohibited (he did) not (go) to Caesar, ne iratus; non domum, lest (he might appear) to-be-angry (with his party; anl) not home, ne iners; non in aliquam lest (he might seem to be) inactive; not to any (other) regionem, ne videretur condemnare illam causam, country, lest he-might-seem to-condemn that cause, 364 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. quam secutus est: venit in Macedo which 'he-had (adopted and) 'followed: he-came to Macedoniam, ad Cn. Pompeii castra, in earn ipsam causam, nia, to Cn. Pompey's camp, for that same cause, a qug rejectus erat cum injuria. Quid? quum from which he-had-been-rejected with injury. What? when ista res nihil commovisset animum ejus, ad this thing 'had not-at-all 'moved the mind of-him, to quem veneratis, credo fuistis languiwhom you-had-come, I-believe (that) you-were (excited) by-a-more-landiore studio in causA; eratis tantummodo in guid zeal for the cause; you-were only in praesidiis, vero animi abhorrebant a garrisons (and camps), but (your) minds became-estrangedfrom cause; an ut fit in civilibus the cause; or, (was it so,) as is-done [as is the case] in civil bellis, nec in vobis magis quam in reliquis; wars, nor in you more than in the rest; (that) enim omnes tenebamur studio vincendi. indeed 'we-are all 'possessed with-the-desire of-conquering. Fui semper equidem auctor pacis; sed tur I-was always indeed the advocate of-peace; but then (I-was) ser6; enim erat amentis, cogitare pacerm, too-late; for it-was (the part) of-a-madman, to-think (of) peace, quum videres aciem. Omnes, when you-saw (the armies drawn up) in-order-of-battle. All inquam, volebamus vincere; tu certe prsecipue, (of us), I-say, wished to-conquer; you indeed especially, qui venisses in eum locum, ubi esset who had-come into that place, where 'it-would (necessarily) 'be tibi pereundum, nisi vicisses; quanquam, for-you (that you) must-perish, unless you-had-conquered; however, ut res nunc habet se, non as the thing now has itself [as things now are], 'I-do not dubito, quin anteponas hanc salutem 'loubt, but-that you-prefer this (present) safety (of yours; illi victoriae. to-that victory. ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARTO. 365 10. Ego non dicerem h.ec, Tubero, si aut I-would not say these-things, 0 Tubero, if either poniteret vos vestrse constantise, it-repented you [if either you repented] of-your constancy, aut Coesarem sui beneficii. Nunc or Cesar of-his benefits, (conferred on you). 'I now quero, utrum persequamini vestras injurias, 'ask, whether you-are-seeking-to-redress your-own injuries, an reipublice? Si reipublicae; quid or (those) of-the-republic? If of-the-republic; what respondebitis de vestra perseverantig, in illH will-you-reply concerning your perseverance, in that causa? si vestras videte, ne cause (of Pompey)? if your-own (cause) see, lest erretis, qui putetis, Caesarem fore you-may-be-mistaken, who may-think, (that) Caesar would-be iratum vestris inimicis, qtum ignoverit suis. angry with-your enemies, when he-has-forgiven his-own. Itaque, num videor tibi esse occupatus Therefore, whether do-I-seem to-you (0 Caesar) to-be-occupied in causa Ligarii? num dicere de with the cause of-Ligarius? whether(doIseem) to-speak concerning ejus facto? Quidquid dixi volo referri his action (and conduct)? Whatever I-said I-wish to-be-referred ad unam summam vel humanitatis, vel to one principal-thing (that) either 'of (your) 'humanity, or clementiae, vel misericordise. Egi clemency, or mercy. I-have-conducted-and-pleaded multas causas, et quidem cum te, Coesar, dum many causes, and indeed with you, 0 Caesar, while ratio tuorum honorum tenuit te in foro; thecourse of-your honours kept you in the forum; (but) certe nunquam hoc modo. "Ignoscite, judices; certainly never in-this manner. "Pardon, 0 judges, erravit; lapsus est; non putavit; si unquam he-has-erred; he-has-fallen; 'he-did not 'think; if ever posthac." Sic solet agi apud hereafter." Thus it-is-usual to-act (and plead) with 31* 366 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. parentem; ad judices, "non feclt, a parent; (but) to judges (thus), "'he-did not do-it, 'he-did non cogitavit; testes falsi, crimen not 'think-of-it; the witnesses (are) false, the crime (he is accused fictum." Die, Caesar, te esse judicem de of is) fictitious." Say, 0 Caesar, (that) you are a judge of facto Ligarii; quxre, in quibus prsesidiis the acts of-Ligarius; ask, in what garrisons (and camps) fuerit. Taceo; ne quidem colligo he-may-have-been. I-am-silent; 'I-do not indeed 'collect haec, quve fortasse etiam valerent apud judicen: thoseproofs, which perhaps also might-avail before a judge: "profectus legatus ante bellum, relictus in "he-went a lieutenant before the war, (and was) left in pace, oppressus bello, in eo ipso non peace, (but) overtaken by-war, in that same (war) he was not acerbus totus tuus animo ac studio." a severe (opponent), (but) altogether yours in-mind and good-will." Sic solet agi ad judicem; Thus it-is-usual (for the pleadings) to-be-carried-on before a judge; sed ego loquor ad parentem. Erravit, fecit but I am-speaking to a parent. He-has-erred, he-acted temere, poenitet, confugio ad tuam clementiam, rashly, he-repents, I-take-refuge in your clemency, peto veniam delicti; oro, ut ignoscas. I-beg pardon (for) (my) offence; I-pray, that you-pardon (me). Si nemo impetravit, If no-one has-obtained (such favours of you), (it would be) arroganter; si plurimi, tu idem arrogant (in me, thus to address you); (but) if many, you the same fer opem, qui dedisti spem. An non sit bring assistance, who have-given hope. May not there-be causa sperandi Ligario, quum sit etiam locus sause of-hoping to-Ligarius, when there-may-be also a place mihi apud te, deprecandi pro altero? Quamquam for-me before you, of-soliciting for another? Although spes causie est neque posita in hac the hope 'of (this) 'cause is neither placed in this ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 867 oratione, nec in studiis eorum, qui tui oration, nor in the zeal of-those, who (are)your necessarii, petunt a te pro intimate-acquaintances, (and who) entreat of you for Ligario. Ligarius. [Who ask pardon of you for Ligarius.] 11. Enim vidi, et cognovi, quid maxime For I-have-seen, and known, what 'you principally spectares, quum multi laborant pro salute 'look-to, when many exert-themselves for the safety alicujus: causas rogantium esse of-any-one: (that) the cases (of those) entreating-you were gratiosiores apud te, quAm vultus; more-acceptable to you, than (their) faces; (and that) neque te spectare quam is esset tuus neither 'do you "consider how-much he may-be your necessarius, qui oraret te, sed qu'tm intimate-friend, who entreats you, but how-much (he is the friend) illius, pro quo laboraret. Itaque tu quidem of-him, for whom he-exerts-himself. Therefore you indeed tribuis tuis ita multa, ut illi interdum grant to-your (friends) so much, that they sometimes videantur mihi beatiores, qui fruantur tua liberalitate, seem to-me richer, who enjoy your liberality, quAm tu ipse, qui concedas tam multa illis. than you (are) yourself, who give-up so much to-them. Sed tamen video, ut dixi, causas But however I-perceive, as I-said (before), (that) the cases plus valere apud te quAm preces, (themselves) 'have more 'weight with you than entreaties, que te moveri maxime ab iis quorum and (that) you are-moved most-especially by those whose dolorem, in petendo, videas justissimum. affliction, in petitioning, you-perceive (to be) the truest. In conservando Q. Ligario, tu quidem facies tn preserving Q. Ligarius, you indeed will-do (what gratum multis tuis necessariis; sed will be) agreeable to-many (of) your intimate-friends; but 368 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. quaeso considera hoc, quod I-entreat (you) consider this (affair carefully), (and) which soles. Possum proponere (you-are-accustomed-to-do). I-can place-before-you (as suppliants fortissimos viros, Sabinos probatissimos for Ligarius) the most-brave men, Sabines the-most-approved-of tibi, que totum Sabinum agrum, (and esteemed) by-you, and also the whole Sabine district, florem Italiae, robur reipublicse. Nosti the flower of-Italy, (and) the strength of-the-republic. You-have-known homines optime; animadverte moestitiam et dolorem the men well; observe the sadness and grief omniurn horum. Vides lacrimas que squalorem of-all these. You-see the tears and neglected-dress hujus T. Brocchi ipsius et filii, de quo of-this-here T. Brocchus himself and 'of (his) 'sons, concerning whomi non dubito quid existimes. Quid dicam 'I-do not 'doubt what you-may-think. What shall-I-say de fratribus? Noli, Caesar, putare concerning (his) brothers? Do-not, 0 Caesar, think (that) nos agere de capite unius; we are-pleading about the capital-punishment of-one-individual; aut tres Ligarii sunt retinendi tibi in civitate, either three Ligarii are to-be-retained (by) you in the city, aut tres exterminandi ex civitate. Quodvis or three are-to-be-banished from the city. Any exsilium est optatius his, quam patria, banishment is more-desirable to-these, than (their) country, quAm domus, quAm dii penates, illo than (their) home, than (their) household-gods, that (other) uno exsulante. Si faciunt fraterne, one (being) exiled. If they-act fraternally, si pie, si cum dolore, horum if piously, if with grief, 'may their lacrimre moveant te, pietas moveat, tears- 'move you, 'may (their) piety 'move (you), 'may germanitas moveat; illa tua vox (their) fraternal-relationship 'move (you); 'may that your expression ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 369 valeat, que vicit. Enim audiebamus te dicere 'prevail, which conquered. For we-heard you say (that) nos putare omnes adversaries, nisi qui essent we thought all (to be) enemies, unless those-who were cum nobis; te omnes tuos, qui with us; (but that) you (looked upon) all (as) your-friends, whc essent non contra te. Ne igitur vides hunc were not against you. 'Do-you not therefore 'see this splendorem omnium, hane domum Brocchorum, splendour of-all (the knights), this family of-the-Brocchi, hunc L. Marcium, C. Csesetium, L. Confidium, this L. Marcius, C. Ceesetium, (and) L. Confidium, omnes hosce Romanos equites, qui adsunt, all these-here Roman knights, who are-present, veste mutate, viros non solum notos tibi, verum in-mourning-apparel, men not only known to-you, but etiam probatos? Fuerunt cum te. also approved (and esteemed by you)? They-were with you. Atque irascebamur his, requirebamur hos And we-were-angry with-them, we-missed them (from nonnulli etiam minabantur his. Igitur among us), some also were-threatened by-them. Therefore conserva suos tuis; ut quemadmodum preserve their (friends) with-yours; that whereas cetera, quse dicta sunt a te, the other-things, which have-been-said by you, (have been found to be sic hoc reperiatur true), so this (saying of yours above mentioned) may-be-found (to bel verissimum. most-true. 12. Quod si posses perspicere penitus For if you-could 'see intimately 'into concordiam Ligariorum, judicares omnes the concord of-the-Ligarii, you-would-think (that) all fratres fuisse cum te. An potest quisquam the brothers were with you. Whether can any-one dubitare, quin, si Q. Ligarius potuisset esse in doubt, but-that, if Q. Ligarius could-have-been in 370 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. Italig, fnisset futurus in eadem sententia, in 411a Italy, he-would-have-been of the same opinion, in,bhleh fratres fuerunt? Quis est, qui non (his) brothers were? Who is-there, who 'may not noverit conspirantem consensum, posne Lhave-known the agreeing harmony (and dispositions), almost conflatum horum, in hac prope melted-together-into-one of-these (brothers), in this nearly fraterna aequalitate? qui non sentiat hoc, fraternal equality? who 'does not 'feel this, (that) quivis prius futurum fuisse, quAm ut hi any-thing 'would sooner 'be-about-to-happen, than that these fratres diversas sententias, que sequerentur brothers (would be of) different opinions, and would-follow fortunas? Igitur omnes the fortunes (of different parties)? Therefore all (the brothers) fuerunt cum te voluntate: unus abreptus est were with you in-good-will: one was-forced-away tempestate; qui si fecisset id consilio, esset by-adverse-circumstances; who if he-had-done it by-design, would-be similis eorum, quos tamen tu voluisti esse salvos. like those, whom however you wished to-be safe. Sed ierit ad bellum, discesserit non solum But if-he-may-have-gone to war, he-departed not only a te, verum etiam a fratribus, hi from you, but also from (his) brothers, these [his brothers] tui orant te, Equidem, quum your-friends entreat you, (for his pardon). Indeed, when interessem omnibus tuis negotiis, teneo memoria I-was-mixed-up in-all your affairs, I-remember qualis T. Ligarius, urbanus quaestor fuerit turn how T. Ligarius, the city quaestor 'was then erga te et tuam dignitatem. Sed est 'disposed towards you and your dignity. But it-is (of) parum me meminisse hoc; spero small (account for) me to-have-remembered this; I-hope (thatj te etiam, qui soles oblivisci nihil nisi yuu also, who are-accustomed to-forget nothing unless ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 871 illjurias, quonian hoc est injuries, because this (forgetfulness of injuries) is (a part) 'of animi, quoniam etiam tui ingenii, j 'your) mind, because (it is a part) also of-your disposition, reminiscentem te recordari aliquid de calling-to-mind (that) you would-remember something concerning illo qusestorio officio hujus, etiam de quibusdam the quaestor office of-that-man, so-also concerning some aliis quoestoribus. Igitur hic T. Ligarius, qui tur other quaestors. Therefore this T. Ligarius, who then nihil aliud egit, (enim neque divinabat 'had nothing else 'in-view, (for 'he-did not 'foresee hrec), nisi ut judicares eum these) (present circumstances), unless that you-might-judge him (to be) studiosum tui, et bonum virum, nunc supplex devoted to-you, and a good man, now a suppliant petit salutem fratris a te. Quum admonitus begs-for the safety of-a-brother from you. When being-reminded officio hujus, dederis quam, of-the-services of-him (T. Ligarius), you-will-have-granted this (his utrique his condonaveris safety), to-both these (suppliant brothers), you-will-have-restored tres optimos et integerrimos fratres, non solum three most-excellent and most-irreproachable brothers, not only sibi ipsos, neque his tot, ac talibus to-themselves, neither to-these so-many, and such (esteemed) viris, neque nobis necessariis, sed etiam men, nor to-us (his) particular-acquaintances, but also reipublicae. Igitur fac, quod fecisti nuper in to-the-republic. Therefore do, that-which you-did lately in curia, de nobilissimo et clarissimo homine, the senate-house, for a most-noble and most-illustrious man, nunc idem in foro, de optimis, [M. Marcellus,] now the same in the forum, for these-most-excellent, et huic omni frequentise, probatissimis fratribus. and to-this entire crowded-assembly, most-approved-of brothers. Ut concessisti illum senatui, sic da huno As you-granted him [Marcellus] to-the-senate, so give this-one 372 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. populo, cujus voluntatem [Ligarius] to-the-people, whose good-will (and affections) 'you semper habuisti carissimam; et si ille dies fuit always 'held most-dear; and if that day was gloriosissimus tibi, gratissimus Romano populo; most-glorious to-you, (it was) most-agreeable to-the-Roman people: noli obsecro, C. Caesar, dubitare queerere do-not I-entreat (you), 0 C. Cwsar, hesitate to-seek similem laudem illi gloriae quam ssepissime. Nihil a similar praise to-that glory, as often-as-possible. Nothing est tam populare quam bonitas; nulla de tuis is so popular as kindness; none of your plurimis virtutibus est nec admirabilior, nec many virtues is either more-admirable, or gratior misericordia; enim homines more-acceptable, (than your) mercy; for men accedunt propius ad deos nulla re, quam approach nearer to the gods in-no-thing (more), than dando salutem hominibus. Nec tua fortuna habet in-giving safety to-men. For your fortune has nihil majus, quam ut possis, nec natura nothing greater, than that you-can, nor (your) nature (anything) melius, quam ut velis servare quAm plurimos. better, than that you-wish to-save as many (as you can). Causa forsitan postulat longiorem orationem, The cause (itself) perhaps may-require a longer speech, certe tua natura breviorem. Quare, quum (but) certainly your nature a shorter-one. Therefore, as arbitrer esse utilius te ipsum loqui, I-think it-to-be more-useful (that) you yourself should-commune quam me aut quemquam (with yourself), than (that) I or any-one-else (should speak) cum te, jam faciam finem; with you, 'I-shall now 'make an end (of my discourse); 'I-shall tantum admonebo te, si dederis salutem illi only 'remind you, (that) if you-give safety to-him absenti, tc daturum omnibus his prxsentibus. absent, (that) you will-give-it to all those present. ORATIO THE ORA TION M. TULLII CICERONIS, OF M. TULLIUS CICERO, PRO FOR REGE DEIOTARO. KING DEIO TAR US. 1. QUUM in omnibus gravioribus causis, C. Caesar, Though in all more-important causes, 0 C. Csesar. initio dicendi soleam vehein-the-beginning 'of (my) 'discourse I-may-be-accustomed (to be) morementius commoveri, quam -videatur vel usus, violently agitated, than it-may-seem (that) either practice, vel mea aetas postulare, tum in hac causa or my age requires, yet in this cause (especially) multa ita perturbant me, ut quantum studii mea many-things so disturb me, that as-much of-zeal (as) my fides afferat mihi ad defendendum good-faith, (and promise,) may-induce me to defend salutem regis Deiotari, tantum facultatis the safety of-king Deiotarus, so-much 'of (my) 'power 'does (my) timor detrahat. Primum dico pro fear 'deprive (me of). In-the-first-place I-am-pleading for capite que fortunis regis; quod ipsum etsi non the life, and fortunes of-a-king; which-thing itself although not iniquum, duntaxat in tuo periculo unjust (or improper), at-least in your danger, (or any thing 32 (373) 374 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO, tamen est ita inusitatum, regem affecting your interest,) however it-is so unusual-a-thing, for-a-king esse reum capitis, ut ante hoc tempus to-be a defendant in-a-capital-crime, that belore this time, non sit auditum. Deinde nunc 'it-has not 'been heard-of. In-the-next-place 'I-am now cogor defendere contra atrocissimum 'compelled to-defend against (the accusation of) the most-atrocious crimen, eum regem, quem antea solebamus cum crime, that king, whom heretofore we-used, with cuncto senatu ornare, pro ejus perpetuis meritis all the senate to-honour, for his uninterrupted services in nostram rempublicam. Accedit, ut towards our republic. (And to this) is-added, that conturber crudelitate alterius accusatorum, I-am-disturbed by-the-cruelty of-one of-the-accusers, (and) indignitate alterius. Crudelis Castor, ne dicam by-the-basenesd of-the-other. 0 cruel Castor, not (to) say sceleratum et impium! qui, nepos, adduxerit wicked and impious! who, a grandson, has-brought (his) avum in discrimen capitis, que intulerit grandfather in danger 'of (his) life, and brought terrorem suse adolescentiae ei, the terror of-his youth to-him, [and caused his grandfather cujus senectutem debebat tueri to fear him quite a youth,] whose old-age he-ought to-defend et tegere, que duxerit commendationem and protect, and (who) has-derived the commendation 'of (his) ineuntis atatis ab impietate et scelere; impulerit 'early age by impiety and wickedness; he-impelled servum avi, corruptum proemiis, ad the slave 'of (his) 'grandfather, corrupted by-bribes, to accusandum dominum, abduxerit a accuse (h's) master, (and) he-led-him-away from pedibus legatorum. the feet of-the-ambassadors [and took him from the service of the amAutem quum videbam os, bassadors of the King] But when I-saw the countenance, ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 375 quum audiebam verba fagitivi accusantis when I-heard the words lof (this) 'runaway accusing (his) dominum, et absentem dominum, et dominum master, and an absent master, and a master amicissimum nostrae reipublicse, non tam dolebam most-friendly to-our republic, not so-much did-I-grieve-at afflictam regiam conditionem, quam extimescebam the afflicted royal condition, as I-feared de communibus fortunis. Nam quum concerning the common fortunes [general safety]. For when more majorum, ne liceat de according-to-the-usage of-our-ancestors, 'it-is not 'allowed as-respects servo quiri in dominum, quidem a slave, (that) he-be-examined against (his) master, even tormentis, in qua quTestione dolor possit by-torture, in which examination (by torture) pain might elicere veram vocem etiam ab invito; elicit the true word [the truth] even from the unwilling; servus exortus est, qui solutus accuset (but here) a slave rose-up, who unrestrained accuses eum, quem in equuleo posset non him, whom on the rack he-could not appellare. make-mention-of (accuse). 2. Etiam illud interdum, Also that (which I am now going to mention) sometimes, C. Caesar, perturbat me; quod tamen, quum 0 C. Caesar, disquiets me; which however, as recognovi te penitus, desino timere; enim re I-have-known you well, I-cease to-fear; for in-principle est iniquum, sed tua sapientiA fit aequissirnum. it-is unjust, but by-your wisdom it-becomes most-just. Nam dicere apud eum de facinore, contra cujus For to-plead before him of a crime, against whose vitam, arguare inisse consilium facinoris, lifo, you-may-be-accused to-have-entered-into a plan of-crimo, si consideres per se ipsum, est grave; if you-consider (this) by itself, it-is (a) serious 376 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. enim est fere nemo, qui (and unpleasant affair); for there-is almost no-one, who (being) judex sui periculi, non praebeat se equiorem judge of-his-own danger, 'does not 'show himself more-favourable sibi, quam reo. Sed, Casar, tua praestans to-himself, than to-the-defendant. But, 0 Caesar, your excellent que singularis natura minuit hunc metum and singular (good) natural-disposition diminishes this fear mihi; enim non timeo tam, quid tu (in) me; for 'I-do not fear so-much, what you (may judge) de Deiotaro, quam intelligo, quid velis concerning Deiotarus, as I-understand, what you-wish (that) ceteros judicare de te. Etiam others judge of you, (as an impartial judge). 'I-am also moveor insolentia loci ipsius, 'quod dico 'moved by-the-unusualness of-the-place itself, that I-plead tantam causam, quanta nulla unquam such (and so great) a cause, as never yei versata est in disceptatione, intra domesticos was in dispute, [on trial,] within domestic parietes, dico extra conventum et walls, I-plead without the assembly (and out of court), and earn frequentiam, in qua studia oratorum (without) that numerous-assemblage, on which the exertions of-orators solent niti: in tuis oculis, tuo ore are-accustomed to-depend: (it is) in your eyes, your countenance que vultu acquiesco; intueor and face (alone, that) I-am-pleased (and cease to fear); I-behold te unum; omnis mea oratio spectat ad te unum. you alone; all my speech (is) directed to you alone. Quae sunt gravissima mihi ad spem obtinendae Which-things are most-weighty for-me for the hope of-obtaining veritatis, ad motum animi, et ad omnem the truth, (but) for the excitement of-the-mind, and for aii impetum dicendi que contentionem leviora. the force of-speaking and controversy lighter (and emEnim si, C. Cesar, dicerem hanc causam barrassing). For if, 0 C. Caesar, I-were-to-plead this cause ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 377 in foro, te eodem audiente et disceptante, It the forum, you the same hearing and deciding, quantam alacritatem concursus what alacrity (and excitement) 'would the concourse Romani populi afferret mihi! Enim quis civis iof-the-Roman people 'bring to-me! For what citizen non faveret ei regi, omnem cujus aetatem 'would not 'favour that king, all whose life meminisset esse consumptam in bellis Romani he-would-have-remembered to-have-spent in the wars of-the-Roman populi? Spectarem curiam, intuerer forum, people? I-would-see the-senate-house, I-would-look-over the forum, denique testarer coelum ipsum. Sic quum in-fine 'I-might-call heaven itself 'to-witness. Thus when recordarer beneficia et immortalium deorum. I-might-have-recalled the kindness both of-the-immortal gods, et Romani populi, et senatus in regem and of-the-Roman people, and of-the-senate towards king Deiotarum, posset nullo modo oratio deesse mihi. Deiotarus, there-could in-no wise a speech be-wanting to-me. Quoniam parietes faciunt quse (And) because the walls (of the house) make these-things angustiora, que actio maximoe causse more-narrow (and difficult), and the pleading of-a-great cause debilitatur loco, est tuum, Caesar, qui ssepe is-weakened by-the-place, it-is your (part), 0 Caesar, who 'have often dixisti, pro multis, referre ad te ipsum, quid 'pleaded for many, to-refer to your self, what 'may nunc sit mihi animi; quo facilius quum now 'be my state-of-mind; whereby the more-easily as-well tua aequitas tum diligentia audiendi your justice as (your) diligent-attention (in) listening minuat hanc meam perturbationem. Sed antequam may-lessen this my embarrassment. But before dico de accusatione ips&, dicam I-say (any thing) concerning the accusation itself, I-shall-say pauca de spe accusatorum. Qui quum a few-words concerning the hope of-the-accusers. Who when 82 378 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. videantur, nec ingenio, nec usu they-may-seem, neither 'by (their) 'talents, nor by-practice atque exercitatione rerum valere, and experience (in) affairs (of this kind) to-be-of-any-account, tamen non venerunt ad hanc causam sine yet 'they-did not 'come to this cause without aliqua spe, et cogitatione. some hope, and reflection (on the subject). 3. Non erant nescii, te iratum 'They-were not 'ignorant, (that) you werefuisse regi Deiotaro; meninerant illum angry (with) king Deiotarus; they-had-remembered (that) he affectum quibusdam incommodis et detrimentis, suffered some inconveniences and losses, propter offensionem tui animi; que on-account-of the displeasure of-your mind (towards him); and quum cognoverant te iratum hnic, when they-had-known (that) you w'ere-angry (with) him, turn esse amicum sibi; que quum as-well-as (that you) were friendly to-themselves; and when dicirent apud te ipsum de tuo periculo, they spoke with you yourself (privately) concerning your danger, putabant, ut fictum crimen facile insideret they-thought, that a fictitious crime would easily lodge in exulcerato animo. (and fix itself) in a sore, (and irritated) mind. Quamobrem, Csesar, libera nos primum hoc metu, Wherefore, 0 Caesar, deliver us first from-this fear, per fidem et constantiam, et per tuam by (your) good-faith and firmness, and by your clementiam, ne suspicemur ullam clemency, (so that) we-may not suspect, (that) any partem iracundise residere in te. Oro te per portion of-anger remains in you. I-entreat you b) istam dexteram, quam hospes porrexisti that right-hand (of yours), which 'you a guest 'reached-forth regi Deiotaro hospiti; istam dexteram, inquam, to-king-Deiotarus (your) host; that right-hand, I-say, ORATIO PRO REGE DErOTARO. 879 non tam firmiorem in bellis, nec in proeliis,.which is) not even more-firm in wars, or in battles, quam in promissis et fide. Tu voluisti inire than in promises and in-good-faith. You have-chosen to-enter domum, et tu renovari vetus (his) house, and you (desired) to-renew (your) old hospitium; ejus dii penates bond-of-hospitality-and-friendship; his household-gods acceperunt te; arse que foci regis Deiotari have-received you; the altars and hearths of-king Deiotarus viderunt te ainicum et placatum. Quum, Coesare, have-seen you friendly and appeased. As, 0 Caesar, soles facile exorari, tur you-are-accustomed 'to-be easily 'entreated (to forgive), so exorari semel; (you are used) to-be-entreated, (and to forgive) once (and for ever); nemo unquam, inimicus, placavit te, no-one ever, (being) an-enemy, appeased you, (and became qui senserit resedisse ullas reconciled to you), who might-perceive (that) there remained any reliquias simultatis in te. Quamquam cui rest of-resentment in you. However to-whom 'have tuae querelae cum Deiotaro inauditse sunt? your complaints(and expostulations) with Deiotarus, 'been-unheard-of? Tu nunciam accusavisti illum ut hostem, sed ut You never accused him as an-enemy, but as amicum, parum functum officio, quod a friend, but little discharging the duty (of friendship), because fuisset propensior in amicitiam Cn. Pompeii quam in he-was more inclined to the friendship of-Cn. Pompey than to tuam. Tamen dicebas te daturum fuisses your-friendship. Yet you-said (that) you would-have-granted veniam cui ipsi rei, si tantum misisset pardon for-this same thing, if 'he-had only 'sent auxilia Pompeio, vel si etiam filium, assistance to-Pompey, or if even (he had sent) (his) son (to him), ipse usus esset excusatione retatis. 'had he-himself 'made-use (of) the excuse 'of (his) 'old-age. 880 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. Ita quum liberares eum maximis rebus, So-that when you-acquitted him (of) the principal things, relinquebas perparvam calpam amicitiae. you-left (only) the-very-small blame (respecting his) friendship. Itaque non solum non animadvertisti in eum, Therefore not only 'did-you not 'punish him, sed liberavisti omni metu, agnovisti but you-released (him) from-all fear, you acknowledged hospitem, reliquisti regem. the-bond-of-hospitality, (and) you-left (him) a king. 4. Enim neque ille progressus For neither (did) he proceed (in this affair) odio tui, sed lapsus est communi errore. through-hatred of-you, but he-fell (into) the common error Is rex, quem senatus ssepe appellavisset (of us all). This king, whom the senate 'had often 'called hoc nomine honorificentissimis decretis, que qui, by-this title in-the-most-honourable decrees, and who quum ab adolescentia duxisset ilium ordinem as 'he-had from (his) youth 'considered that order gravissimum que sanctissimum, (of the senate) the most-respectable and most-sacred, perturbatus est iisdem rebus, quibus nos, was-perplexed (aqld led astray) by-the-same things, by-which we, nati in media republica, que semper versati, born in the midst (of) the republic, and always residing-therein, homo longinquus et alietigena. (were), (though he was) a man (living) far-off and a foreigner. Quum audiret arma sumpta auctoritate When he-heard (that) arms had-been-taken by-the-authority consentientis senatus; rempublicam datam of-the-consenting senate; (that) the republic was-given defendendam consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis plebis, to-be defended by-the-consuls, the praetors, the tribunes of-the-people, nobis imperatoribus, move(and) to-us (who had received the title of) imperator, he-was. batur animo, et vir, amicissimus huic imperio, troubled in-mind, and a man, most-friendly to-this empire, ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 381 extimescebat de salute Romani populi, in qua feared-greatly for the safety of-the-Roman people, in which etiam videbat suam esse inclusam; tamen also. he-perceived (that) his-own (safety) was-included; however in summo timore arbitrabatur esse sibi in the greatest fear he-thought (it) to-be (best) for-himself quiescendum. Vero maxime perturbatus est, to-remain-quiet. But 'he-was greatly 'distressed, ut audivit consules profugisse ex Italia, quo when he-heard (that) the consuls had-fled from Italy, and omnes consulares (enim sic nuntiabatur ei), all (those of) consular-rank (for so it-was-announced to-him), cunctum senatum, totam Italiam effu(also) the entire senate, (and that) all Italy wassam esse; enim via patebat ad Orientem, talis dispersed; for the road was-open to the East, for-such nuntiis et rumoribus, nec ulli veri messengers and reports, nor 'did any true (accounts) sequebantur. Audiebat nihil de tuis conditio'follow. He-heard nothing concerning your proponibus, nihil de studio concordiTe et pacis, sitions, nothing concerning (your) desire of-concord and of-peace, nihil de conspiratione certorum hominum nothing concerning the conspiracy of-certain men contra tuam dignitatem. Qum quum essent ita, against your dignity. Which-things when they-were so, tamen tenuit se usque eo, quoad yet-however he-kept himself (quiet) till that (time), that legati que literie venerunt ad eum a Cn. ambassadors and letters came to him from Cn. Pompeio. Ignosce, ignosce, Coesar, si rex Deiotarus Pompey. Pardon, pardon, 0 Caesar, if king Deiotarus cessit auctoritati ejus viri, quem nos omnes yielded to-the-authority of-that man, whom we all secuti sumus; ad quem quum dii atque homines have-followed; on whom when gods and mer congessissent omnia ornamenta, turn tu ipse have-heaped all honours, so-also you yourself (have 382 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. plurima et maxima. Enim neque, conferred) many and very-great (favours on him). For neither, si tue res gestae attulerunt obscuritatem laudibus if your deeds have-brought obscurity to-the-praise ceterorum, idcirco amisimus memoriam (and renown) of-others, 'have-we therefore 'lost the remembrance On. Pompeii. Quis ignorat quantum ejus nomen of-Cn- Pompey. Who is-ignorant how-great his name fuerit, quante opes, quanta (and renown) was, how-great (his) power (and influence), how-great gloria in omni genere bellorum, quanti honores (his) glory in all kinds of-wars, how-great the honours Romani populi, quanti senatis, (received from) the Roman people, how-great (from) the senate, quanti tui? Ille tantb vicerat superiores how-great (from) yourself? He so-much surpassed (his) predecessors gloria, quanto tu prsestitisti omnibus. in-glory (and renown), as you have-excelled all-men. Itaque admirantes numerabamus bella, victorias, Therefore admiring we-counted the wars, the victories, triumphos, consulatus On. Pompeii; tuos possumus the triumphs, the consulships of-Cn. Pompey; (but) vours we-can non enumerare. not count. 5. Ad eum igitur rex Deiotarus venit, hoc To him therefore king Deiotarus came, in-this misero que fatali bello, quem antea adjuverat miserable and fatal war, whom before he-had-assisted 'in (his) justis hostilibus bellis, cum quo erat conjunctus 'regular foreign wars, with whom he-was united non solum hospitio, verum etiam not only by-the-bonds-of-hospitality, but also familiaritate, et venit vel rogatus, ut amicus, by familiar-acquaintance, and he-came either asked, as a friend. vel arcessitus, ut socius, vel evocatus, ut is qui of requested, as an ally, or called-out, as one who didicisset parere senatui; postremo venit ut ad had-learned to-obey the senate; in-fine he-came as to ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 383 fugientem, non ut ad insequentem, id est ad one-flying, not as to one-pursuing, that is to societatem periculi, non ad victorise. Itaque, the companionship of-danger, not to (that) of-victory. Therefore, prcelio Pharsalico facto, discedit a the battle (of) Pharsalicus being-determined, he-departed from Pompeio; noluit persequi infinitam Pompey; he-did-not-wish to-follow endless (and uncertain) spem; duxit satisfactum esse vel officio, hopes; he-considered (that) he-had-discharged either (his) duty, si debuerat quid, vel errori, si if he-owed any, or (had atoned for) error, if nescierat quid; contulit se domum, atque, te he-had-mistaken any-thing; he-returned home, and, you gerente Alexandrinum bellum, paruit tiis carrying-on the Alexandrine war, he-consulted your utilitatibus. Ille sustentavit exercitum Cn. Domitii, interests. Ie supported the-army of-Cn. Domitius, amplissimi viri suis tectis et copiis; a-most-illustrious man in-his houses and 'with (his)'means; [he gave ille misit pecuniam quarters and supplies to his army;] he sent money Ephesum ad eum, quem tu delegisti ex omnibus to-Ephesus to him, whom you had-selected from all tuis fidelissimum et probatissimum; ille your (friends, as) the-most-faithful and most-esteemed; he iterum, ille tertio dedit pecuniam, qua Lsecond-time, he a third-time gave money (to him), which uterere ad bellum, auctionibus you-might-use for the war, public-sales (of his property) factis; ille objecit suum corpus periculo, fuit cum being-made; he exposed his person to-danger, he-was with te in acie contra Pharnacem, que dixit tuum you in battle against Pharnaces, and he-considered your hostem esse suum. Que quidem, Caesar, enemy to-be his. Which-things indeed, 0 Casar, accepta sunt a te in earn partem, ut were accepted by you in that (good) part, that rc ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. affeceris eum amplissimo honore, et you-rewarded him with-the-most-ample honours, and nomine regis. Is igitur, non modo liberatus a with-the-name of-king. He therefore, not only freed by te periculo, sed etiam ornatus amplissimo you from-danger, but also invested (by you) with-the-most-ample honore, arguitur, voluisse interficere te sume honours, is-accused, to-have-desired to-kill you in-his-own domi. Quod tu, nisi judices eum furiosissimum, house. Which you, unless you-suppose him a-uost-furious potes non profect6 suspicari. Enim ut (madman) can not at-all suspect. For that omittam, tanti sceleris fuerit cujus, I-may-omit, [of] how-great a crime it-would-have-been of-him, in conspectu penatium deorum, necare in the-sight 'of (his) 'household gods, to-kill hospitem; tantse importunitatis cujus extinguere a-guest; [of] how-great the audacity of-him to-extinguish clarissimum lumen omnium gentium, atque omnis the brightest light of-all nations, and of-all memorise; tantie ferocitatis cujus non remembrance; [of] how-great the ferocity of-him not extimescere victorem orbis terrarum; tam to-fear the conquerer of-the-world; 'of the so inhumani et ingrati animi cujus inveniri 'inhuman and ungrateful mind of-him (as) to-be-found tyrannum in eo, a quo appcllatus esset rex; a tyrant towards him, by whom he-was-called king; ut omittam hsec, tanti furoris fuit that I-may-omit these-things, [of] how-great the frenzy would-be hujus, excitare contra se unum omnes reges, of-him, to-excite against himself alone all the kings, quorum erant multi finitimi, omnes liberos of-whom there-were many 'on his 'frontiers, all free populos, omnes socios, omnes provincias, denique people, all the allies, all the provinces, in-fine arma omnium? Quonam mode ille the arms of-all-people? How 'would he ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 885 distractus esset, cum regno, cum domo, 'have-been-at-variance, with (his) kingdom, with (his) house, cum conjuge, cum carrissimo filio, non with (his) wife, (and) with (his) beloved son, not mod6 perfecto tanto scelere, sed etiam only having-accomplished so-great a crime, but even cogitato? having-thought-of-it? 6. At, credo inconsultus et temerarius homo But, I-suppose the inconsiderate and rash man non videbat haec. Quis consideratior 'did not 'see these-things. (But) who more-considerate (than) illo? quis tectior? quis prudentior? Quamquam he? who more-circumspect? who more-prudent? Though hoc loco puto, Deiotarum defendendum non in-this place I-think, (that) Deiotarus is-to-be-defended not tam ingenio et prudentia, quam so-much 'for (his) 'talents and prudence, as 'for (his) fide, et religione vitae. Probitas 'good-faith, and religious-conscientiousness of-life. The-probity hominis est nota tibi, C. Caesar, mores noti, of-the-man is known to-you, 0 C. Casar, (his) manners are-known constantia nota. Cui porro, (to you, his) constancy is-known (to you). To-whom moreover, qui modo audivit nomen Romani populi non who 'has only 'heard the name of-the-Roman people 'is not integritas, gravitas, virtus, fides Deiotari the honesty, weight-of-character, virtue, (or) good-faith of-Deiotarus audita est? quod facinus igitur posset nec cadere 'known? which crime therefore could neither happen in imprudentem hominem, propter metum prsesentis to an imprudent man, on-account-of the fear of-present exitii, nec in facinorosum, nisi idem esset destruction, nor to the-most-wicked-man, unlese the-same were amentissimus, id confingitis cogitatum esse ab the most-foolish, this you-suppose to-have-been-thought-on by homine minime stulto. At quam non a man (not in) the least foolish. But this (you present) out 83 386 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. mod6 non credibiliter, sed quidem ne only not in-a-credible-manner, but indeed not (even,' suspiciose! Quum inquit, in-a-suspicious-mannerI When 'he, the accuser, 'says, (that) venisses in castellum Luceium, et devertisses you-had-come to the castle Luceium, and you-had-turned-aside domum regis tui hospitis, erat quidam to-the-palace of-the-king your host, there-was a certain locus, in quo erant ea composita quibus rex place, in which were those arranged-things which the king constituerat munerare te. Volebat ducere had-determined to-offer-as-presents to-you. He-desired to-conduct te huc a balneo, priusquam you thither (on coming) from the-bath, before accumberes. Enim erant ibi armati you-reclined-at-table. For there-were there armed-men collocati in eo ipso loco, qui interficerent te. stationed iii that same place, who were-to-have-killed you. En crimen, en causa, cur fugitivus Behold the accusation, behold the reason, why a runaway servus accuset regem dominum. Ego mehercules, slave should-acouse the king (his) master. I by-Hercules, Caesar, initio, quum ista causa delata est ad 0 Caesar, in-the-beginning, when this cause was-brought to me, perculsus sum hac suspicione, Phidippum, me, was-struck with-this suspicion, (that) Phidippus, inedicum, regium servum, qui missus esset cum the physician, (and) royal slave, who had-been-sent with legatis, corruptum esse ab isto adolescente. the ambassadors, had-been-corrupted by this young-man. Subornavit medicum indicem; lie-has-suborned (thought I) the physician (as) an informer; 'he-will videlicet finget aliquod crimen veneni. Etsi longe certainly 'invent some crime of-poison, Although far a veritate, tamen res non from tWe truth, yet the affair (of my conjecture) 'was not multam abhorrebat a consuetudine mnch 'opposed to, (or at variance) (with) the-usual-practiee ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 88T criminandi. Quid ait medicus? Nihil de of-accusing. What says the physician? Nothing about veneno. At primo id potuit fieri occultius poison. But firstly it could have-been-done more-secretly in potione, in cibo; deinde etiam in drink, (or) in food; next also (it could have) fit impunius, quod quum factum est, potest been-done more-impunibly, because when - it-is-done, it-can negari. Si interemisset te palam, convertisset be-denied. If he-had-killed you openly, he-would-have-brought in se non solum odia omnium gentium, sed on himself not only the hatred of-all nations, but etiam arma; si veneno, ille quidem potuisset also (their) arms; if by-poison, he indeed could nunquam celare numen Jovis never have-concealed (this deed from) the divinity of-Jupiter hospitalis, fortasse celasset (the God of) hospitality, (though) perhaps he-might-have-concealed homines. Igitur quod et potuit conari (it from) men. Therefore that-which 'he both 'might attempt occultius, et efficere cautius, non credidit more-secretly, and execute more-cautiously, 'he-did not 'confide id tibi, et callido medico, et, ut putabat, fideli it to-you, both a skilful physician, and, as he-thought, faithful servo? noluit celare te de slave? (but) would-not conceal (from) you (his designs) respecting armis, de ferro, de insidiis? At quam arms, respecting swords, (and) respecting ambuscades? But how festive crimen contexitur! Tua fortuna, finely 'is the accusation 'put-together! Your good-fortune, inquit, eadem, quoe semper, servavit te; says-he, the same, which always (did, now also) saved you; negavisti, te velle tur inspicere. you-disavowed, (that) you wished then to examine (the presents). 7. Quid postea? an Deiotarus continua What afterwards? whether did Deiotarus immediately dimisit exercitum, re dismiss (his) army, the affair (of assassinating) 388 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. non illo tempore perfectA? erat nullus alius not 'being at-that time 'completed? was-there no other locus insidiandi? At dixeras, te rediturum place of-forming-ambuscades? But you-said, (that) you would-return eodem quum coenavisses; itaque fecesti. to-the-same-place when you-had-supped; therefore you-did (it). Fuit magnum retinere armatos, ut Was-it (such) a great (thing) to-retain the armed-men, as collocati fuerant, unam horam ant duas they-had-been-stationed, one hour or two (hours longer) eodem loco? Quum fuisses, in-the-same place? When you-had-been, [When you had spent comiter et jucunde in convivio, turn your time,] cheerfully and agreeably at the banquet, then isti illuc, ut dixeras. In quo loco cognovisti you-went there, as you-had-said. In which place you-perceived Deiotarum talem erga te, qualis rex Attalus Deiotarus (to be) the same towards you, as king Attalus fuit in P.Africanum; cui, ut legimus scripturn, was towards P. Africanus; to-whom, as we-read (it) recorded, misit magnificentissima dona, ex Asia usque ad he-sent most-magnificent presents, from Asia even to Numantiam; quse Africanus accepit, exercitu Numantia; which Africanus accepted, the army inspectante, quod quum Deiotarus prsesens looking on, which when Deiotarus present (and in person) fecisset et regio animo et more, tu discessisti had-done both with-a-royal mind and manner, you departed in cubiculum. Obsecro, Caesar, repete to (your) sleeping-apartment. I-beseech (you), 0 Caesar, recall memoriam illius temporis, pone illum diem ante the remembrance of-those times, place that day before oculos, recordare vultus hominuml (your) eyes, remember the countenances of-the-men intuententium te, atque admirantium. Num quae looking-on you, and admiring (you). Now what trepidatio? num qui tumultus? num quid the trepidation? now what the tumult? was-there any-thing(done) ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. nisi moderate, nisi quiete, nisi ex disciplinA unless moderately, unless quietly, unless by the-regulatioa gravissimi et sanctissimi hominis? Igitur of-a-most-dignitied and most-venerable man? Therefore quid causae potest excogitari, cur voluerit what [of] reason can be-imagined, why did-he-wish occidere te lotum, noluerit to-kill you after-having-bathed, (but) did-not-wish (to kill you) coenatum? Inquit distulit in posterum after-having-supped? 'He, says (the accuser), 'put-it-off to. the next diem, ut quum ventum esset in castellum day, that when he-had-come to the castle (of) Luceium, ibi perficeret cogitata. Luceius, (that) there he-might-accomplish (his) designs. 'I-do Non video causam mutandi loci; sed tamen not 'see the reason of-changing the place; but however res acta est criminose. Quum, the affair was-brought-forward in-a-criminating-manner. When, inquit dixisses te velle vomere 'he (the accuser) 'says (that) you-had-said, (that) you desired to-vomit post coenum, coeperunt ducere te in [take an emetic] after supper, they-began to-lead you to balneum; enim ibi insidite erant. the bath-room; for there the ambuscades (of soldiers) were (placed). At illa eadem fortuna tua servavit te; But that same good-fortune (of) yours saved you; (for) dixisti malle in cubiculo. you-said (that) you-preferred (doing it) in (your) sleeping apartment. Dii perduint te, fugitive! es non 'May the gods 'destroy you, 0 runaway (slave)! you-are not modb ita nequam et improbus, sed etiam fatuus et only so wicked and corrupt, but also a fool and amens; quid? ille posuerat senea signa in senselessly (stupid); what? 'had he 'placed brazen statues in insidiis, quae possent non transferri e balneo ambush, which could not be-transferred from the bath-room in cubiculum? Habes crimen int (,his) sleeping-apartment? You-have (the whole) accusation 33* 390 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. insidiarum; enim dixit nihil amplius; horum of-ambuscades; for he-said nothing more; of-all-these-things inquit eram conscius. Quid turn? erat ille ita he-says I-was privy. What then? was he so demens, ut dimitteret a se eum, quem senseless, that he-should-send from himself him, (to) whom haberet conscium tanti sceleris? Etiam he-had (intrusted) the knowledge of-so-great a crime? Also (that) mitteret Romam, ubi sciret et he-should-send (him) to Rome, where he-might-know (that) both suum inimicissimum nepotem esse, et C. Caesarem, his inimical grandson was, and C. Caesar, cui fecisset insidiis? prfesertim quum is for whom he-had-placed ambuscades? especially when he esset unus, qui posset judicare de (Phidippus) was the only-one, who could give-testimony concerning se absente? Et inquit, conjecit meos fratres in himself absent? And says he, he-threw my brothers into vincula, quod erant conscii. prison, because (they also) were acquainted (with the affair). Igitur quum vinciret eos, quos habobat cum se, Therefore when he-bound those, whom he-had with himself, mittebat te solutum Romam, qui scires eadem, he-sent you unbound to-Rome, who know the-same-things, que dicis illos scire? which you-say (that) they know? 8. Reliqua pars accusationis fuit duplex; The remaining part of-the-accusation was twofold; una regem fuisse semper in speculis, the one (that) the king was always in the-watch-towers, (on quum animo esset alieno a te; altera the look-out), as in-mind he-was estranged from you; the other eum comparasse magnum exercitum contra (that) he had-assembled a great army against te. De exercitu dicam breviter, ut cetera. you. Concerning the army I-shall-speak briefly, as the rest. Rex Deiotarus nunquam habuit eas copias, quibus King Deiotarus never had those forces, witb-whiob ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 391 posset inferre bellunm Romano populo; sed he-could wage war against the Roman people; but (only quibus tueretur suos finos ab those) by which he-might-protect his territories from excursionibus et latrociniis, et mitteret auxilia incursions and armed-robbery, and might-send auxiliaries nostris imperatoribus. Atque quidem antea poterat to-our commanders. And indeed formerly he-could alere majores copias; nunc potest vix tueri maintain greater forces; now he-can scarcely support exiguas. At misit ad Caecilium, nescio very-small (forces). But he-sent to Csecilius, I-know-not quem; sed conjecit eos, quos misit in vincula, whom; but he-threw those, whom he-had-sent into prison, quod noluerunt ire. Non quaero quam because they-would-not go. 'I-do not 'inquire how verisimile sit, regem ant habuisset non likely it-may-be, (that) the king either had not quos mitteret, aut eos, quos misisset, those-whom he-might-send, or (that) those, whom he-had-sent, non paruisse; aut qui fuissent non (should) not have-obeyed; or those-who were not audientes dicto, in tantA re, eos obedient, in so-great an-affair, (that) they (should) potius vinctos quam necatos. Sed tamen rather be-put-in-prison than killed. But however quum mittebat ad Caecilium, utrum nesciebat when he-was-sending to Caecilius, whether he-did-not-know illam causam victam esse, an putabat (that) the cause (of Pompey) was-defeated, whether did-he-think istum Ceecilium magnum hominem? quem profecto this Caecilius (to be) a great man? whom certainly, is, qui optima novit nostros homines, contemneret, be, who well knew our men, would-have-despised, vel quia nosset vel quia non nosset. either because he-knew (him), or because 'he-did not 'know (him). Addit etiam illud, non misisse optimos Hle-adds also this, bhe-had not 'sent the best 392 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. eqkiites; credo, Caesar,.avairy (to Caesar); I-believe, 0 Caesar, (that they were) nihil ad tuum equitatum; sed misit nothing (as compared) to your cavalry; but he-sent delectos ex iis, quos habuit. At nescio the best of those, which he-had. But I-know-not (says he) quem ex eo numero judicatuln whom [what particular one] of that number (was) a condemned servum. Non slave. [A person sentenced to slavery for his crimes.] 'I-do not arbitror; non audivi; sed in eo, etiam si 'believe (it); 'I-have 'not 'heard-of (it); but in this, even if accidisset, arbitrarer fuisse nullam culpam it-had-happened, I-may-believe (that) it-was no fault regis. of-the-king. 9. Autem quomodo animo alieno a te? But how (was he) in-mind alienated from you? Credo speravit (or in what respect was he inimical to you)? I-believe he-hoped, (that) exitus Alcxandrese fore difficilcs tibi, the departure from Alexandria would-be difficult to-you, propter naturam regionum, et fluminis. At on-account-of the nature of-the-place, and of-the-river. But eo ipso tempore dedit pecuniam, at-that same time he-gave money (to your officers, and) aluit exercitum; defuit in 'supplied (your) army 'with the necessaries of life; he-was-wanting in nulla re ei, quem nothing, (as respects supplying, and assisting) him, whom praefeceras Asiae; fuit presto non you-had-placed-over Asia; he-was ready (in aiding you) not solium ad hospitium, sed-etiam ad periculum, only as-respects hospitality, but also as-respects danger, atque ad aciem. Africanum bellum secutum est; and as-respects battle. The African war followed; graves rumores de te; qui etiam (there were) distressing rumours concerning you; which also Vy~ ~r ivjuvivuu ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 393 excitaverunt ilium furiosum Caecilium. Quo excited that furious Caecilius. In what animo fuit tur rex? qui disposition-of-mind was then the king? who auctionatus sit que maluerit spoliare sese, sold-his-goods-at-public-sale, and preferred to-deprive himself, quAm non subministrare tibi pecuniam. than (that) 'he-might not 'supply you (with) money. At eo ipso tempore, inquit mittebat But at-that same time, says (the accuser) he-sent (persons) Nicseam que Ephesum, qui exciperent Africanos to Nicasa and Ephesus, who might-catch-up the African rumores, et celeriter referrent ad se. rumours, and speedily report (them) to himself. Itaque quum nunciatum esset ei, Domitium Therefore when it-was-announced to-him, (that) Domitius periisse naufragio, te. circumsidere in had-perished by-shipwreck, (and that) you were-besieged in castello, dixit de Domitio Graecum versum a fortress, he-recited concerning Domitius a Greek verse (of) eSdem sententig, qua nos hebemius Latinum, the-same import, in-which we have (it in) Latin, Pereant amici, dum unt inimici intercidant. Let friends perish, when together (with them our) enemies may fall Quod ille, si esset inimicissimus tibi, tamen Which he, if he-had-been the-most-inimnical to-you, yet 'would nunquam dixisset; enim ipse mansuetus, never 'have-said; for he-himself is-mild, (but) versus immanis. Autem qui poterat esse amicus the verse ferocious. But how could-he be a friend Domitio, qui esset inimicus -tibi? Porro cur to-Domitius, who was inimical to-you? Moreover why esset inimicus tibi, a quo, quum vel bhould-he-be inimical to-you, by whom, when even potuisset interfici lege belli, he-might-have-been put-to-death by-the-laws of-war, ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. meminisset, et se et suum flium he-might-have-remembered, (that) both himself and his suO constitutos esse regem? Quid deinde? quo were constituted kings? What next? whither 'does (this) furcifer progreditur? Ait Deiotarum scoundrel 'go? He-says (that) Deiotarus (was so) elatum hac lsetitia elated by-this joy (of the news of your reverses, that) obruisse se vino que saltavisse he-overloaded himself with-wine [became drunk] and (that) he-danced nudum, in convivio. Quxe crux potest afferre satis naked at the banquet. What cross could bring sufficient supplicii huic fugitivo? quisquam punishment to-this runaway (slave)? 'did any-one unquam vidit Deiotarum saltantem aut ebrium? ever 'see Deiotarus dancing or drunk? Omnes virtutes sunt in illo rege, quod abitror All virtues are in that king, which I-think (that) te, Caesar, non ignorare, sed pracipue singularis you, 0 Caesar, are not ignorant-of, but especially a singular et admiranda frugalitas; etsi and to-be-admired frugality (and temperance); although scio non solere regem laudari hoc I-know (that) 'it-is not 'usual (that) a king be-praised by this verbo. Hominem dici frugi habet non word (frugality). (That) a man is-called frugal has not multum laudis in rege; fortem, justum, much of-praise in a king; (to be called) brave, just, severum, gravem, magnanimum, largum, beneficum, grave, dignified, magnanimous, profuse, beneficent, liberalem, haec sunt regiae laudes; illa est privata. liberal, these are royal praises; that other is a private Quisque accipiat ut volet; ego (virtue). Each-one may-receive (this) as he-pleases; I tamen judico frugalitatem, id est, modetiam ct however esteem frugality, that is, moderation and temperantiam, maximam virtutem. IIaec temperance, (as) the greatest virtue. This-frugality ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 395.perspecta est, et cognita, ab ineunte aetate, has-been-perceived, and known, from (his) early-commencing age, quum a cuncta Asia, tur a nostris magistratibus;s-well by all Asia, as by our magistrates que legatibus, tur ab Romanis equitibus, qui and ambassadors, as by the Roman knights, who negotiati sunt in Asig. Ille quidem ascendit ad hoc may-have-trafficked in Asia. He indeed attained to this regium nomen multis gradibus officiorum erga royal name by-many degrees of-services towards nostram rempublicam; sed tamen quidquid our republic; but however whatever vacabat a bellis Romani populi jungebat cum leisure-he-had from thewars of-the-Roman people he united with nostris hominibus consuetudines, amicitias, our people (in cultivating) intercourse, friendships, res que rationes, ut non (and) the affairs and relations (of business), so-that 'he-was not solxum haberetur nobilis tetrarches, sed etiam only 'held-to-be an illustrious tetrarch, but alsc optimus paterfamilias, et diligentissimus a most-excellent father-of-a-family, and a most-industrious agricola et pecuarius. Is igitur, qui, agriculturist and rearer-of-cattle. 'Did-he then, who, (when) adolescens, nondum proeditus tanta gloria, a young-man, (and) not-yet endowed with-so-much renown, fecerit nihil nisi severissime et gravissime, had-done nothing unless most-seriously and gravely, (being held) ea existimatione, que ea zetate saltavit? in-that esteem, and at-that age 'dance? 10. Debeas, Castor, potius imitari mores que You-ought, 0 Castor, rather to-imitate the manners and disciplinam tui atvi, quAm maledicere discipline of-your grandfather, than to-calumniate optimo et clarissimo viro ore fugitivi. a-moat-excellent and illustrious man by-the-mouth of-a-fugitive Qu6d si habuisses avum saltatorem, (slave. But-even if you-had-had a-grandfather a dancer, 396 ORA7TO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. neque eum virum, nnde exempla pudoris and-not that man, whence [in whom] examples of-honour que pudicitiae peterentur, tamen hoc maledictum and modesty might-be-sought, however this calumny minime conveniret in illam setatem. Quibus 'did very-little 'agree with that age. With-which studiis ille imbuerat se studies (and pursuits) he had-imbued (and accustomed) himself ab incunte setate non saltandi, sed, ut uteretur from early age not of-dancing, but, that he-might-use (his) armis bene, ut equis weapons well, (and) that (he might manage his) horses optime; tamen cuncta ea defecerant in-the-best-manner; however all these-things failed illum jam, exact& setate. Itaque quum plures him now, 'in (his) 'old age. Therefore when several sustulerunt Deiotarum in equum, solebamus had-placed Deiotarus on (his) horse, we-used admirari quod senex posset hserere in eo. Vero to-admire that the-old-man could stick on it. But hic adolescens, qui in Cilicia Tuit meus this young-man, (Castor), who in Cilicia was my miles, in Groecia commilito; quum equitaret, in soldier, in Greece (my) fellow-soldier; when he-rode, in illo nostro exercitu cum suis delectis equitibus, that our army with his select cavalry, quos pater miserat unA cum eo ad Pompeium, which (his) father had-sent together with him to Pompey, quos concursus solebat facere! quAm jactare what courses he-used to-make! how he-used-to-vaunt se! quAm ostentare! quAm concedere himself! how to-display (himself)! how to-concede nemini, in ill, causa studio et cupiditate! to-no-one, in that cause (of Pompey) in-zeal and ardout! Vero quum, exercitu amisso, ego, qui But when, the army (of Pompey) being-lost, I, who (was) semper auctor pacis, post proelium Pharsalicum, always an Mdvocalte otf-peae, after the battle (of) Pharsalia, ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 897 fui suasor non deponendorum armorum, sed was the adviser not of-la ing-dowtv arms, but abjiciendorum; potui non adducre of-'throwiug (them) 'away; (yet) I-could not bring hunc ad meam auctoritatem, him (Castor) to my authority, [induce him to adopt my quod ipse et ardebat studio ipsius opinion,] because he-himself both was-ardent in-zeal (for) that-same belli, et arbitrabatur satisfaciendum war, and he-thought, (that) he-ought-to-satisfy (the wishes of his) patri. Felix ista domus, quae non solum father. Fortunate (is) this family (of yours), which not only adepta sit impunitatem, sed etiam licentiam has-obtained impunity, but also the license accusandi; calamitosus Deiotarus, qui accusetur of-accusing (others); unfortunate Deiotarus, who is-accused ab eo, qui - fuerit in iisdem castris, non by him, who was in the same camp (with him), not modo apud te, sed etiam a suis. Potestis only before you, but also by his-own (relations). Could non vos, Castor, esse contenti vestra secunda not you, 0 Castor, be content with-your good fortuna, sine calamitate fortune, without (bringing) calamity (on your) propinquorum? relations? 11. Sane, sint inimicitise, 'There-may, without-doubt, 'be enmities (between you), quae debebant non esse; enim rex Deiotarus which ought not to-have-been; for king Deiotarus evocavit vestram abjectam et obscuram familiam, called-forth your low and obscure family, e tenebris in lucem. Quis antea audivit from darkness into light. Who (ever) before heard (of) tuum patrem, qui esset, quAm your father, who he-might-be, t than (till he heard) cujus gener esset? Sed quamvis ingrate et whose son-in-law he-was? But although ungratefully and 3 4 398 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. impie repudiaretis nomen necessitudinis, impiously you-may-haverepudiated the name 'of (your) 'relationhip, tamen poteratis genere inimicitias however you-might-have conducted (your) animositiea more hominum, non insectari after-the-manner of-men, not to-prosecute (him, your grandfather) ficto crimine, non expetere vitam, non with-false crime, not to seek (his) life, (and) not arcessere capitis. Esto; quoque to-arraign (him) for-a-capital-offence. Be-it-so; let also hec acerbitas, et magnitudo odii concedatur; ne this bitterness, and greatness of-hatred be allowed; ought it adeo, ut omnia jura vitse, que communis (to be allowed) so-far, that all rights of-life, and of-common salutis, atque etiam humanitatis violentur? safety, and also of-humanity are-to-be-violated? Sollicitare servum verbis, corrumpere spe que To-solicit a slave by-words, to-corrupt (him) by-hopes and promissis, abducere domum, armare contra promises, to entice (him) from-home, to-arm him against dominum, hoc est indicere nefarium bellum, non (his) master, this is to-declare a wicked war, not uni propinquo, sed omnibus familiis. Nam against-one relation, but against-all families. For ista corruptela servi, si non modo this corruption of-slaves, if 'it-should not only impunita fuerit, sed etiam approbata a tantA 'be-left-unpunished, but also be-approved by so-great auctoritate, nulli parietes, nulle an-authority (as this tribunal of yours), no walls, no leges, nulla jura custodient nostram salutem. Enim laws, no rights will-protect our safety. For ubi id, quod est intus, atque nostrum, when that, which is within (our houses), and (is) ours, potest evolare impune, [namely, our slaves,] (that) it-should-be-able to-come-forth impunibly, que pugnare contra nos, servitus fit in and fight against us, slavery 'is (then) 'made into ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 399 dominatu, et dominatus in servitute. mastership, and mastership into slavery. [The slave becomes 0 tempora, 0 mores! master, and the master slave.] 0 the times, 0 the manners! Cn. Domitius, ille, quem nos, pueri, vidimus Cn. Domitius, he, whom we, (when) boys, saw (as) consulem censorem pontificem maximum, consul censor (and) pontifex maximus, [chief pontiff,] quum tribunus plebis vocasset M. Scaurum when (he was) tribune of-the-people he-had-called M. Scaurus principem civitatis in judicium populi, que a-chief-man of-the-state on trial (before) the people, and servus Scauri venisset ad eum clam domum, et a slave of Scaurus had-come to him secretly, at-his-house, and dixisset, se delaturum esse crimina in said, (that) he would-bring accusations against (his) dominum, jussit hominem prehendi, que master, he-ordered the man to-be-apprehended, and deduci ad Scaurum. Vide quid intersit; to-be-taken-back to Scaurus. See what the-difference-is; etsi inique comparo Castorem cum Domitio; sed although unjustly I-compare Castor with Domitius; hut tamen ille remissit servum inimico, tu however he sent-back the slave 'to (his) 'enemy, you abduxisti ab avo; ille noluit have-led-away (the slave) from (your) grandfather; he would-not audire incorruptum, tu corrupisti; ille listen (to the slave) unbribed, you bribed (one); he repudiavit servum adjutorem contra dominum, rejected a slave (as) assistant against (his) master, tu etiam adhibuisti accusatorem. you even made-use-of (one, as) an accuser (of hbs master). An semel iste corruptus est a But-was-it-only once (that) this (slave) was-corrupted by vobis? Nonne quum productus esset, you? Was-it-not-so (that) when he-had-been-brought-forth, et quum fuisset cum te, refugit ad legatos? and when he-was with you, he-fled-back to the ambassadors? 40Q0 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. Nonne etiam venit ad hunc Cn. Domitium? Nonne Did-he-not also come to this Cn. Domitius? Did-he-not confessus est audiente hoc Ser. Sulpicio, confess in-the-hearing (of) this Ser. Sulpicius, c]arissimo viro, qui tur casu coenabat apud a most-illustrious man, who then by-chance was-taking-supper with Domitium, et hoc T. Torquato, optimo adolescente Domitius, and this T. Torquatus, a-most-excellent young-mar se corrupturn esse a te, tuis (also present, that) he was-bribed by you, (and) by-your promissis impulsum in fraudem. promises impelled to dishonesty (and treachery). 12. Qupe est ista tam impotens, tam crudelis, What is this so unrestrained, so cruel, tam immoderata inhumanitas? idcirco so immoderate inhumanity (of yours)? was-it-for-this venisti in hanc urbem, ut corrumperes jura, that-you-came to this city, that you-might-corrupt the laws, et exempla hujus urbis, (institutions), and examples (and manners) of-this city, que inquinares humanitatem nostras and that-you-might pollute the humanity of-our civitatis domestica immanitate? At city, 'by your 'domestic (Asiatic) ferocity? But quAm accute crimina collecta! Blesamius, how ingeniously (your) charges have-been-collected! Blesamius, inquit, (enim nomine ejus optimi viri, says he (the accuser), (for by-the-name of-this very-excellent man, nec ignoti tibi, maledicebat tibi), solebat scribere nor-not unknown to-you, he-calumniated you), used to-write ad regem, te esse in invidia, to the king, [Deiotarus,] (that) you were unpopular, (that you) existimari tyrannum; statuA posita, were-considered a tyrant; (that your) statue being-placed, inter reges, animos hominum among (the ancient) kings (of Rome), the minds of-men 'were vehementer offensos; non solere tibi vehemently 'offended; (that) 'it-was not 'usual for you ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 401 plaudi. Nonne, Caesar, intelligls, to-be-applauded. 'Do-you not, 0 Caesar, 'understand, (that) haec collecta esse ab istis ex urbanis these-things were-collected by these-fellows from the town sermunculis malevolorum? Blesamius gossip of-evil-disposed-persons? 'would Blesamius scriberet Caesarem tyrannum? Enim 'write (that) Caesar (was) a tyrant? Perhaps viderat capita multorum civium; he-had-seen the beads of-many citizens (exposed); (or) multos vexatos, verberatos, necatos, jusu Caesaris; many ill-treated, scourged, killed, by-the-order of-Caesar; multas domos afflictas et eversas; forum tor) many houses ruined and destroyed; (or) the forum refertum armatis militibus. Qua filled with-armed soldiers. The things-which 'we-have semper sensimus in civili victoria, ea non always experienced in civil victory, those 'we-did not vidimus, te victore. C. Caesar, es, inqnam, 'see, you (being) victor. 'You, 0 C. Caesar, 'are, I-say, solus in cujus victoria nemo ceciderit, nisi the only-one by whose victory no-one fell, unless armatus. Et quem nos armed. [With arms in his hands.] And (him) whom we liberi, nati in summa libertate Romani free-men, born in the highest (and fullest) liberty of-the-Roman populi, ducimus non modo non tyrannum, sed etiam people, consider not only no tyrant, but even clementissimum in victoria, potest is videri tyrannus most-clement in victory, can he appear a tyrant Blesamio qui vivit in regno? Nam de statua, to Blesamius who lives in a monarchy? For concerning the statue, quis queritur, unf prsesertim, quum videat tam who complains, about-one especially, when he-may see so multas? Valde enim est invidendum ejus statuis, many? Greatly indeed is it-to-be-envied 'to-his 'statues, cujus tropaeis non [are his statues to be envied,] whose trophies 'we-do not 34 * 402 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. mvidimus. Nam si locus affert invidiam, nullus lenvy. For if the place excites envy, no est quidem clarior ad statutem (place) is indeed more-conspicuous for a statue (than) Rostris. Sed de plausu, quid the Rostra. But concerning (public) applause, what respondeam? qui nec unquam desideratus est a shall-I-reply? which 'has not ever 'been-desired by te, et nonnunquam, hominibus obstupefactis, you, and sometimes, men being-astonished compressus est admiratione ipsa, (at your great deeds), it-has-been-repressed by-admiration itself, et fortasse eo praetermissus, quia nihil vulgare and perhaps therefore omitted, because nothing vulgar potest videri dignum te. could appear worthy of-you. 13. Arbitror nihil praetermlssum a me, sed I-think (that) nothing has-been-omitted by me, but aliquid reservatum ad extremam partem causee. something is-reserved to the extreme part of-the-cause. Autem id est aliquid, ut mea oratio plane But this is something, that my speech 'will clearly reconciliet te Deiotaro; enim non jam metuo, 'reconcile you to Deiotarus; for 'I-do not now 'fear, ne tu succenseas illi; vereor illud, ne lest you may-be-angry (with) him; (but) I-fear that, lest suspicere, illum aliquid succensere you-may suspect, (that) he lis somewhat 'angry (with) tibi, quod, crede mihi, Caesar, abest longissime; you, which, believe me, 0 Coesar, is-distant most-far enim quid retineat per te meminit, (from him); for what he-retains through you he-remembers, non quid amiserit; neque arbitratur, se not what he-has-lost; neither does-he-think, (that) be multatum a te; sed quum existimares, has-been-punished by you; but as you-may-have-thought, (that' multa tribuenda esse tibi multis, quominus maany-things had-to-be-given (by) you to-many-people, at-lcast-that ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 403 non recusavit sumeres ea a se, qui 'he-did not object that-you took those things from him, who fuisset in alterg parte. Etenim si had-been in the other party (that of Pompey). For if Antiochus ille magnus, rex Asie posteaquam Antiochus the great, king of Asia after-that devictus a L. Scipione jussus esset he-was-conquered by L. Scipio (and) had-been-commanded, (only) regnare tenus Tauro, que to-reign (over the country) as-far-as (Mount) Taurus, and amisisset omnem hane Asiam, quae est nunc had-lost all that (part of) Asia, which is now nostra provincia, solitus est dicere, benigne our province, was accustomed to-say, (that) 'it-was kindly factum sibi a Romano populo, quod liberatus 'done to-him by the Roman people, because being-freed nimis magna procuratione 'from-the too 'great care (of a large kingdom) uteretur regni modicis terminis, potest he-might-enjoy a kingdom (of) moderate extent, (so) can Deiotarus multo facilius consolari se. Enim Deiotarus much more-readily console himself. For ille sustulerat multam furoris, hic he [Antiochus] had-sustained the penalty of-fury, this-one [Deiotarus] erroris. Tu tribuisti, Caesar, omnia Deiotaro, 'of (his) 'error. You granted, O-Ceesar, every-thing to Deiotarus, quum concessisti, et ipsi et filio regium when you-conceded, both to-him and (his) son the royal nomen. Hoc nomine retento name. [Title of king.] This title (of king) being-retained atque servato, putat nullum beneficium and preserved, he (considers, that) no benefit Romani populi, nullum judicium (or kindness) of-the-Roman people, no judgment (or decree) senatfis de se imminutum; est animo of-the-senate concerning him has-been-diminished; he is (in) mind magno et erecto, nec unquam succumbet great and courageous, nor 'will-he ever 'succumb 404 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. inimicis, ne quidem fortune. Arbitratur se to-enemies, nor even-indeed to-fortune. He-thinks (that) he et peperisse multa ante factis, et 'has both 'acquired much before by-his deeds, and (that he) habere in animo atque virtute, has (it) in (his) mind and 'in (his) 'power (to do more), que possit nullo modo amittere. Enim que fortuna, which he-can by-no means lose. For what fortune, aut quis casus, aut qupe tanta injuria or what accident, or what so-great injustice (or injury) possit delere decreta omnium imperatorum could efface the decrees of-all (our) commanders de Deiotaro? Enim ornatus est ab omnibus respecting Deiotarus? For he-has-been-honoured by all iis, qui, posteaquam per aetatem, potuit esse in those, who, after-that by (his) age, he-could be in castris, gesserunt bella, in Asia, Cappadocia, Ponto, camps, carried-on wars, in Asia, Cappadocia, Pontus, Cilicia, Syria. Vero judicia senatus de Cilicia, (and) Syria. But-indeed the decrees of-the-senate concerning illo, tam multa, que tam honorifica, him, (which are) so many, and so honourable, (and) qum consignata sunt publicis literis, que which are-consigned to-the-public records, and monumentis Romani populi, quae vetustas monuments of-the-Roman people, which 'will length-of-age unquam obruet aut quae oblivio tanta ever 'obliterate or which 'will oblivion so-much-as delebit? Quid dicam de ejus virtute? 'deface? What shall-I-say concerning his valour? de magnitudine animi, gravitate, 'concerning (his) 'greatness of-mind, gravity, (and' constantia? quae omnes docti atque sapientes constancy? which all learned and wise (men) dixerunt esse summa, quidam etiam sola bona, have-said to-be the greatest, some also the only good, que his, virtutem contentam esse, non modo ad and by-these, that virtue was-sufficient, not only for ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 405 vivendum bene, sed etiam ad beate. Ille living well, but also for (living) happily. Ho reputans haec, et cogitans dies que noctes, reflecting on-these-things, and thinking days and nights (thereon), non mod6, non succenset tibi, (enim esset not only, 'is-he not 'displeased (with) you, (for he-would-be non solum ingratus, sed etiam amens), verum not only ungrateful, but even mad), but-indeed refert omnem acceptam tranquillitatem, et quietem refers all the received tranquillity, and quiet senectutis, tue clementiae 'of (his) 'old-age, to-your clemency. 14. Quum quidem antea fult quo When indeed heretofore he-was in-this (state of) animo, turn, non dubito, quin tuis literis, mind, then, 'I-do not 'doubt, but-that by-your letter, exemplum quarum legi, quas dedisti huic a copy of-which I-have-read, (and) which you-gave to-this Blesamo, Terracone, ad eum, etiam erexerit Blesamus, at Terraco (in Spain), for him, 'he also 'cheered se magis, que abstraxit ab omni himself 'up the more, and withdrew (his mind) from all sollicitudine. Enim jubes sperare bene, anxiety. For you-tell (him in that letter) to-hope well, et esse bono animo: quod scio, te and to-be (of) good courage: which I-know, (that) you 'are non solere scribere frustra; enim memini not 'accustomed to-write in-vain; for I-remember (that) te scribere ad me fere iisdem verbis, que me, you wrote to me nearly the same words, and (that) I, tuis literis, jussum esse, non frustra, sperare bene. in-your letter, was told, not in-vain, to-hope well. Equidem laboro causa regis Deiotari, 'I indeed 'exert-myself in-the-cause of-king Deictarus, cum quo respublica conciliavit mihi amicitiam, with whom the republic united me (in) friendship, voluntas utriusque conjunxit hospitium, will-and-inclination of-both joined (us in) the bond-of-hospitality, 406 ORATIO PRO REGE DETOTARO. consuetudo attulit familiaritatem, vero ejus magna intercourse brought-on familiarity, but his great officia, et in me et in meum exercitum, seal-and-good-offices, both to me and to my army, effecerunt summam necessitudinem; sed quum produced the-greatest-degree (of) intimate-friendship; but when laboro de illo, turn de multis amplissimis I-exert-myself for him, as-also for many illustrious viris, quibus oportet, ignotum esse a men, to-whom it-is-proper, (that) pardon-should-be-extended by te semel, nec tuum beneficium you once-for-all, nor is your favour (or pardon granted) vocari in dubium, nec sempiternam to-be-called in doubt, nor (so that) perpetual sollicitudinem haerere in animis hominum, nec anxiety should-fasten in the minds of-men, or accidere ut quisquam eorum incipiat that-it-should-happen, that any-one of-those might-commence timere te, qui semel liberati sint a te timore. to-fear you, who 'have once 'been-liberated by you from-fear. Debeo non, C. Coesar, quod solet fieri, in I-ought not, 0 C. Casar, which it-is-usual to-do, in tantis periculis, tentare, ecquonam modo dicendo such-great dangers, to-attempt, if-by-any mode of speech possim commovere tuam misericordiam. Est nihil I-could move your compassion. There-is-no opus; a solet occurrere ipsa need (of this); (your compassion) is-used to-come-forth itself supplicibus, et calamitosis, evocata oratione for-the-suppliants, and unfortunate-persons, called-forth by-the-oration nullius. Propone tibi duos reges, of-no-one. Place-before yourself two kings, [Deiotarus and his son], et contemplare in animo, quod potes non and contemplate in (your) mind, which you-can not oculis. Profecto dabis misericordiTe, 'with (your) 'eyes. 'You-will certainly grant to-compassion, quod denegavisti iracundive. Multa sunt that-which you-have-denied to-anger. Many are ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 407 monumenta tuse clemcntise, sed maxime the-monuments of-your ' clemency, but more-especially incolumnitates eorum, quibus dedisti salutem. the security of-those, to-whom you-have-given safety. Quae si sunt gloriosa, Which (monuments of clemency) if they-are glorious, (when conferred in privatis, mult. magis on persons) in private-life, 'they-will-be much more commemorabuntur in regibus. Regium nomen tpraised (when conferred) on kings. The royal name fuit semper sanctum in hac civitate; regum was always holy in this city; (but that) of kings (our) sociorum et amicorum sanctissimum. allies and friends most-holy. 15. Quod nomen hi reges timuerunt no Which title (of kings) these kings feared lest amitterent, te victore; vero retentum, they-might-lose, you being-victorious; but (which title) being-retained, et confirmatum a te, confide etiam and confirmed by you, I-trust (that they) also tradituros esse suis posteris. Hi regii legati will-transmit (it) to-their posterity. These royal ambassadors tradunt tibi sua corpora, pro salute suorum surrender to-you their persons, for the safety of-theit regum; Hieras et Blesamius, et kings; (these ambassadors are) Hieras and Blesamius, and Antigonus, jamdiu noti tibi que nobis omnibus, Antigonus, long-since known to-you and us all, que Dorylaus prteditus eadem fide et virtute, and Dorylaus endowed with-the-same good-faith and virtue, qui nuper missus est ad te legatus cum who lately has-been-sent to you as-an-ambassador with -Iier&, quum amicissimi IIiera, when (as they were ambassadors) of-the-most-friendly regum, tur etiam, ut spero, probati tibi. Exquire oi-kings, so also, as I-hope, approved-of by-you. Inquire 'de Blesamio, numquid scripserit ad regem contra of Blesamius, if-ever he-wrote to the king agains: 408 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. tuam dignitatem. lieras quidemr suscipit your dignity. Hieras indeed takes-on-himself ornem causam, et illis criminibus the entire cause (of the king), and (as respects) those charges supponit se reum pro rege; (against Deiotarus) he-substitutes himself as defendant for the king; implorat tuam memoriam, qua vales implores (the aid of) your memory, in-which you-excel plurimum; negat se unquam decessisse pedem so-much; he-denies (that) he ever stepped a te, in tetrarchia Deiotari; dicit, from you, (while) in the tetrarchy of-Deiotarus; he-says, (that) se fuisse presto tibi in primis finibus, he was present to-you on the first frontier, [that he met you, que prosecutum usque on your first entrance into the country,] and followed-you even ad ultimos; to the last (frontiers); [and accompanied you, till you left the country;] se fuisse cum te, quum exisses e balneo; (that) he was with you, when you-came-out from the-bath; quum coenatus inspexisses illa (also he was with you) when having-supped you inspected those munera, quum in cubiculo recubuisses; presents, (and) when in your-chamber, you-had-lain-down; que postridie se prtebuisse eandem assiduitatem and (that) the-next-day he had-shown the same attention tibi. Quamobrem, si quid eorum quse to-you. Wherefore, if any of-those (charges) which objecta sunt, cogitatum sit, have-been-brought-against (Deiotarus) may-have-been-thought-of, non recusat, quin judices id suum 'he-does not 'refuse, but-that you-judge it (to be) his facinus. Quocirca, C. Caesar, velim existimes, crime. Therefore, 0 C. Caesar, I-wish you-may-consider, (that) hodierno die, tuam sententiam importqturam esse to-day, your sentence will- ring-on (these) regibus aut miserrimam pestem, cum summe kings either the-most-miserable ruin, with the greatest ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 409 dedecore, aut incolumem faramn, cum salute, disgrace, or uninjured fame, with safety. quorum alterum est crudelitatis illorum of-which the-first-sentence is (the part) of-the-cruelty of-those optari, alterum tuae (accusers of Deiotarus) to-wish-for, the other (is the part) of-your clementiae conservare. clemency to preserve. 85 ORATIO THE ORA TION M. TULLII CICERONIS, OF M. TULLIUS CICERO, PRO FOR T. ANNIO MILONE. T. ANNIUS MILO. 1. ETSI vereor, judices, ne sit Although I am apprehensive, 0 judges, lest it-may (be considered) turpe, incipientem dicere pro fortissimo shameful. (In one) beginning to-speak for a very-brave viro, lmere, que minimr decet, quum man, to-show-fear, and 'it-is in-no-way 'becoming, when T. Annius ipse magis perturbatur salute T. Annius himself 'is more 'disturbed for-the-safety reipublicae, quAm de sua, me posse non of-the-republic, than for his-own, (that) I can not affere ad ejus causam parem magnitudinem bring to his cause equal greatness (and command) animi, tamen haec nova forma novi judicii of-mind, however this new form of-an-unusual (kind) of-trial terret oculos, qui, quocunque incidunt terrifies (my) eyes, which, wherever they-fall requirunt consuetudinem fori, et pristinum require [miss] the usual-customs of-the-forum, and the ancient morem judiciorum. Enim vester consessus form (and usage) of-tribunals. For your session, [seats,] (410) ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 411 non cinctus est corona, ut (0 judges), 'is not 'surrounded by-a-circle (of citizens), as solebat; non stipati sumus usitata it-used-to-be; (and) 'we-are not 'densely-environed by-the-usual frequentia; nec illa praesidia crowd (of hearers); nor those guards (of soldiers) quse cernitis pro omnibus templis, etsi which you-see before all the temples, although collocata sunt contra vim, tamen they-are-stationed-there against violence, yet non afferunt aliquid oratori, ut 'they-do not 'bring any (encouragement) to-thc-speaker, as in foro et in judicio; quamquam (the people) in the forum and in the courts-of-justice; although septi sumus salutaribus et necessaris prsesidiis, we-are-surrounded by-salutary and necessary guards, tamen quidem possimus ne non timere sine aliquo yet indeed we-can not fear without some timore. Qute si fear. [We cannot divest ourselves of all fear.] Which (things) if putarem opposita Miloni, cederem I-thought (that) they-were-opposed to-Milo, I-would-give-way tempori, judices, nec existimarem esse locum to-the-times, 0 judges, nor would-I-deem (that) there-was place orationi inter tantam vim armorum. Sed for-an-oration among so-great a force of-arms. But consilium Cn. Pompeii sapientissimi et justissimi the prudent-counsels of-Cn. Pompey a most-wise and just viri recreat et reficit me, qui profecto nec man encourages and reassures me, who certainly 'would not putaret suae justitife, quem 'think (it a part) of-his justice, (that the persons) whom tradidisset reum sententiis judicum, he-had-given-over as-a-defendant (to receive) the sentence of-the-judges, dedere eundem telis (that) they-had-surrendered the same-person to-the-weapons militum; nec sapientie, armare of-the-soldiers; nor (a part) 'of (his) 'wisdom, to-arm 412 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE; public^ auctoritate, temeritatem concitatse multitudinis. with-public authority, the rashness of-an-excited multitude. Quamobrem illa arma, centuriones, cohortes Wherefore those arms, (those) centurions, (those) cohorts non denuntiant periculum, sed presidium nobis, 'do not 'announce danger, but protection to-us, neque solrum hortantur ut simus nor 'do-they alone 'exhort (us) that we-should-be quieto, sed etiam ut magno in-a-calm (state of mind), but also that (we should be) in-a-great animo; neque modo pollicentur (state of) mind [courageous]; nor 'do-they only 'promise auxilium mete defensioni, verum etiam silentium. assistance to-my defence, but also silence. Vero reliqua multitudo, quae quidem est But the remaining multitude, which indeed is (composed) civium, est tota nostra; of-citizens, is altogether ours, (and favourable to our cause); neque quisquam eorum, quos videtis intuentcs neither any-one of-those, whom you-see looking-on undique, unde aliqua pars fori potest adspici, from-every-place, whence any part of-the-forum can be-seen, et expectantes exitum hujus judicii, quum non and waiting the issue of-this trial, when 'he-does not favet virtuti Milonis, turn putat (only as much) 'favour the virtue of-Milo, as-that he-thinks decertari hodierno die, de se, de suis it-to-be-contended to-day, concerning himself, concerning his liberis, de patria, de children, concerning (his) country, (and) concerning (his own) fortunis. fortunes. 2. Unum genus est adversum, que infestum nobis One class is adverse, and hostile to-us eorum, quos furor P. Clodii pavit rapinis, et of-those-people, whom the fury of-P. Clodius has-fed by-rapine, and incendiis et omnibus publicis exitiis; qui etiam conflagrations and by-all public disastera; who even ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 413 nisterng concione incitati sunt, ut praeirent by-yesterday's harangue were-incited, that they-should-dictate vobis voce, quid judicaretis. Clamor to-you 'by (their) 'clamour, what you-were-to-decide. The shouts quorum, si forte fuerit qui, debebit admorere of-these-men, if perchance there-should-be any, ought to-admonish vos, ut retineatis eum civem, you, that you-should-retain him a citizen, (in the country, by a qui semper neglexit illud genus sentence of acquittal), who always neglected that class hominum, que maximos clamores, pro vestrs of-men, and (their) very-great outcries, for your salute. Quamobrem adeste animis, safety. Wherefore be-present in mind [be of good courage], judices, et deponite timorem, si habetis quem. 0 judges, and lay-aside (all) fear, if you-have any. Nam si unquam potestas fuit vobis For if ever the power was to-you [if you ever had the judicandi de bonis et fortibus power] of-judicially-deciding concerning good and brave viris, si unquam de civibus meritis bene, men, if ever concerning citizens (who have) deserved well si denique unquam locus datus est (of their country), if in-fine ever an opportunity was-given delectis viris amplissimorum ordinum, ~ ut to-chosen men of-the-most-illustrious orders (in the state), that declararent re et sententiis, they-declare (and show) by-the-affair-itself, and 'by(their)'votes-as-j udges, sua studia erga fortes et bonos cives, quse their good-will towards brave and good citizens, which ssepe significassent vultu et they-have often 'signified 'by (their) 'countenance and verbis, vos profect5 hoc tempore habetis omnem niords, you certainly at-this time have all eam potestatem, ut statuatis, utrum nos, qui that power, that you-may-determine, whether we, who semper dediti fuimus vestrae auctoritati, 'have always 'been-devoted to-your authority, 'are, 35* 414 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. miseri, semper lugeanus, an, diu miserable-men, always 'to-mourn, or, 'having for-a-long-time vexati a perditissimis civibus, aliquando 'been-harassed by most-abandoned citizens, at-length recreemur per vos, ac per we-may-be-restored-to (our former state of safety) by you, and by vestram fidem, virtutem que sapientiam. Enim your good-faith, virtue and wisdom. For quid, judices, laboriosius, quid magis sollicitum, what (condition), Ojudges, more-harassing, what more vexatious magis exercitum, potest dici aut fingi, nobis more trying, can be-said or imagined, for-us duobus, qui adducti ad rempublicam, two, who induced (to devote ourselves) to the republic, spe amplissimorum praemiorum, possumus non by-the-hope of-most-honourable rewards, can not carere metu crudelissimorum suppliciorum? be-free-from the fear of-the-most-cruel punishments? ^..* Equidem semper putavi tempestates et procellas, Indeed 'I always 'thought (that) the storms and tempests, duntaxat in illis fluctibus concionum at-least in those agitations (and tumults) of-public-assemblied subeundas esse Miloni, quia semper senserat were-to-be-encountered (by) Milo, because 'he always 'was-in-favour pro bonis contra improbos; vero in judicio, et in of the good against the bad; but in a court, and in eo consilio, in quo amplissimi viri ex such acouncil, in which the-most-honourable men (selected) from cunctis ordinibus judicarent, all the orders (of men in the state, sit as judges and) decide, nunquam existimavi, inimicos Milonis 'I-have never 'thought, (that) the enemies of-Milo habituros esse ullam spem ad exstinguendam, non would-have any hope to destroy, not mod6 salutem, sed etiam infringendam only (his) safety, but even (to) weaken /or diminisb gloriam, per tales viros. Quanquam in hac his) glory, by such men. Although in tbis ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 415 causa, judices, non abutemur tribunatu T. cause, 0 judges, 'we-will not 'misuse the tribuneship of-T. Annii, que omnibus rebus gestis pro salute Annius, and all (his) deeds performed for the safety reipublicae, ad defensionem hujus of-the-republic, for (the purpose of) defence (in) this criminis. Nisi videritis oculis, accusation. Unless you-may-have-seen 'with (your own) 'eyes, (that) insidias factas a Clodio Miloni, nec depreambuscades were-laid by Clodius (against) Milo, nor shall-wecaturi sumus, ut condonetis nobis hoc crimen, entreat (you), that you-pardon us this crime, propter multa prseclara merita in rempublicam; on-account-of (our) many eminent services for the republic; nec postulaturi, ut, si mors P. Clodii fuerit nor shall-we-request (of you), that, if the death of-P. Clodius was vestra salus, idcirco assignetis earn virtuti your safety, that-therefore you-should-attribute it to-the-courage Milonis, potius quam felicitati Romani populi. of Milo, rather than * to-the-good-fortune of-the-Roman people. Sin illius insidise fuerint clariores But-if his [Clodius's] ambuscades will-be (rmade) clearer (than) hac luce, tur denique obsecrabo que obtestabor this light (of day), then in-fine I-entreat and supplicate vos, judices, si amisimus cetera, ut saltern you, 0 judges, (that) if we-have-lost (all) the rest, that at-least hoc relinquatur nobis, ut liceat defendere this may-be-left to-us, that it-may-be-allowed (us) to-defend impune vitam ab audacig que telis with-impunity (our) life ' from the audacity and weapons inimicorum. of-our-enemies. 3. Sed antequam venio ad ear orationem, But before I-come to that (part of) the speech, quse est propria vestre qusestionis, which is properly your inquiry, (and which especially ea videntur, refutanda esse, belongs to this trial), those-things seem, (necessary) to-be-refuted, 416 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. quae sepe jactata sunt et in senatu ab which 'have often 'been-brought-forth both in thesenate by (our) inimicis, et in concione ab improbis, et enemies, and in the assembly-of-the-people by bad-men, and paulo ante ab accusatoribus, ut, omni a little before (this) by (our) accusers, so-that, all errore sublato, possitis plane videre rem quse error being-removed, you-may plainly see the affair which veniat in judicium. Negant esse fas ei intueri may-come on trial. They-deny that-it-is right for-him to-see lucem, qui fateatur hominem occissum esse a the light, who -confesses (that) a man has-been-killed by se. In qua urbe tandem stultissimi homines him. In what city then 'do most-foolish men disputant hoc? Nempe in eg, quse primum 'dispute about-this? Namely in that-city, which first vidit judicium de capite M. Horatii, saw a trial for life (namely that) of-M. Horatius, fortissimi viri, qui, civitate nondum libera, a most-brave man, who, the city 'being not-yet 'free, tamen liberatus est comitiis (but under the kingly government,) yet was-acquitted by-the-comitia Romani populi, quum fateretur sororem of-the-Roman people, although he-confessed (that his) sister interfectam esse sua manu. An est quisquam, was-killed by-his-own hand. Or is-there any-one, qui ignoret hoc, quum quaeratur de who may-be-ignorant of-this, when inquiry-is-made concerning homine occiso, aut solere negari a man, (who has been) slain, either it-is-usual for-it-to-be-denied omninb factum esse, aut defendi altogether (that) it-has-been-done, or for-it-to-be-defended (because) factum esse recte et jure? Nisi vero existimatis it-was-done rightly and lawfully? Unless indeed you-think P. Africanum fuisse dementem, qui, quum (that) P. Africanus was out-of-his-mind, who, when interrogaretur in concione, a C. Carbone, ne-was-asked in an assembly-of-the-people, by C. Carbo, ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 417 tribuno plebis seditiose, quid sentiret tribune of-the-people in-a-factious-manner, what he-thought de morte T. Gracchi, respondent videri of the death of-T. Gracchus, replied (that) he-seemed-to-be jure cesum. Enim neque posset ille rightly killed. For neither could that (distinguished) Servilius Ahala aut P. Nasica, aut L. Opinius, aut Servilius Ahala or P. Nasica, or L. Opinius, or C. Marius, aut, me consule, senatus C. Marius, or, I (being) consul, the senate (itself) haberi non nefarius, si esset nefas be-considered (as) not wicked, if it-was unlawful (that) sceleratos cives interfici. Itaque, judices, non criminal citizens be-put-to-death. Therefore, 0 judges, not sine causa doctissimi homines prodiderunt memorice without reason most-learned men have-transmitted to-memory hoc, etiam fictis fabulis, eum, qui necavisset this, even in-fabulous stories, (that) he, who had-killed matrem causa ulciscendi patris, (his) mother fer-the-purpose of-avenging (his) father's (death), sententiis hominum variatis, libe the opinions of-men (who were his judges) being-divided, he-wasratum, non solum divina sententia, sed etiam acquitted, not only by-divine opinion, but even sapientissimve deae. Quod si (by that) of-the-most-wise goddess [Minerva]. Because if (the laws of) duodecim tabulee voluerunt nocturnum furem the twelve tables allowed a nocturnal robber interfici impune quoquo modo, autem to-be-killed with-impunity in-any manner, but (one who robbed) diurnum, si defenderet se telo; quis in-the-day-time, (only) if he-defended himself with-a-weapon; who est, qui quoquo modo quis interfectum sit, is-there, who in-whatever manner any-one may-be-killed, putet puniendum, quum videat may-consider that-he-ought-to-be-punished, when he-sees (that) 418 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. aliquando gladium porrigi nobis ab legibus ipsis sometimes a sword is-presented to-us by the laws themselves ad occidendum hominem. to kill a man. 4. Atqui si est ullum tempus But if there-is any time (or occasion, that) hominis necandi jure, que sunt multa, a man might-be-killed with-right, (and) which are many, certe illud est non modo justum, verum etiam certainly that is not only just, but also necessarium, quum illata vis defenditur vi. necessary, when offered violence is-resisted by-violence Quum militaris tribunus, in exercitu C. Marii, When a military tribune, ~ in the army of-C. Marius, (and' propinquus ejus imperatoris, eriperet pudicitiam a relation of-that commander, attempted violence militi, interfectus est ab eo (on the person of) a soldier, he-was-killed by him (the soldier) cui afferebat vim. Enim probus adolescens to-whom he-offered violence. For the virtuous youth maluit facere periculose, quam perpeti turpiter. chose-rather to-act dangerously, than suffer shamefully Atque ille summus [he preferred incurring danger, to dishonour]. And that illustrious vir liberavit hunc, solutum scelere, periculo. man (Marius) delivered him, absolved from-crime, from-danger. Vero quae injusta nex potest inferri insidiatori, But what unjust death can be-inflicted on-the-waylayer et latroni? Quid nostri comitatus, and robber? What 'do our escorts (on a journey), quid gladii volunt? quos certe non what (do our) swords 'mean? which certainly 'it-would not liceret habere, si nullo pacto liceret 'be-allowed (us) to-have, if 'it-were in-no manner 'allowed uti. Igitur, judices, hoec est non scripta to-use (them) Therefore, 0 judges, this is not a written lex, sed nata, quam non didicimus, law, but a natural-law, which 'we-have not 'learned, ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONB. 419 accepimus, legimus, verum arripuimus, received (by tradition, or) read, but have-taken, hausimus, expressimus ex natura ipsa, ad imbibed (and) extracted (it) from nature herself, (in) quam non docti, sed facti, which 'we-were not 'instructed, but (for which) we-were-made, 'we-aro non instituti sumus, sed imbuti ut si not 'taught (it), but are-imbued (with it), so-that, if nostra vita incidisset in aliquas insidias, si in our life should-be-endangered (by) any snares, if (by) vim, et in tela aut latronum aut violence, and (by) the weapons either of-robbers or inimicorum, omnis ratio salutis expediendae esset of-enemies, every means of-saving-life would-be honesta. Enim leges silent honourable. For the laws are silent, (and inoperative, in contests) inter arma, nec jubent se with arms (in hand), nor (do the laws) command (that) they exspectari, quum ei qui velit exspectare be-waited-for, when on-him who might-wish to-wait (for the eninjusta poena luenda sit, forcement of the laws) an unjust punishment might-be-inflicted, ante quam justa repetenda. before that a just-one might-be-demanded, (or obtained by him). [A great calamity, or even death, might be inflicted, before the law could be Etsi lex ipsa persapienter, et quodamenforced.] Although thelaw itself very-wisely, and in-somemodo tacite dat potestatem defendendi, quae measure tacitly gives the power of-defending, which (does) non hominem occidi, sed vetat esse not (allow, that) a man be-killed, but forbids (any one) to-be cum telo causa occidendi hominis; with a weapon [to have a weapon] for the-purpose of-killing a man; ut, quum causa, non telum so-that, as the cause (of carrying a weapon), not the weapon (itself) quveretur, qui esset usus telo, causA is-inquired-into, he-who made-use of-a-weapon, for-the-purpose 420 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. defendendi sui, judicaretur habuisse telum of-defending himself, would-be-judged to-have-had the weapon non causa occidendi hominis. Quapropter, not for-the-purpose of-killing a man. Wherefore, judices, hoc maneat in causa; 0 judges, 'let this 'remain in the cause [let this be an established enim non dubito, quin principle in this cause]; for 'I-do not 'doubt, that probaturus sim meam defensionem vobis, I-shall-prove (and make good) my 4efence before-you, si memineritis id, quod potestis non oblivisci if you-remember that, which you-can not have-forgotten insidiatorem posse interfici (that) a waylayer (and plotter against one's life) may be-slain jure. lawfully. 5. Sequitur illud, quod spepissime There-follows that, [the next thing is], which 'is very-often dicitur a(b) inimicis Milonis, senatum judicasse 'asserted by the enemies of-Milo, (that) the senate had-judged csedem in qua P. Clodius occisus est, (that) the slaughter in which P. Clodius was-killed, factam esse contra renpublicam. Vero illam was-done against the republic. But that (act of Milo) senatus comprobavit, non solum suis sententis, sed tile senate approved, not only by-their votes, but etiam studiis. Enim quoties illa also 'by (their) 'zeal (in his favour). For how-often 'has that causa acta est a nobis in senatu? quibus cause been-pleaded by us in the senate? with-what assensionibus universi ordinis? quam assenting-approbations of-the-whole order (of the senate)? (and) that nec tacitis, nec occultis? Enim quando frequenneither silent, nor concealed? For when in-a-verytissimo senatu quatuor, ant summum quinque, full senate (only) four, or at-most five, inventi sunt, qui non probarent causam Milonis. were-found, who 'did not 'approve the cause of-Milo. ORAT 0 PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 421 Illae intermortuse conciones hujus ambusti tribuni Those lifeless harangues of-that scorched tribune plebis declarant, quibus meam potentiam of-the-people show (that), in-which (harangues) my power quotidie invidiose criminabatur, quum (and influence) 'is daily invidiously 'found-fault-with, when diceret, senatum decernere non quod sentiret, he-says, (that) the senate decrees not what it-might-think se&d quod ego vellem. Quae quidem si but what I might-wish. Which indeed if appellanda est potentia potius, quam mediocris it-is-to-be-called power rather than a moderate auctoritas, aut propter magna merita authority (or influence), either on-account-of great services (done) in rempublicam in bonis causis, aut nonnulla gratia for the republic in good causes, or some favour apud bonos, propter hos meos officiosas (and credit) among the good, on-account-of these my serviceable labores; sane appelletur ita, (and obliging) labours; well-then let-it-be-called so, dummodo nos utamur e& pro salute bonorum provided we use it for the-safety of-the-good contra amentiam perditorum. Vero etsi est non against the madness of-the-wicked. But although it-is not iniqua, tamen senatus nunquam putavit an unjust (investigation), yet the senate never thought hanc qusestionem constituendam. Enim (that) that investigation ought-to-be-instituted. For erant leges, erant quaestiones, vel de there-were laws, there-were inquisitions, either concerning caede, vel de vi; nec mors P. Clodii murder, or concerning violence; nor 'did the death of-P. Clodius afferebat tantum moerorem ac luctum senatui, ut 'bring such-great grief and mourning to-the-senate, that nova qusestio constitueretur. 3 new (and particular) inquisition should-be-instituted (by them). Enim potestas decernendi judicium de illo For (when) the power of-ordering a trial concerning that 36 422 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. incesto stupro cujus erepta esset senatui; sacrilegious crime of-his [Clodius] was-taken (from) the-senate; quis potest credere, senatum putasse who can believe, (that) the-senate had-thought-of constituendum novum judicium, de ejus constituting a new (and special) trial, concerning his interitu? Cur igitur senatus decrevit, death? Why therefore 'has the senate 'decreed, (that) incendium curiae, oppugnationem n edium the burning of-the-senate-house, the attack on-the-house M. Lepidi, hanc ipsam coedem factum esse contra of-M. Lepidus, (and) this same murder was-done against rempublicam? Quia nulla vis, in liberA civitate, the republic? Because no violence, in a free state, unquam suscepta est inter cives, non contra 'has ever 'occurred among citizens, (that is) not against rempublicam. Enim illa defensio contra vim est the republic. For that defence against violence is non unquam optanda, sed nonnunquam est not ever to-be-desired, but sometimes it-is necessaria. Nisi vero aut ille dies, quo necessary. Unless indeed either that day, on-which T. Gracchus eaesus est, aut ille quo Caius, aut T. Gracchus was slain, or that on-which Caius was, or arma Saturnini, etiamsi oppressa sunt e the arms of-Saturninus, although repressed on-the-part-of republica, tamen non vulnerarunt the republic, yet 'they-have not wounded (or injured) rempublicam. the republic. 6. Itaque ego ipse decrevi, quum constaret Therefore I myself voted, when it-was-evident csedem factam esse in Appia, non (that) the murder was-committed on the Appian (way), (that) not eum, qui defendisset se, fecisse contra he, who had-defended himself, acted against rempublicam; sed, quum inessent insidise et the republic; but, as there were snares and ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 423 vis in re, reservavi crimen judicio, notavi violence in the-affair, I-reserved the guilt for-trial, I-admitted rem. Quod si licuisset, per illum furiosum the deed. Because if it-had-been-allowed, by that furious tribunum, senatui perficere quod sentiebat, tribune, to-the-senate to-perfect what it-thought, haberemus nullam novam qusestionem. Enim we-should-have-had no new inquisition. For decernebat, ut quaereretur veteribus it-decreed, that (the affair) should-be-investigated according-to-old legibus, tantummodo extra (and established) laws, only out-of (the usual) ordinem. Sententia divisa est, nescio order. The proposition (or resolve) was-divided, I-know-not quo postulante; enim est nihil by-whom (it was) moved (to do so); for it-is not necesse me proferre flagitia omnium. Sic necessary for-me to-bring-forward the infamy of-all. So reliqua auctoritas senatus the remaining authority of-the-senate (to act on the entire proposition) sublata est, emptk intercessione. was-taken-away, by-the-bought veto (of a tribune). (Oh). At enim Cn. Pompeius sug rogatione but indeed Cn. Pompey by-his bringing-a-law before-the-people judicavit, et de re, et de causa; enim pronounced-judgment, both concerning the fact, and the cause; for tulit de caede, quae facta esset he-brought-forward (a law) concerning the murder, which was-committed in Appia via, in qua P. Clodius occisus est. on the Appian way, in which P. Clodius was-slain. Quid ergo tulit? Nempe ut What therefore did-he-bring-forward? Namely that qutereretur. Porro quid quserendum est? it-should-be-investigated. But what is-to-be-inquired-into? Ne factum sit? At constat. A quo? At Whether was-it-done? But (that) is-evident. By whom? But that paret. Igitur vidit etiam in confessione ls-manifest. 'He therefore saw even in the confession 424 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. facti, tamen defensionem juris posse of-the-fact, (that) yet a defence of-the-right could suscipi. Quod nisi videsset, be-maintained. Because unless he [Pompey] might-have-perceived, eum, qui fateretur, posse absolvi, quum that) he, who confessed, might be-acquitted, when videret nos fateri, neque unquam jussisset he-saw (that) we confessed, neither would-he ever have-ordered quaeri, nec dedisset vobis hanc tarn (the affair) to-be-tried, nor would-he-have-given you that so salutarem literam in judicando, quam salutary letter (of acquittal) in pronouncing-judgment, as illam tristem. Cn. Pompeius (likewise) that sad-one (of condemnation). Cn. Pompey videtur vero mihi, non mod6 judicasse nihil seems indeed to-me, not only to-have-adjudged nothing gravius contra Milonem, sed etiam statuisse, unfavourable against Milo, nor even to-have-ordained, quid oporteret vos spectare in what it-might-be-proper (that) you should-look-to in judicando. Nam, qui non forming (your) judgment. For, he-who (did) not (inflict) poenam confessioni, sed dedit punishment (after) confession, but gave (the cause for trial and) defensionem, is putavit, causam defence, 'he (certainly) 'thought, (thnt) the cause interitfs quserendam, non interitum. of-the-death was-to-be-inquired-into, not the death (itself). Jam ipse profectb dicet illud, ne quod Now he-himself 'will certainly 'tell (us) that, whether what fecit sua sponte, putarit tribuendum he-did (of) his-own accord, he-might think, ought to-be-attributed Publio Clodio, an tempori. to-Publius Clodius, or to-the-times. 7. Nobilissimus vir sure dompe, propugnator The-most-illustrious man of-his family, the-defender senatfis, atque quidem illis temporibus, paene of-the-senate, and indeed in-those timea, almost 425 ORAIIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. patronus, avunculus hujus nostri judicis, the patron (thereof), the uncle of-this our judge, fortissimi viri M. Catonis, M. Drusus tribunus the most-brave man M. Cato, M. Drusus a tribune plebis occisus est. Populus nihil consultus of-the-people was-killed. The people 'were not 'consulted de ejus morte, nulla quaestio decreta est a concerning his death, no inquisition was decreed by senatu. Quantum luctum fuisse in hac urbe, the senate. What mourning was-there in this city, (as) accepimus a nostris patribus, quum illa nocturna we-have-heard from " our fathers, when that nocturnal vis illata esset P. Africano, quiescenti violence was-offered to-P. Africanus, [when he was killed] reposing sue domi? quis non tur gemuit? quis non in-his house? who 'did not then 'groan? who 'did not arsit dolore, quem omnes cuperent esse 'burn with grief, whom all desired to-be immortalem, si posset fieri, ejus mortem esse immortal, if it-could be-so, (that) his death was ne quidem necessariam exspectatam? not indeed a necessary (and) expected (one)? Num [That his death was not even a natural one?] Whether 'there-was igitur ulla qusestio lata est, de morte therefore any inquiry 'brought-forward, concerning the death Africani? Certe nulla; quid ita? Quia clari of-Africanus? Certainly none; why so? Because illustrious homines non necantur alio facinore, men 'are not 'killed by-one crime, (and) obscuri alio obscure-men by-another. [The crime is the same, in killing an illustrious Intersit man, as in killing an obscure one.] Grant (that) there-may-be-a-difference inter dignitatem vitae summorum atque in the dignity (and worth) of-life of-the-highest and infimorum; quidem mors illata per scelus of-the-lowest; indeed death inflicted by crime 36 * 426 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. teneatur et iisdem poenis et is-held (amenable) both to-the-same punishments ana legibus. Nisi forte erit magis laws (for all classes of men). Unless perchance it-were a greater parricida, si qui necaverit consularem patrem, parricide, [crime,] if one should-kill a consular father, quam si quis humilem, aut mors than if one (should kill) an humble-citizen, or (that) the death P. Clodii erit eo atrocior, quod is of-P. Clodius should-be in-that the-more-atrocious, because he interfectus sit in monumentis suorum majorum. may-have-been-killed among the monuments of-his ancestors. Enim hoc ssepe [On the Appian way, which they made.] For this 'is often dicitur istis; proinde quasi ille 'said, by-these (advocates of Clodius); consequently as-if that Appius Caecus muniverit viam, non (celebrated) Appius Caecus had-constructed the road, not (that) populus uteretur qua, sed ubi sui posteri the people might-use it, but (that) there (on it) his posterity latrocinarentur impune. Itaque quum, in ista might-rob with impunity. Therefore when, in this eadem Appig via, P. Clodius occidisset M. Papirium, same Appian way, P. Clodius had-killed M. Papirius, ornatissimum Romanum equitem, illud facinus fuit a most-accomplished Roman knight, that crime was non puniendum; enim nobilis homo occiderat not to-be-punished; for a noble man had-killed Romanum equitem, in suis monumentis; a Roman knight, among his (family) monuments; nunc nomen ejusdem Appiae quantas now the name of-that-same Appian (road) what tragoedias excitat! Quee, antea tragedies does-it-excite! (This same road) which, (when) heretofore imbuta est, cruentata caede honesti atque it-was-wet with-the-bloody murder of-an-honourable and innocentis viri silebatur, eadem nunc crebo innocent man was-not-mentioned, the same 'is now often ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 427 usurpatur posteaquam sanguine 'mentioned I after-that (it has been wet) with-the-blood latronis et parricidse. Sed quid ego commemoro of-a-robber and parraeide. But why 'do I 'mention illa? Servus P. Clodii comprehensus est, in those-things? A slave of-P. Clodius was arrested, in templo Castoris, quem ille collocaret ad the temple of-Castor, whom he had-placed there for-the-purpose interficiendum Cn. Pompeium; sica extorta est of-killing Cn. Pompeius; the dagger was wrested de manibus, confitenti; postea Pompeius from (his) hands, he-confessing; after-this Pompey caruit foro, caruit senatu, was-wanting (absent) from the forum, was absent from the senate, caruit publico; texit se janua was-absent from the public; he-protected himself 'by (his) 'doors ac parietibus, non jure legum que judiciorum. and walls, not by-the-right of-laws and (power) of-tribunals. Num quse rogatio lata, num quse nova Now what motion-for-a-law was-offered, or what new quoestio decreta est? Atqui, si res, si vir, inquisition was-decreed? But, if the thing (itself), if the man, si ullum tempus fuit dignum, if any time (or occasion) was worthy (of an extraordinary certe haec fuerunt omnia, in illA cause, investigation), certainly these were all, in that cause, summa. Insidiator erat collocatus in foro, the greatest. The concealed-assassin was placed in the forum, atque in ipso vestibulo senatus; autem mors and in the very vestibule of-the-senate; but death parabatur ei viro, in cujus vita salus civitatis was-prepared for-that man, on whose life the safety of-the-scate nitebatur; porro, eo tempore reipublicae, quo, depended; moreover, at-tbat time of-the-republic, in-which, si ille unus occidisset, non solum haec if he (though only) one had-fallen, not alone this civitas, sed omnes gentes concidissent. Nisi vero, state, but all nations had-fallen. Nor indeed 428 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. quia res non perfecta est, fuit non because the thing 'was not 'accomplished, - it-was not punienda; proinde quasi exitus rerum, non to-be-punished; consequently as-if the result of-things, not consilia hominum vindicentur legibus. Minus the-intentions of-men were-to-be-vindicated by-the-laws. Less dolendum fuit, re non perfecta, sed would-have-to-be-grieved-for, the thing not being-accomplished, but nihilominus certe puniendum. Quoties, judices, nevertheless certainly it-ought-to-be-punished. How-often, 0 judges, ego ipse effugi ex telis P. Clodii et have I myself 'escaped from the weapons of-P. Clodius and ex ejus cruentis manibus? ex quibus, si vel mea from his bloody hands? from which, if either my fortuna, vel reipublicae non servasset good-fortune, or (that) of-the-republic 'had not 'saved me, qui tandem tulisset quaestionem de me, who in-fine would-have-moved-for an inquisition concerning meo interitu. my death. 8. Sed sumus stulti, qui audeamus conferre But we-are foolish, who dare to compare Drusum, qui Africanum, Pompeium, mosmet Drusus, who (also) Africanus, Puolpey, (or) we ipsos cum P. Clodio. Illa fuerunt tolerabilia; ourselves with P. Clodius. Those-things were to-be-borne-with; nemo potest ferre mortem P. Clodii xquo (but) no-one can bear the death of-P. Clodius with-undisturbed animo. Senatus luget, equester ordo mind. The senate mourns, the equestrian order moeret, tota civitas confecta est is-afflicted-with-grief, the whole state weighed-down senio municipia squalent, w ith-the-languor-of-old-age, the municipalities are-in-mourning, coloniae afflictantur, denique agri ipsi the colonies are-afflicted-with-grief, in-fine the fields themselves desiderant tam beneficum, tam salutarem, tam miss so beneficent, so useful, sc ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 429 mansuetum civem. Ea fuit non causa, judices, mild a citizen. This was not the reason, 0 judges, profecto fuit non, cur Pompeius censeret certainly it-was not, why Pompey thought (that a Inw) qusestionem ferendum sibi; sed, for-a-special-inquiry-and trial should-be-moved-for (by) him; but, sapiens homo atque praeditus alta, et (being) a wise man and endowed with a profound, and quodam divine mente, vidit multa; ilium a certain divine mind, he-saw many-things (that) he fuisse inimicum sibi, Milonem (Clodius) had-been an enemy to-him, (but) Milo familiarem; in communi laetitia omnium, si an intimate-friend; in the'general joy of-all, if ipse etiam gauderet, timuit ne fides he-himself also should-rejoice, he-feared lest confidence (in his) reconciliate gratias videretur infirmior; reconciliation (with Clodius) might-seem more-weak; etiam vidit multa alia, sed maxime illud, 'he also 'saw many other-things, but especially this, (that) quamvis atrociter ipse tulisset, tamen however severe (the law) he-himself may-have-proposed, yet (that) vos judicaturos fortiter. Itaque delegit e you would-decide fearlessly. Therefore he-has-selected from florentissimis ordinibus lumina ipsa. the most illustrious ranks, the lights themselves (of the state, for Neque ver5, quod nonnulli dictitant, in judges). Nor indeed, as some often-say, in legendis judicibus secrevit meos amicos. selecting the judges has-he-separated (and passed by) my friends. Enim neque justissimus vir cogitavit hoc, For neither 'has (this) most-just man 'thought this, neque, in legendis bonis viris, potuisset assequi nor, in selecting good men, could-he have-accomplished id, etiamsi cupisset. Enim mea gratia that, even-if he-had-wished. For my favour (and influence) non continetur familiaritatibus, is not 'limited t.o my) intimacies, [intimate friends,] 430 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. que possunt non patere late, propterea qnod which can not extend far, because that (our) consuetudines victus possunt non esse cum habits of-social-living can not be with multis; sed, si many, (and necessarily restricts us to few social companions); but, if possumus quid, possumus we-can (effect) any thing (by our influence), we-can (do it only) ex eo, qubd respablica conjunxit nos cum through this, that the republic has-united us with bonis; ex quibus, quum ille legeret the good; from-among whom, when he [Pompey] had-selected optimos viros, que arbitraretur id maxime the best men, and he-tlought (that) this greatly pertinere ad suam fidem, appertained to his credit, (and the confidence placed in him), potuit non non legere studiosos mei. he-could not but select (those) favourably-disposed (to) me. Quod vero voluit te L. Domiti maxime prseesse, That indeed he-wished you 0. L. Domitius especially to-preside, huic qurestioni, qusesivit nihil aliud, nisi over-this investigation, he-sought-of nothing else, unless justitiam, gravitatem, humanitatem, fidem. justice, dignity, humanity, and good-faith. Tulit ut He [Pompey] brought forward (in his law) that (the president) 'should necesse esset consularem; credo, quod necessarily 'be a man-of-consular-dignity; I-believe, because ducebat esse munus principum he-thought (that) it-was the duty of-the-higher-orders resistere et levitati multitudinis et to-oppose-themselves both to-the-fickleness of-the-multitude and temeritati perditorum. Potissimum creavit to-the-rashness of-the-profligate. Above-all he-selected te ex consularibus. Enim, jam ab you from-among those-of-consular-rank. For, already from (your) I ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 431 adolescentia, dederas maxima documenta, youth, you-had-given the greatest proofs, quam contemneres populares insanias. i ow-much you-despised popular madness. 9. Quamobrem, judices, ut aliquando veniamus Wherefore, 0 judges, that at-length we-may-come ad causam que crimen, si neque omnis to the cause (itself) and the accusation, if neither all confessio facti est inusitata, neque quidquam confession of-the-deed is unusual, nor (that) any-ihing judicatum est a senatu, de nostrA cause, aliter was-determined by the senate, about our cause, otherwise ac nos vellemus, et lator legis ipse, quum than we wished, and the proposer of-the-law himself, when esset nulla controversia facti, tamen there-was no dispute (concerning) the deed, however voluit esse disceptationem juris, desired that-there-should-be a discussion of-the-lawfulness et judices electi, que is prsepositus (thereof), and judges being-chosen, and he appointed-to-preside qusestioni, qui disceptet haec juste que over-the-investigation, who would-decide these-things justly and sapienter, reliquum est, judices, ut debeatis jam, wisely, it-remains, 0 judges, that you-ought now, quserere nihil aliud, nisi uter fecerit to-iuquire into-nothing else, unless which-one laid insidias utri. Quod qub possitis snares-and-ambushes for-the-other. Which that you-may facilius perspicere argumentis, the-more-easily perceive (what relates) to-the-argument, quseso attendite diligenter, dum breviter expono I-entreat (you), attend carefully, while 'I briefly explain vobis rem gestam.i Quum P. Clodius statuisset to-you the occurrence. When P. Clodius had-determined vexare rempublicam omni scelere in to-harass the republic by-all (kinds of) wickedness in (his) praetur&, que videret comitia pratorship, and (as) he-saw (that) tho comitia (for electing officers) 432 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE ita tracta esse anno superiore, ut 'Ead-been so-long 'delayed in-the-year before, that posset non gerere praeturam multos menses, qui he-could not hold the praetorship many months, he-who non spectaret gradum honoris, ut ceteri, sed did not regard the degree of-honour, as others (did), but et vellet effugere L. Paullum, civem also he-wished to-avoid (having) L. Paullum, a citizen (endowed) singulari virtute, collegam, et quaereret with singular virtue, (for his) colleague, and (as) he (also) desired integrum annum ad dilacerandam rempublicam, an entire year to dilacerate the republic, subito reliquit suum annum, que transtulit sese suddenly he-gave-up his year, and transferred himself in proximum annum, non, ut fit aliqua into the next year, not, that it-was-done through-any religione, sed, u, haberet, quod ipse dicebat, religious-scruples, but,tJlat he-might-have, as he said, plenum atque integrum annum, ad gerendam a full and entire year, for discharging proeturam, hoc est ad evertendam rempublicam. the prsetorship, that is for overturning the republic. Occurrebat ei, suam praeturam futuram It-occurred to-him, (that) his praetorship would-be mancam ac debilem, Milone consule; porro lame and weak, Milo (being) consul; moreover videbat eum fieri consulem summo it-seemed, (that) he would-be-made consul with-the-greatest consensu Romani populi. Contulit se ad ejus unanimity of-the-Roman people. He betook himself to his competitores, sed ita, ut ipse solus [Milo's] competitors, but so, that he-himself-alone gubernaret totam petitionem, etiam illis invitis; might-rule the entire canvass, even they being-unwilling; ut sustineret, ut dictitabat tota comitia suis that he-sustained, as 'he often-'said, the whole comitia on-hia humeris. Convocabat tribus, intcrponebat se; shoulders. lle-convoked the tribes, he-iuterposed himself; ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 433 conscribebat novam Collinam delectu he-formed a-new Colline (tribe) by-the-enrolment-of-the perditissimorum civium. Quanto ille most-worthless citizens. As-much-as he [Clodius] miscebat, tanto magis hic threw-things-into-confusion, so-much the more this-one [Milo] convalescebat in dies. Ubi homo gained-strength (from day) to day. When the-man (Clodius paratissimus ad omne facinus vidit, fortissimum most-ready for every crime saw, (that) the-most-brave virum, suum inimicissimum certissimum person (Milo), his greatest-enemy (was) most-certain (to be) consulem, que intellexit id ssepe consul, and he-understood (that) this 'was often declaratum esse, non solum sermonibus, sed etiarr 'declared, not only by-the-conversation, but also suffragiis Romani populi, coepit agere palam, et by-the-votes of-the-Roman people, he-began to-act openly, and aperte dicere, Milonem occidendum esse. plainly to-say, (that) Milo must-be-killed. Deduxerat ex Apennino agrestes et barbaros He-had-brought-down from the Apennines rustic and barbarous servos, quos videbatis, quibus depopulatus erat slaves, whom you-saw, with-whom he ravaged publicas silvas, que vexarat Etruriam. Res erat the public forests, and harassed Etruria. The affair was minime obscura. Enim dictitabat palam, by-no-means concealed. For he-often-said openly, (that) consulatum posse non eripi Miloni the consulship 'could not 'be-taken-from Milo (but that his) vitam posse. Hoc ssepe significavit in senatu; life could. This 'he often 'hinted in the senate; dixit in concione; quin etiam lie-said (it openly) in the-public-assemblies-of-the-people; but also respondit M. Favonio, fortissimo viro, quaerenti ex he-replied to-M. Favonius, a very-brave man, inquiring of eo qua spe fureret, Milone vivo, him with-what hols he-thus-gave-way to-his-fury, Milo being-alive, 37 434 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. respondit triduo, aut summum quatriduo, he-answered (that) in three-days, or at-most in-four-days, (that) illum periturum esse; quam vocem ejus, Favonius he would-be-dead; which expression of-his, Favonius detulit statim ad hunc M. Catonem. related immediately to this M. Cato, (here present as judge). 10. Interim, quum Clodius sciret, (enim neque In-the-mean-time, when Clodius knew, (for neither erat difficilis scire), esse sollemne, was-it difficult to-know-it), (that) there-was a yearly, legitimum nccessarium iter Miloni Lanuvium, legitimate (and) necessary journey for Milo to-Lanuvium, ante XTII diem Kalendis Februarias before the xiii day of-the Kalends of-February [18th of January] ad prodendum flaminem, q'uod Milo erat dictator to nominate the priest, because Milo was dictator Lanuvii, ipse subito pridie profectus est of Lanuvium, he (Clodius) suddenly, on-the-day-before, proceeded-from Roma, ut collocaret insidias ante suum fundum Rome, that he-might-place ambuscades before his farmn Miloni (quod intellectum est re). Atque ita for Milo as was-understood by-the-thing (itself). And he-so profectus est, ut relinqueret turbulentam departed (from Rome), that he-left a turbulent cohcionem, in qua ejus furor desideratus est, assemblage-of-people, in which his violence was-missed, quae habita est illo ipso die, quam (and) which was-held on-that same day, which 'he-would nunquam reliquisset, nisi voluisset obire never 'have-left, unless he-wished to-go (and make locum que tempus facinoris. Autem use of) the place and time (for committing) a crime. But Milo, quum fuisset in senatu eo die, quoad Milo, when he-had-been in the senate that day, until senatus dimissus est, venit domum; mutavit the senate was-dismissed, came home; he-changed (his) calceos et vestimenta; commoratus est paulisper, ahoes and dress; he-waited a little, ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 435 (ut fit), dum uxor comparat se, (as (iU usually) done), while (his) wife 'gets herself 'ready, deinde profectus id temporis, quum jam Clodius then he-departed (at) that time, when already Clodius potuisset redire, si quidem venturus erat Romam, might have-returned, if indeed he-was-to-return to Rome, eo die. Clodius obviam fit ei, on-that day. Clodius meets him, (he Clodius being) expeditus, in equo, nullA rheda, nullis unencumbered, on horseback, with-no carriage, with-no impedimentis, nullis Graecis comitibus, ut solebat, baggage, with-no Greek attendants, as he-used sine uxore, quod fere nunquam, (to-have), without (his) wife, which (was) almost never quum hic insidiator, qui apparasset (the case), when this waylayer, [Milo,] who had-prepared illud iter, ad faciendam caedem, veheretur that journey, for-the-purpose-of committing murder, was-drawn in rheda cnm uxore, psenulatus in a carriage with (his) wife, (and was) enveloped-in-a-travelling-cloak, et magno impedito, et muliebri ac delicato and with great baggage, and with-an-effeminate and delicate comitatu ancillarum, que puerorum. Fit obviam cortege of maid-servants, and of-boys. He-meets Clodio ante ejus fundum, fere undecimA hori, Clodius before his farm, about the eleventh hour, ant non multo secus. Statim complures faciunt or not much from-it. Immediately many make impetum in hunc cum telis, de superiore loco; an attack on him with missiles, from the higher place; adversi occidunt rhedarium; autem the opponents kill the driver (of his carriage); but quum hic, rejectg paenula, desiluisset when he, having-thrown-off (his) cloak, had-jumped de rheda, que defenderet se acri trom-the-carriage, and defended himself with-a-courageous (and animo, illi, qui erant cum Clodio, vigorous) mind, those, who were with Clodius, 436 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. eductis gladiis, partim recurrere ad having-drawn (their) swords, some-of-them ran-back to rhedam, ut adorirentur Milonem a tergo, the chariot, that they-might-attack Milo in the-rear, partim, quod putarent hunc jam some-of-them, because they-thought (that) he 'was already interfectum, incipiunt csedere ejus servos, qui erant slain, begin to-kill his slaves, who were post, ex quibus, qui fuerunt proesenti behind, from-among whom, those-who had presence (of) animo, et fideli in dominum, mind (and resolution), and were faithful to (their) master, wwere partim occisi sunt, partim, quum viderent part-of-them Islain, a part, when they-saw (that) pugnari ad rhedam, prohiberentur there-was-a-fight at the carriage, (and) were-prohibited from succurrere domino, audirent ex Clodio succouring (their) master, (when) they-heard from Clodius ipso Milonem occisum, et putarent re himself, (that) Milo was-killed, and believed the thing (to be) vera, servi Milonis fecerunt id (enim dicam true, the servants of-Milo did that (for I-speak aperte, non causa derivandi criminis, openly, not for-the-purpose of shifting the blame (from Milo to sed ut factum est), his servants), but (that the affair may be stated) as it-was-dune), domino nec imperante, nec sciente, nec (their) master neither commanding, nor knowing, nor praesente, quod quisque voluisset suos being-present, which each-one (of us) might-have-wished his servos facere, in tali re. servant to-do, in such an affair. 11. Hoec, judices, gesta sunt, ita sicut These-things, 0 judges, have-been-done, just as exposui; insidiator superatus est; vis I-have-stated (them); the-waylayer was-overcome; violenco victa vi, vel potius audacia oppressa est was-defeated by-violence, or rather audacity was-put-dowvn ORATTO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 487 virtute. Dico nihil, quid respublica by-valour. I-say nothing, (about) what the republic consecuta sit, nihil, quid vos may-have-gained, nothing, (about) what you (may have gained), nihil, quid omnes boni. nothing, (about) what all good-men (may have gained, by this Sane id prosit nihil Miloni, qui event). But-indeed 'let that 'be no 'advantage to Milo, who natus est hoc fato, ut quidem potuerit ne servare is born to-this fate, that indeed he-could not save se, quin uni, servaret himself, but-that together (and at the same time), he-saved rempublicam que vos. Si id potuit non fieri the republic and you. If this could not be-done jure, habeo nihil, quod defendam. Sin et with right, I-have nothing, that I-may-defend. But-if both ratio prsescripsit hoc doctis, et necessitas reason has-prescribed this to-the-learned, and necessity barbaris, et mos gentibus, et etiam natura to-barbarians, and custom to-nations, and also nature feris belluis, ut semper propulsarent omnem to-wild beasts, that 'they-might always 'repel all vim quacunque ope possent, a corpore, violence, by-whatever means they-could, from (their) body a capite, a sua vita, potestis non from (their) head, (and) from their life, you-can no judicare hoc improbum facinus, quin adjudge this (to be) a wicked deed, but-that simul judicetis, omnibus, qui inciderint at-the-same-time you-decide, for-all, who may-have-fallen in latrones, pereundum esse, ant illorum' among robbers, (that) they-must-perish, either 'by their tellis, aut vestris sententiis. Quad si [the robber's] 'weapons, or by-your sentences. Because if putasset ita, certe fuit optabilius h. had-thought so, 'it certainly 'would-have-been more-desirable Milonl, dare jugulum P. Clodio, for Milo, to-offer (his) throat to-P. Clodio, (which) 37* 438 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. petitum ab illo non semel, neque turn had-been-sought by him not once, nor theni primum, quAm jugulari a vobis, quia for-the-first-time, than to-be-strangled by you, because 'he-had non tradidisset se illi jugulandum. Sin nemo not 'delivered himself to-him to-be-killed. But-if no-one vestrum sentis ita, jam illud venit in judicium, of-you thinks so, now this comes in judgment, (and is a non, ne occisus sit, subject of inquiry for the judges), not, whether he-may-have-been-killed, quod fatemur; sed jure, an injuria; which we-confess; but (whether it was done) justly, or unjustly; quod, in multis causis ssepe quesitum est. which, in many causes, 'has often 'been-inquired-into. Constat insidias factas esse, et id It-is-evident (that) snares and ambuscades were laid, and this est, quod senatus judicavit, factum contra 4-i *, what the senate has-determined, was-done against rempublicam; ab utro factae sint, est the republic; by which-of-the-two they-might-have-been-laid, is incertum. De hoc igitur latum est uncertain. Concerning this therefore it-has-been-moved (and orut quaereretur. Et ita senatus dered) that it-should-be-inquired-into. And so the senate notavit rem, non hominem, et Pompeius disapproved the-thing, not the man, and P mpey tulit quaestionem de jure, non has-brought-forward the inquiry concerning the lawfulness, not de facto. concerning the fact (itself). 12. Igitur numquid aliud, venit in Therefore is-there-any other-thing, (that) comes in judicium, nisi uter fecerit insidias judgment, unless which-one laid snares-and-ambuscades utri? Profecto nihil; si hic for-the-other? Indeed nothing-else; if this (Milo laid snares) illi, ut ne sit impune; si for-him (Clodius), 'let-it not 'be with impunity; if ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 439 ille huic, turn nos solvamur he (Clodius laid snares) for-this (Milo), then we are-acquitted scelere. of-guilt. Igitur quonam pacto potest probari, Therefore in-what manner can (it) be-proved, (that) Clodium fecisse insidias Miloni? Est quidem Clodius had-laid snares for-Milo? It-is indeed satis, in illa tam audaci, tam nefarig bellua, sufficient, in that so audacious, so wicked a monster, docere, magnam causam ei to-show, (that there was) great reason for-him (to desire Milo's magnam spem propositam in morte death, and) great hopes were offered (him) by the death Milonis, magnas utilitates fuisse. of-Milo, that great advantages would-have (resulted to him Itaque illud Cassianum, "cui thereby). Therefore that (maxim of) Cassius, "to-whom fuerit bono," valeat in his would-it-be advantageous," may-have-authority among these personis; etsi boni impelluntur nullo persons; although the good are-impelled by-no emolumento in fraudem, improbi advantage in (committing) a crime, bad-men (are induced ssepe parvo. Atqui, Milone to do so) often by-a-small (advantage). But-then, Milo interfecto, assequebatur hoc, non modi, ut esset being-slain, he-attained this, not only, that he-might-be prsetor, non eo consule, quo posset facere praetor, not with-such a consul, under-whom he-could commit nihil sceleris, sed etiam, ut esset prator, nothing of-crime, [no crime,] but also, that he-would-be praetor, iis consulibus, quibus si non juvantibus, those being-consuls, who if (they were) not assisting (him), at certe conniventibus, speraret, se posse at-least certainly were conniving, he-hoped, (that) he might-be-able eludere in illis suis cogitatis furoribus; to-elude (detection) in those his contemplated frantic-deeds; 440 ORATIO PRO T. AN-NIO MILONE. cujus conatus illi, ut ipse ratiocinabatur, wvhose attempts they, [the consuls], as he [Clodius] reasoned nec cuperent reprimere, si possent, /with himself), 'would not 'desire to suppress, if they-could, quum arbitrarentur se debere ei when they-considered (that) they were-indebted to-him tantum beneficium, et si vellent, for-such-a-great favour, and if they-wished (to repress them), fortasse possent vix frangere audaciam perhaps 'they-could 'scarcely crush the audacity sceleratissimi hominis, jam corroboratam of-a-most-wicked man, now confirmed vetustate. An verb, judices, by-a-long-duration (of impunity). But indeed, 0 judges, 'are vos soli ignoratis, vos versamini you alone ignorant (of all this), 'do you 'reside (as) hospites in hac urbe? vestrae aurcs sBtangers in this * city? 'do your ears peregrinantur neque versantur in hoc 'wander-and-pay-no-attention, nor are-they-practised in this pervagato sermone civitatis, quas leges common-and-wide-spread report of-the-city, what laws (si nominandse sunt leges, ac non faces (if they-are-to-be-called laws, and not firebrands (for) urbis, pestes reipublicae) ille impositurus fuerit the city, (and) posts of-the-republic) he would-have-imposed nobis omnibus, atque inusturus? Exhibe on us all, and indelibly-branded (on us all)? Produce quieso Sexte Clodi, exhibe illud librarium I-entreat-you Sextus Clodius, produce that book-case (containing) vestrarum legum, quod aiunt, te eripuisse your laws, which they-say, (that) you snatched e domo, et ex mediis armis, que from (your) house, and from the midst (of) arms, and nocturne turba, extulisse tanquam a nocturnal mob (threatening you), (and) bore (it) aloft as Palladium, videlicet, ut posses deferre s Palladium, lor-the-purpose, that you-might-be-able to-carry ORATIO PRO' T. ANNIO MILONE. 441 prseclarum munus, atque instrumentum the splendid present, and instrument-of-writing (for) tribunatus ad aliquem, si nactus esses, qui the tribuneship, to some-one, if you-could-find (him), who gereret tribunatum tuo arbitrio. woulddischarge-the-duties (of) the-tribuneship to-your wish. An ille ausus esset facere mentionem hujus Whether 'would he 'have-dared to-make mention of-this legis, quam Sex. Clodius gloriatur, inventam law, which Sex. Clodius boasts, (that) it-was-devised a se, Milone vivo, ne dicam by him, Milo being-alive, not I-may-mention (his) (being) consule? De omnium nostrum-audeo non dicere consul? Concerning all of-us - I dare not sny totum. Videte, quid ea lex habitura fuerit all. See, what that law would-have-had vitii cujus etiam reprehensio of odiousness, (when the mere mention) of-which even (for) reprehensibn est periculosa. Et quidem adspexit me illis is dangerous. And indeed he-looked at-me with-those oculis, quibus turn solebat, quum minabatur eyes, with-which 'he then 'used-to-do, when he threatened omnia omnibus. Lumen curie quippe every-thing to all. This light of-the-senate-house indeed movet me. moves me. 13. Quid? tu putas, me iratum tibi, What? do you think, (that) I am-angry with-you, Sexte, cujus inimicissimum tu punitus es, etiam 0 Sextus, whose greatest-enemy you have-punished, even multo crudelius, quam erat mexe much more-cruelly, than it-would-be (the part) of-my humanitatis postulare? Tu ejecisti domo humanity to-require? You threw 'from (his) 'house cruentum cadaver P. Clodii, tu abjecisti in the bloody carcass of-P. Clodius, you 'east (it) 'out to publicum, tu reliquisti spoliatum 'maginibus, the public, you left-it deprived (of ancestral) images, 442 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MITLONE. exsequiis, pompa, laudatione, semustilatumn of-funeral-rites, of-funeral-pomp, of-funeral-panegyric, half-burnt infelicissimis lignis 'with (those) 'most unfortunate (pieces of) wood [the furniture of the dilaniandum canibus, senate chamber] (and) to-be-torn (and devoured) by dogs, nocturnis. Quare etsi fecisti nefarie. that-prowl-about-at-night. Wherefore alth ugh you-h ave-acted wickedly, tamen, quoniam exprompsisti tuam crudelitatem however, because you-have-wreaked your cruelty in meo inimico, possum non laudare, on my enemy, (though) I-can not praise (you), certe debeo non irasci. [Demonstravi judices, certainly I-ought not to-be-angry. [I have-demonstrated 0 judges, quantum Claudii inter] fuerit, Milonem how-much (as respects) Claudius it was] (his) interest, (that) Milo occidi. Nunc convertite animos vicissim ad should-be-slain. Now turn (your) minds next to Milonem. Quid intererat Milonis, Clodium Milo. What was-the-interest of-Milo, (that) Clodius interfici? Quid erat cur Milo, non dicam should-be-slain? What was-there why Milo, 'I-will not 'say admitteret, sed optaret? should commit (such a deed), but 'should (even) 'desire (it)? (But) Clodius obstabat Miloni, in spe consulatfs. Clodius was-an-obstacle to-Milo, in (his) hope of-the-consulship. At, eo repugnante, fiebat; immo vero But,' he opposing, he-was-made (to gain); moreover indeed fiebat eo magis, nec utebatur me he-was-made (to gain) so-much the more, nor did-he-use me meliore suffragatore, quAm Clodio [nor was I] a better electioneerer (for him), than Clodius (was) memoria, meritorum Milonis erga me que the remembrance, of-the-services of-Milo towards me and rempublicam, valebat apud vos, judices; nostrat the republic, availed (much) with you, 0 judges; our jlacrimve et preces, quibus ego sentiebam, vos Wlars and entreaties, by-which I perceived, (that) you ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 44' tur mirifice moveri valebant; sed mult6 plus 'were then wonderfully 'moved were-of-avail; but much more timer impendetium periculorum valebat. Enim l iid the fear of-impending dangers 'avail. For quis erat civiurn, qui proponeret sibi who "was-there of-the-citizens, who could-place-before himself solutam praeturam P. Clodii, sine maximo metu the unrestlained praetorship of-P. Clodius, without the greatest fear novarum rerum? Autem videbatis fore of a revolution? But you-saw that it would-be solutam, nisi is esset consul, qui auderet que unrestrained, unless he were consul, who might-dare and posset constringere ear. Quum universus Romanus could restrain it. When the entire Roman populus sentiret eum Milonem esse unum, people perceived (that) this Milo was the only-one, quis dubitaret, sue suffragio (that could do this), who would-doubt, by his vote liberare se metu, rempublicam periculo? to-free himself from-fear, (and) the republic from-danger? At nunc, Clodio remoto, est Miloni jam But now, Clodius being-removed, it-is for-Milo now enitendum, usitatis rebus, ut tueatur suam to-exert-himself, by-the-usual means, that he-may-preserve his dignitatem; illa singularis gloria, et concessa huic dignity; that peculiar glory, and conceded to-him uni, quae quotidie augebatur frangendis alone, (and) which 'was daily 'increased of-breaking (and furoribus Clodianis jam cecidit frustrating) the mad-schemes (of) Clodius, 'has now 'fallen morte Clodii. Vos adepti estis (and ceased), by-the-death of-Clodius. You attained-to-this, (that) ne metueritis quem civem; hic perdidit 'you-need not 'fear any citizen; he lost exercitationem virtutis, sufragationem (the occasion of) exercising (his) valour, votes consulatis, perennem fontem sue glorise. (for) tbe-consulship, (and) the perpetual fountain of-his glory. 444 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. Itaque Therefore poterat could mortuo, dead, consulatus Milonis, qui, Clodio vivJ, the consulship of-Milo, which, Clodius (being) alive, non labefactari, denique, not be-shaken, (or defeated, but now), in fine, (he being) coeptus est tentari. it-has-been-commenced (for it) to-be-attempted. [they have Igitur commenced to prevent it.] Therefore modo nihil prodest Miloni, only no 'advantage to-Milo, At odium valuit, But-then (his) hatred prevailed, inimicus, fuit ultor as an enemy, he-was the avenger doloris. Quid? si non griefs. What? if I-do not majora in Clodio, quam in greater in Clodius, than in illo, nulla in the former, (and) not-at-all in mors Clodii non the death of-Clodius 'is not sed etiam obest. but even is-an-injury (to him). fecit iratus, fecit he-did (it) enraged, he-did (it) injurive, punitor sui of-injury, the avenger of-his dico, hbc fuerunt say, (that) these-things were Milone, sed maxima in Milo, but the greatest in hoc? quid vultis the latter? what do-you-wish amplius? Enim quid Milo odisset Clodium, more? For why (should) Milo have-hated Clodius, segetem ac materiem suae gloriae, praeter hoc civile the cause and material of-his glory, except that civil odium, quo odimus omnes improbos? Erat, hatred, by-which we-hate all wicked-persons? There-was (reason) ut ille odisset primium that he (Clodius) should-hate (Milo, for) firstly he [Milo] (was) defensorem meae salutis, deinde vexatorem the defender of-my safety, next (as) the disturber (of his) furoris, dominatorem suorum fury, (and) (as) the master (and represser) of-his armorum, postremo etiam suum accusatorem. Enim arms, finally also (as) his accuser. For Clodius quoad vixit fuit reus Milonis, Plotia Clodius as-long-as he-lived was the accused of-Milo, by-the-Plotian lege. law. [On the accusaItioll of Milo, Clodius was liable to be tried by the ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 445 Tandem quo aninio Plotian law, against violence.] In-fine with-what feelings creditis illum tyrannum tulisse hoc? do-you-suppose (that) that tyrant bore this? quantum illius odium, et, in injusto how-great (do you suppose was) his hatred, and, in an unjust homine, etiam quAm justum (and wicked) man, also how reasonable, (that this) fuisse? was? 14. Reliquum est jam, ut ipsius natura, It-remains now, (to show) that his nature, que consuetudo defendat ilium, autem haec and habits may-defend that-one, [Clodius,] but these eadem coarguant hunc. Clodius same-things may-accuse (and censure) this-one. [Milo.] Clodius (did) nihil unquam per vim, Milo omnia per vim. nothing at-any-time by force, Milo (did) every-thing by force. Quid? quum ego cessi urbe, vobis, judices, What? when I departed from-the-city, you, 0 judges, ncerentibus, ne timui judicium? non mourning, did-I fear a trial? (was it) not (rather) servos, non arma, non vim? quse slaves, not (rather) arms, not (rather) violence? what igitur fuisset justa causa restituendi mei, therefore might-have-been a just cause of-recalling me (from nisi ejiciendi banishment), unless (the cause) of-throwing (me into banishment) fuisset injusta? Credo dixerat diem mihi, had-been unjust? I-suppose he-had-appointed a day for-me irrogarat multam, intenderat (for trial), (he had proposed) to impose a fine, he-had-threatened actionem perduellionis, et mihi videlicet, an action of-treason, and (by) me forsooth, (your) judicium timendumi fuit, in cause, aut mala aut judgment was-to-be-feared, in a cause, either bad or mea, non et praeclarissima et vestrl. Nolui mine, not (as) both most-illustrious and yours. I-did-not-wish Bo8 446 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. objici meos cives servatos, meis consiliis que to-expose my citizens saved, by-my counsels and periculis, armis servorum, et egentium. civium, dangers, to-the-arms of slaves, and of-needy citizens, et facinorosorum, pro me. Enim vidi, vidi hunc and of-the-wicked, for me. For I-saw, I-saw this ipsum Q. Hortensius lumen et ornamentum same Q. Hortensius (here) the light and ornament reipublicae, poene interfici manu servorum, quum of-the-republic, nearly killed by-a-band of-slaves, when adesset mihi; in qua turba C. Vibienus, he-was-standing by-me; in which mob C. Vibienus, senator, optimus vir, quum csset una cum a senator, (and) most-excellent man, when he-was together with hoc, ita mulcatus est, ut amiserit vitam. him, 'was so 'beaten, that he-lost (his) life. Itaque quando postea illa sica illius, quam Therefore when after-that 'did that 'dagger of-his, which acceperat a Catilina conquievit? Haec he-had-received from Catiline 'rest? This (dagger) intentata est nobis; ego non passus sum huic was-aimed at-us; [me] I 'can not 'suffer this objici vos pro me; haec insidiata est to-be-thrust at-you for. me; this (dagger) lay-in-wait Pompeio, hzec cruentavit istam Appiam, for-Pompey, this (dagger) stained-with-blood this Appian way, monumentum sui nominis, nece Papirii; haec, the monument of-his name, by-the-murder of-Papirius; this, haec eadem, longo intervallo, rursus this same (dagger), after-a long interval, 'was again conversa est in me; nuper quidem, ut scitis, 'turned against me; lately indeed, as you-know, pene confecit me ad regiam. it nearly killed me at the royal (house). [Palace of Numa.] Quid simile Milonis? omnis cujus What like (this in the conduct) of Milo? all whose vis fuit semper hbec, P. Clodius ne violence was always this, (that) P. Clodius 'might not ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 447 teneret civiatem oppressam vi, 'hold the city oppressed by-violence, [keep the city in conquum posset non detrahi in tinual fear of his violence,] since he could not be-brought to judicium. Quem si voluisset interficere, quantae justice. Whom if he-had-wished to kill, how-many occasiones, quoties, quAm prseclarwe fuerunt? opportunities, (how) often, how splendid were-they? Potuit ne, quum defenderet domum, ac suos Could-he not, when he-defended (his) house, and his penates deos, illo oppugnante, jure ulcisci household gods, he (Clodius) attacking, have by-right avenged se? potuit ne, egregio civi, et himself? could-he not (have done so), (that) excellent citizen, and fortissimo viro P. Sestio suo collegA vulnerato? most-brave man P. Sestius his colleague being-wounded? potuit ne Q. Fabricio, optimo viro, could-he not (have done so) Q. Fabricio, a-most-excellent man, quum ferret legem, de meo reditu, when carrying-through a law, respecting my return (from banishpulso, crudelissim& caede ment), being driven away (by a mob), (and) a most-cruel slaughter fact, in foro? potuit ne domo L. being-made in-the-forum? could-he not (have done so) the house of-L. Celii, justissimi que fortissimi praetoris, oppugnat/? Cselius, a most-just and most-brave prattor, being-attacked? potuit ne, illo die, quum lex de could-he not (have done so), on-that day, when the law concerning me lata est? quum concursus totius me was-passed? when the concourse (of the people) of-all Italise, quem mea salus concitarat, Italy, whom my safety had-excited (and brought together), libens agnovisset gloriam illius facti 'would willingly 'have-acknowledged the glory of-that deed (and) ut etiamsi, Milo fecisset id, cuncta civitas that although, Milo may-have-done it, the whole state vindicaret earn laudem pro sua. would-have-claimed that praise for its-own. 448 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 15. At quod tempus erat! But what (a favourable) time it-was! (For) Clarissimus et fortissimus P. Lentulus consul, the-most-illustrious and most-brave P. Lentulus (was) consul, inimicus Claudio, ultor illius sceleris, propugnator an enemy to-Claudius, the avenger of-his wickedness, the bulwark senatfs, defensor vestrae voluntatis, patronus:f-the-senate, the defender of-your will, the patron publici consensus, (and promoter) 'of (that) 'public unanimity (for my return), restitutor meee salutis; septem prsetores, octo the restorer of-my safety; seven praetors, eight tribuni plebis adversarii illius, defensores tribunes of-the-people (being) adversaries of-him, (and) defendels mei; Cn. Pompeius auctor, et dux mci of-me; Cn. Pompey (being) the author, and leader of-my reditus illius hostis, cujus gravissimam et return (and) his enemy, whose most-dignified and ornatissimam sententiam de mei salute, omnis most-beautiful opinion concerning my safety, the entire senatus secutus est, qui cohortatus est senate adopted, who [Pompey] exhorted Romanum populum, qui, quum fecit decretum the Roman people, wlho, when he passed the decree de me Capupe, ipse dedit signum cuncte concerning me at-Capua, he-himself gave the rignal to-entire Italie, cupienti, et imploranti ejus fidem, Italy, desiring, and imploring his good-faith (in my favour), ut concurrent ad restituendam that they-should-assemble-together for-the-purpose-of restoring me Romam; denique tur omnia odia civium me to-Rome; in-fine then all the hatred of-the-citizens ardebant in illum, desiderio mei; was-strongly-excited against him, 'with-regret-at my 'absence; quem qui interemisset turn; non whom [Clodius] 'if any-one 'had-killed then; 'it-would nol cogitaretur de ejus impunitate, sed de aave-been-thought concerning his impunity, but about ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 449 premiis. Tamen Milo continuit the rewards (to be conferred on him). However Milo restrained se, et bis vocavit P. Clodium in judicium himself, and twice summoned P. Clodius to a trial-in-court, nunquam ad vim. Quid? (but) never (challenged him) to deeds-of-violence. What? Milone privato, et reo ad populum, Milo being a private-person, and a defendant before the people, P. Clodio accusante, quum impetus factus est in P. Clodius being-the-accuser, when an attack was made on Cn. Pompeium dicentem pro Milone, quse occasio Cn. Pompeius pleading for Milo, what an opportunity non mod6 turn, sed etiam causa not only (was there) then, but even a reason (for) opprimendi? Nuper vero quum M. surprising (and killing him)? Lately indeed when M. Antonius attulisset summam spem salutis omnibus Antonius had-brought the greatest hope of-safety to-all bonis, que nobilissimus adolescens fortissime good-men, and the-most-noble young-man 'had most-bravely suscepisset gravissimam partem reipublicse, atquc espoused the-most-responsible cause of-the-republic, and teneret illam belluam, declinantem when 'he (almost) 'held that wild-beast, avoiding laqueos judicii, jam irretitam; qui the snares of-the-tribunals, already entangled-in-his-nets; what locus, quod tempus fuit illud, immortales a place, what a time (and opportunity) was that, 0 immortal dii? Quum ille fugiens abdidisset se in tenebras gods? When he flying had-hid himself in the darkness scalarum, fuit magnum Miloni of-the-stairs, it (might) have-been a-great-thing for-Milo conficere illam pestem, nullA invidia sua, vero to-have-killed that pest, with-no odium (to himself), but maxima' gloria Antonii. Quid? comitiis with great glory (to) Antonius. What? in-the-comitia in Campo, quoties fuit (when voting) in the Campus Martius, how-often was 38* 450 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. potestas, quum the power, [how often had Milo the opportunity of killing Clodius] when ille irrupisset in septa, he [Clodius] had-broken into the-enclosures-for-voting, (and) curavisset, gladios destringendos lapides had-taken-care, (that) swords should-be-drawn (and) stones jaciendos, dein subito perteritus vultu should-be thrown, then suddenly frightened by-the-appearance Milonis fugeret ad Tiberim, vos et omnes boni of-Milo he-fled to the Tiber, you and all good-men faceretis vota, ut liberet Miloni uti made vows, [prayed,] that it-would-please Milo to-make sua virtute. use-of-his courage (and kill Clodius). 16. Igitur quem noluit cum gratia Therefore whom he-would-not (kill) with the-approbation omnium, voluit hunc cum querel aliquorum? of-all, would-he (kill) him with the disapprobation of-some? quem ausus est non jure, quem whom he-dared not (kill) lawfully, whom (he dared not kill) 'in loco, quem tempore, (a proper) 'place, whom (he dared not kill) at-an-opportune-time, quem impune, non dubitavit whom (he dared not kill) with-impunity, 'would-he not 'have-doubted occidere hunc injuria, iniquo loco, alieno to-kill him unlawfully, in-an-improper place, at-an tempore, periculo capitis praesertim, judices, inopportune-time, with-danger of-his-life especially, 0 judges, quum contentio amplissimi honoris, et when the contest (for) the greatest honours (of the state) and dies comitiorum subesset; quo tempore the day of-the-comitia [election] was-at-hand; at-which time quidem (enim scio quam timida ambitio sit, qie indeed (for I-know how timid ambition is, and quanta et quam sollicita sit cupiditas copsulatus), how-great and how anxious is the desire of-the-consulship), timenius omnia non mod6 qur? possunt palarn we-fear every-thing not only what may 'be openly ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 451 reprehendi, sed etiam quse obscure cogitari, 'reprehended, but also what (may) 'be obscurely 'thought, perhorescimus levem rumorem fictam fabulam, we shudder-at idle rumours (and) false stories intuemur ora atque.oculos omnium. Enim we-look-at the countenances and eyes of-all. For nihil est tam molle, tam tenerum, aut tam fragile, nothing is so soft, so tender, or so fragile, ant flexibile, quam voluntas que sensus civium or flexible, as the good-will and feeling of-the-citizens erga nos, qui non mod) irascuntur improbitati towards us, who not only are-provoked at-the-wickedness candidatorum, sed etiam saepe fastidiunt in factis of-the-candidates, but also often become-disgusted with deeds recte. Milo igitur, proponens sibi (done) correctly (by him). 'Would Milo then, placing-before him hunc speratum atque exoptatum diem Campi, this hoped-for and desired day of-the Campus Martius, confitens et ferens prme se [day of the election,] confessing and bearing before himself cruentis manibus, scelus et facinus, veniebat ad with-bloody hands, (his) crime and wickedness, come to illa augusta auspicia centuriarum? QuAm those august auspices of-the-centuria? How non credibile hoc in h6c! quAm non dubitandum incredible is this in this-one! how indubitable idem in Clodio, qui, Milone interfecto, putaret (is) the same in Clodius, who, Milo being-slain, he-thought se regnaturum! Quid? (that) he woul-'regign) What (is to be said of that)? quod, judices, est caput audacise, quis which, 0 judges, is the head (and source) of-audacity, who ignorat maximam illecebram peccandi esse is-ignorant (that) the greatest enticement of-doing-wrong is spem impunitatis? In utro igitur fuit heec? the hope of-impunity? In which-of-the-two therefore was this? in Milone, qui est etiam nunc reus facti, aut in Milo, who is even now a defendant (for) a deed, either 452 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. prseclari, aut certe necessarii, an in Clodio, qui illustrious, or certainly necessary, or in Clodius, who ita contempserat judicia que poenam, ut 'has so 'despised courts-of-justice and punishment, that nihil delectaret eum, quod esset aut fas per nothing delighted him, which might-be either allowed by naturam, aut liceret per leges? Sed quid ego nature, or permitted by the-laws? But why 'do I argumentor? quid disputo plura? 'bring-forward-arguments? why dispute (about so) many-things? Appello te Q. Petili, optimum et fortissimum I-appeal-to you, 0 Q. Petilius, a most excellent and most-brave civem; te, M. Ca to, testor; quos citizen; 'I-call-on you, 0. M. Cato, 'as witness; whom (both, qusedam divina sors dedit mihi judices. Vos some divine chance has-given to-me (for) judges. You audistis ex M. Favonio, Clodium dixisse have-heard from M. Favonius, (that) Clodius said sibi, et audistis, Clodio vivo, to-himself, and you-heard (it), Clodius being (yet) alive, (that) Milonem periturum triduo. Post tertium diem Milo would-die in-three-days. On the third day res gesta est, quam dixerat. Quum ille non the affair took-place, which he-had-said. When he 'did not dubitarit aperire, quid cogitaret, potestis vos 'hesitate to-make-known, what he-thought, can you dubitare, quid fecerit? doubt, what he-did? 17. Quemadmodum igitur dies non fefellit How therefore 'did the-day not 'deceive eum? equiden him? [How was he so certain of the day?] 'I-have indeed modo dixi erat nihil negotii just 'explained (that) there-was nothing of-the-affair [no difficulty] nosse stata sacrificia dictatoris Lanuvii. Vidit to-know the stated sacrifices of-the-dictator of-Lanuvium. He-saw esse necesse Miloni proficisci Lanuvium, 'that) it-was necessary for Milo to-go to-Lanuvium, ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 453 illo ipso die, quo profectus est. Itaque on-that,; tile day, on-which he-went. Therefore antevertit. At quo die? Quo, he-anticipated (Milo in his journey). But on-what day? On-that-day, ut dixi ante, fuit insanissima as I-have-said before, (on which) there was a most-furious concio concitata ab ipsius mercenario meeting-of-the-people stirred-up by his mercenary tribune plebis; quem diem, quam concionem, tribune of-the-people; which day, which meeting, quos clamores, ille nunquam reliquisset, nisi which clamours, he-would never have-left, unless approperaret ad cogitatum facinus. Ergo he-were-hastening to (some) premeditated crime. Therefore quidem ne causa itineris illi, etiam (there was) indeed no cause of-a-journey for-him, (but) indeed causa manendi; nulla facultas Miloni a'reason for-remaining (at home); (there was) no possibility for-Milo manendi, exeundi fuit non solum remaining (in the city, but for) departing there-was not only causa, sed etiam necessitas. Quid? si, ut a reason, but also a necessity. What (moreover)? if, as ille scivit, Milonem fore eo die in he knew, (that) Milo would-be on-that day on (his) via, sic Milo potuit ne quidem suspicari, journey, so Milo could not indeed suspect, (that) Clodium sic. Primum qusero, qui Clodius (would be) so. In-the-first-place I-ask, who potuerit scire? quod idem vos potestis non could have-known (it)? which same-thing you could not querere in Clodio. Ut enim rogasset have-asked respecting Clodius. For though he-might-have-lsked neminem alium, nise suum familiarissimum T. no-one else, but his most-intimate-friend T. Patinum, potuit scire illo ipso die, Patinus, he-might have-known, (that) on-that same day, esse necesse flaminem prodi a Milone, Lanuvii, 't-was necessary for-a-priest to-be-appointed by Milo, at Lanuviumn, 0 454 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. dictatore. Sed erant permulti alii. ex (as) dictator (thereof). But there-were a-great-many otners, from quibus posset facillime sire id; scilicet omnes whom he-might very-easily learn that; namely al. Lanuvini. Unde Milo qusesivit de reditu the Lanuvians. Where 'did Milo 'inquire about the return Clodii? Qu.esierit sane. Videte, quid of-Clodius? He-may-have-inquired without doubt. See, what largiar vobis. Etiam corruperit servum, ut I-concede to-you. Also (that) he may-have-bribed a slave, a, Q. Arrius, meus amicus dixit. Legite testimonia Q. Arrius, my fitend said. Read the evidence vestrorum testium. C. Cassinius Schola, of-your witnesses. C. Cassinius Schola, (of) Interamnanus, familiarissimus, et idem comes Interamna, (his) most-intimate-friend, and the same a companion Clodii, cujus testimonio Clodius (and attendant) of-Clodius, whose testimony Clodius (had) jampridem, dixit, P. Clodius fuerat some-time-since (made use of), said, (that) P. Clodius was eadem horg Interaamne et Romae, at-the-same hour at-Interamna and at-Rome, (and that) Clodium mansurum fuisse illo die in Albano, Clodius was-to-have remained on-that u.. itl Alba, sed subito nunciatum esse ei, Cyrum but (that) suddenly it-was-announced to-him, (that) Cyrus architectum esse mortuum; itaque repente the architect was dead; therefore (that he) at-once constituisse proficisci Romam. C. Clodius, item resolved to-proceed to-Rome. C. Clodius, also comes P. Clodii, dixit hoc. an accompanying-companion of-P. Clodius, said this (same). 18. Videte, judices, quantae res confectse sint See, 0 judges, how-many things are-determined his testimoniis. Primum, Milo 'and made manifest) by-these depositions. First, Milo certe liberatur, esse, is certainly freed (from guiltj, ~for it is shown) to-be, (that) kh did ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. non profectus eo concilio, ut insidiaretur not go (from Rome) with-that intention, that he-might-waylay Clodio in via; quippe; si non omnino Clodius on the road; certainly-indeed; since 'it-could not at-all erat ille futurus obvius ei. Deinde 'be (supposed, that) he was-about (to) meet him. Next (enim non video, cur non quoque agam (for 'I-do not 'see, why 'I-may not also 'mention meum negotium), scitis, judices, fuisse, my-own affair), you-know, 0 judges, (that) there-were (those), qui dicerent, in suadenda hac rogatione who said, in advocating-and-urging this petition (and accsedem factam esse manu tion against Milo, that) the murder was-committed by-the-hand Milonis, vero consilio alicujus majoris. of-Milo, but-indeed by-the-counsel of-some. greater-personage. Abjecti et perditi homines describebant ')id (these) abandoned and profligate men 'describe me videlicet latronem ac sicarium. Hi me forsooth (as) a robber and an assassin. Those-mee jacent, suis testibus, qui negant lie prostrate, (and convicted) by-their-own witnesses, who deny (that) Claudium rediturum fuisse Romam eo die, nisi Claudius would-have returned to-Rome on-that day, unless audisset de Cyro. Respiravi; liberatus sum; he-had-heard-of Cyrus. I-breathed-again; I-was-freed (from non vereor, ne videar cogitasse anxiety); 'I-do not 'fear, lest-that I-may-seem to-have-thought quod potuerim ne quidem suspicari. Nunc that-which I-could not indeed have-suspected. Now persequar cetera. Nam illud 1-will-proceed (with) the rest. For this (expression of theirsN occurrit. Igitur Clodius ne quidem cogitavit occurs. Therefore Clodius 'did not indeed 'think de insidiis, quoniam fuit mansurus in Albano. about snares, because he-was to-remain in Alba. Si quidem non exiturus fuisset e (Granted) if indeed 'he-was not 'to-have-departed from (his) 456 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. villa aa csedem. Enim video, villa (in Alba) to (cormit) a murder. For I-perceive, (that) illum, qui dicatur nuntiasse de morte he, who is-said to-have-brought-news concerning the death Cyri, non nuntiasse id, sed Milonem of Cyrus, 'did not 'announce it, but (that) Milo appropinquare. Nam quid nuntiaret de was-approaching. For what might-he-announce concerning Cyro, quem Clodius proficiscens Roma, reliquerat Cyrus, whom Clodius departing from-Rome, had-left morientem? Fui una; obsignavi dying? I-was together (with them); I-signed testamentum simul cum Clodio; tamen the will (as witness) together with Clodius; but 'he-had palam fecerat testamentum, et scripserat et openly 'made (his) will, and left both ilium et me heredem. Quemr tertia hora, him and me (his) heirs. Whom at-the-third hour, pridie, reliquisset efflantem animam, the day-before, he-had-left breathing-out (his) soul, [at the denique nuntiabatur ei point of death,] 'would-it in-fine 'have-been-announced to-him postridie eum mortuum decima hora? on-the-next-day (that) he died at the tenth hour? 19. Age, sit factum ita; quae causa Well then, let-it-be done so; [be it so;] what reason cur properaret Romam? cur conjiceret (was there) why he-should-hasten to-Rome? why should-he-throw se in noctem? quid himself into the night? [why should he depart at nightfall?] what afferebat causam festinationis? brought (any) reason of-hastening? [what occasion of hurrying quod erat heres? Primium erat was there?] what-because he-was heir? F'irst there-was nihil, cur esset opus properato; deinde, si nothing, why there-should-be need (of) hastening; next, if esset quid, quid tandem erat quod posset thert-was any, what indeed was-there that could ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 457 consequi, ea nocte, autem amitteret, be-obtained, that night, which 'he-might (possibly) 'lose. si venisset Romam mane postridie? if he-had-come to-Rome early-in-the-morning on-the-next-day? Atque ut illi nocturnus adventus ad urbem And as for-him (Clodius) a nocturnal arrival in the city fuit potius vitandus, qucam expetendus, sic fui was rather to-be-avoided, than to-be-sought-for, so it-wa Miloni quum esset insidiator si sciebat for-Milo as he-was a waylayer (as you say) if he-knew illum accessurum ad urbem noctu, (that) he (Clodius) would enter the city by-night, subsidendum, atque exspectandum fuit. that-he-should-stop, and wait (for him). Occidisset noctu in insidioso loco, et He-would-have-killed [Clodius] by night in a suspicious place, and pleno latronum; nemo non credidisset ei full of-robbers; no-one 'would not 'have-believed him neganti, quem omnes volunt esse salvum, etiam denying (it), whom all wish to-be safe, even confitentem. Primum ille locus ipse, occultator confessing (it). First that place itself, the hiding-place et receptor latronum, sustinuisset crimen; and receptacle of-robbers, would-have-borne the blame; tur neque muta solitudo indicasset for-then neither the mute solitude would-have-announced Milonem, neque caeca nox ostendisset; deinde Milo, nor the dark night have-shown-him; next ibi multi violati ab illo, in-that-place many (who) had-been-violently-used by him, (many who) spoliati, expulsi had-been-despoiled (by him), (many who) had-been-plundered (of their! bonis; multi etiam timentes haec caderent goods (by him); many even fearing this would-fall in suspicionem; denique tota Etruria citaretur under suspicion; in-fine all Etruria would-have-been-cited rea. Atque certe illo die, Clodius rediens as defendants. And certainly on-that day, Clodius returning 39 458 ORATIO PltO T. ANNIO MILONE. Aric devertit ad se, in Albanum. Quod ut from Arica turned-aside to-his-house, in Alba. Though as Milo sciret, illum fuisse Aricae, tauien Milo might-know, (that) he had-been at Arica, however debuit suspicari eum, etiamsi vellet he-ought to-have-suspected, (that) he, although he-might-wish reverti Romam illo die, deversurum ad suam to-return to Rome on-that day, would-turn-aside to his villam, quve tangeret viam. Cur neque villa, which touched (on) the road. Why 'did-he neither occurrit ante, ille ne resideret in Imeet (him) before, (that) he 'might not 'be-seated in (his) villa, nec subsedit, in eo loco, quo ille villa, nor lay-in-wait, in that place, where he venturus esset noctu? was-to-come by-night? Video, judices, adhuc omnia constare; I-see, 0 judges, (that) thus-far all-things are-consistent; (that) fuisse etiam utile Miloni Clodium vivere, it-was even advantugeous for-Milo (that) Clodius should-live, illi interitum Milonis (but that) for-him (Clodius) the death of-Milo (was) optatissimum ad ea, quoe concupierat; the-most-desirable (in respect) to those-things, which he-had-coveted; odium illius acerbissimus in hunc, the-hatred of-that-one (was) most-bitter against this-one, [Milo], nullum hujus in illum, (but there was) no-hatred of-this-one against that-one [Clodius], (that) perpetuam consuetudinem illius the constant habits (and occupation) of-that-one (was) in vi inferenda, hujus tantum in repellenda; in deeds of-violence, of-this-one only in repelling (them); mortem ab illo Miloni, et palam (that) death was-denounced by that-one to-Milo, and openly praedictam, nihil unquam auditur predicted, (that) nothing (of the kind) 'was ever 'heard ex Milone; diem profectionis hujus (coming) from Milo; (that) the day of-departure of-this-one ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 459 notum illi, reditus illius was-known to-that-one, (but that the day) of-return of-that-one ignotum fuisse huic; iter hujus was-unknown to-this-one; (that) the journey of-this-one (was) necessarium, illius etiam potius alienum; necessary, (but) of-that-one even rather inconvenient; (that) hunc tulisse prse se, se exiturum this-one bore before himself, [openly declared,] that he would-leave Roma illo die, illum dissimulasse, se Rome on-that day, (but) that-one had-dissembled, (that) he rediturum, illo die; hunc mutasse would-return (to-Rome), on-that day; (that) this-one 'had-changed (his) consilium nullius rei, counsel (in) no affair, [that Milo had in no wise altered the ilium finxisse causam plan of his journey] (but) that-one had-feigned a reason (for) mutandi consilii; huic, si insidiaretur, changing (his) plan; (that) to-this-one, if he-were-waylaying, noctem prope urbem expectandum, illi, night near the city was-to-be-waited-for, (but) to-that-one, etiamsi non timeret hunc, tamen nocturnum although 'he might not 'fear this-one, yet a nocturnal accessum ad urbem fuisse metuendum. approach to the city was to-be-feared. 20. Nunc videamus id, quod est Let-us now see that, which is caput,, utri, fuerit tandem ille the-principal-thing, for-which-of-the-two, was really-in-fine that locus ipse ubi congressi sunt, aptior ad insidias. place itself where they-met, more-proper for ambuscades. Vero, judices, id etiam dubitandum, et diutius But, 0 judges, 'is that even 'to-be-doubted, and (any) longer cogitandum est? Ante fundum Clodii, in quo to-be-considered? Before the-farm of Clodius, in which fundo propter illas insanas substructiones, farm on-account-of those foolish foundations (and prepara. facile mille valentium tion of the ground for building), at-least a thousand strong 460 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. hominum versabatur; edito atque excelso loco men were-employed; on-the-raised and high ground adversarii, Milo putarat se fore 'of (his) 'adversary, 'did Milo 'think (that) he would-be superiorem, et ob earn rem, superior, (or have a local advantage) and for that reason, 'had potissimum elegerat eum locum ad pugnam? an especially 'selected that place for a flight? or (that) potius expectatus est in eo loco ab eo, qui 'he-was rather 'waited-for in that place by him, w:o cogitarat facere impetum, spe had-thought to-make an attack, in-the-hope (and confidence) ipsius loci. Res, judices, loquitur ipsa, of-that-same place. The-thing, 0 judges, speaks (for) itself, quse semper valet plurimum. Si non audiretis which always avails much. If 'you-had.not 'heard-of hsec gesta, sed viderctis these-things (as actually) performed, but Lhad-seen (them) picta, tamen appareret, delineated-in-a-picture, yet-however it-would-appear, uter esset insidiator, uter which-of-the-two was the waylayer, which-of-the-two cogitaret nihil mali, quum alter veheretur might-be-thinking of nothing evil, when the one was-riding in rheda, paenulatus, uxor sederet in a carriage, having-on-a-cloak, (while his) wife sat unA. Quid.. horum non together (with him). Which of-these-things (was) not impeditissimum? vestitus, an vehiculum the most-embarrassing? (his) dress, or (his) carriage an comes? quid minus promptum ad or (his) companion? what (is) less adapted f(.r pugnam, quam irretitus psenulA, impeditus fight, than being-entangled with-a-cloak, hampered rheda, paene constrictus esset uxore? with-a-carriage, (and) nearly bound by (his) wife Videte nunc illum, primrim (clinging to him)? Behold now that-man, [Clodius,] at-first ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILOfTE. 461 egredientem e villa subito; cur? vesperi; corning from (his) villa. suddenly; why? it-was-evening; quid est necesse? tarde; qui convenit, why is it necessary? slowly; (with) what propriety, proesertim id tempus? Devertit in Pompeii especially at-that time? He-turns-aside to Pouipey's villam, ut videret Pompeium? sciebat villa, that he-might-see Pumpey? he-knew (that) esse in Alsiensi; ut perspiceret villami? fuerat he-was in Alsiensis; fhat he-might-view the villa? he-had-been in ea millies; quid ergo erat? mora ct in it a thousand-times; what therefore was-it? delay and tergiversatio; dum hic veniret, noluit evasion; till he (Milo) came, he-did-not-wish relinquere locum. to-leave the place. 21. Age nunc, comparate iter expediti Well now, compare the journey'of (this) 'unencumbered latronis cum impedimentis Milonis. Ille semper robber with the hinderances of-Milo. He always antea cum uxore; tur sine before-this-time (travelled) with (his) wife; then (he was) without ea; nunquam nisi in rhedg; tur in her; (and) never unless in a carriage; (but) then on equo. Greculi corites horseback. (His) trifling-Greek attendants, (who always accompanied quocunque ibat, etiam quum properabat him), wherever he-went, even when he-was-hastening in Etrusca castra; turn in comitatu in the Etruscan camp; (but) then in (his) retinue, (there were) nihil nugarum. Milo, qui nunquam, tur no triflers. Milo, who never (did so) then casu ducebat uxoris symphoniacos pueros, by chance had-with-him (his) wife's music boys, et greges ancillarum. Ille, qui duceret semper and crowds of-maid-servants. He, [Clodius] who had always cum se scorta, semper exoletos, with him prostitutes, always (with him) infamous-men, (and) 39 * 462 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. semper lupas, turn neminem, nisi ut always (with him) lewd-women, then none, unless as diceres, esse virum lectum a viro. ycu-might-say, (that) there was man chosen by man. [That Cur each man had selected his companion for a desperate enterprise.] Why igitur, victus est? Quia viator non semper therefore, was-he-defeated? Because the traveller 'is not always occiditur a latrone, nonnunquam etiam latro 'killed by the robber, (but) sometiues even the robber a viatore; quia, quamquam Clodius (is killed) by the traveller; because, although Clodius paratus in imparatos, tamen prepared (had attacked those) unprepared, yet (it was) mulier inciderat in viros. Nec vero erat Milo a woman (who) encountered men. Nor indeed was Milo unquam sic non paratus contra illum, ut ever so unprepared against him (Clodius) that non esset fere satis paratus. 'he-might not 'be (said to be) nearly sufficiently prepared. Ille semper cogitabat, et quantum (For) he always thought, both how-much interesset P. Clodii, se perire, et it-was-the-interest of-P. Clodius, (that) he (Milo) should-die, and quanto odio esset illi, in-how-great hatred he-was to-him, [and how much Clodius hated him,] et quantum ille auderet. Quamobrem, and how-much he dared (to do). Wherefore, nunquam projiciebat suam vitam, quam sciebat 'he never 'exposed his life, which he-knew propositam maximis proemiis, et paene addictam, in was-exposed to-the-highest price, and nearly sold, in periculum, sine praesidio, et sine custodia. danger, without a protection, and without a guard. Adde casus, adde incertos exitus pugnarum, 4add (to this) chance, add the uncertain result of-battles, que communem Martem, qui ssepe evertit and the common-fortune-of-war, which often overthrows (him) ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 468 jam spoliantem, et exultantem, et already despoiling, and exulting (over the enemy), and perculit ab abjecto; adde inscitiam drives (him) from (his) prostrate (foe); add the insufficiency ducis oscitantis of-a-commander (who has been made) listless (by having just) pransi, poti, qui, quum reliquisset dined, (and indulged in) drink, who, when he-had-left (his) hostem interclusum a tergo, cogitavit nihil de enemy cut-off in the rear, thought nothing about ejus comitibus extremis, in his attendants on-the-extreme (and surrounding parts), among quos, incensos ira, que desperantes vitam whom, excited by-anger, and despairing (of) the life of (their) domini, quum incidisset, hbesit in master, when he-had-fallen, he-stuck-fast in, (and could not iis poenis, quas fideles servi escape from) those punishments, which faithful slaves expetiverunt ab eo, pro vitA domini. Cur sought of him, for the life 'of (their) 'master. Why igitur manumisit eos? Metuebat scilicit, therefore did-he manumit them? He-was-afraid forsooth, ne indicarent, ne lest-that they-might-give-information (against him), and that 'they-could non perferre dolorem, ne cogerentur not 'support pain, and-lest-that-they-would-be-forced tormentis confiteri, P. Clodium occissum esse a by-tortures to-confess, (that) P. Clodius was-killed by servis Milonis in Appia via. Quid opus est the slaves of-Milo on the Appian road. What need is there of tortore? Quid queeris? Ne occiderit? torture? What do-you-inquire-about? 'Was-he not 'killed? Occidit. Jure an injuria? Nihil He-was-killed. Lawfully or unlawfully? (This has) nothing ad tortorem. Enim quaestio facti 3st in [to do with) the torturer. For the-question of-that-fact (belongs to) 464 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. equuleo, juris in the torture, (the question) of-the-lawfulness (belongs to) judicio. the-courts-of-justice. 22. Quid igitur est queerendum in caus&, What therefore (is) to-be investigated in (his) cause, agamus id hic; quod vis invenire we-will-treat-of it here; that-which you-wish to-find-out tormentis, fatemur id. Si potius vero quaoris id, by-tortures, we-confess it. If you rather indeed inquire that, cur manu miserit, quAm cur effecerit why he manumitted (his slaves,) than why he-gave-them parum amplis proemiis, necis reprehendere less ample rewards, you-do-not-know (how) to-find-fault-with factum inimici. Enim M. Cato, qui semper the act of-an-enemy. For M. Cato, who always (says) omnia constanter et fortiter, dixit hic idem, et every-thing with-firmness and forcibly, said this same, and dixit in turbulentg concione, quse tamen placata est he-said (it) in a turbulent assembly, which however was stilled hujus auctoritate, qui defendissent 'by his authority, (that those slaves) who had-defended caput domini, fuisse dignissimos, non solum the-life-of (their) master, were most-worthy, not only libertate, sed etiam omnibus prsemiis. Enim quod of liberty, but also (of) all rewards. For what prtemium est satis magnum tam benevolis, tam reward is sufficiently great 'for such 'well-disposed, such bonis, tam fidelibus servis, propter quos vivit? good, such faithful slaves, through whom he-lives? Etsi id quidem est non tanti, quam Although that indeed is not so-great (if we consider), that quod propter eosdem, non satiavit mentem because through the same-slaves, 'he did-not 'satiate the-mind que oculis crudelissimi inimici, sanguine and eyes of (his) most-cruel enemies, with (his) blood et suis vulneribus. Quos misi manumisset, and his wounds. Whom unless he-had-manumitted, ORATIO PRO T. ANIIO MILONE. 465 conservatores domini, ultores soeleris, the preservers 'of (their) 'master, the avengers of crime, defensores necis, dedendi fuerunt etiam the averters 'of (his) 'death, would-have-to-be-surrendered even tormentis. Vero hic, in his malis, habet nihi], to-tortures. But he, in these misfortunes, has nothing quod ferat minus moleste, quam, etiamsi that he-bears less anxiously (than this,) that, although quid accidat ipsi, tamen meritum praemium any-thing might-happen to-himself, yet a merited rew:rd persolutum esse illis. Sed qiiestiones, had-been-conferred (on) them [the slaves]. But the examinations quse nunc habitae sunt, in (of the slaves by torture,) which have just now been-had, in atrio Libertatis, urgent Milonem. De quibusdam the hall of-Liberty, press-hard against Milo. From what servis? Rogas? de P. Clodii, quis slaves? Do-you-ask? from (the slaves) of P. Clodius, who postulavit eos? Appius. Quis produxit? Appils. demanded them? Appius. Who brought-them-forth? Appius. Unde? Ab Appio. Boni dii! quid potest Whence? From the-house-of Appius. Good gods! what can agi severius? est nulla qusestio lege de be-done more-severely? there-can-be no examination by-law (of) servis in dominum, nisi de incestu, lt slaves against (their) master, unless concerning incest, as fuit in Clodium. Clodius accessit proxime was the case (with) Clodius. Clodius has-approached most-nearly deos, propius quam tur, quum penetrarct to-the-gods, more-nearly than then, when he-had-penetrated ad ipsos, de unto them, [when he had violated the mysteries of Bona dea] concerning morte cujus queritur tanquam de the death of-this-man an-investigation-is-had, as if concerning violatis cserimoniniis. Sed tamen nostri majores the violated sacred-rites. But however our ancestors noluerunt de servo quaeri in dominum, would-not (allow) of a slave to-be-examined against (his) master, 466 OiATIO PRO T. ANNIO MIIONE. non quia verum posset non inveniri, sed qllii not because the truth could not he-discovered, but becauso videbatur indignum, et tristius it-seemed improper, and more-sad (and distressing) 'to (their) dominis, quam morte ipsa. Quum queritur do 'masters, than death itself. When an examination-is-made of servo accusatoris in reum, potest verum the slave of the accuser against the defendant, can the truth inveniri? Vero age, qume erat, aut qualis be-discovered? But come, what was-it, or how (was) qumestio? Heus tu, Rufio, causa the examination (conducted)? lolloa you, Rufio, for-the-sake verbi cave, sis, of-a-name [or example] take-care, if-you-please, (that) 'you-do (not) mentiare. Clodius fecit insidias Miloni? 'telI-a-lie. Did Clodius lay snares for Milo? (should the fecit. Crux certa slave answer) he-did. The cross (is) sure, (to be his punishment, but fecit nullas. Libertas sperata. Quid should he say) he-laid none. Freedom is-to-hoped-for. What certius hac quaestione. Subito abrepti (is) more certain (than) this examination. They-are suddenly taken-off in quaestionem, tamen separantur a ceteris, et for an examination, however they-are-separated from others, and conjiciuntur in areas, ne quis possit colloqui thrown into cells, lest any-one might speak cum iis. Iti quum fuissent centum dies penes with them. These when they-had-been a hundred days in-the-power-of accusatorem, producti sunt, ab eo ipso accusatore. the accuser, are-brought-forward, by that same accuser. Quid potest dici integrius hac qusestione? What can be-said (to be) more-impartial (than) this examination Quid incorruptius? What more-incorruptible? 23. Quod si nondum cernitis satis Which if 'you-do not-yet 'see-this sufficiently (clear.) quum res ipsa luceat, tot tam claris when the thing itself is-manifest, by so-many such clear ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 467 argumentis que signis, recordamini, per proofs and indications, recollect, (I entreat you) by immortales aeos; Milonem revertisse Romam, the immortal gods; (that) Milo had-returned to-Rome, pura atque integrA mente, imbutum nullo scelere, with-a-pure and irreproachable mind, tainted with-no crime, perteritum nullo metu, exanimatum nulla conterrified with-no-fear, breathless-and-pale with-no conscientia; quse fuerit celeritas ejus reditfs, qui scientious-fear; what was the speed of-his return, who ingressus in forum, curig ardente, quse entered into the forum, the senate-house being-on-fire, what magnitudo animi, qui vultus, quse oratio. Neque greatness of-mind, what a countenance, what an oration. Nor vero commissit se solum populo, sed etiam indeed did-he-commit himself alone to the people, but also senatui, neque senatui mode, sed etiam publicis to-the-senate, nor to-the-senate only, but also to-the-public prsesidiis et armis, neque his tantum, verum etiam guards and arms, nor to-these only, but-indeed also potestati ejus, cui senatus commiserat totam to-the-power of-him, to-whom the senate had-entrusted the entire rempublicam, omnem pubem Italiae, cuncta arma republic, all the youths of-Italy, (and) all the arms Romani populi; cui nunTquam (and forces) of-the-Roman people; to-whom 'he-would never profectO tradidisset se, nisi confideret sue indeed 'have-given himself 'up, unless he-trusted to-his causse, preesertim, audienti omnia, metuenti cause, especially (to him), hearing all, fearing magna, suspicanti multa, credenti nonnulla. Magna great-things, suspecting many, believing some. Great est vis conscientise, judices, et mngna in utramque is the power of-conscience, 0 judges, and great on both partem, ut, qui sides, (either of guilt or innocence) so that, those-wha commiserint nihil neque timeant, et qui may-have-committed no (fault) do-not fear, and those-whe 468 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. peccant, putent penam semper versari have-done-wrong, think (that) punishment 'is always '[resent ante oculos. Neque vero, before (their) eyes [is always ready to overtake them]. Nor indeed, sine certa ratione, causa Milonis semper without certain (and good) reason, 'was the cause of Milo always probata est a senatu. Enim sapientissimi 'approved by the senate. For (these) most-wise homines videbant rationem facti, men saw the reason (and lawfulness) of-the-deed, praesentiam animi, constantiam the presence of mind, the constancy (and perseverance) defensionis. Vero an, judices, obliti estis, illo of defence. But 'have you, 0 judges, 'forgotten, the nuntio necis Clodianae recenti, sermones announcement of-the-murder (of) Clodius being-yet-recent, the language et opiniones, non modo inimicorum, sed etiam and opinions, not only 'of (his) 'enemies, but also nonnullorum imperitorum? Negabant, of some inexperienced (and ignorant persons)? They-deni4, eum rediturum esse Romam. Enim sive (that) he [Milo] would-return to Rome. For if-that fecisset illud, irato ac percito animo, ut be-had-done that, in an angry and excited (state of) mind, that incensus odio trucidaret inimicum, abitrabantur, inflamed by-hatred he-had-killed (his) enemy, they-thought, eum putasse mortem P. Clodii tanti, (that) he would-consider the death of-P. Clodius of-so-much-account, ut careret patria, tequo animo; that he-might-want (his) country, with-an-equal mind; [that he would quum explesset suum odium contentedly go into banishment] since he-had-satiated his hatred sanguine inimici; etiam sive voluisset liberare by-the-blood of (his) enemy; also if he-had-wished to-liberate patriam morte illius fortem (his) country by-the-djath of-that-man (Clodius, that he) a brave virum non dubitaturum, quin, quum attulisset man 'would not 'hesitate, but-that, when he-had-brought ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 469 talutem reipublicse, suo periculo, cederet legibus safety to-the-republic, by-his-own danger, he-would-submit to-tle-laws oequo animo; auferret cum se sempiternam with-a-resigned mind; (that) he-would-carry with himself everlasting gloriam; relinqueret nobis fruenda haec, qute glory; (and) would leave us to-enjoy those-things, which ipse servasset. Multi etiam loquebantur he-himself had-preserved (for us). Many also talked Catilinam, atque illa portenta (concerning) Catiline, and those monsters (of-his-party, say"Erumpet, occupabit aliquem locum, ing, that) "He-will-break-out, he-will-occupy some place, faciet bellum patrime." Miseros cives, (that) he-may-make war (on his) country." 0 miserable citizens, interdum meritos optime de republica, in (who) sometimes having-deserved most-well of the republic, in quibus, homines non moda obliviscuntur praeclarissimas whom, men not only forget the-most-renowned res, sed etiam suspicantur nefarias! deeds, but even suspect (the most) nefarious (designs)! Ergo illa fuerunt falsa; quse certe exstitissent Therefore thoge-things were false; which certainly would-have-been vera, si Milo admisisset aliquid, quod posset non true, if Milo had-committed any-thing, which he-could not honeste que vere defendere. 1 mnestly and truly defend. 24. Quid? ut sustinuit, qume (But) what (more? how) that he-bore (those charges), which rostea congesta sunt in eum qum perculissent afterwards were heaped on him which would-have-struck-down quemvis, etiam conscientia mediocrium delictorum, aqny-one, even with the consciousness of moderate offences, immortales dii! sustinuit? immo vero immortal gods! did-he-bear (them)? yes indeed (it may ut contempsit, ac putavit pro nihilo; be said) that he-despised-them, nd considered them as nothing; que neque nocens maximo animo, nequc which neither a guilty-man with-the-most-resolute mind, nor 40 470 URATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. innocens, nisi fortissimus vir, potuisset negligere the innocent-man, unless a very-brave man, could have-neglected. Indicabatur etiam multitude scutorum, gladiorum, It-was-intimated (that) even a-great-number of-shields, of swords, frenorum, que pilorum posse deprehendi, dicebant, of-bridles, and of-javelins could be seized, they-said, esse nullum vicum, nullum angiportum in (that) there-was no street, (or) no alley in ~urbe, in quo non domus conducta esset the city, in which 'there-was not a house 'hired Miloni; arma devecta Tiberi in villam for-Milo; (that) arms ' were-carried-on the Tiber 'to (his) 'villa (of) Oriculanam; domus in Capitolino clivo referta 0 iculum; (that his) house on the Capitoline hill was-filled scutis; omnia plena malleolorum with-shields; (that) all (places) were-full of-fire-brands comparatorum ad incendia urbis. Haec non prepared for the burning of-the city. These things were not solum delata, sed poene credita, nec repudiata sunt only reported, but nearly believed, nor were-they-repudiated ante quAm quoesita. Equidem [disbelieved] before that they-were-investigated. 'I indeed laudabam incredibilem diligentiam Cn. Pompeii; sed 'praised the incredible diligence of-Cn. Pompey; but dicam, ut sentio, judices. Nimis multa I-will-say, that (which) I think, 0 judges. Too many-things coguntur audire, are-made-necessary to hear [too many things are required to be listened neque possunt ii facere aliter, quibus tota to], nor can those do otherwise, to-whom the whole respublica commissa est, cui fuerit etiam republic is entrusted, to whom [Pompey] it-was even Licinius, nescio qui, (necessary that a certain) Licinius, I-know-not who, (but) popa, de maximo circo, a-servant-and-attendant-on-the-sacrifices, from the great circus, [where he kept an eating and drinking house for slaves, and low people] ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 471 audiendus fuerit; servos Milonis, factos should-be-heard; (he stated, that) slaves of Milo, made ebrios apud se, confesses esse sibi, Irunk at his-house, had-confessed to-him, (that) conjurasse de interficiendo Pompeio, dein they-had-conspired (together) about killing Pompey, after postea, se percussum esse gladio ab uno de illis, (which), (that) he was-struck with-a-sword by one of them, ne indicaret. Nuntiavit Pompeio in lest he-might-give-information. (This) he-announced to Pompey at hortos. Arcessor in primis. De sententia (his) country-seat. I-am-called-for especially. By the advice amicorum defcrt rem ad senatum. Poteram 'of (his) 'friends he-refers the affair to the senate. I-could non, non exanimari metu, in tanta suspicione not, but be-nearly-frightened-to-death by fear, in such a suspicion illius custodis mei que patriae, sed (of the danger) of-that guardian of-myself and country, but mirabar tamen, credi pope, I-wondered however, that-credit-should-be- given to-the-sacrificial-servant, confessionem servorum audiri, vulnus in (that) the confession of slaves should-be-heard, (that) the wound in latere, quod videretur acii punctum, the side, which seemed (to be given by) the point of a needle, probari pro ictu gladiatoris. Verum, ut should-be-taken for the stroke of-a-gladiator. But-truly, as intelligo, Pompeius magis cavebat, quam I-understand, Pompey 'acted more 'with precaution, thin timebat, non ea solum que that-he-feared (anything), not those-things only which timenda erant, sed omnia, ne were-to-be-feared, but all-things (are to be guarded against), lest vos timeretis aliquid. you may-fear something [lest you may have cause for fear}. Nuntiabatur, domus C. Csesaris, clarissiml et It-was-reported, (that) the house of C. Caesar, a most-illustrious and fortlssimi viri, oppugnata per multas horas noctis. must-brave man, was-assailed during many hours of-the-night. 472 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. Nemo, tam celebri loco, audierat, nemo senserat; No-one, in so conspicuous a place, had-heard (it), no-one perceived (it) tamen audiebatur. Poteram non suspicari, Cn. yet it-was-reported. I-could not suspect, (that) Cn. Pompeium, virum praestantissima virtute timidum; Pompey, a man of-most-distinguished courage (to be) timid; putabam nullam diligentiam nimiam, (and) I-thought (that) no diligence (could be) too-great, suscepta tota republica. (in one) having-undertaken (the management of) the whole republic. Nuper frequentissimo senatu, in Lately in-a-very-full (meeting-of the) senate, (held) in Capitolio, senator inventus est, qui diceret Milonem the Capitol, a senator was found, who said (that) Milo esse cum telo. Nudavit se was with a weapon [was armed]. He-bared himself [by throwing in sanctissimo temple, quoniam vita back his clothes] in the-most-holy temple, because the life et talis civis et viri, non faciebat fidem, both of such a citizen and (such) a man, did not procure (him) credit, ut, eo tacente, res loqueretur ipsa. that, he being-silent, the thing might-speak (for) itself. 25. Omnia comperta sunt falsa atque insidiose All-things have-been-found (to be) filse, and insidiously ficta; quum tamcn etiam nunc Milo metuitur. devised; yet however even now Milo is feared. 'We-do Non jam timemus hoc crimen Clodianum, not at-present 'fear this accusation (respecting) Clodius, sed tuas, Cn. Pompei, (enim jam appello te, et but yours, 0 Cn. Pompey, (for 'I now 'address you, and ea r voce, ut possis exaudire me) tuas, tuas. with-such a voice, that you-may hear me) your, your, inquam, suspiciones perhorrescimus, Si times I-say, suspicions we-shudder-at. If you-fear Milonem, si putas hunc aut nunc cogitare Milo, if-you think (that) he either now meditates (anynefarie de tua vit, aut aliquando thing) wickedly concerning your life, or that 'he-evej ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 478 molitum aliquid, si delectus 'attempted any-thing (against your life), if the-levying-of-troops Italiae, ut nonnulli tui conquisitores (throughout) Italy, as some of-your agents-to-enroll-troops dictitarunt; si haec arma, si cohortes have-frequently-asserted; if these arms, if (these) cohorts (in) Capitoline, si excubise, si vigiliae, si deleta the Capitol, if (these) sentinels, if (these) watchmen, if the chosen juventus, quse custodit tuum corpus que domum, youths, who guard your person and house, armata est contra impetum Milonis; atque omnia are-armed against an attack of-Milo; and all illa sunt instituta, parata, intenta in hune those-things are instituted, prepared, (and) directed against this inum, certe in hoc magna vis et one (man), (there is) certainly in him a great power and incredibilis animus, et vires atque opes indicantur incredible courage, and forces and means are-indicated non unius viri, si quidem et not (in the possession) of-one man, if indeed both praestantissimus dux, et tota respublica the-most-eminent general, and the whole republic armata est in hunc unum. Sed quis is-armed against this one (man). But who (is there, that) non intelligit, omnes partes reipublicae, aegras does not understand, (that)" all the parts of-the-republic, feeble et labantes, commissas esse tibi, ut sanares et and tottering, were-committed to-you, that you-might-heal and confirmares eas his armis? Quod si locus strengthen them by-these arms? That if an opportunity datus esset Miloni profecto probasset tibi had-been-given to-Milo 'he-had certainly 'proved to-you ipsi, neminem hominem fuisse unquam yourself, (that) no man was ever cariorem homini, quAm te sibi; se more-dear to-man, than you (were) to-himself; (that) he unquam fugisse nullurn periculum pro tua at-any-time avoided no danger for (promoting) your 40* 474 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. dignitate; se ssepissime contendisse cum illa dignity; (that) 'he had 'very-often contended with that ipsa teterrima peste, pro tuW gloria; suum same most-foul pest, for your glory; (that) his tribunatum, gubernatum tuis consiliis, tribuneship, governed by-your counsels, (was directed) ad meam salutem, quae fuisset carissima tibi; to my safety, which was most-dear to-you; (that) se postca defensum a te, he 'was afterwards 'defended by you, (when he was) in periculo capitis, in danger 'of (his) 'life, [of conviction for a capital offence,] adjutum in petitione praeturae; (that) he-was-assisted (by you) in seeking the prsetorship; (that) se semper sperasse habere duos amicissimos, 'he always 'hoped to-have two most-friendly (to himself), te tuo beneficio, me you (on account of) your benefits (conferred on himself), me (on acsuo. Quse si non count of) his (services, rendered to me). Which if 'he-had not probaret, si ista suspicio ita penitus inhaesisset, 'proved, if this suspicion 'had so deeply 'taken-root, ut posset nullo.mod6 evelli, si denique Italia that it-could in-no wise be-eradicated, if in-fine Italy nunquam conquietura esset a delectu, 'was never 'to-rest from (these) levies-of-soldiers, urbs ab armis, sine clade Milonis, (nor) the city from arms, without the destruction of-Milo, nae iste haud dubitans cessisset certainly he without hesitating would-have-departed 'from his patria, is, qui natus est ita, et consuevit 'country, he, who 'was-born (to do) so, and was-accustomed-to-do ita; tamen antestaretur- te Magne, so however he-would-have-called-on you (to witness) 0 Magnus, quod nune etiam facit. fthat he was innocent), which 'he now also 'does. 26. Vide, qulm varia, que commutabilis ratio See, how various, and changeable the course ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 475 vitae, quam vaga que volubilis fortuna, quantse of-life, how uncertain and inconstant (is) fortune, what infidelitates in amicitiis, quam simulationes apta ad faithlessness in friendships, what dis-embling suited to tempus, in periculis, quantae fugae proximorum, the times, in dangers, what desertion of-relations-and-friends, quantae timiditates. Erit, erit profecto what timidity. There-wil-be, there-will-be certainly tempus, et ille dies aliquando illucescet, quum a time, and that day 'will at-some-tine 'appear, when tu, tuis rebus, ut spero, salutaribus, sed fortasse you, your affair, as I-hope, being-prosperous, but perhaps aliquo motu temporum communium (qui by-some commotion of-the-times common (to them) (which quAm crebro accidat, experti dcbemus now often it-may-happen, 'we-experienced 'ought scire) desideres et benevolentiam amicissimi, to-know) you-may-want both the-good-will of-the-dearest-friend, et fidem gravissimi hominis, et and the good-faith of-a-most-dignified (and influential) man, and magnitudinem animi unius fortissimi viri, post the greatness of-mind of-one of-the-bravest men, since homines natos. Quamquam men were-born. [The bravest man that ever lived.] Although quis credat hoc, Cn. Pompeium, peritissimum who would-believe this, (that) Cn. Pompey, most-skilled publici juris, moris majorum, denique (in) public law, the customs 'of (our) 'ancestors, (and) in-fine publicoe rei, quum senatus commiserit ei, (in) public affairs, when the senate had-entrusted to-him, ut videret "ne respublica caperet quid that he-should-see "lest the republic should-receive any (thing of) detrimenti" quo uno versiculo consules semper injury" by-which one short-line the consuls were always satis armati fuerunt, etiam nullis armis datis, lufficiently larmed, even no arms being-given hunc exercitu, hunc (to them), (that) he (having) an army (given him), (that) he 'having ,ORATIO PRO T. \NN1O MILONE. delectu dato, exspectaturum a levy-of-soldiers 'granted (him), would-wait fuisse judicium, vindicandis consiliis ejus, qui for the-decision-of-a-court, in-punishing designs-of-that man, who tolleret vi judicia ipsa? Satis would-destroy by-force the courts themselves? It was sufficiently judicatum est, a Pompeio, satis ista decided by Pompey, sufficiently-so (that) these-charges falso conferri in Milonem, qui 'were falsely 'brought against Milo, (and by Pompey), who tulit legem, qua ut ego sentio opporteret brought-forward the law, by-which as I think it-was-necessary Milonem absolvi a vobis, ut omnes (that) Milo should-be-acquitted by you, (and) as all confitentur liceret. Verb quod confess it-might-be-allowed (for him to be so). But as sedet in illo loco, atque circumfusus illis copiis he-sits in that place, and surrounded by-those forces publicorum praesidiorum, satis declarat, se of-public guards, 'he sufficiently 'declares, (that) ne non inferre terrorem vobis (enim quid minus 'does not 'bring fear to-you (for what 'less dignum illo, quAm cogere, ut vos condemnetis worthy (of) him, than to-force (you), that you should-condemn eum, in quem ipse posset animadvertere, et him, on whom he-himself could inflict-punishment, both more majorum, et suo jure) sed according-to-the-customs 'of (our) 'ancestors, and by-his right) but esse praesidio ut intelligatis (that this) is for-a-guard (to you) that you-may-understand (that) licere vobis judicare libere, quod it-is-allowed you to-pronounce-your-judgment freely, as sentiatis, contra illam concionem histernam. you-think, against that meeting (of) yesterday. 27. Nec vero judices, crimen Clodianum Nor indeed 'does, 0 judges, the accusation concerning Clodius movet me, nec sum tam denens, que tam ignarus 'move me, nor am-I so foolish, and so ignorant ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 477 atque expers vestri sensfs, quid sentiatis and devoid (of knowlcdge) of-your opinion, what you-think de morte Clodii. De qua, si nollem jam concerning the death of-Clodius. Concerning which, if I-would-not now ita diluere crimen, ut dilui, tamen to do-away (with) the accusation, as I-have-done-away (with it), yet liceret Miloni palam clamare impune, ac it-would-be-allowed Milo openly to-exclaim with-impunity, and gloriose mentiri: ' Occidi, occidi, non Sp. boastingly to-tell-an-untruth: "I-have-killed, I-have-killed, not Sp. M elium, qui levanda Maelius, who (attempting, or) being-about-to-lower (the price of) annona, que jacturis familiaris rei, quia provisions, and at-the-expense 'of (his) 'private fortune, beciuse videbatur ampleti plebem nimis, incidit in he-seemed (as) having-favoured the people too-much, he-fell under suspicionem appetendi regni, non Ti. Gracchum, suspicion of-seeking royalty-and-power, not Ti. Gracchus, qui abrogavit magistratum collegae per who abrogated the magistracy (of his) colleague by seditionem, interfectores quorum impleverunt orbem sedition, the slayers of-whom filled the whole terrarum gloria sui nominis; sed eum (enim world with-the-renown of-their name; but him (for auderet dicere, quum liberasset patriam he-might-dare to-speak, since he-had-saved (his) country suo periculo) cujus nefandum adulterium in by-his-own danger) whose infamous adultery in sanctissimis pulvinaribus, nobilissimae feminse the-most-holy shrines, most-noble women comprehenderunt; eum, cujus supplicio, senatus detected; him, 'by whose 'punishment, the senate 'had ssepe censuit, sollemnes religiones expiandas; often 'decreed, (that) solemn religious-rites ought-to-be-expiated; eum, quem L. Lucullus juratus, dixit se him, whom L. Lucullus having-sworn, said (that) he comperisse, fecisse nefarium stuprum cum had-discovered, (that) he-had-committed a nefarious incest with 478 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. germana sorore, habitis quaestionibus; eum, his-own sister, having-had an examination (of herslaves); him, qui exterminavit, armis servorum, civem, who had-driven-into-exile, by-the-arms of-slaves, a citizen quemr senatus, quem Romanus populus, quem [Cicero], whom the senate, whom the Roman people, whom omnes gentes judicarant conservatorem urbis all nations had-judged (to be) the preserver of-the-city, ac vitoe civium; eum, qui dedit ademit and of-the-life of-the-citizens; him, who gave (and) took-away regna, partitus est orbem terrarum cum kingdoms, (and who) divided the world with quibus voluit; eum, qui, plurimis csedibus factis whom he-pleased; him, who, many murders being-committed in foro, compulit domum vi et armis civem in the forum, drove to-his-house by-force and arms a citizen singulari virtute et gloria; [Pompey] (distinguished) 'by (his) 'singular bravery and renown: eum, cui nihil fuit unquam nefas, nec in facinore him, to-whom nothing was ever forbidden, either in crime nec in libidine; eum, qui incendit sedem or in lust; him, who set-fire to-the-temple Nympharum, ut exstingueret publicam memoriam of-the-Nymphs, that he-might-destroy the public records recensionis impressam publicis tabulis; eum denique, of-the-census impressed on-the-public tablets; himn in-fine. cui jam erat nulla lex, nullum civili jus, nulli to-whom now there-was no law, no civil right, no termini possessionurn; qui petebat boundaries of-possessions; who sought (to obtain possession of) fundos alienos, non calumnig the landed-estates (of) others, not by-the-quirks-and-chicanery litium, non injustis vindiciis ac of-law-suits, not by-unjust legal-processes-and-claims and 'by (unjust) sacramentis, sed castris, exercitu, inferendis oaths, but by-camps, by-an-army, (and) advancing signis; qui conatus est pellere the standards; [by military attacks] who endeavoured to-drivo-fron ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONB. 479 possessionibus, armis que castris, non solum (their) possessions, by-arms and camps, not only Etruscos (enim penitis contempserat eos), sed the Etrurians (for 'he entirely 'despised them), but (also) hunc P. Varium, fortissinum atque optimum civem, this P. Varius, a most-brave and most-excellent citizen, nostrum judicem; qui peragrabat (and) our judge (in this cause); who travelled-through villas que hortos multorum cum architectis et the villas and gardens of-many with architects and decempedis; qui terminabat spem suarum ten-feet-measuring-rods; who bounded the hopes of-his possessionum Janiculo et Alpibus; qui, quum possessions by-the-Janiculum and the Alps; who, when non impetrasset ab M. Paconio, splendido 'he-could not 'obtain from M. Paconius, an illustrious et forti Romano equite, ut venderet sibi insulam and brave Roman knight, that he.would-sell him the island in lacu Prilio, repente convexit in earn insulam in lake Prilius, suddenly conveyed to that island lintribus materiem, calcem, caementa, arma, in boats timber, lime, small-stones-for-building, and tools, non dubitavit extruere fedificium in alieho, 'he-did not 'hesitate to-build a house on another-man's que domino trans ripam inspectante; qui (ground), and the proprietor on the opposite shore looking-on; who huic T. Furfanio, cui viro? immortales (dared to say) to this T. Furfanius, to-what a man? 0 immortal dii; (enim quid ego dicam de gods; (but why 'should I 'mention (any thing) concerning muliercula Scantia, quid de adolescente the woman Scantia, why (any thing) concerning theyoung-man P. Apinio? utrique quorum minatus est mortem, P. Apinius? both of-whom he-threatened (with) death, nisi cessissent possessione hortorum sibi), unless they abandoned the possession 'of (their) 'gardens to-himself), sed ausus est dicere Furfanio si non dedisset but be-dared to-say to-Furfanius (that) if 'he-did not 'give 480 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. sibi pecuniam, quantam poposcerat, se him money, as-much-as he-might-have-asked-for, (that) he illaturum mortuum in ejus domum, qua invidia would-carry a dead-body in his house, by-which odium conflagrandum esset tali viro huic; 'a flame (of indignation) 'would-break-out against-such a man (as) this; qui dejecit Appium absentem fratrem, hominem who turned Appius (his) absent brother, a man conjunctum mihi fidissima gratia, de possessione united to-me by-the-most-faithful friendship, from the possession fundi; qui instituit ducere parietem sic per 'of (his) farm; who determined to-run a wall so through vestibulum sororis, agere fundamenta the vestibule 'of (his) 'sister's (house), (and) to-lay the-foundation sic, ut non modo privaret sororem vestibulo, so, that 'he not only 'deprived (his) sister (of her) vestibule, sed omni aditu et limine." but (of) all access (to) and entrance by the threshold (of her house)." 28. Quamquam htec videbantur jam quidem Although these-things appeared then indeed (as) tolerabilia, etsi aequabiliter irruebat tolerable, although,he equally 'attacked (and violently in rempublicam, in privatos, in rushed) (against) the republic, (against) private-persons, (against) longinquas, in propinquas, in those-at-a distance, against neighbours (and those near), against alienos, in suos; sed nescio quomodo strangers, (and) against his-own (relations); but I-know-not how incredibilis patientia civitatis jam obduruerat the incredible patience of-the-state 'had then 'become-hardened et percalluerat usu. Vero que jam and callous by-use. But (those things) which 'were already aderaut, et impendebant, quonam modo 'present, and impended (over you), in-what manner potuissetis aut depellere aut ferre ea? Si ille could-you either repel or bear them? If he nactus esset imperium, omitto had-obtained-possession (of) the empire, I-omit (and say nothing of uur) ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 481 socios, exteras nationes, reges, tetrarchas; enim allies, foreign nations, kings, and tetrarchs; for faceretis vota, you-would-have-made vows, [you would have wished] 'that-he-would potius immitteret se in eos, quam in vestras rather 'have-turned (his) 'attention to them, than to your possessiones, vestra tecta, vestras pecunias; pecunias possessions, your houses, your money; money dice? medius fidius, nunquam cohibuisset do-I-say? may Jupiter help me, 'he-would never 'have-res-trained suas effrenatas libidines a liberis, et a his unbridled lusts from (your) children, and from (your) conjugibus. Putatis hec fingi, que wives. Do-you-think (that) these-things are-feigned, which patent, quse sunt nota omnibus, qiae tenentur? are-evident, which are known to-all, which are-held (in illum conscripturum fuisse, in our memory)? (was it not, that) he was-about-to-raise, in urbe, execitus servorum, per quos possideret totam the city, armies of-slaves, by whom he-might-possess the entire rempnblicam, que privatas res omnium? Quamobrem, republic, and the private fortunes of-all? Wherefore, si T. Annius tenens cruentum gladium clamaret: if T. Annius holding a bloody sword had-cried-out: "quaeso cives adeste atque audite P. "I-entreat (you) 0 citizens draw-near and hear (that) '. Clodium interfeci; ejus furores, quos jaln Clodius has-been-killed; his furious-deeds, which heretofore poteramus frenare nullis legibus, nullis judiciis, we-could restrain by-no laws, by-no courts, repuli a vestris cervicibus, hoc ferro et hac I-have-repelled from your necks, by-this sword and by-this dextera, ut per me unum, jus, aequitas, leges, right-hand, that by me alone, right, equity, laws, tibertas, pudor, pudicitia manerent in civitate," liberty, modesty, (and) chastity remains in the city," vero timendum esset quonam modo but it-would-have-to-be-feared (by Milo) in what manner 41 482 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. civitas ferret id! Enim nune quis est. the city would-bear this (announcement)! For now who is-there, qui non probet? qui non laudet? ' who 'does not 'approve? who 'does not 'praise (what has been dona)? qui, post memoriam hominum, non et dicat et who, since the memory of-man, 'does not both 'say and sentiat T. Annium unum plurimum profuisse think '(that) T. Annius alone 'did very-great 'service reipublicse, affecisse Romanum populum, to-the-republic, (and; to-have-affected the Roman people, eanctam Italiam, omncs nationes maxima all Italy, (and) all nations with-the-greatest laetitia? Non queo judicare, quanta fuerit illa joy? I am not 'able to judge, how-great may-have-been that vetera gaudia Romani populi. Tamen nostra setas old joy of-the-Roman people. Although our age jam vidit clarissimas victorias summorum 'has already 'seen the-most-celebrated victories of-the-greatest imperatorum, nulla quarum attulit neque tam commanders, (yet) none of-these-victories brought either such diuturnam, nec tantam laetitiam. Mandate hoc lasting, or such-great joy. Commit these memorise, judices. Spero vos, que vestros liberos to-memory, 0 judges. I-hope (that) you, and your children visuros esse multa bona; in rcpublica; may-see many good-things (and happy days); in the republic; in singulis iis, semper ita as-respects each-one (of) these-things, 'you-will always so existimabitis, P. Clodio vivo, visuros fuisse 'think, (that) P. Clodio being-alive, you-would-have-seen nihil eorum. Adducti sumus in maximam spem, et nothing of-them. We-have-been-led to the greatest hope, and quemadmodum confido, verissimam, hunc ipsum as I-confide, a most-true-hope, (that) this same qnnum, hoc ipso summo viro consule, year, this same eminent man (Pompey) (being) consul, licentiA hominum compressA, cupiditatibus thep-hctntiotsness of-men being-repressed, (evil) desirea ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 483 fractis, legibus et judiciis ueing broken-and-put-down, the laws and courts 'being (fully) constitutis, fore salutarem 'established (in their authority), that-it-would-be a salutary (day) civitati. Est num quis igitur tam demens, qui, for-the-state. Is-there then any-one therefore so foolish, who, arbitetur hoc potuisse contingere, P. may think that this could happen (or be obtained), P. Clodio vivo? Quid? quod jus perpetuae possessionis Clodius being-alive? What? what right of-perpetual possession potuissent ea habere, quse tenetis privata could those things have, which you-hold (as) private (property) atque vestra, furioso homine dominante? and your-own, this frenzied man ruling? 29. Non timeo, judices, ne inflammatus odio, 'I-do not 'fear, 0 judges, lest inflamed by-hatred, mearum inimicitiarum, videar evomere (arising from) my-own enmities, I-may-seem to-vomit-forth haec in ilium libentius, quam verius. Etenim these-charges against him more freely, than truly. For etsi meum odium debebat esse praecipuum, although my hatred (of him) ought to-be a principal thing, tamen (on account of the many and great injuries he inflicted on me), yet-however ille erat ita communis hostis amnium, ut he was so-much the common enemy of-all, that (my own versaretur paene aequaliter in hatred seemed) to-be nearly equally (shared) in communi odio. Potest non satis dici, ne the general hatred. It-can not 'be sufficiently 'expressed, nor quidem cogitari, quantum fuerit sceleris in illo, indeed imagined, how-much there-was of-wickedness in hit, quantum exitii. Quin sic attendite, how-much (there was) of-destruction-and-ruin. But thus pay-attention, judices. Nempe hec est questio de 0 judges. For-certainly this is an-investigation concerning interitu P. Clodii. Fingite animis (enim nostrum the death of-P. Clodius. Imagine 'in (your) 'minds (for our. 484 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. cogitationes sunt liberxe, et quae volunt sic thoughts are free, and that-which they-wibh 'they so intuentur, ut cernimus, ea quse videmus), 'contemplate, that we-distinguish-and-know those-things which-we-see), fingite igitur cogitatione imaginem hujus form therefore 'by (your) thoughts the image of-this mese conditionis, si possim efficere, lt uly condition, if I-could effect (this), th;t absolvatis Milonem, sed ita si P. Clodius you-acquit Milo, but so and.provided-that P. Clodius revixerit. Vultu quid extimuistis? should-again-live. By (your) countenance what have-you-feared? Quonam mcdo [Why is fear depicted in your countenances.] In-what manner 'would ille vivus afficeret vos, quos mortuus he alive 'affect (and move) you, whom he-being-dead percussit, inani cogitatione? 'has (so) 'struck (and disturbed you) by-the-mere thought Quid? si Cn. Pompeius ipse, qui est ea (of him)? What? if Cn. Pompey himself, who is such virtute ac fortuna, ut semper potuerit by-courage and by-fortune, that 'he-was always 'able (to do) ea, que nemo, prseter illum, si is, those-things, which no-one, except him, (could do), if he, inquam, potuisset aut ferre questionem de I-say, could either institute an investigation concerning morte P. Clodii, aut excitare ipsum ab inferis, the death of-P. Clodius, or raise him from the dead, uterum putatis potius facturum fuisse? which-of-the-two do-you-think 'he-would rather 'have-done? Etiamsi propter amicitiam vellet evocare ilium Although on-account of-friendship he-might-wish to recall him ab inferis, propter rempublicam non from death, (yet) on-account of-the-republic 'he-would not fecisset Igitur sedetis ultores ejus mortis, 'have-done (it). Therefore you-sit (as) avengers of-his death cujus vitam, si puteis, posse restitui per whose life if you-thought, (that) it-could be-restored by ORATIO PRO t. ANNIO MILONE. 485 fos, nolitis, et de ejus nece you, you-would-not (restore it), and concerning his death quaestio lata est, qui si posset an investigation is instituted (by law), who. if he could revivescere eadem lege, lex revive by-the-same law, the law 'would-have nunquam lata esset. Ne ergo interfector never 'been-passed. 'Should then therefore the slayer hujus, si esset timeret poenam, in confitendo, of-this-man, if he-were-it, 'fear punishment, in confessing, ab iis, quos liberavisset? Homines Grseci from those, whom he-had-freed? The men (of) Greece tribuunt honores deorum iis viris, qui grant the honours of-the-gods to-those men, who necaverunt tyrannos. Quse ego vidi Athenis? have-slain tyrants. What 'have I (not) 'seen at-Athens? quse in aliis urbibus Grsecie? quas divinas res what in other cities of Greece? what divine ceremonies institutas talibus viris? quos cantus? quse have-been-instituted for-such men? what songs? what carmina? Prop5 consecrantur et ad odes? 'They-are nearly 'consecrated both to religionem et memoriam immortalitatis. religion and (to) the memory of-immortality. [They are Vos non modo afficietis almost honoured as gods.] (And) 'do-you not only (not) 'reward conservatorem tanti populi, ultorem tanti the preserver of-so-great a people, (and) the avenger of-such-a-great sceleris nullis honoribus, sed etiaia crime with (any) honours, but 'do-you even patiemini rapi ad supplicium? Confiteretur, 'suffer (him) to-be-carried-off to punishment? He-would-confess, confiteretur, inquam, si fecisset, et magno hle-would-confess, I-say, if he-had (done it), and with-a-greas animo et libente, se fecisse caus' mind and willingly, (that) he had-done (it) for-the-sake libertatis omnium, quod esset non mod6 of-the.liberty of-all, which was not only 41 * 486 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. confitendum ei verum etiam to-be-confessed by-him but-indeed even predicandum. to-be-proclaimed. 30. Etcnim si non negat id, ex quo petit For if 'he-does not 'deny it, from which he-seeks nihil, nisi ut ignoscatur,, dubitaret fateri nothing, unless that he-may-be-pardoned, would-he-hesitate to-avow id, ex quo etiam praemia laudis petenda essent? that, for which even the reward of-praise were-to-be-demanded? nisi ver6 putat esse gratius vobis, se unless indeed he-may-think (it) to-be more-grateful to-you, (that) he fuisse defensorem sui capitis, quam 'should-be the defender of-his-own life, than the (defender) vestri; quum praesertim, in ea confessione, si of-you; when especially, in that confession, if velletis esse grati, assequeretur amplissimos you-desire to-be grateful, he-would-attain-to the-most-ample honores; si factum non probaretur vobis, honours; if the deed 'were not 'approved-of by-you, (quamquam qui poterat non probari, cuiquam, sua (however who could not (but) approve, any-one, (for) his salus)? sed si tamen virtus safety) (obtained through him)? but if however the virtue fortissimi viri cecidisset minus grata of-a-very-brave man had-fallen-out (but) little agreeable'to (his fellow) civibus, magno que constanti animo cederet ex 'citizens, 'he with-a-great and constant mind 'had-departed from ingrata civitate. Nam quid esset ingratius, quatm an ungrateful city. For what could-be more-ungrateful, than ~eteros lhetari, eum solum lugere, (that) others should-rejoice, (and that) he alone should-griev^, propter quem ceteri laetarentur? Quamquam semper through whom others rejoice? Although 'we always fuimus omnes hoc animo, * in 'were all in-this mind (and opinion, that) in opprimendis proditoribus patriae, ut quonianm putting-down traitors 'to (their) 'country, that because ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 487 gloria futura esset nostra, quoque the glory would-hereafter-be ours, (that) 'we should also putaremus periculum et invidiam 'think (that) the danger and odium (would also be) nostram. Nam quse laus tribuenda esset mihi ours. For what praise would-have-been-given to-me ipsi, quum ausus essem tantum in meo consulatu myself, when I-had-dared so-much in my consulship pro vobis ac vestris liberis, si quum conabar id, for you and your children, if when I-undertook it, arbitrarer me ausurum esse, sine meis maximis I-thought (that) I might-attempt (it), without my greatest dimicationibus? Quse mulier non auderet contests-and-struggles? What woman (that) 'would not 'dare occidere sceleratum ac perniciosum civem, si to-kill a wicked and pernicious citizen, if 'she-did non timeret periculum? Invidia, morte, poen, not 'fear the danger? Odium, death, punishment proposita, qui nihilo segnius being-placed-before (any one), (yet) he-who not-the-less tardily (for that) defendit rempublicam, is vere putandus est vir. defends the republic, he 'is truly 'to be-considered a man. Est grati populi affiere prxemiis cives, It-is (the part) of-a-gratel'ul people to-reward citizens, (who) meritos bene de republica, fortis viri, have-deserved well of the republic, (it is the part) of-a-brave man, ne quidem moveri suppliciis, ut poeniteat not even to-be-moved by-punishments, (so) that he-may-repent (that) fecisse fortiter. Quamobrem T. Annius uteretur he-acted bravely. Wherefore T. Annius may-make-use eAdem confessione, qua Ahala, qua (of) the same confession (and declaration), of-which Ahala, of-which Nasica, qua Opimus, qua Marius, qua nosmet Nasica, of-which Opimus, of-which Marius, of-which we ipsi et si respublica esset grata ourselves (have each made use of) (that) if the republic were grateful 488 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. laetaretur, si ingrata, tamen in gravi fortunt he-would-rejoice, if ungrateful, however in (his) adverse fortune niteretur sua conscientia. he-would-rest (and depend) on his conscience (for support and consolation). Sed, judices, fortuna Romani populi, et vestra But, 0 judges, the good-fortune of-the-Roman people, and your felicitas et immortales dii putant deberi sibi happiness and the immortal gods think (that) they-owe him gratiam hujus beneficii. Nec [Milo] gratitude (for) this favour (of destroying Clodius). Nor vera potest quisquam arbitrari aliter, nisi qui indeed can any-one think otherwise, unless he-who ducit esse nullam vim, ve divinum thinks (that) there is no divine power, no divine numen, quem neque magnitudo nostri influence-and-providence, whom neither the greatness of-our imperii, neque ille sol, nec motus Cceli que empire, neither that sun, nor the motions of-the-heavens and signorum, nec vicissitudines rerum, atque ordines of-the-signs, nor the vicissitudes of-things, and (their) order movent, neque id quod est maximum, sapientia move, nor that which is the greatest, the-wisdom majorum, qui, et ipsi sanctissime 'of (our) 'ancestors, who, and they-themselves most-holily coluerunt sacra, qui cerimonias, observed the sacred (institutions), who (also) the ceremouies-and-rites qui auspicia, et prodiderunt (of religion), who (also) the auspices, and transmitted (them) nobis suis posteris. to-us their posterity. 31. Est, profecto est illa vis, neque in There-is, 'there certainly 'is that power; nor-only in his corporibus, atque in hac nostra imbecillitate these bodies, and in this our weakness inest quiddam, quod vigeat et sentiat, et inest there-is something-within, which is-vigorous and thinks, and is non in hoc tanto tam praeclaro not [and it is also much more so] in this so-great so glorious ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE 489 motu naturae. Nisi forte idcirco non putant motion of nature. Unless perhaps for-that-reason 'they-do not 'think quia apparet non, nec cernitur; proinde (it to exist) because it-does-not-appear, nor is-seen; consequently quasi possimus, aut plane videre, ant sentire as-if we could, either clearly see (our mind), or feel qualis, ubi sit, nostram mentem what (it might be, or) where it might be, (that is) our mind ipsam, qua sapimus, qua providemus, qua itself, by-which we-are-wise, by-which we-have-foresight, by-which agimus ac dicimus hec ipsa. Ea igitur we-do and say those very-same-things. That therefore (is) ipsa vis, que ssepe attulit huic urbi incredibilcs the same power, which often has-brought to-this city incredible felicitates atque opes; extinxit ac prosperity and wealth (and power); it-destroyed and sustulit illam perniciem, cui primur removed that calamity [of Clodius], to-whom (it) first injecit mentem, ut auderet threw-into (his) mind, [it first inspired Clodius] that he-should-dare irritare vi, que lacessere ferro fortissimum to-irritate by-violence, and to-attack with-the-sword a-most-brave virum, que vinceretur ab eo, quem si vicisset, man, and he-was-conquered by him, whom if he-had-conquered, habiturus esset sempiternam impunitatem et he-would-have-had uninterrupted impunity and licentiam. Illa res perfecta est, judices, non humano licentiousness. That thing was-accomplished, 0 judges, not by-human consilio, ne quidem mediocri immortalium counsels, nor indeed by-the-ordinary (counsels) of-the-immortal deorum. Mehercule Religiones ipsse, quae gods. By-Hercules the sacred-places themselves, which viderunt illam belluam cadere, videntur, se saw that monster fall, seem, (that) they commovisse, et retinuisse suum jus were moved, and to-have-maintained-and-defended tneir right in illo. Enim jam implore atque testor over him. For 'I now 'implore and 'call on AU, #.E 490 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. vos, vos, inquam, Albani tumuli atque you 'to-witness, you, I-say, 0 Alban mounts;:nd luci, que vos obrutae arae Albanorum socir groves, and you O destroyed altars of-the Albans, the-associ:ites et aequales Romani populi, sacrorum, quns ilio, and equals of-the-Roman people, (in) the-sacred-rites, which he, praeceps amentia, sanctissimis lucis, (and his) headlong folly, the-most-holy groves, csesis que prostratis, oppresserat being-cut-down and prostrated, had-oppressed (and buried) insanis molibus substructionum; turn vestra are, by (his) insane masses of-substructures; then your altars, vestrse religiones viguerunt, vestra vis valuit, (then) your religious-rites flourished, your power prevailed, quam ille polluerat omni scelere, que tu, sancte which he had-polluted with-every crime, and you, 0 sacred Jupiter Latiaris, ex tuo edito monte, cujus locus, Jupiter Latiaris, from your high mountain, whose lakes, nemora, que fines ille ssepe macularat omni groves, and boundaries he 'had often 'defiled by-every nefario stupro et scelere, aliquando aperuisti wicked lust and crime, 'have at-length 'opened (your) oculos ad puniendum eum; vobis, vobis in vestro eyes to punish him; to-you, to-you in your conspectu, illae serae, sed tamen justse, et debite view, those late, but however just, and due poente solutse sunt. punishments have-been-paid (in atonement for such great crimes). Nisi forte dicemus hoc etiam factum esse Unless perhaps we-say (that) this also was-done casu; ut ante sacrarium ipsum Bonwe Deae, quod by-chance; that before the shrine itself of Bona Dea, which est in fundo T. Sestii, in primis honesti et is in the-farm of T. Sestius, especially an honourable an.i ornati adolescentis, ante ipsam Bonam Deam. accomplished young-man, before that-same Bona De:l, inquam, quum commisisset proelium, acciperet illud I-say when he-had-begun the battle, he-received that ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 491 primum vulnus, quo obiret teterrimam mortem, first wound, by-which he-died a most-shameful death, ut videretur non absolutus, illo nefario judlcio, 'hat he-seemed not acquitted, by-that iniquitous tiial, sed reservatus ad hanc insignem poenam. but reserved for this conspicuous punishment. 32. Nec vero non, eadem ira deorum [Nor indeed not], and indeed the same anger of-the-gods injecit hanc amentiam in ejus satellitibus, ut excited this folly in his followers, that abjectus ambureretur, sine ne-was-thrown-out (after) he-was-half-burnt, without (ancestral) imaginibus, sine cantu atque images, without (a funeral) song and (without funeral) ludis, sine exsequis, sine lamentis, sine games, without funeral-rites, without lamentations, without laudationibus, sine funere, oblitus cruore et luto, praises, without a funeral, besmeared with-hlood and mud, spoliatus celebritate illius supremi deprived of-the-solemn-concourse (and honours) of-that last diei, cui etiam inimici solent cedere. Credo day, to-which even enemies are-accustomed to-accede. I-believe fuisse non fas formas (that) it-was not allowed (by the will of the gods), (that) the-images clarissimorum virorum afferre aliquid decoris of-the-most-illustrious men could-bring any-thing of-ornament illi teterrimo parricidse, neque in ullo (and honour) to-that most-foul parricide, nor in any loco ejus mortem lacerari potius, place (that) his death [his dead body] might-be-lacerated rather, quam in quo vita damnata esset. than in that-which his life had-been-condemned. Medius fidius, fortuna Romani populi May Jupiter help me, (but) the fortune of-the-Roman people 'did( jam videbatur mihi dura et crudelis, qume eretofore 'appear to-me hard and cruel, which pateretur ilium, tot annos insultare suffered him, for-so-many years to-insult (and attack) 492 ORATTO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. in hanc rempublicam. Polluerat sanctls imas this republic. He-had-polluted the-most-holy religiones stupro, perfregerat gravissima religious-rites with (his) lust, he-had-broken the most-weighty decreta senatfs, palam redemerat se a decrees of-the-senate, 'he-had openly 'freed himself frou judicibus pecunia, in tribunatu, vexarat the judges by-money, in (his) tribuneship, he-had-harassed senatum, resciderat gesta, consensu the senate, he-had-rescinded acts-passed, by-the-consent omnium ordinum pro salute reipublicae, expulerat of-all the orders for the safety of-the-republic, he-had-expelled me patria, diripuerat bona, me 'from (my) 'country, he-had-plundered (my) property, incenderat domum, vexarat meam he-had-burned (my) house, he-had-ill-treated my conjugem, liberos, indixerat nefarium bellum wife (and) children, he-had-declared a-wicked war Cn. Pompeio, effecerat credes magistratuum against Cn. Pompey, he had-made slaughter of-magistrates que privatorum, incenderat domnm mei and of-private-persons, he-had-burned the house of-my fratris, vastarat Etruriam, ejecerat multos brother, he-had-laid-waste Etruria, he-had-ejected many sedibus ac fortunis; instabat, urgebat; 'from (their) 'homes and possessions; he-pressed, he-urged; civitas, Italia, provinciae, regna poterant non the city, Italy, the provinces, the kingdom could not capere ejus amentiam; leges jam contain his folly; the laws 'were already incidebabantur domi, quae addicerent nos 'engraved (on brass) at-his-house, which were-to-subject us nostris servis; erat nihil cujusquam, to-our slaves; there-was nothing of-any-one, [belonging to any quod quidem ille adamasset, quod non one] which indeed he might-take-a-liking-to, which 'he-did not putaret fore sumn hoc anno. Nemo obstabat think would-be his this year. No-one was-anr-obstacle ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 493 ejus cogitationibus, prseter Milonem. 'to his 'thoughts (and expectations), except Milo. Arbitrabatur illum ipsum, qui poterat He-thought (that) that same-person, [Pompey,] who could obstare, novo reditu (resist, and) be-an-obstacle (to him), 'would by-the-late return in gratiam quasi devinctum; to favour (and friendship) 'be as-it-were 'bound (to him); dicebat potentiam Csesaris esse suum; he-said (that) the power of-Caesar was his; the (good-will and) animos bonorum in meo casu contempserat; minds 'of (all) 'good-men in my cause he-despised; Milo unus urgebat Milo (was) the only-one (that) pressed-hard (on him). 33. Hic immortales dii, ut dixi supra, dederunt Here the immortal gods, as I-have-said above, gave mentem illo perdito ac furioso, ut the mind 'to [inspired] 'that abandoned and furious-man, that faceret insidias huic. Illa pestis he-should-lay snares for-this-man. [Milo.] That pest (and wicked potuit non aliter perire; nunquam man) could not otherwise have-perished; (for) never would respublica ulta esset illum suo jure. the republic have-punished him by-their-own right (and laws). Senatus, credo, circumscripsisset eum The senate, I-suppose, would-have-circumscribed (and restrained) him prtetorem. Ne quidem quum solebat (when) praetor. Not-even indeed when it-was-accustomed facere id, profecerat aliquid to-do this (with the magistrates), had-it-accomplished any-thing hoc eodem, in private. (of the kind) with-this same-person, [Clodius] in private-life. An fuissent consules fortes in coercendo Whether 'would the consuls 'have-been vigorous in restraining praetore? Primiim, Milone occiso, habuisset the praetor? In-the-first-place, Milo-being-killed, he-would-have-had sues consules; deinde quis consul, in his-own consuls; in-the-next-place what consul, on 42 494 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. eo proetore, esset fortis this (Clodius) (being) praetor, would-have-been courageous (enough per quem tribunum, meminisset to resist himl, by whom (when) tribune, he-nmay-have-remembered, consularem virtutem esse crudelissime vexatam? (that) the consular dignity was most-cruelly harassed? Oppressisset omnia possideret teneret; lie-had-oppressed all (that) he-might-possess (and) hold (all); nova lege, quae inventa est apud eum, cum reliquis by-the-new law, which was found with him, with the other Clodianis legibus, fecisset nostros servos suos Clodian laws, he-would-have-made our slaves his libertos. Postremo, nisi immortales dii impulisserLt freedmen. Lastly, unless the immortal gods had-impelled in earn mentem, ut effeminatus homo into that mind, [had inspired him], that (he) an effeminate man conaretur occidere fortissimum virum, hodie should-attempt to-kill a-most-brave man, to-day haberetis nullam rempublicam. An ille you-would-have no republic. Whether he (as) prxetor, ille vero consul, si modo, eo vivo, praetor, he indeed (as) consul, if indeed, he being-alive, hxec templa, atque moenia ipsa potuissent stare these temples, and the walls themselves could-have stood tamdiu, et exspectare ejus consulatum, denique so-long, and waited-for his consulship, in-fine ille vivus fecisset nihil mali, qui mortuus 'would he alive 'have-done nothing bad, who dead incenderit curiam uno ex suis satellitibus, burned the senate-house by-one from-among his satellites, Sex. Clodio duce? Quo quid miserius, Sex. Clodius being-the-leader? Than-this what more-miserable, quid acerbius, quid luctuosius vidimus? what more-grievous, what more-lamentable have-we-seen? Templum sanctitatis amplitudinis, mentis, (That) the temple of-sanctity of-dignity, of-mind (and publici wisdom), of-public consilii, caput urbis, aram counsels, the head of-the-city, the altar ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 495 sociorum, portum omnium gentium, sedem of-the-allies, the harbour of-all nations, the seat concessam ab universo populo uni ordini granted by the entire people to-one order (of the state), inflammari, exscindi, funestari? neque to-be-set-on-fire, to-be-destroyed, to-be-polluted? nor (that) id fieri a(b) imperitA multitudine, quamquam id:his was-done by a senseless mob, although this ipsum esset miserum, sed ab uno? Qui same would-have-been lamentable, but by one-person? Who quum ustor pro mortuo ausus sit tantum, when (only) a burner for the-dead may-have-dared so-much, quid non ausus esset signifer pro what 'would-he not 'have-dared (as) standard-bearer for vivo? 1'otissimum abjecit in curiarm, the living? 'He above-all 'threw (him) into the-senate-house, ut mortuus incenderet eam qua in vivus that dead he-might-set-on-fire that which alive everterat. Et sunt, qui querantur he-had-overthrown. And are-there (persons), who complain de Appia via, taceant de concerning (the affair on) the Appian road, (but) are-silent concerning curia? et qui putent ab eo spirante the-senate-house? and who may-think (that) against him breathing forum potuisse defendi, cuijus cadavcri (and alive), the forum could -have-been-defended, whose dead body curia non restiterit. Excitate, excitate the senate-house 'could not 'resist. Resuscitate, resuscitate ipsum, si potestis a mortuis. Frangetis himself, if you-can from the-dead. Will-you-break impetum vivi, cujus furias vix sustinetis the-shock-of-him alive, whose violence 'you-can scarcely 'sustain insepulti? Nisi vero sustinuistis unburied? Unless indeed you-could-have-sustained (and resisted) eos, qui concurrerunt ad curiam cum those-men, who 0 ran to the-senate-house with facibus, cum falcibus ad Castoris, torches, with scythes to (the temple) of-Castor, (and who) 496 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. volitarunt toto foro cum gladiis. Vidistis ran-through the whole forum with swords. You-saw Romanum populum caedi, concionem the Roman people slaughtered, a meeting of the citizens disturbari gladiis, quum silentio M. Coelius disturbed by-swords, when in-silence M. Coelius audiretur, tribunus plebis, vir fortissimus et was-listened-to, a tribune of-the-people, a man most-brave both in republica, et firmissimus in causa in (the affair of) the republic, and most-firm in the cause suscepta et deditus voluntati bonorum, et undertaken (by him) and devoted to the will of-the-good, and auctoritati senatus, et diving et incredibili fide, to-the-authority of-the-senate, and of divine and incredible fidelity, sive in hac invidia, sive singulari fortung Milonis. either in this odium, or singular fortune of Milo. 34. Sed jam satis multa de But already sufficiently enough (has been said) concerning causa, etiam extra causam, fortasse the cause (and) also beyond (or foreign) to-the-cause, perhaps nimis multa. Quid restat, nisi ut orem que obtester too much. What remains, unless that I-pray and entreat vos, judices, ut tribuatis ear misericordiam you, 0 judges, that you-may-grant that mercy fortissimo viro, qnam ipse non implorat, to-a-most-brave man, which he-himself 'does not 'implore, ego, etiam, hoc repugnante, et implore et (which) I, even, he opposing, both implore and exposco? Nolite, si, in omnium nostro demand? Do-not, if, in (the midst) of all our fletu, adspexistis nullam lacrimam Milonis, si weeping, you-saw no tear of-Milo, if 'his) vultum semper eundem, si videtis vocem, si countenance (is) always the same, if you-perceive (his) voice, if orationem stabilem, ac non mutatam, (his) discourse steady, and not changed (or faltering) minus hoc parcere ei. (do not) the-less on-this (account be inclined to) spare him ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 497 Hand scio, an etiam multt I-do not 'know, whether 'he-ought (not) even (so) much magis adjuvandus sit. Etenim si in the more 'to-be-assisted (on that account). For f in gladiatoriis pugnis, et in conditione infimi generis gladiatorial contests, and in the condition of-the-lowest classes hominum atque fortune, etiam solemus of-men and (lowest) fortune, 'we-are even 'accustomed odisse timidos, atque supplices, et obsecrantes, to-hate the timid, and suppliant, and (those) entreating, ut liceat vivere; cupimus servare that it-may-be-allowed (them) to-live; (but) we-wish to-save fortes et animosos, et acriter offerentes the brave and courageous, and (those) eagerly offering se ipsos morti; que miseret nos magis eorum, themselves to-death; and it-pities us most of them, qui non requirunt [we feel the greatest compassion for those] who 'do not 'ask-for nostram misericordiam, quam qui efflagitant illam, our pity, than those-who entreat it, quanto magis debemus facere hoc in fortissimis bow much more ought-we (not) to-do this for most-brave civibus? H s voces Milonis, quas assidue audio, citizens? These expressions of-Milo, which 'I continually 'hear, et quibus quotidie intersum, and 'to (the utterance of) 'which 'I-am daily present, quidem, judices, exanimant et interimunt me. 'do indeed, 0 judges, 'discourage and overcome me. "Valeant, inquit, "mei cives valeant; ' May-they-flourish," says-he, "may my citizens flourish (and fare well); sint incolumnes, sint florentes, sint beati; may-they-be safe, may-they-be prosperous, may-they-be happy; haec prmeclara urbs, que patria carissima mihi 'may this illustrious city, and country most-dear to.me stet, quoquo modo merita erit de me; (long) 'stand, in-what-ever manner it-mlay-have-merited of me; mei cives ipsi (quoniam non licet mibi *may my fellow-citizens themselves (since 'it-is not allowed me 42 * 498 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. cum illis) perfruantur tranquilla republics (to enjoy it) with them) 'enjoy a quiet repuoll sine me, sed tamen per me; ego cedam without me, but however (acquired) through me; I will-retire atque abibo; si non licuerit mihi frui bona and depart; if 'it-has not 'been-allowed me to-enjoy a-good republica, ut carebo mala, et primam republic, at-least I-shall-be-absent-from a bad-one, and the first civitatem tetigero, quam bene moratum et city I-shall-have-arrived-at, which (is) well regulated and liberam, in ea conquiescam. 0 frustra," inquit, free, in that will-I-rest. 0 (how) vain," says-he, "mei labores suscepti; 0 fallaces (are) "my labours (that I have) undertaken; 0 (how) fallacious spes; 0 D inanes meae (have been my) hopes; 0 (how) empty (have been) my cogitationes Ego quum tribunus plebis, thoughts! f when (I was) tribune of-the-people, republica oppressA, dedissem me senatui, the republic being-oppressed, had-devoted myself to-the senate, quem acceperam exstinctum, (the power of) which I-had-perceived (was nearly) extinguished, Romanis equitibus, quorum vires (I also had devoted myself) to the Roman knights, whose powers erant debiles, bonis viris, qui abjecerant were weak, (likewise) to-good men, who had-renounced omnem auctoritatem armis Clodianis, all authority (by reason of) the arms (of) Clodius, putarem presidium bonorum unquam could-I-think (that) the protection (and-aid) of-the-good 'would ever defuturum mihi? Ego quum (enim ssepissime 'be-wanting to-me? I when (for 'he very-often loquitur cum me,) reddissem te patriae, 'converses with me,) I-had-restored you (to your) country, putarem in patria non futurum could-I-think (that) in (my) country 'there-would not 'he locum mihi? Ubi nunc est senatus, queni a place for-me? Where now is the senate, which ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 499 secuti sumus? ubi illi Romani equites, illi," inquit, we-have-followed? where those Roman knights, those," says-he, "tui? ubi studia municipiorum? ubi voces "so much yours? where the zeal of-the-municipal-towns? where the voice Italie? ubi denique illa tua vox atque of-Italy? where in-fine (is) that your voice and (eloquence in) defensio, M. Tulli, quae fuit auxilio plurimis? defence, 0 M. Tullius, which brought assistance to-many? potest ne ea nihil opitulari mihi soli, qui can then that-voice 'bring no 'assistance to-me alone, who toties obtuli me morti pro te?" have-so-often offered myself to-death for you?" 35. Nec vero, judices, haec, ut ego Nor indeed, 0 judges, (does he say) those-things, as I nunc flens, sed loquitur hoc eodem vultu, now (do) weeping, but he-speaks (them) with-this same countenance, quo videtis. Enim negat, with-which 'you (now) 'see (him). For ~ he-denies, he (indeed negat se fecisse, que fecerit civibus positively) denies (that) he did, what he-performed for citizens ingratis; non negat (who were) ungrateful; 'he does not deny (that those things may timidis et circumspicientibus omnia have been done) for-the-timid and for-those-contemplating every pericula. Commemorat plebem, et infimum danger. He-states (that) the common-people, and the-lowest multitudinem, que, P. Clodio duce, multitude (or rabble), which, P. Clodius (being their) leader, imminebat vestris fortunis, se fecisse threatened your fortunes, (that) he had-acted-on (and so treated) eam, quo vestrA vit& esset tutior, ut non this-multitude, whereby your life might-be more-safe, so-that not modb flecteret virtute, sed etiam only he-bent (and ruled it) 'by (his) 'courage, but also deleniret suis tribus patrimoniis; he-tamed (and won it) (by spending) his three patrimonies nec timet, quum placaret (left to him); nor does-he-fear, when he-may-have-pacified (and secured) 500 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. plebem muneribus, ne non conciliarit vos the common-people 'by (his) 'presents, but-that he-would-conciliate you singularibus meritis in rempublicam. Dicit 'by-his 'singular services in the republic. 'He 'says benevolentiam senatis erga se, his ipsis (that) the good-will of-the-senate towards himself, in-these same temporibus, sTpe esse perspectam, sp verb times, 'has often been 'experienced, (that) he indeed ablaturum esse cum se vestras occursationes, would-carry with him your attentive-and-complimentary-calls, studia, sermones, et vestrorum ordinum (your) zeal, (and) discourses, and (that) of-your order quemcunque cursum fortuna dederit. Etiam in whatever route fortune may-designate (for him). 'He also meminit vocem proeconis mod6 defuisse sibi, mentions (that) the voice of-the-herald alone was-wanting to-him quam desiderarit minime, verb (to be declared consul), which he-desired but-little, for-indeed cunctis suffragiis populi quod unum cupierit, (it was) by the entire votes of-the-people which alone he-desired, se declaratum consulem; nunc denique, si (that) he had-been-declared consul; now in-fine, if hbec sint futura contra se, suspicionem these-things may-be hereafter against him, (that) the suspicion facinoris, non crimen facti obstare sibi. of-crime, not the crime of-commission would-stand-against him. Addit hec, qupe sunt certe vera, fortes et He-adds these-things, which are certainly true, (that) brave and sapientes viros non tam solere sequi wise men 'are not so-much 'accustomed to-follow (and seek after) proemia factorum recte, quam facta ipsa the rewards of-deeds done-well, as (to seek) the deeds themselves bene; se fecisse nihil in vita, nisi done well; (that) he had-done nothing in (his) life, unless pr&eclarissime si quidem sit nihil {what was) most-honourable if indeed there-may-be nothing prsestabilius viro, [there is any thing] better, (or more preferable) for a-man, ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 501 quam liberare partiam periculis; esse than to-deliver (his) country from-dangers; (that those) are beatos, quibus ea res fuerit honori a suis civibus, happy, to-whom this thing brought honour from their fellow-citizens, nec tamen eos miseros, qui vicerint suos nor however (that) those are-miserable, who have-surpassed their cives beneficio; fellow-citizens in-good-deeds (and who have not been rewarded therefor); sed tamen ex omnibus praemiis virtutis, si but however from-among all the rewards of-virtue, if (any) ratio habenda esset pramiorum amplissimum regard was-to-be-had (to) rewards (that) the-most-ample premium esse gloriam; esse (and honourable) reward was glory; (that) it-was hane unam quse consolaretur brevitatem vitae, this-glory alone that might-console (us for) the shortness of-life, memoria posteritatis, qum efficeret, ut absentes by-the-recollection of-posterity, which effects, that absent adessemus, mortui viveremus; denique we-may-be-present, (that) dead we-may-be-alive; in-fine (that) esse hanc, gradibus cujus homines etiam viderentur it-is this, by-the-steps of-which men even seem ascendere in coelum. "De me," inquit, "Romanus to ascend to heaven. "Of me," says-he, "the Roman populus omnes gentes semper loquentur, people (and) all nations 'will continually 'speak, nulla vetustas unquam obmutescet. no remote-age 'will ever 'be-silent (concerning me). Quin hoc tempore ipso, quum omnes faces But-even at-this time itself, when all the firebrands invidiae meiae subjiciantur, a meis of-envy (and hatred) (of) me are-thrown-at (me), by my ininmicis, tamen celebramur in omni coetu enemies, yet-however we [I am] are celebrated in every company hominum, agendis gratiis, et habendis gratulationibus, of-men, by-returning thanks, and having congratulations et omni sermone. Omitto (among themselves), and by-every-kind (of) discourse. I-omit 502 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. festos dies Etrurie, et actos et institutos; the-festival days of-Etruria, both celebrated and instituted haec est centesima lux (on account of the death of Clodius); this is the hundredth light et, opinor, altera, ab interitu P. Clodii; [day] and, (as) I-believe, the second, since the death of-P. Clodius; qua fines Romani populi sunt, ea non as-far-as the boundaries of-the Roman people extend, so-far not solum fama de illo, sed etiam laetitia only the report of this death, but also the joy (thereat) jam peragravit. Quamobrem," inquit, "ubi 'has already 'extended. Wherefore," says he, "where hoc corpus sit, non laboro, quoniam this body (of mine) may-be, 'I-am not 'concerned, because gloria mei nominis, et jam versatur, et semper the glory of-my name, both now is, and 'will always habitabit in omnibus terris." 'dwell in all countries." 36. HAec, Milo, tu sspe cum me. These-things, 0 Milo, you have often (conversed of) with me, his absentibus; sed, iisdem those (here now present) being-absent; but, these-same (persons) audientibus, ego haec cum te: listening, I (will converse of) these (following things) with you: possum non satis quidem laudare te, quum es 'I-can not sufficiently indeed 'praise you, when you-are isto animo; sed quo ista virtus est magis of-this mind; but in-as-much-as this virtue is more divina, eo majore dolore divellor a te. divine, 'by so-much 'the greater grief - I-am-separated from you. Nec vero, si eriperis mihi, est Nor indeed, if 'you (are made to) 'depart (from) me, is tamen illa querela ad consolandum, ut possim in-fine that complaint (left) for consoling (me), that I-may irasci his, a quibus accipero tantum become-angry with-those from whom I-shall-have-received so-great vulnus. Enim non mei inimici eripient te a wound. For not my enemies will-snatch you (from) ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 50t, mihi, sed amicissimi, non aliquando me, but my-greatest-friends, not (those who) at-any-time (may) meriti male de me, sed semper have deserved ill of me, but (those, who have) always (deserved) optime. Judices, inuretis nullum tantum the best. 'You-will 0 judges, 'inflict no such-great dolorem mihi unquam, (etsi quis potest grief (on) me at-any-time, (although what (grief) can esse tantus) sed ne quidem hune ipsum be so-great) (as this), but not indeed this same, (so) ut obliviscar quanti semper feceritis that I-may-forget of-how-much 'you-have always 'made me. Si quse oblivio me. [How much you have always esteemed me.] If which forgetfulness cepit vos, aut si offendistis (of this esteem) has-possessed you, or if you-have-been-offended aliquid in me, cur non id at-any-thing in me, why 'is not (the punishment for) it luitur meo capite potius, quAm Milonis? Enim 'inflicted on-my head rather, than (that) of-Milo? For vixero prseclare, si quid accideret mihi I-shall have lived perfectly-well, if any-thing should-happen to-me prius, quam videro hoc tantum kif I should die) before, that I-shall-have-seen this so-much mali. Nunc una consolatio of-evil. [Such great evil befall him.] Now one consolation sustentat me, quod tibi T. Anni, defuit a sustains me, that to-you 0 T. Annius, there-was-wanting by me nullum officium amoris, nullum studii, me [on my part] no duty of-love, none of-zeal, nullum pietatis. Ego pro te appetivi none of-attachment. I 'bave for you 'sought inimicitias potentium, ego soepe objeci meum the enmities of-the-powerful, I 'have often 'opposed my corpus et vitam armis tuorum inimicorum, ego body and life to-the-arms of-your enemies, I abjeci me supplicem plurimis pro te, contuli have-thrown myself (as) a suppliant to-many for you, I-have 504 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. bona, meas fortunas ac meorum brought (my) property, my fortunes and (those) of-my liberorum in communionem tuorum temporum; children in participation of-your times; [to share denique hoc ipso die, si qua vis your misfortune;] in-fine on this same day, if any violence est parata, si futura qua dimicatio is prepared (against you), if there-is-to-be any contest capitis, deposco. Quid restat jam? quid of-life, I-demand (to share it). What remains now? what habeo quod faciam pro tuis meritis in me, nisi have-I that I-can-do for your services to me, unless ut quaecunque erit tua ducam ear that whatever may-be your (fortune) I-may-consider that fortunam meam? Non abnuo, non recuso, fortune mine? 'I-do not 'reject, 'I-do not 'refuse (this), que obsero vos, judices, ut aut augeatis vestra and I-entreat you, 0 judges, that 'you either 'add-to -your beneficia, quse contulistis in me, salute benefits, which you-have-conferred on me, by-the-safety hujus, aut videatis occasura esse of-this-man, or you-may consider (that these benefits) will-fall in exitio ejusdem. (and be obliterated) in the destruction of-this-same-man. 37. Milo non movetur his lacrimis. Est Milo 'is not 'moved by-these tears. He-is-in quodam incredibili robore animi; putat [he has] a certain incredible strength of-mind; he-considers (that) exsilium esse ibi, ubi non sit locus virtuti; banishment is there, where 'there-may not 'be a place for-virtue; mortem esse finem naturae, non poenam. Sed (that) death is the end of-nature, not a punishment. But hic est ea mente, qua natus est; quid he is in that (noble state of) mind,:n which he-was-born; what vos, judices? quo animo tandem do you, 0 judges (think)? in-what mind 'will-you in-fine eritis? Retinebitis memoriam Milonis, ejicietis *be? Will-you-retain the memory of Milo, (and) bauiih ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 505 ipsum? et erit ullus dignior locus in terris himself? and will-there-be any more-worthy place on the earth qui excipiat hano virtutem, quam hic, qui which might-receive this virtue, than this, which procreavit? Vos, vos, fortissimi viri appello, produced (it)? You, you, O-most-brave men 'I (now) 'address, qui effudistis multum sanguinem pro republica; who have-shed much blood for the republic appello vos in periculo viri, et in I-address you in (the time of) danger of-a-man, and in (that) invicti civis, vos centuriones que milites; of-an-invincible citizen, you 0 centurions and (you) 0 soldiers; vobis non mod6 inspectantibus, sed etiam armatis, you not only looking-on, but also armed, et prsesidentibus huic judicio, heec tanta virtus and protecting this court, 'shall this so-great virtue expelletur, exterminabitur, projicietur ex hac urbe? 'be-expelled, be-banished, be-thrown-out from this city? 0 me miserum, 0 me infelicem! Tu potuisti revocare O me miserable, 0 me unhappy! You could recall me, Milo, in patriam per hos, ego non me, 0 Milo, to my-country through these (men), 'shall I not potero retinere te in patria per eosdem? 'be-able to retain you in (your) country through the same (persons)? Quid respondebo meis liberis, qui putant te alterum What shall-I-reply to-my children, who consider you a second parentem? Quid tibi frater Quinte, qui parent? What (shall I say) to-you 0 brother Quintus, who nunc abes, consorti cum me illorum temporum? 'are now 'absent, a companion with me (in) these times ne me potuisse non tueri salutem {if my trouble)? (that) I-could not have-preserved the safety Milonis per eosdem, per quos ille servasset of-Milo through the same-persons, by whom he had-preserved nostram? At in qua' causa potuisse non? mur (safety)? But in what cause could-I not (do this)? quse est grata gentibus. A %in a cause) which is agreeable to (all) nations (and people). By 43 506 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. quibus potuisse not? ab iis, qui acquierunt maxime whom could-I not? by those, who 'have-obtained the greatest morte P. Clodii; quo deprecante? me. 'repose by-the-death of P. Clodius; who entreating? I. Quodnam tantum scelus ego concepi, aut quod What such-great wickedness 'have I 'meditated, or what tantum facinus admissi in me, such atrocious-crime have-I-almitted in me, [have I committed] judices, quum indagavi, patefeci, protuli illa 0 judges, when I-traced, laid-open, and brought-to (light) those indicia communis exitii, exstinxi? signs of-common destruction, (and) I-destroyed (the conspiracy of Omnes dolores redundant Catiline which they indicated)? All my afflictions overflow ex illo fonte in me que meos. (and spring) from that fountain on me and my (friends), Quid voluistis me esse reducem? Why have-you-wished (that) I (should) be a restored person (to my an ut, me inspectante, ii expellerentur country)? whether that, I looking on, those might-be-expelled per quos essem restitutus? Nolite, (from their country) by whom I-was restored (to it)? Do-not obscero vos, pati reditum esse acerbiorem mihi I-entreat you, suffer (my) return to-be more-harsh to-me quam fuerit ille discessus ipse. Nam than was that departure (and banishment) itself. For qui possum putare me restitutum esse how can-I think (that) I have-been-restored (to my country) si distrahar ab iis, per quos restitutus sum? if I-am separated from those, by whom I-have-been-restored (to it)? 38. Utiam immortales dei fecissent Would the immortal gods had-caused (dixerim tua pace, (mLa-I-have-said-this in your peace, [with your permission and without patria; enim metuo, ne dicam offence] 0 (my) country; for I-fear, lest I-may-say (something) scelerate in te, quod dicam pie pro Milone) uwikedly as-respects you, which I-inmy-say piously for Milo) ORATIO PRO T. ANN 10 MILONE. utinam P. Clodius non modb viveret, sed etiam would (that) P. Clodius not only might-live, but also esset praetor, consul, dictator potius, quam viderem 'might-be preetor, consul, dictator rather,- than I-should-see hoc spectaculum. 0 immortales dii! fortem! et this spectacle. 0 immortal gods! 0 brave man! and virum conservandum a vobis, judices! "minime, a man (who) ought-to-be-preserved by you, 0 judges! "not-all, minime," inquit. " Immo vero ille luerit not-all," says-he [Milo]. "Rather indeed 'may he 'suffer (his) debitas poenas; nos subeamus, si ita est necesse, merited punishments; we will undergo, if so it-is necessary, non debitas." Hiccine vir natus (punishments) not merited." Is-it-that this man born for (his) patrise usquam morietur, nisi in patri&, ant, country 'should ever 'die, unless in (his) country, or, si forte, pro patriS; vos retinebitis monumenta if by-chance, for (his) country; you will-retain the monuments animi, patiemini nullum sepulcrum of his mind (and courage), (but) you-suffer no sepulchre corporis esse in Italiam? Quisquam expellet (for his) body to-be in Italy? 'Will any-one 'expel hunc sua sententli ex hac urbe, quem expulsum this-man by-his vote from this city, whom banished a vobis omnes urbes vocabunt ad se? 0 illam by you all the cities will-invite to themselves? 0 that beatam terram, quse exceperit hunc virum; hane happy country, which shall-have-received this man; 0 this ingratam si ejecerit, miseram si ungrateful (country) if it-should-cast-him-forth, 0 miserable if amiserit! Sed sit finis. Neque enim it-should lose (him)! But let-there-be an end. Nor indeed possum jam loqui prae lacrimis, et hic vetat can-I now speak for tears, and he [Milo] forbids (that) se defendi lacrimis. Oro que obtestor vos, judices, he be-defended by-tears. I-pray and entreat you, 0 judges, ut in ferendis sententiis, quod sentietis, id that in giving (your) votes, that-which you-may-think, that 508 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. audeatis. Credite mihi, is maxime dare-to-do. 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JOSE DE URCULLU, Also, with reference to the Publications of the Academy of Spain, the Works of Hernandez and Josse, and the Compendium of Don Augustin Munoz Alvarez, of the College of Seville. BY FAYETTE ROBINSON. For the Use of those Desirous of Learning the Spanish Language. One vol. 12nio, cloth. Price, $2.00. 6RAMATICA INGLESA, REDUCIDA A VEINLE Y DOS LECCIONES, POR D. JOSE DE URCULLU. Jl&ton Primera Americana de la Septima de Parh. AUGMENTA Y REVISA POR FAYETTE ROBINSON. One vol. 12mao, cloth Price, $2.00. IM) CHARLES DESILVER'S PUBLICATIONS. MANESCA'S FRENCH GRAMMAR; OR, THE SERIAL AND ORAL METHOD OF TEACHING LANGUAGES ADAPTED TO TIE FRENCH BY L. MANESCA. Ono vol. 12mo. Price, $1.68. SERIAL AND ORAL METHOD. MANESCA'S FRENCH READER. Prepared for the use of Students who have gone through the Course of Lessons contained in the Method; to which is added A TABLE OF THE FRENCH VERBS, rranged and classified on a new plan, calculated to facilitate greatly thd acquisition. BY L. MANESCA. One vol. 12mo. Price, $1.68. BOYER'S FRENCH DICTIONARY. A FRENCH PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, UONTAINING ALL THE IMPROVEMENTS OF THTE LATEST PARIS AND LONDO1 EDITIONS, SELECTED FROM THE MODERN DICTIONARIES OF Boiste, Wailly, Catineal, and others, WITH THE PRONUNCIATION OF EACI WORD ACCORDING TO THE DICTIONARY OF TIIE ABBE TARDY. COLLECTED FROM THE PROSODY )F THE ABBE D'OLIVET, WITH A TABLE OF FRENCH VERBS, ETC. REVISED AND CORRECTED, WITI VALUABLE ADDITIONa BY THOMAS CLARK. One vol. royal 8vo., half Turkey Morocco. Price, $3.0 GRAETER'S GERMAN PHRASES. One vol. 18mo., half roan. Price, $1.00. (14) CHARLES DESILVER'S PUBLICATIONS. SMITH'S BIOT, AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH OF J. B. BIOT, BY FRANCIS H. SMITH. REVISED EDITION. One vol. 8vo. Price, $2.25. SMITH'S ALGEBRA. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON ALGEBRA, ADAPTED TO THE PRESENT STATE OF MATHEMATICAL INSTRUO TION IN THE SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES AND COLLEGES OF THE UNITED STATES. BY FRANCIS H. SMITH, A.M. One vol. 12mo. Price, $2.00. SMITH AND DUKE'S PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. INTRODUCTION TO SMITH AND DUKE'S ARITHMETIC. BY FRANCIS H. SMITH, A. M. Price, 40 cents. AMERICAN STATISTICAL ARITHMETIC, DESIGNED FOR ACADEMIES AND SCHOOLS, BY FRANCIS H. SMITH, A.M., Late Professor of Mathematics in Hampden Sydney College; and formeel Assistant Professor in the United States Military Academy, West Point; and R. T. W. DUKB. THIRD EDITION. One vol. 12mo. Price, 68 cents. KEY TO SMITH AND DUKE'S AMERICAN STATISTICAL ARITHMETIC, PREPARED BY WILLIAM FORBES. One vol. 12mo. Prce, 56 cents. (I1) CHARLES DESILVER'S PUBLICATIONS. BRIDGE'S ALGEBRA. A TREATISE ON THE ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA, BY THE REV. B. BRIDGE, F. R. S., feaow of St. Peter's Colloee, Cambridge, and late Professor in MatbW matics in the East India College, Hertz. Second American, Revised and Corrected from the Seventh London Edition. One vol. 12mo. Price, $1.00. KERL'S ARITHNMETIC, A SYSTEM OF ARITHMETIC ON AN ORIGINAL PLAN, DESIGNED AS AN IMPROVEMENT ON THE SYSTEMS IN COMMON USK. BY SIMON KERL, A. M., WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS, MO. One vol. 18mo., boards. Price, 40 cents. AN AMERICAN PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE; h which Variable, Contested, and Difficult Spellings are designated; aud Irregular Inflections, Primary and Secondary Accents, appropriate Prepositions, corresponding Conjunctions and Adverbs, and numerous References to Writings of standard merit are inserted; and to which are appended Definitions for Geographical Names. and Proper Namnes of Persons, Translations of Foreign Phrases. Rules for Spelling, Lists containing the Conservative and Websterian Oi thographies, and a Collection of Proverbs and Maxims. BY ALEXANDER H. LAIDLAW, A. M One vol. square 8vo., half roan. Price, $1.75. FLOWERS OF ELOCUTION; CONSISTING OF POEMS, ESSAYS, TALES, DIALOGUES, AND DRAMATIC SKETCHES. Arranged for a Class -Book. BY MRS. CAROLINE LEE HENTZ, Author of "Linda," " Rena," " The Planter's Northern Blide," et. One vol. 12mo., half Morocco. Price, $1.50. (06) CHARLES DESILVER'S PUBLICATIONS. Family Worship. PRAYERS FOR THE USE OF FAMILIES CHIEFLY SELECTED FROM VARIOUS AUTHORS; WITH A PRELIMINARY ESSAY AND A SELECTION OF HYMNS. BY ALBERT BARNES. & New and Enlarged Edition, with a Portrait of the Author. One vol. royal 12mo, cloth, gilt. Price $1.75. A BOOK FOR EVERY FAMILY. A THEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY. BY THE REV. CHARLES BUCK. New American, from the latest London Edition. Revised and improved by the addition of many New Articles, and the whole adapted to the present state of Theological Science and of the Religious World BY THE REV. GEORGE BUSH, A.M. WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING IMPARTIAL AND ELABOtATN HISTORIES OF THE VARIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED S1ATE8, One vol. 8So., with Plates, $2.75. Also the same work in one super-royal 18mo. volume, $1.38. (21) CHARLES DESILVER'S PUBLICATIONS. DR. ADAM CIARKE'S COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT. Tb Text carefully printed from the most correct copies of the present Am thorized Version; including tie IMarinal lle.adings and Parallel Texts, with a Conmentary and Critical Notes. Designed as a help to a better nnderstandin_ of the Sacred Writings. BY ADAM CLARKE, LL.D., F.S.A., M.R.I.A. New Edition, Improved, with a Fine Portrait. One %\l. zoyal 8vo. Price, $4.25. A SELECTION OF THE MOST CELEBRATED SERMONS OF MARTIN LUTHER, Minister of the Gospel, and Principal Leader of the Protestant Reforlmation, NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES. To which is prefixed a Biographical History of His Lift. ALSO, A SELECTION OF THE MOST CELEBIATED SERMONS OF JOHN CALVIN, Minister of the Gospel, and one of the Principal Leaders of the Protestant Tleformantion. To which is prefixed a Biographical Sketch of His Life. ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS. One vol. 12mo, cloth. Price, $1.68. THE RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES; THEIR PAST HISTORY, PRESENT CONDITION, AND OOCTRINES, ACCURATELY SET FORTH IN FIFTY CARIEFULLY-PREPARED ARTICLES, WRITTEN BY EMINENT CILERlAL AND LAY AUTIIORn CONNECTED WITT TIlE RESPECTIVE PERSUASIONS. TOGliTHER WITH COMPLETE AND WELL-DIGESTED STATISTICS. TO WHICH IS ADDED in Historical Summary of Religious Denominations in Eag. land and Scotland. WITH NUMEROUS PORTRAIT ILLUSTRATIONS. One volume, royal 8vo., library style, $5.00: embossed leather, $5.60. half calf, marbled edges, $6.00. (22) CIARLES DESILVER'S PUBLICATION& A BOOK FOR EVERY AMERICAN. IHE AMERICAN FARMER'S NEW AND UNIVERSAL HAND-BOOK; CONTAINING COMIPLETE AND WELL-DIGESTED INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING THE Treatment of Soils; the Operations of Productive Fiel& husbandry; the Planting and Cultivation of the dif. ferent kinds of itoots, Grains, Grasses, Sugar-cane, )otton, Tobacco. Rice, and Tea; the Culture of Plants yielding Oils and Dyes; Kitchengardening; Dairy Practice; Fruitgrowing; Cider-making; The Management of Vineyards and the Vintage; the Management and Diseases of Animals, Fowls, and Bees; Culture of Flowers, Ornamental and Useful Trees, etc.; Construction of Farm Buildings; Hedges and their Culture; Grafting, Budding. Pruning; the Great Diseases of Fru'ts and Plants; Insects Injurious to Animals and Fruit-trees, Flowers, Shrubs, Vines, Cereals, Roots, Cotton, etc. etc. etc. TO WIIICH IS ADDED AN APPENDIX, * COIPI:ISINO TABLES FOR TIlE MEASUREIMET OF LAND, ETC. THK1 WHOI.E 3BODYING?LAIN, PRACTICA,, AND CMPI'RETIENSTVE DETAILS OF AGRICOU TURAL ECNONOXY TN ALT, DEPARTMENTS, ADAPTED TO TIHE UNITED STATES AND CANADAS. BY PRACTICAT, AR1ICIJLTURISTS. RE-EDITIE), WITHI NUIMEROUS ADDITIONS, BY J. W. O'NEILL. IlIUSTRATED BY NEARLY FOUR HUNDRED BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVtNGS One tollme demi-octavp Mlroeno. ni;mrlller edges, $3.00; Cloth, be ellcd board(, $.;.00.;25) CHARLES DESILVER'S PUBLICATIONS rFIf-l' BOOK OF D1IAWIN~G-RiIOO PLAYS, AND EVENING AMUSEMIENTIS. A COM.PRtEHENSIVE MANUAL OF IN-DOOR A~ECREATLONS: BEING A CO0L L 1XDTI1 O)N OF CHARADES, BURLESQUES, PROVERBS, TRAGEDIES, COMEDIES, DRAMAS, FARCES, LECTURES, Etc. ALSO, INTELLECTUAL, ACTIVE, CATCH AND TRICK GAMES WITU HINTS AND IN8'i RU CT-IONS Relative to the mannier of -getting tip" Plays, Scenes, Tableaux, t BY SILAS S. STEELff, DRAMATIST. One volumiel2mo. cloth, gilt. Price, $1.75. Here Is a book for the long winter evenings, and one that will make all merry and happy. It is a collection of Play,,, Farces, lectures, Charades, Dramnas, Tableaux, and other Er.tertainnment5 for the use of family parties, the fireside circle, or tleose sociai gatlierings amiong friends and neighbors. %hich pass away the winter eveningrs wvith so inuch animation and deligIkt. It is impossible for any company to exhauist all tile sources of Irreproachable mirth and niutual enjoyment produced in Ibis vcdunie, and with bs found invaluable to families, echools, social clubs, societies, etc., as a book ef reference ru ell matters of amusement and reornattiorn. 'CHARLES DESILVER'S PUBLICATION8. CIhARLES DESILVER, PUBLISHER AND WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BOOKSELLER, 1229 Chestnut Street, LPhiladelphia, Supplies not only his own Books, but also the publicatiofa of all oth bouses in BOOKS FOR TIE OLD, "O()KS FOR THE YOUNG, BOOKS FOR CLERGYMEN, BOOKS FOR PHYSICIANS, BOOKS FOR LAWYERS, BOOKS FOR TEACHERS, BOOKS FOR MERCHANTS, BOOKS FOR MECHANICS, BOOKS FO1R FARMERS, BOOKS FOR CHILDREN, BOOKS FOR ElYE!''BODY ALL.THE NEW BOOKS AS SOON AS PUBLISIIED. ai Address your orders, with tht, money enclosed, for any Books you may neeJ, to CHARLES DESIL VER 1229 Chestnut Street, PI.ILADELP1IIA, And they will be sent xIMMIA.EJLY on receipt of thr order. (9) Iu THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.-, DATE DUE IP ---f ---c —M^CI --- I LC a r aI-a JUN 1 -993 i UN I %5 1993 m"yv,1 I X'j7q UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 01055 0674 ft A - f ~ 7, -', II i i. INS ilia i I usim i