A t K, r,~ ~ ~ ~-~,~,~,?~ ~ i~ ~ '~i~ 'V6/A fSVP ~i\P C1141A~ u ""j 3 -2 -r WORKS OF PUBLIUS VIRGILIUS MARO k..,P - t,,... a.,d, THE FIRST SIX BOOKS OF THE ANEID WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES BY EDWARD SEARING, A. M. THE BUCOLICS AND GEORGICS WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES BY HENRY CLARK JOHNSON, A.M., LL.B. PROFESSOR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN LEHIGH UNIVERSITY TOGETHER WITH A COMPLETE VOCABULARY AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING DR. S. H. TAYLOR'S QUESTIONS ON VIRGIL, AND A METRICAL INDEX Illustrated with numerous Engrnvings, and a Fac-simile Page of one of the oldest existing Manuscrzits of the Latin text COPYRIGHT, 1869, 1SS5 A. S. BARNES & COM PANY NEW YORK AND CHICA';&O PUBLISHERS' NOTICE. The Revised Editions of SEARING'S VIRGIL present the following features: i. A carefully revised Text. 2. References to the grammars of ALLEN and GREENOUGH, GILDERSLEEVE, and HARKNESS. These references have been incorporated into the foot-notes, and stand on the same page with the text referred to. 3. A Complete Vocabulary, containing a carefully prepared list of all the words used in Virgil. The Revised Editions can be used in class with the old Editions, as pages throughout the AENEID are the same. I. (AENEID, BUCOLICS, AND GEORGICS.) THE FIRST SIX BOOKS OF THE AENEID (Revised Edition), with Explanatory Notes. By EDWARD SEARING, A.M. THE BUCOLICS AND GEORGICS, with Explanatory Notes. By HENRY CLARK JOHNSON, A.M., LL.B. This edition contains a complete Vocabulary. 7I5 pp., 8vo. II. (AENEID.) THE FIRST SIX BOOKS OF THE AENEID (Revised Edition), with Explanatory Notes and a Vocabulary. By EDWARD SEARING, A.M. 417 PP., 8vo. III. (N. Y. NORMAL COLLEGE EDITION.) THREE BOOKS OF THE AENEID, with Explanatory Notes and a Vocabulary. By EDWARD SEARING, A.M. 315 pp., 8vo. CON TEN TS. SIX BOOKS OF THE ~2NEID. MEMAOIR OF VIRGIL. AE NElID I I ix 3 THE BUCOLICS AND GEORGICS. BUCOLICS GEORGICS II83 LEXICON AND APPENDIX. LEXICON... QUESTIONS ON.,ENEID NOTES TO QUESTIONS METRICAL INDEX FAC-SIMILE OF MS. I 207 *. 216 218 * * 228 I PR EFACE. IH E plan of the volume here presented was suggested to the editor by the needs of his own pupils. As some of those who had commenced the study of Latin could ill af. ford the cost of the means necessary for the reading of Virgil, he was not unfrequently met by the inquiry for an edition with a lexicon and map. His own experience, confirmed by that of other classical teachers, showed him that many students, especially in western schools, who would have pursued the study further, forsook Latin when prepared for commencing Virgil, for no other reason than the cost of the necessary books. Experience further abundantly showed that those pupils who read Caesar and Xenophon with the aid of the special lexicons in the editions of those authors now very generally used, gained much in time while they lost nothing in scholarship. The question then naturally arose, would not an edition of Virgil containing only that portion which is generally read, and accompanied by a properly constructed lexicon, and by a map, be a desirable addition to the list of classical text books? In solving this question the editor did not rely merely upon his own experience and resulting convictions, but personally visited or corresponded with many of the most distinguished and successful classical teachers in the country, whose words of cordial approval upon the leading features of his plan led to the immediate commencement of the work. In the resulting volume here offered to the schools it has not been the aim to make the study of Virgil easier, but to vi PR EPA CE. make it less costly in time and money, and to render it more attractive by the arts of the printer and engraver. This volume means work, but work completed in the shortest time, with the most convenient and serviceable tools, and freed, so far as possible, from the mere drudgery of ancient methods. The notes are believed to be as few and brief as the best interests of the student will permit. The aim has been to introduce these exactly where most needed, to make them clear, pointed, and suggestive, to waste no words over what is selfevident, and to pass over nothing that would probably be obscure without comment. The grammatical references, especially in the first book, have been made very full. The position of the notes beneath the text it is believed has advantages in the saving of time, and in the insuring of their proper study and comprehension, which far outweigh all possible objections. Of this the editor was so well assured that he scarcely needed the confirming testimony he obtained upon this point from many practical teachers. In the preparation of the Lexicon the aim was to make the definitions approximately as complete in the range of literal, transferred, and figurative meanings as those given in the large general lexicons. As in the use of those, so the student will be here required to exercise his own judgment and taste in the selection of the equivalents he needs. In preparing the notes the works of nearly all the leading German and English commentators were consulted, but more especially those of Conington, Henry, Bryce, Heyne, Wagner, Forbiger, and Ladewig. Valuable aid was also frequently found in the American editions, and especially in the excellent notes of Frieze and Anthon. In constructing the Lexicon the editor chiefly followed the Latin-English Lexicons of Andrews, and Crooks and Schem, although several others were constantly consulted, as also the Virgilian Lexicon of Koch. The text adopted is nearly identical with that of Conington, now generally and justly regarded as the most perfect. The orthography, however, the quotation marks, and occasionally PR EFA CE. v11 a reading, have been conformed to the well-known edition of Jahn. The large engravings were prepared expressly for this volume from designs furnished by A. L. Rawson, of New York,the original sketches having been taken by him at the places represented. The map was also designed by the same skillful hand. The numerous smaller illustrations were selected almost exclusively fromVollmer's Mythology and from Milman's Horace. The fac-simile of the manuscript was photographed from the magnificent Paleographie Universelle of Silvestre, in the Astor Library. The accompanying description by Champollion, a translation of which will be found in the Appendix, clearly indicates the great antiquity and value of the original. The specimen presented is interesting not only as showing the general style of one of the oldest existing Roman manuscripts, but also as exhibiting several of those verbal errors so often found even in the best of the old manuscripts, and inseparable from the tedious work of transcribing. The Life of Virgil is reprinted almost entire from the last edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. The editor regrets his inability to name the author of this extremely well written Memoir. The Metrical Index is reprinted from Bryce's Virgil, published in London and Glasgow. The "Questions on the first thirty-three lines of the Aeneid," from Dr. Taylor's "Method of Classical Study," will be no less useful to many teachers, who are not familiar with that excellent little work, than to students who may be making their first acquaintance with Virgil. The editor cannot too strongly urge a careful perusal of those pages, in connection with the study of the corresponding lines, and a careful observance afterwards of those methods of thoroughness and accuracy therein suggested. To study the Aeneid properly is to grow in intellectual strength and grace; to study it carelessly is a sheer waste of time,-nay, worse, it is sacrilege. The editor takes this occasion to return his thanks to Dr. viii PREA C E Taylor, of Andover, and to his Publishers, Messrs. Taggard & Thompson, of Boston, for their courteous permission to use the " Questions." His grateful acknowledgments are also due to Dr. Schroeder, Superintendent of the Astor Library, and to the other accomplished and obliging officers of that Institution, for many favors, and in particular for the special facilities afforded to secure a perfect copy of the fac-simile manuscript. The editor is also under obligations to Prof. Albert Whitford, of Alfred, N. Y., for valuable assistance in preparing the grammatical references of the first book. In sending forth this volume, the editor hopes that it may be found a practical, efficient, and attractive means of becoming acquainted with the most charming of Roman writers, and that it may tend to foster a still livelier interest in classical studies, in whose value as an auxiliary means of higher education he has an abiding faith. For the convenience of students using either Allen and Greenough's, Gildersleeve's, or Harkness' New Standard Latin Grammar (Edition of 1881), grammatical references to those books will be found in the foot-notes. i......... Pt!'iH~ll —^ - r~/.j i..... I:./://,~:(,~ ~ > -- - -— ~.... //, /1 -----— '-~-s,/ / // k-12 j/ I i A r/j d* o.1 \ (/I ii,. iiiiI!' ---—..,..s i! L// f —J - - -., II;Tc. ~ '' ''"I I " W7W-1111 r m i4~j.I I _x. -JY YD IA t IN.44: -C Mi i 4 -M um IV'.rF K' I I- ' } i f _ _ \\ -—, S iii /iii~// ' --- ~-, IIII --- ----- r 47 Q,, AI L I B A I VI RGIL. F the personal history of Publius Virgilius Maro, the y greatest of Latin poets, little is known with certainty. The principal authority on which his biography rests is a life usually attributed to Tiberius Claudius Donatus, a grammarian who flourished in the fifth century of the Christian era. Its authenticity, however, is very questionable; and it is so much dis. figured by interpolations, that it is difficult to extract from it such facts as may be implicitly relied on. To this suspicious document we have to add a few scanty allusions by the poet's contemporaries, and the scattered remarks of ancient scholiasts and grammarians. By all accounts, the parentage of Virgil (or more properly Vergil) is represented as exceedingly humble. Donatus informs us that, according to some authorities, his father was originally a potter, but according to others, and these the more numerous, he was the hired servant of a travelling merchant, to whom he recommended himself by his faithful services, and who gave him his daughter Maia in marriage. By his father-in-law he was intrusted with the charge of a small farm in the vicinity of Mantua, which he ultimately seems to have inherited, and which probably constituted the poet's patrimony. Whatever may have been the original condition of his father, it is gratifying to find this testimony to his moral worth, and to be assured that he was capable of appreciating, and possessed the means as well as the desire of cultivating, the rising genius of his illustrious offspring. In this respect Virgil was equally fortunate with Horace. X VIR GIL. whose father, although possessed of but moderate fortune, placed him under the ablest masters at Rome, along with the sons of knights and senators. Virgil was born at Andes, now called Pietola, a village about three miles distant from Mantua, in the year of Rome 684, B. C. 70, during the first-consulship of Pompey and Crassus. He was thus seven years older than Augustus, and five years older than Horace. He commenced his studies at Cremona, where he remained until he assumcd the toga virilis. This he did on entering his sixteenth year, on the very day, according to some accounts, on which Lucretius died; thus transmitting, without interruption, and with increasing splendour, the intellectual inheritance of Roman genius. Virgil now proceeded to Milan; and from thence, after a short stay, to Naples. Here he devoted himself to study with intense application, and laid the foundation of that varied learning for which he was no less remarkable than for poetic genius. To the language and literature of Greece he applied himself with peculiar ardour; and, in this department. enjoyed the instructions ot Parthenius Nicenus, an author of some reputation. But literature alone, however varied and attractive, could not satisfy the inquisitive and capacious mind of Virgil. He strove also to penetrate the depths of philosophy and science; and medicine and mathematics continued to be favorite subjects of pursuit to him through life. Along with his friend Varius, he studied the system of Epicurus, under Cyro, a distinguished teacher of that sect, and the intimate friend of Cicero. Traces of this early discipline are perceptible in his works; although by some he is represented as an academic, and as preferring the sentiments of Plato to those of all other philosophers. To some traditions of his addiction to science, to the revelations contained in the sixth book of the Aeneid, and to the magic spells described in the eighth Eclogue, Virgil probably owes his reputation as a wizard, the character in which he principally figures during the middle ages. Donatus carries VIrgil from Naples to Rome, and there makes him the subject of several fabulous storie, which it would be idle to repeat. The probability is that he did not riit Rome at this time, VIR G IL. xi but having finished his studies at Naples, returned directly to his paternal abode, where he continued to reside till his fame as a poet had begun to attract public notice. Much uncertainty prevails respecting the early productions of his muse. That the Eclogues were not the first offspring of his genius, we have sufficient testimony; but the genuineness of the minor poems, which usually pass under his name, may well be questioned. The most probable conclusion is, that they are either entirely spurious, or so much disfigured by interpolators as to leave few traces of their original form. Donatus enumerates the following as youthful productions of Virgil: —Catalecton, Moretum, Priapeia, Epigrammatica, Dirae, Culex, and, while he admits that doubts existed respecting its authorship, Aetna. He is also said to have undertaken a poetical work on the early wars of Rome, but to have been deterred from the prosecution of his design by the rugged and inharmonious structure of the ancient Italian names. To this attempt the poet probably alludes in the sixth Eclogue, where he represents himself as having prematurely undertaken a work beyond his strength. But whatever may have been the early essays of Virgil, there can be no doubt that he continued sedulously to cultivate those talents with which he was so richly endowed; and to peruse with intense admiration and delight those masterpieces of Grecian genius, which it was his great ambition to rival and excel. Nor was he inattentive to the literature of his own country; which, however, presented a comparatively limited field for the poetical student. Yet the works of Ennius, Plautus, Terence, Catullus, and, above all, Lucretius, contained a rich poetical mine, from which much precious ore might be extracted, and to which it is manifest he did not scruple freely to resort. Into the genius, structure, and capabilities of his native tongue, he appears to have penetrated more deeply than any other writer; and his diction became the standard to which succeeding poets yielded an implicit, perhaps a slavish obedience. What Cicero effected for prose, Virgil effected for poetry. Few literary phenomena, perhaps, are more remarkable than the mastery over the Latin language which even his earliest productions display. In the works of preceding writers may X1 VIR GIL. be found many detached passages scarcely to be surpassed; but in uniformly sustained beauty and propriety of diction, the Mantuan bard leaves all his predecessors, as well as successors, at an immeasurable distance. Virgil is usually represented as having undertaken the composition of his Eclogues at the suggestion of C. Asinius Pollio, a nobleman who was not more distinguished as a commander than as a cultivator and patron of letters. On the formation of the second triumvirate, A. U. 711, Pollio was intrusted by Antony, whose interests he had espoused, with the command of Gallia Transpadana, in which district the patrimony of Virgil lay. The rising talents of the youthful poet early attracted his notice, and he continued to extend to him his patronage afid protection as long as he remained in command of the province. The services thus generously and seasonably rendered to genius were amply rewarded; and the name of Pollio will forever continue associated with some of the poet's noblest strains. The date and order of composition of the Eclogues have been matter of dispute among critics. By some they have been supposed to have been written in the order in which they now stand in the printed editions, and, it is believed, in all the manuscripts of Virgil's works; by others, the second, third, fifth, and sixth are thought to have preceded the first. The determination of the question is of little importance, and our present limits forbid discussion. The subject of the first Eclogue sufficiently indicates the date of its compo-' sition. After the battle of Philippi, A. U. 712, Augustus, in fulfilment of a promise which had been previously given to the army, made a large division of lands among the veteran soldiers. Cremona!having espoused the cause of Brutus, was among the first to suffer on che present occasion. Its territory was assigned to the soldiers; but not proving of sufficient extent, the deficiency was supplied from the neighbouring district of Mantua. Virgil was thus involved in the general calamity, and driven with violence from his humble patrimony. About this time, however, he appears to have renewed his acquaintance and friendship with Alphenus Varus, who had been his fellow-student at Naples, and who now discharged some impor. VIR GIL. Xllt taut public functions in the poet's district. Under his protection, it is supposed, Virgil repaired to Rome, and by personal application obtained from Augustus the restoration of his farm. To record his gratitude for this signal favour, he composed the first Eclogue, which, in the person of Meliboeus, presents a vivid picture of the distress and misery by which he was surrounded; while in that of Tityrus, he eulogizes in glowing strains, and honours as a god, the youth to whom he owed his more fortunate lot. It appears, however, that he experienced no slight difficulty in recovering his farm, notwithstanding the order of Augustus; and that, on one occasion, when pursued by the tribune Arrius, who had taken forcible possession of it, he saved his life by swimming across the Mincius. To these fresh disasters he is supposed to allude in the ninth Eclogue. Besides Augustus, the persons chiefly celebrated in the Ecdogues are Pollio, Varus, and Gallus, who had been the poet's earliest patrons, and who ever after continued his most esteemed and beloved friends. The Eclogues, in the composition of which he is said to have spent three years, were received by his countrymen with unbounded applause. They were universally read and admired, and such was their popularity, that they were publicly recited at the theatre in Rome. Their novelty, for pastoral poetry now appeared for the first time in a Roman dress; the pictures which they presented of rural felicity, and of simple and innocent pleasures, so strongly contrasted with the scenes of violence and bloodshed which had so long deluged Italy; the descriptions of nature so exquisitely blended with human feelings and human sympathies; the allusions to recent and passing events; the polished simplicity, beauty, and harmony of the verse,-all contributed to enhance their merit in the eyes of his contemporaries, and to establish them in popular favour. But however great their merit in other respects, the Eegues of Virgil can lay little claim to the praise of originality. They are, for the most part, imitations, and occasionally little more than translations, of Theocritus. Roman literature was, indeed, essentially imitative; and its greatest masters rarely ventured to give unfettered scope to the impulses of their native powers. Seldom venturing to depart from XlV VIR G IL. their Grecian models, they were content to follow closely in their footsteps, and deemed it sufficient to clothe in the language of Rome those ideas and descriptions which were furnished by their intellectual masters. Yet Virgil, while retaining the substance of Doric iong, succeeded in impressing on his Italian transcript not a little of his own calm and meditative nature, and in awakening the popular sympathies of his countrymen in a manner which at once stamped him as the national poet of Rome. Not the least difficulty which he had to encounter in introducing this new species of composition, was the apparently intractable and inflexible nature of the language which he had to employ, little fitted, apparently, for the description of pastoral and rural scenes. But the powers of the poet triumphed, in a great measure, even over this difficulty; and although unable to rival the matchless melody of the Doric reed, he imparted to his native tongue a delicacy, s.oftness, and variety, of which till then it had been considered unsusceptible. In estimating the immediate reception of the Eclogues, we must not altogether overlook the skill and dexterity with which the poet paid court to his early patrons, whose voice was perhaps no less potential in the literary than in the political world. Their publication must at all events, be considered an important era in the literary history of Rome, as exhibiting the first fruits of that genius which was destined to stamp its indelible impress on the literature of future ages. About the thirty-third year of his age, Virgil removed to Rome. Here he experienced the bounty, as well as friendship, of Maecenas and Augustus, and appears to have been placed by their liberality in circumstances which enabled him ever after to devote his undivided energies to his favourite pursuits. It is pleasing to find the most cor dial relation subsisting, even at this early period, between such men as Virgil and Horace. Both candidates for popular favour, in cir cumstances which too frequently produce rivalry, if not hostility, these illustrious poets appear to have been united in the closest ties of friendship. Virgil is said to have introduced Horace to the notice of Maecenas; and the deep feeling of respect and admiration with which Horace regarded Virgil is manifested in several parts of VIR GIL. XV his works. The sixth Satire of the first book exhibits a pleasing picture of the intimate terms on which they lived with their common patron Maecenas, and with some of their poetical contemporaries. During his residence at Rome, Virgil inhabited a house on the Esquiline Hill, near the gardens of Maecenas. He was treated with universal respect; and on one occasion, when some of his verses were recited in the theatre, the whole audience rose to salute him, with the same respect that they were accustomed to bestow on the emperor. But his modesty shrank from the public gaze; and amid the splendour and homage of Rome, he longed for scenes more in harmony with his poetical and contemplative genius, and, it may be added, better suited to the delicacy of his constitution. After a brief sojourn in the metropolis, he accordingly retired to Naples, at that time the favourite retreat of literary men; and there, or at a delightful residence in the vicinity of Nola, about ten miles distant, he continued chiefly to reside during the remainder of his life. Having thus chosen a congenial place of abode, Virgil, at the suggestion of Maecenas, commenced the composition of the Georg:cs. The subject was selected, we are told, with the view of restoring among the Romans a love of those rural pursuits to which they had been peculiarly addicted in early Mimes, but which, amid the desolation and bloodshed of the civil wars, had been entirely abandoned and forgotten. Little is known of the private life of Virgil during the composition of this immortal poem, which occupied the space of seven years. Donatus and others relate, that he was accustomed to dictate a number of verses in the morning, and spend the day in polishing and reducing them to a smaller number. From internal evidence, this appears to be no inaccurate description of his literary habits. The Georgics more than realized the highest expectations that had been formed of Virgil's poetic powers. This work, which is dedicated to Maecenas, is divided into four books, and treats in succession of husbandry, planting, cattle, and bees. Our limits forbid any attempt at analysis; nor indeed could words convey any adequate notion of the wonderful union which this masterwork presents of xvi VIR GIL. didactic precept, varied and splendid description, touching pathos and sensibility, episodes at once appropriate and striking, historic and mythologic allusion, displaying all the resources of the richest poetical treasury. The sweetness and easy flow of versification by which the Eclogues are distinguished, gave but faint indication of the matchless power, variety, and magnificence of the Georgics. Although the subject of this poem is peculiarly national, yet the same imitative spirit which pervades the whole literature of Rome, exercised its influence here also. As in the Eclogues Theocritus, so here Hesiod formed the chief model for the general structure and conduct of the work. But in this poem Virgil perhaps owes less to his prototypes than in his other productions; and he has diffused over the whole a flood of poetical light peculiarly his own. The poet has indeed exhibited the happiest combination of genius and art, and has succeeded in imparting to didactic themes a life, an interest, and a grandeur, of which, from their nature, they seem scarcely susceptible. Here the Romans found scenes and modes of life in which their fathers lad delighted, depicted in colourswhich could not fail to excite the deepest interest, and rekindle in, their breasts the love of pursuits which, though for a time banished, by the rude collisions of civil strife, were associated in their minds with the heroes and patriots of old, with the undying achievements and illustrious characters of ancient times. In estimating the merits of the Georgics, we must not pass without special notice the matchless beauty of the versification. In sustained majesty, in variety of modulation, in stateliness but freedom of march, it stands unapproached by any other Roman poet, and unsurpassed by Virgil himself. Having with such signal success enriched the literature of his country with two species of poetry, of which till then it possessed no example, he resolved to attempt a work of a still higher nature. It is evident that he had long meditated such a work; as we find allusions to it both in the Eclogues and Georgics. He commenced the Aeneid, A. U. 724, the year in which he completed the Georgics. This great work, undertaken, as we are told, at the request of Augustus, occupied him VIR G TL., x iii till his death, and even then had not received his finishing touch. As he proceeded with its composition, the greatest interest was excited respecting it, and the highest expectations were entertained of its merits, as may be gathered from the prognostication of Propertius, who thus anticipates its future fame:"Cedite Romani scriptores, cedite Graii, Nescio quid majins nascitur Iliade." In 729, Augustus expressed a strong desire to be favoured with a perusal of the poem, so far as it had been completed; but Virgil excused himself, on the ground that the work was not yet worthy of such an honour. About a year afterwards, however, he was prevailed on to read the sixth book to Augustus, in the presence of his sister Octavia. When the poet reached the beautiful passage in which he alludes so pathetically to the death of her son Marcellus, the adopted child of Augustas, and the universal favourite of Rome, Octavia is said to have swooned away; and, on reviving, to have ordered the poet to be rewarded with ten sestertia for each line. In conformity with the usual practice among. Roman poets, Virgil occasionally recited portions of his verses to his literary friends; not, however, for the sake of display, but in order to be favoured with their critical remarks. His recitation is represented as highly effective, and as distinguished by remarkable sweetness and propriety of articulation. Having completed the Aeneid, he resolved to travel into Greece, that he might, at leisure, correct and polish his great work, and bring it to the greatest possible perfection before giving it to the world. On this occasion, Horace addressed to him the beautiful ode, beginning, " Sic te diva potens Cypri;" in which he expresses in the most affectionate terms, his anxiety for the safe return of his beloved. friend. On arriving at Athens, Virgil proceeded to execute the task which he had imposed upon himself; and, besides, composed the splendid introduction to the third book of the Georgics. His original intention on quitting Italy, was to dedicate three years to the work of revisal, and then, amid the scenes of his native country, to devote the rest of his life to the study of philosophy, in which he xviii VIR GIL. had always delighted. Augustus, however, on his return from the East, having reached Athens, Virgil, probably in consequence of the state of his health, resolved to accompany him to Rome. But his days were now numbered. The vessel in which he sailed along with the emperor touched at Megara, where he was seized with extreme debility; and his distemper increased so much during the remainder of the voyage, that he died a few days after reaching Brundusium. This event took place A. U. 735, (B. C. 19), in the fifty-first year of his age. In compliance with his dying wishes, his bones were conveyed to Naples, where, in literary seclusion, he had spent so many years of his life; and his tomb is still pointed out at a spot about two miles distant from that city. The urn which was supposed to contain his ashes bore the following inscription, which is said, but without sufficient authority, to have proceeded from the lips of the dying poet; — "Mantua me gennit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nune Parthenope; cecini pascua, rura, duces." The precise locality of Virgil's tomb has been made the subject of controversy; but there seems to be no good reason for rejecting the common tradition of the country on this point. He bequeathed the greater part of his wealth to his brother; the rest, to Augustus and Maecenas, and his friends L. Varius and Plotius Tucca. Virgil is represented as tall of stature, of a swarthy complexion, negligent in his dress, and somewhat ungraceful in his deportment. The melancholy with which he was tinged probably arose from the delicacy of his constitution, and the ill health under which he laboured. Of the native warmth of his heart, and the sincerity of his friendships, it is impossible to doubt, since he was universally beloved as well as admired by his contemporaries; who, amid their mutual jealousies and literary rivalry, seem to have united in doing honour to one who ever cheerfully recognized the merits of others, and rejoiced in, and to the utmost of his power promoted their success. Of the more private and familiar life of Virgil, nothing is known. Unlike Horace, whose works constitute his best biography, VIR GIL. xix Virgil has few allusions to himself, and none that throw light on his domestic habits. He passes before us with much of the indistinctness and shadowy grandeur in which he envelops the shades in Elysium. When he perceived his end approaching, he is said to have ordered Varius and Plotius Tucca to burn the Aeneid, on which he had expended so many years' labour, and on which his future fame was expected mainly to rest. The reason of this command has been the subject of much discussion. The common and doubtless correct opinion is, that not having received his finishing-hand, he was unwilling to transmit to posterity and peril his fame on a work which he had not brought to that degree of perfection which he had contemplated. Fortunately for the interests of literature, Augustus interposed his authority to save a poem to the completion of which he had looked forward with intense interest, and from which he anticipated so much glory to himself and the Roman State. It was intrusted to Yarius and Tucca for revisal and publication, but with express injunctions that they should make no additions to the words of the poet; and we have reason to believe that they executed their honourable task in a spirit of due reverence for departed genius. The Aeneid, as already mentioned, excited the highest expectations among the literary contemporaries of the poet during its composition; and on its publication, was hailed with universal approval. Ovid alludes to it more than once in terms expressive of his conviction that it occupied the first place in Roman literature, and that, in common with the other works of the author, it would last while the eternal city should endure. The sentence thus early pronounced, has been confirmed by the consenting voice of succeeding ages; and, whatever difference of opinion may have existed respecting its comparative merits, the Aeneid has ever been ranked as one of the rare productions of human genius which are destined to immortality. If considered as the rival of the Iliad, the Aeneid will be presented in a false as well as unfavourable point of view; and it is difficult to conceive that it was composed under any such predominating idea. Neither the age which produced it, nor the genius of the poet, was xI VIiR GIL favourable to such an achievement; but having resolved to compose an epic poem, Virgil no doubt took Homer as his model, and endeavoured to transplant into the fabric of his work as many of the beauties of the Grecian poet as suited the nature of his subject. We accordingly find that he drew equally on the Iliad and Odyssey, the first six books being on the model of the former, and the remaining six on that of the latter. How far his plan was adopted with a view to avail himself of the whole range of Homeric materials, it is difficult to determine; but it was a bold attempt, if it was ever contemplated, to rival or surpass in a single work, the combined excellencies of his matchless models. The chief design of the Aeneid appears to have been, to deduce the origin of the Romans from the Trojans, and by tracing the family of Augustus to Aeneas, to establish his divine title to the sovereignty of Rome. This leading idea pervades the whole texture of the work; and the restraint which was thus necessarily imposed on the poet must have interfered most unfavourably with the freedom of epic movement. The character of Aeneas is meant to shadow.forth that of Augustus; but, while he constantly occupies the foreground, he is invested with few attributes calculated to excite admiration, or awaken a vivid interest in his career. He is represented as the mere passive instrument of fate, and there is consequently little about him of heroic daring. The Romans, however, could not fail readily to recognise the intended resemblance; and the halo thrown around the hero of the Aeneid was calculated to reconcile them to the destined away of his descendant, which had been mysteriously announced by oracles. We cannot enter into the details of the Aeneid, or point out the manner in which the poet has accomplished his main design. As might be expected, he has availed himself of all the native as well as foreign resources within his reach, while the whole displays that sober and chastened judgment for which he was so remarkable, and which, in his case, was so admirably combined with high poetical genius. The Aeneid has been generally censured for want of variety in the characters. That this charge is well founded, must to da cer. VIR GIL. Xl tain extent be allowed; but the fault is inseparable from the very design and structure of the work. The chief object being the exaltation of Augustus, no formidable competitor could be admitted on the scene. The whole attention is fixed on one central figure, to which all the others are made subordinate. But although the contrasts of character are not glaring, they are frequently not indistinctly marked; and if they are apt to elude the notice of the careless observer, they reveal themselves with sufficient clearness to the more searching and curious eye. But the great merit of the Aeneid lies, not in its leading design and general conduct, but in the beauty of its details; many of which will bear comparison with the happiest inspirations of the father of epic song. It may not be improper to remark, that Virgil, amid the fulsome homage and adulation which, in common with the other poets of that age, he bestows on Augustus, frequently displays a truly Roman spirit; and, from the manner in which he represents the agents and events of the golden times, appears to sympathize with and appreciate the sterner and nobler virtues by which Rome was distinguished, while the genius of freedom yet presided over her destinies. In the composition of his works, Virgil drew unsparingly, not only on the poetic treasures of Greece, but on the more limited resources of his native literature. This, however, he did in conformity with the universal practice of his countrymen; and it may with truth be affirmed, that he borrowed nothing which he did not adorn. His imputed plagiarisms have sometimes been pointed out with a malicious industry; but when properly viewed, with reference to the position and mission of the poet, they will be found to prove at once the soundness of his judgment, and the purity and refinement of his taste. The general character of Virgil as a poet may be considered as fixed by the concurring testimony of critics of all ages. That he was deficient in the highest attribute of genius, in the power of creating and bodying forth original conceptions, must be admitted; but, with this limitation, there are few qualities in which he will be found wanting. In soundness of judgment, and correctness of taste; in XX11 VIR GIL. depth and tenderness of feeling; in chastened fancy and imagination; in vivid and picturesque description; in the power of appreciating and portraying the beautiful, whether in nature or art; of depicting passion, and touching the chords of human sympathy; in matchless beauty of diction, and in harmony and splendour of versification, he stands alone among the poets of his own country, and will bear a favourable comparison with those of any other. His works have taken their place among the imperishable offspring of genius, and, while literature lasts, will continue to exercise a powerful influence on the poetical taste of successive generations. TOMB OF VIRGIL-INTERIOR VIEW. it LIBER PRIMUSO ARGUMENT. Subject of the poem; invocation to the Muse (1-11). Causes of Juno's resentment to the Trojans (12-33). The Trojans leave Sicily joyful at the near completion of their wanderings. Soliloquy of Juno (34-49). She engages Aeolus to send forth a tempest. Description of the storm (50-123). Neptune interferes, rebukes the winds, and calms the waves (124-156). Aeneas lands upon the coast of Africa with seven out of twenty ships. Slaying seven stags of immense size, he divides them among his companions, whom he also consoles by his words (156-207). Description of the banquet that follows (208-222). Venus complains to Jupiter of the misfortunes of the Trojans. Jupiter discloses to her the secrets of destiny, and consoles her with the assurance of universal empire to the Trojans in their descendants, the Roman people (223-296). Mercury is sent down to render the Carthaginians friendly to the Trojans (297-304). Aeneas goes forth to explore the unknown region, and meets Venus in the guise of a huntress. The goddess informs him that he is near Carthage, relates to him the history of Dido, announces the safety of the remaining vessels, and, resuming her proper form, suddenly disappears (305-417). Aeneas, accompanied by his faithful Achates, proceeds to Carthage, both being invisible through the care of Venus. Filled with surprise and admiration at the appearance of the city, he repairs to the temple of Juno, where he sees depicted the leading incidents of the Trojan war (418-493). Dido visits the temple and is giving audience to her people, when a deputation of Trojans from the missing ships waits on the queen to complain of the treatment they have received from her subjects (494-560). Dido replies kindly, offering assistance, and promising to send messengers in search of Aeneas, when suddenly, to the surprise of all, Aeneas, freed from the cloud, appears in their midst (561-594). Address of Aeneas, and reply of Dido (595-630). Preparations for entertaining the Trojans (631-642). Aeneas sends for Ascanius, but Venus, fearing treachery, substitutes Cupid for Ascanius, that Dido may be inflamed with love for her guest (643-698). The book concludes with the banquet in the royal palace, and the request of the enamored queen that Aeneas shall narrate from the beginning the fall of Troy and his own adventures. ROMAN SHIPS. LIBER PRIMUS. ARMA virumque cano, Trojac qui primus ab oris Italiam, fato profugus, Lavinaque venit Litora, multum ille et terris jactatus et alto Vi superfim, saevae memorem Junonis ob iram, 1. Arma virumque cano. "I sing of arms and the hero." The subject of the poem is here briefly stated. By arma the poet means the wars of Aeneas in Italy, and by virum, the hero himself.... Primus = prinmo. " First" in the sense of "in the beginning," the coming of Aeneas being, in Virgil's mind, the first fact in Roman history. A. 191; G. 824, R. 6; H. 442, N. and 448. 2. Italiam = ad Iraliam. A. 258; G. 842, R 1; H. 80, 3.... Fato. A. 245; O. 407; H. 416.... Lavina litora. These words restrict the term Italiam. By "Lavinian shores " are meant the shores afterwards so called; i. e., the shores of Latium in the vicinity of the city of Lavinium, which Aeneas afterwards founded. 3. Ille. This may be omitted in translating. It is grammatically in apposition with qui, and seems to be used to identify that subject more fully with the following participles jactatus and passus. Cf. V. 457.... Terris et alto. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, N. 3. 4. Vi. A.245; G.407; H.416....Superum = superorum = deorum. A. 40, e; G. 29, R. 8; H. 52, 3. The reference is to all the divinities who, by the instigation of Juno, in any way opposed Aeneas and the Trojans, and thus gratified the resentment of the goddess....... Memorem. "Ever-mindful," hence, "unrelenting." 4 P. VIR GILII MARONIS Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem Inferretque deos Latio: genus unde Latinum Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae. Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso, Quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores Impulerit. Tantaene animis coelestibus irae? Urbs antiqua fult, Tyrii tenuere coloni, Carthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe Ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima belli, Quam Juno fertur terris magis omnibus unam 10 5 5. Bello. A. 256; G.392; H.429.... Dum conderet. " While he was founding;" i. e., seeking to found. A. 328; G. 573, 574; H. 519, II. 2. Dum in this sense is sometimes followed by the subjunctive denoting purpose. 6. Latio. Dative for in Latium. A. 225, b; G. 344, R. 3; H. 380, II. 4...... Unde. "Whence (came);" i. e., from the arrival of Aeneas, from his subsequent exploits and his union of the original inhabitants with the Trojans under the name of Latins. Cf. Livy, I. 1. 7. Albani patres. "The Alban senators," or "nobles.".... Altae. In reference to the position of the city upon hills. 8. Musa. CaUllope, the muse of epic poetry..... Quo nmiine naeso. Two distinct questions are here asked, which are, in substance, as follows: (1) In what way was the divine will of Juno thwarted, that she persecuted so exemplary a man as Aeneas? (2) Whence came the mingled feelings of personal grief and resentment that led the goddess to do this? In the succeeding paragraph are found the answers to these questions: (1) The will of Juno was thwarted in respect to the city of Carthage, whose future destruction at the hands of the Romans she knew the fates had decreed. (2) The more personal feelings of grief and resentment sprung from the judgment of Paris, from her jealousy of Electra, and from the substitution of the Trojan Ganymede for her daughter, Hebe, as cup-bearer of the gods. Translate literally thus:-" Her divine will being thwarted in what respect (quo), or grieving on account of what (quid dolens), did the queen of the gods force," &c. The first thirteen lines of the third paragraph constitute the answer of the muse to the interrogation in quo, while the next five, forming the parenthesis, respond to quid.... Quo. "In respect to what," or "in what." A. 253; G.398; H.424.... I umine laeso. A. 255; G. 408; H. 431. 9. Quid. A. 237, b; G. 329, R. 1; H. 371, III. N. 1.... Deum. For deorum; see on stperum, 4, above.... Tot volvere casts. "To pass through so many misfortunes." The prose expression would be ut volveret. 10. Pietate. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 11. Impulerit. A. 334; G. 469; H. 529, I.... Animis. A. 231; G. 349; H. 387....Irae. A. 75, c; G. 195, R. 5; H. 130, 3. 12. Antiqua. Ancient only with reference to the time of Virgil.... Ty-ii. Carthage was founded by a colony from Tyre in Phoenicia.... enuere. Sc. quam. 13. Carthago. The probable date of the founding of Carthage (812 B. C.) was nearly three hundred years later than that assumed for the destruction of Troy (1184 B. C.).... Contra. For the position of this word, see A. 263, N; G. 414, R. 2; H. 569, II. 1..... Longe. Modifies contra. 14. Ostia. The Tiber has two mouths..... Opu". "In resources." A. 218, a; G. 373; H. 399, I. 3. For the form, see A. 46; G. 52; H. 64, 2, 2).... Stui(is. "In the pursuits." A. 258; G. 398; H. 424. 15. Terris. A. 247, a; G. 311 and R. 1; H. 417, 1, N. 1.... Unam. Used to intensify or strengthen quam. Its position at the end of the line increases its emphasize ing force. It may be rendered, "One in particular." AENEIDOS LIB1.I 15 Posthabita coluisse Samo: hic illius arma, Hii currus fuit; hoc regnum 4Iea gentibus esse, Si qua fata sinant, jam turn tenditque fovetque. Progeniem sed enim Trojano a sanguine duci Audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces; Hine populum late regem. belloque superbumn Venturum excidio, Libyae: sic volvere Parcas. Id metuens veterisque memor Saturnia belli, Prima quod ad Trojam pro caris gesserat ArgisNec dum etiam. causae irarum saevique dolores Exciderant animo: manet alta mente repostum 20 25' 16. JPosthabita Samo. A. 255; G. 408; H. 431.... Armna - currus. What her arms were, in Virgil's fancy, is uncertain; probably a spear and shield, at least. For a description of Juno's chariot, see Homer's Iliad, V. 720-33. The deities, like the Homeric heroes, were fancied to use wvar-chariots. 17. Hloe. Refers to urbs, but agrees with regeum,. A. 195, d; G. 202, R. 5; H. 445, 4. For its construction, see A. 240, f; G. 341; H. 536....Reguaut - geutibuts. A. 233; G. 350; H. 390, II. N. 2. 18. Si qua = sl qua ratione. "If in any wvay.11...Siuant. A. 342; 0. 1606; H. 529. II. All the gods, even Jupiter himself, were subordinate to fate, which was the immutable and eternal cause of things...Jamn turn. "1Even then;" i. e., even at that early period when the city was in its infancy.... Tenditque fovetque. A somewhat literal equivalent for these word~s, together with the rest of the sentence, is as follows:-" Even then the goddess both strives for, and cherishes its being or becoming (hoc esse) a sovereign power (regnum) over the nations (gentli. ), if in any way the fates permit." She cherishes the Idea and strives for Its realization.... Que - que. A. 16,% h; G. 478; H. 554, I. 5. 19. PrYogentiem. A. 240, f; G. 341; H. 533...Sed enim. "But (she had fears for Carthage) for she had heard," &c. See essim in Lexicon.... 1ue'i. "Was being derived;"I i. e., was then springing up. The Roman race is meant. 20. Tyrias - arces. Carthage, as a city of Tyrlan origin.... Vs'ereret = everteret. For the mood, see A. 317; G. 632; B. 497, I. The reference in this clause is to the final destruction of Carthage biy the Romans under Scipio Africanus the Younger, 146 B. C. 21. Ilitc. "From this source;"1. from Tru)jan blood.... Populanm. A. 240, f; G. 341; H. 536.....Late regem = late regrsantem. A. 188, d; G. 440, 2; H. 359, N. 4....l-Beto. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 22. Ventuirssm. Sc. esse. A. 206, c, flu.; G. 200,1fin.; H. 534, N... Excidio Libyae. A. 233; G. 350;. H. 290. 23. Veteris. ",Former." Cf. VI. 419..... Saturnia. The subject of arcebat, iD line 31. 24. Pr-ima. "1Foremost," or "as chief." Juno is represented as the chief enemy of the Trojans during the siege of the city.... Ar)gis. Used for Greece in general. 25. Nee, damt. Besides the Trojan war Juno still treasured up the three original 6 P. VIR GIL II MAR OIS Judicium Paridis spretaeque injuria formae, Et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores; His accensa super,-jactatos aequore toto Troas, reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli, Arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos Errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia circum. Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem. Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum Vela dabant laeti et spumas salis aere ruebant Quum Juno, aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus, Haec secum: " Mene incepto desistere victam, 35 provocations or causes of her resentment. (1) The judgment of Trojan Paris, which awarded the prize of superior beauty to Venus, still rankled in her mind. (2) The whole Trojan race was hated by her (genus invisum) as the offspring, through Dardanus, of Jupiter and Electra, a rival of Juno. (3) The office of cup-bearer of the gods had been taken away from Hebe,.JTno's daughter, and given to Trojan Ganymede. The twenty-fifth and the following lines to jactatos are a parenthesis. 26. A nimo. A. 243, b; G. 388, R. 8; H. 434, N. 1....Alta mnente = alte in mente. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1.... Repostum. By syncope for repositum. A.p. 298; H. 635, 2. 27. Injuria. Explanatory of judicium. 28. Rapti. Ganymede, while hunting on mount Ida, was seized by Jupiter in the form of an eagle and carried to Olympus. 29. His aeceetsa super. These words belong really to the parenthesis, as they refer to its subject-matter. His. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416...... Super = insupel, "moreover.".... Aequore. A. 58, f; G. 386; H. 425, 2. 30. Reliquias Dannaunt. Lit., "The leavings of the Greeks;" i.e., the remnant escaped from the Greeks..... Danaum. A. 36, d; G. 27, R. 1; L 49, 3...... AehiU, for AehMil. A. 64; G. 72; H. 68. 81. Latto. A. 258 a; G. 388, R. 3; H. 412, 2. 82. 1atis. See on his, 29. 3 f MolUs. A. 214, d; G. 364; 865; II. 398, 1; 402... Condere. A, 270; G. 423; EL 538. GANYMEDE. 34. The introduction is now complete and is seen to be composed of three distinct parts:-(1) The statement of the subject of the work; (2) the iuvocation to the muse for the causes of Juno's hostility to the Trojans; (3) the answer of the muse, detailing the four causes of resentment. The regular narrative here begins in the midst of the Trojan adventures, six years after the fall of Troy, and with the departure of Aeneas from the port of Drepanum, on the western coast of Sicily. The preceding events Aeneas himself relates in the second and third books.... In alttmn. ' For," or " towards the deep." 35. Laei. Because near Italy. 87. Haec. Sc. loquitur.... Mene - desistere. " Shall I, defeated, desist from my purpose?" A. 274; G. 534; H. 5T9, III; M. 399; Z. 609.... Incepto. A. 243, b; G.388; L 414.. A EXE ID OS L ID. I. 7 'Nee posse Italia Teucrorurn avertere reg-em? "Quippe v'etor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem "Argi vetm atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto, Unius ob noxam et furias Ajacis Oilei? "Ipsa, Jovis rapidurn jaculata e nubibus ignem, "DisjeciLtque rates evertitque aequora ventis; "Ilium exspirantem transfixo pectore flammas "Turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto. "Ast ego, quae diviutm inc'edo regina, Jovisque "Et soror et conjux, una cum gente tot annos "Bella gero. Et quisquam numen Junonis adorat "Praeterea, ant supplex aris imponet honorem? Talia flammato secum dea corde -volutans Nimiborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus Austris, Aeoliam venit. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro Luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras Imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat. 111i indignantes magno cum murmure montis 40 45 50 55 38. Italia. See on Latio, 81. 40. Ai'givum. Referring only to the Locrians whom Ajax led against Troy.... Ponto. The ablative only is found after mergo and gubmergo, sometimes alone, and sometimes with 8ub or in. Cf. 584, VI. 342. 41. Unius - Ajacis. "Of one only, Ajax." The anger of the goddess was confined to this individual.... -i-lei. A trisyllable, genilive of the noun 0-1-lens, and limiting jiIUUS understood. A. 214, b; G. 360, R. 3; 11. 398, 1, N. 2. See III. 319 and VI. 386. This Ajax violently dragged the prophetess Cassandra, daughter of Priani, from the temple of Minerva, durIng the sack of Troy, and on his return home, the goddess, enraged at ibis violation of her sanctuary, destroyed his fleet in a storm, off- the coast of Euboea. AJax himself was killed by lightning, and his body cast by the waves upon the rocks. 42. eTovis ignem. Juno and Pallas were allowed to hurl thunderbolts. 44. Transftxo pectore. A. 248, b; G. 388; H. 414, N. 1. "'Pierced"1 by the thunderbolt. 45. Tuerbine. A. 248; G. 403; H1.42-0.....SCopIloque intfixit. Infigo may govern either the dative or ablative. Cf. V. 504 and IX. 746, " Portaeque infigitur hagta."' A. 228 or 260, a; G..346 or 38,4, R. 2; H. 386 or 425, 1. 46. -Ego. In strong contrast with Pallag.... Divutm, for divormm... Regiina. A. 185; G. 324; 11. 362, 2, N. 1. 47. Annos. A. 256; G. 337; H. 379. 48. Adorat praeterea = adorabit. 49. Praeterea. "1Hereafter."... Aris. A. 228; G. 346; H. 38. But sometimes imponee governs the ablative, as infigitur. See above, line 45. 50. _Flammnato - coirde. A. ~258, f; G. 884, R. 2; H1.425, 11.1. 51. Loca. A. 184; G. 319; H. 363.. Au stria. A. 24, c; G.389, R. 3; H. 421, II. The south winds are here used for winds in general. 52. Aeoliam. A. 184; G. 319; H. 363..... Antro. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; B. 425, II. 1. Limits premit. 54. ImPerio - vinclis - earcere. A. W4; G. 403: H. 420. P. VIRGILII 1IARONIS Circum claustra fremunt; celsa sedet Aeolus arce, Sceptra tenens, mollitque animos et temperat iras; Ni faciat, maria ac terras coelumque profundum Quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras. Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, CG Hoc metuens, molemque et montes insuper altos Imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo Et premere et laxas sciret dare jussus habenas. Ad quem turn Juno supplex his vocibus usa est: " Aeole-namque tibi divftm pater atque hominum rex G5 "Et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento-, "Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor, "Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates: "Incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes, 56. Cicunfmi claustra. "About the barriers; " i. e., the strongly secured doors, or places of egress, whence they were at times permitted to go.... Arce. " The summit" of the mountain. For constr., see antro, above, 52. 57. Sceptra. "A firm scepter." The plural for the singular, to amplify the idea. 58. Ni faciat-fePrant-verrant. The present subjunctive is here used, instead of the imperfect, for greater animation. A. 307, b; G. 598, R. 2; H. 509, N. 2. Translate, "Unless he do (this), they bear away " (i. e., will bear away), &c. Cf. II. 599 and VI. 293. 59. Quippe = certe. " Surely," or " assuredly." 60. Speluncis. A. 259, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. But compare II. 553. 61. Molem et inontes altos = molem monttum altorum, by hendiadys. A. p. 298; G. 695; H. 636, III. 2....lnsuper. "Above them." 62. Foedere certo. " By a fixed law." A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. 63. P'remnere. Sc. e08.... Sciert. A. 817; G. 632; H. 497, I....JtJssus; i. e., by Jupiter. 64. His vocibus. A. 249; G. 405; H. 421, I. 65. Namque. "And (I have reason for coming to thee) for to thee the father," &c. Elliptical like eanm in 19, above. JUNO. 66. Et mulcere dedit fluctus. "Has given both to soothe " (the soothing), &c. A poetical construction, borrowed from the Greek, for dedit potestatem mulcendl. A. 112,d; G.424, R.4; H. 871, IV. See also A. 273; G. 424, 4, 4); H. 533, 11.... Vento. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 67. Tyrrhenun aequor. A. 237, d; G. 829, R. 1; H. 371, N. 2. 69. Ventls. A. 228; G. 346; H. 886, 1..... Submersasque ornfc puppes = submerge et obrue puppe8. A. 292, R; G. 667, R. 1; H. 549, 5. The idea is, sink the ships and bury them beneath the waves, so that they can rise no more. Observe the difference between the verbs. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 9 "Aut age diversos et disjice corpora ponto. 7 "Sunt mihii bis septern praestanti corpore Nyrnpba~, "Quarum, quae forma puiclierrima Delopca, 6"Connubio jungam stabili propriamque dicabo, "1Omnes ut tecum. meritis pro talibus annos "Exigat et pulchra faciat te prole parentem."~ 7 Aeolus haec contra: "1Tuus, o regina, quid optes "Explorare labor; mihi jussa capessere fas est. "Tu mihi, qnodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Jovernque "Concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divfim, "Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potenitem." 8 ilac ubi dicta, cavum. conversa cuspide montem. Impulit in latus, ac venti, velut agmine facto, Quia data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perfiant. Incubuere mari, totumque e sedibus imis 0 '6 0 70. iPo itto. A. 258, f; 0. 384, R. 2; H. 425,11. 1. 71. Mlihi. A. 231; G. 349; 11.387.... Cor-pore. A. 251; 0. 402; H. 419, II. 72. Quarum, quae, &c. construe, Deitypeam, quae fornma (ast) pulcher-sima, quarum, jungam (tili) 8tab~lt xonulio et dicabo pro~priarn. Deiopee is by attraction in the case of the relative quae, Instead of being in the accusative, the reg~ular construction. A. 2tJ, b; G.618; H1. 445, 9. The relative q~uarum limits pulcherrma. A. 216, a, 2; 0. 370; H. 897, 3. It will be seen that quamum serves the double purpose of introducing the clause and of limiting pulcherrmra. This twofold use Of the relative, so common in Latin, is not allowed by the English idiom, which would require the connective and, and would render qvarum by a demonstrative, thus:-" And Deiopea, who in form Is the fairest of these (ear-ur, instead of quarum, the fairest of whom) I will join," &c. A. 201, e; G. 612; 11.453.... Forma. A. 253; (1. 898; H1. 424. 73 Connuvibio. 1: 248- M; 0. 401; H1. 419, III. The word is scanned here as a trisyllable. 75. Prole. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. Some explain by A. 251; 0 402; H. 419,1II. 76. Haec. Sc. dixit. A. 206; 0. 658; H. 86, 8..... Tmus explorare labor-. "It is thy task to consider what thou wishest." Aeolus throws upon Juno all responsibility for the act he performs. 77. Capessere. A. 167, c; G. 176,4; H. 336, II. N. 2. 78. Ttin!hi. " Thou securest to me whatever of sovereignty this (s. liegnti. A. 216, a, 3; 0. 371; H. 397, 3..... Sceptra. See 57, above. 79. -Epu lis. A. 228; G.846; H. q86...Aecumbere. See on mak~wer, 66. 80. Potentem. A. 218, a; 0. 373; H1. 899, I. 3. 81. Dicta. Sc. erant....Conversa cuspide. A. 2,55; G. 408; H. 431. 82. Intpulit, &c. " He struck the hollow mountain against its side," thus opening the claustra.... Agmine facto. "A marching array having been formed." A. 255; G. 408; H. 431. 83. Quat. "1Where." When thus used, regarded as aa adverb, but strictly an ablative, for the government of which see A.2,58, f; G.3884,R. 2; H. 425, 11.1I.... Data. Sc. est....Turbinte. A. 248; 0. 401; H. 419, III. 84. Incutbuere mtar. "1They have pressed heavily upon the sea." A. 228; 0. 346; H. 386.... Totitin. Supply mare, the object of the transitive rmunt In the following line, and observe the remarkable difference in the use of rueunt in the previous line 10 P. VIRGILII 01ARONIS Una Eurusque Notusque ruunt crcberque procellis Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus. Insequitur clamorque viriutm stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nubes coelumque diemque Teucrorum ex oculis; ponto nox incubat atra; Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether, Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore meinbra; Ingernit et duplices tendens ad sidera palmas, Talia voce refert: " 0 terque quaterque beati, "Quis ante ora patrum Trojae sub moenibuis altis "Contigit oppetere! 0 Danaum fortissime gentis, "Tydide, mene Ilacis occumbere campis "Non potuisse, tuaque animarn hane effundere dextra., "Saevus uLbi Aeacidae telo jacet Hector, nbi ingens "Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis 85i 90 00 85. Que - quae,. See on 1.... 1'rocellis. A. 248, c; G. 389, R. 3; 11.421, 11. 87. J'irium. For virorum, the Trojans. 89. Poiato. See on marl, 84. 90. Poli. "1The heavens." Observe the amplifying for6e of the plural, "1the heavens on all sides."... Inibits. A. 245; 0. 406; H. 416. 91. Viris. A. 228; 0. 346; R1..386. 92. Aeneae. A. 235, a; 0. 8343, R. 2; H. 384, 4, N. 2..... Frigore. A. 248; 0. 408; H. 420. Aeneas was influenced by the fear of perishing by shipwreck, a useless and inglorious death, with loss of the rites of sepulture..94. Voce. 'A. 248; Gl. 403; H. 420. Also, Pleonasm. A. p. 296; G. 692; H1. 636, III. 25. Q it s. A. 104, d; G. 103, R; H1. 187, ft. in. 5. For the case, see A. 227; 0. 345; H. 385, I..96. Contigit oppetere. A. 270, a; G. 423; H. 53 and 1. With oppetere supply mortem. Translate in the following order: -Beati (erant fil) qulbus contigit osppetere, &c.... Gefltis. A. 216, a, 2; G. 870; H. 837, 8. 97.!Tydide. Aeneas had engaged In single combat with Diomede, and was saved from death only by the Intervention of Venus. See Homer's Iliad, V. 1489-818....Mene occumiber-e non, potuisse. See note on 876. Translate, " Why could I not have fallen." The infinitive with the accusative often stands thus Unconnected in exclainations and interrogative expressions of indignation or regret. It is quite needless, as Anthon observes, to supply any supposed ellipsis.....Oceunmbere.. Sc. moti. A. 228; G.8346; H1.8U86. Con. suit also IL. 6.1. Occumbere is generally followed by the accusative or ablative of morg; in poetry, however, by the dative..... Cainpis. A. 28, f; G.8384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. 98. Dextra. A. 24; 0. 403; H. 420. moA. 99. Saevuts. "1Terrible,"1 or "1valiant.".... Aeacidae.- Achille, as the grandson of Aeacue....2'elo. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 100. (Jorrepta sutb uendis. "1Hurried away beneath Its wares." AENTEIDOS LIB. I 11 "Scuta virfim galeasque et fortia coipora volvit?" Talia jactanti stridens Aquilone procella Velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit. Franguntur remi; turn prorarn avertit et uildis Dat latus; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. 105 Hi summo in fluctu pendent; his unda dehiscens Terrain inter finctus a-perit;. furit aestus arenis. Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquetSaxa vocant Itali, mediis quae in fluctibus, Aras; Dorsum immane mani summo-; tres Eurus ab alto 110 In brevia et Syrtes urget-miserabile visu-, 11liditque vadis atque aggere cingit arcnae. Unam, quae Lycios fiduinque vehebat Oronten, Ipsius ante oculos ingeus a vertice pontus In puppim ferit: excutitur pronusque magister 115 Volvitur in caput; ast illam ter flactus ibidem Torquet agens circum et rapidus vorat aequore vertex. 102. Jfactanti. Supply Mi. The dative is here used more freely than usual, to limit fer-it, or the proposition procetla v.elum adversa ferit, as the remoter object whose interest is affected. A. 235; G. 354; H. 884, 4, N. 3. Lit., "1To him uttering with emotion (jactanti) such words, a blast, roaring with the north wind, opposite the course of the ship (advee-sa), strikes the sail." The student should translate into more Idiomatic English.... A quilone. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 104. Avertit. Supply ea, referring to pme-eila. This semai-personification of the blast, in the poet'is fancy, will be noticed. Sent vehement and howling by the north wind, it strikes the sail, raises the waves, breaks, indirectly, the oars, pitilessly turns aside the prow, and exposes (lit., gives) the side to the billows, that are equally in league for the destruction of the fleet. This reading of Jahn and Ladewig is far more expressive than Prora avertit (sese), found in some editions. 105. (Jumttlo. "In a mass." A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, MI. 106. Hi- his. In contrast, referring to the crews of different vessels. Translate, "Those (in one ship)-to those (in an other)." His limits aporAt.,,7Why not Ai -huei instead of hi-his? 107. Arenis. See on cumtda, 105. 108. Tres. Sc..nave8.... Abrep1tas torquset = abripit et torquet. See on 69. 109. Saxa vocaitt, &c. The order is, Sama (quae) Itai vocant Aras, quae (sunt) in nzedliU ftuctibu8. The reference is to two small, rocky islets, called Aegimuri, thirty miles -north of Carthage. 110. Mari. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425,11. 1. 111. M~iserabile. A. 189, d; G. 19,111; 285; H. 488, 3.... Visit. A. 303; G.437; H. 547. 112. Illidit vadis. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. "1Dashes them into the shallows."' Vada have less depth than be-evia.... Aggere. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 113. ~Lyeios. These, with their leader 0'Pontes, were not from Lycia, proper, but were colonists from that province, settled about Zelea, in the Troa...... Orontens. A. 64; G. 72; H. 68. 114. Ipsius. Sc. Aenae.... A vertice =desuper, "from above." 116. In caput. An adverb, expression, -"headlong.".. Ast illam. "1But it," IUe., the ship, in contrast with the helmsmaxp. 117. Torgicet agens circum. Trans. 12 P. VIR GILII XA R O NIS Apparent rani nantes in gurgite vasto, Arma viriutm tabulaeque et Troia gaza per undas. Jam validam. Jlionei navem, jam fortis Achatae, Et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes, Vicit hiems: laxis laterum compagibus omnes Accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimisque fatiscunt. Interea magno misceri murmure pontum, Emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis Stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus; et alto Prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda. Disjectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem, Fluctibus oppressos Troas coelique ruina;Nec latuere doli fratrem Junonis et irae. Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc talia fatur: "1Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri? 124k 1 25 130 late, "But it the surge (.fluctus) forcing around (agene crcumn) turns thrice,"' &c. Agen8 circum serves to show how the action of torquet is performed... Aequiore. "In the sea." A. 258, f; G. 384, iR. 2; H. 425, II. I. 119. Arma. As the most conspicuous, perhaps, shields, made of skins stretched over frames of wood, and capable of floating. NRPTUNN. 121. BEt qua vectus; I. e., et (earn) qua vee4U (eet). For the case of qua, see A. 24; G. 403; H. 420. 1I2. Compagibuee. A. 255; G. 408; H. 481. 123. Itimis. A. 248; 0. 401; H. 419,111I. 124. Misceiri pontutm. A. 330, 1; G. 530; H. 53.5, I.... Murwimure. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, M. 125-6. _Emis.sam - refusa. Supply esee with each. A. 206, e, fin.; 0. 200, fin.; H. 534, N. 126. Vadis. A. 243; G. 388, R.3; H. 412, 2. Cf. E 8edlibU8 iMig, 84.... AlIto. A dative limiting prospiciens, and poetical for in altum, "looking forth upon the deep." For something similar, see A. 225, b; G.8344, R.3;H.380, 4. 127. Summa. A. 193; 0. 287, R; H. 440, 2,N.1I.... Vnda. A. 24,3,hb; G.388; H. 434, N. 1. 128. Aeqtrore. A. 25, f; G. 384, R.' 2; H. 425, II. 1. 129. Flactibus - ruina. A. 248; G. 403; H. 42..., Coei rulina. Lit., "1The downfall of the sky." 132. 1Tantane, &c. "1Has such con.fi. deuce In your own race got possession of you? "-I. e., are you possessed of so exalted an opinion of your own character and power that you forget your condition of vassalage and dare to act on your own authority? Some understand generis to refer to the origin of the winds, the, principal ones being, according to Hesiod, the offspring, of Astraues, one of the Titans who warred against Jupiter, and was hurled with the rest to Tartarus. The AENEIDOS LIE. I. 13 "Jam coelum terramque meo sine numine, Venti, "Miscere et tantas audetis tollere moles? "Quos ego-! Sedi motos praestat componere fluctus. 135 "Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. "Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro: "Non illi imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, "Sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania sax., "Vestras, Eure, domos; 'illa se jactet in aula 140 "Aeolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet." Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat, Collectasque fugat nubes solemque reducit. Cymotho8 simul et Triton anuixus acuto Detrudunt naves scopulo;- levat ipse tridenti, 145 Et vastas aperit Syrtes, et temperat aequor, Atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas. Ac veluti magno in populo, quum saepe coorta est Seditio, saevitque animis ignobile vulgus, Jamque faces et saxa volant-furor arm'a ministrat-; 150 Tum, pietate gravem ac meritis si forte 'virum queni Conspexere, silent arrectisque auribus adstant; idea then is, "Do you thus presume upon your origin?" 135. Q~uos ego. " Whom I "1-" will severely chastise "~-he would perhaps have said, had not the thought of the instant -necessity of calming the waves caus-ed him to break off the sentence In the midst. For this figure of Rhetoric, Aposiopesis, see A. p. 299; G1. 691; H. 636, 1. 3. Nothing need be supplied hin translation. 136. M ihi - uetUs. A. 225; G. 844; H. 384, II.... Poena~. A.248;,G.403;H.420. 138. ITmperium-tr-identem-datumtt. A. 330, 1; G. 580; H. 535,I1. Sc. e88e. See on einissam, 125. 139. Sorte. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. After the dethronement of Saturn, his kingdom was divided by lot between Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. Jupiter received heaven, Neptune the water, and Pluto the regions under the earth. 140. Yestras. The use of this word, instead of tuas, shows that all the winds are addressed, although Eurus alone is mentioned by name. Translate so as to show this. 141. (itauso earere. A. 255; G. JOS; H. 431. A free translation would be. "Let him bar the prison of his winds and ihen reign absolute." Clau~so is emphatic. This interpretation of Henry is preferred. 1412. D icto. A. 247, b; G.39, R.1I; H. 417, N. 5. 144. A nnix~us = annixi, referring to both (Cymothe and Triton. Cf. A. 187, b; G. 282; H. 439. 145. Scopulo. A. 243, b; G. 388; H. 434, N. 1....pse. Neptune... Trdenti. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 147. iRotis levibus. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 148. Saepe =quod saepe (aeddit, "as often happens." 149. A nimis. A. 253; G. 398; H. 424. 150. Furor arma ministrat. Because no citizen was allowed to carry arms within the walls of Rome. The poet has in mind a Roman mob. 151. 1'ietate - mieritig. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 11 P. VIRGILII AR ONIS Ille regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet: Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora postquam Prospiciens genitor, coeloque invectus aperto, Flectit equos, curruque volans dat lora secundo. Defe'ssi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu Contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad oras. Est in secessu longo locus: insula portum Efficit objectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto Frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminrique minantur In coelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent; tumrn silvis scena coruscis Desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra. Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum; Intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo, Nympharum domus. Hic fessas non vincula naves 155 160 165 152. Auribus. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, HI.... Adstant. "They stand riveted." Observe the force of ad. 153. Dictis. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 155. Coelo aperto. A. 258, f; G. 384, R.; H. 425, I. 1. 136. C arru. Old contracted form of the dative, for currui. Cf. A. 68, N; G. 67; H. 116, ft. n. 157. Aeneadae. A. 164, b; H. 322.... Quae-litotra. A. 200, b; G. 618; H. 445, 9. Supply sunt and translate in the order, LAtora quae (sunt) proxima.... Cursu. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. They "strive to seek by a rapid sail," - speedily. See Livy IX. 13. 160. Objectu. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420....... Quibus. A. 248; G. 408; H. 420. Translate in the order, omnis unda (,^eniens) ab alto, &c. 161. In sinus reductos. "Into the deep windings (of the bay)." The waves, according to this interpretation, enter the haven, but, their force being broken by the island, they are harmless. Heyne, Ladewig, and others, render, the expression "into receding curves," i. e., of the wave itself. 162. Hine atque hine, 1. e., on either ide.... Gemini. "Two similar." 164. Turn silvis, &c. "Moreover, above a scene of flashing woods and a grove dark with bristling shade hang threatening over." Representations of sylvan scenes were common upon the stage of the Roman theatre. The general shape of the haven, together with its perpendicular walls of rock on the sides and rear, suggests to the poet's mind the idea of a theatre, and leads to the use of the theatrical term scena, referring to the line of woods upon the hights. Imagine this wall of dark foliage agitated by the wind and penetrated by glimpses of sunlight. The nemus must be understood to refer to some mass of trees distinct, in a degree, from the general wall of foliage. This explanation of the exceedingly perplexing passage seems the most obvious and natural..... Silvis. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, II. 165. Desuper = supra.... Umbra. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 166. Adversa. " Opposite " to one entering the haven; i.e., in its innermost part.... Scopulis pendentibus. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, II. 167. Vivo saxo. "Of living rock;" 1. e., natural, not formed by art, as sedilia usually are. For the case, see on 166. AENEIDOS LIB.I. 15 U11a tenent, 11110 1101 alligat ancora morsu. iluc septem Aeneas collectis navibus omni 170 Ex numero subit, ac magno telluris amore Egressi optata potiuntur Troes arena, lEt sale tabenates artus in litore ponunt. Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates, Suscepitque iguem foijis, atque arida circum, ~ 175 Nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam. Turn Cererem corruptam undis Cerealiaque arma Expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque receptas Et torrero parant flammis et frangere saxo. Aeneas scopulum interea conseendit et omnem 180 Prospectum late pelago petit, Antliea si quem Jactatum vento videat Plirygiasque biremes, Ant Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici. Navem in conspectn nullam, tres litore cervos Prospicit errantes; hos tota armenta sequuntur 185 A tergo, et longum per valles pascitur agmen. C1-onstitit hic, arcumque manu celeresque sagittas 169. -Morsit. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. Petit. " Takes in"li. "seeks."... 170. Septein. The number was origi- Si qttem. Agrees with Anthea, "1any nally twenty. See below, 881. one (as) Antheus;" 1i. e., any ship like 171. Subit. Why is 8ub in composition that of Antheus. Some clause is unpeculiarly appropriate here?..... Asswre. derstood before A; e. g., ut se certiorem A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. feciat, "1(to ascertain) whether he can 172. Arena. A. 249; G. 405; H. 421, I. see." 173. Sale. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 182. Phrygias = 7WrJanas, as Troy 174. Silici. A. 229; G. 344, R. 2; H. was Included In what was called Phrygia 386, 2. Minor, or Hellespontine Phrygia, inhab175. Foliis. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. ited originally by true Phrygians, who 176. Raputit. "1Qeickly kindled,"- were driven out by the, Teucri and other lit.,"Iseized.".... omite. "Feel." tribes. The name thus remained after the 177. Undis. A. 248; G. 403; B1. 420. people had disappeared. *.... Cei'ealia arma. "The implements 183. Armna. Probably the shields, &c., of Ceres;"1 I. e., the utensils necessary for of the men were customarily fastened converting the grain into bread. upon the stern;- the shield of the com178. Fessi rerumt. "~ Weary with mander being conspicuous in position and their hardships." A. 218, c; G. 374, U. 2; character. II. 399, M. I1.... Recepta.9; I.e., from 184. Litore. A. 258, f; G. 384, R1.2; the sea. H. 425, Ii1. 1. 179. Torrere. "1To parch,"I to render 185. Tota armnenta. Lit., "Whole it more easy for grinding, which is the herds," but meaning simply a large numnext process (frantgere 8ax~o). ber, and not several distinct herds. 181, Pelago. Dative after the verbal 187. ]Wlanu. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. noun pr'09pectum, for ins peegus. G. 355 Also, Pleonasm, A. p. 298; G. 692; H. 636, HI. 392, L. See also note on 126, above.... III. 16 P. VIR GILII1 MA R ONAIS Corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates, Ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentes Cornibus arboreis, sternit, turn vulgus, et omnern 190 Miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbarn; Nec prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor Corpora fundat humi et numerum cum navibus aequet. line portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes. Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes 195 Litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros, iDividit, et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet:' "10 socii,-neque enim ignari sumus ante malorurn-, "0 passi graviora, dabit dens his quoque finem./ "Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantes 200 "Accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa 158. Achates accompanied Aeneas as armor-bearer. 190. Cornibus. Limits alta. A. 245; (G. 406; H. 416... Tam vulgues, &c. Construe, Turn vudre (8ternit), et omnem turbam miscet, agens8W telsnter frondea nernora. He first prostrates the leaders, then some of the common herd. 191. Mijecet agens. " He throws into confusion as he drives tliim with his darts," &c. Tells limits agens8. 191). Victor. A. 88, c; H. 441,8. 193. JEundat - aequet. Why the subjunctive rather than the indicative here? A. 327; G4.579; H. 520, 1.2. ui A. 258, d; G. 412, R.I; H1.426, 2. 194. Hirne. Refers to time. 195. Fina bonus,. &c. The order Is, Deinde vina quae bonus Acestee onerarat cache Trinaero litore et (quae) lasro dederat (till) abeuntibue, dividit. For the position of deinde, compare M. 609.... Quae cadis onerarat. The common prose construction would be, Qulbus cadoe onerarat (with which he had loaded the casks). A. 248, c; G. 389,R.I; ]EL.421, Mf. N. 1. See below, 363. Cadl8 Is dative by arule similar to A. 25,d; G4.348; H. 884 2. 196. Litore Trinactrio. A'. M6, f; (4. 884, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. It was at the beginning of their present voyage, when they set sail from the port of Drepanum, in western Sicily, that Acestes, who had entertained the Trojans during the winter just passed, had still further displayed WINE-JAMS his generosity by furnishing them with supplies for their new journey. 198. Neque enim, &c. "And (I wouiri encourage you) for we are not," &c. See eisim in vocabulary, and cf. on 19.... Ante malorum = praeleritotrum malorem. A. 2M~, N; (4.440, 2; H. 443, N.- 3. 199. 0 passi graviora. " 0 ye who have suffered heavier calamities." Lit., 0 (ye) having suffered heavier (calamities). 201. Accestis, for acceeeltio. A. 128, b; G4.191, 5; H. 28, S. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 1 17 "Experti. lievocate animos, rnaestumque timorem "Mittite: forsan et haec oim. meminisse juvabit. "Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum. "Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas "Ostendunt; illie fas regna resurgere Trojae. "Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis." Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger Spem. vultu. simulat, premit altum. cordle dolorem. 111i se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris: Tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant; Pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt; Litore a~na locant ahii flammasque ministrant. Turn victu revocant vires, fusique per herbam. Implentur veteris Bacehi pinguisque ferinae. Postquam. exempta fames epulis, mensaeque remotae, Amissos longo socios sermone requirunt, Spemque metumque inter dubfi, seu. vivere credant, 205 210 215 202. Eaxperti. Sc. esti8. The perilous adventures here alluded to are fully described in the third book. 203. Et = etiam.... liaec refers to their present sufferings. 205. Tendimus. Sc. cursum, often omitted with this verb....Fata. The fates have been revealed to the Trojans by oracles, visions, prophecies, &c-., as related in the second and third books. 206. Las (ea). " It is permitted." 208. Voce. See *a id. 94.... Curia. A. 245; G. 406; 1H.416. 209. Vultu. A. 248; G. 403; H1.420..... Corde. A. 258, f; G. 854,R. 2;H. 425, IL 1. 211. (Jostis. A. 243; G.. 888; H1. 413, N. 1. 212. Pars& - secant (viscera). A. 205,c; 3. 202, R.fl exc. 1); H.461,1.... Veribus. A. 248; G. 403'; H. 420. They pierce with spits. 213. -Litore. A. 255,f; G. 354, R. 2 R1.425, 11. 1. 214. Victu.. A.248; G. 408; H. 420.... lFuesi. "'Stretched." 215. Bacchi - ferinae. A~ Greek construction. A. 223; G. 378, R1. 6; H1. 410, V.1I. 216. Exem~pta (ea) - remotae (aunt). HEZAD or BAccRUS. A. 824; G.563; H. 471, 4....F-putis. As victu, 214.Itl.ensae remotae is not appropriate to this occasion, but Is the general phrase for concluding a meal, derived from the Roman practice of removing the mesat.- Conington. 217. Sermone. A. 248; 0. 401; H. 419. M1. 218. Seu - sive. Poetic for utrum - an..... Vivere. Sc. Wos. (i. redant. A. 334; G. 469; H1.529, I. 18 P. VIR IL II MA R ONIS Sive extrema pati nec jam exaudire vocatos. Praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti, 220 Nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum Fata Lyci, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum. Et jam finis erat, quum Jupiter, aethere summo Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque jacentes Litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice coeli 225 Constitit et Libyae defixit lumina regnis. Atque ilium, tales jactantem pectore curas, Tristior et lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentes Alloquitur Venus: "0 qui res hominumque deumque "Aeternis regis imperiis et fulmine terres, 230 "Quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum, "Quid Troes potuere, quibus, tot funera passis, "Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis? "Certe hinc Romanos olim, volventibus annis, 219. Extrema pati. "That they are now suffering their final (lot); " i. e., are dead.... Vocatos. "When called." Probably an allusion to the Roman custom of calling the name of the deceased three times, and thrice uttering the word vale, at the close of funeral obsequies. 220. Oronti. A. 64; G. 72; H. 68. 221. Secum. Construe with gemit. Why secume See 209. 223. PFinis; i.e., of their conversation..... Aethere. Poetical for ex aethere, and not governed by the preposition in despiciens. Z. 481. See also A. 258, a; G. 388, R. 3; H. 428, 11. 224. Jacentes. "Spread out." 225. Sic. "Thus;" i. e., in this position, his eyes fixed upon the earth.... Vertice. A. 258, f; G. 384, R 2; H. 425, 11. 1. 226. Regnis. Dat. or abl. Deflgere is followed by the abl. with in, or without any preposition, or by the dative. Virgil employs all three constructions. 227. -Pectore. A. 258, f; G. 884, R. 2; H. 425, II. 2).... Tales - curas. " Such cares;" i. e., such as naturally arose in the mind of Jove as he gazed upon Libya, saw the forlorn condition of the Trojans, and perceived the necessity of his special aid. 228. Tristior; i.e., quam solia. "With unwonted sadness." A. 93, a; G. 312; H. 444, 1.... acrintis. A. 248, c; G. 389, R. 3; H. 421, II.... Oculos. A. 240, c; G. 332; H. 378. A very common construction in poetry. 229. 0 qui. "0 thou who," &c....Rles is the object of both regis and terres. 230. ITnperiis -fulmine. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 231. Quid tan.tam. "What so great (offense)." Supply potuit with Aeneas, and translate in, "against." 232. Quibus. Dative after clauditur. A. 224; G. 344; H. 384. 233. Ob Italiam. "On account of Italy;" i. e., to prevent their reaching Italy, founding the Roman Empire, and overthrowing the city of Carthage..... Clauditur. The regular prose construction would require the subjunctive claudatur. A. 319; G. 554; H. 500, I. The indicative more vividly expresses the actual fact rather than the conceived result. 234. Construe, Pollicitus hinc Romanos (fore = orturos esse), &c., hinc ductores fore a, &c., quae sententia, &c. Having made such a promise, why hast thou changed thy purpose?..... Hinc; i. e.. from the Trojans.... Olin. " Hereafter.".... Volventibus (se) annis. A. 255; G.408; H.481. AENEIDOS3 LIB. I. 19 "linc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, "Qui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent, "Pollicitus, quae te, genitor, sententia vertit? "Hoc equidem. occasum. Trojae tristesque ruinas "Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens; "Nune eadem. fortuna viros tot casibus actos "Insequitur. Quem. das finem, rex magnle, laborum? ',Antenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis, "Illyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus "Iegna Liburnorum, et fontem. superare Timavii, "Unde per ora novem. vasto cum. murmiure montis "It mare proruptum. et pelago premit arva sonanti. ' "lie tamen ille urbem. Patavi sedesque locavit "Teucrorum, et genti nomen dedit armaque fixit "Troia, nunc placida compostus pace quiescit; "Nos, tua progenies, coeli quibus annuis arcem., "Navibus-infandum.!-amissis, unius ob iram. "Proflimur atque Italis longe disjungimur oris. 235 240 245 250 236. O)mni dicione. A. 248 0,. 401; H. 419, III.... Teite'rent. A. 319; G.514; 1I. 500, I. 237. Poflicitus. A participle, and not for pollilcitu8 es. The regular con struction would require this word to agree in case with ft. An example of Anacoluthon, for which see A. p. 298; 0. 694; 11. 686, IV. 6....Qtae - seiiteittia. "What (new) purpose." 238. Ho6c. Sc. promnl8sO A. 24; 0. 408; H. 420. 239. -Fatis. A. 252, d; G. 380; H1. 432. "Offsetting adverse fates with (other more propitious) fates." Supply meijoribu8 with fati8. 242: Achivis. A. 243, b; G. 383; H.. 4114, W.. 1. 244. Superare. "1To pass beyond."..Timavi. The modern Timao, which suddenly issues from cavernous rocks and, after a course of only one mile, enters the Adriatic. The number of distinct sources (Ora) is now less than nine. The fountainhead of the river being so near the coast, and being so peculiar, the poet represents Antenor as passing by that, although he merely sailed by thi mouth. 246. It mare proreptuim. "It goes forth a rushing sea." 247.' Hie. "1Here;"1 i. e., in this region..... Pa tavi. A. 214, f; 0. 359; H. 396, VI. Also, A. 40,hb; G. 29, R. 1; 11.51,5S. 248. Nom~en. Veneti, a corruption of Heneti, the name of a people of Paphia. gonia, a large number of whom follovted Antenor.... Ar-ma fixit. This indicaites his attainment of peace and rest. It was customary for soldiers, when freed from military service for life, to consecrate their arms to some patron deity and suspend them in his temple. 249. Compbsties. "1Laid at rest," referring probably to his peacefuil death. On the form, see A. p. 298, syncope; 11. 685, 2....Pace. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III1. 250. Nos. As the mother of Aencas she includes herself with the Trojans.... A n - nicis. Jupiter had promised to receive Aeneas into heaven. 251. Nsavibius. A. 255; 0.408; H1.431..... Infandum. A. 240, d; 08 40; 1H. 381 and 557.... lnia~s; i. e., of Juno. 252. Oris. A. 243, b; 0.3888; IL. 414. 20 P. VIERGILII MJARO NIS "Hie pietatis honos? Sic nos in sceptra reponis?" Olli subridens hominum sator atque cleorum Vultu, quo coelum tempestatesque serenat, 255 Oscula libavit natae, dehinc talia fatur: "Parce metu, Cytherea; manent immota tuorum "Fata tibi; cernes urbem et promissa Lavini "Moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera coeli "Magnanimum Aenean; neque me sententia vertit. 260 "iic-tibi fabor enim, quando baec te cura remordet, "Longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo"Bellum iingens geret Italia, populosque feroces "Contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet, "Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas, 265 "Ternaque transierint, Rutulis hiberna subactis. "At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen IWO G. 351; H. 389....Lavini = Lavinii. See on Patavi, 247. 259. Adl aidera. Aeneas was afterward worshiped by the Romans as Jupiter Indiges. 261. Hiei; i. e., Aeneas....uando. "Since." 262. Longius et volvens. "And unrolling further,"1-a metaphor from the' unrolling of a book. 263. Italia =inlItalia. A. 2,55,f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425,II-.i. 264..Mores l eges8.... Viris. A. 225; G. 344; H. 384, IIL 265. Latio = in Latio, as Italia, 26.... liegnantem; i.ea., continuing his reign..... Viderit. Indic. A. 328; G. 573; H. 519, II. 1: 266. Terna. A. 95, d; G. 310, R; H. 174, 2, 3).....lutuh8 suibactis. A. 2,55'; G. 408; H. 431. Some, however, regard this as a dative, limiting tran~sierint. - The simple thought Is, he shall reign three years after the Rutuli shall have been conquered, or after he shall have established himself in Italy.... Hiberna, (sc. tempora) -hIiemes. 267. l-ulo. Dative by attraction to cui. A. 231, b; G. 822; H.8387, N.1I.... iujo Ilus. The Julian family at Rome, to whom the Caesars belonged, traced their origin to Ascanins. The poets, out of compliment, devised this purely fanciful JuIPMRr. 254. 0114. Old form for ML11 A. 100, a; B. 186, Ill., ft. n. For its case, see A. 224; G. 344; H. 384. 255. Vultu. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, llI1-.Quo. A.248; G.408; H.420.... 2'empestates. " The weather."I 257. Metue. Old form of dative for rmetu. For the case, see A. 227; 0.M84 H. 385, II.... Manent, &c. "The destinies of thy people remain unmoved for thee.1"....Tuorunm. A. 158, R; 0. 195, RI l; H. 4444. 258. Tibi. An ethical dative. A. 238; AENEIDOS LIB. I. 21 "Additur,-Ilus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno-, "Triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbes " Imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini 270 "Transferet, et Longam multa vi muniet Albam. "Hic jam ter centum totos regnabitur annos "Gente sub Hectorea. donec regina sacerdos "Marte gravis geminam partu dabit Ilia prolem. "Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus 275 "Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet "Moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet. "His ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pono: "Imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Juno, " Quae mare nunc terrasque metu coelumque fatigat, 280 " Consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit " Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam. "Sic placitum. Veniet lustris labentibus aetas, etymological evidence, asserting that before the capture of Troy Ascanius was called Ilus, after the ancient Trojan king of that name, that this afterwards became Iulus, and that hence came the form lulius, or Julius. 268. Dum - eregno. " While the Trojan state remained in its sovereignty.".....Regno. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. 269. fVolvendis tenslbus. "Of revolving months." A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, II.... Volvendis = volventitus. A. 296, ft. n.; G. 427, R. 1; H. p. 314, ft. n. 2. The line is poetical for simply triginta annos. 270. Inperio. A. 248, c; G. 389; H. 421, III. N. I....Lavini. See line 258, above. 271. Transferret; i.e., in the course of the thirty years.... ffuniet = exstruet et munlet.... Multa vi. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. 272. Hic; i.e., at Alba.... Reg.nabitur. Impers. verb;-lit., "It shall be ruled,"-more freely, "Kingly power shall be exercised.".... A tnnos. A. 256; G. 837; H. 819. 273. Donec, &c. Construe, Donee 8acerdos, regina, Ilia, gravis Marte, &c.... Regina. A. 184; G. 819; H. 363. 274. Marte = e Marte.....PaVtu dablit = edet, or pariet. Partu. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. The reference is of course to the well-known legend of Romulus and Remus. 275. Tegmine. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. As Romulus and Remus were in their infancy nursed by a wolf, until found by the shepherd Faustulus, so the poet supposes the former to have worn a wolf skin in token of grateful and joyous recollection of the care of his nurse. 276. Excipiet gentent; i. e., shall succeed to the rule....Mavortia nmoesia. So called in allusion to Mayors, or Mars, the father of Romulus, and to the warlike character of Rome. 277. Dicet. "Shall call (its people)." 278. Mletas - tempora. The former refers to territorial bounds, the latter to duration.... Rerun. " Power." 280. Metu; i. e., the jealous fear she feels for Carthage. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416.... Fatigat. " Wearies." 281. In melius. "For the better." A. 153; Gr. 235, R. 7. 282. Rerum. "Of the world.".... Togatam. The toga was a garment peculiar to the Romans. (See cut on next page.) 283. Sic placitum (est mihi).... Lustris = annis. A. 255; G. 408; H. 431, Freely, " In the lapse of years." 22 P. VIRGILII M~ARONIS " Quumn domus Assaraci Plithiarn clarasque Mlycenas " Servitio premet ac victis dominabitur Argis. "Nascetur puiclira Trojanus origine Caesar, "Imperium Oceano, famarn qui terminet astris, "Julius, a magnao.demissum nomen Iul. "Hunc tu. olim coelo, spoijis Orientis onustum, "Aecipies secura; vocabitur hile quoque votis. "Aspera turn positis mitescent saecula bellis; "Cana Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus, "Jura dabunt; dirae ferro et compagibus artis "Claudeutur Belli portae; Furor impius fintus, "Saeva sedens super arma, et ecutuin viuctus a~3nis 285 290 295 STATUE OF AUGUSTUS. 284. Domus Assaraci. " The~ race of Assaracus; " I.e., the Romans, as descended through Aeneas from his ancestor Assaracus. 285. Servitio. A. 248; G. 401; 11. 419, Ifl,..Argis. A. 258, c; G. 412; 11.425, H1. Jupiter here foretells the conquest of Greece hy the Romans. Phthia, Mycenae. and Argus represent Greece in greneral, and are mentioned here with peculiar fitness, as from these three places, respecti vely, came the three Grecian leaders, Achill-es, Agamemnosn, and Diomede. Why must this Intelligence have been pleasing to Venus? 286. Origine. A. 241; G. 402; H. 419, II.... Caeaar; I. e., Augnstus. 287. Oceasno - astris. A. 248S; G. 408; H. 420.... Terminet. Why the subjunic tive here? A. 317; G. 682; H1. 497, I. What were the limits of the Roman Empire tunder Augusttts? 288. Jfulius. "1(Called also) Julius."1 Augustus was the adopted son of his uncle. Julius Caesar, from whom he ohtaine~l the name of Julius, and the right to the epithet Trojanus,-Iulns, or As. canius, being regarded as the founder of the Julian family. See note on 267, above. 289. (Coe lo. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; 1H. 425, 11. 1.... Sp~oliis. A. 248, c; G. 389, 290. Secur-a. "1Free from anxiety." *.... HMe quzoque. He also shall he delfied, as well as Aeneas.... Votis. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, Ill. 291. Positis beltis. A. 2455; G. 408; H. 431. 292. Cana. "Hoary;" i. e., ancient, such as belonged to the virtuous early dlays of Rome.... 1?ento cunn. fr-atr Qvtir)innus. These words indicate in a general way the cessation of civil war and the return of brotherly harmony. 293. Jierro et com-pagibits astis= cmnpagi bus artiferri. For the hendiadys, see on 61. The expression limits dlirae, with which it may be rendered-" Grim with their closely welded (arti8) joints Of iron." A. 245; 0. 4916; H. 416. 294. Portae. The gates of the Temple of Janus were open darfing war, and closcd in peace. They were first closed during, the reign of Nume, next after the first Punic war, and the third time under Augustus. AENEIDOS LrB. 1. 2 23 "Post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore cruento." llaec ait, et Maia genitum demittit ab alto, Ut terrae, utque novae pateant Carthaginis arces Hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido A Finibus arceret. Volat ille per a~ra magnum 306 ftemigio alarum, ac Libyae citus adstitit oris. Et jam jussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poeni Corda volente deo.-; in,-Vimis regina quietum Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam. At Pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens, / 305 Ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque Explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras, Qui teneant-nam. inculta videt-, hominesne feraene, Quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre. Classem in convexo nemorum sub rupe cavata 310 Arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris Occulit; ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate, TEMPLE 0F JANUS. 296. Ore critento. A. 24; G. 401; H. 419, III. This personification of Fury, as bound in the temple, and her "occupation gone," is probably a mere poetic fancy, although it may be an allusion to a paintlug of Apelles. 297. llaia genituem. "1The son of Mata;"1 I. e., Mercury. "Lit., The one sprung0. from Maia." A. 24, a; G. 895; H. 415, II. 299. Hospitio. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III....Ieaci~a fati; I.e., not knowing that their destiny was Italy, and. that she had no reason to fear they would seek to remain in her territory. 300. Finibus. A. 243, a; G1. 3858: H. 414, N. 1.... Arceret. Notice the connection of tenses, demittit-pczteant-areeret. A. 287, e; G. 51 1, R1. 1; Ii. 495. II. Ut pateant expresses the immediate object of sending Mercury, while ne arccret indicates the inner purpose. 301. Remigio. A. 248: G. 408; H. 420....Adstftit. "Has taken his stand." Note the rapidity of movement here iridicated by the perfect.... Oris = in oris. A. 258, f; G. 384,R. 2; H1.425,1IL.1. But adstare also takes the dative. 803. Deo volente. "At the will of the, god;"1 i. e., Mercury. A. 255; G. 408; H. 431. 304. Accipit ins Teuceros. 'Entertains towards the Trojans." 305. Yolvenis = qui volvebat. 306. -Exire, &c. The four infinitives depend on conzstituit. Construe, Uonzstituit exire-enV~rp~are —quaerere (quas oras ac. ces88erit, qui tenzeant, &c.)-referre. The subjunctive clauses depend on quaerere. A. 834; G. 469; 11.5 29,1I. 808. Inculta. "A desert." A. 188, R1; G. 195, R.lIand 2; H1.441, 2. 312. Comitatus. Used passively. A. 135, b G. 182, R 2 H. 231, 2.... Achate. A. 248; G. 205, R.2; 11.415, 1. / 24 P'. VIR GIL II MAR O 0NIS Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro. Cui mater media sese tulit obvia silva, Virginis os habitumque gerens et virginis arma, 315 Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat Harpalyce volucremque fuga praevertitur Hebrum: Namque humeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum, Venatrix, dederatque comam diffundere ventis, Nuda genuI, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes. 320 Ac prior, "1Heus," inquit ", juvenes, monstrate, miearum "Vidistis si quam hic errantem forte sororum, "Succinctam pharetra et maculosae tegmine lyncis, "Aut spumaiitis apri cursum clamore prementem." Sic Venus; et Veneris contra sic filmus orsus: 325 "Nulla tuarum audita mihi neque visa sororum, "0-quam te memorem, virgo? namciue haud tibi vultus "Mortalis, nec vox hominem sonat. 0 dea certe; "An Phoebi soror? an Nympbarum sanguinis una? 313. Bi~na = duo. See on terna, 266.....Mann. A. 248; G. 403; 11. 420.....Lato ferre. A. 251; G. 402; 11. 419, II. 814. Cui. Limits obvia. "Meeting whom." A. 228, b; G. 356; H. 391.... Silva. A. 258, f; 0. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. 316. Vel queaUs,, &c. "Or (such) as Thracian Harpalyce (is when she) tires," &c. supply tails as the antecedent of quail8, and also supply est quum with Harpalyce. A similar ellipsis in comparisons like this is very common. Cf. on 430. 317. Fuga. A. 25; G. 398; 11. 424. 318. llureiris =ab humer18, or perhaps a dative by A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. 319. Dederatque comam diffunder-e v'entis. "And had -given to the winds to diffuse her hair." A Greek idiom for dederatque comam dIffundendam ventis. A. 273 and 294, d; 0. 424, R. 4 and 431; H. 533,1H. and 544, N. 2. See also on 66. 320. Genue - sinsis. A. 240, c; G. 332; H.3MSand l....Nodo. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, Ill. 321. Prier. A. 191; G. 324, R. 6; H. 443. Also, A. 93, a; G. 315; H. 444.... Monstirate - vid-istis si. " If you have seen-point out to me where she is;lit., "1show (her)." 322. Vidistis. A. 306; G. 597; H. 508, 1 and 4.... Qiarnt = aliquam. Construe, Si vidisti8 aiiquant mearum 8ororum, &C. 323. Pharetra - tegmnine. A. 243; G. 403; 11.420. 324. Aut. A. 156, c; G. 495; H. 554, II. 2.... Ciamere; I. e., eanum. A. 2148; 0. 401; H. 419, III. 325. Orsus (e8t). "1Began (in reply)." 326. Audita (est). In reference to ciamere.... iFihi. A. 232, aand b; 0. 352; H. 388, 4. 327. Quam te (esse) memoretin. "Who can I say thou art?"1 A. 268; 0. 251; H. 486. II.... Tibi vultues (eel). A. 231; 0. 349; 11.387. 32. Hoentinem sonat. "Sounds human; "-lit., "Sounds a human being." A. 238 a; 0. 329, R.i; H. 371, II. N.... Certe. See on iate, 21. 329. An. A. 211, b; 0.459; H1.38M,2, N. 4.... Phoebi soror; I.ea., Diana.... Sangseinis. A. 216, a, 2; 0. 370; H. 3M7,3. AENEIDOS LIB. 1. 25 "16Sis felix, nostrumque leves, quaecumque, laborem, 330 "Et, quo sub coelo tandem, quibus orbis ina oris "Jactemur, doceas: ignari hominumque locorumquc "Erramus, vento huc et vastis fiuctibus acti: "Multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra." TurnVenus: "Hand equidem tali me dignor honore,-~; 335' "Virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram, "Purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno. "Punica, regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem; "Sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile hello. "Imperium. Dido, Tyria regit urbe profecta, 340 "Germanum fugiens. Longa est injuria, longae "Ambages; sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. "iuic conjux Sychaeus erat, ditissimus agri "Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore, "Cui pater intactam. dederat, primisque jugarat 345 "Ominibus. Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat "Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes. 330. Sis - leves - doceas. A. 267; G. 25.3; H. 484, I.....uaecumque. Sc. evs. 331. Construe, Et doceaw gub quo codlo, &,....Tandemn. Join with Jactemur. For the mood of this verb, see A. 334; G. 469; H. 529, I. 333. Vento - luoti~bus. A. 248; G. 40; H. 420. 334. Construe, Hulka iwtia cadet OfM noetra (lextra ante (tuas) aras..... Dexetra. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 335. Tali - honore. A. 245, a; G. 3.98, 1R.2; H. 421, IM. N. 2. 336. TFirginibus. A. 231; G. 349; H. 387....Gestare. A. 270; G. 423; H. 538. 838. Tyr-ios et urbem. As Aeneas,' being still In the forest, could not yet see these, the words = uMi 8unt TyrUi et Agezos-le urbe. 339. Fines (eunt) lMbyci. "The country Is Libyan."...Genus. This in sense refers to an antecedent Implied in Libyci, although in grammatical apposition wlthflnee.... Bello. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 340. Tijria uerbe pr-ofecta. "Having come from the city of Tyre." A. 258, a; G. 38, R. 3; H. 412, 2. 341. Longa est injurla. "1The story of her Injuries is long." 348. RMuic. A. 233; G. 350; H. 390, H. N. 2.... Agrpi. A. 218, a; G. 373; H. 399, L. 3. 344. Pleoenicumi limits dltleelmue as a superlative. A. 216, a, 2; G. 370; H. 397, 3.... Miserae (Dido). A dative after dilectu8, instead of a mlisera. A. 232, a and b; G. 352; H. 388, 4. See IV. 31.... A inore. A. 248; G. 401;H. 419, MI. 345. Pater; I. e., B..8.... Intactam. Agrees with hanc (her), understood, and = virgnem.... Primie ominibus. A. 248; G.'403; H. 420. "With the first auspices;" 1. e., In her first marriage, also implied in intactam. The consulting of auspices was an Important feature In marriage rites at Rome.....Jsegarat forJugaverat. 847. Seelere. A. 258; G. 398; H. 424...Ante alios aennes. A Greek construction Instead of the ablative allide umz45ue. H. 417, N. 8. 26 P. VIRGILII MfARONIS " Quos inter medius venit furor. Ille Sychaeum "Impins ante aras atque auri caecus amore Clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum "Germanae; factumque diu celavit, et aegram, "Multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem. "Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago "Conjugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris; "Crudeles aras trajectaque pectora ferro "Nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omne retexit. "Tur celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet, Auxiliumque viae veteres tellure recludit "Thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri. "His commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat. "Conveniunt, quibus ant odium crudele tyranni "Aut metus acer erat; naves, quae forte paratae, "Corripiunt onerantque auro; portantur avari "Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina facti. 350 355t 360 348. Quos; i. e., Sychaeus and Pygmalion.... Inter. For its position after quos, see A. 263, N; G. 414, R. 2; H. 569, II. 1..... Medius can scarcely be translated into English...... Ille Sychaeum, &c. Construe, Ile impius atque caucus amore auri, securus amorum germanae, cam superat'Sychaeum incautum ante aras ferro. 849. Anmore. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 350. Ferro. A.248; G.403; H. 420... A morumin; i. e., regardless of his sister's affection for Sychaeus. For the genitive after securus, see A. 218, c; G. 374, R. 2; H. 899, III. 1. 352. Malus sfimulan.s. " Wickedly feigning." A. 191; G. 324, R. 6; H. 443..... Lusit, &c. COnstrue, Lusit vana spe aegram amantem (conjugem).... Spe. The hope of seeing her husband again. For the case, see A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 853. Construe, Sed ipsa imago inhumati conjugis, &c.... Inhumratl. The body of Sychaeus being left somewhere unburied, his ghost, according to the common belief, must wander restlessly about, without permission to enter Elysium. Hence the still greater atrocity of Pygmalion's crime. 854. Ora, &c. Lit., " Lifting up features pale in wonderfl ways;" i.e., wonderfily pale.... Modis limits pallda. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, IIIn. 357. Celerare - excedere. For the more common construction, ut celeretexcedat, see A. 331, a; G. 546, R. 1; H. 535, II.... Patrla. A. 248, b; G. 383; H. 434, N. 1. 358. Auxilirum viae. "As an aid for her voyage." Viae is an objective genitive denoting purpose. A. 217; G. 357, R. 1; H. 396, III.... Tellure recladit = effodit e tellure. A. 258, a; G. 388, R. 3; H. 412,2. The apparition, in pointing out the place of the treasure, is poetically said to bring it from the earth. 359. Ifnotumn pondus. "An unknown amount;"-lit., "weight." Dido was ignorant of the existence of this treasure,which ychaeus had probablyconcealed to secure it from the rapacious Pygmalion. 860. His. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. Limits commota. 861. Conveniunt. Supply omnes as the subject.... Quibus. A. 231; G. 349; H. 387. 862. Paratae (sunt). 368. Auro. A. 248, c;. 389; H. 421, I. N. 1. K. Pygmalionis opes. Wealth whli he had expected to obtain by the A ENEID OS LIB. I. 2? "Devenere locos, ubi nune ingentia cernis "Moenia surgentemque novae Carthagiinis arcem, "Mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam, "Taurino quantum posseut circumdare tergo. "Sed vos qni tandem, quibus aut v-enistis ab oris, "Quove tenetis iter?" Quaerenti talibus ille Suspirans imoque trahens a pectore vocem: "0 dea, si prima repetens ab origine pergam, "Et vacet annales nostrorurn audire laborum, "Ante diem clanso componet Vesper Olympo. " Nos Troja antiqua, si vestras forte per aures " Trojae nomen fit, diversa per aequora vectos "4Forte sua Libycis tempestas appulit oris. "9Sum pins Aeneas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates 365 310 375, death of Sychaeus, as also the ships, arms, &c., taken by Dido....- Pelaqo. A. 258, f; G1. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1....Feiuina (e st). L c s 365.Loo. A. 258; G. 342, R. 1; H. 380, 3.... Cernis=ceraerepotes. "1Where you can now see." The use of the present in this sense is common in English. 367. Jll1ercati (8unzt), &c. "Bought ground, (called) Byrsa, from the name of the deed, as mach as," &c. 368. Taitritto tergo. A. 248; G. 403; B. 420.. Possent. A. 341; G. 630; H. 624; 528, 1. The king in whose territory Dido landed in Africa was unwilling to Bell any land to the Carthaginians. Resorting to stratagem, they finally succeeded in purchasing as much as a bull's hide would cover, and, cutting it into strips, enclosed a large space, upon which was built the citadel, called Byr8a, from the Greek word g~para, a hide. This is the common story, which is here followed by Virgil. It is, however, a fabrication of the Greeks. Bosra was the Phoenician word for a citadel or fortress, and this by the Greeks was softened Into 0vpara, which meaning in their language a hide, gave rise to the fable to account for the name. 369. Sed vos (estls8), &c. 370. Construe, (fil) quaerenti talibu8 (verWd), ilke-(reapemdlt). (Ill) quaersnti. limits reqspoedit, understood. Tal6uw (verbis) limits quaerenti. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. "To her interrogating In such terms;" 1. e., thus interrogating. 371. Irnio. A. 193; G. 287, R; R. 440, 2, N. 1. 372. Si pergamt et vacet - cornpo itet. The regular construction would require the subjunctive oxomponat in the apodosis, but the indicative expresses the certainty of the conclusion. 373. -Et vacet (titei). 874. A itte; i. e., before I finish the relation.I...iem clauso compostet, &C. "1Vesper, having closed Olympus, will put the day to rest." Diem seems to be personified as well as Vesper. The latter leads the day to itsi nightly repose in heaven, and shuts the gates, which are to be opened again in the morning.... 0lymnpo. A. 255; G. 408; -H. 431. 375. Construe, Tempeqtag, 8sua forte, appulit,to, vectos antiqud Trojd (8i forte, &c.) per diversea aequora, Libycls or.... Troqja, with vectos. A. 258, a; G. 388, R. 3; H. 428, HI. 376. lit per, "has gone through,"= permient ad, "has come to." For themood, see A. 306; G. 597; H. 508, 1 and 4. 377. Forte sua. "1By Its own chance; 1 i. e., In Its wonted uncertain manner. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, Ml.... Oris. The common prose construction would be act ores. A. 225, b; G.3844, R. 3; H, 380, IL 4. 378. Qui veho mecurnt classe -Pena-. te~s, &c. A proof of his piety. 28P. VIR G ILII1 MA R O NIS "Classe veho mecum, fama super aethera notus. "Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab Jove summo. 380 "Bis denis Phrygiurn conscendi navibus aequor, "Matre dea monistrante viarn, data fata seeutus; "Vix septem conlvulsae undis Euroque supersunt. "Jpse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro, "Europa atque Asia pulsus." Nec plura querentem 385 Passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est: " Quisquis es, haud, credo, invisus coelestibus auras "'Vitales carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urbem. "Perge modo, atque hine te reginae ad limiina perfer. "Namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam 390 "Nuntio et in tutum versis Aquilonibus actam, "Ni frustra augurium vani docuere pareutes. "Adspice bis senos laetantes agmine cyciios, "~Aetheria quos lapsa plaga Jovis ales aperto 379. Classe. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. "INot odious to the gods, I think.".. 425, 1-I. 1....Fama. A. 245; G. 406; HI. Coetestibuts. A. 234; G. 356; H. 391, I. 416. 388. Qpzi adlveneiris. " Since you 380. Italiam patriam. " Italy my have come." A. 320, e; G. 636; H. 517. fatherland." Dardanus, the ancestor of.... Ifsrbern. A. 228, a; H. 386, 3. Aeneas, and founder of the Trojan line, 389. Te perfer. "1Continue on." Se came originally from Italy.... Genus ab conferre, in the sense of 'to betake one's JTove suntmo. "My ancestry (that self somewhere,' 'to go,' is common, buit sprung) from sovereign Jove." Dardanus 8e perferre is found only here. Per imwas the sonl of Jupiter. plies that Aeneas is already on the road to 381. IBis denis. A. 95, c; G. 95, R. 1; the city. H. 174, 2, 2). See Sis septem, above, 71, 3190. Construe, Namque nsentio UN1 socios and ter centum, 272....Navibus. A. 248; (esse) reduces classemque relatam (e88e) et G1. 403; H. 420. -adtam....e..... -Relatam-),. " Brought 382. Mat re dea montstrante. A. 255; hack"1 to land. G. 408; H. 431....Data fata. See on 391. lIne tuntu. "Into at safe place." 205. A. 188; G. 1~95, R. 2; H. 441.... Versis 384. Ignotus; i. e., here in these des- aquilonibus. A. 255; G. 408; H. 431. erts.....Aquilonibus = venti8. 385. Europa - Asia. A. 24.3, a; G. 392. Vani. "False;" i. e., practicing 411 and R. 2; H. 412, 2.... iNec plura, &c. a false, delusive art:...Doculere (me). Construe, Venus non passa (eum) queren- A. 306; G. 597; H. 508, 1 and 4. tern plura (i. e., querl plur-a), skic nterfata 893. "1Behold (those) twelve swans exest mnedio dolore. ull-ing In a company.".... Af~mine. A. 386. Passa (eum) querentem. A 245; G. 406; H. 416. The twelve swnns Greek construction for the common passa correspond to the twelve missing ships eum queri, or the less common passa ut afterwards recovered. The swan was qutereretur. A. 331, a; G. 546 and R. 1; H. sacred to Venus, and was a bird of good 535, II. and N.... Medio dolore. A. 256; omen to sailors. G. 892; H. 429. 394. Construe, Quom ales.Tovf kapsa 387. QOeisquis es. A.3809, c; G. 246, Aethzeri4 plagi! turbabat aperto co'.... IR. 4; H. 476, 3.... Haud cr-edo, &c. Ales elovis; I.e., the eagle.....Plaga. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 29 " Turbabat coelo; nunc terras ordine longo 395 " Aut capere aut captas jam despectare videntur: "Ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis, " Et coetu cinxere polum cantusque dedere, " Hand aliter puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum "Aut portum tenet, aut pleno subit ostia velo. 400 "Perge modo, et, qua te ducit via, dirige gressum.", Dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit, Ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem Spiravere; pedes vestis defluxit ad imos, Et vera incessu patuit dea. Ille ubi matrem 405 Agnovit, tali fugientem est voce secutus: " Quid natum toties, crudelis tu quoque, falsis " Ludis imaginibus? Cur dextrae jungere dextram "Non datur ac veras audire et reddere voces?" A. 258, a; G. 388, R. 3; H. 412, 2...... Aetheria plaga is higher than the coelum. 395. Turbabat. "Was (just now) scattering."....Aperto coelo = "in the wide air." A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1... Nunc, - videntur. "Now, in a long train, they are seen to be either taking possession of the ground (capere terras), or looking down upon it already occupied (captas);" i. e., you see them either (the foremost) alighting, or (the hindmost) looking down upon the position occupied by the others and preparing to settle down by them.... Ordine longo. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. 397. Ut reduces illi. "As they returnillg."....Alis. A 255; G. 408; H. 431. 398. Coetu. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, IM. 399. Pubes tuorum = "thy companions." 400. Tenet aut subit. A. 0, d; G. 281, exc. 1; H. 463, I. "Are in possession of or are entering."....Pleno veto. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, MII. 401. Qua. "Where." For its government as an abl. of the pron., see A. 258, g; 0.403; H. 420. 402. Avertens. Sc.se. A. 292; G.668; H.549, 1....Cervioe. A. 48; G. 403; H. 420. Vz"S. 403. Vertiece. A. 258, a; G. 388, R. 3; H. 412, 2. 405. Incessu. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 406. Tali voce. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, m. 407. Construe, Quid tu, crudeis quoque, totees ludis natum, &c.... Crudelis quoque; i. e., as well as Juno. 408. Imaginibus. A. 248; G. 403; H.420.... Deatrae. A. 24; G. 844; H. 884. 409. Veras. "Sincere," "undisguised," as those between a son and a mother. 30 30P. VIR GIL II MAf O7 0NIS Talibus incusat, gressumque ad moenia tendit. At Venus obseuro gradientes, a~re sepsitb Et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu, Cernere ne quis eos, neu. quis contingere posset, Molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas. lpsa Paplium subilimis abit, sedesque revisit Laeta suas, ubi templum illi, centumque Sabaeo Ture calent arae sertisque recentibus halant. Cornpuere viam interea, qua semita moristrat. Jamque adscendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi Imminet adversasque adspectat desuper arces. Miratur inolem. Aeneas, magalia quondam, Miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum. Instant ardentes Tyrii, pars ducere muros Molirique arcem, et manibus subvolvere saxa, Pars optare locum. tecto et concludere sulco; Jura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum; Hie portus a~ii effodiunt; hie alta theatri Fundamenta locant alii, immainesque columnas Rupibus exeidunt, seenis deeora alta futuris. 410 -415 420 425 - 410. 1'alibus. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, M. 411. (E08) gradientes; i. e., Aeneas and Achates.... Aere - amictif. A. 248; G. 403; H1.420. 412. (Jircum and fudit are separated by truesis. A. p. 298; H. 636, V. 3. For the two constructions after this word, see A. 2215, d; G. 348; H. 384, 2. 416. Laeta. On account of the safety of her son and the recent assurances of Jupiter....Templum (eW) Mi1. A. 231; G. 849; H. 887. 417. Ture - sertis. A. 245; 0. 406; H. 416. 418. Q~ua. See on 401, above. 419. Piursmus. -Of huge size." On Its position, see A. 200, d; G. 618; H. 453, 5....Urbi. A. 228; G. 846; H. 421. M~agalia. A. 183; G. 319; 11.36-3. 422. Strata viarurn = 8tratag vias. "The paved streets." A. 216, b; G. 871, 1. 7; H. 87, N. 4. 423. Instant ardentes. " 4Eagerly press on.....Pars. A. 184; G. 319; Ii. 363... Ducere. "To extend;"1 this and the following infinitives depend on instant. A. 271; G. 424; H. 533, I. 425. Cioncludere (turn) sulco. "To enclose it with a trench;"' i.e., for the foundations. For the omission of eum. see A. 195, b; H1.451, 1. 426. Jura, &c. "They enact laws and choose magistrates." Notice the zeugma i n legunt. A. p. 298; G. 690; H. 636, 1I. 1. All this is not necessarily seen by Aeneas. The poet gives a general picture of the industrial and political activity of the colonists In founding a new city. 429. IRupibus. "The quarries."' A. M4, b; G.388; H. 484, N. I....Seenis. Dative, as If after quae slnt understood. A. 235, a; G.348; H. 384, 4,N. 2....1Decora atlt(I. "Lofty decorations." AENEI-DOS LIB. I. 3 31 Qualis apes aestate nova per florea ruma Exercet sub sole labor, quum geritis adultos Educunt fetus, ant quum liquentia mella Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas, Ant onera accipiunt venientumn, ant agmine facto Ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent; Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. "410 fortunati, quorum jam moenia surgunt!" Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit- urbis. Infert se septus nebula-mirabile dictuPer medios, niiseetque viris, neque cernitur nlih. Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbra,:Quo primum, jactati undis et turbine, Poeni Effodere loco signum, quod regia Juno Monistrarat, capuit acris equi; sic nam fore bello Egregiam et facilem victu per saecula gentem. 430 435 440 445 430. Iuai s. A. 106; G. 64.5; 11.187, 4. 'The full grammatical construction is, (Tatisl labor est illis) qualis labor exercet apes, &c. "(Such labor is theirs) as em.ploys, bees." The English idioin requires the word labor to be expressed with the antecedent anti omitted with the relativethe reverse of the Latin construction here. As the antecedent of quail Is so often -omitted, quaigs may itself be regarded as meanming 1 "stch-as.....Aestate ntova. A. 256; G. 392; H1.429. 4,31. G;eittis ad(ultos fetuts. "1The aewly matured swarms of their race." 4:33. Neetar-e. A. 67, b; G. 63; H. 6.3, N. 434. Veitieidwtum = venlientium. A. 87, d, 2; G. 85, 3, fln.; H1. 158, 2.... Agmintte. A. 255; G. 408; 11.431. 435. Ignacurvini 2)ecis. "An idle herd." A. 184; G. 319; H. 363. 436. Thymo. Limits redolent. A. 245; G. 406; H1. 416. It may also he regarded as limiting fragrantia instead of redolent. See also A. 237, c; G. 329, R1. 1, fin.; ii. 371, III.-P.Faagraittea titlia. Notice the force of the plural. "1The fragrant and abundant honey." 439. Mirabile dictu. See on miserabile visu, 111. 440. M~edios9 (viros).... M~iseet (8e). A. -177, N; H1. 371, III. N. 4.... Vij-iv. Htis cere is followed by the dative or ablative. A. 248, a, R; G. 348; 11.385, 3.... UM, for aballo. A. 232, a and b; G. 8152; H. 388, 4. 441. Umb~ra. A. 248, c; G. 389, R. 3; 11. 421, II. 442. Q~i~o loco. A. 258, f; H. 425, 2..Prin u~n. "In the beginning;" i. a., on their first arriv~al. Join with effodere. 44-3. Sign urna. "The token." 444. Mi1oust-rarat = mongtraverat.... Aer-is. "Fierce," or "spirited." Used in an indefinite sense, of course, as indicative of the character of horses in genieral....Fo-re. Depends on mzonstrarat understood. "1For thus (she had indicated) that the nation would be illustrious in war.".... Bello. A. 253; G. 398; H1.424. 445. Facilern vietu peir saecuia. "Easy to be supported for ages;" 1i. e., easily maintaining itself, or easily continuing Its existence; an idea that naturally flows from warlike renown and that is consistent with the typical character of the omen (the horse's head), a token of activity and power. Thus the best commentators; but there is much diversity of opinion-respecting the expression. Victu, in this interpretation, is a supine from vivere. A. 303; G. 437; H1. 547. 32 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Hic templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido Condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae, Aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina nexaeque Aere trabes, foribus cardo stridebat ahenis. Hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem 450 Leniit, hic primum Aeneas sperare salutem Ausus et afflictis melius confidere rebus. Namque sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo, Reginam opperiens, dum, quac fortuna sit urbi, Artificumque manus inter se operumque laborem 455 Miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas Bellaque jam fama totum vulgata per orbem, Atridas, Priam amque, et saevum ambobus Achillen. Constitit, et lacrimans, " Quis jam locus," inquit, "Achate, " Quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris? 460 "En Priamus! Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi; 446. Junoni. Limits condebat. A. 225; city has.".....Forttna. By attraction to G. 344: H. 384, II. the relative, instead offortunam. A. 200, 447. Don.is - numine. A. 248, c; G. b; G. 618; H. 145, 9..... it. A. 344); G. 389, R. 3; H.421,II... Nutrine. "With 613, R. 2; H. 528, 1. The sentiment of the divine presence." the subordinate clause is that of Aeneas, 448. Construe. Cui surgebant gradibus not of the poet.... Urbi. A. 231; G. 349; aerea limina trabesque nexae aere, (et) H. 387. cardo stridebat ahenis foribus. Lit., "To 455. Artifienm manus. "The (vawhich there arose from the steps a bronze ried degrees of) skill of the artists.".... threshold and door-posts (lit., beams) Inter se. "(Comparing them) with one joined (to that threshold) with bronze, another.".....Laborem. "The magni(and) the hinge(s) creaked to bronze tude." doors." More freely, "From whose steps 456. Ex ordine; i.e., arranged in arose," &c. Cut limits surgebant (but = heir historical order. cujus limiting gradibus), and limina and 458 Amb u. To both parties trabes are both subjects of that verb.... trabedis. A. are both su s of that vb.... i.e., to the Atridae, for refusing his as-. 3. sistance to the Greeks, on account of his 449 e A. resentment at the loss of Briseis; and to 449. Aee. A. 248 G. 40; H. 420.... Priam, because he had slain Hector and iForibus. A dative limiting stridebat, other sons of that monarch. For the other sons of that monarch. For the instead of a genitive limiting cardo. A. decenson 235, a; G. 385,3; H. 384, 4, N. 2. These declension, see A.94, b;.92; 1. 175, words apply to the magnificent Roman. architecture of Virgil's own time, which 460. Laboris. "The story of our missuggested the description. fortune." A. 218, a; G. 873; H. 399, 8. 452. Ausuts (est)....Rebus. A. 254, b; 461. En Priamus. A. 206, c; G. G. 345, R. 1, fin.; H. 425, 1) N. 688; H. 868, 8.... Sunt - laudi. "Even 453. Lustrat dum singula. "While here praiseworthy conduct has its own he surveys (the objects) one after an- reward." Sua refers to laudi. A. 196, c; other." G. 295, R. 1; H. 449. 2....Laudi. A. 231; 454. Dum - miratur, &c. "While G. 349; H. 387. The rewards meant are he wonders at the good fortune which the fame and sympathy. AENEIDOS LIB. 1. 33 THlE SITE OF CARTHAGE. "Sunt lacrimae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt. "Solve metus; feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem." Sic ait, atque animum pictura pascit hiani, Multa gemens, largoque humectat finmine vultume. 465 Namque videbat, uti bellantes Pergama circum Hac fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus; Hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles. Nec procul hinne Rhesi niveis tentoria veils Agnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somino 470 Tydides, multa vastabat caede cruentus, 462. ilerum. "For misfortunes." An objective genitive. A. 217; G. 357, R. 1; 11. 396, III.... Mortatict. "1Human interests." - 464. Pietura. A. 248, c; G. 389; H. 421,11I. 465. Multa. A. 148, d; G. 331, R. 3; H. 804, I. 8, 1). 466. Construe, Uti hac Graii, bellante,8 circum Pergama,fugerene... Uti. " How."...Has,. An adverb, "here;" i.e., in this Picture-the first of a series of eight..... Circum. See conra, above, 13. 461. Premeret, &c. "1(While) the Tro jan youth pursued." For the Itliree sub. junctives, see A. 334; G. 469; H. 529, I. 468. Ha, Plhi-ryes (fugerent), &c.; i. e., in the second picture...us -ru. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 469. Niveis veils. A. 251; 0. 402; H. 419.11I. Virgil here again uses the language of his own day. In the heroic age tents were not employed. 470. Prtmio somno. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. "By the first sleep;" i. e., the sleep of the first night after his arrival. 471. Mlulta caecie. A. 246; G. 401; H. 419, III. 34 P. VIR GIL II MA I? ONIS Ardentesque avertit equos in castra, priusquam Pabula gustassent Trojae Xanthumque bibissent. Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis, Infelix puer atque impar congressus Achilli, 475 Fertur equis, curruque haeret resupinus inani, Lora tenens tamen; huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur Per terrain, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta. Interea ad templum. non aequae Palladis ibant Crinibus Iliades passis, peplumque ferebant, 480 Suppliciter, tristes et tunsac pectora palmis; Diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat. Ter circum. Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros, Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achiilles. Turn vero ingentem. gemiturnm dat pectore Ab imo, 480 Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus arnici, Tendeiitemque manus Priarnuim conspexiti inermes. Se quoque prin cipibus permixturn agniovit Achivis, 472. Avei-tit. A. 276, d; G. 220; H. of the Trojan women to oropitiate the 467, III... I'l castira; i. e., of the angry goddess by this offering, is menGreeks. tioned in the sixth hook of the Iliad. 473. G etstassent (= gustavissent) -b- 481. Tiinsae pecto)sa. Lit., " Beaten bisseit. A. 327; G. 579; II. 520, I[. as to their breasts;"1 i.e., beating their It had been predicted that, if the horses Of breasts. A. 240. c; G. 332; H. 378. See Rhesus should taste the pastnrage of Tiny also, respecting both passis and tunsee, and drink of Xanthns, Troy would be it' A. 299, b; G. 27 8, R; 11. 550, N. 1. vincible. Hence the speedy attack upon 482. Solo. "Upon the ground." Limits the camp and the captnre of the hors~es by fio8 A. 258 f; 0. 384, Rt. 2; H. 425, II. Ulysses and Diomede. 1...-.Arevsa. The bead of the goddess 474. -Pa ite. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. was represented in the pictnre as averted. 425,11I. 1.... A2-ieis. A. 255; 0. 408; H. Pallas also shared the resentment of Juno 431. for the jndgment of Paris. 475. A tq ke connects infelix and impar, 483. Ter Achilles raptaveraut, &c. which should both be rendered in English The sixth picture. Virgil here differs from as adverbs, or adverbial phrases, modify- Homer, who represents Achilles as simply iug the participle congres a. A. 191; G.drgigtebyofHcrthcerun 824, R1. 6; H. 443.... Atchilli limits con- dragin theb body PtofHc tol triesron greswu. A. 228; 0. 346; H. 386 the. Atombof PAtrcu. 5, G38;H.42 476. (Jurru =in cerru. A. 258, f; G. Praa re.lat252d; 0.380; H.id 4wen2t 384, R. 2; H. 425, 11.1 Ptham asreiate inm toedm he boidyen tof 477. Huiic. Limits trahuntur. A. 23s, a; Hetheoreca. apt ede h oyo G.343,1R.2; H. 884, 4,N. 2. He6ctor. u ~. fAhlet hc 478. Versa, hasta. "1By his inverted 486. bordy;Ie. of Hcohachibes, toud whic spear." A. 248; 0. 403; H. 4~20. tebd fHco a enbud o 479. Interea. "Meanwhile (in another the number, see Gr. 98. plcture)"I-the fifth. 488. The seventh picture.... Prin)cipi480. Crinibus passis. A. 255; G. bnits. Abi. A. 248, a, Rt; 0. 348; H. 419, 408; H. 481.... Peplumt. The attempt 1, 1), (2). AENEIDOS LIB. I. Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma. Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis 490 Penthesilea furens, mediisque in millibus ardet, Aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae, Bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo. Hacc dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur, Dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno, 495 Regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido, Incessit, magna juvenum stipante caterva. Qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per juga Cyntli Exercet Diana choros, quam mille secutae Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades; illa pharetram 500 Fert humero, gradiensque deas supereminet omnes; Latonae taciturn pertentant gaudia pectus; / Talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat 493. BJellatrix. In apposition with Penthesilea. "Heroine (as she is).".... Vi'fjo. "(Though) a virgin." 494. Haec, &c. "While these wonderful things are viewed by Aeneas.".... Aeneae = ab Aenea, and limits videntur by A. 282, a and b; G. 352; H. 388, 4. Cf. visa (est), above, 326.... V'identur. On the tense, see A. 276, e; G. 572; H. 467, 4. 496. Ad tenmplum. G. 346, R. 1; H. 386, 3.... Forma. A. 253; G. 398; H. 424. 497. Incesqsit. "Has advanced." Notice the twofold beauty of the term and the tense.... Caterva. A. 255;. G. 408; H. 431. 498. Qualis Diana exercet choros. "Such as Diana (is when she) leads the choral dances." Talis, the antecedent of quails, is expressed below, 503. Compare note on 316, above.. Eurotae. Diana was worshiped with peculiar honor at Sparta. 499. Quam secutae. "Following whom." The perfect for the present, as in 481, above. 501. HMunmero. A. 258, f; G. 384, T. 2; H. 425, II. 1.... Gradiens. "As she walks." 502. Finely indicative of maternal love and pride. AMAZON. 489. FEoas. Memnon, although king of the Aethiopians, came to the aid of the Trojans with forces from the far East. Some accounts represent his father Tithonus as a viceroy of Persia under the Assyrian king. We may thus explain his connection with the East. Memnon is mentioned in the Odyssey, but not in the Iliad. 490. The eighth and last picture..... Lunatis peltis. Modifies agmina. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, II. 492. Mamrnae - viris. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. 36 P. VIRGILII MAR OJVI Per medios, instans openi regnisque futuris. Turn foribus divae, media testudine templi, Septa armis, solioque alte subnixa, resedit. Jura dabat legesque viris, operumque laborem Partibus aequabat justis, aut sorte trahebat: Quurn subito Aeneas coueursu aceedere magno Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum, Teuerorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo Dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras. Obstupuit simul ipse sirnul. percussus Achates Laetitiaque metuque; avidi conjungere dextras Ardebant; sed res animos incognita turbat. 50t, 510 ]DIANA. 504. Instans. "Urging on."...Operi regntisque. A. 22; G. 34; H. 386. 505..Fo'n~ibua divae. ",4At (near) the doors of the goddess;', i. e., Juno. Being Juno's temple, the expression foribes divae fori bus templi.... Media testudiue temtpli. "Within the vault of the temple; " i. e., simply within the temple. The difference between edia testudine and in media testudlne should be carefully noticed. The latter would meau, "1at (under) the centre of the vault." As a further illustration, media eliva meaus "1amid (within) a wood," but in media sllva, "in the centre of a wood." For the ahiati ves, see A. 258 f; G. 384, R. 2; Bi. 425, IL. 1. 06W. Ar-mis; i. e., by armed men.... Solio. "1By a throne."1 A. 248; G. 403; H1.420. 507. The poet has again in mind the customs at Rome, where the senate met and made laws in temples, and where tribunals of justice were placed at the doors of temples. 508. Partibus justis. A. 2485; G. 401; H. 419,mII.... Sonte. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420.... Sorte trahebat. Poetical for sortern trahebat. 509. Construe, Quum subito Aenea8 videt Ant/sea Sergestumque, &c., accedere... Concursu tiaagno. A. 24; G1. 401; H. 419, III. The reference is to a crowd of Carthaginians that accompauied the Tro.. jans from a feeling of hostility or of curiosity. 511. A1equoire. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; 11. 425, IL. 1. 5120. Peptitses. "Far away.".... rf =ad oras. A. 258; G. 342, R.I; H1.380, 3. Cf. Womo, 365. 513. Ohstsepuit. Belongs to both ipee and Achate8. A. 208, d; G. 281, axe. 1; H. 3t;3, I... -Ieeus q also belongs to both subjects. A. 187, a; G. 2896; H. 439, 1.. Translate, "At the s~ame time hoth himself cud Achates were astonished, deeply agitated by both hope and fear..... J,(tetitiat - metu.. A. 245; G. 406; H.416. 514. Avi di. A. 191; G. 324, RI. 6; H. 443. AENEIDOS LIB. 1. 3 37' Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amictil, Quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant, Quid veniant; cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant, Orantes veniam, et templum clamore petebant. Postquam introgressi et coram data copia fandi, iMaximus Ilioneus placido sic ipectore coepit: "10 Regina, novam cui condere Jupiter urbem "Justitiaque dedit gentes frenare superbas, "Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vecti., "Oramus: prohibe infandos a navibus ignes, "Parce pio generi et propius res adspice nostras. "Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penates "Venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas; "Non ea vis animo, nee tanta superbia victis. "'Est locus, ilesperiam Grail cognomine dicunt, "Terra antiqua, potens armis atqne ubere glebae; "Oenotri colnere vini; nune fama, minores "I11aliam dixisse ducis de nonline gentem. 520 5215 "lHie cursus fuit: 515. -Res incognita. "4Their uncertain condition." 517. (Juae fortuna (sit) viris. A. 334; 0. 469; H. 529, I. Fortuna refers to their condition, since the storm, not to their reception by the queen.... Viris. A. 231; 0. 349; H.L387.....Litore. A. 258, f; 0. 384, Rt. 2; H. 425, IL1.1 518. Quid. " Why." A. 240, a; G. 332, R. 1; H. 454, 2.... Navibus. With lecti. A. 258, a; G. 388,iR. 3; H. 412, 2. 519. Orantes. A. 292; G. 673, 3, Rt; H. 549, 3. Cf. scitantem, IL. 114.... Clamore. A. 248; 0. 401; H. 419, III. 520. Introgressi (8unt) - data (est). A. 324;G. 563; H. 471, 4. Cf. 21 6, above....Coram. SC. regina. 521. Xdasximus. Sc. natu. A. 253; G. 398; H. 424....Placido pectore. " With calm breast."' A. 243; 0. 401; H. 419, Ill. 522. Condere - frenare. See on 66..523. Justitia. A. 24; G. 403; H. 420....Gentes. Refers to the neighboring African tribes. 524. Maria. Supply per, or explain byA. 287, d; 0. 829, R.I; H. 371, N. 2. 526. Gieneri. A. 227; 0. 345; H. 385, II....Propius. " More closely." 527. Populare. A. 273; 0. 424, It. 4; H. 533, II. 528. iRaptas v~ertere praedas. "To seize and drive away hooty." A. 292. Rt; 0. 667, Rt. 1; H. 549, 5. See also on 69. 529. Anjimo - victis. S upply est before these. A. 231; G. 349; H. 387. 530. Hesperiam., &c. Supply quam. A. 239, a; G. 334; H. 373.... Cognomine. A. 253; G. 398; H. 424. 531. Armisa- ubere. A. 253; G. 398; H. 424. 53. Fama e.8t).... Minores. "1Their descendants." For its construction with dixtsse, see A. 270; 0. 42.3; H. 538. 533. IDucis; i. e., Italus, who probably existed, however, only in fable.... Gentern = terain. 534. Ilic. "1This." .38 P. VIRI G ILII MA R O NIS " Quum subito assurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion 535 "in vada caeca tulit, penitusque procacibus Austris " Perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa "Dispulit; hue pauci Yestris annavimus oris. [miorem "Quod genus hoc liominuin? quaeve hune tam barbara "Permittit patria '? Hospitio prohibemur arenae; 540 "Bella cient, primaque vctant consistere terra. "Si genus humanum. et mortalia temnitis arma, "At sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi. "1Rex erat Aeneas nobis, quo justior alter, "Nec pietate fuit nec bello major et armis: 545 "Quem Si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura "Aetheria neque ad hue crudelibus occubat umbris;"Non metus; officio nec to certasse priorem "Poeniteat. Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes "Arvaque, Trojanoque a sanguine clarus Acestes. 550 "Quassaitam ventis liceat subducere classem, "Et silvis aptare trabes et stringere rernos; 535. Fluetu. A. 258, a; 0. 388, R. 3; H. 412, 2. Both the rising and setting of Orion were accompanied by stormy weather. The heliacal rising, as here, is about midsummer. 586. Penitusque, &c. Construe, Di8 -pulit que (flos) procaelinza Austri8s penitu8 perque undae8 perque invia 8axa, 8uperante salo.... Penit us. As in 512.... Austris. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 537. Superante salo. "1The sea overpowering us." A. 255; G. 408; H. 431. 538. Oris. See 0on 377. 540. llospitio. A. 243, a; 0. 388; H..414. 541. -Prirma terra,. "On the very shore." For the literal meaning of prima, *see A. 193; 0. 287, R; H.- 440, 2, N. 1; and on the case, A. 258, f; G. 384,R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. 543. Sperate = metuite.. Deos. Sc. fore. 544. Nobis. A. 233; G. 350; H. 3.90, 11. N. 2.... Quo. A. 247; G. 399; H. 417.... -Justior alter. Supply a negative from the following line, and translate, "1Than -whom (neither) was there another more righteous, nor greater in piety, nor In war and in arms." 545. For the ahiatives, see A. 253; 0. 3,98; H. 424. Bello has reference to him as a commander in war, and armis to his personal prowess. 546. Aura. A. 249; G. 405; H. 421, 1. 547.!Jmbris = in umbris. "Amid the shades; " i. e., of Orcus. A. 258, f; 0. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. 548. Notn metus (eat nob.i8), &c. "We have no fear, nor should you repent," &c. For the mood, see A. 267; 0. 253; H. 484, I.... Offlcio. A. 253; 0. 398; 11. 424.... Certasse = certavm8e.... Priorem. A. 191; 0. 824, R. 6; 11.443. 549. Sunit et (nobis), &c. This Is said to remove from the queen any apprehension of their settling in Africa.... Et = etiam, or praeterea....Jtegionibues. A. 258,f; G.3884, R.2; H1.425,II. 1. 551. Construe, Liceat (nobUs) 8ubctucere Cda8emflquassatam ventis. A. 267; 0.258; H. 488..... Subducere. "1To draw up (on shore)."... rentis. A. 248; 0. 403; H. 420. 552. Silvis = in 8ilvi8. See on 549. A ENEID US LIB. I.39 391, "Si datur Italiam, sociis et rege recepto, "Tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus; "Sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucrftm, "Pontus habet Libyae, nec spes jam restat Juli, "At freta Sicaniae saltem sedesque paratas, "Un-Tide huc advecti, regemque petamus Acesten." Talibus I1ioneus; cuncti simul ore fremebant Dardanidae. Turn breviter Dido, vultum demissa, profatur: "Solvite corde metum, Teueri, sechulite curas. "lies dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt "Mloliri, et late fines custode tueri. " Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Trojae nesciat urbem, " Virtutesque virosque, aut tanti incendia belli? "Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora, Poenai, "Nec tam avers-Ls equos Tyria Sol ju-ngit ab urbe. "Seu. vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva, "SivO~ Erycis fines reggemqlue optatis Acesten, " Anxilio tutos dimittam. opibusque juvabo. 5-55 56Q, 565. 570" 553. Construe, Ut laeti petamus, &c., si datur (nobi8) tendere ( urum ad) Italiam. " In order that we may joyfully seek,~' &c.....-Italiam. A. 258; G. 342, R. 1; Hi. 380, 3.... Sociis et r-egc. A. 255; G. 408; H. 431....ltecepto. A. 187, a; G. 286; H. 439, 1. 555. Abstempta (ed8) satus. Their hopes of deliverance are centered in Aeneas. 556. Habet; I. e., has swallowed up..... Spes Iruh. "Our hope In lnlus;"1 i. e., their hope in the future promised leadership of Ascanius.... Dcii. A. 217; G. 357, R. I1; H. 396, III. 557. At - sal ternt - (ut) petamu s. "Yet at least that we may seek." 558. A dveeti. Sc. sumu8. 559. Tfzlibus (verbi ait). A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, in.... Or-e. See on voce, 94. 561. Vultum. A. 240, c; G.3392; H. 378. 562. Corde. A. 243, a; 0. 388; H. 414. I. 563. Ries dutra. "1My bard condition." She feared an attack from her brother Pygmalion. and also from the neighboring Libyan tribes.... 27ulia ntoliri. "To take such vigorous measures;" i. e., against the arrival of foreigners. 564. Custode = custodibus. 565. Aeneadumt = Aeneadarum. A. 36, d; G. 27, R. 1; H. 49, 3.... Nesciat. A. 268; 0. 251; H. 486, 1I. 568. AvEe'rsus. " Remote." The idea is that Carthage is not in so cold a region that its people are devoid of sympathy,an allusion to the belief of the Romans' that climate affects character. 569. Saturnia arva = Latium. Saturn was said to have reigned in Latium after his expulsion by Jupiter from Olympt's. 570. Erycis fines; i. e., the lanqs in the neighborhood of mount Eryx beong lug to Acestes.... Regeirn - Acesten; i. e., a king in Acestes, in place of Aeneas.. 571. Asejxilio. Limits tutos. 'Protected by an escort. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420...... O)pibus. "1With my resources." p 40 40 P. V7IRG ILII X7A RONIS "Vultis et his mecum pariter considere regnis: "Urbem quam statuo, vestra est; subdiucite naves; "Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. "Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodiern "Afforet Aeneas! Equidem per litora certos "Dimittam et Libyae lustrare extrema jubebo, "Si quibus ejectus silvs ant urbibus errat." His animum arrecti dietis, et fortis Achates Et pater Aeneas jamdudum erumpere nubem Ardebant. Prior Aenean compellat Achates: "Nate (lea, quae nurie animo seutentia surgit? "Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. "Unus abest, medio in fluctu quem vidimus ipsi "Submersum; dietis respondent cetera matris." Vix ea fatus erat, quum circumfusa repente Scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertume. IRestitit Aeneas, claraque in luce refulsit, 575 580 585 574. Mild. A. 28, a and b; G. 852; B. 38, 4.... Null discrirnine. A. 248; G. 491; H. 419, 11.. Agetur. "1Shall be treated." A. 205, b; G. 202, R. 1, I; H. 463, 8. 575. Noto = vento. 576. Afforet. A. 267; 0. 254; H. 483, I and 2.... Certos. " Trusty (persons)." 577. Luestrare. A. 331, a; G1. 546, R. I1; H. 535, II... Rxtrerna. "1The ex. treme (parts)," "1frontiers.;" A. 216, 3; 0. 370; H. 440, 2, N. 3. 578. Silvs - urbibus. Limit errat by A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. These words are used indefinitely for "uninhabited or inhabited places." 579. Anirnum. A. 240, c; G. '332; H. 378. 581. Ardebant. A. 277, b; G.22-5; H. 469, II 2.... Prior.- See on 548. 582. Dea. A. 244, a; G. 395; 1H.415, II.... Animo. A. 258, f; G. 8S4 R. 2; H. 425, IL. 1. 583. Receptos. Sc. eme. 584. Unus; I. e., Orontes. See above, 118-117. 58. Dictis. A. 224; 0.8344; H. 384. See above, 890-1. 587. Purgat. Sc. 8e, from 8ecndit. SATURN. 572. (SI) vultis et. "If you wish moreover." Lit., without si, "Do you wish," &c. This partly Interrogative and partly conditional form of the protasis Is not tincommon in both Latin and English.... Panriter. "1On equal terms.....Regnsis. A.258, f 0. 384 R. 2; H. 425. IL 1. 578. Urbem qutam = urbs quam. A. 200, b; 0.618; H. 445, 9.. Urbern Is attracted to the case of the relative-a Greek construction. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 41 Os humerosque deo similis; namque ipsa decoram Caesariem nato genetrix lumenque juventae Purpureum et laetos oculis afflarat honores: Quale manus addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo Argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro. Tum sic reginam alloquitur, cunctisque repente Improvisus ait: " Coram, quem quaeritis, adsum, " Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. "0 sola infandos Trojae miserata labores, "Quae nos, reliquias Danauim, terraeque marisque "Omnibus exhaustos jam casibus, omnium egenos, "Urbe, domo, socias; grates persolvere dignas "Non opis est nostrae, Dido, nec quidquid ubique est "Gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem. "Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid " Usquam justitia est et mens sibi conscia recti, "Praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt "Saecula? qui tanti talem genuere parentes? "In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae 590 595 600 605 589. Os hunterosque. See on animum, 579....Deo. A. 234, a; G. 356; H. 891, I.... Namque, &c. Construe, Namque genetrix ipsa afflarat, &c. 590. Nato - oculis. A. 228; G. 346; H. 886. 591. LTaetos honores. "Joyous graces." Honores = honorem = decus. 592. Quale decus manus addunt, &c. See on 480... Flavo auro. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 594. Cunctis. With improvisus. A. 232, a; G. 352; H. 388, 4. 597. 0 sola miserata. Lit., "O0 thou alone having commiserated," = 0 quae sola miserata es. A. 292; G. 671; H. 549,4. 598. Quae socias nos, &c. = quae vis sociare noe,-" who art willing to unite us.".....Reliquias Danaum. See on 30. 599. Omnium. A. 218, a; G. 73; H. 399, I. 3. 600. Urbe, domo. A. 253; G. 398; H. 424. Conington calls it an instrumental or modal abl. 601. Non opis est nostrae. " It is not in our power." A. 214, d; G. 365; H. 401 and 402.... Nec, &c. Construe, Nec (Dardaniae gentis), quidquid Dardaniae gentis est ubique, quae sparsa est, &c.... Quidquid, &c. " Whatever of the Trojan race is (exists) anywhere." 608. Si qua. A. 105, d; G. 105, 1; H. 190, 1....Si quid, &c. "If justice and a mind conscious to tself of rectitude are any thing anywhere; " i. e., if these virtues are approved by any deities in the universe. 604. Sibi - recti. A. 234; 218; G. 356; 373; H. 899, I. 3, N. 1. 605. Ferant. A. 266; G. 253; H. 484, I. 607. Dlum montibus, &c. "As long as the shadows shall traverse the convex sides of the mountains." Some understand convexa to mean " valleys " or " hollows." Cf. convexo, 310.... Montibufs limiting lustrabunt = montium limiting convexa. A. 285, a; G. 843, R. 2; H. 384, 4, N. 2. 42 42 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS " Lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet, " Semper honos nromenque tuum laudesque manebunt, " Quac me cumque vocant terrae." Sic fatus, amicum 610, 11ionea petit dextra, laevaque Serestum, Post alios, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum. Obstupuit primo adspectu Sidonia Dido, Casu deinde yiri tanto, et sic ore locufa est: "Quis te, nate dea, perxtanta pericula casus 615, "Insequitur? quae vis immanibus applicat oris? "Tune ille Aeneas, quem iDardanio Anchisae "Alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam? "4Atque equidem Teucrum. memini Sidona venire "1Finibus, expulsuin Jatniis, nova regna petentem 620, "Auxilio Beli; genitor turn Belus opimarn "Yastabat Cvprrn et victor dicione tenebat. "Tempore jam cx jill casus mihi cognitus urbis "Trojanae, nomenque tuum, regesque Pelasgi. "6Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat, 625, "4Seque ortum, antiqua Teucrorumn ab stirpe volebat. "1Quare agite, o tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris. "1Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores 608. Pa~scet. Some ancient philoso- by the savage Libyans.... Oris. A. 225,, phers supposed the stars to be nourished b; 0. 344. R. 3; H. 380, 4. and kept burning by vapors rising through 619. Sido ia. A. 258, b; G. 342, R. 2; the atmosphere from the earth and sea. H..380, II... Yen-ire. For the present The Epicurean doctrine w~as that the stars instead of the perfect infinitive here, see are nourished by fiery particles in the A. 288, b; G. 277, R; H.- 537, 1. aether itself. The expression of Virgil 62. _Fitibus. A. 5Z43. b; G. 388; H. probably has reference to the latter. 414.... Peten~tern. G. 671; H. 549, 4. 609. Tuuim. A. 187; G. 202, 1, II; H. 621. Autxilio. A. 243 0. 4038; H. 439, 1. 420. 610. Quaecutmqu#e. Hyperbaton. A. 622. D~icionie. See on 236. p.29;.69; H636Y.62.3.Miihi. A. 282,a and b; G.352; p. 29; G.693;H. 63, V.H. 388, 4.... Cog ntitu (set). A. 205, d; 611.- Dex~tra, laevaqite. A. 248; 0. 0. 281, exe. 1; H. 463, I. 401; H. 419, 1III. 625. Ipse; I. e., Teucer....Hostis. 612. Post - primo. Both adverbs. 'Though an enemy."....Insignzi laude.. 618. Adspectu - casu. A. 245; G. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, rfl.....Ferebat. 406; H. 416. 1I "Extolled." 614. tCasu tanto. " At the so great 626. Se ortitm (esse) volebat. "1He misfortune.".. -Ore. See on voce, 94. wished (it to be understood) that he had Suich pleonasms are common In classical sprung." As his mother Hesione was4 a and other ancient writers, daughter of Laomedon and sister of 615. Nate dsea. See on id., 582. Priam, Teucer was partly of Trojan origin. 616. Immanibuet. Became inhabited 627. Tectis. A. 228; G. 34; H. 886. AEANEID0S LIB. I. 43,"Jactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra: "Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco." 630 Sic memorat; siniul Aenean in regia ducit Tecta, simul diviutm templis indicit honorem. Nec minus interea sociis ad litora mittit Viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum. Terga suum, pingues centum cum matribus agnos, 635 —..Munera laetitiamque dii. At domus interior regali splendida luxu Instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tectis: Arte laboratae vestes ostroque superbo, Ingens argentum mnensis, caelataque in auro 640 Fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum Per tot ducta viros antiquae ab origine gentis. Aeneas-nequie, enim patrius consistere mentem Passus amor-rapidum ad naves praemittit Achaten, Ascanio ferat haec, psuque ad moenia ducat; 645 Omnig in Ascanio cani stat cura parentis. Munera praeterea, Iliacis erepta ruinis, 629. Voluit. " Has determined.... Terra. A. 258, f; G. 884,IR. 2; H. 425, IE. 1. 630. Miiseris. See on tectf8, 627. 631. Simul - simul. "1At the same time both-and." 632. Tempiis. See on terra, 629. 633. Soeiis. A. 224; G. 344; H. 384. 636. Muznera laetitiarnque. In apposition with the accusatives above. "6As gifts and enjoyment (i. e., means of enjoying) of the day.".... i. Old form for diei. A. 74, a; H. 121, 1. 637. Inter~ior. A. 193; H. 440, 2, N. 1....Splendida goes with the -qubject in construction, but with the predicate in sense. It may be rendered as an ad'verb, espiendfde, although its full force is% not thus conveyed. Translate, "The Interior of the house Is sumptuously set Out with regal magnificence." This anticipation and expression of an Idea before its proper time is called Prolepsis, and Is a common figure In poetry,.... Luxsu. A. 24; G. 406; H. 416. It limits splerdida. 638. M~ediis teetis. " Within the palace." See on 505. 639. Festes (adrunt). "Tapestries (are there).... Ostro superbo. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, IL. 640. Ingens. This probably Includes both massiveness and abundance... Mlensisq = in men-is. A. 2,58, f; G. 884, R. 2; H. 425, 1L1.1 642. Ducta. "1Traced." The deeds of her ancestors were carved in relief (caelata) upon vessels of gold. 643. Neque entirn patriusq amtor rassmus (est), &c. "1And (he did this), for paternal affection did not suffer," &c. 644. liapidutm. " In haste." A. 191; G. 324, R. 6; H. 443. 645. -Ferat = ut ferat. Expresses the purpose of praemittit. A. 317; 881, R,; G. 682; 46, R.8; H. 497,UH;4.99, I. "To report these things (kaec);"1 i. e., the Incidents that have just transpIred. 646. Cari is here subjective; " fond.".... Stat. " Centres."1 647. Ituiais. A. 243, b; G. 888; H. 414. 44 P. VIE GILII MAR ONIS Ferre jubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem, Et circumtextum croceo velamen acantho, Ornatus Argivae llelenae, quos illa Mycenis, 650 Pergama quum peteret inconcessosque llymenaeos, Extulerat, matris Ledae mirabile donum; Praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim, Maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile Baccatum, et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. 655 llaec celerans iter ad naves tendebat Achates. At Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat Consilia, ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido Pro dulci Ascanio veniat, donisque-furentem. Incendat reginam, atque ossibus implicet ignem.; 660 Quippe domum. timet ambiguam Tyriosque bilingues. Urit atrox Juno, et sub noctem cura recuirsat. Ergo his aligerum dictis affatur Arnorem: "Nate, meae vires, inca magna potentia solus, "Nate, patris summi qui tela Typhioia temnis, 665 "Ad te confugio et supplex tua numina posco. "1Frater-ut Aeneas pelago tuus omnia circum, 648. Signis auroque. By Hendiadys for 8ignle aureis. "1With golden figures." A. p. 298; G. 695; 6.36, III. 2. For the case, A. 245; G. 406; H1.416. 650. (h-natus. In apposition with pallamnandv.a..n.... My!ceni.9. Limits ex~tulerat. See on ruinis, 647. Mycenaeeis here for Greece in general. 651. Quurn peteret. A. 82; G. 586; HI. 521, II. 2 and ft. n. The pluperfect extulerat is employed in nearly the sense of the historical perfect. 654. Miaximna (natu). "1The eldest." A. 91, b; G. 89, 8, fin.; H1. 168, 4.... Cobl. Remote object after ferre understood. A. 225; G. 344; H. 854,I1. 655. Gemmis auroque. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 656. Haesc celerans. "1Hastening to execute these commands." See on 519. 658. Faciem et ora. A. 240, c; 0. 332; H. 878. 659. Donis. With incendat. A. 248; G. 4038; H. 420.... Furenztem. Another instance of Prolepsis. "1May Inflame the frantic queen," Instead of "may Inflame and render frantic the queen,"-may inflame to madness. See on 637. 660. Ossibues. A. 228; 0. 346; H. 386. 661. "Punic faith" (Punica fides) was at Rome, in Virgil's day, a proverbial expression for treachery.... Dornum. As in 284. 662. Uri t (earn). Notwithstanding the assurances of Jupiter, Venus still fears that the enmity of Juno may Incite the treacherous Carthaginians to injure the Trojans. Therefore, In order to insure the safety of Aeneas, she determines to call In the all-powerful aid of love. 668. His dietis. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419,111I. 664. Mieae vires, &c. A. 184 and b; G. 319; B. 868 and 1.... Solus; i.e., qut 8olus es mflaeZ vireg, &c. 6 65. TelIa. T1'phoia. Called Typholan because with them Jupiter slew the giant T1ypboens. 667. Vt. " How." Interrogative, as in 466.... Pelago. A. 258,f; G.8844R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 46 ",Litora jactetur odjis Junonis iniquae, "69Nota tibi, et nostro doluisti saepe dolore. "Hune Phoenissa tenet Dido blandisque moratur "Vocibus; et vereor, quo se Junonia vertant "Hospitia; lhaud tanto cessabit cardine rerum.. "Quocirca capere ante dolls et cingere fla-mma "Reginam meditor, ne quo se numine mutet, "Sed magno Aeneae mecum teneatur amore. "Qua facere id possis, nostram. nune accipe mentem "'Regius aceitn cari genitoris ad urbem '"Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima enra, "Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Trojae; "Hune ego~sopitum somno super alta Cythera "Ant super Idalium sacrata sede recondam, -"Ne qua scire dolos mediusve oceurrere possit. "Tu faciem. illius noctem non amplius unam "Falle dolo, et notos pueri puer indue vultus, "4Ut, quum te gremio accipiet laetissima IDido 670 675 680 685 668. Jactetur. A. 334; G. 469; H. 529, I.... Odiis. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 669. Nota (sunt) notum est, by a Gireek construction. H. 438, 3, N; Gr. 205, R. 8, (i).... Do tore. A. 245 G. 406; H. 416. 671. Yocibusu. A. 248; G, 403; 1H. 420....Quo se, &c. " Whither Juno's hosPitality may tend,"-~lit., " turn Itself."..Ju1nonlia. Because Juno is the patron goddess of the Carthaginilans... Fertaptt. See on jactetur, 668. 672. (Jardine. A. 256; G. 392; H. 4-29. 673. Ante. "Beforehand.....Dolis - ftamnsa. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 674. Ne quo, &C. "That she may not -change her feelings (lit., herself) through any divine influence....Numine. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 675. Supply ut before teneatur, suggested by the preceding ne.... M~ecum. "'With me;", i.e., as I.... Amore. A. 248; G. 401; H1. 419, lfl. 676. Qua (rations). A. 24; G. 401; H. 419., 111... I'ossis. A. 334; G. 469; H. 529, 1. The question depends on aciipe mnentem. 677. Regjius puer, mea max~ima eura; i. e., Ascaniug.... Accitu. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 679' J9elago et flammis. A. 243, b; G. 388, R. 3; H. 414, N. 1. Verbs comnpounded with re are often thus found with the ablative. See 126, 358, II. 115, IV. 54, V. 99, 178, 409, &c. 680. Sopitum somno. "Lulled in sleep." A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 681. Sede. A. 258, f; G.3884,R.2; H. 425, H1. 1. By 8acrata 8ede is meant the temple of Venus. 1682. Ne qua (rations), &c. "That he may not In any way he able to know," &c. See on 18. - -. Medius occurrere; i. e., to disconcert my plans. 6830. Faciem, fafle. "1Counterfeit his form.".... Noatem amplius. A. 247, c; 256; G. 311, R.4;837; H. 417, N. 2; 379. AmpliusR is In the acc., in a sort of apposition with swctemr. 684. Do lo4 A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III1. 685. (hremio. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. 46 P. VIE G ILII MA R O.NIS "~Regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum, "1Quum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet, "1Occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno." Paret Amor dictis carae genetricis, et alas Exuit, et gressu. gaudens incedit Juli. 690 -At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem Irrigat, et fotum gremio dea tollit in altos Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus ilium, Floribus et dulci-adspirans complectitur umbra. Jamque ibat, dicto parens, et dona Cupido 695 iRegia portabat Tyriis, 'duce laetus Achate. Qunm. venit3?.aulaeis jam se regina superbis Aurea composuit sponda mediamque locavit. Jam pater Aeneas et jam Trojana juventus Conveniuntj,stratoque super discumbitur ostro. 700.. iPant. manibus famuli lymphas, Cereremque canistris Expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis. 686. Laticem Lyaettm = vinlum. locavif. Perfect definite tense. A. 279; 688. Veneno. A. 248; (G. 403; H. G. 227; H. 471, I. _ iP lledia'rn loca420. vit. The triclinium, or table-couch, was 689. Dictis. A. 227; G. 345; H. arranged on three sides of the table, 885, L. according to Roman custom. The queen 690. Gre.9.9. Limits incedit. A. 248- has taken the place of honor in the G. 401; H. 419, 111 Centre, or at the ' head of the table.' It appears that the triclinium often con691. Ascanio. Limits irrigat, but, sisted of three distinct conches. We Ascanii limiting membra. A. 23.5, a; 0. should probably understand the queen 34, R. 2; H. 384. 4, N. 2. to occupy excclusivdly the upper or central 6,92. Gremtio. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; one. H. 425, II. 1 700. Strato ostro. For the ablative, 694. F'lorlbus et umbra. Limits see 8uper in vocabulary. " Upon the outcomplectltur. A. 248; G. 103; H. 420. spread purple;" 1. e., the couches.......Adspirans. "1Breathink upon (him Discunl~itut. "1They recline in their odor)."respective places,"-lit., " it is reclined 695. Dieto. A. 227; G. 345; H. 385, 1. (by them)." A. 146, c; G. 19.9, R. 1; H. 696. 1'yriiq = ad TYrios. A. 225, b; 465, 1. Notice the force of di8. In all this G. 344, R. 3; H. 880, 4. See ur-bern, 677. description Roman customs are, as usual,...Achate. A. 245; G. 406; H, 416. in the poet's mind. The practice of Cf. 275. reclining at banquets was unknown in 697. Venit. Ascertain the tense by the heroic age. scanning the line. A. 351, b; G. 153, 2; 701. MJanibuts. A. 224; G. 844; H. HI. 590....Attlaeis superbis. Limits 384.... Cer-erern = panem. " Bread.... eponda. A. 231; G. 402; H. 419, II. Capsistris expediuntt. " They bring "(Adorned) with splendid tapestries.'I forth (or supply) from baskets." A. 258, 698. Aurea sponda. A. 258, f; 0,. a; G. 388, R1. 3; H. 412, 2. 884. R. 2; H. 425, HI. 1.... Comtposuit- 702. Toinsis vilis. As aulaeU~, 697. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 47 'Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longo Cura penum struere et flammis adolere Penates; Centum aliae totidemque pares aetate ministri, Qui dapibus mensas onerent et pocula ponant. -Nec non et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes Convenere, toris jussi discumbere pictis. Mirantur dona A.eneae, mirantur Iulum, Flagrantesque dei vultus simulataque verba, Pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acantho. Praecipue infelix, pesti devota futurae, Expleri mentem nequit ardescitque tuendo Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur. Ille ubi-complexu Aeneae colloque pependit, Et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem, Reginam petit. Haec oculis, haec pectore toto Haeret et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido, 705 710 715 A. 185; G. 324; H. 362.... Struzere. "To arrange."... Fl,)LsLis adolere; i.e., to burn incense upon the altar of the Penates. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 705. Aliae (famulae sunt)....Aetate. A. 253; G. 398; H. 424. 706. Qui. Cf. A. 187, b; G. 282; H. 439, 2.... Onerent - ponant. A. 317; G. 632; H. 497, I.... Dapibus. A. 248, c; G. 389; H. 421, III. N. 1. 707. Nec non et. "And also." A. 150; G. 448; H. 553. A poetical use of the negatives. 708. Toris. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1....Jussi. "Invited." 712. Infelix Phoenissa; i. e., Dido. 713. Mfentetm. A. 240, c; G. 332; H. 378.... Nequit. A. 144, g; G. 185; H. 296....Tuendo. A. 301; G. 432; H. 542, IV. 715. Complexut colloque. "In the embrace and on the neck." A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. Compare 106, II. 546, and VI. 151. 717. Ocelis - pectore. A. 248; 1. 401; H. 419, III. 718. Haeret. "Clings (to him)."... G6remio. See on 715.... Dido. In apposition with haec, to identify it, but may be omitted in translation. CE RIS. 703. Intfus. "In the inner apartment," where the food was prepared by the servants..... Fantulae (sunt). A. 206, c.; G. 688; H. 368, 3.... Quibius car'r (est). "Whose care it% is" to, &c. A. 233; G. 350; H. 390 and N. 2.... Ordisne louyo. Limits struere. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. The words refer to the orderly arrangement of the various articles of focd preparatory to their being carried expeditiously and without confusion into the banqueting-room. 704. What is the construction of cura f 48 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Insideat quantus miserae deus. At memor ille Matris Acidaliae, paulatim abolere Sychaeum Ineipit, et vivo tentat. praevertere amore Jam pridem resides a nimos desuetaqne corda. Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque remotae, Crateras magrios statnunt et vinia coronant. Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutant Atria; dependent lychni laquearibus aureis Incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt. THi regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit Iniplevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes A Belo soliti; turn facta silenitia tectis: "Jupiter-hospitibus nam te dare jura loquuntur"iune laetum Tyriisque diem Trojaque profectis "Esse velis, nostrosque hujus meminisse minores. "1Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator, et bona Juno; "Et vos, o, coeturn, Tyrii, celebrate faventes." Dixit, et in mensam laticum libavit honorem, 720 725 735. 719. -Inssideat, &c. " How powerful a god is resting upon her, wretched one." The question depends on inscia. A. 334; G. 409; H. 529, I.... (Sibi) mriserae. A. 228; G. 346; H1.8386. 720. Matris. A. 218, a; 0. 3173; H. 899, I. 2.... Aboleire; i.e., to efface the image or memory of. 722. Desueta; i. e., long unaccustomed to the control of love. 728. Qtuies (felt) epulis; i. e., after the feasting was over. A. 281; 0. 849; H. 887.... Men.saeque remotae (8unt). See on 216, above. 724. Craterats. A. 64; 0. 78; H. 68..... VUna coronazit; i. e., deck the winecups with garlands,-a Roman custom. Cf. 11I. 528. 725. TFeetis. A. 258, f; 0.8384, R. 2; u1. 425, 11. 1. 726. Laqutearibus = e laquearlbu. Cf. 22. above. See also A. 258, a; 0. 388, R. 3; H. 412, 2. 728. Hie Adverb of time.... Construe, Paterarn gravem gemmie auroque; i. e., a massive golden patera studded with gems. On the abi., see A. 245; 0. 406; H. 416. On the Hendiadys, A. p. 298; 0. 695; H. 636, 111. 2. 729. omnuies (orti) a Belo; i. e., all his descendants. Belus is here not Dido's father, hut the founder of the line of Tyrian kings. 730. Soliti. Sc. erant imnplere.... Facta (stint). 731. Ilospitibnis. Used in a general way,-" To all those united by the ties of hospitality-both guests And hosts." The. prayer is to Jupiter as the god of hospitality.....Narnt. Elliptical, as in 65, above. 732. Construe, Veli8 lhune diem esme leeturn,.c.... Trojaque profecti~s. "And to those wbo have come from Troy,"-. lit., "to those having set out from.1... Troja,. A.2,58,a; 0.411; H. 412,I1. 733. Velils. "May it bethy will."1 A. 266; 0. 258; H. 484, I.... Htijus (dfke). A.219; 0.875; H. 406,I11... Me-~rniniase. A. 148, N; 0.19.0. 5; H. 297,1.2.... Miuoises. "Descendants," both Trojans and Tyrians. 736. Laticurm honoirem.. It was customary thus first to pour out a small por AENEIDOS LIB. I. 49 Primaque, libato, summo tenus attigit ore; Tum Bitiae dedit-increpitans; ille impiger hausit Spumantem pateram, et pleno-se proluit auro; Post alii proceres. Cithara crinitus Iopas 740 Personat aurata, docuit quem maximus Atlas. Hic canit errantem lunam solisque labores; Unde hominum genus et pecudes; unde imber et ignes; Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones; Quid tantum oceano properent se tingucre soles 745 Hiberni, vol quae-tardis mora noctibus obstet. JIngeminant plausu Tyrii, Troesque sequuntur. Nec non et vario noctem sermone trahebat Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem, Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa; 750 Nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis, Nunc, quales Diomedis equi, nunc, quantus Achilles. tion of the wine as an offering to the gods. Laticum, the plur., for the sing. 737. (Bonore) libato. A. 255; G. 408; H. 431. " The libation having been made.".... Sunmo - ore. Lit., "She touched (it) as far as the tip of her mouth;" i. e., merely touched it with her lips. 738. Increpitans. "Challenging;" i. e., inviting him to drink. 739. Se proluit. " Drenched himself; " i. e., filled himself. Cf. Hor. Serm. i. 5,16, prolutus vappa.... Auro. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. For the metonymy, see A. p. 299; H. 637, III. 740. Cithara atrata. "With his golden lyre;" i. e., accompanied by his lyre. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III.... Crifitus. Musicians wore long hair in imitation of their patron deity Apollo. 741. Personat. " Sings in a lond voice.".... Doeuit. Atlas instructed lopas in natural science, not in music. 742. Hie; i. e., lopas, in distinction from Atlas. 743. UTnde (sint) hominum, &c. A. 334; G. 469; H. 529, I....Ignes. "Lightnings." 745. Construe, Quid hibemr soe8 prope rent tantum, &c.... Oceatno. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1....ProperesLt. See on 743. 746. Tardis noctibtuz obstet. "Detains the slow-coming nights." This refers to the summer nights which, on account of the length of the days, are slow in coming. The idea of this and the preceding line is simply, Why the days in winter are so short, and in summer so long....Noctibus. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. 747. Ingeminant plausit. Poetical for ing. plausum. "Redouble their applause." Plausu, "with applause." A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III.... Sequntur. "Follow (their example)." 748. Nec non et. See above, 707.... Sermone. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, m. 750. Super. A. 152, c; G. 419; H. 435, N. 2. Observe the pleasing arrangement of words in this line. 751. Filius Aurorae; i. e., Memnon. See 489.... Venisset. See on 743... Armtis. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, I. 752. Diomedis equi (essen;) i.e., the horses of Rhesus which Diomede carried off. See 472. 50 P. VIR GILII MAR ONIS - "Imo age, et a prima die, hospes, origine nobis "Insidias," inquit, " Danautm, casusque tuorum, "Erroresque tuos; nam te jam septima portat 755 "Omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas." 753. Imo age, &c. " Nay, come, and With this Aeneas begins his narrative in relate to us," &c.....A prima origine; the next Book. i. e., from the beginning of the successful 755. Septima aestas = septimus an. stratagem by which the city was taken. nus.... Terris et fluctibus. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. LIBER SECUNDUS, ARGUMENT. Aeneas relates to Dido the particulars of the capture of Troy. The Greeks, wearied by the length of the siege, devise a stratagem for taking the city. Constructing an enormous wooden horse, they fill it with men, and then set sail as if for home, but go no farther than the island of Tenedos, behind which they conceal themselves. The rejoicing Trojans issue from the city. Gazing with wonder at the gigantic structure, some urge its reception within the walls, others advise its destruction (1-39). Laocoon counsels the latter (40-56). Stratagem of Sinon by which the Trojans are induced to believe the possession of the horse to be essential to their welfare (57-198). Laocoon and his two sons are destroyed by two serpents (199-227). Regarding this as an evidence of the will of Heaven, the Trojans introduce the monster within the walls. The succeeding night the Greeks concealed in the horse open the gates of the city and let in the whole Grecian army returned from Tenedos (227-267). Hector appears to Aeneas in a dream and warns him to flee. Aeneas, however, rushes to arms. Meeting the priest, Panthus, he is informed that all is lost, but, collecting a few Trojans, he bravely offers resistance, and is for a time successful (268-85). Assuming the armor of some slain Greeks, his associates are mistaken by the Trojans, and many are killed by their own friends (386-437). Sack of Priam's palace, and murder of the king (438-558). Aeneas, returning home to rescue his father and wife, is prevented from killing Helen by the intervention of his mother, Venus, who informs him that it is the gods who are overthrowing the city (559-633). Anchises at first refuses to leave the city, but at last, influenced by heavenly signs, consents (634-704). Departure of Aeneas and loss of his wife, Creusa (705-746). Returning to seek her, he finds the city wholly occupied by the Greeks. The ghost of Creusa appears to him and consoles him (747-795). Returning to his companions he takes up his father and seeks the mountain. PLAIN OF TROY —FROX TENEDOS. LIBEII SECUNDUS. CONTICUERE omnes, intentique ora tenebant. Jude toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto: "1Infandum, Regina, jubes renovare dolorem, Trojanas ut opes et lamentabile regnum Eruerint Danai; quaeque ipse miserrima vidi, Et quorum pars magna fui. Quis talia fando Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duni miles Ulixi 1. Cionticuere - tenebant. Observe "1(By narrating) how." The idea of -narthe difference Of tense-the perfect denot- rando is, however, involved In renovaer ing a momentary, completed action, and dolorem. the imperfect a continued one.... Inten- 5. Construe, (Narrando) que (ea) miserti. " In deep attention.... Opa. tete- rime quae, &c. A. 200, d; G. 618; HI. bat. "Kept their eyes (fixed upon 458, 5. For this coordinate use of clauses him)."1 and nouns as objects of the same verb, cf. 2. Alto. Banqueting-couches were gen- I. 742. erally high, especially the more splendid 6. -Et - fui; I. e., in which I acted a. ones, conspicuous part...-Fando. "1While 8. Jfubes (me) resovare. A. 381, a; relating." This use of the ablative of the G. 546, IR. 1; HI. 535, II. Cf. I. 648; II. 37; gerund for the pres. act, participle Is rare.. III. 146, 472. A. 301; G. 482; H. 542, IY. N. 2. 4. Ut. Supply narrando before this. 7. Miles. Repeat quisl with this word.. 54 P. VIRGIL II MAR ONIS Temperet a lacrimis? et jam nox humida coelo Praecipitat, suadentque cadentia sidera somnos. Sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros 10 Et breviter Trojae supremum audire laborem, Quamquam animus meminisse horret, luctuque refugit, Incipiam. Fracti bello fatisque repulsi Ductores Danatim, tot jam labentibus annis, Instar montis equum divina Palladis arte Aedificant, sectaque intexunt abiete costas; Votum pro reditu simulant; ea fama vagatur. Hue delecta virfim sortiti corpora furtim Includunt caeco lateri, penitusque cavernas Ingentes uterumque armato milite complent. Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama Insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant, Nunc tantum sinus et statio male fida carinis; 15 20 8. Temperet (sibi). "Could refrain." For the mood, see A. 268; G. 251; H. 486, II. 9. Praecipitat (se). Night is personified. Having passed the zenith in her chariot, she is now rushing down to the ocean.... Cadentia. " Sinking," like 2Vox, not setting. The time is a little after midnight. 10. Amor. " Desire." Sc. est tibi.... Cognoscere - audire. A Graccism for cognoscendi-audiendi. A. 270, a; G. 424, R. 4, 4); H. 533, II. N. 3. 12. rfemintisse. A. 271, N; G. 552, R. 1;;H. 498, III. N. 3.... Luctuque refitgit. "And has recoiled (from it) through grief." This aoristic use of the perfect finely denotes an instantaneous shrinking of Aeneas' mind from the task. The perf..and pres. are occasionally thus found.united elsewhere. 13. Fatis repulsi. The fates had decreed that Troy should not be taken until after a nine years' siege. 14. Tabentibus. A. 276, a; G. 278; H. 467, III. 2. 15. Instar, &c. Construe, Aediflcant equum instar montis, &c. Instar is in apposition with equum.... Divina Palta dis arte. " (Assisted) by the divine skill of Pallas." The Greeks, according to Homer, were indebted to Minerva for both the suggestion and execution of the stratagem. 16. Secta abiete. " With cut fir;" i.e., planks of fir. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 17. Votun (esse). "That it has been vowed." Votum may also be regarded as a noun, the subject of esse.... Pro 'editiu. "For their (safe) return." 18. Construe, Huc, caeco lateri, includunt furtim delecta corpora virum, sortiti (ea).... Hue; i. e., into the horse. Notice the two ideas of motion and of rest in huc includunt. The full English expression would be, "They bring hither and shut up."... Sortiti. "Having selected (them) by lot." 19. Lateri. A. 228; G. 346; H. 886.... Penitus. "Completely." Join with complent. 21. In conspectu; i. e., " in sight" of Troy. 22. Opum. "In wealth." See on I. 14. 23. Sinus. Sc. est. AENEIDOS LIB. II.55 55,. Flue se provecti deserto in litore condunt. Nos abiisse rati et vento petiisse Mycenas. iErgo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu. Panduntur portae; juvat ire et Dorica castra Desertosque videre locos litusque relictum. Hic Dolopum. manus, hic saevus tendebat Achilles; Classibus hic locus, hic acie certare solebant. Pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae, Et molem. mirautur equi; primusque Thymoetes Duci intra muros hortatur et arce oeari, Sive dolo, sen jam Trojae sic fata ferebant. At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti, Aut pelago Danaetm insidias suspectaque dona Praecipitare jubent, subjectisque urere flammis, Aut terebrare cavas uteri et tentare latebras. Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. Primus ibi ante omnes, magna comitante caterva, 25. 30, 35, 40, acie. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419. III.... Sotebantd; 1. e., both Greeks and Trojans. 81. Pars stupet - snirantv#r.- A. 205, c; G.202, exc. I1; H. 461, 1,N. 2.... Donmur Alliuervace. " The gif t of Minerva;" 1. e., offered to Minerva. An object. gen. 33. D)uei. = ut dciatur. A. 831, a; G. 5461, R. 1; H. 535. I1i.nd N. So also loear = utboctur... Arice. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. 34. Dolo. Thle wife and child of Thymoetes had been slain by Priam; hence there was reason for suspecting treachery. See Class. Diet..... Seu. &c. "1Or (because) the destinies of Troy now so directed,"lit., "so brought (it)." 35. Construe, Et (ffi) menti quorum (erat) meliorsgententia. Lit., "1and they to whose mind there was," &c. A. 231; G. 349; 11.387. 36. Pelfigo = in pelagus. A. 225, b; G. 344fR. 3; 11.380 4. 37. Praecipitare Jubent. A. 331, a; G. 546 and R.1I; H. 535,II. and N....9Que. Some advise the destruction, others the examination of the horse. Of the former, some would cast it into the sea and others would burn it. Hence the propriety of que instead of ye. 40. Anite omnes;I e., of those descending from the citadel. MINERVA. 24. Provecti lane condunt se, &c. "Having sailed hither," &c. 25. No., (eog) abiisse rati (sumu8). A. 336, a; G. 527, R. 2... Mycen~as. Used for Greece in general. 26. Luctu. A.248,a; 0.888i; H.414J. 29. Mlanus. Sc. erat. 30. Classibnes. A. 235, a; G. 348, R. 2; H. 384, 4, N. 2.... Locues (erat). Refers to the place where the Grecian vessels had been drawn up on the shore.... Acie = in i Z6 56P. VIR GILI I AfR O NIS Laocoon ardens summa tiecurrit ab arce, Et procul: "10 miseri, quae tanta insania, cives? "Creditis avectos hostes? ant ula putatis "Dona carere dolis Danaitm? sic notus UMixes? "Ant hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi, "Ant haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros "Inspectura domos venturaque desuper urbi, "Ant aliquis latet error; equo ne credite, Tenoni. "Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes." Sic fatus, validis ingentem viribus hastam In latus inque feri curvam compagibus aixvnm Contorsit. Stetit illa tremens, uteroque recusso Insonuere cavae gemitumque deaere cavernae; Et, si fata deftm, si mens non iaeva fuisset, Impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras, Trojaque nunc staret., Priamique arx alta, maneres. Ecce, manus juvenem interea post terga revinctum Pastores magn o ad regem clamore trahebant Dardanidae, qui se ignotum venientibus ultro, 45 50 55 41. A b sumtma arce. "From the top of the citadel." 42. Et procul (clamat)....ITnsania (est ista). 43. Aveetos (emse). 44. Dolis. A. 243, a; G. 388; H. 414,J1. *.... Notus (e.8t 1)0i8). 45. Liqno. See on 19. 47. ilu spectura - ventura. A. 293, b; 0. 673, 3; H. 549, 3.... Desutper utrbi =desuper in urbem. "1Into the city from above." See on pelago, 36, above. In writing this and the preceding line, Virgil had in mind the movable siege-towers of a later period. 48. Atiquis = alius quis. "Some other....-Equo. A. 227; G. 345;. H. 885, II. 49. Qutidquid est. See on I. 387.... Ft. "Even."....Dona. "1Gifts " to whom? Was the horse a gift to the Trojans, or to Minerva, or to both? 51. In latus inque alvum. The spear not only penetrated the wooden framework of the side, bnt it also went Into the Inner cavity.... Curvam corn prs(,'ibust~. "Curved out with joints."9 A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 52. 11la; i. e., the spear. 53. Gernitum. Refers merely to the hollow sound. 54. Si fata, &c. " It the decrees of the gods had not been unpropitions, if our minds had not been infatuated." There is a zeugma in laeva which obliges us to translate it by different words with the different subjects. 55. 1Impulerat. Ir-stead of impullsset to express the Idea in a more lively and positive way. Render literally, "1He had induced us." A. 308, b; 0. 599, R. 2; H. 511, N. 3. 57. Construe, Bece interea Dardanidae pastorts trahebant, &c....Mapsus revissctum. A. 240, c; G. 832; H. 378. 59. Construe, Qui ultrv. obtulerat se ignotum veni~entibu8. An entire stranger to them, he had purposely put himself In their way as they were coming to the city....(1118) venientibu.'. Limits obtulerat. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. AENEID OS LIIB. II. 57 Hoc ipsum ut strueret Trojamque aperiret Achivis, 60 Obtulerat, fidens animi atque in utrumque paratus, Seu. versare dolos, seu. certae occumbere morti. Undique visendi studio Trojana juventus Circumfusa ruit, certantque illudere capto. Accipe nunc Danaetm insidias, et crimine ab uno 65 Disce omnes. Namque ut conspectu. in medio turbatus, inermis, Constitit atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit: "leu, quae nunuc tellus," inquit, "1quae me aequora possunt "Accipere? aut quid jam misero, mihi denique restat, 70 "Cui neque apud Danaos usquam. locus, et super ipsi "Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt'?" Quo gemitu. conversi animi, compressus et omnis Impetus. ilortamur fari, quo sanguine cretus, Quidve ferat; memoret, quae sit fiducia capto. 75 Ille haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur: "1Cuncta equidem tibi, Rex, fuerit, quodcumque, fateboi 60. Hoc ipsum. " This very thing; " I. e., be brought before the king and questioned. 61. Fidens animi. "1Resolute in spirit." A. 218, c; G. 374, 1R. 2; H. 399, MI. 1.... In utritmque. "For either (result)." Referring to the alternatives In the following line. A. 188; 0. 195, R. 2; HI. 441. 62. The infinitives may be regarded as nouns in apposition with utru..u.... M~orti. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. 64. Circumfusa iruit. "Rush thronging, around (him).".... Cet-tant. For the change of number, see on 31, above.... Capto. See on snot-t, 62. 65. Crimine ab unso disce omnes. Freely, "1From one example of treachery learn to know all the Greeks; " i. e.. from the treachery of one judge of them all. Ab uno crimine = a crimine unius. 67. Ut. "1.As."9 69. IHeu. Sinon first seeks to obtain the compassion and confidence of the Trojans. He appears to be in despair. There is no place of safety (locus) for him among the Greeks, whose vessels swarm upon the sea, and his enemies, the Trojans, are in possession of the land. His whole relation is in the highest degree artful and ingenious. 71. Super. "1Moreover; " as in I. 29. 72. -Poenas cu'ss sanguine (= poenas 8anguineas) poscu~nt; i. e., they demand my life as that of an enemy. 73. Quo. A. 201, e; G. 612; H. 453..... Conversi (stint) - coznpre.ssus (est)..... Et. In prose this would he before compressus 74. Quo sanguinte. A. 244, a; G. 395; H. 415, II.... Gretus (sit) - fer,#at. A. 334; G. 469; H1.529,1L 75. Quid fer#at; i. e., what he has to communicate.... (Ut) memorwiet. "That he declare." Depends on hortamur, which Is followed by an infinitive, as in the preceding line, or by a subjunctive. A. 331, a and g; G. 54, R. 1; H. 535, IV. For the omission of ut, see A. 331, f, R; 0. 546, R. 3; H. 499, 2.... Quae sit fiducia (ribi) ca~pto; i. e., what ground of confid ence led him to spontaneously give himself up, what his hopes of mercy are based upon. For the dat., see A. 231; 0. 34.9; H. 387. 76. FormPiidine. This of course was wholly feigned. 77. PFuerit quodcumque. "Whatever shall be (the result);" i. e., to me. 58 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS "Vera," inquit; "neque me Argolica de gente negabo;"Hoc primum; nee, si miserum Fortuna Sinonem "Finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget. 8G "Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad aures "Belidae nomen Palamedis et inclyta fama "Gloria, quem falsa sub proditione Pelasgi "Insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat, "Demisere nedi,,nunc cassum lumine lugent: 85, "Ifli me comitem et consanguinitate propinquum "Pauper in arma pater primis huc misit ab annis. "Dum stabat regno incolumis regumq1ie vigebat "Concillis, et nos aliquod nomenque decusque "Gessimus. Invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi- 9 "Haud ignota loquor-superis concessit ab oris, "Afflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam, "Et casum insontis mecum indignabar amici. The future perfect is here for the future. A. 281, R; G. 2,36, R. 1; H. 473, 1. 78. Ve-ra. "1Truly."1 Best rendered by an adverb, as it adheres tofatebor. Notice the emphatic position of cunwta and vera...Me. Sc. esse. 79. Hoe primtunn. Sc.fateor.... NVec, &c. "1Nor, if Fortune has made Sinon miserable, will she shamelessly make him also unreliable and deceitful." S0. ITmproba. This word strictly belongs only to the second clause, and should not be joined with Fortuna. it can therefore be best rendered into English as an adverb. 81. Fando. AbI. of means. A. 301; (G. 482; H. 542, IV. "1By report," or "lrumor....Aliquod nomten. "Any mention." 82. Itedyta fama. "1(Rendered) illustrious by fame." 84. Infando indicio. The "1impious evidence"1 was a forged letter and a sum of money, both secreted in his tent by Ulysses, to prove his correspondence with the enemy and secure his destruction. On the discovery of these Palamedes was stoned to death by the Greeks.... Bella vetabat; I. e., advised the Greeks to abandon the siege. A. 277, c; G. 22; H. 469, 1. 85. -Lurni ie;iLe., the light of life. A. 243, a; G. 388; H. 414, I. 86. The apodosis begins here. I'In case you ever heard of Palamedes, I was his companion in arms and near kinsman.' J1i logically limits comitem, but Is grammatically dependent on misit. A. f35, a; G. 343, R. 2; H. 384, 4, N. 2. Observe the emphasis of Wil. 87. Payper. "1(Being) poor." The term is Intended to excite compassion.... In arma = in belium, "to the war."... Primis ab annis = ab inttto elfe11. 88. Regito. "1In his royal dignity." See on I. 268. Ft. Vgebat conctijis. "1Had influence in the councils; " i. e., of the Grecian leaders (regum) who held frequent military councils, as we learn from Homer. 89. -Et nos. "I also.....Que - que. A. 156, h; G. 478; H. 554, I. 5. 91. Hated ignota. Sinon supposes the story well known to the Trojans, as, Indeed, it doubtless was. Observe throughout the recital the artful union of truth and falsehood.... C7oncesqsit. For the tense, see A. 324; G. 563; H. 471, 4. 92. Ajjtictus. "1Dashed down (from my prosperity).".. It& tenebris. "1In obscurity." AENEIDOS LIB. II. 59 "Nec tacui demens, et me, fors si qua tulisset', "Si patrios umquam remeassem victor ad Argos, 9 "CPromisi ultorem, et 'verbis odia aspera movi. "linc mihi prima mali labes, hince semper U-lixes, "Criminibus, terrere novis, hinc spargere voces "In vulgum ambiguas, et quaerere conscius arma. "Nec requievit enim, donec Calchante ministro- - 100 "Sed quid ego haec autem nequidquam ingrata revolvo? "Quidve moror, Si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos, "Idque audire sat est? Jamdudum sumite poenas; "Hoc, Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae." Tum vero ardemus scitari et quaerere causas, 105 Ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae. Prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur: "1Saepe fugam Danai Troja cupiere relicta "Mioliri et longo fessi discedere bello; ICFecisseintque utinam! Saepe illos aspera ponti.110 "1Interolusit hiems, et terruit Auster euntes. "CPraecipue, quum jam hec trabibus contextus acernis 94. Me. Construe, P~romisi me ultorem,.&c. Fore may be understood after nw.... 1'uli~sset. "1Should bring (it about)." A. 286, R; G. 516; H. 525, 2. 95. Argos= Graeciam. Euboea was his native place. 96. Odia; i. e., of Ulysses. 97. Hine. "1From this time." Some render it "1from this cause," but the presence of 8emper seems to support the other interpretation. 98. The three Infinitives are historical. A. 275; G4.650; H. 586, 1. 99. Qttaeres-e conscius armta. "1Was seeking, in league with accomplices, means for my ruin." This appears to be the most probable meaning, but the passage is very perplexing. 100. For the aposiopesis, see on I. 1835. Sinon has said enough to excite curiosity, and then abruptly breaks off. 101. Sed autem. This combination is found nowhere else In Virgil, but is frequent among comic writers. The second adversative seems merely to add emphass"But Indeed," or "1but however.".... Ingratta;l. e., to Sinon. 102. Moror. SC. vos. 103. Id; i. e., that I am a Greek.... Jfamdudlurn. "1Instantly." A poetical use of the term without logical cougruity; the idea being that the Trojans have long since had the right -to punish. 104. Yelit - met-centur. "Will doubtless wish," &c. A. 31 1, b; (4. 250; H. 486,1I.... Magnio. A. 252, d G4.380; H. 422. 107. -Prosequitur. "1Proceeds." Used here absolutely, as perhaps nowhere else..... Ficto pectore. A. 248; G4.401; H. 419, III. 109. Mioliri = parare, with the additional idea of effort to overcome the difficulties of flight. See on I. 563.... Bello. Join with fessi. A. 245; G4.406; H.- 416. 110. -Fecissent (id). A. 267 and b; (4. 253 and 254; H. 483, 1 and 2.... Saepe. "1(As) often; referring to saepe above. Ill. Euntes. "1When on the point of departing. " A. 290, a; (4r. 274, R. 1. 112. Aeernis. In verse 16 it was pine; it is hereafter spoken of as oak, not, as Conington justly remarks, "1from confu 60 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS " Staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi. " Suspensi Eurypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi "Mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat~ ' Sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa, "' Quum primum Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras; " 'Sanguine quaerendi reditus, animaque litandum " ' Argolica.' Vulgi quae vox ut venit ad aures, "Obstupuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit "Ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quem poscat Apollo. "Hie Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu "Protrahit in medios; quae sint ea numina divuim, "Flagitat. Et mihi jam multi crudele canebant "Artificis scelus, et taciti ventura videbant. " Bis quinos silet ille dies, tectusque recusat " Prodere voce sua quemquam aut opponere morti. slon or forgetfulness, but as an assertion of the poet's privilege to represent, in as many ways as he pleased, the general /-,.' notion of wood." There are very many., -~x other instances in the poem in which specific terms are used in the sense of generic. | ~ 113. Staret. A. 325; G. 586; H. 521, II. 2. 114. Scitantem. " To consult." See on orantes, I. 519. 115. Adytis. See on I. 679. 116. Sanguine et virgine caesa. A hendiadys. See on I. 61.... Placastis = placavisti8. A. 128, a; G. 191, 5; H. 235, 1. The allusion is to the sacrifice of Iphi- ULYSSBS. genia, the daughter of Agamemnon, at 122. Hic. See on 1. 728..... Aulis, where the Grecian chiefs had as- tumultu. Said of Ulysses, not sembled before sailing for Troy. See multitude. Cf. Ithaci clamobus. Class. Diet. 128. 118. Quaerendi (sunt) - litandum 123. Protrahit. Calchas pret( (est). The latter is impersonal. A. 113, luctance. Cf. 100 and 129.... Q d with ft. n.; G. 243; H. 234; 301, 2. &c.; i. e., what is the will of Apol 119. Quae. See on quo, 73..... Ut. is the person Indicated. "When."....Venit. For the tense, see 124. Fl a g i t a t. " Vehemen on I. 216. mands;" in keeping with magno ti 121. Cui fata parent. "For whom 125. Artificis. " Of the artful p the fates ordain (death)." This indirect. Taciti. After privately warni question depends on something like metu- they awaited the result in silence, i entium implied in tremor. The object of fear of Ulysses. parent is easily supplied from the preced- 126. Bis quinos. A. 95, d; G. 9 ing sentence, 118....Poscat; i. e., for H. 174, 2, 4).... Tectus. " Conce the sacrifice. his tent)." 115 120 125 Magno of the below, ends ree sint, lo, who tly deumultu. lotter." ing him through 95, R. 1; aled (inb AENEIDOS LIB. II.6. 61 "Vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus, "11Composito rumpit vocem et me destinat arae. "Assensere omnes, et, quae sibi quisque timebat, 1 "Unius in miseri exitium. conversa tulere. "Jamque dies infainda aderat; mihi sacra parari, "Et salsae fruges, et circum tenipora vitta.te "Eripui, fateor, leto me et vincula rupi, "Limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva1 "Delittni, dum vela, darent si forte, dedisseiut. "Nec mihi jam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi, "Nec dulces natos exoptatumque parentem; "Quos illi fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent "Effugia, et culpam hanc iniserorum morte piabunt. 1, "Quod te per superos et conscia numina veni, "Per, si qua est, quae restet adhuc mortalibus usquam, "Intemerata fides, oro, miserere laborum. "Tantorum; miserere animi non digna ferentis." His lacrimis vitam damus, et miserescimus ultro. 1, Jpse viro primus manicas atque arta levari Vincla jubet Priamus, dictisque ita fatur amicis: 30 35 1tO 15 1219. C'o'rnposito = ex composito (se. ordine). "By agreement;" i. e., with Ulysses. A. 188, c; G. 195, R. 1, fin.; H. 441. 131. Construe, Tulere (ea) conversa ( eaiwm rerum contvergtonem) ins exitium unius miser-i, quae, &c. A. 292, a; G. 667, R. 1; H. 549, N. 2. 182. Parairi. "Were being prepared," -historical infinitive. A. 275; G. 650; H. 536, 1. 188. Salsae firuges = mola salse; i. e., "the salted meal," grain pounded and mixed with salt, used to throw upon the sacrifice. A Roman custom is here attributed to the Greeks.... Vittae. In Roman usage these adorned the heads of both priests and victims. 1,34. Fateor. As if it were an Impious act thus to escape. 135. Obseurus in ulva. "1Screened from view In the sedge;" showing more particularly the means of concealment in the marsh. 136. Dbum vela dledi~ssent. "Until they should have set sail." A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II... D1aresat sifor-te; i.e., should do it without having made the sacrifice enjoined by the oracle. 137. Spes videstdi. Sc. est. For the geni tive, see A. 298; G. 429; H. 542, I. 189. Quos- poenas. A. 239, c; G. 333; H. 374... -Et = etiam, not correlative with et in 140. 141. Quod. " Wherefore." A. 240, b; 0. 331, R. 3; H. 378, 2. 142. Pet. The clause following is the object of the preposition, hut in so. translating it the English idiom does not per mit a literal rendering of 8i qua. "IBy whatever (8i qua) pure faith there is still remaining" (quae restet adhuc)' &c..... Restet. A. 320; G. 684; H. 508,IL 143. -Laborum - animi. For the case, see A. 221, a; G. 376; H. 406, I. 145. His lacrimis. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416.... Ultro. "1Besides." 146. Viro. Probably a dative. A. 224; G. 344; H. 884 62 432 P. VIRGILII MAR oNrS "Quisquis es, amissos hinc jam obliviscere Graios; "Noster eris, mihique haec edissere vera roganti: 149 "Quo molem. hano immanis equi statuere I? quis auctor? "Quidve petunt? quae religio? aut quae machina belli? Dixerat. JIle, dolis instructus et arte Pelasga, Sustulit exutas vinclis ad sidera palmas: "S/ os,, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum "Testor numen," ait, "~vos, arae ensesque nefandi, 155 "Quos fugi, vittaeque defim, quas hostia gessi: "Fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere 'Jura, "Fas odisse viros, atque omnia ferre sub auras, "Si qua tegunt; teneor patriae nec legibus ullis. "Tu modo promissis maneas, servataque serves., 160 "Troija, fidem, si vera feram, Si magna rependam. - "mnis spes Danaftm et coepti fiducia belli "Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. Impius ex quo "Tydides sed enim seelerumque inventor Ulixes, "'Fatale aggressi sacrato avellere templo 165 "Palladium, caesis summac custodibus arcis, "cCorripuere sacram effigiem, manibusque cruentis "'Virgineas ausi divac contingere vittas; 148. Amissos oblivise'ere Graios. "Let the Greeks go and forget (them); " zmitto in primary meaning. See on I. 69. For the case, see A. 219; G. 375 and R. 2; H. 406-407. 149. Vera. "Truthfully." See on 78. 150. Quo. "For what purpose."... Aurtor. "1Adviser." 151. Quae ireligio (eet). "What is the religious ohject?I...Aut ="or (if not that)." 154. Aeterni ignes; 1. e., the sun, moon, and stars. 157. Fas (es).... Sacrata Jura. Referring to the military oath. 159. Si quta tegunt. "1If they conceal any." Notice the mood, which implies that there are secrets to disclose A. 306; G. 597; H. 508. 160. Construe, Tu, Trcra, &c....Protnissisq = in promtssis, in prose. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, H.1I... Maneas. A. 266; G. 256; H. 484, 11. Stare Is more common with promissis. 161. Feram - rependam. Futures. See on 159. 162. Coepti ftducia belli. "1Confidence in the undertaking of the war;" i.'e., the confidence with which they began it. A. 292, a; G. 667, R.1I; H. 549,N. 2. See on 131. 163. Auxiliis stetit. "1Stood (or was kept up) by the aid." A. 248; G. 408; H. 420.... -Ex quo (tempore). Correlative to ex lb (tempore), 169. Together "after." 164. Sed enim. See on I. 19. 165. Fatale. So called because the destiny of Tiny depended on its preservation.... Aggressi avellere. '1 Having undertaken to tear away." A. 271; G. 424; H. 538. The Palladium was chained to the wall of the temple. The Greeks having ascertained its Importance, Diomede and Ulysses secretly effected an entrance into the city and carried off the image. 168. Ausi. Sc. ount. AENEIDOS LIB. II 63 "Ex illo fluere ac retro sublapsa referri "Spes Danatim, fractae vires, aversa deae mens. 170 "Nec dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris: "Vix positum castris simulacrum; arsere coruscae "Luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusque per artus "Sudor iit, terque ipsa solo-mirabile dictu"Emicuit, parmamque ferens hastamque trementem. 175 "Extemplo tentanda fuga canit aequora. Calchas, "Nec posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis, "Omina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant, "Quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis. "Et nunc, quod patrias vento petiere Mycenas, 180 "Arma deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso "Improvisi aderunt. Ita digerit omina Calchas. " Hanc pro Palladio, moniti, pro nunine laeso "Effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret. "Hanc tamen immensam Calchas attollere molem 185 "Roboribus textis coeloque educere jussit, 169. Fluere - referri. Historical infinitives. From what this metaphor was drawn it is difficult to decide; perhaps from a ship gliding down stream after the oars have ceased to propel it against the current. 170. F actae. Sc. sunt....Aversa (est). "Was alienated." 171. JEa signa = eus rei signa. "Tokens of this;" i. e., of the aversa mens. For this use of the demonstrative, cf. III. 505, and IV. 237. 172. Vix positum (erat). Vix is sometimes, as here, followed by a clause without any connecting particle, sometimes by a clause with que or et, but more frequently by a clause with quum, a connective which may be here supplied with arsere. Cf. II. 692, and lII. 90.... Castris. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. 173. Luminibits arrectis. "From her fiercely staring (lit., raised) eyes." 174. Ipsa; i. e., the image itself as a whole.... Solo. A. 243, b; G. 388; H. 484, N. 1.....Mirabile dictu. See on I. 111. 176. AExtemplo. With canit...Tentanda. Sc.esse...Canit. "Announces." 178. Repetant. There is an allusion to the custom with Roman commanders of returning to the city for new auspices, in case an evil omen occurred. A. 336; G. 653; H. 524.... Arjis. A. 258, c; G. 412; H. 425, II... Vumel; i. e., the Palladium. 179. Averxere. " Have (just now) carried away." The oratio directa, this line being the thought and language of Sinon again. 180. Quod. "'Inasmuch as," or "that," A. 333, a; G. 525, R. 2; H. 540, IV. N. 181. -Paranut; i. e., they go to prepare. 183. Construe, Mioniti (i. e., by Calchas) statuere hanc efigiem, &c.... Pro. "On account of;" i. e., in the sense of 'to make amends for the offense to,'-better than " in place of." 184. Quae piaret. A. 317; G. 632; H. 497, I. 185. So far the reason for constructing the image; now the reason for its astonishing size. Immensam. "Of vast bulk;" emphatic and to be rendered with attollere. 186. Roboributs. Limits attollere, by A. 48; G. 403; H. 420.... Coelo. A. 225, b; G. 344, R. 3; H. 380, II. 4. 64 04P. VIJG IL II MAIRONJIS "Ne recipi portis aut duci in moenia possit, "Neu populum antiqua sub religione tueri. "Nam si vestra man Liis violasset dona Minervae, "Turn magnum exitium-quod dil prius omen in ipsum, 190 "Convertant!-Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum; "Sin manibus vestris vestram adscendisset in urbem, "UT-ltro Asiam magno Pelopea, ad moenia bello "Venturam, et nostros ea tata manere nepotes." Talibus insidjis per~Jlrique arte&Sinonis 195 Credita res, captique do-lis lacrimisque coactis, Quos neque Tydides, nec Larissaeus Achilles, Non anni domuere decem, non mille cariniae. I/ Hie aliud inajus, miseris, multoque tremendurn Ob~jicitur magis, atc]ne improvida pectora turbat. 200 Laocoon, ductus Neptunos~orte sacerdos, Solemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras. Ecce autern gemini a Tenedo tranquill'a per altailorresco referens-immen sis orbibus angues Incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt: 205 Pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta Jubaecjue, Sanguineae superant undas; pars cetera lpontunm 187. -Possit instead of posset, after jusMt, a bust. perf., becausie Sinon, not Calchas, gives the reason. 188. Antiquta sitb veligJiote. "Under their former worship." The horse if received into the city would prove a new Palladium to the Trojans. 189. Violaqset. Oratio obliqua. A. 286, R; G. 516; H. 525, 2. The construction depends on dixit hpplied in juseit, 186. 190. Oment = ruin." By metonymy the sign for the thing signified. 191. Fuiturumn (ess8e). A. 886; G. 658 H. 523, 1. 193. Ultro. "1Voluntarily." 1,94. Venturam (e,88e)....Ea, fata; I. e., the?magnum exitium of verse 190. 198. Millie. A round number for 1186, the sum in Homer. 199. IHic. See on I. 728...Aliutd. " Another even t. " A. 188; G.195,R.2* H. 441.... M~isevis. Sc. nobie. 200. linpr)ovida. Simply "1thoughtless," or "1blind," in a general sense. 201. Laocepk was a priest of Apollo, chosen on this occasion, for some unknown reason, to offer sacrifice to Neptune.... N'ep~tuno. A. 285, a; 0. 348, R. 2; H. 3884,4, N. 2. 208. Construe, Autem ecce, gemini anguts, -ImmenAis orbibus,-horregco referens,, -(venientee8) a Tenedo, incumbunt pelago per tranquilla alta.... Gemkini. See on 1. 162. 204. 1',nrnensi.s orbibuts. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, II. 205. Js-cumhtunt, &c. Lit., " They rest heavily upon the sea along the tranquil waters." Incumbunt, however, gets a notion of movement from the context, and may be more freely rendered "1bear along," or "1swim.' For the case of pelago, see on 1. 84.. -. Tendunt. See on I. 205. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 65 Pone legit sinuatque immensa volumine terga; Fit sonitus spumante salo. Jamque arva tenebant, Ardentesque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni, 210 Sibila lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora.. Diffugimus visu exsangues. Illi agmine certo Laocoonta petunt; et primum parva duorum Corpora natorum serpeins amplexus uterque Implicat, et miseros morsu depascitur artus; 215 Post ipsum, auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem, Corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus; et jam Bis medium anlplexi, bis collo squamea circum Terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis. Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos, 220 Perfusus sanie vittas atroque veleno, Clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit: Quales mugitus, fugit quum saucius aram Taurus et incertam excussit cervice securim. At gemaini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones 225 i I 208. Volfmisie. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. Translate as plural. 209. SIpuJtuante salo. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 210. Oeulos.. See on I. 228. 212. A ytmine certo. "In undevi4ing course." 215. lMo rsu (depascitur. Lit., " Feeds upon with its bite; " i. e., " devours." 216. Post. = postea.... ipsulm; i.e., Laocoon... Al.stilio.subeluntem. "Coming up) to their aid." For the dative, see A. 233; G. 350; H. 390, II. N. 2. 218. MLedium.. Sc. eum. Lit., "The middle part of him," —more freely, "his waist." A. 193; G. 287, R; H. 440, 2, N. 1..... Colo. Dative. A. 225, d; G. 848; H. 384, II. 2.... Citecurn - dlati. Tmesis. A. p. 298; H. 636, V. 3. 219. Capite et cervicibus. A. 250; G.400; H. 423 and N. 1. 220. Sirunti - sizrnul. See on I. 631. 221. Vittas. See on oculos, 1. 228. 228. The natural prose order would be, Quates mugitus taurus tollit, quum, &c. Tales mugitus Laocoon touit is of course understood as the antecedent of quals, &c. Carefully compare on I. 430 and 316..... Fugit. What tense by scanning? 225. Lapsu. Join with effugiunt. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III.....Delubfra sumlnma. "The lofty (lit., loftiest) shrine." The same as Tritonidis arcem in the next line, and meaning simply the temple of Minerva, which was situated on the highest part of the arx or Acropolis. What was the arx of an ancient city? Give an example. 66 66P. VIR GIL II MAR O NIS Effughint, saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem, Sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur. Turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis Insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse-merentem Laocoonta ferunt, sacrurn qui cuspide robur Laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastarn. Ducendum ad sedes sirnulacrurn orandaque divae Nurnina conclarnant. Dividimus muros et'-moenia pandirnus urbis. Accingunt omnes openi, pedibusque rotarum Subjiciunt lapsus,, et stuppea vincula collo Intendunt. Scandit fatalis machina muros, Feta armis. Pueri circum innuptaeque puellae Sacra canunt, funemque rnanu contingere gaudent. lla subit, rnediaeque minans illabitur urbi. 0 patria, o diviutr domus Ilium, et inclyta bello Moenia Dardanidum! quater ipso in limine portae Substitit, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere; Instamus tamen immemores caecique furore, Et monstrum i-nfelix sacrata sistinius arce. Tune etiam~-fatis aperit Cassandra futuris 230 235, 21 -240 -245, 226. Saevae; i.eto the Trojans.... A rcee = templum. 227. Deaw. Besides the Palladium, a large statue of the goddess bad doubtless been in the temple, a conspicuous and easily accessible ornament of the edifice. 228. Cunctis. A. 285, a; G. 343,11. 2; H. 884,4, N. 2. 229. lusinuat (8e).... ScelIL8 = sCelri8 pona..... erentem. " DeservinF (such a fate);" but best translated as au adverb, " deservedly." Its emphasis should be noticed. A. 292; G. 669; 11.549, 1. 281. Laeser)it et intorser~it. For the mood, see on adveneris, I..8.... -Tergo. A. 228; G.846; H..856. 282. Duceendum (eage) - orainda (esse). *... Ad sedes (deae); I. e., to the temple. 288. Conelarnant. What is the force of the con? 284. 3foen~ia pandimus urbis. "Throw open the defenses of the city." 285. Accingunt (8e)....Botarum lapsus =rota8. 286. Coll, A. 228; G.8346; R. 886. 288. Ar-mis = armatis. 240. 174'bi. Limits illabitur. See on 286. 248. Sitbstitit. It was deemed an unfavorable omen (i. e., unfavorable to the person doing it) to stumble on or to touch the threshold, either on going in or coming out of a building. After the event, at least, the Trojans wouild naturally see in this stopping of the horse four times, as they were pulling it through the breach, an omen of evil, not, of course, to the horse, but, by an easy transfer, to the city.... teiro. A. 258, f; 0. 884, R. 2; H. 425,11I. 1. 246. tEtiam; I. e., besides the other warnings.... F'atis futuris. " For our coming doom." Probably a dat., but pus-. sibly an abi. of manner. 247. Credita. Better with ora than with Cassandra..... Teucris. For the. case, see on uli, 1. 440. AENEIDOS LIB. 1I. 6 67' Ora, dei jussu non umquam credita Teucris. Nos delubra deetm miseri, quibus ultimus esset Ille dies, festa velamus fronde per urbem. Vertitur interea coelum et ruit oceano nox., Involvens umbra magna terramque polumque Myrmidonumque dolos; fusi per moenia Teucri Conticuere; sopor fessos complectitur artus. Et jam Argiva -phalanx instructis navibus ibat A Tenedo, tacitae per amica silentia lunlae Litora nota petenis, flammas qulum regia puppis Extulerat, fatisque deluim defensus iniquis Inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim.-Laxat claustra, Sinon. JIlos patefactus, ad auras lieddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promunt Thessandrus Sthenelusquer-duces et dirus Ulixes, Demissum lapsi per funem, Acamasque Thoasque, Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon, Et Menelaus, et ipse doli fabricator Epeus. Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam; 250i 2551 260: 265 248. Construe, Nos miseri, quilsus ilk dies, &c.... Quibus - dies. " Since that day was our last; " used to explain miseri. A. 320, e; G. 636; H. 517. Some translate, " Though that day was our last," explaining hy A. 320, e, fin.; G. 637; H. 515, Ill. 250. Ruif. "Hastens up.... Oceaseo. A. 258, a; 0. 388, R. 3; H.- 412, 2. 252. Fusi. " Stretched out (in sleep)." See on I. 214. 254. -Phalanx. "Host," or "army.".... Instructis. "Having been drawn up in order." 256- Flammas. "The (signal) torch." R.. egia puppis; i.e., Agamemnon',s vessel. `257. -Extulterat - laxrat. The unusual sequence of tenses in the sentence may be thus explained: The fleet was uinder way (ibat), when the royal ship immediately raised (extulerat) the signal, and Sinon lets out (laxat) the Greeks. The signal is suddenly raised Immediately after setting sail, and Is not a signal to the fleet, but to Sinon. The pluperfect extulsrat is for the hist. perf., to express rapid succession of the event. A. 325. b; 0. 581, R; H. 521, IL. 1... i i u s. e., hostile to the Trojans. 258. Utero. For the case, see on 19. 259. Laxat. Notice the zeagima. With Danaos the verb means " lets out; " with dalatra, " opens." A. p. 298;. 0. 690; H. 636. II. 1. For the reversion of the natural order of ideas, called hysteron proteron, see A. p. 298; H. 636, V. 2. 260. Robore. A. 258, a; G. 388, R. 3; H. 412, 2. 261. Dimes. * The chieftains," a word expressing in. a general way their rank; it cannot have reference to their coming out first, for see the following note. 26.3. Primus; i. e., the "first" to descend. This word cannot well be otherwise explained, yet why is the first to descend mentioned the seventh in order? 264 Doli. As ineldias in 36, for the horse itself. 265. Invadunt urbem; i. e., while. on their way from the arx to the gate to meet the army. 68 P. VIR GILII MARONIS Caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnes Accipiunt socios atque agmina conscia jungunt. Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris Incipit, et dono divuim gratissima serpit: In somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector 270 Visus adesse mihi, largosque effundere fletus, Raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento Pulvere, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes. Hei mihi, qualis erat! quantum mutatus ab illo Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli, 275 Vel Danafim Phrygios jaculatus puppibus ignes! Squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crines, Vulneraque illa gerens, quae circum plurima muros Accepit patrios. Ultro-flens ipse videbar Compellare virum et maestas expromere voces: 280 "0 lux Dardaniae, spes 7fidissima Teucrum, " Quae tantae tenuere m rae? quibus Hector ab oris 266. Omnes socios; i.e., the forces....Achilli. See on I. 30. Hector had just landed from the ships. slain and despoiled Patroclus, who wore 267. C o n s c i a (doli)....J u ng u n t the armor of his friend, Achilles. (sibi). 269. Do no. Limits serpit. A. 245; G. Gr.. \ 406; H. 416. " -F 270. In.somnis. "In slumber." 271. Mihi. With i8sus (est). 272. Construe, Ut quondam, raptatus bigis. "As formerly (he appeared, after) having been dragged," &c. 'Aeneas had | ' i ~ ~ seen the corpse of Hector in this condition, after it had been brought back to Troy by Priam. The ghosts of the slain - ' a 7 are conceived to appear like their disfig- < O ( ured and mutilated bodies. See VI. 494.' -Frieze. HECTOR. 273. Lora. Greek accusative. A. 240, c; G. 3.32; 11. 378. The ordinary con- 276. J a cul a t u s. "(After) having struction of this case would require pedes hurled.".... P upp i b u s. "Upon the in the acc. and the abl. loris for lora; ships,"-dative. pierced as to his feet with thongs. 278. Vulnera. Not received in battle, 274. Mihi. A. 236; G. 351; H. 389 and but those inflicted by the Greeks after his N. 2.... Qualis. Referring to his appear. death, and the lacerations caused by the ^ance. &dragging.... Plurima. See on I. 419. ce. 279. Ultro; i. e., without waiting to be 275. Redit. Present tense for greater. FLe., without witing to be addressed...lens. Join with ipse,vividness. The scanning shows It is not e the contracted perfect, from redlit, which myself weeping too," a wel a he would have the final syllable long.... Ex- 282. In his dream Aeneas forgets even ~uvias. A. 225, d; G. 382, R. 2; H. 377. I the fact of Hector' death. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 0 69 "Exspectate venis? ut te post multa tuorum "Funera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores "Defessi adspicimus? quae causa indigna serenos 285 "Foedavit vultus? aut cur haec vulnera cerno? Ile nfihil, nec me quaerenteni vana —zoratur, Sed graviter gemitus irno die pectore ducens, "li1eu fuge, nate dea, teque his," ait, " eripe flammis. "ilostis habet mnuros; ruit alta-a cuiruine, Troia. 290 "Sat patriae Priam~oque datum. Si Pergaina dextra "'Defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. " Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troja Penates: "Ilbs cape fatorum comites,4-ils moenia quaere, " Magna pererrato statues quae denique ponto." 295 Sic ait, et manibus vittas Vestamque potdntem Acternumque adytis effert penetralibus ignein. 41Diverso interea miscentur moenia hictu-, Et magis atqtie magis, quamquan},8ecreta parentis Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit, 300 Clarescunt sonitus, armorumque ingruit horror. Excutior somnlo, et summi-fastigia tecti Adscensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto: In segetem veluti quum. flamma-.furenitibus Austris Incidit, aut rapidus montano fluinine torrens 305 283. ERxapectate. Voc. by attraction Rlome, of which Aeneas will be the virtual for the nom.. ITt. "How;" i-e., in founder through Laviulum. what condition. Join with adspicimus. 297. Aeternum., The fires of Vesta Some, however, render ut as = ut libenter, "how gladly I" 'were kept perpetually burning. 286.lil niil (e dt).298. "1The city Is thrown into confusion by cries of woe (1 tn) in various quarters 287. -41-oratur. "Does he regard." (di verso). 290. A culmine. "From the sum-! 29.9. Secreta. "Apart." mit;" 'I. e., from top to bottom. 302. Fastigia. "The pinnacles," or 291. Sat - datum (eat a te); i. e., thou simply "4top." owest no further service. 30. Adscensu, supero = adacesdo. 292. Hao (dextra); i. e., by mine.... For adacena, see on lapau, 2.5..... ArrecFor the subjunctives, see A. 308; G..599; tbv - vadsto. See on I. 152. -H. 510. 304. Iuv-eigttibit Austria. "While 294. Conmites. In apposition with hos. the winds are raging." A. 255; G. 408;...ins. "For these."...Mfoeiia H. 431. uribem, as often. See 298. 305. Bapidus= quifectu8 eat rapidus. 295. Con strue, Quae magna, ponto perer-...... Filumine. A. 245; G. 406; H. rato, denique atatuea. The reference is to 416. P. VIRI G ILII MA R O NIS Sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores, Praecipitesque trahit silvas; stupet inscius alto Accipiens sonitum. saxi de vertices pastor. Turn vero manifesta~-fides, Danau'imque patescunt Insidiae. Jam Deiphobi-dedit ampla ruinam 310P Vulcano -superante domus, jam..proxim-iiis ardet Ucalegon; Sigea igni freta lata relucent. Exoritur clamorque vireirn clangorque tubarum. Arma amens capio; nec sat rationis in armis; Sed glornerare manum bello et concurrere in areem 315z Cum sociis ardent animi; furor iraque mentem. Praeeipitant, pulchrumque mori suceurrit in armis. Ecce autem. tells Panthus elapsus Achivhim, Painthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos, Sacra manu victosque deos parvumque nepotemx 320' Ipse trahit, cursuque amens ad limina tendit. "11Quo res summa loco, Panthu.? quam pre-ndimus arcem. Vix ea fatus eram, gemitu quum talia reddit: " Venait summa dies et ineluetabile tempus " Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens 325 307. iflscius; i. e., in respect to the 821. Tprahit. The child could with diftause. ficulty keep up with his grandfather. No.. 808. Accipiens = audienis. tice the zeugma in this word with deog 809. Fides. "The truth;" i. e., of the aud nepotsemn... CaPrsv tendit (iter) = -vision.eurrit. For the nbl., see on 225....Limivision.na. "I(MY) door." 810. Dedit ruinam. "Fell in ruins." 322. Quo - loco, "1In what spot is the 311. Vulcano. For the case, see on chie-f conflict raging?" Better than the 804....Proxirnwi. " Next adjoining" common view: " In what condition is the the house of Deiphobus. I public welfare?....Quam, &c. "What 312. Ucealegon; i. e., the ho use of Ullc- citadel (I. e., stronghold) do we seize?"legon. i. e., what other place of defense are we to 314. Sat i-atjejis. A. 216, a, 4: G. try to hold, now that the main arx (Per871, R. 4; H. 897, 4. Aeneas had no clear gamus) is no longer tenable? The present purpose in thus rushing impulsively into prendimus has a future signif., as often battle. the pres. in English. 815. Bello. Dat. = ad bellum. 824. The answer of Panthus Is in effect, 817. Constnue, Succurrit (mihti) moyi in RTesistance can be of no avail; we have armnls (emse) putekreu. A. 189, di; G. 423; no citadel anywhere to defend; our last H. 488, 3 and 538, 2. (lday has come." 819. Arcis Phoebique; i. e., of the 3,25). Dardanliae. Dative, as in I. 22.. temple of Apollo in the citadel, where.... F uimus Troes. "1We are Trojans there were temples of several other tutelar no longer." A. 279, a; G. 22, 1; H. 471, deities. I., 2). AENEIDOS LIB. if. "Gloria Teucrorum; ferus omnia Jupiter Argos "Transtulit; incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. "Arduus armatos medfis in moenibus adstans "Fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet "Insulkans. Portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, "Millia quot magnis umquam venere Mycenis; "Obsedere alii telis angusta viarum "Oppositi; stat ferni acies mucrone corusco "Stricta, parata neci; vix primi proelia tentant "Portarum vigiles, et caeco Marte resistunt." Talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divf'im In flammas et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinys, Quo fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor. Addunt se socios Rhipeus et maximus armis Epytus, oblati per lunam, Ilypanisque Dymasque, Et lateri agglomerant nostro, juvenisque, Coroebus Mygdonides. Illis ad Trojam. forte diebus Venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore, Et gener auxilium. Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat, Infelix, qui non sponsae praecepta furentis Audierit. Quos ubi confertos audere in proelia vidi, 330 335 340 345 331. Mycenis. A. 258, a; G. 388,R. 3; H. 428, H1. 332. Attgusta viaruem. See on 1. 422. 338. Miucrone. Abl. of manner, with stat. 334. -Primi; I. e., those first met by the Greeks. 835. Caeco Marte. "In the dark encounter." 337. Erinys. "1The Fury"1 or "1Demon (of Battle)." 8339. These names are fictitious. 341. Agglomerantt (se)....Nost ro. A. 98, d; G. 195, R. 7; H. 446, N. 2. 344. Gener. "As a (future) son-Inlaw." 345. Furentis. "1Prophetic." 346. Audierit. A. 320. e; G.636; H. 517. Cf. on 248. 347. Quos ubi svidi. "And when I saw them." See on 73.... Audese int. "1To be full of courage for." kARS. 826. Argos = Gtraedam. A. 258, b; G. 342, R. 2; H. 380, 11. 330. AMj - a~ii. "1Some-others." -P. VIR GILII1 MA R O NIS Jncipio, super his: " Juve-nes, fortissima frustra "Pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido, "Certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis: 350, "Excessere omnes, adytis arisque relictis, "Di', quibus imperium hoc steterat; succurritis urbi "Jncensae; moriamur, et in media arma ruamus. "Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem." (' Sic animis juvenum furor additus. Inde, lupi ceu 355 Raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris Exegit caecos rabies, catulique relicti Faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostes Vadimus baud dnbiain in mortem, mediaeqne tenemus Urbis iter. Nox atra cava circumivolat umbra. 360 Q uis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando Explicet, ant possit lacrimis aequare labores? Urbs antiqna ruit, multos dominata per annos; Pinrima perqne vias sternuntur inertia passim Corpora perque domos et religiosa deorum 365 Limina. Nec soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri; Quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtus Victoresque cadunt IDanai. Crudelis ubique Luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago. Primus se, Danau'm magna comitante catberva,% 370. Androgeos offert inobis, socia agmina credens Inscius, atque ultro verbis compellat'amicis: "tFestinate, vini! Nam quae tam' sera moratur 348. Incipio super his. "I begin (to address them) besides (i. e., to inflame their courage still more) in these words." For this use of super (= in per), cf. 1. 29, and HI. 71.... H-is (dicti8). For the case, see on I. 559.... Frustra. Because valor is now useless. 349. Construe, Si vobis (est) certa cupido sequid (mne) audentem extreme. For sequi, see on 10. 350. Slit. A. 834; Gi.469; H1.529, 1.. Rebus. Poss. dative. 351. Adytis. Abl. abs. with rdiktls. 353. Jlloriamur et ruamus. Is this an example of hysteron proteron? See on 259. 354. Salus (est). Predicate nominative. 356. Raptores. A. 88, c; GT. 284, R;. H. 441, 8. 357. Caecos;- i. e., to all danger.... Supply quos before catuli. 359. Me-diae urbis. They were apparently proceeding to the arx. Cf. 240 and 404. 361. Quis fando explicet. See on 6 and 8. 362. Lacrimis. A. 248; G1. 403; H. 420. 364. Inert ia corpora; i. e., th e bodies of the slain. 371. Cred~ens. Sc. nos sees. 372. LUltro. See on 279. AENEI-DOS LIB. 1I. 73, " Segnities? AMj rapiunt incensa feruntque "CPergama; vos celsis nunc primum a navibus itis?"375, Dixit, et extemplo-neque enim responsa dabantur Fidla satis-sensit medios delapsus in hostes. Obstupuit, retroque pedem cum voce repressit. Improvisum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem Pressit hu'mi nitens, trepidus'que repente refugit 380 -Attolientem iras Rt caerula colla tumentem; Hand secus Androgeos visu tremefactus Abibat. Irruimus, densis et circum'fundimur armis, Ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos Sternimus. Adspirat primo fortuna labori. 385 Atque hic successu exsultans animisque Coroebus, "10 socii, qua prima," inquit, "1fortuna salutis "CMonstrat iter, quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur: "CMutemus clipeos, Danaifimque insignia nobis "Aptemus. Dolus, an virtus, quis in hoste requirat? 390. "Arma dabunt ipsi." Sic fatus, deinde comantem Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum Induitur, laterique Argivum accommodat ensem. Hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque juventus 875. Vos. Emphatic. 377. Sensit delapsus (i. e., 8e detapsum esse). A Graecism. A. 272, b; G. 527, R1. 3; H1.536, 2,1I). 378. -Retro. Pleonastic. 379. Aspris = asperis 38. Humi. A. 258, d; G. 412, R.i; H. 426, 2.... Nitens; 1. e., proceeding with difficulty through the briers.... -Refutgit. "1Has fled back from." 381. Iras = caput iratum. "1Its angry head.',.. Cofla. Greek acc. 383. Circumfundimur (Us). The pass. in a middle or reflexive sense is common. A.ill, N.1I; G. 209; 11.465.... Armis. A. 248; G. 401; H1. 419, HI. 88. Successu - animis. Abi. of cause. 887. Qjua. See on I. 401.f 89. Dolus.8.t...... Requirat. For the mood, see on 8. 892. (Jlipei insigne = clipeum. A. 225, d; G. 882, R. 2; H1.377. Gearn WkARIOa. '74 P. VIR GILII MIA RON IS Laeta facit; spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. 395 Vadimus immixti Danais haud numine nostro, Multaque per caecamn congressi proelia noctem. Conserimus, multos Danaiutm demittimus, Orco. Diffugiunt alii ad naves, et litora cursu Fida petunt; pars ingentem formidine turpi 400 Scandunt rursus equum, et nota conduntur in alvo, k lieu nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis! Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo Crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae, Ad coelum tendens ardentia lumina frustra, 405 Lumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas. Non tulit hane speciem. furiata mente Coroebus, Et sese medium injecit periturus in agmen. Consequimur cuncti et densis ineurrimus armis. Hue primum ex alto delubri culmine tells 410 Nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miserrima caedes Armorum facie et Graiarum errore jubarum. Turn Danai gemitu atque ereptae virginis ira IUndique collecti invadunt, acerrimus Ajax, Et gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis; v, 415 Adversi rupto eeu quondam turbine venti Confligunt, Zephyrusque Notusque et laetus Eois Eurus equis; stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti 396. Hattd umine nostro. "1Under a divinity (I. e., a protection, or auspices) not our own." The idea is not that the numen is unfavorable; it is simply not Trojan, becanse they are In Greek armor. The first allusion to failure is in 402. A. 248; G. 401; H1. 419, III. 398. Orco. Dat. for in Orcum. 8,99. Cursu. See on 225 and 821. 400. Fida. Why this term? 401. Conduntuhr. See on 888. 402. Znvitis diviss. Dat. after fldere. A. 227; G. 845; H. 885, II. The notion is that a man may not rely on Fortune when she has declared against him. Some consider the expression an abl. abs., taking fidere absolutely....- Fas9. Sc. est. 404. Ternpto. The temple of Minerva In the ant,, In the heart of the city. Cf. on,859 and 1. 41. 40??. Mlente. A. 255; G. 408; H1.481. 4018. Peritutrus. A. 298, b; G. 678, 8; 11. 549, 3. 409. Denffis armis. See on 883.... Incurrimus. Sc. li8. 410. Primum. Correlative with turn in 413, and etiarn, 420. 418. Gemitu - ira. A. 245; 0. 406; H. 416....Ereptae virginis. "At the rescue of the maiden; " i. e., Cassansdra. A. 292, a; G. 667, IR. 1; R. 549, N. 2. 414. Undique. With coilecti.... Invadu#nt. Sc. no... A cerrimus. Because of the loss of Cassandra. 416. Construe, ~'et quondam, tur~ne,rupto, vensti corlgnt adversi.-...Turbi~ne. Abl. abs. 418. Equis. See on tegmnine, I. 275.... Tridenti. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419,111. AENEID0S LIB. II. Spumeus atque imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo. 111i etiam, si quos obseura nocte per umibram Fudimus insidiis totaque agitavimus urbe,.Apparent; primi clipeos mentitaque tela Agnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant. Iliet obruimur numero; primusque Coroebus Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram Procumbit; cadit et iRhipeus, justissimus unus Qui fuit in Teucr'is et servantissimus aequi; Di's aliter visum; pereunt Hypanisque IDymiasque, Confixi a sociis; nec te tua plurima, Panthu, Labentem pietas nec Apollinis infula teit, Ilaci cineres et flamma extrema meorum, Testor, in occasu vestro nec tela nec ullas Vitavisse vices lDanai-tm, et, si fata fuissent, Ut caderem, meruisse manu. Divellimur inde, l phitus et Pelias mecum, quorum Iphitus aevo' Jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulixi; 420 425' 430 435 419. Fundo. Cf. I. 84 and 125. 420. 11ii si quos = li quOS. 421. Insidiis. "1By our strategem."$'....rrbe. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425,1IL 1. 422. Primi. "The foremost.".... MIentita. Used in the ordinary active sense, and belongs to clipeos as well as to tela. 423. Ora sono discordia. "Our speech differing in sound (from theirs)." 425. Dextra. Cf. L. 98...Ad aram. The altar was In front of the temple. 426. IUnus. This with a superlative= the very."~ 428. Dis aliter visum (e8t). There is something to be supplied; e. g., "if any one deserved to survive the fall of Troy, it was Ri pheus,; but,"' &c. 431. Fiamma meorurn (atvium). As if the flames of Troy were the funeral flames of his countrymen and friends. 433. JVitavisse. Sc. me. A. 240, f; G. 341; H. 536.... Vices Danaum. "1Perils from the Greeks.".... Fuissent; L.e., had willed it. 484. LUt caderem. A. 831, a; G. 646; APOLLO BELYIER& H. 498, 1.... Meruisse manu. "That I deserved (to fall) hy my prowess." 435. Quorum. Part. genitive after Ipldtum and Pelicw. 436. Gravior (erat). "1Was quite enfeebled." A. 93, a; G. 312; H. 444, I.... Vulnere Ulixi. "1A wound from Ulysses." For the form of the genitive, see on 1. 30. 76 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati. Hie vero ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe, Sic Martem indomitum, Danaosque ad tecta ruentes 440 Cernimus, obsessumque acta testudine limen., Haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos Nituntur gradibus, clipeosque ad tela sinistris Protecti objiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris. Dardanidae contra turres ac tecta domorum 445 Culmina convellunt; his se, quando ultima cernunt, Extrema jam in morte parant defendere telis; Auratasque trabes, veterum decora alta parentum, Devolvunt; alii strictis mucronibus imas Obsedere fores; has servant agmine denso. 450 Instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis, Auxilioque levare viros, vimque addere victis. / Limen erat caecaeque fores et pervius usus Tectorum inter se Priami, postesque relicti A tergo, infelix qua se, dum regna manebant, 455 Saepius Andromache ferre incomitata solebat 437. Vocati. A participle agreeing with the subject of diveltimur. 438. Pugnam. With cernimus...... Cetera bella; i. e., all the other conflicts that were going on in the city. 439. Bella. Poet. for proelia... Forent. A. 308 and 312; G. 599; H. 513, IL and N. 2. 440. Sic indomitum - (sic) ruentes - (sic) obsessum. See N. on 514.... Martern. " The conflict," as in 335. 441. Acta testudine. Abl. abs. The testudo was of shields, held above the heads of the besiegers and overlapping like the shingles of a roof.... Limen. "The gate." 442. Haerent parietibus. "Hang on the walls." The ladders had hooks at the upper end. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 2; H. 425, II. 1. 443. Gradibus; i. e., of the 8calae. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 446. His. With teis.... Ultima. "The extremity." 447. Extrema in morte. "On the verge of death." 449. Alii; i.e., of the Trojans. The two modes of attack will be noticed: some of the Greeks are seeking to scale the walls and gain the roof (442-444), while others are attempting to force the doors below (449-450). 451. Instaurati (sunt) anirni. Referring to Aeneas and his two companions. 453. Four terms characterize the same thing: (1) limnen, "an entrance," the general term; (2) caecae fores, with the notion of secrecy; (3) pervius usus, explaining the object of the entrance; (4) postes relicti, showing that it was unguarded. 454. Tectorum. Referring to the different buildingb or parts of the palace.... Relieti. "Left (unguarded)." 455. A tergo. Not with relieti, but with the whole sentence. "In the rear (of the palace) there was an entrance " &c..... Infelix. Because of her widowhood. 456. Saepius. See on 435. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 7 77 Ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat. Evado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde Tela manu miseri jactabant irrita Teucri. Turrim, in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra 460 Eductam tectis, unde omnis Troja videri Et Danaiim solitae naves et Achaica castra, Aggressi ferro circum, qua summa labantes Juncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis Sedibus impulimusque; ea lapsa repente ruinam 466 Cum sonitu trahit et Danau'tm super agmina late Incidit. Ast ahii subeunt, nec saxa, nec ullum Telorum interea cessat genus. Vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus Exsultat, telis et luce coruscus ahena; 470 Qualis ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina pastus, Frigida sub terra tumidum quem bruma tegebat, Nune., positis novus exuiviis nitidusque juventa, Lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga, Arduus ad solem, et linguis micat ore trisulcis. 475 Una ingens Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis, 457. Soceros. Priam and Hecuba.... -Trahe bat. See on 321. 458. Fastigia culminis. See on 302. 460. Turrim. Acc. after aggressi and convellimus, but the entire sentence may be fairly translated nearly in the order of the text. I..n praecipiti. "On the verge (of the roof)."...Summis tectis; I. e., the roof of the tower. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419, III. 461. Videri. Supply solita eat, from olitae (aunt) nave8. 463. Ferro; I. e., with iron Implements as levers.... Summa tabulata. Lit., "the highest flooring;" used in a somewhat loose way for the top or roof of the Palace, and at the same time for the base of the tower... iLabantes. "Yielding." 464. AtItis sedibus. "1From its lofty foundations,"- a~ti8 In reference to the palace, not "1deep," In reference to the tower. 469. Veastibulurn. " The entrance" of the palace. 470. ~Exsultat. In reference to his swift movements. 471. The order is, Quali8 ubi coluber, pastus mala ga-amine, quemfa-igida bruma tegebat tumidum sub terra, nunc, novu& exuviis positi8, nitidusque juventa, convoivit in lucem lubr-iea tea-ga subtato pectore arduu8 ad solem, et micat linguis trisRulcis oe..... Mala. "1Poisonous." 472. Turnidum. " Swollen" as a result of mnala gramina paatus. According to Pliny, as quoted by Henry, the ancients believed that the serpent acquired its yen. om from the food it ate on reviving in the spring. Virgil's serpent, however, seems, to have partaken of the mala ga-amina at the beginning of winter, and to have elaborated Its poison therefrom while in the torpid state, coming out in the spring not only ncnau8 and nitidu,8, but (by implication) letifer. 475. Linguis. See on cervice, 1. 402..... Ore. A.58o, f;G.884, R. 2;JH.425, II. 1. P. VIRGILII MARONIS Armiger Automedon, una omnis Scyria pubes Succedunt tecto, et fiammas ad culmina jactant. Ipse. inter primos correpta dura bipenni Limina perrumpit, postesque a cardine vellit 480 Aeratos; jamque excisa trabe firma cavavit iRobora, et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram. Apparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt; Apparent Priami et veterum penetralia regum, Armatosque vident stantes in limine primo. 485 At domus interior gemitn miseroque tnmultu Miscetuir, penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes Femineis uluiant; ferit anrea sidera clamor. Turn pavidae tectis matres ingentibus errant, Amplexaeque tenent postes atqne oscula figunt. 490 Instat vi patria Pyrrhus; nec clanstra, neque ipsi Custodes sufferre valent; labat ariete crebro Jan ua, et emoti procumbunt cardine postes. Fit via vi; rumpunt aditus, primosque trucidant Immissi Dana!, et late loca milite compicut. 495 Non sic, aggeribus ruptis qnuum spumens amnis Exiit oppositasque evicit gurgite moles, IFertur in arva furens cumulo, camposque per omnes Gum stabulis armenta trahit. Vidi se furentem Caede Neoptolemum. geminosque in ine Atridas; 500 Vidi Hecubam. centumque nurus, Priamumque per aras Sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, ignes. Quinquaginta jilli thalami, spes tanta nepotum, 477. Scyria pubes. Followers of Pyr- 485. Armatos. Those mentioned in rhus from the island of Scyros, one of the 449, 450. Cyclades. 4.92. Sufferre. Supply vim from the 478. Succedunt tecto. "Advance to preceding vi....Crebro; i. e., with frethe palace." quent blows of the ram. 479. Ipse; i. e., Pyrrhu8.... Correpta 493. Cardine. Join with emoti. bipenni. Abi. abs. 496. Non sic; i. e., with less violence. 480. -Limina. "The doors."...Pe- Sic limits fertur and trahit, the principal "Attmptsto beakverbs in the sentence. 'rumpit - Vellit. 11Atmt obek 497. -Exiit; i. e., from its channel. through," &c., the present denoting the ~ Cml.Seo.15 continuance of the act. 501. Nuru8. This term includes both 481. Aeratos - robora. Notice the the daughters-in-law and the daughters of position and emphasis of these words. IHecuba, of whom there were fifty each.... 482. Ore. A. 251;- G. 402; II. 41.9. IL Per = inter. AENEID OS LIB. II. 79 Barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, Procubuere; tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis. 5 Forsitan et, Priami fuerint quae fata, requiras. Urbis uti captae casum convulsaque vidit Limina tectorum et medium in penetralibus hostem, Arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo Circumdat nequidquam humeris, et inutile ferrum 5 Cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes. Aedibus in mediis nudoque sub aetheris axe Ingens ara fuit, juxtaque veterrima laurus, Incumbens arae atque umbra complexa Penates. Hie Hecuba et natae nequidquam altaria circum, 5 Praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae, Condensae et divum amplexae simulacra sedebant. Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum juvenalibus armis Ut vidit, " Quae mens tam dira, miserrime conjux, "Impulit his cingi telis? aut quo ruis?" inquit. 5 "Non tali auxilio nec defeasoribus istis "Tempus eget; non, si ipse meus nunc afforet Hector. "Huc tandem concede; haec ara tuebitur omnes, "Aut moriere simul." Sic ore effata, recepit 05 10 15 i20 504. Auro spoliisque. Limit superbi. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 506. Iequiras. A. 311, a; G. 250; H. 485. 509. The order is, Senior nequidquam circumdat humeris trementibus aevo arma diu desueta. 510. Humeris. A. 225, d; G. 848; H. 384, II. 2.... Ferrum. See on 392. 511. Moriturmts. See on periturus, 408. 512. Aedibus in mediis; Lie., in the central, open court of the palace-the impluvium. Here, as before, and as usual, the details are of a Roman house. 514. Complexa. " Embracing." A. 290, b; G. 278, R; H. 550, N. 1. 516. Praecipites; i. e., "driven headlong from the sky," and hastily taking shelter. 520. Cingi. Supply te as the subject. 521. Tali - istis. The reference is to HECTOR IN BATTLE. telis in the preceding line. The idea is that our only hope now lies in altars and prayers. Defensor is also applied to an inanimate object in Caes. B. G. I.. For the abl., see A. 243, a; G. 388; H. 414, I. 522. Non. Supply egeret from the preceding eget. A. 308; O. 599; H. 510. 524. Ore. See on. 614. 80 80P. VIR GIL II XIA RONIS Ad sese et sacra longaevum in sede locavit. 525 Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites, Unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostes Porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat Saucius; ilium ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus Jnsequitur, jam jamque manu tenet et premit hasta;. 530 Ut tandem ante oculos evasit et ora parentum, Concidit ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit. Hie Priamus, quamquam in media jam morte tenetur, Non tam~en abstinuit, nec voci iraeque pepercit: "At tibi pro scelere," exclamat, "1pro talibus ausis, 535 "D, si qua est coelo pietas, quae talia curet, "Persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant "Debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum "Fecisti- et patrios foedasti funere vultus. "At non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles 540 "Talis in hoste fuit Priamo; sed jura fidemque "Supplicis erubuit, corpusque exsangue sepuicro "Reddidit ilectoreum, meque in inca regna remisit." Sic fatus sehior, telumque imbelle sine ictu Conjecit, rauco quod protinus acre repulsum 545 Et summo clipei nequidquam umbone pependit. Cui Pyrrhus: "i Referes ergo haec et nuntius ibis "Peidae genitori; illi inca tristia facta "Degenerenique N~optolemum narrare memento. 525. Sacra in sede; 1. e., on the steps of the altar, probably. 526. Pyrrhi; I. e., at the bands of Pyrrhu& Cf. vudnere Ulixt, 486. 527. Per tela, &c. Join with elapsus. 528. Porticibus; I. e., those that surround the courts (atria). A. 255,; G. 84, R. 2; H. 425,II~L. 520. Irnfesto vulnere. "With deadly aim;" i. e., with a blow aimed at him. 580. Jfam Jam que. "Now, even.now."...Premit. "1Is close upon him." 533. Quamquam - tenetur; i.e.,I though death Is all about him and is threatening himself. 536. Curet. A. 820; G. 634; H. 503, I. 537. CGrates. "Requital." W3. Me cernere. Poet, for ut cernam. 540. Saturn (ease) quo. A. 244, a; G. 395; H. 415, IL. 541. In. "1In the case of." Cf. 390. W4. Hectoreurn = Ilectoris. A. 190; G.360, N. 1; H. 395, N. 2. 544. Sine ictu. "IWithout Inflicting a wound." 54. Itepulaum (est). 540. Summo umbone. "1From the extremity of the boss." 549. Narrare memento= - "Don't forget to give an account of." AEJYJIDOS LIB. II. 8 81 "11Nunc morere." Hoc dicens, altaria ad ipsa trementem 550 Traxit et in mnulto lapsautem sanguine nati, Implicuitque comam laeva, dextraque coruscum Extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem. Hac finis Priami fatorum; hec exitus ilium Sorte tulit, Trojam incensam et prolapsa videntem 555 Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum iRegnatorem Asiae. Jacet ingens litore truncus, Avulsumque humeris caput, et sine nomine corpus. At me tum primnm saevus circumstetit horror. Obstupui.; subiit cani genitoris imago, 560 ITt regem aequaevum crudeli vulnere vidi Yitam exhalantem; snbiit deserta Crelisa lEt direpta domus, et parvi casus Juli. Respicio, et, quae sit me circum copia, lustro. Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu 565 Ad terrain misere aut ignibus aegra dedere. [Jamque adeo super unus eram, quurn limina Vestae 550. Tiremnentem; i. e., with age. 55.. Lateri =in latug. A. 225, b; G. '344, RI. 3; H. 380, 4. 555. Sorte. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 556. Popuilis terrisque. Abl. of -cause with superbum. 557. Construe, Regnatorem Asiae quon-dam superbum, &c. Of course the extent,of Priam's dominion is exaggerated,-Asia being used for a part of Asia Minor. 561. Aequaevum; i. e., with Anchiseg. 564. Respicio. Aeneas Is of course,still upon the roof of the palace. He has been looking down through the implu'vium upon the tragical scene jus~t de-scribed, and has been so absorbed in it as to be unconscious of what has been going on In his immediate vicinity. He now looks around and finds himself alone. 5674588. The genuineness of these lines bas been questioned. They are not found In most of the manuscripts, and are inconsi1stent with VI. 610-527. The best recent commentators, however, accept them, although by somer they are, as here, enclosed In brackets. VESTA. 567. Jfamque video. A combination often used by Virgil. Adeo strengthens Jam, and they may be translated "now Indeed. " Cf. V. 268, 864...Su pe reram. Separated by tmesis.... lUmina Vestae.; i. e., the shrine or temple of Vesta, apparently in the arx, as that of Pallas. 82 P. VIRGIL II MARONIS Servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem Tyndarida adspicio: dant clara incendia lucem Erranti passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti. 570 Illa sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros Et poenas Danauim et deserti conjugis iras Praemetuens, Trojae et patriae communis Erinys, Abdiderat sese atque aris invisa sedebat. Exarsere ignes animo; subit ira cadentem 575 Ulcisci patriam et sceleratas sumere poenas. "Scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas "Adspiciet? partoque ibit regina triumpho, "Conjugiumque domumque patres natosque videbit, "Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris? 580 "Occiderit ferro Priamus? Troja arserit igni? "Dardanium toties sudarit sanguine litus? "Non ita: namque etsi nullum memorabile nomen "Feminea in poena est nec habet victoria laudem, "Exstinxisse nefas tamen et sumpsisse merentis 585 "Laudabor poenas, animumque explesse juvabit 568. Servantemr. "Keeping to," or "holding," as a place of refuge. 570. Erranti. Supply mihi. Aeneas has evidently descended from the fastigia of the palace, but is still on the high ground of the arx, where he remains till verse 632. 571. The order is, lla, communis Eriny8, &c., praemetuens Teucros infesto? 8sib, &c..... Eversa. A. 292, a; G. 667, R. 1; H. 549, N. 2. 572. Danaum. Cf. on Ulixi, 436. 574. Invisa. Join as predicate with sedebat, and translate "a hated object." This sense of the word, as in 601, seems better than "unobserved," as some render it. 575. Ignes; i.e., of passion.....Ira. "The wrathful impulse." 576. For the infinitives, see on 10.... Sceleratas poenas = sceleris poenas, "the penalty of her guilt." 577. SciliUcet. "Forsooth,"-expressing strong irony....Mycenas. Poetical for Greece in general, as Sparta alone was her native place. 578. Parto triumpho. Abl. abs. 579. Conjugium = conjugem.... Patres = parentes. 580. Comitata ministris. See on I. 312. 581. Occiderit - arserit - sudarit. The future perfect tense here expresses poetically and vividly the already existinr cause of the indignation at the future events in adspiciet, ibit, and videbit. The sense may be freely and idiomatically thus given in English: "Shall she return now that Priam has been murdered, Troy burned," &c. Cf. IV. 591. 584. Feminea. See on 548. 585. Ecxstinaisse - sumpisse. The regular construction would be laudabor qvod exstinxi, or qui exstinxerim....Nefas. "The abomination,"-contemptuously of Helen..... Merentis. "From (her) deserving (it)." 586. Animum exaplesse ultricis flammae. Lit., "to have filled (hence sated) my mind with avenging flame." Ultrids flammae is poetical for ultion/s, "vengeance." For the genitive, see A. 223; G. 878, 6; H. 410, V. 1. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 83a "1Ultricis flammae, et cineres satiasse meorum." Talia jactabam et furiata mente ferebar,] Quum mihi se, non ante oculis tam clara, videndam Obtulit et pura per noctem in luce refulsit 590 Alma parens, confessa deam, qualisque videri Coelicolis et quanta solet, dextraque prehensum Continuit, roseoque haec insuper addidit ore: "Nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras? "Quid furls? aut quonam nostri tibi oura recessit? 595. "Non prius adspicies, ubi fessum aetate parentem "Liqueris Anchisen? superet conjuxne Creiisa, " Ascaniusque puer? quos omnes undique Graliae " Circum errant acies, et, ni mea cura resistat, " Jam flammae tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis. 600 "Non tibi Tyndaridis facies invisa Lacaenae "Culpatusve Paris, divftm inclementia, divilm, "Has evertit opes sternitque a culmine Trojam. "Adspice-namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti "Mortales hebetat visus tibi et humida circum 605 55. Jfactabam. Cf. I. 102. 589. Construe, Quum alma paren8, non ante tam dlara (mzeig) occuli8, obtulit se mihi videnclam, &c...Videndam = ut viderem. A. 294, d; G. 431; H. 544, N. 2. 591. Confees~a. The perf. part. both passive and deponent is often used in the sense of the present. Cf. 514, 580, and I. 312, &c. 592. Q u a nt a. The gods surpassed men in stature.... (Me) preh~ensum con,tinmit. "1Caught and held me." See on V69. 595. Nostri tibi cura. "1Thy care for us." Venus Identifies herself with the family of Aeneas. Nosts-i is of course an objective geultive with cura. TibM limits reces*t by A. 235, a; G. 343, R. 2; H. 884, 4, N. 2. 5W1. lAqueris. A. 334; G. 469; H. W2, I.....Ke in prose would be joined to 8uperet. 596. Quos circum. Cf. I. 13 and 82..... Omnes perhaps better with quo* than, with acte.. 599. Resistat. "~Were opposing," i. e., as it is all the time. The force of the. present will be noticed. 600. Jam tutlerint-hauserit. "Would already have. swept away," &c. The action is here supposed to be completed at the present time, -hence the per. fect. 601. T'ibi. Depends on evertit as a datiVU8 incommodl. 602. Culpatus. Used here as an adjective.... Translate ye "nor," and supply sedt before divum. 603. A culmine. See on 290. 604. Construe, Namque omnem nubem, quae nunc obdiuta hebetat mortalee visew tibi tuenti, &c., eriiam?. 605. TMbi limits ebetat, and is used instead of tuos or tui limiting vines. A. 2.35, a; G. 348, R 2; H.- 384, 4,N. 2... H~untida circum caligat. Lit.," "Humid is dark around." More freely, "1gathers darkly around," or "spreads a dark veil of mist around." The verb should beregarded as intransitive. P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS "Caligat, nubem eripiam; tu ne qua parentis "Jussa time, neu praeceptis parere recusa"Hie, ubi disjectas moles avulsaque saxis "Saxa vides mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum, "Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti 610 "Fundamenta quatit, totamque a sedlbus urbem "Eruit. Hic Juno Scaeas saevissima portas "Prima tenet, sociumque furens a navibus agmen "Ferro accincta vocat. "Jam summas arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas 615 "Insedit, nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva. "Ipse pater Danais animos viresque secundas " Sufficit, ipse Deos in Dardana suscitat arma. "Eripe, nate, fugam, finemque impone labori. "Nusquam abero, et tutum patrio te limine sistam." 620 Dixerat, et spissis noctis se condidit umbris. Apparent dirae facies inimicaque Trojae Numina magna deum. Tum vero omne mihi visum considere in ignes Ilium et ex imo verti Neptunia Troja; 625 609. Mixto pulvere. Abl. abs. 610. Neptunus. It was said that Laomedon, the father of Priam, had engaged Neptune and Apollo to build the walls of Troy, and had afterward defrauded them of their promised reward. Hence the hostility of Neptune. It is doubtful, however, if Virgil had this in mind. The passage is probably only an imitation of Homer, who represents Neptune and Apollo as destroying the rampart of the Greeks. I1. XH. 27. 612. The Scaean gate on the west side of the city looked toward the shore and the Grecian encampment. Hence it is the one most frequently mentioned, although Troy had five other gates. 618. P rim a. "Foremost;" i. e., in advance of the rest, at the very entrance of the city.... Socium agmen; i. e., the Greeks.... Furens. Join with vocat. 616. Nimbo. The "storm-cloud" was lurid from the flames of the burning city. 617. Ipse pater; i.e., Jupiter, who must himself obey destiny. 619. Elripe fuga m. "Seizeupon NEPTUNE. flight," since there is nothing else to be rescued. Notice the peculiarity of the expression.... Labori. "The struggle." 620. Sistam is here causative. 622. DItrae facies; i. e., the gods now visible to Aeneas. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 8 85 -Ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum Quum ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant Eruere agricolae- certatim; illa usque minatur FEt tremefacta cornam concusso vertice niitat,' Vulneribus donec paulatfim evicta supremum. 630 Congemuit traxitque jugis avulsa ruinam. Descendlo, ac ducente deo flammam inter et hostes Expedior; dant tela locuni, flammaeque recedunt. Atque ubi jam patriae perventum ad limina sedis, Antiquasque domos, genitor, quem tollere in altos 635 Optabam primum montes primumque petebam, Abnegat excisa vitam producere Troja Exsiliumque pati. " Vos o, quibus integer aevi "Sanguis," ait, " solidaeque suo stant robore vires, "Vos agitate fugam. 640 "Me si coelicolae voluissent ducere vitam, "Has mihi servassent sedes. Satis una superque "Vidimus excidia et captae superavimus urbi. "1Sic o, sic positum affati discedite corpus. "Ipse manu mortem inveniam; miserebitur hostis, 645 626. Construe, Ac veluti quum agricolae, i6.39. Sanguis. Sc. stat.....Suo roboIn summis montius, certatim instant erut- re. See on regno, I. 268. aere antiquam ornum, &c. 642. Satia superque (est quod). 628. i]linatur; 1. e., to fall. 6431. Urbi. A dative under the general 62. (Jomam. See on ocwo8 1.28.. rule. -A. 224; (4. 344; 1H. 384. The referTertce.. 28; (.401 H.419,III ence is to the capture and sack of Troy by Vertce.A. 48;G. 01 H. 19,HI. Hercules during the reign of Laomedon. 630. Supremum., Adverbially,-" for Se lss it the lst tme."644. Sic, &c. " Thus, 0 thus laid out." 631. Congemuit. Give the force of He is probably reclining on a couch, or -con in the translation....Jugis. Join has perhaps thrown himself on the ground. with avulga...Ajfati. Anchises tells them to bid 632. D ea e n d o; i. e., from the arx. him farewell and to leave him, as if already See on 570....- Deo. Referring to Venus, dead. See on I. 219. although mascullne, being used in a gen- 6451. Ipse mtanu, &c. Anchises means eral sense,-" the divinity." that he will find (i. e., provoke) death by 634. Perventum (eat a?w = eei valorous resistance to the foe. Cf. meruA. 146, c; G. 199, R. 1; H. 301, 1. isse manu, 434. Aeneas there says he de636.Prium. ithque... on-served death by his prowess, and Anchises tes;Le.,Ida.here asserts his determination to find It by tea,. e.,Ida.the same means, following the example of 638. Quibua. Dative with atant instead Priam.. Miiaerebitur; I. e., will put of a genitive with the subjects. Translate, me out of my misery by consigning me to "whose." A. 281; G4. 349; H. 3ri.... an honorable death, rather than take me ITnteger aevi. t Unimpaired by age." captive. This appears the best of the A. 218, c; G4. 874, R. 2; H. 399, M. 1. imany explanations of this line. 86 86 P. VIRGILII MAl RONIS "6Exuviasque petet. Facilis jactura sepulcri. "Jam pridem invisus divis et inutilis annos "Demoror, ex quo me divitm pater atque hominum rex "Fulminis afflavit ventis et contigit igni." Tatia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat. 65 Nos contra effusi lacrimis conjuxque Crelisa Ascaniusque omnisque domus, ne vertere secum Cuncta pater fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet. Abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in 'isdem. iRursus in arma feror, mortemque miserrimus opto; 65, Nam quod consilium. aut quae jam fortuna dabatur? "1Mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto "Sperasti, tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore? "Si nihil ex tanta superis placet nrbe relinqui, "Et sedet hoc animo, peritnraeque addere Trojae 664 "Teque tuosque juvat, patet isti janua leto, "Jamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, "Gnatum ante ora pathis, patrem qni obtrun cat ad aras. "Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignes "Eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus, utque 66.1 "Ascanium patremque menm jnxtaqne Crehtsam "Alterum. in alterins mactatos sanguine cernam? "Arma, yini, ferte arma; vocat lux nitima victos! 51 a 5 - 646. FacilisiJactura sepulchri (est). A sentiment greatly at variance with the common and well-known belief of the ancients. 648. Demoror. Notice the sense of this present,-" have I been and am still delaying;" i. e., dragging, or lingering on..... Ex, quo (tempore) = "ever since." 649. JPulminis ventis. Some ancient philosophers fancied lightning to be propelled by wind. 650. Miemorans = dicen8, as several times elsewhere in Virgil. Cf. '75 and I. 32......-Fixus; I. e., in his place. 651. Nos =.0g.. - Effusi (eumus) la - ct-imis. The notion of orelemu8 is Involved in these words, so that it Is nnnecessary to supply any thing for ne vel let. Translate "Ibesought with tears." Effusi in lacrimas Is the common construction. LaerimiU may be an abl. of manner. 653. Fato urgenti' incumbere. "To add his weight to the destiny (already) bearing (us) down." 654. incepto et sedibus. Both governed by in. 657. Construe, Spera8tine, genitor, me. po8sse efferre, &c. 660. Sedet hoc animo (tibi). "1This (resolution) Is fixed In thy mind." 662.,fIam. "IIn a morpent. " 664. Hloe erat - quod eripis. "4was. it for this that thou hast been and art still rescuing me." Hoc and quod are both adverbial accusatives. See on 141. On the meaning of eripis, cf. on 648. What is the subject of eretP? 665. IUt cernam, &c., Is explanatory of hoc. The irregularity of this tenseafter erat, Its grammatical antecedent,. will be noticed. It may bel explained by a. logical dependence on erpis. AENEIDOS LIB. 11. 8 87 IReddite me IDanais! smnite instaurata revisam "Proelia! Numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti." 670 linc ferro, accingor rursus, clipeoque sinistram Insertabam aptans meque extra tecta ferebam. Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine conjux llaerebat, parvumque patri tendebat lulum: "Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum; 675 "cSin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis, "ianc primum tutare domum. Cui parvus Julus, "Cui pater et conjux quondam tua dicta relinquor? Talia vociferans gemitu tectum omne replebat, -Quum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. 680 Namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum Ecce levis summo de vertice visus Juli Fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molles Lambere fiamma comas et circum tempora pasci. INos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque fiagrantem 685 Excutere et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes. At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus Extulit, et coelo palmas cum voce tetendit: "Jupiter ominipotens, precibus si fiecteris ullis, "1Adspice nos; hoc tantum; et, si pietate meremur, 690 "1Da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma." Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore Jntonuit laevum, et de coelo lapsa per umbras Stella facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit. 111am, summa super labentem culmina tecti, 695 66.9. Revisam. A. 381, f, R; G. 548, R. 3; H. 499, 2. 674. -Pat ii (= ad patrem); 1. e., mihi. 680..Dictu. See on I. 111. 682. Levis apexe. "1A light, pointed flame." 683. Construe, Flammaque, innsoxia tac-tu, (visa est) lambere molles comas8, &c... Tahtu. A. 258; G.8398; H. 424. 654. Flamtna. The same as apex, and may be rendered "1(this) flame." 685. Trepidare. Historical infinitive. -A. 275; G. 650; H. 536, 1. 688. Goeto = adt coelum. Cf. 405. 690. Hfoc tanfttm; i. e., rogo. Anchises' meaning is that Jupiter's compas. sion will be excited by one glance. 691. RMaee omina, ftrma. According to Servius the Romans usually asked for a second omen confirming the first. 692. Que. Our idiom requires this to be translated "Iwhen." See on 172. 693. Laerum. An adverb,-" on the left." Cf. supremum, 630. This was a good omen in Roman augury. 694. Stella. "A meteor."...Facem."A fiery train." 88 88P. VIE G ILII MA R O NIS Cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva, Sig-nantemque vias; turn longo limite sulcus Dat lucem, et late circum loca sulfure fumant. Hue vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras, Affaturque deos et sanctum sidus adorat. 700 "Jam jam nulla mora est; sequor, et, qiua ducitis, adsum. "DI' patrii, servate domum, servate nepotem! "Vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troja est. "Cedo, equidem, nec, nate, tibi comes ire recuso." Dixerat ille; et jam per moenia clarior ignis 705, Auditur, propiusque aestus incendia, volvunt. "Ergo age, care pater, cervici imponere nostrae; "Ipse subibo humeris, nec me labor iste gravabit: "Quo res cumque cadent, unum et commune periclum, "Una salus ambobus erit. Mihi parvus Julus 710, figSit comes, et longe servet vestigia conjux. "Vos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris. "Est urbe egressis tumulus templnmque vetustum "Desertae Cereris, juxtaque antiqua cupressus by whom, under Iluis, a new Troy will be founded in another land. 704. Tibi comes ire. A. 283; G. 850; H. 3190, n. N. 2. 706. Inecendia is nom., ae.8tu8 ace. 707. Imponere = impone te. See on 38s. 708. Humeris. Abi. of manner. 709. Qito - eumque. Separated by tmesis. A. p. 298; H. 636, V. 8. 710. JMihi. See on 704. 711. The plan is to depart without attracting attention. 712. Animis acinertite quae dicam, for the more common animos advertite ad ea quae, &c. AnimiM is an ablative of manner. 718. Eg res s is. "1To those going forth;" I. e., as you go forth. See on jactanti, I. 102. A. 285, b; G. 854; H..384, 4, N. 3. 7 14. Desertae. " Solitary." The term is poetically applied to the goddess Instead, of to the temple, which was in a solltary, unfrequented place. MERCURY. 696. The course of the meteor shows mount Ida to be the place of refuge. 697. _Lo n g o Ilim it e. " In a long course." A. 248; G. 401; H1.419, M. 10 699. Se tollit ad auras. See on 644. 708. Vestro - est; I. e., the Trojan race, AENEIDOS LIB. 11. "leligione patrum multos servata per annos. 715 "Hane ex diverso sedem veniemus in unam. "Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu patriosque Penates; "Me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti, "Attrectare nefas, donee me fiumine vivo "Abinero." V 720 Haec fatus, latos humeros sub~jectaque colla Veste super fulvique insternor pelle leonis, Succedoque oneri; dextrae se parvus Juuns Implicuit sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis; Pone subit conjux. Ferimur per opaca locorum; 725 Et me, quem dudum non ulla injecta movebant Tela neque adverso glomerati ex agmine Graii, Nune omnles terrent aurae, 501111 excitat omnis Suspensum et pariter comitique onerique timentem. Jamque propinquabam portis, omnaemque videbar 730 Evasisse viam, subito quum creber ad aures Visus adesse pedum sonitus, gen'itorque per umbram Prospiciens, "Nate," exclamat, "cfuge, nate; propinquant. "1Ardentes elipeos atque aera, micantia cerno." Rio milli nescio quod trepido male numen amicum 735 Confusam eripuit mentem. Namque avia cursu Dum sequor et inota excedo regione viarum, Hen! misero conjux fatone erepta Creilsa 718. Construe, Me, digreseum e tanto 735. Mihi. A. 229; G. 344, R. 2; HI. bello, &c., attrectare (eos) nefas (est). A. 38, 2.... Nescio quod = aliquod. A. 270; G. 423; H. 538 aud1. It was deemed 334, e; G. 469,R. 2; H. 529, 5, 3). impious to offer sacrifice, or to touch any 736. Confusam eripuit = consfuclit et sacred object, without previous purifica- eripuit. See on L. 69.... Cut-Su. See on tion in running water. L. 157. 721. Humeros. A. 24, c; G. 332; H. 737. Regionze. "1Direction." 378. 738. Construe, Heu, cernjuxne (Ireusa, 722. Veste fulvique pelle. A hendia- erepta (mlihi) misero fato, euiistitit, errads..Sue.An adverb. Vitne via, 8eu las8a resedit, (set) incertum. dys...Sper." Alas, whether my wife Creusa, snatched 725. Opaca, loeo.rem = opaca loa. from me, unhappy (one), by fate," &c. "Obscure localities." See on 1. 42. The subjunctive would be the regular 727. Adverso glomerati ex ay- construction. For the indicative, see A. mine. " Gathered together from the 334, d; G. 469, Rt. 1; HI. 529, 7. It will be oppsin hot."Heye, adeigandobserved that misero belongs to mift oposngho st."t hi ienterprLateig. adunderstood, and that erepta fato is logicAuthn adpt tis iterpetaton, ally connected with all three verbs. Sets 729. Comiti. See 711. is for an. P. VIR GILII MA R ON IS Substitit, erravitne via, seu lassa resedit, Incertum; nec post oculis est reddita nostris. Nec prius amissam respexi animumve reflexi, Quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam Venimus; hic demum collectis omnibus una Defuit, et comites natumque virumque fefellit. Quem non incusavi amens hominumque deorumque, Aut quid in eversa vidi crudellus urbe? Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penates Commendo sociis et curva valle recondo; Ipse urbem repeto et cingor fulgentibus armis. Stat casus renovare omnes, omnemque reverti Per Trojam, et rursus caput objectare periclis. Principio muros obscuraque limina portae, Qua gressum extuleram, repeto, et vestigia retro Observata sequor per noctem et lumine lustro. Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent. 7 Inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset, Me refero. Irruerant Danai et tectum omne tenebant. Ilicet ignis edax summa ad fastigia vento Volvitur; exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras. Procedo et Priami sedes arcemque reviso. 7 Et jam porticibus vacuis Junonis asylo Custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes Praedam asservabant. Hue undique Troia gaza Incensis erepta adytis, mensaeque deorum, r40 r45 1(150 955 '60 741 Amtissam respexi. "Did I look back at (for) the lost one.'.... Animum reftexi. Aeneas in the excitement of the time neither looked back for his wife nor even thought of her. 742. Tuml tum - edem. For the omission of ad, see on I. 2. 744. Comites - fefellit. "Escaped the notice of both her son and her husband as her companions." Comites denotes in what respect she escaped their notice. 745. Deorumque.' In scanning, the que is joined to the first word of the next. verse. A. 359, c; G. 738, R; H. 608, I. N. 5. 750. Stat (mhi setentetia). " My deterinination is." 753. Vestigia retro observata sequor. "I observe and follow back. ward." See on I. 69. Retro with sequaor 754. Iumine. "With my eye." 756. Before s forte we may supply?isurus,-" to see." Also after pedem tulisset supply illuc. 761. 'Juno, like Pallas, Apollo, Vesta, &c., is supposed to have had a temple in thb citadel, and the Greeks would naturally choose the dwelling of their patroness.'- Conington. 764. Mensae. Tables upon which viands and other offerings to the gods were placed. Tripods may perhaps be included. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 9 91 %Drateresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis 765 Congeritur. Pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres Stant circum. Ausus quill etiam, voces jactare per umbram Implevi clamore vias, maestusque Creiisam Nequidquam. ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocavi. 770 Quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti Infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creiisae Visa mihi ante oculos et nota major imago.,Obstupui, steterunique comae et vox faucibus haesit. Tum sic affari et curas his demere dictis: 775 "Quid tantum. insano juvat indulgere dolori, "0 dulcis conjux? non haec sine numine divfim "Eveniunt; nec te comitem. hinc portare Creiisam "Fas aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi. "Longa iibi exsilia, ct vastum. manis arandum aequor, 780 "Et terrain ilesperiam. venies, ubi Lydius arva "Inter opima virftm leni fluit agmine Thybris. "Illic res laetac regnuinque ci regia conjux "Parta tibi. Lacrimas dilectac pelle Creiisae: "Non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopuinve superbas 785 "Adspiciam, ant Graiis servitum. matribus ibo, "Dardanis ci divac Veneris nurus; "Sed me magna de-ftm Genetrix his detinet oris. 765. Auro solidi = ex auro solido. See on I. 655. 766. Pueri et matres. Trojan captives, forming a portion of the booty, and about to be carried off into slavery. 771. Tectis. "Amid the dwellings." 772. Infe, lx: i. e., with reference only to Aeneas' feeling. 778. Nota major. "1Larger than the (one well) known;" i. e., larger than life. Not only the gods, but the shades of the departed were supposed to be larger than human forms. 775. Affari - demere. See on 685. 779. Fas. Render "destiny," and as the subject of sinit...Aut. Rare and poetical for nec. 750. Fx-qilia, (Sunt). Notice the amplifying force of the plural... Arandum (est tibi). A. 232; G. 353; 11.888. Some think there is a zeugma in arandum, and translate it with exsita, "to be undergone," and with aequor, "to be traversed," making tI the dative of the agent with both. The other explanation is4 better. 781. Terrana. See on I. 2. 782. Virum. With arva, not with opima. 784. Partaz (est). Agrees with conjux, because the nearest of the three subjects....Creusae. See on I. 462. 786. Aut. See on 779.. Servitum. A. 302; G. 436; H1.546. 788. Genetrix. (fibele. 92 P. VIR GILII MA R OrIS Jamque vale, et nati serva communis amorem." Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem 790' Dicere deseruit, tenuesque recessit in auras. Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum; Ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, Par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno. Sic demumn socios consumpta nocte reviso. 795 Atque hic ingentem comitum affluxisse novorum Invenio admirans numerum, matresque virosque, Collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile vulgus. Undique convenere animis opibusque parati, In quascumque velim pelago deducere terras. 800 -Jamque jugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae Ducebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant Limina portarum, nee spes opis ulla dabatur; Cessi et sublato montes genitore petivi." 792. I bi = tum.... Collo is the dative after circumdare.... Dare - circunm = (by tmesis) circumdare. A. p. 298; H. 686, V. 3. This and the following lines appear again in VI. 700, seq. They are translated from the Od. XI. 204, seq., where Ulysses grasps at the shade of his mother. 794. Somno is for somnio, a dream. Homer says: oKfi edKeAov fj aW bveipy. 795. Sic; i. e., deprived of her. Observe the touch of pathos. 797. Admirans. " Wondering."..... Matresque virosque is intended to be exhaustive, as it includes a/ of both sexes, of whatever age. Apposition with numerum. 798. EExsilio is dative of service... Pubem. In a general sense,-" a band;" in apposition with the foregoing accusatives. 799. Animis. "In spirit.".... Opibus. "In means;" i.e., material preparation.... Parati. Sc. deduci, to complete the construction from deducere, in 800. 800. Velim. A. 342; G. 631; H. 486, I.; 529, II.... Deducere is the regular word for the founding of a colony. 801. Lucifer was the name given to the planet Venus as the morning-star. The story was that Lucifer guided Aeneas to Italy. As the evening-star the planet vwas called Hesperus or Vesper. Vid. Ecl. VI. 86; VIII. 31. 80'2. Two reasons why Aeneas effected his retreat-the approach of morning-the fact that the Greeks still held the city. 808. Opis. "Of (receiving) aid." LIBLR TERTIUS,. ARGUM ENT. After the destruction of Troy, which occurred in June, B. C. 1184, Aeneas spends the remainder of the summer and the following winter at Antandros, preparing a fleet. This closes the first year. He sails in the spring or summer of the second year (1183) for Thrace, where he begins to build a city (1-18). The shade of Polydorus, a son of Priam, who had been murdered here by King Polymnestor, warns him to leave the place, which he immediately abandons, in tne spring of the third year (19-72). He goes to Delos and consults the oracle of Apollo, and, misinterpreting the response, sails for Crete instead of Italy (73-131). Two years are consumed in an unfortunate attempt at colonization in Crete, when the Penates of Troy appear to Aeneas in a dream and distinctly instruct him that Italy is his destined home. Leaving Crete in the fifth year, he therefore sets sail for Italy (132-191). A storm drives him to the Strophades, where occurs the adventure with the Harpies, and where the prediction of Celaeno, one of their number, terrifies his companions (192-265). Thence he goes to Actium, where he celebrates the Trojan games in hbnor of Apollo. His stay here concludes the fifth year (266-288). From Actium he proceeds, in the beginning of the sixth year or summer, to Epirus, where he finds Helenus and Andromache, and receives the counsels and predictions of the former (289-505). From Epirus he crosses to the Italian shore, lands at Portus Veneris, there offers sacrifice to Minerva and Juno, and thence continues his voyage along the Italian coast as far as Sicily. Landing near Mount Aetna, he receives the Greek Achemenides, abandoned by Ulysses in the cave of Polyphemus, and by a hasty flight narrowly escapes the giant Cyclopes (506-683). From the vicinity of Aetna he proceeds to the port of Drepanum, on the western coast, where he loses his father (684-713). The sixth year is thus spent partly in Epirus and partly in Sicily. At the beginning of the seventh summer the voyage is renewed from the port of Drepanum, but the fleet is immediately driven by the storm upon the African coast (714-718). VIEW IN DEL OS. I LIBEIR TERTIUS. "POSTQUAM, res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritani visum superis, ceciditquc superbtrn Ilium et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Trojta, Diversa exsilia et clesertas quaerere terras Auguriis agimur cliveun, elasseminqe sub ipsa Autandro et Phrygiae molimur miontibus Idae, Jucerti, quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detuir, Contrahimiisquo viros. Vix prima inceperat aestas, 5 1. A-giae. See on II..557. 8. Ru mt o =ab kunnw. "From the ground,"-indicating the total overthrow. Cf.11. 625...._Fitmu(t. Why the change to the present? 4. Diver sa. "IRemote.".... iDesevtas. "'Unoccupied;"1 for Aeneas naturally supposes that the regions to which the gods have directed him are in this condition. 6. Sub ipsa Asztandr'o. The city was situated on elevated ground; hence the propriety of subt. 7. Ineert i. &c. This is apparently inconsistent with the p~rediction of Creusa, II. 781. Either Virgil is here at fault, or Aeneas has no confidence in that prediction. Cf. 186.... Sistetse. A. 270; G. 423; W15. Cf.I1.66t. 8. Primff. "The first part of." See on I. N4l. If, as tradition related, Troy Iwns taken in the early part of the summer, then Aeneas remained at Antandros, I ahout a year. 9. Et =quum. See on1. 172.... Fa tis. Dative after dare. 96 P. VIR G IL II A R O NIS Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela jubebat; Litora quum patriae lacrimans portusque relinquo Et campos, ubi Troja fuit. Feror exsul in altum Cum sociis natoque Penatibus et magnis dis. Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis, Thraces arant, acri quondam regnata Lycurgo, Hospitium antiquum Trojae, sociique Penates, Dum fortuna fuit. Feror hue, et litore curvo Moenia prima loco, fatis ingressus iniquis, Aeneadasque meo nomen de nomine fingo. Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam Auspicibus coeptorum operum, superoque nitentem Coelicolum regi mactabam in litore taurum. Forte fuit juxta tumulus, quo cornea summo Virgulta et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus. Accessi, viridemque ab humo convellere silvam Conatus, ramis tegerem ut frondentibus aras, Horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstranm. Nam, quae prima solo ruptis radicibus arbos Vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae, Et terram tabo maculant. Mihi frigidus horror 10 15 20 25 10. Quum = et turn. 12. e'enatibus et magnis dis. The Penates here mentioned are probably the images belonging to Aeneas' own house, while magni dii are the common tutelar gods of the Trojan state, including such as Jupiter, Apollo, Vesta, &c. 13. Procul. "At some distance." Thrace was separated from Trojan territory only by the Hellespont.... Mavcortia. Mars was the tutelar deity of the Thracians.... Canpis. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, II. 14. Ar1ant. Sc. quam. See on I. 12.... Ljycurgo. Dative. A. 232, a and b; G. 352; H. 388, 4. 15. Socii. "Allied (to ours)."....Penates. Sc. erant. 16. Dum fuit (i. e., fuit integra). See on I. 268. A. 279, a; G. 220, R; H. 471, I. 17. Moenia. The reference is probably to Aenos (now Enos), a town at the mouth of the Ilebrus.... Fatis. For the case, see on II. 396....Ingressus. Sc. terrain. 18. Nornen; i. e., for the inhabitants. 22. Ttemutls. This mound had been formed over the unburied body of Polydorus by the action of the wind and waves.... Summno. "The summit of." 23. Hastilibus. With horrida. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416. 25. Coiaitus. A particip]e.-que in tle preceding line joining accessi and video..... Irarnis tegere)m. The myrtle was sacred to Venus, and hence peculiarly appropriate for adorning her altar. 27. Construe, Nam guttae atro sanguine (i. e., atri sanquinis) liquuntur huic arbori (i. e., ex hac arbore) quae, &c..... Quae. A. 200; G. 617; H. 445, 8.... Radlcibuls. Abl. abs. 29. iMihi. A. 235, a; G. 343, 2 a; H. 384,4, N. 2. Cf. on I. 92. AENEIDOS LIB. III. 9 97 Membra quatit, gelidusque colt formidine sanguis. Rursus et alterius lentum convellere vimeii Insequor, et causas penitus tentare latentes: Ater et alteriuis sequitur de cortice sanguis.Multa movens animo Nymphas venerabar agrestes Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis, Rite secundarent visus omenque levarent. Tertia sed postquam majore hastilia iiisu Aggredior genibusque adversae obluctor-arenaeEloquar, an sileam?-gemitus 16crimabilis imo Auditur tuimulo, et vox reddi ta fertur ad aures: "Quid miserum, Aenea, laceras? Jam parce sepulto; "Parce pias scelerare manus. Non me tibi Tro~ja "Externum -tulit, aut cruor hic de stipite manat. "Hen! fuge crudeles terras, fuge lituis avariim: "Nam Polydorus ego. Hie confixum ferrea texit "Telorum seges et jaculis increvit acutis." Tuin vero ancipiti menterri formidine pressus Obstuptii, steteruitque comae et vox fiauLcibus haesit. HI-Je Polydoruim anni quondam cum pondere magno Infelix Priamus furtim mandarat alendum Threicio regi, qnum jam diffideret armis Dardaniac cingique urbem obsidione videret. Ilk,~ ut opes fractae Teucri'm, et Fortuna recessit, Res Agamemnonias victriciaque arma sectutus, Fas omne abrumpit; Polydorum obtruncat, et auro 30 35 40 45"a 50 55 '30. Formlidilfle. Abi. of cause with coit. Gelidus is of course proleptic. 36. Seciiiudareii~t. For the omission of ut, see A. 331, f. R; G. 546, R. 3; H. 499, 2. 39. _Et oq iuar. A. 268; G. 251; H. 486, IL. 41. Jant. "Now (at least); " i e., after this third effort. 43. Aut. See on fI. 7..... De stipite. Supply, 8ed de meo corpore, to complete the idea. 45. Conftxitm. "1Pierced through (by them).... Ferrea. The spears which had been left in the body of Polydorns had iron points. The poet fancies these weapons to have taken root in the ground, and to have grown up and covered the hillock formed by the drifting sand. 46. JIaeulis iner-evit acutiq. " Has grown up ov-er me in sharp javelins." Jaculis is an ablative of manner. 47. Mfente.rn. Greek accusative. 50. Alentdum. A. 294, d; G. 431; H. 544, N. 2. 51. Rfegi: i. e., Polymnestor, who was a son-in-law of Priani... Arpiis. A. 227; G. 345; H. 88, II. 52. Cinqi obsidione. An expression not strictly applicable, in the Roman sense, to the siege of Troy. A "blockade " was unknown in the heroic age. 54. lIes Agarnempnonias; i. e., the Grecian cause. 98 98 P. VIRGILII ifAR0JNIS Vi potitur. Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, Auri sacra fames? Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, Delectos populi ad proceres prirnumque pareuitem Monstra deftm refero, et, quae sit sententia., posco. Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra, Linqui pollutum hospitium et dare classibus austros. Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus: et ingens Aggeritur tumulo tellus; stant Manibus arae, Caeruleis maestae vittis atraque cupresso, Et circum Iliades crinem de more solutac; Juferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte Sauguinis et sacri pateras, auimamque sepuicro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus. Iude, ubi prima fides pelago, placataque venti IDant maria, et lenis crepitaus vocat auster in altum, IDeducunt socii naves et litora complent. Provehimur portu, terraeque urbesque recedunt. Sacra marl colitur medio gratissima tellus Nereldum matri et Neptuno Aegaeo, Quam pius Arcitenens, oras et litora, circum Errantem, Mycono e celsa Gyaroque reviuxit, 60 70, 75 56. Pot if r. This verb, as here, is occasionally of the third conjugation. A. 134; 11. 288, 1.... Qptid - pectora. Both governed by cogiswhich has here the construction of doc. A. 240, a; G. 331, 2; 11.375. 61. _Linqtui. Notice the variety in the -use of this passive.... Daitecasbu atistros. A highly poetical expression, but there is no hypallage. Translate literally. 62. Instautramuis. " We perform." There can -be no idea of renewal here.... Ingens. Cf. I. 640. 63. Agqetritu,. touimulo. "Is heaped upon the mound;" i. e., the one already formed, mentioned in 22. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. 65. Iliades. Sc. 8tant..tj rinemn. See on 47.. 66. Intferimnus. " We bring;" 1i. e., as libations or offerings.... Tepido; because freshly milked. 68. Condirnus. Both the Greeks and Rlomans believed that the soul wandered In misery so long as the body was unburied.... Supiremnum. "For the last time,"-an adverb.... Ciernus. Sc. animain. See on L. 219. The funeral rites described in this passage are such as were customarily observed by the Romans in the interment of the ashes of the dead, after the body was burned. 70. Crepitans. "Rustling," or " murmuring." 71. Daducunt. On the completiou of a voyage, vessels were generally drawn up on the shore. 73. Sacr-a tellus; i. e., Delos. 74. Matr-i; I.e., Doris, wife of Neptune. Join with gratissima. 75. Piusq. Applied to Apollo to indicate his gratitude to the Island that was the assylum of his mother Latona, and his own birthplace.... Circum. Cf. I. 32. 76. ZMlycono - revinxeit. "Bound fast to lofty Myconos and Gyaros;" li t., "bound from,"~-indlcating that those islands were at some distance. AENEIDOS LIB. III. 99 Immotamque coli dedit et contemnere ventos. Hue feror; haec fessos tuto placidissima portu Accipit. Egressi veneramur Apollinis urbem. Rex Anius, rex idem hominum Phoebique sacerdos, 80 Vittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro, Occurrit; veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum. Jungimus hospitio dextras, et tecta subimus. Templa dei saxo venerabar structa vetusto: "Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum; da moenia fessis 85 "Et genus et mansuram urbem; serva altera Trojae "Pergama, reliquias Danautm atque immitis Achilli. "Quem sequimur? quove ire jubes? ubi ponere sedes? "Da, pater, augurium, atque animis illabere nostris." Vix ea fatus eram; tremere omnia visa repente, 90 Liminaque laurusque dei, totusque moveri Mons circum, et mugire adytis cortina reclusis. Submissi petimus terram, et vox fertur ad aures: " Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum " Prima tulit tellus, eadem vos ubere laeto 95b "Accipiet reduces. Antiquam exquirite matrem. "Hie domus Aeneae cunctis dominabitur oris, "Et nati natorum, et qui nascentur ab illis." Haec Phoebus; mixtoque ingens exorta tumultu Laetitia, et cuncti, quae sint ea moenia, quaerunt, 100 77. " And granted (it, henceforth) firmly pie," &c. Limina = templum, and is in apfixed, to be inhabited." Before this the position with omnia. The que is lengthisland, floating about at the mercy of the ened by arsis. wind, had been uninhabitable. 92. Mons; i. e., Cynthus, at the foot of 79. Apollinis urbemn. Delos, of the which was the temple.... Adytis. Abl. same name as the island. abs.... Cortina. " The tripod." 81. Ternpora. See on 47. 93. Submissi petimus terram. 83. Hospi-io. "In hospitality." This "We reverently fall to the earth." may be considered an ablative of manner. 94 e See on qu 27 84. Temnpla. The plural to indicate. extent, or the different parts of the struc- 95. Tellus Italy is meant; but obture. serve the studied ambiguity of the words 86. Altera Trojae Pergama i.e., -a feature common to nearly all the oraus who are to found the second Troy, as cular responses of antiquity. Ubere explained by the appositive reliquia, &c., laeto. " In her fertile bosom." See on below. On relquias, &c., cf. I. 30. coelo. I. 289. Also cf. portu, 78. 88. Sequinmur. The present for the 97. Hie. As in I. 272....Oris. See on future. See on II. 322. Argis, I. 285. Cf. VI. 766. 90. Vix. See on II. 172. 99. Mixto tumultu; i.e., on account 91. Linminaque, &c. "Both the tem- of the ambiguity. The case is an abl. abs, 100 P. VIR GIL II MA R O NIS Quo Phoebus vocet errantes jubeatque reverti. Turn genitor, Yeterum. volvens monumenta virorum., "1Audite, o proceres," ait, "Iet spes discite vestras: "1Creta Jovis magni medlo jacet insula ponto; "1Mons Jdaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae. 105 "1Centum. urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna; "1Maximus unde pater, si rite audita recordor, "1Teucrus iRhoeteas primum. est advectus ad oras, "ccOptavitque locum. regno. INondum. Ilium et arces "iPergameae steterant; habitabant vallibus imis. 110 "line mater cultrix Cybelae Corybantiaque aera, "Jc daeumque nemus; hinc fida silentia sacris, "Et juncti currum. dominae subiere leones. "Ergo agite, et, divfim ducunt qua jussa, sequamur; "Placemus ventos et Gnosia regna petamus. 115 "Nec longo distant cursu; modo Jupiter adsit, "11Tertia lux classem. Cretaeis sistet in oris." Sic fatus, meritos aris mactavit honores, Taurum. Neptuno, taururn tibi, puicher Apollo, Nigrm. iliemi pecudem., Zephyris felicibus albam. 120 Fama volat pulsum. regnis cessisse paternis Idomenea ducemn, desertaque litora Cretae, iloste vacare domos, sedesque adstare relictas. Linquimus Ortygiae portus, pelagoque volanmus, 104. Jfovis insula. The island was Jupiter's birthplace. 106. _Regn)a. Each city was an Independent sovereignty. 107. Maximtus (sc. natu) pater.( "Our eldest progenitor." 110. Stetei'ant. cf. stant, 68. 111. line; i.e., from Crete.... MaterI eultrix Cybelute. "1The mother (of the gods), inhabitant of Cybele." The refer- \ ence Is to the -oddess Cybele, who derived ~ - her name from the Phrygian mountain which she inhabited. Anchises means CYBELE. that the worship of Cybele was derived goddess as drawn by lions,-all these, he from Crete. means, were derived from Crete. 112. Idaeum nemus. A grove on 116. Nec - eursut. About 150 miles. Phrygian or Trojan Ida consecrated to A. 257, bh; G. 400; H. 423, N. 2. -Cybele....Silentia sacris, &c. The 118. A,)i~s. Grammatical construction? mysterious and secret rites of her wor- 123. Moste. A. 243, a; G. 3888 H. -ship, and the custom of representing the i414, 1. AENEIDOS LIB. III.10 101 Baechatamque jugis Naxon viridemque Donusam, 125 Olearon, niveamique Paron, sparsasque per aequor Cycladas et crebris legimus freta concita terris. Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor; Hortantur socii: Cretam proavosque petamus. Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes, 130 Et tandeni antiquis Cureturn allabimur oris. Erg~o avidlus muros optatae molior urbis, Pergarneamque voco, et laetam cognomnlie gentem Tiortor amare focos arcemque attollere tectis..Jamque fere sicco subductae litore puppes; 135 Connubiis arvisque novis operata juventus; Jura domosque dabam: subito quum tabida membris, Corrupto coeli tractu, miserandaque venit Arboribusque satisque lues et letifer annus. Linquebant dulces animas, ant aegra traliebant 140 Corpora; turn steriles exurere Sirius agros; Arebant herbae et victum seges aegra negabat. IRursus ad oraclum Ortygiae Phoebumque remenso Ilortatur pater ire mani, veniamque precari: Quam fes'sis finem rebus ferat; unde laborumi 145 127. Concrita. "Aroused,' or "made -rough" by the presence of the numerous islands (crebris terris) which interrupted the currents. 133. Petrgamearn. Sc. urbem. The niame of the city was Pergamum. 134. Amkare. Poet, for ut arnent. A. 331, g; G.. 546, R. 1; 11.535, IV.... As'eesna attoitere teatis. "1To build u~p the acropolis with (the necessary) structures;" i. e., such as a permanent city would need for defensive and religious purposes. The expression seems to be poet. for tecta arci8 attollere. The arx referred to Is the highest part of the ground selected for the city. Recall the regard in which the arx of Troy had been held, from Its religious and other associations. The thought of the whole line seems to be, " I exhort them to regard the place as their permanent home (amarefocos), and, under that view, to commence the erection upon the acropolis of such lofty and substantial Structures (note the force of attollere) as would be needed, and as the recollections of the Trojan arx suggested." 137. Subito, &c. Construe, Quum yebito, cort-epto coeli tractu, venit (there came) membris arboribusque setisque tabida miserandaqw lue~s, &c. 138. Tracht. A. 2)55; G. 408; 11. 431. 139. Satis. From 8ata.....Letife-r anntus. "A year chargcled with death." Annug and iue are both subjects of venit. 141. Sterites. Proleptic.... -Ex~uer)ee. Hist. influ. A. 27; G. 650; H1. 536, 1. 144. M~ari Premenso. See on 138... Veniant. The " favor" to be asked is simply that of a response to the following interrogations, which depend on an ideft implied in veniam. Translate accordingly, supplying what Is necessary. 145. Ferat -jutbeat. These words, as da in 85, seem to imply in Apollo a power to determine the destiny of the Trojans as well as to reveal it. As this power, however. belonged only to the fates, we must understand that Apollo can 'grant a home.' 102 102P. VIR GILII1 MA R O NIS Tentare auxilium jubeat; quo vertere cursus. Nox erat, et terris anirnalia somnus habebat: Effigies sacrae div-ftm Pbrygiique Penates, Quos mecum ab Troja mediisque ex ignibus urbis Extuleram, visi ante oculos adstare jacentis 150 In somnis, multo manifesti lumine, qua se Plena per insertas fundebat luna fenestras; Turn sic affari et curas his demere dictis: "1Quod tibi delato Ortygiam dictumus Apollo est, "Hue canit, et tua nos en ultro ad limina mittit. 155 " Nos te, IDardania incensa, tuaque arma secuti, "Nos tuimidum sub te permensi classibus aequor, "Idem venturos tollemus in astra nepotes, "Jmperiumque urbi dabimus. Tu moenia magrns "Magna para, longumque fugae ne linque laborem. 160 "Mutandae sedes. Non haec tibi litora suasit "Delius ant Cretae jussit considere Apollo. "Est locus, ilesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt, "Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glebae; "Oenotri coluere yiri; nunc fama minores 1615 "Italiam dixisse ducls de nomine gentem: "Hae nobis propriae sedes; hinc Dardanus ortus, "lasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum. "Surge age, et baec laetus longacvo dicta parenti "Hand dubitanda refer: Corythum terrasque requirat 170 and'I bring an end to their sufferings,' by telling them the decrees of fate. 154. 1)icturuts est. "Is about to say;' I. e., "would say."I 156. SeCUti. SC. 8umus. 1.58. ILdemi "iidem. A. 195, e; G. 296; H. 451, 3.....Tollemus in astrw. Referring generally to the dominion and glory of the Roman people. 159. Urbi - moenia. The reference is to Rome.Alf-agnis (rebus). "For a great destiny." Rebu8 understood is more natural and forcible here than viris. 160. P a - a. Since we refer moenia magna to Rome, this word means "1prepare,"' in the sense of "lay the foundation for;" 1. e.. by building Lavinhun. 162. Aut. See on II. 779.... Cretae. A.- 258, c, R; G. 412; H. 426, 1. 16.3-166. Repeated from I. 530-~3. 167. Nobis. They identify themselves with the Trojans.... Dardanus. According to the legend Darclanu8 and Iasiu& were brothers, natives of Corythus, a town in Etruria. -Dardanu8 migrated to Phryg in, where he married the daughter of Teucer, and received by inheritance the Trojan kingdom. laqius settled in Samothrace. It is then evident that peter, applied to lasius, must be simply a term of respect; and also that to have quo refer to Dardanus, its proper antecedent, we must either consider laslusque pater as parenthetical, or else regard Dardanu8 Ia~elu8 -que = Dardanus ceum lasio. AENEID OS LIB. III.10 103 "6Ausonias. Dictaea negat tibi Jupiter arva." Talibus attonitus visis ac voce deorumNec sopor illud erat, sed coram agnoscere vultus Velatasque comas praesentiaque ora videbar; Turn gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor- 175 Corripio e stratis corpus, tendoque supinas Ad coelum cum voce manus, et munera libo Jutemerata focis. Perfecto laetus honore Anchisen facio certurn, remique ordine pando. Agnovit prolem ambiguam geminosque pareutes, 180 Seque novo veterum deceptum errore locorum. Turn memorat: "1Nate, Iliacis exerecite fatis, "1Sola mihi tales casus, Cassandra canebat. "96Nuuc repeto haec generi porten dere debita nostro, "1Et saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare. 185 "Sed quis ad Hesperiae venturos litora Teuicros "1Crederet? aut quem turn vates Cassandra moveret? "1Cedamus Phoebo, et moniti meliora sequamur." Sic ait; et cuncti dicto paremus ovantes. ilanc quoque deserimus sedem. paucisque relictis 190 Vela damus, vastumque cava trabe currimus, aequor. Postquam. altum tenuere rates, nec jam amplius ullae Apparent terrae, coelum undique ct undique pontus, Turn mihi caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, Noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. 195 Continuo venti volvunt mare magnaque surgunt Aequora; dispersi jactamur gurgite *Vasto; Involvere diem nimbi, et nox humida coelum Abstulit; ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes. Excutimur cursu, et caecis erramus in undis. 200 1?3. fUltd. For the more regular We. 183. Tales casus. "Such fortunes;" 174. J'elatas; L.e., adorned with fillets. i. e., that they were to return to Italy. 180 Geino prenes.Teuer 184. Portendere. Sc. earn. A. 288, b; 180. Cremends Darentes.fo Iteacer G. 277, R; H. 537, 1. fromcret, ad Dadanu frm Itly. 190. Paucis relietis. In Virgil's time 181. Novo veterum errore locorum. there was a town in Crete called Pergtt"By a mistake of the present day in re- mum, whose origin tradition assigned to spect to ancient localities;" I. e., In re- Trojan colonists. spect to our ancestral countries, Crete and 199..1 n g e tn i n a n t. "1Repeatedly Italy. Novo and veterum are In contrast. flash." 104 P. VIRi G ILI }MAR O NIS Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere coelo, Nec meminisse viae media Palinurus in unda. Tres adeo incertos caeca caligine soles Erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctes. Quarto terra die primum se attollere tandem 205 Visa, aperire procul montes ac volvere fumum. Vela cadunt, remis insurgimus; haud mora, nautae Annixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt. Servatum ex undis Strophadum me litora primum Accipiunt; Strophades Graio stant nomine dictae 210 Insulae Ionio in magno, quas dira Celaeno Harpyiaeque colunt aliae, Phineia postquam Clausa domus, mensasque metu liquere priores. Tristius haud illis monstrum, nec saevior ulla Pestis et ira deufm Stygiis sese extulit undis. 215 Virginei volucrum vultus, foedissima ventris Proluvies, uncaeque manus, et pallida semper Ora fame. fIuc ubi delati portus intravimus, ecce Laeta boum passim campis armenta videmus 220 Caprigenumque pecus, nullo custode, per herbas. Irruimus ferro, et divos ipsumque vocamus In partem praedamque Jovem; tum litore curvo Exstruimusque toros, dapibusque epulamur opimis. 202. Nec meminisse = nec (diit se) sdre.... Viae. A. 219; G. 375; H. 406, II. 203. Caeca caligine. Join with incertos as an abl. of cause. ' i 212. Phineia - priores. The Harpies /f/ib had tormented Phineus by devouring and defiling every banquet, until they were driven off by Zetes and Calais, the sons of //i s Boreas, to the Strophades, where Aeneas found them. They were commonly reckoned three in number, but the language of Virgil here appears to imply more. See Class. Dict. A. 190; H. 395, N. 2. 221. Nullo custode. A. 255, a; G. 408; H. 431, 4. 223. Partem praedamque = partemHARPY. pr7aedae, by hendladys. See on I. 61. 224. Toros. Made of turf.... Dapibus. 201. Coelo = in coelo. A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. AENEIDOS LIB. III. 105' At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt 225 Harpyiae et magnis quatiunt clangoribus alas, Diripiuntque dapes, contactuque omnia foedant Immundo; turn vox tetrum dira inter odorem. Rursum in secessu longo sub rupe cavata, Arboribus clausi circurn atque horrentibus umbris, 230 Instruimus mensas arisque reponimus ignemn: Rursum ex diverso coeli caecisque latebris Turba sonans praedam pedibus circumvolat uncis, Polluit ore dapes. Sociis tunc, arma capessant, Edico, et dira bellumrn cum gente gerendurn. 235, Haud secus ac jussi faciunt, tectosque per herbam Disponunt enses et scuta latentia condunt. Ergo ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedere Litora, dat signum specula Misenus ab alta Aere cavo. Invadunt socii et nova proella tentant, 240 Obscenas pelagi ferro foedare volucres. Sed neque vim plumis ullam nec vulnera tergo Accipiunt, celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae Semiesam praedam et vestigia foeda relinquunt. Una in praecelsa consedit rupe Celaeno, 245 Infelix vates, rumpitque hanc pectore vocem: " Bellum etiam pro caede bourn stratisque juvencis, " Laomedontiadae, bellumne inferre paratis, "Et patrio Harpyias insontes pellere regno? " Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta. 250 " Quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo "Praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxima pando. 229-30. Nearly repeated from I. 310-11. 231. Reponimus ignem. To be understood of a second sacrifice, the first being implied in line 222. 232. Diverso = diversa parte. 235. Edico. Observe the different conetructions dependent upon this: (ut) capessant and bellum gerendum (esse). 236-7. Tectos - latentia. Proleptic. Tectos disponunt = disponunt ut tegantur, and latentia condunt = condunt ut lateant. See on 1. 736. 241. Fo e d a r e. In apposition with proelia. 247. Pro. "As a return for,"-said sarcastically. 248. Laomedontiadae. A term of reproach here, as sometimes elsewhere, in allusion to the perfidy of Laomedon. See on R. 610. CLf also IV. 542. 249. Patrio regno. The Harpies were daughters of Neptune, whose dominion was over the sea and islands. Some consider patrio = proprio, the place being simply assigned to them by the gods. 252. F u r i a r rum. The Harpies and Furies are distinct beings in Homer, but are often confounded by later poets.... I,axima. Sc. natu. 106P. VIR GIL II MIA RONIS " Italiam. cursu. petitis; ventisque vocatis " Ibitis Italiam, portusque intrare licebit; " Sed non ante datam, cingetis moenibus urbem, "Quam, -vos dira fames nostraeque injuria caedis "Ambesas subigat malis absumere meiisas." Dixit, et In silvaim pennis ablata refugit. At sociis subita gelidus fornmidine sanguis D~eriguit; cecidere animi, nee jam amplius armis, Sed votis precibusque jubent exposcere pacem, Sive deae, sen sint dirae obscenaeqne volucres. Et pater Anchises passis de litore palmis Numina magna vocat, meritosque indicit honores: "1Di', Prohibete nintas; dii, talem. avertite casum, "Et placidi servate pios!" Turn litore funem. Deripere, excussosque jubet laxare rudentes. Tendunt vela Noti; fugimus spumantibus undis, Qua cursum. ventusque gnbernatorqne vocabat. Jam medio apparet fiuctu. nemorosa Zacynthos iDulichiumque, Sameque, et Neritos, ardua saxis. Effug(imus scopulos Jthacae, La~rtia regna, 255 260 265 270 253. Cursu petitis. I'It is for Italy -that you are crowding all sail.' A proof of her knowledge of the present, that it may produce belief in her prophecy. See on I. 157. 256. Caedis; i. e., attempted slaughter. 257. Ambesas. Proleptic.. Subigat. After antequarn. A. 327, a; G. 579; HI. 520, I. 2.... Mfalis. From indla. The fulfillment of this alarming prophecy occurred just after the Trojans reached Italy, and Is described in VII. 107, seq. It proved to be of the most simple and harmless nature. The mensae were only the large wheaten cakes on which their other viands were laid, as on dishes, and after the consumption of the latter the former were -then devoured. This trifling incident occurred during the first repast after the Trojans reached Latium, and a casual and playful remark of luflus called the attention of Aeneas to the fulfillment of the prophecy. It need only be added that the prediction was part of the traditional account of Aeneas' landing in Italy, and that HARPY. Virgil Is responsible only for the connec. tion with It of Celaeno. 261. Jubent =volunt. 267. Ea'cu88os. Proleptic, as atnbesas, 257. 276. Vrbi. Actium, afterwards famous for the naval victory of Augustus over Antony. AENEIDOS LIB. Ill.10 10.7 Et terrain altricem saevi exsecramur Ulixi. Mox et Leucatae nimbosa cacumina montis, Et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. Hunc petimus fessi, et parvae succedimus urbi; Anucora de prora jacitur, stant litore puppes. Ergo insperata tandem tellure potiti, Lustramurque Jovi, votisque incendim us aras, Actiaque Ilacis celebramus litora ludis. Exercenit patrias oleo labente palaestras Nudati socil; juvat evasisse tot urbes Argolicas, mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostes. Interea magnum sol circuinvolvitur annum, Et glacialis hiems aquilonibus asperat undas. Aere cavo clipeum., magni gestamen Abantis, Postibus adversis tigo et rem carmine sigano: AENEAS HAEC DE DANAIS VICTORIBUS ARMA. Linquere tum portus jubeo et considere transtris. Certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. Protinus a~irias Phaeacum abseondimus arces, Litoraque Epiri legimus, portuque subimus Chaonio et celsam Bnthroti accedimus urbem. ilic incredibilis rerum fama occupat aures, Priamiden Helenum Graias regnare per urbes, Conjugio Aeacidae Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum, Et patrio Andromachen iterum cessisse marito. Obstupui, miroque incensum pectus amore Compellare virum et casus cognoscere tantos. Progredior portu, classes et litora linquens, 275 280 285 290 295.300 278. Insperata. Because of the dangers through which they had passed. 279. Lustramur Jfovi. "We perform a lustral sacrifice to Jove, "-lit., "1are purified to Jove." 280. (Jelebramtna litora ludi8. Poetical variety for celebramu8 ludos in litore. Virgil Intends a compliment to Augustus in these games, as the emperor had ordered quinquennial games to be celebrated at Actiunm in honor of his victory. 281. Oleo labente. Abi. abs. The oil with which the combatants were anointed flowed down from their bodies. 284. Circumvolvitur. See on 11. 383..... Annum Is governed by the circum of the verb, the year being equivalent to what is traversed in the year. 287. Adversi8; L.e., facing one as he approaches the temple.... Rem. "The act.." 288. Aeneas. Sc. dedicavit...De; I. e., "1(taken) from."1 292. Porhte. A. cf. 68, N; G. 67; H. 116. 296. Conjugio. bee on II. 579. 299. Copnpellatre. See on LI. 10. 108 108 ~P. VI]?GIL II MA]?ONIS Solemnes quumu forte dapes et tristia dona Ante urbem. in luco falsi Simoentis ad undam. Libabat cineri Andromache., Manesque vocabat Hectoreum. ad tumulum, viridi quem. cespite inanem Et geminas, causam. lacrimis, sacraverat aras. 3 UT me conspexit venientem. et Troifa circum Arma amens vidit, magnis exterrita monstris Deriguit visu in medio, calor ossa reliquit; Labitur, et longo vix tandem tempore fatur: "1Verane te facies, verus mibi nunthis affers, 8 "Nate dea? vivisne? aut, si Ilux alma recessit, "1Hector ubi est?" dixit, lacrimasque effudit et omnem Implevit, clamore locum. Vix pauca furenti Su~bjicio et raris turbatus vocibus hisco: "ivo equidem, vitamque extrema per omnia duco. 3' "Ne dubita, nam vera vides. "elieu! quis te casus dejectam. conjuge tanto "Excipit? aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit "iectoris Andromachen? Pyrrhin' connubia servas Dejecit vultum. et demissa voce locuta est:3, "0 felix u-na ante alias Priameia virgo, "Hostilem. ad tumulum, Trojae sub moenibus altis "Jussa mior, quae sortitus non pertulit nibos, "Nec victoris heni tetigit captiva cubile! "Nos, patria incensa, diversa per aequora, vectae, 3T "Stirpis Achilleae fastus juvenemque superbum, 10 15 20 25 801. Solemnes. "Annual.'1 803. Cineri; 1. e., tiectoris. 804. Hectoreum. See on HI.53 Ad tumulum, "At the tomb."'.... Vir-idi quem, &c. "'Which, an empty one, (formed) of verdant turf, she had consecrated," &c. It was a cenotaph, the real tomb being at Troy. 305. Causam Tacrimis.- "An Inceniive to grief."1 The dative may be explained by supplying the full constrnction from which this is abbreviated, quae causa ta,crfmis eset. A. 233; G. 350; H. 390Oand N. 2. 309. Longo tempore = post longum' temD'o. 314. Baris vocibus. "In broken accents." 319. Iliectoris. Se. uxor. A. 214, b; G. 360, R. 3; HI. 398, N.2..Prli' The e of the enclitic ne Is sometimes elidled, as here. 321. Virgo. Polyxena. a daughter o1 Priam, was sacrificed by Pyrrhus at the tomb of Achilles (kostilem ad tumulum), by whom she had been sought in mar. riage. See Class. Dict. 325. iNos = ego, Is emphatic and In con. trast with Polyxena. 326. Stirpis Achilleae; 1. e., Fyi' rhus. AD:,.V'EID0S LIB. III.10 109 "11Servitio enixa-3, tulimus. qui deinde, secutus, "1Ledaeam Ilern~iionen Lacedaemoniosque hymenaeos, "Me famulo famnulamque ileleno transmisit habendam. "Ast ilium, ereptae magno inflammatus amore 330 "Conjugis et scelerum Furhis agitatus, Orestes "Excipit incautum, patriasque obtruncat ad aras. "Morte Neoptolemi regnorum reddita cessit "Pars ileleno, qui Chaoinios cognomine campos, "Chaoniamque omnem Trojano a Chaone dixit, 335 "Pergamaque lliacamque jugis hanc addidit arcem. "Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae fata dedere? "Aut quisnarn iginarum nostris deus appulit oris? "Quid puer Ascanius? Superatne et vescitur aura, "Quem tibi jam Troja- 340 "Ecqua tamen puero est amissae cura parentis? "Ecquid in antiquam virtutem animosque viriles "Et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitat Hector?" Talia fundebat lacrirnans longosque ciebat Incassum fletus, quum sese a moenibus heros 345 Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus affert, Agnoscitque snos, laetusque ad limina ducit, Et multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. 327. -Enixae. Andromache bore to Pyrrnus during her servitude a son named M~oslsus. 329. "Gave to Helenus, a slave, me, a slave also (que), to be possessed." Que is used here in the sense of et ipsam, or etiam. 330. Ereptac conjugis. " For his betrothed wife snatched from him." Hermione had been betrothed In marriage to her cousin Or", tes, without the knowledge of Menelaus, but during the siege of Troy she was promised by her father to Pyrrhus, who, after the close of the war, claimed and married( her. 331. Furiis agitatus. See Oreste8 in Lexicon. 333. J-torte. "At the death,"-an abi. of time.... IRegnorum pars; I. e.., Epirus, which had been added by Pyrrhus to his paternal Phthla....Iteddita. "1Hay *ing been given UP," with the accessory notion of the Pars regnorum being due to Helenus for his faithful services. Such appears to be the meaning of the word, but its sense is disputed. 336. eJugis. A. 228;G. 346; H. 386.... Atrcem simply explains Pergama L~y epexegesis. 339. Quid (sc. agit). "How fares?" 340. The only instance in Virgil of a hemistich with the sense incomplete. Why the line was not finished is left wholly to conjecture. One of the best of the numerous suggestions for its completion adds the words obse88a est enixca Creusa. With these we may translate, "4whom (Creusa bore) to thee when Trey (was) already (besieged)."1 341 Tamen. "1Still;` i. e., although she is dead. How Andromache knew of the death of Creusa we can only Imagine; there is no clew In the text. 110 110 P. VIRGILII MAR ON S'. Procedo, et parvam. Trojam, simulataque magnis Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum, 35 Agnosco, Scaeaeque amplector limina portae. Nec non et Teueri socia simul urbe fruuntur. Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis; Aulai medio libabant pocula Bacehi, Impositis auro, dapibus, paterasque tenebant. 355 Jamque dies alterque dies processit, et aurae Vela vocant, tumidoque inflatur carbasus austro: 1-is vatem aggredior dictis ac talia quaeso: " Trojugena, interpres diveim, qui numina Phoebi, " Qui tripodas, Clarii laurus, qui sidera sentis 360 "Et volucrum, linguas et praepetis omina pennae, "Fare age-namque omnem cursum mihi prospera dixit "Religio, et cuncti suaserunt numine divi "Italiam petere et terras tentare repostas; "Sola novum dictuque nefas ilarpyia Celaeno 365 "Prodigium canit, et tristes denuntiat iras, "Obscenamque famem-quae prima pericula -vito? "Quidve sequens tantos possim superare labores? lic ilelenus, caesis primum de more juvencis, Exorat pacem divfilm, vittasque resolvit 370 Sacrati capitis, meque ad tua limina, Phoebe, 854. Autlai. A. 36, a; G. 27,1R. 1; H. 49, 2. 855. Daplbus; i. e., for the gods. This and the previous line refer only to the religious ceremonies that we may suppose preceded the banquet given to the guests. 861. Note the two modes of diviruttion from birds here referred to. 365. Dictit ne/as. A. 803; G. 487, R. I1; H. 547, 1 and 2. Nefas8 = nefandum, as it is in the same construction as novum. 367. Mio. On account of the long Intervening parenthesis, the question seems to have lost Its dependence on fare, and to have assumed the direct form; hence the Indicative. In poesm, however, In the next line, the subjunctive Is either a return to the indirect question, or Is dependent on 8eq'uens, which we may conslier e1 8equar. TRIPOD. 850. Xanthi cognomine,. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, II. 851. Amplectot% An ancient custom with those who returned home after a lounr absence. AENEID OS LIB. III. 111 Ipse manu multo suspensum numine ducit, Atque haec deinde canit divino ex ore sacerdos: "Nate dea,-nam te majoribus ire per altum "Auspiciis manifesta fides: sic fata defim rex 375 "Sortitur, volvitque vices; is vertitur ordo"Pauca tibi e multis, quo tutior hospita lustres "Aequora et Ausonio possis considere portu, "Expediam dictis; prohibent nam cetera Parcae "Scire Helenum farique vetat Saturnia Juno. 380 "Principio Italiam, quam tu jam rere propinquam, " Vicinosque, ignare, paras invadere portus, " Longa procul longis via dividit invia terris. "Ante et Trinacria lentandus remus in unda, "Et s-lis Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor, 385 " Infernique lacus Aeaeaeque insula Circae, " Quam tuta possis urbem componere terra. "Signa tibi dicam; tu condita mente teneto: "Quum tibi sollicito secreti ad huminis undam "Litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus, 390 "Triginta capitum fetus enixa, jacebit, 372. Mfulto numine. " Abundant" dividit, but it may be placed, in like mau. or "abounding presence." ner, at the beginning of the English sen, 374. Majoribus auspiciis. "Under tence. The reference in longa via an(w the greater auspices;" i. e., under the fa- longis terris is to the impracticable route vor of the greater gods, especially Jupiter. by land across the peninsula, and not to 375. Manifesta fides. Sc. est mihi. a journey by sea. Aeneas probably sup 377. Hospita. "Strange," rather than posed that he had simply to cross thi, "friendly." Adriatic. Helenus informs him in sub380. Fari. Supply eum, referring to stance that the whole impassible breadth Helenus. of the peninsula is between him and La. 381. Italiam; i.e., the part of Italy tium, and that he must reach his destinaallotted to thee..... Tu - propinquam. tion by a long circuitous sea voyage. Notice the emphasis of each. 384. Ante. With quam in 387.... Len382. " And whose ports thou, in thy ig- tendus (est). "Must be bent." norance, art preparing to enter as if neigh- 386. acus - insula. Observe the boring ones." This free translation re- zeugma in the connection of these worde produces the emphasis of vicinos, which is h ustrandum. difficult to obtain by a literal rendering. Ignare is nearly equivalent to ignarus, 387 P08sis. A. 827, a; G. 579; H. 520, which case we would rather have ex- I. 2. pected. Supply cjus before portus. 388. Signa. "The tokens;" i.e., that 383. Construe, Longa via, invia, dividit thy destination has been reached, as approcul (a te) longis terris. " A long way, pears from what follows. impossible to be traversed, separates far 389. Tibi. For a te, and limits inventa. (from thee) by a long stretch of country." By secretl flumints is meant a sequestered Italiam above is of course the object of part of the river Tiber. 112 12P.- VIE? G ILII MARI oi OAs. "Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati, "Is locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum. "Nec tu mensarum. morsus horresce futuros: "Fata viam invenient, adcritque vocatus Apollo. "Has autem, terras, Italique hanc litoris oram, "Proxima quae nostri perfunditur aequoris aestu, "Effuge; cuncta malis habitantur moenia Graiis. "Hue et Narycii posuerunt moenia Locri, "Et Salleintinos obsedit milite campos "Lyctius Idomencus; hie illa ducis Meliboei "Parva Philoctetae subuixa Petelia muro. "Quin, ubi transmissae steterint trans aequora classes, "Et positis aris jam vota in litore solves, "Purpurco velare comas adopertus amictu, "Ne qua inter sanctos ignes in honore deorum, "Hostilis facies occurrat et omina turbet. "Hune socii morem. sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto; "Hac casti maneant in' religione nepotes. "Ast ubi digressum Siculae te admoverit orae "Ventus, et angusti rarescent claustra, Pelori, '"Lae-va tibi tellus et longo laeva petantur "Aequora circuitu; dextrum fuge litus et undas. "il1aee loca vi quondam et vasta convulsa rui-na"11Tantum. aevi longinqua -valet mutare Yetustas- 4 395 t00 105 [10 -1. O 396. Hfa s - h a ne. These words are used as If the speaker were pointing to the eiist coast of Italy. 402. Philoctetae. Better with Petelia than with muro....Subniaxa muro. See on I. 506. 405. Velare. Imperative passive. See on IT. 383....Comas. Greek acc., with velare. We have here the fancied origin of the distinctive Roman custom of sacrificing with covered head. The Greeks did not observe this practice. 406. IFn honore deorum. "Dnring the sacrifice to the gods." The words express the same thing as inter senctos ignes. Cf. Geo. I11. 486, in honore'deum tnedlo,"'in the middle of a sacrifice to the gods." On this use of honor, Cf. I. 632. 407. Hostilis facies. Some refer these words to the literal" "appearance of an enemy," hut t't seems hetter to take them in the more indefinite sense of an "adverse" or "inauspicious appearance." 412. iLacva tellts; i. e., Sicily. 413. Dextruma litus; I. e., Italy. The simple meaning Is, Instead of turning to the right, keeping along the Italian coast, and passing through the straits to the -north, turn to the left and coast entirely around Sicily, thus avoiding the dangers of Scylla and Charybdis. 414. Construe, Ferunt haec loca, quondam convulse vi et vest! ruin4 disslulsse. 415. Aevi = tempnori8. Conington s-ays of this line,-' The expression would seem to suit a gradual rather than a violent change; hut Virgil doubtless means no more than that a long period of years gives time for accidental convulsions.' AENVEIDOS LIB. iir.13 113 "Dissiluisse ferunt, quum protinus utraque tellus "Una foret; venit medio vi ponatus, et undis "Iesperium Siculo latus abscidit, arvaque et urbes "Litore diductas angusto intcrluit aestu. "Dextrum. Scylla latus, laevum, implacata Charybdis 420 "Obsidet, atque imo baratliri ter gurgite vastos "Sorbet in abruptum fiuctus, rursusque sub auras "Erigit alternos et sidera verberat unda. "At Scyllarn caecis cohibet spelunca latebris, "Ora exsertantem et naves in saxa trahentem. 425 "Prima hominis facies et puicliro pectore virgo "Pube- tenus; postrema inimani corpore pistrix, "Deiphinum caudas utero commissa luporum. "Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni "Cessantem, longos et circumfiectere cursus, 430 "Quam seine! informem. vasto vidisse isub antro "Scyllam. et caeruleis canibus resonantia saxa. "Praeterea, si qua est Ileleno prudentia, vati "Si qua fides, animum si veris implet Apollo, 416. Protinus urna. " Continuously one."1 417. Miedio. Some say an abi. of place =in medio; others call it a dative = in medium. In either construction it may be rendered "between." 419. Litore diduzetas. " Separated by the shores." On the singular litore for the plural, cf. capite, H. 219. There Is no better explanation of these words than the most literal and obvious one. Virgil certainly had a poet's privilege to regard the shores as a means of separation rather than the intervening water; especially when the idea of the latter bad been already Introduced two or three times in the passage. Litore of course involves the idea of maHn, but is not, as Hleyne thinks, equivalent to itt....Aestut. Abl. of manner. 421. Irno barathri gurgite. "With the deepest whirlpool of its gulf." 422. lit abruptum (= profundurn). "Into its abyss." 4~2. Prima. "The upper part of."... lioinitis. A. 214, c; G. 365; H1.401.... F'tcies. SC. mst. SCYLLA. 427. Pu be tenus. "As far as the mid. die."...Postrerna. Sc. facie est. 428. Caudas. A Greek ace., with corn. mmisa The meaning of the line simply is that the tails of dolphins are joined to the bodies of wolves or dogs. 482. (Jan~ibus. The same as the 1upi of line 428, both words being used indif. ferently. 114 P. VIR GILII MAR O IS "Unum illud tibi, nate dea, proque omnibus unum 435 "Praedicam et repetens iterumque iterumque monebo: "Junonis magnae primum prece numen adora; "Junoni cane vota libens, dominamque potentem "Supplicibus supera donis: sic denique victor "Trinacria fines Italos mittere relicta. 440 "Huc ubi delatus Cumaeam accesseris urbem "Divinosque lacus et Averna sonantia silvis, "Insanam vatem adspicies, quae rupe sub ima "Fata canit, foliisque notas et nomina mandat. "Quaecumque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo, 445 "Digerit in numerum, atque antro seclusa relinquit. "Illa manent immota locis, neque ab ordine cedunt; "Verum eadem, verso tenuis quum cardine ventus "Impulit et teneras turbavit janua frondes, "Numquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo, 450 "Nec revocare situs aut jungere carmina curat: "Inconsulti abeunt, sedemque odere Sibyllae. "Hic tibi ne qua morae fuerint dispendia tanti"Quamvis increpitent socii, et vi cursus in altum "Vela vocet possisque sinus implere secundos-, 455 " Quin adeas vatem, precibusque oracula poscas "Ipsa canat, vocemque volens atque ora resolvat. " Ila tibi Italiae populos venturaque bella, Et quo quemque mode fugiasque ferasque laborem, "Expediet, cursusque dabit venerata secundos. 4C0 4835. Pro omnibus. "For" or "in place of all (others)." 437. Primum. "In the first place;" 1. e., as the first thing to do. 438. Cane. " Address,"-more it., "chant," or "hymn." Religions formulag were commonly rhythmical. 440. Fines = ad fines. 442. SUvis. "With woods,"-an abl. of cause. In ancient times thick forests encircled this gloomy lake, and we may refer sonantia to the moaning of the wind through these. 446. Digerit in numerum; i. e., in the order of the succeeion of the events which she predicts 448. Eadem. This may be referred either to carmina or to virgo,-better to the former. 458. Construe, Hic ne qua dspendia morae furnt tanti tibi, &c. "Here let not any," &c.... Tanti. A. 252, a; G. 379; H. 404, N. 1. 456. Quin. A. 819, d; 0. 550,. 2; IH. 504.... recibzus, &c. Coustrue, Precibusque posc (ut) ipsa canat oracula. 457. Canat. A. 331, f. R; G. 546, R. 3: H. 499, 2.... Volens. A. 191; G. 324, R. 6; H. 443. 459. Quo mod. " How."... Que - que. Disjunctive and = "either-or." .AENEIDOS LIB. iir.11 115 "Haec sunt, quae nostra liceat te voce moneri. "Vade agge, et iingentem factis fer ad aethera Trojam.." Quae postquam. vates sic ore effatus amico est, Dona dehinc auro gravia sectoque elephanto Imperat ad naves ferri, stipatque carinis Jngens argentum Dodonaeosque lebetas, Lonicam consertam hamis auroque tnilicem, Et conum insignis galeae cristasque comantes, Arma Keoptolerni. Sunt et sua doina pareinti. Addit equos, additque duces; iRemigium supplet; socios simui instruit armis. Interea classem velis aptare jubebat Anchises, fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti. Quem, Phoebi interpres multo compellat honore: "Conjugio, Anchise, Veneris dignate superbo, "Cura deeim, bis Pergameis erepte ruinis, "Eceo tibi Ausoniae tellus; hane arripe velis. "Et tamen bane pelago praeterlabare necesse est; " Ausoniae pars lilla procul, quam pandit Apollo. "'lVade," ait, "lo felix nati pietate! Quid ultra "11Provehor, et fando surgentes demoror austros? Nec minus Andromache, digressu maesta supremo, Fert picturatas anri subternine vestes Et Plirygiam Ascanio chlamydem, nec cedit honori, 1:65 1:70 1:75 L80 461. Liceat. A. 320; G. 634; H1.503, 1. 462. Ingentema. Proleptic. 466. Inygeft. See on L. 640.... Dodonaeos lebetas; I. e., such as are suspended in the sacred grove of Dodona, from the sound of which, when struck, the priests learn the will of Jup~iter. 467. Autro trilicern. The lorica was of chain mail, constructed of a triple tissue of gold hooks or rings. 469. Sua. See on I. 461. 470. Duces. "Guides,"9 or "6pilots." 471. Itemigium. "A baud of rowers." Some translate It as = remos, but this seems less satisfactory.... Armis. "Armor." 475. Dignate. A. 2)92; H1.231, 2. 476. Bis erepte. The firsat time on the destruction of Troy by Hercules. See on Ii. 643. 477. TIi~i. A. 236; G. 851; H. 389, N. 2. The dative Is really depeudent upon a verb understood.... 1'eltus. See on En Ps-lamu, I. 461.... Hanc -hanc. The former refers to Italy in general; the latter has a special reference to the eastern coast, nearest Epirus. 478. Praeterlabapre. supply ut before this, after necese eat.,A. 331, f. R1; G. 546, 11.83; H1.499, 2. 484. Ascantio. Join with fert.....Ne c cedit honor-i. "Nor does she fall short of (lit., yield to) the honor (duo him)." Others translate the clause, "1Nor does she fall short of the honor (that Helenuis has shown to the Trojans)." Wagner In 116 P. VI~ GILII IA R O NIS Textilibusque onerat donis, ac talia fatur: 485 "Accipe et haec, manuum tibi quae monumenta mearum "Sint, puer, et longum Andromachae testentur amorem, " Conjugis Hectoreae. Cape dona extrema tuorum, "0 milli sola mei super Astyanactis imago. "Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat; 490 " Et nunc aequali tecum pubesceret aevo." Hos ego digrediens lacrimis affabar obortis: "Vivite felices, quibus est fortuna peracta "Jam sua! Nos alia ex aliis in fata vocamur. "Vobis parta quies; nullum maris aequor arandum, 495 "Arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro " Quaerenda. Effigiem Xanthi Trojamque videtis, " Quam vestrae fecere manus, melioribus, opto, "Auspiciis, et quae fuerit minus obvia Graiis. "Si quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva 500 "Intraro, gentique meae data moenia cernam, "Cognatas urbes olim populosque propinquos, "Epiro, Hesperia, quibus idem Dardanus auctor "Atque idem casus, unam faciemus utramque "Trojam animis; maneat nostros ea cura nepotes." 505 Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia juxta, Unde iter Italiam cursusque brevissimus undis. Sol ruit interea et montes umbrantur opaci. Sternimur optatae gremio telluris ad undam, terprets, "Nor does it (the chlamys) yield equivalent to a present participle of super. to the beauty (of the other embroidered esse, or to quae superest. robes." Conington suggests as a possible 498. Melioribus auspiciis. AbL meaning, "Nor does she flag in the work abs. of honoring him;" i. e., give way to honor 499 Fuerit. Future perfect. as if she were contending with it. The Join withfaciemu first interpretation, the old one of Servius 502. Olin. Joinwithfaciemus. and Donatus, and substantially adopted 503. Epiro, (et) Hesperia. Sc. in. by Forbiger, appears to be the least ob- 504. Utramque. In apposition with lectionable. * urbes and populos. The order is, Fademue utramque unam Trooam animis. 486. Et haec. "These also;" I.e., be- ufamque unam Tram animi. 486. Et haec. 5"Thee also;" ieAmis. "2l. In spirit." A. 253; sides the gifts Helenus has presented to ( 39A H. 424 the rest.to G. 398; H. 4'24. t.;. Italiam. See on I. 2.... Undis 487. Sint - testentur. A. 317; G. 632; - per undas. H. 497, I. 508. Ruit. Cf. the use of this word in 489. Miti. Limits super, which is II. 250. AEANEIDOS LIB. rrr. Sortiti remos, passimque in litore sicco Corpora curamus; fessos sopor irrigat artus. Necdum orbem medium nox horis acta subibat: Haud segnis strato surgit Palinurus, et omnes Explorat ventos, atque auribus a~ra captat; Sidera cuncta notat tacito labentia coelo, Arcturum pluviasque H-yadas geminosque Triones, Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona. Postquam cuncta videt coelo constare sereno, Dat clarum e puppi signum; nos castra movemus, Tentamusque -viam et velorum pandimus alas. Jamque rubeseebat stellis Aurora fugatis, Quum procul obscuros colles humilemque videmus Italiam. Italiam primus conclamat Achates, Italiam laeto soeii clamore salutant. Turn pater Anchises magnum cratera corona Induit imple-vitque mero, divosque vocavit Stans celsa in puppi: 66iDii, maris et terrae tempestatumque potentes, "Ferte viam. vento facilem, et spirate secundi." Crebrescunt optatae aurae, portusque patescit Jam propior, templumique apparet in arce Minervae. Vela legunt socii, et proras ad litora torquent. Portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum; Objectae salsa spumant adspargine cautes; Ipse latet; gemino demittunt, bracbia muro 11? 610 615 620 525 630 635 510. Sortiti remos; i. e., to decide who should be the rowers In the morning, In order to avoid all confusion and delay in getting an early start. 512. Necdum, &c.; I. e., it was not yet midnight. Notice the personification of night and the hours. 516. Repeated from I. 744. It Is perhaps better to take the accusatives with notat than with circum'idt. 518. Coelo = in coelo.. Constare. Lit., "stand fixed;" I. e., "are settled," "4tranquil.'" 520. The entire verse is a metaphor from the flight of birds. 527. int puppi. The images of the vessel's tutelary gods were In the stern. 52.9. Vento. Ahi. of means. With/a. cilem or with ferteI 530. Portus. This was probably what was afterwards called Portns Veneris. 533. Ab -Eiroo fluctu. Anthon and Conington consider this an expression of agency. Others translate ab " from;" I. e., removed or sheltered from. The interpre. tatlon of the former is the simpler, and is admissible, if we regard Jfuctu as semi' personified. 535. IEpse. Sc. portus. 519. Dat.9igmeum. Probably with trumpet....Nos. Why expressed? aI 118 118 P. VIRG ILII MiARO0NIS Tuiriti scopuli, reftigitque ab litore templum. Quatuor hic, primum omen, equos in gramine vidi Tondentes campum, late, candore nivali. Et pater Anchises: "-1Bellum, o terra hospita, portas; "11Bello armantur equi, bellum. haec 'armenta minantur. 540 "1Sed tamen idem olim curru succedere sueti "1Quadrupedes, et frena j ugo concordia ferre; " Spes et pacis," ait. Turn numina sancta precamur Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantes, Ft capita ante aras Phrygio velamur amictu; 545 Praeceptisque ileleni, dederat quae maxima, rite Junonai Argivae jussos adolemus honores. Hand mora; continuo perfectis ordine votis, Cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum, Grajugentimque domos suspectaque linquimuis arva. 550 Hine sinus llerculei, si vera est fama, Tarenti Cernitur; attollit se diva Lacinia contra, Caulonisque arces et navifraguim Scylaceum. Turn procul e tluctu Trinacria cernitur Aetna, Ft gemitum ingentem pelagi pulsataque saxa 555 Audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces, Exsultantque vada, atque aestu miscentur arenae. Ft pater Anchises: "1Nimirum haec illa Charybdis; "lb Hs Helenus scopulos, haee saxa horrenda canebat. "cEripite, o socii, pariterque insurgite remis!" 560 Haud minus ac jussi faciunt, primusque rudentem Contorsit laevas proram Pahinurus ad undas; Laevam cuncta cohors remis ventisque petivit. Tollimur in coelum. curvato gurgite, et idemn 586. Refugit. At a distance the tern- 545. Fetamur. See on 405. pie appeared tobe near the shore; but as W4. P ra e eeP t I s. "1In accordance they approach, It Is found to be situated with," &c......Maximna. "'As most im. an an eminence farther back. portant." A. 200, d; G. 618; R. 458, 5. 581. Primum, omen. Cf. I. 442,fJ. 551. Hine. "1Then.":.Heul. W39. Hoapita. See on 877. "1Founded by Hercules."...... Si - fama. N40. Beilo = ad bellum. "For war." Of the traditions respecting Tarentum, 54. 0O1m. "At times...... urru = one'ascribed its origin to Hercules. curmi....Suceedere. Lit., "1to go up 552. Diva Lacinia. The goddess for to;" hence, "1to be joined to." ~ her temple. Cf. 275. 542. Jfugo = Mt jugo. 560. Eripite. Sc. vo8. AEXNEIDOS LIB. III. Subducta ad Manes imos desedimus unda. Ter scopuli clamorem inter cava saxa dedere; Ter spumam elisam et rorantia vidimus astra. Interea fessos ventus cum sole reliquit, Ignarique viae Cyclopum allabimur oris. Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus et ingens Ipse; sed horrificis juxta tonat Aetna ruinis, Interdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubem, Turbine fumantem piceo et candente favilla, Attollitque globos flammarum, et sidera lambit; Interdum scopulos avulsaque viscera montis Erigit eructans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras Cum gemitu glomerat, fundoque exaestuat imo. Fama est Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus Urgeri mole hac, ingentemque insuper Aetnam Impositam ruptis flammam exspirare caminis; Et fessum quoties mutet latus, intremere omnem Murmure Trinacriam, et coelum subtexere fumo. Noctem illam tecti silvis immania monstra Perferimus, nec, quae sonitum det causa, videmus: Nam neque erant astrorulm ignes, nec lucidus aethra Siderea polus, obscuro sed nubila coelo, Et lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat. Postera jamque dies primo surgebat Eoo, 119 565 570 575 580 585 565. Desedimus. "We have sunk." 570. Ab. Cf. on 533. 571. Ipse. So far as the harbor itsef was concerned, it was capacious and sheltered, but the neighborhood of Aetna suggested danger.... Rtuinis. This may perhaps be rendered " eruptions," as the verb ruere occasionally signifies an upward motion. See Lexicon. 576. Sub auras - glomerat. "Rolls up to the air;" i. e., at mouth of the crater. 578. Semiustum. Scanned as a trisyllable, sem-yus-tum. 579. Insuper. Cf. I. 61. 580. Ruptis caminis. Lit., "From its burst furnaces;" i. e., the passages or cavities of the mountain.... Flammam; i. e., that breathed forth by the giant. V EURUS. 582. Subtesere. For the two constructions of this word, see subtexo in Lexicon. 585-6. Ne eque - polus. These two clauses mean nearly the same thing.... Nubila. Sc. erant. 588. Primo Eoo. Abl. of time. 5us, the morning-tar, is here used by meton. for the morning or dawn itself. 120 10P. VlI G ILII MA Pi ONIS. llumentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram: Quum subito e silvis, macie confecta suprema, Ignoti nova forma yini miserandaque culta Procedit, supplexque manus ad litora tendit. iRespicimus. Dima illuvies immissaque barba, Consertum. tegumen spinis; at cetera Grains, Et quondam patriis ad Trojam. missus in armis. Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit Arma procul, paulum adspectu conterritus haesit, Continuitque gradum; mox sese ad litora praeceps Cum fletu precibusque tulit: "1Per sidera testor, "Per superos atque hoc coeli spirabile lumnen, "Tollite me, Teucri; quascumqne abducite terras; "Hoc sat emit. Scio me Danais e classibus unum, "'Et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penates. "Pro quo, si scelemis tanta est injuria nostri, "Spargite me in finctus, vastoque immergaite ponto. "Si pereo, hominum. manibus periisse juvabit." IDixerat, et genua amplexus genibusque volutans Haerebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus, Hortamur; quae deinde agitet fortuna fateri. Ipse pater dextram Anchises, hand multa moratus, Dat juveni, atque animum praesenti pignome firmat. Ille haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatuir: ""Sum patria ex Ithaca,. comes infelicis Ulixi, 590 595 #300 605 610 590. iMaeie suprem4a. Abl. of manner...Confecta (from comfldo), "wasted." 591. No va. "Strange."...Cu It u. Referring to his dress and external appearance. 593. Itespicimuw. The re appears to denote a repeated or attentive survey.... Illuvies - barba - tegumen. Sc. erant MI. 5Q4. Cetera. A. 240, C; G. 3.31, R. 2; 595. Vt = et quidem.. Pat'riis in ar-mis. "1In his country's arms-," L.e., In its military service. The words do not Imply that he was still wearing the armor of a Greek. 599. Testor = oro, or precor. 600. Lumen. For azra 601. 1Terras = ad terras. See on 1. 2. 602. Scio. 10 he scanned as a mono, syllable, by Synaeresis. 604. No.9tri = mnei, although it may, as some think, he used literally, and refer to the guilt of the whole nation. 607. Genibus. This is generally end Is hest taken as a dative with haereoat. Cf. IV. 73. The abl. Is also used after thio verb. Some, however, join It with volue tans as a local ablative, a construction) certainly favored by the arrangement 01 the words.... Volutans. Sc. 8e. 608-9. Part - fater-i. See on amaire, 1.4.... Deittde. Join withfater#. 610. M~ulto. An adverb. A. 249, a; G. 331, R. S0; H1.378. 2. A EiVEIrDOS LIrB. ri.11 121 "Nomen Achemenides, Trojarn, genitore Adamasto "Paupere-mransissetque utinain fortuna!-, profectus. 615 "lie me, dum trepidi crudelia limina finquunt, "Immemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro "Deseruere. Domus sanie dapibusque cruentis, "Intus opaca, ingens. Ipse arduus, altaque pulsat "Sidera-Di, talem terris avertite pestem!- 620 "Nec visu facilis nee dictu affabilis ulli. "Visceribus miserorum et sanguine vescitur atro. "Vidi egomet, duo de numero quium corpora nostro, "Prensa manu magna medio resupinus in antro "1Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque exspersa natarent 625 "1Limina; vidi, atro quum membra fluentia tabo "1Manderet, et tepidi treinerent sub dentibus artus. "11Hand impune quidem; nec talia passus U-lixes, "1Oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto. "14Nam simul, expletus dapibus vinoque sepultus, 630 "1Cervicem inflexam posuit, jacuitque per antrum "11Immensus, saniem eructans et frusta cruento "1Per somnum commixta mero, nos, magna precati "Numina sortitique vices. una undique circum "Fundiniur, et telo lumen terebramus acuto, 635 "1Ingens, quod torva solum sub fronte latebat, "1Argolici clipei aut Phoebeae lampadis instar, 618. Ulixi. For the form, see on 1. 80. 63080. brul = imul atque. 614. Nomen. Sc. est.... enitore -. 631. Per. Observe the idea of his pautpere. Abl. abs., denoting the reason for his engaging in the Trojan war. Cf. the similar statement of Sinon respecting his father, IL. 87 615. Fortu jo 's; i. e., my hJumble condition,-' would tuat I had been content with my lot,' Is his ~neaning. 616. Dum linqtuint - deserutere. Ob~serve the connection of tenses. 617. Immernores. Sc. mel. 618. Sanie dapibusqute. Abl. of character. See on astro 8uperbo, I. 639. 620. Di -pestem. Cf. 265. 621. Viii. A.22, aanud b; G.852; II 888, 4. 62. Ye. For nec. See on 48... Sui I.e.. of his cunning. great length indicated by this word. 638. Mero. The wino, had been given to him by Ulysses. 634. Sortiti vices. In reference to the parts, more or less dangerous, which they had each to take in the desperate attempt. Homer represents the Greeks as casting lots for only four to assist Ulysses. Virgil appears to make them all participants. For the original story, with all 'the Homeric fulness of detail, see the 9th Book of the Odyssey. 685. 1'elo. The sharpened stake or tree of Homer. 687. Argolici clipei. This was round Iand sufficiently large to protect the whole body. Ordinary Roman shields were oval..... Phoebeae lampadis; 1. e., the sun. 122 122 P. VIRGILII AIARONIS "Et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. "11Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite, atque ab litore funem "6Rumpite. 4340 "'Nam, qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in autro, "Lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat, "Centum alii curva haec habitant ad litora vulgo "Infandi Cyclopes et altis montibus errant. "Tertia jam Lunae se cornua lumine complent, 645 "Quum vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum' "Lustra domosque traho, vastosque Ab rupe Cyclopas "Prospicio, sonitumque pedum vocemque tremisco. "Victum infelicem, baccas lapidosaque corna, "Dant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae. 650 "Omnia collustrans, hanc primum ad litora classem "Conspexi venientem. Huic me, quaecumque fuisset, "Addixi: satis est gentem effugisse nefandam. "Vos animam hanc potius quocumque absumite leto." Vix ea fatus erat, summo quum monte videmus 655' Ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem Pastorem Polyphemum et litora nota petentem, rum. Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, eni lumen ademptTrunuca mann pinus regit et vestigia firmat; The form, size and brightness of these objects are all points of comparison.... Instar. In apposition with quod. 641. Qualis - elauclit, &c. The full expression would be quails quantusRque (eat) Polyphemug (qui) dlaudit, &c., (tales et tanti, 8unt) centum alli, (yclapes (qui) vulgo habitant, &c. 645. Tertia - complent; L.e., It Is already the third month. 64. Quum traho. "Since I have 3een,"1 &C. 647. Ab r'upe. Referring to the situation of the Cyclopes,-"1 (towering) from the rocks."- Some connect the phrase with proT-kico. 650. Vulsis radicibus herbae. "Herbs torn up by the roots,"1-l1t., "1the roots having been torn up." VuWs8 radiaMbu Is a variety for vuisae a radicibus, and Is to he thus construed with herlbae, not with paocunt. 652. -Fuisset. " It should (prove to) be." The expression In oratio directa, at the time when he made the resolution, would have been huia me addicam, quaecumque fuerlt. A. 286, R; G. 509, 3; 11. 525, 2. Cf. tuiseet, IIL 94. 653. Addixi me. "1I devoted myself," — a strong expression, denoting total sinrrender. 654. IPotiua; I. e., rather than leave me here. 6%i. Vasta mole. " Of vast bulk,"abl.. of character or quality. 0 58. ' This line Its composed with won. derful skill. The spondees, the equal cae. suras, the frequent elisions, and the harsh,sounds of the words, most admirably express the nature of the monstrous Poly. phemus'.-Bryce. 659. Afanu =ina manu. "(Borne) In his hand." It seems better to regard the word as thus dependent upon some participie or verb understood, than to join It AENEIDOS LIB. III. 123 Lanigerae comitantur oves; ea sola voluptas, Solamenque mali. Postquam altos tetigit fluctus et ad aequora venit, Luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem, Dentibus infrendens gemitu, graditurque per aequor Jam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto Supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem; Verrimus et proni certantibus aequora remis. Sensit, et ad sonitum vocis vestigia torsit. Verum ubi nulla datur dextra affectare potestas, Nec potis lonios fluctus aequare sequendo, Clamorem immensum tollit, quo pontus et omnes Intremuere undae, penitusque exterrita tellus Italiae, curvisque immugiit Aetna cavernis. At genus e silvis Cyclopum et montibus altis Excitum ruit ad portus et litora complent. Cernimus adstantes nequidquam lumine torvo Aetnaeos fratres, coelo capita alta ferentes, Concilium horrendum: quales quum vertice celso 660 665 670 675 with regit as an abl. of instrument, as some do. Compare with this the well known lines of Milton, P. L. I. 284:" His spear, to equal which the tallest pine Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast Of some great admiral, were but a wand, He walked with to support uneasy steps, Over the burning marle." Trunca; i. e., lopped of its branches..... Vestigia is the object of both verbs. 660. Ea. A. 195, d; G. 202, R. 5; H. 445, 4. 662. See on II. 353. 668. Iatde = de fluctibus; i.e., with water dipped from the sea. 664. Dentibus - gemitu. What kind of ablatives?.... Per equor nmedium. Not of course to be taken literally, but in the sense of " through the open sea." 666. Inde. Adv. of place..... Celerare - indicere. A. 275; G. 650; H. 536, 1.... Recepto supplice. Abl. abs. 667. Sic merito. "Having thus deserved;" i. e., to be received. 669. Vocis. Referring probably to the noise of the oars. 670. Affectare potestas. The prose expression would be affectandi potestas. 671. Potis (est) = potest. Sc. Polyphemus.... lonios - sequendo. Because the waves bear us away too swiftly. Thus the best modern commentators, but much can be said in favor of the old interpreta tion, viz., because he could not equal by his size the depth of the sea. 673. Penrites. "Far within."... Exterrita. 8c. est. 676. Reit - conqplent. Observe the difference of number. A. 205, c; G. 202, exc. 1; H. 461, 1. There is a conception of individuality in the poet's mind as the Cyclopes stand upon the shore. 677. Nequidquam. Because unable to harm us. 678. Aetnaeos. So called because dwelltug around Aetna.... Coelo. See on II. 186. 679. Vertice celso. "On a lofty mountain-top." 124 P. VIR GIL II M~A RO0NIS. A~riae quereus, aut coniferae cyparissi 680 Constiterunt, silva alta Jovis, lucusve Dianae. Praecipites metus acer agit quocumque rudentes Excutere, et ventis intendere vela secundis. Contra jussa inonent Heleni, Scyllanm atque Charybdim. Inter, utranique viam leti discrimine parvo, 685 Ni teneatut cursus; certum est dare lintea retro. Ecce autem. Boreas angusta ab sede Pelori Missus adest. Vivo praetervehor ostia saxo Pantagiae Megarosque sinus Thapsumque, jacentem. Talia monstrabat relegens. errata retrorsus 690 Litora Achemenides, comes infelicis Ulixi. Sicanio praetenta sinu jacet insula contra -~ 685. (Jtramtque. In 'apposition with Scy11an and Charybdhn. Translate, "each ~-~ —~-~ —~ -a way of death, with little difference."....J Leti limits viam, which is also lrn~~ / itedhby discumn parve as an abi. of character. / ' ~ 686. Ni teneant. After m oent. Lit., - "Warn (my companions) that they should 11 not hold.'.... iletro; i. e., towards the south. 'It is determined to follow the BOaEAS. instrnctions of Ilelenus and to pass arbund the island of Sicily, even with the risk of 680. Aeriae. "1Towering." again approaching the vicinity of the Cy681. C!ot.,titerutnt. An aoristic per- jcdopes. Lines 684 —6 are rejected hy some feet in the sense of the present. Observe of the best commentators. Although prethe shortened penult. A. 355, d; G. 716; senting great difficulties in interpretation, 11. (1)8, VI.... Silva Jovis refers to 'they are yet found in all the manuscripts, quercus, and lutcus -Diattae to cyparis i, and are doubtless genuine.... Ni. For the oak being sacred to Jupiter and the cy- ne, as occasionally elsewhere, but not press to Hecate, the Diana of Hlades. again in Virgil. 682. Quocutnque. "1For any course 687. An.giista. This term is transwhatever." furred somewhat vaguely from the narrow 683. Secundis. "Following;" I. e., straits to the promontory upon the straits. fear impelled them to sail before the wind,.... Sede, 11elori. The language implies no matter from what direction blowing, that Pelorus was the home of Boreas. From the context it appears that the wind 688. Mis8us; i. e., by some favoring Is from the south when they start, and deity.... Vivo Saxo. See on I. 167. carries them northward towards the 689 jatentem. "Low lying,"-level straits of Pelorus. As soon as their fear anI u iteaoetesa of the Cyclopes has abated, rememberinganbuliteboehes. again the Injunctions of Helenus, a new 60 tlqn raartoss fear of Scylla and Charybdir3 springs up, i. e., with Ulysses, who is supposed to hai'e and they resolve to turn back (dare lintea iPreviously passed along this coast in an rdtro). At this moment the wind cha'iges, OPPoiedrcon Boreas comes to their aid, and they sail 69t2. Miau. For 8inui, a dativo aA'L'ei back in safety past the Cyclopean shores. praetenta. AENEIDOS LIB. III.15 125 Plemyrium undosum; nomen dixere priores Ortygiam. Alpheum fama est hue Elidis amnem Occultas egisse vias subter mare; qui nune Ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis. Jussi numina magna loci veneramur; et inde Exsupero praepingue solum stagnantis Helori. line altas cautes projectaque saxa Pachyni IRadimus, et fatis numquam concessa moveri Apparet Camarina procul, campique Geloi, Immanisque Gela fiuvii cognomine dicta. Ardtius iude Acragas ostentat maxima longe Moenia, magnanin-ifm quondam generator equorum; Tequc datis linquo ventis, palinosa Selinus, Et vada dura lego saxis Lilybeia caecis. Hiic Drepani me portus et illaetabilis ora Accipit. Hic, pelagi tot tempestatibus actus, lieu genitorem, omnis curae casusque levamen, Amitto Anchisen. Hic me, pater optime, fessum Deseris, hen, tantis nequidquam erepte periclis! INec vates Helenus, quum multa horrenda moneret, Hos mihi praedixit luctus, non dira Celaeno. Ilic labor extremus, longarum hace meta viarum. Hine me digressum vestris deus appulit oris." 695 700 705 710 715 094 Aip~heumt, &c. Construe, Fama,est Alpheum, amnem Elidis, egisse hue o('cultas vies, &c. 696. U liudis. A. 229, c; G. 344, 3; H. 38~. 4, 3). 697. ~Jttssi. Probably by Ancbises, althoucgh it is not said by whom. 701. Camasmna. A lake or marsh near the city or the same name. Having become a source of malaria, the inhabitants of the town consulted the oracle of Apollo In regard to its drainage, and received the following response-Mi1 KicLve Ka~.uipw~av caKiv-qroe yip i&Lcvwv. In spite of this advice the marsh was drained., but the city was thereby made accessible to its enemies, by whom it was captured. 702. Irnnmanis. "Fierce," in reference to the character of its tyrannical rulers. Some understand it to be agenitive with fluvii. 704. Ott o n, d a rn = "1subsequently." This is the poet's remark rather than that of Aeneas. 706. Sax~is. Abl. of cause wit~h dsera. 707. I1laetabilis. Because of the loss there of his father. 710. Bryce, in his note on this line, says, -"He (Heyne) remarks the skill of the poet in disposing of the sagacious, farseeing Anchises, before the arrival of Aeneas at Carthage, and his intimacy with Dido. Other ancient writers (and among them Cato, as Servius testifies) allege that Anchises reached Italy along with Aeneas, but it would have been unsuited to Virgil's purpose to adopt this part of the legend." 715. Hine. We are here brought hack to the point in I. 34,- Vtx e cons-pectu Siculde tellu748. 126 P. VIR G ILII1 MAR O?0NIS Sic pater Aeneas intentis omnibus unus Fata renarrabat divftm, cursusque docebat. Conticuit tandem, factoque hic fine quievit. 716. XIntentis omnibus. Jnst as at 718. Conticuit. Referring to the voice the beginning. Cf. 1I,1. 1. of the speaker. Cf. the same word in HI. 717. F~ata divum. ' The decrees of 1.....Facto ftne. Abi. abs. containing heaven as exemplified in his own and his the reason for quievit, which refers to the countrymen's sufferings.'.... Renarra- close of his narrative as a task. Freely bat; i. e., he went throngh with them translated, "1because he had now reached again, as it were, by narrating them, the end of his story he rested." LIBER QUARTUS. ARGUMENT. Dido discloses to her sister Anna her passion for Aeneas, and is by her advised to form a marriage alliance with the Trojan prince (1-53). The sacrifice to Juno and other deitieS, with a further description of Dido's feelings (54-89). Juno, in order that the Trojans may be kept from Italy, proposes to Venus the marriage of Aeneas and the queen, and the union of the two nations. Venus consents, although she understands the motive of Juno. The latter devises a plan to bring about the desired result (90-128). The next day Aeneas and Dido, with a large party, are engaged in a hunting excursion, when a violent thunderstorm is sent down by Juno. The hunters seek shelter in different directions, while Dido and the Trojan leader take refuge in the same cave, where the marriage is accomplished and ratified by the goddess (129-172). Description of Rumor, by whom the union of Dido and Aeneas is spread abroad among the Libyan nations (173-195). larbas, an unsuccessful suitor of the queen, is greatly incensed, and complains bitterly to Jupiter (196-219). Jupiter, influenced by his prayers, sends down Mercury to command Aeneas to leave Carthage and proceed to Italy,-an order which Aeneas prepares to obey (220-295). The queen immediately suspects the intentions of Aeneas, and vainly remonstrates with him (296-449). Unable to endure her grief, she resolves upon death, but conceals her purpose from her sister, and erects a huge funeral pyre under pretence of the performance of certain magic rites that are to free her from her affection for Aeneas, and enable her to forget him altogether (450-521). Her grief increases to frenzy. Meanwhile Aeneas, having finished his preparations, is again visited by Mercury in a vision, who urges the necessity of immediate flight. Aeneas obeys, and the Trojans hurriedly leave Carthage in the middle of the night (522-583). In the morning, Dido sees from her palace the vacant harbor, and the Trojan fleet sailing away in the distance. Maddened at the sight, she breaks out into a paroxysm of grief and anger, imprecates calamities upon the faithless Trojan, and, mounting the pyre, slays herself with Aeneas' own sword (584-705). SITE OF TYRE. LIBEIR QUARTUS. AT regina gravi jam dudum saucia cura Vulnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni. Multa viri virtus animo, multusque recursat Gentis honos; haerent infixi pectore vultus Verbaque, nee placidam membris dat cura quietem. 5 Postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras llumentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, Quum sic unanimam alloquitur male sana sororem: 1. At marks the return to the narrative and Venus. Gentis may also be referred of the poet, and serves also to contrast to the Trojan nation. the idea of the preceding line with the 5. Verba. It will bxe observed that the unrest of Dido..... Satucia. "mte. poet enumerates four causes exciting the..Cura = anwre. "1Passion." queen to love, viz., heroism (virtus), high 2. J'enis. A. 248; G. 408; HI. h2.. irth (geen(is honos), personal appearance Capts Is cousumed."1 (suits), and the charms of conversation (verba). 3. Miulta - muituts. In the predicate 6. Plhoebea, lampade; i. e., the sun. with recursat, as = multum or saepe,-.... Lustra bat. "Was traversing." "oft recurs to her thoughts,"I &c. 7. Repeated from HII. 589. 4. Gentis honos. "The glory of hils 8. Male santa = insane. Cf. male fidea family,"-as deriving origin from Jupiter.i n IL. 2.3. 130 P. V.IRGIL Ii MAR ONIS "Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent! "4Quis novus hie nostris successit sedibus hospes.! -10 "Quem sese ore ferens! quam forti pectore et armis! "Credo equidem, nec vana fides, genus esse deorum. "Degeneres animos timor arguit. Hen, quibus ille "Jactatus fatis! quae bella exhausta canebat! Si mihi non animo fixum. immotumque sederet, 15 "Ne eui me vinelo vellem. sociare jugali, "Postquam primus amor deceptain morte fefellit; "Si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset; "Iluic 1111 forsan potui succumbere culpae. " Anna-fatebor enim-, miseri post fata Sychaei 20 "Conjugis et sparsos fraterna caede Penates, "Solus hic inflexit sensus, animumque labantem "Impulit. Agnosco veteris vestigia flammae. "Sed mihi vel telhis, optem prius ima dehiscat, "Vel pater omnipotens adigat me fuilmine ad uimbras, 25 "Pallentes umbras Erebi noctemque profundain, "Ante, Pudor, quam te violo, atit tua jura resolvo. 10. Quis - h ospes. Elliptical for quis (est) hie novu8 hospes (qui) successit, &c. Davidson has well expressed the idea,' What think you of this wondrous guest who has come,' &c. 11. Quemt - ferens; i. e., how noble In feature. I.... Quam - arnmis. Forbiger, Ladewig, Conington, and others take these words literally, referring them to Aeneas' personal appearance, and deriving armis from e mus. Conington, to meet the possible imputation of coarseness, quotes in illustration the words of Enid in Tennyson's Idylls of the King-" 0 noble breast and all-puissant arms I" In X. 644, as'mus is used of a man. Cf. also Os humes-osque Deo 8imilis, in I. 644. The more common Interpretation (making ar-mis from as-me), 11How brave in spirit and in deeds," appears, upon the whole, as less likely to have been the meaning of Virgil. 12. Genus =prolem. Construe, (eum.) ems genus, &c. His mien and stature indicate it. 13. lDegeneres - as-quit. 'His heroism confirms the belief derived from his ap),earance. 15. FixIM1 imm~ottusnque. Construc. tiou..... Sedere-t. See on II. 660. The following line is the -subject of this verb. 17. _Deceeptrrm, fefellit. " Deceived and disappointed me." See on 1. 69. 18. Pe?-taesum fuisset. Sc. me... Thalamti. A. 2-21, b; G. 376; II. 410, IV. 19. Potsii stccusssbes)-c. "I might have yielded." The regular construction would require the subjunctive. The indicative expresses the conclusion in a more lively and positive way as almost realized. A. 308, c; G. 246, 1 and 3; H. 511, 1, N. 3.... (Culpac; i. e., a second marriage and want of fidelity to the memory of Sychaeus. 21. ~Spar-sos - Penates. A. 292, a; G. 667, R.2; H. 549, N. 2. 22. -Labantesn impulit = impulit Ut labaret. An instance of prolepsis. 24. Prius - antequamt. This pleonastic repetition of psius in ante is owing to the length of the intervening passage..... Deltiscat -adiglat. Ut Is omitted before these after optem. AENEIDOS LIII. IV. 131 JIlle meos, primus qui me sibi junxit, amiores "Abstulit; ille habeat secum servetque sepuicro." Sic effata, sinum lacrimis implevit obortis. 30 Anna refert: " 0 luce magis dilecta sorori, "S olane perpetua maerens carpere jutventca, "1Nec dulces natos, Veneris nec praernia noris? "Id cinerem aut Manes credis curare sepultos? "Esto, aegram nulli quondam flexere mariti, 35 "Non Libyae, non ante Tyro; despectus Jarbas "Ductoresque alii, quos Africa terra triumpliis "Dives alit: placitone etiam pugnabis amori? " Nec venit in mentem, quorum consederis arvis?. "6 inu Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile hello, 40 "Et Nurnidae infrenii cinigunt et inhospita Syrtis; "iie deserta siti regio, lateque furentes "Barcaei. Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam, "Germanique minas? "Dis equidem auspicibus reor et Juino-ne secunda 45 "ilnc cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas. "Quam tu urbem, soror, hauc cernes, quae surgere regnat "Conj ugio tali! Teucrftm comitantibus armis, "Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus! 28. Amores. Give the force of the 36. Libyae -Tyro. Genitive and ab. plural. See on 1. 11. lative of origin, depending on mariti... 30. Sinum. Her own, or her sister's? Despectus. Sc. eat. 'The tears show that her passion is strong 37. Afr'ica. An adjective, as were in spite of her words. originally all names of countries.... Tri31. uce qua vit.. Sorri.. uphis dives. Referring to the war234, a; G. 356; H1.391, 1. like character of its nations. Cf. I. 339. 32. Perpetua Juventa. Join with 41. XInfreni. "Riding withont brimaerenm as an abi. of time.... Carpere. dies." See on IEL 38. 42. Siti. Abl. of cause with deserta. 33. Noris. For novea, fnture perfect 43. Bareaei. An anachronism, as the with the sense of the future. city of Barce, in cyrenalca, was founded 34. Id. "That;" i. e., whether you long after the time of Aeneas. abstain from marriage or not.... Manes 45. D is -eJuno ne. Abl. absolute. sepat~s. The natural abode of the, Jnuio, it will he remembered, was the pa. Hanw Is undergrounid,-hence aePidto, tron deity of Carthage and also the god. used somewhat vaguely. idess of marriage. 35. Esto. "1Granted tbat,"-referring 49. Quantis rebus = quantis opibwu, to what follows. Ior quanta fortuna. 132 P. VIRGILII.MARONIS "Tu modo posce deos veniam, sacrisque litatis 50 "Indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi, "Dum pelago desaevit hiems et aquosus Orion, "Quassatacque rates, dum non tractabile coelum." His dictis incensum animum inflammavit amore, Spemque dedit dubiae menti, solvitque pudorem. 55 Principio delubra adeunt, pacemque per aras Exquirunt; mactant lectas de more bidentes Legiferae Cereri Phoeboque patrique Lyaeo, Junoni ante omnes, cui vincla jugalia curae. Tpsa, tenens dextra pateram, pulcherrima Dido 60 Candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit, Aut ante ora deuim pingues spatiatur ad aras, Instauratque diem donis, pecudumque reclusis Pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta. Hen vatum ignarae mentes! quid vota furentem, 65 Quid delubra juvant? Est mollis flamma medullas Interea, et tacitum vivit sub pectore vulnus. Uritur infelix Dido totaque vagatur Urbe furens, qualis conjecta cerva sagitta, Quam procul incautam nemora inter Cresia fixit 70 Pastor agens telis, liquitque volatile ferrum Nescius; illa fuga silvas saltusque peragrat 50. Tu. The pronoun is often thus 62. Pin!gues. So called because loaded expressed to give greater force to advice with the numerous victims. or precepts. 63. Instaurat diem donis; i. e. 52. Dumn. "As long as." keeps renewing the sacrifices throughout 54. Incensum. "Already kindled." the day. 55. Pudoremn. "Her scruples." 64. Sp i ran t i a. "Palpitating," o56. Delubra - per aras. Referring qu1iering. to the various temples and altars in the 65. Ignarae. Because Dido's soothcity. sayers did not know the state of her mind 57. Bidentes.s Ewes in the second -that her case was beyond their art. year of their age, so called because the 66. Est. A. 140; G. 187; H. 291.... first two of their permanent teeth are Motli.s. " Subtle." then very conspicuous. It was customary 69. rl.vbe. A. 258, f; G. 386; H. 425, 2. to choose such for sacrifice..... Co. jecta.sayitta. Abl. absolute. 61. Media inter cornua. "Between Construe, quai8 cervae.atta conjecta, the horns.".... Fundit; i. e., pateram. quam, incautam. inter Cresia nemora, The victim was consecrated by this pre- pa8or en telis.it pro &c. liminary act. The entire description, as 71. Afecs telis. Cf. I. 191. usual, is of Roman customs. 72. lfya-. See on lapsu, II. 22. AENEIDOS LIB. IV.13 133. Dictaeos, haeret lateri letalis, arundo. Nunc media Aenean secum per moenia ducit, Sidoniasque ostentat opes urbemque paratam; 75 Incipit effari, mediaque in voce resistit; Nunc eadem labente, die convivia quaerit, Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores Exposcit, pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore. Post, ubi digressi, lumenque obseura vicissim, 80 Luna premit suadentque cadentia sidera somnos, Sola domo macret vacua, stratisque relictis Incubat. Ilium absens absentem auditque videtque; Ant gremio Ascanium, genitoris imagine capta, Detinet, infandum si fallere possit amorem. 85 Non coeptae assurgunt turres, non arma juventus Exercet, portusve ant propugnacula bello Tuta parant; pendent opera interrupta minaeqne Murorum ingentes aequataque machina coelo. Quam simul ac tali persensit peste teneri 90 Cara Jovis conjux, nee famam obstare furori, Talibus aggreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis: "Egregiam vero lau dem. et spolia ampla refertis "Tuque puerque tuus; magnum et memorabile numen "Una dolo div-ftm si femina victa duorum est. 9 75. JParatam; i. e., to receive Aeneas, and to put an end to his weary search for another. 77. Eadem convivia; L.e., the same as that of the preceding day. 78. Pendet ab ore. "Hangs on the lips.' 80. DigressRi i(sunt). Supply " gnests" as the subject....Vicissim. " In turn;" i. e., in reference to the previous setting of the sun, Implied in lalente die, 77. 81. Cadentia gidera. Cf. H1. 9. 82. Relietis; i. e., by Aeneas-in the banqueting room. 83-5. Iffitm - detinet. Not to be restricted to the night after the banquet, but understood in a general way-' Whenever they are separated,' as Conington explains, ' she has him always in her mind, and, when she can, solaces herself by the. presence of Ascanius'. Some, however, join absentem. also with Ascanium, and understand "1in fancy" with detinet, as with audit and videt....Detinet. "Holds long,"-de strengthens the word.... Si fallere possit. "(To see) whether she can beguile." See on I. 181. 88. Iflin.ae mutrorum ingjentes= "the huge threatening walls." 89. JlIiachin~a. The reference Is perhaps to a huge crane, or similar contrivance, for raising heavy masses. 91. Famam; i. e., a regard for her reputation. 93. Refertis. "You bear away." 94. iNume n. "Example of divine. power." Sc. est. 134 P. VIR GILII MAR ONIS "Nec me adeo fallit veritam te moenia nostra ' Suspectas habuisse domos Carthaginis altae. " Sed quis erit modus, aut quo nunc certamine tanto? " Quin potius pacem aeternam pactosque Hymenaeos Exercemus? Habes, tota quod mente petisti: 100 "Ardet amans Dido traxitque per ossa furorem. "Communem hunc ergo populum paribusque regamus "Auspiciis; liceat Phrygio servire marito, "Dotalesque tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae." Olli-sensit enim simulata mente locutam, 105 Quo regnum Italiae Libycas averteret orasSic contra est ingressa Venus: " Quis talia demens "Abnuat, aut tecum malit contendere bello? "Si modo, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur. "Sed fatis incerta feror, si Jupiter unam 110 "Esse velit Tyriis urbem Trojaque profectis, "Miscerive probet populos, aut foedera jungi. "Tu conjux; tibi fas animum tentare precando. "Perge; sequar." Tur sic excepit regia Juno: "Mecum erit iste labor. Nunc qua ratione, quod instat, 96. Adeo gives emphasis to me,-" me at least," however it may be with others. 98. Moodus; i.e., to this exercise of enmity.... Quo. Sc. tenditis.... Certamine tanto. "In so great a contest." The case may be explained as an abl. of manner. 100. Exeercemus. Observe the zeugma: with pacem the verb has the proper signification "cultivate," but with hynenaeos it must be rendered "celebrate," or "solemnize." 102. Comntunem. "In common.".... Paribus tausipiciis; i.e., with equal or joint authority. 103. Liceat. Sc. Didoni. 104. Dotales. "As a dowry." 105. Olli. See on I. 254. It limits est ingressa.... Ezimn implies that Venus meets craft with craft.... Simulata. 'Insincere." "assumed." 107. Est ingressa = est ingressa dicere. 109. Factumr sequatur. "May attend the scheme;" i.e., of uniting the two nations. VENUS. 110. Fatis incertt feror. "I am kept in suspense as to the fates." 111. Tyriis 1Trojaque profectis. Cf. I. 732.... Si velit. A. 334, f; G. 462, 2; H. 529, 1. 114. Excepit. " Replied,"-lit., took (the conversation) from (her). 115. Mecumn = meus, or mihi.... Quod instat = " the business in hand." AENEIDOS LIB. IV. "Confieri possit, paucis-adverte-docebo. "Venatum Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido "In nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus ortus "Extulerit Titan radiisque retexerit orbem. "His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum, "Dum trepidant alae saltusque indagine cingunt, "Desuper infundam, et tonitru coelum omne ciebo. "Diffugient comites, et nocte tegentur opaca; "Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem "Devenient. Adero, et, tua si mihi certa voluntas, "Connubio jungam stabili propriamque dicabo. "Hic Hymenaeus erit." Non adversata petenti Annuit, atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis. Oceanum interea surgens Aurora relinquit. It portis, jubare exorto, delecta juventus; Retia rara, plagae, lato venabula ferro, Massylique ruunt equites et odora canum vis. Reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi Poenorum exspectant, ostroque insignis et auro Stat sonipes ac frena ferox spumantia mandit. Tandem progreditur, magna stipante caterva, Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo: Cui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum, Aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem. Nec non et Phrygii comites et laetus Iulus Incedunt. Ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnes 135 116, 120 125 130 135 140 117. renattnm. A. 302; G. 436; H. 546. 120. His, &c. Construe, His, dum alae trepidant cinguntque saltus indagine, ego infundam desuper, &c.... Nigrantern comtnixta grandine. "Black with mingled hail." 121. Alae. " The mounted huntsmen," whose part was probably to beat up the game. The alae of a Roman army consisted originally of cavalry, whence the term was transferred as here to a class of huntsmen. 124. Speluncam. See on I. 365. 125. Adero; i.e., as Juno pronuba. 126. Connubio, &c. Repeated from I. 73. 127. Hic= "there,"-the adverb..... Hymenaeus. "The god of marriage." 128 Dolis repertis. Abl. absolute. 130. Portis. Poet. for eports... Jubare. Sc. solis. 131. Rara. " With wide meshes "... Ferro. See on sivis, I. 164. 132. RIuunt. Observe the zeugma,the nominatives in the previous line being subjects of this verb. 137. Chlamydem. For the construc tion, see on II. 392. 136 136P. VIR GILIIJIIMA R 0IS. Infert se socium Aeneas atque agmuina jungit. Qualis ubi hibernamn Lyciamn Xanthique fluenta iDeserit ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo, Instauratque choros, inixtique altaria cireum 145 Cretesque Dryopesque fremuiit pictique Agathyrsi; Ipse jugis Cynthi graditur, mollique fluentem Fronde premit crinem tingens atque implicat auro, Tela sonant liumeris: haud jill segnior ibat Aeneas; tantuum egregio decus enitet ore. 150 Postquam altos ventunm in montes atque invia lustra, Ecce ferae', saxi,-dejectae vertice, caprae Decuirrere j ugis; alia de parte patentes Transmnittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi Pulverulenta fuga glomeranat, montesque relinquunt. 155 At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri Gaudet equlo, jamque hos cursu, jam praeterit illos, Spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis Optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem. Interea magno, misceri murmure coelum 160 Incipit; insequitur commixta grandine nimbus; Et Tyrii comites passim et Trojana juventus iDardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros Tecta metu peti ere; ruunt de montibus amnes. Speluncam IDido dux et Trojanus eandem 165 Deveniunt. Prima et Teilus et pronuba Juno 142. Agminajungit. See on H. 267. 151. Ventum. Impersonal. The full 143. Lyciamt. I'Pataris, or Patara, the form would be ventum est ab illis. For chief city of Lycia, was situated on' the the tense after posRtquam, see on I. 216. Xanthus, not far from the sea, and con- 121)eectae."ildd;".e. taie(1a empe o Aoll, scod dlyto driven down into the plain, probably by Delphi. Here, on account of the greaterthaaeSeon1. mildness of the climate, the god-was sup-thaleSeon11 posed to spend his winter (hence the 154. Tranismit tunt (8e) cursu= epithet hibernam), while in spring he ml- transcurrunt....Agmina - glomerant; grated to his maternal Delos. Thus he is i. e., gather themselves so as to form dusty called by Horace Delius et Patareus Ap~ollo.'I herds, in their flight. -Bryce. 158. Votis = cum votis, an abl. of man,. 148. Fronde; I. e..,of laurel, which was ner with optat. sacred to him.16.Itra cCfI.24 150. Tantum; I, e., quantum Apol- 16.Itr,&cCfI.24 Ioni8, - Aeneas being compared with 166. Prima = primum..... Tellus, as Apollo both In graceful activity of move- the producer and fosterer of all things, ment and In beauty of features. presided over marriage. AENVEIDOS LIB. IV.13 137 Dant signum; fulsere ignes et conscius aetber Connubiis, summoque ulularunt vertice Nymphae. Mle dies primus leti primusque malorum Causa fuit; neque enim specie famave movetur 170 Nec jam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem; Conjugium vocat; hoc praetexit nornine culpam. Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes, Fama, mialum qua non -aliud velocius ulium; Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eunado; 175 Parva metu primo; mox sese attollit in auras, Ingrediturque-solo et caput inter nubila condit. 111am Terra parens, ira irritata deoruim, Extremam, ut perhibent, Coeo Enceladoque sororem Progenuit, pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis, 180 Monstruin horrendum, ingens, cui, quot sunt corpore pinTot vigiles oculi subter, mirabile dictu, [mae, Tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit aures. Nocte volat coeli medio terraeque per umbram Stridens, nec dulci declinat luinina somno; 185 Luce sedet custos ant summi culmine tecti, Turribus ant altis, et magnas territat urbes, 167. Conscitcg - conntbjiis. " Witness to the nuptials." A. 2,34; G. 356; HI. 400, 1. Uonseius limits both igne8 and aether, which are both subjects of fulsere-the expression being fulkit aeher ignilyu. 168. Summo vertice = on the summit of the mountain."...Xy mp h a e. Probably Oreades, or mountain nymphs. The flashing of the lightning and the howling of the nymphs, seem to have been intended by the poet for Inauspicious signi;, although they are not so regarded by Henry and Conington. 173. Fama. " Rumor."I For the following description of Fama, Virgil Is Indebted to Homer. Cf. fl. IV. 440 seq. 176. Primo. An adverb, correlative to nMOX. 177. Solo. Abl. of 8olum,-" upon the ground." 178. Ira deorum. " With auger at the gods." For the genitive, see on HI. 413. Terra was enraged because the godis had hurled her offspring, the Titans, down to Tartarus. See Class. Dict. 179. Coeo En-celadoqute. CZoeus was a Titan, Fn ladus, a Giant. The Giants and Titans are often thus confused, as they were all the offspring of Terra. 181. Cui. Limits 8nt understood (with oculi), and 8onaent. 182. Subter; i. e., there is an eye beneath each feather. This has been explained as indicating that while Fama sees all things, she is herself invisible. The feathers have also been thought to typify the successive additions to a rumor,each person reporting it adding his plume, and thus contributing to the size and speed of the monster. Cf. verse 175..184. Coeli -, terraeque = inter coelum et terrain. 185. Stridens; I. e., with her wings.... Somito. A. 224; G. 344; H. 384. 138 138P. VIR GIL II MAR O NIS Tam ficti pravique tenax, quam nuntia veni. llaec turn multiplici populos sermone replebat Gaudens, et pariter facta atque infecta canebat: Venisse Aenean., Trojano sanguine cretum, Cui se puiclira viro dignetur jungere Dido; Nune hiemem inteir se luxu, quam longa, ftwere, iRegnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos. llaec passim dea foeda virftm diffundit in ora. Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet Jarban, IncenditquLe animum dictis atque aggerat iras. Hie Ammone satus, rapta Garamantide Nympha, Templa Jovi centurn latis immania regnis, Centum aras posuit, vigilemque sacraverat ignem, Excubias divftm aeternas, pecudumque cruore Pingue solum et variis florentia limina sertis. Isque amens animi et rumore accensus amaro Dicitur ante aras media inter numina divftm Multa Jovem manibus supplex orasse supinis: "Jupiter omnipotens, cui nunuc Maurusia pictis "Genas epulata tonis Lenaeum libat honorem, 190 195 200, 205 I/ OQ 193. Hiernem - fovere. A poet. expression for 8e luccufovere per hzsemem.... Quam longa (est); I. e., the entire win — ter. 201. Ekeeubias. In apposition with. ignem. 202. Solum - limina. Nominatives,the substantive verb being understood. Cf. I. 689. 11I. 216. Thus Wagner, Forbiger and Ladewig explain, but others make: the words in the same construction as igne.... Yariis. "Ever-renewed." The. entire line Implies the profusion of sacri — fices and religious festivals. 203. Alirni. A. 218, c, R; G. 374, R. 3; B. 399, HII. 1. 204. Media inter = in the midst of.", Cf. 61. 206. Nune. Iarbas first Introduced the worship of Jove-before unknown to the Manrn. 207. W EulIa ta = after feasting," when the libations were made. Cf. I. 735., JUPr13M AWKON. 188. Tam - veri. ' As obstinately bent on falsehood and Iniquity as on reporting truth.' Thus faltbfully and clearly expressed by Davidson. The comparison Is between tena= and nuntia, the latter of which Is here used in an adjective sense. As our language has no equivalent adjective, a literal translation, word for word, Is impossible. 192. Vir-o = marit,-"l as a husband."1 AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 139 "Adspicis haec? an te, genitor, quum fulmina torques, "Nequidquam horremus, caecique in nubibus ignes "Terrificant animos et inania murmura miscent? 2] "Femina, quae nostris errans in finibus urbem "Exiguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandum, "Cuique loci leges dedimus, connubia nostra "Repulit, ac dominum Aenean in regna recepit. "Et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu, 2] " Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem "Subnixus, rapto potitur; nos munera templis "Quippe tuis ferimus, famamque fovemus inanem!" Talibus orantem dictis arasque tenentem Audiit omnipotens, oculosque ad moenia torsit 2A Regia et oblitos famae melioris amantes. Tum sic Mercurium alloquitur ac talia mandat: "Vade age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pennis, "Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Carthagine qui nunc "Exspectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes, 2^ "Alloquere, et celeres defer mea dicta per auras. "Non illum nobis genetrix pulcherrima talem "Promisit, Graifimque ideo bis vindicat armis; "Sed fore, qui gravidam imperiis belloque frementem LO 15 20 25 _ 216. Mentum - crinem. Greek acc. with sumnixus. 217. Rapto. "His prey,"-neut. of the part. used substantively.... Potitur. See on m. 56. 218. Quippe. " Forsooth,"-referring to the whole clause, and with strong sarcasm implying a useless piety.... Famamin. Refer this to the reputation of Jove as a deity, rather than to Iarbas' relation to him. 225. Exspectat. "Is delaying." Perhaps nowhere else thus used. 228. Ideo; i. e., that he might ingloriously remain at Carthage..... Bis. See on I. 97, and II. 632.... Vindicat = indicavit et adhuc vindicat. 229. Fore. Supply illum,-the construction depending on promisit.... Qui regeret. A. 320; G. 634; H. 503, I. PHRYrGIAN CAP. 210. Inania murmura miscent. "Mingle unmeaning thunders." 212. Pretio. See on I. 367.... Litus. ' A portion of coast." 213. Leges. "Jurisdiction," "dominion." 215. P a r is. Such in his presumed character, and in taking the bride of another. 140 140P. VIR GILII1 MA R O NIS "Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucri 230 "Proderet, ac toturn sub leges mitteret orbern. "Si nulla accendit tantaruim gloria rerum, "Nec super ipse sua molitur laude laborern, "Ascanione pater Romanas invidet arces? "Quid struit? ant qua spe inirnica in gente moratur, 235 "Nee prolern Ausoniarn eti Lavinia. i'espicit arva? "Naviget: llaec summa est; hic nostri nuLntius esto."9 Dixerat. JIle patris magni ptarere parabat Imperio; et primurn pedibus talaria nectit Aurea, quae sublirnem a~ls, sive aequora supra 240 Sen. terrain, rapido jpariter' cumn flamine portant; Turn virgam capit-hac anirnas ille evocat Orco Palleutes, alias sub Tartara tristia mittit, Dat somnos adimitque, et lumina morte resignat-; 1ila fretus agit ventos, et turbida tranat 245 Nubila. Jainque volans apicem et latera ardua- cernit Atlantis duri, coelum qui vertice fulcit, Atlantis, cinctume assidue cui nubibus atris Piniferum. caput et vento pulsatur et imbri; Nix hurneros infusa tegoit; turn flumina mento 250 Praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba. Hue prirnurn paribus nitens Cyllenius alis Constitit; hine toto praeceps se corpore ad undas Misit, avi sirnilis, quae circurn litora, circurn 231. Ac-orbern; i. e., should do this in his descendants, the Roman people, and especially ini the person'of Augustus, to whom these words were designed to he a compliment. 232. Accendit. Sc. eum. 233. Super. "1On account of,"-prep. with laude. A. 245; G. 419; H. 435, N. 2. 237. Rio - esto. "Let this be our message." Some explain, "Be thou our messenger in this,"-lit., "this messenger of us." In this interpretation the pronoun hie = de ~'Ac re. 244. -Lumina morte resignat= lumina mortuorum retignat. " Opens the eyes of the dead;" I. e., gives them sight h., the lower world. Norte = in morte. The expression is, however, one miich controverted, and the meaning very uncertain. 245. 1 1 la. A. 254, b; G. 373, R. I; t1. 425, 1, 1), N. 248. Ceda = "whose." A. 235, a; G. 343, I. 2; H. 354, 4, N. 2. 2,50. llfento = de mento. 251. Praeeipitant. See on II. 9. 252. Nitens.- " Poising himself." 253. Toto corpore; i. e., with his whole weight. 2,54. -Avi. 'A mergus, or some such 11sh-hunter, which soars at a considerable height above the water, and, after mark. ing Its prey, swoops down upon it witb the violence of a hurrica-ne.'-Bryce. AENEIDOS LIB. FrV. 141 Piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequora juxta. 255 Haud. aliter terras inter coelumque volabat, Litus arenosum ac Libyae ventosque secabat, Materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles. Ut primum alatis tetigit magalia plantis, Aenean fundantem arces ac, tecta novantem 260 Conspicit: Atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva Ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena Demissa ex humeris, dives quae munera Dido Fecerat et tenui telas discreverat auro. Continno invadit: "1Tu. nune Carthaginis altae 265 "1Fundamenta locas, ptilchramque uxorius urbem "Exstruis? heu regni rerumque oblite tuarum! "I1pse deiuim tibi me claro demittit Olympo "Regnator, coelum et terras qui numine torquet; "Ipse haec ferre j ubet celeres mandata per auras: 270 "Quid struis? aut qua spe Libycis tenis otia terris? "Si te nulla movet tantarum gloria rerum, "Nec super ipse tua moliris laude laborem, "Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis Juli "Respice, cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus 275 "Debentur." Tali Cyllenius ore locutus Mortales visus medio sermone reliquit, Et procul in tenuem cx oculis evanuit auram. At vero Aeneas adspectu obmutuit amens, Arrectaeque horrore comae, et vox faucibus haesit. 280 Ardet abire fuga dulcesquc relinquere terras, 257. L-ituts, &c. "And skimmed along Ieditors adopt ad in place of ac, to govern the sandy shore of Libya and cut the litu8, and connect with volabiat, but the winds." This translation supposes a position of the word after Its case probazeugma In secab~at. Conington thinks the bly cannot be supported. It remains but (lifficulty, so generally recognized in the to add that this and other difficulties have line, will vanish, if we understand titus led most of t~he commentators to reject-as rentosque secabiat, "he was dividing the spurious the three lines, 256-8. shore from the winds;" 1. e., he was flying 258. Materno ab avo. Mala, the close to the shore, so as to be, as it were, mother of Mercury, was the daughter of between the winds and the land-a repeti- Atlas. tion in more specific and defined language 264. Tenu - attro; i. e., had Inter, of terras inter coelumque volabat. HeI woven the warp with threads of gold. cites verse 695, Quae animam nexosque 277. Miedio serrjnone; i. e., abruptly, resolveret artu8, "1to release the spirit and having scarcely ceased to speak. the body;" i. e., from the body. Some 281. Fuga. See on cursu, 1. 157. 142 142 P. VIRGILI1 MAR ONTrS Attonitus tanto monitu imperioque deorum. lieu quid agat? quo nune reginam ambire furentem Audeat, affatu? quae prima exordia sumat? Atque animum nune hue celerem, nune dividit illuc, 285 In partesque rapit varias perque omnia versat. llaec alternanti potior sententia, visa est: Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum, Classern aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogant, Arma parent, et, quae rebus sit causa novandis, 290 Dissimulent; sese interea, quando optima Dido iNesciat et tantos rumpi non speret amores, Tentaturum aditus, et quae mollissirna fandi Tempora, quis rebus dexter modus. Ocius omnes Imperio laeti parent ac jussa -facessunt. 295 At regina, dolos-quis failere possit amantem?Praesensit, motusque excepit prima futuros, Omnia tuta timens. Eadem impia Fama furenti IDetulit armari classem cursumque parari. Saevit mnops animi, totamque incensa per urbem- 300 Bacchatur, qualis commotis excita sacris 283. Am~bire. "To approach," Indirectly and cautiously. The literal meaning may be more nearly expressed by our vulgrar phrase '1 to get around." 285. Dividit = turns." 2,86. Bapit - versat; I. e., animum. 289. Apteant. V'ocat implies jubens or mcmnen8,-hence (ut) aptent. So also cogant, parent, and dissimulent. 290. Arma. Either "arms," to resist a possible attack, or naval " equipments." The former Is perhaps preferable, as the latter Idea seems to be Implied in classem aptent.... Rebus novandis. 'Regsnovare Is a phrase for taking a new step, such as a revolution.' A. 299, b; G. 430; H1.542, IL 29)1. Sese - tentaturum (esse). Vocat above Implies dicen8 for this construction..... Quando. " Since." 293. Aditits; la.e., to her feelings.... Quae - tempora. Sc. asin. 294. Rebus dexter. "Adapted to the circumstances." 297. Excepit = "detected," "1discovered." A BACCHeANTE. 298. Furenti. Proleptic, expressin-,1 -the effect of the news. 301. Commotis sacris. The sacred utensils and even the statue of the god were brought out of the temple and moved vlolentl~y. AENEIDOS LIB. IV.13 143 Thyias, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho Orgia nocturnusque vocat clamore Cithaeron. Tandem his Aenean compellat vocibus ultro: " Dissimuflare etiam sperasti, perfide, tantum 305 "Posse nefas, tacitusque mea decedere terra? "Nec te noster amor, nec te data dextera quondam, "Nec moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido? "Quin etiam hiberno moliris sidere classem, "Et mediis properas Aquilonibus ire per altum, 310 "Crudelis? Quid? si non arva aliena domosque "Iguotas peteres, et Troja antiqua maneret, "Troja per undosum peteretur classibus aequor? "lene fugis? Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam te"Quando aliud mihi jam miserae nihil ipsa reliqui-, 315 "Per connubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos, "Si bene quid de te merui, fuit ant tibi quidquam "Dulce meum., miserere domus labentis et istam, "Oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem. "Te propter Libycae gentes Nomadumque tyranni 320 "Odere, infensi Tyrfi; te propter eundem "Exstinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibam, "Fama prior. Oni me moribundam deseris, hospes? "Hoc solum nomen quoniam de conjuge restat. "Quid moror? an mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater 32t5 302. A udito Baccho; i.e., the cry lo, 316. Irneeptos Ihymenaeos = "the be. Bacche!.... Stimulant - vocat. Sc. ginning of our nuptials." Connubia refereN earn. to the furtive union'of the past, hywmnaei 303. Nocturnus =noxtu, "1by night." to the formal marriage which had not yet 305. D i 88s i mu 1 a re,&c. Construe, taken place, but which had been begun, as Etiam sperasti, perlide, (te) posse cli8.iMU- it were, by the connubia. tare tantum nefa8. 317. Quid. "In aught."1 A. 240, b; G. 310. Aquilonibus. To be taken liter- 831, IL. 2; H. 3768, 2. ally,-it being the stormy season. A. 256; 320. Nomaduma = Numidarum. G. 392: H. 429. 801. Infensi Tyrii.Hronpol 314. Dex~tram. Some understand this weentrllelu if theTrowans pepl to he the right hand of hospitality, but itweentrlyjaosfthToasa is better to refer It to the plighted troth of foreigners, and indignant at the ilueen for Aeneas, given to Dido with the right the course sh adia taen., aan hand. So also above, 807. T..e. The 32.ieradbmIewsgin object of oro, in 819. On the position of ing an Immortal name. these words, and the general form of the 32. Mioribun~damt = morituram. Cf. ahjuration, cf. IL. 141, seq. 808. 315. A iud nihil; i. e., nothing else M 2. ilforor; I e., to dle,-the thought laan tears and entreaties. ibeing supplied from moribundarn. 144 P. VIR GILII MAR ONIS "Destruat, aut captam ducat Gaetulus larbas? "Salteri si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset "Ante fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula "Luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret, "Non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer." 330 Dixerat. Ille Jovis monitis immota tenebat Lumina, et obnixus curam sub corde premebat. Tandem pauca refert: " Ego te, quae plurima fando "Enumerare vales, numquam, Regina, negabo "Promeritam; nec me meminisse pigebit Elissae, 335 "Dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus. "Pro re pauca loquar. Neque ego hanc abscondere furto "Speravi-ne finge-fugam, nec conjugis umquam "Praetendi taedas, aut haec in foedera veni. "Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam 340 "Auspiciis et sponte mea componere curas, "Urbem Trojanam primum dulcesque meorum "Reliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent, "Et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama victis. "Sed nunc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo, 345 "Italiam Lyciae jussere capessere sortes; " HIie amor, haec patria est. Si te Carthaginis arces, "Phoenissam, Libycaeque adspectus detinet urbis, "Quae tandem, Ausonia Teucros considere terra, "Invidia est? Et nos fas extera quaerere regna. 350 "Me patris Anchisae, quoties humentibus umbris "Nox operit terras, quoties astra ignea surgunt, "Admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago; 326. Destruat - ducat. A. 328; G. 344. Recidiva - "Rising again.".... 574; H. 519, II. 2. Manu. Join with posuzssem. It is of 330. Capta. "Deceived." course mostly pleonastic. It will be ob333. Ego, &c. Construe, Ego, Regina, served that recidiva manu po8siss88em is = numquam negabo te promeritam (esse de "I would myself have rebuilt." me) plurima quae, &c. There is a refer- 346. L/ ciae s o rte. See on 143. ence to Dido's words, Si-merui, 317. These oracles are not mentioned else337. Pro re. "In defence of my act." where. W38. Nee - taedas; I.e., I never re- 347. Hic; i.e., Italy, but agreeing in garded our relationship as a marriage. gender with amor, by attraction. 339. Aut ( = nec)-veni. "Nor did I 350. Invidia est. Sc. ti..... Et = enter into such (haec) a compact." etiam; i. c., as well as you. AENEIDOS LIB. IV.14 145 - "Me puer Ascanius capitisquc injuaria cari, "Quem regno Ilesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis. 355 "Nunc etiam interpres divftmi, Jove missus Ab ipso"Testor utrumque caput-, celeres mandata per auras "Detulit; ipse deum manifesto in lumine vidi "Intrantem muros, voceruque his auribus hausi. "Desine meque tuis incendere teque querelis; 360 "Italiam, non sponte sequor." Talia dicentem, jamdudum aversa tuctur, Hue illuc volvens oculos, totumquc pererrat Luminibus tacitis, et sic accensa profatur: "Nec tibi diva parens, generis nec Dardanuis auctor, 365 " Perfide; se1d duris genut to cautibus horrens " Caucasus, Iy-rcanaeque admorunt ubera tigr~s. "1Nam quid dissimulo? aut quac inc atd majora reservo? "~1Num fletu ingemuit nostro,? num lnmina flexit ~' "1Num lacnimas victus dedit, ant miseratus amantem est? "'-Quae quibus anteferam.? Jam jam nec maxima Juno, 371 "Nec Saturnius haec oculis pater adspicit aequis. "Nusquam. tuta fides. Ejectum. litore, egentem. "Excepi et regni demens in parte locavi; 354. P uer A scanius; i.e., admortet, or cornwet, supplied from admonet and terre-t of the preceding line.... (2apit is coin. "To his dear person." 355. Regno. A. 243, a; G. 389; H. 414, L. 357. Utrurnique caput; i. e., mine and thine. This seems better than to refer the expression to Jupiter and Mercury. 360. Ineetuiere = ',to agitate." 362. Jfamdudtim. = "1all along," from the beginning.... A versa = " askance." 366. Duris cautibus. Abl. of cause with horrens. 367. Adtnorutnt (= admoverunt) ubera (tibi); I. e., nourished thee. 368. Ad quae majora; i. e., for what greater outrage. 369. Fletut. Abl. of cause with in-7' ---. qernuft,-not a dative, although the verb is - - " sometimes followed by that case.... Lit- MERCURY. mnina flexit. Cf'. 331..37i. Quae - anteferam; i. e., what 373. Litore = in litore. Abl. of situa. shall I say first? Lit., "1what shall I bear tion. (say) beforeivhat? 146 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS "Amissam classem, socios a morte reduxi. 375 " Heu furiis incensa feror! Nunc augur Apollo, "Nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et Jove missus ab ipso "Interpres divfm fert horrida jussa per auras. "Scilicet is Superis labor est, ea cura quietos "Sollicitat. Neque te teneo, neque dicta refello; 380 "I, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regna per undas. "Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, "Supplicia hausurum scopulis, et nomine Dido "Saepe vocaturum. Sequar atris ignibus absens, "Et, quum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus, 385 "Omnibus umbra locis adero. Dabis, improbe, poenas. "Audiam, et haec Manes veniet mihi fama sub imos." His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit, et auras Aegra fugit, seque cx oculis avertit et aufert, Linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem 390 Dicere. Suscipiunt famulae, collapsaque membra Marmoreo referunt thalamo stratisque reponunt. At pius Aeneas, quamquam lenire dolentem Solando cupit et dictis avertere curas, Multa gemens magnoque animum labefactus amore, 395 Jussa tamen divum exsequitur classemque revisit. Tum vero Teucri incumbunt, et litore celsas Deducunt toto naves. Natat uncta carina, Frondentesque ferunt remos et robora silvis 379. Scilicet. Strongly ironical. 382. Quid. A. 240, b; G. 331, R. 2; H. 378, 2. 393. (7T) hauasurum (se); i.e., that you will drain the cup of punishment to the dregs.... Ddo. Object of voatuurum (esse). A. 64; G. 72; H. 68. 384. Atris ifInibus. Dido has in mind the smoky torches of the Furies. The simple meaning is that although absent (absens), she will, as long as she lives, pursue him with the terrors of a guilty conscience, and after death her ghost will haunt him everywhere. 386. Dabis poenas. "Thou shalt suffer punishment." 387. Haeo fama = fama hujus red. See on II. 171... Manes sub imos = "down in the uttermost parts of Hades.' Sub is nearly = apud. 888. His dictis. Abl. of manner, with abrumpit.... Mediunt sermnonemn. See on 277.... Auras (= lucem) fugit; i. e., by rushing into the house. 390. Multa. Used adverbially, with cunctantem.... Metu. Fear of what 391. Collapsa. "Fainting." 892. Thalatmo=adthalamum, in prose. A. 225, b; G. 344, R. 8; H. 380, 4.... Stratis. Abl. of place. 395. Multa. As in 890. See I. 465. 397. ITn c u m b u n t. " Apply them, selves." The verb is used absolutely for incumbunt operi. 398. Deducunt. Cf. II. 71, and note. AENEIDOS LIE. IV.14 147 Infabricata, fnigae studio. 400 Migrantes cc-rnas, totaque ex urbe ruentes. Ac velut in gentem formicae farris acervum Quum populant, hiemis memores, tectoque reponunt; It nigrum campis agmen, praedamque per herbas Convectant calle angusto; pars grandia trudunt 405 Obnixae frumenta humeris; pars agmina cogunt Castigantque moras; opere omnis semita fervet. Quis tibi tune, iDido, cernenti talia sensus? Quosve dabas gemitus, quurn litora fervere late Prospiceres arce ex summa, totumque videres 410 Misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus acquor? Improbe amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis? Ire iterum in lacrimas, iterum tentare precando Cogirtur, et supplex animos submittere amori, Ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat. 415 "Anna, vides toto properari litore: circum "Undique convenere; vocat jama carbasus auras, "Puppibus et laeti nautae imposuere coronas. "iune ego si potui tantum sperare dolorern, "Et perferre, soror, potero. Miserae hoc tamen uinurn 420 "Exsequere, Anna, mihi-solam nam perfidus ille "Te colere, arcanos etiam tibi credere sensus; "Sola vini molles aditus et tempora noras: "I, soror, at(lue hostem supplex affare superbum: "Non ego cum Danais Trojanam exscindere gentem 425 401. Cer-nas. A poetical expression for cernere. A. 311, a, R; G. 252; H1.485, N. I. 404. It - convectant. See on III. 676. 406. Agminta cogunt. ' This Is a military phrase applied to the duty of those who hrought up the rear, and prevented the soldiers from straggling or from plundering.' It maybhe rendered "keep together the moving train." 409. Fervere. Of what conjugation by the scanning? 410. A r ee. "The citadel," where Dido's palace was, like Priam's. See II. 760 and note on 570. 412. Quidt - cogis. Cf. mI. 56 and note. 41,1-. Frustra inoritura. Her death might be in vain so long as there was a single possihility of winning hack Aeneas. 416. Pr-operari. Used impersonally. 419. Hutte- -potecr0. " If I have been able (as I have) to anticipate this grief, I shall he able to bear it too, my sister." The words Imply that she had feared this blow. Cf. omnia tute timens, 298. 422. Col.ere = "was accustomed to esteem,"-hlstorical infinitive. 423. Firi adituts et temtpora. Conington seems right In regarding this as a sort of hendladys for tempora vifi adeundi. With tempora supply mollia from molll18. Lit., "1the favorable approache3 and times of the man,-" I. e., more freely 148 18P. VIRG ILII1 MA R O NIS "1Aulide juravi, classemve ad Pergama misi, "Nec patris Anchisae cinerem Manesve revelli: "1Cur mea dicta negat duras demittere in aures? "Quo ruit? Extremum hoc miserae det munus arnanti: "Exspectet facilemque fugam ventosque ferentes. 430 "Non jam conj ugium a-utiquum, quod prodidit, oro, "Nec pulchro ut Latio careat regnumque reliuquat; "Tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori, DTum inca me victam doceat fortuna dolcre. "Extremam hanc oro veniam-miserere sororis-;, 435 "'Quam mihi quum dederis, cumulatam morte remittam." Talibus orabat, talesque miserrima fletus Fertque refertque soror. Sed nullis ille movetur Fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis audit; Fata obstant, placidasque vini dens obstruit aures. 440 Ac velut annoso validam quum robore quercum. Alpini Boreae nnnc hiuc nune flatibus Mineiu Eruere inter se certant; it stridor, et altae Consternunt terrain concusso stipite frondes; Ipsa' hacret scopulis, et, quantum vertice' ad auras 445 Aetberias, tantutm radice in Tartara tendit: Hand secus assiduis, hinc atque hinc vocibus heros Tunditur, et magno persentit pectore curas; Mens immota manet; lacrimae volvuntur mnanes. and idiomatically, "1the favorable moments for approaching the man." 427. Revelli. "1Have I disturbed,"a meaning that suits hoth cinerem and Mane8, as the digging up or removing of the former would disquiet the latter. ' The feeling against the violation of tombs, generally strong In antiquity, was especially so at Rome.' 433. -Requiem Rjpatiumque furori 1 "an opportunity for my frenzied feelings to rest." Requiem spatiumqueis like aditus et tempora, In 423, above, and 8patium ad requiezcendum. 436. Quam - remit tam. Lit., "which when thou shalt have given me, I will at my death repay largely increased." Cumulatam agrees of course with quam. More Idiomatically, "1And when thou hast done me this service, I will at my death repay it handsomely." This is the simplest and most probable interpretation of a verse that has been pronounced the most difficult in Virgil. How Anna is to be rewarded at the death of her sister cannot be satisfactorily explained... Miorte. Abl. of time.438' I'ertque refertque; I. e., to Aeneas. 439. A'ut. See on II. 779. 440. Placidas. This expresses the general character of Aeneas.... Deus. In a general sense, "1divine influence,"-no particular deity being meant. 443. Altae. Proleptic, and to be taken with constem-unt, being nearly = alte. 449. Lacrimtae; i. e., DIdo's. AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 149 Turn vero infelix fatis exterrita iDido 450 Mortem orat; taedet coeli convexa tueri. Quo magis inceptum peragat lucemque relinquat, Vidit, turicremis quum dona imponeret arisilorrendum dictu-latices nigrescere sacros., Fusaque in obseenum se vertere vina cruorem. 455 Hoc visum. nulli, non ipsi effata sorori. Praetcrea fuit in tectis de marmore templum, Conjugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat, Velleribus niveis et festa frondc revinctu'm: line exaudiri voces et verba vocantis 460 Visa yiri, itox quum terras obseura teneret; Solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo Saepe queni et longas in fletum ducere voces; Multaque practerea vatum praedicta priorum Terribili monitu horrificant. Agit ipse furentem 465 In somnis ferus Aeneas; semperque relinqui Sola sibi, semper longam incomitata videtur Ire viam et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra: Eumenidum, veluti demens videt agmina Pentheus, Et solem geminum. et duplies, se ostendere Thebas; 470 450. Fatis. Sc. Mus.... -Exsterrita. door, in order that its sufferings might ex"Rendered desperate " or "frantic." haust the calamities which its approach 452. Quo maqis; i. e., in order that predicted to the household.' she may the more readily or surely. The 463. Q u er i -du cer e. These are language of the line implies that some grammatically dependent on visa above, higher power was leading her on to her hut are logically equivalent to historical fate...Peragat - irelfnquat. What infinitives, as the notes of the owl did not would be the more regular tense here -exist merely in Dido's Imagination... after vidit? Longas - voces. "Drew out her long 45,3. Imtponeret aris. See on I. 49. notes in a mournful strain." 455. Obscenum. "Ill omened. " 466. Semper, &c. ' At other times the 457. Irn tectis; I. e., in the central open thought that Is present to her dreams is court of the palace. 1'..emplutm con- that of her loneliness. She seems to be Jugis. In this chapel or shrine dedi- undertaking a long solitary journey, look. cated to the manes of Sychaeus, Virgil, as lng for her Tyrian subjects whom she usual, transfers a Roman custom to the cannot find: they~have forsaken her, and heroic ages. she has to be queen of a desolate country.' 460. Mine; I. e., from this chapel. 468. Viam. A. M3; G. 331; H. 371. IL 462. Culrninibus; L.e., of the palace. 469. Demens IPentlaets. For hits op-...Bubo. This was regarded by the position to the rites of Bacchus, Pentheus Romans as a hird of Ill omen, and if ' any was driven mad by the god, and pursued one of the species found Its way Into a by the Furies. house, the members of the family exerted 470. Et sole, &c. Virgil seems to themselves to catch It, and nail It to the have here had in mind the play of Euripi 150 P. VIRGILII MAARONIS Aut Agamemnonius scenis agitatus Orestes, Armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris Quum fugit, ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae. Ergo ubi concepit furias, evicta dolore, Decrevitque mori, tempus secum ipsa modumque Exigit, et, maestam dictis aggressa sororem, Consilium vultu tegit ac spem fronte serenat: "Inveni, germana, viam-gratare sorori-, "Quae mihi reddat eum, vel eo me solvat amantem. "Oceani finem juxta solemque cadentem "Ultimus Aethiopum locus est, ubi maximus Atlas "Axem humero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum: "Hinc mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerdos, "Hesperidum templi custos, epulasque draconi Quae dabat et sacros servabat in arbore ramos, "Spargens humida mella soporiferumque papaver. "Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes, "Quas velit, ast aliis duras immittere curas; "Sistere aquam fluviis, et vertere sidera retro; "Nocturnosque ciet Manes; mugire videbis 475 480 485 490 des called the Bacchae, of a passage in which this verse is a close translation. 471. Seenis agitatus. "Pursued on the stage." In both Pentheus and Orestes there is a reference to a play, or plays, in which these characters appeared. Scenas is plural perhaps because of the frequent representation of the subject on the stage. 472. Armatam - atris. His mother Clytemnestra, whom he had slain, is here represented as taking the part of a Fury in his punishment. 473. Sedent - Dirae. We may under. stand that the Furies were represented as meeting him at his own door, as he sought to flee from the spectre of his mother. 475. Secum ipsa; i.e., with herself alone. 483. MJYassyae. As the priestess bad charge of the temple or garden of the Hesperides, which Virgil places in Mauritania, near mount Atlas, and as the Masseyl were a people dwelling far to the eastward of that region, Massylae must be used in a general sense, and be -= Libycae. At the time here mentioned the priestess resided at Carthage. 484. Hesperidum templi. The poet, for some unknown reason, calls th" garden of the Hesperides a temple. By some its location was assigned to the. Canaries, or "Fortunate islands," by others to Cyrenaica. Virgil, as we have seen, assigns it to still another locality..... Que - quae. " And (the one) who," &c. Such a connection by que is rare.... Draconi; i. e., the one that guarded the golden apples. 486. IMella - papaver. These were sprinkled over the food simply as an agreeable condiment. Soporiferum. This seems to be used in a general way as an epithet ofpapaver, and not in reference to its effect upon the dragon, which was required to be ever watchful. The use of the term has occasioned much controversy. 490. Nocturnosque ciet Manes; i. e., AENEIDOS LIB. IV.11 151 "Sub pedibus terrain et descendere montibus ornos. "Testor, cara, deos et te, germana, tuurnque "Dulce capnt, magicas invitam accingier artes. "Tu secreta pyram tecto interiore sub auras "Erige, et arma vini, thalamo quae fixa reliquit 4 "Impius, exuviasque omnes, lectuinque jugalern, "Quo perii, superimponas: abolere nefandi "Cuncta viri monumenta juvat, monstratque sacerdos." Haec effata silet; pallor simul occupat ora. Non tamen Anna novis praetexere funera sacris Germanam credit, nec tantos mente furores Concipit, aut graviora timet, quam morte Sychaei. Ergo jussa parat. At regina, pyra penetrali in sede sub auras Erecta ingenti taedis atque ilice secta, Jntenditque locum sertis et fronde coronat Funerea; super exuvias ensemnque relictum Effigiemque toro locat, haudi iguana futunt. 15 W )5 calls up the shades of the departed by night,-their natural time of visiting the earth. 493. Invitam. Sc. me.... Accingier artes = accingi ad arteq. A. 128, e, 4; G. 191, 2; H. 240, 6. Seecalso on II. 384. For the construction of artes see on H1. 392. This apology of Dido is in harmony with the Roman sentiments of Virgil's time, when magic rites were condemned, but not with the feelings and customs of her own age. 494. Tecto interiore. See on 1-1. 512..... Sub auras. Observe the force of 8ub with the acc.,-the expression referring not to the position but to the height of the pile. 497. Superimponas = s-uperimpone. 498. Juvat (me). Impersonal.... iMonatrat; 1. e., directs me to do so. 500. Non tamen, &c. Construe, Tamzen Anna non credit germanam praetexere, &c. 501. Tantos furores; 1. e., on the part of her sister....Wente. Anna's, not Dido's,-mnente concipit being = "1imagine."1 502. Aforte. See on Mn. 8M. HECATE. 504. Penetrali in sede. Cf. aboive, 494. 505. 1'aedis - Meie. Ablatives of cause with ingenti, or of Instrument with erecta. 506. Intenedit loaum = "1encircles the place." It Is a poetical variety for intendit lowo serta. Cf. 11.286. SOT. Super toro. "Above, upon the couch." S9uper Is adverbial. 152 P. VIRGILII MARONIS. Stant arae circum, et crines effusa sacerdos Ter centum tonat ore deos, Erebumque Chaosque Tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae. Sparserat et latices simulatos fontis Averni; Falcibus et messae ad lunam quaeruntur aenis Pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni; Quaeritur et nascentis equi de fronte revulsus Et matri praereptus amor. Ipsa mola manibusque pits altaria juxta, Unum cxuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta, Testatur moritura deos et conscia fati Sidera; tum, si quod non aequo foedere amantes Curae numen habet j astumque memorque, precatur. Nox erat, et placidum cgrpebant fessa soporem Corpora per terras, silvaeque et saeva quierant Aequora, quum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Quum tacet omnis ager, pecudes pictaeque volucres, Quaeque lacus late liquidos, quaeque aspera dumis Rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenti [Lenibant curas, et corda oblita laborum.] 516 520 525 510. Ter centum = trecentos, - for an indefinitely large number. 511. Tergeminam. The goddess was Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate in the Lower World..... Tria - Diantue. The same thing as tergeminam Hecaten. 513. Ad lunam = "by moonlight." 514. Pubentes; i. e., covered with the down of maturity..... Nigri - veneni. This expression describes herbae. Nigri is used in a figurative sense and is = " deadly." For this use of cum, cf. on H. 72. 515. Quaeritur - atnor. Construe 4mnor et, revulsus de fronte nascentis equi et praereptus matri, quaeritur. It was a popular belief of the ancients that the dam, if not prevented, eagerly devoured the fleshy excrescence that sometimes appears on the forehead of a newly born foal, and that was called hippomanes. If her act was anticipated, and the hippom-.nes removed in any other way, it was thought she lost all affection for her young and refused to rear it. The object referred to was considered very effective as a love-charm.... M2atri. A. 229, c; G. 344, R. 2; H..38, 2... Amor. This is variously rendered by "hippomanes," "lovecharm," "the mother's love," &c. The word is found nowhere else in this sense. The reader of Shakspeare may recall the words of the witch in Macbeth:'Fillet of at fenny snake, In the cauldron boll and bake; Eye of newt and toe of frog, Adder's fork and blind-worm's sting, Lizard's leg and owlet's wing, For a charm of powerful trouble," &c. 517. Ipsa. Dido....-Mola. See on I1. 133. 518. Pedem. Greek accusative. 527. Somno. "In sleep,"-an abl. 528. Lenibant. A. 128, e, 1; G. 191, 1; H. 240,1. The authenticity of this line has been disputed, as it is not found in some of the best manuscripts. AENEII)OS LIB. IV.15 153 At non infelix animi Phoenissa, nee umquam Solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore noctem 530 Accipit: ingeminant curae, rursusqlue resurgens Saevit amor magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu. Sic acico insistit, secumqne ita corde vointat: "~En, quid ago? iRursusne procos irrisa priores "1Experiar, Nomadumque petam conntibia supplex, 535 "1Quos ego sim toties jam dedignata maritos? "IlPiacas igitur classes atque nitima Teu,,reim "~Jussa sequar? qniane anxilio juvat ante levatos, "1Et bene tapud memores -v eteris stat gratia facti?"1Quis me autem-fac velle-sinet, ratibusque superbis 540 "1Invisam accipiet? nescis, hen, perdita, needum "1Laomedonteae sentis perjuria gentis? "Quid turn? Sola fuga nautas comitabor ovantes? "An Tvriis omn iquc mann stipata meorum "Inferar, et, qnos Sidonia vix urbe revelli, 545 "Rursus again pelago, et ventis dare vela jubebo? "Quiii morere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem. "Tu, lacrimis evicta ineis, tu. prima furentem "His, germana, malis oneras, atque objicis hosti. "Non licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitam 550 "Degere, more ferac, tales nec. tangere curas! 529. A n imr i. See on20.... 11hloe- 542. Laornedonteae. See on III. 248. 53i Irnsoistit (se. nnte or cogitatione). Lit., " begins (in medita tion).'I This meaning seems to be required 1y the context, and is supported by such expressions as viam insiste, '1 enter on the way," Geo. III. 164;- institit ore, " he began in words," XII. 47; &c-(J.. orde volutat. Such a repetition of an idea we have seen to be common in Virgil. 536. Sim dedignata. For the mood, see on HI. 248, last reference. The meanIng is, "although I have so often," &c. 537. lfltirna = "the Mfost degrading." 538. Qu~ane, &c. Construe, QuiaJuvat (eos) ante tevato8 (e~sse meo) auxltio. This, with the following line, is of course strongly Ironical. 540. iPac (me) vel~e; I. e., to go with the Trojans. (against them)," i. e., attack them? The passive in a middle sense, as often. 547. Quin = "nay....Morere. Imperative of mer-or. 548. 1'u - Ihosti. This unjust accusation of her sister shows, In a perfectly natural way, the frenzied and unreasoning anguish of Dido's mind. 550. Nort licitit (mihi)t. "It was not allowed me!"-uttered as a passionate exclamation. Our expression would rather be, "1Why was it not allowed me?" 551. M~ore ferae. The reference appears to be merely to the life of a beast as a solitary and free one. As Conington says, ' She wishes that she had been born to a wild life in the woods, like Camilla, without any thought of wedlock.' 154 14P. V7IR GILII MA R O NIS "CNon servata fides, cineri promissa Sychaeo!1" Tantos lilla suo rumpebat pectore questus. Aeneas celsa in puppi, jam certus eundi, Carpebat somnos, rebus jam rite paratis. 555 Hdic se forma dei vultu redeuntis eodem Obtulit in somnis, rursusque ita visa monere est, Omnia Mercurio similis, vocemque coloremque Et crines flav'os et membra dlecora juventa: "Nate dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos, 560 "Nec, quae te circum stent deiude pericula, cernis, "lDemens, nec Zephyros audis spirare secundos? "lil1a dolos dirumque nefas in pectore versat, "1Certa moni, varioque irarum fluctuat aestu. "Non fugis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas? 565 "Jam mare turbari trabibus saevasque videbis "Collucere faces, jam fervere litora flammis, "Si te his attigerit terris Aurora morantem. "Eja age, rumpe moras. Varium et mutabile semper "Femina." Sic fatus nocti se immiscuit atrae. 57'0 Turn vero, Aeneas, subitis exterrituis umbris, Corripit e somno corpus sociosque fatigat: "14Praecipites vigilate, viri, et considite transtris; "Solvite vela citi! Dens aethere missus ab alto "Festinare fugam tortosque incidere funes 575 inde = "after this,"1 "presently," as In VI. 756, 891. A rare use of the word. 564. Certa mnoin. A. 273, d; G. 424, 4, 5); H. 53, II. N. 2. Cf. the differeut constructions in 554. The infinitive with cetuzs is more common; and both are mostly poetical. 565. Pr-aecipitare potestas. See on fI. 10...iNon fugis. A. 276, c; G. 268; H. 467, 5. 566.'TrabibusR; I. e., those of Dido. 567. Fetsvere. See on 409. 569. Var-iur~n - senmpei. "Always a fickle and changeable thing." A. 1St.), c; G. 202.R4; 1H.438, 4. 571. Umtbri. Plural for the singular. 57-3. Psru'cipites. "Quick"1=" quickly, "-with both,Agiats and conaidite. ZIPHuRUS. 554. Certus etendi = " resolved on deParting." A. 298; G. 429; H. 542,I1. 556. I'ormta dei. Not the god himself, as before, 265 s~eq., as this appearance Is only a dream..561. Quae - petrienlar. "1What dangers will presently surround you." De AENEIDOS LIB. I'V. "Ecce iterum stimniat. Sequimur te, sancte deorum, "Quisquis es, imperioque iterum paremus ovantes. "Adsis o placidusque j uves, et sidera coelo "Dextra feras." Dixit, vaginaque eripit ensem Fulmineum, strictoque ferit retinacula ferro. 580 Hdem omnes simul ardor habet, rapiuntque rnnntque; Litora deseruere; latet sub classibus aequor; Aiinixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt. Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile. 0585 Regina e speculis ut primum albescere lucem Vidit et aequatis classem procedere velis, Litoraque et vacuos sensit sine remige portus, Terque quaterque mann pectus percussa decorum, Flaventesque abscissa comas, "1Pro Jupiter! ibit 590 "ii," ait, "1et nostris illuserit advena regnis? "Non arma expedient, totaque ex urbe sequentur, "Deripie-ntque rates alli navalibus? Ite, "Ferte citi fiammas, date tela, impellite remos! - "Quid loquor? ant ubi sum? Quae mentem insania mutat? "Infelix Dido! nnnc te facta impia tangunt? 596 "Tunc decuit, quum sceptra dabas. - En dextra fidesque, "Quem. secum patrios aiunt portare Penates, "Quem subfisse humeris confectum aetate parentem! "Non potni abreptum divellere corpus et undis 600 "1Spargere? non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro 577. Quisquis es. See on 556. 581. Bapittntque rutuntque. "They both seize (the cordage) and rush (to their posts)." 582. Deseruere. Note the force of this perfect in indicating the rapidity of their movements. 58. F speculis. The same as the arce ex summe of 410. 587. Aequatis velis. The wind being directly behind filled and balanced all the sails equally. 589. Pectus - comas. See on I. 481. 591. Illuserit. For the force of this fuit. perf., see on II. 581. 592. -Expedie-it. Supply clii, corresponding to the alii of the following line. 595. iMenterno mutat = turns my brain." 596. Facta impia. These words probably refer to Dido, and are explained by verse 552. 597. Turn decuit; i. e., facta impia Cangere te. 5,98. Quern. Supply ejug as the antecedent. 600. Abreptum. A. 2.92, R; G. 667, R. 1; H. 549, 5.... Diveflere. A. 2f8,a; H. 5837,1. 156 P. VIR GILII MARB 0 kNIS "Ascanium, patriisque epulandum, ponere mensis?"Verum anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna. - Fuisset; "Quem metui moritura? Faces in castra tulissem, "Implessemque foros flammis, natumque patremiqute 605 "Cum genere exstinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem."Sol, qui terrarum. flammis opera omnia lustras, "Tuque harum, interpres curarum. et conscia Juno, "Nocturnisque ilecate triviis ululata per urbes, "Et Dirae ultrices, et di' morientis Elissae, 610 "Accipite haec, meritumqne malis advertite numen, "Et nostras audite preces. Si tanagere portus "Infandum. caput ac terris annare niecesse est, "Et sic fata Jovis poscunt, hic, terminus haeret; "11At bello audacis populi vexatus et armis, 615 "1Finibus extorris, complexu avulsus lull, 602. Patriis - menisi. An allusion to the legend of either Thyestes or Tereus, whose sons were thus slain and served up as food. See Class. Dict. 603. _Fuerat. For fuiwset. A. 308, c; G. 246, R. 3; H. 476, 2..... Pub-set. Concessive. A. 266, c; G. 257; H. 514, N. 604. Castra. Transf. to a naval camp, as in Ill. 519. 605-6. TImplessem - exstinxemt. For the contraction, see A. 128, a and b; G. 191, H. 5; H. 235 and 3.... Cum genere. Referring to the whole race, not to the family of Aeneas only.... Super = in8uper, as in 1. 29.... Dedissem. Sc. in ignes, and cf. II. 566. 607. Sol. The sun is invoked as the stars, in 520. 608. ITnterpres = ",the author." The word signifies the agent by whose Intervention any thing is effected.... Conscia. As in 167. 609. Nocturntis9-ulttata. The sanctuaries of Hecate were located where three ways met, and her worship was conducted In the night time with loud cries and howlings. See trivius in Lex. 610. iDirac. See above, 473....Di. Such as mentioned in 520-1. 611. Aecipite (se. animis) = regard."....llaec. This maybe rendered" these things," "these wrongs," or (sc. verba)l "1these words." Cf. MI. 250.... 1Meritt in, - nupae i. "Turn to my wrongs your divine power (which I have) mnerited." 614. Ilie, &c. "1(And) this order of things is fixed.' 615. At bello, &c. The imprecations of Dido, to the close of the paragraph, in 629, are prophetic of the subsequent fortunes of Aeneas, and even of his descendants the Roman people. The events may be thus enumerated in their order:-(I) Aeneas was harassed by the war with Turnus and the Rutuli in Italy. (2) He had to leave Ascanius in the camp and go into Etruria to solicit aid from Evander. (3) He saw many of his friends cruelly slain in battle. (4) The final peace with the Latins involved a loss to the Trojans of separate national existence, of -name and language. (5) Aeneas was represented by one legend, which Virgil apparently follows, as reign. ing only three years, and then being drowned in the river Numicins, whence his body was not recovered. (6) There was eternal enmity between Rome and Carthage. (7) Hannibal was the avenger (ultor) who, In after times, brought the Roman Republic to the verge of ruin. 616. Pinibus exstorris, &c. ]Referring simply to his departure from his camp tor seek aid In Etruria. AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 157 "Auxilium imploret, videatque indigna suorum "Funera; nec, quum se sub leges pacis iniquae "Tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur; "Sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus arena. 620 " Haec precor, hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine fundo. "Turn vos, o Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne futurum "Exercete odiis, cinerique haec mittite nostro "Munera. Nullus amor populis, nec foedera sunto. "Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor, 625 "Qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos, "Nunc, olim, quocumque dabunt se tempore vires. "Litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas "Imprecor, arma armis; pugnent ipsique nepotesque!" Haec ait, et partes animum versabat in omnes, 630 Invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem. Turn breviter Barcen nutricem affata Sychaei; INamque suam patria antiqua cinis ater habebat: " Annam cara mihi nutrix huc siste sororem; " Die corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha, 635 " Et pecudes secum et monstrata piacula ducat; " Sic veniat; tuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta. " Sacra Jovi Stygio, quae rite incepta paravi, " Perficere est animus, finemque imponere curis, " Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae." 640 Sic ait. Illa gradum studio celerabat anili. At trepida, et coeptis immanibus effera Dido, Sanguineam volvens aciem maculisque trementes 620. Que. This connects ante diem (as 634. Mihi. Some join this with siste, = immaturus) and inhumatus. others with cara. 625. Exroriare aliquis ultor. 635. PI'operet. A. 331, f. R; G. 546, "Arise thou, some avenger." Much more R. 3; H. 499, 2. vivid than exoriatur. 636. fotsitrata piacnnla; i. e., the expiatory offerings that had been enjoined 8176 G 6326 497by the Massylian priestess. 817 G. 632; 497,. 637. Sic veniat. Dido professes to be 627.]/Quocumque - vires; i. e., as anxious for her sister's presence, which, often as there shall be strength or however, she of course really does not power to do it. Virgil was thinking desire. Her object being to gain time, she of the three Punic wars and of the re- is very particular in enjoining that Anna newal of hostilities as often as Carthage should not come without the victims. had gained strength.... Dabunt se = Thus sic is emphatic.... Tu - vitta. She dabuntur. desires, in like manner, to get rid of the 633. Cinis. Poet. for " the tomb." presence of the nurse. 158 158P. FIR G IL II MA R O NIS Interfusa genas, et pallida morte futura, Interiora domus irrumpit limina, et altos 645 Conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit Dardanium., no01 hos quaesitum munus in usus. ilic, postquam. Iliacas vestes notumique cubile Conspexit, paulum lacrimis et mnente morata, Incubuitque toro, dixitque novissima verba: 650 "Dulces exuviae, dum. fata deusque sinebat, "Accipite bane animam, mequc his exsolvite curis "Vi xi, et, quem. dederat cursum. fortuna, peregi; "'Et nunec magna mei sub terras ibit imago. "Urbem. praeclaram statui; mea moenia vidi; 655 "Ulta virum, poenas inimico, a fratre recepi; "Felix, lieu nimium. felix, si litora tantum. "'Numquam. Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae!" Dixit, et, os impressa toro, "1Moriemur inultae? "1Sed moriamur," ait. " Sic, kic juvat ire sub umbras. 660 "1Hauriat hunc oculis ignem, crudelis ab alto "6Dardanus, et nostrae secum. ferat omina mortis." Dixerat; atque 111am. media inter talia ferro Collapsam. adspiciunt comites, ensemque cruore Spumantem., sparsasque manus. It clamor ad alta 6.65 Atria; concussam. bacchatur Fama per urbem. Lamentis gemituque et femineo ululatu Tecta fremunt; resonat magnis plangoribus aether. Non aliter, quam. Si immissis ruat hostibus omnis Carthago ant antiqua Tyros, flammaeque furentes 670 Culmina perque hominum volvantur perque deorum. 645. interiora - lirnina; 1. e., into i659. Os. See on oculo8, I. 228. A farethe inner court. Cf. 494. well kiss, as in 11. 4.90. 646. Rojos. Poetical for the singu- 660. Sic, 8ic. Some suppose that these lar. words indicate that she twice stabs her647. Non - usus. The words Imply self. This view is favored by Conington. that in former happy days the sword had.... Sub = "down to." been presented to Dido at her request. 663. _Ferro = in fermsm. 648. Hic. See on I. 728. 664. (Jornites. These attendants must 649. Mente. "In thought." have been summoned by her cries; at alU 654. M a g n a = " illustrious," "1with events they could not have been near thc glory." Join with the predicate in trans- pile. lation. 666. Atria = the palace." 656. Ulta - recepi Se.864, 671. Culmina = tecta. AENEIDOS bIB. IV. 159 Audiit exanimis, trepidoque exterrita cursu Unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis Per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat: "Hoc illud, germana, fuit? me fraude petebas? 675 "Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant? "Quid primum deserta querar? comitemne sororem "1Sprevisti moriens? Eadem me ad fata vocasses; "1Idem ambas ferro, dolor atque eadem hora tulisset. "1His etiam struixi manibus, patriosque v~ocavi 680 "1Voce deos, sic te ut posita crudelis abessem? "6Exstinxti te meque, soror, populumque patresque "1Sidoiiios urbemque tuam. Date, vulnera lymphis "1Abluam, et., extremus si quis super halituis errat, "1Ore legarn." Sic fata gradus evaserat altos, 685 Semianimcmque sinu germanam amplexa fovebat Cum gemitul, atque atros siccabat veste cruores. 11la, graves oculos conata attollere, rursus Deficit; infixum stridit sub pectore vulnus. Ter sese attollens cubitoque annixa levavit; 690 Ter revoluta toro est, oculisque errantibus alto Quaesivit coelo lucem, ingemuitque reperta. Turn Juno omnipotens, longum miserata dolorem 675. HMoc iflud futit. "Was this that "prevent it from fleeing." This interpre. (which you had in view) I"Cf. IfT. 558. tation is supported by a passage in Ovid's 678. Vocasses = utinam me vocass g. Metamorphoses, XII.424, where Hylonome 680. Struxai. Sc. rogum. endeavors to save the life of her husband 681. Sic positai. Cf. II. 644.... Cru- Cyllarus,who had been pierced hy a javelin: delis. With the subject of abe 88m. 682. Exstinxrti. See on 605. Protinus Hylonome morientes excipit artas, 683. Date - abl rarn =date (lympha8s Impositaqne mann vulnus fovet, oraque ad ora ut) abudam vulrsera, tymphis date lymphas Admovet, atque animaas obsiatere tentat. quibha8 vulnera abiluam. "Immediately Hylonome receives his dy684. Abluamt. A. 3.31, f. R; G. 546, R. 3; ing limbs, and cherishes the wound by HI. 499, 2. Cf. VI. 884.... Sup~er = re. laying her hand on it, and places ber maining," as in III. 489. mouth on his, and strives to stop tbe fleet685. Ore legamt. These words have ing9 life." been generally understood to refer to the The grammatical construction of leg~am custom among tbe Rtomans of the nearest is doubtless the same as that of abl4uam, relative receiving in bis mouth the last but translate "6let me," &c. breath of a dying person. Gosrau and 68.Srdt agiexeoenConington, however, are perhaps right in 689t.-Ftrbidi;gae inrx oer referring the words to Anna's desire topet-obgr preserve the spark of life In her sister. 692. Reperta "when It was found," Legam is then = " gather it," " keep it," -lit., " (it) having been found." P. VIRGIL II MlAR ONIS Difficilesque obitus, Irim demisit Olympo, Quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret artus. Nam quia nec fato, merita nec morte peribat, Sed misera ante diem, subitoque accensa furore, Nondum illi flavum Proserpina vertice crinem Abstulerat, Stygioqut caput damnaverat Orco. Ergo Iris croceis per coelum roscida pennis, Mille ti-ahens varios adverso sole colores, Devolat, et supra caput adstitit: "Hunc ego Diti " Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo." Sic ait, et dextra crinem secat: omnis et una Dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit. 695 700 705 694. Irim. Iris was Juno's ordinary messenger, as Mercury was Jupiter's. The duty here assigned to her, however, was usually that of Proserpine. 695. 2exo*s; i. e., joined with the soul. 696. Fato; i.e., by a natural death, while meita morte signifies a death deserved for some crime. 698. Crinem. Before a sacrifice a lock of hair was cut from the head of the animal and cast into the fire as a preliminary consecration of the victim. By a sort of analogy the ancients fancied that a per son at the point of death was consecrated or devoted to Pluto in a similar way, by Proserpine, or by her minister Atropos, and that no one could die until this rite had been performed. 702. Adstitit. " Has taken her stand." The perfect denotes an instantaneous arrival. The journey of Iris has taken no appreciable length of time. She has descended with the rapidity of light. The perfect is thus used in 582, above, in I. 84, and elsewhere.... D)iti. With sacrum. 703. Jussa; i.e., by Juno. LIBER QUINTUS. ARGUMENT. Aeneas sets sail for Italy, his heart filled with sad foreboding as he looks back upon the city lighted up by the flames of Dido's pyre. A storm coming on, the pilot Palinurus suggests that they should make for the friendly shores of Sicily. Aeneas assents, and, landing, the Trojans are again welcomed by Acestes (1-41). On the next day Aeneas assembles his followers, reminds them that it is the anniversary of his father's death, orders a sacred festival for that day, and announces games to take place nine days after in honor of the occasion. The sacrifices and the banquet are described (42-103). The ninth day arrives, and, in the presence of a great multitude, the games are opened with a race of ships from the Trojan fleet. The contest is fully described (104-285). The multitude then repair to a grassy plain encircled by wooded hills, where Aeneas proclaims a foot-race, in which both Trojan and Sicilians participate (286-361). A boxing-match is next announced, and the contest between Dares and Entellus takes place (362-484). Description of the archery-match that succeeds (485 -544). The games are closed by an equestrian exercise of the young Trojans, led by Ascanius (545-603). While the latter is still in progress, the Trojan women, incited by Iris, who has been sent down by Juno, set fire to the fleet. Aeneas invokes the aid of Jupiter, who immediately sends a flood of rain and the vessels are all saved except four (604-699). Aeneas, in perplexity at the disaster, and questioning with himself whether he ought not to settle in Sicily, is advised by Nautes, and afterwards in a vision by his father Anchises, to leave in Sicily the weak and the disaffected and to repair to Italy with the rest of his followers. Anchises also directs Aeneas, before landing in Latinm, to visit him in the shades and learn the future (700-745). Aeneas founds the town of Acesta, leaves as colonists the old men and many of the women, and with the rest of his followers sets sail for Latium (746-778). Neptune, Oppen the prayer of Venus, renders the sea propitious, and at length Aeneas reaches Italy. with the lose, however, of his pilot, Palinurus, near the Hesperian coast (779-8tl). PORT OF DREPANUM. LIBER QUINTUS. JNTEREA medium Aeneas jam classe tenebat Certus iter, fluctusque atros Aquilone secabat, Moenia respiciens, quae jam infelicis Elissae Colluceut flammis. Quae tautum accenderit ignem, Causa latet; duni magno sed amore dolores Polluto, notumque, fure-ns quid femina possit, Triste per augurium Teucrorum pectora ducunt. 5 1. Medium tenebat iter; i. e., he was fairly on his way. Medius is often thus loosely used. Cf. on I. 505, M. 664, IV. 277, &c. 2. Certuts. As in I`V. 554. Or as some understand, "1in direct course," " unwavering," as in the expression certa sgagitta....Aquilone. To be taken literally, and joined with atro8 as an abl. of cause. The north wind was the prevailing one at that season. Cf. IV. 310. This accounts for the fact that Aeneas, although setting saill at dawn, was still in sight of Carthage in the evening, as the following lines imply. 4. Accenderit. Why the subjunctive? 5. Duri, &c. The construction is, Sed du?4 dolores, rneqo arnore polluto, (noti), quidque furens fernina pomsit (facere)no turn, &c. Amore polluto. Abl. absolute. 6. Noturn. A. 292, a; G. 667, R. 2; H.549, N. 2. Translate freely, "1the knowledge of," &c. 7. Ductun~t. The subjects of this are. of course dolores and the substantive clause furens-_possit.. Pectora ani — inWa. 164 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Ut pelagus tenuere rates, nec jam amplius ulla Occurrit tellus, maria undique et undique coelum, Olli caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, Noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab alta: " Heu! quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi? "Quidve, pater Neptune, paras?" Sic deinde locutus Colligere arma jubet validisque incumbere remis, Obliquatque sinus in ventum, ac talia fatur: " Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi Jupiter auctor " Spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere coelo. "Mutati transversa fremunt et vespere ab atro "Consurgunt venti, atque in nubem cogitur aer. 4' Nec nos obniti contra, nec tendere tantum "Sufficimus. Superat quoniam Fortuna, sequamur, " Quoque vocat, vertamus iter. Nec litora longe " Fida reor fraterna Erycis portusque Sicanos, "Si modo rite memor servata remetior astra." Tum pius Aeneas: " Equidem sic poscere ventos "Jamdudum et frustra cerno te tendere contra. "Flecte viam velis. An sit mihi gratior ulla, "Quove magis fessas optem demittere naves, "Quam quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten, "Et patris Anchisae gremio complectitur ossa?" Haec ubi dicta, petunt portus, et vela secundi 10 15 20 25 30. 8-11. Nearly identical with HI. 1.92-5. 14. Deide. With jubet. Cf. I. 195, I. 391. 18. Spondeat- sperem. A. 307, b; G. 598; H. 509. 19. Transversa. Used adverbially. A. 240, a; G. 331, R. 3; H. 378, 2. 20. In-aer. The ancients thought that clouds were composed of condensed air. Cf. I. 587. 21 Obniti contra. Another example of the pleonasms so common in Virgil.... Tanturn s ulfieimus = "have we power enough." Some, with less propriety, join tantum with tendere. 24. Fraterna. Eryx, who formerly dwelt in Sicily, and from whom the moun tain and town in the western part of the island were named, was the son of Venus and Butes, and consequently half brother of Aeneas. He was a renowned boxer, but having challenged Hercules to a combat was slain by that hero. 25. Servata; in their previous voyage, in the opposite direction, from Sicily to Africa. 27..Jamduducn. ee r n o "I have now for some time perceived." Jamdudum gives the present the sense of the perfect. 29. Quove; i. e., ullave sit telus quo. 30. Acesten - Anchisae. Cf. I. 195 and HI. 710. AENVEIDOS LIB. I,.16 165 Intendunt Zephyri; fertur cita gurgite classis, Et tandem lafti notae advertuntur arenae. At procul excelso miratus vertice montis Adventum sociasque rates occurrit Acestes, Horridus in jaculis, et pelle Libystidis ursae, Troia Crimiso conceptum fluninie mater Quem genuit. Veterum 1101 immemor ille parentumn Gratatur reduces et gaza laetus agresti Excipit, ac fessos opibus solatur amicis. Postera quum primo stellas Oriente fugarat Clara dres, socios in coetum litore ab omni Advocat Aeneas, tumulique ex aggere fatur: "Dardanidae magni, genus alto a sanguine divu'm, "Animus exactis completur mensibus orbis, "Ex quo reliquias divinique ossa parentis "Condidimus terra rnaestasque sacravimus aras. "Jamque dies, nisi fallor, adest, quem semper acerbum, "Semper honoratum-sic di' voluistis-habebo. "iune ego Gaetulis agerem si Syrtibils exisul, "Argolicove mari deprensus et urbe Mycenae, 35 to 1:5 W 84. Advertuntur. Cf. I. 158. 35'. Jertice. As in I. 403. It limits 'mi rates..... Montis; i. e., Eryx. 36. Adventturn - rates. IHendiadys....Occurrit; 1. a., Wlis. 37. Int-ursae = "with javelins," &c.; i. e., in a hunter's garb. It was customary for each man to carry two spears or javelins. Cf. I. 313. 38. Crimtiso - fluntinte. "Conceived of the river (god) Crimisus." A. 244. a; 0. 395; HI. 415, II. But the more common construction is with de or ex. See Acestes, in Lexicon. 39. Veterurn parentum; i. e., his mother's Trojan ancestry. 40. Gratatur reduces. The verb appears to be transitive here, as nowhere else. It Is hardly advisable to consider the expression abbreviated from gratatur (1il) Illos esse reduces. Cf. IV. 478. 42. Primo Orientte. See on III. 58. 43. -Litore ab omni. They naturally passed the night at or near their ships. 44. -Ex agqe~ee. This Indicates that the mound was thrown up for the occasion, as was the custom when Roman generals harangued their troops. 45. A sanuguine divum. Dardanus, it will be remembered, was the son of Jove. See on III. 167. Understand ortum before a, agreeing with genus. The preposition is often thus elliptical. Cf. I. 160, 730, &c. 46. -Exactis mensibus. Abl. abs. 47. -Ex quo (tempore). See Ex in Lexicon. 50. Sic di voluistis. A formula expressing his pious resignation. The gods have willed the day to be such by willing the event that made the day such. 51. Hune; i. e., diem. Join with agerem. 52. Deprensus; 1. e., inopportunely by the day, not by a storm nor by the enemy. Et couples marl and urbe, two situations of the same peril, and thereby contrasts them with S~yrtibus. The latter word appear's to typify the greatest natural perils; the two former, perils from his 166 P. VIR GIL II MfAIRONIS "Annua vota tamen solemnesque ordine pompas "Exsequerer, strueremque snis altaria donis. "Nunc nitro ad cineres ipsins et ossa parentis, 55 "Hand equidem sine meiite reor, sine nnmine diviuim, "Adsumns, et portns delati intramus amicos. "Ergo agite, et laetnm cuncti celebremns honorem; "Poscamns ventos atque haec me sacra quotannis "Urbe velit posita templis sibi ferre dicatis. 60 "Bina bourn vobis Troja generatus Acestes "Dat numero capita in naves; adhibete Penates "Et patrios epnlis et qnos colit bospes Acestes. "Praeterea, Si nona diem mortalibns almum. "Anrora extnlerit radiisqne retexerit orbem, 65 "1Prima citae Tencris ponam, certamina classis; "1Qniqne pednm. cursn valet, et qni viribns andax "6Aut jacnlo incedit melior levibusque sagittis, "1Sen crndo fidit pngnam, committer e cestn, "11Cuncti adsint, meritaeqne exspectent praemia palmae. 70 "1Ore favete omnes, et cingite tempora ramis." Sic fatns velat materna tempora myrto. Hoc Helymns facit, hoc aevi matnrus Acestes, greatest foes, the Greeks. The English to the winds, just before Aeneas leavesidiom, however, must of course render et Sicily.... Atque, &c. Construe, Atque by "or.....Mycenae. This is else- (ut Anchises) velit, urbe posita, me ferre where generally plural. Cf. 1. 284, II. 381, quotannis hwes sacra temples dicatis sib. &c. A. 214, f; G. 359; HI. 896, VI. Of course (ut) vedit depends on poscaMU8. 53. Pompas. Understand literally,- 61. r-rbe posita. Abl. absolute. "funeral processions.' Roman observ- 6. N neo loatclywt ances are again in Virgil's mind. 6.N ero loatclywt 55. rrUtro. As in IL. 145. na 58. -Laeticem. Grammatically with ho.. 66. Primna; i. e., as the first in order. norem, but in sense with cuncti, and — Po,.aam = "I shall appoint." "cheerfully.... Honorem, - "the fes- 68. Ineedit nielior. A livelypoetieni tival." expression for eel-? melio. Cf. I. 46. In 59. Poscamus ventos. "Let cas pray such a use ' the verb incedere suggests a for (favoring) winds." Some translate, degree of confidence and pride arising "let us ask (him, i. e.. Anchises) for from conscious superiority.' winds," understanding that the deified 6 Anchises had in some way the power to Cro;ie.unaedmdef raw hide. grant such a request. The former interpretation, although somewhat less suited! 71. Ore fas'ete. A common formula. to the construction of the remainder of employed by the priests at the beginning the sentence, yet seems the only admissi. cof religious rites. ble one. Cf. MI. 115, 253. Also, below, 72. Mfatceria. The myrtle was sacred'Z77-7, where there is an actual sacrifice to Venus. AENEIDOS LIB. V. 167 Hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes. Ille e concilio multis cum millibus ibat 75 Ad tumulum, magna medius comitante caterva. Ilic duo rite mero libans carchesia Baccho Fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine sacro, Purpureosque jacit flores, ac talia fatur: "Salve, sancte parens, iterum; salvete, recepti 80 "Nequidquam cineres, animaeque umbraeque paternae! "Non licuit fines Italos fataliaque arva, [brim." "Nec tecum Ausonium, quicumque est, quaerere ThyDixerat haec, adytis quum lubricus anguis ab imis Septem ingens gyros, septena volumina traxit, 85 Amplexus placide tumulum lapsusque per aras, Caeruleae cui terga notae maculosus et auro Squamam incendebat fulgor, ceu nubibus arcus Mille jacit varios adverso sole colores. Obstupuit visu Aeneas. Ille agmine longo 90 Tandem inter pateras et levia pocula serpens Libavitque dapes, rursusque innoxius imo Successit tumulo et depasta altaria liquit. Hoc magis inceptos genitori instaurat honores, Incertus, Geniumne loci famulumne parentis 95 Esse putet; caedit binas de more bidentes, Totque sues, totidem nigrantes terga juvencos; Vinaque fundebat pateris, animamque vocabat 77. Miero Baaceho. A. 251; G. 402; 92. Dapes; i.e., the offerings we may 11. 419. II. So lacte and sanguine. assume to have been upon the altars. 80. Recepti. Logically, if not gram- 93. epasta = "upon which he had matically, this is the genitive singular, fed." agreeing with patris understood. The reference is to his rescue from the flames 94. hoc nafqis = "on this account of Troy. Cf. I. 711. with the more zeal." 83. Quicutnque est. As yet he 95. Genium. It was a common belief knows it only in name. that the Genius of a person or place ap85. Traxit = " trailed along." peared under the form of a serpent. In 87. Cui limiting the verb is = cajus famulum there appears to be an allusion to limiting terga. See on I. 448. The con- the deification of Anchises, as an animal struction is, Cui terga caeruleae notae (in- I was often represented as the attendant of cendebant), et (cut) squamam fulgor mac- a god, e.g., a doe was famula Dianae. ulosus auro incendebat. The famulus was inferior to the Genius. 91. ievia. Determine by scanning 96. Binas = duas....Bidentes. See whether from Mvis or vis.....Serpens. IV. 57 and note. 4 participle. 168 [68 P. VIRGIL1I MAR ONIS. Anclhisae magni Mlanesque Acheronte remissos. Nec non et soeii, quae cuique est copia, Iaeti 1001 Dona ferunt; onerant aras mactantque juvencos; Ordine a~na locant aili, fusique per herbam Subjiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent. Exspectata dies aderat nonamque serena Auroram Phakthontis equi jam luce vehebant, 105i Famaque finitimos et clani noinen Acestae Excierat; laeto complerant litora coetu, Visuri Aeneadas, pars et certare parati. Munera principio ante oculos circoque locantur In medio, sacri tripodtes viridesque coronae 110. Et palmae, pretium victoribus, armaque et ostro Perfusae vestes, argenti aurique talenta; Et tuba commissos- medio canit aggere indos. Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamina remis - 53 99. Manes remissos. The mane8, rounding concourse of people, as they do, under such circumstances, were supposed not enter the circus proper until verse 286 to be released from the lower world, and 112. Argenti - talenta. The allusion to be present at the rites, is to a weight, not a coin. 100. Quae - copia; i. e., each accord- 113. Tuba. As usual, the poet translug to his ability. fers to the past the customs and instru102. Frusi. See on L. 214. This and ments of his own age. The trumpet was the following line refer to the feast which unknown in Homeric tines. succeeded the sacrifice. 114. Virgil substitutes a ship-race for the 106. _Luce. Abi. of manner. Homeric chariot-race. The Idea and most 10)8. -Visuri. A. 2.93, b; G. 673, 8; H. of the details are original, and constitute 649, 3.... iVarati. A. 187, d; G. 202, R. 1; a passage of great interest...Pares = H1. 438, 6. "equally matched;" I. e., In respect to all 109. cir-co. This must refer to the sur- sailing qualities, -not in respect to size, as. AENEIDOS LIB. V.16 169 Quatuor ex omni delectae classe carinae.11 Velocem Mnestheus agit acri remige Pristim., Mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine Memmi; Ingentemque Gyas ingenti mole Chirnaeram, Urbis opus, triplici pubes quam Dardana versu Impellunt, terno consurgunt ordine remi; 120 Sergestusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen, Centauro invehit-ur magna; Scyllaque Cloanthus Caerulea, genus unde tibli, Romane Clueinti. Est procul in pelago saxum spumantia contra Litora, quod tumidis submersum, tunditur olim 125 Fluctibus, hiberni condunt ubi sidera Cori; Trauquillo silet, immotaque attollitur unda Campus et apricis statio gratissirna mergis. lie -viridem Aeneas frondenti ex ilice metam Constituit signum nautis pater, unude re-verti 130, Scirent et longos ubi circumfiectere cursus. Turn loca sorte legunt, ipsique in puppibus auro iDuctores longe effulgent ostroque decori; Cetera populea velatur fronde juveutus, Nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitescit. '135. Considunt tralistris, intentaque brachia remis; Intenti exspectant signum, exsultantiaque haunit Corda pavor pulsans laudumque arrecta cupido. appears from what follows.... Gravibus ships at the battle of Actium with ten remiis. Abi. of character. tiers of oars, and Virgil's readers had 116. Acri remtiqe. This is perhaps heard of others of sixteen, thirty, and best explained with agit,-" by the aid even forty. of, " &C. 120. Terno - rem~i. A repetition, in a 117. Irt a I t s 31fnesth~eits; i. e., the different form, of the statement in the founder of an Italian house.... Genusq - preceding line,-no uncommon practice in Memmni. A compliment to the noble Virgil. family of the Memmii at Rome, based 125. Sttbmersum tunditur = b probably upon a fancied etymological mergitur et tunditur. Oh.01m =inter' similarity of names. ' The connecting of dum. Roman families with Trojan heroes is not 126. Condu t; i. e., with clouds. a fancy of Virgil's, but dates from an 127. Tran~quillo. Substantively..... earlier period.'-Conlngton. Sitet. Because there is no noise of the 118. Gyas. Sc. agit. billows dashing upon it. 119. Opus = intar....Tripflci ver- 128. Camapus. "As a plain." su; 1.e., with three tiers of oars. This 133. Ductores. The captains, not the Is another anachronism, as triremes were pilots. not invented until about B. C. 700, ac- 138. Pulsans. "Throbbing.".... r cording to Thucydldes, 1, 18. There were recta = intense" 170 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Inde, ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus oinnesHaud mora-prosiluere suis; ferit aethera clamor 140 Nauticus, adductis spumant freta versa lacertis. Infindunt pariter sulcos, totumque dehiscit Convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor. Non tam praecipites bijugo certamine campum Corripuere ruuntque effusi carcere currus, 145 Nec sic immissis aurigae undantia lora Concussere jugis, pronique in verbera pendent. Tum plausu fremituque virum studiisque faventum Consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volutant Litora, pulsati colles clamore resultant. 150 Effugit ante alios primisque elabitur undis Turbam inter fremitumque Gyas; quem deinde Cloanthus Consequitur, melior remis, sed pondere pinus Tarda tenet. Post hos aequo discrimine Pristis Centaurusque locum tendunt superare priorem; 155 Et nunc Pristis habet, nunc victam praeterit ingens Centaurus, nunc una ambae junctisque feruntur Frontibus et longa sulcant vada salsa carina. Jamque propinquabant scopulo metamque tenebant, Quum princeps medioque Gyas in gurgite victor 160 Rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten: "Quo tantum mihi dexter abis? Hue dirige gressum; "Litus ama, et laevas stringat sine palmula cautes; "Altum alii teneant." Dixit; sed caeca Menoetes Saxa timens proram pelagi detorquet ad undas. 165 " Quo diversus abis?" iterum, "Pete saxa, Menoete!" 141. Adduct s lacertis. With 152. Turbam -fremitumque; i. e., versa. of those he is leaving behind. 145. Corripuere. An aoristic use of 153. Remis = remigibus. the perfect to denote what is customary. 160. Princeps = "foremost." Cf. III. 681. Translate in the present. So 162. Quo. "Whither."....Mihi. Ethlalso concussere, below. cal dative.... Gressum= cursum. 147. In verbera = "for (plying) the 163. ILtus ama = "hug the shore." lash." Litus is here the rock.....Stringat 149. Inclusa litora. The bay was sine; i.e., sineut stringat. A. 331, f. R; apparently inclosed by wooded heights G. 546, R. 3; H. 499, 2. which echoed the sound. 166. Iterum. With revocabat. AENEID0S LIB. V.17 171 Cum clamore Gyas revocabat; et ecce Cloanthum iRespicit instantem tergo, et propiora tenentem..Ille inter navemique Gyae scopulosque sonantes.Ra-dit iter laevum interior, subitoque priorem 170 Praeterit, et metis tenet aequora tuta relictis. Turn vero exarsit juveni dolor ossibus ingens, Nec lacrimis caruere genae, segnemique Menoeten, Oblitus decorisque sni sociu'nmque salutis, In mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab alta; 175 Ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister, Ilortaturque viros, clavumque ad litora torquet. At gravis, ut fundo vix tandem redditus imio est, Jam senior madidaque fluens in veste Menoetes Summa petit scopuli, siccaque in rupe resedit. 180 Ilium et labentem Tencri et risere natantem, Et salsos rident revomentem pectore fluctus. Hie laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus, Sergesto Mnestheique, Gyan superare morantem. Sergestus capit ante locum seopuloque propinquat, 185 Nec tota tamien fille prior praeeunte carina; Parte prior; partem rostro premit aemnia Pristis. At media socios incedens nave per ipsos ilortatur Mnestheus: "1Nune, nunc insurgite remis, "Heetorei -soeji, Trojae quos sorte suprema 190 "Delegi comites; nune illas promite vires, "Nune animos, quibus in Gaetulis Syrtibus usi 1.67. Revocabat. - Called (him) back; I. e., to the right track. Dicens may he mentally supplied before pete, &c. 168. Respicit = "looks back and ob-\ serves.".....Propiorat. Sc. lowt metae..<_ 169. Il1le; L. e., Cloanthus. 170. interior; i. e., between Gyas and the rock.__ 172. Ossqibtz; I. e., in his inmost soul... Jvn.Dat.with the verb, insteadof BEAK OF SHIP. gen. with omibus A. 235, a; H. 384,4, N. 2. 176. Rector -inurgister. These are goal, as Is explained by the rest of the line. syinonymou~s. A. 185; G. 324; H. 362. Ante is an adverb. 184. Mnesthei. A. 43; G. 72; H. 68. 190. Iliectorei socii. "Ye (former) com.185. A4nte tociem = " the (desired) po- rades of Hector."...Sorte is abl. of time. t1tion first;" I. e., the water nearest the 192. Us~i. SC. MUt& 172 P. VIRGILI MAR ONIS " Ionioque mari Maleaeque sequacibus undis. "Non jam prima peto Mnestheus, neque vincere certo; "Quamquam o!-Sed superent, quibus hoc, Neptune, 195 "Extremos pudeat rediisse; hoc vincite, cives, [dedisti-; "Et prohibete nefas." Olli certamine summo Procumbunt; vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis, Subtrahiturque solum; tum creber anhelitus artus Aridaque ora quatit; sudor fluit undique rivis. 206 Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honorem. Namque furens animi dum proram ad saxa suburguet Interior spatioque subit Sergestus iniquo, Infehx saxis in procurrentibus haesit. Concussae cautes, et acuto in murice remi 205 Obnixi crepuere, illisaque prora pependit. Consurgunt nautae et magno clamore morantur, Ferratasque trudes et acuta cuspide contos Expediunt, fractosque legunt in gurgite remos. At laetus Mnestheus, successuque acrior ipso, 210 Agmine remorum celeri ventisque vocatis Prona petit maria et pelago decurrit aperto. Qualis spelunca subito commota columba, Cui domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi, Fertur in arva volans, plausumque exterrita pennis 215 Dat tecto ingentem, mox aere lapsa quieto Radit iter liquidum, celeres neque commovet alas: Sic Mnestheus, sic ipsa fuga secat ultima Pristis 194. Prima. Substantively, and = "the first prize" or " place." 195. Quamquam o! As if he thought sipossem vincere. See on I. 135. 196. Pudeat. Sc. nos.... Hoc. It is better to join this with nefas, making the latter the object of both verbs. 199-200. Virgil has here copied Homer, n. XVI. 109, 110. 201. Ipse casus = "mere chance." 202. Furens animni. See on IV. 203. 203. Iniquo. Because too confined, between the Pristis on the right and the rocks on the left. 204. Saxis procurrentibus. These were, however, covered with water, and hence caeca, as they are termed in 164. 207. Morantur = "cease to row," "desist." 211. Ventis vocatis. Implying that he hoisted a sail. 212. Prona - decurrit. Both these words clearly indicate a downward motion of the returning ship, and it is best to take them literally, explaining by the apparent land-ward slope of the sea plain as viewed from the shore. 213. Qualis, &c. Construe, Quails columba, cui domus et dulces nidi (sunt) in latebroso pumice, subito commota spelunca, &c. 215. Bxterrita teeto. " Frightened from her home." 218. Ipsa. Join with Prstis..... U71 - AENEIDOS LIB. V.13 173 Aequora, sic ill am fert impetus ipse volanatem. Et primum in scopulo luctantem deserit alto 220 Sergestum brevibusque vadis frustraque -vocantem, Auxilia et fractis discentem currere remis. Inde Gyan ipsamque ingenti mole Chimaeram Consequitur; cedit, quoniam. spohiata magistro eat. Solus jamque ipso superest in fine Cloanthus: 225 Quem petit et summis annixus viribus urguet. Tum vero ingeminat clamor, cunctique sequentem Insfigant studiis, resonatque fragoribus aether. Hi proprium, decus et partum indignantur honorem iNi teneant, vitamique volunt pro laude pacisci; 230 lbs sucecessus alit: possunt, quia posse videntur. Et fors aequatis cepissent praemia rostris, Ni palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus Fudissetque preces, divosque in vota vocasset: "D, quibus imperium est pelagi, quorum aequora curro, "Vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum 236 "Constituam. ante aras, voti reus, extaque salsos "Porriciam in fluctus et vina liquentia fundam." Dixit, eumque imis sub fluctibus audiit omnis Nereidum. Phorcique chorus Panopeaque Virgo, 240 Et pater ipse mann magna Portunus euntem Impulit; illa Noto citins volucrique sagitta Ad terrain fugit, et portu se condidit alto. tima aequora; i. e., the waters at the goal. 220. AlIto. Not to be taken strictly, as indicating any great height. 222. Discentem = " trying." 224. (Jonsequitutr. '1Overtakes..... Cedit; i. e., the (Chimaera allows herself to be passed. 225. Ipso in fine; i. e., at the end of the course. The ship that shonld return first to port, after doubling the goal, was to have the prize. 228. Studiis. As in 148. 229. Hi; i. e., Cloanthus and his crew, In the Scylla, while ho8 below refers to Mnestheus and his companions, in the...8..-. Proprium -pa-turn. They consider the victory already won for them. selves. 283. Pon t o=ead Pontum,-"1to the sea." 284. In rota. "To his vows-," i. e., to he parties to them, or to bear witness to them. Cf. the construction with the ahlative in I. 290. 237. Voti. A. 220, a; G. 377, Ri; H. 410, ill. N. 2. 288. Liquentia. Observe that the first syllable is here short, while in I. 482 it is long. Cf. the verbs liqueo and liquor, in Lex. 241. Euntem. Sc. rnavem. 243. 1iugit - condiclit. See on TV. 702....Alto. "1Deep " In the sense of retiring fa~r inland. M I~4P. VIR GILJI1 MA R O NIS Turn satus Anchisa, cunctis ex more -vocatis, Victorem magna praeconis voce Cloanthum, 245 Declarat, viridique adivelat tempora lauro, Muneraque in naves ternos optare juvencos Vinaque et argenti magnum dat ferre talentum. Ipsis praeeipuos ductoribuis addit honores: Victori clilamydem auratam, quam plurima circum 250 Purpura Maeandro duplici Meliboea cucurrit; Intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida Veloces jaculo cervos cursuque fatigat, Acer, anhelanti similis, quem praepes ab Ida Sublimem pedibus rapuit Jovis armiger uncis; 255, Longaevi palmas nequidquam ad sidera tendunt Ciustodes, saevitque canum latratus in auras. At qui deinde locum tenuit virtute secundum, Levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem Loricam, quam Demoleo detraxerat ipse 260 Victor apud rapidum Simoi3nta sub Jijo alto, lDonat habere viro, decus et tutamen in armis. Vix iflam famuli Phegeus Sagarisque ferebant Multiplicem, connixi humeris; indutus at olim Demoleos cursu palantes Troas agebat. 265 247. Op)tare - ferire. Poet, for a~ptando8 andferendum, in imitation of a Greek construction. A. 273; G. 424, R. 4 LiH 533, 11. 248. Dat. He gives these rewards to all the crews, or to the commanders for them,-for each crew three bullocks, and wvine, and a talent of silver. 250. Plurnima. With purpura, and referring to the width of the purple border. 251. Maeandro duplici; i. e., In two meandering or waving lines....]Jlreliboeat. The shell-fish yielding the purple dye were found near Meliboea. It is uncertain whether the reference is to the town of this name on the coast of Thessaly, or to an island of the same name at the mouth of the river Orontes, in Syria. 252. Irntextus, &c. Two scenes were apparently interwoven in the mantle, the one representing Ganymede as hunting on mount Ida, and the other, the abduction of Ganymede. See on I. 28. 2,54. Quern. The manner in which the descriptions of the two scenes are united is certainly very confusing, and admits of no apology. We may introduce some logical connection in the following manner: -"whom (presently, as represented in another part) the swift armor-bearer of Jove has caught up,".c.....Ab Ida. With rapuit. 255. dovis armkrqer. The eagle Is frequently represented in mythology as holding in his talons the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 2,57. Saevit - auras. The dogs bayed at the eagle as he soared away into the sky. 258. Qui; i. e., Mnestheus. 259. Cf. III. 467 and note. 262. HMabere = habendam. See on 247..... YE*ro. An appositive after hsule... It, arm~is in war." 265. C'ursou. See on I. 157. AENEIDOS LIB. V.17 175 Tertia dona facit geminos ex aere lebetas, Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis. Jamque adeo donati omnes opibusque superbi Puniceis ibant evincti tenipora taeniis, Q uum saevo e scopulo multa vix arte revulsus, Amissis remis atque ordine debilis 1111, Irrisarn sine honore ratem Sergestus agebat. Qualis saepe viae deprensus in aggere serpens, Aerea quemi obliquum. rota transiit, ant- gravis ictu. Seminecem liquit saxo lacerumque viatoir, 2 Nequidquam longos fugiens dat corpore tortus, Parte ferox, ardensque oculis, et sibila colla Arduus attollens; pars vulnere clauda retentat Nixantem nodis seque in sua membra plicantem. Tali remigio navis se tarda movebat; 2 Vela facit tamen, et velis subit ostia plenis. Sergestum Aeneas promisso munere donat, Servatam ob navem laetus sociosque reductos. Oll serva datnr, operum hand ignara Minervae, Cressa genus, Pholo8, geminique sub ubere nati. 2 Hoc pius Aeneas misso certamine tendit Gramineum. in campnm, qnem. collibns undique cnrvis Cingebant silvae, mediaque in valle theatri Circus erat; quo se multis cum millibuis heros Consessu medium tulit exstructoque resedit. 2 Hue, qni forte velint rapido coutendere cursu, Invitat pretiis animos, et praemia ponit. 170 ~75 80 85 90 266. Lebetas. A. 67, d; G. 73; H. 68. 267. Aspera; 1. e., embossed. 268. Jarnqute adeo. See on IL. 567. 271. Otrdipteitmo. " In one tier;" i. e., of oars, on the left side. Perhaps ordine may. as some think, refer to all the oars on one side. 273. Saepe. See on 1. 148.... Viae in frwyere = "on the highway." 274. Gravisv ictui = " with a heavy blow,"-lit., "1heavy with a blow." The abi. Is under A. 2.53; G. 398; H. 424. So parte and oculi, in 277. 284. Operum Minetrvae; I. e., spin. fling, weaving, &c. 287. Gollibits, citrvs. An instrumental abl. with cingebant, not an abl. of place depending on a participle understood with 8ilvae, as some explain. With this use of curvu cf. its use in II. 748. 288. Ziheatri. Some join this with circus8, others with voile. The former construction is preferable. 2,90. Coflse~ssu. "To the assembly,"dat. for ad or in conses8um.....Exvstructo. The part. as a substantive, and "on an elevated place." 291. Qui; sc. eoum as antecedent.... J'elint. A. 341, c; G. 666; H. 529, UI. 176 176P. VIE G ILII MAl 0NIS Undique conveniunt Teucri mixtique Sicani, Nisus et Euryalus primi, Euryalus forma insignis viridique juventa, 295 Nisus amore pio pueri; quos deinde secutus IRegius egregia Priam! de stirpe Diores;' Hune Salius simul et Patron, quorum alter Acarnan, Alter ab Arcadlo Tegeaeae sanguine geutis; Turn duo Trinacrii juvenes, Ilelymus Panopesque, 300 Assueti silvis, comites senioris Aeestae; Multi praeterea, quos fama obscura recondit. Aeneas quibus in mediis sic deinde locutus: "Accipite haec animis, laetasque advertite mentes: "Nemo ex hoc numero mihi non donatus abibit. 305 "Guosia bina dabo levato lucida ferro "Spicula, caelatamque argento ferre bipennem; "Omnibus hic erit unus honos. Tres praemia primi "Accipient, flavaque caput ilectentur oliva. "Primus equum phaleris insignem victor habeto, 310 "Alter Amazoniam, pharetram plenamque sagittis "1Threlciis, lato quam circumplectitur auro "1Balteus, et tereti subuectit fibula gemma; "11Tertius Argolica hac galea contentus abito." 294. Primi. "1Foremost."' 296. Pueri; 1. e., Eur-yalus. 297. Regius. "Of royal blood " be-. cause Diores was a son of Priam. 299. Ab. See on 45. 305. iMihi non donatus. " Unrewarded by me." For the dat., see A. 232, a; G. 352; 11.8388, 4. 306. Dabo. Ouiiqw is implied in &ina, which is here used in its proper sonse as a distributive. 807, Ferre. Poet, for feredam, as In 948, 262, &C. 808. Pr~aemia; 1. e., special rewards or prizes. 312. Auro. Abl. of character, or description, with balteus. So also gemma with fibula. ARKOR. AENEIDOS LIB. V. 177 Haec ubi dicta, locum capiunt, signoque repente 315 Corripiunt spatia audito, limenque relinquunt, Effusi nimbo similes; simul ultima signant. Primus abit longeque ante omnia corpora Nisus Emicat, et ventis et fulminis ocior alis; Proximus huic, longo sed proximus intervallo, 320 Insequitur Salius; spatio post deinde relicto Tertius Euryalus; Euryalumque Helymus sequitur; quo deinde sub ipso Ecce volat calcemque terit jam calce Diores, Incumbens humero; spatia et si plura supersint, 325 Transeat elapsus prior, ambiguumque relinquat. Jamque fere spatio extremo fessique sub ipsam Finem adventabant, levi cum sanguine Nisus Labitur infelix, caesis ut forte juvencis Fusus humum viridesque super madefecerat herbas. 330 Hie juvenis jam victor ovans vestigia presso Haud tenuit titubata solo, sed pronus in ipso Concidit immundoque fimo sacroque cruore. Non tamen Euryali, non ille oblitus amorum; Nam sese opposuit Salio per lubrica surgens; 335 Ille autem spissa jacuit revolutus arena. 315. Locum = "their places." hind." The common reading is armbi316. Corripiunt spatia = "they dash guumve, and the translation, "or would off on the course." have left him uncertain (of the victory)." 317. Nimbo similes. "Like a tem- Some consider ambiguum an indefinite pest.".... Ultima (sc. spatia); i. e., the neuter, translating, " or would have left it endl of the course, the goal, upon which (i. e., the thing, the result) uncertain." they keep their eyes fixed. The MSS. are said to unanimously sup318. Om n ia corpora. Nearly= port the former reading, and Conington 4Omnes. Corpora is thus used for persons I and others have successfully explained it. in II. 18. I The partial repetition of the thought is 319. Flaminins alis. The thunder- i little objection to the interpretation. bolt was sometimes represented with 329. Ut forte = " as it happened that." wings, especially on coins. This is better than to make ut = ubi, 321. Post. An adverb (or, sc. eum, a "where," as Virgil has no other instance prep.) with relicto.... Deinde. With of such a use of it; although it is thus sequitur understood. transferred to place once or twice in Ca. 323. Quo sub ipso = "close behind tullus. whom.".30. Super. An adverb. 325-6. Supersint, transeat. The! 332. Presso solo. Abl. absolute, depresent subjunctive used poetically for the noting time. pluperfect, for greater animation.... Am-. 3.35. Lubrica. Sc. loca..biguumque relinquat. "And would 336. Spissa arena. These words are have left him, (who is now) doubtful, be- not strictly applicable to the place. Cf. 287. 178 P. VII? G ILII M3A RO0NIS Ernicat Euryalus, et munere victor amici Prima tenet, plausuque volat fremituque secundo. Post Helymus subit, et nune tertia palma Diores. lie totum. caveae consessum, ingentis et ora 340 Prima patrum magnis Salius clamoribus implet, Ereptumque dolo reddi sibi poscit honorem. Tutatur favor Euryalum., lacrimaeque decorae, Gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus. Adjuvat et magna proclamat voce Diores, 345. Qui subiit palmae, frustraque ad praemia -venit Ultima, si prirni Salio reddantur honores. Turn pater Aeneas, "1Vestra," inquit, "1munera vobis "Certa manent, pueri, et palmam. movet ordine nemo; "Me liceat casus miserari insontis amici." 350 Sic fatus tergum Gaetuli immanie leonis Dat Salio, villis onerosum atque unguibus aureis. lie Nisus, "1Si tanta," inquit, " sunt praern-ia Yictis, "Et te lapsorum. miseret, quae munera Niso "Digna dabis, primam, merni qui laude coronam, 355, "Ni me, quae Salium, fortuna inimica tulisset? Et simul his dictis faciem, ostentabat et udo Turpia membra fimo. iRisit pater optimus oll, Et clipeum. efferri jussit, Didymaonis artes, Neptuni sacro Danais de poste refixum. 360. Floc juvenem, egregium. praestanti munere donat. 339. Palma. See last def. in Lex. 354. Niso; i. e., mihM. 340. Hlic. Adverb.... ra prima 355. Laude. " By my merit," as in I. patrurn. The senators and other dis- 461.A.leruti. A. 308, b; G. 599, R. 2; 11. tinguished persons occupied the front 5,1.... Coronam. Lit. Cf. 309, above. seats In the Roman theatre. The combi- 51356. Construe, Ni (eadem) inimiceafornation ore implet is here very harsh. Cf. tuna, quae (tulit) Salium, tulisset me.... with d~ft'undit in ora, TV. 195. Have the Tulisset = "had attended." Some think expressions any thing in common beyond it = abstulisset, "had borne me away their form? (from it);" I. e., prevented my getting it. 344. Yenien.s. "1Appearing." 8 58. 0111. With risit. A. 227, c; G. 347; 345. Ad~juvat. Sc. eum 1.H.385, 1. 346. Sit b i i t = " succeeded to. 8... 59. Efferri; I. e., from the ships. -Frutstra, &c. It will be remembered Artes. Poet. plur. that only the first three were to have, 360. Neptitni - refixutm. Perhaps the prizes (cf. 308); and if Salius is ruled out, shield had been taken from the temple of Diores is of course third in the contest. Neptune at Troy by the followers of Pyr349. Ordine; i. e., from the order of Irhus, and had been presented to Aeneas succession already determined, by Helenus. AENVEIDOS LIB. V. Post, ubi confecti cursus, et do-na peregit: "Nunc, Si cui virtus animusque in pectore praesens, "Adsit, et evinctis attollat brachia palmis." Sic alt, et geminum pugnae proponit honorem: Victori velatum auro vittisque juvencum, Ensem atque insignem galeam solatia victo. Nec mora; continuo vastis cum viribus effert Ora Dares, magnoque viruim se murmure tollit; Solus qui Paridem solitus contendere contra, Jdemque ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector, Victorem Buten immani corpore, qul se Bebrycia veniens Amyci de gente ferebat, Perculit et fulva moribundum extendit arena. Tails prima Dares caput altum in proelia tollit, Ostenditque humeros latos, alternaque jactat Brachia protendens, et verberat ictibus auLras. Quaeritur huic alius; nec quisquam ex agmine tanto Audet adire virum manibusque inducere cestus. Ergo alacris, dunctosque putans excedere palma, Aeneae stetit ante pedes, nec plura moratus, Turn laeva taurum cornu tenet, atque ita fatur: "Nate dea, si nemo audet se credere pugnae, "Quae finis standi? quo me decet usque teneri? "Dutbere dona jube." Cuncti simul ore fremebant 365. 370 375, 380 385 362. P er e g i t = " has distributed,"more literally " has gone through with." 364. Eviinctis palmi.sR; 1. e., with the ce8tu8. The case is an abi. absolute. 366. J'elatuem aicro. An allusion to the not unfrequent custom of gilding the horns of bullocks intended for sacrifice. The zeugma in velatum will be noticed. 370. Paridem. The later poets attribute d agility, strength, and daring to Paris, and even Homer allows him a share of bravery. 372. Qui -ferebat. The common interpretation is, "who as being descended (veniens, lit., coming) from the Bebrycian race of Amycus exalted himself;" I. e., more freely, " who boasted of being a descendant," &c;. Yeniens, instead of ve'ni entem, is explained as in note on MI 377. conington, however, joining immani corpore with the succeeding clause, makes some strong points for the following explanation of the difficult passage: " who stalked along with giant bulk, coming (as he did to Troy), one of the Bebrycian house of Am ycns." A fine illustration of the occasional uncertainty of words. 380. Alaeris. Masc. A. 84, N; H. 158, N. 2.... EBxcedeire patina; i. e., were declining the contest. 381. Ptura. Adverbially. 384. Finis. In reference to time. Observe the gender, which in Virgil is sometimes masculine and sometimes feminine..... qduo - usque. Separated by tmesis. 38. Ducere. Sc. me as the subject. 180 P. VIR GILII MAR ONIS Dardanidae, reddique viro promissa jubebant. Hic gravis Entellum dictis castigat Acestes, Proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbae: "Entelle, heroum quondam fortissime frustra, "Tantane tam patiens nullo certamine tolli 31 " Dona sines? ubi nunc nobis dens ille magister "Nequidquam memoratus Eryx? ubi fama per omnem " Trinacriam, et spolia illa tuis pendentia tectis?" Ille sub haec: " Non laudis amor, nec gloria cessit "Pulsa metu; sed enim gelidus tardante senecta 3( "Sanguis hebet, frigentque effetae in corpore vires. "Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat, quaque improbus iste "Exsultat fidens, si nunc foret illa juventas, "Haud equidem pretio inductus pulchroque juvenco Venissem, nec dona moror." Sic deinde locutus 4( In medium geminos immani pondere cestus Projecit, quibus acer Eryx in proelia suetus Ferre manum duroque intendere brachia tergo. Obstupuere animi: tantorum ingentia septem Terga boum plumbo insuto ferroque rigebant. 4C Ante omnes stupet ipse Dares, longeque recusat; Magnanimusque Anchisiades et pondus et ipsa Huc illuc vinclorum immensa volumina versat. Tum senior tales referebat pectore voces: "Quid, si quis cestus ipsius et Herculis arma 41 "Vidisset, tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam? *Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat; )0 95 )0 )5.0 387. Gravis = graviter. 389. Frustra. Cf. II. 348. 391. Nobis. An ethical dative. Construe the following words, (est) ille deus Eryxx, memoratus nequidquam (tuus) magister.... Deus = "god-like." 392. Memoratus = "celebrated;" i. e., by us, or by you.... Eryx. See on 24. He was the instructor of Entellus in boxing. The simple meaning of the question appears to be, Of what value to you now Is the fame of such a master? 395. Sed enim. See on I. 19.,97. Fuerat. For erat.....Qa. With fidens. A. 254,b; G. 345, R. 1; H. 425, 1;1), N. 400. Nee dona moror= "nor do I care for the prizes." 403. Intendere - tergo. See on II. 236, and IV. 506. 406. Longe 'ecusat = "(shrinking) far back declines (the contest)." This ordinary sense of longe is best. 407. Pondus-volumina. These form a zeugma with versat, which with the one = "feels" or "tries," with the other = "turns over." 411. Tristem. Explained in note on 2', above. AENEIDOS LIB. V18 181 "Sanguine cernis adhuc sparsoque infecta cerebro;"His magnum Alciden contra stetit; his ego suetus, "Dum melior vires sanguis dabat, aemula needum "Temporibus geminis canebat sparsa senectus. "Sed si nostra Dares hac Trolus arma recusat, "Jdque pio sedet Aeneae, probat auictor Acestes, "Aequemus pugnas. Erycis tibi terga remitto.; "Solve metus; et tu Trojanos exule cestus." Haec fatus duplicem ex humeris rejecit amlictum, Et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa lacertosque Exuit, atque ingens media consistit arena. Turn satus Anchisa cestus pater extulit aequos, Et paribus palmas amiborum innexuit armis. Constitit in digitos extemplo arrectus uterque, Brachiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras. Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu, Immiseentque manus manibus, pugiiamque lacessunt. Vie pedum melior motu, fretusque juventa,4 Ilic membris et mole valens; sed tarda trementi G'enna labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artus. Al ulta vini nequidquam inter se vulnera jactant, IMulta cavo lateri ingeminant et pectore -vastos Dant sonitus, erratque aures et tempora circum 4 Crebra manus, duro crepitant sub vulnere malae. Stat gravis Entellus nisuique immotus eodem, Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit. Ille, velut celsam oppugnat qui molibus urbem, 115 1t2o 125 [30 M3 413. Sanguine - cerebro; i. e., of those whom Eryx had vanquished. 414. Suetus. Sc. pugnare. 418. Ird. This is referred by some to aequemu8 pugna8, by others to an antecedent implied in the previous clause.... Sedet. Cf. ii. 6600..Auctor. "My adviser." 419. Terga, =gauntlets." 423. EBxuit. Sc. vestibus. The prose construction is txste exuit artibu8. Cf. A. 225, d; G. 348; H. 384, 2. 426. In digitos. With arrectus. 429. immniscent, &c. The prelimi. nary sparring. 431. Miembr-is et mole. Some say a hendiadys. See on L. 61. 4.32. Aegeir - "difficult." 4.38. Vselnei-a = verbera or ictus, by metonymy. 434. Multa (rulnerd). This may be the object of ingeminant. or the subject of both verbs,-the former being then intransitive and perhaps preferable. 438. Tela. A.237, d; H. 386, 3. 4:39. Miolibus = machi ni&s 182 182 P. VIRGILII 3IARONIS Ant montana sedet circum castella sub armis, 440 Nune 11os, nune illos aditus, onenemque pererrat Arte locum, et variis assultibus irritus urguet. Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus et alte Extulit; ille ictum. venientern a vertice velox Praevidit, celerique elapsus corpore cessit: 445. Entellus vires in ventum effudit, et ultro Ipse gravis graviterque ad terrain pondere vasto Concidit: ut quondam cava concidit ant Erymantho, Ant Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus. Consurgunt studues Teucri et Trinacria pubes; 450 It clamor coelo, primusque accurrit Acestes, Aequaevnmque ab humo miserans attollit amicum. At non tardatus casn neque territus heros Acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira. Tum pudor incendit vires et conscia virtus, 455, Praecipitemque Daren ardens agit aequore toto, Nune dextra ingeminans ictus, nune ille sinistra. Nec mora, nee requies: quam multa grandine nimbi Culminibus crepitant, sic densis ictibus heros Creber utraque mann, pulsat -versatque Dareta. 460; Tum pater Aeneas procedere longins iras Et saevire animis Entellum hand passus acerbis; Sed fiinem imposuit pugnae, fessumque Dareta Eripuit, mulcens dictis, ac talia fatur: "1Infelix, quae tanta animum dementia cepit? 46 5 "1Non vires alias conversaque numina sentis? "Cede deo!" iDixitque, et proelia voce diremit. 440. Sedet - sub armis; i. e., to be- 454. ITra. Probably the ablative. siege it. 47 1e e nL3 444. A vertice. As in T. 114. 5eonL3 446. Ultro = "1of his own impulse." 458. Quam mtulta. "With as much." Some translate 11moreover," others say 460. Da reta. Cf. this form of the acc. "contrary to expectation." with that in 4565. 448. CJava. ' Hollow by reason of age, 46 7e la;1. hna h e thus applicable to Entellus, whose fall 466in. The lidas iay be, thant thmebe was to be attributed to Inward decay and ginning. Thwer Idasit maytelthaom not to external violence.' dvn oe sit nels 450. Studiis. "With eager feelings."l 467. IDeo. " To the deity," or "1to the 451. Coelo. A. 22, b; G. 344, It. 3; HI. will of heaven." Some refer the word to 880, II. 4. Eryx. AENEIDOS LIB. V. 183 Ast ilium fidi aequales, genua aegra trahentem, Jactantemque utroque caput, crassumque cruorem Ore ejectantem mixtosque in sanguine dentes, 470 Ducunt ad naves; galeamque ensemque vocati Accipiunt; palmam Entello taurumque relinquunt. Hie victor, superans animis tauroque superbus: "Nate dea, vosque haec," inquit, " cognoscite, Teucri, "Et milli quae fuerint juvenali in corpore vires, 475 " Et qua servetis revocatum a morte Dare.ta." Dixit, et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci, Qui donum adstabat pugnae, durosque reducta Libravit dextra media inter cornua cestus, Arduus, effractoque illsit in ossa cerebro. 480 Sternitur exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos. Ille super tales effundit pectore voces: " Hanc tibi, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Daretis "Persolvo; hic victor cestus artemque repono." Protinus Aeneas celeri certare sagitta 485 Invitat qul forte velint, et praemia ponit, Ingentique manu malum de nave Seresti Erigit, et volucrem trajecto in fune columbam, Quo tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab alto. Convenere vin, dejectamque aerea sortem 490 471. Vocati; i.e., the aequales, who represent Dares. Cf. 244, seq. 472. Palmam. To be taken literally. Cf- 111. 473. Hie. An adverb. Cf. I. 728.... Superans animis = "elated in spirit." 476. Servetis revocatum. See on I. 69. 478. Donum pugnae = praemium victoriae. 480. Arduus = * rising to the stroke.'"....Illisit. Sc. eos. 482. Super; i. e., over the animal. 484. Repono. "I lay aside." 487. Ingenti tmanu. Indicating heroic stature and strength. 488. TraJecto in fune = "by a cord - - passed through." PHRTGIAK AMAZON. 184 P. VIR GILII MA R ONIS Accepit galea; et primus clamore secundo Hyrtacidae ante omnes exit locus Hippocoontis; Quem modo navali Mnestheus certamine victor Consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus oliva. Tertius Eurytion, tuus, o clarissime, frater, Pandare, qui quondam, jussus confundere foedus, In medios telum torsisti primus Achivos. Extremus galeaque ima subsedit Acestes, Ausus et ipse manu juvenum tentare laborem. Tur validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus Pro se quisque viri, et depromunt tela pharetris. Primaque per coelum nervo stridente sagitta Hyrtacidae juvenis volucres diverberat auras; Et venit, adversique infigitur arbore mali. Intremuit malus, timuitque exterrita pennis Ales, et ingenti sonuerunt omnla plausu. Post acer Mnestheus adducto constitit arcu, Alta petens, pariterque oculos telumque tetendit. Ast ipsam miserandus avem contingere ferro Non valuit; nodos et vincula linea rupit, Quis innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto; Illa notos atque atra volans in nubila fugit. Turn rapidus, jamdudum arcu contenta parato Tela tenens, fratrem Eurytion in vota vocavit, 495 500 505 510 492. 1ocus. The place in the sense of the lot determining the place or order in which the archer should shoot. 493. Mo d o. " Lately,"-with victor. Mnestheus was only the second winner. 496. Jussus; i. e., by Minerva. 498. Acestes; i. e., the lot of Acestes. 499. Et = etiam. 501. Pro se = "according to his strength.".... Quisque. A. 202, d; G. 202, R. 1, I; H. 461, 502. Nervo stridente. Abl. absolute. 505. Timuit. This verb, owing to the peculiarity of its limitation by pennis, is = "showed its fear." For the construction of pennis, see A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. '506. Plausu; i. e., of the spectators. Some refer it to the bird's wings, but the epithets ingenti and omnia seem inconsis tent with this. 507. Adducto = "close drawn;" i. e., the arrow drawn to the head. 508. Alta petens = " aiming on high." Oculos - tetendit. Is there necessarily a zeugma here? Cf. II. 405, and 489, above. 511. Qutis. A. 104, d; G. 103, R; H. 187, ft. n. 5.... Pedem. Greek ace. 512. Notos. The object of the following in. For a similar irregularity in position, see II. 654. 513. Jamdudum - parato = "now for some time stretched on the ready bow." % 514. Tela. Plur. for the singular.... Fratrem; i.e., Pandarus who is invoked as a deified hero and patroa of archery.... In vota. See on 284. AENEIDOS LIB. V. 186 Jam vacuo laetam coelo speculatus, et alis 515, Plaudentem nigra figit sub nube columbam. iDecidit exanimis, vitamque reliquit in astris Aetherlis, flxamque refert delapsa sagittam. Amissa solus palma superabat Acestes; Qui tamen a~irias telum contendit in auras, 520 Ostentans artemiquc pater arcumique sonaitem. lie oculis subitum objicitur magnoque fuiturum, Augurio monstrum; docuit post exitus ingens, Seraque terrifici cecinerunt omina vates. Namque volans liquidis in nubibus arsit arundo, 52ti Signavitque viam. flammis, tenuesque recessit Consumpta in ventos; coelo ceu saepe refixa Transcurrunt crrnemique volantia sidera ducunt. Attonitis haesere animis, Superosque precati Trinacrii Teucrique vini; nec maximus omen 530, Abnuit Aeneas; sed laetum amplexuis Acesten Muneribus cumulat magnis, ac talia fatur: "Sume, pater; nam te voluit rex magnus Olympi "Talibus auspiclis exsortem ducere honorem. "Ipsius Anchisae longaevi hoc munus habebis, 535, "Cratera impressum signis, queni Thracius olim "Anchisae genitori in ma~gno munere Cisseus "Ferre sui dederat monumentum. et pignus amoris." Sic fatus cingit viridanti tempora lauro, Et primum ante omines victorem appellat Acesten. 540 518. Aetheriis. See on I. 608. to some legendary fact in Sicilian histor3 519. Amissa; i. e., to Acestes. with which we are unacquainted. 5524. Subitum, &c. Construe, mon — 524. Sera - vates. The soothsayers strum mUitum, futurumque magno augu- saw the connection between the omen and H'o,.c.....Magno augurio = "of great the event foreshadowed, only after the portent." latter had occurred, when It was too late 523. Docuit - ingens. "The great to avert the evil. This is probably the event afterwards explained it." This meaning.... Ceeinerunt = "explained," passage has caused much perplexity, the by their inspired knowledge. event to which the words refer being un- 527. Coeto. "1From the sky,"-with determined. Some think the reference Is tefixa. to the burning of the ships soon after; i 534. Eaxsortem honorem = "an exothers suppose it to be to the wars in: traordinary prize." Italy; others again to the war of the Ro- 537. In - munere = in munus, or mumans against the Carthaginians and Sicil- neri. lans. It is not unlikely that Virgil alludes 53. Terre. See on 247.... Sui. "IOf 186 186 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Nec bonus Eurytioti praelato invidit bonori, Q uamvis solus avem coelo dejecit ab alto. Proximus ingreditur donis, qui vincula rupit; Extremus, volucri qui fixit arundine malum. At pater Aeneas, nothdum certamine misso, Custodem ad sese comitemique impubis lul Epytiden vocat. et fid.1m sic fatur ad aurem: "Vade, age, et Ascanjo, Si jam puerile paratum "Agmen babet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum, "]Ducat avo turmnas, et sese ostendat in armis, "Die," ait. Ipse omnern longo decedere circo Infusum. populum et campos jubet esse patentes. Incedunt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum iFrenatis lucent in equis, quos omnis euntes Trinacriae mirata fremit Trojaeque juventus. Omnibus in morem tonsa coma pressa corona; Cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro; -Pars leves humero pharetras; it pectore summo iFlexilis obtorti per collum. circulus auri. Tres equitum. numero turmae, ternique vagantur IDuctores; pueri bis seni quemique secuti 545 550 555 560 himself," with monumentum. It mighrt, however, be regarded as the adj. pron. with amnwi8. 541. Bonus = "good-natured," ' generous." 543. Proxirnus -donis. This is variously rendered by "1He next enters on (I. e., attains) the gifts;" "he advances next in (the value of) his gifts;" " he advances (honored) with gifts," &c. The first interpretation, that of conington, is the simplest, and perhaps the best. 545. N on d'em -rn&i s so. Aeneas wishes to surprise the spectators by the show that is to follow, and hence, before the conclusion of the shooting-match, gives private directions for its appearance at the right moment. 548. Ascanio. With die, below.... Si - equorum. These words imply that Ascanlus has not been present at the games, but has been arranging for the appearance of his troops, In accordance with previous instructions. 550. Ducat. A. 331, f. R; G. 546, R.3; H. 499. 2... Avo = in honor of his grandfather." 554. Quos. The object of mirata, not of frernit, which does not take a personal object. 556. Tonsa -pressa coronta. "Was hound with a trimmed garland;" i e. with a garland of leaves, trimmed or stripped from the branch. Tonsa corona is = corona tonsae frondis, and may be rendered simply " a garland of leaves." Commentators are unable to satisfactorily reconcile this statement with verse 678, below, where we learu that Ascanlus wore a helmet. 558. Pectore 8ummo. Abl. of situation. 560. Tres, &c. Construe, turrnae equiturn (unet) tras8 nurnero.... Terni = tre8..... Vagantur = "Ride to and fro." 561. Bits seni pueri. There were therefore thirty-six boys in all, besides the three leaders. AENJEIDOS LIB. V. 3 187 VIEW IN CRIETE-NOUNT IDA. Agmi ne partito fulgent, paribusque magistris. Una acies juvenum, ducit quam parvus ovautem Nornen an] refereiis Priairnus, tua clara, Polite, Progenfies, auctura Italos; quern Thracius albis 565 Portat equtns bicolor maculis, vestigia primi Alba peclis frontemque ostentaus arduus albarn. Alter Atys, genus nude Atli duxere Latini, Parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus lulo. Extremus, formaque ante omnes pulicher, Julus 570 Sidonjo est invectus equo, quem candida Dido, Esse sui dederat monurneniturn et pignus amoris. 562. Agminec - nmsqistris. Both abl. 565. Auctura I1talos;. i.e., by Ins, absolute. The sense of the hune may he descendants, and as the founder of a city. thus given. "They present agay appear- I lie was said to have separated from ance in separate companies and with like A eneas, after his arrival in Italy, and to captains." Agmine includes all, and the have founded t~he city of Politorium, majistri are the ductores of the preced- named after his father. ing line. This appears to be the best cx- 560. VesRtifgia pr'i"'6 1)edis 1 "fore lplanation of a very perplexing verse. the Ffeet." 1precise meaning of which cannot be de- 567: Arduuse. Of the head alone. f ermined with certainty. 56. Atys. Mentioned out of compli563. Qutani. Supply est before thie, ment to Augustus, whose mother belonged after aciese,-" (is that) which." to the Atian gens.,564. Polite. See II. 526. 1,. 572. -Esse siti, &c. Cf. 538. 188 P. VIR GILII MIAR ONIS Cetera Trinacriis pubes senioris Acestae Fertur equis. Excipiunt plausu pavidos, gaudentque tuentes Dardanidae, veterumque agnoscunt ora parentum. Postquam omnem laeti consessum oculosque suorum Lustravere in equis, signum clamore paratis Epytides longe dedit, insonuitque flagello. Olli discurrere pares, atque agmina terni Diductis solvere choris, rursusque vocati Convertere vias infestaque tela tulere. Inde alios ineunt cursus aliosque recursus Adversis spatiis, alternosque orbibus orbes Impediunt, pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis; Et nunc terga fuga nudant, nunc spicula vertunt Infensi, facta pariter nunc pace feruntur. Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta Parietibus textum caecis iter, ancipitemque Mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi 575 580 585 590 575. Pavidos; i.e., through boyish timidity and modesty. 576. Veterur = " elder," or ' more advanced in years." 580-2. Olli - tulere. Thus far the boys passed in review m three distinct squadrons (turmae), as is evident from lines 560 seq. We may suppose the twelve boys of each squadron to have been arranged m ranks of three and files of four. This order was then suddenly broken up, the squadrons separating into the ranks of which they were composed, but these ranks remaining unbroken, and acting as units. We may further suppose the ranks of two of the squadrons to have gone in one direction and to have formed into line, while the ranks of the other went in the opposite direction and also drew up in line. One squadron was thus arrayed against the other two, which were acting mutually in the capacity of allies. When the command was given the two lines then advanced upon each other. We may therefore translate, "They galloped apart in equal ranks (pares), and thus broke up their squadrons (agmina = turmas) into separate bands (didctLis chorls, I. e ranks), three by three," &c. This and the following passage have presented great difficulties to commentators, and numerous interpretations have been presented. The one here given appears the most consistent, but any definite picture of the movements must come as much from the imagination as from the words of the text. Certainly the most consoling, and perhaps one of the wisest remarks on a portion of this description, is one of Conington, expressing his he lief that the words "are purposely rather indefinite." 583-5. Inde - armis. "Then they enter upon other charges and other retreats, opposed in point of ground, and involve alternately circles within circles, and present the (various) aspects of a battle under arms." 587. Pariter = ''side by side." 589. Caecis. "Blind;" i.e., without door or window..... Ancipitem - dornm = ' a treacherous maze of a thousand passages." 590. Signa - fatlcret = "rendered deceptive the marks of advancing;" i. e., of tracking one's way. AENEIDOS LIB. V.18 189 Falleret indeprensus et irremeabilis error; Haud alio Teucriutm nati vestigia cursu Impediunt, texuntque fugas et proelia ludo, Deiphinum similes, qui per maria humida nando 594 Carpatlhium Libycatmque secant [luduntque per undas]. Hune morem cursus atque haee certamina primus Ascanius, Lorngam muris quum cingeret Alibam, iRctulht, et priscos docuit celebrare Latinos, Quo puer ipse niodo, secum quo Trofla pubes; Albani docuere silos; hine maxima porro 600 Aecepit Roma, et patrium ser-Navit hionorem; Trojaque nunc, pueri Trojanum dicitur agmen. ilac celebrata tenuis sancto certamina patri. lie primum FortUna fidem mutata novavit. Dum varils tumulo referunt solemnia ludis, 605 Irim de coelo misit Saturnia Juno Mlacam ad classem, ventosque adspirat eunti, Multa movens, needum antiqnum saturata dolorem. 111a, viam celerans per mulle coloribus arcum, Nulli visa, cito decurrit tramite virgo. 610 Conspicit ingentem concursum, et litora lustrat, Desertosque videt portus classemque relictam. 595. Carpathiurn -Libyciumque. Sc. pelagus. 598. lietulit. "Renewed." 59.9. IFpse; i. e., celebraverat.".. Pitbiesq; i. C., celebraverant. 600. Suos. Sc. puero8. 601. Patrium honor-em - the ancestral observance." 602. Trojaque nune. "And now (the game is called) Troy."....Dicitur agrees with the predicate nominative eq. men. A. 204, b; G. 202, exc. 3; H. 462. This game was frequently exhibited at Rome under the Empire. 603. RMae - tenu8. Separated by tineBIB. 604. Fidem novavit; i. e. became treacherous. 605. lieferunt solemnia. "1Are paying the solemn funeral honors." II SHIP WITH TOWER. 607. Ventos - eunti; i. e., wafts her 'on her way by favoring winds. 609. lila; i e., Iris....Coloribus. Abl. of description with arcum. 610. Cito. An adjective with tramnite. 616. Super&sse. Compare deesitere, I. 37. A. 274; G. 534; H. 53. III. 190 P. VIRGILII. MARONIS At procul in sola secretae Troades acta Amissumn Anchisen flebant, cunctaeque profundum Pontum adspectabant flentes. Heu tot vada fessis 615 Et tantum superesse maris! vox omnibus una. Urbem orant; taedet pelagi perferre laborem. Ergo inter medias sese hand ignara nocendi Conjicit, et faciemque deae vestemque reponit; Fit Beroe, Tmarii conjux longaeva Dorycli, 620 Cui genus et quondam nomen natique fuissent; Ac sic Dardanidum mediam se matribus infert: "0 miserae, quas non manus," inquit, "Achaica bello "Traxerit ad letum patriae sub moenibus! o gens " Infelix, cui te exitio Fortuna reservat? 625 "Septima post Trojae excidium jam vertitur aestas, "Quum freta, quum terras omnes, tot inhospita saxa " Sideraque emensae ferimur, dum per mare magnum " Italiam sequimur fugientem, et volvimur undis. " Hic Erycis fines fraterni, atque hospes Acestes: 630 " Quis prohibet muros jacere et dare civibus urbem? "0 patria et rapti nequidquam ex hoste Penates, " Nullane jam Trojae dicentur moenia? nusquam "i Hectoreos amnes, Xanthum et Simoenta, videbo? " Quin agite, et mecum infaustas exurite puppes. 635 "Nam mihi Cassandrae per somnum vatis imago "Ardentes dare visa faces: 'Hie quaerite Trojam; "' Hie domus est,' inquit, ' vobis.' Jam tempus agi res, 621. Cui. Referring to Beroe.... Ge- I been (and still are) borne onward. Quum nus; i. e., nobie ancestry.....Fuissent. thus refers to the whole period. The relative clause denotes the reason 628. Emensae. This governs the four why Beroe is personated,-hence the sub- preceding nouns, and is of course another junctive. A. 320, e; G. 633; H. 517. instance of zeugma. Conington joins 622. Dardanidum. See on I. 565. saxa and uidera with this participle, but freta and terras with ferimur, citing the 4. raxert For the mood ee on. parallel expression in I. 524. This appears far less natural. 626. Septima aestas. See I. 755. i 630. Fraterni. See on 24. The seventh summer has not yet fairly 6.33. Nulla- moenia; i.e., shall the changed into winter. See also Argument to name of Troy never be revived? thirdbook.... Vertitur = "is passing." 638. am - es "there s now an p627. Quum) ferimur. The logical force portunity for action." Res is of course of these words may be thus shown: it is the subject of the infin. agi, and est is to be now seven years during which we have! supplied. A. 270, b; G. 429, R. 3; H. 538, AENEIDOS LIB. V. 191 "Nec tantis mora prodigiis. En quatuor arae "Neptuno; deus ipse faces animumque ministrat." IIaec memorans prima infensum vi corripit ignem, Sublataque procul dextra connixa coruscat, Et jacit. Arrectae mentes stupefactaque corda Iliadum. Hic una e multis, quae maxima natu, Pyrgo, tot Priami natorum regia nutrix: "Non Beroe vobis, non haec Rhoeteia, matres, "Est Dorycli conjux; divini signa decoris "Ardentesque notate oculos; qui spiritus illi, "Qui vultus, vocisque sonus, et gressus eunti. "Ipsa egomet dudum Beroen digressa reliqui "Aegram, indignantem, tali quod sola careret "Munere, nec meritos Anchisae inferret honores." Haec effata. At matres primo ancipites, oculisque malignis Ambiguae spectare rates miserum inter amorem Praesentis terrae fatisque vocantia regna: Quum dea se paribus per coelumn sustulit alis, Ingentemque fuga secult sub nubibus arcum. Turn vero attonitae monstris actaeque furore Conclamant, rapiuntque focis penetralibus ignem; Pars spoliant aras, frondem ac virgulta facesque Conjiciunt. Furit immissis Vulcanus habenis Transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes. Nuntius Anchisae ad tumulum cuneosque theatri Incensas perfert naves Eumelus, et ipsi 640 650 655 660 665 639. MJora. Sc. sit.... Quatuor arae. Perhaps these had been erected by the captains of the four ships before engaging in the race. 646. Vobis. Ethical dative. 648. Spiritts = "a divine air." Sc. est. 652. Itnferret. See on III. 6. 655. Ambiguae = " hesitating,"-limited by inter amorem, &c....Spectare. Historical infinitive. 656. Fatis. "In accordance with destiny." 658. Secuit arcumr = "sped her way along the bow,"-thus returning the same way she descended. 659. Turn vero. The discovery that a goddess has been their adviser removes the last scruples and completes their frenzy. 660. Focis penetralibus. "From the inner hearths (of the neighboring dwellings)." The fire on the altars was not sufficient. 661.' Frondenm. "Boughs," - those that had decked the altars.,663. Abiete. "Of fir." 665. Incensas naves. A. 292, a; G. 667, R. 2; H. 549, N. 2. 192 192P. VIR GIL II MIA RO0NIS Respiciunt atram in nimbo volitare favillam. Primus et Ascanius, cursus ut laetus equestres Ducebat, sic acer equo turbata petivit Castra, nec exanimes possunt retinere magistri. 669 "1Quis furor iste novus? quo nunc, quo tenditis," inquit, "Heie miserae cives? non hostem inimicaque castra "Argivfrn., vestras spes uritis. En, ego vester "Ascanius!" Galeam ante pedes projecit inanem, Qua ludo indutus belli simulacra ciebat. Accelerat simnul Aeneas, simul agmina Teucrutrn. 675 Ast illae diversa metu per litora passim Diffugiunt, silvasque et sicubi concava furtim. Saxa petunt; piget incepti lucisque, suosque Mutatae aguoscunt, excussaque pectore Juno est. Sed non ideirco flammae atque incendia vires 680 Indomitas posuere; udo sub robore vivit Stuppa vomens tardum furnum, lentusque carinas Est vapor, et toto descendit corpore pestis, Nec vires heroum infusaque fluinina prosuDnt. Turn pius Aeneas hurneris abscindere vestem, 685 Auxilioque vocare deos, et tendere palmas: "Jupiter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unurn " Trojanos, Si qnid pietas antiqua labores "Respicit humanos, da flammam e-vadere classi "Nune, Pater, et tenues Teucreim res eripe leto. 690 "Vel tn, quod superest, infesto fulmine morti, "Si mereor, demitte, tuaque hic obrue dextra." Vix haec ediderat, quum. effusis imbribus atra Tempestas sine more furit, tonitruque tremiscunt Ardua terrarum, et campi; ruit aethere toto 695 667. Lit - sic. He went just as he was. 685. A bscindere -vocare -tendere. 669. (Castra. Cf. III. 519, and IV. 604. Hisat, infinitives. -.Magistri = custodes8. See 546. 687. Exosus. Sc.e. m.... Ad unum 675. S1mul - si~mul. See on I. 518. "to a man' "7.Siui wherever (they are)." 688. Quid. With respicit, as an adver677 Scub =blal accusative. They are together "has 681. Fivit; 1. e., keeps burning, any regard for." 689. Classi. With da. 682. Stutppa. With which the seam~s 691. Qsitod sitperest. "1That whichi were caulked. (alone) remains; " i. e., to complete my 683. Est. See on IV. 66. misfortune. AENEIDOS L113. V.19 193 Turbidus imber aqua densisque nigerrirnus austris; Implenturque super puppes; semiusta madescunt Robora; restinctus donec vapor ornuis, et omnes, Quatuor amissis, servatae a peste carinae. At pater Aeneas, casu concussus acerbo, 700 Nune hue ingentes nune illuc pectore curas Mutabat versans, Siculisne resideret arvris, Oblitus fatorum, Italasne capesseret oras. Turn senior Nautes, unum Tritonia Pallas Quern docuit multaque insignem reddidit arte-. 705 Hac responsa dabat, vel quae portenderet ira Magna defu'r, vel. quae fatorum posceret ordoIsque his Aenean solatus vocibus infit: "Nate dea, quo fata trahbant rctraliuntque, sequaniur; " Quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est. 710 "Est tibi Dardanius divinae stirpis Acestes: "iunc cape consiliis socium et conj unge volentemn "Iuic trade, amissis superant qui navibus, et quos "Pertaesurn magni incepti rerurnque tuarurn est; "Longaevosque senes ac fessas aequore matres, 715 "Et quidquid tecurn invalidum metuensque pericli est, "Delige, et his habeant ter'ris sine moenia fessi; "Urbem appella-bunt perrnisso nomine Acestarn." Talibus incensus dictis senioris arnici, Turn vero in curas animo diducitur omnes. 720 Et Nox atra polurn bigis subvecta tenebat: 697. Super = desuper, —" from above." 702. JVersaszs Siculisne, &c. "Deliberating whether," &c. 704. Untim. See on I. 15. 705. Arte. "1Skill;" 1. e., in prophecy. 706. Maee; i. e., Pallas. This and the following line are parenthetical, introduced to explain the nature of the power given to Nautes by Pallas....abset. "Was accustomed to give." 708. Isqute "`and therefore he." An example of anacoluthon, as Naute8 above would naturally be the subject of irtflt. A. page 298; G. 694; H. 636, IV. 6. Thus Henry, Gossrau, Ladewig, Conington, and others, explain. 710. Cf. Horace, Od. XXIV. 1, 19: Levius rit patientia, quidquid corrigere est nefas. 711. Bat tibi "You have."... i v'innue stitrpis. See on 38, above. 713. Sup.1erant qui; i. e., those whom the loss of the four ships has rendered superfluous. 717. Habeant sine. See on 163. 718. P1ermnisso; i. e., by Aencas, as a compliment to Acestes. ' Acesta was that famous city of Sicily called Aegesta by Diodorus and Strabo, Egesta by Thiucyd. ides, and Segesta. by the later RomansA.' 194 P. VIRGJLJI MARONI3 Visa dehinc coelo facies delapsa parentis Anchisae subito tales effundere voces: "Nate, inihi vita quondam, dum vita manebat, "Care magis, ndate, Ilacis exereite fatis, 725 "Imperio J ovis hue venio, qui classibus ignem, "Depulit, et coelo tandem miseratus ab alto est. "Consilils pare, quae riune puicherrima Nautes, "Dat seuior; lectos juvenes, fortissima corda, "'Defer in Italiam; gens dura atque aspera cultu. 730 "Debellanda tibi Latie est. Ditis tamen ante "Infer-nas accede domos, et Averna per alta "Congressus pete, nate, meos. Noii me impia namque "Tartara habent tristesve umbrae, sed amoena piorum "Concilia Elysiumque colo. Hue casta Sibylla 735 "Nigrarum multo pecudum. te sanguine ducet. "Tum genus omne tuum, et quac dentur moenia, disces. "Jamque -vale; torquet medios Nox humida cursus, "Et me saevus equis Oriens afflavit anhelis." Dixerat, et tenues fugit, ceu fumus, in auras. 740 Aeneas, "1Quo" deinde "1ruis? quo proripis?" inquit, "1Quem, fugis? aut quis te nostris complexibus arcet? Haec memorans cinerem. et sopitos suscitat ignes, Pergam eumque Larem et canae penetralia Vestae Farre pio et plena supplex veneratur acerra. 745 7d28. -Puleher'riina. Construe with eonsiliiB. See on I. 419. 73.'3. Conq'ressiis mneoq -"an interview with me."' 'Helenus had told Aeneas that he would Fee the Sibyl at Cumae, and learn his destiny from her (HI. 444 seq.), hut had said nothing ahout going down to the shades. Assuming that it was necessary to bring him thither, we need not complain of the mode of effecting it here as inartificlal: s~till It looks almost like an after-thought, as Aeneas in effect learns his destiny not from the Sibyl hut from Anchises, and the very words in which her assistance is promised (MI. 458-9) are transferred to what is actually done by Anchises (VI. 890)-2).'-Conington. 736. Sangui-ne. AbI. of means or Instruament. 789. ftevue. Because compelling Au chises to return and breaking tip the interview. Many of the commentators compare the words of the ghost in Hamilet: "Fare thee well tit once!I The glow-worm shows the matttn to he near." 741. Deinde. Some join this with,ruis, others, with inquit; its position favors the former construction, its mealting, the latter, which is perhaps the better.... Pr'oripi*. Sc. te.744. Larem. It is uncertain what particular deity is meant. Some titink tue reference isA to the deifiled Auchises; some, to the penates; others, to Vesta.... P Ieittralia. "The shrine" In the sense of the goddess herself. 745. Farre. Same as the mola 8a1(a. AE NEIDOS LID. r. 195 Extemplo socios primumque arcessit Acesten, Et Jovis imperium et cari praecepta parentis Edocet, et quae nunc animo sententia constet. Hanutl mora consiliis, nec jussa recusat Acestes. Transcribunt urbi matres, populumque volentem 750 Deponunt, animos nil magnae laudis egentes. Ipsi transtra novant, flammisque ambesa reponunt Robora navigiis, aptant remosque rudentesque, Exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus. Interea Aeneas urbem designat aratro 755 Sortiturque domos; hoc Ilium et haec loca Trojam Esse jubet. Gaudet regno Trojanus Acestes, Indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis. Turn vicina astris Erycino in vertice sedes Fundatur Veneri Idaliae, tumuloquc sacerdos 760 Ac lucus late sacer additur Anchiseo. Jamque dies epulata novem gens omnis, et aris Factus honos; placidi straverunt aequora venti, Creber et adspirans rursus vocat Auster in altum. Exoritur procurva ingens per litora fletus; 765 Complexi inter se noctemque diemque morantur. Ipsae jam matres, ipsi, quibus aspera quondam 750. Volenttem; i. e., wishing to remain. cow, the former on the right and the latter A. 292; G. 439; H. 549, 4. on the left, and that the furrow was made 751. Egentes; i.e., feeling the want of, by going round towards the left. "desirous of." A. 223; G. 389, R. 2; H. 756. Ilitum - Trojam. Names he di410, V. rected to be given to different parts of the 754. Bello = ad bellum,-" for war." city, probably. 755. UIrbem - aratr'o. A reference to 758. Indicit forum = "he institutes the Roman custom of marking out the courts,"-these being the chief characterlimits of a new city by a furrow. Bryce istics of the forum. thus gives the substance of Servius' de- 759. ticina astris. Indicating a lofty scription of this formal and sacred cere- structure. Cf. II. 460. The famous temple mony:-' The founder of a city having his of Venus on Mount Eryx, whose origin is toga folded in a peculiar manner, part be- here assigned to the Trojans, was of course ing thrown over his head. and part passed the work of a much later period. round his waist like a girdle, marked out 762. Epitlata - factws. Sc. erat, with the limits of a town by a furrow, care each....Novem. Nine days was the usual being taken that the clods of earth should time for the continuance of some imporall be turned inwards, and that the plow tant festivals....Aris. Abl. of situation. should be carried over the places where 764. Creber adspirans = "blowing gates were to be placed.' Servius also says fresh,"-creber in its primitive sense, "rethat the plow was drawn by an ox and a peated," "thick." Cf. III. 70. 196 196P. VIR GIL II MA] RON IS Visa maris facies et non tolerabile nomen, Ire, volunt, omnnemique fugae perferre labornin. Quos bonus Aeneas dictis solatur amicis,70 Et consanguineo lacrimans commendat Acestae. Tres Eryci vitulos, et Tempestatibus agnam, Caedere deinde jubet, solvique ex ordine funein. Ipse, caput tonsae follis evinctus olivae, Stans procul in prora pateramn tenet, extaque salsos 7.75 Porricit in fluctus, ac vina liquentia fundit. Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes; Certatim. socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. At Venus interea Neptunum exercita curis Alloquitur, talesque effundit pectore questus:' 780 " Junonis gravis ira nec exsaturabile pectus " Cogunt me, Neptune, preces descendere in omnes; "1Quam nec longa dies, pietas nec mitigat ulla, "Nec Jovis imperio fatisque infracta quiescit. "Non media de gente Plirygum exedisse nefandis 78 "Urbem, odiis satis est, nec poenam. traxe per omnlem; "Reliquias Tr~jae, cineres atque ossa peremptae "Insequitur, Causas tanti sciat lilla furoris. "Ipse mihi nuper Libycis tti testis in undis "Quam molem subito excierit: maria omnia coelo 7,90 "Miscuit, Aeoliis nequidquam, freta procellis, "In regnis hoc ausa tuis. 772. Eryci. As a deified hero....Ternpestatibus. Cf. Ill. 120. 773. Catedere - solvi. See on III. 60 E x ordine = " next In order." 774. Tonsae - olivac. See on 556. 775. Procul. Instead of cel.6a. in reference to the height of the prow.....-Irn prora. Libations and sacrifices on ships were usually made at the stern. On leaving the harbor, however, the ceremony would naturally be performed on the prow. 777-8. Repeated, the former from M. 130, the latter from. MI. 290. 781. Nec eaxsatzcrabile =et lnex saturebit. The word is not found elsewhere. 782. Deseendere in. The common construction is descendere ad. 783. Dies. This is feminine, as here, when it indicates -no fixed term; and masculine when it meanus a natural or civil day, 784. liefracta ="subdued." 786. Traxe. For traZxi58. A. 128, b; G. 191, R. 5; H. 235, 3. 788. Sciat ila. " She may know; " I do not. 78.9. Tit testis. Sc. eras....In undis. With excierit. 791. Nequidquarn. Because her purpose was thwarted by Neptune, who allayedi the storm. See I. 124 seq. AENErDOS Lrii. v.19 197 "1Per scelus ecce etiam Trojanis matribus actis "Exussit foede puppes, et classe subegit "Amissa, socios ignotae linquere terrae. 79I5 "Quod superest, oro, lhceat dare tuta per undas "Vela tibi, liceat Laurentem attingere Tb ybrim, "Si concessa, peto, si dant ea moenia Parcae." Turn Saturnius hace domitor maris edidit alti: "Fas omne est, Cytherea, meis te fidere regnis, 800 "Unde genus duels. Mcmui quoque; saepe furores "Compressi et rabiem tantam coelique marisque. "Nec- minor in terris-Xanthum Simo~5ntaque testor"Aeneae mihi cura tui. Quum Troia Achilles "1Exanimata sequens impingeret agmina muris, 805 "Millia multa daret leto, gemerentque repleti "Amnes, nec reperire viam atque evolvere posset "In mare se Xantlius, Pelidae tune ego forti "Congressum. Aenean nec dils nec viribus aequis "Nube cava rapui, etiperem qanin vertere ab imo 810 "Structa meis manibus perjurae moenia Trojae. "6Nunc quoque mens eadem perstat mihi; pelle timorem. "1Tutus, quos optas, portus accedet Averni. "Unus erit tantum, amissuin. quem gurgite quaeres; "Ununi pro multis dabitur ca'put." 815 His ubi laeta deal- permulsit pectora dictis, Jungit equos auro, Genitor, spumantiaque addit 793. Per seelus = "to crlme,"'-more lit., "through (the various stages of) crime."~ 794. Subegit. Sc.urn, or Aenean. 795. Terrac. A. 258, c and d; G. 412; Ri. 426, 2, N. 796. Quod suplerest. "1As to what remains:" I. e., of the ships and crews...Dare tuta-vela tibi. "To give their sails safely to thee." 798. -EFa moenia; I. e., the city to be founded in Italy. 800. Omne = omnisno. 801. linde - duels. Venus sprung from the foam of the sea.... Mierui. Sc. uQt deres. 804. Achilles. The reference in the six following lines is to a conflict de. scribed in Homer, whiere Aeneas is represented as saved from death by the interposition of Neptune. 810. Qaurn. "'Although." 811 Perjurae. An allusion to the perfiy of Laomedon. See on IL. 610. 813. Portus Avern-i; ILe., the harbor of Cumae. Cf. m, 441-2. 814. linus. Palinurns, who is introduced in 833, below. 816. Laeta. Proleptic. See on I. 63l7. 817. A u1o = aureo jugo. " With the golden yoke." 198 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Frena feris, manibusque omnes effundit habenas. Caeruleo per summa levis volat aequora curru; Subsidunt undae, tumidumque sub axe tonanti 820 Sternitur aequor aquis, fugiunt vasto aethere nimbi. Tur variae comitum facies, immania cete, Et senior Glauci chorus, Inousque Palaemon, Tritonesque citi, Phorcique exercitus omnis; Laeva tenet Thetis, et Melite, Panopeaque virgo, 825 Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque. Hie patris Aeneae suspensam blanda vicissim Gaudia pertentant mentem; jubet ocius omnes Attolli malos, intendi brachia velis. Una omnes fecere pedem, pariterque sinistros, 830 Nunc dextros solvere sinus; una ardua torquent Cornua detorquentque; ferunt sua flamina classem. Princeps ante omnes densum Palinurus agebat Agmen; ad hunc alii cursum contendere jussi. Jamque fere mediam coeli Nox humida metam 835 Contigerat; placida laxabant membra quiete Sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae: Quum levis aetheriis delapsus Somnus ab astris Aera dimovit tenebrosum et dispulit umbras, Te, Palinure, petens, tibi somnia tristia portans 840 818. Feris. Cf. the similar use in IL I 819. Caeruleo. The car has the color of the sea. 821. Aquis. This is best explained as a dative,-" unto the waters," or "for the waters." Some translate it as an abl., " in respect to"; others as an abl. of situation. TH. 22. Cete. G. 7; H. 68,6. tached to the two lower corners of a square 825. Laeva. Sc. bea. sail to set it to the wind. The tacking in 827. Vieissim. " In tnrn;" i. e., after any direction would be accompanied by a his previous anxiety, expressed by supen- corresponding loosening or tightening of sam. these. 828. Gaudia - mentem. Cf. I. 02. 832. Cornuc. As the sails were shifted the sail-yards would of course be turned 829. Intendi - vels. See on IV. 506. to one side or the other. 830. Una-pedem = "they all tacked 885. Mediam metam; i. e., the zetogether." The pedes were the ropes at- nith. AENEIDOS LIII. Tr.19 199 Insonti; puppique deus consedit in alta, Phorbanti sirnilis, funditque has ore loquelas: "Jaside Palinure, ferunt ipsa aequora classem; "Aequatae spirant aurae; datur hora quieti. "Porte caput, fessosque oculos furare labori. 845 "Ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera inibo." Cui vix attollens Palinurus lumina fatur: "Mene salis placidi vulturn fluctusque quietos "Ignorare jubes? imene huic confidere monstro? "Aenean credam quid eujin fallacibus auris 850 "Et coeli toties deceptus fraude sereni? " Talia dicta dabat, clavumnque affixus et hacrens Nusquam ami-ttebat, oculosque sub astra tenebat. Ecce dens rarnum Lethaco rore rnadentern Vique soporatum Stygia spr utraquc quassat 8557 Tempora, cunctantique. natantia lumina solvit. Vix primos inopina quies laxaverat artus; Et super incumbens, cumn puppis parte revulsa Curnque gubernaclo, liquidas projecit in undas Praecipitem ac socios ncquidquam saepc vocantem; 860 Ipse volans tenues so sustulit ales ad auras. Currit iter tutum non secius aequore classis, Promissisque patris Neptuni interrita fertur. 842. Plhorbanti. Doobtless one of 849. Miaic monstro. "1This monPalinurus' comrades for whom Virgil bor- ster; " 1. e., the sea, here partly personimos the name, fled, as a thing full of treachery and dlan844. Aequatae. See on IV. 587. ger. 845. Labori. iDative instead of the abi. 850. Aenean credamp: i. O., ei (mo - after furare. stro). 847. Attollen~s lurin-ina,. Some of. 53 Niisquam= nuflquan2, as occathe best commentators understand these sio ally elsewhere. words to mean " turning " or " remoVing 856. Cutnctanti ="to (him) resisting his eyes from the stars," to whicha they (its influence)." were directed as implied in 853. Coning- 857. J'ix - et. See on II. 12....... Priton says, ' Strictly speaking, Palinurus mos = pri mum. would have to turn rather than raise his.Spe nim nq1 etrw eyes In order to look at the pretended In Shiseigh upn humbe. etrw Phorbas; but the attitude of looking down lghswih pnhm is so natural to those engaged In work, 861. Ipse, I. e., Somnus... A les. Nearthat we easily understand how Virgil came ly = "1as a bird," or "1with his wings,"to speak of looking up.' lit., "winged." 200 20. V1IR GIL II MA R ONIS. Jamque adeo scopulos Sirenum advecta subibat, Difficiles quondam multorumque ossibus albos, 865 Turn rauca assiduo longe sale saxa sonabant: Quum pater amisso fluitantem errare magistro Sensit, et ipse ratem nocturnis rexit in undis, Multa gemens, casuque animum concussus arnici. "0 nirnium coelo et pelago confise sereno, 870 "Nudus in ignota, Palinure, jacebis arena." 864. Jfamqute adeo. See on H1. 567. jamque, not in contrast with quondam?. 865. ' Quo~ndam is another instance.... Rauc". With 8onabant. of Virg. voluntarily or involuntarily sepa- 869. Miulta gements. See on I. 465. rating the time he is writing of from the 871. Nutdus "unhuried." Aeneas dcold heroic age.' plores the douhie misfortune of his friend, 866. Turn = moreover,"-referring to involved in loss of hurial on a foreign shore. GAMES OF THE CIaCUI. LIBER SEXTUS ARGUMENT. AENEAS lauds at Cumae and proceeds immediately to the cave of the Sibyl to con s'it the oracle. While gazing at the sculptures on the doors of the adjoining temple, the Sibyl arrives and bids him enter. After the influence of the god has possessed her, she declares to him that perils and labors await him in Italy, but bids him meet them with confidence, as deliverance will come from an unlooked-for quarter (1-102). Aeneas then announces his desire to visit his father in the shades, and beseeches her aid in the undertaking. The priestess informs him of' the difficult nature of the journey, but gives him directions for obtaining the golden bough, as an offering to Proserpine. which will render the visit possible. She also informs him that the body of one of his friends lies unburied, bids him first perform the funeral rites, and then offer sacrifice (103-155). While preparing the obsequies of Misenus, Aeneas discovers and obtains the golden bough, and bears it to the cave of the Sibyl. After the conclusion of the funeral rites, the sacrifice to the infernal deities is performed at midnight, and at the approach of dawn Aeneas and the Sibyl commence their descent and pass the various monsters that guard the entrance (156-294). Before reaching the Styx he meets, among the ghosts of the unburied, the shade of Palinurus, learns the circumstance ( f his (ldeath, and promises on returning to earth to perform his funeral rites (295 —383). The objections of Charon being overruled by the words of the priestess and the sight of the golden bough, Aeneas and his companion cross the river. Passing sfcely by the monster Cerberus, they come successively to the regions occupied by the spirits of infants, by those of persons unjustly put to death, and by those of suicides. In the latter place the hero meets with Dido, who indignantly declines a conversation (384 -476). He next comes to the region of slain warriors, and meets and converses with L'eiphobus (477 —547). Aeneas gets a glimpse of Tartarus, the abode of the grossly wicked, and in response to his inquiry is instructed by the Sibyl in all the varieties of punishment therein inflicted for crimes committed in the upper world (548 —627). Hastening to the palace of Pluto, he deposits the golden bough, and proceeds thence to Elysium, and under the guidance of Musacus at length finds Anchises (628-678). After the first joyful greeting, Anchises explains tc Aereas the nature and condition of the innumerable spirits seen flitting about the river Lethe; and finally, mounting an eminence, shows Aeneas his future descendants, points out the Julian family, and especially Augustus, shows the kings of Rome in order, the heroes of the Republic. and lastly the elder and younger Marcellus. Anchises finally exDlains to Aeneas what awaits him in Italy, and then dismisses him and the Sibyl through the ivory gate of sleep. The hero returns to his fleet and sails to the port of Caieta (679-901). CUX1AB. LTBEII SEXTUS. Sic fatur lacrirnans, classique immittit habenas, Et tandem Etiboleis Cumarum allabitur oris. Obvertunt pelago proras; turn dente tenaci Ancora fundabat naves, et litora curvae Praetexuint puppes. Juvenum manus emicat ardens 5 Litus in ilesperium; quaerit pars semina flamma.c Abstrusa, in venis silicis, pars densa ferarum Tecta rapit silvas, inventaque flurnina monstratL At pius Aeneas arces, quibus altus Apollo Praesidet, horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae, 1 2. Euboicis. Ctimae was said to have '7. in venis silicLS. Cf. L. 174 cteq. been founded in very early times by a col- 8. -Rapit jilvas = scour the woods', ony of Greeks from Chalcis In Euboea; probably in search of game and water. hence the terms Eufrntan and Calzeidian' 9. Arces. Plur. for the singular.... applied to the place. Altus. In reference to the lofty position 8. Obvertunt pelago. In the heroic of the temple, which stood oui a rocky age it was customary, on landing, thus to hill. turn the prows seaward, for convenience 10. Procul; I. e., at some distance In departure. from the port, 20-1 P. VIRGILII MA R ONIS Antrum immane, petit, magnum cui mentem animumque Delius inspirat vates aperitque futura. Jam subeunt Triviae lucos atjque aurea tecta. Daedalus, ut fama est, fugiens Minoia regna, Praepetibus pennis ausus se credere coelo, 15 Insuetur per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos, Chalcidicaque levis tandem super adstitit arce. Redditus his primum terris, tibi, Phoebe, sacravit Remigium alarum, posuitque immania templa. In foribus letum Androgeo; tnm pendere poenas 20 Cecropldae jussi-miserum!-septena quotannis Corpora natorum; stat ductis sortibus urna. Contra elata marl respondet Gnosia tellus: Hie crudelis amor tauri, suppostaque furto Pasiphae, mixtumque genus prolesque biformis 25 11. Antrum. Some think that the Sib- Daedalus upon the folding doors of the yl's cave was the adytum of the temple; temple. The conception of them accords others make the temple and the cave at with the advanced artistic excellence of some distance from each other, and trans- his own day. Androgeos having been late rocul accordingly. The former view murdered by the Athenians through envy is more in harmony with Virgil's descrip- of his success in their public games, his tion.... Cui. "Unto whom." father Minos made war upon them, and 13. Triviae lucos. The grove sur- granted peace only on condition that they rounded the temple, and, like the whole should annually send to Crete seven of district of Avernas, was sacred to Hecate. their young men and seven maidens to 14. Daedalus. According to the story, be devoured by the Minotaur.... Tumn. Daedalus was by birth an Athenian, but " Then again;" i. e., in the second sculphaving been banished from his native city iture, upon another panel of ene of the went to Crete, where he built the cele- doors....Poenas = "as an atonement." brated Labyrinth for King Minos. Hav- 21. Cecropidae. Sc. eran,-" (were ing offended the king by constructing for represented) the Athenians." Pasiphae the wooden cow, he and his son 22. Stat - urna. We may suppoFse that Icarus were imprisoned in the Labyrinth, ulpture represented an annl from which they contrived to escape by g of the names of the victims, b lot, t means of artificial wings of wax and feath- onc e ers. Icarus, however, flew so near the sun that the heat melted his wings, and 23- Contr - respondet; i. e., on the he fell into that part of the Mediterranean corresponding panels of the opposite door, named from him the Icarian Sea, and was -the retan sculptures being pendents te drowned. Daedalus, according to the tra- the Athenian dition adopted by Virgil, continued his 24. Hic; i. e., on the door first mencourse and landed at Cumae, where he tioned.... Crudelis. So called because erected a temple to Apollo and conse- the passion of Pasiphae was a punishment crated his wings to that deity. from Venus. For a full account of these 16. Insuetum iter; i. e., the air. fables see Class. Dict.... Taui. An oh. 20. Letum. Sc. erat....Androgeo. jective genitive.... Supposta = "substiA. 43; G. 7'; H. 54. The poet here tilted.".... Furto =furtim. briefly describes the scenes sculptured by 25. fixtutm fenus is explained by AENEIDOS LIB- VI.20 205 Minotaurus inest, Veneris monumenta nefandae; Hie labor ille domus et inextricabilis error; Magnum reginae sed enim miseratus amorem Daedalus, ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit, Cae-ca regyens filo vestigia. Tu quoque magnam Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes. Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro; Bis patriae cecidere man us. Quin protinus omni'a Perlegerent oculis, ni jam praemissus Aclhates Afforet atque una Phoebi Triviaeque sacerdos, Deiphobe Glaund, fatur quae talia regi: "Non hoc ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit; "Nunc grege de intacto septem mactare juveneos "Praestiterit, totidem lectas de more bidentes." 30 35i proles biformis, and both are the same as 21inotaurus, for which see Lex. 26. Monutmenta. Plur. for the sing., in apposition with Minotaurus. I'The license is one of the many metrical licenses of Roman epic poetry.' 27. Hic. "Here (too); " i. e., on the same door with the last scene.... Labor (1Iomnus =" elaborate structure; " i. e. the Labyrinth. Domus is a genitive limiting labor.... ~Error. Cf. V. 591, and the (lescription there generally. 28. Reginae. " Of the princes s;" i. e., Ariadne. On this meaning of the word, cf. I. 273. Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, fell in love with Theseus, who had been sent from Athens as one of the victims to he devoured by the Minotaur. She gave him a clew of thread which enabled him to penetrate the windings of the Labyrinth, and, after having slain the monster therein concealed, to retrace his course in safety. Virgil deviates from this ordinary account by making iDaedalus himself, the constructor of the maze, assist Theseus with the thread. Virgil recapitulates the story so briefly, that to one unacquainted with It, he Is wholly unintelligible.... Sed enim. See on I. 19. The ellipsis may be thus supplied,-" But (it was not to remain ineaxtricabi~is) for,"~ &c.... Amor-em; i. e., for Theseus. Four distinct scenes thus appear to have been represented on the doors of the temple,-two DAEDALUS AND ICARUS at Athens, and two at Crete. We may suppose each to have occupied a separate panel. 31. Siaeret dolor' = "1had grief permitted." There is an omiszsion of 8i before the verb, and the imperf. is for the pluperf. See note on line 34. 32. (Jonatits erat. Sc. ille, referring to Daedalus. See on 14, above. 34. Perteyerent. For the tense: A. 308, a; G. 599, R. 1; H. 51 0, N. 2. 36. Glauci. A. 214, h; G. 360, R. 3; 1H. 398, 1, N. 2. 139. Pr-aestiteirit = it would be betIter." A. 311, a; G. 250; H. 485, N. 1.... Lectas bidentes- Cf. IV. 57, and note. 206 206P. VIIG ILII1 MA R OlY IS Talibus affata Aenean-nec sacra morantur 40 Jussa viri-Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos. Excisum. Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum, Quo liti ducunt aditus centum, ostia centum; Unde ruunt totidem. voces, responsa Sibyllae. Ventum. erat ad limen, quum virgo, "1Poscere fata 45 " Tempus," ait; " dens, ecce, dens!" Gui talia fanti Ante fores subito non vul~tus, -non color unus, Non comptae mansere comae; sefa peetus anhelum, Et rabie fera corda tument; majorque videri, Nec mortal'e, sonanas, affiata est numine quando 50 Jam propriore dei. "Cessas in vota precesque, "Tros, ait, "1Aenca? cessas? neque enim ante dehiscent "Attonitae magna ora domus." Et talia fata Conticuit. Gelidus Teucris per dura cucurrit Ossa tremor, funditque preces rex pectore ab imo: 55 "Phoebe, graves Trojae semper miserate labores, "Dardana qui Paridis direxti tela manusque "Corpus in Aeacidae, magnas obeuntia terras "Tot maria intravi duce te penitusque repostas "Massyluim gentes praetentaque Syrtibus arva, 60 "Jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras; 40. Sacra Is a substantive, sacra jussa being = jusso honores in III. 547. The verb appears to show this. 42. Euboicae rupis; I. e., the rocky hill of Cumae. See on 2.... Ing~ens. With latus. This and the two following lines contain a description of the adytum of the temple, which, as at Delphi, was a cavern in the rock. 45. [Limen. Sc. antri.i..Poscere fata; 1. e., In prayer, as Indicated by lines 51-2. A. 270, b; G. 429, R. 8; H. 588. 46. Deus, ecce, deus! She begins to feel the influence of the god pervading her frame. 47. Vultus - color. Sc. mansit... UnuflU = idem,-" the same (as before)." 48. Non - comae. Her hair was unbound, as usual In performing sacred rites, and now under the Influence of the deity It streamed forth In wild disorder.....An.. leelum (et "heaves." 49. Major videri (est). "1She Is larger to the view,"-lit., "larger-to be seen." Cf. Horace, Od. 1. 19, 7, lulrieus adepici; Od. IV. 2, 59, niveus videri. 50. Nec - sonans. Lit., "1and not uttering what is human,"-but translate more freely. Cf. I. 328.... Quando. Causal. 51. ITn vota = in voti8. 52. Ante; I. e., before thy prayers are heard. 56. Miserate. See on I. 597. 58. Aeacidae. Achilles was wounded by Paris In the heel, his only vulnerable part, and the poet supposes that Apollo, as the god of archery, directed the arrow..... Obeuntia = encircling." 60. Mausylium - Syrtibua. There is poetic exaggeration In the use of these words, as Aeneas had visited only Car. thage..... Praetenta. Cf. mL. 692. AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 207 "Hac Trojana tenus fuerit Fortuna secuta. " Vos quoque. Pergameae jam fas est parcere genti, " Dique deaeque onmes, quibus obstitit Ilium et ingens "Gloria Dardaniae. Tuque, o sanctissima vates, 65 "Praescia venturi, da-non indebita posco "Regna meis fatis-Latio considere Teucros "Errantesque deos agitataque numina Trojae. "Turn Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templum "Instituam, festosque dies de nomine Phoebi. 70 "Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris. "Hic ego namque tuas sortes arcanaque fata, "Dicta meae genti, ponam, lectosque sacrabo, "Alma, viros. Foliis tantum ne carmina manda, " Ne turbata volent rapidis ludibria ventis; 75 "Ipsa canas oro." Finem dedit ore loquendi. At, Phoebi nondum patiens, immanis in antro Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit Excussisse deum; tanto magis ille fatigat Os rabidurnm, fera corda domans, fingitque premendo. 80 Ostia jamque domus patuere ingentia centum Sponte sua, vatisque ferunt responsa per auras: " 0 tandem magnis pelagi defuncte periclis! "Sed terrae graviora manent. In regna Lavini "Dardanidae venient; mitte hanc de pectore curam; 85 "Sed non et venisse volent. Bella, horrida bella, "Et Thybrim multo spumantem sanguine cerno. "Non Simois tibi, nec Xanthus, nec Dorica castra 62. Hac-tenus. See on V. 608.... yet yielding to Apollo."....lmmanis. Trojana Fortuna; i. e., ill-fortune. Translate as an adverb with bacchatur. 71. Te quoque, &c. This promise to 78. Si possit. See on I. 181. the Sibyl has reference to the preservation of the famous Sibyline books, which were 7. A.cus2sse = uam celerr2me eH - at first placed in the capitol, and after- ctere. A., d, R; G. 275, 2; H. 537, N. wards in the temple of Apollo on the 80. Fin.gitque premendo = "and by Palatine. curbing molds her to his will." The 73. Lectos viros. Two persons were metaphor in this and the previous line is at first intrusted with the charge of the from the training of horses. Sibyline books, afterwards ten, and at last 81. Patuere. The perfect to denote fifteen (the Quindecemviri). instantaneous action, as often. See on 74. Foliis. Cf. III. 444. IV. 702. At this time we may suppose 76. Ipsa canas. Sc. ut. Cf. mI. 457. Aeneas in the temple, and the Sibyl in the 77. Phoebi nondum patiens = "not adytum, the cavern beyond. 208 208 P. VIRGILII XAIONIS "Defuerint; alius Latio jam partus Achilles, "Natus et ipse dea; nec Teucris addita Juno "Usquam aberit; quum tu supplex in rebus egenis "Quas gentes Itallim aut quas non oraveris urbes! "Causa mali tanti conjux iterum hospita Teucris "Externique iterum thalami. "Tunle cede malis, sed contra audentior ito, "Quam tua te Fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis, "Quod minime reris, Graia pandetur ab urbe." Talibus, ex adyto dictis Cumaea Sibylla ilorrendas canit ambages antroque remugit, Obscuris vera involvens:- ea frena furenti Concutit, et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo. Ut primum cessit furor et rabida ora quicrunt, Incipit Aeneas heros: "Non nila laborum, "0 virgo, nova ml' facies inopinave surgit; "Omnia praecepi atque animo mecum ante peregi. "Unum oro: quando hic inferni janua regis "Dicitur et tenebrosa pains Acheronte refuso, "Ire ad conspectum carl genitoris et ora "Contingat; doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas. "Ilium. ego per flammas et mille sequentia tela "Eripul his humeris, medioque cx hoste recepi; "Ille, meum comitatus iter, maria omnia mecum "Atque om-nes pelagique ininas coehique ferebat, "Invalidus, vires ultra sortemque senectae. "Quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua Iilinina adirem, 90 95 100 105 110 115 89. Defuerint. A. 281, R; G. 236, R. 2; H. 473..... Aius Achilles; i. e., Turnus. See on IV. 615. 91. Qstum = et turn. 93. Co-njux. As Helen was the cause of the Trojan war, so Lavinia was the cauise of the war in Italy. Latinus had promised his daughter Lavinia In marriage to Turnus, but, on the arrival of Aeneas, she was espoused to the latter, and the hostility of Turnus was thus provoked.... Hospita; I. e., not a Trojan. 95. Contra. Sc. ea (mala)...-. Audentlor; i. e., "1all the bolder"1 for the op position.... Ito. A. 269, d; G. 262; H. 487, 2. 96. Quam = "1as far as." 97. Graia wu-be. Pallagnteum, the city of Evander. See on IV. 615. 100. En frena, &c. The ssirne metaphor as in 77 seq. 104. Mi. Old form for WMh. 105. Praecepi. He has" anticipated" all things through the revelations of Helenus and Anchises., Cf. MI. 458, and V. 730. 107. Dicitur. Sc. e8se... Pa lu srefuso. "The lake (formed) from overflowing Acheron." Acheronte may be an abi. of description, or absolute. AENEIDOS LIB. VI.20 209 "Idemn orans mandata dabat. Gnatique patrisque, "Alma, precor, mniserere; potes namque omnia, nec te "'Nequidquam lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis. "Si potuit Manes arcessere conjugis Orpheus, "Threlcia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris, 120 "Si fratrem Pollux alterna morte, iedemit, Itque rcditque viam toties. Quid Thesea, magnum, "Quid memorern Alciden? Et mi 'gen1us ab Jove summo." Talibus orabat dictis, arasque tenebat, Quum sic orsa loqui vates: "1Sate sanguine diviuiin, 125 "Tros Auehiisiad1e, facilis descensus Averno; "Noctles atque dies patet atri j anula Ditis; "Sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras, "Hoc opus, hic labor est. Pauel, quos aequus amavit "Jupiter, ant ardens evexit ad aethera virtus, 130 "Dis geniti potuere. Tenent media omnia silvae, "Cocytusque sinu labens circumvenit atro. "Quod si tantus amor menti, si tanta cupido est, "Bis Stygios inniare lacus, bis nigra videre "Tartara, et insano juvat indulgere labori, 135 "Accipe, quae peragenda prius. Latet arbore opaca "Anrens et foijis et lento vimine rmius, "Junoni iufernae dictus sacer; hunc tegit omnis "Lucus, et obscnris'claudunt convallibus umbrae. "Sed non ante datur telluris operta subire, 140 1-17. Omnitia. A. 238; G. 331, R.. 2; H. 371. II. 119. Si potitit, &c. The conclusion Is not expressed, bat is implied in et ml genu8, &c.: If they have had such a privilegre, why may not I, who am also of divine origin? 120. Cithiara ftdibusquce. See on IV. 245. 122. Viain. A. 2.33; G. 331; H. 371, I. 1). 123. Alciden. The twelfth laibor of Hercules was the bringing of the dog Cer. l)erus from the Lower World..... Mi. See con 104, above. 126. Averno. Dative for ad or in Avernum.-" to the Lower Wol.-d."1 130. Ardens = "brilliant."' 1832. Sinu. "winding stream." 133. Amor - cupido ipnsapre, &c. Cf. II. 10, and 34-9. *134. Bis. Once now, and again after death....Lactis. 'The infernal rivers were supposed to form or flow into lakes -or marshes, so they are spoken of as if lakes or marshes themselv~es, being turbid and sluggish.'. 137. Foliis - vimine. With aureuis, by A. 253; G4. 398; H. 424. 138. Jitnoni infernae; i. e., Proserpina, as Pluto ts Jupiter Stygius, IV. 6.38. *.... Dlctus sareer- " 1consecrated,"1 lit.. "1pronounced sacred." 140. Sed. It Is thus difficult to obtain, 1.sut it is the only passport. 210 210P. VIIG IL II IIA ROJNIS "Auricomos qutam. qui decerpserit arbore fetus. "Hoc sibi pulchra suum. ferrn Proserpina munus "Instituit. Primo avulso noni deficit alter "Aureus, et simili fronadescit virga metallo. "Ergo alte vestiga oculis, et -rite repertum. 145 "1Carpe maim; namque ipse volens facilisque sequetur, "Si te fata vocant; aliter non viribus ullis "Vincere,, nec duro, poteris convellere ferro. "Praeterea jacet exanimum tibi corpus amici — "leu nescis!-totamque incestat funere classem, 150 "Dum consulta 'etis nostroque in limine pendes. "Sedibus bunc refer ante suis et conde sepulcro. "Due nigras pecudes; ea prima piacula sunto. "Sic demum lucos Stygis et regna invia vivis "Adspicics." Dixit., pressoque obmutuit ore. 155 Aeneas maesto defixus limina vultu. Ingreditur, linquens antrum, caecosque volutat Eventus animo secum. Cui fidus Achates It comes, et paribus curis vestigia figit. Multa inter sese vario, sermone serebant, 160 Qunem socium exanirnum vates, quod corpus humandum. iDiceret: atque illi Misenum in litore sicco, sense. Cf. II. 539. 'The whole fleet partakes in the pollution, so that it would be hopeless for the commander to approach the shades till the pollution has been removed.' 152. Sedibus sptis; i. e., the tomb. 153. Duec. Sc. ad ares.... Nigra-9. Black victims were sacrificed to the deities of the Lower World. Cf. V. 97, and 736.... Prima - preliminary.'1 This sacrifice had no reference to Misenus, hut was to propitiate the shades towards Aeneas, in his approaching visit. 156. Dejlxus = "downcast." 158. Cui. See on Ill. 704. 161. Quem, sociurn. We would expect them to think at once of Palinurns as the lost comrade. The commentators generally recognize here one of those defects which Virgil would have removed had he lived to correct the Aeneld. With the construction cf. IT. 121. PROSERPINE. 141. Quti. The indefinite, = aliqtdi. In prose alicui would have been with datur, the pronoun being omitted with decerp8. erit. 149. Jacet; I. e., unhuried. Cf. III. 557.....Tibi. Ethical dative. 150. Inc~estat; I. e., in a religious AENEIDOS LIB. VI.21 211 Ut venere, vident indigna morte peremptum, Misenu Im Acolidlen, quo non praestantior alter Acre ciere viros, Mlartemque accendere cantu. 165 Hectoris hic magni fuerat comes; ilectora circum Et litno pugnas insignis obibat et hasta. Postquam ilium vita victor spoliavit Achilles, Dardanio Aeneae sese fortissimns heros Addiderat socium, non inferiora secutus. 170 Sed tum, forte cava dum personat aequora concha, Demens, et c.antu vocat in certamina divos, Aemulus exceptum Triton, si credere dignuLm est, Inter saxa virum spumosa immerserat unda. Ergo omnes magno circum clamore fremeI~ant., 175 Praecipue pius Aeneas. Tum jussa SibyllacIfaud mora-festinant flentes, aramque sepuicri Congerere arboribus coeloque educere certant. Itur in antiquam. silvam., stabula alta ferarum; Procumbunt piceae, sonat icta securibus ilex, 180 Fraxineacque trabes cuneis et fissile robur Scinditur, advolvunt ingentes niontibus ornos. Nec non Aeneas opera inter talia primus Hortatur socios, paribusque accingitur armis. Atque haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat, 185 Adspectans silvam. immensarn, et sic forte precatur: "Si nune se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus "Ostendat nemore in tanto! quando omnia vere "Hen nimium de te vates, Misene, locuta est." Vix ea fatus erat, geminae quum forte columbae 190 164. Aeoiiden. Son of the Trojan Aeo- 177. Aram sepuilcri; 1. e., the funelus, mentioned in the twelfth book. Cf. ral pile, in shape like an altar. HII. 2139....Praestan~tior. Sc. erat. 178. Coelo educere. 4jf. IL. 186. 165. C'iere - aceendere. A. 273. d; G. 17.9. Itur. Cf. IV. 161, and note. 424, 4, 5); II. 5313, II. N. 2.... Cnflau 182..Miontibtts. The sense makes this "with its sound." =de montilbu8,-the ad In advolvunt re173-4. -Exceptum iitnnerserat = ex- quiring litori or pyrae to be supplied. ceperat et immereerat. Cf. M..3...... Si 18.3. Primus. Cf. I. 24, and note. credere, &c. Virgil represents the cause 184. Pari bus - armis; i. e., takes up of hs dathas mthial.the same tools as the rest. 175. Fremnebant = "1bewailed."1 187. Si = 0 81, or utinam..... Arbore 176. Praecipue, &c. Cf. I. 220. in ar,5ore,-" on the tree."A 212 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Ipsa sub ora viri coelo venere volantes, Et viridi sedere solo. Turn maximus heros Maternas agnoscit aves, laetusque precatur: "Este duces, o, si qua via est, cursumque per auras "Dirigite in lucos, ubi pinguem dives opacat " Ramus humum. Tuque, o, dubiis ne defice rebus, "Diva parens." Sic effatus vestigia pressit, Observans, quae signa ferant, quo tendere pergant. Pascentes illae tantum prodire volando, Quantum acie possent oculi servare sequentum. Inde ubi venere ad fauces graveolentis Averni, Tollunt se celeres, liquidumque per aera lapsae Sedibus optatis geminae super arbore sidunt, Discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit. Quale solet silvis brumali frigore viscum 'Fronde virere nova, quod non sua seminat arbos, Et croceo fetu teretes circumdare truncos: Talis erat species auri frondentis opaca Ilice, sic leni crepitabat bractea vento. Corripit Aeneas extemplo avidusque refringit Cunctantem, et vatis portat sub tecta Sibyllae. Nec minus interea Misenum in litore Teucri Flebant, et cineri ingrato suprema ferebant. Principio pinguem taedis et robore secto 195 200 205 210 191. Sub ora = sub oculos.... Coelo = de coelo. 193. Maternas. Cf. V. 72. Doves were sacred to Venus. 194. Cursumn. Referring to the flight of the doves. 195. Pinguem. The soil that can produce such a bough must be fertile. 196. Rebus. Dative. 197. Vestigia pressit (= repressit). He checked his steps in order to observe -he signs which the birds might give. 199. Prodire. Historical infinitive. 200. Acie servare = "to keep them in sight.".... Possent. A. 317; G. 632; H. 497, I. The subjunctive indicates the intention or purpose of the birds.... Se quentum. In a general sensej and = "of any one following." 203. Optatis. "Wished for" by Aeneas. Some make sedibus optatis an abl. abs., referring optatis to the birds, and translating, " having chosen their place to settle.".... Super arbore. The doves alight on the top of the tree. 211. Cunctantent. It seemed so to the eager Aeneas, but not really so, or it would have falsified the words of the Sibyl. Cf. 146. 213. Cineri. Proleptic, as the body was not yet burned.... Ingrato. Because graftam non sentienti,-hence, "senseless," "unconscious." 214. Taedis. Join with pinguem, and robore with ingentem. Cf. IV. 505. AENEIDOS LIB. VI. Ingentem struxere pyram, cui fro-ndibus atris hItexunt latera, et ferales ante cupressos Constituun t, decorantque super fulgen tibus, armis. Pars calidos latices et ahena undantia flammis Expediunt, coi-pusque lavant frigentis et unugunt. Fit gemitus. Turn membra toro defleta reponunt, Purpureasque super vestes, velamina nota, Coinjiciunt. Pars ingenti subiere feretro, Triste ministerium, et subjectam more parentum. Aversi tenuere, facem. Congesta cremantur Turea donia, dapes, fuso crateres olivo. Postquarn collapsi cil~eres et fla-mma quievit, iReliquias vino et bibulam. lavere favillam, Ossaque lecta cado texit Corynaeus aheno. Idem ter socios pura circumtulit unda, Spargens rore levi et ramo felics, olivae, Lnstravitque viros, dixitque noyissirna verba. At pius Aeneas ingenti mole sepuicrum Imponit, suaque arma viro remumque tubamque, Monte sub a~irio, qui nunc Misenus, ab jill IDicitur, aeternumqne tenet per saecula nomen. His actis propere exsequitur praecepta Sibyllae. 213 215 220 225 230 235 215. Ingentemt. The size of- the pyre corresponded with the rank of the deceased, or with the respect sought to be shown. 216. Ante, - eonstitausnt; i. e., they face the pile in front with cypresses. Cf. MI. 64. It is said that the cypress was used to counteract the disagreeable odor of the burning body. 219. Lavant -ungutunt. This entire description contains a summary of the funeral rites usual among the Romans. 220. -Fit gemitus = "1lamentation is raised....Toro =feretro. 22-1. Purpur-eas vestes. Purple robes were thus employed at great Roman fanerals...-. relamina nota.- Either " his well-known attire," or "1the customary coverings," I. e., the purple robes. The latter appears preferable. 222. Feretro. Either dat. or abl. The common construction requires the acc. with 8ubire. Cf. mI. 113. 223. Ministeriurn. In apposition with 8ubiereferetro. 225. Dapes; i. e., the flesh of the victims slain in sacrifice.-. —FUSO olivo. Abl. of description. 229. Socios eire'uemtul-it unda. A poetical and unusual variety for aquam circum socios tulit. Cf. the like double construction of circumdare, in Lexicon, and see II. 510. and reference. This lustration was performed to remove from the Trojans the supposed religious impurity caused by the presence of a dead body. See on 150, above. It Is not stated whether this was a common rite in Roman funerals. 231. Novi~ssima verba; I. e., vale, repeated three times, as was the custom. See on I. 219,11. 644, and M. 68. 2,33. ltemu~mquie tubamque. Explanatory of arma. 235. Tenet-nomen. It Is still called Cape Miseno, Punta di Mls~eno,-situ~ated 214 214P. VIR GIL II MA R O NIS Spelunca alta fuit vastoque immanis hiatu, Scrupea, tuta lacu. nigro nemorumque tenebris, Quarn super hand ullae poterant impune volantes Tendere iter pennis: talis sese halitus atris 240 Faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat; [Unde locuin Graii dixerunt nomine Aornon.] Quatuor hic primum nigrantes terga juvencos Coiistituit, frontique invergit vina sacerdos, Et summas carpens media inter cornua setas 245 Ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima, Voce vocans ilecaten coeloque Ereboque potentem. Supponulnt alii cultros, tepidumltie cruoremn Suscipiunt pateris. Ipse atri velleris agnam Aeneas matri Eumenidum magnaeque sorori 250 Ense ferit, sterilemque tibi, Proserpina, vaccam. Turn Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras, Et solida imponit ta-urorum viscera flammis, Pingue super oleum infutidens ardentibus extis. Ecce autem, primi sub lumina Solils et ortus 255 Sub pedibus mugire solum, et juga coepta moveri Silvaruim, visaeque canes ululare per umbram, Aciventante dea. "1Procul o, produl este, profani," Conclamat vates, "1totoque absistite luco; "1Tuque invade -viam, vaginaque eripe ferrum; 260 tit the northern extremity of the Bay of 252. Stygio regi1; Pluto. Cf. IV. 688. Naples.... nehoat = "1erects,"-used here, ac287. Spe lunca. Not the one previous- cording to Servius, in its ceremonial, and ly mentioned, In 42.. not In its ordinary sense....Nocturnars. 288. Tuta. "1Guarded,"-the participle, Sacrifices to the infernal deities were as in I. 571. offered In the night. 240. Sese. This may he taken with 258. Dea; i. e., Hecate coming to open both efundens and fere6 at. the way, and accompanied by the Stygian 242. This line is not found in the best dogs, whose howling is heard.... -proculmanuscripts, and Its authenticity is gen- prol'ani, &c. Addressed to the cornerally doubted. panions of Aeneas, who could not go 243. Nigrantes. See on 158. with him. 24. iFronti - vina. Cf. IV. 61, and 26. -Eripe ferrum. Perhaps this note..order is given that Aeneas may enter the 245. Carpens setas. See on IV. 698. dread scenes with more of that courage 247. -Hecaten-potentem. See on IV. which, In the next line, the priestess de511. dlares necessary. The bravest of men 250. J1atr~t ~Eurnenidurn; i. e., Nox, would, under such circumstances, even it and her sister was Terra. apprehending no danger, feel a sort of in AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 215 "Nunc animis opus, Aenea, nunc pectore firmo." Tantum effata, furens antro se immisit aperto; Ille ducem haud timidis vadentem passibus aequat. Di, quibus imperium est animarum, Umbraeque silentes, Et Chaos, et Phlegethon, loca nocte tacentia late, 265 Sit milli fas audita loqui; sit numine vestro Pandere res alta terra et caligine mersas. Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per umbram, Perque domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna: Quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna 270 Est iter in silvis, ubi coelum condidit umbra Jupiter, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem. Vestibulum ante ipsum primisque in faucibus Orci Luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Pallentesque habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus, 275 Et Metus, et malesuada Fames, ac turpis Egestas, Terribiles visu formae, Letumque Labosque; Tum consanguineuls Leti Sopor, et mala mentis Gaudia, mortiferumque adverso in limine Bellum, Ferreique Eumenidum thalami, et Discordia demens, 280 Vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis. In medio ramos annosaque brachia pandit Ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia vulgo Vana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent. Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum, 285 Centauri, in foribus stabulant, Scyllaeque biformes, spiration in the mere presence of a trusty weapon. The Sibyl must have known that the hero would have no occasion to use the sword, and presently, when he does attempt to employ it, he is warned that he can do the ghosts no harm (290 seq.). 266. Sit numine vestro. Sc. fas mihi from the preceding clause. Numine = "consent," "sanction," as in I. 133, II. 777, &c. 269. Vacuas and inania 'both give the notion of empty space, indicating that the mansions of the dead are capable of receiving all comers, and that their present inmates are unsubstantial, so that earth!y travellers there would feel a sense of desolation, the same which has been already expressed by sola sub nocte.' 274. Ultrices Curae. The stings of conscience, personified. 276. Turpis. "Squalid," - in reference to its outward unsightliness. 279. Adverso in limine; i.e., at the very entrance of Orcas,-the threshold "opposite," or "in front" (adverso) of one after passing through the vestibulum. 282. In medio. Sc. vestibulo. 288. Vulgo. With tenere. 22, 1 6 216P. VIR G IfL I- ARO0NIS Et cc-ntumgeminus Briareus, ac bellua Lernac, Ilorrendum. stridens, flammisque armata Chimnaera, Gorgones llarpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae. Corripit hic subita trepidus formidine ferrum, 290 Aeneas, strictamque aciem. venientibus offert; Et, ni docta comes ten-Les sine corpore vitas Admoneat volitare cava sub imagine formae, Irruat, et frustra ferro diverberet umbras. Hinie via, Tartarei quae fert.Acheroutis ad undas. 29.5 Turbidus hic coeno vastaque voragine gaurges Aestuat atque omnem Cocyto erucetat arenam. Portitor has horrendus aquas et fiarnina servat Terribili squalore Charon, cui plurirna mento Canities inculta jacet, stant lumina flamma, 300 Sordidus ex humeris nodo dependet amictus. Ipse ratem. conto subigit, vel isque ministrat, Et ferruginea subveetat corpora cymba, Jam senior, sed cruda, deo viridisque senectus. Hue omnis turba ad ripas effusa ruebat, 305 Matres atque vini, defunctaque corpora vita Maognanimiuim heroum, pueni innuptaeque puellae. Impositique rogis juvenes, ante ora parentum: Quam multa in silvis auctumni frigore primo Lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terrain gurgite ab alto 310 287. Beflu~a; I. e., the Lernaean Hydra, Hermes to transport the dead to the slain by Hercules in his second labor, shades. 289. Forma( -itumbrae; i. e., the shade 300. Stant lumina flamnuns. Lit., of the triple-bodied giant Geryon. Her- "his eyes stand fixed with flame,"-more miles, in his tenth labor, slew this giant freely 'are fixed orbs of fire.' and drove off his oxen, 302. J'eli8 mtinistrat. "1Attends to 2.92. 1'enues, &c. = "that they as thin the sails," or " manages (it) by means of unbodied phantoms," &c. the sails." It will thus probably always 293-4. Admoneat - irrttat. See on I. remain an open question whether velis is 58. a dat. or abl. Examples may be cited to 296. 1'urbiduta - qurges. "This tor- support either construction. rent, turbid with mire, and of vast depth. 305. Hute. Explained by ad ripas,297. Cocyto. Dative for ia Cocytum~. where C'haron stood. Cf. huc-eaeco lateri, Virgil makes the Acheron empty Into the H. 18, and hie-in vesto antro, TIII. 616. Cocytwu.... Arenam. Probably the same 310. Lopsa. This serves as an incepthing as the coenum of the preceding line. f ive to cadunt, and is = " losing their 299, 1'erribili squtalore. Abl. of de- hold."... Ad terrain. The comparison scription with C'haron. This personage is Irepresents the birds as having finishedl not found In Homner, "who, employs only i their jourvey, and reached the warmer AENEID OS LIB. VI.21 217 Quam mtiltae glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus Trans ponturn fugat et terris inmittit apricis. Staban t orantes primi transmitter ecursum, Tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris arnore. Navita sod tristis flili hos nune accipit illos, 315 Ast alios longe submotos arcet arena. Aeneas, miratus enim motusque turnultu, "1Dic," ait, 'lo virgo, quid vult concursuis ad amnem? "Quidve petunt anirnae? vel quo discrirnine ripas "Hae linquunt, ilae rernis vada livida verrunt?" 320 Olli sic breviter fata est longacva sacerdos: "Anchisa generate, deurn certissima proles, "Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiarnque paludem, "Dii cujus jurare timent et fallere numen. HIac omnis, quam cernis, mnops inhurnataque turba est; "Portitor ille Charon; hi, quos vehit unda, sepullti. 326 "Nec ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluenta "Transportare prius, quam sedibus ossa quierunt. "Centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circurn; "Turn denmm admissi stagna exoptata revisunt." 330 Constitit Anchisa satus et vestigia pressit, Mfulta putans, sortemque animo miseratus iniquam. Cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentes Leucaspim et Lyciae ductorem classis Oronten, Quos simul a Troja ventosa per aequora vectos 335 Obruit Auster, aqua involvens navemque virosque. Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat, Qui Libyco nuper cursu, durn sidera servat, clime over the sea. It has been justly 1 320. Linqwunt ripas; I. e., after havsaid that ' the flocking together of birds ing been refused a passage in the boat. before departure would be a fitter and 323. Cocyti - Stygiam. The C ocytus more natural comparison.' and Styx appear to be here identical, al313. P r im i - cary Su -i "to cross though really different streams....Pain-u flrst.'" Some make cursum = fluvium, and dem. See on 134. explain the construction as In IV. 154. 327. Datur. Sc. Charonti. Others, more correctly, hold that there is 331. Vestirqia pressit. Cf. 197. an ellipsis of flu urn instead of se, and 3.34. ()rotitent. See I. 113. regard cursum as the thi.;- sent across. 335Z. Sirnul. Better with vectos than 314. Amore. Cf. 1. 171. with obruit, and meaning "1In company 316. Sutbmotos arret = sidmwvet et (with Aeneas)." arcet. A. 292, R; G. 667, R. 1; HI. 549, 5. 838 Libyco curogu; 1. e., in the voyage 218 P. VIR GILII JAR OAIS. Exciderat puppi mediis effusus in undis. Hunc ubi vix multa maestum cognovit in umbra, 340 Sic prior alloquitur: " Quis te, Palinure, deorum "Eripuit nobis, medioque sub aequore mersit? "Die age.. Namque mihi, fallax haud ante repertus, "Hoc uno responso animum delusit Apollo, "Qui fore te ponto incolumem, finesque canebat 345 "Venturum Ausonios. En haec promissa fides est!" Ille autem: " Neque te Phoebi cortina fefellit, "Dux Anchisiade, nec me deus aequore mersit. "Namque gubernaclum multa vi forte revulsum, "Cui datus haerebam custos cursusque regebam, 350 "Praecipitans traxi mecum. Maria aspera juro, "Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem, "Quam tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro, "Deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis. "Tres Notus hibernas immensa per aequora noctes 355 "Vexit me violentus aqua; vix lumine quarto "Prospexi Italiam summa sublimis ab unda. from Libya, in that part of it, however, between Sicily and Italy. 339. Mediis - undis. The ablative includes the notion of the accusative, the case we would have expected after effusus, and the expression is = effusus in undas in medio cursu. Effusus may be translated "plunged." 345. Ponto. "On the sea.".... Canebat. This was some prediction of Apollo not elsewhere mentioned. 348. Nee - mersit. Palinurus was not aware of the agency of Somnus in his destruction. 350. Cui. This appears to limit both datus and herebam, but the latter especially. Before regebam supply quo,-the relative being not unfrequently thus omitted. 351. Praecipitans- "as I fell headlong." 353. Armis. A general expression for the rudder.... Exei8ssa magistro. ' A variety for excusso magistro, the shock being regarded as having separated the ship NOTUS, from the pilot rather than vice versa.' Cf. excutitur magister, I. 115. 354. Deficeret = "might fail," i. e., sink.... Undis. Abl. absolute, although it might be explained as a dative after deficeret, as rebus in 196., 356. Aqua. With vexit rather than with violentus. 357. Sublimis ab unda; i. e., as he sat on the rudder and the other portion of the ship he had torn off in his fall. It seems decidedly better, with Ladewig and others, to take ab unda with sublimis rather than with propexi, although Conington says, comparing,385; 'it is evidently to be connected with proepexi.' AENED OS LIB. VI. 219 " Paulatim annabam terrae; jam tuta tenebam, "Ni gens crudelis madida cum veste gravatum, "Prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera montis, 360 "Ferro invasisset, praedamque ignara putasset. "Nunc me fluctus habet, versantque in litore venti. "Quod te per coeli jucundum lumen et auras, "Per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis luli, 'Eripe me his, invicte, malis: aut tu mihi terram 3(;5 Injice, namque potes, portusque require Velinos; "Aut tu, si qua via est, si quam tibi diva creatrix "Ostendit-neque enim, credo, sine numine divumn ~" Flumina tanta paras Stygiamque innare paludem-, "Da dtxtram misero, et tecum me tolle per undas, 370 "Sedibus ut saltem placidis in morte quiescam." Talia fatus erat, coepit quum talia vates: "Unde haec, o Palinure, tibi tam dira cupido? "Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amnemque severnm "Eumenidum adspicies, ripamve injussus adibis? 375 "Desine fata deum flecti sperare precando; "Sed cape dicta memor, duri solatia casus. "Nam tua finitimi longe lateque per urbes "Prodigiis acti coelestibus, ossa piabunt, "Et statuent tumulum, et tumulo solemnia mittent, 380 "Aeternumque locus Palinuri nomen habebit." His dictis curae emotae, pulsusque parumper Corde dolor tristi; gaudet cognomine terra. Ergo iter inceptum peragunt, fluvioque propinquant. 361. Praedam-putasset. The barharians supposed Palinurus to be some shipwrecked voyager escaping to land with valuables about him. 363. Quod. See II. 141. 365. Terram injice; i. e., bury me. 366. Namque potes. Palinurus means that Aeneas can easily find his body, without going far. 375. Eumenidum. Used in a general sense for the infernal deities. 377. Cape dicta nmemor = tene haec dicta memoria. 379. Prodigiis acti, &c. Tradition related that the Lucanians, the finitimi of the preceding line, having been visited with a pestilence, consulted the Oracle and were told that they must make atonement to the Manes of Palinurus; and that on this account they dedicated to him not far from Velia a grove and a cenotaph. 381. Aeternum, &c. It is still called Punta di Palinuro. Ct. 235. 383. Cognotnine. An adj. with terra. Many manuscripts have terrae, making cognomine a noun. 2120 220P. VIR GIL II MA R O NIS Kavita quos jam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda 385 Per taciturn nemus ire pedemique advertere ripae, Sic prior aggreditur dictis atque iticrepat ultro: "Quisquis es, armatus qui nostra, ad flumina tendis, "Fare age, quid venias, jam istinc, et comprime gressum. "Umbrarum hic locus est, Somni Noctisque soporae; 390 "1Corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carin'a. "Nec vero, Alciden me sum laetatus euntem "1Accepisse lacu, nec Thesea Pirithoumque., "is quamquam geniti atque iuvicti viribus essent. "Tartareum ille mauu custodem in vincla petivit, 3)9 5 "Ipsius a solio regis, traxitque trementem; "Hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti." Quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates: "Nullae hic insidiae tales; absiste moveri; "Nec vim tela ferunt; licet[ ingens janitor antro 400 "Aeternum latrans, exsangues terreat umbras; "Casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen. "Trolus Aeneas, pietate insignis et armis, "Ad genitorem imas Erebi desceildit ad umbras. "-Si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago, 405 "At ramum hunc "-aperit ramum, qui veste latebat" Agnoscas." Tumida ex ira turn corda residunt. Nec plura his. Ille admirans venerabile donum 385. Abitnda. Charon was apparently crossing the stream when he saw them. 389. Jaya istine. Join with fare,"even from there" where you are, 4without approaching nearer. 392. Nec - laetatus. It was said that when Hercules descended into the Lower World to bring up cerberus, Charon was so terrified by the appearance of the hero that he ferried him over at once, and for this violation of his duty was punished by a year's imprisonment. We may infer that he fared no better in the case of Theseus and Pirithous... E untem, = hue venientern. 394. IPis qeniti. According to some accounts Theseus was the son of Neptune, and Pirithous the son of Jove. For the mul story of Theseus and Pirithous, see Class. Dict. 395. Ilic; i. e., Hercules.... Custo(ern; i. e., Cerberus.... In vincla petivit " 1he sought to put in chains,"-a peculiar use of the verb. 397. Dominarn; i. e., Proserpine..... Ditis. With thalamo. 398. A'mphrysia. This rather farfetched term is applied to the prophetess from her association with Apollo. 400. Antro = "1in his den." 402. Patrui. Pluto was Proserpine'st uncle,-he being the brother and she the daughter of Jupiter.... Servet. Supply ut before this, as also before terreat, in the previous line. 407. Agnoscas. In an imperative sense. *.... Turnida. With fra or with cordae'.... Exs i ra. "From anger." 408. Nec plura his. Whether the subject is vates, Charon, or plura, whether AENEID0S LIB. VI.21 221 Fatalis virgae, longo post teinpore -visum, Caeruleam advertit puppim ripaeque propinquat. 410 Jude alias animas, quae per juga longa sedebant, Deturbat, laxatque foros; simul accipit alveo Ingeintern Aenean. Gemuit sub pondere cymba Sutilis, et multam aecepit rimosa paludem. Tandem trans fiuvium incoluimes vatemque virumque 415 Informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva. Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci Personat, adverso recubans immanis in antro. Ciii vates, horrere videns jam colla colubris, Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam 42,0 Objicit. Ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens Corripit ob~jectam, atque immania terga resolvit Fusus humi, totoque ingens extenditur antro. Occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto, Evaditque celer ripam irremeabilis undae. 425 Continuo auditae voces, vagitus et ingens, Jnfantumque animae flentes, in limine primo,,kis is dlat. or abi., and what verb is to be suppliedl, are questions that have puzzled tbe commentators, and been variously answered. The interpretation here preferred as the most consistent requires dicta 8unt to be supplied, and makes his the abl. The meaning then is, lit., "nor (were) more than these (words spoken),"-more freely, "and no more words passed between them." 40.9. Fatalis. See 147. 414. Sutilis. The boat was therefore made of skins, or, after the Egyptian fashion, of rushes sewed together.... Bimo8(1. The unusual weight in the boat made It so. 4161. Limo - in ulva. On the position of in see on V. 512. CERBERUS. has snakes for hair, so that when he It, angry his snakes bristle.' 423. iFusus humi.- Cf. fundat h umi, A -4 11 dy__T -. —. - rVII,:_ ____ A.- _-4. 1 ii1i. K 1U7M.. - 'I11 11LJ~ UL.u L 1,93. occur in Homer.... Trifaucei. A term 424. Sepulto; i. e., somno. See H. found nowhere else. 25 418. Personat. As in 171, above, with 425. -Evadit ripam. "1Passes beyond the ace. of the place penetrated by the the bank." Cf. II. 731.... Irrremeabilis. sound.... A dverso. The den of Cerberns "From whose bourne no traveller re. fronted them as they landed. turns,"-a general epithet of the Styx, 419. Horrere - colubris. 'Cerberus having no reference to Aeneaq. 222 222 P. FIR GIL11 MAR ONIS Quos dulcis vitae exsortes et ab ubere raptos Abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo. lbs juxta falso damnati crimine mortis. 430 Nec vero hae sine sorte datae, sine judice, sedes: Quaesitor Minos urnam. movet; ille Silentum (Conciliumque vocat, vitasque et crimina discit. Proxima deinde tenent maesti loca, qui sibi letum. Insontes peperere manu, lucem~que perosi 435 Projecere animas. Quam. vellent aethere in alto Nuno et pauperiem et duros perferre labores! Fas obstat, tristique pains inamabilis unda Ailigat, et novies Styx interfusa co~rcet. Nec procul hine partem. fusi monstrantur in omnem. 440 Lugentes campi; sic illos nomine dicunt. Hie, quos durus amor crudeli tabe peredit, Secreti celant calles, et myrtea circum. Silva tegit; curae lion ipsa in morte relinquunt. 444 His Phaedram, Procrimque locis, maestamque Eriphylen, Crudelis nati monstrantem. vulnera, cernit, Evadnenque et Pasipha~n; his Laodamia It comes, et juvenis quondam, nune femina, Caeneus, Rursus et in veterem fato revoluta figurami. Inter quas Phoenissa recens a vulnere Dido 450 Errabat silva in magna; quam. Trolus heros 430. Miortis. With dainnati. A. 220, a; G. 377, R. 1; H. 410, nII. N. 2. 4.31. Sine sorte - sine judice. There is here an allusion to a Roman custom. In a criminal trial, the quaesitor, or presiding magistrate, chose by lot, from the whole judicial body, a certain number of judices, associate judges, to assist him in the case. Hence sine sorte, &c., " without lot, without a judge," is a general expression for " without a regular trial.".... Datae; i. e., "assigned," In general, to the various classes mentioned, not simply "to the class in the preceding line. 482. Urnam movet. A poetical way of stating that he presides,-the reference being to the urn from which the names of the judies were drawn. 433. (Jonciliumt. "The assemblage;" 1. e., of those who are to be examined and judged. 4,35. Irnso ntes = guilty of no crime. 440. -Partern fusi in omnemt. The extent of this region is not so much to accommodate a large number, as to afford its occupants the solitude they crave. 443. Myrtea. The myrtle was sacred to Venus. 446. Nati, vselnera. Cf. vudnere Ulixi, 1I. 436. 448. CJaeneus. The youth resumed the original female form, and became Caenis again, after descending to Hades. The feminine name, Caenls, would present a more regular construction, but the other is found in all the manuscripts. 451. Quam. The object of juxta and agnovit. AENVEIDOS LIB. VI.23 223 Ut primum juxta stetit agnovitque per umbras Obscuram, qualem primo qui surgere mense Aut videt, aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam, Demisit lacrimas, dulcique affatus amiore est: 455 "1Infelix Dido, verus milli nuntius ergo "Venerat exstinctam, ferroque extrema secutam? "Funeris heu tibi causa fui? Per sidera juro,"Per superos, et si qua fides tellure sub ima est, "Invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. 460 "Sed me jussa deu'm, quae nunc has ire per umbras, "Per loca senta situ cogunt noctemique profundam, "Inperiis egere suis; nee credere quivi "Hune tantum tibi me discessu ferre dolorem. "Siste gradum, teque adspectu ne subtrahe nostro. 465 "Qtuer fugis? extremum fato, quod te alloquor, hoc est." Talibus Aeneas ardentem et torva tuentem, Lenibat dictis animum, lacrimasque ciebat. lla solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat, Nec magis incepto vultum sermone move tur, 470 Quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes. Tandem corripuit sese, atque inimica refuigit In nemus umbriferum, conjux ubi pristinus illi Respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem. 454. Per nubila. With videt and vidsse. 45-5. D u 1ci amore = 'in love's swveet accents.' 456. Nunttius. "1Tidings." The commentators quite generally suppose the reference is to the blaze of the funeral pile, from which Aeneas conjectured Dido's 'fate. Cf. IV. 661-2, and V. 3 seq. Some think the allusion is to the message -of Mercury, IV. 564. Frieze justly says of these explanations of the passage,' Both are unsatisfactory. Possibly it may he regarded as above, 343, or it may be that the poet designed in revising his work to introduce some vision or revelation in the foregoing narrative which should harmonize with this passage.' 457. Exstinctam. SC. te esse.... ~Extrerna secutarn (esse) = "had sought death." Cf. I. 219. 459. Si quta, &c. See on II. 142. 465. Adspectu. For adspectui. 466. Extremutin-est = "1this is the last time that, in accordance with fate, I address thee,"-lit., "1the last thing," &c. His place after death will not be the same as hers. 467. Ardentem - tuentern. These agree with animum, although tuentem animum is peculiar and bold....Torva.,See on multa, I. 465. 468. Lenibat. For leniebat,-" strove to soothe." 469. lla solo, &c. Cf. I. 482. 473. Illi. Dat. with respondet, instead of a genitive with eurls,-as often. 224 224 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Nec minus Aeneas, casu percussus iniquo, 475 Prosequitur lacrimans loge et miseratur euntem. Inde datum molitur iter. Jamique arva tenebant Ultima, quae bello clari secreta frequentant. Hic illi occurrit Tydeus, hie inclytus armis Parthenopaeus et Adrasti pallentis imago; 480 Hic multum fleti ad superos belloque caduci iDardanidae, quos jile omnes longo ordin e cernens Ingemuit, Glaucumque Medontaque Thersilochumque, Tres Antenoridas, Cererique sacrum Polyphoeten, Idaeumque, etiam currus, etiam arma tenentem. 485 Circumstant animac dextra laevaque frequentes. Nec vidisse semel satis est; juvat usque morari, Et conferre gradum, et veniendi discere causas. At Danauim proceres Agamemnoniaeque phlalang(' Ut videre virum fulgentiaque arma per umbras, 490 Ingenti trepidare metu; pars vertere terga, Cen quondam petiere rates; pars tollere vocema Exiguam; inceptus clamor frustratur hiantes. Atque hie Priamiden laniatum corpore toto Deiphobum vidit, lacerum erudeliter ora, 495 Ora manusque ambas, populataque tempora raptis Aunibus, et truncas inhonesto vulnere nares. Vix adeo agnovit pavitantem. et dira tegentem Supplicia, et notis compellat vocibus ultro: "Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teucri, 500 "Quis tam crudeles optavit sumere poe-nas? 475. Casu iniquo ' by her unhappy 477. Miolitur. This term implies that the journey had difficulties for Aeneas. 479-5.0. T'ydeus, &c. ' He sees the heroes of the Theban war, the great event of the heroic ages before the war at Troy.' 481. Ad superoa = "among those in the upper world,"-among the living. Ad Is for apud,-a rare use of the word..484. Tres Antenorida8. These we find in Homer were Polybus, Agenor, and Acamas. 487. Usque mo'iari = to detain him long." 491. 1'repidare. Historical infinitive. So vertere aud tollere. 492. Pars-vocem. These, In contrast with parg-terga, are not terrified, but endeavor to raise the war-cry. 495. Ora. As oculos, in I. 228. So also manus, tempora, n&are8. 498. TIegentem = "1seeking to cover." AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 225 "Cui tantum de te licuit? Mihi fama suprema "Nocte tulit fessum vasta te caede Pelasgum "Procubuisse super confusae stragis acervum. " Tune egomet tumulum Rhoeteo in litore inanem "Constitui, et magna Manes ter voce vocavi. " Nomen et arma locum servant; te, amice, nequivi "Conspicere et patria decedens ponere terra." Ad quae Priamides: " Nihil o tibi amice relictum; " Omnia Deiphobo solvisti et funeris umbris. " Sed me fata mea et scelus exitiale Lacaenae " His mersere malis; illa haec monumenta reliquit. "Namque ut supremam falsa inter gaudia noctem "Egerimus, nosti; et nimium meminisse necesse est. "Quum fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit " Pergama et armatuin peditem gravis attulit alvo, "Illa, chorum simulans, evantes orgia circum "Ducebat Phrygias; flammam media ipsa tenebat "Ingentem, et summa Danaos ex arce vocabat. " Tum me, confectum curis somnoque gravatum, "Infelix habuit thalamus, pressitque jacentem " Dulcis et alta quies, placidaeque simillima morti. "Egregia interea conjux arma omnia tectis "Amovet, et fidum capiti subduxerat ensem; "Intra tecta vocat Menelaum, et limina pandit, 505 510 515 520 525 502. Cui-lcuit = "to whom has so much (power) over thee been allowed?".... Suprema nocte; i. e., the night of the capture of Troy. 505. Tttiteluctinanem. Cf. HIII. 304. 506. Manes vocavi. See on I. 219, II. 644, and II. 68. 507. Locurn servant; i. e., his name engraved on the tomb and his arms placed upon it, preserve the memory of the place.... Te; i. e., tuum corpus. 508. Patria terra. With ponere. 510. Funeris umbris = "to the shade of my dead body." For the plur., cf. V. 81. 511. Lacaenae; i.e., Helen. 515-16. Cf. II. 237-8. 516. Gravis = gravidus, orfetus. 517. Evantes orgia = " celebrating the orgies of Bacchus." Jvans, which is elsewhere intransitive, has here the cognate accusative orgia.... Circurn; i. e., about the city. 519. Danaos -vocabat. Virgil represents Helen as acting in concert with the Greeks. Under pretence of celebrating the Bacchic rites, she sought an opportunity of signaling the Grecian fleet, and thus informing Agamemnon when to start. Cf. II. 254 seq. 523. Egregia. Ironically, of Helen. 524. S u b d x er a t = " had (already) secretly removed," before the other arms. It need scarcely be said that this statement of Deiphobus cannot be reconciled with the passage II. 567-588, q. v. Virgil here apparently forgot what he had previously written. 226 226P. VIR GILII1 MA R O NIS "Scificet id magnum sperans fore munus amanti, "Et famam. exstingui veterum sic posse malorum. "Quid moror? Irrumpunt thalamo; comes additur una. "Hortator scelerum. Aeolides. Dii, talia Gralis "Instaurate, pi0 si poenas ore reposco! 0536 "Sed te qui vivum, casus, age, fare vicissim, Attulerint. Pelagine venis erroribus actus, 'An monitu diviim? an quae te Fortuna fatigat, 'Ut tri~tes sine sole domos, loca turbida, adires? 1Hac vice sermonum. roseis Aurora quadrigis 535 Jam medium aetherio cursu trajecerat axem; Et fors omne datum traherent per talia tempus; Sed comes admonuit breviterque affata Sibylla est: "Nox ruit, Aenea; nos flendo ducimus horas. lie locus est, partes ubi se via findit in ambas; 540 Dextera quae Ditis magni sub moenia tendit, Hac iter Elysium nobis; at laeva malorum "Exercet poenas, et ad impia Tartara mittit." IDeiphobus contra: "X e saevi, magna sacerdos; 526. A m a it t i. Menelaus is contemptuously called amens as if he were a new lover whose heart Helen was anxious to win.' 529. A eo Ii d e s. This term, in like manner, is contemptuously applied to Ulysses, in allusion to the post-Homeric story that he was not the son of Laertes, but of the famous robber, Sisyphus, the son of Aeolus. 532. _Pelagin~e - actus. The simple meaning is, Dost thou come to Cumae driven by the casualties of the sea? Virgil, however, seems to have modeled the question after the notion of the Homeric Hades which lay beyond the Ocean, and whose entrance could be approached by ship. 533. Quae fortuna = qua alia fortuna. 535. Hfac vice, &c. We infer that the conversation was continued. 56M. Trajecerat (ee) medium axsem. Aeneas and the Sibyl had descended at daybreak (25 seq.), and It was now past noon. They must return the ensuing night. 589. Ituit = "1hastens on." Cf. II. 250. PLUTO A1ND PROSERPINA. 540. Ambas = dues. 'Hitherto theyr had passed along a single road, the district being inhabited by those who were neither In happiness nor in pain; now the ways diverge to Elysium or to Tartarus.' 541. Dextera, &c. The full construcItion would be, quae (vie) dextera tendit, &c., hac (vie), &c. The antecedent of quoe is therefore hac. 542. Iter Elysium. See on Italiam. I. 2. 54.3-4. -Laeva (vie) - mittit. The road is poetically said to punish, because It leads to the place of punishment. AENEIDOS LIB. VI.27 217 "Discedam, explebo numerum, reddarque tenebris. 545 "I decus, i, nostrum! melioribus utere fatis!" Tanturn effatus, et in verbo vestigia torsit. Respicit Aeneas subito, et sub rupe sinistra Moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro, Quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis, 5500 Tartareus Phiegethona, torquetque sonantia saxa. Porta adversa, ingens, solidoque adamante columnae, Vis ut nulla, virilim, non ipsi exscindere ferro Coelicolae valeant. Stat ferrea turnis ad auras, Tisiphoneque sedens, palla succincta cruenta, 556 Vestibulum exsornnis, servat noctesque diesque. line exaudiri gemitus, et saeva sonare Verbera; turn stridor ferni tractaeque catenae. Constitit Aeneas, strepituque exterritus haesit. "Quae scelerum facies? o virgo, effa-re; quibusve 560 "UTrguentur poenis? quis tantus plangor ad auras Turn yates sic orsa loqui: "1Dux inclute Teucrfim, "Nulli fas casto sceleraturn insistere limen; "Sed me quum hucis ilecate praefecit Avernis, "Ipsa dei~m poenas docuit, perque omnia duxit. 566 "Guosius hac Rhadamanthus habet, durissima regna, "Castigatque auditque dolos, subigitque fateri, "Quae quis apud superos, furto laetatus inaui, 5,45. -Explebo numerurn; i. e., of the shades, by rejoining them. 547. in verbo = "1while speaking," - like in voce, IV. 76. 552. Adversa; i. e., fronting the beholder. 554. Ad auras. An expression borrowed from the upper world. 555. Tisiphone. Her location here is not consistent with 280, above. 557. _Exaudiri-sonare. As trepidare, in 491. 55. Stridor - eatenae. A verb may be borrowed from the preceding sentence. For tractee catenae, see A. 292, a; G. 667, R. 2; H. 549, N. 2. 50. )uibuse - poenia. "Or with what punishments are they (i. e., the " forms of guilt," scelerum faces) chastised?~" 561. Ad auras. The expression suggests 8urgit, or some similar verb. 565. Deurn poenas; i. e., the punishments inflicted by the gods.... Per omnia; i. e., through all parts of Tartarus. 567. Ca st i ga t que, &c. Hysteron proteron..... Dolos ' seems to be put generally for crime, which Is conceived of as skulking from justice and pleading not guilty.' 568. Quae. Relative, not interrogative. Translate piacula in the next line as its antecedent.... P u r t o inani = ' vain concealment," vain, because punishment i~s sure, though delayed. 228 228 P. VIRGIL1I1 MAR ONIS iDistulit in seram. commissa piacula mortem. "Continuo sontes ultrix accincta flagello 570 "Tisiphone quatit insultans, torvosque sinistra "Intentans angu es vocat agmina saeva sororum. "Turn demurn horrisono stridentes cardine sacrae "Panduntur portae. Cernis, custodia qualis "Vestibulo sedeat, faeies quac limina servet? 575 "Quinquaginta atris imimanis lijatibus Hydra "Saevior intus babet sedem. Turn Tartarus ipse "Bis patet in praeceps tantum, tenditque sub umbras, "Quantus ad aetherium coeli suspectus Olympum. "Hue genus antiquum. Terrae, Titania pubes, 580 "Fulmine dejecti fundo volvuntur in irno. "Hue et Aloidas geminos immania vidi "Corpora, qui manibus, magnum rescindere coelum "Aggressi, superisque Jovem. detrudere regnis. "Vidi et crudeles dantem. Salmonea poenas, 585 "Dum. flammas Jovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi. "Quatuor hic invectus equis et lampada quassans " Per Graiiutm populos, mediaeque per Elidis urbem "Ibat ovans, div Utmque sibi poscebat honorem, "Demens! qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen 590 "Aere et cornipedum pulsui simularet equorum. "At pater omnipotenas densa inter n ulia telum, "Contorsit, non ille faces nec fumea taedis "1Lumina, praecipitemque immani turbine adegit. 569. Distulit piacula. It will be ob-served that this expression is not strictly accurate, as the primary meaning of placula suits distulit, and its transferred meaning suits commisa. An accurate and nearly equivalent thought may be obtained by translating distudit, " has concealed, " and piacua, " crimes.' 570. Continuo; i. e., after sentence has been passed by Rhadaman thns..... Sontes. A. 227, b; G. 347; H. 885, 1. 571. Quatit = "lashes."1 574. Custodia. Referring to Tisiphone. go also fades. 576. Hlydra. Not the one mentioned In 287. 577. Saevsior; i. e., than Tisiphone. 578. In praecejps =headlong downward." 579. Suspectus. SC. est. 580. T'itania pubes; i. e., the Titans, sons of Coelus and Terra. 586. Dum irnitatur; 1. e., for daring to imitate. The present indicates that he felt the vengeance of Jove while in the midst of his Impious act. A. 290, C; G. 572, R; H. 550, N. 5. 588. Mlediae - urbemt = "through his city in the middle of Ells."1 The city was Salmonia, situated on the river Alpheus in Elis. 591. Acre. lHe rode in a brazen car, and, according to one account, over a brazen bridge.... Simular-et. See on II. 346. AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 229 Nec non et Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum, 595 "Cernere erat, per tota novell cui jugera corpus "Porrigitur, rostroque immanis vultur obunco "Immortale jecur tondens fecundaque poenis "Viscera rimaturque epulis, habitatque sub alto " Pectore, nec fibris requies datur ulla renatis. 600 "Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona Pirithoumque? "Quos super atra silex jam jam lapsura cadentique "Imminet assimilis; lucent genialibus altis "Aurea fulcra toris, epulaeque ante ora paratae ' Regifico luxu; Furiarum maxima juxta 60G Accubat, et manibus prohibet contingere mensas. ' Exsurgitque facem attollens, atque intonat ore. "Hic, quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat, "Pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti, ' Aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis, 610 "Nec partem posuere suis, quae maxima turba est, " Quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti "Impia, nec veriti dominorum fallere dextras, "Inclusi poenam exspectant. Ne quaere doceri, "Quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit. "Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque rotarum 616 "Districti pendent; sedet, aeternumque sedebit, "Infelix Theseus; Phlegyasque miserrimus omnes 595. A lumnum. Either for filium, Tityos being the son of Jupiter and Terra; or more literally, " foster-son," if Virgil followed the legend that made him the son of Jupiter and Elara, and concealed and reared in the womb of the earth, in order to escape the jealousy of Juno. 599. Epulis. "For his banquet." 602. Quos. It is best to follow the obvious grammatical construction and refer this word to Ixion and Pirithous, although the two punishments immediately mentioned are not such as the ordinary mythology ascribes to these persons. The punishments, when stripped of poetical verbiage, are simply fear of a falling rock, and inappeasable hunger in the presence of a rich banquet. 605. Maxina; i. e., natu. 608. Quibus - fratres. "(Those) by whom their brothers were hated." 609. Innexac = " devised." 610. D i vi t ii s- repertis = "reposed by themselves in the wealth they had acquired." 612. Arma imnpia. Probably an allusion to the civil wars of Rome. 613. Domninorum dextras; i. e., the faith pledged to their masters,-doubtless a reference to the servile wars. 615. Quam poenamr. Sc. exspectant.... Quae - mersit = " what form or condition (of punishment) has overwhelmed the men." The form of the verb mersit shows that quam and quae are relative, not interrogative. 618. Theseus was chained to a rock, on account of his attempt to carry off Proser 230 P. VIR GILII MIARONIS "Admonet et magna testatur voce per umbras: "' Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere divos.'" 620 "Vendidit hic auro patriam, dominumque potentem ' Imposuit; fixit leges pretio atque refixit; "Hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos; "Ausi omnes immane nefas ausoque potiti. "Non, mihi si linguae centum sint oraque centum, 625 "Ferrea vox, omnes scelerum comprendere formas, "Omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim." Haec ubi dicta dedit Phoebi longaeva sacerdos: "Sed jam age, carpe viam et susceptum perfice munus; "Acceleremus," ait; " Cyclopum educta caminis 630 Moenia conspicio atque adverso fornice portas, "Haec ubi nos praecepta jubent deponere dona." Dixerat, et pariter gressi per opaca viarum Corripiunt spatium medium, foribusque propinquant. Occupat Aeneas aditum, corpusque recenti 635 Spargit aqua, ramumque adverso in limine figit. His demum exactis, perfecto munere divae, Devenere locos laetos et amoena vireta Fortunatorum nemorum sedesque beatas. Largior hic campos aether et lumine vestit 640 Purpureo, solemque suum, sua sidera norunt. Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris, Contendunt ludo et fulva luctantur arena; Pars pedibus plaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt. Nec non Threicius longa cum veste sacerdos 645 pina. See 397.... Phlegyas had, among other daring deeds, set fire to the temple of Apollo at Delphi. His punishment is not mentioned by Virgil. 622. Fixit atque retixit. The laws were engraved on brazen tablets, which were fastened up in public places. Ience the expression is = " made and unmade." 630. Cyclopum - caminis = " erected by the forges ot the Cyclopes;" i. e., the iron walls were forged by Vulcan and his workmen, the Cyclopes. 631. Adverso fornice - "under the archway fronting (us)." Fornice is an abl. of place = in fornice. 632. lraec dona. For the singular, referring to the golden bough.... Praecepta. Cf. 142, above. 633. Opaca viarum. See on I. 422. 634. Corripiunt = "they rapidly traverse." 640. Largior. Translate this in the predicate. For a similar example of an adjective in the nom. coupled with an abl., see V. 498.... Hic is of course an adverb. 641. Solemn - norunt; i. e., they enjoy a sun and stars of their own. 645. Threicius sacerdos; i. e., Orpheus, who is called sacerdos because h. AENEID0S LIB. VI.23 231,Obloquitur numeris septein discrimina vocum, Jamque eaclem digitis, jam pectine pulsat eburuo. lie genus antiquum Teucri, puicherrima proles, Magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis, Jiusque Assaracusque et Trojae Dardanus auctor. 650 Arma procul currusque viri'm miratur inanes. Stant terra defixae hastae, passimque soluti Per campum pascuntur equi. Quae gratia curruum.Armorumque fuit vivis, quae cura nitentes Pascere equos, eadem sequitur tellure repostos. 655 Conspicit, ecce, alios dextra laevaque per herbami Vescentes laetumque choro, Paeanat canentes Ititer odoratum lauri nemus, unde superue Plurimus Eridani per silvam volvitur ammis. Hie manus ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi, 660 Quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat, Quique pii vates et Phoebo digna locuti, Inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes, Quique sui memores alis fecere mereudo; Omnibus his nivea cinguntur tempora vitta. 665 lyre, not of the voice, and numeris is da,tive. The lyre has seven strings. The line presents great difficulties and has been variously interpreted. The explanation here given is that of Wagner, and is at least as satisfactory as any other. 651.In mane s =" shadowy,'"-as is everything in the world of the dead. 657. (Jhos'-o = in choro.-"1 in a hand." 658. Nupeisn~e. ' Above; " i. e., in the ~LLL) - — upper world. Virgil here places the source of the Po in the Elysian fields of the Lower World. JUPITER DESTaOYING THE GIANTS. 6. Plrius Translate in the predicate with volvitur,-" rolls in a copious is said to have taught certain religious stream." The reference is to its course dogmas through the medium of verse....in the upper world. LTonqa cum veste. The usual attire of 660. Hic - passi. Construe, Hie (sunt) musicians. marnus (qui) passi ( sut), &c. Manus is a 646. Obioquituir - vocum = sounds collective noun. A. 187, d; G. 202, exc. 1); responsive to their measures (I. e., those H. 461. of the singers and dancers), the seven va- 661. Quiquce. Sc. erant. rying notes (of his lyre)," lit., " the seven 663. Vitam,; i. e., of nien iii general. distinctions of tones." According to this 664. 'A more general description of the Interpretation obloquitur is used of the benefactors of the human race.' 232 232P. FIR G IL II MA R O NIS Quos circumfusos sic est affata Sibylla, Musaeum ante omnes; medium nam plurima turba Hune habet, atque humeris exstantem suspicit altis: "Dicite, felices animae, tuque, optime vates, "Quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus? illius ergo 670 "Venimus et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnes." Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros: "Nulli certa domus; lucis habitamus opacis, "Riparumque toros et prata recentia rivis "Incolimus. Sed Vos, si fert ita corde voluntas, 675 "1Hoc superate jugum; et facili jam tramite sistam." Dixit, et ante tulit gressum, camposque nitent~s Desuper ostentat; dehinc summa cacumina, linquunt. At pater Anchises penitus convalle virenti Inclusas animas superumque ad lumen ituras 680 Lustrabat studio recolens, omnemque suorum Forte recensebat numerum carosque nepotes, Fataque fortunasque viru'm moresque manusque. Isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina vidit Aenean, alacris palmas utrasque tetendit, 685 Effusaeque genis lacrimae, et vox excidit ore: "Venisti tandem, tuaque exspectata parenti "Vicit iter durum. pietas? datur ora tueri, "Nate, tua, et notas audire et reddere voces? "Sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futururni, 690 "Tempora dinumerans, nec me inca cura fefellit. 667. MUrsaeus. ' Some of the early critics accused Virgil of jealousy in not rather naming Homer than Musaeus, as if a sense of obligation ought to have made himn ready to encounter an anachronism.' 674. -Ripar'um toros; i. e., the verdant couches which the banks.orm.... Recentia rivisi. "Fresh with streams." 678. Linquunt; I. e., Aeneas and the Sibyl. Musaeus does not accompany them farther. 679. Penitus convalle virenti= "deep in a verdant vale." 682. -Po r t e recenlsebat. Anchises chanced to be reviewing that particular part of the whole multitude, comprisel In omnnem numerum suorum, when Aeneats appeared. Suorum and forte are thus emphatic. 683. Manus ="their deeds," "1martial exploits." 684. Adversvtm. An adjective agree. ing with Aenean., but to be translated in the predicate with tendentem. See on 659, above. 685. Alacris. A. 84, N; H. 153, N. 2. 687. -Parenti. With expectata. A. 232, a and b; G. 852; H. 388, 4. 690. Eut wi-rnt (esse). With both ducebarn and rebar. 691. Tempora dinumerans="1 count AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 233 "66 Quas ego te terras et quanta per aequora vectum " Accipio! quantis jactatum, nate, periclis! "Quamn metui, ne quid Libyae tibi regna nocerent!" Ille autem: " Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago, 695 "Saepius occurrens, haec limina tendere adegit. "Stant sale Tyrrheno classes. Da jungere dextram, "Da, genitor, teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro." Sic memorans largo fletu simul ora rigabat. Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum, 700 Ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, Par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno. Interea videt Aeneas in valle reducta Seclusum nemus et virgulta sonantia silvae, Lethaeumque, domos placidas qui praenatat, amnem. 705 HIunc circum innumerae gentes populique volabant; Ac velut in pratis ubi apes aestate serena Floribus insidunt variis, et candida circum Lilia funduntur; strepit omnis murmure campus. Horrescit visu subito causasque requirit 710 Inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro, Quive viri tanto complerint agmine ripas. Turn pater Anchises: " Animae, quibus altera fato "Corpora debentur, Lethaei ad fluminis undam " Securos latices et longa oblivia potant. 715 " Has equidem memorare tibi atque ostendere coram, "Jampridem hanc prolem cupio enumerare meorum, "Quo magis Italia mecum laetere reperta." "0 pater, anne aliquas ad coelum hinc ire putandum est "Sublimes animas, iterumque ad tarda reverti 720 "Corpora? Quae lucis miseris tamrn dira cupido?" " Dicam equidem, nec te suspensum, nate, tenebo," Suscipit Anchises, atque ordine singula pandit. ing the days;" i. e., until he might expect 709. Strepit-campus. Referring t( Aeneas. See V. 731 seq. the shades. 700-2. Repeated from II. 792-4. 710. Subito. Adjective with visu. 704. Virgulta sonantia = "the rust-my descendants. ling shrubbery." ling shrbbery." 771. Meorum = "my descendants." 708. Circum-funduntur = "swarm 720. Sublimes = "on high,"- with around." j ire. Cf. I. 415. 234 P. VIRGILII MJARONIS "1Principio coelum ac terras camposque liquentes, "Lucentemque globum Lunae Titaniaque astra, 725 "1Spiritus intus alit, totamque. infusa per artus "Mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet. "Thde hominum pecuduinque genus vitaeque volanturn, "Et quae marmoreo fert mon stra sub aequore pontu s. " Igneus est ollis vigor et coelestis origo 730 " Serninibus, quantum non noxia corpora tardant, "Terrenique hebetant artus moribundaque membra. line metuunt cupiuntque, dolent gandentque, neqiie "Dispiciunt clausae tenebris et carcere caeco. [auras "Quin et supremo qnum lumine vita reliquit, 735 "Non tamen omne malum miseris nec funditus omnes "Corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est "Malta din concreta modis inolescere miris. "Ergo exercentur poenis, veterumque malorum "Supplicia, expendunt: aliae panduntur inanes 740 "Suspensae ad ventos; aliis sub gurgite vasto "Infectum elnitur sceems, aut exuritur igni; "Quisque suos patimur Manes; exinde per amplum 725. Titania astra. Many of the best critics suppose the sun alone is here meant,-the plural being for the singular.,Others, probably with less propriety, make the expression include the stars. Cf. IV. 119. 726. Jnfusa per artus = diffused throughout the parts." 727. Mens is the principle of intelligence, 8piVtus the living or vital principle...Agitat ="actuates." 728. Tndc; I. e., from this union of spsrntus and meng with material elements. 730. ITgneus. As if the pure substance ar essence of the divine soul were tire. See 746. Oll 01is serninibus = "4to these seeds (of life within us); " i. e., either as sparks from the all pervading soul (cf. semina flammae, 6, above), or simply as principles of life emanating from that soul. 781. Quantum = "1so far as." 733. -Mine; i. e., from this debasing influence of the body arise disturbing pasisions, &c... iNeque -eaeco = "nor do they discern the sky, shut up In darkness and the blind prison-house (of the body)." 737. Penitus - miris, lit., = "1it is absolutely necessary that many (imperfections which have) for a long time grown together (with their being) should become fixed therein in surprising ways." Instead of penitusque we would expect sed penitus. 738. Irnolescere. Sc. hUK. The verb signifies to grow into so as " to become a part of," "1to be incorporated with," as a bud unites with the limb in which it is grafted.... M~odis miris. Cf. I. 354. 740. The punishments are graduated to the guilt,-lighter sins being removed by wind, those next in degree by water, while those of the deepest dye can only be oh. literated by fire. 742. Infeetum = with which they are Infected." 743. Quisque-Mianes. ' The general meaning evidently is, ' Each spirit has its Individual discipline.' This Virgil has apparently chosen to express by saying ' Each of us suffers his own Manes,' the Manes, which appear to have been a sort of twofold genius belonging to each per AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 23,5 "1Mittimur Elysium, et pauci lac-ta arva tenemus; "Donec longa dies, perfecto temporis orbe, 745 "11Concretam exemit labem, pururnque relinquit "Aetherium sensum atque aurai simplicis ignem. "Has omnes, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos, "Lethaeum ad fluvium dens evocat agmine magno, "Scilicet immemores supera ut convexa revisant 750 "Rursus et incipiant in corpora velle reverti." Dixerat Anchises, inatumque unaque Sibyllam Conventus trahit in medios turbamque sonantem, lEt tumulum capit, unde omnes longo ordine posset Adversos legere, et ve-nientum discere vultus. 755 "Nunec age, IDardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur "Gloria, q ui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, "illustres animas nostrumque in nomen ituras, "Expediam dietis, et te tua fata docebo. "Ille, vides, pura juvenis qui nititur hasta, 760 "Proxima sorte tenet lucis loca, primus ad anras "Aetherias Italo, commixtus sangnine snrget, son, being regarded as separable from the Itherefore, partially parenthetical.... Roperson himself, and as subjecting him to!tami-annos; 1. e., completed the circuit inflictions.' Con, of a thousand years. 744. Pauci-tenemuts; i. e., a few of 749. Deus. In a general sense,-no us, who are not destined to go again Into particular deity being meant. other bodies in the upper world, perma- 750. Immemores = "1forg~etful (of the nently occupy these happy fields. The past),"- as the effect of drinking from greater part simply pass through Ely sium Leth...... Supera convexa. Cf. 241. to the river Lethe, and then to the upper Some portions of the preceding paraworld, graph, and especially lines 743-4, have pre745. _Longa dies. Cf. V. 78'~, and note. Isented great difficulties to commentators, -....-Perfecto-orbe = "1the appointed iand there is no passage in Virgil more round of time being completed,"- ex- perplexing. The interpretation here in. plained by 748 as a thousand years. dicated is thought to be the most consist747. Sentsum = "1soul.".. Aurai - ent of the many that have been offered. irinem = "the fire of the simple es- There can be little doubt that this is one sence,"1-lit., "1of the simple air," or of the unfinished portions of the Aeneid " ether." 5ee on 730. For the form of which the Poet would have perfected had aurai see on M. 354 his life been prolonged. 748. H-as omnes. As those who are to 756. Deinde = "1hereafter." return to earth constitute the great major- 75. Maneant (tib4) = "1await thee." ity, they are spoken of as the wholo body.... Itala de gente; i. e., from Lavinia. It is to these that the entire description 760. Pasra hasta: an emblem of soverseems to refer, with the exception of the eignty. A. 2,54, b; G. 408,1R. 3; H. 425, 1), N. clause pauct - tersemus, which briefly de- 761. Proxima tuc is loca; i. e., the scribes the favored few, and which is. first or earliest place in the world above. 'VI 3 6 236P. VIR GIL II MIA RO0NIS. "1Silvius, Albanum. nomen, tua post.-Lma proles, "Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux "Educet silvis regem, regumque parentem; 765 "Unde genus Longa -nostrum dominabitur Alba.. "Proximus ille Procas, Trojanae gloria gentis, "Et Capys, et Numitor, et qui te nomine reddet "Silvius Aeneas, pariter pietate vel armis "Egregius, si umquam. regnandam. acceperit Albam. 77`0 "Qui juvenes! quantas ostentant, adspiee, vires! "Aque umibrata gerunt civili tempora querecu.,'11i tibi Nomentum et Gabios urbemque Fidenam, "1Hi Collatinas imponent montibus arces, "Pometios Castrumque Inui Bolamque Coramque. 773 "Hac tum. nomina erunt, nune sunt sine nomine terrac. "Quin et avo comitem. sese Mlavortius addet; "Romulus, Assaraci quem. sanguinis Ilia mater "Edueet. Viden', ut geminae stant vertice cristae, "Et pater ipse suo superum1r jam siginat honore? 780 "En, hujus, nate, auspiciis illa incluta Roma "Imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo, "Septemque una, sibi muro circ-umdabit arces, "Felix prole vir-fm: qualis Berecyntia mater "Invehitur curru Phrvgias turrita per urbes,78 "Laeta deiuim partu, centum, complexa nepotes, "Omnes coelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes. 768. Postuma = "latest." 764. Serum is explained by poetuma and longeevo. 765. Educet = pariet....Silvis = in silvi8. Livy, 1. 4, says of him, casu quodam in 8ilvi8 natu8. 766. lUnde = a quo.... Lonya A4lba. Cf. I. 271. 767. Proximus. Not next In historical order, but in reference to his position at the moment among the shades. Procas w",as the twelfth, or, according to some accounts, fourteenth king of Alba. 770. Si umquam, &c. It Is related that Aeneas Silvius was kept from the throne until his fifty-third year by his gnardian, who had usurped the authority. 771. Qui Juvenes. Hf. now. calls at. tention to another class who are to be dis. tinguished as founders of cities. 772. Atque = " and also....Utttbrrita - quercat. The civic crown was worn by those who had planted colonies and founded new cities. 778. Nomentum, &c. Sc. condent, or some similar verb, suggested by imponent In the next line. 777. Avo; i. e., Numitor, whom Romulus restored to his kingdom. 779. Educet. See on 765... Viden'1 videsne. A. 210. d; (. 456, R; 11.851, 2. 780. Pater ipse; I. a., Jupiter... Superurn Is for 8perorum. Some make super-em an acc. sing., agreeing with the (object of 8ignet, and refer peter to Mars. 784. ilerecynt-ia mater; i. e., Cybele. AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 2307 "1Hue geminas nune fleete aeies, hane adspice, gentemn "Romanosque tuos. [lie Caesar et omnis 1uh "Progenies, magnum eoeli ventura sub axem. 790 "He vir, bie est, tibi quem promitti saepius audis, "Augustus Caesar, Divi genus, aurea eondet "Sacula qui rursus Latio regnata per arva "Saturno quondam; super et Garamiantas et Indos "Proferet imperium; jaeet extra sidera tellus, 795 "Extra anni Solisque vias, ubi eoelifer Atlas " Axem humero torqnet stellis ardentibus aptum. "ilujus in adventum jam nune et Caspia regna "1Respousis horrent divlulm et Maeotia tellus, "Et septemgcemini turbant trepida ostia Nili. 800 "Nee vero Aleides tantum telluris obivit, "Fixerit aeripedem cervam lieet, aut Erymanthi "Paearit nemora, et Lernam tremefecerit areu; "Nee, qui pampineis vietor juga fleetit habenis, "Liber, agens eelso Nysae de vertiee tigres. 805 "Et dubitamuLs adhue virtutem, extendere faetis, "Aut metus Ausonia prohibet eonsistere terra? "Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae, 789. Caesar; i. e., Julius Caesar.... luli. See on I. 267. 795. Sidera. Referring simply to the K constellations of the zodiac....- Tellus is doubtless Ethiopia. 796. Atlas, &c. Cf. IV. 481-2. & V 800. Tuerbant = are troubled," - sc. sese. 802. Fixzerit licet. A. 313, b; G. 609; H. 515, III. Three of the twelve labors of Hercules are referred to in this and the following line. 803. Pacarit nemorat; I. e., by killing the wild boar. 804. Juga; i. e., his team of tigers. For this famous Indian expedition of Bacchus, see Class, Dict. 806. -Et dubitamus, &c. 'Anchises, after showing the glorious culmination of the Trojan fortunes In Augustus, asks whether Aeneas hesitates to take his place AUGUSTUS. as a link in that vast chain of destiny. 238 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS "Sacra ferens? Nosco crines incanaque menta "Regis Romani, primam qui legibus urbem 810 "Fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra "Missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit, "Otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit "Tullus in arma viros et jam desueta triumphis "Agmina. Quem juxta sequitur jactantior Ancus, 815 "Nunc quoque jam nimium gaudens popularibus auris. "Vis et Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam "Ultoris Bruti, fascesque videre receptos? "Consulis imperium hic primus saevasque secures "Accipiet, natosque pater nova bella moventes 820 "Ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit, "Infelix! Utcumque ferent ea facta minores, "Vincet amor patriae laudumque immensa cupido. "Quin Decios Drusosque procul saevumque securi "Adspice Torquatum et referentem signa Camillum. 825 "Illae autem, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis, "Concordes animae nunc et dum nocte premuntur, " Heu quantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae "Attigerint, quantas acies stragemque ciebunt, "Aggeribus socer Alpinis atque arce Monoeci 830 "Descendens, gener adversis instructus Eois! "Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis adsuescite bella, "Neu patriae validas in viscera vertite vires; "Tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo, "Projice tela manu, sanguis meus!- 835 810. Regis Romani; i. e., Numa Pompilius..... Primam = primo. Cf. 1. 1. 811. Terra = "estate." 818. Receptos; i. e., "rescued" or "k recovered " from the tyrant kings, as if from enemies, and given to the consuls. 820. Nova bella. Referring to the conspiracy to restore the Tarquins. The two sons of Brutus having been engaged in it, they were put to death by command of their father. Hence the expression saevas secures. 822. Utcumque ferent. As if in Vir gil's time the conduct of Brutus was censured by some. 825. Referentemr signa. Camillus defeated the Gauls and recovered the standards they -had taken at the disastrous battle of Allia. 826. Illae. Pompey and Caesar.... Fulgere. Of the third conj. here,-an old form. 830. Socer; i. e., Caesar,-his daughter Julia being the wife of Pompey. 834. Genus- Olympo. Because Caesar, through lulus, was descended from Venus and Jupiter. AENEIJ)OS LIB. VI.23 00.3 1.) "Jile triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho " Victor aget currum, caesis insignis Achivis. " Eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas, "Jpsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli, "Ultus avos Trojae, templa et temerata Minervae. 840 "Quis te, magne Cato, taciturn, aut te, Cosse, relinquat?: "Quis Gracehi genus, aut geminos, duo fulmina- belli, "Scipiadas, cladem. Libyae, parvoque potentem "Fabricium, vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem? "Quo fessum rapitis, Fabjii? tu Maximus ille es, 845 "Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem. "Excudent a~ii spirantia mollius aera, "Credo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore vultus, "Orabunt causas melius, coelique meatus "Describent radio et surgentia sidera dicent;:850 "Tu regere irnperio populos, iRomanle, memento; "iae tibi erunt artes; pacisque imponere morem, "Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos." Sic pater Anchises, atque hac mirantibus addit: "Adspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis 85 "Ingreditur, -victorque viros supereminet omnes I. "Hie -rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, "Sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem, "Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino." 836. I11e. Lucius Mummius, the conqueror of Corinth. 838. file. Probably Lucius Aemilius Paullus, who conquered Perseus, the 1Macedonian king. The latter was said to have been a descendant of Achilles. 840. Templet - Minervae. See on I. 41, II. 165, &c. 841. Cato. The elder Cato, or Cato the Censor.... Tacitim Is used in Its strict. participial sense. 843. Parvo potentem = rich in poverty,"-potentem being =oputentum. 845. Fabii. A powerful and -noble family at Rome, the most Illustrious of whom was quintus Fabius Maximus, surnamed also Cunctator, because by his " masterly inactivity" In the contest with Hannibal, while dictator in the second Punic war, he retrieved the fortunes of Rome. 847-50.. AIii - diceismt. The reference throughout is to the Greeks, ' the acknowledged masters of the Romans in the arts and sciences, in eloquence and literature.' 851. ilomane. A general address to the nation. 852. Pacis - morern. "1To impose the terms of peace.' 857. Tutmultu. Referring to the Gallic war, in which Marcell-us slew Virodomarus, the commander of the Glauls, and obtained the third and last "sjxWia opima," -the tertia arma of 859. The first was obtained by Romulus, and the second by Cossus, mentioned in 841, above. 859. Quirinto. Why to him cannot easily be explained, as byv the institutions 240 240 P. VIRGILIr MARONIS Atque hic Aeneas ---una namque ire videbat 860 Egregium forma juvenem et fulgentibus armis, Sed frons laeta parum, et dejecto lumina vultu-: "Quis, pater, ille, virum qui sic comitatur euntem? "Filius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum? "Qui strepitus circa comitum! quantum instar in ipso! "Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra." 866 Tum pater Anchises, lacrimis ingressus obortis: "0 gnate, ingentem luctum. ne quaere tuorum-; "Ostendent terris, hunc tantum fata, neque ultra "Esse shient. Nimiurn vobis iRomana propago 870 "Visa potens, Superi, propria, baec si dona fuissent. "Quantos ille viruim magnam Mavortis ad urbem "Campus aget gemitus! vel quae, Tiberine, videbis "Funera, quum tumulum praeterlabere recentem! "Nec puer Ihaca, quisquam de gente Latinos 875 "In tantum spe toilet avos, nec IRomula quondam "Ullo se tantum tellus, jactabit alumno. "Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello "Dextera! non iDi se quisquam impune tulisset "Obvius armato, sen quumi pedes iret in hostem, 880 "Sen spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos. "Heu, miserande puer! si qua fata aspera rumpas, "Tu Marcellus, eris. Manibus, date lilia plenis, "Purpureos spargam. fibres, animamque nepotis "His sal~tem accumulem donis, et fungar mnaui 885 "Munere."-Sic tota passim regione vagantur of Romulus himself, the epotia Opima were to be offered to Jupiter Feretrius. 860. lina; i. e., with Marceilus. 865. Qui - comitum! Indicating his future popularity. 'The shades of young Miarcellus' future contemporaries crowd around him admiring and applauding.'...Quantum - ipso! "what majesty there Is In him!I" 871. Visa. Sc.esset. 872. Virum. For viromm.... Marortis.- With urb~em. See ou I. 276. 8713. Campus aget = " will that plaiu send forth." The reference Is to the pub lic funeral of Marcellus which was celebrated In the Campus Martins, on the banks of the Tiber, near Rome, where the whole populace was assembled. 874. Punera. "1Funeral rites... Tumulum. The splendid mausoleum of Augustus, In which the remains were deposited, was on the bank of the Tiber. It had been erected by the emperor five years before. 88. Tu -eis; I. e., "thou shalt be g true Marcellns," worthy of the name. 884. Spargam. See on IV. 684. AEiYETDOS LIB. VI 241 CAIETA. Aeris in campis latis, atque omnia lustrant. Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit, Incenditque animumn fainae venientis amore; Exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda, 890 Laurentesque docet populos urbemque Latini, Et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem. Sunt geminae Somni portae, quarum altera fertur Cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus Umbris; Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto, 895 Sed falsa ad coelum mittunt insomnia Manes. His ibi tum natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam Prosequitur dictis, portaque emittit eburna: Ille viam secat ad naves sociosque revisit; Tum se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum. 900 Ancora de prora jacitur; stant litore puppes. 887. Aeris. With campis. 896. Sed, &c.c.. per hane. 892. Et quo, &c. Cf. I. 459. 897. His dictis. Referring to the in. 893. Fertur = " is said (to be)." The structions in 890-2, which Anchises congates of Sleep are from the Odyssey, tinues until they part at the gate. XIX. 562 seq., where they are similarly 900. Recto litore = "(sailing) straight described. along the shore." I THE OF WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES. Illustrated wi/h Numerous Engravings. BY HENRY CLARK JOHNSON, A.M., LL.B. 'RRDFESSOR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN THE LEHIGH UNIVERSIT7Y COPYRIGHT, 1885 A. S. BARNES & CO. NEW YORK AND CHICAGO CONTENTS. THE BUCOLICS AND GEORGICS. PAGE 11 BUCOLICS GEORGICS, 5u 3 LEXICON AND APPENDIX. LEXICON.,... QUESTIONS ON A2N,-EID.... NOTES TO QUESTIONIS, t.-. METRICAL INDEX. FAC-SIMILE OF MS...I~.. 207 216 218 228 * PREFACE. T HE Bucolics and Georgics of Virgil now form a part of the Latin course in so many of our Preparatory Schools that it has been considered necessary to include them in a text-book on Virgil. These poems are the most elaborate and highly finished specimens of Latin versification, and their mastery by the average student is a task of no little difficulty. The Notes accompanying the text have been prepared with great care, and the author has introduced all such explanations as seemed necessary in pursuing the study with his own classes. No attempt at originality has been made in giving the meaning of mooted passages, since in the great range of commentators on the same topics, there has been a chance to select such explanations as appeared to answer all the requirements of the case. While many of the authorities so used have been credited, the opinions of others have been subjected to modifications of which they might fait to approve and their names have therefore been omitted. The Text will, the author trusts, be found satisfactory. In the main, Wagner's smaller edition has been followed; but in its revision, as well as in the preparation of the Notes, the following commentators have been consulted: Andrews, Anthon, Bryce, Cerda, Conington, Forbiger, Gould, Heyne, Hohler, Jahn, Keightly, Kennedy, Ladewig, Lemaire, Martyn, Nohden, Ribbeck, Servius, Stuart, Thiel, Trapp, Valpy, Voss, and Wagner. vi PR EFA CE. The Grammatical References are to the three grammars most largely in use in American schools-Allen and Greenough, Gildersleeve, and Harkness. The Lexicon, originally prepared by Professor Searing for his edition of the First Six Books of the 2Eneid, has been carefully revised and enlarged, so as to meet the wants of the reader of any of Virgil's poems. The regret is frequently expressed by teachers who appreciate the beauties of Virgil, that the study of such poems as the Bucolics and Georgics should be pursued in the third or fourth year of the student's course ini Latin. It is sincerely hoped that students will be urged to remove any prejudice they may feel on account of the early use of Virgil as a drill-book, by going over the subject again at a later period. In such a way, they will be able to appreciate the great poet for what he really is. That this book, in its enlarged form, may continue to meet with favor and be found satisfactory to teachers and pupils, is the earnest hope of the author. THE LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, February, 1885. BUCOLIC, OR PASTORAL POETRY. THE mode of life of the Romans was, from the earliest times, agricultural; and a love of rural retirement was evinced among them, so long as they were not corrupted by foreign manners and Oriental luxury. As the Romans were a practical and industrious people, they resorted to country life, both on account of the pleasure they found in labor, anl also on account of the welcome profit derived from the soil through that labor. But little of their time was given to the contemplation of the beauties of nature, and hence it may be truly said that pastoral poetry was not indigenous at Rome. We must look to the vales of Sicily and Arcadia for the first strains of rustic melody, which, in due course of time, found their echo in the Imperial City. Although pastoral poetry has its origin in the solitude and leisure of rural life, it has been chiefly cultivated in ages of great refinement. Those who 'were assembled at courts or in cities, looked back with pleasure on the occupations and innocence of rustic life. To them, in their freedom from close contact, every beauty of the pastoral landscape was unfolded, and they sung of their woodland nymphs and deities, with an ardor that they might have lacked if pursuing a life of daily toil. Theocritus, a native of Sicily, who flourished in the court of Alexandria under the Egyptian Ptolemies, was the chief writer of pastoral poetry previous to the time of Virgil, and his Idyls have been in all ages the great storehouse of pastoral sentiments and descriptions. Virgil was the professed imitator of Theocritus. His images are all Greek, and his scenery such as he found painted in the pages of the Sicilian poet, and not what he had himself observed on the banks of the Mincius. However, with all this imitation and resemblance, the productions of the two poets are widely different. Thus, the delineations of character in Theocritus are more various and lively; whereas, in Virgil, the same want of discrimination of character, so often marked in the AEneid, is observable also in his pastorals. His Thyrsis, Damon, and Menalcas all resemble one another. No shepherd is distinguished by any peculiar disposition, or humor; they all speak from the lips of the poet, and their dialogue is modeled by the standard of his own elegant mind. In scenes and descriptions a difference is likewise observable. Those of Theocritus possess that minuteness and accuracy so conducive 9.;7 6 P. VIRGILII MARONIS BUCOLICA. to poetic truth and reality; Virgil's representations are more general, and bring only vague images before the fancy. There are, in Theocritus, a very romantic wildness of thought, and many beautiful descriptions of unadorned nature. But Virgil, although borrowing his images and sentiments, has seldom taken an idea from his Sicilian master, without beautifying it by the lustre of his language. However, examining the Eclogues as the work of a highly cultivated mind, and not simply as poetry, we shall see why they have been awarded so high a place in Latin literature, and be prepared to render them our profound admiration. As examples of finished Latin they are not excelled, and although they were adapted from another, they are original, and wonderfully beautiful. The word Bucolica is derived from the Greek, and signifies pastoral poems, or the songs of shepherds. Virgil called his Bucolica Ecogae, a word also from the Greek, and meaning chosen. The poems to which Virgil gave this name were all of them such pieces as he selected from those he had previously given to the world, and now arranged, for the first time, in an appropriate order. BUCOLICON LIBER. I I ECLOGA PIRIMA. TITYRUS. MELIBOEUS. TITYRLT S. When Augustus had returned to Rome, after the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi (B. C. 41), he distributed among his own and Antony's soldiers certain lands in Italy. Among those who lost their farms, was Virgil himself; but through the intercession of friends, his farm was restored to him by Augustus. To testify his gratitude to the future Emperor, Virgil composed this Eclogne. In the character of Tityrus, the poet represents himself; and in that of Melihoeus, a shepherd whose loss has not been made good. The Ecloguc Is a dialogue between them. Meliboeus, driving his flock before him, and about to leave his native conutry, finds Tityrus lying at his ease under a beech-tree, playing upon his pipe. Tityrus, in reply to the question of Meliboeus, relates how he had regained his farm and his liberty. M. TiTYRE, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi Silvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avena; 1. T1ity-re. Borrowed from Theocritus, (cu?)-), reclining.... Tegmaine (tego), shaed. Id. M. 2. A common name for a shep-.... Fagi, beech. herd.....Tu is here expressed to contrast 2. Silrestrem Musamprwstior woodwith nowaIn verse 3; so noos-tu in verse 4. lan~d song..... Mteditaris, art practising. A. 194, a; G. 198; H. 446.... Patulae Averta, an oaten straw. By metonymy (pafte), wide *preading... Recubans any thing made of oaten straw as a pip~e. 211 12 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arva: Nos patriam fugimus; tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas. T. 0 Meliboee, deus nobis haec otia fecit. Namque erit ille mihi semper deus; illius aram Saepe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus. Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum Ludere, quae vellem, calamo permisit agresti. M. Non equidem invideo; miror magis: undique totis Usque adeo turbatur agris. En, ipse capellas Protenus aeger ago; hanc etiam vix, Tityre, duco. Hic inter densas corulos modo namque gemellos, 5 10 hence a musical reed of any kind, aflageolet. For the case: A. 248; G. 403; H. 420. 3. Nos includes himself and all others in a like situation.... Patriae, "of our native village.".... Dulciu. An epithet applied to arva, because of the sweet associations which remain with them.... Linqwimuts, are leaving...... Arva (aro), plowed fields; hence farms. 4. Fugzimus, stronger than linquimus; implies hurried flight, and is in strong contrast with lentus.... Tet lentis, thou at thine ease in the shade. " The condition of the two is well contrasted in these lines. The one is leaving forever, as he supposes, his beloved home for exile, and is compelled to trudge along beneath a scorching sun; the other, at his ease, and free from care and toil, reclines peacefully beneath the tree and sings his loves." The repetitions betray great feeling. 5. Formosam (forma), shapely... Resopiare, re-echo, i. e. cause the echo common in the woods to repeat the name of his beloved. This verb is usually accompanied by the ablative of the thing which causes sound.... Doces has a double accusative (1) silvas, (2) resonare. A. 239, c; G. 333; H. 374, N. 2.... Arnaryllida, a Greek accus. of Amaryllis. 6. SIeliboee. A Greek compound signifying a herdsman.... Deus. A god, meaning Augustus. Tityrus is supposed to represent the poet Virgil himself. As divine honors were not decreed to Augustus for many years after this, the poet simply flatters him by calling him a god.....Otia, a poetic usage for otium. A. 75, c; G. 195, R. 5; H. 130, 3. 7, 8. Namque implies an ellipsis, and may be rendered and I say so for.... Ilfe, an emphatic use of the word.... liM i, even if to no one else.... Imbtuet, (sc. sanguine suo, Wagner) shall sprinkle. 9. lrrare, to feed at will. A. 331, c; G. 546, R. 1; H. 535, IV. 10. -Ludere, to play..... Velletm, A. 287, a, 342; G. 511, R. 2; H. 493, I, 529, I1. 11. Non equtidemn invideo, sc. tfii. Indeed I do not envy thee (thy goodfortune).... MIgis (= potius), rather. I rather wonder (at it). 12. Turbatur (turbaflt). Impers. "To such a degree does confusion reign throughout the whole country." This clause, assigning a reason for the expression miror magis, would, in prose, be introduced by nam, or quum. The confusion here alluded to is that consequent on the veterans dispossessing the former inhabitants and cultivators.... Agris. A. 258, f; G. 384, 6; H. 425, 2....Ipse. "It is not others only that have suffered, but even I myself am an example of the evil results of this confusion." 13. Protenus, farther on; here used with reference to space, but more commonly applied to time in the sense of forthwith, immediately.... Aeger, sick (at heart)... Hanc, sc. capellam..... Vix, with dificulty.... Duco, by a cord. 14. Hie.... reliquit. For here, among the dense hazel bushes, bringing forth twins with many throes, she has left them, alas, BUCOLICA. ECL. I. 13 Spem gregis, ah! silice in nuda connixa reliquit. Saepe malum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva fuisset, De caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus. [Saepe sinistra cava praedixit ab ilice cornix.] Sed tamen, iste deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis. T. Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Meliboee, putavi Stultus ego huic nostrae similem, quo saepe solemus Pastores ovium teneros depellere fetus. Sic canibus-catulos similis, sic matribus haeqo" A Noram, sic parvis componere magna soleban. Verum haec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes, Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi. lf. Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi caussa videndi? 15 205 25 the hope of the flock, on the bare rock.... Densas corulos. In the shade, and away from the cherishing warmth of the sun. 15. Spem; appos. with gemellos.... Nuda; not covered by grass or other bed... Connixa (for enix); nowhere else so used. It implies a greater degree of difficulty than the latter... Reliqu it; either because they were born dead, or she was unable to suckle them. 16. AMalum hoc, this mmsfortune, i. e. exile.... Si mens non laeva fuisset, had not my mind been stupid. In this clause an apodosis is to be supplied, I remember, etc., and it would have been a warning, had not, etc. 17. De caelo tactas, touched from heaven; i. e. struck by lightning. "De caelo tangi" is often found in this sense. The old grammarians say that the ancients took as evil omens the blasting of all fruitbearing trees; injury to the olive denoting "a bad crop," and to the oak, " exile." 18. " This verse is not found in the best manuscripts, and is considered as spurious by almost all editors. It seems a coinage from Ec. IX. 15, and is a silly iteration and expansion of the preceding verse." Spohn says, " The repetition of praedicare, praedixit, of quercus and iex, is of itself sufficient to cast discredit on the whole.".... Sinistra corniza, the unlucky or evilboding crow. Sinistra is here used in the Greek sense. The Greeks, in their ceremony of divination, turned their faces to wards the north, and what appeared on the east or right side, was considered lucky or favorable. The Romans, on the contrary, turned their faces towards the south, hence the east or favorable side was at the left. 19. Iste deus, that god of yours. A. 102, c; G. 291; H. 450.... Sit; why subj.? A. 334; G. 469; H. 529, I...Da, tell, = ede, dic, or edissere. Heyne....Nobis; i. e. ihi. 20. " With shepherd-like inexperience and simplicity Tityrus digresses into a long palaver about Rome, and shirks the question ' qui deus.'" 21. Huic nostrae, sc. urbi; Mantua, a town three miles distant from Andes, Virgil's native place. 22. Depellere, to drive down. Andes being on a hill, the shepherds, driving flocks to Mantua, may be said depellere.... Fetus signifies young ones. It is written also foetus. $4. Noram = noveram. A. 128, a; G. 151, 1; H. 235, 2.... Parvis, with small. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386.... Componere = comparare. 25. Verum; adversative. I thought, etc., but I found that it differed greatly.... Extulit caput, hath raised its head. A beautiful metaphor. 26. Viburna. The Viburnum is usually called the wayfaring tree. It was a shrub with tough and pliant branches,well adapted for intertwining in hedges. 27. Et here introduces an emphatic 14 P. VIRG0ILII1 MWA RONIS T.Libertas; quae sera, tameii respexit inertem, Candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat; Respexit tamen, et longo post tempore venit, Ipostquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit. ~-~Namque, fatebor enim, dum me Galatea tenebat, Nec spes libertatis, erat, nee cura peculi. Quamvis multa meis exiret -victima saeptis, PingUis ethingrataeyremeretur caseus iirbi, o 0 uamgrvi reInUl M a 41bt N~7T1Wj~u~m graisjttr dqnt mi hld exrr4 at M21. Mira ar, quid maesta deos, Amarylli, vocares, Cui pendere sua patereris ini arbore poma: Tityrus hinec aberat. Jpsae te, Tityre, pinus., 30 35 question, and denotes curiosity and surprise. Forbes.... Tibi. A. 231; G. 349; H. 387. 28. Libertas, i. e. the desire of liberty. "Agricultural servants and shepherds were usually slaves, but they were able in a few years (five or six) to purchase their freedom, if they were frugal. Tityrus, however, according to his own showing, bad not been careful while under the influence of his first love, Galatea, though the thrifty habits of Amaryllis induced him to think about liberty and the means of procuring t. Sera, late (in life).... linertem, carreles (about money to purchase freedom). 29. Candid iov, whiter and whiter, refers of course to the mixing greyness of age.... Tondenti (sc. mihi), clipping, not shaving; as the slave could not shave his beard until emancipated. A. and G. 30. iLongo post tempoi'e. Long in comparision with the short time in which a slave might purchase his freedom. The order of the words is common in prose. t may be construed however; tempore, a. of difference; posRt, adverbial. 31. Habet Implies that the bond still continues. 33. Spes; as Galatea was wasteful.... Pec~uli = peculil. A. 40, h; G. 29, 1; H. 51,5. The pecullum was,properly speaking, some portion of the flock, given to a slave by his master, which he could manage to his own advantage and enjoy as he liked. 34. Multa Is often used In the singular with nouns; e. g..Xn. i. 334; Hor. Ep. 2. 31; Ovid, Fasti. IV. 772.... Exiret; mood? A. 266, c; G. 608; H. 515, III....Ingratfae. " The commentators say the poet calls the city ungrateful or thankless as not returning such a price for his cattle and cheese as to come up to his own expectations, but we are far from being pleased with this interpretation. We see no reason for, imagining that the shepherd finds fault with Mantua for the price given for his articles, as if his long servitude was owing to that circumstance. On the coutrary, Tityrus clearly lays all the blame on HIMSELF, as shown by inertem, v. 28; postquam habet (postquam) reliquit, 31; nec apes, nec cura. 33. Moreover, multa victima and (multus) caseu8, 34, acknowledge that he had abundant opportunity of saving; for though his profits on each might be small, yet they were frequent. We believe, therefore, that ingratae is here employed as a general epithet of towns, whose coldness and whose want of feeling for the poor and unfriended stranger, are not only the subject of frequent,remark by the Latin poet, but are also proverbial even in our own day."-Bryce. 36. Mild, instead of mea. A. 2.35, a; H. 384, 4. 37. Mirabar. I used to wonder, 0 Amaryllis, why you invoked the gods in sorrowful strains, and for whom you allowed the fruit to hang (ungatkered) (each kind) on its own tree, but I see now, for Tityrus was away from home... Vocares. A.884; G. 469; H. 529, 1. 39. Ipsae. All nature, contrasted with Amaryllis, called for him. BUCOLICA. ECL. I. 15 Ipsi te fontes, ipsa haec arbusta vocabant. T. Quid facerem? neque servitio me exire licebat, Nec tam praesentis alibi cognoscere divos. Hic ilium vidi juvenem, Meliboee, quot annis Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. Hii mihi responsum. primus dedit ille petenti: "IPascite, ut ante, boves, pueri, submittite tauros." M. Fortunate senex, erg o tua rura manebunt,."Et tibi magna satis, quamvis lapis omnia nudus Limosoque palus obducat pasena junco! Non insueta gravis temptabunt pabula fetas, Nec mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent. Fortunate senex, hic, inter flumina nota Et fontis sacros, frigus captabis opacum! 40 45 50 40. Arbusta = fruticeta. Wag. 41. FEacerem; mood? A. 268 and R; -G. 258; HI. 486, II... Licebat. What is the grammatical subject? 42. iPraesentis, present and willing, favorable. Cf. "1A very present help in time of trouble." Ps. xlvi. I.-..Alib; than in Rome. 43. Hlic, i. e. at Rome..... Illum juvenem;- Augustus, who was twenty-two.at the time of the distribution of the lands. 44. Bis senos dies, on the first of each month, when offerings were regularly made to the Lares, or household gods; for Virgil already worships Augustus as a Dornesticusg Lar.... Guti, for whom. A. 235, R; H. 384, 1, 2.... Fumant: present, showing that the custom is already established. 45. lResponsum. "After all had discouraged me In my attempt to recover my farm, and when my hope was well nigh exhausted, he was the first to give me this reply." 46. Pueri, "Lads."-...Submittite, rear or raise for breeding; alere ad gregem supplendam. H., Wr., Con., Lade: but this seems preferable; unkx'e understanding It de tauris vaccarum gregi ad admissuram isubmissis. 47. Tua, wil remain yours; pred. adj.,cf. Bel. I1X. 4. 48. Satis.- for pasture....Qtamris ntudus lapis obducat omnia palusque limosojunco (obdtucat) paseua. As the farm of the poet was on the hillside, and bordering the river Mincius, part of it might be stony, and part marshy, from the overflowing of the river..50. Insueta, strange.... Fe ta s, properly the mother from the time of conception to that of bringing forth, here may mean those that have recently brought forth, in which case graves will mean "s ickly." 51. JMala, baneful.... Contagia (from con and tdg, the root of tangere, to touch): plu. meaning several cases.....The meanIng of the whole passage will be perceived from this paraphrase. "IYou, 0 Tltyrns, are to live here In security and peace, free from those annoyances which afflict me in iy. expulsion from home. Your flocks wil graze in safety on healthy pastures — mine will be liable to unwholesome fodder in our successive removals from place to place, and they will also Incur the risk of contagion from diseased herds." 52. Nota, well known; I. e. the Mincins and the Po. 53. sacros; because according to popular superstition each spring or fountain had Its divinity... Frigns opacum = frigus loci apaci. Cf. Ecl. V. 70; 11. 8; Georg. II. 470. 16 P. ViERGIL II MAR ONIS Hiiic tibi, quae semper, vicino ab limite, saepes llyblaeis apibus florem. depasta salicti, Saepe levi somnum. suadebit mnire susurro; line alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras; Nec tamen interea raucae, tua cura, palumnbes, Nec gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab lmo. T. Ante leves ergo pascentur in aethere cervi, Et freta destituent iiudos in litore pisces, Ante, pererratis amborum finihus, exsul Aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim, Quam nostro illiu s labatur pectore voltus. Ml. At nos hine a~ii sitientis ibirnus Afros, Pars Scythiam et rapidum Cretae veniemus Gaxen, Et penitus toto divisos orbe ~r~itannos. 55 60 65 54. The order of this difficult and involved passage is:-Hinc, ab vicino limite, esepes, quae semper, depasta Hyblaeis apibus fiorem, salicti, saepe suadebit tibi inire somnum levi susurro. On this side, that is, on thy neighbor's boundary line, the hedge fed upon by Hyblean bees as to the flower of the willow, will often invite you to sleep by Its soft whispering, as it always has done.... Quae semper = ut ea semper suas8it tM.... Ab limite serves as an apposition to, or a more precise definition of, hinc.-" It is very common in both Greek and Latin writers to find a point in space designated by a word denoting motion or separation frmn that point, since beginning and extending from a point imply contiguity and contact with that point. Thns, a dextro cornvu, "cton the right wing;" 11 6vwev, "1in the rear."... Myblaeis apibus. The bees of Hybla, a town in Sicily, were very celebrated fo~b their honey, and are here put for, bees generally.... Is apibus dat. or abl.? H. 888, 4*... Florem; imitated from the Greek. A. 240, c; G. 882; H. 378.... Salicti: for wzlleeti. A. 164,li; G. 785, 15; H. 823, 2....Suserro. The sleep-giving power, which properly belongs to the buzzing of the bees, is here transferred to the hedge. 57. Opposed to v. 54.....Alta sub rupe; app. with him... Ad auras, to the air, I. e. "f I the air with his song." M8 Nee tamnen, and yet... not. The singing of the vine dresser will not cause the song of the wood pigeons, nor of the turtle doves, to cease.... Tua cura, yourdelight. 59. Aeria, lofty; a common epithet of trees. 60. Ante, sooner... Leaves.. Does this mean "1light-footed " or "1sleek"?.Prove by the quantity. 61. Destituent, leave (not to die, but, to live). 62. Amboruin, i. e. Parthian and German. 68. Germania = Germani, the name of the country being put for that of the people.-At the time of Virgil the Arar was the boundary of the Roman Empire towards Germany, as the districts conquered by Julius Caesar were not formally annexed until 38 B. C. 65. Noo alii, some of us. G. 821; Hf. 864..... Sitientis, referring to the dryness of the climate and the want of moisture in the soil.... Afros; limit of motion,. according to original usage, as the cases themselves expressed place, and the prepositions were only adverbs. 67. 1'oto orbe, frmn th whole world. "The poet here mentions the, extreme limits of the empire in different direotions. -Africa to the W. and S.; Scythia to the E. and N.; Crete to the S.E.; and Britain. to the N.W." Cf. Horace, Od., I. 85, 29, ultimos orbis Brianno, and Tacitus,, BUCO LICA. ECL. I. 17 En umquam patrios longo post tempore finis, Pauperis et tuguri congestum caespite culmen, Post aliquot, mea regna videns, mirabor aristas? Impius haec tam culta novalia miles habebit? Barbarus has segetes? en, quo discordia civis Produxit miseros! en, quis consevimus agros! Insere nunc, Meliboee, piros, pone ordline vitis. Ite meae, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. Non ego vos posthac, viridi projectus in antro, Dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo; Carmina nulla canam; non, me pascente, capellae, 70 Agric. 30, Britannos terrarum extremos. As the ocean surrounded the orbis terrarum, and as Britain was, in the Roman notion, beyond the ocean, it is said to be out of the world proper. 68. This passage seems to have given much trouble, but may be taken as follows: "Ah I then, shall I ever, after a long interval, look with admiring delight on my paternal farm, and the turf-piled roof of my humble hut, (and) hereafter (look with admiration on) ga few ears of corn, beholding my whole kingdom." 69. Tuguri = tugurii. Apocope. H. 635,3. 70. Post =posthac, and repeats the idea in lohgopost tempore. According to Wagner, Forbiger, and others, this should be translated, "Ah I shall I ever, after a long interval of time, when beholding my paternal fields, and the turf-piled roof of my humble hut-shall I, afterwards (I say) when beholding this (onee) my kingdom, view with astonishment a few cars of corn." "To us this is not satisfactory. We object, first-That the idea of return from exile only to see a stranger still in possession of one's farm is not consolatory to him who is being banished, nor is there any reason under these circumstances why Meliboeus should wish to return at all; secondly-That, had a wish of evil siccess to the new possessor been intended, we would not have had a future tense, and an interrogation, but, more likely, the present subj.; thirdly-The position of mea regna favols the idea that they are in appos. with aristas rather than fines and culmen; fourthly-If Meliboeus were merely foretelling failure, he would not give him a long time, as a few years would be enough to oust such a clumsy farmer. We would suggest, therefore, that, as the preceding sentence speaks of banishment, distant and dismal, so this one catches at a faint glimmer of hope that the time may come when exile will be at an end. and when the wanderer will be allowed to return and cultivate the fields of which he is now so ruthlessly deprived. The hope is too pleasing to be long entertained, and he relapses to his former melancholy train of thought with the words, 'And is it possible that an accursed soldier shall possess these fields so highly cultivated.' In this view we translate."-Bryce. 71. Impius, "ruffian.".....Novalia, cultivated fields. 72. Barbarus may allude to the fact that the armies were largely composed of Gauls, Germans, and Spaniards; or it may hint that even Romans had learned to be as savage as they, and as little mindful of the ties of kindred.... En, see.... Quo, whither (to what a condition). 74. This verse is rendered ironical by nunc, now, by all means, graft (if you can). 76. Non posthac, nevermore... Viridi, green, i. e. overgrown with moss and bushes. 77. Pendere; "to be suspended as it were, while feeding on some precipitous ledge." 78. Mfe pasoente, i. e. with me as your shepherd. 18 P. VIRGILII MA ONIS Florentem cytisum et salices carpetis amaras. T. Hie tamen hane mecum poteras requiescere noctem 80 Fronde super viridi: sunt nobis mitia poma, Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis; Et jam summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae. 79. Cytisunm: a whitish shrub, cele- 83. Villarum, farm houses......Cubrated for supplying quantities of excel- mnina, roofs, not chimneys, which were lent milk. rare in Roman houses. Egress was given 80. Poterans; not for posses; you were the smoke by a hole in the roof, or by able to remain, but you are determined to doors and windows... FuVtmant, smroke; go on. A. 308, c; G. 246, R. 2; H. 476, 4. as it was time for preparing the evening 82. Pressi lactis, " curds "; i.e. cheese meal.,quickly pressed. BUCOLICA. ECL. II. 19 ECLOGA SEOUJNDA. ALEXIS. In this Eclogue the torments of passionate but unrequited love are painted in glowing colors. The poet having seen a beautiful youth, called- Alexander, who acted as cop bearer, in the house of Asinins Polio (then governor of Gallia Transpadana), formed for him an ardent attachment. In this poem he bears the name of Alexis, Virgil that of the shepherd Corydon. and Poillio that of Iollas. Pollilo was so delighted with the poem that he presented Alexander to Virgil, by whom he was carefully educated, and became the grammarian Alexander. This is probably the first Eclogue composed hy Virgil, and is believed to have been written B. C. 42, the poet being then in his twenty-sixth year. The general style and sentiment of the poem are horrowed from the third Idyl of Theocritus. FOR-MOSUM pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim, Delicias domini, nec, quiid speraret, habebat. Tantum inter densas umbrosa cacumina fagos Adsidue veniebat. Ilbi haec incondita solus Montibus et silvis studio jactabat inani: 0 crudelis Alexi, nihil mea cariniina curas? Nil nostri miserere? mori me denique coges. Nuno etiam pecudes umbras et frigora captant; 5 1. EIortnosivin... A lexim. Note the emphatic position of the adjective.... Ardebat, ardently Iloed. The common construction is ardere ali quo. but also ardere aliquem (= amaret).....4lexiin; the regular form used by Virgil, unless n is required hy the metre. A. 64,H.68. 2. Delicias; used only in the plural. J.. orninit; Iollas, named in verse 57..... Nee, quid aperaret, habebat. Nor -had he what he cotld hcsp for = he had apparently no ground for hoping that his love was reciprocated.... Speraret. A. 334; G. 462; H. 529, I. 3. Tantum aqaidue veniebat. Be only came continually; i. e. that was all he did.... Cacumina, accus. of specif. after denees, beech tree dense as to their shady -tops. A. 240, a; Gl. 332; HI. 378. 4. Incondita, sc. carmine, unpremeditated, or carelessly composed; i. e. songs sung without study, and showing his despondency, and the disordered state of his feelings. 5. Jlactabat, was wont to throw off. A. 2 77; Gl. 222; H. 469, IL.... 1thaii studio, with unavailing passion. 6. Aleaxi: vocative. A. 64; H. 68.....Nihil, not at all. strictly accus. of spec. 7. Nostri. A. 99, c; G. 362: H. 406, I; why not nostrum? G. 362, R. H. 446, N. 3... D lenique usually denotes the last in a series of particulars, but here expresses what happens last. Render, At last you will compel me to die. 5, 9. The Idea intended to be conveyed by thesb verses is: While all thingsA, men 20 P. VIRGILII MAR ON1S Nunc viridis etiam occultant spineta lacertos, Thestylis et rapido fessis messoribus aestu Allia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentis. At mecum raucis, tua dum vestigia lustro, Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. Nonne fuit satius tristis Amaryllidis iras Atque superba pati fastidia? nonne Menalcan, Quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses? 0 formose puer, nimium ne crede colori! Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. Despectus tibi sum, nee, qui sim, quaeris, Alexi, Quam dives pecoris, nivei quam ]actis abundans; 10 15 20' and beasts, seek repose and shade from the sun's burning rays, I alone come hither, driven by my passion, in hopes to find you.... Umbras et frigora: for umbras frigidas. H. 636, III. 2.... Captant, eagerly seek.... Spin eta. A. 164, i; G. 785, 15; H. 323, 2... JLacertos. Theocritus, in Idyl VII. 2, says that the green lizard marks the noon time by sleeping in the hedges. 10. Thestylis; the name of a female servant, borrowed from Theocritus. Idyl. II. 1..... Rapido aesta, by the intense heat; governed by fessis. A. 245; G. 407, R; H. 416.... Rapidits is derived from rapio, and denotes that which is violent in motion or action. 11. Contuindit, is bruising, in a mortar, and mixing garlic and wild thyme, savory herbs, and making a salad called moretum. 12. Mecurm, while Ising; not in company with me.... Vestigia: being all that can be seen. 13. Cicadis. The cicada, an insect of the cricket tribe, is something like a large fly in shape. It has no name in English. The noise made by it is excessively monotonous and inharmonious. It sings only in the hottest weather, and especially during the hottest part of the day. Hence the elegance of their introduction here to denote the intense heat. 14. Nonne fuit satius: for this use of the indicative. A. 308, c; G. 246, R; H. 476, 5.... Satits- = melius.... Amaryllidis; a female love. 15. Nonne: sc. fuit satius pa.... Me nalcan: another boy loved as Alexis is. Greek acc. of Menalcas. 16. Qtamnvis, however; one modifies; niger, one candidus.... Niger, dark.....:Esses. A. 266, c; G. 608; H. 515, III. 17. Ne er.de. A. 269, a; G. 263; H. 552, 1.... Colori, to complexion. A. 227; G. 345; H. 385, II. 18. Ligustra. The ligustrum is commonly known as the privet, but it is evident that this cannot be the plant intended; for, instead of being suffered to fall neglected, its flowers are so sweet that they are eagerly sought. Martyn, although he does not venture to depart from the common interpretation,is clearly of the opinion that the plant intended is that of the large. white convolvulus, or great bind weed, which, although of a pure and lovely white, is utterly worthless, as it has no fragrance, and fades as soon as picked.... Cadunt, fall neglected; i. e. are not gathered.... Faccinia. According to the best authorities, the vaccinium is the hyacinth of the Greeks (not ours). 19. Corydon here enumerates his recommendations to favor; his wealth (19-22); his skill in music (23-24); the beauty of his personal appearance (25-27).... Despectus, adj., "to you I am a despised thing;" i. e. I am looked down on by you.... Qui sim, ind. quest., what kind of a man lam.-Quis sim would mean, who I am; i. e. what my name is. Qui refers to the quality (H. 454), as is evident from the next verse. 20. Quam, how.... Dives here takes I ~ BUCOLI'CA. ECL. 11. Mulle meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae; Lac mihi non aestate novum, non frigore defit. Canto, quae solitus, si quando armenta vocabat, Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracyntho. Nec sum adeo informis: nuper me in litore vidi, Gum placidum, ventis staret mare; non ego iDaphnim Judice te metuam., si numquam fallit imago. 0 tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura Atque humilis habitare casas, et figere cervos, Haedorumque gregem viridi compellere hibisco! Mecum una in silvis imitabere Pana cailendo. Pan primus calamos cera conjungere pluris 21 25 30 'the gen. pecoris (in flocks. A. 218, c; G. '373, 6; H. 899, III), though often found with the abl..... Nivei lacti8, snowy milk. Some join nivei to pecoris. 21. Muile, tneae agniae, a thousand lambs of mine.... Sicuelis. The scene of this poem is laid in Sicily; partly, because many of the wealthy Romans had estates there, and partly because the pastoral poetry of Theocritus had made it the elyslum. of shepherds. 22. Mihi. A. 229; H. 386,2... Aest ate, frigore (A. 256; G. 392; H. 429), seasons when fresh milk is most apt to fail. 23. Canto (ea), quae. A. 200, c; G. 623; H. 445, 6.... Solitts; sc. est cantare.' A. 271, N; G. 424; H. 533, 1.2....Si quando, whenever. 24. Amtphion, son of Jupiter, was so skillful in music that he was said to have built the wails of Thebes by compelling the stones to assume their places to the tones of his lute. He is called Dircaeus, from 'Dir-ce, a Boeotian fountain near Thebes.... Aracyntho. Aracynthus was,a mountain on the borders of Boeotia and Attica, which was called Actaean, from.Acte, an old namie of Attica. This verse is verbally copied from the Greek: 'Apoiov Aypka~eo s 4'Aicriy~j'Apeicivcp25. In litore = stws in Atom. I saw myself in the water. 26. PIlacidumn ventis, smoohed byj the winds. Gentle breezes were supposed by the ancients to smooth the surface of the sea...Staret. A.8325; G. 58; H. 521, WI. 2. 27. Judice te, seen if you are the judge. A. 255, N; G. 409; H. 431, 2....Si (= s quidem), since. 28. Tantum (= tantum, modo), only... Libeat. A. 267; G. 2,53: H. 483.... Sordida, huml-e. This epithet is applied to,rue-a only In comparison with the town. 29. Cessas. Casa was the name applied to cottages generally, but is particularly applied to that kind of dwelling common CAAs. in pastoral ages, and among the village population.... Figere cervos, to transfix stags, sc. Jacuo. 30. Mblisco, to the marsh mialiows for ad hibicum. A. 2, b; H. 880, 4.... Compeflere cannot be used absolutely without the place whither;- hence hibiso cannot mean "with a switch." 81. Una~ together... Canensdo, in song. A. 258; H. 424, N. 1. 82. Pan primus. Among the Arcadian and other Grecian shepherds, the Pandean P. VIRGJLJI MAR ONIS Instituit; Pan curat ovis-oviumque magistros. Nec te poeniteat calamo trivisse labellum: Haec eadem ut sciret, quid non faciebat Amyntas? 3M Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis Fistula, Damoetas dono miihi quam dedit olim, Et dixit moriens: "1Te finnc babet ista secundum." Dixit Damoetas: invidit''Stultus Amyntas. Praeterea duo, nee tuta mihi -valle reperti, 40G Capreoli, sparsis etiam nuno pellibus albo, Bina die siccant ovis ubera; quos tibi servo. Jam pridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat; Et faciet, quo'niam sordent tibi munera nostra. pipe was the only musical instrument, It was usually made of reeds, but sometimes of cane or hemlock. In general, seven hollow stems of these plants, cut to the proper length, and adjusted so as to form an octave, were fitted together with wax. The annexed cut wil give a good Idea Of it. iJ UIIIJ FAJDEA ISP11. 292; G. 668; H. 549, 1.... Ista, thizat pipe(of yours), as " it was the property of Corydon, when Damoetas spoke." A. 102, c;. G. 291; H. 4.0.... Secuendum: sc. domenum et canendi arte mihi aequum. 39. Dixit Damoetas. The repetition throws particular stress on the person, and. gives weight to the opiniom, in consideration of the distinguished musician who pronounced it. 40. Nec tuta, not safe. *He enhances. the value of the gift by alluding to the fact that It was not obtained without danger..... MM1ihy tnj e. A. 23, b; G. 352; H. 888, 1. 41. (Japreoli1 se.unt mihi....Etiamnune, even now. Kids are said to bespotted for six months after birth, but. these words Imply that the spots remained. with this particular pair longer than usual....Aibo, with whWt &pots: abi. of means. 42. Die = quotidie.... U~bera bina. (A. 95, a; G. 810; H. 174, 2. 1), two udder,. each. 43. Jfam pridemt orat, has been asking for a long time'. For this use of the present: A. 276, a; G. 221; H. 467,fM. 2.... (Se) abducere jillo: a very rare construction, asa, "Iafter verbs of desiring, asking, and such like, the infinitive usually refers to him who Is requested to do something, but here to the one who begs to be allowed to do somethinag." A. 278, c; G. 532; H. 585, IV. 44. F"acie t, size willedo it; 1. e. lead then, away.... Sordent tibi seem paltryin yow' eyes. A. 235; ]L8844,H. & 33. Oviusm magistros = pastore. 34. Poeniteat, let it not repent thee. What is the logical subject?.... Trivisqe (from ten,), to have, worn; by running up and down the scale. 35. Sciret. A. 317; 0. 545, 1; H. 497, 1....Quid non faciebat. What did he not do; I. e. he did everything. 86. Mihi. A. 281; G.3849; H. 387.... Disparibus septem, fastened togetaer with sevn unequal izemlock stk8 I. e. made of seven hemlock stalks of unequal length, fastened together..... (.icuis; abl. of means. 37. Dono, as a gift. A. 233; G. 350; R. 390. 88. Moriens,# wizen he was dying. A. BUCOLICA. ECL. II. 23 Huc ades, o formose puer: tibi lilia plenis Ecce ferunt Nymphae calathis; tibi candida Nais, Pallentis violas et summa papavera carpens, Narcissum et florem jungit bene olentis anethi; Tum, casia atque aliis intexens suavibus herbis, Mollia luteola pingit vaccinia caltha. Ipse ego cana legam tenera lanugine mala, Castaneasque nuces, mea quas Amaryllis amabat; Addam cerea pruna: honos erit huic quoque pomo; Et vos, o lauri, carpam, et te, proxima myrte, Sic positae quoniam suavis miscetis odores. Rusticus es, Corydon: nec munera curat Alexis, Nec, si muneribus certes, concedat Iollas. Heu, heu, quid volui misero mihi! floribus austrum Perditus et liquidis immisi fontibus apros. 45 50 55 45. Ades, be present. In addition to the presents mentioned, he now offers flowers to be gathered by the Nymphs. 46. Nymphae. The fancy of the Greeks peopled all the regions of earth and water with beautiful female forms termed Nymphs. They were of several orders, according to their habitations.... Candida Nais, afair Naiad (water nymph). 47. Violas. A plant known as Leucoum among the ancients is called by Pliny viola atba (which is undoubtedly the flower here mentioned), and is the same as the stockgilliflower, or wall flower.... Summa papapvera, heads ofpoppies. A. 198; H. 440, 2, N. 1. 48. Narcissum, the daffodil.... Jungit, adds.... Anethi, dill. 49. Casia, herbis: abl. of means.... Intexens governs vaccinia as its object. 50. Luteola; determine the word it modifies by the metre.... Pingit (sets off) also has vaccinia for its object. 51. Ipse ego. While the nymphs are bringing flowers, I myself will gather fruits.... Cana mala, quinces....Tenera lanugine; abl. after cana. A. 258; H. 424, N. 1. 52. Castaneas nuces, chestnuts,which are extensively used as food in the South of Europe by the commor people... Mea Amaryllisa; vid. V. 14... Amabat, used to like. Mark the force of the imperfect. 53. Cerea, waxen, refers to the color..... Huic quoque, to this fruit also by you, as to the chestnut by Amaryllis.... Pomno includes all fruit except figs, grapes, and olives. 54. Lauri. The laurus of the Romans is our bay tree.... Proxima, next in order. That this is the true sense is shown by the next verse. 56. Rusticus, a clown i. e. foolish to offer such gifts to entice Alexis from the *y. 57. Certes, concedat. A. 307, b; G. 598; H. 509....Iollas, the master of Alexis, will not be beaten in the splendor of thy gifts. 58. Heu, heu. This exclamation does not refer to the preceding lines, but applies to Corydon's folly in indulging a ruinous affection. Quid volui inisero mnihi, lit. what have I wished to myself, wretched (man that I am); i. e. " what misery have I voluntarily brought to myself." Then follows a proverbial expression "perditus immisi austrum floribus et apros liquidis fontibus." "I have acted as foolishly as it would be to expose my flowers to the terrible sirocco, and to allow my pure springs to be defiled by wild boars, animals of unclean habits." .24 24 ~P. VIIRGILII MAJIONIS Quemn fugis, ah, dernens? habitarunt di quoque silvas Dardaniusque Paris.- Pallas, quas condidit arces, Ipsa colat; nobis placeant ante omnia silvae. Torva leaena lupum. sequitur; lupus ipse capellam; Florentem cytisum. sequitur lasciva capella; Te Corydon, o'Alexi: trahit sua quemque~voluptas. Aspice, aratra jugo referunt suspensa juve ci, Et sol crescentis decedens duplicat umbras) Me -tamen urit amor; quis eniin_ modus ad it amori Ah, Corydon, Corydon,- quae te dementia cepit Semiputata tibi frondosa 'vitis in uirno est. Quin tu aliquid saltem potins, quorum indiget usus, Viminibus mollique paras detexere junco? Invenies alium, si te hie fastidit, Alexim. 60 65 70 60. Quern fittlis, ah, demens? 0 foolish (boy), who do you avoid? i. e. Do you avoid me because I live in the -country? The gods, etc. 61. Par-is, although a prince of Troy, was nourished by the shepherds on Mount Ida.... Pallas: Minerva, who taught men to build cities. 62. Colat. A. 266; G. 253; H. 483. 65. (Corydon: sc. sequitur.... Trahit voluptas, his own pleasure drags each one on. 66. Aratra...Juvenci, the bullocks -are bearing home the plows suspendedfrorm the yokes; so as not to touch the ground. 67. Duplicat. During the summer months, it is said by Palladius that the shadow doubles its length between four,and Aive o'clock. 65. -Tamen, yet, I am burning with the ardor of my love, when all nature is enjoy. ing the cool of the evening... Adsit. A. 268; G. 251; H1.486, 11. 70. Semiputata, half pruned. This proves that in his distraction, he had neglected his necessary duties. 71. Quin tn potius paras detexere viminibus mollique junco aliquid saltem (eorum, A. 216; G. 371; H. 397, 3), quorum usus indiget, why do you nt rather get ready to weave of os r and the pliant rush some one at least of those things which need requires?... Quorum: governed by indiget. A. 223; G. 389,11.2; H. 410, V. 1..... Vimiptibus: abl. of means. 73. Alium Alexim, another (as fair as) Alexis. BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 25 ECLOGA TERTIA. PALAEMON. MENALCAS. DAMOETAS. PALAEMON. This Eclogue exhibits two shepherds, Menalcas and Damoetas, who has charge -of the flock of Aegron, contending in alternate verses for superiority in poetic skill. Such contests (very like the Improvisatori at present in Italy, who flourish now, perhaps, more than any other poets among them) were carried on in verses, called carmen amoebaeum, from the Greek i&iocf~a~oi, alternate. The rides of the verse wereFirst, that, although no connection of thought was necessary on the part of the challeniger, the respondent should reply in the same metre as his rival; and Secondly, that he should say something either contrary to the statement of his predecessor, or should exceed in language or ideas the thoughts first expressed. The introduction, in which the challenge is given, occupies the first fif ty-nine lines, and introduces Palaemon, after whom the poem is named, as umpire. " In the course of the verses Virgil takes occasion to glorify his friend and patron, Pollio, and to sneer at Bavius and Maevius, two envious satirists who attacked both him and Horace." Through the whole Eclogue the poet has closely imitated Theocritus; "and it is the only one of his pastoral productions in which he has exhibited the coarseness of his original." M. Dic mihi, Damnoeta, dujum pecus? an Meliboei? D. Non, verum Aegonis; nuper mihi tradidit Aegon. AL. Infelix o semper, ovis, pecus! ipse Neaeram Dum fovet, ac, ne me sibi praeferat illa, veretur, Hic alie~nus ovis custos his mulget in hora, Et sucus pecori et lac subducitur agnis. 5 1. Cujumt pecus? sc. est i~stud. This adj. cuj~u8 had generally fallen Into disuse in the time of Virgil, and was retained only in the language of common life. A. 105, f; G. 104; H. 185, 8.... An MT~eliboei = utrum Istud pecus alienum an Mel., donble question. A. 211, b; G. 4600; H. 85, N. 4. 2. Aegonis, pecus est Aegonis. Aegon was a shepherd, and rival of Menalcas, and Damoetas seems to have been a friend to whom Aegon had for a time Intrusted his flock. 8. Ovis. A. 240, d; G. 84; H. 881. The order is, OovA8,8semperilnfelixpwwu... I pse.: Aegon, owner of the sheep.... Neatera: the beloved of Aegon. 4. Fovet, courts.... 1Praeferat. A. 831, f; G. 552; H. 498, M. 5. Alienus' custos, hireling keeper, bound by no tics of affection or Interest..... Bis in hora, twice in an hour, when twice a day would have been enough. Dishonest herdsmen were accustomed to milk the flocks secretly, and sell the milk for the* own advantage, which offense waA punished. by whipping and loss of wages. 6. Et.. agnsai. And strength is thus secretly taken from the mtothersR and milk 26 P. VflRGILII MAJONIS D. Parcius ista viris tarnen objicienda memento. Novimus, et qui te, transversa tuentibus bireis, Et qbo-sed faciles Nyrnphae risere-sacello. if. Turn, ivredo, cum me arbustuin videre Miconis Atque mala vitis incidere fadke novellas. D. Aut hic ad veteris fa-gos eum r Daphnidis arcum Fregisti et calamos:quae tu, perverse Mlenalca, Et, cum vidisti puero donata, dolebas, Et, si nlon aliqua nocuisses, mortuus esses. Ml. Quid domini faciant, audent cum talita fures! Non ego te vidi Darnonis, pessilne, caprum Excipere insidiis, multum latrante Lycisca? Et cum clamarem "Quo nune se proripit Me? Tityre, coge pecus" tu post eareeta latebas. 10 15 20 from the lamb.... Pecori, lit, the flock: coust. A. 229; H. 385, 2. 7. Damoetas replies that, even if these charges are true, they should not be brought against him, who is at least a man, by one. of such a shamefully effeminate character as he insinuates Menalcas to be -.... Patrcius, a little moe 8pa-i ngly.....Ista; sc. e~sse, with objicienda.... V'iris, emphatic, to en.. amten ad-. mits the truth of Menalcas' charge. 8. Qui te. The omission of the verb implies some act which he is not willing to mention. Most editors supply cor-upeilt....Tl'rnsversva: neuter plural used as an adverb for transverse. A. 240, a; H. 304, I. 3, 1). 9..Faci lea, good-natured; because any other deity would have punished the sacrilege. -...Sacello: commonly a consecrated place open to the sky, but here it seems to indicate a cave or grotto sacred to the nymphs. 10. Turn, sc. riserunt. At that time, I suppose, when. An Ironical answer, implying that Damoetas himself was guilty of injuring the trees.. -- Cedo is always ironical when used parenthetically... Arbu.,turn: here the trees on which the vines were trained.... Videre: se. ZNymphae. I1. -Mala, malicio s...tiqnovellas8, newly planted vines, by cutting which his malice Is clearly proven, as young vines ought -not to be touched with a knife at all.... pincidei-e, hack. 12. Aut (sc. turn rise-nut) eumn hije. Without wailing to contradiict the statement of Menalcas, Damoetas brings a charge of similar character against.him....A d veteris fiPwos: used to define hic. Cf. E. I. 54. 13. (,'uhl~tnos,as-rows, which were made of r-eeds..- -. Qeu. Why neuter, wheu its two antecedents, arcum and calamsos, are both masculine? A. 157, b; G. 282; H. 439, 2..... PervePrse, spiteful.... Construe, cum tu vidisti, qtiae donata (esse) puero, et dolebas et mortnus esses, si non nocuilsses (enmi) in aliqua (ratione). 14. Et...C, both... and.... Puero: Daphnis. 15. JMortuus eases. A. 308; (G. 5,99; Ii. 510. 16. Quid dontini faciant. What are masters to do, when thieves dare do such things, as the following.... Facianit. A. 268; G. 251; H. 486, II.....He proceeds to a charge of theft against Damoetas, to which he was himself a witness. 17. Pessime, you rascal. 18. Ercipere insidiis, entrap by trickery.... Lyeisco. The name of a dog, half dog, half wolf. 19. Ille, that fellow: some take this to refer to the goat; others, to the thief. 20. Tit~re. The shepherd of Damon.... BUCOLICA. ECL. III 27 D. An mihi cantando victus non redderet ille, Quem inca carminibus meruisset fistula caprum.? Si nescis, incus ille caper fuit; et mihl Damon Ipse fatebatur; sed reddere posse negabat. M. Cantando tu, ilium? ant umquam tibi fistula cera 215 Juncta fuit? non tu in triviis, indocte, solebas Stridenti miscrum stipula disperdere carmen? D. Vis ergo, inter nos, quid possit uterque, vicissim Experiarnur? ego hanc Yitulam-ne forte recu ses, Bis -venit ad muictram, binos alit ubere fet-us- 30 Depono: tu. dic, mecum. quo pignore certes. iNL De grege non ausim quicquam deponere tecum: Fist mibi namnquc. domi pater, est injusta noverca; Bisque die numerant ambo pecus, alter et haedos. Verum., id quod multo tute ipse fatebere majus, 35 Coge,,,lct.... Carecta, the patch of rushes. 21. An. The first member of this question must be supplied from the context, e. g., "1I was not stealing. Could I -not take mine own," or should he not have given me the goat. A. 266, e; G. 266, R. 3 BI. 483, 2, N. 22. Carminibus, with its notes. The pipe was usually played between the parts of a song in these musical contests. Ileruisset. A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, HI. 23. Si nesci8. If you do not know it, I'd have you know. 25. Tot ilum = To aie te vicisee ilium cantando?.. Tibi. A. 231; G. 349; H. 881. 26. Non tu solebas. Waet thou not accustomned, you ignoramus P.... Triiviis, street corner8; lit, a place where three ways meet. 27. Stridenti stipula, on a grating straw. Stipula was a single reed satemn; opposed to.tistuld cerajuncta. 28. Vie&: vimn would simply ask.,question; vis and vie tu convey a challenge. Possit (sc. facere), can do.... Vicissim, by turns; I. e. in amoebaean verse. 29. Exeperiamur: sc. ut. A. 381, R; G. 54s R. 2; H. 499, 2.... Vitulam =.uve.am.... Ne recuses. Fearing that yo may refuse, I tell you this, she comes, etc. 31. Depono, stake.... Qeto pignore: abl. of cause; with posito understood abl. abs. 32. Afusim: old form of perfect subj. A. 128, a. 3; G. 191,; H. 240, 4; for mood: A. 311; G. 250; H. 486,IL..N.1I.... Quicquam. A. 105, h; G. 304; H. 457. 33. Domni: locative. A. 258, d; G. 412, RI. 1; H. 426, 2... Jusjusta, harsh; to be applied also to pater. 34. Bis: In the morning and at evening...A ter et, and one or the other of them. 35. Idt quod. The grammatical antecedent is the clause pocuta ponam, fagina..... Multo: degree of dilference. A. 250; G. 400; H. 423.... Titte. A. 99, f;G. 100, 3; H. 184, 3. POCULA. 28 P. VIR G ILII MA R OIS Insanire libet quoniam tibi, pocula ponam Fagina, caelatum divini opus Alcimedontis: Lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis Diffusos hedera vestit pallente corymbos. In medio duo signa, Conon, et-quis fuit alter, 40 Descripsit radio totum qui gentibus orbem, Tempora quae messor, quae curvus arator haberet? Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo. D. Et nobis idem Alcimedon duo pocula fecit, Et molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho, 45 Orpheaque in medio posuit silvasque sequentis. Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo. Si ad vitulam spectas, nihil est, quod pocula laudes. M. Nunquam hodie effugies; veniam, quocumque vocaris. Audiat haec tantum-vel qui venit, ecce, Palaemon. 50 36. Insanire, to show your folly; i. e. 44. Damoetas replies that he also has by contending with me... Pocttlo, drink- two cups equally good, but does not coning cups: usually in pairs, one for water, sider them at all equal to the stake proon3 for wine. posed by him. 37. Fayina: hence belonging to primi- 45. Molli, smooth. There were two tive country life.... Divini. Persons dis- varieties of acanthus, smooth and prickly. tinguished for some excellence were fre- *... Circun: adv...... Ansas. This word quently called "divini " by both Greeks has several meanings, but here is plainly and Romans.... Alcimedontis: an un- the handles. known sculptor, by some supposed to have 46. Orphea, a Greek accusative.... been the friend of Virgil, who wished to Silva.s.equentis. Alluding to the fable transmit his name to posterity. of Orpheus, and his having caused the 88. Construe: quibus lenta vitis, super- trees of the forest to follow him, by the addita facili torno,vestit corymbos diffusos power of his music. pallente hedera. On each cup was carved 48. Si ad vitulam spectas. If you in relief a grape-vine twining with an ivy. look to the heifer;. e. if you hope to win. her.... Nihil.... lades, there is no 40. In medio. In an open space over. which the vines do not creep.... Signa reason why you should praise (A. 317; G. figures.... Cndon. A celebrated astron- 634; H. 503, N. 2) the cups; as they are ^ cnot to be compared in value. Menalcas, omer, friend and contemporary of Archi- r. medes, who lived about 200 B.C.... Alter. understanding it in this way, and believing s w. that Damoetas wishes to evade the conForgettin the name, he proceeds to test, throws aside all fear, and accepts the describe him by his works, probably the challenge. Archimedes, whose name could not be Nunquamin way.... Veniam given in an hexameter verse. quocumque vocaris, I will come wher41. Radio: the wand or rod with which ever you call; i. e. I will meet you on your ancient mathematicians drew their figures own terms. in the sand.... Gentibus: for the benefit 50. Tantum, only.... Vel qui venit. of every one.... Orbem, ec caeli. As he was about to name some one as an 42. Curvus, curved; referring to his arbiter, he sees Palaemon coming, and bending over the plough.... Haberet. A. abruptly breaks off, adding vel, etc.... 384; G. 462; H. 529, I. Eece, Oh! 'tis Palaemon. BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 29 Efficiam posthac ne quemquam voce lacessas. D. Quin age, si quid babes, in me mora non erit ulla, Nee quemquam fugio: tantum, vicine Palaemon, Sensibus haee imis, res est non parva, reponas. P. Dicite, quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba. 5 Et nune omnis ager, nune omnis parturit arbos; Nune frondent silvae; nune formosissimus annus. Incipe, Damoeta; tu deinde sequere, Menalca. Alternis dicetis; amant alterna Camenae. D. Ab Jove principium, Musae; Jovis omnia plena; 6 Ille eolit terras; illi mea carmina curae. M. Et me Phoebus amat; Phoebo sua semper apud me Munera sunt, lauri et suave rubens hyacinthus. D. Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella, Et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri. 6 M. At mihi sese offert ultro, meus ignis, Amyntas, Notior ut jam sit canibus non Delia nostris.;5;O;5 52. Si quid habes; sc. quod canas. Damoetas, as challenger, here waives his right of beginning, but Palaemon requires him to sing first. 53. Nec quemquam fugio, nor do I avoid any one, as an opponent. 54. Sensibus irnis, in your deepest thoughts. A. 258, f; G. 384, R. 1; H. 425. N. 3.... Haec, these strains.... Res, the stake; i. e. the heifer....Reponas. A. 266; G. 256, 2; H. 484, IV. 55. Dicite, begin.... Consedmimus, no that we have sat down (are seated). 57. Forntosissimus, the year is fairest; i. e. it is the fairest season of the year, viz. Spring. 58. Sequere. Is this imv. or future indic.? Prove it. 59. Alternis; i. e. Amiebaean verses..... Camenlae, the Muses. 60. Ab Jove principium: sc. sit. I begin with the praises of Jove, which was a favorite subject with the ancients.... Miusae: voc.... rTovis omnia plena: BC. sunt. All things are full of Jove. This does not refer to the pantheistic doctrine of the Stoics, but simily denotes that all things abound with proofs of his power and fostering care. 61. Colit, takes care of.... llii, c rae. A. 233; G. 350; H. 390. 62. Et me Phoebus., and Phoebus loves me. Menalcas' reply is, Although Jove is your friend, I am not neglected by the gods, for Phoebus loves me. 63. Sua munrera, his own gifts: the laurel and the hyacinth. Daphne was a lovely maiden, beloved by Apollo, and changed into a laurel at her own request. Hyacinthus was a beautifil boy, also beloved by Apollo, and whom he had accidentally killed with a quoit, from from whose blood the flower was said to have sprung.... Suave rubents: referring to the crimson hue, the color of human blood. 64. Malo petit, attacks me with an apple. Apples were sacred to Venus; and it was therefore the custom for lovers to throw them at each other. 65. Ante, before she hides herself among them. 66. Meus ignis, my flame. Menalcas claims the affection of two, neither of whom run away, as Galatea does. 67. Notio canibus. This is also to outstrip Damoetas. The visits of Amyntas are so frequent that he is known by 80 P. VIR GILII MARONIS D. Parta meae Veneri sunt munera: namque notavi Ipse locum, aeriae quo congessere palumbes. M. Quod potui, puero silvestri ex arbore leeta 70 Aurea mala decem misi; eras altera mittam. D. 0 quotiens et quae nobis Galatea locuta est! Partem. aliquam, venti, divom. referatis ad auris! M.M Quid prodest, quod me ipse animo non spernis, Amynta, Si, dum. tu seetaris apros, ego retia servo? 75 D. Phyllida mitte mihi: meus est natalis, Joll; Cum faciam vitulai pro frugibus, ipse venito. Mf. Phyllida amo ante alias; nam me diseedere flevit, my dogs as well as my mistress Delia.... Sit: A. 319; G. 554; H1.500,11T. 68. Now they speak of presents to their loves. Damoetas calls Galatea Venus to exalt her. 69. Ipse, with my own eWe.... Con~qessere: sc. nidum.... Paluinbes. Turtle doves were also sacred to Venus, and were therefore considered an appropriate gift from a lover to his mistress. 70. Quodt potui, all that I could do.... Pseero: Amyntas... iLecta: selected with great care-picked. 71. Aurea (= pulchra), beautiful.... Misi, Ihave 8ent, hut you are only intending to send, hence you are outdone again....Altera: sc. dece,,m. 72. The Idea In this couplet is: Galatea has often made me promises in language not unworthy of the ears of the gods, which I pray the winds to carry to them to secure their fulfillment.... Quae= gualla. 73. Divom = divorum = deorum. A. 40, f1; G. 29, 5; H. 52, 3.... Iteferatis. A. 267; G. 253; H. 484, L 74. Although It was considered a compliment to tend the nets, Menalcas complains that he is separated from Amyntas and deprived of the dangerous portion of the chase, thus outdoing Damoetas again, as the idea is much stronger both in the complaint and congratulation.... Quid pro deat, what doe. it profit me?.... Quid. A. 240, a; G. 331, R. 2; H. VS, 2.... Ipse: very emphatic and restrictive. 75. Duem sectaris: hence, are absent..... Servo = obsert'. 76. Phyllida, Greek accus. A. 64; H. PHYLLIS. 68....Yatalis. On one's birthday, It was the custom to indulge the passions, and to hold a festival in honor of the genius or patron divinity. For these carousals. he sarcastically asks their mutual rival, Iolls, to send Phyllis. 77. iEaciam = 8acrificum fadm.... Pro frugibus.,for the fruits of the earth. This refers to a festival called ambarvalia, when the victim, attended by a crowd of reapers and farm servants, dancing and singing the praises of Ceres, was led three times around the cornfield, before the sickle was put to the corn. It was a sacred and pure festival, and hence, while he wishes Phyllis to be present on his birthday, he sarcastically Invites bollas to attend at that sacrifice.... Venito,: A. M6, d; G. 262; H. 487, 2. 78. As the rules of amoebaean verse require the responding couplet to be soMe BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 31 Et longum Formose, Yale, vale, inquit, Jolla. D. Triste 1upus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres, 80 Arboribus venti, nobis Amaryllid is irae. Jf. Dulce satis humor, depulsis arbutus baedis, Lenta salix feto pecori, mihi solus Amyntas. ID. Pollio amat nostram, quanvvis est rustica, Musam: Pirie, vitulam. lectori pascite vestro. 8 M. Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina: pascite taurum, Jam cornu petat et 1)cdiblls qui spargat arenam. D. Qtil te, Polijo, amat, veniat, quo te quoque gaudet; Mella fluant illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum. 11f. Qni Baviumn non odit, aniet tua carmina, iMaevi, 90 Atque ilem. jung~at vuflpes et mulgeat hircos. what similar. Menalcas here, in his own name, addressing lollas, says that Phyllis has given him her heart.... Asnte alias', nre than al others.... What mn st he the force of Yfevit to be followed by the acetus. with the infin.? 79. Jmiolicii (= voce in longum producta), wvith lingering accents.... Foinmose: se. Mlenalca.... Joine. The e in the second vale is; shortened before the followingy i, bnt not elided.... lotte: voc. The meanin I: for she wept at my leaviag her, Jollas, and said witle lingering accents, " Farewell, farewell, beautiful XJenalcas." 80. Damoetas now declares nothing is -more dreadlufl than the anger of Amaryllis, another mistress. Menalcas in beantifnl languiage answers that -nothing is more dlelighltfil to him than Amyntas... Tr'iste, a sorry thing. A. 189, c; G. 202, R. 4.; H. 438, 4. 82. Illiptor: se. est.... atis, from sata, to the gr ing cropsp.... Dep#Idsis, weaned; i. a. driven from the mother.. Arbut us: commonly called the wild strawberry tree. 83. Feto: vid. Eel. I. 50. 84. Damoetas here introduces Poillio, a noble Roman, in great favor with Auignstus, and the patron of Virgil and Horace.... Quamtvis usually takes the subj., bnt poets and late writers regularly use the ladle. A. 313, g; G. 608, Ri. 1; 1H. 516, IN. 3. 85. Plerides. The Muses were so called from Pieria, in Macedonia, near Mount Olympns, where they were horn and first receiv~ed divine honors.... Lectori, for your reader.... 1'ascite, nouish for a sacrifice in hionor of the safe return of Poilliofromnhis victorious campaicgnacgainst the Dalmatians. 86. M4enalcas surpasses his rival hy making Pollio a poet instead of a critic, and offers a nobler sacrifice.... Yore, new, never heard before, uuexalnpled, unriv-,,ld.... Tattruisa; sc. talem., to which qui refers. 87. Iletat, spIq)r(at. A. 32.0; G. 633; H. 503, I.... Qui = talemn (taurum) qul Is. 88. Quci (= is qui), he who... Yentiat; vid. V. 73.... Quto te qluoqute gaudet; sc. venisse... May your admirers attain to all the honors, and to like felicity with that which they rejoice that you have reached. 89. Mafila fluentt: as in the golden age.... Arnortnui: a costly Indian perfume, which the Romans obtained from Syria. 90. JBaviius, lllaeviu8: two obscure poets, detractors of Polio, Virgil. and Horace.-This is in contrast to the speech of Damoetas, and means that one who admires Bavius should be compelled to listea to Maevlus, and is foolish enougl to do any thing.... Maevi. A. 40, c; G. 29, 2; H. 51, 5. 91. Idern, also. A. 195, e; G. 296; HI. 451, 3...,Jungazt: sc. Jugo. These proverbs are borrowed from the Greek. 32 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS D. Qui legitis fibres et humi nascentia fraga, Frigidus, o pueri, fugite hime, latet anguis in herba..21. Parcite, oves, -nimium procedere: non bene ripae Creditur; ipse aries etiam nune vellera siccat. 9151 D. Tityre, pascentis a fiumine reice capellas: Ipse ubi tempus erit, omnis in fonte lavabo. A1. Cogite ovis, pueri; si lac praeceperit aestus, Ut nuper, frustra pressabimus ubera palmis. D. lleu, heu, quam pingni macer est mihi taurus in ervo! Hdem amior exitium pecori pecorisque magistro. 101, M. His certe neque amor caussa est; 'v'ix ossibus haerent. Nescio quis teneros oculus mibi fascinat agnos. D. Die, quibus in terris- et eris mihi magnus ApolloTris pateat aeaci spatium non amplius ulnas. 105 Mf. Die, quibus in terris inscripti nomina regum Naseantur fibres, et Phyllida solus habeto. P. Non nostrum inter vos tantas componlere lites. 92. Damoetas warns the youth of danger -Menalcas his..eep.... HMicmi. A. 258, d; (G. 412, R. 1; H. 426, 2. 94. Parecite = cavete ne procedati,8. 95. Creditars non, it is nt safe 1o trUst... e.Vs-era: poetical for v l....... Siccat: having ventured too far and fallen into the stream. 96. -Reice (= rejlce), drive back. 98. (Jogite = cogite ad umbram... P1raeceperit, shall have anticipated; i. e. dried it up before the shepherd could get it.... Uitunsper', as lately happened. 100. Damoetas says that his herd is subject to the passion of love as well as himself, and is growing lean.-Menalcas hints that, as love is not the cause of leanness in his larnls, some "evil eye" has "blinked"1 them.... Pingui, fattening..... _Ervo, a sort of vetch. 102. Hfi8: se. agnis.... Ossibus8; abl. of means. 1013. Nescio qu~is, I know not what eye. -The Greeks and Romans believed that evil disposed persons had power of doing injury, especially to children and the young of flocks, by looking at them with malicious eye.... Paseinat. A. 210, 1, R; G. 469, R. 2; H. 529, 5, 3). 104. The contest closes with an enigma proposed by Damoetas, to which Menalcas. replies by propounding another-. The. solution of these has given much trouble.... agnues A2pollo. As Apo'llo was the. god of prophecy, if he solve this, Damoetas will regard him as another Apollo. 105. Pat eat; ind. quest. A. 334; G. 469; H. 529, I... tnas.A. 247, c,240, e G.31 1, R. 4, 335; H1. 417, 1, N. 2; 4.9.... Various answers have been proposed for this, e. g. a deep well, an oven, a pit in the Comitium at Rome; but Servius says that Asconius Pedianus heard Virgil himself say that he alluded to a spendthrift Caelius at Mantua, who dissipated his entire fortune, reserv-. ing, however, a piece of land large enough for his burial. The whole thing turns upon the resemblance of rael, heaven, to Caefli, contracted to Cascti, of Caelius. 106. Nomina: accus. of spec.....Regutm, of princes; Ajax and Hyacinthus...The allusion is to the hyacinth, which bears a mark resembling the Greek letters Al, expressing either the grief of Apollo at the death of Hyacinthus (A; I A; I alas, alas), or the name Alax; I. e. Alas. Both were princes. 108. Non nostrum: sc. est. A. 214, d;., G. 36, R. 3; H. 401, R. 3... Compene -e... A. 270; G. 423; H. 588. BUCOLICA. ECL. III. Et vitula tu dignus, et hic, et quisquis amores Aut metuet dulcis, aut experietur amaros. Claudite jam rivos, pueri: sat prata biberunt. 33 110 109. Vitula. A. 245, a; G. 398, R. 2; H. 421, III...The meaning seems to be: Thou, Menalcas, art worthy of the heifer, and so is Damoetas. I cannot decide the contest. 110. This verse has caused much discussion among learned men. The interpretation of Servius seems to us to be preferred. Both you are worthy of the heifer, and heand every one who shall either fear sweet love, or shall experience bitter love; i. e. whoever is like you, whoever can feel love as you haeb shown you can; since Damoetas had complained (v. 81) of the cruelty of Amaryllis, and Menalcas had spoken (v. 83) of the pleasures of successful love. The trouble with the verses seems to be that the feeling is put for the experience of the feeling, the action for the celebration of the action.-Andrews. 111. Claudite. Two interpretations are given to this verse, literal and figurative. By the first, Palaemon came out to have the sluices opened for irrigating the fields. The water having been flowing during the contest, he now directs them to close the sluices, as the meadows have drunk enough. Pueri, the servants of Palaemon. By the second, the fountains of song are to be stopped, and pueri refers to the contestants. 34 P. VIRI GILII MAR ONIS ECLOGA QUARTA. POLLIO. The design of the poet in this pastoral seems to be to celebrate the birth of a son to Pollio, the poet's constant friend. Italy had been afflicted with dreadful calamities from various causes: the division of the lands; the enmity between Antony and Octavianus, and the war of Perusia arising from this; a most severe famine, the result of a blockade formed by the fleets of Antony and Sextus Pompey. Hence there was great rejoicing over the treaty of Brundusium, made in the autumn of B. C. 40, by which peace was restored between Antony and Octavianus. In arranging the terms of the treaty, Antony had employed Asinius Pollio, who shortly afterward returned to Rome, and entered upon his consulship, and about the same time had a son born to him. Among all the more civilized nations of antiquity, as well as among the Jews, there was a vague expectation of the dawn of an age of peace and happiness and, connected with it, of the coming of a great king or hero. The Sibylline verses contained similar prophecies and these the poet has turned to the praise of Pollio, through whose means Italy has escaped from its miseries. As there are several expressions, which remarkably correspond with the prophecies respecting the Messiah, and especially with those of the prophet Isaiah, some consider this Eclogue as a prophecy of the coming of Christ, and Bishop Lowth goes so far as scarcely to believe it possible, that the poet did not write this under some kind of inspiration. But who was the boy really intended by Virgil? Some have suggested Marcellus, "but he was born nearly two years before the date of this Eclogue, which seems to be a fatal objection to this hypothesis. The subject is beset on all sides with difficulties, and inconsistencies, and as the theory given first presents fewest objections, it seems preferable." SICELIDES Musae, paulo majora canamus! Non ornnis arbusta juvant humilesque myricae; Si canimus silvas, silvae sint Consule dignae. Ultima Cumaei venit jam carminis aetas; Magnus ab integro 'saeclorum nascitur ordo. 5 1. Sicelides. As Theocritus, the great worthy of the consul.... silvae=carmen master in this kind of composition, was silvestre....s*int. A. 266; G. 256, 3; Hi. 484, a Sicilian, Virgil calls the Muses, who pre- IV....conssule. A. 245, a; G. 398, R. 2; side over bucolic poetry Sicilian muses. H. 421, III., sc. Pollione..... majora, greater than those usually 4. Ultimna: the tenth: vid. next v... chosen for bucolic verse. Cumaei. The Sibyls were prophetic 2. Arbusta, vineyards, ntyricae, ta- nymphs, of whom the most famous was marisks, silvas, woods, are the usual sub the Cumaean, so named from her residence jects. at Cnmae, a city of Campania, in Italy. 3. Si canimus silvas, If, however, 5. The reference is to the doctrine of the we do sing of rural subjects, let them be great or mundane year, current among the BUCOLICA. ECL. IV. 35 Jam redit et Virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna; Jam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto. Tu modo nascenti puero, quo ferrea primum Desinet ac toto surget gens aurea mundo, Casta fave Lucina: tuus jam regnat Apollo. Teque adeo decus hoc aevi, te Consule, inibit, Pollio, et incipient magni procedere menses; Te duce, si qua manent sceleris vestigia nostri, Inrita perpetua solvent formidine terras. Ille deum vitam accipiet divisque videbit 10 15 Greeks, and taught by Platonic and Stoic philosophers, and mentioned in the Sibylline books. At the close of this year, the duration of which was variously estimated at 2489, 3000, 7777, 12954, 15000, 18000, 25920 years, ererything would return to its original position, shape, and( character. This great year was divided into ten great months or saecula. The Sibylline books taught what deity presided over each. Saturn is said to have presided over the first, and Apollo over the last. As the Romans, at the time this Eclogue was written, believed that they were living in the last saeculum (tuu8 jam Apollo regnat, v. 10), and as the peace of Brundusinm omened happiness and peace, Virgil announces the approach of the Golden Age, and the termination of this. saeculum..... ab intero, anew......saeclorum=8aeculorum. A. 11, b; H. 635, 2. 6. Virgo. AiK1 or Astrea; Justice. As she was the last of the gods to leave the earth, so she is the first to return, and is a sign of the restoration of man to inno-cence. " - et Virgo caede madentes Ultima Caelestum, terras Astrea reliquit.11 Ovid. Met. 1, 150. Saturnia. Saturn reigned in Italy,during the Golden Age, and while Astrea had her residence of the earth. 7. Nova progenies: Not only the boy to be born, but a new race of men (gens -aurea, v. 9) i. e. better and juster.... caelo. A. 229; G. 346, fin.; H. 386, 2. 8. Tu modo (only), castra Lucina, fave nascenti puero quo ferrea (gens) primum desinet ac.... naseenti =dum naicitur..... puero: Asinius Gallus, son of Pollio..... quo: se. nascente.... fervra: sc. gens....primnurn here has the force of at last. 9. Gens aurea (=gens aureae aetatis), the race of the golden age. 10. Luicinan: the goddess who presided over births. This name is sometimes given by the poets to Juno and sometimes to Diana, who is here intended.... tuns: sc. frater. 11. Te, Te consule: a very emphatic repetition.. adeo, also. Adeo always gives prominence to the word immediately preceding.... decuo h1oe aevi, for decorum hoc aevum, this glorious age.... inibit. This is said to be the only passage in which inire is used intransitively, or absolutely. It is equivalent to incipiet. 12. llagqni menses,.he great months of the great year or saeulum.... procedere. A. 271, N; G. 424: H. 533, I. 1. 13. Te duce, under your guidance.Some object to this lavish praise of any one but a Caesar; but the poet, like the Romans generally, was not at this time expecting the establishment of the imperial power, but rather looking for the restoration of their pristine freedom; nor had the consular power and dignity been as yet reduced to the shadow of its former self... sceleris nostri: alluding to the civil warfare, which was always called scelus. 14. Inrita, completely effaced....formidine. A. 243, a; G. 389; H. 414, I. 15. Ille: the boy Gallus.... denw= deorum; i. e., he shall become a god and dwell among them as in the golden age. 36 P. VIRGILIJ MAR ONIS Permixtos heroas'et ipse videbitur illis, Pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem. At tibi prima, puer, nullo munuscula cultu, Errantis hederas passim cumn baccare tellus Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. Ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae IUbera., nec magnos metuent airmenta leones. Ipsa tibi blandos fundent cunabula fibres. Occidet et serpens, et fallax herba veneni Occidet; Assyrium volgo nascetur amomum. At simul heroum. laudes et facta parentis Jamn legere et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus, 20? 25 16. Ileroas: Greek accus. These were the sons of deities and human beings, who were enrolled among the gods on account of their exploits. 17. Virtsetibus is better joined with reget than pacatum. 18. Having described the approach of the new Golden Age, he now foretells the blessings which will follow the birth of the infant, and the different steps by which its advance is distinguished-its commencement at his birth, its progress in his youth, and its perfection in his manhood. The following verses present a striking resemblance to some of the most sublime passages in the prophet Isaiah. The wild~erne88 and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert Mhall rejoice and blosom as the....... A t marks a change of subject. A. 155, B.; G. 490; H. 310, 3.... prina., adv., at first. ma nsuuttscu1(s modest giflts; plants and flowers only, specified in vs. 19-25..... nullo ceultu: alluding to the spontaneous productions of the Golden Age. 119. _Errapitis, spreading......passint modiflesfundet.... baccare: a sweet herb commonly called lady's glove. Fe6 supposes it to be our fox glove (Digitalis purpurea). 20. ilidentti, pleasing...colocfasia, the Egyptian bean, a plant of which both the root and fruit are edible. As its cultivation had, at this time, been recently Introduced into Italy, it would be considered a great rarity.... acantho. The acanthus is now called the acacia, an Egyptian tree from which gum-Arabic is obtained. For coustr A. 248, a., R.; G. 348; H. 385, 3. 21. Ipsae, of their own accord.... Domiumi. A, 258; G. 410; H. 380. 2, 1). 22. This is strikingly like Isaiah xi. 6-8; "~The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together"~. but, were it copied, would the poet have omitted "1and a little child shall lead them'"? 23. ITpsea cunasbula, the very cradle....bland~os, sweet. 24. Falterx herba venenti=herba yenenum continens. The poisonous plant is called deceptive, on account of its liability to be taken for &-barmless plant. 25. rolgo. everywhere, instead of beinga rare exotic from the East... Atnomu,,s. This was an Indian sahrub, from which the valuable spikenard ointment was made. Its fruit w~as grape-like in shape, and of a most delightftu scent. 26..-It introduces the blessings which shall attend the youth of the child....si miu! (=simul ac), as soon as.... paventis, i. a. Pollio. 27. Qttae sit virtus, how great their(i. e. heroum et parentis) excellence is.-Did it mean " what virtue is'" we would have, quid sit virtus-The meaning of this and the preceding verses Is "1When you. become a' young man." BUCOLICA. ECL. IV2. 37 Molli paulatim fiavescet campus arista, Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva, Et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella. Pauca tamen suberunt priscae vestigia fraudis, Quae temptare Thetim ratibus, quae cingere muris Oppida, quae jubeant telluri infindere sulcos. Alter erit turn Tiphys, et altera quae vehat Argo Delectos heroas; erunt etiam altera bella, Atque iterum. ad Trojam magnus mittetur Achilles. line, ubi jam firmata virum. te fecerit aetas, Cedet et ipse mari vector, nee nautica pinus Mutabit merces: omnis feret omnia tellus. Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem; iRobustus quoque jam tauris juga solvet arator; Nec varios discet mentiri lana colores, Ipse sed in pratis aries jam suave rubenti 30 35 40 28. Jtlolli, smooth, not bearded. It implies that in the Golden Age such a protectioii will be no longer needed.... flavescet, A. 167, a.; (G. 151, 1; H. 337. 29. Itubetts, ripening...Sentibus. "Do men gather grapes of thorns?"1 30. Iioscida mella, honey collected like.drop8 of dew. Honey dropping from trees was one of the characteristics of the Golden Age. Ithe ancients supposed that honey was a "species of dew collected by the bees from plants. If very plentiful, it might be supposed that it would drop from the trees. Honey in early times possessed a value, which, since the discovery of the sugar cane, we can scarcely conceive. Hence the laud of promise wvas described to the Israelites as a land flowing with -milk and honey. 31. This period of youth corresponds with the Heroic Age, as we see that the full restoration of the Golden Age would -not take place until he had grown to manhbood. 32. Thetim. Thetis, a godess of the sea is here put by metonymy for the sea Itself, H. 637, II1. 'It was the desie of -gain which first led man to brave the.~dangers of the sea. 88. tJubeant. A. 817; G. 082; H. 497, L.... Tefluri: dat. after in. A. 228; G. 346; H. 386. 34. Tiphys: the pilot of the Argo.... Quae=ut ea..... Argo. All the deeds of the Heroic Age will be repeated, before the perfection of the Golden Age. 35. 1)electos heroas,: the Argonauts, the companions of Jason on the expedition in search of the golden fleece.... Altera bella. The same wars and. the same events are to be repeated. 37. Rine, after thi.... Firmata, mnatured.... Virum, te, A. 239, a; G. 334; H. 373. 38. Et, eve. Ipsme=sua sponte... Manr. A. 258, a; G. 41 1, 'R. 4; H. 414, 1. Every land will produce all kinds of fruit so that an interchange of commodities (mutare merce) will he ino longer requisite. 40. Itastros. The rostrum was a toothed hoe, with two, three or four prongs, while the falx~ was a knife used in pruning vines. The meaning is, that everything would grow spontaneously. 42. This is a strange conceit, that the sheep by feeding on certain herbs, should change the natural color of their fleeces to those which were most esteemed, and thus, not only become more beauti 38 P. VIR GIL II MARB ONIS Murice, jam croceo mutabit vellera into; Sponte sua sandyx pascentis vestiet agnos. Talia saecla, suais dixerunt, currite, fusis Concordes stabili fatorum numine Parcae. Adgredere o magnos-aderit jam tempus-ho-nores, Cara deum suboles, magnum Jovis incrementum! Aspice convexo -nutantem, pondere mundum, Terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum, Aspice, venturo laetantur ut omnia sacelo! 0 mihi tam longae maneat pars ultima vitae, Spiritus et, quantum sat enit tua dicere facta: Non me carminibus vincet nec Thracius Orpheus, 55. 1W, but also exempt man from the labor of dyeing them.... Atentiri colores, to conmterfeit various color&. 44. Murice, purple. A. 252, c; (G. 404, R.; H. 422, N. 2. The murex was a shell. fish, from which the ancients obtained their fIInest purple dye....Luto. The lutum was a plant yielding a saffron color, called by Voss Reseda luteola. 45. Sandyx, vermillion. 46-47. Talia... Parcae. The Parcae, harnwious with the firmly-established order of Fate, have said to their spindles, "r arn off such ages" 1 as this one.. Saecla Is a cognate accus. after currteW. A. 238; G.8331; 11.871, IL This Is commonly parsed as a vocative, but It is evident that the spindles should be addiessed... F~esi, 1. e. to the threads on their spindles.... concordes, harmondota among themselves in assigning the destiny of all things as established by divyme decree... Par.. ca~e. They were the daughters of Erebus and Nox, and were three in number, Clotho, Lacheslis, and Atropos. They were intrusted with the thread of human life. Clotho held the distaff; Lachesis spun, and Atropos severed it. They are here introduced as ordering the thread of this age to run on without interruption. 48. Adgredere. The poet now addresses the son of Po~llio, who has reached the age of manhood, and bids him enter upon the high honors that await him. 49. Deum =dei; i. e. Apollo. The family of Pollio claimed to be descended from Apollo.... Inerementum: one who receives increase; i. e.,favorite. 50. He now represents the world as nodding to welcome the approach of the happy age.... Mundum, the sys-tem of' the universe. 51. Terras: part. appos. with mutbdum. H. 364. 152. Laetantur. The Indic. is here used after u*, as the statement is one of the truth of which there was no doubt. H. 529, IL. 7. Some read laetentur. 54. Spirituss, (poetic) inspiration.... Quantum... facta, as shall ssuffice tO narrate thy deeds. 55. Non... nee.- nee, neither-nor. Not three negatives. A. 209, a, 2; GI. 444; H. 558, 2...-. Orpheus, son of Apollo and Calliope, was one of the great'brd of' antiquity. BUCOLICA. ECL. IV. 39\ Nec Linus, huic mater quamvis atque huic pater adsit, Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo. Pan etiam, Arcadia mecum si judice certet, Pan etiam Arcadia dicat se judice victum. Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem: 60 Matri longa decem tulerunt fastidia menses; Incipe, parve puer: cui non risere parentes, Nec deus hunc mensa, dea nec dignata cubili est. 56. Linus: son of Apollo and Terpsichore; another great bard.... Adsit. A. 266, c; G. 608; H. 515, III. 58-59. Arcadia judice: concession. A. 255; G. 408; H. 431, 1. As Pan was the favorite of the Arcadians, they might of course be expected to give him a favorable decision.... Certet, dicat. A. 307, b; G. 598; H. 509....Se victumn: c. esse. 60. Risu, by thy smile-It is evident from this verse that the child is yet unborn, and this may be taken as a prayer for his speedy appearance, and for the blessings to follow in the train of that event. 61. Decem. The ancients counted every period of time as entire which was commenced. Thus our Savior is said to have lain three days in the grave, whereas He was there only from Friday afternoon until early Sunday morning... ''ulfrunt: perfect. A. 351, a; H. 608, VI.... Fastidia, discomfort. 62. Risere: in response to the smile mentioned in v. 60. 63. It was considered a bad omen for a child, that he had not received a parent's smile, as one at whose birth his parents do not rejoice cannot be worthy of the companionship of the gods, either at their festive board or in marriage. Such was the fate of Vulcan, at whose appearance his mother was so shocked that she threw him from Olympus. He was not admitted to the tables of the gods, nor would Minerva accept his offers of marriage. 40 P. VIR GILII JIA RONIS ECLOGA QUINTA. DAPHNIS. MENALCAS. MOPSUS. Two shepherds, Mopsus and Menalcas, having met together, the one celebrated for his skill in playing upon the shepherd's pipe, the other for his skill in singing, invite each other to a mutual exhibition of their musical accomplishments. After seating themselves in a grotto, Mopsus first laments the death of Daphnis; then Menalcas, following, celebrates his praises as one now enrolled among the gods, and having then exchanged presents they separate.-Heyne. The Eclogue is a close imitation of the First Idyl of Theocritus, and some suppose that Virgil merely intended this as an expansion of that poem. Still the high and magnificent terms in which he sings of Daphnis have led the most eminent critics to believe that he designed to bewail the death and celebrate the apotheosis of Julius Caesar. Daphnis would thus represent Caesar, and Menalcas, Virgil himself. The poem is divided between the two poets, but in this the Amoebaean form is not preserved as in the III. and VII., as the first finishes before the second begins. Me. CUR non, Mopse, boni quoniam convenimus ambo, Tu calamos inflare levis, ego dicere versus, Hie corulis mixtas inter considimus ulmos? Mo. Tu major; tibi me est aequum parere, Menalca, Sive sub incertas Zephyris motantibus umbras, Sive antro potius succedimus. Aspice, ut antrum Silvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis. Me. Montibus in nostris solus tibi certat Amyntas. 5 1. Non is to be joined with considimus..... Boni (= periti), skilled. 2. Calamos levis; i. e. pipes made of slender reeds: vid. Ecl. I. 2.... Inflare, dicere, follow boni, as in Greek. A. 273, d; G. 424, R. 4; H. 533, II. 3....Dicere = cantare. 3. Corulis, why do we not sit down here among the elms mingled with the hazels? A. 248, a. R; G. 346, R. 2; H. 385, 3. 4. MIajor: sc. natu....Ti. A. 227: G. 345; H. 385, I... Aequum; why nenter.... Parere. A. 270; G. 423; H. 5,38. 5, 6. Sive, sive, whether, or..... Incer tas.. motantibus, shifting by the moving Zephyrs, i. e. the shadows shift their positions, when the winds move the trees.... Succedimus. Notice the double construction with this verb, first with sub and the accus., A. 228, a; G. 346, R. 1; H. 386, 3; and second, with the dative. A. 228; G. 346; H. 886... Ut, how. 7. Raris, here and there.... Labrusca, wild vine. This probably differed in no way from the cultivated varieties.... Racemis: abl. of means. 8, 9. Menalcas here tells Mopsus that in his native mountains Amyntas only can contend with him, at which Mopsus is B UCOLI C.A. ECL. V. 41 Mo. Quid, si idem certet Phocbum superare canendo? Me. Incipo, Mopse, prior, si quos autt Phyll]idis ignis, Aut Alconis habes laudes, aut jurgia Codri. Incipe; pascentis servabit Tityrus hacdos. Mo. Immo haec, in viridi nuper quae cortice fagi Carmina descripsi et modulans alterna notavi, Experiar: tll deinde jubeto ut certet Amyntas. Me. Lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit olivae, Puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rosetis, Judicio nostro tantum tibi cedit Amyntas. Mo. Sed tu desine plura, puer; successimus antro. Exstinctum Nymphac crudeli funere Daphunim 10 20 offended, and says Amyntas would even dare to contend with Apollo himself, the god of song.... Tibi, with you. A. 229, c; G. 344, R. 3; II. 385. 44,3.... Asmyntas: some person, in his own opinion, skilled in playing the pilpe... Quid si certet. Humph! what ij' he strove to, etc. What would quid si certat lean?.... Certet. A. 307, b; G. 598; II. 509... Catendeo. A. 301; G. 432; H. 542, IV. 10. Jflnis, loves to narrate in song. 11. Phyllis was the daughter of Lycurgus, king of Thrace. She fell in love with Demophoon, son of Theseus, king of Athens, on his return from Troy, who, going home on matters of business, remained longer than the time appointed for their nuptials. She, imagining herself neglected, hung hersaf, and was changed into a leafless almonutree. Demophoon afterwards returned, and on his embracing the tree, it put forth leaves....Alco, was a celebrated Cretan archer, who aimed an arrow so truly at a serpent entwined around the body of his son that he killed it without injuring the child.... Codrus was the last king of Athens. In the war with the Lacedemonians, an oracle having promised victory to that side whose king was slain, the Lacedemonians had given strict orders not to injure the Athenian king. Codrus, knowing this, put on the garb of a peasant, went among the enemy, raised a quarrel and was slain, giving by his death complete victory to the Athenians. The names here probably simply mean, whether you wish to sing of love, praise, or quarrels. 13. Immo lhec: contrasted with illa, those you propose....Cortice, bark still on the tree. 14. Carnmita. A. 200, b; G. 618; H. 445, 9.... Et itodulnsr(s altera fiotaei,f setting them to music I marked the alternatiors of the voice and of the flute.... Deitde, then, when you have heard them you may judge whether Amyntas is to be compared with me. 16. Menalcas now assures Mopsus that his compliment to Amyntas was spoken only in jest.... Lentu, lithe. 17. Satiunca, the French spikenard. 18. Jtudicio nostro. A. 253; G. 398; H. 410. The willow and olive are of the same form and same color, one worthless, the other exceedingly valuable; so the spikenard was fragrant, but so brittle that it could not be woven into garlands as roses were. The meaning is * You greatly surpass Amyntas, although in some respects you may be compared. 19. D)esine: sc. diccre... Pfliura may be taken as direct object of desine.... Successimits a ntro. Evidently the above reported dialogue had taken place on their way to the grotto. 20. Crudeli futere, by a cruel death. This is peculiarly forcible as applied to the manner of "great Caesar's taking off." if Caesar is figured by the name of Daphnis. The original Sicilian Daphnis, according to the first Idyl of Theocritus, pined away with hopeless passion. 21. Flebant. Notice the emphasis given by the full stop after this word.... Vos: sc.fuistis.... N lymphis. A. 235; H. 384,4. 42 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Flebant. Vos coruli testes et flumina Nymphis; Cum complexa sui corpus miserabile ncati Atquc deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater. Non ulli pastos illis egere diebus Frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina; inulla nec amnem 25 Libavit quadrupes, nec graminis attigit herbarn. Daphni, tuum Poenos etiam ingemuisse leones biteritum montesque feri silvaeque loquuntur. Daphnis et Armenias curru subjungcre tigris Institui t, Daphuis thiasos inducere Bacchi 30 Et foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas. Vitis ut arboribus, decori est, ut vitibus uvae, Ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pinguibus arvis, Tu decus om'ne tuis. Postquam te fata tulerunt, Ipsa Pales agros atque ipse reliquit Apollo. 35 22. Ctimn, while. 23. Atqite.. crudelia, and callsthe gods and the star8 creel; i. e. from a Chaldean point of view, the stars, according to Mhe popular belief, exerting a great influence on the lives of me...... AMate,-. If Daphnis is Caesnr, this word means Venus, the mother of the Julian house. 24. Grieving at the death of Daphinis, the shepherds ncglect to water their flocks; and the cattle, and even wild beasts, feel his loss. 25. Niella.. nec... nec. A. 209, a, 3; G. 444; H. 653, 2. 26. Libavit, attigit, sip, touch, much less cat and drink. Con. 27. Daphiii. A. 64; H. 68. Paris.... J'oettos, Carthaginian. This epithet probably has no force here, but, with Arnmena below, is Intended to signify the whole world. 28. Loquuntur = narrant. Notice the bold figure by which the woods and mountains are said to report these things concerning the lions which inhabit them. 29. Et, also.... Cu irs-ta: dat. for currui. A.228; G. 346; H..386. 80. Indutcere, to introduce. 81. This verse is a description of the (Acyraus, which was a pole, terminated by a fi~r-cone, or a bunch of vine or ivy leaves, uAnd was carried by those who took part in the orgies of Bacchus. In this verse he represents it as a spefir, surrounded with the leaves of the vine.?HYRftL 82. Arboribus, decori. A. 23; G. 350; H. 3190. 34. Tu:e s. eras...Decus. Notice the change in the construction. H. 390, II. 2..... Te tulerunt (=- abstulerunt), took three away. 35. Pales was the goddess (of the Italians) having charge of the flocks and the shepherds. Apollo is here mentioned in reference to the time when he tended the flocks of King Admetus. As these two were rural deities, their absence was disastrous and r-endered the fields barren and unproductive. BUCOLICA. ECL. V. 43 Grandia saepe quibus mandavimus hordea sulcis, Infelix lolium et steriles nascuntur avenae; Pro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso, Carduus ct spinis surgit paliurus acutis. Spargite humrnum foliis. inducite fontibus umbras, 4 Pastores; mandat fieri sibi talia Daphnis; Et tumulum facite, et tunmulo superaddite carmen: Daphnis ego in silvis, hinc usque ad sidera notus, Formosi pecoris custos, formosior ipse; Me. Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta, 4 Quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale per aestum Dulcis aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo. Nee calainis solum aequiparas, sed voce magistrum. Fortunate puer, tu nl1nc eris alter ab illo. Nos tamen haec quocumnque modo tibi ilostra vicissim 54 Dicemus, Daphnimque tuum tollemus ad astra: Daphnin ad astra feremus: amavit nos quoque Daphnis. Mo. An quicquam nobis tali sit munere majus?:0 5 O 36. Grandia, plump.... Quilnts (dat. A. 200. b; G. 621; H. 445, 9), to which we have intrusted.... Sulcis: sc. in eis. 37. Infelix. Any plant useless for food was called unproductive.... Lolitent, darnel.... Stcriles, wild. 38. N ercisso: a species of narcissus, which blooms in autumn, and has a purple calyx. 39. Spinis. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, II..... PalUiris, Christ's thorn. 40. Spargite. This means at the grave of Daphnis.... Inilucite: lplant frees and thus "draw a shade over the fountains." It was customary to strew flowers on the ground at the funeral of a shepherd, and to make the tomb near fountains that were much frequented, and surrounded by trees, so that travelers, as they drank and rested themselves, might see the epitaph, and thus keep alive the memory of the deceased. 41. Fieri: poetical for ut fiant. A. 331, g; G. 53; H. 585, 11. and N. 42. Tumnulum: the tomb was to be a mound of earth.... Carmen, inscription. 43. Ego: sc. sum....In silvis depends on notis as does ad sidera. 45. Tuum carmen (est) nobis tale, quale (A. 189, c; H. 438, 4) sopor in gramine (est) fessis, quale restinguere (A. 270; G. 423; H. 538) sitim per aestum saliente rive dulcis aquae (est). 48. Nec... sed, not only... but also..... Magistrum: who it was does not appear. 49. Alter ab illo, second to him. 50. Tansen, however.... Quocumque todo, in whatever way I can, shows the modesty of Menalcas in estimating his own worth as compared with Mopsus. 51. Tollemus ad astra, we shall laud to the skies. In astra would mean to number among the deities. 52. Daphnin. This is said to be the only place where Virgil admits this form of the accus. It is here used on account of the metre to avoid ecthlipsis. A. 359, d; G. 714; H. 608, I.... Nos. Menalcas havina called Daphnis " tuum Daphnin " now claims him as his own friend also. 53. An... majuts. Can any thing be moe pleasing to me. than such a favor? The second member of a double question. A. 211, b; G. 459; H. 353, N.4....Sit: dubitative subj....Mitnere. A. 247; 0. 399; H. 417. 44 P. VIRGILII MAR oNrs Et puer ipse fuit cantari dignus, et ista Jam pridem Stimicon laudavit carrmina nobis. Ale. Candidus insuetum miratur lirnen Olympi Sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera IDaphnis. Ergo alacris sil vas et cetera rura voluptas Panaque pastoresque tenet Dryadasque puellas. Nec lupuis insidias pecori, -nec retia cervis Ulla dolum rueditantur; amat; bonuis otia Daphnis. Ipsi lactitia voces ad sidera jactant Intonsi montes; ipsac jam carmina rupes, ipsa sonant arbusta: dens, dens ille, Mlenalca! Sis bonus o felixque tuis! en quattuor aras: Ecce duas tibi, Daph-ni, duas altaria Phoebo. Pocula bina novo s-puma-ntia lacte quot, aunis Craterasque duos statuam tibi pinguis olivi, Et multo ini prirnis hilarans convilia Baceblo, 55 60 65 54. 55. These verses give two reasons why he wvill be pleased to hear the song of iAlenalcas;- first, the subject (puer ipse), and then Stimicon. has praised it.... Cantav-i (Iiy nus. A. 273, d; G. 424, R. 4; H. 5323, II. 3.... Jam pridem, some time ago; so of course they are much finer now.... Ceirmwia ista, those verses of yours. A. 102, c; G. 291; H. 450. 56. (Caiadidots, clothed in white... Insuctum, new, unaccustomed to his eyes. 58. _Er4go, therefore.... A laer is, lively; i. e. pleasure which shows itself by outward acts. Thisi and the following verses describe the joy felt by all things, on account of the deification of Daphnis. 59. Dv-Yadess, wood nymphs, called also Hamad~ryads, from their living and perishIng along with their peculiar tree. 61. Bonus = benignu8. 63 Intonsi, woody; 1. e. uncleared of trees. 64. life; sc. est. To his Imagination all nature sings this song, deus, deus Wel, o Mienalca. 65. Sis: opt. subj. A. 267; G. 253; H. 484, I; 488, 2.... Felix, propitious; used actively.... Aras: accus. of exclamation. A. 240, d; G. 340; H. 381. He has built twvo altars for each that the sacrifices may be more abundant. This is one of the strongest points to prove that. Caesar is the person intended by Daphnis, as, when Caesar was deified, annual rites were decreed him, hut as his birthday, on which the ceremonies were to be held, fell On the same dlay as the Ludi Apollinares, which the Sibylline books ordered to be kept free from the intrusion of other sacra, his birthday was appointed to he kept upon the next p~receding. HIls worship is therefore connected wvith that of Apollo. 66. Duas: sc. fieci, on which tibi depends. It agrees with aras understood; I. e. altars on which incense and offerings of fruits, flowers, etc., were placed...., Altaria (altars on which victims were burned) is in appos. with aras understood, with which dsias agrees. 67. He here promises two annual offerings to Daphiais-one In spring, indicated by novo lade; the other In autumn when oil was to he offered. This was to he in addition to the particular service mentioned in verses 65, 66.... Bina, two cups each. A. 95, a; 0. 95, R. 1; H. 174, 2, 1). *... Lade. A. 248; G. 401; H. 419. M. 68. Duos, two; i. e. one on each altar..... Olivi, poetic for olel. 69. Multo liacclho, with much wins.... In primis hilarans, espedally enliven BUCOLICA. ECL. V. 4.5 Ante focum, si frigus erit, si messis, in umbra, Vina novum fundam calathis AriuSia nectar. Cantabu-nt mihi Damoetas et Lyctins Aegon; Saltanitis Satyros im itabitur Alphesiboeus. Haec tibi semper erunt, et cum sollemnia vrota iReddemus Nymphiis, et cum lustrabimus agros. Durn juga montis aper, fliuvios dum piscis arnabit, Dunmque thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadae, Semper honos nomenque tuum. laudesque manebunt. Ut Baceho Cererique, tibi sic vrota quot annis Agricolae facient; dam-nabis tu quoque votis. Mo. Quae tibi, quac tali reddam pro carmine dona? Nam iieqiie me tantum venientis sibilus austri, Nec percnssa, juvant fluctn tam litora, new quae Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles. Mde. Ilac te nos fragili donabimus ante cicuta. Hac nos, Formosum Corydon ardebat Alexim, Haec eadem doecuit, Cujum pecus? an Meliboei? 70 so 85 ing. An.... C'onvivia., the b~anquet after the sacrifice. 71. 11ita Ariusia, named from Ariusia, a promontory and district on the isle of chios, which was renowned for its Nvines.....Fundam, = effu.d.... Ca - iathis: governed by de or e understood. A. 285, a; G. 388; II. 412... Nectar erage itwly introduced to the Romans." 72. Milli canttabutnt: sc. secra faclent!.... Ly ct iitsc: from Lyctus, a town in Crete. 73. Dancing was common among the Greeks and Rlomans In connection with religio1us rites, and the dancers frequently represented bacchantes, satyrs, and other characters. 74. lla-ec, these honors which I have mentioned.... Solem nia vota, our won-ted riles. What rites Virgil had In mind, is uncertain, as nothing farther Is known. 75. Lutstrabimus agros, when we shallpurify thefiekk; I. e. at the ceremony of the Arnharvalia, described in Georg. I. 338. 76. These expressions denote any longr period of time. 7'7. Thyino, r-ove: ahl. of means.-It was a commonly received opinion. rnentioned by Hesiod, Theocritus and Ann. creon, that the cicada feeds upon dew. 79. C'ewein. Ceres was the goddess of husbandry. She and Bacchus were the gods chiefly worshipped by shepherds and cultivators of the soil, and with them Daphnis was In futnre to he numbered. 80. Da~ntabis... rot is. Thou also (lik~e th/e other gods) wilt condemn (us-, by granti gour requests) to our rows. A. 220, b; G. 377, R. 1; H. 410, 1II. 81. 1teddain. A. 268; G. 467; 11. 486, IT.... Pro cacrininse. A. 236, R; G. 344, R;- H..384, 3, 2). 82. Tantiem: sc.juvat.... J'enientim, rising.... Slbiises, murmuring. This is also written slbllum, and the plural sibhi a is more common than siiuli. 85. Ante, before you give me the present mentioned, I will give you this pipe on which I sang Eclogues II. and IlI. Hence it is evident that Virgil designates himself under the name of Menalcas. 86. What is the construction of Formdum... Atlexim? (ujutm... Meliboel? A. 2.39, c; G. 833; H. 374. 4:6 P. VJRGIL1I AfARONIS Alo. At tu sume pe'dum, quod., me c'um saepe rogaret, Non tulit Antigenes —et erat turn dignus amariFormosum paribus nodis atque aere, Menalca. 90 88. Cunt, although.... Rogaret; con- Nodis, aer-e: Wb. of characteristic. The cession. A. 326; G. 581, III; H. 515, III. crook was probably made of somne species 89. Non tulit, didt not get fromn me... of cane, the knots or jcints of whichi were -Tumn, at that time, no matter what he is equally distant from one another, and was now, adorned with brass rings or studs. 90. Formaosum agrees with pedum... B UCOLICA. E CL. VI. 47 ECLOGA SEXTA. VARUS. In the introduction, Virgil alludes to his being the first Roman who had attempted pastoral verse. Having tried heroic poetry, he was rebuked by Apollo for his raeshness, and advised to treat of humbler themes. The pocus is addressed to Varus, a friend of Virgil, who had studied philosophy with him at Naples, under Syro, the Epicurean, and introduces two shepherds, who seize. Silenus sleeping in a grotto, and with' the assistance of a water nymph compel him to fulfill a promise, which he had previously made, of singing to them. He complies, and for his subject takes the formation of the universe, and adds some of the most popular fables of ancient mythology. This Eclogrue, according to VOSS, was composed in the summer of 38 BI. C., the poet being then in his 30th year. PRIM1A Syracosio dignata est ludere versu iNostra nec erubuit silvas habitare Thalia. I Cuin canerem reges et proelia, Cynthius aurem Vellit, et admonuit: Pastorem, Tityre, pinguis Pascere oportet ovis, deductrni dicere carmen'. Nunc ego —namque super tibi erunt, qui dicere laudes, Vare, tuas cupiant et tristia condere bellaAgrestem tenui meditabor arundine Musamn. 5 1. Prima, earliest; I. e. in his language..... Syrueosio (~= Syracusio, the Greek o being retained). In Syracusan verse; iLe. in pastoral verse; called Syracusan from Theocrituis, who was a native of Syracuse..... Dignata est, deigned. As the Roman poets before Virgil had treated of loftier themes, it was an act of condescension, on the part of the goddess, to treat of pastoral subjects, which were regarded of inferior dignity when compared with epic poetry. 2. Nostra Thalia, our muse. The muse Thalia Is here introduced with propriety, because she presided over comedy, and merry Idyllic poetry. 3. It appears that Virgil, on the request of Varus, had began an epic poem, upon the actions of the Alban Kings.... Gumn, because.... Canerem. A. 326; G. 587; H. 51T.... Iteges et proelia, about the kings, and the struggles of the contest; i. e. an epic poem.... Cynthius, Apollo; so called from Cynthus, a mountain on the island of Delos,- where he was born. 4. Aurem vellit, pulled; in order to attract his attention.... -Pastorem: subj. accus. of pascere and dieme. A. 240, f; G. 341; H. 53.... Tity re; a general name for a shepherd, here put for Virgil himself.I 5. Oportet. What are Its subjects? A. 270, b; G. 585; H....Deduetum., fine-spun; I. e. simple. 6. Super: separated from erunt, by tmiesls, for the sake of the metre. A. p. 293; G. 720; H. 636, V.83. 7. (Jupiant. G. 684; H. 593, I.... Condere, lit., to lay up for Safety; hence, to record. 48 P. VIERGIL II MfA RO5IS Non inijussa cano. Si quis tamen haco quoque, si quis Captus amore leget, te nostrae, Yare, myricae, 10 Te nemus omne canet; inec Phoebo gratior ulla est, Quamn sibi quae Vari praescripsit pagi-na -nomen. Pergite, Pierides. Chromis et Mnasylos in antro Sile-nurn pueri somno videre jacentem, Inflaturn hesterno venas, ut semper, laccho: 15 Serta procul tantum capiti delapsa jacebant, Et gravis attrita pendebat cantharus ansa. Adgressi-nam saepe senex spe carmi-nis ambo Luscrat-injiciuint ipsis ex vincula sertis. Addit se sociam timidisque supervenit Aegle, 20 Aegle, Naiadum pulcherrima, jarnque videnti 9.Injussa: because the precedin lines show, it was by command of Apollo that he chose this style.... YImnei, still; your name will be praised here, although 1 cannot write the epic.... liaec quoqie, these verses also, in addition to the grander epics which others may compose..... ~Si qutis...si qusis, an emphatic repetition. 11. Gratior aslla - sc. pagina. 12. i'agina, page of a book; here used for car-men. Any thing addressed to Yarns will certainly win the favor of Apollo. Note that the page is represented as doing the writing. 13. Pierides. The muses are so called from Pier-ia, the district where they wvere born, or first worshiped as divinities. Clhromis, Mfnasylos. Two young Satyrs. Notice that both names are Greek. foster father of Bacchus. Ilie is represented as a jolly, fat old man, riding on an ass, crowned with flowers, and always intoxicated.... Pue-i;:appos. with Chromis and Mnasylos. 15. 1Ye~zas: accus. of spec... lit seimper: sc. erat.... la cehof An other n ame for Bacchus, here used for vino. This naxhe wvas used principally in the mysteries, and is commonly derived from;ixetv, to shoet, as he was the god of noise and revelry. 16. Constrne: serta, delapsa taniJm (meret?,) capiti (A. 229;, G. 346; HI. 386. 2) jatxbant procul (at some distance). 17. A ttr-ita, worn from frequent handling..., -.Pendebat, swunlg; i. e., from his hand...Caittharus: a large jug or pitcher furnished with handles.... Ansa: abl. of means. 18..Nam introduces the reason for the course pursued by the youths. 19. lutserat, had fooled.... Vincutla. Poets who refused to sing were, according to the ancient notions, compelled to do so when bound....1Ijicluumt: sc. ei. Ipsis ex 52i5cuela sertis: This is a very uncommon arrangement, the prep. being separated from its noun by a word not modifying that noun. 20. Timidls: sc.ptwri8; the dat. limiting both verbs. 21. Vicientl, Sc. el. looking tip. A. 235, a; G. 843, R. 2; H1.34, 4. 14. 811enuin. Silenus, born at Malea In Lesbos, was one of the rural deities, and BUCOLICA. ECL. VI. 49 Sanguineis frontem moris et tempora pingit. Ille dolum ridens, Quo vincula nectitis? inquit. Solvite me, pueri; satis est potuisse videri. Carmina, quae voltis, cognoscite; carmina vobis, Huic aliud mercedis erit. Simul incipit ipsc. Tum vero in numerum Faunosque ferasque videres Ludere, tum rigidas motare cactumina quercus; Nec tantum Phoebo gaudet Parnasia rupes, Nee tantum Rhodope miratur et Ismarlus Orphea. Namque canebat, uti magnum per inane coacta Semina terrarumque animaeque marisque fuissent Et liquidi sinmul ignis; ut his exordia primis 25 30 -- 22. Satigutieis... pingit: A girlish joke. Al. 23. RIideits is trans. in Latin.... Quo, why? 24. Satis est. It is enough that you appear to have been able to overpower me.... Videri: sc. yos. Const.?.... Potttisse. He acknowledges himself to be completely in their power, since they might as easily have bound him with cords as with gailands; hence he submits. 25. Cognoscite (= audite), hear.... Carnina: sc. erent..... Vobis: dat. of possess. 26. Huic, to her; i. e., Aegle... A lived mtercedis, another sort of pay.... Sime ul, i. e., with these words.... licpit: without further urging. 27. Inn. umereumn; in a certain rhythmical regularity.... Fur~nos. The Fauns, or rustic gods of the Romans, are often confounded with the Satyrs and Pans of the Greeks. The artists of later times represented them as more like the human species than the Satyrs, and, indeed, they differed from the human type only in having a flat nose, pointed ears, and a short goat-like tail.... Videres, you might have seen, had you been there. A. 311, a; G. 252; H. 485, N. 1. 28. Ludere, frisking, dancing......lotare, intensive, moving to and fro. 29. Nee tantum, sc. quantun Fauni gaudent. The correlative is often omitted in this way.... 'hoebo: abl. of cause.... Rupes. Mt. Parnassus in Phocis, sacred to Apollo and the muses. 30. JIfodoplfe: a very high mountainrange in Thrace. It was the scene of the lamentations of Orpheus for his lost wife, Eurydice.... Lsaifti t.as was another Thracian mountain, near the mouth of the Hebrus, and the city Maronea. 31. Silenus proceeds to set forth the Epicurean doctrine of atoms (almost exactly agreeing with the modern theories of development) how they combined together in the Great Void, and how all things are made from the four elements...... N it introduces the reason for the interest manifested by all things; i. e., because they were affected not only by his music, but also by the revelations of his song.... Ut i, hozw.... Per it ane, through the vast void. Most of these phrases are Lucretian. 32. Sentina, i. e., the primitive elements.... Aniinaeque, and of the air. 33. Liquidi, pure, clear.... His. Epicurtis taught that the universe consists of two parts, matter and space, or vacuum, in which matter exists and moves: and all matter, of every kind and form, is reducible to certain indivisible particles or atoms, which are eternal. These atoms, moving, according to a natural tendency, straight downward, and also obliquely, have thereby come to form the different bodies which are found in the world, and which differ in kind and shape, according as the atoms are differently placed in re 5i0 P. VIR GILII1 MAR PiONIS Omnia et ipse tenor mundi concreverit orbis; Turn durare solurn et diseludere Nerea ponto Coeperit et rerurn paulatim sumere formas; Jamque novurn terrae stuJpeant hicescere solemn, Altius atque cadant submotis nubibus imbres; Ineipianit silvaco cum primurn surgere, cumque Rara per ignaros errent animalia nmontis. lHine lapides Pyrrhae jactos, Saturnia regna, Canucasiasque, refert volucres furturnqu e Promethei. His adjurigit, Hylan nantac qu-o fonte relicturn Clamasseuit, ut litus, Hyla, Hyla, on-ne sonaret; Et fortunatam, si nuniquarn armenta fuissent, 35 40 45 spect to one another... -YPinmis, i. e., elementis. 34. Tenier, young, niot yet hardened and inured to toil.... Mlundi, of the universe..... Cotasevrcerit. A. 286; G. 510; 11.492 and 493". 35. Turnt (canit ut) sosirnt durnre: Sc. coepei... Discliudere Nerc-a 1poiso, to shUt off Nereus by himself in the sea. iNereus, the son of Pontus and Terra, the husband of Doris, and the father of the Nereids, was the most important sea deity after Neptune. 36. Sitcmeire for-mas9; i. e., to present the outlines of objects, such as hills, valleys, rivers, or trees, though these are mentioned afterwards. 37. Stupeftit, cadant. These verbs are dependent on canebat, hut as the action is instantaneously consequent on the action of the preceding verbs, they therefore are present in reference to their time. 3Q. Altiuts is to be joined with cadent in the sense of ex alto,from a considerable height.... Subinotis sutbibu.s, cloud8 lbeing raised aloft. This does not denote the removal of the clouds from a lower to a higher elevation, but their development and elevation from the previous chaotic mixture of wet and dry. 39. Curm prirnurnt, when first. Notice the change from ut to cum., which thus acquires an interrogative force. 40. lazta, here anrd there.... lgiarros, hitherto unacquainted with him. 41. Jiapides Pmyril-ire. According~ to the old fables, all mankind, except Dencalion and his wife Pyrrha, wvere once destroyed by a deluge. Alter the waters had subsided, these two survivors were directed by the oracle at Delphi to throw behind them the hones of their great parent. After deliberation, believing that stones wcre meant, they followed the direction, and those thrown by Deucalion became men, and those thrown by Pyrrha became wonmen.... Sa7m)turitie r-egya, the golden age, is not in apposition to Lapides, but is the second particular in the series of three. 42. 1'rovietlheis, who stole fire from heaven, and gave it to mortals, was, by the order of Jupiter, pinioned to a rock in Mt. Caucasus, and tortured by vultures continually eating at his liver. 43. Hii., to these tale8.... Ilylas was the youthful companion of Hercules in the Argonautic expedition. Having gone to a fountain to draw wvater, he fell in and was drowned. Hence it was said that a Naiad had fallen in love with him, and carried him off. Annual lamentations for him were made.... Nawtae; i. e., the A-rgonauts.-This and the following clause are objccts of adejungit. 44. (lamassent. What Is its object?...Ut, so that..- H-ilal1 Myla! 'for quantities and explanation vid. Metrical Index... Sonairet: subjunct. of result. BUCOLIJCA. ECL. VI. 51 Pasipliaen nivei solatur amore juvenci. Ahi, Virgo infelix, quac te dementia cepit! Proetides inplerunt falsis mugitibus agros: At non. tam turpis pecudum tamen ulla secuita est Concubitus, quamvis collo timuisset aratrum 50 Et saepe in levi quaesisset cornua fronte. Ali, Virgo infelix, tui nune in miontibus erras: 1lle, latus niveum. molli fultus hyacintho, 111icc sub nigra pallentis ruminat herbas, Aut aliquam in magno sequitur grege. Claudite, Nymphiae, Dictaeae Nym-phae, nemorum. jam claudite saltus, 56 Si qua forte ferant oculis sese obvia nostris Errabunda bovis vestigia; forsitani illum, Ant herba capturn viridi, ant armen-ta secutum, Perducant aliquae stabula ad Gortynia Yaccae. 60 Turn canit Hesperidum miratam miala puellam; 4#z. Solatur-, he consoles; i. e., represents Pasiphae as consoled by the love of the bull. 4'. Viirgo is not confined in its use to uinmarried females as numberless examples show, e. virgines nuper nuptae. 45. 1'roetides. The three daughters of Proetus. King of Argolis, who, being seized with insanity, in consequence of their ridiculing the worship of Juno. weandered through Arcadia and Argolis, imagining themnselves cows, and uittering fancied (Jalsis) lowings, until they were at leng~th cured by Melampus. 49. This verse is said by way of reproof to Pasiphae. The order is: At tamen non ulla (Proetidum) secuta est (desired) tam turpis concubitus pecudumi, although they imagined that they were cows in shape (collo timtere aratrum) and had external marks (corn-ua quaesissetfronte). 50. Collo: for the neck-.... Tisnviisset artitrumn: as the ancients used heifers as well as oxen In ploughing. 51. Lis'i: not livi. Prove the quantity by the scansion. 52. Tut is emphatically opposed to lfe in the next verse.... Ervas, arlroatning; in search of the loved bull. 53. Lahtus:- accus. Of spec.... Ea111tts. Observe that the last syllable is lengthened by the arsis. This is rare after a long syllable and at thu end of the fif th foot, but it is in imitation of the Greek uisage. 55. A liquearn: sc. vaccans.... Clussdite salt us, close in the glades:- i.. guard the passes, that I may discover the haunts of my favorite. These words are supposed to be uttered by Paszp)hae.... Dietaceae; from Mt. Dicta in Crete. 57. Si quta forte; whether by any chasice. A. 334, f: G. 462, 2;11. 529, 1.... Obvia, bqfo-c. 59. ('aphtun, all ured. 60. Gortyasiia, i. e., Cretan; from Gortyrna, a city of Crete. 61. Mi7ila liesperidtun... 2)uel. lamt. Atalanta, swift of foot, was to be given in marriage~ to him, who should excel her in the foot-race. After many trials, in which she was the victor, she was overcome by Hippomenes (some say Milanio), who threw three golden apples, which Atalanta, -allured by their beauty, stopped to pick up, and was thus vanquished. They are called of the Hesperides'I as there was an orchard of golden apples In those islands. P. VI RGIL II MAR ONIS Tum Phaethontiadas musco circumdat amarae Corticis, atque solo proceras erigit alnos. Turn canit, errantem Permessi ad flulmina Gallum Aonas in montis ut duxerit una sororum, Utque viro Phoebi chorus adsurrexerit omnis; Ut Linus haec illi, divino carmine pastor, Floribus atque apio crinis ornatus amaro, Dixerit: Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musae, Ascraeo quos ante seni, quibus ille solebat Cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornos. His tibi Grynei nemoris dicatur origo, Ne quis sit lucus, quo se plus jactet Apollo. Quid loquar, ant Scyllam Nisi, quam fama secuta est 65 70 62. PIaethrontiadas, the sisters of Phaethon, who were turned into poplar or elder trees... Circulmdat, i. e., he sings how this happened. 63. Solo depends on e in composition, and is abl. of separation.... Eiigit: sc. eas. 64. Virgil here pays an extravagant compliment to the poetical talents of his friend C. Cornelius Gallus, by representing Silenus as relating a supposed interview between Gallls and the Muses.... lJPrmessus: a river of Boeotia flowing into Lake Copals. 65. Aonas: for Aonios, i. e., Boeotian. The district of Aonia, so called from the ancient inhabitants, included Helicon and Cithaeron.... Ut duxerit: ind. question. U na sororunm, one of the Muses. 66. Viro, i. e., Gallus.... Phoeb clhorus, i. e., the Muses. 67. Haec, these words.... nli, limits dixerit, v. C9.... Pastor. There seems no evidence that Linus was supposed to have ever beena shepherd, but it was natural for a pastoral poet to conceive of him as such. Con. 68. Ornatus crinis: vid. IV. v. 63. 69. Hos calamnos = hancfistulam. 70. Ascraeo, i. e., from Ascra in Boeotia; the birth place of Hesiod. The order is quos ante (dederunt) Ascraeo seni. 71. To Hesiod is attributed equal success with Orpheus, in drawing after him the listening woods.... Miontibits: abl. of separation after de in composition. 72. His, sc. calamis, "with this fistula (of Hesiod's) let the origin of the Grynean wood be sung by you in such strains, that there shall be no grove of which Apollo will be more proud."......Gryn euin, or Grynia, a town in Aeolis, was famed for a grove and temple ofApollo. Servius tells us that Gallus had translated into Latin a Greek poem by Euphorion, which celebrated the origin and beauty of the shrine and grove.... Tibi: dat. of agent. A. 282, b; G. 352, R. 1; H. 388, 2....Dicatur. A. 266; G. 256, 3; H. 484, IV. 73. Quo: abl. of cause... Jefctet: after indefinite antecedent. 74. Quid loqurj' implies that the writer in approaching the end of his work does not intend to dwell on these fables, but simply to mention them, as sung by Silenus.... An t: sc. ut narraverit from v. 78.... Scyllari. Scylla,daughter of Nisus, King of Megara, for her treacherous, unfilial conduct to her father, was thrown into the sea by her lover Minos, and became a bird, the Ciris. Scylla, daughter of Phorcys was transformed into a sea monster. Her lower extremities were changed into those of a fish; and round her waist were set the heads of sea-dogs. The p6et here seems to confound them, or to follow some other legend.... Nis, i. e., fiJUam. A. 214, b; G. 360, 3; H. 398, 1, N 2.... Quam famua secufta est, who is reported. - BUCOLICA. ECL. VI. 53 Candida succinctanu latranti bus i nguina mon stris Dulichias vexasse rates et grurgaite in alto Ah! timidos nautas canibus lacerasse marinis, Ant Lit mutatos Terei narraverit artus., Quias Alii Philomela dapes, quac dona pararit, Quo cursu deserta petiverit, et quiibus ante Infelix sua tecta supervolitaverit alils? Omnia, quae, Phoebo quondam meditante, beatus Audjiit Eurotas jussitcquc ediscere laurus, JIll canit: pulsae referunt ad sidera valles; Cogere donec ovis stabulis numerumquc referri Jussit et invito processit Vesper Olympo. 75 80 85 76. Dulichias. Dulichium was one of the Echinades islands, subject to the sway of Ulysses, and often confounded with Ithaca... Rates, the ship of Ulys-scs from which Circe took six of the crew. 77. Nautas, i. e., the sailors of Ulysses. 75. 'leiei. Tereas, King of Thrace was changed into a hoopoe, in payment for his infamous conduct. 79. Plh lomtelt, with her sister Procue, the wife of Tereus, had in revenge for violence committed by him upon her,killed his son Itys, and served him up to his father. On discovering this Tereus pursued them intending to slay them, but they escaped his vengeance. Procne was changed into a swallow, Philomela into a nightingale, and Tereus into a hoopoe. Cf. Ovid. Met. vi. 424, sq.... Dapses: the flesh of Itys....Do-na, a repetition of the same idea, the horrid gift of a banquet.,80. Quto Cuisu, in what an udnusual mode Of progress, ViZ., flight by wings....A nte (= antequam), previoesly; i e., before departing to lonely haunts (deterta). 81. A pathetic touch is given to the narra tive, by representing the unfortunate woman thus taking a last and melancholy farewell of her once happy home. The interrogation point marks the end of the question introduced by quid loquar. 82. 1'hoebo ineditantte, practising. Phoebus is reptesented as frequenting Spartan scenes and rivers (Eurotais) on account of his love for the beautiful hoy Hyacinthus, a Spartan. 83. Ediscecre, to learn by heart, to treasure in their memzory... Louris: sometimes written in the second declension and sometimes in the fourth. 84. Ille, i. e., Silenus.... l'ulsae, i. e., by the s-ound....ileferutti, re-echo. 85. Cofler-e. Observe the double construction with juseit; first the infin. active, cogere, without an accus. of the object, and then the accus. and latin. passive, numer-um referr-i (that their number should be ntoted)..-. Stabults, dat., for the stalls. 86. Juissit: se. pastores.8....Itvito. The heavens themselves were unwilling to see the evening star appear (processit) because it stopped the sweet strains of SHenus.... he-,per- = Hesperus. 54 P. VlIeGILII HA RONIS ECLOGA SEPTIMA. MELIBOEUS. M1ELIBOEUS. CORYDON. THYRSIS. In this Eclogne is described an amoebaean contest between two shepherds, Corydon and Thyrsis, Daphnis being the umpire, and Meliboens a listener, who relates the whole story. As hie was -not present until the terms of the contest had been agreed upon, of them we hear nothing. Unlike the contests describetd in Eclogues Ill. and V. it ends decisively in the defeat of Tbyrsis. The s-cenery is confnsed. Arcadian shepherds sing in the neighborhood of the Mincius, while neither the h~ex, the pine, the chestnut, nor the flocks of goats would seem to belong to Mantua. It seems to have been composed in Cisalpinle Gaul, in the spring of 37 B. C., before Virgil wvent to reside in Naples../1-. FORTE sub arguta consederat ilice IDaphnis, Compulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum, Thyrsis ovis, Corydon distentas, lacte capellas, Ambo florentes aetatibus, Arcades ambo, Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. Huc mihi, dum teneras defe-ndo a frigore myrtos, Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat; atque ego DaphuiM Aspicio. Jie ubi me contra videt: Ocius, inquit, 5 1. Argutta, whispering, viz., by the gentle blowing of the wind.... Daphnis here is a shepherd, and must not be confounded with the mystic Daphnis of Eel. V. 2. In tnusin, together. 3. Thyrsis: sc. compulerat.... Distentas lacte: sc. ubera. 4. Ambo is used as the two met at the same time and place, and are viewed together.... EF~orentes aetatibuts. Abstract nouns are often used in the plur~l, where the sing. might be expected, as here we might expect florente aetate. A. 253; G. 398; H. 424.. - Arcades a mnbo. The Arcadians were famous for their cultivation of music, which, indeed, was by lawv incumbent on all up to thirteen years of age. 5. Cantare pares = pares cantando. A. 273, d; G. 424, R. 4; H. 53,3, N. 2.... Bespondere, I. e. in amoebaean verse. 6. -fite, in this direction; i. e. toward the place where they were sitting.... l1ilhi; dat. after deerraverat instead of meus agreeing with caer..... Dum with the present tense, defendo, adds vividness to the description. 7. Vir gregis, the husband of the flock..... Ipse: the he-goat himself, and therefore the rest of the flock, as verse 9 shows....Atqtte (sc. capr-um quaerens) is often used to Introduce a statement not only additional, but unexpected, hence the Idea is, "Iand (whom did) I see (but) Daphnis." 8. Contt'a, In turn.... Ociuts, immediately: quicker than usual. B UCOLICA. BOL. Vii. r _. 00 Hue ades, o Meliboec! caper tibi salviis et baedi; Et, si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umibra.C 10 Iluc ipsi potum venienit per 1)rata juveilci; Hii viridis tenera practexit, arundine ripas Mlincius, eque sacra resonant examina quiercu. Q uid facereinie neque ego Aleippen, neque Phyllida liabebami, Depulsos a laete domi quae clauderet agilos;15 Et ertme ertCorydon cum Thyrside, magnum. Posthabui ta-eii fillorum inca seria ludo. AlteruiS igitur contendere versibus, ambo Coepere; alternos Musae meminisse volebant. los Corydon, illos referebat in ordine Thyrsis. 20 C. Nymphae, noster amor, Libethrides, nut mihi carmen, Quale meo Codro, concedite; proxima Phoebi Yersibus Mie facit; aut, si non possum us omnes, IHie arguta sacira pendebit fistula pinu. 9. Huie ades (= huc veni), come here and (having come) remain.... (Caj~pe salvits. 'Daphuis had recognized the flock of Meliboeus, and had driven them into a safe place. 10. Qutid: accus. of spec.... Cessaire: complementary infinitive. 11. Irpsi,of theirown accord... PIotum: purpose. A.302; G.436; H. 546....Jufivencei, thy steer8, not Daphnis'. 13. 2Aliueitts. This rises in the Alps, and near Mantua forms the Lake Benacus, after wvhich it flows on to the Po, through a low-lying country, in a sluggish stream, and with sedgy banks..... Eque = e + que.... Sacria., as the oak was sacred to Jupiter.... Exatnaifa (sc. apum) is a term applied to the young of insects, such as bees, wasps, or locusts. The appearance of the young hives was a token of spring. 14. Facerem. A. 26; G. 258; H. 486, 11..... Neque ego Al1cippjen. Servius says this refers to servants or mistresses of CDorydon and Thyrsis. Ego is therefore emphatic. I had np Acippe or Phyllis (as8 they had). 15. Dorni: locative.... Quae (ut ea), olauderet. A. 317; G. 632.; H. 497, I. 16. Corydont Is in apposition with certamen =- et Ciorydon cume Thyrse certabat. 17. Tantept, i. e. notwithstanding the urgent reasons wvhy I should return home, given in vv. 14, 15.... Seisia, business.... Lscdo. A. 228; G. 346; H1. 384, 4. 19. Alternos.... volebanit. Th e Muses willed that they sing in amoebaean strains. 20. los... illos, these.. thoee. A. 102, a and b; G. 290, 292; H. 430, 1. 21. Libethr-ides: lbclonginog to Libethins, a fountain with a cave in Mount Helicon. The Muses are included. 2-2. Qunrle: sc.cancediti8.... Mie faCit (carinina) 2proximnu versi bUs Ph1ocbi. Observe that the plural is here (as often) referred to the sing. carmen.... Codi-o is the name of a shepherd. 23. Si non possitmuts 01m. ic.: sc. poxima Phoebi Versibusfacere. 24. Sacra prints Is governed by de or ex understood. The pine was sacred to CDybele and Pan.... Pentdebit. When a man gave up his former occupation, he suspended the implements of his arts to the gods, and consecrated them. 5(3 P. VIII RG I LI I -V A RONJ-1S IT. Pastores, liedera iiascentcin ornate poctam, Arcades, invidia, rumpantur ut ilia Codro;. Aut, si ultra placituni laudarit, baccare frontern Ciligite, vie vati noceat rnala lingua futuro. C. Saetosi caput. hoc apr-i tibi, Delia, parvus Et rarnosa Micon vivacis cornua cervi. Si propriurn hoc fuerit, levi de marmore tota Punicico stabis surlas evincta cothurno. T. Sinum lactis et haec te liba,, Priape, cmuot arniis Exspectare sat est:custos es pauperis ihorti. Nmnc tc marmoreum pro tempore fecirnus; at tu, Si fetura gregem suppleverit, aureus esto. C. Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior ilyblac, Candidior cycnis, bedera formosior alba, Curn prirnum, pasti repetent praescpia tauri, Si qua tui Corydoinis habet te cura, venito. T. Immo ego SardonfiS videar tibi amarior herbils, 30 35 40 25. As Corydon has said that he wishes either to equal Codrus or abandon the art, so Thyrsis, in reply, boastfully declares that he himself actually excels him.... Jliedesaw. The ivy, as well as the laurel, was used to form crowns. 26. CJod io. A. 235, a; G. 343; H. 384, N. 2. 27. Ultira rlacitum, beyond what is just ordeserred.... Baccaiw, lady's glome; an herb which was considered ani antidote for the evil eye or evil tongue; c.c. me. 28. Miala lingua. To praise excessively the object of one's envy was a kind of hurtful charm. 29. The rival bards now try their skill in the composition of epigrams, or inscriptions for the statues of gods.... Delia, thou Delian goddess; 1. e. Olana.... PaiVUS, young. 30. J'ivuvcis, long lived. Stags are said to live to be 35 or 401 years of age. 31. -Hoc refers to his success In hunting, spoken of In the preceding ver.e... D~e levi maramore, of polisehed marble... 1Tota, a fuUl length figuere. 32. -Paaaieieo cothsurno. Even marble statues were sometimes painted. 33. lSinitsu. A large vessel for holding wine and milk.... Lactis... liba. Milk, cakes, and fruit were offered to the inferior deities in place of victims.... Priatpe. Priapus, the son of Bacchus and Venus, was worshiped as the guar. dian of fields, and especially of gardens. 34. What is the subject of sat est ' Pasauperis;, of Vihe poor mn's. 35. To excel Corydon. Thyrsis brags of marble and gold.... Pr-o temapore,according to my means, lit, as times will pe?7nit. 36. Au-e exto. Statues of Prialpus were usually made of wood. 37. Neripie Galatea. The nymph. Galatea,' daughter of Nereus, was famed in Sicily for her love of Adis. She is ad. dressed by the shepherd as If she were his own flame, and is requested to come to meet him.... Ner-ine. 11.322, N.... Ilyblae thitynto. It is a common, and not unnatural thing, for shepherds to compare their sweethearts to beautiful and f ragrant flowers. 39. Pasti, well fed; i. e. come In the evening. 41. ITmmo, nay. In answer to an imaginary complaint of the maid.... Sardonils her-bis. Sardiqiai abounds in an herb called Ranuncalus Seleratsus. It has a caustu, power, so that If the fresh pulled leaves are laid on the skin, they produce B UC'OLICA. ECL. VII. 57 Horridior rusco, projecta vilior alga, Si mihi non haec lux toto jam longior anno est. Ite domurn pasti, si quis pudor, ite juvenci. C. Muscosi fontes et somno mollior herba, Et quac vos rara viridis tegit arbutus umbra, Solstitium pecori defendite; jam venit aestas Torrida, jam laeto turgent in palmite gemmae. T. Hie focus et taedae pingues, hic plurimus ignis Semper, et adsidua postes fuligine nigri; Hie tan turn Boreae curamus frigora, quantum Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas. C?. Stant et juniperi et castaneae hirsutae; Strata jacent passim sua quaque sub arbore poma; Omnia nune rident; at si formosus Alexis Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca. 7'. Aret ager; vitio morions sitit aeris herba; 50 - pustules, as if caused by fire. When eaten it has a contractile power on the muscles of the body, and particularly the face, so that those affected by it seem to laugh. Hence the phrase "a Sardonic laugh" is applied to convulsive, involuntary laughter..... Videar, may I appear. 42. lhusco, butcher's broon.... Projecta, cast up on the shore. 43. Haec lux = hie dies... Non longior. anno, on account of his impatience. 44. Si quis pudor, if you have any shame in you at all, do not delay me so long from meeting with my loved one. 45. Corydon now paints a shady retreat from the heat of summer.... Mutscosi, moss grown.... Som no snollior herba is borrowed from Theocritus, V. 51. 46. Ordo: et viridis arbutus quae tegit vos rara umbra. The arbutus or strawberry tree grew plentifully in Italy, and afforded food to the poorer classes. Its branches are " far between," and its leaves small, so that the epithet rara is entirely applicable to the shade cast by it. 47. Pecori, from my flock. A. 229; G. 346; H. 385, 2; 386, 2.. 48, 49. Palmite, the vine shoot. As (crydon had sung the delights of a summer scene, so Thyrsis in reply expatiates on the winter's comforts-a fireside with blazing logs, and the marks of heat on the smoky door-posts.... F'ocus: sc. est.... Taedae pin.gues, i. e. torches full of pitch. 50. P'ostes fe.ligine nigri. The ancients had no chimneys in their houses, and the smoke escaped through a hole in the roof or out of the doors. 51. We care as little, he says, for the stormy blasts of Boreas, as the wolf does for counting the number of the flock on which he preys. 53. Corydon now pictures the effect a beloved one would produce on a rural landscape, or rather on the mind itself, which gives its own coloring to external objects: whereas it is now the fruit season, and all nature is smiling, his going away would bring a blight upon everything.As.... Stuant is not simply equal to sunt,. but it has reference to the rough and prickly character of the shrubs mentioned. 54. Strata... poma. Everywhere there lies strewn about under each tree its own peculiar fruit. 56. Abeat, videas. A. 30, b; G. 598;. H. 509. 57. Thyrsis continues the subject, but,. in contrast, describes the effect which' would be produced by the arrival of the beloved one.... Vitio aeris, i. e. by the excessive heat. 5-8 P. VIRGILII M~ARONlS Liber pampineas invidit collibus umbras: Phyllidis adventu -nostrae -nemus omlne virebit, Jupiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri. 60 C. Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis 1luecho, Formosae myrtus Veneri, stia laurca Phoebo; Phyllis amat cormbls; illas dum, Phyllis amabit, Nec inyrtus vincet corulos, nec lauirea Phoebi. T. Fraxinus in siblvs puicherrima, pinus in hortis, 65 Populus in fiuviis, abies in montibus altis; Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas, Fr-axinus in silvs cedat tibi, pinus in hortis JIL Haec memini, etvicturu frustra contendere Thyrsirn. Ex jibl Corydon Corydon est tenmpore nobis. 58. Liber. Bacchus is said to envy the hills of the vine tendrils; i. e. the vines arc! burnt up, and the leaves withered from the tendrils.... Iivideive here, as of ten, means to lprevent one from havi ng somnethinig." 60. Jupiter: the air god, personifying the air.... Plurimus is applied to the copiousness of the rain. li.1mb)i: abl. of manner. 6i. 11opitsits, tlz poplar;said to be the transformed nymph Leuke, who was borne away by Pluto. It was from it that Hercules, when returning from the shades, m:ade for himself a crown. Hence it is said to be gratissima to Alcides, i. a. Hercules.... Vitis. The vine, of course, was loved by Bacchibs. 62. MyiftUq. The myrtle was sacred to Venus, for it flourishes best near the shore of the sea, from the' foam of which this deity was sprung, and in it she hid to conceal herself at her birth.... Latte ca. The laurel was cspecially pleasinr to Apollo, as into it hisn owvn Daphnue had been transformed. 63. ilias: the hazels. 65. Thyrsis continues the train of thought.... Pin,,is: a sort of pine tree cultivated in gardens, probably the stoneplue, p~lantetd for its laige edible sieeds, as well as for shade; valuable also as furnishlug wax and food for bees. 66. Iii fluv-iis = in. ripis fluviorurn. 67. Revij'as, cedlat;.. cf. N. on v. 56. 68. Fj-axvinus( cedat tibi= praefes-a~n te fraxi-no et p~ino. 69. Meliboeus concludes by mentionin-, that Corydon was the victor.... Goniteucderje. A. 228, b; G. 27, R; H. 537, 1. 70. Ex illotein.por)e Co-ydont esqt uPobis Corydloi. Fromn that time CJony dion is to nm C'orydon, i. e. par excellence THE poet.... Est. nobis, 1 regard, look upon. BUCOLICA. ECL. VIII. ECLOGA OCTAVA. PHARMNACEUTRIA. DAMON. ALPHESIBOEUS. This Eclogue was sent to Asininis Pollio as he was returning from Dalmatia, after having, in 33 B. C., completely crushed the Parthini, an Illyrian tribe on the confines of Macedonia, near Dyrrachium. It consists of two unconnected songs s-ung by rival shepherds, Damon and Aiphesiboetus. The former, in Lhe character of a despairing lover, lamenting over his faithless Nisa~who had taken a less worthy mate; the latter, in the character of a woman also forsakeii by her lover, though only for a time, and trying to recover him by enchantments, which at last prove successful. The first part is imitated from various passages in the first, third, and eleventh Idyls of Theocritus, the second entirely from Idyl II. The whole Eclogue is called Phiarmaccutria-"1 The Sorceress "-from the second portion of it.. PASTo1RuM1 Musam Damoniis et Alphesiboei, Immemor herbarum quos est ni~ratla juvenca Certantis, quorum stupefactae carmiine lynces, Et mu~tata suos requierunt fititina cursus, Damonis iAiusam dicemus et.Alpbesiboei.5 Tu inihi seu mag-ni superas jam saxa Timavi, Sive~w'arn 111yrici legis aequoris, en erit umquam 111e dies, mihi cunif liceat tua dicere facta? 1. J11UsaIDS, i. e. carmina. 2. A favorite mode by which the ancients denoted excellence in music was, to represent the lower animals, or even trees, stones, etc., as captivated by the song... jtivenca~; a part for the whole. 3..%tutpefactete: se. unt.... Lgte~s. The lynx was -not a Sicilian animal. but belongs to the fable of Orphens. The sole object of the poet being to show the effect of the music upon wild beasts, it was of little importance what particular one was Fselected.-As. 4. Muitata cttrsus, lit, changed as to their cwrse.... Bequiei-,tut, reated, ceased to flow. 5. flieemitq. A.266; G.256; H.484,II. 46. 2a,1gin~i... Timtavi, whether thou art itow paseimz (for me. A. 236; GL. 3,51; II. 389) the rocks of broad Timavus... Suplevas.,Superare means to ipass over, whether by land or water. Probably here the former... Tipinavi. The Timavus was a river flowing into the Silnu8 Tergestinu8, at the head of the Gulf of Venice. The springs of the river are numerous, bursting out from rocks (saxra), and then uniting in one stream. 7. Sive oivam. This is equivalent to saying, or if you have not yet come so far; as it would be necessary for one returning from the country of the ParthinianTs to Saill by the coast of Illyria before reaching the coast of Istria, where was the Timavus.-. As.... EtD, marks a strong desire. 8. Liceat. A.8322, R; G. 582R. I;HR. 5~21, 2, 2). What is the subject? A. 1270; G. 535; H. 538....D~ieere = canere. 60 P. VIR GILl! MAR ONIS En erit, ut liceat totum. mihi ferre per orbem Sola Sophocico tua carmina digna cothurno? 10 A te principium, tibi desinet. Accipe jussis (iarmina coepta tuis, atque hanec sine tempora circunm inter victricis hederam tibi serpere laurus. Frigida vix caelo noctis decesserat umbra, Gum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba, 15 Incumbens tereti Damon sic coepit olivac. D. Nascere, praeque diem veniens age, Lucifer, alm~um, Coiijugis indi~gno Nisae de'ceptus amore iDum queror, et divos, quamquan -nil testibus illis Profeci, extrema moriens tame~n adloquor bora. 20 Incipe Maenalios mecum, inca tibia, versus. Maen~alus argutumque -nemus pinosque loquentis 9. -Erit. What is the subject??.... Liceat: subj. of result. 10. Dignat Sopi~ocleo cothrtivno, worthy to be, compared with the tragedies of Sophocles. A. 245, a; G. 373, R. 3; HI. 421, III. The cothurnu8s was a part of the dress peculiar to tragedy. 11. A tc principiuit (carminiis cr-at) tibi (cairmen') desinet. From thee was my conmencement as a poet, f.or thee my song shalt cease. This is a prov-erbial expression, anti is not to be taken literally. It alludes to the well-known fact of Pollio's patronage of Virgil. 12. Carmnina coepta tuis,songs begun at thy command;1. e. such son gs as you desired, viz. Bucolics, to which kind of writing Pollilo had urged him; or perhaps It refers to this Identical poem....Atqvues; I. e. accept the praises of my verse along with thy military honors.-As. 13. Vietricis.; noun in appos. where we would expect an adj.... Hederana. Poets were crowned with ivy, and conquerors with laurel.....Serpeire. A. 331, c; G. 532; 11. 535, II. 14. Caelo is governed by de In comnposition. The -time, then, is early morning. 15. Itos: sc. est.... lecori. A. 234, a; G. 356: H. 391, I. 16. Tereti olivae, ont hio smooth olive staOl'. A. 228; G. 346;R. 386. 17. Nusacre = surgere.....Prae-vetiieoa. Tmesis....Diem age, lead on the day.... A limum. Heyne says, Proprie stint alma, quiae alunt, ut, lac, nutrix, Ceres, et alia. Here Damon, in the person of the despairing shepherd, commences huis extempore song. It is divided into parts or stanzas of unequai length, each terminated by a refrain, after which we are led to suppose that the singer plays a voluntary on his pipe, while he is thinking of the stanza which is to succeed. In introducing theorefrain, Virgil Imitates Theocritus in his first two idyls,.-K. 18. Coinjuqis ishlere used in aprospective sense. His betrothed one had proved false.... Indigno, unworthy of the true love of the shepherd. 19' J1is testihtuns,: i. e. the gods to whom Nisa had appealed In testimony of her affection: Although I have profited nothing by their being witnesses. 20. -Extrema hiora (vitae). He alludes, of cours~e, to voluntary death.... Ad1 -loqiuou- = invoco. 21. Jllaenalios, I. e. Arcadaian, as Mt. Maenalus was in the S. of Arcadia.... Tibia, pipe. The tibia here #peant must have been of very simple construction, as we have seen already that Damon was leaning on a staff, and hence had one hand employed. 22. Airgutstm, whispering; vid. Edl. VII. 1. issloquenftis.' Some refer this to the effect of the wind In the tree4 thus making It a repetition of argutum B UCO0LrCA. ECL. VIII. 61 Semper babet; semper pastorurn Mle audit amores, Panaque, qui primus calamos nion passus inertis. Incipe Maenalios mecum, inea tibia, versus.Mopso Nisa datur: quid non sperernus amantes? Jun gentur jam grypes equis, aevoque sequeni ti Cum can ibus timidi venient ad pocula dammae. Mlopse., -novas incidlc faces: tibi- ducitur uxor; Sparge, marite, riuces:- tibi deserit Hesperus Getarn. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. o digno conjuncta viro, durn despicis omnis, IDumque tibi est odio meca fistula duuique capeflae Hirsutumque su perci~liurn proinissaque barba, Nec curare deum credis mortalia quemqiuam! Incipe Maenalios inecum, mea tibia, versus. 30 35 nemuis; other~s, wvith more appearance of propriety, apply it to the constant echoing of shepherds' songs in the wvoods. 24. Paniaque, 1. e. the songs of the shepherds on the fitula, which was invented by Pan. He is appropriately introduced in Arcadia, where he was principally worshiped. 26. The shepherd complains that his betrothed wife Nisa Is given (dater, sc. nauptum) to his rival Mopsus; and then goes on to remark that in love affairs there is nothing too strange to expect (speremus. to look for, in a bad sense), even the unumb of griffius with horses in the yoke. 27. Gr-ypes. The griffins were mythical monsters, having the beak and wings of an eagle, and the body of a lion; their abode was in the Rhipean mountains, where they guarded golden treasures from robbers, especially the Arimaspi, against whom anti their horses they had a peculiar hatred.... -Aevo sequentl = in pogterum. 28. Adl pocuta: sc. potum.. -..Dama and Talpa are masc. in Virg.. but fem. in other poets. H. 48, 5. 29, 30. Alluisions are made in these two lines to marriage usages. Torches of pine (face) were burned, and, among the Romans, nuts were scattered by the procession....- Ducititer tibi, is brought komnefor yatu. A. 5, b; G.84, P. 3;H. 384, 3,N. 1...-..Deserit, is forsaking, as evening comes on.... Oetarn. Oetam was a mountain range forming the south boundary of Thessaly. The evening star is represented as leaving it, that is, as appearing in the sky above It, and ushering in the evening. 82, Vonjunteta; i.e. Nisa.... JViro: dat. A. 228; G.1346; H. 3S6....This verse Is..strongly ironical. as v. 26 shows. 33. Tib est odio ftstula. A. 2.33; G. 850; H. 390.. IDumque capeltae: se. tibi s-ent oadio. 35. Nec. i. q uenmqu-um; I. e. you do not fear lest the gods, who punish perfidy, should punish you for yours.... Deuem: part. gen. A. 216; G. 866; HI. 39. GaYPES. 62 P. VIRGILII IA RONIS Saepibus in nostris parvani te roscida malaDux ego vester eram-vidi cum matre legentem. Alter ab undecimo turn me jamn acceperat annus; Jam fragilis poteram ab terra contingere ramos. Ut vidi, ut perii! ut me malus abstulit error! Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. Nunc scio, quid sit Amor; duris in cotibus iliumi Aut Tmaros, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garanmantes, Nee generis nostri puerum nec sanguinis edunt. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. Saevus Amor docuit natorum sanguine matrem Commaculare manus; crudelis tu quoque, mater; Crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus ille? Improbus ille puer; crudelis tu quoque, mater. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. Nunc et ovis ultro fugiat lupus, aurea durac Mala ferant quercus, narcisso floreat alinus, 40 45 50 37. From reflecting on her perfidy, he goes back to the origin of his passion, which had commenced in his boyhood.-K..... Saepibus in nostris, in our enclosures, i.e. gardens; the hedge being put for the garden it inclosed.... Roscida, dewy. Still wet with the dew of morning.... Param, when a little girl. 38. Curn matte, with my mother; not thy, as is commonly interpreted. Cf. Theoc. XI. 25-29. 39. Alter ab iundecimo, the twelfth..... Aeeeperat. The year is said to receive him who enters upon it. 41. Trt vidi, ut peril! When I saw. how I was undone! i. e. the first glance was a killing one. Observe the hiatus afterperif-it is excused by the arsis and the punctuation mark.... Malsis error, that.fatal error; i.e. the vagaries of love; the aberration of mind, which is symptomatic of love. 43. Quid sit Amor, what is the nature of love.... Cotibus, flint stons; often written cauteous, hedges.... Ilium: emphatic, that one, him. 44. Tmaros is a mountain of Epirus, having Dodona at the base of it. It is now called Tomara.... Rhodope is in Thrace: vid. Ecl. VI. 30..... Gatramates: a.i African tribe; they lived beyond Gaetulia, in the district which nearly corresponds to the modern Fezzan. 45. Eduint is the pres. tense, which is often used in lively narration for the perfect. A. 276, d; G. 220; II. 467, III. 47. Matrem. The reference here is to Medea, wife of Jason, of Colchis, who slew her two children in jealous rage. But as the innocent and pure-minded shepherd is horrified at the murderous deed, he concludes that none bnjhose of naturally savage disposition coui1d listen to the bloody suggestions of Love, and hence attributes badness of heart to Medea herself —crudelis tu quoque mater. 49. Crudelis: sc. utrum. A. 211: G. 460; H. 853, 1.... Puter = Amor, Cupid. The queestion is asked, whether it was the mater, or the puer that was more cruel; and answered in the next verse: 'Love was persevering and cruel, but the mother was at the same time a savage.' 52. As Nisa has rejected him. and accepted Mopsus, he intimates that any other event, contrary to nature is likely to occu r..... Iltro: contrary to what you would expect. BUCOLICA. ECL. VIII. G3 Pinguia corticibus sudent electra myricae, Certent et cycnis ululae, sit Tityrus Orpheus, Orpheus in silvis, inter delphinas Arion, (Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus) Omnia vel medium flant mare. Vivite, silvue: Praeceps aerii specula de montis in undas Deferar; extremum hoc munus morientis habeto. Desine Maenalios, jam desine, tibia, versus. Haec Damon; vos, quae responderit Alphesiboeus, Dicite, Pierides; non omnia possumus omnes. A. Effer aquam, et molli cinge haec altaria vitta, 55 6( VerbenasquVjdole pinguis et mascula tura: 65 Conjugis ut magicis sanos avcrtere sacris Experiar sensus; nihil hic nisi carrnina desunt. Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daplhnim. Carmina vel caelo possunt deducere Lulnam; Carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulixi; 70 54. Electra (cognate accus.). It was believed that amber was an exudation from the stately trees (not the humble shrubs) that skirted the Po. 55. Certent, i. e. in song... Ce/cnis. Vid. Eel. V. 8.... Sit Tityrus Orpheus. The untutored shepherd will become as skilled as Orpheus or Arion in music. 56. A)ion was a Lesbian lyric poet, who, being forced into the sea by a ship's crew, was conducted safely to the shore of Greece by a dolphin, which, charmed by his music, took him on its back. 58. In his despair he now wishes all nature to become one common (medium) sea.... Vi vite (= valete), farewell. 63. Deferav = praecipitabo me.... E.rtriemusln hoc muntcs, this last gift; i. e. my death.... Morientis: se. me. 62. IHaec Damon: sc. dixit. - The poet having himself given the song of Damon, calls on the Muses to proceed with that of Alphesiboeus, as requiring more knowledge.-K. 63. Non omnia possumtus omnes: sc. facere. A proverb. 64. The altar standing ready, the shepherdess, who is about to practice her magic arts, is introduced as calling on her attendant named Amaryllis to bring the things necessary for the ceremonies.... Molli vitta, a fillet or band of soft wool, worn about the head by woman, priests, and holy persons. 65. Verbena is a general name for all herbs and plants, such as the onive, myrtle. bay, etc., that were used in the sacred rites.... Adole, burn, set fire to.... Mascula frtta. The best frankincense was so named, being m shape round like a drop. C6. Cotinjuqis, loer.... Sanos sen.s.s avertere: i. c., turn his right senses from their proper course, and lead, them to the insanta of love.... Carina, charms or magic songs. The preparations are now all made, and only the charm or incantation is lacking. 69. Deducere Luznam is a phrase often met with in the detail of magic rites, in which the moon always bears a conspicuous part. 70. Mutavit. In Od. X. 203, Homer tells that the companions of Ulysses were changed into swine by the incantations of Circe, a sorceress, who lived in the island Aeaca.... lixi = Uliei. gen. of Ulixes = Ulixeus, which is obsolete. A. 43; H. 68. 64 P. VIRIGILII iIARONIS Frigidkis iii pratis~eanttpdo rurnij~J~ur a-nguis. Ducite Ab urbe don4m, mea carmiria, dticite iDaphnim. Terna tibi baec prinium triplici diversa colore Licia circumdo, terque haec altaria circum Effigiem duco; numero deus impare gaudet. 75 [Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daplinim.] Necte tribus nodis ternos., Amarylli, colores; Necte, Amarylli, modo, et, Veneris, dic, viricula necto. Ducite Ab urbe domum, mea carminia, ducite Daphnim. Limus ut hic durescit et haec nt cera liquescit 80 Uno eodemque igni, sic nostro Daphnis amnore. Sparge molam, et fragilis incenide bitumine laurus. Daphnis mee malus urit, ego hanc in D~aphnide laurum. Ducite Ab urbe domumn, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Talis amor Daphuirn, qualis cum fessa juvencum 85 Per nemora atque altos quaerendo buctila lucos Propter aquae rivum -viridi procumbit in ulva, JPerdita, nec serae meminit decedeice nocti, 71. Cantando = ineantando.... Rumpit~ur (= disrumjpitur), is burst. 73. The sorceress now ties three threads of three different colors round a small waxen image of Daphnis, which she then carries round the altar. Amaryllis is engaged in tying np the ends of the threads into love-knots, and is told what to say while doing it..... Teirna: for tria. The nnmber three was a sacred and perfect one. 75. Numero insp~are. There was a superstition that odd numbers were immortal, as they cannot be divided into equal parts.... iDeus here = dea. Hecate, who presided over enchantments. 77. Ternos. From this word, and terna in 78, some have supposed there were nine threads in all; but as distributives are frequently used for cardinals, ternos seems to be used simply for tres. 78. Modo, now, ju~st now. 80. The image of clay was to harden him against others. "A8 this clay hardene, and as this wax melt by one and the game heat, s0 may Daphnls be on account of my love; " I. e. harden toward others; soften with respect to me. 8~2. She then sprinkles the sacred mola of flour and salt, and burns laurel branches steeped in bitumen that Dlaphnis may hin like manner burn with love.....1-Molarn: the, ground corn and salt which were thrown over the head of the victim before sacrifice.....Fragilis, crackling, i. c. which crackled as it burned. Loud crackling was a good omen. 88. in, Daphnide, on Daphnis; i. e. on his image; or, perhaps prcspter Daphnidem. 85. She now describes the violence of love which she wishes the preceding charms to infuse Into Daphnis. The construction is, Tails amor (teneal) Daphuim. qualis (amor tenet buculam) cum, let such love lay hold on Daphnis as, etc. 87. Pijopter, near.....Aquiae Hvitum. Observe the pleonasm.... Uiva, sedge, is --- expressive of the indifference of the heifer to comfort. so long as her pursuit has been unsuccessful. * 88. Perdita, loot ones, infatuated, refers to what proceeds..Serae ntocti, In the dat., Is a much more vivid expression than sera nocte, for it represents night as orderlag the beast to depart. BUCOLICA. ECL. VIII. Talis amor teneat, nec sit mihi cura mederi. Ducite Ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnini. Has oim. exuivias mihi perfidus ille reliquit, 91 Pignora cara sui; quae nunc ego limine in ipso, Terra., tibi mando; debent haec pigtiora Daphnirn. Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Has herbas atque haec Ponto mihi lecta venena 95 Ipse dedit Moeris; nascuntur plurima Ponto. His ego saepe lupim. fleri et se condore si'lvis Moerim, saepe animas imis excire septtlc1ris Atque satas alio vidi traducere messis. Ducite Ab urbe domum, rnea carmina., ducite iDaphuim. Fer cineres., Amarylli, foras, rivl~quc fluenti 101 Transque caput jace; nec respexe' s. His ego Daphnimn Adgrediar; nihil ille deos, nil carmii curat. Ducite Ab urhe domum, inca carmina, S —cite lDaphnim. Aspice, corripuit tremulis altaria flanjinis 105 Sponte sua, dum. ferre moror, cinis ipse. Bon-Lm sit! 89. Teneat: sc. Daphnim....Mederi: 99. Satas messis, i. e. crops sown for sc. tall Wilis amori. a future harvest.-Moeris had transferred 91. Another charm, supposed to exercise the grain from the field where it had been a mnagic power of attraction, is that of sown to another, thus defrauding the burying under her tlfres,-hold such articles owner of his expected harvest. of Daphuis as she possessed.... Exurjas-, 101. The assistant is now desired, as a clothes; lit., any thing cast off, as clothes, lnst expedient, to bring ashes, and to armor, etc. throw them over her head into the stream 92. Pitynora cara sseir, sc. erga me flowing past, the head being turned away arnoris, sweet pledge~s of his love for me. (tranejace). This charm was thought to 93. Debesst: sc. mihi; i. e. according be of the greatest efficacy.... Nee reto all rules of magic. vpexrerit, end don't look beck. A. 280, a; 95. As the charms thus far used have G. 266; H. 484, IV. been ineffectual, she now resorts to magic 103. Nihil ille deos, nil carmina herbs. Has herbas atque ihac venena eurat, I. e. for the gods Invoked, and the is a hendiadys for has herbas venenatat. charms thus far employed..... Ponto. Pontus was a division of 105. Before she has taken up the ashes Asia Minor, no ted for its poisonous 1)lants, for the last charm (v. 101). a spontaneous and is here mentioned on account of Me- flame springs up from them; and while dea. the most celebrated of sorceresses, she is pondering on this favorable sign, the who lived there in Colchis. iontas = watch-dog begins to bark, announcing the Colchls. approach of some one, who provers to be 96. Ipse, Mloeris, M3oerlsghimself; I. e. Daphnis.-K. The order Is-aspice cinis the great magician. He is not el-sewhiere ipse sua sponte corripuit altar ia tremubis mnentioned...._Plus'imta: sc. venena. flammis. 97. Ilvs, with these (herbs). - These 106. Citis ipse, the ashes of themsevs feats are frequently mentioned by other I. e. spontaneously.... Bonurn sit, may poets. it be a goodf omen. 66 P. VIRG LII MARON S Nescio quid certe est, et Hylax in limine latrat. 107 Credimus? an, qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia fingunt? Parcite, ab urbe venit, jam, carmina, parcite, Daphnis. 107. Nescio quid certe est. It cer 109. P(r-cite: sc. Daphnidi. She prays tainly is something (good), but I know not that the potent charms may cease to operwhat.... Hylax: from VAaKTwo, to bark: ate, and that, as her lover is now coming, hence ';the barker.' he may be allowed to come of himself, 108. Creclimus. Do I believe i? i. c. and not run the risk cf being hurt by the can it be true?.... Qui is uneliled and effect of the incantations. short, after the Greek model. BUCOL-ICA. ECL. IX. ECLOGA NONA. MTOERIS. LYCIDAS. MOERIS. In t~he year 39 B. C., when lands were being divided a second time among the veterans, Allentis Yarnis, whom Octavius had made governor of Cisalpine Gaul, allowed a part of their lands to he taken from the Mautuans. VirgilI's farm was given to a centurion, Arrivs; and the poet, having with difficulty escaped with his life, retired to Rome, and then wrote this Eclogue. Moeris, a slave of Menalcas (Virgil himself) who had been left to humor Arrius, and to comply with his orders, is represented as driving somne kids to Mantua. On his way hie meets Lycidas (a slave of some -neighboring farmer), who is a poet, and who especially admires the poetry of Menalcas, and entering into conversation, they quote fragments of his verses, which are admirable imitations of those of Theocritus. L. Quo te, Moeri, pedes? an, quo via ducit, in urbeni? -ML. 0 Lycida, vivi pervenimus, a~dvena ruostri, Quod numquam. veriti sumus, ut possessor agelli iDiceret: "iac mea sunt; veteres migrate coloiii." NuLne vieti, tristes, quoniam, Fors omnia versat, 5 lbs illi-quod nec vertat bene-mittimus haedos. L. Certe equidem. audieram, qua se subducere colles 1. Quo te pedes: se. ducunt, suggested by dewit in the next clause..-in4, is it (not) i'.... lit urbem, se. Afantuam. 2. The construction is, vivi pervenimus (co), utt advena, possessor nostri agelli, diceret (id) quod nnnquam veriti sumus. Mfoeris is so cast down by grief and indignation that, instead of giving a direct answer to the question of Lycidas, he at once titters that which troubles him. 110 Lycidas, ive have lived to see the time, when a stranger, the occupant of ourfarm, should say a thing which we never dreaded."' 4. Haee rnea sunt. This was a legal form used in asserting one's right to a thing. 5. 7-ieti: L. e., overpowered by the veterans.... TriStes, 8orrotuful, as a consequence of being victi and being obliged to carry the kids, a part of the farm produce, to the new owner...,- Quoniartsn veirsat, since Fortune turns all things8 upside down. 6. Quod nec s'ertat bente, may it do him no good. ThisfIs an old proverb 'and may bad luck go wvith them.... Qsod, it. A. 201, C; G. 612, RI. 1; H. 453.... Mittirnus is used seemingly, because Moeris, though carrying the kids himself, speaks for his master, who is the sender of the present. 7. Certe adds confirmation to the whole sentence, and is to be joined with audieram.... Qtsa se... firgos,from where the hill begin to sink, and to lower their ridge by a gentle (molli) slope, even to the river (Mincius), and to the aged beechtrees with their lops now ln-olen". Cacemina is appos. to fago&s 68 P. VIIIGILJI MAR ONIS In1cipiunt, mollique jugum demittere clivo, Usque ad aquam et veteris, jam fracta cacurnina, fagos Omnia earmi-nibus vestrum servasse Meiialcan. 10 311. Andieras, et fama fait; sed carmina tantum Nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia, quantumi Chaonias dicunt aquila veniente columbas. Qunod nisi me quacuimqne novas incidere li-tes Ante sinistra cava monuiisset ab ilice cornix, 15 Nee tuus hic Moeris, nec viveret ipse Menaleas. L. Heu, eadit in quemquam tantum sueeus? hen, tua nobis Paene sirnul tecum solatia rapta, Menalca? Quis caneret Nymphas? quis huiu'ni florentibus berbis Spargeret, aut viridi fontis induceret umbra? 20 Vel quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmina nuper, Cum te ad delicias ferres, Amaryllida, nostras? "1Tityre, d um. redeo-brevis est -via-pasce capellas, Et potuim pastas age, Tityre, et inter agendum Occiursare capro, cornu ferit ille, caveto." 25 10. Omnzia, i. e., his farm.... Carnmi-nibius: abi. of means.... Servasse= 8ervavisse. 11. Audieras, you have heard it, I have no doubt. and (1. e.,for) there was such a report. 13. Chaonias columbas: sc. valere. The Chao-nes anciently inhabited Dodona, a city of Epirus, famed for its oracle, which was the most ancient in Greece. The will of the god was indicated by the rustling of the wind in the tops of the oaks. These sounds were interpreted by women,.called irneieaS&C, pigeons, because pigeons were said to have conveyed to Dodona the command to found an oracle there...Iquila sveniente, when the eagle comesR. A. 255, N; G. 409; H1. 431, 2. 14. Quod nisi, and if no.... J1Me. Keightly says that we may suppose that Moeris first observed the prophetic bird, and that he then informed Menalcas of. what it portended.... Quacumque.: sc. via.... Inaidere = devitare. 15. Sinistsa: cf. N. on Eel. 1. 18. 16. Titus hie, thlk ftlz. 17. Cadit, does such enornsou8 wickedness enter into any one's (head....(JadMit -convenire. 18. 1'aene: allndin~ to Virgil's narrow esap.... Solittia, i. e., caisima; as his songs wvere to the shepherds a solace of their cares.... Raxpta, (sunt). 19. Quis caneret, I. e., if Menalcas had been slain. A. 311; G. 602; H. 486, II.... Nympluhws. Reference is made to Eel. V. 20.... QuiR humnurn... inducaret unmbra. The meaning is: The descriptions of Menalcas were so true to nature as to make his hearers almost feel as if they saw before them in tangible reality the object named. 21. VelI: sc. quis caneret ea.... Tacitus, without saying any thing about it.... TVb. i.e., Moeris. A. 229; G. 346;- H1.386. 22. Te feri-es, were betaking yourmeTf...Delicias nostras, the delight of us afl. 23-25. These verses are translated almost word for w,.ord from Theocritus, Idyl. 1M. 3-5.... Duna, until.... Potunm, to drink. A. 302; G. 436; H1.546. -.. I)#ter (ugendu~m, while driving them. A. 800; BUCOLICA. ECL. IX. 69 3!. Jmmo haec, quac Varo necdum. perfecta canebat: "1Vare, tuum. nomen, superet modo Manitua nobis, Manuta, vae, miserae nirnium. vicina Cremo nae, Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni." L. Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos, 30 Sic cytiso pastae distendant ubera vaccae, Incipe, si quid habes. Et me fecere poetam Pierides; sunt et mihi carmina; me quoque dicunt Vaten. pastores; sed non ego credulus illis. Nain neqlue adhuc Vario videor, nec dicere Cinna 35 iDigna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores. J!. Id quidem ago et — tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse voltito, Si valeam meminisse; neque est ignobile carmen. G. 426; H. 542, III.... Occussar2e caveto, beware of meeting. A. 269, d; G. 262; II. 487, 2, 2). 26. pImmto, sc. qui8 caneret, nay, rather, who, etc.... Needunt peqfect a, and not yet finished. The note of the swan before death was said to he most beautiful hence the poet represents them as reaching the heavens with their notes. and in their dying strains sounding the praises of Varus.... Caitebat implies that they were dedicated to Varus. 27. Superet. A. 31.4; G. 575; HI. 513, 1....Modo~, if only. The order is: Vrer, cantantes cycnl ferent sublime tuum. nomen ad sidera, modo Mantua superet nolbis. 28. Nimiunt vicipsa. They were forty miles apart. As the territory of Cremona did not prove suffciently extensive for all the soldiers, Mantua was seized to make up the deficiency....Cremrowite. A. 234; G. 356; H. 391. 80. Sic is often used in beseeching, when he who asks a favor entreats by objects very dear.... Cyrneas, i. e. Corsican. Honey made from the yew-tree, in which Corsica abounded, w~as said to be bitter. 31. GCytiso: vid. N. on Eel. 1. 79. 32. Si quid habes: vid. N. on Eel. Ill..52....-Et, also. 33. Pierides: vAd. N. on Eel. III. 85...Sunt et mild carmini~s = aium poeta. 84. JVatem, a prophet. The idea is: "The public say I have a little of the m~ens divinior, and that I am a vates; however I do not believe them." There seems to be a distinction here between poeta and vates, though they were identical in meaning in Edl. VIi. 2..... Osedulusq, sc. sum, I am not credulous of them; iL a. I do not believe them. 35. The reason of the unbelief of Lyci(las in his own inspiration is, that his poems dlo not equal those of Yarus or Cinna.. -. YaTi.4 Varus was the most illustrious of the Roman poets of that age in which Horace and Virgil began to write. He had great Influence with Augttstus, and Maecenas.... Cinna, a celebrated poet of the same period, was the author of an Epic poem called Smye-na. 36. Argufos (= canoros), melodious, tuneful.....A mer. There was an inferior poet, named Anser, who was patronized by Antony, and to whom was granted a portion of land In the Falernian district (de Fatem-o Anseres depellentur, Cic.). He was a detractor of Virgil, and hence his name is played upon by the poet. 37. Ago, I am trying to begin as you request. 38. Si valeam: A. 334, f; G. 462, 2; H. 52.9, 1.... Neque =non eimm.... Neque est ignobile, for it Is not obscure; iL e. it is famous or excellent. 70 P. VIR GILII NIAR ON.IS "IHuc ades, o Galatea; quis est nam ludus in undis? Hie ver purpureum, varies hic flumina circum 40 Fundit humus flores, hic candida populus antro Imminet, et lentae texunt umbracula vites; Huc ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus." L. Quid, quae te pura solum sub nocte canentem Audieram? numeros memini, si verba tenerem. 45 lf. "Daphni, quid antiquos signorum suspicis ortus? Ecce Dionaei processit Caesaris astrum, AsJrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem. Insere, Daphni, piros; carpent tua poma nepotes." 50 Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque: saepe ego longos Cantando puerum memini me condere soles: Nunc oblita mihi tot carmina; vox quoque Moerim 39. This song is taken from Theocritus, Idyl. XI. The subject is the love of Polyphemus for the nymph Galatea... H1ue aides = hue veni....Qis e.t tnar = quisnam est; separated by tmesis. 40. P'urpureum, purple, is an epithet applied to any object glorious in its beauty.... Circunm is not to be taken literally; it often means proximity and nothing more. 41. Candida populus. This is our silver poplar. 43. Insani, mad, wild.... Feriant silne. A. 331, f, R; G. 546, R. 3; H. 499,2. 44. Quid, quae, etc. What (of those verses) which I heard thee singing by thysef at the approach of the serene night? I remember the melody, if I could recall the words. When a new subject is introduced, quid is thus used in interrogal ions to denote a strong desire to be informed on that subject. Wr.... Sub nocte. "'The night is thought of as a covering spread out above the earth." 45. Si = modo = dummodo.... Tenlereim. This clause is not logically connected with the other, but with something understood, as: et carmen ipsum revocarem, si, etc. Con. 46. Antiquos, long known. 47. Dionaei Caesaris, of Caesar, descendant oJfDione. The Julian gens was derived from Iulus, the son of Aeneas. who was the son of Venus, daughter of Dione.... Proceessit, has appeared.... AstrLum. In the year 43 B. C., during the celebration of the games instituted by Augustus in honor of Julius Caesar, a comet, probably that now known as Ialley's comet, appeared and was believed either to have conveyed the spirit of the great Dictator to heaven, or to be his deifie'd spirit. 48. Quo (= ut eo), that by it.... Ga — detent: subj. of purpose. A. 317; G. 632; H. 497, II. 49. Duceret colore)l,, might derive color; i. e. might ripen. 50. Insere, graft your pear trees; if you do this now when so propitious a star is shining, not only you but your posterity will enjoy the fruit. 51. Moeris is supposed to stop suddenly having forgotten what to say. Age, he alleges, has taken away from him recollection and musical power. Although he had, when a youth, spent the whole day in singing, yet now he forgets all his songs..... Fert. bears away.... Animunlm, i. e. its faculties. 52. Condere soles, to hide the sun; i. e. to see the sun to bed: to close the day. 53. Oi;ta,: sc. sunt.... Mihi, by me. A. 232, b; G. 352; H. 288, 1. . P UCOLICA. ECL. IX. 71 Jam fugit ipsa; lupi Moerim videre priores. Sed tamen ista satis referet tibi saepe Menalcas. L. Causaudo nostros in longum ducis amores. Et nunc omnc tibi stratum silet aequor, et omncs, Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae; Hinc adeo media est nobis via; namque sepulchrum Incipit adparerc Bianoris: hic, ubi densas Agricolae stringtunt frondes, i.U, Moeri, canamus Hic haedos depone, tamen veniemus i-n urbem. Aut si, nox pluviam ne colligat ante, vercmur, Cantantes licet usque-minus via laedit-eamus;..antantes ut eamus, ego lhoc te fasce levabo. fM. Desinc plura, puer, et, quod nunec instat. agamus; Carmina tum melius, cum venerit ipse, canemus. 55 6O G5 54. Lupi. A rustic superstition, that to be seen by a wclf first, was to lose one's voice. 55. Satis modifies saepe.... Referet, will repeat. 56. Ca usah*lo, by pleading excuses.... In lonfp/tm, for a long time.... J)cis, you put off.... A4mores, desire; i. e. of hearing you sing. 57. Tibi: ethical dative. 58. Omnes ventos.l murm.itvis auta e (= omnes venti), all the breezes of windy murmur. 59. Hine adeo, from this very place. 60. Bianoris. Bianor was the son of the river-god Tiber, and of Manto, daughter of Teiresias. 61. Striny unt frondes. The leaves were stripped off certain trees for fodder. 62. Tanmei, after all; i. e. even if we do stop and sing, 63. Ne nox colli.gat plutviam, lest the night gather the rain; i. e. lest the night gather the clouds, the prelude of rain....AIte, before we come into the city. 64. Cantantes. II. 549, 1.... Licet. What is the subject?.... Usvque, all the way.... Eatiis: sc. ut. 65. F&aA, i. e. the kids which he was carrying. A. 243, a; G. 388; H. 414, 1. 66. Desine plura: sc. dicere.... l'ue) = pugr; lengthened by the arsis.... QOuod Iiuac instat, what is now urgent; i. e. carry the kids to the new master. 67. Venerit, i. e. back to his farm. A. 281, R; G. 236; H. 473.... Ipse. Menalcas. P. VJR1,GILII 27fA10NI~S ECLOC+A DECIMA. GALLUS. Calus Cornelius Gallus, the famous soldier and poet, had a mistress, Lycoris, whose praises he celebrated in elegies which are mentioned by Ovid, Propertius and others. While he was absent from Rome, probably for the purpose of defending the coast of Italy against Sextus Pompelus, she proved false to him, and. followed one of the soldiers of Agrippa, In an expedition made by that general into Gaul. In his grief. Gallus had begged Virgil to compose a pastoral poem, which might, perhaps, have the effect of bringing back the faithless one. Accordingly Gallus is represented as lying under a solitary rock in Arcadia, deploring his unhappy love. The poem consists of an introduction; an account of the sympathy shown him by inanimate thin gs, by the flocks, by the shepherds, and even by the gods; the complaints of the lonely lover: and the conclusion, in which Virgil declares his affection for Gallus. The poet is supposed to narrate the story In a song as he is tending his goats, and in rising to go home he gracefully intimates that he is closing the volume of pastoral poetry. The scenery of the poem is Arcadian. Its structure is taken from Theoc. Idyl. I. It was composed in the year 716 A. U. C., or 37 B. C. EXTREMTJm hu-ne, Arethusa, milhj concede laborem: Pauca meo Gallo, seci quac legat ipsa Lycoris, Carmina sunt dicenda: nege t cquis carmnina Gallo? Sic tibi, cum firictus subterlabere Sicanos, Doris amara suam nlon intermisceat undam, 5 1. Extremum labor-enm. At the time when this Eclogue was written, the poet seems to have been at Naples, preparing for the composition of his Georgics, and therefore was about to give up Bucolic poetry.... ArPethutsa. The nymph Aretbusa, pursued by the river-god Alpheus, was changed by Artemis into a stream, which running beneath the sea, rose again as a fountain in the island of Ortygla, off the coast of Sicily. The nymph of the fountain is here invoked, as If the Inspirer of pastoral poetry, of which, as already said, the Sicilians were ch ief cultivators. 2. Paitca is antithetical to ged quae; "though few they must be such as may attract even her scornful eye."..Qnae (= talia ust ea) leflat Lyjcoisis, but such that even Lycori may read, and be ashamed of her inconstancy in leaving so true and faithful a heart. A. 317: G. 6324; H. 497,1I. 3. StiaPt diceitda, mu8t be sung. H. 234. 4. Sic: cf. N. on Eel. IX. 80..... 'lbi: dat. after intermisceat.... Fluctu., is governed by 8ubter.... Cum subte# — la:'iei(e, when thou 8halt glide beneath. The story of Alpheus running below the Ionian sea to meet the waters of Arethusa is well known.... Sicanios, I. e. the Ioninn sea, between Sicily and Greece. 5. Doris (I. e. the sea) was the wife of Nereus, and mother of the Nereids. The poet prays thnt she may not mix her bitter waters with the beautifully clear and fresh BUCOLICA. ECL. X. Incipe; sollicitos Gaili dicamus aniores, Dumn tenera attondent sitnae virgulta capellae. Non canimus surdis; respondent omnnia silvae. Quae nemora, aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellao.Naides, iudigno cum Gallus amore peribat? Nai -neque Parnasi vobis juga, uam neque Piindi Ulla moram fecere, neque Aoniie Aganippe. Illum. etiam lauri, etiam flevere myricae; Pinifer ilium etiam. sola sub rupe jacentem. Maenalus et gelidi fleveruilt saxa Lycaei. Stant et oves circunm;-nostri nec poenitet illas, Nec te poeniteat pecoris, divine poeta: Et formosus ovis ad fiumina pavit AdoniisVenit et upilio; tardi venere subulci; 73 110 15 streams of Arethusa; 1. e. "6to assist his tale of love, if she would have the course of her own love run smooth." 6..Sollicitos (= q'ui animum 8011w51um reddunt), anxiety causing, vexatious, torturing. 5. Suerdis, 1. e., to those who will not listen.... Respotident, here governs omnia, will re-echo; I. e. reply to. 9. Nernora, 'groves,' where ~he trees arre not so close but that the cattle can graze.....Saltus, "1(saijo, to leap), glades, bpen spaces among the woods, where the game leap from covert... Habuere, held, detained..... Lucos, " 'woods (partially cleared, luceo) sacred to some divinity." 10. Naides, nymphs of rivers, lakes and fountains. So some understand it; but others say the Muses, on account of the mention of Parnassus and Aganippe in Aonia....Indigno, unrequited; i. e. a love not deserving to be so scorned.... -Peribat, was perishing. 11. Parnasi. A two topped mountain (hence juga) of Phocis, above Delphi, a favorite haunt of the Muses.... Pindi. A mountain range on the boundaries of Thessaly and Epirus, another haunt of the Muses. These mountains are mentioned with reference to the springs at those places, and which the Naiads frequented.,Con. 12. 2llora m fecere. These mountains did not detain them, for they, not less than Maenalus and Lycacus, mourned the hard fate of Gallus. As. f rom. H... iontie is the Greek form 'Aovo-q; for Ao.ia.... Aganippe. A fountain in Mt. Hielicon sacred to the Muses. 13. Lauri, etianm. Observe the hiatu.....Flevere. Much vividness, force, and beauty are added by this personlification. 15. M1acstains (in the S. E.), and LyeWTrS (in the 5. W. of Arcadia), and Arcadia generally, are now the scene of the poem, where Virgil represents himself as present with Gallus. 16. Nostri ttec poentitet Wlas, neither are they ashamted of us. A. 221, b; G. 376; H. 409, III. The meaning is:. Though I am an humble poet, the shepherd's life i(which is a noble and happy one) is sung by me so that those celebrated do not feel ashamed of their minstrel. Therefore, though you are a divinely inspired poet, do not be ashamed of being represented in the company of sheep and shepherds, for even the beautiful Adonis was a shepherd. 17. Poeta = Gallus. 18. _Et, even... Adonis: a beautiful youth, beloved by Venus. 19. Vpilio:- for #6p~io, which would not suit the metfte....Subulci, swineherds; called tardi from, their Inactive and sedentary life. 74 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Uvidus hiberna venit de glande Menalcas. Omnes, Unde amor iste, rogant, tibiA?. Venit Apollo: Galle, quid insanis? inquit; tua c6ra Lycoris Perque nives alium perque borridla castra secuta est. Venit et agresti capitis Silvainus honore, Florentis ferulas et grandia lili quassans. Pain deus Arcadiae venit, quern vidimus ipsi Sanguineis ebuli bacis minioque rubentem. Ecquis erit modus? inquit; Amor non talia curat; Nec lacrimis crudelis Arnor, nec grarnina rivis, Nec cytiso saturantur apes, nec froude capellae. Tristis at ille: Tamen cantabitis, Arcades, inquit, Montibus haec vestris: soli cantare periti Arcades. 0 mihi turn quam molliter ossa quiescant, 25. 30 20. Llvidus hiberna de glande. Menalcas, a herdsman, was wet with the water in which he had soaked the acorns, the winter food of cattle as well as swine. 21. Unzde arnor iste = a qua pudlal= guam puellam anm.... Venit Apollo. The gods now come to console him. 22. Quid. Why? A. 240, a 0,. 331, R. 3: H. 378, 2.... Insanuis Is often used in speaking of lovers.... Tuta aura, thy care.- i. e. "1she for whom yo a pine." 23. Per )lives; i. e. over the Alps into Gaul: cf. Introduction. 24. Agresti capitis Silvanues hossore. Silvanus was a very ancient domestic deity, who presided over gardens, plantations, and especially the boundaries of peasant's properties. He is usually represented as crowned with a garland of the leaves of trees, or of large flowers, and having in his hand a cypress, or stalks of the herb fennel: with the rustic honor of his head. 25. Florentis, floweringq.... Ferulas. The ferula or I'giant fennel'I is a large plant, growing to the height of six or eight feet, with leaves cut into small segments like those of the fennel, but larger.... Quassans;.i. e. in capite. 26. Quemn vidimua ipsi; L.e. Gallus and I.: cf. N. on v. 15. This was a special favor granted to them, as Pan did not often allow himself to be seen. 27. Ebueli. "The ebwu8u, 'dwarf-elder' or I'dane-wort' is a sort of elder and very like the common elder-tree, but differs, from it essentially, in behigreally an herb. The juice of the berries is of a red purple Icolor.".... 1Miluio. The minium was what we call sulphate of mercury, or na.tive cinnabar, or native vermillion. It was found largely in the Spanish mires; the name is said to be still preserved in the river.Mini~o. 28. Ecqsuis crit modus: se. 1acrimls,' tui.... A M0or (SC. saturatur), Cupid%. After asking if there is to be any limit to$ these lamentations, Pan consoles Gallus by saying that love is as difficult to satisfy with lover's tears, as grass with moisture, bees with cytisus, or goats with leaves. These rustic figures are peculiarly appropriate to the god, who is doubtless thinklug of his own lost love, Syrinx. 31. At expresses the refusal of Gallus to receive such comfort.... lle, i. e. Gallus....Tamen refers to some suppressed idea of grief. I'Yet, as a consolation, you will sing.' A. 155, B; G. 485; H. 310, 3. 32. Montibus: dative.... Maec, these songs of my love.... On cantare, governed in the infin. by the adj. periti, vid. N. on Eel. V. 2. 33. Gallus now expresses an optative belief that his bones will rest In peace if he be sung by the Arcadian swains; and he regrets that he is not one of them, in BUCOLICA. ECL. X. Vestra meos olim si fistula dicat amores! Atque utinam ex -vobis unus, vestrique fuissem 3 Aut custos gregis, ant mattnrae vinitor uvae! Certe, sive mihi Phyllis, sive esset Amyntas, Sen quicumqne furor-quid turn, si fuscns Amyntas? ' Et nigrae violae sunt et vaccinia -nigraMecum inter saluces lenta sub vite jaceret; 40 Serta mihi Phyllis legeret, cantaret Amyntas. lie gelidi fontes, hic mollia prata., Lycori, Hie nemus; hic ipso tecum conisumerer aevo. Nunec insanus amor duni me Martis in armis Tel~a inter media atque adversos detinet hostis: 4 Tu procul a patria-nec sit mihi credere tantum!-.-~ Alphias, Ah dura, fives et frigora Rheni Me sine sola vides. Ah, te ne frigora laedant! Ah, tibi -ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas! JBo, et, Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu 50 Carmina, pastoris Sienli modniabor avena. humbler life, and away from care and anxiety. 35. Wx vobis uenus instead of unlus vestrum. A. 216, c; G. 371, 5; H. 397, 3, N. 3.... Fuissein. A. 267, b; G. 254;- H. 483,1. 37. Gallus now supposes how much happier would have been his lot, had he had some Phyllis, or Amyntas, who would have remained faithful, even though a dusky hue should have disfigured the face, (beauty lies not in color, he says:-) then he might have had Phyllis to gather flowers for him, and Amyn tas to sing, as their manner of life would have kept them united. 88. Furor, love, pasion.... Si fuseus A4myntas: sc. 8it. 39. Nigr#-ae: cf. Becl. 1, 16,1~v, 40. Salices. The willow was planted to train the vines on in places where other trees would not grow. 42. Ilic gelidi fontes: sc. suat. Gallus now tells Lycoris (in verses which may be taken from his own compositions) how happy they might both have been In the quiet happiness of rural life: but her cruelty has borne him into the dangers of war, and has exposed iher to great priva. tiou's. 43. IIps o a e vo, by old ageP i tself; i. e. his love will endure while life lasts; death only can end it. 44. Nune, but now. Nuno is often thus used to contrast an actual state with a hypothetical one.... -Martis limits amor. 45. Adversos, adverse, hostile. 48. Procul a patria. A. 261, b; G. 418, It;, H. 437. 2. lWy... Nec sit mnihi credere tantum (= utinam liceat non credere). nor let it be for me to believe so atrocious a thing; force me not to believe.... 'laiturn = tam atrocemn rem. H. 47. Alipinacs ntives. Images of horror to a Roman mind.... Decra, hard-hearted. 48. Me sine'= sine me. A. 315,a; G. 680, 3:H. 569,1I;636, V 1. 50, 51. Ibo et modulabor avena Sicull pastoris carmina quae sunt condita mihi Chalcidico versu. As a remedy for hits love, he proposes to devote himself to, poetry and music.... Chalcidico veirsu; i. e. in the style of Euphorion, a Greek poet, of Calahis in Eubeea, some of whose poems Gallus is said to have rendered. Into Latin, or at least closely Imitated. 76 P. VIRI G ILII MA R O NIS Certum. est in silvis inter spelaea ferarum, Malle pati tenerisque meos incidere arnores Arboribus; crescent iliac, crescetis, amores. Interea mixtis instrabo Maenala Nymphis, Ant acris venabor ap~ros. Non me nila vetabunt Frigora Parthenios canibus circumdare saltus. Jam mihi per rupes videor incosque sonantis Ire - libet Partho torqnere Cydonia cornu. Sp4Ia.-.Tamquam haec sit nostri medicina furoris, Aut' des ille malls hominum. mitescere discat! Jam neque Hamadryades rursus nec carmina nobis Ipsa placent; ipsae rursus concedite silvae. Non ilium. nostri possunt mutare labores, Nec si frigoribus mediis llebrumque bibamus Sithoniasque fives hiemis subeamus aquosae, 55 60 65 Euphorion was librarian to Antiochus the Great of Syria.... Pasto'ris Sicui, i. e. Theocritus.... Mi1odulaboir, Will 8et to music: cf N. on Ed. V. 14. 52. (Jerturn est, sc. mihi, I am resolved.... Spelaea, a very rare word:.spelunca. 53. Pati, sc. amores, endure my pa1850l..... Incidere arnores. To inscribe on the bark of trees his loves, and the name of his inamorata. 54. Crescent illae, crescetis, amo-.res; 1. e.. as much as the trees grow, so my words will grow. This beautiful idea is worthy of the genius of Virgil, and is -often illustrated in the unshapely letters cut iu green bark. 55. Mfixtis Nymplhis = cumn NymphlJ8..... Maenala. This Is the plural of -Maenalon = Maenalus. 57. iParthenios saltaes, the gladem of Mt. Partheniu8, which is on the eastern border of Arcadia. 58. Pe)-, over.... Sonantis lucos, the,echoing groves. This may refer to the -noise of brooks, the winds, etc., or to the sounds of the hunt. 59. Partho, Cydonia. As the Cretans and Parthians excelled in archery, these words are qpitheta ornantia, and represent the best articles of their kn.. T'orquere, (lit., to hurt) to..oot.... cor-tu = cor-ne arcu. 60. Tanquam sit. A. 312; G. 604; HI. 513, HI. Knowing that the plan just proposed would not bring about tbhn desired peace of mind, he rejects it. 61. D)eus. Cupid....MXalis, atthe misfortunes. A. 245; G. 406; H. 416....Mi11 -tescere, i. e. to be moved to compassion. 62. H1arnadtryades (al~a, together with, and Spie;, an oak tree). These nymphs were supposed to come into existence, and to perish with the single tree in which each one dwelled. 63. Ipsa, ipsae denote excellence in the objects and admiration on the part of the speaker: In which I once took delight.... Concedite, farewell. 64. Non... nee... nec, not. even if..or if. A. 209, a, 3; G. 444; H. 553, 2... Ilium," I e. cupid.... Labores, hardships. 65. Hfebru,;n. The Hebrus was a large river of Thrace, which rises at the junction of Mt. Scomnius with Mt. Rhodope, and falls Into the Aegean sea. As It was the first frozen river which the Romans met with on their expeditions, it became proverbial for very great cold and hardship. 66. Sithonias. Sithonla, a cold and snowy country, was a division of Thrace, and afterwards of Macedonia, being the center of the three promontories, which lay at the southern extremity of Chalci BUCOLICA. ECL.X. 77 Nec si, cum moriens alta liber aret in ulmo, Aethiopum versemus ovis sub sidere Cancri. Omilia vincit Amor; et nos cedamus Amori. Haec sat erit, divae, vestrum cecinisse poetam Dum sedet et gracili fiscellam texit hibisco, Pierides; vos haec facietis maxuma Gallo, Gallo, cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horas, Quantum vere novo viridis se subjicit alnus. Surgamus: solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra; Juniperi gravis umbra; nocent et frugibus umbrae. Ite domum saturae, venit Hesperus, ite capellae. 75 dice.... A qiosfe, rainy, is hardly applicable to a winter in Thrace, but is true enough for Italy. 67, Moriens liber, dying inner bark; indicating intense heat. 68. Versernus, tend, lit., drive hither and thither.... Sub sidere Caneri i. e. in mid-summer. 69. This verse is spoken with resignation, as he is hopeless of relief even in the colds of Thrace, where the winter is severest, or in Aethiopa, even in mid-summer. 70. The poet himself, in his character of goat-herd, now addresses the Muses, begging them to add dignity to his verse, that it may prove worthy of Gallus.... Haec: sc. carmina....Erit. What is the subject? 71. Sedet et texit; i. e. he had been singing during the time that he sits and weaves... Fiscellam. Baskets of wicker work were used for many domestic purposes, but especially for straining whey from cheese-curd. 72. Facietis ntaxuma (of very great value); sc. ut sint. A. 331, f. R; G. 546, R. 3; H. 499, 2. 73. C'(ujs amor, my woe for whom. A. 217; G. 361, 2; H. 396, III....hli horas, every hour. 74. Novo, early.... Se subjicit. Subjicere is to raise up from under-to increase in height. 75. Gr-avis, hurtful; bringing on headaches, or rheumatism, and so deadening poetic energy.... Can tantibus. The cool shade of evening would be more apt to injure persons warmed by the exertions of singing than those who were silent or engaged in ordinary conversation.... Umbra: sc. vespertina. 76. Juniperi. The juniper was said to be injurious to health, from the noxious exhalations which it emitted during the night.... Noceent et f rufibis umbrae. Is this literally true? 77. Domttm. A. 258; G. 342. 2; H. 380, 2, 1).... Saturae, sated as you are..... Venit (= oritur). Present or Perfect?.... Hesperus: vid. Ecl. VI. 30. h 'GEORGICON LIBRI. GEORGIC POETRY. RoME, from its peculiar situation, was not well adapted for commerce; and from' the time of Romulus to that of Caesar, agriculture had been the chief care of the Romans. Its operations were conducted by the greatest statesmen, and its precepts. inculcated by the profoundest scholars. The long continuance of the civil war in Italy, however, had paralyzed the efforts of steady industry; had almost put an end to the operations of agriculture, and had, as a natural result of these causes, produced famine over the length and breadth of the land. The strength and experience of the rural population had been drafted off to the wars, where many of them perished on the bloody fields of fraternal slaughter, and their places, as husbandmen, had been supplied by the veterans of the triumvirs, who showed themselves totally unfit to undertake the management of farms, and the rearing of cattle. Under these circumstances, Maecenas resolved, if possible, to revive the decayed spirit of agriculture, to recall the lost habits of peaceful industry, and to make rural improvement, as it had been in former times, the prevailing amusement among the great; and he wisely judged that no method was so likely to contribute to these important objects as a recommendation of agriculture by all the insinuating charms of poetry. He therefore requested the poet Virgil to write a didactic poem on the subject of agriculture, of such a kind that, while the elegance of its versification and the charms of its style should win the hearts of the more educated classes, the principles and precepts of husbandry might be well received by the less polished, as coming from one who himself had had practical knowledge of the farmer's life. With this wish of his patron our author complied, and produced the Georgics, a poem as remarkable for majesty and magnificence of diction as the Eclogues are for sweetness and harmony of versification. It is the most complete, elaborate, and finished poem in the Latin, or, perhaps, any language; and though the choice of subject, and the situations, afforded less expectation of success than the pastorals, so much has been achieved by art and genius that the author has chiefly exhibited himself as a poet on topics where it was difficult to appear as such. But, though written with a patriotic object, by order of a Roman statesman, and on a subject peculiarly Roman, the imitative spirit of Latin poetry still prevailed, and the author could not avoid recurring, even in his Georgics, to a Grecian model. A few verses on signs and prognostics of the weather have been translated from the Phenomena of Aratus; but, the " Works and Days " of Hesiod is the pattern which he has chiefly held in view. In reference to his imitation of this model, P. VIRGILII.MARONIS GEORGICA. 81' he himself styles his Georgics an Ascraean poem; although Hesiod has not treated of the breeding of cattle, or care of bees, which form the subjects of the third and the fourth books of the Roman poet. Virgil's arrangement of his topics is at once the most natural, and that which best carries his reader along with him. He begins with vegetable life in its lowest types, and goes up in beautiful gradation to that form of animal life which nearly resembles man in the political organization adopted by its members. He first treats of herbs, and then passes on to shrubs and trees; next he sings of the lower animals, beginning with the more sluggish and bestial, till he rises to the bees, which, in their sagacity, wisdom, industry, and social economy, resemble and approach the human race. Along with rules and directions for the various operations of laid culture, cattle and bee-rearing, and vine-growing, there are interwoven some delightful episodes on mythological, moral, and philosophical subjects, which lend interest and fascination to the whole: such, for example, as the praises of Italy, the delights of a country life, the prodigies which preceded the death of Caesar, and the history of Aristaeus. The Georgics were written after the Eclogues, when the poet's taste and judgment were more matured, and when he had more leisure and contentment of mind to carry on, without interruption, a lengthened poem. Naples and Campania seem to have been his residence during the greater part of the period that he was engaged on the work; and, in many respects, the poem seems to have been composed with an especial eye to Campania. It is supposed that he began the Georgics about 36 B. C., and completed them about 29 B. C. The name Georgics (Georgica) is Greek, reopyKca, and means "agricultural affairs." The title GeorgicOn (i. e. yeopyLKcv) is the gen. plur. of Georgica. Some copies give Georgicorum, but the Greek form is to be preferred. The student will find in Thomson's " Seasons," and in Gray's " Rural Sports," many passages bearing a remarkable resemblance to portions of this poem. (Adapted from DusLoP, BBYCE, FoRBIGEB, and other.) ARGUMENT. BOOK I. I. General subject of the 'whole poem; viz.: Agriculture, Book I.; Vines and Trees, Book II.; Cattle, Book III.; Bees, Book IV. (1-4). II. Invocation of the gods, and of Caesar (5-42). 41I. The subject proper.-Preparations for sowing (43-99): 1. Period at which to commence ploughing (43-49). 2. Nature of climate, character of soil, and most suitable modes of cultivation to be ascertained (50-62). 3. Minute directions as to the manner and time of ploughing particular kinds of soil (63-70). 4. Means of refreshing the soil: (1) By allowing it to rest every second year (71-73). (2) By a rotation, or at least, change of crops (73-80). (3) By manuring (80-84). (4) By burning (84-93). 5. Modes of pulverizing the soil (94-99). IV. Operations succeeding sowing (100-159): 1. Rendering the soil fine (100-105). 2. Irrigation of crops (106-110). 3. Checking of luxuriant growth (111-113). 4. Drawing off excessive moisture (114-117). 5. The means of preventing drawbacks and annoyances to which the husbandman Is subject (118-159). V. Agricultural implements and appliances (160-186). VI. Indications of the yield of the ensuing harvest, and artificial means of increasing the fruitfulness of seed (187-203). VI. Proper season for sowing different seeds to be decided by observation of the heavenly bodies: Explanation of the seasons (204-256). WIT. How the husbandman is to employ his leisure time; what days are lucky or unlucky for certain transactions; and what operations should be done by night or by day in preference (257-310). IX. The weather (311-463): 1. Storms of particular seasons (311-334). 2. Means of guarding against them (335350). 3. Prognostics of change of weather (351-463). X. Political changes even foretold by heavenly bodies; the death of Julius Caesarits prognostics, its accompaniments, and its consequences (464-514). LIBER PRIMUS. QUID faciat laetas segetes, quo sidere terram Vertere, Maecenas, ulmisque adjungere vitis Conveniat, quae cura boum, qui cultus habendo Sit pecori, apibus quanta experlentia parcis, 1. Quid faciat laetas segetes, what mayproducejoyful harvests; i. e. abundant ones.-In the first four verses the poet briefly gives the subject of the four books, viz.: The first is to treat of agriculture in general; the second, of vines and trees; the third, of the management of cattle; the fourth, of bees.... Quo sidere, i. e. in quibus mensibus. Throughout the Georgics the poet directs operations by the rising and setting of the constellations, the movements of which served him as a kind of calendar. 2. Vertere terram: sc. aratro..... Maecenas (C. Cilnius), the great friend and close confidant of Augustus, first suggested this poem, and to him it is natur-.ally inscribed.... Adjungere ulrnis. 'The ancients trained their vines to trees rather than to stakes and walls.... Vits* is used, as the vine was the most valuable of their trees; but other trees are intended to be included. 3. Quae cura: sc. sit.... Qui cultus (= quis cura) habendo pecori, what kind of treatment is necessary for the proper rearing of cattle; i. e. in order to keep up the stock.... Habendo. Observe the force of the gerundive, expressing suitableness, fitness, or necessity. For the case: A. 235; H. 384, 4, N. 3. 4. Pecori. By this, small cattle, such as sheep and goats, are meant. It is opposed to bourn.... Apibus: sc. habendis from the preceding verse.... Experientia: sc. sit. This refers to the beekeeper, not the bees. 5. Hine, henceforward, now, heno 84 -P. FVIRGIL1l MhARONJS-1 line canere incipiarn. Vos, o clarissima mundi Lumina., labentem. caelo quae ducitis annum; Liber et alma Ceres, vestro si munere tellus Chaoniam. pingui glandem. mutavit arista, Poculaque inventis Acheloia miscuit uvis; Et vos, agrestum praesentia numina, Fauni, Ferte simul Faunique pedem. Dryadesque puellae: Munera vestra cano. Tuque o, cini prima frementem. Fudit equum. magno tellus percussa tridenti, Neptune; et cultor nemorum, cui pingnia Ceae 10; forth... Yos is subject to ferte pdem. in verse 11, or to adeste, which may be inferred from it. On to verse 42 we have the invocation;first, of such deities as are in any way connected with agricultural affairs; and, secondly, of Caesar Octaviantis, who was one day to become a god, according to the poet. 6. Cla,'uisshima luitnina. These words are not in ap~position to Liber and Cere8 but refer to the sun and moon, as sources of light and heat, the regulators of seasons, and the ripeners of the fruits of the earth..... Di beittetn, gliding, i. e. quickly moving.... Caeelo, sc. in..... Ducitis, who leadedt. 7. After invoking the Sun and Moon, as the first and most important powvers in all matters pertaining to agriculture, the poet proceeds to name those deities whose special intervention is necessary in the several departments of rural affairs: thusd, for Book IL, Ceres is entreated; for 11., Bacchus, the Fauns and Nymphs, Sib-anus, and Minerva. the producer of the olive:, for MI., Neptune, to whom horses are a delight, Aristaeus, and Pan, the guardian of sheep: for IV., the same Aristaeus, who was skilled in all matters of husbandry, and whose knowledge of bees was especially remarkable.... Ve sta o s i muitne re, 8ince by your gift; i. e. the knowledge of agriculture. The worshiper affects to make the existence of the attributes of the deities dependent on the granting of his prayer. 8. (Jhaoniiam glandem. According to the Greek legend, the primitive seat of manD was in Epirus and Dodona, and here the human race lived on glandes, denoting any kernel-fruit, such as the acorn, walnut, date, until the knowledge of agriculture gave them the means of a better subsistence. From acorns and water they rose to the use of grain and wine, the fabled gifts, respectively of Ceres arid Liber. Vid. N. Eel. IX. 13.... A'ri.sa. A. 252, c; G. 404, R H. 422, N. 2 9. P1oceila sniscuit. The Greeks and Romans seldom drank wine unless diluted with water. In rentdis, newly discovered...Acheloja. This word is said to refer to the old legend that the Achelofls (in Aetolia) was the first river which appeared on the face of the earth, and that the name thus means water generally... Uvis: by metonymy for vino. A. p. 299; H. 637,111. 10. Agrestum =- agreetium. A. 84, h;, G. 85, 3; H. 158, 2.... Praeqentia: vid. N. Eel. I. 42.... Fauitni: vid. N. Edl. 'VI. 27. 11. Ferate pedem.: sc. hue,- i. e. adeste mihi,co hither to my aid.... -Drya(des. Hie invokes the Dryads because they are goddesses of the woods in which the herds pasture. 12. Mtner-a r'estra refers to nil that proceeds, viz.: gifts of corn, wine, herds, flocks, etc.... Tit: sc. Neptune.... Ci at whose command... Prima: adij. agreeing with tellue. where our idiom would require an adv. limiting fudit. A. 191 G. 324, R. 6; H. 443. 13. -Fudit(lit.pouredforth) is peculiarlyapplicable here, where the action Is instantaneous. 14. Cutltor-nemoa-um. Aristaeus, son. of Apollo and Cyrene. He invented the art of cheese-making, taught the cultiva — tion of the olive, was said to have intro GEORG CON LIB. I. 85 Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta juvenci; Ipse, nemus linquens patrium saltusque Lycaei, Pan, ovium custos, tua si tibi Maenala curae, Adsis, o Tegeaee, favens, oleaeque Minerva Inventrix, uncique puer monstrator aratri. Et teneram ab radice ferens, Silvane, cupressum, Dique deaeque omnes, studium quibus arva tueri, Quique novas alitis non ullo semine fruges, Quique satis largum caelo demittitis imbreni; Tuque adeo, quem mox quae sint habitura deorum Concilia, incertum est, urbesle inviseie, Caesar, Terrarumque velis euram, et te maxnumus orbis Auctorem frugum tempestatumque potentem Accipiat, cingens materna tempora myrto, 15 20 25 duced the culture of bees, and was the guardian of flocks and pastures.... Cui, for whom; i.e. by whose kindness.... Pinu ia, luxuriant.... Ceae, Cea, or Ceos. an island in the Aegean; and one of the Cyclades, was famous for its rich pastures. 15. Te* centun. A definite for an indefinite number to denote that the herd was numerous... Tonde, t, in the present, represents the god as still exercising his beneficial influence over the island.... l]umnteta, pastures, where clumps of bushes (dumi) grow. 16. Tpjse, very emphatic, gives rank and dignity to Pan superior to that of the Fanns, the Dryads, or even Aristaeus... r'athrim. Pan was said to have been born in Arcadia.... Saltus Lyjcaei. Mt. Lycaeus and Mt. Maenalus (vid. N. Ecl. X. 15 and 55) were sacred to Pan, as was also the city of Tegea, whence the epithet Tegaee, v. 18. 17. Tibi, curae. A. 233; G. 350; H. 390....Maenala, sc. sunt. 18. Favens, propitious.... Oleaeque Minerva inventrix: vid. N. on v. 12 above. 19. Puer, i. e. Triptolemus, son of Celeus, who was taught the art of ploughing by Ceres. 20. Ab tradice, upto from the root; i. e. root and all.... Silvane: vid. N. Ecl. ~X. 24. 21. After addressing individual deities, he concludes with an invocation to all in a body, lest any might, through forgetfulness, have been omitted, and hence be hostile to him....Sttudiunm: sc. est. What is its subject? 22. Novas, new, fresh, unknown.... No.n ullo seni ne (w.ithout any seed; i. e. that spring spontaneous) is opposed to satis in the next verse.... Ftrulce is put for productions of the earth generally. 24. Tuque adeo. After invoking the assistance of the recognized gods, the poet now invokes Caesar as already indeed a god with men.... Quers. after habitura sint, for which vid. G. 515; H. 496, II. N. 2. The two indefinites quem and quae make this a very awkward sentence to translate. 25. Urbesne invisere, to take the oversight, or tutelage, of cities.... Caesar: sc. Octavianus. 26. Curarn. Observe that velis is here used with the infin. invisere, and the accus. curam, in the same construction... Maxuzmus orbis = permagnus orbis terrarum, of course not including heaven. 27. Auctorem frugum, promoter of crops.... Tempestatcum (plur., A. 218, a; G. 373; H. 399, II), and lord of the weather. 28. Cinfens, etc. A fine image representing the whole human race as uniting to crown Caesar with a myrtle wreath.... Mfnterno my/rto. The myrtle was sacred to Venus, who was the mother of zEneas, 86G P. V-I R CGI L I I MIA R 0 XI S Ani deus inimensi venias maris, ac tua nautae Numinia sola colant., tibi serviat -Lltima Thule, Tequ~e sibi generum Tethys emat omnibus undis, Anne novum tardis sidus te mensibus -addas, Qua locus Erigonen inter Chielasque seqilentis Panditur; ipse tibi jam bracchia contrahilt ardenis Scorpios, et caeli justa plus parte reliquit; Quidquid eris,-naim te nec speranit Tartara regem, Nec tibi regnandi veniat tarn- dira cu-pido; Quamvis Elysios miretur Graecia canipos, Nec repetita sequl euret,,Proserpinia inlattremDa facilem cuirsum, atque audacibus adnue coeptis, 30 35, 40 and therefore the parent of the Julian gens. 29. Denes, the god, not a god.... Ve - ssias, you are to appar, or be oe. 30. Sola, alone....-Tibi. A. 227; G. 345; HI. 385, I.... Se'viat has peculiar force in representing the world as in abject subjection to Caesar....Ultinut Thtule. Thule was the name given by the ancients to the most northern land, but cannot be now positively determined. 31. _Tethys. wife of Oceanus, and mother of the Oceanides, or Ocean Nymphs, would willingly give Augtistus-, if he become god of the sea, one of hei daiighters in wedlock, and with her the whole sovereignty of the sea. 32. This verse alludes to the old belief that the souls of men were changed, at their death, into stars.... ai-dis 'nens~ilits refers to the summer months,when the days are longest. 33. Qua locus, etc. The poet is not content with placing the star of Octavianus among the signs of the Zodiac, but he does this in a manner the most flattering, by assigning him a position of distinction and credit, viz., next to Erigone, which sign is otherwise called Jt titia, or Astraea, or Virgo. This place was, in the old astronomnical systems, vacant, except that the claws (chelae) of the Scorpion extended over part of. it, till it should be occupied by some more important constellation. Now, therefore, the Scorpion shows his joy at the additipn of such a companion, and his alacrity in recei~ving this tie~v neighbor, by contracting his cla~vs even before it was necessary to do so. Libra was afterwards inserted in the empty space, and though Virgil knew of its insertion, still hie takes advantage of the ancient form of the Zodiacal table to com.pliment the Emperor, who is thus mnade to appear in that region where JUSTICe, and EQuITY hold 50 uy-~..Scquteuis,following, in the order of signs. 34. ipse... reliqitit: parenthetical. Ipse. voluntarily... (ontrahit: to make room for Caesar.... Ae-dents, bright, shining like a star; bpplied to the constellation, not the animal. 35..Jutsta 1)1)lts paste, more than a full share. Each sign occupied thirty degrees. The Scorpion leaves Caesar more. 36. Quidqutid e)-is, whatever you will' become; 1. e. whatever kind of a god you will decide to be,. L.Tarta-a, or Tartartis, was properly that part of the infernal regions where the wicked were punished, but here it isA put for the lowver world generally..38. Eltsios. The homes of the blessed, Vid.,Eu. VI. 638, eq.... Mireetst,', celebrate, paint in glowinycolors... Grruecia, i. e. Graeci, the Greeks, the Greek poets. 39. Repetita, demanded back.. NYee seqfu~i caret = nolit 8eu........Mate-ent, L. e. Ceres. 40. Da j'aciiem cur-sumn, grant me an, easy course; i. a. that I may run throuii~h my task with ease, comfort and success.. A metaphor taken from navigation Asetdacibus adnue coe~ptis-, favormv G E O R G I C ON LIB. I. 87 Ignarosque viae mecum miseratus agrestis Ingredere, et votis jam nunc adsuesce vocari. Vere novo, gelidus canis cum montibus humor Liquitur et Zephyro putris se glaeba resolvit, Depresso incipiat jam turn mihi taurus ayatro Ingemere, et sulco attritus splendescere vomer. Illa seges demum votis respondet avari Agricolae, bis quae solem, bis frigora sensit; Illius immensae ruperunt horrea messes. At prius ignotum ferro quam scindimus aequor, Ventos et varium caeli praediscere morem Cura sit ac patrios cultusque habitusque locorum, 45 50 daring undertaking; i. e. of being the first Latin poet to write on agriculture. For case: see tibi, v. 30. 41. lygaJf ros viner: sc. colendi agros..... ]Mec(ut, i. e., as I do. 42. l ngr'edere, begin; i. e. assume the god... tJauO nunec, already now; i. e. in anticipation of thy divinity. 43. We now enter on the precepts of the Georgics; and first, we have directions as to preparing the ground for the seed.... Veire iotovo, in the newly opened spring. Spring began with the Romans between the Nones and Ides of February, and continued till the middle of May. Plowing, however, was often commenced in the middle of January, when the weather grew somewhat mild.... Ca..is, white with snow and frost, snow covered.....Molftibus. A. 243, c; G. 388, R. 3; H. 412, 2..... Hzunor, water, just made from the melting of the snow, which is called gelidt.s, as opposed to the warmer and more genial showers of heaven. 44. ZepJhyro, by the (action of the) west wind.... Putris yleba, the noldering soil unbinds itself. 45. Depresso aretro, the deep pressed plow, i. e. by the ploughman.... 7Jam tulan, even then; i. e. so early.... Mithi: ethical dative; to be joined with incipiat..... Taurus = bos. 46. Sulco is to be joined with attiritus, worn by the furrow. 47. Segyes, corn-field..... Respoic(et, anvswers (i. e. comes up to) the expectations.... Avari. The husbandman is here called avarus because he is not easily satisfied and grumbles at a small crop. 48. i.s sensitfr i/oora. The common practice was to plow three times, in spring, summer, and autumn, but where the soil was strong there was another ploughing in the autumn of the previous year. To this mode 47 and 48 refer. 49. Illius, sc. segetis, of that field.... liuperunt, have burst: hyperbolical. The perfect is sometimes found, as here, instead of the present to express what is habitual and customary, are wont to burst; i. e. they have done so-they do burst barns now, and therefore probably will do so in the future. A. 279, c; G. 228, R. 2; H. 471, 5. 50. Before ploughing learn the nature and quality of the soil... 'rizus is to be joined with qual.... Igulotum, unknownn; i. e. of which the properties are not known.... Scidinmu.s, break up, or in, as our farmers say. The regular word is proscindere... Aequor, surface of the soil. 51. Ventos, the prevailing winds.... Vac,1riu m norem caeli = aeris naturam, character of the weather, for rain, temperature, etc. 52. Ciera sit... locorum, Let care be taken to learn beforehand the appropriate (partrios) modes of cultivation, and the peculiar (patrios) character of indi-,,idual localities. Patrios applies to both cultus and habitus. 1.88 P. T'IR.GIL11 MAR ONIS Et quid quaeque ferat regio, et quid quaeque recuset. Hic segetes, illic veniunt felicius uvae; Arborei fetus alibi, atque injussa viresceunt Gramiina. Notmne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores, India mittit ebur, molles sua tura Sabaei, At Chialvbes nudi ferrum, virosaque Pontus Castorea, Eliadum pulmas Epiros equarum? Continuo hlas leges aeternaque foedera certis Imposuit natura locis, quo tempore primurn IDeuc~alion vacuum lapides jactavit in orbem', Unde homines, nati, diurum genus. Ergo age, terrae Pingue solum primis extemplo a mensibus anni Fortes, invert-an t tauri, glaebasque jacentis Pulverulenta coquat inaturis, so'libus aestas; 55 60 65 53. _Et quid, and what (plants).. ()uaeque, each. We must learn what crop is best suited to the field. 54. Segetes, crops ofgrain.... Veniunt =crescent. 55. Airborei fetus, i. e. fruit trees.... Injussa, nwt sown = ponte. 56. NYonne vides, ut. In prose we would have the subj. mode after ut, instead of the indic. as here.... Cvoceos odores = aro ns odoratum.... Trnolus: *a mountain of Lydia, famed for its wine, its walnuts, chestnuts, and citrons; and here, by Virgil, for its saffron. 57. India uiattit ebur, from her abundance of elephants... 8ua tura, the frankincense peculiarly their own. The ancients believed that it was found only among the Sabaeans, or inhabitants of Arabia Felix, who are called molles, (effeminate), a, term constantly applied to Asiatics. 58. (Chalybies (xcakv4', steel). The Chslybes lived on the eastern shore of the Euxine, above Armenia, and were, famous for their Iron manufacture.... Nudi,.lightly clad, shows them working at the forge....Virosa, strong smelling... Pontus, a well known district of Asia.Minor, bordering on the Euxine. 59. Castorea.; not castor oil, hut an.animal substance obtained from the beaver, and much valued as a medicine -among the ancients.... Eliadlunt pal mas, etc. Eplrus, the palms (i. e. which hear away the palms at the olympic games celebrated in Elis) of Elian mares, as mares were considered swifter than male horses. 60. Continuo, at once; i. e. from the very first; to be taken with quo tentpor)e, when....- Has leges. Has applies to foedera also. A. 187; G. 286; H. 439, 1..... Foedera, conditions. 62. Deucalion... ge-nus. This refers to the old legend of Deucalion and Pyrrha throwing stones behind them after the deluge, from which men and women sprung up.... Vacuum; on account of the deluge.... Or-bern, world. 63. Dui urn qenus, a laborious race...Nati: sc. sunt.... _Eigo age. The poet now resumes the subject of ploughing which was interrupted by the digression at v. 50. 64. Pingue solumg soil that is rich. Pingue is emphatic, as is shown by v. 67. 65. Fortes, the strong; indicating that the ploughing is to be heavy. Note the force of the spondees in expressing the exertion of the oxen In drawing the plough... J~acentis, lying exposed. 66. Coquat, bakes, i. e. dries and pulverizes.... Miaturis, mature, ripe; I. e. at their greatest heat.... Solibus; in the plural to express either great intensity of heat, or the suns of successive days. GEORGICON LIB. I. 89 At si non fuerit tellus fecunda, sub ipsum Arcturum tenui sat erit suspendere sulco: Illic, officiant laetis ne frugibus herbae, Hic, sterilem exiguus ne deserat humor arenam. 70 Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales, Et segnem patiere, situ durescere campum; Aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra, Unde prius laotum siliqua quassante legumenw Aut tenuis fetus viciae tristisque lupini 75 Sustuleris fragilis calamos silvamque sonantem. Urit enim lini campum seges, urit avenae, Urunt Lethaeo perfusa papavera somno: 67. Si non tellus feeunda, but if the tato sidere. The most proper interland be not rich, it should receive different pretation of this passage. taking vv. 210-11 treatment.... luerit, shall have been; and 219-21 into comparison with vv. 71 i. e. proved....Sub ipsumn Arcturume, and 72 is: "Let the land bear produce at the very rising of Arcturus, i. ce. on the every year, but on alternate years let the nones of September. crop be a leguminous one: then, as the 68. Tenui s.uspendere sulco, sc. tel- sowing time for beans is spring, and for lurem, to turn it up in a slight furrow; grain, autumn, you will put in your corn i. e. to plough it lightly. in the autumn of that same year in which 69. Illic; i. e. in pingui solo.... Offi- you have gathered your leguminous ci~ait. A. 317; G. M545, 3; H. 497, II.... crops." lHerbae, noxious herbs, weeds. 74. Prius, previously....Quassante, 70. Hic; i. e. in solo sterili....Exi- rattling; thus indicating its ripeness.... fluus humor, the scanty moisture. The liefumeine, the bean. poor land is not to be ploughed in spring, 75. Tenuis, small in comparison with in case the great heat dry up all the the bean.... Fetus, seeds, lit., fruits.... moisture during the summer, but it is to Tnistis, bitter; referring to the taste and be opened up lightly on the conclusion of not its appearance. "The bitterness of the warm weather, and the approach of the seeds is the chief objection to this winter. vegetable as an article of food." Daubeny. 71. We now come to fallow lands.... 76. Frayilis, brittle; when dry..... Alter*nis: sc. vicibus...Idem, like- Silvam sonantem, rattling crop. Alwise; lit., you the same person... Ton- luding to the noise made by the dry crop sas, mown, cleared of their crops.... No- when gathered in. The construction is: vales: sC. terras. This term is properly Ant ibi seres flava farra, mutato sidere, applied to land cultivated for the first unde prius sustuleris laetum legumen silitime, after having been just cleared, quassante, ant tenuis fetus viciae que Here, however, it is applied to land that fragilis calamos que sonantem silvam lies fallow every other year, and is thus, tristis lupini. as it were, renewed. 77. Do not alternate flax, oats, or poppies 72. Sefiemt, sluggish, devoid of life and with other heavy crops.... Urit, exhausts. activity; i. e. exhausted... Situ, by re-....Enim, certainly. Heyne and Wagner pse, by being idle.... Dure.scere, to suppose an ellipsis, as-I would not advise harden; as it does by lying untilled. that land, needing to be recruited, be 73. A rotation of crops will also refresh sown with flax, etc., for a crop of flax the land.... bi, there, i.e. in the lands burns the soil.....4reiae: sc. seges. which would o.terwise lie fallow.... MIu- 78. Lethaeo. Lethe, the river of 90 P. VIPi GIL11 NlAR, ONIS Sed timen alteruis facilis labor; arida tantrum Ne saturare fimo pingui pudeat sola, Reve Effetos cinaerem. ivimu-ndum. jactare per agros. Sic quoque mutatis requiescunt fetibus arva, Nec nulla intcrea est inaratae gratia terrac. Saepe etiam sterilis incendere 4i'ofuit agros Atque levem stipulam. crepitanatibu's urere flammis., Sive inde occultas viris et pabitla terrae Pinguia concipiunt; sive RlES omne per ignem. Excoquitur v itium, atque exsudat inutilis humor; Sen pluris calor jill vias et caeca relaxat Spiramielita, novas veniat qua sucus in herbas; Sen durat magis, et venas adstringit hiantis, Ne tenues pluviac, rapidive potentia soils Acrior., aut Boreac penetrabile frigus adurat. Multum adeo, rastris glaebas qui fraingit inertis 80 85' 90 ohilvion, was in the infernal regions, hcnce poppies from their narcotic qualities are said to he sprinkled with sleep, called Lethean. 79. Sed tamnen. These words introduce a restriction on the precepts of v. 73, seq....Altern-tis; sc. an is... Labor-, toil on thie soil, not on the husbanciman..... Tantemnz, pnl. 80. Ne pudeaft, SC. te, let it not repent thee, i. e. do not be afraid... Solve. Solum is rarely used in the plural as here. The sense is: " But still the plan of growing light and heavy crops in alternate years causes but small strain on the soil, provided that you are, not modest in supplying rich manure." 81. -Effetos, worn ou.... Cinerem. wood ashes. 132. sic, thus... Qutoque, algo, as well as by the plan of fallowing. 83. Nee nulla gratia, nor Is there the thankle~ssneses (i. e. unproductiveness) of unpioughed land. There is not the want of return which would arise from the land being untilled. 84. It Is profitable also to burn the stubble in the fields.... Saepe modifies profueit....8Sterils agvos, fields producing lIttl; 1. e.' burn the stubble on them. 85. Observe the quick dactylic rhythm as well suited to express the quick and lively crackling of the flames. 86. Sive inde, either from that. Four advantages are now given which flow from this fiery ordeal.... Inde, from the burning.... Vi;*is et jpabula. This is, in fact, the true reason. 87. Sive, or.... fihis, from them; governed by ex in composition. 88. Vitiunm, every hurtful quality.... -itutilis humor, baneful moisture. 89. Seie, or... Calor) ille, the heat thus applied. Note the force of the pronoun..... Vias, channels. 90. Spir)amnenta ceacca, undetected pores.... Feiviat qua = ut ea veniat. A. 317; G. 632; R. 497, I; 445, 5. 91. Seu, or....Dui at: sc. ten-as Ve-nes adstringit hiantis, binds the gaping veins closely. 92. Tenues, fne, penetrating.... Itapidli, hot, scorching; lit., swif t in motion, therefore heat-exciting. 93. A crio,-, fiercer....Penetrabile, penetrating.... A du)-at: se. eas = terras. A zeugma. This verb must be translated harm, with pluviae; smite with 2)0 -tev-mt ia; blast with frigus. 94. We now have directions for preparing the ground after ploughing.... M1ul GEORGICON LIB. I. 91 Vinmincasque trahit cratis, juvat arva; neque ilium Flava Ceres alto nequidquam spectat Olympo; Et qui, proscisso quae suscitat aequore terga, Rursus in obliquum verso perrumpit aratro, Exercetque frequen s tellurem, atque imperat arvis. Ilumida solstitia atque hie'mes orate screnas, Agricolae; hiberno laetissirna pulvere farra, Laetus a-,ger: nullo tantum se Mysia cultu. Jactat et ipsa suas mirantur Gargara miessis. Quid dicam, jacto qui semine commninus arva Insequituir cumulosque ruit male pinguis arennae, Deinde satis fluvium. inducit rivosque sequentis, 95 100 105 turn adeo, much to.... iBastris, Vid. N. on Eel. IV, 40... lis Tertis, inactive, unproductive until broken in pieces. 95. Vimiineas eivstis, osier hurdles. This refers to hush harrows which were drawn over the field after the rastrum had been used, to still farther pulvcrize the shattered clods. 96. Flava Ceres, the yellow ('trese; so called from the golden hue of ripening grain.... Nequidquarn sptuectat, regard him to nopuipose; i. e. she gives him an abundant crop.... Olympo: sc. ad. 97. Ft qui; i. e. illsjuvat arva, qul.... Proscisso aequore, when the plain is broken, up. To break in land at first was proscindere; to plough it the second time was ofringere; and the third, lirare... Terga, ridges, wvhich the plough raises between two furrows. 98. In obliquum, crosswise.... Perr~umrit refers to autumn plonghing. 99. Exercet, tils...Frequetts, constantly. A. 191; G.3824,H. 6; Ii. 443... inqperat arvwis, lords it over his fields. This verb suggests the Idea of restraint, strictness, and severity, and is therefore peculiarly applicable here. The construction of this passage is: (ille etiam juvat arva) qui aratro verso in obliquarm rurgus perrumpit terga quae suscitat aequore proscisso. que, etc. 100. We now come to another division of the subject In which are detailed those things necessary to be attended to after sowing, and begins with the kind of weather the husbandman should pray for.....HIumnida salstitia., moist summers. Solstitium is properly the summer solstice, but is here put for the whole summer. 101. -Hiberno pulvere, by the dust of winter.... Farra: se. suet. As our Jiarch dust and April showlers are highly valued by modern farmers, so dry winters and moist summers were looked upon by an ancient Italian as the precursors of an abundant harvest. 102. Nullo cultu, on no culture; i. e. the crops are due to the effect of climate and not to any superior plan of agriculture....Mysia was a fertile district in the N. W. of Asia Minor, on the Hellespout, at the foot of the range of which Mt. (Gargcaia was the most conspicuous point. 103. Jsaetat se, prides it..y..-.. psa, Gargara, Gargara for the same reason. 104. Quid dicausa (sc. de to)(Ji W-hat shell I say of him, who, implying that he who pursues such a course does well.... Conzyninits, immediately. 105. Intsequtitur, pursues. This verb means to be perseveringly anxious to overtake one's end or object, and so here it signifies to be constant, in preparing the fields by the most untiring and thorough work.... Ruit, breaks down the clods so as to cover the seed.... Ma~le pinguis, uselessly rich.iL e. as long as it is in clods, which were called inerlis in v. 94. as they were useless in vegetation until broken. 106. He now speaks of irrigation. NAStis: sc. segetibus, upon the sO n corn.. Ptyuriusle: i. a. a copious stream... Dt 92) P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Et, cum oxustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis, Ecce supercilio clivosi tramitis undam Elicit? illa cadeng raucum per levia murmur Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva. 110 Quid, qui, no gravidis procu~mbat culmus aristis, Luxuriem segetumn tenera depascit in herba, Cum-primum sulcos aequant sata? quique paludis Collectum. humorem bibula deducit arena, Praesertim incertis si mensibus am-nis abundans 115 Exit, et obducto late tenet omnnia limo, Undo cavae tepido sudant humore lacunae? Nec tamen, haoc cum sint hominumque boumquo labores Versando terrain experti, nihil improbus auser Strymo-niaeque grues et amaris intuba fibris 120 ducit, leads....Sequtentis, following wherever they are led. 107. -Et, and (again).... Exttstuts, parched. He speaks of the field as of a man worn out by the heat.... Aestuat, pants; as in a glow.... Ilerbis, blades of corn, not grass. 108. Ecece, ere you have ti to think. Observe the animation which ecce adds to t he description.... Supercitio is governed by e in composition.... Clivosi tr-aritis, i. e. of the hill down which the course of the water Is led. 10.9. -171h: sc. unda.... Leviar, from evis,8smooth, on account of the frequent descent of the water. 110. Scattebris, with its bubbling streams.... Temper-at, refreshes. 111. Qutidl: vid. v. 104.....Ne, a)sistis, lest the stalks should lodge by reason of the heavy ears. 112. Luxuriem seqetum, the luxuriance of the corn....T'Ine)-a in Iherba =dum herba est tenera. 113. Curn p)-imum, etc., when the crops make the furrows level; I. e. by filling the spaces between the ridges. These three verses apply to depasturing, which was practised when the grain grew too fast... - Qutique = qute (quid dicem de eo) qul1..114. Collectum humorens, stagnant water.... Bibnlaz arensa, by means6 of the bibulous sand, which drinks up the moist ure. There are three interpretations of this passage: 1st, water is drawn off by a furrow or ditch, to a sandy place, where it is absorbed; 2nd, tt may refer to the drains, which are to be half filled with sand and gravel; 3rd, it may refer to the soil, and mean from the spongy sand. 115. Incerttis msensibus, in the uncertain monthe of spring, when the weather cannot be depended on.116. Exit, ove...ow... Ten oet, occuIpse. 117. Jfnde,whence.... Su#d-aist,8steam; under the hot sunn.... Lacunae, furrows between the ridges. 118. All these things, however, will not p~roduce an abundant crop; the fields must be kept free from birds and other mischievous things. From the consideration of the constant care and toil to which the husbandman is thus condemned, the ptoet is naturally led to speak of the Golden Age, when such toil was not.... Nec is to be joined with nihil in the next verse, considerably.... (Jum, although.... Sint experrti. A. 326; G. 589; H. 515, MI. 119. Versando ter)rain, in cultivating the gon.......Improbus, greedy: niot necessarily wicked.... Anser. The wild,goose, which was so voracious as to tear up plants, root and all. 120. Strymoniae grues. Cranes frequented the Strymon, a river of Thrace; and, at the approach of winter, migrated from it to Greece in great numbers.... GEORGICON LrB. I. 93 Officiunt ant, nmbra nocet. Pater ipse colendi Haud facilem esse viam voluit, primusque per artem Movit agros, curis acuens mortalia corda, Nee torpere gravi passus sua regna veterno. Ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni; Ne signare quidem ant partiri limite campnm Fas erat: in~medinm quaerebant, ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nuul poscente, ferebat. Jie malnrn virus serpentibus addidit atris, Praedari que 1upos j ussit, pon tumqne moveri, Mellaque decnssit foijis, ignemque removit, Et passim rivis curirentia vina repressit, Ut varias usus meditando extunderet artis Paulatim, et sulcis frnmenti quaereret herbam, Ut silicis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem. Tune alnos primum fiuvii senscre cavatas; 125 130 1 35a Intuba, sucory... Asaris flbris, withitts bitter fibres; abi. of description. The succory would be injurious both directly, as a weed, and indirectly, as attracting geese, which are fond of it. 121. Uinbra, the shade of trees and useless plants.... 1Pater ijpse, Jupiter was king during the silver age, when toil began. 122. Fiam, colendij path of agricullure....Haudl voluit, did not w.ill.... Primus, first of those who ruled the w...d.... Per artem, by skill of men, as it no longer produced spontaneously. 123. Movit, moved; i. e. caused to be moved or ploughed.... Curis, by cares; i. e. by anxiety respecting obtaining food..... M1ortalia corda,, the minds of mn; for many believed the seat of intelligence and feeling to be in the heart. 124. -Passues: sc. e.t..... Sua regua, I. e. mankind, over whom be ruled. 125. Ante e7ovem, i. e. in the Golden Age, under the reigon of Saturn.... Subigjebanst, subdued by tillage. 16. Signare, sc. limite; for private farms. A. 151, e; H. 569, III. 2. 127. In medium quaerebant, they sought all thlngsfor the common benefit... ITpsa, spotaneously. 12. Liberius, more freely than when cultivated.... N2ulto poscente = nullo cogente. 129. _11e, Jupiter.... Atris ( — diris), fell; refers to their qualities, not theitr colors. 130. Lupos, wolves; pnt for beasts of prey generally.... Pontum moveri: sc. procellis. 131. 31ella decussit foliis, he dashed from. the leaves the honey, which formerly dropped from them, and was another mark of "the good old times" of the Golden Age....Ignernque removit; L. e. hid it in the veins of the flint, so that ingenuity was required to force it out. 132. Passirn and rivis are to be construed with eurrentia. This is a poetic hyperbole to denote the great abundance of %vine in the Golden Age.... Rlepressit', confined in their fountains. 133. U7t, in order that.... fIsues, necessity, which is " the mother of inventions."... Mleditando, by study.... -Extunderet, might hammer out: a bold metaphor. 134. Suicis, by means of furros.... Ilerbam, = segetem. 135. Fenis..Yid. X~n. VI. 7 in venis silicis.... Abstrusum; i. e. by Jupiter. 136. Tunc, then navigation commenced.... Amnos. The clder tree grew abun 94 P. VIR GIL II MA R O NIS INavita turn stellis numeros et nornina fecit, Pleiadas, Hyadas, clararnqte Lycaonis Arcton; Turn laquleis captare feras, et fallere visco Inventum, et magnos canibus circumdare saltus. Atque alius latum funda jam verberat amnern, Alta petens, pelagoque alius trahit humida lina. Turn ferni rigor atque argutae lamina serrac,Nam Primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignumTunm variae venere artes. Labor omnia vicit Improbus et dunis urguens in rebus egestas. Prima Ceres ferro mortalis vertere terrain Justituit., cum jam glandes atque arbuta sacrac 140 145 dantly on the margin of rivers, and in marshy places, and hence presented a ready material for making canoes: here ships in general are of course meant.... Seinsevte, felt the weight of. 137. Navita. Referring- to the progress of navigation, when they ventured on the open sea, andl guided their course by the stars.... Fecit nisumeros stellis. This does not mean " counted all the stars," hut " grouped all the stars " into constellations, "1and named them." Facere noen alioni is a phrase = nomen dare alicui, to which numeros is added here by a kind of zeugma. 138. This verse is, of course, mainly in apposition to nomina, but it may have also a reference to numneros,,as it is itself a sort of enumeration.... Plesiadas. Seven stars in the neck of Taurus, represented in mythology as the daughters of Atlas. They were of the greatest consequence to mariners, as they marked the be-ginning and the end of the sailing season.... H1yadas, from lien, to rain, were seven stars in the head of Taurus, whose rising was attended with daily rains.... Aircton, called Ursa major, and Septemtrio by the Romans; and by our own astronomers, "The Great Bear," " The Plough," or " Charles' Wain. " 139. Hunting also was then invented.... Fe~ras includes birds.... Fallere: sc. ave8s from feras.... Yisco.' withs lsrd-limte, which was made from the berries of the mistletoe. 140. Invcntum: sc. eel. What is the subjects?....Canibiis, with huntingdogs. 141. Fishing too was invented.... o idar, a casting net. This was of a funnel shape, hav~ing pieces of lead in the bottom to sink it. The net was thrown swiftly from behind, and over the right shoulder, into the water; hence the force of vevbe-,)wt, lashes. Our phrase " whip the stream" is similar. 142. Alta petens, sleein the depthis; i. e. the deepest part of the river.... Teleseo: se. in.... Linas, drag-nets. 143. mmti fer-n =io rigidum fer. rum: se. inventumn est, from v. 140.... Arg-uftee, shrilt.... Setrree. The sawwas said to have been suggested to Daedalus, or his nepbew Perdix, by examining the back-bone of a fish. 144. Prinim, the ancients of the golden age.... Fissile, easily 8plit; it did not need steel instruments. 146. -Imp~robuspersevering.... Egestess, necessity. 147. The poet now returns by a gradual and natural connection to the subject proper, and introduces Ceres as one to whom is due the credit of a useful finveintion. The whole connection is-before Jupiter there was no tillage but tnuder his reign various arts and sciences were invented, and especially that of agriculture.... Primina, first. The invention of agriculture is usually ascribed to this goddess.... Fei-ro, with iron instruments. 148. In.,titu it, taught.... GIindes atque ar~busa are nomn. to (leftcer-eaat. GEORGICON LIB. 1. 95 Deficerent silvae et victum Dodona negaret. Mox et frumentis labor additus, ut mala culmos Esset robigo 8egnisque horreret in arvis Carduus; intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, Lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta Infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avenae. Quod nisi et adsiduis herbam insectabere rastris, Et sonitu terrebis aves, et ruris opaci Falce premes umbram, votisque vocaveris imbrem, Heu, magnum alterius frustra spectabis acervum, Concussaque famerm in silvis solabere quercu. Dicendum et, quae sint duris agrestibus arma, Quis sine nec potuere seri nec surgere messes: Vomis et inflexi primum grave robur aratri, Tardaque Eleusinae matris volventia plaustra, 150 155 160. The verse refers to the time when men lived solely on the fruits of the trees, and especially on acorns.... Sacrae: because dedicated to some god. 149. Deficere)nt, failed.... Dodona, famous for its groves of oak, is put for oak groves generally. 150. Labor, calamity, trouble.... Additits: sc. est. 151. Esset: from edere, to eat. A. 140; G. 187; H. 291.... tobil.o mala,, destructive mildew; that reddish and fine dust which collects on corn and wastes its strength.... Segni.s, unproductive, as it were the symbol of inactivity, growing up where the field is left to itself.... Ilorres'et, bristled up. This is very descriptive of the thistle, armed all over with strong prickles. 152. Intereunti segetes. Observe the change in the mood, and the animation thus expressed.... Susit, comes up in its stead.... Silva, grove; for "crop" of plants growing thickly together. 158. Lappaeque tribuliqiue, both burrs and caltrops. These form the aspera silva. The tribulus is a prickly shrub which presents three thorns in whatever direction it may be turned.....Inter nitentiu culta: sc. arva. 154. Vid. N. on Ecl. V. 37. 155. Quod = propter quo....... Adsi d(tis = assidue. A. 191; G. 324, R. 6; H. 443.... Herbam, weeds. 157. Uimbraan. This refers either to the shade made by the fruit-trees planted through the fields, or to the forest-trees which formed the borders of the fields.... Votis. Vows were paid to Jupiter Pluvius. 158. If the above advice is not taken, the farmer will have reason to repent his neglect, when he sees another, who acted on the injunctions, blessed with an abundant harvest. 160. We now come to the subject of agricultural implements.... Dicendutn: sc. est mihi...A rm (, implements, is used of all kinds of tools. 161. Quis sine = sine quibus.... Potuere = possunt. 162. Vomits, ploughshare. Vomer is the more usual form.... Primnfnm,first in the enumeration of implements I name the plough.... Grave rohurt, the ponderoys strength. A strong and heavy plough was necessary for the rich and heavy soil of Italy. 163. Tarda = tarde..... Eleusinae nmatris. Ceres was chiefly worshiped at Eleusis..... Plaustra. The plaustrum was a wagon set on two, and sometimes on three or four wheels, and used e;pecially in the country for farming operations. 96 P. VIRGILII JiARONIS Tribulaque, traheaeque, et iniquo pondere rastri; Virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex, Arbuteae crates et mystica vannus Jacchi. Omnia quae multo ante memor provisa repones., Si te digna manet divini gloria runis. Continuo in silvis magna vi flexa domatur In burim et curvi formam accipit ulmus aratri. iluic ab stirpe pedes temo protentus in octo, Binae aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso. 165 170 164. Tnibitla. The tribulum was a machine for threshing corn; it is still used by the Turks. It consisted of a wooden platform, having the under side made rough with iron spikes or sharp stones. It was drawn over the grain, and stones were often laid on it to increase the weight...T.-aheae. The, tra/sea was a drag, or sledge, without wheels, usually drawn after the tribulum to complete the threshing process.... Iniquo, excess8ive...lt-astvi. The rests-rn served the purpose of a rake, forkc, and hoe combined. The head had two, three, or four prongs, arranged like the teeth of a modern rake. 165. Virqgea v'il'lsque supellex, the osier and cheap furniture; I. e. for the cheap osler furniture.... (Jelei. Celeus, the father of Triptolemus, was instructed by Ceres in the mode of making wicker. work implements, such as hurdles, bas. kets, cheese-strainers, etc. 166. Crates. Vid. v. 95 above.....The vannu~s, fan, or winnowing basket, was used for cleaning corn. 167. Miulto ante, sc. quam urus ert, long before they are neded... Memor, provisa, end reponis are all emphatic, and are equal to-you will remember that all these things are necessary; you will prepare them hefore they are actually -needed; and you will lay them up in store, so as to be ready as soon as required. 168. Divini. The country Is so called on account of the great number of deities who were supposed to reside In it, or at least to take delight in It. 169. He now describes the dlffe1rent parts of the plough.... Continsuo., at once: relating back to the time of taking the first step toward the construction of the plough.... In silvis. The young elm, while yet in the woods, is hent and made to grow into the required shape.... Domatur, is subdued into; i. e. is bent. 170. IFn burirn, the plough beans. This was a curved piece of wood, to the lower part of which, the pole (temo), the mouldhoards (aure.s) and the share-head, or share-beam (dentalia), were fastened. 171. if-sic: sc. bus-s.....Ab stirpe, at its base.... Tepno, the pole. The cut will show the different partis of the plough. THE P101GI. A. the lfurls; B. the dentale; C. the vo. mer; D. a support to render the buns and temo more steady; E. the aure8; F. the 8tiva; G. the temo. 172. Aures,, the mould-boards, which served to widen the furrow, and throw the earth up higher....Dentalia. The dentale, the share-beam, was a piece of- wood fastened horizontally on the lower end of the bus-I, and to which the share was fitted. It is not certain whether it was one solid piece of timber, with a space to admit the end of the bus-I, or two pieces, fastened GEORGICON LIB. 1. Caeditur et tilia ante jugo levis, altaqtie fagus Stivaque, quae currus a tergo torqueat irnos; Et suspensa focis explorat robora fumus. Possum multa tibi veteruim praecepta referre, Ni refugis tenuisque piget cognoscere curas. Area curn prirnis ingenati aequanda cylindro Et Yerterida manu et creta solidanda teriaci, No subetant herbae, neu pulvere victa fatiscat, Turn variae hiludant pestes: saepe exiguus mus Sub terrfis posuitque domos atque borrea fecit; 97 175 180 one onl each,.'de of the hurls, and running to a point.... Di)#pirl dlot-so. According to Daubtny, the dentate is a share of wood, made double by a share of iron placed over it, so as to realize the duplex dorsumn.-Con. 173. Anite. Vid. N. on v. 167.... Jitqo. The juqeum was a tpiece of wood, into which the temowas fitted, and which wvent over the necks of the oxen, whIch drew by means of it. It was nearly thle same as a modern " ox-yoke.".. Lcros,.... -Faflits stivaquie, se. caeditur; i e. stiva fagina caeditur, an~d the tall beech and the plough handle;- hendiadys for "a tall beech for a plough-hiandle." 174. Qttac torquteat = ut ea torqueat..... (url-us(, the machine; so called on acconnt of the wheel.... Imos seems to refer to the lower surface of the sharebeam, nowv called the sole. 175. When the wood for making, the plough had been cut, it was to be hung Up where the smoke would search or dry (explorat) it, and test (pn3obaf) it before it was used.. -. Iobora, the cut wood; viz, the material for these impleements. 176. We -now have directions as to some of the less common appliance-,-of- au~ricultu re, and many precepts are to be learned; for instance, the area, or threshing-floor. should be made thoroughly smooth and hard, that it may not gape, and leave room for weeds, and then for animals of all kinds... TVhi, I. e. Maecenas, who is addressed throughout as the ideal reader....Referre, to relate. 17'7. Ni reu;q ff you do not decline to lhear them.- - - - Piget: se. te. -..- Cturas, Caresg; i. e. work to be done. 178. Area. The threshing-floor was a p~lace in the open field, somewhat elevated, so that it might not be sheltered in the least from the wind. It was usually round, high in the center, and sloping towards, the circumference, that aran might not lie on it. It was made hard and firm... CiriptS 2s'untis, antng youryfrst operations.. - Cilzi~idi-o. The cylindrus was -a roller, either a stone shaped for that purpose, or the fragment of a pillar, or a grindingstone. 179. Ver-tenda, to be turned with the hand; i.ea. to be worked up by hand, before the roller is applied.... Crseta, chalk = a's-illha, polle 's earth. The clay was first to be worked with the haned to render it toegh; then creta was mixed with it to make it harden and bake; and, lastly, the compound was to be rolled with the cylindrus; hence we have here a hysteron proteroe. 180. Ne sutbeanjt herbae. These precautions are taken that grass may not grow in it, and that it may not crack.... Puiecere (= siccitate), heat of summer that makes dust. 181. Tit it (== et turn), and then; i. e. in case it crack..-.Inliedapit, mtock. baWe your effdts.-... -Pestes, L.e. aDoxiotus little anitnals and other vermin called pests, as injuring the floor and annoying the huslbandnian EX. Eri tuess mus. Quir~tiflian, VIII 3, 20, justly" observes that not only the epithet, 'but the monosyllabic ending of the verse, beautifully expresses the littleness of the animal. 182. Positit and fecit are aoristic perfects. Vid. N. onv.49 above..- Otte.. atqtte, both... and also. 98 P. VJRGILII M~ARONIS Aut oculis capti fodere cubilia, tal ~ae; Inv ntu que~ a~ s b fo, et q uae p urim a tcrrae Mlonstra ferunt; populatque ingentem farris acervum 185 Curcufijo, atque i nopi metuens formica senectae. Contemplator item, u s u pluiima silvis Jnduiet in floreimn et ramo's cnurvabi~t olentis: Si superant fetus, pariter frumenta seq uentur, Mlagnaque eum magno yeniet tritura ealore; 190 At si luxuria foliorum exuberat u'mbra, Nequidquarhi pinguis palea teret area culmois. Semina Aridi equidem inultos mnedicare sereiitis Et nitro prius et nigra perfundere amiUrga, Grandior ut fetus siliquis fallacibus esset, 195 Et, qamvis igni exigno porta maderent. Vidi lecta diti et multo speetata labore 183. Oculis capti, lit, injured in the eyes; i. e. blind. This is the ancient idea; but careful observation has discovered that moles have good eyes, though small and mach covered over.... Talpae, moles. 184. Inaventtas: sc. est.... liafo, the toad. It is said. that this word does not occur anywhere else in the classics.... Qwre plses-ima, and the unsightly creature which the earth produces in great numbers. 186. C(Jurculip, the wteevil... IopiA se-,nectae, i. a. hiemi. It 'is said that ants live for one year only, so that winter is the old age of their brief existence....3letotens, being anxious about. It is well known that the ancients were in error about the habits of the ant, wvhich has no storehouses, and remains torpid during the greater part of the winter.-Con. 187. The indications of a good or bad harvest are now given.'... C~ontem~plator,t observe, take omn..... Nutx, the al od tree.... Plurinatt agrees with nuix, but =plurimum, very abundantly. 188. Induet se in flor-em, shall clothe itself with flowers. The tree is said to retire, as it were, beneath its covering of blossoms.... Curvabit, will bend under its load of blossoms.... Olenesits,fragrqnt. 189. Fetus, i. e. the embryo fruit in the blossoms... Pariter, In equal abundance. 190. Veniet: sc. agricolis 191. Luxuria, by reason of the large number.... E~xuibes~at uimbra, the shade is dense. 192. Nequidq insmn modifies teret.... PaL~'a, in char' (only), modifies pinfjuis. G. 389, 3; H1.421, 11. 193. On medicating,Iseeds before sowing-. Semissia. The seeds of Iceguminous plants are meant, as eiliqwis fallacibus shows, thoug~h the seeds of other plants were prepared In the same manner.... Medicare, to prepare by steeping.... Seren tis, when, preparing to soew. Observe the peculiar force of the present participle as indicatlug the commencement of an action. 194. Nitro. This is not our nitre, but natro (soda), or potagh....iPritts, i. c. before sowing.... Amurga. The scum of olive oil. 195. Two reasons are given for steeping the seeds.. Siliquis: dat. of possessor. Fall,1acibus. The pods are called deceptive, because, theugh large, they often contain ve-ry small seeds. 196. Pr-operu)-ta agreeing with sew tina~ -=properato modifying maderent, might boil. Translate, and that they might boil quickly. although with little fire. 197. The largest seeds must be selected every year.... V141, repeated from v'. 193, renders the sentence more-a~jmated than GEORGICON LIII. I. Degenerare tamen, ni vis burnana quot annis Mlaxurna quacque manu legeret. Sic omnia fatis Iii pejus ruere, ac retro -sublapsa referri; Nom- aliter, quam qui tAdverso vix flumine leimbum. Remi'iis subigit, Si brachia forte remisit, Atqu~ illurd-in praeeeps prono rapit alvetis anini. Praeterea tarn sunt Areturi sidera -nobis Ilaedorurnque dies servandi et lucidus Anguis, Q uani quibus in patriam, ventosa per acquora, veetis Pontus et ostriferi fauees temptantur Abydi. Libra die sommiqms pares ubi fecerit horas, Et medium luci atque umbris jam dividit orbemi, 99 2i0 0 205 a conjunction would do....I. eeta, sc. semina, picked..... Specteata, examined; i. e. -while tbeing selected: 19S. Vis hIitumnair 1 hoinum, opera= horniees. 199. Jl(xttma qlurrequte, cc. seminia, all the largest. "From this slight matter, the poet rises into a general reflection upon the tendency of all things to decay, unless constant care is bestowed on their, Isreservation." 2 0 0. I j s o t t e w r e. s e e A. 215; G. 650; H. 536, 1. The snbject is omvnia.... Iletro referri. Jietro is often thus used pleonastically with verbs beginnitug with re. The figure is taken from a hbat rowed against the stream: ivhen the motion of the oars ceases, the boat is borne downward by the current. Observe the spoadees, expressing difficulty.. 201. Quam qtti, than (he is), who.....A cverso fiumine: i. e. up stream. 202. Jlezniriiq. The plural of this word is very seldom used as equal to re.d..... Su big it, drives, rows up. 203. Atqute connects iref'slitus (to be supplied after brachia remis1) an d ratpi t. The order of this troublesome passage is omnia sublapsa. referri non aliter quam (is), qui vix subigit lembum adverso finmine (retro sublapsus refertur) atque alveus rapit i1lium (virum) in praeceps prono amni, si forte remisit brachia. "Not otherwise than he, who is struggling with all his might to force his boat against the stream (losing his ground is carried backward) and the current huilies him with headlong speed dowcn the river, if he but nwmentarily si 1- n his exertions. 'I 204. On the times when the various labors are to be performed...Tamii i s correlative with quauin in v. 296; as well as... Aret ri'sis properly a star in the constellation Boi~es, the rising and setting of which were attended with violent storms. Virgil, however, in imitation of the earlier writers, uses the term here for the whole constellation. 203. liacedoru-in. Thze Kids are two stars in the arm uf Aurig-a. They also browulit with them stormy weather... A uIo ti is. The constellation of Draco, near the North Pole. It was also indicative of storms.206. Quibu~s: sc.serrandi sent.... Ilat-iusm = Italiam.... Vectis =gui vehun. tur. 207. ilonft us: sc. Euxinus.... Fauices Abyldi, the strait of Abydos, i. e. the flellespont.... Tenlptantu,), are attempted; implying danger in the attempt. The route here mentioned over the Euxine, through the Hlellespont to the Aegean sea, was iieculiarly dangerous. 208. Liln-a, the balance. The sun was in. Libra at the time of the autumnal equinoa, hence, the sowing season began Sept. 24th, and ended Dec. 25th, or at the winter solstice.... Die= diei. A. 74; G. 69, 2; H. 120.... Soinni, night.... P-aics,. This happened only at the equinoxes. 209. Et mediuim.... orbem, and divides the globe equally for light and dar;'zs 100 P. VIIGILJI MAIRONIS Exercete, viri, tauros, serite hordea carnpls 2] U-sque sub extremu~% brurhae intractabilis imbrem; Nee non et in i seg-etem et Cereale papaver Temnpug humo tegere, et jamdud~rm incumbere aratris, Dum sic ca tellure licetd m n bi sp d n - Verb fabis satio; turn'ite qjuoqud., Medicfi, putres 21 Accipiuntisvw1'i, et milio venit annua cura, Candidus auratis aperi-t cum cornibus annumn Taurus,, et, adverso cedens Canis occidit astro. At si t~riticearn in messem robustaque farra [0.5 Exercebis humum solisque instabis aristis, Ante tibi Eoae Atlantides abscondantur Glioslajie lardentis de'c~dat Stella' Coronae, 220 210. Exercete, 1. e. in ploughing... Tampros = bove8. 211. 1Jsque sub, een up to....lirtnac, i. e. brevimae = brevissirnae diei. 212. Nee non, also....Lini. Flax was sown from the 1st of October until the 1st of December.... Cecreale. The poppy was the symbolical ornament of Ceres, and she was often represented us holding a few heads in her hand. 213. Temruts liumto teyere, = tegere humo (est, tempestivin). A. 270, a; G. 535; H. 533, N. 38.... Jatindadun, mirne diastely. 214. Sicca tellure: ab. abs.... P~ dent, hang in the air; i. e. do not come down in showers. This shows that though farmers were to sow in showery weather, they were to select dry days, and a dry soil. 215. Veire, inate spring. This custom prevailed in the colder regions about Mantua, but in the southern part of Italy thie bean was sown in the autumn.... Satio: sc. e...... Medica, se. herba, wa-s a kind of clover, so called from its being int~roduced into Greece from Media during the war with Darius.... IPutres, c%"bling. 216. MIilio. The millet or panic.. Anisua cur-a Is used in contrast with the Medica, which required to be sown only once In ten years. 217. Candiduis =fulgens; iLe. a brlnht constellation.... Auratis refers to the bright stars in the head of Taurus, espe diaily those representing the tips of his horns.....Ape)it, open up. The sun entered Taurus, at this time, about the 17th of April. Hence Varro derives Aprilis, the month which opens the year..... Cwyrnibtts: ab. of descript. 218. Advei-so, i. e. to Taurus. From its position the Bull seems to direct his horns against the dog.... Cedens, yielding. Whlen the sun entered Taurus, his brightness became too great to allow the constellation Canis to be seen.... Canis, 1. a. Sirius, a bright star in Cauis Major, W~hich sets (occidit) a short t~ime after the rising of Taurus. 219. Sow later if you till the ground for wheat or barley.... lIn, for.... Fairra, spelt; called r-obustunm, as It bears wind and cold better than any other grain. 220. Solis atristis, bearded grain alone, as opposed to the leguminous crops' of v. 227. 221. Aide Is to 'be taken with qirom and qiuamqite, v. 223.... Tibi: ethical dative.... E~oae, in thetmorning; i.e. let them set in the West, as the sun rises in the East.... A tlantides, the Pleiades.... Abseonsdantuv, be concealed by the strong light of the rising sun. 222. Guiosia, I. a. Cretan; from Guos. sus. a city ef Crete, of which Minos, the father of Ariadne, was kina.... A rdentis; so called from the brigh tness of the stars composing it.... Decedat, set4 Vir. gil follows Ptolemy and Demoeritns, who erroneously fixed the setting of the crown GEORGICON LIB. I. 101 Debita quam sulcis committas semina, quamque Invitae propores anni spem credere terrae. Multi ante occasum Mai&e coeJere; sed illos Exspectata seges vanis elusit aristis. Si vero voiarnqe setes vilhmque phaselum Nec Pelusiacae curam aspernabere lentis, Hand obscura cadens mittet tibi signa Bootes: Incipe, et ad medias sementem extende pruinas. (Idcirco certis dimensum partibus orbcm PrP duodena regit mundi Sol aurens asti4a. Quinquc tenent caelum zonae; quarnm una corusco Semper sole rubens et torrida semper ab igni; Quam circum extremae dextra laevaqjue trahuntur, Caerulea glacic concretae atque imbribus atris; 225 230 235 in the latter part of November or the first of December. This was, however, about the time of its rising.... Stella = sidus..... Coroae. The Corona Ariadnes, placed by Bacchus among the stars, after his marriagn^F: Ariadne. 223. IJebita senliia, seed which is due to the earth. 224. l, viftac. The earth is represented as unwilling to receive the seed, before the proper time, as if conscious that she' would not in that case be able to meet the farmer's expectations.... S,)pei annLi, i. e. the hope of produce for the year. - 225. This and the next verse give the reason why wheat and spelt should not be sown earlier.... Maifne. Maia was one of the Pleiades and here stands for the group. 226. Vanis aristis, with unyielding ears. Grain is often deceptive, and from large stalks and apparently heavy ears, very little yield is got. 227. P/hasellun. the kidney bean, called vilent, because it was cheap and common. 228. Pelusiacae. Pelensium was a city of Egypt. which country was famed for the abundance and excellent quality of its lentils. 229. Cadens, setting.... Mit'tet=dabit..... Bootes, a northern constellation in the tail of the Great Bear, set at the end of October, from which time vetch sowing began. 230. Ad miedias pruinas, i. e. " clean into the frost." 231. We have new a description of the sun, the zodiac, the zones, poles of the heavens, etc. It is inserted here, of course, because rustics learned from such sources when each agricultural operation was to be performned; and the stars were the only 'Farmer's Almanac" known in those days.... Idacirco, therefore; for the reason just mentioned.... Certis 2partfibus. The twelve signs of the zodiac are meant.... Orbem: sc. annum. 232. Per, through.... Duodena = duodecim....Astra mundli; i. e. signs of the zodiac....Regit, directs. 233. Tenent, occupy.... Caceluin, properly used, as the terrestrial have their origin in the celestial ones, and the latter are due to the obliquity of the ecliptic. 234. The torrid zone is called senper rubens, and the f!igid caerulea probably from the natural color of fire and ice. 235. Qntam circetm, around which, not next to it, as he is speaking of the frigid zones... Extretnae: sc. zonae..... T'ralhunttr, are extended, orplaced. 236. Contcretfe refers only to glacie; imbribuis being added by zeugma. A. p. 298; G. 699; H. 636, II. 1....Atris, as they come from black clouds. 102 P. VIRG1LII M1ARONIS Has inter mediamque duae mortalibus aegris Mufiere concessae divom, et via secta per ambas, Obliquus qua se signorum verteret ordo. Mundus, ut ad Scythiam Rhipaeasque arduus arces Consurgit, premitur Libyae devexus in austros. Hic vertex nobis semper sublimis; at ilium Sub pedibus Styx atra videt Manesque profundi. Maxumus hic flexu siuuoso elabitur Anguis Circum perque duas in morem flnuminis Arctos, Arctos Occani metuentis aequore tingui. Illic, ut perhibent, aut intempesta silet nox Semper, et obtenta densantur nocte tenebrae, Aut redit a nobis Aurora diemque reducit; 240 245 237. Has; i. e. the frigid zones.... Mediane, the torrid zone.... Dae; i. e. the N. and the S. temperate zones.... Mortalibus aegris, to wretched men. 238. Via secta: sc. est; i. e. the ecliptic, or sun's course.... Per ambas = inter ambas; as the sun does not enter the temperate zones. 239. Obliquus. The zodiac, because of the obliquity of the ecliptic, cuts the equator obliquely, at an angle of 23 degrees and 28 minutes.... Qua verteret = ut ea verteret. A. 317; G. 632; H. 497, I. 240. fMundtus, i. e. the heavenly sphere..... Ut, as.... Scythiatn 1thipaeasque frtces stand here for the northernmost regions as Libyfae does for the southernmost. This refers to the elevation of the North Pole, and the depression of the South, as illustrated by a globe. 241. Premitur, sinks down.... Li byae int Asestros, towards the south winds of Lybia, which is the southern part of Africa, and hence the South Pole. 242. Hie vertex, this pole; i. e. the northern, the one near us.... Sublimis, elevated, and therefore visible.... lllum: sc. verticem;'i. e. the southern pole. 243. Sub pedibus, under their feet, is to be joined with videt; the feet being those of Styx and the Manes.... Profit,ndi; an epithet of the Manes, whose abode was deep in the earth. 244. HIic here; at the North Pole.... Flexit sinutoso, with sinuous winding..... Elabitur, glides away. Note the force of elabitur, as expressing difficulty in steering clear of both Bears....Anguis. The Scorpion was represented as sweeping with his tail along the back of the Great Bear, while he almost enclosed the Little Bear in one of his folds. 245. (Circumt perque, around and between.... In mnorent fltminis, i. e. imitating the winding course of a river. 246. Arctos is repeated for emphasis. Oceani aequore = Oceano...... Metuentis tinflui. As these constellations are near the polar star, they do not set, and are here poetically represented as restrained by fear from so doing. For the construction: A. 271, N; G. 424; H. 533. 247. llic, there; i.e. at the South Pole..... Ut lpe'hibent, as they say, as little was known by the ancients concerning the southern hemisphere... Intenmpesta, unseasonable for work. " The night when no man can work.".....Silet, keeps silence. 248. Semper, always... Densantutr, thickens.... Obtenta, enshrouding, lit., outspread. / 249. Aut. There is either perpetual night there, or day there when it is night with us, and the opposite.... Redit; sc. ad eos.... A nobis,from us.... Aurora, i. e. the sun, which is always attended by Aurora. GEORGICON LIB. I. 103 Nosque ubi primus equis Oriens adila~vit anhelis, 11fe sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper. Hinm tempestates dubio praediscere caelo Possurnus, hinc messisque diem tempusque serendi, Et quando infidum renmis imnp,,11ere marmor Conveniat, quando arniatas deducere classis, Aut tempestivama silvis evertere pinum: Nec frustra signorumi Qbitus speculamur~ et ortus, Temporibusque parem di versis quattuox annum. Fri gidus agricolam si 4uando contiuct imbcr, Multa, forent quae mox caelo properanda sereno, Maturare datur: durum procudit arator Vomeris obtunsi dentem, cavat arbore lilitres, Ant pecori signum atit nurneros impressit acervis. Exac~uunt alii vallos furcasque bicornisg, Atquo Amerina parant lentae retinacula viti. 250 255 260 205 ' 25. Nos adjiavit, has breathed on us..... Primus Oriens, the early dawn..... Anhelis equisv. The breezes of early morning are poetically ascribed to the panting Of tbe sun's horses. 251. 11lik, there; at the South Pole. Sera lunszita, its late beams referring to the light of the evening star itself.... Fes-per = the evening star. 252. Hinc, thence; i. a. from the pro. grass of the sun through the signs of the zodiac...Taespia~st ates, the weather, c.~anges in the weather.... Dutbio caelo, i. e. though the sky give no certain hidications in consequence of being partially concealed by clouds. 2.53. M71essi-s diem, the time of harvest; I. a. the summer.... Tlampus serpisdi, the av~tumn and early winter. 254. Infidicm, treacherous, is signiflcant, as showingr the importance of knowing when to venture on the sea.... 3larmor, the marble surface of the ocean, was a favorite idea with the poets. 255. Convenl'at. A. 334; G. 463; II. 529, 1. What rsthe subjectY.... Apirnatas, rigged, fitted out for sea....Dad iscare, to launch. Ships were drawn up on the shore for the winter. 2.56. Temnpestinain, ins due season,= tempestive..8iltvis; sc. in....Evertare, I. e. for ship building. 258. 7eam),poributscdive-s is quattenos,. Althoug-h div-erset hey are of equal lengths, and make the year uniform. 259. Rainy weather also has its employments.... Fi-igid~us; a general epithet of rain.... (Coritiinet, confines to the house. 260. Jlidta qlsitaa fo re) t == multa talia ut ea. A. 316; G. 634; HI. 503, IL...UCaelo sereito, the weather being clear,.... Prop)eranida Is opposed to snatutrare, the former denoting has-te and insufficient care; the latter leisure, diligence, full finish, and fitness of time. 261. 1)atur. What is the subject?.... J'm-oa~d it, 8harjxs by hammering. 262. Deittens, the point.....Arbore, ex arbore.... JLi~tfres, trougis, into which gra-pes were put after the vintage. 263. Pacorl siywurn. Cattle were marked in January and April with boiling pitcher tar....Nieneros acarvis, tickets pnt on heaps, sacks, or bins of corn to mark the amountof thicontents.... Imp)ressit. Observe the zeugma, as it is applicable to pecori sigream only. 264. Vallos fur'1casqte, stakes, and to pronged prcops for supporting the vines. 265. Amerissa. Ameria was a town in Umbria, near the Tiber, famous for its willows.... Retinacula, bands of willow for fastening the vines. 104 P. FIJ3GILII MARONIS Nune facilis rubea texatur fiscina virga; Nunc torrete ignil frugds, nune frarigite saxo. Quippe etiam festis quaedam exercere diebus Fas et jura sinunt: rivos deducere nulla Religio vetuit, segeti praetendere saeperni, Insidias avibus moliri., incendere vepres, B'alantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri. Saepe oleo tardi c'ostas a'gitator aselli Yilibus aut onerat pomis, 1a'pidernque rev~erteias hicusumn atit afrae maissanm picis urbe reportat.Ipsa dies alios alio dedit.or~dine Lunt FIE~icis operuirn. Qiiintam ffige.! ph~llidiis Orcus Eumeni'esque'satae; turn partu Tt~rraoinefando. C~peumque Japetumque creat, saevumque Typhoca, 270lt 275 266. Facilis, pliant, refers to virrga, although agreeing with ftscina.... Ritbea, from rubus, a bramble bush.... -FisCinat. A basket or other wicker vessel. 267. Torrete, parch. Corn was roasted to make it easier to grind.,... Pranr)gite saxvo, grind them. 268. Certain kinds of work are to be performed even on holy days... Quip)pe etiam~, for even. The sense is: Do not be surprised that I adviso the husbandmen to attend to domestic occupations during the wet weather, for even, etc. 269. FPas et juisa, divine end human laws.... Deducere, either to lead down water to water the crops, or to lead dowe superabundant moisture. This would be "6a work of necessity." 270. iReligio, religious scruple.... e tisit. Cf. N. on v. 49..... Piwetendere s.-lepern. Columella says: "Husbandmen might on holy days repair old fences, yet it was forbidden to make new ones, but Virgil's words are surely express. 271. Avibuts, I. e. birds of prey, anid such as would injure the crops; but fowling (Au upitum) generally was forbidden. 272. italanhtsm, of 'the bleaters, I. e. the sheep, 'bleating' when washed... Salutbri implies that the washing must be to cure disease, as washing to cleanse the wool was forbidden. 27-3. Saepe oleo. Markets were held on holy days, when the poorer classes, who could not afford any other time, could sell their produce, and procure in return such necessaries as they wanted....Costas, i. e. his sides.... Agitator teselli. A rustic who uses his donkey for a time, not a regular asinarius. 274. Vilil#'us, common and plenty, therefore cheap.... XIwitstim lapidem, an inented (mill) stone. 275. -Picis: for markinga sheep, repairing wooden vessels, efe.... Urbe- = ex urbe. A. 258; G. 411, 1R: IL. 412, HI. 2. 276. Oii work to be done on certain days of the month, as lucky or unlucky.... -Ipsart... Lun-a. The moon herself has given di frent days in different order'; i. e. "with the unlucky days occurring at irregular intervals.... Ipsa is emphatic. 277. lPelicis operum, auspicious for work; I. e. for agricultural work. A. 218, c; G. 373, 6; HI. 3991, III, 1.... Quintarn, ec. die, as the Titans, the Giants, and Plu to were born on that day.... Paltdidus: sc. qua.... Orcits; i. e. the god of Orcus, viz. Pinto, called pale, pallor enim morti~s est color. 278. Eidumenides. The Furies were three In number, and were the ministers of the vengeance of the gods.... Satae: sc. sunt....Turn. No othtr authority extant fixes their birth on this day. 279. Coeurn, lapetum. They were Titans, sons of Heaven (Uranus) and Earth.... Typhou&a. He was the son of GEOIIGICON LIB.. 1 05 105 Et conjuratos cacluni reseiridere fratres.. 280 Ter sunt coinati im ponere PelHo Ossatm Scilicet, at-que Ossae-frondosuln ir~volvere Olympurn; Ter Pater' exstructos disjecit fulmine montis. Septufna post decimam felix et ponere -vitemi, lEt prensos domitare boves, et licia telac 285 Addere; liona fugac melior, contraria furtis. IAlulta adeo~.gelida juelius se nocte dedere, Ant cum sole novo terras finrorat Eous.]~Octe leves 'Melius stipulae, nocte arhija lprqta Toncleutur; noectes lentus non deficit humor. 290 Et cjuidam seros hiberini ad lumiiiis ig~nis Pervigoilat, fer'roque faices inspicat acuto; Iiiterea longum eantu. solata laborem Tartarns and Earth, and was a monster with one hundred dragon heads, who was confined by Jupiter under Aetna, because he challenged him to a contest for the sovereignty of the world. Ilie is the type of the volcanic power in nature. 280. Fr-atres, viz. Otus and Ephialtes, the giant sons of Aloeus, who attempted to scale heaven, and dethrone Jupiter. 281. Note the slow movement of the verse, as expressing the laborious efforts of the giants. 282. Scilicet, truy. Not ironical, hut exp~lanatory of what lprecedes. 283. _Pater-, i. c. Jup~iter. 284. Septumta dies p~ost decitnam diem = the seventeenth.. Some say, "The tenth is lucky, and next to that the seventh."....Poner-e, to plant in order. A. 273, d; HI. 533, II. 3". 285. Prec~isos (=- prendere et) caught. A. 292, R; G.617, R.tI; H1.549, 5. Oxen were allowed to run wild until their third year_.. Licia telac add~ere, to add the leashes to the web; 1. e. to weave. 2,86. Nona, se. post decimam. As the moon would then give a brightlgt.....Fugae; i. a. of runaway slaves.... Mfelior: sc. est. A. 93, a; G. 312; II. 44.1, 1..... Gontraria., ureavorable; as thieves love the darkness. 287. On the classes of work which may be done at night, or early in the morning. ~Iiaadeo, many things, in truth...Geled~a is- a general epithet of the night, which is coldler than the dlay.... Sc (le(dere (= se dare selent) may be done. 288. Sole novo, i. e. just as the' sdnl rises... Foits, i. e. Lucifer. 289. Stiplnae. The tusunl mode was to cut grain only half way dlown the stalk, leaving the stubble in the ground, either to be burned, or to be mowed in August for fodder or for bedding for cattle. Thi3 second cutting was best performed at night, when the dewy moisture made the scythe catch every stalk better.... Ar-ida pr-ata. In the same way, hay was thus cut at night, wqhere irrigation p~revy s to moing was impossible. 290. N'oeltcs is governed by deficit, fails.... Lcitus hiumoir, i.ea. that makes pliant. 291. 0itidas)n, many a one.... Seors hiberni ad lumniuis igunis, by the late fires of a winter's light; referring to the lamp or torch-light. 292. Faces, torches; used by the poorer classes for lamps or candles.... Iinspicat, points. The torch was made of wood, and smeared with wax or sulphur. 293. Interc-a. While he is thus busied, his wife is occupied with her loom. Among the Greeks and Romans, females not only of the lowest, but also of the highest rank, engaged in the arts of spin. ning and weaving.... Softata s olans. A usual method for both men and women to 106 P'. VIRGIILII MARiONIS Arguto conjnnx percurrit pectine telas,. Ailt dulcis musti Volcano decoquit hurnorelm Et folfis undam trepidi de spumat aeni. At rubicunda Ceres medio succiditur aestu, Et medlo tostas aestu terit area fruges. iNudus ara, sere nudus; hiemps ignava co'lo-no. Frigonoibus parto agricolac plerurnquc fruuintur, Mutuaque inter se laeti convivia curart; Invitat genialis hiemps curasque 'resolvit: Ceu Pressae cum jam portum tetigpre carinae, Puppibus et laeti nautae imposuere coronas. Sod tarnen et quernas glandes turn stringore teriipus Et lauri bacas olearnque cruenltaque myrta; Turn gruibus pedicas, et retia ponere cervis, Auritosque sequi lepores; turn figere dammas, Stuppea torqueiitemn Balearis -verbena fundac, 295 3,0 0 3005 beguile the time of work was cither to sing or to tell stories. 294. Arfputo, shrill; alluding to the nois-e made by the pecten when in operalion..... Pectent, reed. or comb, the teeth of which were inserted between the threads of the warp, and thus used to drive up the threads of the woof together. 295. MWustl. Al t was new wine, unfermented.... Voicrrno: by metonymy for igsti. A. p. 299; H. 637, III. '29.6. l'oliis. Mttst was skimmed with vine leaves, instead of wood, which was thought to impart a smoky taste to the liquor.... LUndam: alluding to the wave, on water boiling in a pot. 297. We -now havo the labors of the day enumerated; first, those of summer; seco;?dly, those of wvinter;, thirdly, those cf spring and autumn.....1u bicu-nda, Ceres, ruddy Ceres; i. e. the yellow grain.... Miedio aesht, at midday; opposed to gelida nocte, v. 287.' Threshing was done in June. 298. 1Tostas, parched by the heat. 299. Nudus, lightly clad, probably with only a tunic.... Iflnava, a time of lesure. (J. olono: dat. of advantage. A. 235; G. 343; H. 894, N. 3. 1300. Friyoribus; I. e. in New.... Part o, what has been acquired in t1w summer and auttima. 1301. lite', se Iatirf, rejoicingq together..... Giura at, prepare. 830-2. Genialis, genial. Accoir~ing to ancient mythology, every man had his Genius, or guardian spirit, wvho, they beliteved, delighted iti feasting. Hence whbatever hilarious or festive pleasure refreshed both mind and body was called genilads.... - lesolvit, banishes. 303. Ceu cum, as when... sr-'ssae, heavily laden. 304. Imnposuere coronas. The sailors were in the habit of crowning the sterns of their ships (for there the tutelary gods wvere kept) with garlands as they iicared the barber. 805. SeeL tamnen, but, although winter Is the time for leisure, yet.. — (Pue'rnnos qiandes, because glans was used of other fruits than acorns... Tempus: sc. est. 306. ilanri,- bacas, bay berries, which Nvere used for flavoring wvine.. - (Jrueci ta: referring to the blood-red color of the juice. Myrtle berries were also used. 807. Gruibus. Cranes were a luxury with the Romans, but the farmer might naturally snare them in self-defense. 209. Torquentem, agrees with colonurn to be supplied as subj. accus. before GEORGICON LIB. I. 107 Cumn nix alta jacet, glaciern cum flumina, trudunt. 310 t Quid tempestates autumni et sidera, dicam., Atque, ubi j~am. breviorque dies et, mollior aestas, Quae vigilanda viris? vel cum ruit imbriferum. ver, Spicea jam campis cum messis inihorruit, et cam Frumenta in viridi stipula lactentia turgent? 31I,) Saepe ego, cum flavis messorem induceret arvis Agricola et fragili jam stringeret hordea culmo, Omnia ventorurn concurrere proelia vidi, Qutae gravidlam. late segetem ab rtidicibus irnis Siibliwmein expulsam. eruerent,; ita turbine nigro 320 Ferret b lemps culmu m qne levem. stipulasqnue volaiitis. Saepe etiam. immensuim caelo venit agmen aquarum, Et foedam. glomerant tempestatem imbribus atiris Collectae ex alto nubes; muit arduus aether, Et pluvia ingenti sata laeta boumque labores 325 Diluit; implentur fossae, et cava flumina crescuint Cum sonitu, fervetqlue fretis slpirantibus aequor. sthiugerie and all the following infini- geret, cut of...... ordea; i. e. the heads tives.... lBalear-is is here used as a gen- of the barley. eral epithet, because the Baleares were 318. Omnia ventoriim pr-oclia= famed for their skill with the sling. proelia omnium ventorum, i. e. winds 311. The poet now speaks of storms: blowing from all quarters at once. (1) their occurrence; (2) how their evil 1120. Sitblirn cujt agrees with sefjetemn, effects may be guarded against; (3) their bnt here =sublime... ~Expllsam, eijueprognostics.... Tempesta tes, the weether rentt = expellerent et eruerent = eruerent changes.... Aedtniiisi limits boils nouns. et expelle rent....Sidera, constellations, from the ris- 321. Jfieinps,-, a winter storm. ing and setting of which the skilled 322. Ca-eo: sc. de..... Agmien aqufajudged the -Wtather. The storms of rumi, a train of waters, Is strongly axautumn were supposed to be brought on pressive of heavy anti cons-tanut reins. by Arcturus, Centaurus, Haedi, and Go- 323. Foedamp, J.u..... Teiitnpcsitemcn, rona. weather. 312. Atqte (quid dicam ea) quac vigi- 324. Er,, alto: sc. mare, i.e. consider. lunida (slnt) viris... li~bi Jass, etc., L e. ing the physical facts: but, if the poet at the approach of autumn. intended to keep up the military associa313. illiit, hastens to its conclusion. tions introduced by aytneit, and to re314. Spieea inessis, thre bearded har- present the clouds as mustered on high, vest, i. e. harvest In the ear.... Inhowrruit wve must supply caelo.... Bit arditas is vividly expressive of the appearance of aetheir, i. e. the rain descends in torrents a field of grain when nearly ritpe. as if the sky itself was falling. 315. las viridi stipatda, on the green 325. Biouipt labores, 1. e. the ploughed stalk..... Iactentia, full of milky juice, fields. 316. Storms are frequent even in sum- 326. 1Possae, the drais~is mentioned In mer..... Flavis, 1. e. with golden ears. v. 114.... 0tjva, before the rain. 317. Fra gil cuim~o, with fragile stalk, 327. Fretis =,qis.... Sp~iranttibus descriptive of barley in general.... StriIn- (= aestuantltbuu), foaming. 108 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Ipse Pater media nimborum in nocte corusca Fulmina molitur dextra; quo maxuma motu Terra tremit, fugere ferae, et mortalia corda Per gentis humilis stravit pavor; ille flagranti Aut Athon, aut Rhodopen, aut alta Ceraunia telo Dejicit; ingeminant austri et densissimus imber; Nunc nemora ingenti vento, nunc litora plangunt. Hoc metuens, caeli menses et sidera serva, Frigida Saturni sese quo stella receptet, Quos ignis caelo Cyllenius erret in orbis. In primis venerare deos, atque annua magnae Sacra refer Cereri laetis operatus in herbis, Extremae sub casum hiemis, jam vere sereno. Turn pingues agni, et tum mollissima vina; Tum somni dulces densaeque in montibus umbrae. 330 335 340 328. In media nocte. In the midst of that night of storms. Others, however, refer nocte to the darkness and gloom, but the poetic effect is immensely heightened, if we suppose the storm to have actually occurred at night.... Corusea modifies <lextra, the two = coruscante; i. e. by reason of the thunderbolts which he holds?n his hands. 329. Nlolitnr (moles), heaves.... Quo motu = quibus commota.... Maxitl a, mighty. 330. 'Fugere, have fled, graphically denoting instantaneous flight. 331. Humtilis is in an active sense, humility causing, lowly, base. 332. A tion. Athos was a promontory of Macedonia.... Rhodope; vid. Ecl. VI. 0S.... Cert'lvsia is the name of a range of mountains in Epirus. This selection of particular mountains makes the description more picturesque. 333. Dejicit, casts down; a poetical hyperbole for ferit. 335. Cafli menses, the months of the heavens, refers to twelve signs of the zodiac, through which the sun passes, thus making the twelve months of the year.... Serva = observa. 336. Frigida stella Saturni. Saturn is called cold on account of its distance from the sun.... Sese recetfet, betakes itself; i. e. retires, withdraws. 337. lgnis Cyllenius, i. e. the planet Mercury, which is very bright, and from its nearness to the sun was supposed to be very warm. Mercury is called Cyllenius from Mt. Cyllene in Arcadia, where he was born and bred. These two planets are given as examples of the whole, the one being the farthest from the sun then known, the other the nearest.... Caelo; sc. in.... Orbis is used in view of the many revolutions, which Mercury makes. 3.38. To avert the violence of the storms, the deities, especially Ceres, are to be worshiped..... Venerare, imv.'.... Annua sacra. Two festivals are referred to, one of which, the Ambarvalia, mentioned in Eel. V. 75, was observed toward the end of April, and the other in the summer, immediately before the harvest. 339. Refer, implies "pay" as a thing due.... In, on; i. e. out in the fields. 340. Sub caszrn, immediately after the end. The time was about the 22nd of April. 341. lMollissima. The wine would now be mellowed down, having passed through the winter season. 342. Somni dnlces. The sleep of the shepherds, who now drove their flocks to the hills, would be pleasant, all the more GEORGICON LIB. r. 109 Cuncta tibi Cererem pubes agrestis adoret, Cui tu. lacte favos et miti dilne Baccho, Trwje -novas circuim felix eat hostia fruges, Omnis quam chorus et socii comitentur ovantes, Et Cererem clamore vocent in tecta; neque ailte Faleem maturis quisquam supponat aristis, Quarn Cereri torta redirnitus tempora quercu, Det motus incompositos et carmina dicat. Atque hace ut certis possemus discere- signis, A~strrsquiie, plu'viaque ',getngiht frtg~rail~nt6's, Jpse Pater statuit, quid menstrua Luna moneret; Q uo signo cadercut austri; quid saepe videntes Agricolae propius 0-tabulis arrnenta tenerent. Continno, ventfis suirgentibus, aut fret'a ponti Incipiunt agitata tumesere et aridus caltis Montibus audiri fragor,aut resonantia lon1ge 345 350 355 s-o as they had shady groves to protect them. 343. Tibi: ethical dative. Worship Ceres yourself, and get others interested An doing so. 344. Cui, in honor of whom. Libations of milk, honey, awl wine were made to thec rural deities. The libation was poored either on the altar fire, or on the victim about to he offered. 0345. Felix, auspicious; i. e. pure and therefore pleasing to the gods. It was led around the field three times before being offered. 346. Omnnsis chorus et socii: by hendiadys for chorus omnium sociorum, fellow laborers. 347. Vocent in tecta, invite to their houses; i. e. thus to show her favor by her presence... Neque. He now speaks of the second festival in honor of Ceres. It was held on the longest day, and, consequently, a very short time before the beginning of harvest.... Ante is to he joined with quam in v. 349. 349. Torta quercu; 1. e. with a garland of oak leaves, which was to remind them of how much they owed to Ceres, in having introduced corn, instead of acorns, their former foyd. 350. Det inotus incomp2ositos, dance in unstudied measure, lit., pesfor uncouthi movements. 351. On the signis which indicate stormy Nveather.. iluo(rc, these things; viz., aestus, pluries-, and ventos. 352. A1estits, heat....- - Agntis, bringjng. 353..Statuit, has flxed as an unchangeable regulation.... Mensti-ita, manthly; i. e. wvhich performs her course in a month. 354. Quo siyino ecidoein~t, i. e - which constellation should indicate that they were ahout to suhside.... Qutid saepe vidente-s, at the sight of what frequently recurring sign. 355. IPropius,, nearer than their usual pasture, so that they could he quickly sheltered from the storm. As prope govenis either the dat. or accus. so its compar. and superl. may be followed by them. A. 234; G. 356; H1.392,1II. 356. Continuo, immediately on the rising of the breeze.... Fireta ponti, waters of the secs; I. e. the sea. 357. A ridus frayor, a dry crackling noi1se. like the sound caused by the contact of dry boughs, when driven by the wind. 358. Jlontibu8s, i. e. in silvls montium. 110 P. VIRGILII ~MAR 0 NIS Litora misceri et nemorum increbescere murmur. Jam sibi turn curvis male temperat unda carinis, 360 Cum medio celeres revolant ex aequore mergi Clamoremqu.e ferunt ad litora, cumque marinae In sicco ludunt fulicae, notasque paludis Deserit atque altam supra volat ardea nubem. Saepe etiam stellas, vento impendente, videbis 365 Praecipitis caelo labi, noctisque per umbrain Flammarnm longos a tergo albescere tractus; Saepe levem paleam et frondes volitare caducas, Ant summa nantis in aqua colludere plumas. At Boreae de parte trucis cum fulminat, ct cum 370 Eurique Zephyrique tonat domus: omnia plenis Rura natant fossis, atque omnis navita ponto Humida vela legit. Numquam imprudentibus imber Obfuit: aut ilium surgentem vallibus imiis Aeriae fugere grues, ant bucula caelum 375 Suspiciens patulis captavit naribus auras, Ant arguta lacus circumvolitavit hirundo, 359. Litora mnisceri reson(ntiat lonfle, i. e. litora ita misceri, ut resonent longe, are so disturbed, by the waves dashing against them. 360.,Jant tum, even then; i. e. when the storm has progressed thus far.... Sibi. A. 27; G. 847; H. 385, 1.... Male, with difficulty, scarcely; = vix or non.... Cari is is ablative of separation. 362. Clainoren feriint ad litora, i. e. fly to the land with loud cries.... Jlariaae is opposed to in sicco. 363. Fuilicate, sea coots or water hens..... Notas, well known. 365. Stellas, i.e. meteors or shooting stars. 366. Vinbrarn, flammareit. Note the juxtaposition, so that they may be more forcibly contrasted. 367. A terfjo,from behind. 368. Caducas, fallen. 370. At Boreae. The meaning is, when it thunders and lightens in all parts of the heavens; three winds being put for all.... De partte: Vid. N. on v. 54, Eel. I. 371. Dom#s. According to the ancient legend, the wind gods resided on the extreme confines of the earth, each one in that quarter from which it blows. 372. Pouto (sc. in) is contrasted with rura. 373. Humida, I. e. with the rain. Legit, furls.... Intprudeutibus; sc. hominibus, as there is such a variety of signs to announce it. 374. Vallibis imis is to be taken with fugere making the constructio pregnans, i. e. they shun it by fleeing to the bottoms of the valleys, and shelter themselves there. 375. Aeriae, high soaring, is contrasted with vallibus imis. It was the descent ci the crane, and not her high flight, that denoted rain. 376. Patulis, distended.... Capt (vit, has snuffed; lit., drawn in. 377. Argueta, twittering, chirping.... Hirundo. The swallow is always observed to fly low before rain, as the flies and other insects, on which she feeds, keep near the surface of the ground and the water at that time. GEORIGrcONY LrB. I. i11 Et veterem iin limo ranae ceci-ncre querelam. Scaepius et tectis peiietralibus extulit ova Ang-ustum formica terens iter, et bibit ingeis Arculs, et e pastu decedeins agmine magno Corxrorum increpuit densis, exercitus alis. Jam varias p)elagi voluces, et quac Asia circum Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri, Certatim largos humeris infundere rores, Nune caput objectare fretis, nunuc currere in undas, Et studio hicassumn videas gestire lavandi. Tum coruix ple-na pluviarn vocat imlproba voce Et sola in sicca secum spatiatur arenia. No nocturna quidem carpentes penisa puell-ae Nescivere hiemem, testa cum ardento -viderent Scintillare oleum et putris, coticrescere fungos. 380 3 85 390 378. Jeterer#n querelamt, the*r sant old ewplaint, refers to the croaking nioise which they have made from time imnmemorial, the continuiance and imonotony of which make it seem a lamentation. Some find an onomatopoeia in the words cecinere querelam. 379. Penetralibuts is an adj.... Tectis depends on exe in composition. 380. Antigusftur iter, a namo pathway, which ants soon make, as all keep in the same path.... Terents, treading often, lit. ruhbing1. 381. A rcuts bibit. The rainbow was supposed to draw tip moisture for the rain clouds, as it appeared to dip into the ocean. 882. (jorvorum. This demonstration of the rooks is a never-failing proof to the farmer that rain is impending.... Deasis alis, with crowded wings. M8. Voluteres: subj. accus. of isifundere, ob ecteare, curt-eve, and gctie dependingon videas in v. 387.... Et qu#,ac = et eas quae.... Asia. Do not confound this word, denoting a tract of land in Lydia, on the banks of the C.~yster, with Asia, the nDame of the continent.... Circarnt, an adverb. 384. Du~leibuts Is opposed to pelagi in the preceding verse.... Ritinantur, ransack for food, lit., search every chink (rima)...-. Oaystri. The CAyster was a river of Asia Minor, whose frequent overflowing formedi marshy ground, which was frequented by great numbers of birds, Cs. pecially swans. 385. Largos..roves, peer upon their shoulders an abyundance of water;~ i. e. they duck themselves. 38T. Iineassutm, wdqsely; for they wvill soon get water enouigh from another quarter. 388. imp-roba, " good for nothing; because site invites the rain.... Voce jdlena seems to refer to the hoarse, harsh, full-month note of the raven. 389. Sola sectcm,, alone by itself, suggesting her solitary habits...-.SIatiaturn pdcttires to a nicety the deliberate stride, indicative of pride and haughtiness. Observe the successful alliteration and the dignity ndtled to the verse by the number of spondees. 390. Ne is to be joined in the translation with nesei ve re, have not beest ignorant of..... Noctuerna q it dent, even at night.... Cas-p~eites, spinning, as they drew it from the distaff when forming the thread. 391. Testa ardente, in the burning lamp, which was usually made of potters' earth. 392. Oleitm, i. e. the S/am fed by the oil....Pu tiis, soft, crumbling..- -Fun)gos, excrescen e. 112 P. VIRGILII MAfRONIS Nec minus ox imbri soles et aperta Serena Prospicere et certis poteris cognoscere signiis: Nam neque turn stollis acies obtunsa videtur, Nec fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna, Tenuia nec lanae per caelum. vellera ferni; Nou tepidum ad solom penuas in litoro pandunt Dilectae Thetidi alcyones, non ore solutos JInmundi merninere sues jactare maniplos. At nebulae magis ima petunt campoque recumbunt, Solis et occasum servans do culmitie summo Nequidquarn soros exercet noctua cantus. Adparet liquido sublimis in acre Nisus, lEt pro purpureo poenas dat Scylla capillo; Quaceumque lilla levom fugiens secat aethera peonniS, Ecce inimicus, atrox, magtio stridore per auras 395 400 40.3 393. W~e have now the signs of good weather; first, negatively k139;3-400), and then affirmatively.... -Ex imbi-i, after the rain.... Soles, sunny days.. A. perta sei-ena: sc. caela; i. e. cloudless serene skies. 895. Stellis-, of the stars; lit, for the stars; dat. of disadvantage... Acies, brightne8s.... (Thtunsa videtuer. The air being free from vapor they twinkle brightly and with a clear and distinct outline. 3 9. _Fleat-is, t. a. Apollo... Obnsosifa, indebted, I. e. borrowing her lighlt from the sun. She rises as b~ri-lht as if she shone 7with her own light, and was not dependent upon the sun. 397. Tenuia, lauiae velleuvsa, thin fleeces of wool, i. e. thin fleecy clouds. 398. lepidum, warm; the afternoon or evening sun. 399.!I'ietidi, by Thetis; dat. of the agent....A i-cyones. When Halcyone plunged into the sea in despair after the shipwreck and death of her husband, King Ceyx, both were transformed by Thetis into the birds called king-fishers. They were believed to bring forth in nests floating on the surface of the water, in the calm weather, before and after the shortest day, when the gods, especially Thetis, wvere said to keep the waters calm for their r-articular benefit. 400. This is a token of applroaching storm, known to tbe moderns as wvell as to the ancients....Soilatos Judearec, solvunt et jactant.... Na itiplos: for manipulos by syncope, bundles of hay or straw. 101. Ima: sc. loca. 402. De sumnso eulmiuse, from the top Of the roo0f. 403. Nequtidquarn, to o pus~pose; for though an ill-omened bird, all her hooting will not succeed in bringing foul weather...... Exer-cet, plies. 404. Liqutido, i.ea. after the storm.... Nisits was kingy of Megara, and on his head there grew a purple lock which was tIhe safeguard of his life and of his city. But when his daughter Scylla had fallen in love with Minos, king of Crete, wvho was besieging Megara, she cut oflf the lock from her father's head us he slept, and thus betrayed both him and his city into the hands of the enemy. Minus, however, did not reward her as she exipected, hut allowed her to perish miserably. After death Nisus was changed into a sea eagle, or osprey, and Scylla into the ciris, a kind of lark. 405. Poenas dtat, suiffers punishmsent. 406. Fugiens, fleing before hims. 407. Inimietus. The sea eagle (Nisus) and the ciris (Scylla) are represented as cit incessant enmity. GEORGICON LIB. r. 113 Insequitur Nisus; qua se fert Nisus ad auras, 11la levem fugiens raptim secat aethera Penn is. Tur liquidas corvi presso ter gutture voces 410 Aut quater ing-eminant, et saepe cubilibus altis, Nescio qua practer solitum dulcedine laeti, Inter se in foijis strepitant; juvat imbribus actis Progeniem parvaru duleisque revisere nidos;Hanid, equidem credo, quia sit divinitus illis 415 Ingcenlinm aut rerum fato prudentia major; Veruim, ubi tempestas et eaeli mobilis humor Mu.Ltavere vias et Juipiter uviclus auistris DensAt erant quac rar modo, et, quac denisa, relaxat, Vertinittr species anfimorum, et pectora motus 420 Nunec alios, alios, dum nlubila ventns agebat, Conclipiunt: Line ille avium concentus in agris, Et lacfita pecudes, et ovantes giutture corvi. Si vero solem ad rapidum lunasque seqvientis 410. Liqutidas, clear, contented, is here opposed to rsueats, wvhich was the cry of the birds if presaging rain.... Prtesso rieffttie, with compressed throat; i e. for the purpose of making their cry more lpiercinlh....Te.r modlifies in gemi~tant. 411. Ciubilibus sittis: sc. in; referriin. to the gregarions disposition of rooks, particularly during incubation. 412. Nescio quta duileedinte, by som unwonted pleasure or of/er. A. 210, f,R; G. 469, R1. 2; II. 191, N....Psaeter soilfittm: elliptical for praeter id quod 8o/iturn st. 413. ITnter se., together..In fo~ls inter....a.... Isstbribits usetis, the sqhowers being over: atetis for exactis. 414. It is said that rooks abandon their young for whole days together. 415. I1fauid equidema credo: sc. hoc ita ftert.....Sit. A. 321, a; G. 541, R. 1; 11. 516, HI. 2.... Divini~ts, by divine prosidence. 416. Inqenzium, mired, genius, like human beings..... iertunt frito (i.ea. a 1ato data) prudent ia major, se. sit il/is; quans in hominibus esse solet, or the fore. tinowledge of affairs given to them by Fate i greater than is eeul in men; the gifts of Fate being thus contrasted with those of the gods. 417. Tempestas, theweather.... MlobiUis, shifting.... Cacti, of the weather. 418. 2Ff utavere s-las., havre changed their courses, is explained by snobilis....Jitpitep-1, the lord of the air, is here put figuratively for the air itself. 419. Deniset: se. ea.. J ]1odo.jc'st now. Itelaxat, relaxes, rarefics, dispels. 420. Sp~ecies, phases a materialistic word...-. M1otuis, sensations; also a materialistic word. 421. Niune alilos, alios: sc. pectora cnipfiebant. The words alios dum... agebat areplarenlhetical. And their breasts nw receive different sensations (they received different ones while the wind was driving the clouds onward). 422. fIle conceentus, that choral har, mony. 423. (Jvantes gtitturse, rejoicing with their throats; i. e. uttering joyful notes. 424. We now have the signs of the weather enumerated, which are afforded by the sun and moon.... liapidurn, scorchi - Vid. N. on Eel. 11. 10.... Lit-,nasque seqvietids ord.itte, and the m an following in order; 1. e. the phases or changes of the moon. 114 P. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Ordine respicies, numquam to crastina *allet Hora, ineque insidiis nioetis eapiere serenae. Luna, revertentis cum primum. colligit ignis, Si nigrum. obseuro comprenderit aera cornu, Maxuimus agricolis pelagoque lparabitur imber; At Si virgineum. suffuderit ore ruborern, Ventus erit; vento semper rubet aurea Phoebe. Sin. ortu quarto, namque is certissimus auctor, Pura nieque obtunsis per caelum. cornibus ibit, Totus et jill dies, et qui nascentur ab jill Exactum ad mensem, pluvia ventisque carebunt, Votaquc servati solvent in litore nautae Glauco et Panopeae et lIno iMelicertae. Sol quoque et exoriens, et eum se condet in undas, Signa dabit; solem certissima signa sequuntur, Et qnae mane refert, et quae surgentibus astris. 425 430 435 440 425. C,'a.tiea, hor-a, the morow's hour; i. e. the morrow. 426. Jinsidiis, by the deceitful appearances; i. a. which promise fair weather in the early part, but ends in rain. 427. Ilevertentis colligit igni s, i. a. when she is new and just beginning to be crescent. 428. Si nigrum.. cornu, if she shall have e&rbraced dusky air with her obscure horns; i. e. if darkened when new by the dusky atmosphere, she Indicates a rainstorm.... Gornu, poetic for cribus. 430. Virginecum, alluding to the moon goddess, Diana.... Ore (sc. in) ruboremn =os rubore. 431. J'ento, at the approach of wind.... Phoebe, Diana, or Luna, the sister of Phoebus, the sun. 432. Quatrto or-ti, at herfourth rising....Auctor, indication, announ er. 433. 11us-a, clear of radiance.....N<eque obteensi corn)ibus; i. a. horns terminating- in a distinct point. 4,35. _EYxactient ad mnejsemn, to the end of the th.a... - Pluvia vcentisqtuc. A. 243, a; G.389; EI. 414, I. 436. Vota. The ancient mariners were accustomed to vow a sacrifice to the seagods, on the shore, if they made a voyagge undisturbed by any tempest.... Ses-vuti gives the reason why they pay the vows, i. e., having come safely into port. II. 549, 1. 437. For the scansion of this verse, seec the Metrical Index.... G(flu,co. Glancuis was a fisherman, whlo, observing that hi - fish, on touching a certain herb, recovercd their strength, aind leaped again into the water, had the curiosity to taste it himself; whereupon hie immediately plunged into the water, and became a sea-crod.... Ilauop~eae. Panope2,, was one of the Nereids. M~eliceirts was the son of Ino, daughter of Cadmus, and Athamia-s, king of Orchomenus. Ino, flying from the fuiry of her in sane hu sband, who had already destroyed one of their children, threw herself into the sea, from the cliff of Moluris, -near Corinth, together with her son. Both became seadeities, now called Leucothea and Palacmon by the Greeks, and by the Latins Albunea and Portumnus. 438. Signs afforded by the sun.... Consedet ain tnuls. Con~structio pregnans, Vid. N. on v. 374 above. 439. Sequuntus-, attend. 440. 1St: se. ea...It- efert, he brings on his return in the morning.... Surgen)tibitsa (stris, I. a. at sunset. GEORGICON LIB. I. 115 Ille ubi nascentem maculis variaverit ortum Conditus in nubem, medioque refugerit orbe, Suspecti tibi sint imbres; namque urguet ab alto Arboribusque satisque Notus pecorique sinister. Aut ubi sub lucem densa inter nubila sese Diversi rumpent radii, aut ubi pallida surget Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile, Heu, male tuni mitis defendet pampinus uvas: Tam multa in tectis crel)itans salit horrida grando. Hoc etiamn, cmenso cum jam decedit Olympo, Profiterit meminisse magis; nam saepe videmus Ipsius in voltu varios errare colores; Caeruleus pluviam denuntiat, igneus Euros; Sin maculae incipient rutilo imniscerier igni, Omnia turn pariter vento ninmbisque videbis Fervere. Non illa quisquam me nocte per altuim 445 450 455 441. Netscentem, o)'t inu = the beginning of his rising. 442. Conditfs in nZnbemi is another example of the construtio pregnans.... iJtedioque.efugerit o.Ibew, and shall have retired from view with the middle portion of his disk; i. e., when the outer edges only are bright, while the inner part is obscured by clouds, and seems, therefore, to recede from view. 443. 'ibi: dat. of the agent... ULrguet, is pressing on, like a mighty host.... Ab alto, from the deep. 444. Arboribufs. "Observe the rapid succession of dactyls, as typical of the onset of the blast." * 445. Sub lucem, toward sunrise. 446. Divetsi, in different directions.... Rluinpent sese (= erumpunt), shall break forth... Pallida: a pale dawn was the precursor of hail. 447. Croeeurn. Voss thinks this epithet has no reference to the ruddy color of the morning, or of the rising sun, but is simply borrowed from Homer, who clothes all his goddesses in either saffron or purple, the two most expensive colors known to the ancients..... Auriora carried off Tithonus, son of Laomedon, king of Troy, and bore to lim Memnon and EImathion. 449. Taer nwtlta = nam plurnzma.... "This verse is onomatopoetic, the words crepitans salit horrida grandobeing adn i rably adapted to express t le jumping, pattering character of hail." 450. Hloc, this, which I am about to tell you.... )Decedit: s. s..... OlI0 ipo, the heavens. 4^1. Profierit magis. Aratus also says the signs which appear in the evelinug are more to be relied on than those which appear in the morning at sunrise...., i, sc. tun; i. e. at evening. 453. In, vrolt, on his disk.... Errate, flitting about. 453. Caeritleuts, sc. color, dark blue.... JEnros, southeastern blasts. This wind was dreaded by the Romans. 454. Sin. If the two begin to combine, wind and rain may both be expected.... Imnniscerier. A. 128, e, 4; 1I. 240, 6..... Igni is governed by in in composition. 456. Fervere, from the older formfervo, as the meter shows.... VNonL: for the more usual ne, A. 269, a; G. 449; H. 483, 3.... Me. For the purpose of giving greater animation, the poet elegantly refers to himself, what he wishes to dissuade others from.... Pi' altumin over, or, on the sea. 116 P. VIRGILII HAARONIS Ire, neque a terra moneat convellere funem. At si, cum referetque diem condetque r-datuim, Lucidus, orbis erit, frustra terrebere nimbis, Et claro silvas cernes Aquilone moveri. 460 Denique, quid vesper serus -vehat, unde sere-nas Ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet humidus Auster., Sol tibi sigiia dabit. Solem quis dicere falsum Audeat? JIle etiam caecos instare tumultus Saepe monet, fraudomque et operta tumeseere bella. 465 JIle etiain extincto miseratus Caesare Romam, Ctim capuit obsceura nitidum ferrugine texit, Jrnpiaqtie aeteruarn timuerunt saecula -noctem. Tempore qtiamquam jill tellus qu-oque et aequora ponti, Obscenaeque canes, importunacque volneres 470 Signa dabant. Quiotiens Cyclopuin effervere in agros 457. ikioneat, advise, urge.... Ft~,?,eni, the rope, by which the ship is fastened to the shore. 458. iteferet-condetque: sc. sot.... iteciat ur, sc. diem, after he has brought it back. 11.549, 1. 460. Claro,meakingctear.... Aquiloue. The north wind, in summmer, bronght a clear sky, and serene weather. 461. Vehart, brings with it... Unide s tutbes = a que parts ceeti ventus ventures sit qui agat nubes ita ut 8serenum sit ceetum.... Se-i-emras, i. e. those without rain, and indicating serene weather. 462. Quid coqitet Austeir, whet the South win is devising. The personality thus assigned to the South wind renders the Passage much more animated and beautiful... iurnidus, I. e. bringing rain. 463. IFalsitm, a deceiver, is equivalent tofattentem, dectpientem. 461. The signs, given by the sun are introduced last, that there may he an easy transition to the beautiful episode -about t he prodigies which followed the death of Julius Caesar.... Audfeat, wiU dare.... Caeros, dark, secret....nstarte-, irmpend.... T~u))unntus is here used in reference to any popular disturbance. 465. Fraudemt, fraud, trea hery no of conspirators.... Turtnesscepre, are risinsg. A metaphor taken front the sea. 466. Miss-ratits: sc.est; i e. by giving warnings of the civ-il wvars about to come. Ga. ts-sure exstinicto. Horace, Ovid, Tibullus, and the historians enumierate many p~rodigies which followed the assassination of Caesar, e. g., an eclipse of the sun in the following November (this the calculations Of Modern astrononters confirm); and a remarkable paleness of the sun throughout the whole year, accompanied with a clouded sky and a dim light. 467. Fserruffinse, i. a. with an atmosphere of the color of ferrugo. 468. b14upia saectuls-, the impious race livitub at the time of Caesar's death. 469. Qus-tmqtarni,,atthough; it was not the sun alone that gave warning.... Tel-I lus, i. e. by earthquakes. 470. Obseenae, ilt.omned.... Importunas-, inauspicious. Servius understands it to mnean, " coming at an improper time," as, night birds appearing by day. Cf. Shakespeare, Jul. Caes. I. 3: "1And yesterday the bDird of night did sit, even at noonday, upon the market-place, hooting and shrieking. " 471. In, egros (Cyslopstt_ Homner represented the Cyclops as dwelling in the eastern part of Sicily, bitt later writers represent them as livi ng with Vutlcatn in the caverns of Aetna. GEORGICON LIB. I. Vdm us undantem. ruptis fornacibus Aetnamn, Flammarumque globos liquefactaque volvere saxa! Armorum. sonitum. tote Germania caelo Audiit; insolitis tremuerunt motibus Alpes. Vex quoque per lucos volgo exaudita silentis, Jugens, et simulacra modis pallentia miris Visa sub obscurum. noctis; pecudesque locutac, Jufandim.! sistunt amnes, terraeque dehiscunt, Et maestumn inlacrimat templis ebur, aeraque sudant. Proluit insane contorquens vertice silvas Fluviorum. rex Eridanus, camposque per omnis Cum stabulis armenta tulit. Nee tempore eodlem, Tristibus aut extis flbrae adparere minaces, Aut puteis manare cruor cessavit, et altae Per noetem. rcsoniare lupis uiulautibus ur-bes. Non alias caelo cecidermnt plura sereno 117 475 480 485 472. Uiu~lanitens,,I.e. with lava... Raptis foirnacibits. The crater of Aetna was, called the fornax, since the whole mountain was Vulcan's workshop. There was a violent (ruption of Aetna a short time before the (ieath. of Caesar, which caused great damiage not only to aeighboring cities, but even Rhegium. suffered. 473. Liquefarcta saxa, i. e. lava. 474. Arnzo)i'unt sontituan. It was said that an army of foot soldiers and horsemen were seen fighting in the air, and that the sound of great shouts, the clashing of arms, and rushing of horses were heard. These portents are explained by some as an exaggerated report of the appearance of the aurora borealis.... Geimaia. e. the Roman garrisons stationed on the banks of the Rhine. 475. Jlotiburs, by earthquakes. Pliny states that the Alps were frequently shaken by earthquakes. 476. Lfteos, groves, shows the voice was that of a deity.....Per lucos tvolgo= per lucos multos. 477. Sirnuilacra, shades of the dead. 478. Visa: sc. sent.... Loeautae, sunt....Obsctr-isn noctis = obscuram nocten.... Pecit(les, oxen; for these are the cattle that are said to have spoken on this occasion. 4719. lInfamldum, "Omen of unspeakable horror," referring to the prodigy last named.... Sistuit; sc. se. 480. Templis se. in....mea, aeiv-a que, i. e. the statues of the gods, made of ivory and brass. The stopping of rivers -the rendl.ing of the earth-the weeping of ivory in the temples, and the sweating of brazen statues, are portents often mentioned by Latin writers. 482. Fheviorumit rex. The Po is so styled from its being the largest river of Italy, and from its receiving so many tributaries. Unusual overflows of rivers were considered prodigies. 484. Extis. The eta were the heart, lungs, and liver, especially the latter, which were examined by the priests.... Fibrae. These were certain veins whose appearance in the entrails was a bad omen. 485. Ptiteis ntanuire cru~or, as if there were springs of blood.... _Et: sc. non cesaru at.... Altae refers to cities buillt on heights, and to Rome particularly, which sat on seven hills. 486. -Per asotc~temlps When wolves dared to approach so near a city as that their cries were heard in it, the omen was a had one; on this occasion they were seen In the Forum. 487. Non, alias, at no other time.... 118 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Fulgura, nec diri totiens arsere cometae. Ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi; Nec fuit indignum superis, bis sangnine nostro Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguescere campos. Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis Agricola, incurvo terrain molitus aratro, Exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila, Aunt gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanis, Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris. Di patrii, Indigetes, et Romule Vestaque mater, Quae Tuscum Tiberim et Romana Palatia servas, Hiune saltem everso juvenem suecurrere saeclo Ne prohibite! Satis jam pridem sanguine nostro 490 495 500 Caelo sereno; this phenomenon betokened some uncommon display of divine power. 488. Cometae. This probably refers to the comet that appeared at this time, and to showers of meteors, as comets do not usually appear in numbers. 489. Ergo, i. e. as a natural consequence of these omens.... Pareuibms telis; beceuse both armies were composed of Romans. 499. Iterum is to be joined with concurrere rather than with videre. Pharsalia had seen the first meeting in the previous civil war; and Philippi now beheld the second one. 491. Nec fuit indignum, nor did it appear to the gods a punishment unworthy of our crime; i. e. too severe for our cruelty toward Caesar. 492. Emathiam. Emathia does not, strictly speaking, comprehend the territory where the battles of Pharsalia and Philippi were fought, but only a small portion of Macedonia; the poets, however, use the term in an extended sense. to include Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace: besides, they were in the habit of confounding the three regions just named.... Haenmi: Haemus, now Balkan, at the base of which the poet represents Philippi to be, though it lies far from the foot of this range. 493. Scilicet et, doubtless thle time will come, refers to what follows, not to what precedes....'in ibusf (sc. in), is equivalent to terris. 495. Pilta denotes the well known weapporns of the Romans, and is therefore emphatic. 497. Grandfia ossa. The poet here countenances the vulgar opinion that the "human race was degenerating physically and morally," and that all things were in a much worse condition than in the " good old times." 498. Di patrii, i. e. gods of our country, the Lares and Penates, as opposed to those from foreign nations.... lIdigfetes (sc. et), are the Roman heroes, who were deified after death. This is a prayer for the preservation of Augustus, and one god from each class is addressed. 499. Tu.seurn. The Tiber is so called, because it rises in the Appenines, in the district of Etruria.. -Romnia e PlaJtia. On the Palatine hill, Evander had fortified his citadel; there too Romulus fixed his habitation; and afterwards Augustus resided there; hence the poet is easily led into this panegyric on him. 500. JTune: Augustus... Saltem, at least; since Julius Caesar is no -more... jEverso saeclo, this ruined age.... fJuVenern. Augustus was at this time about 27 years of age. GEOJIGICON LIB. I. 119 Laomedonteae luimus perjuaria Trojae; Jam pridem nobis caeli te regia, Caesar, Invidet, atque hominum. queritur curare triumphos; Quippe ubi fas versum atque nefas: tot bella per orbem, Tam mnltac scelerum. facies; non nulls aratro 506 Dign us honos; squalent abductis arva colonis, Et curvae rigidum. falces conflantur in ensem. line movet Euphrates, illine Germania belium; Vicinae ruptis inter se legibus urbes Arma ferunt;- saevit toto Mars impins orbe; Ut cum carceribus sese effudere quadrigae, Addunt in spatia, et frustra retinacula tendens Fertur equis auriga, neque audit currus habenas. 510 502. _Luisnus I)e1jUia It was a prevailing, notion that. the "1sin-, of the fathers were visited on the children " for many generations, and that thus the two acts of perjury of LaoniedoD, in defrauding Nep-. tune and Apollo of their stipulated reward for building (a wall round Troy; and again, in cheating Hercules of the pay which he lpromised him for releasing Jiesione, were atoned for by the mishaps which be-fell the Romans in their civil wars. See Class. Dict. 503. Nobis, u8.... Caecli recqia, the court of heaven..... Te, you; governed by invidet. 504. _Invidet, has envied.... Qiie3-itwur (te) cuia-are trinnmphos. At the time thias Georgic was written, Augustus had not been decreed any trinmph. 505. Quipp)e, etc., contains the reason why the gods grudgre Caesar to the Roma..s.... UNb = apud quo; sc. homine..... JVcrsuem (,sc. est) = confusuns, con.f unded.....Tot bella. 86 B. C. is intended, when, after the subjugation of Sextus Pompey, and the quelling of the Etrurian insurrection, all things foreboded a new civil war, on account of the breaking, up of the triumvirate. by the removal of Lepidus; and on account of the distrust and ill-feeling which had sprung up between Antony and Augtaistus. 506. Facics, aspects.... -Arst)-o: SC. est; dat. of the possessor. 507. Abdutctis: to Serve in the armies. 508. Conflaintitr. Conflare is used prop~erly of smeiting, but here of forging iron; i. e., are melted down and then beaten into. 509. -Eulu#j)iates is used in a wide sense for the nations in that region, e. g., the Parthians, against whom Antony was engaged in war....GUei-mnan h in the year 38 B. C., had risen in formidable rebellion, but had been overcome by Agrippa. 510. Vicijtnc ur-bes, i. e. of Italy, especially of Etruria, where civil dissensions broke out between the different, cities, and caused serious disturbances for somne tinme; but these were reduced to peace and quietness by Augustus in the year 3t6 B. C. 512. taccbsfrom the barriers, or starting places. They were a range of stalls at the end of the Circus, with gates made of upright spars, so as to be seen througha; they were all opened simultaneously as the signal to start..... EJfedere wvell expresses the mad and reckless speetd of the chariot race; and, by comparison, the equally tend and reckless career which many men were then running in their wild pursuit of honor and of power. 513. Arldusnt in, spa itia. The true reading of the passage is uncertain; there are many views in regard to its interpretation. btut. the best commentators supply se, and interpret it: they give themselves8 to the course, rush alog the course. - It Reti nac meta, the reins. 514. Audit, obeys.... Ourrits = equl. ARGUMENT. BOOK II. I. Subject of Second Book, and invocation of Bacchus, god of the vine and of fruit trees generally (1-8). II. Trees and plants-their modes of propagation: 1. Natural mode (10-21), viz.: spontaneous growth (10-13); by seed (14-16); from root of parent trunk (17-19). 2. Artificial mode (22-34), viz.: by suckers (22, 23); by stocks or settings (24, 25); by layers (26, 27); by cuttings (28, 29); by the trunk cut into "lengths " (30, 31); by engrafting (32-34). III. Invocation, and detailed directions as to the peculiar kinds of treatment necessary for different trees and plants (35-82): 1. Introductory address to husbandmen, and invocation of Maecenas (35-46). 2. Means of improving trees by natural growth (47-60). 3. How to employ artificial means of propagating (61-82). IV. The differences in trees and plants: 1. Variety of species (83-108). 2. Soils suited for different kinds (109-113). 3. Trees peculiar to certain countries (114-135). V. Episode in praise of Italy (136-176). VI. Soils-their nature, capabilities, and indices (177-258): 1. Soils suited for the olive (179-183); for the vine (184-194); for cattle rearing (195-202); for corn crops (203-211); for almost no production (212 -216); for any purpose (217-225). 2. Index to loose or close soil (226-237); to salt and bitter (238-247); to the rich and fat (248-250); to the moist (251-253); to the heavy and light (254, 255); to the black (255); to the cold (256-258). VII. The Vine: 1. Directions for the preparation of the ground and for planting (259-353): trenches (259-264); nursery (256-258); setting of slips (269-287); depth of trenches (288-297); miscellaneous cautions (298-314); time for planting (315-322); praises of spring (323-345); manuring and airing of young plants (346-353). 2. General culture and treatment aftes planting (354-419); soil at the roots to be kept open, fine, and fresh (354-357); props (358-361); pruning (362 -370); hedges (371-396); ploughing of vineyard and other operations (397-419). VIII. Various other trees and plants: the olive (420-45); fruit trees (426-428); wild forest trees (429-457). IX. Blessings and happiness of a country life (458-542).-Bryce. LII3EB SECOUTNDUS. H1ACTENus arvorum cultus et sidera aeah, Nune te, Bacche, canata, nec -non silvestria tecrnn 'Virgulta et prolemn tarde crescentis olivae. Hue, pater o Lenaee; tuis hie omnia plena Muneribus, tibi pampineo, gravidus autumno Floret ager, spumat ple-nis vindemia labris; 5 1. Hfactenus: sc. cecint, from the following casam.....Arvo-urn cuUtus, 85 -dera caeli, i. e., I have treated of agriculture in the first Book. 2. Bacche. Bacchus Is said to have introduced the vine into Greece; and as he had charge of fruit-trees generally, he is naturally invoked.... Nee non, also.... Silvestria virgulta, lit, forest bushe8; those barren trees, which were planted to act as props, whereon to train the vine shoots. 3. Vir-gsdtum Is properly a thicket of brushwood, but here it signifies the virgelae, rodg or setting8 grown up to be 'young trees. All kinds of trees are thus indicated-the freit-bearing by the vine and olive; the non-fruit-bearing by virgulta.... Tarde crescentis. The olive was -naturally slow in growth, wheiher propagated from, seed or from slips. 4. The invocation.... Hue: sc. veni, from v. 7..... ater: as being the god of fertility, and for his numerous benefits to man.... -Lenacee; ILe. the wine man, from '~da wine press.._. ic, here, in this part of my szubject. IS. Tibi, for thee, through thy favor.... Pampineo, autitmno, with the vinsy autumn; I. e., with the grapes which autumn is yielding. 6. Floret, blooms, refers to the various 122 122 P. FIR GILII IJIARONIS Hue, pater o Lenace, veni, itudataque mtisto Tingue novo imecum dereptis crura cothurnis. Principio arboribus, varia est natura creandis. Namque aliac, Iuluis hominuni cogentibIus, ipsae Sponte stua veniunt camposque et flumina late Curva tenent, ut molle siler, lentaequc genestae. Populus et glauca canentia fronde salicta; Pars autem posito surgunt de semnine, ut altae Castaneae, nemorumque Jovi quae maxuma frondet Aesculus, atque habitae Graiis oracula, quercus. Pallulat ab radice aliis densissima silva, Ut cerasis ulmisque; etiam Parnasia lauruts Parva sub ingenti matris se subjicit umbra. los natura modos primum dedit; his genus omne S ilvarum frutic umque iiret nemortimque sacrorum. 10 15 20 colo8 of the fruit tree.-.... Vuedeiniur is here the produce of the vineyard when gathered; i. e. the expressed juice. 7. Nifdlta refers to the o1(1 metllod of treading Out the grapes with bare feet. The practice still prevails in many lparts of southern Europe. 8. (iothurnts. Bacchus is usually represented with rich buskins, which it would be necessary, of course, to strip off before the treadinug of the wine began. 9. A ihori~btu (reafldis,for produ ng tree. For case: Vid. N. on Georg. I. v. 3; II. 5,44, 2, N. 1.... Nutu,-ra, mode, plan. 10. Aiiae,8some.... Nullishlor)nintumt. A. 216, a, 2; G. 368; H. 397, 3.... TIps ue, sine semine; i. e., with no seed which man can detect. Negative. 11. Sponte s8iid = 8a vi; i. e. SI)OTntnncously. Affirmative. This doctrine is now exploded.... Lufte qualifies teneoet =im plent. 12. Curva, by calling attention to the bends of th2 river, shows that the trees grow along its side.... Mllolhe sitei,, the 8oqttosier. A. 67, b; H. 103, 2, (2).... Lentae genestae., the pliant broom. 13. P1opulits, the poplar tree. How distinguished from J)opulits, a people?.... Glaueca agrees with which word?.... Suzlicta = salice. This Is a beautifully -accurate description of the common willow. The leaves are of a bluish green albove, while the under part is covered with a white down.-M1artyni. 14. Pafi-s surf/lu~f. A. 205, c; G. 202, ex. 1); 11. 161, 1... Posito (le.%ealtu, fromr drepped seed; i. e., from seed that has fallen on the ground from the branches of the parent tree. 15. TNerno'ru.. Aescutlus, and the aesceles, which, largeqt 5f grove trees, bloos in honor of Jove; i. e., which, like other oaks, is sacred to himi. 16. Hesbiture o-rucutla refers to the oaks of Dodona, which were fabled to imp~art oracles.... Gi-aiis, by the Creeks: dat. of the agent. 17. Poilultut ab radliCe: prop)agation by natural suickers, called puslli by Cato; sepulli by Pliny.... At/~is: sc. arbori bus. 15. Cerusis, chris...... tU ltis. The elin was preferred before all other trees for supports to the vine..-Pus-nasiu. Pl iny s-ays, the finest laurels grew on Mount Parnassus. Observe the variation in the form of expression. 19. I/uresa, when small. Observe the p~osition. Cf. Georg. I. 366.. e-ul~jieit, raises itsel, shoots up. Note the force of sub iii coml)osition. 20. P1rimumt, at first; before men tried experiments.... Ded/t: in opposition to the methods Invented by men..... His, sc. modi8, by thesRemthod8s... Genuts, vari, ety. G E PtG I(CON LIII.- II.12 12-3 Sun~t a~ii, qiios ipsC Via sibi r-epperit usits. lie plantas tenero abseindens de corpore niatrum. eposulit suleis; hic stirpes obruit arvo, Quadrifidasque sudes, et acuto robore vallos; Silvlarumque aliae pressos propagin is tarcus Exspectant et -viva stia Iplaltari~a terra Nil radicis egent ahiae, stimmunique putator Maud dubitat terrae referens niandare cactinin; Quin et caudicibus seetis-mliralbile dicttiTruditur e sieco radix oleagina ligno; Et sacpe alteritis ranios impune videmus XVertere ini alterins, miutatamque hisita miala Ferre pirimn, et primis ilipicdosa rubescere cornat. Qucare atgite o), prpio)tiis generatini discite cultus, 25 30 35 22. AMi: sc. ndi. Other and artificial modes of p)roducing trees, which exlperience (utses) has discovered in progress of entivNation (ria). These are six in iiumber: 1st, Avelsio (.2.3, 24), i. e.. tearing off seck-ers, anid plunting thens hi trenches; 2d, bIfossio (24, 25), 1. e., covering in the earth thick scionis, with the ends either slit a cro ss ini fontir (quadrifidas) or poin ted; 3d. Propaqetio (26. 2T1), i. e., by layers; 4th, Strculatio (28, 29), i. e., planting in the earth a twig or spronit taken from the tolpniost bonghls; 5th, Cone8itio (30,:31), i. e., cntting u p the steni itself into "1 len-ths," and so planthin the parts, either whole or subdivided; Rth, Insitio (32-34), i. e., engrafting.... Via, in the petit of improve24. iDeposuit. Vid. Georg. I 49.. Sidcevs: sc. in..... Stiirpes, sudebs, and ravllos all refer to the same thing-, i. e. the sets; being either the stock of the tree, or pieces cut from the hraniches.-And. 25. Quadrqsdaffis ioplies that the stock was slit transversely, so as to form a cross, like the natural roots.... Aeuto roboire, of pointed wood, i. a.. sharpened at one ~end; descriptive ablative. 26. Sil-rairumt arboru....PPressos =depressos in terrain.... A reus, bows formed by the depressed layers. 27. Ilrspe -eta Pit, look for; i. e. as their natural method of propagation....Via lfiving, as they _Ire not separated from the p~arent tree....Mit fri-ia; i.e., in which they themselves, are growing. For this u-c of via: see G. 521, R. 6; H. 449, 2. 28. Sieiiismitiu cacititeit i.e., a cnt,ting from the top. 29. IlefPesens, restori-ng to its native earth. 230. Qin, e't. moreoer, even.... (Caudieibus- sectis, the trunks being cut in piec-es. Alluding to the method of cutting the trunk itself, and planting it in pieces.... -4lirabile dictut. A. 303, R; G. 437; H. 547, 1. The poet here jnstly expresses his wonder that the olive shonld thus take root from dry Ilieces of wood. 31. 7's'udititsr, pushe forth... Sieeo, dr-y,,Rapless. Pliny says that olive wood, wroughlt and made into hinges for doors, has been known to spront when left for some time w-ithout beinigimoved... Oleogitoa shows that it is- the olive tree of which hie is speaking. hit which is a specimen of the several kinds of trees which are grown in the same mianner. 32. imPunte, without injury to the tree. 33. Ve.rtere; sC. 8e..Ii, a5ltei'iii5s; sc. renmo8. This of course is "grafting."..Miutaitam, L~e. in niature...Int, sc. 8ibl, referring to p1 rum. 34. Pirum is snbj. of ferre.... Prunzis, sc. in., on plum trees.... Rubeseere., to ripen. 3.5. Qua~re, wherefore, since such results cami he accomplished.... aeartm c 124 P. FIRGILII MAR 0 IS Agricolac, frtctusque feros mollite colenldo, Nell segnes jaceant terrae. Juvat Ismara Baccho Conserere, atque olea magnum vestire Taburnum. Tuque ades, inceptuinque una decurre laborenm, 0 decus, o famae merito pars maxuma nostrae, 4(4 Maecenas, pelagoque volans da vela patenti. Non ego cuncta meis amplecti versibus opto, Non, mihi si linguae centum sint, oraque centurnm, Ferrea vox; ades, et primi lege litoris oram; In manibus terrae; non hic te carmine ficto 45 Atque per ambages et longa exorsa tenebo. Sponte sua quae se tollunt in lurninis oras, Infecunda quidem, sed laeta et fortia surgunt; Quippe solo natura subest. Tamen haec quoque, si quis Inserat, aut scrobibus mandet mutata subactis, 50 Exuerint silvestrem animum, cultuque frequenti cording to their kinds, i. e. the mode pecu- I liar to each kind....C'ultus, i. e. modes of cultivation. 37. NVeu (= et ne), and let not.... Segnes may be either predicate or a simple attribute. "And an encouragement is added by the examples of the Mountains, Ismarus and Taburnus, whose soil, though poor, produces the best wine and the best olives."....elJuvat, it is delightful.... Ismarus was a mountain in Thrace, near Maronea, whence its wine, famous even in Homer's days (Od. IX. 196), was called Maronean... Baeccho = vitibus. 38. Ta.burnus was a mountain on the confines of Samnium, Apulia, and Campania, famed for its olives. 39. Tu, i. e. Maecenas.... IUnn: se. mecem.... Decutrrse, run through. A metaphor from navigation. 41. Motecenws. Cf. N. on Georg. I. 2..... Pelaj/o: dat.... D)t vein: sc. una mecem. 42. Non ego opt- = non is sum q optem. Cf. Horn. 11. II. 488.. Cuneta, the whole vast subject. 43. Non: sc. optem amplecti.... Mihi: dat. of possess. 44. Primi, nearest.... Lege oramn, cruise along the coast. i. e., do not dip too deeply into these matters. 45. In mantibus tesrr<a, sc. sunt, implies that the argument is easy to be comnprehended, and hence needs no long circumlocution or preamble to introduce it..... Hie seems almost to imply an intention of doing so one day.-Con.... l'icto, mythical, epic. 47. Nature requires to be assisted by art; trees of spontaneous growth are not fruitbearing, but may be made so by cultivation... Sponte sun: vid. vv. 10-13.... In lurminis or(as, into the regions of light. This phrase is never used except in reference to the birth of animals, or the bursting forth of plants. 48. Laeta et fortin, luxuriant and sturdy. 49. Natrne sutbest, a natural energy is latent in the soil, which exactly suits these trees. 50. Inserat, engraft; i.e., with cuttings from other trees.-Con.... Mi ttftt(, transplanted; i. e. changed in situation.... Ssbfctifs, being carefully prepared; i. e., well dug. 51. Exuerint, will speedily throw off. "Observe here the employment of the future perfect to denote a quickly-completed future action."-An.... Animum. = naturam. GEORGICONY LIB. II.15 125 In quascumque voces artis haud tarda sequentur. Nec non et sterilis, quae stirpibus exit ab iimis, Hoe faciet, vaeuos si sit digesta per agros: Kune altae frondes et rami matris opaeant, Creseentique adimunt fetus uruntque ferenitem. Jam, quae seminibus jactis se sustulit arbos,, Tarda venit, seris factura nepotibus umbram. Pomaque degenerant sueos obliita priores, Et turpis avibus praedarn fert uva racemos. Scilicet omnibus est labor impendendus, et omnnes -Cogendae ini suleum, ae multa mereede dornandae. Sed trimeis oleac melius, proptagine vrites Respondenit, solido Paphiae de robore niyrtus Plantis et durac coruli naseuntur,, et higenis Fraxi-nu s, Herceuleaeque arbos uimbrosa eoronae, Chaoniique patris glandes; etiam ardua palma Nascitur, et casus abies visura marinos. 55 60 65 52. Artis, kinds of culture, artificial -rnodes of culture. 53. Steirilis, se. arbor, refers to suckers springing up from the roots of the parent tree. 54. HMoc faciet, will do this; i. e., rid.Itself of its wild nature.. I. igesta, planted out in regular order.. -Agros vacuios, (Ypen; in contrast with the wood when it is choked by the parent tree. 55. Nitns, now; i. e., even while wild. 56. (s-esceptti: sc. arbori. A. 228; G. 346; 11. 386.i..e~tus = fruectus... V~ifflfkitte ferentern, and dry it up when it does bear, as air and the sun's rays are as -necessary to plants for their growth and health as to animals. 57. Jam, again....# jactis = positi8. It does not relate to sowing by the hand. 58. J'enit =provenit... Seris n~epotibees, for generations yet unborn. 59. Ponta, the fruit generally.... Oblita, forgetting; 5. e. being deprived of. 60. Avibus praedam: because no men will pick them.-Con.... Fert, offers. 61. Scilicet, thus, you see, contains a -general reference to what has preceded.... Omnibues: ec. arboritius, referring to all modes of cultivation, whether natural or artificial, and to all kinds of trees. 62. Cogendae in suleumn, i.ea., made to stand in the trenches in order.... Maldta mer-cede, at great cost; i. e., of labor. 63. Trutncis, with trurwheon~s. Vid. N. on 22 (5th mode).... Piropagiite: vid. N. on 22 (3d mode). 64. _Respontdent,succeed.... Pap~hiae. The myrtle was sacred to Veinus, who was specially worshiped at Paphos in Cyprus. De solido irobore: by lnfossio. Vid. N. on 22 (2d mode). 65. -Plantis,from slips, or shoots; i. e., by avulsio (1st mode), or surculatio (4th mode). Vid. N. on 22. 66. Ar-bos Hferculeae coronae; i. e., the poplar, which the hero brought up from Acheron. Vid. Ed. VII. 61. 67. Clhaonii patris; i. e., Jupiter, whose oracle of Dodona was in Chaonia. Vid. Georg. I..... Glandes= quercus. Palma. The palm was planted in Italy, not for Its fruit, but for its shade, and for its small twigs, which were extensively used for making baskets. 68. Nascitur: sc. planti.s...4hAies. The fir was much used in ship building, hence vinira casus marl nos. 12(; P. VIR G I II MAR ONIS Inseritur vero et fetu nucis arbutus horrida, Et steriles platani males gessere valentis; Castaneae fagus, ornusque incanuit albo Flore pin, glandemnque sues fregere sub ulmis. Nec modus inserere atque oculos imponere simplex. Nam, qua se med(io trudunt de cortice gemmae Et tenuis rumpunt tunicas, angustus in ipso Fit nodo sinus: lhu aliena ex arbore germen Includunt, udoque docent inolescere libro. Aut rursum enodes trunci resecan tur, et alte Finditur in solidum cuneis via, deinde feraces Plantae immittultur: nec longum tempus, et ingens Exiit ad caelum rarnis felicibus arbos, Miraturque novas frondes et non sua poma. Praeterea genus baud unum, nec fortibus ulmis, Nec salici lotoque, neque Idaeis cyparissis, 70 75 80 69. Different fruit-trees are best adapted for ingrafting on certain others.... 1lorrida, pri.ly.... Fetu nucis, with the shoot of the walnut tree. 70. Steriles. The plane-trees are called steriles, as not producing any edible fruit..... i'It(lni, sc. insiti.... Gessere = gerere solent. So incatnuit and f')'egere below. Cf. N. on Georg. I. 49. 71. Castafneae: sc. lore.....Fagus is nom. to incanuit, the last syllable being long by caesura.-Con. 72. GTlander m sub unmis, i. e., the oak being grafted upon the elm.... Fregere, crunch. 73. N-ee mtodstts (est) inserere, nor are the modes of grafting and inoculation identical. We would here expect the gerund rather than the infinitive. See N. of Georg. I. 213.... Oceulos, buds... Simplex, one, identical. 75. 'The process of inoculation is very simple. When a bud is seen to be coming out, it is rubbed off, and a small slit being made in the inner coatings of the bark. a bud from another tree is inserted, and thus grows up along with the adopted tree.... Tunicas, the liber, or inner bark. 76. Nodo, made by the bud bursting forth from the bark, and swelling up like a knot... Siniws, cavity.... HIuc icliudtun t: an instance of the Constructio praegnan,. Vid. Geo. 1. 375. 77. Udo libro, moist bark, as containing the sap.... Docen't iuolesec-re = ita efficiunt, ut inolescat. 78. We now come to the engrafting.... Aut rtursnm, or again; introducing the new subject.... EIlodes titunci, i. e., the stem, where there is no knot, in opposition to the knot required for inoculation. 79. Finditur. This is our common deft-grafting..... In solidutin: sc. lignumn.... ieraces, fruitful; i. e., from a fruit-bearing tree. 80. Nec lotngurn terrpus: sc. est. 81. Felicibus = fertilibus. 83. This begins another division of the subject, viz.: the varieties existing in the different species of plants.... Unuwrn, one and the same.... Ulmis, etc.: dat. of the possessor. 84. Lotoque, and the lotus; a tree of moderate size which grows on the North coast of Africa, and bears a small fruit, which is sweet and resembles the date in flavor.... Idaeis: from the Cretan Ida, as the cypress was introduced into Italy from Crete. (IEORG'ICON LJB. II. Nee pingues unam in faciem nascuntuir olivac, Orchades, et radii, et urnara patusiat baca, Pomatqne et Alein~oi silvae; nec sureultis idem (Crtistunifis Syriisque pirns gravibusquc volemis. Non eadem arboribus pendet vindeniia nostris, Quiam Methymnaeo earpit de palmite Lesbos;, Stint Thasiae vites, sint et Mlareotides albac, Pinguibus hae terris habiles-, levioribus iliac; Et plasso Psithia utilior, tenuis(t~te Lageos, Temptatura pedes olim vincturacque liiigaan; Ptirpturca, Jpraeciaeque; et quo te caruline dicam, Rhaetica? inec cellis ideo coritenide Falernis. 127 8-)5 90 95 85. Utiaifl in# Jaietcsn. There are some sixteen varieties of olives, of which Virgil mentions only three.T 86. Ovichliedes and vadii are named from their shape. The orchades are oblong,; the radii are long like a weavers shuttle..... Ptrisia is called aniara baca, as it requires to be gathered before it is ri pe. 87. Qn-. We would here expect 'cc, but in emphatic narration the copolative conjunction is often put f or the disjunctive.. Alcintii silvae; i. e., finuit trees -uch as grew in the gardens of Alcinous, a King of Phaeacia, celehrated for the beanty of his gardens, and the variety and excellence of their fruit...Sutrculus. If the cuttincs are not of the same form the resulting trees will of course differ. Chase. 88. UCrusturiis: from Crustunmerium, a town of the Sahines, not far from the jiniction of the Allia and Tiher. It was celebrated for Its pears, which were considered the best variety.... Volesn is, hand-fillers; from vola, the palm, because they were large enough to fill the hollow of the hand. 89. Arbori bus: sc. de, i. a. those which supported the vines.... Vindernia, vintage; poetical for uvae.... Nostris, I. a. Italian. 9.0. Quam, as, lit., which.... Methymnaeo. Methynmna was a town on the north shore of the island of Lesbos, famed for the abundance and excellence of its wines. 91. Thatsiae'. Thasos was an island off the coast of Thirace, whose wvines were held in higrh esteem. -. ]lar-cotides:- sc. vites, from Lake hlareotis, near Alexandlria in Egypt. These. vines furnished a, light, sweetish, white wine with a delicate perfume, and easy of digestion. 92. Ilsie, the former.-As...- -H abiles, adapted to. 93. I'aisxo (from pando), sc. vino, and the Pqithian better fltted for wine mnade of sun dried grapes. The pa(ssiumn was a wvine made of half dried grapes, which wvere either allowed to hang on the vine until they had shrunk to one half their original bulk, or else were gathered when fully ripe, anti hunng on poles to dry in the su...PWithje, Lageos. These terms, are Greek, but they have no known meaning.-Con. -..- Tennviis, spirituous, intoxicating. 94. Olim, hereafter; i. e., when the wine has been made from it. 95. 1'fp:r( C sc. vites; i. e., those havi-ng purple grapes-..P)-eeien-, the early ripe. 96. Ilhbuetica: cc. vitis. Rthaetian wine, from Rhaetia (the modern Grisons and Tyrol), was a favorite beverage with Augustus, which accounts for the admiration expressed-GnuClls. The wine cellars a-re put for the wine Itself -.. Contende, presume to vms... - Faleri-is. This was. the best Italian wine, next after the Caecuban. 128 P. FIR GI-II MJAR0ONJS Stunt et Aminaeae vites, flirmissima vini,i. 'Tniolius adsurgit quibus et rex ipse Phanacus; Argi tisque minor, cui non certaverit ulla Aut tantum fluere atit totidem durare per annlos. Non. ego te, Dis et mensis accepta secundis, Transierim, Rhodia, et tumidis, Bumaste, racemis. 100 Sed neque, quarn multae species, nec, nomina quac sint, -Est nurnerus; neque enim numero comprendere refert; Quem qui scire velit, Libyci velit aequoris ideni 105 Discere quam multae Zephyro turbentu r areinae, Ant, ubi navigiis violentior incidit Eurus, Nosse, quot Jonii veniant ad litora1, fluctus. INec vero terrae ferre omnes omnia possunt. IFluminibus salices crassisquc paludibus alni 110 Nascuntur, steriles saxosis montibus orni: Litora myrtetis laetissima; denique apertos 97. Amtinaceae. These wines were chiefly cultivated in the vicinity of Naples, and are said by Aristotle to have been introduced into Italy by a Thessalian tribe,called A m n e..vim s i m ina, very durable wines,' I. e., those which will keep for a long time. Observe the peculiar apposition of vites and vina. 98. Timoliins. sc. mo,8.....Adsuryit, ~r1.e8 to do homage.... Phiantaus: from the promontory Phanae in the island of Chios. A rocky part of the coast Of Chios, called Arivisia, produced the Ani-visian wine, which was considered the best of all the Greek vintages. 99. Argitis minor: so called to,distinguish it from another variety called airgitis major....Que connects this to.sunt et Aminaeae, etc.... Cui, with which..... Non niae: sc. vitis.... Cent elves-it. R. 485; 486, I. 100. Thntum fluere, lit., to flow 80 -much; i. e. in yielding so much juice. 101. Dis et mensis secundis, to the gods and 8econd courses: drinking did not begin till after the first course, when it was commenced by a libation, Con. 102. Transierim, I will pass over in silence: perfect subj. to denote a softened future. Vid. N. on certaverit v. 99.... R1hodia: sc. vitis...15tniaste.- 5o called from its bearing large-sized grapes. 103. SpIecies,: sc. vitium... -. Quce sint, as exist: subj. implying some hesitation in the statement. 104. Est nurnenusv enumeraripotest, is there a number fo...... Neque enim. nor indeed... lRe/crt, i it necessary, inspotant, need we. 105. Quemt, that, i. e., the number.... Aeqitonis. The reference is to the Libyan desert, not the Libyan sea. 107. Viotenttoior, more violent than usual. 108. Noss-e = oisse.... Ionii Jiuctus - fuctus Ionii mari8. The Ionian sea lay between Lower Italy and Greece. 109. We are now informed that different trees and plants require different soils.... Ortunia; i. a. trees of all sorts. 110. Fliusninibues,_I~a#tudibis: abl. of place; for ad flumina, ad paludes. 112. -Litora inyrtetis laetissimta is a more elegant expression than myrti, sotent ese laetlssirna in litori bus. The myrtle is a tender plant, and loves warm sandy shores.... Apertos suggests the idea of apricos to which aqui~lonem et fri.. gora is opposed: he treats soil an~d climnate together. GEORGICON LIII. II. 129 Bacchus amnat collis, aquilonemn et frigora taxi. Aspico et extirnmis dorniturni cultoribus orbem, Eoasque domus Arabum pictosque Gelonos: 1)ivisae arboribus patriae. Sola India nigrum Fort ben urn, solis ost turea virga Sabaeis. Quid tibi odorato referamn sudantia ligno Balsamaque et bacas semper frondentis acanthi? Quid nemora Aethiopum, molli canentia lana? Volieraque ut foijis dopeotant tonuia'Sores? Aut tjuos Oceano propior genit India lucos, Extreini sinus orbis, ubi aera vincore summuni Arboris baud ullae jaotu. potnore sagittae? Et gons illa quidom sumptis non tarda pharetris. Mledia fert tristis snoos tardumqne saporemn Felicis mali, quo non praesentiuis iillurn, 115 120 125 113. Bacelhus: i. e. sits... Aqu-ilonemn. A northern exposure. 114. Aspice... otibent. Behold the world brought into subjectio to the hAsbandmnen, even in its most remote regigm; I. e. go where you Nvill, each country has its tree....- Cuiltorib~its: dat. of the a,,ent. 115. Pictos, tattooe.... Gelontos. The Geloni, a Scythian race, lived beyond the Borysthenes (Duieper), in the district now called Ukraine. 116. Divisae: Fc. unt. Their native countries have been divided among trees; I. e. each tree has its allotted country... India, is often used in a wide seuse by the poets, as here it seems to include Ethiopia to which the ebony-tree more properly belongs~. 117. Turea virga, the franki ense sh.ub.... Saba~eis. Vid. Geo. I. 57. 115. Stidantia, exuding...I. igno: sc. ab. It is not the wood, but the gum that is fragrant. 119. Jialsama, i. e., the Balm of Gilead....Bacas, berries, seeds in the pods..., Acansth~i. This Is the Egyptian acacia, from whicb we obtain gum Arabic, and not the plant spoken of in Ecl. III. 45, and elsewhere. 120. Qttid: sc. tiU referam...Mothi 1(1na: the reference Is to the cotton tree of the Past, not our cotton plant. 121. Vettera tenuia, thin fleeces. The ancicuts, long after Virgil's time, were ig~norant of the true nature of silk, but believed that it was a sort of down gathered from the leaves of trees.... Ut, how. 01). serve the change in the construction.... Foli is: governed by deV iii composition. -.. Sei-es. A people of Ipper Asia, supposed to be the Chinese. 122. Oceauio pr)op)iom.,. India Nvas considered the farthest country of the world to the east, and as bordering directly onl the Ocean. 12. -Extremi sinu?,s orb-is, the curse of the end of the earth; in appos. with lIndia. Sinus refers to the curved shore of this extreme portion of the earth. 124. At-boris. The most exaggerated accounts are given by the ancient writers of the heights of the trees that grew in India.... Jfacht, when shot, b~y a throw... 1otuere = nn possunt. Vid. N. on Geo. I. 49. 125. Frt quidem (= et tame-n), and yet....o~n tarda: by litotes for strenna, skillful. A. p. 2.99; G. 697; H. 637, VIII.... jPha?, etris suznptis, i. e. when they take up the bow. 126. Tristis, bitter.... Tarduim, longabiding. 127. Fehicis mali, i. e. the citron; called fdlix from Its successful use as an antidote to poisons...Praesentius, more effIcacious. 130 P. VIRGILII MRARONIS Pocula si quando saevae infecere novercae Miscueruntque herbas et non innoxia verba, Auxilium venit, ac membris agit atra venena. Ipsa ingens arbos faciemque simillima lauro, Et, si nlon alium late jactaret odorem, Laurus erat; folia haud ullis labentia ventis; Flos ad prima tenax; animas et olentia Medi Ora fovent illo et senibus medicantur anhelis. Sed neque Medorum silvae ditissima terra, Nec pulcher Ganges atque auro turbidus Hermlus Laudibus Italiae certent, non Bactra, neque Indi, Totaqlue turiferis Panchaia pinguis are is. Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem Invertere satis immanis dentibus hydri, Nec galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis; 130, 135 140 128. Sfevrae, heartless..... Inffcere: se. veneno.... n'onve-e~e. Stepmothers are often charged with the crime of poisoning the children of their husbands by a previous marriage. 129. Mliscueruvnt.. H608, VI.... 11crbIt s: sc. non innoxias.... Verba: as in incantations. 130..A fit = expellit...... Ienbris: sc. ex. 131. Arbos: sc. est... Faciem, in appearance, is accus. of spec. depending on.eitzillima. 133. Erat: for esset. A. 308, c; G. 599, R. 3; H. 511, 1.... Folia: sc. sunt.... Labentia. We would here expect labuntur. 134. Ad prima, i. e. in primis, especially.....Animas, breaths....Olentia applies both to animas and ora. 135. ioverLt, i. e. curant.... Ilo: sc. malo.... Medicantuw. This verb sometimes governs the dat., as here, and sometimes the accus.... A.nhlis, i.e. asthmatic. 136. The following episode in praise of Italy is one of the most beautiful to be found in any Latin writer..... Mledorumn is governed by terra; silvae by ditisSif7. e i. 137. Ganges, i. e. the country drained by it.... Auro turbidus, whose mud or sand is gold. Con.... HJerrus was a river of Lydia, receiving the Pactolus, both of which were "turbid" with the gold dust that came down in great quantities. 138. Bactra: the capital of Bactria, a north-eastern province of the Persian empire.... Indi. The whole country. 139. Pa~nchaia, i. e. Arabia or rather the fabulous island of Euemerus, off the coast of Arabia. which produced nyrrh, frankincense, etc. 140. Hcec loca. The idea conveyed is: Italy is not inferior to Colchis in fertility, and she is, at the same time, free from those monsters, which afflicted that country...Tauri spirantes naribus ifnlenr. Alluding to the story of Jason, and the Argonautic expedition. Aetes, King of Colchis, agreed to give Jason the golden fleece, provided he could yoke the brass-footed bulls, which breathed flame from their nostrils. When he had yoked tlem, he was to plough with them a piece of land, and sow the serpent's teeth, whence warriors in armor sprang up. 141. Satis dentibus: dat., for, to receive..... Hydri, of the dragon, whose teeth were sown by Jason. 142. Virutm *seres, a crop of men.... Horruit: sc. in his lois. GEORGICON LIB. II.11 131 Sed gravidae fruges -et Baechli Massictis humor Implevere; tenent oleae armenta(quc Iaeta. Hiie bellator equus campo -sese arduus infert; Hiie albi, Clitumne, greges et maxurna taurus Victima", sacpc tuo perfusi flumine sacro, Romanos Lad templa detrn duxere tritimphos. Ilic ver cadsiduum a~tqlu aliem s meusibtis aestas; iBis gravidae lpectlles, bis pomis utilis arbos. At rabidnae tigres tta)stlft et saeva leonuinl Semina, nec miseros fallunt, aconita legcntis, Nec rapit immensos orbis per. humum, uieque tanto Squamneus ini spiram tractu. se colligit anguis. Adde tot egregias uirbes opera mque, laborem, Tot congyesta manu ipraeruptis opjpida saxis, Fluminac uo an tiquos sublterlabeantia muros. 1115 1150 1.55 14:3. Gri,'idae, heavyloaded.... BacsClii Massieti8 hiemo,', lit., the Massic liquid of Bacchus; i. e., Massic wine, frorn mount Massicus in Campania, which was by far the best, growth of Falernian wine. 144. Tenient = possident; sc. haec boca. Laeta, prolific. 145. llellato)r cequits, the war-horse..... Camtpo: dat.; for ad campami.... A?'4'lus, with heed erect. 146. A. fbi f/ieq/ev, white herds. White victims were offered 1o the celestial gods, in the celebration of Roman triumphs.... (litiemiie. The Clitumnus was a river of Umbria, flowhig into the Tiber. It was believed that the cattle which drank its waters becamne white... Manrurna, greatest, being offered on the occasion of a trilphi. 148. Tempwlei deum. The temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline hill, where the triumphal processions ended.... Dttxeipe. As the victims were led in the foremost p~art of the procession, they are here said lpoetically to lead the triumph itself. 149. IHic ver (est) adsiduturn. This is, of course, not to be taken literally, but means simply that the climate of Italy is so mild that vegetation may go on at all seasons...Alienis meamsibus, i. e., hiber'nis; when It is winter elsewhere. 150. IBis: per singulos annos... tls productive of. 151. A4t, bat (what is snore). " Virgil wishes to) impress upon his readers that Italy enjoys the fecundit~y of warmi climates without their general evils, viz.: ti-gers, lions, serpents and poisons." 152. Se.mtina (= genera), bree-d....-A co-,ii tao. The plural refers to poisonous herbs generallY. Thme idea is, that although some poisonous herbs exist in Italy, they are so few, that, comitared with Coichis, there may be said to be none. 153. 'la itto tr-actu, sc. quanto in allis terris. The words intaneitsos and tanto show that the poet does not deny that venomous reptiles do exist; but he merely alleges that they are comparatively small amud harmless. 155. Adde. Add the works of man and the men themselves to these blessings of nature already enumerated. K.... E'flieflias, famous....Urbes. There were many more cities in Italy than in any other country of the same size. Aelian says there were 1,197.... Opemr?"que lahorem, i. e., the buildings, etc., erected with much labor, the magnificent or stupendou.8 buildings. 1.56. Me[nu, by manual labor; showing luersonal exertion.... Praeruptss, saxris, on precipitous rocks, which was the situation of many of the ancient Italian cities. 157. Siubtertabentiaz, flowing cdose by; .132 132P. V'JRGILII J1[ARONIN Ani mrnie, quod supra, inemorern, quodqiie adluit infra? Anne lacus tailtos, te, Lari maxumne, teqUe0, Flnctibus et frernitu adsurgens Benace marino? 1 An nmemorem portus Literinoque addita claustra Atque indignatumi magnuis stridoribus aeqnuor, Julia qua Jponto longec sonat unda ref uso Tyrrhenuisqtue fretis immuittituir aestus Avernis? llaec eaden -argenti rivos aerisque metalla I Ostendit venis, atque auro Iplurina, fluxit. -lacec genus acre virurn, Marsos, pubemque Sabellaii, Adsuetumque malo Ligurenm, Volseosque% verutos Extulit, liace Decios, Marios, magnosque Camillos, 60 65 referring to towns built on the banks of streams. 158. A n suggests an ellipsis: (Have I1 no already mntiond enough) or, etc.-C..... Q~iod (se. adluit) 8upra = " 8uperum mare," sett Adriaticum.... Qutodepiee ifra, - "mare infernum," sen Tyrrhenum. 159. Anne has the same force and meaning as an.... -Te: se. meoem.... Lari. The Larus was a magnificent lake in Cisalpine Gaul, filling a hollow at the south of the Alps; the modern lake of Como, in Lombardy....iMaxarnee (= permagn~e), mighty; as Lake Verbanus (now Lake Maggiore) is larger than Lake Lartts. 160. I'lacfibses: sc. marinis.... Rienace. Benacas, the modern Garda, was in Verona, and of very large area; hence it was much exposed to storms, under the influence of which its waves and roar were like those of the sea. 161. lon-tus. The Portus Julius is meant, which, by the advice of Vipsanins Agrippa, and during his consulship in 36 B. C., Octavianus formed, as a safe place where his fleet, which had been defeated by Sextus Pompey, might by repaired. 162. Inidignatumn, giving vent to its indignation, at being thus restrained. 163. Quta, where....,Iuliia ienela unda Jul11 portu.... Longe, afar, is to be joined with -sonat.... IRefuso ponto, the sea being beaten back. I. e., from the breakwater, which, when formerly a mere mound, it used to flow over. 164. Fretis refers to the passage between the two lakes, of which Avernus was the more inland. 165. The mineral wealth of Italy now forms the subject of praise.... Hace ea - dezn: se. terra.... Rivos, strea s; used to (lenote abundance.... Aeris 'metalla, 166. Ostendit, fliexit. Wagner thinks these perfects are used because a decree of the Senate had forbidden the working of mines, and thus, though the country once yielded a plentiful supply, it did so no longer.... Venits: se. in....- P'luicra, agreeing with hwee, is to be taken adverbially, abundantly. 167. The nations of Italy are now reviewed.... Geicus, acre, a warlike race, refers to all the tribes named.... Viritin =virorm. A. 40, e; G. 29, R. 3;H. 52, 3.....JMarasos. The Mars!, a warlike and hardly race, dwelt northeast of Latium, and southeast of the country of the Sablues....Pabem Sabellam, i. e., the Samnites; although the term apiplies to all the descendants of the S54jipe stock, e. g., the Marsi, Peligni, Ve~stini,'Wtc. They occupied the Apennines to the north of Latium. 168. Malo, to hardship.... Liguremi. The Ligures lived along what is now the Gulf of Genoa. Their soil was poor and stony, and subjected them to a life of privation and hardship.... Volscos. The Volsci were a Latin people, who fought with a light spear called veru, hence the epithet. 169. Haca: sc. terra exatuit.... Decios, (three of them), iMarios, Ciamillos (A. 75, a; H. 180, 2). Men famous in Roman history. GEOR GICON LIB. II. 133 Scipiadas duros bello, et te, maxume Caesar, Qui nunc extremis Asiae jam victor in oris Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibuts Indurm. Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus, Magna virum; tibi res antiquae laudis et artis Ingredior, sanctos ausus recludere fontis, Ascraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen. Nunc locus arvorum ingeniis, quae robora cuique, QUlis color, et qiae sit rebus natura ferendis. Difficiles primunm terrae collesque inaligni, Tenuis ubi argilla et dumosis calculus arvis, Palladia gaudent silva vivacis olivae. Indicio est tractu surgens oleaster eodem Plurimus et strati bacis silvestribus agri. At quae pinguis humus dullcitque uligine laeta, Quique frequens herbis et fertilis ubere campusQiualem saepe cava montis convalle solemus Despicere; huc summis liquuintur rupibus amnes, 170 175 180 185 170. Scipiadas alludes to the elder and the younger Africanus.... Dt.uros bello, inured to war.....M awnne, greatest of all. 171. Nucc. " This refers to the journey of Octavianus through Egypt and Syria into Asia, where he spent the winter near the Euphrates, and arranged the affairs of Asia. This was almost immediately after the battle of Actium." 172. Imbellem, dispirited, by defeat..... Arcibus, citadels generally, and Rome in particular.... Iwndmi refers to those Eastern nations, who had furnished aid to Antony. 173. Saturnia tellus. Vid. Ecl. IV. 6. 174. Magfna v,irum: sc. parens.... Tibi, in thy honor.... Res, themes.... Antiquae laudibs et artis, i. e., agriculture, which was held in honor by our ancestors, and skillfully practised by them. 175. Ausus recludere, i. e., to be the first Roman that has ventured to draw poetic inspiration from such a source. 176. Ascraeumque carmen, i. e., I follow the example of Hesiod, of Ascra. 177. On the nature of the different kinds of soils.... Nunc locus: sc. est.... In geniis, natural qualities.... IRobora (sc. swnt), strength; i. e., productive power. 178. Color, i. e. judgment as to its character from its color. 179. iJfficiles, stubborn, hard to get anything out of....alifaJ ti, niggardly; i. e., for corn crops. 180. Tentis, hungry.....Argilla, potter's clay, which Columella says is as hungry as sand.... Cilctelus, gravel.... Arvis: sc. sunt; dat. of possessor. 181. Palladia, i. e., sacred to Minerva..... Vivacis, long-lived; as it grows very slow. 182. The presence of the wild olive shows that the soil is good for cultivation..... Tr-ctut: sc. in. 183. Plwrimus oleaster = permultf oleastri.... Strati, strewn.... Bacis: sc. oleastri. 184. A rich soil is good for vines.... Pinguis, rich.... FTliqine, that natural moisture of the earth. 187. Despicere, to look down upon,. from a summit.... Hue, i. e., into such a valley..... Linquuntur = defluunt..... IRupibus: sc. de. '134 P. VIR GILII MAl 0NIS Felicemque trahmunt lirntim-quiq ue edi tus austro, Et filicemn eurvis invisam pascit aratris: Hie tibi praevalidas olim mnultoque flueintis 190 Sufficiet Baccho vitis, hi etli vc Ilie laticis, qualemn pateris libamus et auro,' Inflavit cum pinguis ebuir Tyrrhenus ad aras Lancibus et pandis fumautia reddimnus exta. Sin armenta magis studium vitulosque tueri, 195 Aiit fetus ovium, aut urentis culta capellas, Saltus et saturi petito longinqua Tarenti, Et qualem infelix amisit Manuta campum, Pascentem niveos herboso flumine cycnos: Notn liquidi gregibus fontes, non gramina deerunt, 200 Et, quantum longis earpent aruenta diebus, Exigua tantum gelidus ros nocte repoiiet. Nigra, fere et presso phingis sub vomere terr-a, Et enii putre solurm,-namque hoe imitamur arando 188. Felieem, fertilizing.... Quil: sc. campus.... E~ditusv, rising to, elevated.. Ausfs'-o ad austrum. 189. Filicem, fern, whose roots are lbranching and strong, and hence impede the plough. 190. Ifli: se. campus.... 01bim,in time...Fluenltis-, feuwing with. 191. HMe: sc. campus.r......Fertilis weane; the only instance where fertilis has the genitive. 192. Laticis: se. talis; i. e., of the best wNines. Chian and Falernian were especially used for this purpose.... Pate'si~s et auro: by hendiadys for pateris aureis. 19:1. Pinquis Ti,rjrhenzus. Tnscan flute-players were employed at Rome to lplay whenever sacrifices were offered. As they always partook of the foodl offered up, they becamne very fat, hence "to live like a piper " became a proverb applied to those who maintained themselves at the expense of other people.... _Elur: tibia eburnea. 194. Pandis, holow....Fumantia,' reeking, may refer either to the natural heat of the exta, as taken fresh from the lbody of the victim, or to the heat acquired by cooking.... Reddimnus, we of'er up. 195. On pasture lands,.... Studliunt: sc. est tib.... T. lanai, to rear. Vid. Georg. I. 305. 196. Pettis ovisot == oves.... Vi)een tis (lilta. The ancients believed that the saliva of the goat (left on trees and herhs from their bite) was very injurious, especially to the olive. 197. Saturi, of fruitful.... Loiilitzqua; sc. arva... Tairenti. Tarentum (now Taranto), at the head of the bay of the same name, in Calabria, was famed for its opulence, the beauty of the neighborhood, and the fertility of the soil. 1,98. jlMiiautsa amisit. Vid. Notes and Subject, Edl. I.... Camipum: sc. talem. 199. Herboso fluinine: sc. in; i. e. the Mincius. Vid. Edl. VII. 12,13i. 202. E,,xigua, iioete, in a short night; opposed to lot~iffs, diebtrs. This is. perhaps, somewhat of a poetic exaggeration. Yet Varro tells us that "1Caesar Vopiscus affirmed that at Rosea (near Lake Velinus) a vine pole being stuck in the ground would be lost in the grass the next day."Martyn. 20-3. On soil suitable for corn.... Fere, generally speaking, modifies opturna frsersue'stis. 204. Putre (se. est) crumbling... GEORGICO2Y LIB. II.13 135 iOpturna frumentis; non nibo ex aequore cornes Phura domuim tardis decedere plaustra juvencis; Aut undo ira-tus silvarn devexit anator Et riemora evertit rnuntos ignava per annos, Aintiquasque domnos avium cumn stirpibus irnis Emit; iliac alttmitifi(Iis peticre relictis At rudis enituit imipulso vomero campus. Nani jejuina quideni clivosi glarca rurns V ix huniilis apibus casias roremquc ruiDIStrtat Et toftis sc~aber, et nigris exesa chelydr'is Creta iiega-nt ali os acque scipetitibus agros iDulcoim ferre cibum et curvas praebere latebras. Qttac tenuorn cxbialt nebulam fu mosque voluciri s,, Et bibit hamorem, et, cumn volt, cx so ipsa ronlittit, Quaequ({U suo sompor viridis so gramine vostit, INec scabie ot, salsa hiodit, robigi noe ferrunm, /205 210 215 220 Woer, I. e. to make the grounid crurnbling. 205. Ophtusner: sC. est...A,) 11ni cX fiewq~tove, fromno field. 206.Jiv: sc. quam e tafl.... Taidis, slow, not only by nature, but also from the pressure of the heavy load.... Jureeicis:abl. of manner —Con. 207. On n~ew land..... I ut midre = ut ex jill aequore unde_... li-atis: because he sees the land which might prlodnce good crops overgrown with wood. 208. Eveirtit = evertens.... I~yptava, which have been idle. 20)9. (uan, stirp~ibis imiis, with the bottoms? of their trunks; the nests, do#n os, occup~ying the higher branches.-C. 1210. Ejuvit = eruens.... Altuie se. caelunt.... Petieise. This tense does not denote rapidity here, as in Georg,. I. 330, ne-d above v. 51, but is determined by that of the preceding verbs.-Con. 211. Itudix, hitherto unploughed.. -Enituif, looks nat, Con.; begins to shine, W.... Impulso, driven into it. 212. Nam. Forbiger supplies the elhip. sis thus: These are the best kinds of soil for corn, and not those of a different natuire, for.... Glarea, gravel. "A hungry, dry, sapless, gravelly soil is rendered still miore objectionable by the addition of cli vosi runis, of the hill-side feld, for thus all moistnre would be easily drained off." 21.3. Casiats. Vid. Eel. If' 59.... Rutirem, sc. Tnarinuns, the rosemary; lit, sea dew. 214. To/us scabep,, the rough tufa, a sort of volcanic stone, found near calcareous springs,....IVsesa,, eaten out. The ancients believed that serpents fed on earth and clay. Ch.0elydris, watersnakes, 'venoinous, and having, a hard skin like a tortoise.-Forb. 215. Negan#t. Note the personification..... Aequte, to an equal extent.... Et: sc. aeque. 216. IDieieem, is to be taken literally, as they were believed to feed on sweet, though poisonous herbs. 217. On the best lands for vines, olives, cattle and corn.... Qutae: sc. terra.... Nebulam and futmos both refer to the same thing, viz., the light mist, which the heat of the atmosphere draws up from lands which contain moisture.-K. 219. Quaeque seto.. vestit refers to land running naturally to grass.... Sito, i. e. natural. 220. Seabie et satsa robigine, with scurf and salt rust; i. a. rust occasioned by salt. The same salt which would rust 136 P. VIRGJLJI MIARONYIS 1i1a tibi laetis intexet, vitibtis nimos, Ilila ferax oleo est, i11ani experiei'e colendo Et facilern pecori et patieritem vomeris iunci. Talemt dives arat Capua et vicina Vesevo Ora jugo et vacuis Clanius non aequus Acerris. 2.25, Nunc, quo quamque modo possis cognoscere, dicam. iRara sit an supra morem. si densa requires, Altera frumentis quonliam favet, altera Baceho, IDensa magis Cereri, rarissima quaeque Lyaeo: Ante locu'm capies oculis, alteque jubebis 230. In solido puteum dernitti, omnemque repones IRursus humurn, et pedibus summas aequabis arenas. Si deerunit, raruni, pecorique et vitibus almnis Aptins uber erit; sin in su a posse negabunt Ire loca et scrobibus superabit terra repletis, 235, Spissus ager; glaebas cunctantis crassaque terga Exspecta, et validis terrain proscinde juvencis. iron would also be unfavorable to pro-i know), (sc. utrum) sit rara, an dense 8upra. duce.-Con. morem (unusually) ante locum c apies; vv. 221. lila: sc. terra..... Intexet?set- 228 and 229 being parenthetic. mZo.. Cf. Edl. II. 70. 228. Altera,-altep-a, the on-the 222. -Feraxe is here followed by the dat. other. H.".;oaccording to others, thle abl. 229. i3iag~is (sc. favet.) limits densa, of. 400,ifi.;tor, answering to rarissima quaeqeq. Con. of seciicaton.2.30. Ante, beforehand..... 0apies,. 223. Patientem vomeris, submissive choose.... Alte, deep. to the plogh, i. e. suited for agriculture. 231. In solido: sc. loco..... Demitti,-. 224. (caputa was a rich and flourishing to be sunk. city of Campania, and at one time the 21.Aqtbs o i ee;Le chief town of the country...Vesero. 232.d the ground yuni witb level; on eo. This is the same as Vesuvius. At the time tedtegon ni tb ee ntp the Georgics were written, the country 233. lDeer-unt: cc. arenae,' i e. if the,%vas the most charming in Italy, as the earth thrown out is not sufficient to fill great eruption which ruined all the adja- the pit. cent parts did not take place till more than 234. Ubeir, fertile.... Posse, sc. cc... a century after. Ne-qabunt: sc. eae, I. e. arenae 225. Ora, the region.... Vacnis, thinly 235. -Scr obibus (= scrobe), the pit... 8ettld.... Clanius was a river of Cam- Superabit, be left over. ipanla, which frequently overflowed its 236. Spissits: cc. ect.... Cunctauitis, banks, and did much mischief to the stubborn.... Creassaque terga, tend still territory of Acerrae, and the neighboring- igs.e adsol ifcl opl counry.verize, and when ploughed rising in stiff' 226. Of the ways by which different ridges. Valpy. kinds of coil may be known.... Qeuitn- 237. Validi.s jurencis, with sturdy quce, sc. terrem. o.xen.....Proseeggde, give the lend its Jirsi' 22. The order is: Si requires, (wish toI ploughing. Cf. N. Geo. I. 97. GEORGICON LtB. II. 1 3 Salsa auatem tellus et quae perhibetur amaraFrugibus infelix ea, nec mansuescit arando, Nec Baccho genus, ant pomis sua nomiina servatTale dabit specimen: Tu spisso vimine qualos, Codaque prelorum ftimosis deripe tectis; Hue ager iMe mains dulcesque a fontibus undae Ad plenum calcentur; aqua eluctabitur omnis Seilicet, et grandes ibunt per vimhia guttae; At sapor indicium faciet manifestus et ora Tristia temptantum sensu torquebit amaro. Pinguis itemi (1uae sit tellus, hoc den iq-ue pac-to, iDiscimus: haud. umquam manibus jactata fatiscit, Sed picis in morem ad digitos lentescit haberido. ilurida majores berbas alit, ipsaque justo Laetior. Ah nimium ne sit mihi fertilis ila.,, 240 245 250 2~38. Salsa tellus, salt land. The taste of the earth was supposed to be communicated to the wine made from the grapes lproduced by it. G.... Pes-hibc-tur, is cons nly called. 239. Es-ugibus, dat., for grain, especially corn.... Ea ntec mansutescit, and it is ot bettered, improed, lit., does not grow mild. 240. Genuis, lineage.... Sua. G. 295, R; H. 449, 2... Nominar, former reputation. Both words are metaphors from nobility. Con.-The idea is: the best vines and fruit trees degenerate when planted in such a soil. 241. Specimien, indication of it8 nature. - -. -'lu gives force and calls attention. K..-.. Spisso riminw, withs close osier, i. e. osiers closely woven.... Qiaclos, ba8 -kets made of wicker-work for a great variety of household purposes. 242. Cola Prelos-um, strainers of the wine-presses. The colum was alsoa strainer, made of basket work, through which the must was filtered. Wanger connects cola with quisalos by hendiadys, the closdly woven baskets, to wit, the strainers of the' wine presses; the words appearing to be used here for one and the same thing....Fumiosis tectis, "1from the smoky roof, wh'ere they were hung when the vin'tige was over, to preserve them from the effects of damp or worms.' 243. lMne ealeenttr: consti-uctio praegnaasss for hue in suedantur et cesleentur.: into these.... Ayesr, i. e. some of it. 24. Ad lenuusn, to the brim...,. Elluetabittir, will struggle end, through the openings. 245. Seilicet, of course, naturally. 246. Sapor: sc. aquae expressae.... Indicium faciet, will make the die~covery.... Os-a Csi-istia, tent2ptaticmi torqtieb it, will distort the uwryfaces of those tasting. Note the proleptic use of tristia.... Senms #, by th sensation. 248. Denique,finally; introducing the last experiment for ascertaining the qualities of soils. 249. H~aud utmqseam, never... Ml'aniburs jactata, tossed about with the hands. -Thrown from one hand to the other. 250. iXentescit, adheres...- -abessdo., ins handling, while held. 251. Ilusnida: sc. telius.... MIraores, rank, lit., of a larger size than ordinary. Ipsa, itself, i. e. without manure or Irrigation.... Leseties- justo, is richerwthn is proper (profitable) for perfect success. 252. Ninziusn modilfesfertilis..... Observe how elegantly the lpoet expres~ses the thought: such land is undesirable." 138 r. VIRGILII MAR ONIS Neu se praeva~lidam primis ostendat aristis! Quae gravis est, ipso tacitam se pondere prodit,. Quaeque levis. Promptum est oculis praediscere nigram, Et quis cui color. At sceleratum exquirere frigus 256 Difficile est: Piceae tanturn taxique nocentcs Interdum ant hederae pandunt vestigia nigrae. His animadversis, terrain multo ante memento Excoquere et magnos scrobibus concidere inontis, 260 Ante supin atas aquiloni ostendere glaebas, Quam Iaetum infodias vitis genus. Optuma 1)utri Arva solo: id venti curant gelidacque pruinae Et labefacta movens robustus jugera fossor. At, si quos haud ulla viros vigilantia fugit, 2 65 Ante ocurn similem exquirunt, ubi prima paretur Arboribus seges, et quo mox digesta feratur, 2,5.3. Primis airistis, in its first crop, 1. e. when it is first brought under tillage. Con. 254. Quac: sc. tellu.... Tacitarn, Silently, I. e. without needing any external token, such as the crops produced by It, or the plants which naturally grow on it. 255. ()eul is has two possible constructions. Which is better?5... (l-ed LXcc)ei, to learn before cutivation. 256. CIui (= Cuique), to each.... Colo,2. sc. sit....,Sceler-atum, villainous. 257. Piceae. The spruce-fir and the yew are tokens of such soil. On the noxious effects of the yew to man, as well as cattle; vid. Ecl. IX. 30. 258. Pantdunt vestigia, exhibit traces of it.... Ni gtae. Fde says this epithet has reference merely to the color of the be-rries, which are black, and perhaps, also, to Its dark-green foliage. 2,59. We now have special rules given for the cultivation of the vine..... Ris anirntadversis; 1. e. agri qualitate de-,prehensa....XMutoaiite: sc. quam seras quldpiam. Wr. 260. LExecoquere, 1. e. to prepare thor-onghly as explained above..., _Magnox montis, karge hi&l. "1Spare no toll, but trench the hills, how big soever they be," as they are to be planted with vines. 261. Ante, i. e. multo ante..... Supjinatas, upturned. 263. Ar-va: sc. 8nt.... Solo: ahi. of characteristic.... Id, i. e. -makes the soil crumbling.... Cur-ant, effect. 264. 1.abefaeta, loosened, by his spade...T. eqera, i. e. the soil on wNhich the vineyard is to be planted.... Jt ohn)P s ties, perhaps hints at the necessity of deep digging. 265. "Very skilled and attenutie husbandmen strive to select similar plots of ground for the nursery and the vineyard."...Qutos, any, is indefinite. 266. Anute, previosly.... Jie(U)fl similem refers to two separate spots; first: the nursery, where the cuttings of the vines are first planted (ubi prima paretur arboribus seges); second: the new vineyard Into which (quo) the young vlines are to he removed, and where they are to continve (et quo mox digesta feratur).... Exquirunt: se. hi, as antecedent of quo.? in the previous verse.... 1'rirna (== primum), at first. 267. Atrboribus, for the trees, on which the vines will be trained.. -..Seges; I. e. of young vines.....Quo, whither... Diffe.vta feraztuv Is for feratur et digeratur, may be carried and planted in rowls. GEORGICON LIB. II. 139 Mutatam ignorent subito ne semina matrem. Quin etiam caeli regionem in cortice signalt, Ut, quo quaeque modo steterit, qua partc calores Austrinos tulerit, quae terga obverterit axi, Restituant: adeo in tenoris consuescere multum est. Collibus an plano melius sit polere vitein, Quaere prius. Si pinguis agros metabere campi, Deusa sere; in denso non segnior ubere Bacchus; Sin tumulis adelive solum collisque supinos, Indulge ordinibus, nec setius omnis in unguem 270 275 -- 26S. Setbito modifies mutfatam.... Seutmi,,; i. e. the young plants.... Matrine, the soil, which supplies the nourishment. The object of the above precaution is that the young vines may not feel the want of their native soil, which they would do if a complete change of ground were made. 269. Another precaution is to mark the point of the compass on the young tree before transplanting, so that it may be set in the vineyard in exactly the same position, with regard to north, south, cast, and west, as that in which it stood in the nursery..... Quin etiam, moreover..... Caeli regioneit, quarter of the sky.... In cor.tice: sc. plantae. 270. Queaeque: sc. vitis..... Qua parte: sc. in. 271. Terga, the back, i. e. the part; the plant being spoken of as a person turning his back to the cold of the north. Lade..... Axi, to the north pole; as being the only part of the axis visible to us. 272. Restituant: sc. eas: i. e. on transplanting.... In teneris: sc. annis. Conssuescere: sc. eas, as subj. 273. Considering also the nature of the vine, which you intend to plant, examine the soil to determine whether to make the vineyard on the hills, or in the plain... Collibus: sc. utrum in.... Piano: sc. in. 274. Prius, before planting..... Metabere-, you shall lay out; i. e. for the vineyard.... Campi is the same as piano and is emphatic. 275. Deisa = dense..... In de)nso (= in loco denso consito), in a thickly plant ed place, where the space between the rows is small.... Bacchusq: sc. est. 276. Sin: sc. metabere.... T.lmullis: ablative of cause.... Supinos, sloping. 277. Indulge ordinibus, give room to the rows.... Nee setitts. The discussions on this vexed passage are so voluminous that we cannot transfer them to these pages. We shall content ourselves with explaining the reading and punctuation which are adopted in the text. The probable order is: nee setius, arboribs positis in unguem, omnis via quadret secto limrite. The meaning is: If you plant your vines in a rich soil, you may set them closely without very rigorous attention to orderly arrangement, and equidistant rows; but if you choose hills for your trees (i. e. vines) be careful to give abundance of room between the rows; and (nec setius referring to indulge ordinibus) be not less careful (than you are in girang abundance of room) to plant your vines with scrupulous accuracy (in unguem) as to interval, so that each passage (between the rows) may be at right angles (perpendicular) to the path wvhich crosses it: that is, plant with such rigorous exactness that there shall be an equal distance between each pair of contiguous trees, whether you measure the straight (longitudinal) paths, or those that cross at right angles, or those that run diagonally. Limite refers to the transverse paths.... In ungfuem, lit., to the nail; a phrase taken from the custom of statuaries, who rubbed the nail over their work in trying the polish of the marble, and the accuracy of their work. Our meaning will be best understood by the figure of the quincunx, which was so 140 P. VJRGILII M~ARONIS Arboribus positis secto via limite quadret. Ut saepe ingenti bello cum lo-nga cohortis Explicuit legio, et campo stetit agmen aperto, Directaeque acies, ac, late fluctuat omnis Aere renidenti tellus, necdum horrida miscent Proelia., sed dubius mediis Mars errat in armis; Omnia sint paribus niumeris dimensa viarum; Non animum modo uti pascat prospectus inanem, Sed quia non aliter viris dabit omnibus aequas Terra, neque in -vacuum poterunt se extendere rami. Forsitan et scrobibus quae sint fastigia quaeras. Ausirn vel tenui vitem committere sulco. Altior ac penitus terrae defigitur arbos, 280 285 290 arranged that -no matter in what position a spectator stood, he saw along between the rows in (at least two) different directions without obstruction. Quadret has no reference therefore to a square figure, as Martyn andl others suppose, but simply to harmony or symmetry of arrangement of the two main paths, the via and limes. We use the verb square in a similar loose sense. 279. U~t = veluti. To make this matter of the quincuncial arrangement of trees more Intelligible to the, veteran soldiers (now turned farmers), for whom he was writing, the poet compares it to the mode of drawing up an army by snaniples,I which was done in the following form, each parallelogram representing a maniple. The legion is called 'lonqga by prolep8sis, for it is only after the cohorts have been divided into maniples, and these maniples have been extended, as in the figure, that the legion becomes longa. flastati Principes C: Triarlii 280. -Expliciuit cohor-tis, has deployed Jts cohorts....St etit, hag taken its position 281. Dimectae, sc. sue-t, have been mar shaled... Late fluctueat, waves far and wide. 285~. Miscent: sc. milites. 283. Dubises, undecided, because it is yet, uncertain which party is to begin the fight, and when it is to be beloun, and to which side victory will incline..... Jlediis in at-inis = inter duo exercitus. 284. The order of this difficult verse is: omnia (sc. loce) sint dimensa paribus numeris viarum, let all the parts of the vineyard he measured off into avenues of equal size, i. e. let the corresponding avenues have the same length and width, as in the quincnnx all cannot be equal. 285. luianem animum, an empty mind, that considers only the gratification of the eye, and not the solid advantages gained by such an arrangement. 286. Viicis dabit aequas, I. a. will not eqnally supply nourishment.... Omtipibis: both trees and vines. 287. In vacuum, into open space, not already occupied by the branches of other trees. 2881. "The trench for the vine may be shallow; that for its supporter mnst be deeper."...Fastigia, depths, properly refers to the elevation of the sides above the bottom. 289. Autsim. A. 186, a; HI. 24, 4.... Te)UrII, shalloW. 290. AlItior, agreeing with arbos, = altius....Penituts, deep.T..Ierriae is governed by dleftgitui....Arbos, to ewhich the vine Is to be joined. GEOJIGICON LIB. II.14 141 Aesculus in primis, quac, quantum vertice ad auras Aetherias, tantum radice in Tartara tendit. iErgo non hiemes illam, non flabra, neque inmbres Convellunt; immota manet, multosque nepotes, Multa virurn volvens duraudo saeeula viucit; Turn fortis late ramnos et brachia tendens Hue illuc, media ipsa ingentem sustinet umbram. Neve tibi ad solem vergant vineta cadentem; Neve inter vitis corulum sere; neve flagella Summa pete, aut sumnma defringe ex arb ore plaintas; Tantus amor terrae; neu ferro laede retunso Semina; neve oleae silvestris insere truneos: Nam saepe incautis pastoribus exeidit ignis, Qui, furtim pigugi primum sub cortice teetus, Robora comprendit, frondesque elapsus, in altas Ingentein eaelo sonitum dedit; ffude secutus Per ramos victor perque alta eacumina regnat, Et totuin involvit flammis nemus, et ruit atrarn Ad eaelnm picea crassus caligine nubem, 305 291. Aescuisus. Vfid. v. 16....In pi-i m is, especially. 294. Nepotes, descendants; i. e. generations. 295. Ml~ulta saeeula virumti (= virorum) is merely a variation of the preceding words.... Volvens, "1running the cycle of these ages'I... Duerando vincit, overcomes by enduring, outlives. 296. Tutus resumes the enumeration of particulars broken off by the digression in v. 292. 297. HTue ilue = huc et illuc.... M1edia ip~sa, itself in the midst; i.ea. the trunk opposed to ramos. 298. Some miscellaneous precepts relative to the vineyard..... Neve-neve = nee-nee.... Tibi, your.... Fet'gant; i e. face. 299. Corsultem. The hazel has a large, spreading root, that sends up a multitude of suckers, which, together with its shade, would injure the vines.-M.... Flagella stimma, the extremities of the 8haot8. 300. Pete; I.e. for cutti-ngs.... Siimma cx arbo-e, from the top of the tree, which snpports the vine. These verses are not repetitions of the same idea, but contain two precepts. 1st, Do not take cuttings from the upper part of the shoot of the vine; 2d, You must not select shoots from the top of the vine. 301. Tanttus asnor teieree: sc. est. The meaning is that those shoots which are nearest the earth, contract such a liking to it, that they are. more vigorous.... ltethinso, blunt. 302. Semina, shoots, from which other vines are to spring.... Oleae, the wild olive, which is apt to take fire on account of the oily nature of its bark, and therefore dangerous.... lInsere, plant. 303. Itecautis pastoribits denotes time. 305. Robora (= solidunm oleae truncum), the solid wood. 306. (Jaelo = ad caelum.... Secuit-us, spreading, creeping along. 308. Totsem nemus; poetical for ar~buwtum, from its resemblance to a grove...Ru it, sends up. 309. (Crassits agrees with what? 142 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Praesertiin si tempestas a vertice silvis 310 In cubuit, glomeratque ferens incendia ventus. Hoc ubi, non a stirpe -valent caesacque reverti Poss-unt atque ima similes revirescere terra; Infelix stiperat folfis oleaster amaris. Nec tibi tam prudens quisquam persuadeat auctor 0315 Tellurem Borea rigidam spirante movere. Rtura gelu tunc claudit biemps, nec semine jacto Coneretcam patitur radicem adflgere terrae. Optuma Yinetis satio, cum vore rubenti Candida venit avis longis invisa colubris, 320 Prima vel autumni sub frigora, cum rapidus Sol Nondum biemem contingit equis, jam praeterit aestas. Ver adeo frondi nemorum, ver utile silvis, Vore tument terrae et genitalia semina poscunt. Tum pater omnipotens fecundis imbribus Aether 325 310. A ver-tice, from onhigh, which, of course, would spread the fire much more...Silvis, the trees in the vineyfird. 811. Glomer-at,form into a mass.... Pet-eis, Wpeading..312. ho6c iibi: se. accidit....Non a stlip-e valent, sc. vites. They have no strength in the stock~, i. e. they are nearly or quite dead.... Gaesae, when cut down, to make them grow again.... Reverti, to revive. 3913. Possutnt: sc. flof....XIma terra, from the earth at their roots.-Con.... Simtiles: what they were.: 314. TInfelix, oleastei, the unproductive olive (vid. N. on Eel. V. 87). the cause of the disaster survives, and puts forth bitter leaves. 815. On the time for planting vines.... Nec tibi... auctor = nacquisquam ha. beater tam preden8 auctor ut tiNipersuadet..... Tam pradens, however skilled. 816. M~overe, to stir; I. e. in making trenches. According to the old precept vines were to be planted when the southwind blew, and not when a cold blast was abroad. 817. (Claudit, shuts up from bearing. -....Semine Jacto, when the shoots are planted, as the next verse shows. 318. Coneretarn, froze.... Adfigere: se. se. 819. Satio: sc. est, which is found in some editions.IlseKbe2nti, blusing; from the varied tints of its thousand flowers. 32. Candida av-is, a poetic circumilocution for the stork, 6ci ia, a bird of passage, which is known to feed greedily on snakes. 321. Suib, towards; i.e. in the end. of October, as winter began on the 9th of November. 322. Hilemem', i.e. those constellations wAhich the sun enters in winter.... Aestas, summer-heat. 328. Fer: se. est utile.... Adeo, also, stilifarther.... Nem#orum, silvs. Wagner makes nemnorsem refer to orcharde, or other trees planted hy man, and silvis to forests of natural growth. 3?24. Tuinent,swel.... Gcnitalia, generetive. 325. This allegory of the Aether and the Earth was a very favorite one with the poets, and gave rise to many of the mythological stories which they delighted to dwell upon. As Jupiter was king of heaven and of the upper atmosphere, so Juno (his spouse) presided over the lower GE OR G IC O LIB. II. 143 Conjugis in gremium laetae descendit, et omnis Magnus alit, magno commixtus corpore, fetus. Avia turn resonant avibus virgulta canoris, Et Venerem certis repetunt armenta diebus; Parturit almus ager, Zephyrique tepentibus auris Laxant arva sinus; superat tener omnibus humor; Inque novos soles audent se gramina tuto Credere; nec metuit surgentis pampinus austros Ant actum caelo magnis aquilonibus imbrem, Sed trudit gemmas et frondes explicat omnis. Non alios prima crescentis origine mundi Inluxisse dies aliumve habuisse tenorem Crediderim: ver illud erat, ver magnus agebat Orbis, et hibernis parcebant flatibus Euri: Cum primae lucem pecudes hauscre, virumque Terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis, Immissaeque ferae silvis et sidera caelo. Nec res hunc tenerae possent perfcrre laborem, 330 335 340 atmosphere and earth.... Aether, i.e. Jupiter. 326. Conjtfqis laetae, i. e. Terrae. 327. Mia.qys, mnago. Observe the force and emphasis added to the verse by this repetition of the adjective....Corpore, frame; i.e. of the earth.....1it fetus is a departure from the figure.Con. 328. This relates to the loves of the birds.-Con....Avia (= a, not + via), lonely, retired.... Canotis, tuneful. 329. Venerem repetunt, renew their love.-As... Certis diebus, at their appointed times. Vid. Voss ad loc. 330. l'artlrit, teems with existence.... Zephri: genitive after acris, ind. obj. of lxant. 331. Laxeant area sinus, the fields open their bosoms.... Stiperat, abounds. 332. 1n, novos soles credere is another example of constructio pregnans, containing the two ideas, in solen prodeunt, and soli se credunt.-As.... ovos: because new to the buds, and early in the season. 334. Caelo: sc. de....Magnis, vehement. 336. "Observe how beautifully the poet represents the philosophical idea of the genesis of the world," and shows that it was created in the spring.... Non, alios dies: i. c. than the beautiful days of spring.... Cresce)ntis some read nascentis. 337. Tenor em, quality, character. The idea is that spring was continued for a long time after the creation, that men might have time to grow hardy before some more inclement season began. 338. Crediderim, I, for my part, believe: subj. to soften the assertion.... llud: sc. tempus.... Agebat, was keeping. Note the force of the imperfect to denote the continuance of the action. 340. Prim ae,,first-created... Iacauser.' lucemn, drank in light, as it were a fluid. Virrum = virorum. 341. Terren, earth-born; because it was believed that men sprang originally from the earth.... Dicris, hard, rugged; not yet softened by cultivation. 342. Isnmissae: sc. sunt....Sidera. The stars were regarded as animated beings, and as divine in their natures. 343. Res tenerae, the tender things; 144 P. VIRGILII 3IARONIS Si non tanta quies iret frigusque calorcmque Inter, et exciperet caeli indulgenitia terras. 345 Quod superest, quaecumque premes virgiilta per agros, Sparge firno pingui, et multa memor occule terra, Aut lapidern bibulum, aut squalentis infode conchas, Inter enim labentur aquae, tenuisque subibit iHalitus, atque animos tollent sata; jamque reperti, 350 Qui saxo super atque ingentis pondere testae U~rguerent; hoe effusos munirnen ad imbris, Hoc ubi hiulca, siti findit canis aestifer arva. Semiini bus positis, superest atiducere terrani Saepius ad capita, et duros jactare bidentis, 355 Aut presso exercere solum sub vornere, et ipsa Flectere luctantis, inter vineta juvencos; Turn levis calamos et rasae bastilia virgae Fraxineasque aptare sudes, furcasque valentis, Viribus eniti quarurn et contemnere ventos 360 viz.: gemmae and fronde,8, mentioned in v. 335, to which this is immediately joined. H..-une labo)vem, this hardship, i. e. the toil of growing up to maturity; the exposure to extremes of heat and cold, wet weather and dry, to which plants are exposed. 344. Qseies means the mildness of spring which comes in as a respite between the cold of winter and the heat of summer. 345. Inter. Observe the unusual position.....Exciperet, take up, foster. A figure borrowed from the taking up and fostering a new-born infant.... Indulgentia, induslgence, I. e. mildness of climate. 346. Qutod superest, as to other matters, lit., what remains. This is a famous Lucretian phrase... Prernes, dig down, plant. 348. Lapidem bibulum, Spongy stone, to allow the moisture to percolate freely, and to admit the thin air.... Squalentis, rough. 349. -inter enim labentur = enim interlabentur, by tmesis. 350. Ilalitus = aer.... Animos tollenit sata, the plants grow vigorouly; lit., raise their spirits.....1Jasnyuc, and before this.... IReperti, sc. sunt, those have been found who. 351. Super, from above, is to he joined with uirguerent.... Atqlue = vel. 352. Urguterent: sc. virgulta, the things planted.... Hoc: stone before mentioned..... 1IMuniswn.n: sc. est. The stone or polished testa was put on to prevent the earth from being washed away in the time of heavy rain, as it would cause the water to run of.....Ad. (= adver us), against. 353. H~oe: sc. munimen es.... 1Iittca is used proleptically, and modifies arva, sO6 that they become full of chinks, lit., gaping. The stones keep the earth from becoming- baked and hard -.... Catnis, i. e. Sirius. 354. Seminibus positis denotes time. Diducere, to break up. 355. Ad capita, around the rot..... Jfactare Implies difficulty in using it. 357. Flectere, to turn them, so as to plough across, as well as up and down the rows.-Con.... Lutctantisq, struggling; with~presso vomere implies deep ploughing. 358. On the preparation of reeds, spears, etc., as props for the vines... -.Iastre hastilia virgase, spears of peeled rods; 1. e. poles resembling spear-handles. 360. Viribtus: abl. of rlauas. GEORGICOIY LIB. II. 145 Adsuescant, summasque sequi tabulata per uniros. Ac dum prima lnovis adolescit frondibus aetas, Parcendum. tenleris, et, dum so laetus ad auras Palmes agit laxis per purum immisius habenis, Ipsa acie nondunm falcis temptanda, sed uncils 365 Carpendae manibus frondes, interque legendae: Inde ubi jam validis amiplexac stirpibus ulmos Exierint, tune stringye comas, tune brachia tonde; Ante reformidant ferrurn; turn denique dura Exerce imperia, et ramos compesce fluentis. 37'0 Texendac saepcs etiam et pocus onine tenenduni, Praccipue durn frons tenera imprudensque haborum; Gui Super indignas hiemes solemique potentem Silvestres uri adsidue capreaeque sequaces Infludunt, pascuntur oves avidaeque juven cae. 375 Frigora nec tantum cana concreta pruina, Aut gr-avis incumbens scopulis arentibus aestas, Quantum 1Wl nocuiere greges, durique venenum, 361. T~abu-lata means primarily the stories of a kouse, but is here applied to the landings made by the branches going, off from the right and left of the s~tem, forming so many stages up which the vine had to climb. Translate: to Jfolow the stages to the 8unanit of the elms 362. On pruning and training the vine..... Dttm primtapnovis, while their first age is growing up with leafy branches, i. e. while the young sets are making their first growth.-As. 363. Paricendem, (sc. est tibi) tenteris (se. vitibus), you must spare the tender vine... it-t, and al.o..... Se (rgget, shoots upwards.... Ad, towards. 364. -Laxis... haben~is, being let go through the air with loose rein,- (a metalphor taken from horse-racin-)..... Per pitirum~: sc. aera. 865. IFpsa: se. viti, as distinguished from Its leaves.-Con... Ufneis snaanibiess; i. e. with the thumb and finger. 366. Carpendae, intterlegentdae: sc. sunt. 368. Com-as, upper twigs.... Birachia, side branches. 369. Anite, before this time. 370. Imperia ditra, stern authority, severe dominio... llar)nosfla enitis; i. a. their luxuriance..371. On making hedges to protect the young imlants from cattle, and especially goats..-.Texendae: sc. 8nt.... Imnte pciUs teisendiin, est, and aIl sorts of cattle to be kept out. 372. Pronts, sc. est, the leaf taken for the vine itself.... Isn~ps'Itcd)ns ltaboissent, unacquainted with hardships. A. 218, a; G. 373; H. 399, 1.2. 37 3. Ceti, sc. frondi tenerae, is governed by inuut.. ue = praeter) besides.... Isedignasv. severe. 374. IT4i. The U~rus is described by Caesar, de Bello Gallileo. VI. 28. There were none of themi in Italy.... Seqseaces, greedy, "persecuting." 375. In~luditnt, mock, destroy in sport, baffle in its attempts to grow.... Pasceintur: sc. quam. 376. Canat is an epithet given to prisina (the cause) from the effect produced..... Conereta-, stiff. 877. Gravis, oppressive.I..netembens: therefore heatin-. them thoroughly....SeopulIis must refer to a vineyard on a rocky soil. 878. 1iii: dat.; construction?... -e.. 146 P. VIR G IL II MA R O NIS Dentis et admorso signata in stirpe cicatrix. Non aliam ob culpam Baccho caper omnibus aris Caeditur et veteres ineunt proscaenia ludi, Praemiaque ingeniis pagos et compita circum Thesidae posuere, atque inter pocula laeti Mollibus in pratis unctos saluere per utres. Nec non Ausonii, Troja gens missa, coloni Versibus incomptis ludunt risuque soluto, Oraque corticibus sumunt horrenda cavatis, Et te, Bacche, vocant per carmina laeta, tibique Oscilla ex alta suspendunt mollia pinu. 380 385 znenum dentis: i. e. the poisonous saliva left by the bite. Cf. v. 176. 379. Stirpe is here of the masculine gender, as is shown by admorso. Cf. AEn. I. 626. 380. Aris (abl. of place) = ad omnes aras. 381. Veteres ludi, i. e. plays in ancient times.... Ineunt=inierunt.... Proscaenia, the stage. 382. Praemia. The prize was a goat; hence the name rpayvSa, goat-song.... Ingeniis, i. e. to men of talent, in this case poets.... Pagos et compita, villages and cross roads, where the early plays were exhibited. 383. Thesidae, the Athenians; from Theseus, an ancient king....Inter pocula, while drinking. 384. This verse refers to the ascoliasmus, or dance on goat-skin bottles. Goat skins were filled with wine, or inflated, and smeared with oil, and the rustics tried who could dance on them on one leg, which attempts gave rise to much merriment from the extraordinary attitudes often assumed, and the many falls which necessarily took place. He who succeeded in dancing in this way without falling was victor, and carried off the goat-skin of wine. 385. Ausonii, the Italians in general..... Troja gens missa is strictly applicable only to the Latins, the Albans, and the Romans.... Coloni, rustics. 386. Versibns incomptis, in rude verses; probably the Saturnian. At the festival in honor of Bacchus, after the corn harvest, and also in that after the vintage, the rustics indulged in great merriment and license, and "spouted" ex-tenpore verses of raillery and joke.... Soluto, unbounded, immoderate. 387. Ora, masks.... Corticibtus = e corticibus; abl. of material.... IHorrenda, hideous. 389. Oscilla, a dimin. from os, meaning little faces, was applied to heads (hollow) of Bacchus, which the rustics used to suspend on some high tree or trees in the vineyard, in the belief that in whatever direction the wind blew the head, all the place, looked upon by the honest, sensy, "jolly" face of the wine god, would be rendered fertile in the first degree. A tree with four of these oscila is represented in the woodcut, and also "an original model mask of Bacchus, in the British Museum, with a ring at the top for hanging it up." From oscillum comes oscilo, to swing, and hence our word oscillate....Mollia (i. e. mobila), easily moving, by the smallest breath of air. OSCIULA. GEORGICOAT LIII. II. 147 line omnis largo pubescit vinea fetu, 390 Complenitur vallesque cavae saltusque profundi, Et quocumque deus circum caput egit honesturn. Ergo rite suum Baccho dicemus honorem Carmnljibus patriis lancesque et liba feremus, Et ductus cornu stabit sacer hircus ad ararn, 39' Pinguiaque in veribus torrebimus exta colurnis. Est etiam ille labor curandis vitibus alter, Cui numquam exhausti satis est: namque omne quot annis Terque quaterquc solnim scindendurn, glaebaque versis Aeternum frangenda bidentibus; omne levandum 400 Fronde nemus. Redit agricolis labor actuis in orbem, Atque in se sua per vestigia volvitur annus. Ac jam olim seras posuit cum -vina frondes Frigidus et silvis aquilo decussit honorern, Jam turn acer curas venientem extendit in annum 405 Rusticus, et curvo Saturni dente relictam 391. Comnplentitr: sc. ubere, with fruitfeiness. 392. -Et q1uocutmqne,, and every othe quarter unto which.... Circum, is separated from egit by tmesis. A. p. 298; H. 636, V. 3...Honestump fair, frank, Propitious. 3.94. Carnilnibus patriis, in strains that have come down to us from our fathers....Lanseesv, dishes, or' platters laden with first fruits.... JLiba, sacred cakes, made of wheaten meal, cheese or milk, and oil, and smeared with honey. 395. l)uctrts cor'nu. The victim was usually led forward to the altar by a slack cord attached to the horn. It was a bad omnen if it went reluctantly or refused to stand still when brought in. 396. FExta. The parts of the victim that were -not cownsmed on the altar were feasted upon by -the wvorshipers.-H.... Coluirnisq. The hazel is purposely chosen, as being inimical to the growth of the vine. 397. We now go on to directions for the fnrther care of the vineyards, taking up the connection from v'. 379.... Vi t i bu.%s: dat. of possessor.... AlIter refers back to v. 371. 398. Elxhazrsti is the perf. participle nsed substantively, 4nd =exhaustioni~s..... Nainque = epe. 399. Scindendumt: c.est. This prob. ably refers to the breaking up of the gronnd with the teeth of the biden,8... Versvis, reversed, i. e. turned over, usingt the back instead of the teeth. 401. Nemus= vinea. The object in "lightening " the vineyard of its leav-es, was, of course, to allow the rays of the snn to have access to the grapes.... ied it aqrlieolis... volvitnr annuss, the labo, which has been fini-shed, moving in a circle returns to the husbandman, and the year rolls back upon itself, alZong its forer footsteps; i. e. labor once done retorns8 in rotation to be again performed, and is the same year after year.' 40.3. Jam oiion, and now at length.. Seirms, late; i. e. having continued to the end of autumn.... Posuit, has laid aside. 404. Sifvis, from the trees generally, and not from vines alone.. _J10Oue~3a their leafy honor. 405. Jama turn, even then....Acer, diliqent. 406. ilusticuts =: vinitor.... Satuieni. 148 P. VIR G IL II MA R ONIS Persequitur vitem attondens fingitque putando. Primus humum fodito, primus devecta cremato Sarmenta, et vallos primus sub tecta referto; Postremus metito. Bis vitibus ingruit umbra; Bis segetem densis obdueunt sentibus herbae; Durus uterque labor: laudato ingentia rura, Exiguum colito. Nee non etiam aspera rusci Vimina per silvam, et ripis fluvialis arundo Caeditur, incultique exercet cura salieti. Jam vinctae vites, jam falcem arbusta reponunt, Jam canit effectos extremus vinitor antes: Sollicitanda tamen tellus, pulvisque movendus, Et jam maturis metuendus Juppiter uvis. Contra non ulla est oleis cultura; neque illae Procurvam exspectant falcem rastrosque tenacis, Cum semel haeserunt arvis aurasque tulerunt; Ipsa satis tellus, cum dente recluditur unco, 41( 415 420 _ Saturn was usually represented with a pruning hook in his hand.... D)enfe = falce.... Relictamn; i. e. stripped of both fruit and leaves. 407. Persequiture. Observe'the force of this verb in expressing the ceaseless industry of the vine-dresser.... IFingit, fashions it. 408. Primus fodito, be the first to dig. A. 269, d, 3; G. 262; H. 487, 2, 2).... JDevecta cremnato = devehito et cremato. 409. Sarmenta, the prunings.... Vallos, the props, now no longer needed, were housed that they might not be rotted by the rains, but be preserved for future use. 410. Postremus metito. The riper the grapes, the better they are for wine.....Bis: i. e. in the spring and the fall..... Umbra, i. e. the leaves which make the shade. 411. Segfetem (= vineam), vineyard.... Herbae, weeds. 412. Uter labor (sc. est), i. e. of prunine and of weeding.... Laudato, etc. The idea is: The labor of cultivating vines is so great, that although you may admire and commend a large farm, yet a small one is apt to be better tended, and therefore more productive. 413. Exi guum.; sc. rus..... Ilusci, arundo: used for tying the vines to the stakes and trees. 415. Ineulti, i. e. requiring no cultivation.... Cura refers to preparing rods. 416. Vinetae, tied.... 1elponuit; i. e. no longer require it. 417. Effectos, completed..... Extremus, having finished his task....A i tes, the rows planted regularly. There is much doubt as to the true reading of this verse, as the manuscripts vary greatly. 418. Tl'men, yet; more work is still to be done.... Pulvis. The dust was said to cause the grapes to ripen faster, and to make them of larger size. 419. Juppiter, the sky, storms, rain..... Uvis, for the grapes; dat. of the agent. 420. He now treats of trees requiring hardly any culture.... Conttra, on the other hand.....Non uella, i. e. hardly any. 423. Ipsa = sua sponte.... Satis, for the plants: not the adv.... De)te uitco = bidente opposed to vomiere. GE'ORGICON LIB. II. 1 491 Sufficit bumorem, et gravidas cum vomere fruges; Hoc pinguem et placitam Paci nutritor olivarn. Poma quoque, ut primum. truncos sensere valentis Et viris habue-re suas, ad sidera raptim. Vi propria nituntur opisque haud indiga nostrae. Nec minus interea fetu nernus omine gravescit, Sanguineisque inculta rubent aviaria bacis: Tondentur cytisi, tacdas silva alta ministrat, Pascunturque ignes nocturni et lurnina fundunt: Et dubitant homines serere atque impendere curam? Quid majora sequar? salices humnilesque genestac, Aut ilae pecori frondem. aut pastoribuis Limbras Sufficiunt, saepemque satis et pabula melli. Et juvat undantem buxo spectare Cytorurn, Naryciaequc picis lucos, juvat arva videre Non rastris, hominum non ulih obnoxia curae. Ipsae Caucaslo steriles in vertice silvae, 430 435 440 424. Sufficit, supplies ina sfficient quantity.... Cum voinere: sc. recluditur. 425. Hoc, on thls account; perhaps, with this, i. a. the plow...Nuttt'itois'im perative. It is from a deponent nutrior, and is the only known instance of its use. 426. Poina, i. e. the froit trees.... Quoqu~e, also; i. e. like the olive.... Uit prirnsrn, as soones....Tr.-ticos valentus = truncrm viris. 427. Via-is suas, theiroawn strength.... Jl(rptlin, = rapide. 428. Vi propr-ia, by their own peculiar force, i. e. by their own nature.... HIlaisc1 insditja: SC. sunt. 429. He now speaks of common forest trees.... Nec afliflus, and not less, sc. than the trees tbh.t have been named. —As...Interea, i. e. while we are cultivating the olive, etc.... Fetu, with its (wild) fruits. 430. Avias-ia, the woods. Re-ads.aauqyui~iicis: like the elder: cf. Edl. X. 27. 431. 1'ondentitr; I. e. by cattle..... Cytisi: cf. Ecl.I. 79....1"'tedais. Pine and other trees supply torches and serve as lamps at -night. Verse 432 is -imply a filling out of this same idea. 433. The meaning is: s~ince these trees are so useful, -Avill any hesitate to give them the care they need. 434. 1a~jeor)a, greater things. Why, he says, should I detail the advantages of the larger and more esteemed trees; let us take the most bumble, such as wvillows and lowly brooms, for they, too, are valuable. Observe the great force added to the sentence by iMae, even they. 436. Conington says that mselli is not used for apibus- (as Heyne explains it), but is a poetic confusion of pabula apitsus and matesrlam melli. 437. Et connects this sentence to v. 4.34..... Cyfoa-umn. Cytorus, a mountain in Paphlagonia, was famous for its growth of box. 438. Nar-yciae. Karyx was a town of the Opantian Locrians. and the native city of Ajax; a colony Of these Locrians settled in Bruttium. in Lower Italy.... Ar-va, I. e. fields covered with woods. 440. Cauecasio. Caucasus did abound in trees. Some say tbis is put poetically for any wvoody nmountaiii.... Ster-ile8, i. e. not bearing edible fruit. 150 P. VIRGILlI MIARONIS Quas animosi Euri adsidue franguntque fetirntque, Dant alios aliae fetus, dant utile lignum Navigiis pinos, domibus cedrumque cupressosque; Hiuc radios trivere rotis, lince tympana plaustris Agricolae, et pandas ratibus postiere earinas; Viminibus salices fecundae, frondibus ulmi, At myrtus validis hastilibus et bona bello Cornus; Ituraeos taxi torqiuentur in arcus; Nec tiliae leves aut torno rasile buxum, Non formam. accipiunt ferroqtie eavantur acuLto; Nec non et torren tern undam levis innatat alnus, Missa Pado; nec non et apes examina condunt Corticibusque cavis vitiosaeque ilicis alveo. Quid memorandum aeque Bacbehea dona tuleru-nt? Bacehus et ad culpam caussas dedit: ifle furentis Centauros leto domuit, iRhoetuimque Pholumque Et magano ilylaeum Lapithis cratere miniantem. 445 450 455 441. Franguntque feruntqu~e, both break and carry off the parts that are broken off. 442. Atiae: se. 8lal GA.... Fetuts, products. 444. Hine, i. e. ex Wiglsarboribus.... 2Trivere, have turned....Tympa na, wheels all in one piece. 445. Plosutere. Although he says the farmer builds ships, he means that the trees which are cultivated by bins are turned to that use. 446. Viminibus. The twigs of the willow were used to tie up the vines, and in making all sorts of wicker work... -Friondibuts. The elm leaves were used as food for cattle. 447. At is thus used in enumerations, especially when there is more or less of contrast.... Hastilibuts, for spears and arrows; se. fecunda.... Biona bello, i.e. by furnishing suitable material for warlike implements. 448. Ituiraeos. Iturea, was at the base of Mt. Hermon in Palestine. A tribe of Arab robbers who occupied It In Virgil's time were famed for their skill in archery..Taxi: yesvs good for nothing else. 44?1. Nee is to be joined with non In the following verse.- a.0.... Torno rasile, smoothed by the lathe; i. e. readily worked by a Waho. 451. Alnuts. Alders grew abundantly on the banks of the Pu, and were hollowed out by the peasants for canoes. 452. M1issa Pado, send out on the Po. 453. Cortieibus cavis: se. in. hie speaks of bee-hives made of the hark of trees.... Vitiosae, decayed. The reference is now to a natural hive...Al veo; pro. nounced alv-yo by syn izesis. 454. lMemor-awdituns aeojuie, equally deserving ofnintio... JBaccheivi 'bia = the vine and wine. More susal forms of this adj. are Baccheys, Bacchicus, Bacchlus. The idea is, that the vine is less useful than forest trees, and has this drawback that it gives rise to quarrels and hence to crime. 455. itacchims vinum...4.d citipa,,m, for crime....lle furentis, etc., refers to the quarrel of the Centaurs and Lapithae. at the marriage of Perithous and Hippodamia. This was brought on by Intoxication, and led to a contest in which many were slain. Another version of the story says that Rhoetus and Pholuis were put to flight, not killed. 457. Lapithis. A. 227; 0. 345; H. 385, II.-C..ratere, a mixer, some of GEORGICON LIB. II. 151 o fbrtunatos riimiurn, sna si bona -norint, Agricolas, quibus ipsa, pirocul discordibus armis, Fundit humo facilern victum justissima tellus! Si non inoentemn foribus domus alta superbis Mane salutantum totis vomit aedibus undam., Nec varios inhiant pulchra testudine postis, Inlusasque auro vestes, -Ephyreiaqu e aera., Alba n-equc Assyrio fucatur lana veneno, Nec casia liquidi corrumpitur usus olivi: At secura quies et nescia fallere vita, ]Dives opum variarurn, at latis otia fundis, Speluncae, vivique lacus, at frigida Ternpe, Mugitusque bourny, mollesque sub arbore somni Non absunt; illic saltus ac lustra ferarurn, Et patienis operum exiguoque adsueta juvenfus, 460 465 470 which were sufficiently large to conceal a a person hiding behind it. 458. He now digresses into a pane-yric on rnral life, remarkable alike for its trnth anti beanty..... Fintunertos ni-,pitiam = fortunati~ssirnos.N..-orint. A. 1128, a; G. 151, 1; H. 235, 2. 459. Ayivicolas. A. 240, d; G. 340; HI. 381.... Ip.,a = uasponte... Pnocnt a, — t bs. A. 261, b; G. 41 8, R; H. 437, 2. 460. Ilmno exhunw..... Facilem, easy to be procured....Jist issima refers to the return of the crop from the seed, manifold more thau the earth received. 461. Foribits superibis is to be joined with domu8 cite as abl. of characteristic. A. 251; G. 402; H. 419, IL. 462. Maune, etc., refers to the Roman p~ractice of clients visiting their patrons early in the morning.... Salutce-iteimu: gen. plur.... Totis aedibus, i. e. from all its,apartments.... Vomit vindam,, is exlpressive of the number of the clients, and the appearance of a crowd emerging from a doorway. The exits from the theatre were called vomltoria. 463. Varios (= variatos), variegated, injlaid...Inhiant. The subject is imlplied In salutantum, the visitors, not the nwners.... TesOtsuline, tortoise shell was nmuch used by the wealthy for adorning doors, couches, etc. 464. Inlusas auro, embroidered with gold.... Testes, ga ants, here probably coch covers....Ephyr-eia, i. e. Corinthiane; from Ephyre, the ancient, and afterwards the poetic name of Corinth.... A ciw, bronzes. Vessels of Corinthian bronze were rare, and were more higyhly esteemed by the Romans than those of gold and silver. 465. Assynlo = Phoenicio.... Veiieno is the celebrated purple (lye for which Phoenicia was celebrated. 466. Casia, wcith stuid cinnamon to give the oil a perfume....I. Lqitid, pre... Usits, i. e. the oil in respect to its use. 467. At, sc. non abest, is in contrast with si non, etc., in v. 461..%. eettra,free fromt anxiety, which is the primary meaning-ofouir English wovcrd secure...Nescia fpWeise, ignoant of guile. 468. Vair: us corn, fruifts, cattle, etc.... Latis, open, not large; opposed to the confinement of the city. 469. Fbin, natural;~ not artificial as they are in citioq.... 1'-riyida Tem~pe, cool valleys wort-hy to be compared with the famous vale of Thessaly, between Olympus and Ossa, and watered by the Peneus. 470. Miolles somni, gentle slumbers. 471. Saltus, 1. e. pastures for the flocks. Lutstr-a ferarurn, haunts of wild beasts, affording good hunting. 152 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Sacra deum, sanctique patres; extrema per illos Justitia excedens terris vestigia feci t. Me vero primium, dulees ante omnia Musae, Q narum sacra fero ingenti percussus amore, Aceipiant, caclique vias et skiera monstrent, Defeetus solis varios, lunaeque labores, Unde tremor terris, qila vi maria alta tumescant Objicibus ruptis rursusque in se ipsa residant, Quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles iliberni, vel quac tardis mora noetibus obstet. Sin, has ne possim naturae accedere partis, Fri gidu s obstiterit cirenum praecordia sanguis, Rura mihli et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes; Fluminaamnem silvasque inglorius. 0, ubi campi Spereheosque et virginibus bacchata Lacaerils 47.5 480 485 473. Saera deutm, sc. illic sunt, the sacred rites of the 'gods are religiously observed, and that without hypocrisy.... Sancti patres: sc. sunt; i. e. old age is respected.... Extrema is to be taken with vestiqia... -Per illos; i. e. she left the country last. 474. Jitstitia, 1. a. Astraea. Cf. Ecl. IV. 6. 475. He here expresses his preference for a lir e devoted to the study of literature and philosophy, and if this cannot be obtained, the country life is his choice.... J-Primnurn ante omnaia, above all things. 476. Quaruin sacra, fey-o: to carry the sacred utensils means to be a priest. Poets are often called p~riests of the Muses..... Pereutssus, smitten, probably suggested by the extravagant worship of the Bacchantes. 477. Accipiant, receive my dedication of myself to them.... Caelt vias et sidera = vies sidearm in caelo. The poet speaks of physical questions as his chief study, because the older poets, as Orpheus, Musaeus, etc., were said to have paid special attention to such studies, and because Empedocles gained great renown by his poem "1On nature." Suich subjects admit of high poetic adornment, and are therefore much prized by the votaries of the Muses. 478. Defeetuts, eclipses.... Labores defectus 479. Tremtor: sc. sit; i.ea. what is the cause of earthquakes?.... Quta vi, by what force of nnture.... Turn escant refers to the tides, according to the common inter. pretation. 481. Quid... soles, i. e. why the days in winter are so short.... Ocea io: sc. in. The sun was believed by the an. cients to set in the ocean. 482. Tardis, according to the majority of commentators, is slow.ly passing, as in winter; but the thought is more complete by making it = slow in coming on, thus referring to summer nights. 484. PFi-iidns sangquis, cold blood; L.e. want of talent. It seems to have been a notion among the ancient philosophers, that the heat or coldness of the blood in the region of the heart was the regulator of genius. 485. Iligui, waterng, irrigating. 486. Amem Is same constr. as ploceant.... Thqlorius, 1. e. without the reputation he might have obtained from the successf ul culture of philosophy... o iibi (stunt) campi, etc.: Oh (to be3 where the fields are, etc.; expressing a wish. 487. Spercheosque. This Is probably by hendladys for tie plain~s laved by the ,GEORGICON LIB. II.15 153 Taygeta! o, qui me gelidis con vallibus Jlaemi 'Sistat, et ingeuti ramorum protegat umbra! Felix, qui potuit rerum. cognoscere caussas, Atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum " 'Subjecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari! Fortunatus et jill, deos qui novit agrestis, Pan aqi~e Silvanumque seniem. Nymphasque sorores! Ilium. non populi fa~sccs, non purpura reguni Flexit et hifidos agitans discordia fratres, Ant coinjurato descendenis Dacus ab ilistro, Noti res Romtanae peritUraque regna; neque ille Aut doh~t miserails inopem, ant invidit habenti. ~Quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura 'Sponte tulere sua, car-psit, nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum ant populi tabularia, vidit. 490 495 Si0) Spercheo8, in Thessaly.... Baecelata,, i. e. where the rites of Bacchus were celebrated by the Laconian maidens. This is an instance of the perf. part. of a deponent verb being used passively. 488. Taygeta, sc. juga. The range of hills running south from Arcadia, and dividing Laconia and Messenia.... () (sc. ubi est) r, ii = 0 utinam me Asltat aliquis. Md liemi. A wooded mountain In Thrace. Vid. Georg. I. 489. 490. Felix: sc. est. He now returns to philosophers, and pronounces their lives happy; and again, in 493, he commends likewise the enjoyments of country life. The heads of the Lucretian philosophy are here sketched. 491. Met ice, fears arising from superstition and false -notions of death, and the lower world. Lucretius often alleges that a knowledge of the true nature of things is sufficient to divest men of fear and unwarrantable desires. 492. Acherontis. This river of the lower world Is here put for that lower world itself.-. - Anari, greedy for the souls of the departed. 494. Pana: vid. Eel. HI. 32....Silvantum: vid. Edl. X. 23:.. ymphas sor-ores, the sister-nymphs; not sisters of Pan and Sylvanus, hut all nymphs, who formed one sisterhood. 495. Populi, i. e. given by the people...... Fasces. The emblems of power for the power itself. 4.. Flex it, has moved. 497. D~actts. The Dacians occupied the high grounds north of the Ister, orDanube; hence the propriety of deecenderi. They gave great trouble to the Romans by their frequent irruptions into Thrace, Mysia, etc. For a full account of the transactions here referred to, consult Class. Diet.... Jlust r-, or Istro. The Danube. to which the term coreratio is applied (by a change very common with the poets), to signify that other nations on the Danube joined the Dacians. 4,98. lies Bomanae perituraq~ue req~nw, I. a. the military exploits of the Romans and the kingdoms which these were destined to destroy.-Wagn. 4,99. Habenti: sc. diviti. The idea is that all are comfortably well off. 500. ifam i: se. tuere u. aos: sc. fructus8. 501. Fere-ra,, iron-hearted, unbending, I. e. that cannot be changed by pity, favor, or fear.-H. 502. insanum refers to the noise occasioned by the disputants; the general buistle, and the excessive eagerness there exhibited...Tabularia, the archives, containing the details of the public revenues, by whom farmed, etc. The meanIng is, He gives himself no trouble about 154 1'. V-I H G 1, I I 3, A H 0 o' I S Sollicitant alii remis freta caeca, ruuntque In ferrum, penetrant aulas et limina regumn; Hie petit exscidiis urbem miserosque Penatis, Ut gemma bibat et Sarrano dormiat ostro; Condit opes aLius, defossoque incubat auro; Hie stupet attonitus rostris: hunc plausus hiantem Per cuneos (eminatus enin plebisque patrumque) Corripuit; gaudent perfusi sanguine fratrum, Exsilioque domos et dulcia limina mutant, Atque alio patriam quaerunt sub sole jacentem. Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro: Hinc anni labor, hinc pajWiam parvosfue Penatis Sustinet, hinc armenta bourn meritosque juvencos. Nec requies, quin aut pormis exuberet annus, Aut fetu pecorum, aut Cerealis mergite culmi, Proventuque oneret sulcos atque horrea vincat. Venit hiemps, teritur Sicyonia baca trapetis, Glande sues lae.ti redeunt, dant arbuta silvae; Et varios ponit fetus autumnus, et alte Mitis in apricis coquitur vindemia saxis. Interea dulces pendent circum oscula nati, 505 510 515 520 farming the revenues of the' state-he keeps aloof from all such excitement. He then proceeds to give a description of the pursuits of those living in cities (503-512). 505, 506. Luxuriousness tempts some to civil war... Petit exscidiis, attacks with destruction, i. e. with the purpose of destroying.... IUrbent, i.e. Rome.... Pen - tis, i.e. his country... Gesmt a=e gemma..... Sarrano ostro, sc. in, i. e. on Tyrian couches. 507. Some men are misers.... Defosso, buried. 508. Some admire forensic pleading, and the charms of political life.... Ro.stiis; i. e. the eloquence of the speakers.... Plausus., the applause given to popular statesmen.-Con. 509. Per cuneos, throughout the benches..... Geminatus enim = geminatus enim plausus est. 510. Corripitit, has carried away.... Gaudent: sc. alii. 512. Alio, foreign. 513. How different are the pursuits of the farmer.... Dirnovit. Note the force of the perfect. 514. Hinc, i. e. with it... Anni labor (= annuus labor): sc. est.....1Pareos Penatis: by meton. for a humble home. 515. ^,feri.tos, deserving so well of him. 516. lequ1ies (sc. anno, not agricolacC.), intermission.... Quin exuberet, so that the year does not abound. A. 319, d; G. 550, 3; H. 504. 518. Oneret suleos, i. e. before the harvest.... iloirert vincat, i.e. by raising more than the barns can hold. 519. Venit hiemrps: sc. cum.... Sicyonia baca, i. e. the olive, which grew to great perfection at Sicyon, on the Gulf of Corinth. 520. Glande (i. e. e glande) modifies redeunt. Sonme take it with laeti. 521. Ponit, sheds, lets fall, drops.... Alte in, high up on. 522. Afitis is used proleptically.... Coqu itur, are ripened till they are mellow. GEOR GJCON LJBP. II.15 155 Casta pudicitiam servtat dQm1tis, iibenia, vaecae Lactea demittutit, pinguesque in gframiine lacto Iiiter se adversis luetantur corinibus haedi. Ip)se dies agitat festos, fususque per herbain, Ig~nis ubi in medio et soeii eratera coronant, To, Iliban s, Len aee, voeafobecorisque magistris Velocis jtaculi certainin p)olit in ulmo, Corporaque agre~,ti nudan t praedu ra palaestrae. Hane ohlm vete~res vitam coluere Sabini, i-Lane Remus et fr~ater, sic fortis Etrurija erevit Scilicet et reitur facta est puicherrimna Roma, Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arees. Aqeo etiamn sceptruin Di~ctaei regis, et ante lInpia quam caesis ge~ps est epulata juvencis, Aureus i'Ynic vitam in terris Saturnus agebat: Needum etiarn audierant minlari elassica, needum Impositos duris erelpitare ineculibus enses. Sod nos imih-ensum. spatils eonfeeimus aeqtior, lEt jam~ tenmpus equurn fumiantia solvere colla. 525 530 5315 540 523. Oscutta, little months; i. e. for kisses. 524. IDomus, wife, lit, family. 525. JDemittunt utbera: because they are lar,.e and full... Laeto, rich, luxuriant. 526. lu#te,' se = with one another. —C.....I dversis, adverse, i. e. horn to horn. 527. I~se: ac. agricola.. — Fisits, efretched out.... Peir heirbuin, in a grassy 1)iace.-W. 525. Ilinis is. pnedio (sc. est), i.eC. an altar whereon to offer sacrifice, and preiare the feast. 529. Masgistiris, for the keepers. 'Cf. N. Eel. II. 33. 530. Certamina, ponit, institutes contests. Some interpret, "offers prizes.".....rin ulmto, on the elm; either making the elm the mark, or hanging up a target on the tree. 531. Paiaesqtrae. The exercises are called agresti, because the rustics contended in their own rude, untrained fashion. 534. Seilicet, without doub.... Focta est, has becomne. 535. Una, alone.... Sibi, for herself... A1rces = colles. 536. Ante governs scep-tnum....IDictaei regis, i. e. Jupiter, who was said to have been born on Mount Dicte, in Crete. Before him, Saturn reigned during the goldlen age....-Et ante is to he joined with quarne in the next verse. 5-37 u npia f/ens, i. e. degenerate man. At one time it was considered a capital crime to slay an ox. 5,38. -4 ivreais Sat irniss; i e. of the golden age. Cf. Eel. IV. 6.... Agebat, lived. 539. Clas~siea. Trumpets had not, in those days of "g olden Saturn " begun to call men to battle, nor did the swords ring on the anvil as they were being forged to shed blood. 541. The poet concludes the Book with a metaphor taken from the circus....'ipatiis, in our circuits, or coutrses.... Aeqttor, afield. It means anyleelplace. 542. [Feiispts: se. est....-Eqitunt = e.u..u.... Solvere rotiui, to free the necks?, i. e. to take the yoke off from the neck. ARGUM ENT. BOOK III. I. Subject of Third Book, and general introduction, referring tc the topics selected by other poets, to his own expected success, and his thankfulness to his patron and emperor, Augustus; invocation of Maecenas (1-48). II. Of black cattle and horses (50-285), viz.: 1. The cow-her "marks" and age (50-71). 2. The horse-his "marks," and his characteristics at different periods of life, and his training (72-122). 3. Feeding, and preparation of horses (123-137). 4. Of the care of females (138-156). 5. Tending and training of the young (157-208). 6. Special directions in regard to the treatment of males; a combat described (2)09-241). 7. Of the powerful effect of love on mankind, and on animals generally (242 -265); mares especially influenced by it (266-283). III. Sheep and goats (286-473): 1. General introduction (286-293). 2. Winter treatment of sheep and goats (294-304); both kinds of animals valuable (305-321). 3. Mode of tending during warm weather (322-338); habits of African and Scythian shepherds (339-383). 4. Of wool (384-393); of milk (394-403). 5. The guarding of cattle; (a) against thieves-by dogs (404-413); (b) against serpents (414-439). 6. Diseases: the scab (440-463): the plague (464-473). IV. Description of the great plague in Noricum (474-566): 1. Of the cause and the characteristics of the disease (478-485). 2. The symptoms, as seen in different animals; (a) in the smaller kinds, as sheep, calves, dogs, swine (486-497); (b) in the larger and stronger beasts, horses and cows (498.536); (c) in wild animals (537540); (d) in other classes of the animal kingdom, e. g. fishes, reptiles, and birds (541-547). & Failure of all proposed remedies (548-566).-Bryce. (Adapted.) LIT3EI TEI-TIIJS. T-E quoque, magna Pales, ot to mornorando eanemus Pastor ab Am-pbryso, vos, silvae ainnesque Lvcaei. Cetera,, quae vacuas tenuissont carmine mon tes, Omnia jam volgata: quis aut Eurystlica duruim, I. The general snbject of this Book is "the management of cattle and domestic animals." " The poet," says Anthon, "1intending to make the management of cattle and domestic animals the subject of his third Book, unfolds his desigii by saying that he will sing of Pales, the goddess presiding over cattle and pastures; of Apollo, who fed the herds of Admetus on the banks of Amphrysus; and of the woods and streams of Lycaeos, a monnt of Arcadia, famoug for its sheep. He then expresses his contempt for the fabulous poems, the subjects of which, he says, are all trite and vulgar, and hopes by his theme to soar above all other bards.... -Pales. Her festival, called the Palflia, was celebrated on the 21st of April, which was be]lieved to be the same day as that on which Rome was founded... Memtop'a.iute agrees with p~axtor. 2. JPostor iab Amtphryso, 1. a. Amphrysius. The allusion is to Apollo, who, when banished from heaven, fed the flocks of Admetus, king of Pherae. on the banks of the Amphrysus, a river of Thessaly.... Lylcaei. By thus mentioning Lycaeus, wvhich was sacred to Pan, the poet indicates Ia third deity. a. Cetera, other themes, e. g., common mythologica~l ones now worn threadbare..... 7'actfas, the idle, i. e. having nothing serious with which to he occupied.... Textiissent (potential subj.), might have pleased. 4. Yolgjata, hacknreyed, trite, threadbare... Eutrysthea: referring to the labors of Hercules. 158 P. VIIR G I LI I l AO i I S Aut inlaudati nescit Busiridis aras? Cui non dictus Hylas puer et.Latonia Delos, Hiippodameque, humeroque Pelops insignis eburno. Acer equis? Temptanda via est, qua me quoque possim Tollere humo victorque virum volitare per ora. Primus ego in patriam mecum, modo vita supersit, 1 Aonio rediens deducnam vertice Musas, Primus Idumaeas referam tibi, Mantua, palmas, Et viridi in campo templum de marmore ponam Propter aquam, tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat Mincius et tenera praetexit arundine ripas. 1 In medio mihi Caesar erit, templumque tenebit. Illi victor ego et Tyrio conspectus in ostro 5 0 5 f 5. Bt.siidis. Busiris, an execrable iyrant, was King of Egypt, and in accordance with the response of an oracle, offered up all strangers on the altar of Jipiter. He was destroyed by Hercules, whom he attempted to dispose of in the same way. 6. ('Ci (sc. poetae) = a qluo.... Dictti.s: sc. esf.... Ijylats, a beautiful youth, and companion of Hercules on the Argonauitic expedition, was carried off by the water nymphs in Mysia..... Delos Latot, it, i. e. Delos famed in connection with the history of Latona, who there brought forth Apollo and Diana. Ecl. vii. 29. 9. Hilfppodaltne: daughter of (Enomaus. King of Pisa, whom Pelops won by defeating her father in the chariot race; hence Pelops is said to be acer equis.... I'elops ebu,rno ]J/i m)'o. Tantalus, King of Lydia, gave a banquet to the gods, and to test their divinity served up to them his son, Pelops. Ceres, through heedlessness, ate part of the shoulder of Pelops before she discovered the mistake; Jupiter, however, restored the boy to life, and replaced the lost flesh by a piece of ivory. 8. Temptatn.da via e.st. i. e. some subject must be discovered or selected by him, in the treatment of which he may surpass all preceding poets. 9. Victor, i. e. having accomplished what I proposed.. Viruml = virorurm..... Pe, ot'a, before thefaces. 10. 1)rittnis dedtcant. lie who is the first of a city or country to acquire the natme of poet may be justly said to introduce the Muses to his native place.... I, pafti'rn, i. e. Italy. 11..Aonio vertice, from the Aonian mount; i. e. Helicon, celebrated as the abode of the Muses.... lRediens,, returning, as if in triumph from a campaign. 12. ldttmae(s ptilias. Idumaea, a part of Palestine, is put for the country generally, which was famous for its growth of palms.... jlvi'frat,. The idea is: 'I will be the first to bring glory on my native city by my success in the art of poetry.' 13. Temnplu refers to the custom of vowing temples to the gods in battle, and then dedicating them after the victory. Voss says the temple here vowed is the LEneid, in which Augustus is to be enshrined for the admiration of coming ages. 14. Pro.pter.: i. e. prope.... I, gen s. Coningtoll says the Mincius spreads into a lake near Mantua. 16. IJn )nedlio: sc. templo; i. e. in the sanctuary.... M]ilhi is ethical dative.... (CaI'sr, i. e. his statue. 17. 11;, in honor of him; dat. of advant. The consecration of the temple is to be attended with splendid games.... Tlvio o.Rfvo. The poet speaks of himself, as of the Roman magistrates who wore the toga praetexta when acting as curators of the games. GEORGICON LIB. III. Centum quadrijugos agitabo ad fluminia cur-L'LS; Cuncta mihi, Alpheum linquens lucosque Molorchi, Ciirsibus et crudo decernet Graecia caesttt. Ipse, caput tonsae foilis orn.CIttus olivae, Donta ferani. Jam nunc solleininms ducere pompas~ Ad dehibrat juvat caesosque videre juvencos, Vel scenll ut versis discedat frontibus, utque Purpuica in~texti tollant aulaea Britanni. In foribus puginam ex auro solidoque elephanto G angaridu m faciarn victorisque arma Quirnni, 1 59 20 25 18. A (I ifabo, uwill drive; i. e. will caus~e to be driven. The poet speaks on the principle of law t hat qui facit per Whimso facit per se.... (1 flittm iwt, i. e. the Mincius. 19. Littquents Alphcumn. Tue poet ineais, that his games wviii become so famous, on account of the individual in Nvhiose honor they ate celebrated, that even the Greeks will leave their own kindred festivals, tad f requent his.... Aiphiets: the riv er ot Elii, near whtch were Pisa atid the p1)1 tn of Olympia.... Alolorlchitus wvas a ~zhephier1 of'Cleonae in Argolis, who entertained H~ercutles, xvhen * after havitig slain the Ntiniein lion, lie was either institnitin-, for the first time, or restoring after an interruption, the Nemean gaines. JIuens Iltoloiechi, therefore, means the Ni meaii xxood. 120. (.itisibits, in running.... Crudo cirestit, with the untanned cestus. The cae-,ttis, or boxitig gauntlets, consisted of leattier thonigs bountd round the hands anit xvrists, and reaching sometimes as Iiighl nit as t~he elbow. They were occasiontaliy armed with lead or metal bosses. 21. Toitsae olieae follis wirue~tius. Tue poet, as about to offer sacrifice, assuines t he crown usual ott such occasions. Tansae has been variously explained,(1h, croitped. so as to be of equtil lett-thVoss; (2), simply " plucked front the trees "-Heyne; 3), having all the longer and larger leav-es plucked away, leaving,only the smaller ones, that the gaurlands nilght appear more fine and elegatit, and that the browv of the wearer shotmld tnot be,too much shaded. 22. Doner /e-rani&, I shall offer sac-riflees.... Poinpa.. (luCep-e-. Tue ceremony referred to wvas ftiat of carrying the images of the gods iii sotlemn utrocession to the circus before the cotutencemeuit of the Ludi (Jircenses....Ja me 1t'I(IEC *ji 'i(it. Even snou', in anticipation, I experientce delight in the service. 24. Scetfr. Scenic exhibitions, were hart of the poet's plan. Thete wvere twvo kinds of scette-one (the versatilis) which Ity means of a prisni-shaped niachine Iturned round, presenting three different v~iews, as occasion required; the other (duuctilis), which separated and disclosed the itiner arrangenmen ts (if the stage. Ver-,sisfrontibus refers to the fornmer. 25. Tolotint aemulatt Jtrita ni.ii The curtain rose upward from the stage at the conclusion of a ptiece. and did not fall as with us, hience totlant: it fell before the comnmencemesnt of a play. The figures of Britonts are interwoveti itt the aulaea, and placed in such a po-itiont and attitude as to appear tot rise gradually and raise the curtrian with thent. The Britotis had sent ati embassy to Octavianus when he was in Gauil in 261 B. C., preparing ati expedition ag~ainst themn. 211. In. fin-ibits, upon the doors of his temple to which he now returns.... Irr aiiuro, etc. The combination of ivory and gold in ancient statuary was coontutmi, the ivory representing the flesh.-Con. 27. Gearigaridusoi. The Gatigarides were an Indian nation, dwvelling itear the mouth of thle Ganaes, and are here put for the people of the East..... tpirna Qu1irilli =Qitirino armato. Quirinus = Augustus. 160 P. 'IRG ILII MAR ONIS Atq(ue lhie undantem bello magnumque fluentem N ilunim ac navali surgentis acre columnas. Addam urbes Asiae domitas pulsunmque Niphaten Fidentemque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis, Et duo rapta manu diverso ex hoste tropaea Bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentis. Stabunt et Parii lapides, spirantia. signa, Assaraci proles demissaeque ab Jove gentis Nomina, Trosquc parens, et Trojae Cynthius auctor. Invidia infelix Furias amnemque severumr Cocyti inetuet tortosque Ixionis anguis Immanemque rotam, et non exsuperabilc saxuin. 30 35 - 28. 1Iie, on the doors; sc. faciam.... Undnlteo-nt bello, swelling with war. This alludes to the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra by Augustus. 29. 'olimtims. Servius states that Augmstus constructed four pillars front the beaks of the ships captured at Actium, which were afterward placed in the Capitol by Domitian and were to be seen there when he wrote, about 400 A. D. 30. Urbes Asiae. Cities were usually represented utinder the figures of women. It is probable that the phrase is a general one, the localities being referred to in Niphaten, Parthum, etc.... Niphlitelt. Niphates, a mount of Armenia. is put for the people of that country; (so in Geo. i. 509, we meet movet Euphrates). The event boasted of is the restoration (in 20 B. C.) of Tigranes (the younger) to the throne of Armenia by Tiberius, under the orders of Augustus. 31. P'art1hin fldenteni, etc. The Parthians were famed for their skill in fighting as they fled, or pretended to fly. They rode off as if in flight, and then suddenly wheeling round, discharged their versas sagittas in the face of the pursuing foe. 32. Duio tropaea: One for the victory over Antony and Cleopatra (in 31 B. C.), and the other over the Cantatri (in 25 B. C.).... Diver'so ex hoste; i. e. dwelling in different portions of the earth. 33. Bisque triumnphat.s. This means the East on the one hand, and the West on the other. The East was twice triumphed over in the defeat of Cleopatra (as above), and in the restoration by the Parthians, in 20 B. C., of the Roman standards which had been taken from Crassus; and the West, in the two subjugations of the Cantabri, in 25 B. C., and again after their rebellion in 22 B. C. 34. 'earii lapides. The marble of Paros was particularly suited for works of art.... Spirantia sig)t, life-like statues. 36. Cynthiits ructor. Apollo was the tulelary deity of AugustIue, and the latter was even called his soin. Together with Neptune he built the walls of Troy; hence the epithet. 37. Intvideia. On another part of the doors Envy is represented, but overcome and cast down to Hades. This is em1blematic of the triumph of Augustus over his enemies, and of the conclusion of the civil wars. Wagner supposes this must refer to a picture, as all these scenes and characters could not well be given in statuary.... Severun,a gloomy. 38. Cocyti. Cocytus was one of the rivers of Hades... Anf.uis. The poet here represents Ixion as bound to the wheel by serpents; the other version of the legend says, chains. 39. Non exsl.uperftbile suxtjm, the insurmountable stone,' i. e. the stone which Sisyphus was ever endeavoring to roll up to the top of a hill, but which always ran back upon him when he got it near the summit. GEORGICON LIB. III. 161 Interea Dryad umi silvas saltusque sequamur Intactos, tua, Maecenas, hau( mlollia jussa. Te sine nil altum mens inchoat: en age, segnis Rumpe moras; vocat ingenti clamore Cithaeron Taygetique canes domitrixque Epidaurui; c(lIlorum, Et vox adsensu nemorum inlgeminata ren-mugit. Mox tamen ardentis accingar dicere pngnas Caesaris, et nomnen fama tot ferre per aunos, Tithoni prima quot abest ab origine Caesar. Seu quis, Olympiacae miratus praemia palmae, Pascit equos, seu quis fortis ad aratra juvencos, Corpora praecipue matrum legat. Optulna torvae Forma bovis, cui turpe caput, cui plurima cervix, Et crurum tenus a mente alaria pendent; Tunm longo nullus lateri modus; omnia magna, Pes etiam; et camuris liirtae sub cornibus aures. Nec mihi displiceat maculis insignis et albo, 40 50 40. Such will be his future occupation, meantime he proposed to proceed with his subject. 41. Intactos, not heretofore sung.... Maecenas. Cf. N. on Geo. I. 11.... Haud mnollia jussa, your by no means easy requests. The composition of the Georgics, as before stated, was the suggestion of Maecenas. 42. Altum, lofty, sublime.... En ar/e. These words are addressed by the poet to himself. 43. Vocat. He seems to hear the cattle, dogs, and horses, as with one voice calling him to proceed with his song.... Cithaeron. A range of mountains between Attica and Boeotia, on which numerous herds of cattle pastured. 44. Taygeti. Vid. Geo. 1I. 488. Its dogs, and indeed all Laconian hounds, were famed for speed and skill in hunting.... Epidaulrus was in Argolis, which was noted for its superior breed of horses. 45. Ingeninata, redoubled..... Rer, wgit, re-echoes. 46. Mox. I will soon venture to sing the warlike deeds of Caesar.... Ardentis, glowing,fiery.... cciglar dicere. An unusual construction for ad with the gerund. 48. Tithoni. Tithonus was the son of Laomedon, and great-grandson of Tros, but not in the direct line from which the Julian gens was derived. As the husbald of Aurora, with the gift of immortality, lie became a favorite example of a long life..... QIot, as. 49. On the choice of cows for breeding..... Mi ratus, admiring, i. e. desiring.... 'almae, i. e. success generally. 50. Pascit, i. e. breeds... Fortis ad ar.atra: sc. vehenda. 51. LJegat, let him choose.... Tortre, ill-looking, stern-looking. 52. Turtpe, coarse, i. e. large and unsightly.....Pluriazi" cervix, brawny neck, i. e. with much muscle, long and thick, as cattle were at this time bred principally for the purpose of draught. 53. Crurunt tenus = tenus crurum..... Palearia: from palea, the gills of a cock. 54. Nullus modus, i. e. her side is very long..... Omnia magni, all her parts should be large even the foot. 55. les: sc. magnus est.... Camrtis, twisted, i. e. bent inwards. 56. Nec mihi tdispliceat = valde .162 P. VIR GIL11 MAR ONIS Ant.t itiga detreetans interdumque aspera co)Pfu, Et faciem tauro propior, quaeque ardua, iota, Et gradiens ima verrit vestigial cauda. Aetas Lucinam justosqne pati hymenacos Desinet ante decem, 1)ost quattuor iricipit annos Cetera inec feturae habilis, nec fortis aratris. Intereca, superat gregibus dunm laeta juveiitas, Solve mares; mitte in Ve-nerem peenaria primus, Atque aliam ex alia, generando suffice prolem. Optima quaeque dies iniseris mortalibus aevi Prima fugit; subeunt morbi tristisque senectus, Et lahor et durae rapit inelementia imoitis. Semper erunt., quarum rnutai-i corpora malls: Semper enim refice, ac, ne post amissa requiras, Anteveni, et subolem arnmento sortire quot annis. Nec non et pecori est idem delectus equino. Tu. modo, quos in spem statues submittere gentis, 60 65 70 placeat, by Litotes.,... MIaculis et albo is by liendiadys for maculis albi. A. p. 298; G. 695lS; H. 636, II. 2.... litsignsi8, marked. 57. A.tutjuqe detrectan s. it is. not a bad sign if she refuses to go under the yoke, or if she is sometimes vicious, as it shows spirit... Aspera cornu, rough with her horns, i. e. apt to butt. 58. Faciemt, in general appearance; accus. of specif.... Quaeque= et quae est.... A rduta tote, altogether tall witb a connected idea of dignity. 59. Gwrdiens, as 8he walk..... Verrit, 8wueeps.... Irna, the end of, limits ea wda. 60. On the age for breeding.... Loteisiati, bearing. Lucina, the goddess pre. siding over birth, is here put for the act of hearing.....Iustos, proper,, i. e. taking place at a suitable age. 62. Cetera, sc. aetas, the remainder of her life.... 1labilis, sited. 639. Interea: between the fourth and the tenth years.... Sitperat, is abundant....Gregibus does not meaii flocks in general, but only those of the ox kind, and of these the females in particular. 64. 8olve, let loose; for the males were kept confined for some time previous to;the biceeding, season.... M1itte 1prinvs, be the first to entice...- Pecutaria. The pastures poetically put for the, herd. 6.5. Gener'ando'by breeding.... Sufffice, 8tcure. 66. Optumta quaeqtte (lies, all the best days. A general reflection on the flight of time. 68. Labor, hardship, sicknes..il-apit, hurries away.... in1clemtentia, want of mnpassion, obduracy. 69. He now returns to the subject of breeding.... Semp~er erunt: se. boves..... Quarurnt coprpora = quas. 70. E'nim,,therefore.... IRefi ce: sc. armentum.... A missa (sc. corpora) =quae amiseris.....equiras, may feel the want of. 71. A nsteveni, anticipate, be beforehand.... Subolemt, young ons.... Sortire, choose with judgmeiit. 72. On the breeding of borses.....Pecori equino, i. e. for horses. Keightley suggests that the poet is here probably led by his poetic feeling to describe the sire, rather than the dam, as he thus has an ampler field for description. 78. Qutos, I. e. eis quos.... In spemt, for the hop.... Submittere: Vid. N. on Eel. 1. 46. GEORGICON LI-B. III.16 163 Prteeipmumi jam Hide a teiieris i mpeiide laborern. Continno pecoris getierosi piillus in aqrvis Altius Hinrediltur, et moliha crura reponht; Primus et ire viamn et fluvios temptare iniiiaeis Audet et ignoto sese com~mittere ponti, Nec vauos horret strepitus. 111i ardlua cervix, Arguiturqueceaput, brevis alvus, obesaqlue terga, Lux uriatque toris ani iiiosum pectu s. 1-onesti Spadices glaueique, color deterrnirus alhis Et gilvo. Turn, si qua swinumi procul. arma- dle(lere, Stare loeo ueceit, micat autribtis et, trernit artus,I Colleetumque fremens volvit sub inarihus igniem. Densa juba, et dextro jactata recumbit in aruto; At duplex agitur per lumbos spina; eavatque Tellurem. et solido graviter sonat ungula coruiu. Talis Arnyelaei domitus Polluels, habeilis Cyllarus, et., quorum. Graii ineminere poetae, 75 80 85 90 74. Jfam) inde a teneieis, even from their youth.; i. e. even from foals. 75. ContiWnuo,fro the very first,; i. e. from birth.... Peco'-is, cattle; here of course horses. 76. Altiu#s, with stately step... Mo Ilir, pliant.... teponit, sets down on the ground f rom the high step previously mentioned. 77. Primtus, first among other colts. V. IaIn.- A. 238; G. 331 H 1. 371, IL. 78. Pontti, bridge, probably made of wvood. Some read ponto, which is insipid after fiu vios mbiacis. 79. Vapnos, empty, i. e. in which there is no real danger.... liii eerri~x: se. est. The mark-s of a good horse are: a lofty neck, a fine head, a short belly, a plump back, a muscular counter. 80. Arguturin: expressive, as by its form conveying evidence of the generous blood of the horse.-Con. 81. Animosutm, high mettled.... Hosiesti, (sc. equl sunt), good, not handsome. 82. Spadices, bright bay.... Gland~c-qize, and gray.... Color: se. est... Alhisq, sc. equis. dirty white. Pure white 'borses were highly esteemed for their beauty and fleetness. 83,. G i lvo,(sc. equto, dun...Si q ua, if by chance. 84. Star)e loco, to stand still... licait aurihus. he pricks up his ears, lit., quivers with his ears.... Treunit arrtis, he trembles in every joint; not wilth fear, but Nvith excitement. 85. Ignem,: ignis is often used of that fiery sp irit which is betrayed by the hard breathing of a horse....ollecturin is 'worked up' through keenness for the fight. 86.,Jutba: sc. est... Jactaita, after being tossed up. 87. lituplex... spinar, a double spine runs8 along his loins. In a horse with a full fleshy back, the flesh rises up on each side of the spine. so as to make two ridges. Cf. Job, chap. 3.9, v. 19 seq. 88. (o-a i. a. with his hoof. A hard and thick hoof would be especially requisite when horses were not shod with iron. -Con. 89. Tarli,4;, se. fail.... Amw?,elaei PolUitcise, of Pollux from Amnyclae, which was a Laconian town and the royal city of Tyndarens, whose wife was Leda, the mother of Castor and Pollux. 901. (7yllaru~s is the name of a horse giveu by Juno to the brothers,, and usually 164 P. VIRGI-1IJ NA1?ONJS Martis eqtii bijuges, ct magnii currus Achilli Trlislj et ipse jubarri cervice effudit equina Coiijtgis (adventu pernix Satutrius, et altum Pelionl hinnlitlA fugiens inmplevit acuto. liurc quoque, ubi ant morbo gravis ant jam segnior ann)is 9 Deficit, abde domo, nee turpi ignosce senectae: Frigidus in Venerem senior, fruistraque laborem Ing~ratimn trahit; et, si quando ad proelia ventuim est, Ut quondam in stipulis magnus sine viribus ignis, Incasstum furit. Ergo animos aevumque notabis 100 Praccipue; hine alias artis, prolemque parentum, Et quis cuiquie dolor v~icto, quae gloria palmae. Nonne vides, curn praccipiti certamine campum CJorripuere ruuntque effusi carcere currus, Cum spes arrectae juvenum, exsultantiaque haunrt 105. Corda pavor puilsans? 1iii instant verbere torto Et, proni dant lora; volat vi fervidus afxlis; mentioned, in connection with Castor.... 98. Ig t'ifruitless8... Tiahit, Quorurnt is governed by memtiae,'e. drag8 on..... Ad pr)oelifa: sc. Veneris. 91. Currus,, I. e. equi....Achilli,..99.Qodmsei...Sn viH. 68. ribius, as straw is its only fuel. 9-2. Talis et ipse. The legend is, that 100. I'ncassum, impotently....AniSaturn, fearing the jealousy of his wife, mnost, courage. Ops, who suddenly came npon him while 101. Ilinac, then.... Ar-tis, qualities.... in company with the nymph Philyra. of Pi-olern par-enturn, the race of his parwhom hie had become enamored, changed ents, i. e. his pedigree. himself into a horse....Jatbawt e-ffitdit, 102. Victo, when van uished.... Palibecause he was in rapid flight. Pmafe, i. e. when victorious. In choosing 93. _Pernic, swift, i. e. moving swiftly. a horse for breeding, note how each of 94. Pelion. Becauise the north of Thes.- them was affected by defeat or victory in) saly, where Mount Pelion lay, wvas the a race. scene of this adventure.-K. 104. Corripuere. Note the force of the 9-5. ilfune uqe even this perfect tense.... Effasi earacr-e, when started horse.-Con.... Gravis, enfeebled. from the goal..96. Abde flomo, i. e. remove him from 105.,Juvenum, i. a. the charioteers. the fields, aind shut him uip in the stables.....xFsulttan~tiac, bouncing..... IHaitiit, to do various kinds of work.. liutno' drains. The great excitement causes the se. in....- Nee turtpi-seneetfte, and be heart to propel the blood more quickly, Indulgent to his not inglorlou~s age. i. e. do and hence, as it were, exhausts it. not allow himi, thronzh mistaken kindness, 106. Pavor puls~ante, throbbing anxnowv that his powers are enfeebled, to re- iety.... liii, the drivers.... Veisberemain in the pastures, flage,6 97. In, Vener-em?, to e....S.. if",jo, 107. _Pron-i, leaning forward.... Dant when rather old. A. 93, a; G. 312; H - lo,)-r, give loose rein.. Vi (== cam impetu);, 444, 1. is to be joined with rotat. GEORG[-CON LIII. III. 1 65 JamqUie humiles, jamqae elati sublime videntur Aera per vacuum ferrn, atque adsurgere in auras; Nec mora, nee requies; at fuilvae nimbus arenae Tollitur; humescutit spumis flatuque sequentum Tanttus, amor laudum, tantac est victoria eurae. Primus Ericbthonius currus et quattuor ausus Jungere equos, rapidn sque rotis, insi steive victor. IFrena Peletlironii Lapith ae gyrosque dedere Impositi dorso, atque eqluitern doenere sul) armis Insultare solo, et gressus glomwrare superbos. Aeqluus uterque labor; aeque juvenemqlue matgistri Exquirunt calidumque animis et, carsibtis acrern, Quamvis saepe fuga versos ille egerit bostis, Et patriarn Epirum referat, fortisque Mycenas, Neptunique ipsa dedueat orighi e gen tern. His -anirnadversis histant sub templus, et oninis in pendun t curas denso distendere pinugn, Quem legere ducem et pecori dixere mariturn; 110 115a 12 0 125 105. ifumniles, low down.... Siblime goes with efirti. This and the following verse refer to the bounding of the chariots. 109. Vacuumtt aera., the thin air.... I.n auras, in~ the air, on high. ill. Ilutnescuuit, sc. Aurigae, the drivers.... Sequen tuia = sequentium. 112. Arnor la'udum, desire of praise, in the horses of which he has been speaking. 113. Priinus = an adverb.... Erich - th-on#us was king of Athens, after Amphictyon; he was the first to yoke four horses to a chariot.... Aucsus: se. est. 114. Itotis, I. e. the chariot... in.sisterc. The drivers always stood.... Vic-tor-, i. e. in the race. 115. The Lapitlhae are called Pelethrortii, from Pelethronlum, a valley of Mouint Pelion, in Thessaly, their chief settlement....Dedere gyros, invented the 7itg, 1. e. to train horses by makin~g them run in a ring. 116. Imp~o.iti dorso,?mounted on their backs... Equitem. He attributes to the rider, what properly belongs to the horse..... Sub armis = armatum, I. e. fully equipped. 118. Urterque labor, i. e. the difficulty of providing a good stallion, whether you wish to breed racers or chargers-coni. *.... Aeqiie, with equal care....,Jsii giient, sc. equumn.... Mayistri, trainers. 119. Calidumit animsts, i. e. full of mettle.... (Jursibus acremi, spirited in the races. 121. Epirus and JMycenae were famous for their horses. 122. Neptunti ipsar oi'iqhie. This refers to Anion, the famous horse which Adrastus used in the war against Thebes. lie wa the offspring of Neptune and Ceres. The idea is: let not all these honors weihh wit h you, if hie have not youth, warmn blood, and high mettle, conjoined to swiftness of foot, and the other qualities mentioned. 123. I114s, these things, referring to the age and characteristics of the horse. What follows has reference to the bull as well as to the horse.... Instantt, (sc. magistri), are eagerly attentive.... Sub temiputs: sc. admittendi. 124. imnpenudunt curas. After this we should expect in sum distendendum rather than distendere.... Dettso, firm and close..... Pinqui: poetical for pinguedine. 125. Qttem = equum qiiem.... Pecori limits both ducem and marituin. I 6 6 1(3(3 P. FIRG(IlLII MARONIS Florentisque secant herb415, fluvi osque iniinistrant Farraque, ne blando nequeat superesse laborni, Itivalidique patrum re-ferant jejunia n~ati. Ipsa autern macie tenuant armienta volentes, Atque, ubi concubitus primos, jam nota volupt~as Sollicitat, frondesque negant et foritibus areent. Saepe etiam cursu quatiunt et sole fatigant, Cum graviter tunsis gei-it ar-ea frugibus, et enin Surgentem. ad Zephyrurn. paleae jactaiutur inanes. Hoc faciuint, nimio ne ]uxu obtunsior usus Sit genitali arvo et snicos oblimet inertis, Sedi rapiat sitiens Veiierem. interiusque recondat. liursuis eura patrum. ea~dere, et suceedere inatrum. hIncipit. Exactis gravidae en m m ensi bus errant., Non illas gravibus quisquam juga ducere pl)austris, Non saltu superare viam sit passus et aeri 130: 135 140 13. P lorent is, ft wering, indicatcs the kind of herbages, as vetches and clover. -Con.... Seca at andnmsinist reent imply that the animal is kept up.-Con... Flusvios may mean water from the river, or plenty of water. 127. Super-esse (to be equal to) = sufficere; or, rather, perhaps as Gellius explains %t to be above the toil, and not to he oppressed by it. 128. lleferanzt, repeat; I. e. resemble him....JejIunia, refers to feebleness resulting from insufficient feedin'g. 129. Ipsa armeiita, the herd itself, I. e. the females, as distinguished from the dux and maritus.-Cou.... Volentes, on purpose. 130. Concubitus, intercourse.... Primtos is either first of the season, or= primum, as..s..n Nota, i. e. from former years. 132. Cursnt, by running... Quatiunt, shake, " gallop.".. Sole, i. e. by the heat of the sun. 1.33. Tienshs frtigibusg, 1. e. with the threshed grain... Area; Zephylrum: punt to Indicate the time of admissura; from the vernal equinox. 134. J-actantur, tossed to and fro. 135. Hoe faciunt. This and the flollowing verse give the physical reason of this practice in a figurative form: experience still proves the practice to be a good one.....Luexu, pampering.... Obtunsios' uesus, "a less se stive use."-C. 136. Inertis, sluggigh. 137. Itapiat, sc. ut from preceding ite....Sitiesns, "with thirsty eagernes.".... Venteremn. The ohject of their desire. 138. The anxiety of the farmer is now transferred to the mothers, which are allowed to roam about at pleasure, and are freed from drawing heavy wagons, from racing, and from stemming rap~idly running floods.... Ji'ursus, on the other hand: it Is merely a word of transition. Plure rm, the sires.... (Csdere, cease.... JIlatrum, the dams 139. Exractis mnemvibii s, i. a. when they arc near foaling. 140. Non =ne....1files, I. e. matres. Phsus.tris: dat.,for heavy wagons, I. e. by which they are moved. We would here expect the genitive afterjuga. A. 235, a: HI. 384, 4, N. 2. 141. Saltu.-superareveiam: a caution against allowing pregnant animals to leap.....Sit psassus: potential....Acri,, rapid. 142. Carpere v'iam. is a common expression, the idea being that, at each step, you gather something of the road you have GEOJIGICON LI.111. Il 167' C'arpere prata fuga fluviosque in-nare rapacis. Saltibus in vacuis pascunt et plena secundurn Flumina, musetis ubi et viridissima gramine ripa., Speluticae(ltie tegant, et saxea I)loCmbet umbra. Est lucos Sil1tri circa ilicibusque virentem Plurimtis Alburnn ur volitian s, cti n omeni asilo Romanutm est, oestruin Graii vertere vocantesl Asper, acerba sonans, quo tota exterrita silvis DiffugTiunt arnmenta; furit mugitibus aether Concussus silvaeque et sicci ripa Tanagri. 11oc qnondam nionstro horribilis exercuit iras hIachiae Jiuno pestem meditata juvencae. Tline quioque, nam medils fervoribus acrior instat, Arcebi s gravido pecori, armentaque pasces Sole recens orto aut noctem ducentibus astris. 145 150 155 to travel; so carpere prata here means to scour the ineadows.... ilapacis, rapadoets, and, a'lluding to the swift movement of time stream, rapid. 143. Salttibits in vacutis, in the open pastures, i. e. free from trees, rocks, marshes, or other obstacles, by which the pregnant beast inight injure herself.. 1J(tssr,,t: sc. magistri eas.... Plenwa flerInina, i. e. that they might get sufficient water without any (lifficulty. 144. A1itscits, sc. est.... UlN =ut iW. *.... Iipal SC. sit, subjunct. of purlpose. 146. Silam'i. Sihams, now called Selo, was a river of Lucania, in Italy, dividing that province from Campania, and emptying into the Gulf of Paestum. 1-17. Plitrisnutsnol'itans, many an insect. The participle is here used substanlively.... Albinritum. Alburnus was a mountain of Lucanla, close to the river Silarus.... Cut nomen asilo, whose name Is thegaA. A. 231, b; G. 322; HI. 887, N. 1. 148. Oesftrim (ore-TpoV), the gad-fly. It had a powerful sting in its tail. wtth which it deposited its egg underneath the skin of animals; and these producing young flies caused ulcers of a malignant kind.... Viurtere, have translated. 149. Asper, furious, referring to it~s attacks.. Acerba = acerbe. Lucretius also uses this adj. as an adv. It has two membraneous wvings, with which it makes a loud whizzing noise.... Siuvi, se. in. 150. Diffiegiutnt armtentar. Homer, in the Odyssey, represents the suitors, who had long fought with Ulysses, on Minerva's raising up her shield, flying like oxen f rom the oestrus....Pnt rebellows, the furor of the oxen transferred to the sky. 151. ConIc~essus.-,8tunned...Siccimiarks; it as dried up by the beat of summer.... Tana~grl. The Tanager, which runs to the east of Mount Alburnus, is a feeder of the Silams. 152. HUoe monstro..Jutno. By means of this monster (the asliu8) did Juno in former days exercise her savage passion, having planned a felt plague for the Imachian heifer. This refers to the story of To (daughter of Tuachus, king of the Argives), who being beloved by Jup~iter, and consequently abhorred by Juno, was. by the former, changed into a cow. Juno, to wreak her vengeance on both her husband and his paramour, sent the asilus to torment the heifer. 154. M'ediis fervoributs, in the noonday heat.... Acrior instat = 8aeviu8 vexat. 155. Peeor-i, from the flock: dat. of ad vantage. 1,56. Jlecens. Observe its adverbial use.... Dtecentibus, leading on. The 168 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Post partum cura in vitulos traducitur omnis; Continuoque notas et nomina gentis inurunt, Et quos aut pecori malint submittere habendo, Aut aris servare sacros, aut scindere terram Et campum horrentem fractis invertere glaebis. Cetera pascuntur viridis armenta per herbas: Tu quos ad studium atque usum formabis agrestem, Jam vitulos hortare, viamque insiste domandi, Dum faciles animi juvehnum, dum mobilis aetas: Ac primum laxos tenui de vimine circlos Cervici subnecte; dellinc, ubi libera colla Servitio adsuerint, ipsis e torquibus apos Junge pares, et coge gradum conferre juvencos; Atque illis jam saepe rotae ducantur inanes Per terram, et summo vestigia pulvere signent; Post valido nitens sub pondere faginus axis Instrepat, et junctos temo trahat aereus orbis. Interea pubi indomitae non gramina tantum, 160 165 170... stars are said to usher In the night, because they appear before it is dark. The idea is, "in order to avoid him, pasture early in the morning, or late in the evening. 157. On the rearing of calves, 157-178..... Traducitur, is transferred, i.e. from the mothers.-As. 158. Contitnuoque, in the first place......Notas et nomina may be a hendiadys for notas nominum, marks which distinguish the breed, or it may mean that they brand special marks of excellence on individual heads of cattle, and also the name of the breed to which each belongs. 159. Et, sc. signant eos, or inurunt notas its, implied from the meaning of the preceding verse.... Pecori habendo. Vid. Georg.. 3.... Submittere. Vid. Eel. I. 46. 161. Horrentem, rough, on account of the fractis glaebis. 162. Cetera probably refers to all not designed for agricultural purposes. 163. Ad studium atque usum agfrestem, for rustic occupation and use,. e. for labor and service in agriculture.... Agrel.tem really modifies stadium, although agreeing with usum alone. 164,Jam, even when.... Viam insiste, i. e. begin to. 165. Faciles, easily molded.... Mobilis, pliant, i. e. while their bodies are pliant. 166. "The gradations of training here specified seem to be. 1st, accustoming the calf's neck to a collar; 2d, teaching them to step together with another; 3d, teaching two to draw a light weight; 4th, a heavy one."-Con.... ILaxos, loose.... Circlos; syncopated from circulos. 168. E, from, i.e. by.... Torquibus = the circull, v. 166....Aptos, fastened together. 169. Pares, equal in strength.... Gradum conferre, to step together. 170. Illis; dat. of the agent....Rotae inanes is usually translated "an empty wagon," though it might refer to a wagon without a body. 171. Summo, on the surface of.... Vestigia, tracks of the wheels.... Pulvere, sc. in. 172. Valido, ponderou...... Nitens, laboring. 173. Temo aereus, the brass-bound pole.... Orbis is here put for plaustrum. 174. Pubi indomitae, i. e. for the GEORGICON LIB. III'. 169 -Nec vescas salicum. frondes ulvamque palustreni,.Sed frumenta manu carpes sata; nec tibi fetae.,.More patrumi, nivea implebunt mulctraria vtaecae, Sed tota in dulcis consurnent ubera natos. Sin ad bella magis studium turmasque ferocis, Ant Alphea rotis praelabi flumina, Pisae, Et Jovis in luco currus agitare volantis: Primus equi labor est, animos atque arma videre Bellanturn, lituosque pati, tractuque gemenuteni Ferre rotam, et stabulo f renos audire sonautis; Turn magis atque magis blandis gaudere nmagis'tri Laudibus et plausac sonitum cervicis aniare. Atque haec jam prirno depulsus ab ubere matris Audeat,, inque vicem det mollibus ora capistris Invalidus etiamque tremens, etiam. inscius aevi. At tribus exactis ubi quarta, accesserit aestas, Carpere mox gyrurn ineipiat gradibusque sonare 175 180 185 190 -young cattle not yet tamed. How gov175. Vescas, 8lender. Utr Vlainque palustre,#n. Martyn thinks the ' cattail'I Is here meant. 176. rirumnenta sat a, corn in the blade. *... Fetae, which have calved. 177..iIore 2patrurn. As the earlier inhabitants of the earth subsisted largely upon milk, the calves were often deprived of' a large part of their natural nourishnicunt. 179-208. On the rearing and training of horses.... St udium, taste, sc. est tibi. Some however prefer to supply estforsnere pullos from v. 163, but this is forced.... Turimas, troops of cavalry. 180. Alph~ea. The Alpheus flowed by the city of Pisa, and the Olympic games (here put for any chariot races) were celebrated on Its banks...i'1raetabi depends on studium, as does agitare in the next verse. 181. Jfovis in luco, alluding to the grove of Jupiter, the famous Altis, which contained the stadium or race course. 182. Labor implies some degree of toil,end probably refers to the first part of the.horse' s training.... Anisios, fierceness. 183. liellanturn = bellantium.... -Litttos. The lituus here referred to was nearly straight, only turning a little at the end.... Tracht, with its draught, i. e. as it is dragged along. 184. Stabulo, sc. in....Frettos sonciantis. Lit'tle bells were frequently attached to the bridles. 186. Plausae, petted. 187. Jecna primo depulsues =quam primum depulsus est. 188. Aud~eait, let him try...1inque vicern, and by turns, implies that the colt is to be broken in gradually. 189. Intvalidus = dum est invalidus. Why Is the last syllable long 1'.... Etiamque, and even.... Inscius aevi, uncon~Mcous of his strength, i. e. not yet having. attained to that age which Imparts strength. 190. Tributs (aestatibus) ex~actis; abl. abs. He means at the commencement of the fourth year.... Accesserit. Some editors read acceperit, because they think accesserit would denote that the fourth year was finished. 191. Carpere gsjrum, to rwn in the ring, that he may be taught his paces.... Sonare is not merely ornamental, as the 170 P. VIJIGILII M~AJIONJS C( )rpo~its, sin uetque altern a vol umin a crurum, Sitqlue laboranti sirnilis; turn cursibus auras, Turn vocet, ac per aperta volans, ceu liber habenis, Acquora vix summa vestigia ponat arena; Qualis Ilyperboreis Aquilo cum densus ab oris lu1cubuit, Scythiaeque hiemes atque arida differt iNubila; turn segetes altae campique natantes Lenibus horresenunt flabris, summacque sonorem Dant silvae longique urguent ad litora fluctus; Ille VOWa, simul arva fuga, s irul. acquora verrens. ilic vel ad Elci metas et maxuma campi Sudabit spatia, ct spumas aget ore crucutas., Belgica vel molli melius feret esseda collo. Turn demum crassa, magnum farragino corpus 193 200 205 ring of the hoof was considered a mark of Its soundness. 192. (Jompositis, withi measured. Sinttetqite atterna voilumiutrt cjurivm, let 1dm biend the joints of his legs alternately, lit., the alternate joints. This seems to be a description of the act of trotting. " When a horse trots he makes semicircies with his legs, first on one side of the body and then on the other." 193. Sitqute laboranti similis implies that he is not to follow his own bent but to be trained.-Con... Turn cursibtvs. The order is: tum, tum. vocet auras cursibus. Cursibus is abl. of means, with the race. 194. Vocet = provocet. let him challenge....yAerta agrees with (((vjUori.... Ceti liber lhabenis, as if he were simply following his own will; contrasted with labloranti similis-Con. 196. Hyzpeieboriis, northern. Vid. Lex....Aquilo. Some supply volat, but qualis corn may be translated a when..... Denstis, dense, hence strong, vioet Conington joins densus8 with incubuit. 197. Sesjthiae. Scythia is a general name for northern regions, though in later times it signifies the districts in the north of Asia.... Ar-ida, rainless. 198. Campi natantes, the swimming fields, i. e. the sea. It is from Lucretius, where it means the space overflowed with water.-Con. 199. Leitibts Jiabris marks the beginning of the gale.. l.1orrescitit. This term, as applied to water, denotes what anglers call a "1ripple.".-.,Niiuueiue silvae, the rustling tree-tops. 200. Longi fluctus, long waves, which denote the force of the winds, not as Heyne renders it, qui longe, e loninquo veniunt.-Keightley.... Urgutent, sc. se. 201. ilte, i. e. Aquilo...Sinputl simsil, at the same tisne, and. 202. II ic, here equivalent to talis, refers to the horse.... Ad ( Elei metas. Olympia was situated near Eli...-.Metas et maxu~ma camnpis paties seems to be a kind of hendiadys, as if it had been metes campi maximis spatiis.-Con. 203. Ore; abl. of separation.... Crnventos, bloody; from the bit. 204. Belgica esseda-a kind of war chariot on two wheels, used by the Germans and the English, anti spoken of by Caesar, B. G. IY24.8.3... 1110i; because domito.... Fe'ret, will carry; because the esseda., as being two wheeled leaned on the back of the horse with some of its weight. 205. The order is: Turm demum sinito corpus (uis) jam domitis crescere magnum crassa farragine.... Crassa,fattening... Farragine. Amixture offaror barley, vetches, and other legumes, of which the principal ingredient was far, was called farra go. GEO01?GICOJY LIII. 111.17 171 (Jresocre jam donmitis siiiito: niitnque ante doniandurn Ingenttis tolicut anirnos, plrensiqull ieg,,ibunt \Terber..t lenita 1)ati et duris lac-rere lilpa-tis. Scd non ulla ninalgis viris industria- firmtit, Quarn Venceirni et cateei stimulos aveirtere aimoris, 210 Sive bourn sive est cui grutior usuis equorurn. Atjue, ideo tauiros proeul aCt(lue in sola releganut Paseua, post montern opposituni, et traiis tiutminat lafta; Ant intus clausos satura Cad pruaesephia servan. Carpit enint viris paulatirn urit(jtlc videnido 215 FemIMna, nec nemorunn patitur mn~ciiiiisse nec herbae. Dulcibus illat quidlel inlecebris et saepe superbos (Cornibus inter se subiLxt (lecerrnere amanitis. Pu,-scitur in magnia SimI form-osaI juvenlen': liii alfernalltes mnult'a vi proelia miscent 22.0 Voincribus er-ebris; lavit ater corpora sanguis, Versaque in obnixos iirgiientur eornua vasto Ciin g-enitih reboant silvaceque et Iongus Olympus. 206. Dontitis; dlat. of advaut. A. 235, a;G. 343, R. 2; 11.- 3 84, 4. N. '2.... A if t (iontandiuin (A. 300; G. 4;A3; H. 542, LII.) - si farragin-emn praebueris ant equam domentur. 207. Prenks i, when taken in hand. 208. Lupatis. The bit had sharp knobs, of unequal height, like wolf's teeth, raised upon it, for the purpose of bruisiug aud paiuiug the iuterior of the mouth. 209-283. The effects of love on animals. E..ndutsitria, attention. 210.,Stiimtlos, provocations... Cei -non, oculis capti, sed occulti, clam per venas et ossa sgaevientes.-Heyne. 211. Cuti, to one, ludef. pronoun. 212. Ideo, therefore....'auriios. He confines himself here to t~he bulls, omitting the horses eintirely.-Keiglitley.... Iteley apit, they banish. 213. Opposit~riem is here the same as interpositum, because a hill interposed between two persons is " opposite"1 to both....Ftiumita, laite,. "The interYelling, hill excludes the view; the breadth of the stream prevents crossing." -Con, '214. A1ift ildtfs... s~ie'Ut. If they cannot remove him in that manner, they keep) him shut up at hole.-Keightley.... c7ltrnsos, sc. eos3. 215. Lrritqiie, sc. eum nt taurum.. Videndo = visn, by seeing her. 217. The ordler is: et saepe quidemn duiicihus inlecehris lila suhigit, etc.... Didccibuis inlerebrisv, by her sweet alurements.... Subijit, compels... A miiantisv tanros-. 21. IPascitmer in tSilaju~tvence~t. The. heifer feeds, unconcernedas it were, in the woods.-Keightley...Sita. A largeforest on the Appeulnes. in Bruttiurn, famed for its p~itch. All tile manuscrip~ts have silra, but in the Medicean there is a dot over the v, which is equivalent to our dele. Servius also says that some read Sila. l~eyne therefore, whomn all the later (editors follow, has admitteti it into the text.-K. 220. lIIU = tauri...Altern-atites vicissim,.... Miiscent, engage in. 221. Lavit. Determine where this is, made by the verse. 222. Versa in, obnixens, tur d against one another fiercely straggling. 223. Gernitu, bellowing....Lonqus* Qlyin puis, the distant heavens 172 P. IIR GIL II 1AR ONIS Nec mos bellantis una stabulare; sed alter Victus abit, longeque ignotis exsulat oris, Multa gemens ignomliniam plagasque superbi Victoris, tum, quos amisit inultus, amores; Et stabula adspectans regnis excessit avitis. Ergo omni cnra viris exercet, et inter D)ura jacet pernox iiistnto saxa ull)ili, Frondibus hirsutis et carice pastus acuta, Et temptat sese, atque irasci in cornla discit Arboris obnixus trunco, ventosque lacessit Ictibus, et sparsa ad pugnam proludit arena. Post, ubi collectum robur viresque refectae, Signa movet, praecepsque oblitum fertur in lhostem; Fluctus uti, medio coepit curm albescere pontto 225 230 235 224. iellatntis, sc. tauro#, as acc. subjectofstabulare.... Stabulare. Note the intransitive use of this verb instead of the more usual deponent form stabulari. Cf. Shakespeare. "We could not stall together in the whole world."..... AltMe, one of them. 225. Exsulat. This (like relego, v. 212) is a legal term. Exile was a voluntary act..... Oi-is, sc. in. 226. Mlllta, much and ofteln.... Iynon)iabiam, sc. suam. 227. Amores; by metonymy for juvencamn. 228. Et stabula adspectans, looking back at the stalls, i. e. often turning to look at....l'xces.sit. Observe the difference in tense between excessit, and its co-ordinates, abit and exsulat, to express not only the suddenness of resolve, but.also the quickness and firmness with which the plan was carried into execution. Its time and action are specially contrasted with the time and action of adspectans. 230. The construction is: et jacet pernox cubili instrato inter dura saxa.... Per)nox. Many have pernix, meaning pertinacious.... Instrato is an adjective from in and stratus, not covered, unprepared.... Cetbili, sc. in. 231. Friondibus, etc., denote the poorest kind of food, which the animal consumes without exerting himself to procure better.... Carice. The carex was the common hard rush, which grows in pastures. 232. Tem#ptat sese, i. e. makes trial of his strength.... hI' asci iL cortua, to collect and throw his rage into his horns; the poets often attribute passions to the instruments which are made the means of gratifying them. Keightley refers (cornttn to the horns of his rival, against which he learns to direct his anger and force (v. 222), by practising against the trunk of a tree. It is possible that the poet may have had in view the palus against which gladiators and young soldiers were made to exercise their weapons, in order to acquire skill in the use of them. 234. Spars-f, scattered in his practice.....Ad puynan p oltfdit, practises for the fight. 235. Collect im (est), refeettae (sunt). The general rule that the copula should not be omitted in a relative clause is often violated when ubi is the relative word. 236. Si.f/a mnov t. Note the life added to the description by the terms used of human beings and their actions.... Oblitum, who has forgotten him, and is therefore taken by surprise. 237. For the original of this beautiful simile, see Homer, I. IV. 422-426.... Medio. Wagner says the preposition is omitted by Virgil when he uses medius loosely, signifying in rather than In the centre.-Con. G EORGCICON LIB. 111. 13 173. Longius, ex altoquce sinum trahit; utque volutus Ad terras immane sonat per saxa, neque ipso Monte minor procumnbit; at ima exaestuat unda 2 Verticibus, nigrarnque alte subjectat arenam. Omne adeo genus in terris homninumque ferarumque, Et genus aequoreumn, pecudes, plictaeqlue volucres, In furias ignemque ruunt. Amor omnibus idem. Ternpore non nlio eatulorum oblita lecnena 24 S-aevior erravit campis, inec fuinera vogoo Tam mult'a iinformes ursi stragemque dedere Per silv-as; turn suevuis aper, turn pessima tigris; lieu, male turn Libyae soils erratur in agris. Nonne vides, ut tota tremor pertemptet equorum. 2.5 Corpora, si tantum. notas odor attulit auras? Ac neque eos jam frena virum, neque verbera saeva, Non scopuli rupesque cavae atque objecta retardant Flumina, correlptosqlue unda torquen tia monftis. Ipse ruit dentesquc Sabellicus exacuit sus, 25:5 I) 15 238. Lnisf fr..E lo sjute, fro the main.ea.. Si ituiiii, curve of the wvave, formed by the overhanging crest and the base. 239. lInmane, wildly... Ipso mnonte; the mmbeing the whole of which the euxurn is a part, and probably here the crag against which the sea breaks.-con. 241. Alte,from its depths.... Subtjectuit, casts up. 242. Adeo, in fact. Observe that this verse is hypermetrical. 243. Aequoreumt, the watery, i. e. fishes.... Peeudesq, tam animals, as oplposed to the ferarum of the preceding verse.... Pictae, variegated, "Iof painted plumage." 244. Furies.dgnemque, sc. amorts. Obbe'rve- the hendiadys.... Omn~ibus, sc. est; dat. of possessor. 245. Temnpore non aiio, than when under the influence of the passion of love. 2461. Erravit; aoristic. Cf. also dedere in v. 247.... (~ampis, sc. in. 247. Infoirinesq, shapeless, unsightly, ugly.... Deder-e, have caused. 248. IPessinme, most fell, savage. 249..2Male eirratur, one rambles witi danger.... Libyate. Libya, a country of Africa, is here put by synecdocthe for the whole of it, andl is mentioned because it abounded in the most savage beasts. 250. Ut,.ww.... Perte'ntptet, thrills through. 251. Odor- attielit aur-as; by byp~allage for aura attulere odoreni. "As the scent comes with the gale, Virgil chooses to make it the bearer. not the borne, for the suke of variety.`'-Con. 252. Jamit implies that the fury has risen beyond control.-Conl.... Virum =t virorum. 253. OI~ecta, opposlng. 2,54. Correp~tos... mnoitis. The order is: torquentia, montis correptos un...... Montis, rocks like mountains. Hyperbole. '255. Deites exacuit, whets his tusks..... Scabelliegis: an adj. from Sabelli, a peotple of Italy, whose country abounded in forests, and in all kind of wild beasts, esp)ecially the wild boar.. Sits ipse. Even this lazy and stupid beast is affected as well as the others. 174 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Et pede prosubigit terrnin, fricat arbore costas, Atque hinc atque illinc humeros ad volnera durat. Quid juvenis, magnum cui versat in ossibus ignem Durus amor? Nempe abruptis turbata procellis Nocte natat caeca serus fieta; quem super ingens 260 Porta tonat caeli, et scopulis inlisa reclamant Aequora; nee miseri possunt revocare parentes, Nec moritura super crudeli funere virgo. Quid lynces Bacchi variae et genus acre lu)orum Atque canum? quid, quac imbelles dant proelia cervi? 265 Scilicet ante omnis furor est insignis equarulm; Et mentem Venus ipsa dedit, quo tempore Glauci Potniades malis mlembra absumpsere quadrigae. Illas ducit amor trans Gargara transque sonantem Ascanium; superant tiontis et flumina tranant. 270 256. Prosubigit, tears up.... Arbore; abl. of means. 257. Atque... (vtque. The first of these words connects fricat and durat; and the second hime and illinc.... J.rat = indurat; i. e. by rolling in the mud. 258. Qnidjavenis, sc.facit. The poet here alludes to the story of Leander and Hero to prove the power of love over mankind as well as animals.... Cui in ossibuts, in whose bones. 259. Nempe, why!... Abruptis, bursting. 260. Caeca, dark, and therefore dangerous.... Serus, late at night.... Freta here refers to the Hellespont. 261. Ipn.ta caeli, the gateway of the sky. " The ancients imagined the heavens to be a solid arch, which had gates, through which the gods descended, and thunder and lightning issued."..... Scopulis. What case? Why?....Rlcclam(ant; against his daring. 262. Miseri parentes, i. e. the idea of his parents; for we are not to suppose that they were standing on the Hellespont while he was swimming across.-Keightley. 263. 1Mloritura, destined to die.... S.tpwr, too, besides.... VifrJo refers to Hero, who threw herself into the sea, on hearing of the death of Leander. 264. Lylnces, sc. faciunt. Lynxes, as well as tigers, were bound to the car of Bacchus.... Variae, spolted. 265. Quid, sc. dicanm de eo.... Q_ ae -= quanta.... Dant - gerunt. 266. Scilicet, indeed, but, undoubtedly. Emphatic.... Ante om^,is, sc.furores. 267. Men.tem, disposition.... Gatnuci. Glaucus, son of Sisyphus, kept mares of high blood and mettle, which finally tore him limb from limb, because he did not allow them to breed, so that they might be in proper condition for running. 268. Pot niades. Glaucus was a native of Potniae, a village of Boeotia, and not far from Thebes, and kept his mares there.....Malis; i. e. with their teeth.... Quadnrigae = quatuor equae. 269. Itas = equas...,fir/ara. The poet frequently puts a particular place, river, etc., to signify in a general way, any place, river, etc. So Gargrara, for any mountain-Ascanius, for any river. 270. Ascanitrn. Ascanius is here a river issuing from a lake of the same name in Bithynia.... Superant... tranant. "The stress is to be laid," as Conington suggests, "on these verbs; montis and flumina meaning little more than illa and hunc." G EOR GICO N LI B. IIIT.15 175 Coii inunoque avidis uibi subdlitai Blainia niedullisVere magis, quia vere calor redit ossibus-illae Ore omnes versac in Zephyruni stanlt rupibus altis, E'xcetptantque levis auras, et saepe sine ullis Conujugiis ven to gravid ae-mi rabile dictuSaxa, per et seopulos et depressas convallis Diffugi runt, non, Eure, tilos, neque Solis ad ortus, In Borean Cauirurnque., aut, unde nigerrimus Auster INaseitur et pluvio contristat frigore caclum. lie dernurnm, hippomantes ver() quod. nomine, dicuint Pastores, lentum destillat ab inguine viris; IlippIonlanes, (uod saepe malac legere uovereae, iMiseuerntnque herlhas et non inunoxi:a verba. Sedl ftugit interca, fugit irrepiirabile t~emppis, Snig-ula d um calpti Cilrcuiivectanittr ainoice. hoce satis armentis: superat pars altera eurae. Laiiigeros agitare greges hirttisque caupellas. 275 28 0 28) 271. (ontiinjeoqie., and stralqbtivay..... Seibdite, se. est. is imparted. 27T2. Ossilnts, i. e. to the mssrrow in the bones, as it was considered the seat of 1ii'"t. 2 73. Ore is here used distributively. 2,5. Gravidae veuto. The idea that m ari-es were impregnated by the winds, esliecially Favoilins and Zcphyrus, was entertained by the Greeks in the time oif hlomer. 276. Per, over'. '277. Di~ffgiqjiunt. The same idea is found in Aristotle.... Tiios, sc. ad ornus. 278. lBorean. Boreas was the N. N. E. wind; C'aurtiernqvte, also written Cons, was the N.W., and Auster the S. wind.... A itt, sc. in earn partens.... A iq(rri'm its. " Martyn says, it is so called b~ecanse oif the darkness it occasions by meaiis oif the thick showers which it brings with it." 279. Pluivio t-rinloi. the rainy cold. The south wind usually brought rain, which is called cold, because it cools the atmosphere. 280. II ic, under these circe stances. The order Is: hic demumi lentum virus destillat ab inguinie, quod pastores dlicuiit, etc... Ifppo nmn s. The. H ippom anes X'.-5 oif tu o kinds, The one a viscous; substance whitch fill froun the mnare, and w~hieh is referred to here. The other wvas an excresceence on the brow of a foal, which the moithei w~as said to lick ofl immediately aftei hiith. Cf. En. IV. 516).... Vero tiosnu.by its naisne; vid. previous note. Both kinds of' lhippomanes were supp~osedl to have gieat virttie in charms and mecantationis (non, ennoxa rerba), and therefore to be sought b)y stepmothers (melee nevercae) desirous of thus destroying their stepchildlren. 2893. M1Z i.sciteritnt, sc. cei. A. 279, c; G. 2-2S, R. 2; II. 47 1, 5.... Nopi innox ivs i-enlns. Wh-at figrure of rhetoric? A. 2019, c; G. 448, R.2; H. (17, NV II. 284. Intteirea, i. e. while I have been thus talkiug. 285. S it i.q ula e r, e n v e a m, w enter into eve yparticular of descrptio containing the allusion to a vo ee, coastlug and examining(1. 286. Hoc sati.,, se..~t... At imeptis includes horses as well as cattle.... Sipertit =superest. 287". Arqiturc-, to insanage, i. e. to tretat of the mauiawu-eient of. 17(3 P. VIRGILII MAROYLS Hie labor; binc laudem fortes sperate coloni. Nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Qunam sit, et angustis hune addere rebus honorem; 290' Sed me Parnasi deserta per ardua dulcis Raptat amor; juvat ire jugis, qua nulla priorum Castaliam molli devertitur orbita clivo. Nulie, veneranda Pales, magno nune ore sonandum. Jucipienis stabulis edieo in mollibus berbam. 2195 Carpere ovis, dum mox frondosa reducitur aestas, Et multa duram stipula filieumque manipl1is Sternere subter humum, glacies ne frigida laedat Molle pecus, scabiemque ferat turpisque podagras. Post hi-ne digressus jubeo frondentia eapris 3O00 Arbuta suffleere et fluvios praebere recentis, Et stabula a ventis hiberno opponere soli Ad medium co-nversa diem,'Cum frigidus olim Jam cadit extremoque inrorat Aquarius anno. 288. Hi e labor, sc.si......ilit,, from this prsuit. 289. Nee stim, animi dubiu.', i. e. I fully comlirehend.... Verbis riaveCIC, i. e. to overcome by words the difficulties of the subject. 290. Sit. Why subjunctive?... Aaf/ustis rebus, to lowly theme.... Hitisue lhonorenm, i. e. such as is expected from a poet. 291. Deserta, ardita. Virgil here speaks of his following a difficult course previously untried by any Roman poet. 292. ~Juqis, sc. in.... Qia nulla. The ord-r is: qua nulla orbita priorum (of former pJoets) devertitur molli clivo (ad) Castaliam. 2193. (74astalitem. The Castalian fount on Parnassus was sacred to the Muses, and thence poets drew inspiration. 294. Pales. Vid. N. or' Edl. V. 85.... Maqno ~'hre, in an-1walted strain... Somandum, sc. est. 295. Incipiens, in the first place; a mode of expression borrowed from the Greek 4tXigevo.... Mollibus, comfort. able; littered with straw, so as to form a soft bed. 296. Carpere h~erbam- The advice is to throw fodder to the sheep in their stalls..... Mar seems to denote that they will not have to remain long in the seds.-Con. 2,98. Sterntere = obtegere, to strew, iso as to cover.... Subter; an adverb. 299. Scabiem, the scab. No animal is so subject to the scab as sheep....Tr pisque podagras, and the offensiv6 foot-rot, a disease causing swellings on the feet. 3C0. Post hine digressits = delude vero, answering incipiens in v. 295.... Frondentia, rb-sta = frondis arbuti..... Recentis, fresh, or running. 302. A1 ventis, sc. aversa, i. e. turned to-ward the south, that they may have the sun, and be protecteti against the cold northern blasts. 303. Ad medium diem, i. a. toward the south.... (Curn. Virgil is speaking3 of things which must be done at the time of the setting of Aquarius, and not throughout the period preceding and until his settingl. 804. Aqueariues is the eleventh sign in the Zodiac. It sets in February, which, with the Romans. would he close upon the end of the natural year; frifliduts and eadit seem to refer to the sign; iinrotvaft to the supposed figure in the Zodiac. GEORGICON LIB. III. 177 Hae quoque non cura nobis leviore tuendae, Nec minor usus erit, quamvis Milesia magno Vellera mutentur Tyrios incocta rubores: Densior hinc suboles, hinc largi copia lactis; Quam magis exhausto spumaverit ubere mulctra, Laeta magis pressis manabunt flumina mammis. Nec minus intera barbas incanaque menta Cinyphii tondent hirci sactasque comantis Usum in castrorum et miseris velamina nautis. Pascuntur vero silvas et summa Lycaei, Horrentisque rubos et amantis ardua dumos; Atque ipsae memores redcunt in tecta, suosque Ducunt, et gravido superant vix ubere limen. Ergo omni studio glaciem ventosque nivalis, Quo minor est illis curae mortalis egestas, Avertes, victumque feres et virgea laetus Pabnila, nec tota claudes faenilia bruma. 305 310 315 320 305. Hae, sc. caprae.... Nobis: dat. of the agent....Leviore, sc. quamoves.... 'Tueecd(le, sc. sunt. 306. Usus, sc. earm..... IMilesia. The Milesian sheep were famed for the softness of their wool, which brought the highest price in the market. This wool is here put for wool in general.... Mllno, sc. pretio. 307. Mlutenttur = vendantur... T!irios vrtbores. The Tyrians were very celebrated for their skill in dyeing; their purple was especially famous. 308. Densior, more numerous. A goat frequently brings forth three kids at a time.... Hinc = ab his, from these animals.... Largi in meaning modifies copia. 309. Quam magis, (tam) wagis:., the more, the more.-The meaning is, as e.r/hfusto shows, the fuller the pails after one milking, the more will be yielded by the next. 310. Laeta, abundant.....Flfunina. A great abundance of any thing liquid is very commonly expressed by the term rivers. 312. Tondent, sc. pastores.... Ciny phii. The Cinyplhus was a small river of Africa, between the two Syrtes. The goats which fed near it were famed for the beauty and softness of their hair, and were, perhaps, of the same species with the Angora goat of modern days. 313. Ursunm in castrorumn. Goat's hair was largely used in making coverings for the war engines, ropes of various kinds, cloaks, clothing for mariners, ship's tackle, and a great many articles for domestic purposes. 314. Pascuntur, sc. caprae... TLycaei; for mountains and hills in general. 315. Another recommendation of the goat is its easiness of nurture. 316. Ipsae = sua sponte....Suo.s, sc. fetus. 317. lVix; because their udders are so full of milk. 319. Quo minor, etc. The idea is, since they require so little attention from man, in feeding, rearing, etc., so much the more should we be careful to bestow on them the little care they require in the matter of shelter and heat. 320. Laetus, cheerfully, is to be joined with feres. ItIN P'. VIRGILII MtARON[S At vero Zephyris eum laceta vocantibus aestas In saltUS utrumque gregem. atque ini paseua mittet, Luciferi primo curn sidere frigida rura Carpamus, dum. marie novuni, dum. gramiiua eanent, 325 ELros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba. Jude, ubi quarta sitim. aeai collegerit hora Et cantu. querulao rumpent arbusta cicadae, Ad puteos ant alta greges ad stagna jubeto Currentem. iiign is potare canalilbus undamn 330 Aestibus at mediis umbrosam. exquirere vallem, SiCtibi magna Jovis antiquo robore quelrCusI Ingeiitis tendat ramos, aut sicubi nigrurn Ilicibus crebris sacra nemus accubet umbra; Turn tennis dare rursus aquas, et pasceire ru rsus 335 Solis ad oceasum, eum frigidus aera vesper Teniperat, et saltus refleit jam roseida hula, Litor~aque alcyonen resonant, acalanthida dumi. 322-338. Directions regar-ding the care eight to half after nine(, onl our computaof sheep and goats in summer. tion.... (,Jqeti is added after itora becauoe, 323. Utrurnq#e gp'erqem, i. o. the timne is measured by the course of the sun sheep and the goats..M IFtte-t, sc. pastor. Iin the heavens. 324. Luctiferi. The planet Venus, when 328. Rum~pent airbusta: hyperbole. it appears in the eveniing, is called Vesper, A. p. 299; H. 637, YII. or Hesperus; but when in the morning 330. Gurrentein il~ignis canalibits. Lucifer, or Phosphorus.... 7Pimio eumif These words should be joined, for it was sider(-, at the ftrst appearance. the costom Iin Italy (as in the East; see p25. Carpamuts, i. e. let us cause the Genesis xxx. 38), for the shepherds to draw flocks to do so. The common form of the water and pour it out into wooden or expression is,, carpere viam, car~pere iter,- stone troughs for their flocks.-Keightley. here, however, the local substantive i-n i-w 331. _Exquii-ere depends on jubeto, untakes the place of the ordinary onte, and derstood. er-pamus rtira becomies the same as car- 332.,Jovis qutercus. Vid. Georg. II. Ii6. pamus viant ad rura.. *.. Antiquo robore, with aged strength, 326. Cf. Ecl. VIII. 15. i. e. with ancient trunk. 327. Qtuarta caeli hort-a. The (lay 334. Accubet. It is properly the shade was not reckoned by the ancients accord- which lies onl the ground, but here the lug to our mode from midnight, nor accord- grove which gives the shade is poetically lug to the modern Italian mode, from sun- /said to lie.... T/tnbra; abl. of descrip-. set of the preceding day, but from sunrise. -tion. Each day, -,vhetber long or short, was 335. Tenniis-,,limpid.... Dar-e, sc.jubeto divided into twelve hours. At the solstice, cestodes. time fourth hour would correspond to our 337. Roscida lunta. As dew falls while ten o'clock. According to Pliny, In Italy the moon is shining, this was ascribed to the longest daylight was of fifteen hours' the moon herself as the producing cause. duration; in summer the fourth hour 33. Aleyonent. Vid. Georg. I. 3.98, 399. -would therefore vary from a quarter after.... Acailanthida. Acalanthis or wcan G EOR1GI CO N L[ fB. III. 179 Quid tibi pastoros Libyae, quid pascua versa. Prosequar,' et raris habitata mapalia tectis?340 Sacpe dioni noctern(luc et totunm ex ordinoL nionseSm Pascitur itque pocus lo-nga in descrta shie ullis 1losp)itiis: tan turn cainpi jacet. Omnia secuifl Arnientarius Afei' agrit, toctut nque Laroinque Armaquie Arnyclaeurnque canem Cressaniquce pharetram, Non secus ac patriis acer Romanus in armis 3 4( In1justo SUil) fasoc viamn curn carpit, -et hosti Auto oxspect~at~nm positis stat in agmine castris. At nion, qua Scythiae gentes Maeotlaquo un(la, Turbidus et torqncns flaventis luster arenas, 350 Quaque rodit medium Rhodope porrecta sub axom. 1h1e (lausa tenent stabulis arinonta, nee iullae Ant horbae campo app~areut ant arbore frotides this is the Greek name for the goldfinch by poetic license uses thle epithiet which or thistle finch, in Latin carduelis, becanse distingnishes the mnost valued kind. it lives, among thorns, and eats the ends 346. Nont secus ac, etc., i. e. just as the of thistles..... Dhimi, se. resontant. Roman soldier carries everything with 339-348. The poet loses no opportunity him. of embellishiag his subject, and cott- 347. lInjesto sitb feusce, under an unsequently digresses at this place into a just weight, i. e. one greater than onght to description of the nomad tribes of Africa, be imposed;it is said by Vegetius to have which keel) their flocks in the fields the atnotuted to sixty potinds, besides arms, whole suiltner.-JBryce...Tibi is taken and is also spoken of by Cicero, Tlisc. Qa. as atl ethical dative, referritg to Pales. IL. 16. 340. E t )saris teetis, with their thinly 348. A.Wce exsp)eetatumn, sc. est. A scattered roofs, i. e. they were not collecteti Greek construction for antequam, ab lhoste into villages. bsut scattered here and titere, expectetur... Ilos.ti is dat.. of the agent ait considerable intervals... Jl~aJalia were depettding onl ex pectat. Some. howAfrican huts. Sallust, who gives anl ac- ever, construte according to A. 2.35; G. cotunt of them, Jttg,. 21, describes them as 350; ii. 384, II. 2). being long, with curved sides, like the li- 349. Atinon, sc. ita pacituritque pecus. verted htull of a ship. These words prepare the reader for a 342 Sine ullis hospittis, without, any strongr antithesis; namely, between the.fixed abode for men, and pens for cattle, torrid deserts of Africa and the frozen Jacet, lies all around. reuions of Scythia....Seythiae. Those 344. A git =fert.-..Tecticin; allnding ttations lyittg toward the north of Europe to the portable hut mentioned above..., and Asia were called Scythian by the,arern, homne. The Lares were domestic ancients.... Maeotia unda, i. e. the Pagods like the Penates, and they are here, lus Maeotis, or sea of Azof. as often, put by metonymy for otte's hiabi- 350. Mister: the Danube. tatioll. 351. Redit refers to the forit of the 1345. Amyclaeutm: an adj. from Amy- mountains, stretching first to thle niorth, cdae, a city of Laconia, famous for its dogs then east, and then to the north.... Meand hunting.... ('ressam, Cretan. Crete (diiunut sutb axe-in (= polum), under the was famous for its archers. The poet here I very pole itself. 180 P. VIRGILIIJJIAJONIs Sed jacet aggeribus niveis informis et alto Terra gelu late, septemque adsurgit in Ulnas..355 -Semper hiemps, semper spirantes frigora- Cauri. Turn sol pallentis baud umquarn discutit umbras, Nec cum invectus equis altum petit aethera, nec cum Praecipitem Oceani rubro lavit aequore cuirrum. Concrescunt subitae currentIi in flumine crustae, 360 U-ndaque jam tergo ferratos sustinet orbis, Puppibus illa prius, patulis nutic hospita plaustris; Aeraque dissiliunt volgo, vestesque rigesctint Indutae, caeduntque securibus hurnida, vina, Et totae solidam in glaciemn vertere lacunae 365 Stiriaque impexis induruit horrida barbis. Interea, toto non setius aere ninguit: Intereunt pecudes, stant circumfusa pruinis Corpora magna bourn, confertoque agmine cervi rporpcllt mole nova et sumnmis vix cornibus exstant. 370 lbs non immissis canibus, non cassibus ullis Puniceaeve agfitant pavido's formidine pen nae, Sod frustra opposituim trudentis pectore montern 354. Agqeribus niveisv informis-, defortd byheaps ofsnoew. 355. Septemque adsttrgit in Ulnias. This is about ten and one-half feet in our measure. The earth is said to rise because its height is increased by the ice and the snow. 357. Pallentis umbras, the pale shades, i. e. the dim and dingy color of the atmosphere, with its fogs reddened by the stiln's, setting rays. 358. Neec ern... trequore eurrum, i. e. in no part of his course.... -Equis, i. e. his chariot.... Rabro: by the setting rays. 360-:383. "The features of a severe winter are now dwelt npon, in highly finished and richly embellished detail."...(]ru - atae; i.ea. of ice. 361. Tergo; abl. of means.....Ferratoe, iron shod, i. a. with iron tires... Orbis = rotas. 362. lila, se. erat.... Iloepifa. hoeptable, kind; receiving them as guests andl treating them as such. 363.- Aetaque (brazen vessels) dissi Hunt; on account of the expansion of the liquids in them when frozen. 364. Indutae; while being worn. 365. J'ertere, sc. se. 367. Non Setis, not less; the snow is as bad as the frost.-Con. 369. Corpora, rnaqwn bourn. The poet seems here to have in mind the oxen, which would be required to draw the plaustra. 370. Mole nova, se. nivi8s...- N~oea inseolenti, strange. 371. Hoe, sc. cervos. The idea is that there is no hunting during these days. 372. Formnidjie. The forido was actually the name of the cord with red feathers fastened along it, which the hunters stretched around open places in the woods: the game, when roused and driven towardl it, terrified by the motion of the feathers turned aside, and thus rushed into nets that were stretched to receive them. 373. ()ppositiunt. opposing... - Mlon GEOR GICON LIB. 111. 181 ~Comminiis obtruncant ferro graviterque rudentis Cacdunt, et magno laeti clamore relportallt. Ipsi in defossis specubus secura sub alta Otia agunt terra, congestaque robora totasque Advolvere focis lmos ignique dedere. lie noctem ludo ducunt, et Ipocula laeti Fermento atque acid is imi tanututr vit~ea sorbis. Talis ilyperboreo Septern subjecta trioui Gens effrena virum Rhipaeo tunditnr Euro, Et pecudum fulvis velatur corpora sactis. Si tibi lanitium curac, prirnum aspera silva, Lappaeque triboliquc, absint; fuge pabula laeta; Continuoque greges villis lege mollibus albos. Ilium autem, quaruvis aries sit candidus ipse, Nigra subest udo taniturn cui lingua palato, Rejice, ne maculis incusect vellera pullis Nascentum, plenoque aliurn circumspice carupo. Muncre sic niveo lanae, si credere dignum cst, 375 380 385 390 374. Rutdentis: this term, here applied to stags, is also applied to lions. 376. Ip)si. Ohserve the force; it expresses that, whereas all other things were suffering from the severe frost, the inhabitants themselves enjoy holiday.... Deloss4is = fossis. 378. Dedere,9 sc. illos. 379. Noetem = hiemem.... Ducunt, 8spend; lit., draw out. 380. Fetrmeusto (= fermento frumenIato), beer made from fermented grain.... Acidis sorbis. The fruit of the servicetree is acidulous: the liquor made from it must heave been a kind of cider.-Keightley. 381. Hyper-borceo. Cf. v. 196, above..... Se1ptevn.-trioni, by tmesis for 8epterntrioni. The Septemtrfo is a constellation near the North Pole, called the Great Bear, in which are seven stars, sometimes called the plough because they are supposed to be in that shape. 882. ithipaceo. Cf. N. on Georg. I. 240. -....Euiro. The east wind in these regions is particularly cold and cutting. 383. Velatur cor)pora, lit., are clthed as to their bodies.... Saetise, i. e. with skins with the hair left onl them. 384-393. Directions to those who cultivate sheep for the sake of the wool.... Curere, sc. eget. A. 233; G. 350; IL. 390..... Asipet-ra silva... (tlbsint;because they tear the wool and wound the flesh. 385. On Lappae triboliqtte see Georg. I. 153.-Quantity of que?...Laetftu, rich; the wool not being so fine, as when the sheep are fed on poorer herbage. "1Thus the wool of the sheep reared on the South Down Hills in the most valuable in England." 386. Villis,fleecem.... M1ollibus albos: emphatic words. 387. Mlum, se. arletemn. Observe that ilum anticipates the noun to which it refers, and which Is placed in the relative clause following...Ipse opposes the whole to the particular part, i. e. the tongu~e. 38. Nigr-a refers to the natural color. The opinion was held by all the ancient writers, that the veins under the tongue afforded an indication of what sort the offspring would be. 3,90. Nascentum = agnorum. 391-39. This passage bears reference to 182 I. IIR GILII MARONIS Pan (leus Arcadiae captain te, Luna, fefellit, In nemora alta vocans; nee tu aspernata vocantem. At cui lactis arnor, cytisum lotosque frequentis Ipse manu salsasque ferat praesepibus herbas. 395 Hinc et amant fluvios magis, et magis ubera tendunt, Et salis occultum referunt in lacte saporem. Multi jam excretos prohibent a matribus haedos, Primaque ferratis praefigunt ora capistris. Quod surgente die mulsere horisque diurnis, 400 Nocte premunt; quod jam tenebris et sole cadente, Sub lucem exportant calathis (adit oppida pastor), Aut parco sale contingunt hiemique reponnnt. Nec tibi cura canum fuerit postrema, sed una Velocis Spartae catulos acremque Molossum 405 Pasco sero pingui. Numquam custodibus illis Nocturnum stabulis furem incursusque luporum, a mythological fable related by Nicander, that Luna, captivated by the snowy whiteness of a ram whose shape Pan had assumed, followed him to the solitary haunts of the woods.... Munere, means any thing which is calculated to secure or to mark favor and affection.... Sic, thus.... A spernata, sc. es.... Voetuntemr agrees with what? 394-403. Directions to those who cultivate sheep for the sake of the milk... Amnori, sc. est.... (C!tisutnu lofosque. These are recommended as yielding large quantities of milk.-The cytisus was mentioned in Ecl. 1. 79. This lotus is not the tree mentioned in Geog. II. 84, but a kind of clover, Trifolium eilUotus officinalis of Linnaeus. 395. Ipse is strongly emphatic. Do not leave the sheep to look for salted food for themselves..... Mc.iwn, sc. sua.... alsa.J s. The custom of salting fodder is followed to this day.... Praesepibus is for praesepia. 396. Hine, i. e. from the use of salt.... Tenducit = distendunt. 397. Occultum, slight. The saltish taste in the milk is considered an excellence. 398. Jam excretos, just fallen, participle of excemo. Excretos is equivalent to excernunt, and the construction is called prolepsis. A. 298; H. 6(36, IV. 3. 399. Capistris. The capistrum was a muzzle with spikes projecting from it to prick the mother, and make her drive the kid away. 400. Quode, sc. lac.... Surgente (lie... hlorisqute diurnis, i. e. in the morning and during the day. 401. Prenunt, i. e. in caseum.... Quod, se. mulsere. 402. Sub luecem, towards morning.... Autt parco... reponunt, i. e. they make cheese of the milk not carried to town, and salting it slightly lay it by for the winter. 403-413. On the care and uses of dogs.Note the subjunctive fuerit joined with the imperative pasce.... Una, i. e. with the flock. 405. Spartae. Spartan dogs were preferred for the chase... Catulos, dogs.... Molosseum. Molossus was a district in Epirus. The dogs were chiefly valued as watch-dogs. 406. Sero. Whey as a food for dogs is recommended by Dioscorides, II. 80, and by Columella,VII. 12, the latter prescribing the addition of barley meal.-Con. GEOIGICON LIB. Ill.18 183 Aut impacatos ta tergo horrebis iliberos. Saepc etiam cursu timidos agitabis ona~gros,,Et canibus leporem, canibus venabere daimmas; 410 Saepe volutabris pulsos silvestribus apros Latratu turbabis agens, monitisque per altos Ingentem clarnore premes ad retia ceryuni. Disco et odoratarn stabulis accendere cedirum, G~albaneoquc agitare gravis niidore chelydros. 415 Saepc sub immotis praesepibus aut mnala tactu Vipei'a delituit caclumnque exterrita fug-it, Auit tecto adsuetus coluber succediere et umbrae, Pestis acerba bourn, pecorique adsperge~re -virus, Fov-it hurnum. Cape saxa, manu, cape robora, pastor, 4220 Totllentcmque minas et sibila colla, tumentem Dejice. Jamique fuga timidum. caput addidi alto, Curn medii naexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur, tardosque trahit sinus ultimus orbis. Est etiam ille minals Calabris in saltibus anguis, 425. 408. Iliber-os. By the Iberi are meant 416. Immotis, i. e. those which have the Spaniards, who had become so noted not been cleaned in somne time.... Mala as cattle-stealers, that the word is here tacht, dangerous to the tow-hused for cattle-thieves in general.... A 418. Colutber may mean any serpent, or teiyfo, i. e. those who spoil them come oip may refer to the (Coluber natrix of Linin the rear, while the shepherd is leading, naeus, which lurks in stalls to suck the his flock, milk.... Umbra e, shady plece. 409. Onayros. As no ancient writer 420. Forit, inhabits.-Note the necesmentions that wild asses existed in Italy, sity for exertion expressed by the rapidity this must apply to wild animals in general, of the verse. and he used to praise the swiftness of the 421. 1Tollentein, sc.eu. Mia dogys. threats, i. e. his threatening head....-Si411. VoUtdabris, a rolling or wallowing bila colla, hissing neck, i. a. quae sibilum piece. edunt. 413. Ad retia. Cf. vs. 371I. 372. 422. Jfamque, etc. Note the change 414-419. Directions for driving away and from precept to narrative.... AIO-, deep destroying serpents. in the grond. 415. (ialbanteo. Galbanum. is the juice 423. (Curn = dum.... Nexuis,josints... of a plant which grew abundantly on.Extrem(crqie afrniliua cauvdae, the Mt. Amianus in Syria. It is described as train of his far distant tail. This and the having a very strong smell which had medii nexus before formed a complication the effect of driving away serpents.... wNhich is now unloosed (solvuntur), hut Gr-avis chelydros,.no 5- chelydri. the tail still continues to undulate.-Con. The 0helydrus was an amphibious kind of 425. MalUs, pernicios.-This antguis serpent, remarkable for the venom of It's IS Said to be the Chersydrus, which bite, and its very offensive skmell. Vid. abounded in Calabria. It was somewhat Geog., II. 214. of the asp character. 184 184 P. VIRGIL1JIMARONIS Squamea convolvons stiblato pectoro terga Atque notis longam maculosus grandibus alvum, Qui, dum amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus et dum Yoi'e madent udo terrae ac pluvialibas austris, Stagna colit, ripisque lhabitans, hic piscibus atram Improbus ingluviorn ranisque loquacibus oxplot; Postquam exusta palus, terraeqne ardoro dohiscunt, Exsilit in siccurn, ot fiamniantia lurnina torquens 'Saevit agris, asperqtie siti atquo exterritus aestu. Nec mihi tun) mollis suib divo carpore somnos, Non dorso nemoris liboat jacuisse per horbas, Curn Positis novus exuIV1Siisitidusque juiventa Volvitur, aut catulos tectis anit ova relinquens, Arduus ad solom,. et linguis micat ore trisulcis. Morborum quoque to caussas et signa docobo. Turpis ovis temptat soabies, ubi frigid us imber Altius ad vivum persedit et horrida caDo Bruma gelu, vol cum tonsis inlotus adhuaesit Sudor, et hirsuti secueruint corpora vepres. Dulcibus idoirco fluviis pocus omite magistri Perfundunt, ndisque aries in guirgito villis 430 435 440 445 426. Sitblato, upraised.... The meaning of the two verses is, his back is scaly, and his belly has large spots on it.- Keightley. 427. Alvum depends on maculosus. 428. -Rumpuentui' = rumpunt se, or erumpunt.....Mark the effect of the spondees. 430. Ripis, sc. in.... Hic, i. e. in stagnis. 431. lInprsobuis,greedy... Inglu#,viem. Ingluvies is properly the first bag to receive the food, corresponding to the "craw" in birds. 434. Asper, exasperated.... Exterritus, maddened. 435. Sub divo, in the open air. 436. Dor-so, sc. in.... What is the subject of libeat "~...Jacuisse = jacere. -A. 288, d, R; G.275, 2; H.537, N. 2).... Per herbas. Vid. Georg. II. 527. 437. Positis novus eaxuviis. Aristotle says the serpent casts his skin in spring and in autumn, thus, as it were, renewing its youth.I 438. Catulos, its young....Tectis, sc. in. 439. Arduus, lifted up.... Ore, sc. in..... Trisuleis. A serpent has only two poison fangs these, however, move so quickly, as to appear three. 440-463. On the causes and cnre of diseases among sheep. 441. Temptatattacks..Scabies. vid. N. on v. 299. 442. Ad vivum, to the quick, i. e. ad vivam partem, or carnem....Persedit, has penetrated. 44:3. Tonsis, after they have been shorn...... lnlotues. Columella says that scab usually arises from the sheep being injured by cold; or, after shearing, if they are not wvell washed, or if they are permitted to feed In woody places, where they are wounded by brambles and briers. 446. Udia villis, wIth wet fleece; because he has been plunged. Note the prolep~e use of udis. GEOJIGICON LIB. III. 185 M ersatur, missusque secundo defluit amni; Aut tonsum tristi contingunt corpus amurca, Et spumas niscent argenti et sulfura viva Idaeasque pices et pinguis unguine ceras 4050 8cillamque elleborosque gravis n igrunmque bitumen. Non tarniei ulla, magis praesens fortuna laboruim est, Quarn si quis ferro potuit rescindere summurn Iiiceris os:- alitur vitium -vivitque tegendo, Dum modicas adhibere manus ad volnera pastor 455 -Abnegat, ant meliora deos sedet omina poseens. Quin etiam, irna dolor balantum lapstis ad ossla Gum fuirit atque artus depascitur arida febris, Profuit incensos aestus avertere et inter Ima ferire pedis salientem sanguine venam;- 46()0 Bisaltac quo more solent acerque Gelon us, Gum fugit in Rhodopen atque in deserta Gretarumi, Et lac concretum cumn sanguine potat equino. 447. Missuisfdejtiuti,and issentt1o./loat. 454. J'itiium = ulcer.... Ter endo, by Secuntdo, descending. Ibeing covered. Vid. Georg. II. 250. 449. Spumams (liqeniti; the froth or 1455. Adhibere mnanits refers to the scum that rises upon silver, or lead Con- sUrgical operations. tamning silver, when it is melted. litharge. 456. Abnteqat; because discouraged.... M~isentd; to form an ointment.... Sedet, sits idly by. Stilfitra viva, i. e. unreflued, and just as 457. Irna ad ossa, to the marrow. dug from the earth. Dolor, the dIsease.... Baatatntm, se. 450. Idaeas pices. Pitch is called Mum. "I1daean,"1 because pitch trees were very 45.9. Ineensos aestts =fervidos aestus, abundant on Mt. Ida.... Ceruts pInWgpis the burning heat..... Inter iinca pedis. uguine.e wxmnld ihol so The usual place for bleeding sheep. as to form a " cerat e. " 460. Ferire, to strike, I. e. to open.... 451. Scillam, squill~s. Thc squill is a Note the proleptic use of saliente~. large bulbous root, somewhat like an 461. The Bisaltae were a Thracian onion, but much larger.... Elleboros. tribe dwvelling between Lake Bolbe and The white hellebore is here mneant.-Colu- the Strymon...Soleutd,tc.ferre....Genmella, VII. 5, 7.... Bitumnen, in Greek otones. Vid. Georg. II. 115. daaaroq., is ain oily, tenacious substance 462. Feigit refers to the migratory of highly inflammable qutality, found float- habits of the people. Why sing.? A. 2l0, ing on the water, or issuing from the d;G. 281, 1; H. 463, I.... In lthodoje-n g,,round. It is found in all parts of the refers to Bisaltae, and in devoerta Getaworld. rumin to Gelonus. The Getae dwelt be452. Non tamteng, etc., there is not, tween the Tyras (IDniester) aud the Dan/ wever, any more efficacious remedy for ube. their sufferngs. 463. Lac con),cretumn cutm sagngine 452. Fesrro, with alknife.... Siern~num eqitino, milk curdled, etc. This customi (is, i. e. the month or opening of the ulcer. of mixing horses' blood with milk is said 186 P. VIRGILII11 MARO.XIS Qtiam procul ant molli succedere saepius umnbrae Videris, ant sunmmras carpentem ignavius berbtis, 465 Extrem~amquie sequi, ant rnedio procuimbere caLMPO Pascentern, et serae solam decedere nocti., Continuo culpam ferro, compesce, priuis quam Dira per incauturn serpant contagia volgus. Non tiarn creber agens hiemem ruit aequore turbo, 470 Qutam rnultae pecudurn pestes. Nec siingula mnorbi Corpora corripiunt, sed tota aestiva repente, Spemque gregremqne sirnul, cunctamque ab origine gentem. Turn sciat, aerias Alpes et Norica si quis Castella, in tumulis et Japydis arva Timavi 4745 Nune quoque post tanto videat desertaque regna to be practised by the Tartars to this day. and Interprets that in any particular case It was common among the ancients. of a disease attacking sheep, the deaths 464. Quam, sc. ove.... 1Prioctul, i. e. are as numerous as the drops which fall in by himself.... Saepbts, rather often. some particular showcr. 465. Soiunmas earjweutein heilbas, 472. Aestiva, sc. pascua. During the cropping the taps of the herbage, thereby heat of summer the herds were driven to showing disease, as "1healthy sheep are, the high grounds for coolness, and this close biters.".. -h. Ineevus; than usual, was their aetive catra. 4G7. Et serae solarn d(ecedere ieoct'" 473. Spem = agnes..Gregem = adaoeto yildd to the late night. Vd a~g.,0ntm1t bo~ln Eel. 111.88. en-tem, and the entire herd "root and 468. (Jontinuo, wihueelyn n branch." Observe the force of this epexe instant... Citlpam = causam morbi, or getical clause, which might have been put malurn, i. e. the faulty sheep. W~agner i poiiu makes this a-n anacoluthon (Ai. p. 218; G. in. ~ ap sition. e.mrU oo ge 694; HI. 636, IV. 6i), and says, " Quam 47.Tr. ~ it c obsttsgee videi... decedere shonid have been abripl. Hi. 371, lfl1. N. 4... Aer-ias; a followed by hane contInuo macta, or the common epithet of hills.... Noirica. No. like." But culpami applies to the animnalrin wsapotnofncetemn. itseIf, "the faulty sheep," and not to the and corresponds to the modern Styria, disease only, and therefore no fault of Ciarinthia, Salzburg, and part of Austria construction can he found, and Bavaria. 469. Ineaututm volgies, the unwar-y 475. (Jastella, refers to the dw'ellings, herd. perched like sao many castles on the hills. 470. Non tam... peenidim paste's. -— Tlmavsi. The Tirnavus was a smail The whirlwind, bringaig frequent rain- stream In Venetia, which empties Into the storms8, doe~s not rus8h so, qjickly fro Guif of Trieste. It is called lapydi from the ocean, aqs the many diseases of cattle the Tapides, an Illyrian people who dwelt (spread). The comparison seems to mean near It. simply that the sea is not more~afflicted 476. Nirne quoqtee, even nosw.. Post with storms than sheep are by diseases; tanto, go long afterwyards. The order fis: eireber then must he joined with agensi si quis anne quoque pest tatnto videa', lhjemem. Wagner, however, construes: aerlas Alpes, et Norlca castella in tumults, non turbo, agens hiernern tam creher ruit, etc., turn sciat. GEOR GICON LII. III. 187 Pastorum et longe saltus lateque vacantis. Hie quondam morbo caeli miseranda coorta cst Tempestas totoque autumni incanduit aestu, Et genus omne neci pecudum dedit, omne fer.lrum, Corrupitque lacus, infecit pabula tabo. Nec via mortis erat simplex; sed ubi ignca venis Omnibus acta sitis miseros adduxerat artus, Rursus abundabat finidus liquor omniaque in so Ossa minutatim morbo conlapsa trahebat. Saepe in honore deum medio stans hostia ad aram, Lanea dum nivea circumdatur infula vitta, Inter cunctantis cecidit moribunda ministros. Aut si quam ferro mactaverat ante sacerdos, Inde neque impositis ardent altaria fibris, Nec responsa potest consultus reddere vates, Ac vix suppositi tinguunltur sanguine cultri Summaque jejuna sanie infuscatur arena. Hine laetis vituli volgo moriuntur in herbis, Et dulcis animas plena ad praesepia reddunt; 480 485 490 495 478. " We know nothing of the epidemic described, or the time at which it happened, but it seems to have left a sufficiently terrible recollection behind it to induce Virgil to select it as a subject for a companion picture to that of the great plague at Athens, at the end of the sixth book of Lucretius."-Con.... 1i ic; in the Noric Alps....f Morbo cteli, from badness of the air.... Miseranda, wretched. 479. Tempcestas, season... Toto, intense, concentrated. August, included by:he Romans in autumn, was often attended Kwith pestilence. 482. Via mortis, i.e. the manner of death.... Simplex, uniform. 483. Ifnea sitis, i. e. fever.... 1<dd<uxerat, had contracted, from the contraction of the skin. 485. Conlaprsa, eaten away. The fluids of the body became thin and corrupted, and the bones being surrounded by this putrefying liquid were eaten away piecemeal. 486. In honore deum medio; while in the very act of being sacrificed. 487. The infuila was a broad, red woolen band that was put around the head of the victim; the vitt, a narrow white one, which fastened the infula on. 488. Cu(sttantis; only to make the necessary preparations for the sacrifice. Moribu nda = moliens. 489. Qunam, sc. hostiam.....nte, before its death. 490. Inde (= e e a) is to be joined with fibris (= extis).... 4ltaritt; for the victim placed on them. 491. When the entrails were deficient or diseased, they were thought not to reveal the will of the gods, but were pronounced muta by the diviner, who therefore could give no responses. 492. Supnositi has reference to the mode of killing in sacrifice; the throat was cut from beneath. 493. Summa arena, the surface of, etc......J Tej a, poor, thin and watery. 494. Hinc, from this disease.... Laetis. The grass, although abundant, is tainted. 495. Plena ad praesepia. Although 188 P. VIRGILII IIARONIS1 Jine canibus blandis rabies venit, et quiatit a~gros Tussis anhela sues ae faucibus angit obesis. Labitur infelix studiorum atque immemor berbae Victor equus fontisque avertitur et pede terrain Crebra ferit; demissae aures, incertus ibideni Sudor, et ille quidem niorituris frigi dus, aret Pellis et ad tactum tractanti dura resistit. Ilace ante exitium primis dantrsigna diebus; Sin in processu coepit crudeseere morbus, Turn vero ardentes oculi atque attractus ab alto Spiritus, interdum gemitu gravis, imaque loingo Ilila singultu tenduint, it naribus ater Sanguis, et obsessas fauces premit aspera inDgua. Profuit inserto latices infuiidere cornu Lenaeos; ea visa salus morientibus u-na; M~ox erat hoe ipsum exitio, furiisque refecti Ardebant, ipsique suos jam morte sub aegra 500 505 510 the stalls are well supplied with fodder, still they cannot keep the beasts alive. "The misery of the scene is Indefinitely heightened by their dying, in the midst of plenty."...Reddunt, give back to air the breath they received from it. 4961. Note the contrast between biandis and rabies, and strengthened by their position. 497. Tussis anhela. The disease referred to is called angina, or in Greek 06yX-q, a very virulent kind of sore throat..... Anqfit, chokes.... ()besis, naturally fat; some make it swollen by the disease. 498. Labltsvs-, falls sick..... Infelix studiorvim; gaining nothing from his pursuits, and the victories he has won. A. 218, c; H1.399,III. 1. 4.99. "11Avertitur is nowhere else used as a deponent."1 500. (jrebra = crebro....Derntssae, sc. 8un.... Incertus, I. e. Intermittent...libidem", in the sameplace, i. e. around his ears. 501. Ille, I. e. esudor..... Mor-ititris, doomed to die. 502. Ad tactum, to the touch~... raetmiti = tan genti. 503. Deunt, sc. equi. 504. In, Irocessir, in corse of time. 505. Ardentes, sc. sn...... Atthnettv? eb (,lto, is deep drawn, lit, from the depths of their breast. 506. Imenque ilia, the lowest parts of their.flanks -.... Ten dunt, sc. equi. 507. it, gushe.... Nervibois, sc. ex. 505. Obseswes, clsed, i. e. either swollen, or ulcerated.... I'remnit, because it too is, sivollen....Aspegoa, "coated." 509. Profetit, it was of service, i. e. at first....Inserto, 1. e. in the mouth. 510. Lenaeos latices, Bacahic liquor's, I. e. wine.... Visa, sc. est. 511. Jliiox: In a more ad van ced stage of the disease, administering wine was found injurious, as it was found to increase the fever.... Erat, sc. equls-....FWuriis i-e fecti, recrwlted by madnes. This may he a kind of oxymoron, ' strength returned, but it was the strength of madness,' though it -need mean nio more than that the fever was increased.-Con. Some join5 fectils with ardebant, 'being recruited (by the wine), they burned with furious rage.' 512. ~Jain innorte sutb aegra, even just before sad death.... Aegra: by enallage for aegrl. A. p. 298; H1. 636, WV. GEORGICOjY LIB. III. 189 Di meliora puis errorernque hostibus Mlum!Discissos nudis laniabant dentibus artus. Eece autem duro fumans sub vomere tauirus 515 Concidit et mixtum spumis vomit ore eruorern Extremosque ciet gernitus. It tristis arator, Maeren tern abjutigens fraterna morte j uvenceum, Atque opere in medio defixa relinquit aratrit. Noii umbrae altortim neniorurn nn olia possnut 520 Parta movere anirinum, 11011, qui per- saxa volutus Purior electro campum petit amnis; at imta Solvuntur later~a, atque oeulos stupor urguet hiertis, Ad terrarnque fluit devexo pondere cervix. Quid labor aut benefacta juvant? quid vornere termis 525 Thvertisse gravis? atqui 1101 Massica Bacehi Munera, non illis epulae iioenere repostae: Frondibus et victu paiseuntur simplicis berbae, Poeula sunt fontes liquidi atque exereita cursu Fluinihia, inec somnos abrumpit cura salubris. 530 513. D)i, se. dent....-Errorem Muniu -furorem ilium, such derangenwnt as that. 514. Nudis, naked, bared; by the, writhing contraction of the lips, and expressing the horrid grinning of the horse in the agonies of death. 515. -Ecce auttern calls attention to a new object. 517. Ciet, gives, heaves. 518. Miuerentern fratei-nta to orte, grieving at the death of his brother, i. e. comrade. Virgil in these four verses has invested a not vary lpoetical inc!iCdet with a pathetic interest which has attracted the admiration of all critics; among the finest touches are the pause nt gemniitas, the mielancholy flow of the remainder of the verse, the slowness with wvhich the ploughinan unyokes the remaining ox, which is ad-, mirably expressed by the spondees 1ip verse 518, and the image of the abandoned plough. 520. It is not clear whether this and the following verses refer to the ox that has just fallen, as Coningtou thinks, or to oxen in general, as others sugg-est. 522. -Electrin, than amber others say the metal electrum is meant. Either coniparison is good. 523. Solvittifur, are unnerved. 524. Flait, fails down gradually.... Devex-o, bending downwwends. 525. The elder Scaliger so admired this and the five following -verses, that hie avowvcd (Poet. v. 11), he " would. rather be their author than have croestis or Cyruis at his command."...Jfuriv t, se. eunz..... Qutid(, sc. juvat. 526. In order to excite sympathy, and to show how little they deserved to tlile such a death froni any excesses in which they may have previously indulged, the poet tells us that they did not lead a pampered or luxurious life, but live according to the instincts of nature. 5,27. _Epulirae rep-ostae, banquets oJ many courses. 528. Sitnplicis is opposed to the arts of cookery displayed in an elaborate banquet, epulae repostae.-Con. 529. -Exercifta cursu; poetical for 'ever flowing.' 190 P. VIRGILII MAR OIS Tempore non alio dicunt regionibus illis Quaesitas ad sacra boves Junonis, et uris Imparibus ductos alta ad donaria currus. Ergo -tegre rastris terrain rimnantur, et ipsis Unguibus infodiunt fruges, montisque per altos Contenta cervice trahunt stridentia plaustra. Non lupus insidias explorat ovilia circum, Nec gregibus nocturnus obambulat; acrior ilium Cura domat; timidi dammae cervique fugaces Nunc interque canes et circum tecta vagantur. Jam maris immensi prolem et genus omne natantum Litore in extremo, ceu naufraga corpora, fluctus Proluit; insolitae fugiunt in flumina phocae. Interint et curvis frustra defensa latebris Vipera, et attoniti squamis adstantibus hydri. Ipsis est aer avibus non aequus, et illae Praecipites alta vitam sub nube relinquunt. Praeterea jam nec mutari pabula refert, Quaesitaeque nocent artes; cessere magistri, 540 545 531. Tempor~e non nlio, at no other time, i. e. never before this. 532. Qtunesitas, sc. esse, were sought, but not found.... Ad sacra, for the sacred rites. White cattle were much sought for certain sacrifices and sacred processions, more especially those in honor of Juno.... Uris isiparibus, by unmatched buffaloes. 533. Ductos, sc. esse.... Donaria, the place of gifts, the temple.... Alta expresses splendor and magnificence. 534. Aegre, i. e. as compared with ploughing.... Rintantur. Vid. Geog. I. 384. Observe the effect of the spondees. 535. Fruges = semina, to produce fruit..... Nloutis altos; hyperbole. 536. Contenta, strained. They strained their own necks beneath the yoke. 537-547. He now narrates the evil effects experienced by other animals.... Explo'at, meditate. 538. Nocttrs)us = noCtu.... Obnambtlat, prowl about....Acrior, i. e. as compared with hunger. 539. Curn, i. e. the disease which has attacked him also. 541. G~enus onne. Vid. N. on 473. Aristotle and Piiny deny that fish are ever assailed by such epidemics, but later naturalists do not agree with them.... N,taututtn is used substantively, of swimmers, i. e. of fishes. 542. Litore in extremo, far up on the shore. 543. Jnsolitae, unaccustomed to do so, being used to the sea and not to rivers. 544. Curvis has reference to the shape of their hiding places, which would prevent almost everything from following them. 545. Sqiantis adstat tihus, with their scales erected, either in terror or for self defence. 546. Non aequwts, injurious, fatal. 547. Praecipites, i. e. falling headlong. 518. Jl-utari pabula refers to a change of food, not to change of pasture. 549. Qtaesitae, accustomed......No - ce, t, injure rather than benefit.... Airtes, i. e. of healing..... Mlnafgistfi cessere, i. e. the most skillful physicians were baffled by the disease. GEORGICON LIB. III. 191 Phillyride0s Chiron Amythaoniuisque Melainpus. -Saevit, et in lucemn Stygiis emissa tenebris Pallida Tisiphoiie Morbos agit ante Metumque, Jiique dies avilurn- surgens caput altius effert. Balatu pecorunm et crebris inugitibus amines Arentesque sonant ripae collesque suphii. Jamque catervatim dat straggem Atque aggerat ipsis In stabulis turpi dlilapsa cadavera tabo., Donec hunmo tegere ac foveis abscondere discunt. iNam ileqjue erat coriis usus, inec viscera quisqtiai Aut unmlis abolere potest, aut vincere flainnia; N e tou dere quidern morbo inaluvieque peresa Vellera niec telas possunt attingere ptitri s Veruni efiam, invisos si qtis temptarat amictus, Ardentes papulae atque immundus oletiitia sudor Meiubra sequebatur, nec longo deinde nioraLniti Tempore coiitactos artus sacer ignis edebat. 550 a,555 5630 5635 550. To show that the best mnedical skill was of no avail, Virgil names two of the most celebrated physicians, (hir-on, who w,,as- the son of Satnrn and the nymph P1hillyra, and hence called Phillyride8, and )I1lainqpus, son of Amythaon. 551. The order is: et pallida Tisiphone eiiissa Stygiis tenebris in incem saevit (et) agit ante Morbos Metunmqne. Tisip~hone, one of the Fnries, is lint for all three. She is represented as possessing that attribnte of deities which inade them appear to increase in size as mortals looked on them; so she "1from day to day increasing in size, raises higher her head, greedy for death." 55.5. A rentes indicates intense heat. 556. Cateirvatimn, in drfsve.... Dat, sc. Tisiplhone. 557. Dilaipsa, decaying. 558. The only way to alleviate the plague, even in a slight degree, was to bnry the bodies at once, and this they did when they learned that no use could be miade either of the flesh, wool, or skins of such as had died of the disease. 559. VisVCerW, flesh. 560O. Abole'se Ipote~st, aut t'incr,)e pftanema, I. e. water would not wash out. the taint of the piestilence, nor fire destroy it; somie, however, interpret it so as to mean that the qnantity of carcasses was so enormous that no one could either destroy them, i. e. get rid of them, by throwing theni into the water, nor consumne them by fire. 561. litjiuvie, i. e. foul matter discharged from the sores...PerYesa, rotten. 56g2. Talas, wet'8, supposing the wool to be woven. 564. P1apulae, puestule8. 565. Sequebatnie, etc. = se di/Tundebat per onia meminra, spead over his whole body... Mo~ nas ei, i. e. not waithing long to be seized with the disease. 566. Coiitactos, inf-ected.... Sacoer iflmati. A species of erysipelas, supposed by some to be St. Anthony's fire. There is a beautiful rhetorical climax contained in these la.4 verses: They cannot even shear the fleeces eaten up by disease and sores, nor (even if they should shear and weave the wool) can they make use of the rotten web (because it would break): but even if they did succeed in mannfacturing cloth, it was too rotten to be put on, and if put on, to be worn without contracting ulisease, which in turn produces death. * ARGUMENT. BOOK IV. I. Subject of Fourth Book; Invocation of Maecenas (1-7). II. The Apiary (8-50). 1. Site for Apiary, regard being had to the winds, to the enemies of bees (bee-eater, lizard, etc.), to water, trees, and flowers (8-32). 3. Bee-hives- their material and constrnction Q33-46); position to be studied (47-50). HII. Of Spring Occupations, and Swarming (51-148). 1. Of the first excursions,, and swarmingO (51-62). 2. Meatis, by which to cause bees to alighit, when swarming (62-606). 3. Their quarrels~ —bow to he allayed (67-90); Characteristics of the host bees (91-102). 4. Means to prev-ent swarms from desertfing a hive, or a locality (103-115). 5. Description of a wvell-cultivated garden, such as wvould attract bees to remain in a locality (116-148). IV. Of the Nature and Economics of bees (149-227). 1. Special qualities given by Jupiter (149-151). 2. Community of off spring and of property (153-15-.). 3. Apportioning of duties to classes ttnd to individuals (153-190). 4. Sagacity in the matter of weather (191-196). 5. Generation of bees4 (197-609). 6. Respect for Queen-bee (210-218). 7. Philosophical speculations ott the tuature and essence of bees (219-227). V. The h1oney Harvest (228-250). VI. Diseases and their remedies (251-280). VII. Artificial production of bees (281-314). VIII. The story of Aristaeus- (lie loss of his bees, and the means by which the disaster was repaired (315 -558). TIZ. Epilogue in conclusion of Poem (559-566).-Bryce. LIBER QTUARTUS. PROTINvS aerii mellis caelestia dona Exseqnar. Hanc etiam, Maecenas, aspice partem. Admiranda tibi levium spectacula rerum Magnanimosque duces totiusque ordine gentis Mores et studia et populos et proelia dicam. In tenui labor; at tenuis non gloria, si quem Numina laeva sinunt auditque vocatus Apollo. Principio sedes apibus statioque petenda, 5 1-7. The care of bees fbrms the subject of this book, which he begins with an address to Maecenas, stating the argument.... Protinus, in continuation... Aerii refers to the belief of the ancients that honey was a dew which fell from the sky, and that the bees merely collected it. 2. Aspice, regard with favor. 3. Admiranda, worthy of your admiration....Leviurn, i. e. usually called trivial. 4. Ordine is to be taken with dicam. 5. Stzcuda, employments...P.. opulos, communities into which the gens (v. 4.) is divided. 6. In tenui (re) labor (est), toll is bestowed on a humble theme.... Quen = aliquem. 7. Laeva, adverse; for the peculiarity of this word, vid. N. on Ed. I. 16. 8-24. A suitable place should be chosen..... Statio, post; a military term.... Petenda (est) agrees with statio, its nearest subject. 194 194 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Quo neque sit ventis aditus,-nam pabula venti Ferre domum prohibent-neque oves haedfique petulci 10 Floribus inisultent, aut eirrans bucula campo Decutiat rorem, et surgentis atterat herbas. Absint et picti squalentia terga lacerti Pinguibus a stabulis, meropesque, aliaeque voluci-es, Et manibus Procne pectus signata cruentis; 15 Omnia nam late vastant, ipsasque volantis Ore ferunt dulcem nidis immitibus escam. At liquidi fontes et stagyna virentia musco Adsint, et tennis fugiens per gramina rivus, Palmaque vestibuinni ant ingens oleaster inumbret, 20 Ut, Cum primia niovi ducent examina reges Vere suo, ludetque favis emissa juventus, Vicina invitet decedere ripa calori, Obviaque hospitiis teneat frondentibus arbos. In mnedium., sen stabit iners, seu profiuet humor, 25 Traunsversas salices et grandia co-njice saxa, Pontibus ut crebris possint consistere et alas Pandere ad aestivum solem, si forte morantis Sparserit anut praeceps Neptun o ininimerseri t Eurus. llacc circunm casiae vir-ides et olentia late ~ 30 Serpylla et graviter spirantis copia thymbra-e 9. Sit is subj. after quo = ut eo. 10. Ferive, sc. eas, as subject af ter pr-ohi bent.... Petitdci, firisking. 11. Campo, sc. in. 12. Surge~nti8, growing. 13. Squalentia = squamosa. 14. Piingnibus, wsell stocked, with lioney... AMer-opes, bee eater8, the wrope,tpiadter. 13. On Procue. Vid. N. on Eel. VI. 79. Peatus: accus. of specif. 16. Vastant; like an ar..y.... Ip~sas apes,... Volant is, i. e. on th e wing(,. 17. Nidis = pulls in the nest. 18. Stagna, standing, not stagnant, as that would be Unhealthy.... J'iientia tiusco, i. e. banks overgrown with moss. 21. JRe~ges, kings, as the ancients believed what we now know to he the queenbee, was a male. 22. Vere suo, In their own spring, i. e. which is favorable to them, and in which insztinct teaches them to fly forth.... Lit(let refers to the incessant flying backwards and forwards of the bees previous to the rising of the swarmn. 23. Decedere = ad decendendurn. Cf. Geortt. lit. 467, and Eel. VIII. 88. 2-4. Oberla agrees with ar-bos. 2.5-32. Things necessary to be done to rendter the place advantageous.... Innmediunsti, sc. hu wem.... Seu stabit, etc., wh ether the 'water stand motionle~ssor flow b*kiy.... lneri-s efers to 8tagna, v. 18; p'o~f/nUet to riV, V. 19. 26. Trausversas, i. e. across the water. 27. Consistere, to alight. 29. Sparserit, se. imbre. -.. Neptitito is nsed p~oetically for aquae, water. 30. Htze ecireurn, i. e. fontes, stagna, etc.... Cas~icy: vid. Eel. II. 49. 31. Serpylla: vid. Edl. II. 11._. GEORGICONfA LIB. IV. 195 -Floreat, hirigiumrque bibant violaria fontem. Ipsa auitern, seu corticibus tibi suta cavatis, Sen lento fuerint alvearia vimiiie texta, Angtistos habeant aditus: narn frigore mella Cogit hiemps, eademque calor liquefacta rernittit. Utraque vis apibus pariter metnenda; neque Mlae Ncqiiiqualm in tectis certcatirn tenuia cera Spiramenta linunt, fucoque et floribus oras Explent, collectumqne liaec ipsa ad muniera gluten Et visco et Pbrygiae servant pice lentius IMae. Sacpe etiarn effossis, si vera est fama, latebris Sub terra fovere larem, penitusque repertae Paulicibtisque cavis exesaeque arboris antro. Tu tanmen et levi rimosa cubilia limo Unguie fovens circum, et raras superinjice froudes. Ken propius tectis taxtum- sine, nDeve rulierltis 35 40 45 Thymbrae, 8avory, -which resembles thyme in smell. 32. Floreat agrees with the suhst. nearest to It.... Itririqaun, irrigating..... Viotaiia, violet beds. 33-46. Directions regarding the hives... h wt modifies alvea)-iat....Sti, sc. fuerint. 34. Lento vimine. Hives were made of the bark of trees, from osier twigs, fromn the ferula, f rom a hollowed piece of timher; but the straw hive seems to have been unknown. 35. Aaq~ustos adituts. Columella says (IX. 7) the reasons for this were. to keep out the cold, lizards, heetles. moths, etc. 36. Gogit, lit, draws together, L. e. makes hard and stiff; whereas heat melts the. honey.... Liquefactaitemeittit =liquefacit et resolvit, melt8 and dissolves. 37. (Jtra v~is, I. e. heat and cold. 38. Neqtcidquam, without reason.... Cernt is properly the material from which honey combs are formed, bee glue; probahly the same as fucs and gluten below. 39. Spiramenxta, crevices...-Firco ct floribus Is by hendiadys for ftio florum.,Fucu8 was a species of sea-weed used in dyeing. The term is here applied to the reddish juice derived front flowers. It is called bee-glue. 40. Hace ipsa ad mnsitni-ra, for these very prposes. 41. J'isco: vid. NT. Georg. I. 139.... Leitius, more adhesive.... LIne. Cf. N. Georg. HII. 450. 42. fifossislee;is in hiding places excavated by the bees themselves. 43. Fovere laremi, they make their dwelling; lit. they keep warm their household gods.... 1en itus, far within..l-Repertae, sc. sunt. 44. Piunticibutsquie ceavis, in hollow rocks. Cf. Psalm lxxi. 16....Exesae, holw.... A,st'o, cavity. 45. T",t tamen,; althoughi the bees close up the crevices on the inside, yet, etc. 46. -Fos'ens, wcarming them... Raires, lowe, as leaves do not lie close when spread on any thingr. 47-50. Certain things to be avoided.... Tectis, i.e. the hives.... Texiusn: vid. Edl. IX. 30.... Nevv -abnesmtis... can-ti erjosv. The ancients used roasted or burnt crabs In the cure of certain diseases;- but Vim-gil warns the farmer that the smells arisfing from that process were Injurious to bees. "As is well known, crabs turin red under the influence of heat." 196 P. VrIRGILII MlAROXIS Ure foco cancros, altae non credo paltidi, Aut ubi odor caeni gravis, a-Lit Lbi concava pulsu Saxa sonant vocisque offensa rosultat imiago. Quod super-st, ubi;_ pulsam hiemem Sol auireus ogit Sub terras caelinmque aesti va luce reclusi t, 1l1ac continuo saltus silvasque peragrant Purpureosque, motnnt fibres et flumina libant Summa loves. l1ime nesoio qua dulcodiuic laetae Progeniem nidosqiio fo vent, bino arte rocon tis Excudunt coras et mella tonacia fingtmnt. Hune tftti jam emissurn caveis ad sidora aeah Naro per aestateim liquidarn suspexeris agmnen Obseuram (f He trahi von to mi rabere nubem, Contemplator: aquas dulcis et froudea semper Teota petiunt. Hue tu. jussos adsperge saporos, Trita melisphylla et ceriuthac. ignobile gramen, Tinnitusque cie et Matris quate cymb~ala circum: 50 55 6 0 48. Cvede, trust, as harmless. 49. Gravds, sc. est... usitu, with the stroke or impact of the sound: both clauses mean the same thing. 50. Vocis imaqo, the image or representation of the voice, echo.... O)ffeitsar, dashed or struck against the rock.... ie.sitfftat, reverbera~tes. 51-66. Howv to induce the bees to settle when they issue forth in early spring.... Qiuod superest: vid. N. on Georg. II. 346.... Pslsarn egit = pepulit. 52. Suib terras. The idea was, that in summer the inner part of the earth below the crust was cold, but in winter it was hot....Ctelum r-eclusit, has opened the heaven, until then covered with clouds. 54. Pmepus-eos: tiny bright color was expressed by purpureus.. 2Jfctunf. Metere, lit, to mw or reap, is also app~lied to gathering any fruits, and here to sucking the juice from the flowers.... Liba tt, sip, or taste. CF. Edl. V. 26. 55. Leves, light, i. e. lightly.... Hine, i. e. from these flowers and springs. Some take it to mean then. 56. Progeniem, sadosque, 1. e. their young offspring... Are. skillfuly. 58. H-ine~, hereafter...Esnis-suma tfter issuing.... ci The caveae were the seats in the theatre; but the word is here alpplied to the interior of the hive, probably from the resemblance of shape. 159. Na)ve, float, expresses beautifully the actual appearance of a hive in the air...Aestatesmn liqtidarm, the serene sminer air.... Agmien, i. e. swarm. 610. Obscuraan nubent, dark cloud of bees. 61. Conttemtplator,,observethem; watch where the may settle. 62. Ifiw, 1. e. on the tree, that they may not go farther...Jatssos &sapor-es, the strong scents which are here prescribed. 63. M~elisphylla. Melisphyllum is otherwise called the "apiaster."1 The hive destined to receive the bees is still frequently rubbed with this plant.... The eerinsfha grows wild In Italy, and hence is called ignobile gainmeui, a iomn herb. 64. Tltiniftas ee,inake atinkling. This practice is kept up even to the present time among unscientific bee-rearers.... Matris ecymbirla. In the wors;hip of Cybele. the mother of the gods, there was always a loud beating of drums and cymbats. GEORGICON LIB. IV. 197 Jpsae consident medicatis sedibus, ipsae 6 Intima more suo sese in cunabula condent. Sin autem ad pugnam exierint-nam saepe duobus Regibus incessit magno discordia motu, Continuoque animos volgi et trepidantia bello Corda licet longe praesciscere; namque morantis 74 Martius ille aeris rauci canor increpat, et vox Auditur fractos sonitus imitata tubartmrn: Turn trepidae inter se coeunt, pennisque coruscant, Spiculaque exacuunt rostris, aptantque lacertos, Et circa regem atque ipsa ad praetoria densae 7. Miscentur, magnisque vocant clamoribus hostem.Ergo ubi ver nactae sudum camposque patentis, Erumpunt portis: concurritur; aethere in alto Fit sonitus; magnum mixtae glomerantur in orbem, Praecipitesque cadunt; non densior aere grando, 8( Nec de concussa tantum pluit ilice glandis. Ipsi per medias acies insignibus alis Ingentis animos angusto in pectore versant, Usque adeo obnixi non cedere, dum gravis aut bos 5 ) 65. Ipsfae = sua sponte.... Con.sidcef, will settle..... Medicaf is sedlibs, the places thus prepared with fragrant herbs. 66. C(unabula, i. e. the hive. Cf. Ecl. IV. 23. 67-94. On the manner of quelling a battle when the bees fight under rival kings. 68. Itegibrus, the iing bees, i. e. the queen bees. The more common construction is reges incessit. 69. Contin noque marks the commencement of the apodosis.... Volyqi, of the multitude of common bees... Trepidatntia bello, beating with ardor for the conflict. 71. Aeri.s, of the brass, i. e. the brazen trumpet.... Canor, clang. The terms and actions of Roman military life are applied to the habits of bees in the following lines. 72. Fractos sonitfrs well expresses successive short blasts of the trumpet. 73. Trepidae, hastily.... Cv,,iseait, glitter, like macare, it is applied to rapid motion. 74. Aptant laceretos; a metaphor taken from pugilists, who prepare themselves for fighting by striking the air with their fists. 75. Praetoria, the general's tent, i. e. the cell of the queen bee. 76. Mfiseentt)-, they assemble.... V,,(' eut, challenge. 77. Ergo: this particle is sometimes employed when a subject, which has been interrupted, is again taken up: here it connects with sin... exierint, v. 67... Nactae, sc. sunt.... Catl)posqute p.teintis, and open fields, here used of the air. the battlefield of the bees, patentis apparently meaning cleared fromn storms.-Con. 78. Coneftrritur is used impersonally. 79. Orbem, mass, duster. 80. Aere = ex aere: sc. pluit. 81. Tanturm glandis, so many acorns. 82. Ipsi, i. e. reges; sc. volantes = incedentes. 84. The order is: obnixi non cedere usque adeo dum gravis victor, etc.... Uvsq, e adeo dum, even until.... Hos is masc., and not fem., as we might expect, because it refers to the bees, not as bees (apes), but as soldiers (milites). 198 P. VIRGIL1IJJLARONXIS Aut hos versa fuga 'victor dare teiga subegit. Hii motus anirnorum atque haec certamiina tanta Pulveris exigui jactu. compressa quiescunt. Verum tibi ductores acie revocaveris ambo, Deterioi' qui visus, eum, ne protligus obsit, Dede neci; melior vacua sine regnet in aula. Alter erit macnlis auro squalentibus ardens; Kam duo stint genera, hic nmelior, insignis et ore, Et rutilis clamus sqnarnis, jill horridus alter Desidlia latam(Iue trahens inglorins alvurin. Ut binae regum facies, ita corpora plebis. Namnque aliae turpes horrent, ceu pnlvere ab alto Cum venit et sicco terrain spuit ore viator Aridus; elucerit aliac et fulgore, coruscant, Ardentes auro et p~aribus lita corpora guttis. Haiec potior suboles; hine caeli tempore certo Dulcia inlla preines, nec tantum dulcia, quantum Et liquida et durum. Bacehii domitura sa-porern. 90 95 100 81. Pulveris exiquti: the bees probably mistake this for rain, for which they have a great dislike, and hasten to their hive.... Qutiescunt, cease. 88. Acie, sc. ex. 89. Deterior is explained by vs. 92, 93, so that it has no reference to inferiority in the contest.-Con.... Visits, sc. est... Ne prodigues obsit, lest prodigal of the honey he do injur~, i. e. consume honey and make no return therefor. 90. VJurse, free from a rival... Sine, se. ut. 92. Al~etior, more valuable....EPt ore, and in his appearance. 93. HIorridus, rough; seems to express the squalor arising from inaction, its hair rough, etc. 94. Desidia, from sloth.... Latamn, large. "1The differences of appearance here alleged to exist do not really exist; but in these matters the scientific accuracy of the poet is not at all to be trusted." The description (ille alter) is of a drone. 95-102. Description of the best bees.... JBinae, of tire two; the distributive refers to all such cases.... Itft corportz plebis; this Is not true, as the working bees are all alike. 96. Ntsntqie aliae tirepes lhorre(pit, for some being ugly are rough, i. e. have an ugly roughness. These probably are the bees noticed by Huber, which appear to be only casu'al inmates of the hive, and which are driven forth to starve, or are killed in conflict... Bl'uve rib olto, "from a road covered with deep-lying dust." 97. lerrama = pulverem.... Viatoe-, se. horret. 98. Aridtts, thirsty. 99. Autro et paribus ytuitis = parlbus aureis guttis, i. e. macnlis. 11)0. H~ne, from this kind.... (jYr.4ji of the 8ky.; determined by the heaveuly bodies.... Tempore certo, i. e. in spring and autumn. 101. Priemes. The honey was pressed through wicker work before being put into jars. 102. Liquida: what we call virgin honey, when the cells are all filled with pure honey, and not with the substance called bee-bread.... Bacehi. The allusion. is to a drink called muleum, which was made by mixing one part of honey with four of wine. GEORGICON LIB. IV 199 At cum incerta volant caeloque examrina. Indunt, Contemn untqte favos et frigida tecta relinqutnnt, Instabilis anirnos luido prohibebis inani. Nec m-agnus lplohibere labor: tu. regibus alas Eripe; non illis quisquam cunctantibus altum, Ire iter aut castris audebit vellere signil,1. Invitent croceis h alantes tioribaus horti, Et custos furum atque avium cum fialce saligna Hellespontiaci servet tutela Priapi.Ipse thymium pinosque ferens de montibtis altis Tecta serat late circuim, cui talia curae; Ipso lalborc manum duro terat, ipse feracis Figat hurno plaintas et arnicos inriget imbiris. Atque equidem, extremo ni jam sub fine laborurn Vela traham et terris festinern advertere pror.am., IForsitan et, pitnguis hortos quac cura colendli Ornaret, caner-en, biferique oscaria Paesti, 105 110 115 103-115. On the meens employed to keep themn at home when in ani unsettled state.. Ineterta.. luduit,Xfy about, and spot in the air, apparently sWitk object. 107 and 108. Eripe. Didynius and Pliny speak merely of clipping the wings. - Con.... 1hits cu~ictantibus, if they (the king-bees) hesitate, 1. e. remain at home.... QUisqitaip is employed because the terms of camp life are still used, and the individual bees spoken of as soldiers. So in vellere sirlna there is another reference to military affairs.... Iteir. Cognate accus. 109. Bees can be kept at home if gardens are provided for them.... Cr-oceis; the definite is used for the indefinite. 110. Fuu:olj. gen....-Flce saligiia. This was usually placed in the right hand of the images of Priapus set up in gardens. 111.!Ieliespofltiari Py-iapi. Priapuls, worshipped at Lampsacus on the Hellespont, was the guardian of gardens.... itela Priutpi, i. e. the protecting Priapus. 112. Ipse, eni talia aurae (sent), serat. Let the man, who has th care rf bees, himnself plant. lpsc enlphasizes the direction. 113. et, hives.... Late cir-cumn, all around. 114. Labore duro, I. e. In digging and planting.... Ter-at, rub, and harden into a callus. 115. Anmicos inriyet imhbris, sc. plantis, and pour on them the friendly slwwers, 1. e. water them. 116-124. The poet, comparing his work to a ship at sea, says that if he were not obfiged to draw in sail, and to bring his vess~el to anchor, hie would expatiate upon the culture of gardens; and then (12-148) he makes a digression in which he describes the garden of an old man who dwelt near Tarentum. The description is one of the finest in all Virgil.... Equdn refers to the precept just given- as I recommend the bee-keeper to cultivate flowers I should myself write on the subject.-C)n.... Extrem to, the extreme... Ni traharn, were Inotfurling. 118. l'inryuis, rich, fertile. Cf. Georg, 1. 192. 119. liferiquee sonsaria luesti. The roses which grew near Paestum,'a city of . 200 P. VIRGIL II iMAR ONIS Quoque modo potis gauderent intiba rivis 120 Et virides apio ripae, tortusque per herbam Cresceret in ventrem cucumis; nec sera comantem Narcissum aut flexi tacuissem vimen acanthi Pallentisque hederas et amantis litora myrtos. Namque sub Oebaliae memini me turribus altis, 125 Qua niger humectat flaventia culta Galaesus, Corycium vidisse senem, cui pauca relieti Jugera ruris erant, nec fertilis illa juvencis, Nee pecori opportuna seges, nec commoda Baccho. Hie rarum tamen in dumis olus albaque circum 130 Lilia verbenasque premens vescumque papaver, Regum aequabat opes animis, seraque revertens Nocte domum dapibus mensas onerabat inemp)tis. Primus vere rosam atque autumno carpere poma, Et cum tristis hienmps etiamnum frigore saxa 135 Rumperet et glacie cursus frenaret aqlartim, Ille comam mollis jam tondebat hyacinthi, Lucania in the south of Italy were said to 1;8. IJuvencis, for oxen, i. e. for tillbloom both in spring and in autumn. ing. 120. Iotis, drunk by them. 129. Pecori, 1. e. for pasture.... 1ac121. Apio, wild celery, which delights cho, i. e. for vineyards. The poet intends in the banks of rivers....Tortus per to show the Romans, that a pf'ce of land herbeanl, winding along the grass. (serges), fit neither for corn, wAich is the 122. In venttrem, i. e. large.... Sera: subject of his first book, nor for vines, of used adverbially for seo; in mild climates which he treats in the second, nor for the narcissus flowers until November and cattle, of which he treats in his third, December. may, by the example of this foreigner be 126. Oebaliae. Tarentum was called cultivated to advantage.-Martyn. Oebalian from Oebalus, an old King of La- 130. Hic, he.....Ra srnt,, here and conia, from whence a colony came to Ca- there....In dumis, among the beshes. labria, and augmented Tarentum. 131. Premens, planting.... YVescn,. 126. Niger probably refers to the depth The white poppy is called "esculcnt" of the water; or to the shade from the trees because its seeds were eaten by the anon its banks.....Flaventia, "golden." cients.... Culta, sc. rura.... Galaesus. This 132. Begum opes, etc., i. e. his spirit river flowed past Tarentum, and was was as high as if he had a king's wealth. famous for imparting softness to the 133. Inemptis; because produced in fleeces of the sheep which were bathed in his own garden. its stream. The territory watered by it 134. Carpere: historical infinitive. was also remarkable for fertility. 135. Tristis, gloomy.... Etianinum, 127. Corycium, from Corycus, a town still. in Cilicia. Pompey had transported part 136. Rumperet. Virgil is thinking of its inhabitants into Calabria; of whom rather of the effect of cold in other places this person was, perhaps, one....Relitei, than at Tarentum, where the winter was neglected, probably cn account of the pov- unusually mild.-Con. erty of the soil. 137. Conarm is used for florem... GEORGICON LIB. IVT 20 201 -Aestatem increpi tans seram. zephyrosque morantis. Ergo apibus fetis idem. atque examine multo Primus abundare et spumantia cogere pressis Niella favis; illi tiliae atque uberrima pinus; Quotque ini flore novo pomis se fertilis arbos Iiiduerat, totidem. autumno matura tenebat. Jie etiam. seras ini versurni distulit ulmos Eduramque pirum et spitios jam pruna ferentis 'Jamque ministrantem. platanum. potantibus umbras. Verum hacc ipso equidern spatiis exciusus hiiquis Praetereo atque a~iis post me memoratida reliiiquo. Nunc age, naturas apibus quias Juppiter ipse Addidit, expediam, pro qua mercede, canoros Curetum. sonitus crepitan tiaque aera secutae, Dictaco caelIi Regem. pavere sub antro. Solae communis natos, consortia tectta Urbis habent, magnisque agitant subl) egibus aevum, Et patriam, solae et certos novere penatis; Venturaeque hiemis memores aestate laborem. 140 145 150 155 Tondebat = carpebat. The point here is that the old man got his plant to flower before the season.-Con. 138. Increpitants, deriding. 139. Ergo; because he had many and early flowers...Fetis, productive... Idenm, sc. erat... Multo examine, with many a swarm 140. Pressils: vid. N. on v. 101. 141. Tiliae: sc. erant. Lime trees are known to be favorites with bees. 142. Quotque, and with as many.... lit fio'se novo; the future fruit is contained in the blossom, and therefore the tree is said to "put on fruit in its early blossom," for to "put on its early blossom." The meaning is that every blossom produced frui t. 148. Totidem, sc. poma. 144. Seras... ulmos, sims of considerable growth and size. The elm bears transplanting at a late period better than most *other trees.... In 'versum distulit, -transplanted in rows. 145. Spinsos, sloe trees..Pruna: these had been -,rafted on them. 147. Spatiis issiquis, by too narrow limits. 149-157. lHe now describes the peculiar 'nature of bees. Nuncie aye; a Lucretian formula of transition'.-Con. 150. P.-(. qua mercede. This alludes to the fable that Jupiter endowed the bees with an extraordinary degree of sagacity as a reward for their following the Curetes, or priests of Cybele (wNhen they were beating their drums to stifle his cries; cf. v. 64) and feeding him when in his infancy he was concealed in the Dictaeau cave from his father Saturn. 151. Cutreturn. The Curetes were the priests of Cybele.... Secustae, sc. apes. 152. Dietaeo: vid. Georg. IL. 536.... Pavere is from pasco. 153. Solae is emphatic, as we see by its position here, and its repetition v. 155.... Commufltis, in common. The reference is to a community of children, like that desired by Plato in his Republic, to which Servius appositely refers.-Con.... (Consortia, shared in common. 154. Magnis, powerful, i. e. such as no one dares to transgress. 202 P. VIIRGILII MARONIS Experiuntur et in medium quaesita reponunt. Narnque aliae victu invigilant et foedere pacto Exercentur agris; pars intra saepta domorum Narcissi lacrimam et lentum de cortice gluten Prima favis ponunt fundamina, deinde tenacis Suspendunt ceras; aliae spem gentis adultos Educunt fetus; aliae purissima mella Stipant et liquido distendunt nectare cellas. Sunt, quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti, ITqn iorn speculantur aquas et nulila caeli; Ant onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto Ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent. Fervet opus, red(olentque thymo fragrantia mella. Ac veluti lentis Cyclopes fulmina massis Cum properant, alii taurinis follibus auras Accipiunt redduntque, alii stridentia tinguunt Aera lacu; gemit impositis inc'udibus Aetna; Illi inter sese magna vi brachia tollunt 160 165 170 157. KExperiluntur, they undergo.... On in medium see Georg. I. 127. 158-178. He describes their ceaseless and varied employments..1liae U... prs... alia, some.. others... others: the phrases alii.. alii, pars... pars, are often intermingled.... Victu is the contracted dative for victui.... Foedere puccto, according to a fixed agreement. Bees divide themselves into separate bands, and those employed in constructing the cells do not quit work for food, but are supplied by another band, whose especial duty it is to collect it for that purpose. 160. Nar'cissi: the tears of Narcissus, who wept to death, are fabled to be contained in the cup of the daffodil. 162. Susspendult ceras: this is literally true: as bees always work downward, suspending the comb from the top of the hive. 165. Sorti is probably the ancient form of the ablative, though some consider it a dative. 166. Inque vicem = et invicem.... Aquas. Bees are hardly ever caught in a shower. 168. Ftceos. the drones, which are not expelled, but massacred after the swarms have left the hive. 169. Ferret, is carried on assiduously. "This sums up the description, directing the attention from the various parts to the whole effect." 170. Ac veluti. He compares the labor of the bees in their several departments in concert to that of the Cyclops.... Lentis, i. e. from heating.... ll assis = ferri or metali. 171. JProperanft, for properanter conficiunt, hasten toframe. " Unremitting industry is the point of the comparison."Con.... Tatrin.is follibts, bellows made of bull's hide. 173. Tacu,, the water standing by them..... Imnpositis incuidibsts, with the anvils placed on it, i. e. the mountain.... Aetna was one of the workshops of Vulcan, according to the poets. 174. This verse, in which there are five spondees, has often been quoted as an instance of the effect produced by spondees in a Hexameter line: the poet by their use admirably describes the labor and heaviness of the work. GEORG ICON Lift. IV. Ini nurnerum, versttnt(jlue tenaci for'cipe ferrtim Noni aliter, si parva licet componere magiils, (Cecropiats i n-at us apes arnor worguet habetiidi, Mimuere quaiquqn sno. Grandaevis op)pida curae, Et munire favos, et daedala fingere tecta.. At fessac multareferunt se nocte nfliifoles, Crtira thymo pleiae; pascuumltr ettirbuita passinli Et glaucas salices cifsiainqne crocuirnqute rtibenften Et p'ingnem tiliimn et, ferrugi ieos hyacintbos. Mane runmut portis; nusquitim niora; rursus etasdeni Vesper tibi e pastu tandem tiecedere carui pis Adnmonuit, turn tecta petunt, tur corpora. cutin-it; Fit. sonit~us, rnussan~tque oras et limina; circum. Post, ubi jam thalarnis se composuiere, siletuir In noctern, fessosquie sopor suus ocecu)at a~rtus. Nec vero a stabulis itiivia fimpendente recedmit, Lonigius, ant crednut caelo tadventanitibus Furl-s; Sed circurn _kutae sub rnoenibuis urbis aqutntur, Excursusque brevis temptant, et saepe lapillos, 203 175 180 185 190 175. In nure'ifl"e-t, in regular measuire, har nosly. 178-179. The work of the aged be...... MAniies. (I amque suo, each in the duty as81g ed to It.. 6 ' nd e i.etc., refers to the custom of setting the old men to guard the wvalls while I-he young go out to fight...Oppidar, se. saint. 179. Men~i-e faivos- ( — fabricari, etc.). It is said that the cells containing honey in daily consumption remain open, while those which are stored for winter consumption are closedl with wax.... Daedala, artf~illy contrived. The wings of Daedalus were made of wax. 180-188. The work of the younvrbees.... Ma'elta,noee, late at night. Not true, as bees, like all other animals, hasten home lbefore dark.... Min~ores, sc. natu. 181. (-itra. Bees carry the pollen In a small cavity In the thighs. 182. Casiamt: vid. Edl. HI. 49... Croritm rubentepit. The crocus grew wild in Italy. 183, Tiliama, the lime tree, called pin guem from the gluten on its leaves.... FeP,ifini~eos. It is probable that the various epithets, suave rubesns, purpureu8, etc.. applied to the hyacinth, mean a sort of crimson, the color of human blood. 184. Qities ope)-umt, sc. eel, rest from labors. 186. Vevspeir: the evening star..... E paast a, from feeding. Cf. Georg. I. 381. 189. Tlhalatnis, habitations, i. e. hives..... Siletar ini Ii#sctem,1 they are silent for the night. 190. Sitias. their own, i.e. that to which they are entitled by their industry. 192. Lotoglus. very far.... Civ'duitt cMOO, trust to the sky, i. e. risk the don btful weather, even though the sky be then clear. 194. Lapillos.. tolbuint: a species of bee, which builds against wvalls, constructincr its abode of sand and gravel, when observed in the act of carrying these materials, has laeen erroneously supposed to take up the load as ballast. 204 P'. VIRG>ILII MAJRONIS Ut cymbae instabiles fluctu jactante saburram, 195 Tollunt; his sese per mnania nubila librant. Illum adeo placuisse apibus mirabere morern, Quod neque concubitu. indulgent, nec corpora segnes In \Tenerem solvunt, aut fetus nixibus edurit, Verum ipsae e foijis natos et suavibus herbis 200,Ore legunt, ipsae regem parvosque Quirites Sufficiunt, aulasque et cerea regna refingunt. Saepe etiam duris erra-ndo in cotibus alas Attrivere, ultroque animam sub fasce dederc. Tantus amor florum et generandi gloria mellis. 205 Ergo ipsas quamvis angusti terminus aevi lExcipiat-neque enim plus septuma ducitur aestasAt genus immortale manet, multosque per annos Stat Fortu-na domus, et avi numerantur avorum. Praeterca regem non sic Aegyptos et ingens 210 Lydia, nec populi Parthorum aut Medus Hydaspes Observant. Rege incolumi mens omnibus una est; Amisso rupere fidem, constru otaquc india IDiripuere ipsae et cratis solvere favorum. 197-209. The manner in which they produce their young.... (]oucub'itu: old dative. 199. Niaxibus. This subject is now better understood; more careful observations have proved that the drone and qneeu-bee are the parents of the hive,,and that the queen-bee is the only female in it. Within eight weeks 'she deposits from ten to twelve thousand egygs; and in a year from thirty to forty thougahnd. 200. IFpsae, I. e. without the m ale.... Natos, thseir young. 201. Parvos Quirites. little citizens8. 4"A beautifully playful application of a grave term, designating the citizens of the Roman state, and here the young tenants of the hive."-Anthon. 203-205. These three verses are either -misplaced, or, as is probable, were added by the poet after the work was completed. 204. Sub fasce, under their burden, reather thau part with it. 206. This verse seems to follow closely upon v-.202.... Iss thewelves, individually, as distinguished from genus. 207. _Excipiart, awaits.. Plu Ms (=s plusquam) sep~uitasn, nwe than the seventh, i. c. longer than, etc. It is now the prevalent opinion that bees do not live niore than one or two years. 210-218. On their devotion to their queen.....Sic, so, i. a. to such an extent....Aegylptosq. The Egyptians were celebrated for their loyalty. 211. _Lydia ingenm. This phrase refers especially to the power and greatness of Lydia, unuder King Croesus.... H~ydaspes is one of the rivers of the Panjab, and is called Medus, in a slightly improper sense, as it rises in a mountain of Persia. 212. Observanit, reverence....Rlege inicolumi: this attachment of bees to their queen has been noticed by naturalists, and discussed by moralists in all ages.... Uina, 1. e. the same. 213. Amisso, sc. req..... (!on..satruc(I a refers to the honeycombs rather than to the honey. GE0JIGI('O.N LIII. IV. 205 Ille operum custos', Alium admirantur, et onines Cireun mstant frem itu denso stipantque frequen tes, Et saepe attollunt humeris, et corpora hello Objectant pulchramque pettiut per volnera mortem. His quidam signis a~tque hace exempla secuti Esse apibus partem divinae mentis et haustus Aetherios, dixere; deum namque ire per omnnis Terrasque tractusque maris eaelum que profundurn; line peecides, armenta, viros, genus omnne ferarum, Quemque sibi tenuis nascentem areessere vitas; Seilicet hune reddi deinde tac resoluta referri Omnia, nec morti esse locum, sed viva vohare Sideris in nurnerunm atque alto succedere cacelo. Si quando sedem angustam servataque mella Th esauris rehnies, prius haustu sparsns aqiuarum Ora fove, fumosque mann. praetende sequacis. JBis gravidos cogunt fetus, duo tempora messis: Taygete simul os terris ostendit honestum 215 220 225 -230 216. Denso, continuous.... Freqtientees, in great numb~ers. 219-227. Opinions held by some philosophers, drawn from the nature of bees.... His s ig nis, Judging from these appearances. 220. Partem divinae rnentis,__ec. The hypothesis of an anima mundi, or active principle pervading all nature, a portion of which gives life to every being, and which reverts on the death of that being to its source, was flirst received by the Greeks from Pythagoras, and was afterwards adopted by the Platonists and Stoics. 221. Dixere. Virgil here guards against the inference that he is among the sup. porters of this hypothesis...Deitm,namnque, sc. d.1...... Ire per, pervade. 22. Profundum, high. Cf. Eel. IV. 51. 224. Naseentem, at the time of his birth.... 1Tenui~s, subtle, ethereal. 225. Scilicet, that of.orc..... Hite, into this divine mind... Resolitta, when dissolved. 226. Nec morti esse locuim, i. e. there Is no death; but death so-called is simply a change in the form of life... Viva, living, i. e. the divine part. 227. Sideris inc numerurm, into the p1 ceof astar.... Alto suceedeice cetres is merely a repetition of the same idea. 228-238. Directions for securing the honey.. - -. A snguvtcum. Some editors have augustam, which seems inure in harmony with the previous dlescription in vv. 210 seq. 22.9. Tleesaieris, in their storehouses, is to be taken with servata.... Refines~: a metaphor taken from opening an amphora, closed by pitch.... Prius... fore. This passage is corrIult in the manuscripts and hence has given much trouble. The precept intended to be conveyed is, to cleanse the mouth with water, as bees dislike a tainted breath. The best rendering which can be given is, first, correct your moth, wetting it with a draught of water. 230. Fumcnos: to drive away the bees..... Praetende, hold ot before you. 2-31. Bis, sc. anno.... Grat'idos fetus, the heavy products, i. e. the full combs. 232. Taygqete: a poetic mode of saying, when the Pleiades (of whom Taygete was mne) rise.-...Simunt: for simul ac, as soon, as. The time is about the last of April. 206 P. V1RGILII MA R NIS Plias et Oceani spretos pede reppulit amnis, Ant eadem sidus fugiens ubi Piscis aquosi Tristior hibernas caelo descendit in undas. Illis ira modum siupra est, laesaeque venenum Morsibus inspirant, et spicula caeca relinquunt Adfixae venis, animasque in volnere ponunt. Sin duram metues hiememn parcesque futuro Contunsosque animos et res miserabere fractas: At suffire thymo cerasque recidere inanis Quis dubitet? nam saepe favos ignotus adedit Stellio et lucifugis congesta cubilia blattis Immunisque sedens aliena ad pabula fucuts; Aut asper crabro imparibus se immiscuit armis, Ant dirum, tiniae, genus, aut invisa Minervae Laxos in foribus suspendit aranea cassis. Quo magis exhaustae fuerint, hoc acrius omnes Incumbent generis lapsi sarcire ruinas, Complebuntque foros et floribus horrea texent. Si vero, quoniam castis apibus quoque nostros 235 240 245 250 233. Oceani amnis, the stream of the ocean, which was represented as flowing around the earth.... Spretos pede; alluding to the motion of a person ascending. Spretos is added poetically, as if disdaining the ocean from which it rises. 234. lEadem, sc. Plias.... Sidus Piscis aquosi. The weight of authority explains this as referring to " the Fishes," which is visible the whole of every night during the winter. 236. Illis ira est, i. e. when their honey is taken.... iLaesae, being injured. 238. Adfixae = se affigentes.... Animasque in volnere ponutut. Bees were supposed to die when they lost their stings. 239-250. He recommends precautions against vermin during the winter.... Metues, i. e. lest the bees may not have enough left for themselves.... Parces futuro, will be considerate for their future. 244. Immunis, idle.... Aliena, of others. 245. Imparibus armis, i. e. battles with the bees which are not able to cope with a hornet.... Itiiiseuit se, sc. apibus. 248. Quo nagis, etc., the more, etc. These words teach the farmer not to leave too much honey, lest the bees should become idle.... Hoc acrius, the more actively. 249. Generis lapsi sar'eire rmtina.s; this metaphor, as also that above. res fractas, is taken from a state. 250. Foros; this term, applied to partitions, in the hold of a vessel, and to those in the theatres answering to our boxes, is transferred to the cells in a honeycomb.... lorrea, the comb, because honey is stored in them, as it were in barns.... Floribus, i. e. from the juice and pollen gathered from flowers. 251-280. On the diseases of bees and their remedies. These verses (253-264), which describe the symptoms by which the sickness of bees may be known, are parenthetical. G EORPi G I CON LIB.- I 207 207 Vita tulit, tristi langtiebunt corpora niorboQunod Jam. non dubis poteris cognoscere signis: Contiii [10 est aegris alius color; horrida voltum. Deformat macies; turn corpora luce caicntum. Exportant tectis et tristia funera ducunt; Ant iliac pedibus coimexac ad limina pendent, Ant intus clansis cunctantur in aedibus. omnes Ignavaeque fame~ et contracto frigore pigrac. rfum sonus auditur gravior, tractimque susurrant, Frigidus ut quondam silvs immurmurat Auster; Ut mare sollicitum. stridit refluentibus undis Aestuat ut clausis rapidus foruacibus igfnis. Hii jam galbaneos suadebo hicendere odores, IMiclaque arund ineis inferre canalibus, ul tro Hortantem. ct fesslas ad pabula nota vocatitem. Proderit, et tunsum. gallae admiscere saporemn Arentisque rosas, ant igul. pinguiaf nmulto Defruta, vel Psithia passos de vite racemios Cecropiumque thymum. et grave olentia centaurea. Est etiam fibs in pratis, cuii nomen amello Fecere agTricolae, fa cilis quaerentibus herba; Nanique uno ingentein tollt de caespite silvamn, 255 260 265 270 252. Cor-pora,: nominative. 25~3. Jam~, now, i. e. whleni the disease has made some progress. 2535. Corpora, sc.eorum.... Care ntitmi car~ntium. 257. Pedibhus coninexae, linked together by their feet. 259. Contracto frigore pigrae, sluggish with contracted cold, i. e. slu,,.ish because contracted with cold. 260. G$ravior, a deepe.... Tr-actimtqice msusurrant, and make a prolonged drawling hum. 263. Clautsis- accounts for the sound..... Rarpidus, devouring. 264. Ile = tum, i.ec. at this stage of the disease. 265. Arundineis intferrie can-alibits may mean either to convey (to the hives) by troughs made of reeds, or to introduce -into troughs.... Ultro: the bees are not Imerely allowed to drink, but are invited, without any overture made on their part. -COn. 266. -Fessas., sick-, diseased. 267. Tuansttm,, ground.... Gallae sa_1opreut gallamD. "Thle gall is an excrescence, or nest of anl insect, formed upon oaks in Italy." 268. 1yni mulIto, with a long-continued fire. 269. Defrueta, wine boiled down to half its quantity. Cf.Georg.I. 295.... Passos 'i)i(cefl0, i. e. raisints. 270. Ceitaureca. Centaur-y was so called f rom the Centaur Chiron, who, by its application, healed a wound inflicted accidentally by one of the arrows of Hercules. 273. Ilugentem silvaint, numerous 8t(Zlk8.... De Ceaspite, root, with fibres so thickly matted together, as to form a kind of turf. 208 208 P. VIJIGILII MAR ONIS Auretis ipse, sed in foijis, quae plurima circum Funduntur., violae sublucet purpura nigrae; Saepe deum nexis ornatae torquibs arae; Asper in ore sapor; tonsis in vallibus ilium. Pastores et curva legunt prope fiuminoa Mellae. ilujus odorato radices ineoque Baccho, Pabulaque in foribus plenis adpone canistris. Sed si quem proles subito defecerit omnis, Nec, genus nude novae stirpis revocetur, habebit, Tempus et Arcadii memoranda inventa magistri Pandere, quoque modo caesis jam saepe juvencis Insincerus apes tulerit cruor. Altius omnem Expediam prima repetens ab origin'e famam. Nara qua Pellaei gens fortunata Canopi Accolit effuso stagnantem flumine iNilum Et circumn pictis vehitur sua ruira phaselis, Quaque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urguet, Et diversa iuncs septem discurrit in ora Et viridem Aegyptum nigra fecundat arena 275' 280 285, 290, 274. Ip)se sometimes designates the whole, or the greater part, as distinguished from the less. The main part of the flower is yellow, hut the leaves or petals (foltis) are tinged with purple. 280. Pabutla, the food, thus prepared..... 1Plenisq modifies svinistris. 281-314. On the artificial production of bees. Quem, indef., any one. 282. Genics ntovae stitrpis, the 8tock of a new family; apparently pleonastic, as either novum genus or nova 8tirps might have expressed the meaning. 283. Tempues, sc. est.... Areadlii afliistri, i. a. Aristaeus. It is evideut that this supposed discovery is founded upon a popular error. 284. Quoque modo = et quomodo.. Jam -saepe modifies tulerit, produced. 285. Insi~ueerus.-, corrpted, putrid...A Witis,from ancient times. 286. -Expediam, IwWl unfold.... Repetens-, retracing.... Fatnam, story. 287-292. These verses are a periphrasis for Egypt.... Pellaei. Pella was the metropolis of Macedonia, and was the birth place hoth of Philip and of Alexander.... Glens fortun~ata: the epithet is applied to the people on accotint of the productiveness of their country.... Cantopi. Cano. pus was a city in Egypt, which gave its name to one of the most considerable mouths of the Nile, and the epithet Pdlaean points to the conquest of the country hy the Macedonians arid the foundation of' the neighboring city of Alexandria. 289. Ph7aselis; the smallI boats, in. which the inhabitants of Lower Egypt traverse their fields, during the periodical inundations of the Nile. 2.90-2193. Martyn takes the whole passage to be a description of the Delta. or Lower Etrypt; Canopus is the western angle of that triangular region, Pelusium. is the eastern angle, being nearest to Persia, and the southern angle is where the Nile is divided. By Persia the poet must be understood to mean, not Persia strictly so called, but the Persian empire, which had been extended to the confines of Egypt..... Urgutet, presses on.... Ruens, pouring along.... Disecurrit, divides. GEOR GIGO N LIB.- iF.20 C)(9 Usque coloratis am-nis devexus ab Indis, Omnis in hac certain regio jacit arte salutem. Exiguus primurn atque ipsos contractus ad usus 295 Eligitur locus; hunc angustique imbrice tect~i Parietibusque premunt artis, et quattuor addunt, Quattuor a ventis, obliqua itice fenestras. Turn vitulus bima curvans jam cornua fronte Quaeritur; hiuic geminae miares et. spiritus oris 300 Multa reluctanti obstruitur, plagisque perempto Tunsa per integram solvuntur viscera pellem. Sic positum in clauso linquut, et ramea costis Subjiciunt fragmenta, thymum casiasque recentis. Hoc geritur, Zephyris prirnum inipellentibus uindas, 305 Ante novis rubeant quam prata coloribus, ante Garrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirUndo. Interea teneris tepefactus in ossibus humor Aestuat, et visenda modis animalia miris, Trunca pedum prirno, mox et stridentia pennis, 310 Miscentur, tenucmque magis magis aera carpunt, Donec, ut aestivis effusus nubibuis imber, Eruipere, ant, ut, nervo pulsante, sagitt~ae, 294. Jacit salutern, places i18 hope of safety.... Arte, art, i. e. of producing bees. 295. ipsos contdractus ad us~its, narrowed for this very pupose. 296. IIupte, sc. laum....Imbirice tecti, 1. e. tectum. imbrice modo curvaturn. 2.97. Prentuitt, indlose.....4rtis, narrow, confined. 298. A4, toward.... Obliqua; so as not to admit too much air or light. 300. Iluic: dat. of disadvantage.... Sp~iritus oris, I. e. os. This is done that no breath may escape. 301. Perempto, se. ei. After preventing the beast from breathing, they beat him to death, for the purpose of softening the flesh and bones, so as to hasten decomposition. 302. Integram; they are cautious to keep the hide sound.... Viscera: all that is enclosed within the skin. 303. In, clauiso, sc. loow... Ramea fragmtenta = ramorum fragmenta. 305. -Hoc geritur, this is don.... Zephslris. This, accordliug to Pliny, is about the 8th of February. 307. 77#gais, beaet. Ilirundo. "The swallow, the proverbial harbinger of spring, visits Italy about the 20th or 23(1 of February." 308. Tecneris probably refers to the pounding which the bones have undergone. 309. Aestunit,fernments.... 2lfodlis uirs'. qualifies ataimalia, as if it had been mire.-con. 310. Trunca~ PedUm", withoutfeet. 311. Miscenttur, swarm... Aera car.. p tthey fly through; used like viam. carpere. 313. Pulsantte, qdverlng.... Sagittae,., sc. erumpunt. 210 P. VIRG 6ILII MAR ONIS Prima leves ineunt si quando proelia Parthi. Quis dens bane, Musae, quis nobis extudit arteni? 315 Unde nova ingressus hominum experientia cepit? Pastor Aristaeus fugiens Peneia Tempe, Amissis, ut fama, apibus morboque, fameque, Tristis ad extremi sacrum. capnt adstitit artinis, Malta quereiis, atque Ihac adfatus voce parentem: 320 "1Mater, Cyrene mater, quae gurgitis hujus lIna ten es, quid me praeclara stirpe deorumSi modo, quem perhibes, pater est Thymbr-aeus ApolloInvisum, fatis gennisti? ant quo tibi nDostri Pulsus amor? quid me eaelum sperare jubebas? 325 Eni etiam hune ipsum. vitae mortalis honorem, Quem. mihi vix fruguin et peendtim cnstodia sollers Onimia temptanti extuderat, te matre, relinquo. Quin age, et ipsa manni feiceis erue silvas, Fer stabulis luimicum ignem. atque interfice messis, 330 'Ure sata, et validam in vitis molire bipennem-, T-anta meae si te eeperunt taedia landis." At mater souitnm thalamo sub flnminis alti Sensit. Eam eireum Milesia vellera Nymphae Carpebant, hyali saturo fucata colore, 335 314. Prima = primo.... Leves, i. e. light armed.... Plar thi. The reference here is to the showers of arrows with,which they begin the battle. 315-558. The origin of this art of producing bees is now detailed..()er is, dlets, qutis, se. deU.... E~rtudit, in. vented; a metaphor taken from fashioning with a hammer. 316. luqe iessus cepit, takes its rise. 317. Ai'istaeus,9 a rural god, worshiped in Arcadia, Thessaly, and Boeotia, was the son of Aponlo and Cyrene.... Fit-. qiens; he fled from Tempe, at the mouth of the river, where he usually dwelt and soug~ht its Source. 319. Ex~trerni amnis, of the remotest part of the river, as is shown by caput fons.... Amnis, i. e. Peneus. 320. Adfatus, se. est. 321. Cyrenze was the daughter, or granddaughter, of Peneus, the river-god..... (.urgiti8, spring. 325. Pulsus, sc. st..... Antor tibi flostri, your lovefor me. 326. Iluncipsum leoniioremj,,this very crown of my mortality, refers to his reputation for success in husbandry..327. The order is: quem sollers custodia frugumn et pecudum vix (= multo cum labore) extuderat mnihi temptanti omnnia. 328. _Te' matre, although yo are my mother: the language of reproachful surprise. 32. Ipsqa, thine own.... Felicis sitvas, i. e. plantations of fruit trees. 331. Sata refers to young trees set out f or the support of the vines.... Ripeisn)IeM, SC. 8eCUrlM. 335. Ilyali colore, a sea green, or glass color. G E R GICO LIB. I ' 211 Drymoque, Xanthoque, Ligeaque, Phyllodoceque, Caesariem effusae nitidam per candida colla, [Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cytnodoceque,] Cydippeque et flava Lycorias, altera virgo, Altera turn primeos Lucinae experta labores, Clioque et Beroe soror, Oceaniitides ambae, Ambae auro, pictis inc'inctae pellil)us ambae, Atque B1hyre, atque Opis, et Asia Deiopea, Et tandem positis velox Aretliusa sagittis. Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem Volcani, Martis(que dolos et duleia furta, Aque Ch(ao densos divom numerabat amores. Carmine quo captae dum fusis nollia pensa Devolvunt, iterum maternas impulit atris Luctus Aristaei, vitreisqie sedilibus omnes Obstipuere; sed ante alias Areticusa sorores Prospiciens summa flavurn caput extulit unda, Et procuil: " 0 gemitu non frustra exterrita tanto, Cyrene soror, ipse tibi, tua maxunia cura, Tristis Aristaeus Penei genitoris ad undam Stat lacrimans, et te crudelem nomine dicit." Huic percussa nova mentem formidine mater, " Due, age, duc ad nos; fas illi limina divom Tangere," ait. Simul alta jubet discedere late 340 345 350 355. 336. We have here a list of names, all of them derived from the Greek. 337. Effietsne, letting fall. 338. This verse is probably spurious and is omitted from many manuscripts. It occurs again in Aen. V. 826. 342. A inbae, sc. inlcinctUe. These ocean nymphs, admitted by Diana among her train, had, as became huntresses, dresses of spotted skins, and a girdle of gold. 343. Ephy/re. Vid. Metrical Index.... Asia. The tract of land in Lydia. Cf. Georg. I. 383. 345. (uranm Joleani; the care of Vulcan in guarding his wife Venus from the intrigues of Mars. The custom of singing during spinning or weaving is as old as the Odyssey. 347. Aque Chao = et a Chao, from (the end of) Chaos, i. e. from the very earliest times. 348. 1'usis. The fusus or spindle was about twelve inches long...... Afollia pensa, their soft tasks, i. e. the wool. 353. Et procitl, and from afar, gives an idea of the distance of the abode of Cyrene from the surface of the river.... (~;, nitu, lamentation. 354. Tibi goes with stat. Some take it as ethical dative. 355. Peuei; a dissyllable.... Genito\ris sc. tui. 356. Cr0udelem. Aristaeus' cry is supposed to be crudelis mater Cyrene, the substance of which he has already said. 357. Hitic, i. e. to Arethusa.... Nova, unusual, i. e. to a goddess.... Aleetevu: accus. of spec. C g, 2 1 2., 21 P'. VIRGILII AJfA ONJS Flumina, qua juvenis gressus inferret. At illum. Curvata in montis faciem. eircumstetit unda Accepitque sinlu vasto misitque sub amnem. Jamque domum mirans genetricis et humida regna Speluncisque lacus clausos lucosque sonantis Ibat, et ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum, Omnia sub magna labentia flumina terra Spectabat diversa locis, Phasimque, Lycumque, Et caput, unde altus primum, se erumpit Enipeus, Unde pater Tiberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta, Saxosuisque sonans ilypanis, Mysusque Calicus, Et gemina auratus tatlrino cornua voltu Eridanus, quo non alius per pingiiia culta In nmare piirpureum. violentior effluit amnis. Postquam est in thalami pendentia pumice tecta Perventum., et nati fletus cognovit inanis Cyreuc, manibus liquidos dant ordine fontis Germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis; Pars epulis onerant ruensas, et, plena reponuut Pocula; Panclhaeis adolescunt ignibus arae; 360. 365 370: 375~ 861. Curvata. He represents the river as parting its waters and forming an arched passage, along wvhich Aristaeus went down into the subterranean regions in which all the rivers of the earth had their origin. 362. Aec(pitqtte... misif~qu#e; while we are entering a place, it is said accipere sto8; while we are passing through it, mittere. 364. Sp~eluncisque lamus clansos. These ports closed in with caves seem to he the sources of the rivers which Plato ssupposed to he in a great cavern which irasses through all the earth.... Lucos. This refers to trees supposed to he o h banks of the rivers, while they purrsue their courses underneath the ground.... Sonantis, i. e. re-echoing the murmur of the waters. 365. Ibat, went along. 367. -Flumina dliversa loci.9, for diversis locks....Phasi~m: a river of Cotchis.... Lyetim: of Pontus. 368. Ciapitt = fons....Enipens: a river of Thessaly, flowing into the Peneus. 369. A.nien~a fluenta. The Anio emptied into the Tiber a short distance ahove Rome. 370. Saxosus sonans, i. e. roaring because it ran over rocks.... Hypanis, a river of Sarmatia, flowing into the Black Sea.... Caicus. This river is not fully identified. 371. Tautrino cor-nua vultit: descriptive ablative with ~Eridanus. 372. Qu~o uon aliias. This is not the chiaracter of the Po at the present day, its velocity being diminished perhaps, in consequence of the elevation of its bed. 374. Plendentia pumnice, i. e. whose roof was pumice stone. 375. -Inanis, occasioned by a slight cause. 376. r(h-ine, in the course of their duty,. as distinguished from the others who spread the table..... Foutis = aquam. 1377. Tottsis nillis, with the nap shorn smoth; hence better fitted for use. 379. I'uuchuteis: vid. Georg. II. 139-. GEOR GICON LIB. 1 V. 213 Et mater, " Cape Maeonii carchesia Bacchi: 380 Oceano libemus," ait. Simul ipsa precatur Oceanumque patrem rerum Nymphasque sorores, Centum quae silvas, centum quae flumina servant. Ter liquido ardentem perfudit nectare Vestam, Ter flamma ad summum tecti subjecta reluxit. 385 Omine quo firmans animum sic incipit ipsa: "Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates Caerulcus Proteus, magnum qui piscibus aequor Et juncto bipedum curru metitur equorum. Ilic nunc Emathiae portus patriamque revisit 390 Pallenen; hune et Nymphae veneramur et ipse Grandaevus Nereus; novit namque omnia vttes, Quae sint, quae fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur. Quippe ita Neptuno visum est, immaiia cujus Armenta ct turpis pascit sub gurgite phocas. 395 Hic tibi, nate, prius vinclis capiendus, ut omniem Expediat morbi caussam, eventusque secundet. Namn sine vi non ulla dabit praecepta, neque illum Orando flectes; vim duram et vincula capto Tende; doli circum haec demum frangentur inanes. 400 Ipsa ego te, medios cum sol accenderit aestus,.... Adolescunt. This was part of a solemn banquet. 380. MaleoLnii, i. e. Lydian, which is put for the best quality. 381. Oceanvus is first invoked as the parent of rivers and fountains. 382. Pt'trne? rcerurn implies that water is the primary element of all things. 383. Centumtn is here used, as often, for any large indefinite number. 384. Vestanm = ignem. 3S5. Subljecta: in a middle sense, for subjiciens se, rising. 386. Onmine qzto: namely, that the flame three times shot up to the roof.... A1 it.nurn, i. e. his mind. -3.87. Carpathio: that part of the Mediterranean which washes the shores of Egypt. 388. Proteus was the son of Oceanus and Tethys....Piscibus et eulrwi bipeduzn cquorum juncto, is here put by hendiadys for curru piscibus et equis bipedibus juncto; sea horses were supposed to be half horse and half fish, and therefore bipedes.... MVet it r, travels over. 390. Emathiae. Emathia was an ancient name of Macedonia. 391. Pallerean. Pallene was a promontory in Macedonia. Virgil here follows a legend not now known. 394. ITrnnanit a'))rnelfta, monstrous herds, i. e. sea monsters. 395. Turpis, huge and ugly, unsightly. 397. Expediat.. eventRsqlt secundet, that he may explain the cause of this malady, and point out the means of cure. 399. Vim capto (sc. ei) tende = vim adhibe.... Vincula tende -= vincula injice, employ sturdy force. and put chains on him when caught. Some prefer vir et vincula to equal vim vinulorum. 400. CircuiI, haec, i. e. vim ct vincula. 214 214 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Cum sitiunt herbae, et pecori jam gratior umbra est, In secreta senis ducam, quo fessus, ab undis Se recipit, facile ut somno agagrediare jacentern. Verum ubi correptum manibus vinclisq uc tenebis, 405 Turn variae eludent species atque ora ferarum. Fiet enim subito sus horridus, atraque tigris, Squamosusque draco, et fulva cervice lcaecna; AuLt acrem flammae sonitum dabit, atque ita vinelis Excidet, aut in aquas tenuis dilapsuts abibit. 410 Sed quanto ille rnagis form as se vertet in omnis, Tanto, nate, magis contende tenacia vincla, Donec talis erit mutato corpore, quidlem. Videris, incepto tegeret cum lumina somino." Hac ait, et liquidum ambrosiae diffundit odorem', 415 Quo totuim nati corpus perduxit; at illi IDulcis compositis spiravit erinibus aura, Atque habilis, membris venit vigor. Est specus ingens Exesi latere in montis, quto Iplurilna vento Cogitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos, 420 Deprensis olim statio tutissima naUtiSIntus se vasti Proteus tegi t objice saxi. fie juvenem in latebris aversum a lumine Nympha Collocat; ipsa procul nebulis obscuira resistit. Jam rapidus torrens, sitientis Sirius Jndos 42,5 402. (urn sitiuent herbue et (cum).. umbra est is used to define and explain mnedios cum... aestUs. 406. -Eludent, se. te, will baffle you, for he will assume various material forms. 409. Atit acreven, fib rnmu(f sonititiii dabit, i. e. he will turn himself into a flame. 410. E~rcidet, slip out of, e&ccape frm....Att in aua teltsis (harpsils abibit, i. e. he will turn himself into water. 411. Quanto magis...tau#to magis, the more... the more. 412. (Joutende, draw tight....rea cia, griping. 414. Tegeret cum lumina som-no, I. e. when he first closed his eyes in sleep. 415. Liquidnam odorern = odoratum liquorem. -The ohject of the. ambrosia was to give him strength necessary for- the aehievemetit before him. 4116. Pes'-duxit, an oitied. A. 225, (I (G. 318; HI. 384, II. 2.... 111i is governed hy s)lkrai't. 41?. Comnpositis, arranged in otier..... Duleis aura, a sweet scent. 418. Ilabiliv vigor vigor qul reddlit liahilem. 419. The idea of the poet seems to he a sheltered hay, with a cave at the head of it.... Quo refers to specus. 422. (bfjice awxi. Protens retires behind the rock in the entrance of the cave, that he may sleep undisturbed. 423. Areersuu. a mmmcnite, so that the light did not shine upon him. 425. Ilapidus: vid. Eel. IL. 10.... Si GEOR GIC ON LIB. IV.21 215 Ardebat caelo, et miediuim sol igneus, orbem Hauserat; arebant herbae, et cava flumina siccis Faucibus lad lirnum radii tepefacta coquebant: Cum Proteus COnsueta petens e fiuctibus antra, Ilbat; earn vasti circum gens bumida ponti 430 Exsultans rorem. late di1spergit anmarum. Sternant se somno diversac in litore p)Iocae; Ipse, velut stabuli custos in montibus olim, Vesper nbi e pastu vitulos ad teefa red ucit Auditisque 1upos acaunt balatibus agni, 435 Consi dit scopo lo mcedi us, nuumerumqu lie ecenset. Cujus Aristaco qaoniam- est oblata facultats, VTjx defessa seneiin passus componere mem bra, Cum clamnore ruit miag-no, rnanicisque jacentem. Oceupat. Mhe suac contra non immemor artis 440 On-ini~a transforniat sese in miracula rerum, Ignemique, borribilemcque fceram, flaviurnque liquentem. Verara ubi nulla fugam. repenit fallacia, victus In sese redit,. atque hominis tandem ore locutus: "1Nam quis te, juventim confidentissime, nostras 445 Jussit adire domos? quiidve hine petis? " inquit. At ille: "Seis, Proten, seis ipse; neque est te fallete quiequam; Sedi tu tiesine velle. Deam praecepht seceti tietitis Indos8, the parched Indians, is here put for those living in southern latitudes generally, and is governed by twivm-eis.... Sbirius, the dog-star, expresses the time of the year, the hottest period, when it rises, about the end of July. 4-27. Ha(useraf, sc. cursu.... Sieciv [niti(ibUS = alveis. 428. Ad limus(it tepefircta, war ed down to the mud. 431. Ro-ern amna runs, )ithe bittersvpray. Roe is applied to any liquid. Here it is sea-water. 432. Somnno is dative, foe. the purpose of sleep.... D)Iversae= diversis locis, sceattered here and there. 433. Ipse, i. e. Proteus...O1i #i. sonzetimies. 435. Autditis balatihuts, because their bleat ings are heard: Wh. abs. 437. Cujus freultas, the opportunity of (seizing) shom, I. e. Proteus. 440. Occupat denotes the celerity with which he does it. 441. In miraeula ives,-un =: in miras res, into wonderfut shapes. 443. -Fiqagau, mean of ecape.... Fallarcia: some have pellacia, implying wheedling aud coaxing. 414. Inse rem = in suam formam. 445. _Yam, q1uis quisnam. 447. Neque ret fatlePre qu#,iequan#,, fior neither is it posible to deceive you in anything, cease therefore to wish (to deceive me). 448. Thes e velle, sc. faltere m, if the comimon interpretation is followed... De)rmn. liegives no particulars. .216 P. VIRGIL11MARONVIS Xfenimus, hinc lapsis quaesitumn oracula rebus." Tantum effatus. Ad h-aec vates vi denique multa 450 Ardentis OCUlOS intorsit lumine glauco, lEt graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit: " Non te nullius exercent numinis irae; Magna luis commissa: tibi has miserabilis Orpheus Haud quaquarn ob meritum poenas, ni Fata resistant, 455 Suscitat, et rapta graviter pro conjuge saevit. 1ila quideni, dum te fugeret per flumina praeceps., Irnmanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella Servantem ripas alta non vidit in herba. At chorus aequalis Dryadum clamore supremos 460 Implerunt niontis; flerunt Rhodopeiae arces, Altaque Pangaea, et Rhesi Mavortia tellus, Atque Getae, atque Hebrus, et Actias Orithyia. Ipse, cava solans aegrum testudine amorem, Te, dtilcis conjunx, te solo in litore secum, 465 Te veniente die, te decedente canebat. Taenarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis, Et caligantem nigra formidine lucum 44.9. Lapsis rebus, for our ruined affair8, referring to the loss of his hees. 450. JMJulta vi, with great effort, refers to the strong inspiration under which Proteus speaks. 451. Luynine glauco. An azure color Is usually assigned to sea deities. 452. Fatis = ad fata edenda. 453. Non nullius numlinis, of sonme divinity. 454. Orpheus was a famous poet and musician of the tines before Homer.... Orpheus haud quaqiiam mniscrabilis obnmeritam suscitat has poenas tibi, I. e. he had done nothing to merit such misery, and still instigates your punishment. 456. Rapta, snatched from him by death. 457. lila puefla. Her name is given In v, 486.... Dum fugeret, while she was trying to escape. 460. Choruts aequalis Dryaduns chorus aequallum Dryadum. 481. Rhodopeiae: vid. Ecl. VI. 30. This and the following names represent Thrace as mourning for Enrydice. 462. Pangaea: a mountain in Thrace, between the Strymon and the Nestus.... Ithesi. He was king of Thrace. 463. Getae: a peop~le bordering on Thrace.... Hfebrus was a river of Thrace, on whose bank Eurydice died.... Orithyia was the daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens (whence she is called Actia8, Acte being the poetic name for Attica). She was carried off by Boreas, and became one of the Thracian nymphs. 484. I1pse, i. e. Orpheus.... Cava testudine. This name is given to the lyre, as the ancient lyres were really made of tortoise shells. 465. Observe the emphatic repetition of te..... Secum, by himeelf. 487. Taenarias. One of the entrances to the infernal regions was said to be by the Promontorium Taenarium, in the south of Laconia. 468. Nigra formidine, I. e. with fearful darkness....- Lucum, the grove in which was the abode of the spirits. G~EORGICON LIB. IV.21 9 11. i Ingressus, Manisque adiit iRegemque trernendum, Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda. 41~ 0 At cantu. commotae Erebi de sedibus imis Umbrae ibant tenues sirnulaeraque luce earentum, Quam multa in foliis aviurn- so milia condunt, Vesper ubi aut hilbernus agit (le montibus imber, Matres atque viri, defunetaque corpora vita 475 Magnanirnum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae, Impositique rogis jui-enes ante ora parentum-; Quos circum. limus niger et deformis arundo Cocyti tardaque pains inamabilis unda Alligat, et nov~iens Styx interfusa coercet. 480 Quin ipsae stupuere domus atque intiirna Leti Tartara eaerulkosqune implexac crinibu s an guis Eumenides, tennitque inbians tria Cerberus ora, Atque 1xionii vento rota constitit orbis. Jamque pedem. referens casus evaserat omnis, 485 Redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras, Pone sequens,-inamque bane dederat Proserpi na legeinGum subi ta i neautunin dementia cepit aman tern, Ignosce ndla quidern, seirent si ignoseere Manes: Restitit, Eurydicenque snarn, jam luce sub ipsa, 490 Immem or, -leu! v'ietusque anlirni respexit. Ibi omnis Effusus labor, atque immitis ruipta tyranni 470. Preejbts: ahi. of camlc. 472. Ibaistt sc. ad eum. Teuttes, subtile. 473. The order is: (tam multa) quam multa millia aviumi (quae) condant se in fouls, etc. 474. Ilibernuts, stormy,.. Arit, sc. eas. 478. Cireurn with culligat, holds In ons all sides. 480. Intterfusa, flowing between, because, flowing nine times round the region it is supposed to enclose parts of it between each fold.-Coll. 481. Int~ima Leti~ Tarrtatsa, 1. e. the depths of Tartarns where Death dwells-. It is explanatory of domtus. 483. Cerberus, a dog with three heads, guarded the entrance. 484. J'ento: ahi. of cause. Onl the appearance of Orpheus the surprilse 80(1 the effect of his music was snch as to produce a momentary cessation of the puinis~hmen~ts inflicted on the damned. The wind is charmned to rest by Orpheus' music, and' its rest is made the cause of the wheels standing still. 487. Hanc legem, viz., that Eurydlice should follow him. and that he, shooke not look back upon her until they reaiched upper earth. All this must be collected fr-om the context. 4901. Jtam laice sub ip-sa, now on the. tory verge of light. 491. Vichts antimi, for victus aninio, is borrowed from the Greek. A. 218, c, Ri; G. 374, R. 3; Hi. 399, MI. I. 4902. Fiffusus, sc. est, was thrown away. 218 P. VIR G IL I M AR O NIS Foedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis. Illa, ' Quis et me,' inquit, ' miseram, et te perdidit, Orpheu, Quis tantus furor? En iterum crudelia retro 495 Fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus. Jamque vale: feror ingenti circumdata nocte, Invalidasque tibi tendens, heu non tua, palmas!' Dixit, et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras Commixtus tenuis, fugit diversa, neque illum, 500 Prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentem Dicere, praeterea vidit; nec portitor Orci Amplius objectam passus transire paludem. Quid faceret? quo se rapta bis conjuge ferret? Quo fletu Manis, qua Numina voce moveret? 505 Illa quidem Stygia nabat jam frigida cymba. Septem illum totos perhibent ex ordine menses PVpe sub aeria deserti ad Strymonis undam Flevisse, et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antris, Mulcentem tigris et agentem carmine quercus; 510 Qualis populea maerens philomela sub umbra Amissos quceritur fetus, quos durus arator Observans nido implumis detraxit; at ilia Flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen Integrat, et maestis late loca questibus implet. 515 Nulla Venus, non ulli animum flexere hymenaei. Solus Hvperboreas glacies Tanaimque nivalem Arvaque Rhipaeis numqnam viduata pruinis 493. Foederaf the cot;dition referred to In v. 487. 495. Furor, infatuation. 496. Natantia. The same epithet is applied to the eyes of one dying. 499. -Funmus. sc.fugiP. 500. C(onixtuts, sc. aura..... Diversfa, in an opposite direction. 501. Pren.sin tem iutbrt.'as: with the hope of embracing his wife. 502. Portitor Orci. i e. Charon. 503. Passus, se. est ilium.. Tra.sire, sc. eum, i. e. Orphea.... P'alfdl'n;: the Styx. 505. Manis: the lower world in geneial.... sin it(ft the divinities of the lower world. 506. J iam, i. e. while Orpheus is thus distracted. 507. Ex ordinee, in succession. 508. Ripe sub aeria, i. e. in some cave beneath a high mountain. 509. Haec, io e. his misfortunes. 514. Flet ioctemn, laments the whole night long. 515. Integrat, repeats again and again. 517. Tanaimn, the Don, a river of Sarmatia. 518. Bit ipateis: Vid. Georg. I. 240.... G EORGICON LIB. IIV. 219 Lustrabat, raptam Eurydicen atque inrita Ditis Dona querens; spretae Ciconum quo munere matres 520 Inter sacra deum nocturnique orgia Bacchi Discerptum latos juvenern sparsere per agros. Turn quoque marmorea caput a cervice revolsum Gurgite cum meedio portans Oeagrius Hebrus Volveret, Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua, 525 Alh miseram Eurydicen! anima fugiente vocabat; Eurydicen toto referebailt fluminie ripae." liaec Proteus, et se jactu dedit aequor in altum, Quaque dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit. At non Cyrene; namque ultro affata timentem: 530 "Nate, licet tristis animo deponere curas. Haec oinnis morbi caussa; liiic miserabile Nymphae, Cum quibus illa chores lucis agitabat in altis, Exitiunm misere apibus. Tu munera supplex Tende, petens pacem, et facilis venerare Napaeas; 535 Namque dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent. Sed, modus orandi qui sit, prils ordine dicalm. Quattuor cximios praestan ti corpore tauros, Qui tibi nune viridis depascunt summa Lycaei, Delige, et intacta totidem cervice juvencas. 540 Vumqeqttwf vidluata, i.e. never free from. 520. Quo munere, by which fidelity efald love.... Spretfe, being slighted, i. e. feeling so. 521. Nocturni, celebrated by night. 523. Trunt qutoque, i. e. although torn in pieces.... rm wortea, white as marble; used of any beautiful thing. 524. The liebr)is is called Ocagrius, from Oeager, father of Orpheus, and formerly king of Thrace. 525. Vox ipst, the mere voice, as if it were a separate organ, like the tongue.Con. 526. Antinez f rgiente, i. c. with the last gasp of his departing life. 528. Proteus, sc. dixit. 529. Quaque dedit, and where he plunged... Vertice; not his head, but the eddy caused by the plunging in of a heavy body. 530. At non Cyrene, sc. relhquit.... Ultro; i. e. without waiting to be ad dressed... Affata, sc. est.... Tilnenten agrees with eum understood referring to Aristaeus. 531. Cyrene now tells him how to recover his bees, Proteus having related the cause only.... l icet, sc. tibi. 533. Illa, sc. Eurydice. 535. Facilis, easily appeased.... Napaeas. The Napaeae were nymphs of the grove. 536. 'otis = tibi prccanti. 538. Eri)lios: the appropriate term for cattle " selected " for sacrifice.... Corpoire: ablative of characteristic. 539.,Lycf.ei: a mountain in Arcadia, where Lyaeus had herds. 540. Itacta, sc. jugo. 9a(l A"Qv 220 P. FIR GIL11 MAR ONIS Quattuior his aras alta ad delubra dearurn Constitue, et sacrurn jugulis demitte ernorem, Corporaque ipsa bourn frondoso desere luco. Post,. ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus, Inferias Orphei Lethaea papavera rnittes, 545 Et nigram mactabis ovem, lucurnque re-vises; Placatarn Euryd icen -vi tula ven erabere caesa." Hanid mora; con tinuo matris praecepta facessit; Ad delubra venit, monstratas excitat aras., Q uattuuor exirnios praestanti corpore tauros 550 Ducit, et intacta totidem cervice juvencas. Post, YilKtnona 'sros Aurora nd uxerat ort us, Inferias Or -ii mittit, luctnrnque revisit. Hie vero sulit~um ae dicta mirabile monstrum Aspiciunt, liquefacta bourn per viscera toto 555 a Stiridere apes utero et ruptis effervere costis, Immensasque trahi nubes, jarnque arbore summa Coiifluere et lentis uivarn demittere iarnis. Ilaec super arvorum cultu peeoruinque canebam Et super arboribus, Caesar durn mngnus ad alturn 560 Fuirnin at- Euphraten bello, victorqu e volentis 541. Deai-'um, nymphariom. form of the verb. Note the shortened.542. Joqult~ls dCeinitt- evoeri e. penults, and see Georg. I. 4563. -cause the blood to flow from their throats. 557. NYubes, sc. avium, swarms of WeS. 545. lItei6as, as funeral offerings;.... Ar-bore, sc. in. appos. with papaveia.... 0()rpIhei is the 555. Conflnter)e, to settle.... Len is is Greek dative.... Lethiguea', a derivative of used proleptlcally... Ue'vans, demiitte(-,!-, Lethe, the river of forgetfulness. i. e. hangine- down like a cluster of grape(s. 547. 1'lacatasn E~ue)ydiceits ventera- t559. Epilogue in conclusion of the p)00m beore, i. e. you will worship so as to ap- (559-566). This summary of the contents, pease her-placatam Is used proleptic- of the Georgics is more rapid and less ally. exact than that with which the poein 545. Facess-it, executes quickly. opens. Bees are omitted altogyether, as; 549. Montr.thatas; by his mother..., the poet doubtless felt that his reader was1. Excitat = erigit. not likely to forget them.-Con... 11(i cc, 554. Moiistrum = res monstrosa, a se. carmina, i. e. the Georgijcs.... Pecoprodigy. us.Somec think bees are included itt 555. Aspiciunzt: Aristaeus and his this term. comlpauions.... Liquef~tr(tu, deconmposed. 561. Fub~ninat. In Aen. VI. 842. the 551'. 8tridfere, eifer-vere: These in- two Seipios are called duo fulmnlna bells. - fluitives are in apposition with mon- The year B. C. 18, the year preceding Virsvti-um, and are fine illustrations of the gil's death, Caesar Octavianus was in Asia. niature of the infinitive, as the substantive.... Eulphrattei. The Euphrates was GEORGICON LIB. IV. Per populos dat jura, -viamque affectat Olympo. Illo Virgiliurn me tempore dulcis alebat Tarthenope, studius florentem ignobilis oti, Carmina qui lusi pastorum', audaxque juventa, Tityre, te patulae cecini su b tegmine fagi. 221 5 65 then the boUndary of the Parthian (10 -Pliirnates V slttth; embassies from almte nd Tiridates had voluntarily lproffered submission. 562. Vuinmqece (liffaetat, and enters on the way-viarn affectare is to follow a road with eareriness aild zeal.... Otyinpo; lpoetic for ad Olyrnpent ad immortalilatent 563. The contrast. between the conqueror and thl~ poet, which had been hinted in the previous lines, is here drawim out, niot only the occupations heing compared, buti the places, and even the names.-Con. 564. Pu i-tlhenope was the earlier and poetic name of Neapolis, or Naples, where Virgil was residing, when he gave the last corrections to this work..... Steidiis fio-,rentem, abounding in the pursssits.... IfyitobilI5., inglorious, i. e. when coinparedi with the glory gained in war or in political life.... Oti, ease. The Romiansgave the name otieom to every other occu.pation thaum war and public affairs. 565. Caiu uitia pastorn in, songs of the shepherds, in the Bucolics...Jotveeifts. Virgil was about twenty-five. years of age when he comtmenced thie Eclognes. The boldness consisted in venmtaring- to 'make stuch comnonimplace and lowly topics the subject of a poem. 566. Tit ys~e, etc. Cf. Eel. 1. 1, which shows that sub tegmin faqi refers to Tityrus.-Con. I LEXICON. ABBREVTIATIONS. A............. G.. I............. adj.nadjective,-ly. abl. ablative. abs......absolute,-y. Abstr. abstract-ly. acc. accusative. adlv. adverb-ially. ante-cl.. in ante-classical writers, i.e., before B. C. 50. B3.Bullion's Grain. C. common. cf......confer, i. e., compare. con. in comic writers. comnp. comparative. concr. concrete,-ly. coinj. conjunction. contr. contracted. dat......dative. def......dfective. demonstr..demonstrative. diep. dponent. dimnin. diminutive. distr. distributive. e~g~exempli gratia. esp......especially......fminite. fi...... from. freq.....fequently, or frequentative. gren. glitiVe. or geneoral,-ly. Ge. Greek gram.,or Andrews & Stoddard's Gram. id......ideta. i. e..... id ea;t. i npers. inmpersonal,-ly. inch... inchoative. indecl....indeclinable. hidtef... indefinite,-ly. infln... infinitive. in gcoen... in a general sense. ia part ic in partictilar. tittens....intensive. interj. interjection. interrogr. interrogaltive,-ly. int~r...i ntrans ifi vc, -lIy. irr......irregular. kindr. wv. kintlred -with. lat...in later wvriters (after Li vy). lit...literally. ALLEN & GREENOUOGt's GRAMMAR. GILI)ERSLEEVE'S do0. HIARKNESS' do. nin......masculine. inefon.... by metonyiny. mid......in a middle or reflexive sense. milit... military. aD. or neut...neuter. naut....nautical. neg......negative-ly. noin..... nominative. atine numeral. ohj..... objective-ly. ob......obsolete. OPp).... opjseri to. nrd.... ordinal. orin.... originally. Pa.....ticipial. -adjective. part.... particilple. pass......passive.-i:.patre......patronymic. perf.pefeet. perh. pehaps. pers.pesonal,-ly. pl. or pltur. p.lulral. poet......poetical-ly. prep. preposition,-al. pron... pronoun. prop... properly. qs......quasi. (I. v......quod vide. eni.......rare,-ly. ret......relative..C......scilicet, namely, oft. supply. signif. signification. sing... singular. SNj....ubjunctive. snbs... snhstantive-ly. sup......superlative. tre....... tansitive-ly. transf... transferred. tri syl... trisyllable. trop......in a tropical or figurative sense. v....... verb, or vide. w......ith. Z.......Zuinpt's Gram. 1. 2. 3. 4....first, second, etc., con-......equivalent to. 42'~8 A. ab-jungo, junxi, junctum, 3, a. To uss j see 41b. Yoke. ab7 d, abs, prep. w. abl. (a before con- ab-j Uro; Avi, flitum, 1. a. To swear off; sonaut3 and ab before vowels and h, b, d, deny upon oath; deny, disavow. l, n, r, s). I. Of space,front, awayf1rm,' abl~tus, a, uin, p. of aufero. denoting the side or direction from which ab-luo, ui, fitum, 3. v. tr. To wash, any thing takes place, is viewed, &c., oe away. 2. To cleanse by washing, to the side of, on, at, to. 2.Of tiine,from, wash, clean-se, purify,. since, after, next to, i. e., after in rank. ab-n6go, dvi, litum, I. v. tr. To deny 3. In other relations to denote origin, wholly; hence, to deny, refuse (mostly canse, cessation, separation, &c., front; poet.) esp., after passive verbs and intransitives ab-nfioq ui, ultum or ifltnm, 31. v. t-. To of similar si-gnif., by, by means of. refuse by a motion of the head; in gen., fibactus, a, tim, p. of abigo. to refuse, reject, aliqutid or facere aliA&bgris, is, m. A Rutulian wvarrior, quid. Ab~s, ntis, m. ('Afaq.) 1. King of Ar- Ab-6leop Wv (ni), Itum, 21.. v. tr., (postgos, grandson of Danaus. 2. A Tro- Ciceronian). Orig., to retard growth, to jan, follower of Aeneas. 3. An Etruscan. hinder existence; hence, more extended, abditus,a nm, p. of abdo. to efface, destroy; cleanse; to abholish, anab-do,?di, ituin', 3. v. tr. To give or pat nud, obliterate. away, to remove. 21. To conceal, aliqtidd; Ab-61escoq 6vi, 3. v. inch. a. (abolec). poet., ensein lateri. To decay, to waste, to vanish. ab-diico, xi, etum, 3. v. tr. To lead abreptus, a, um, p. from away, remove, draw back. ab-ripio, pui, eptmn, 3. v. yr. (rapio). abductus, a, um, p. of abduco. To natch or force away, to seize and A.&Oella?. ae, f. A town in CJampania. carry off; to abduct. lb6~ ii (seld. WvI), Ituni, ire, v. intr. TO ab-rumpo, tipi, niptum, 3. v. tr. To go away, dep)art, withdrase, retreat, dis- break of, to break-, rend, sever, violate. appear, vanish. abruptus, a, Lim, Pa. (id.) Broken or Ab-1clo (abficio), v. Abjicio. torn off; hence,prwecip~itous, steep, abrup~t, ilb-iectus, a, um, p. of llbjicio. locus: abs., in abmuptum, into the abyss. Abibs, 6tis, f. Afir-tree. 2. Poet., Fir'- absp prep., another form of ab (lised be woodt, or any thing made of it, as a ship fore c, q, t in composition)). or spear. abscessus, fis, am. (abs-cedo). A go-,ab-Igo, (!gi, actnm, 3. v. tr. (ab-ago). To ing away, a retreat. drive qif or from, to remove, to dispel. ab-scido, ctdi, ctsum, 3. v. a. (absabiicio, v. abjicio. caedo). To cut cpj destroy. fibtus, ifs, in. (abeo). A departure, a ab-scindo, scidi, s-cissttm, 3. v. a. T-o pas8age, outlet. tear off, away7,, sep9arate, sever, tear. abjectus, a, umn, p. of ab-scissus, a, tim, p). of abscindo. ab-jic io, jeci, jectnnm, v. 3. tr. To throw abs-condo, condi (scld. condidi), con. down, from, or away. dltum, 3. v.,tr. To conceal, put oat of ABS 4 ACC sight (in a careful, quiet or orderly way); take. 2. To be added; accedit (intro. poet., to lose siyht oj (by withdrawing ducing a new clause), a'dd to this, be' from a thing). sides. absens, entis, Pa. (absum). Absent. ac-c616ro, avi, tlium, 1. v. tr. and intr ab-silio; ii or ui, -, 4. v. (ab-salio). To To hasten, accelera!e, iter. 2. Intr., to fly off. make haste. ab-sisto, stiti, -, 3. v. intr. To with- ac-cendo7 ndi, nsuin, 3. v. tr. (cando). draw, depart from; to desist, cease, ob- To kindle, to set on jire, (above, that it sidione, moveri. may burn downward, \while succendere abs-tineo, thlui, tentrni, 2. v. tr. and is to kindle below, and incendere, to fire intr. (teneo). To hold away, keep back on all sides). ". Trop., to injflane, infrom. 2. Intr., To abstain from, re- cense, rouse up; to increase. strain one's self. accensus7 a, uin, p. of accendo. abstractus7 a, urn, p. of acceptus, a, urn, 1). of accipio. ab-straho, traxi, tractum, 3. v. tr. To accerso7 v. arcesso. drag or lead away. accessus ls, uim. (accedo). A going to, abs-trfdop usi, usum, 3. v. tr. To an approach.. Poet., an entrance. thrust away; hence, to conceal, hide. ac-cido, cidi, -, 3. v. intr. (ad-cado). abstrfisus7 a, urn, p. (id.) Hidden, To happsn. concealed. ac-cido% Idi, Isum, 3. v. tr. (caedo) To ab-sum, abfui, abesse, v. iTtr. To be cut into.. Trop., to weaken, impair. awayfrom, to be absent, be distant; to be accinctus7 a, um, p. of free from, to take no part in, to differ ac-cingo, nxi, nctilu, 3. v. tr. Poet., from, to be wanting, missing. to gird on, enscm. 2. To armv, equip, ab-sufmo, mpsi, ripturm, 3. v. tr. To Iso.,;. Trop., accinlgere se or accingi, take away; hence, to consume, devour; to prepare one's sel, ro prepare for any to destroy, kill. thing, pracdae; to apply one's self to, absumptus, a, um, p. of absumo. operi, imagicas artes. abunder adv. with gcnit. (abandus). Suf- ac-ciop lvi, itum. 4. v. tr To) al, simficiently, enough. on. abundo, avi, atum, 1. v. n. To oveflow, ac-cipio, cepi, ccptu1n, 3. v. tr. (capio) to have an abundance, abound; be well To take to one's self, to take, receive, enstored with. Pa.: abundans, ntis, tertain, aliquMd, ali(qliem.?. To take overflowing, full of, abounding in, with into cne's mind, to receive; to accept, apgenit. prove; to learn, fear, to observe, regard; Abydus (-Os), i. f. and in., ('AvuSo). to comprehend, understand. Abydos, the modern Avido, a town in accfpiter, tris, ll. A hawk. Asia Minor, opposite Sestos, famous for accisusy a, umn, p. of accido. oysters. accitus7 a, umrn, p. of accio ac, conj., shortened form of atque. accitusy is, m. Only in the abl. sing. acalanthis, idis, f. ('aKaAar,0is). A small (accio); a summons, c'Il. bird; perhaps the thistle finch. acclinis7 e, adj. (acclino). Leaning on or Acamas7 antis, m. ('AK6tia). Son of against. Theseus and Phaedra, one of the Greeks acclivis (adc-), e, adj. (ad-clivus). concealed in the wooden horse. Inclining upward, gently rising, ascendacanthus7 i. m. (aKa^VOo). Bear's-foct ing. (a plant). acc6laj ae, c. (accolo). A borderer, Acarnan, anis, adj. Of Acarnania, a dweller near by. province in Greece, Acarnanian. Subs. acc6lo (adc-), colufi, cuitutm, 3. a. To in plur., Acarnanes, urn, m, the inhab- dwell near or by. itants of Acarnania. ac-comm6do, avi, atumn, 1. v. tr. Acarnaniay ae, f. Acountry in Greece, (com-modus, of full measure, complete, between Epirus and Aetolia. fit). To it or adalt to, to accomniodate to; Acca, ae, f., a companion of Camilla. to apply to (lit. and trop.); enscmn lateri, ac-cedo, cessi, cessum, 3. v. intr. To to fasten or gird fo. go to, to approach (ad. w. acc., and poet. accommodus, a, um, adj. Fit, suitw. acc. only); trop., to enter upon any able. business, occupy one's self with, under- ac-cuibo, ui, Itum, 1. v. intr. (cubo, to ACC 5 ACU lie down). To lie or recline near. 21. Esp., Achivus, a, uin, adj. (digtanimated fr. to recline at table. Achaeus, f~r. Achalla; v. Aehaicus). Greac-cumbo, clbuif, ctibitunm, 3. v. intr. cian. 2". Subs., Achivi, 0mmui, the To lay one's self down at or on a place. Greeks. 2. Esp., to recline at table. Acid.1ia7 ae, f. ('AKtia~ia). An epithet ac-cfimfilo; avi, atuin, I. v. tr. To add Iof Venus, from Acidalius, a fountain in in e to a heap, to heap) ipan, heap) up, Boeotia, a favorite haunt of Venus and augment; poet., animamn donis, to heap the Graces. upon, i. e., present with in abundance. acidus, a, urn, adj. (acuo). Pobinhd, ac-curro, curri (sold. cticurri), cursuim, sharp, sour, acid. 3. v. intr. To rn to, hasten to, ad ali- -cijis, 6i, f. The sheop and bright edge quem. of a caitting johinet. T1ransf., a acer, enis, cre, adj. (~KpoI). Pointed, ken glance of' the eye, sight; 1/oct., the sharp. 2?. Of perceptions, IinlressioDS, Jeye itself; kecenness of the menital eye, character, &c., k-een, ferce, violent, or- acuteness, penetration.:3. Visual lines tive, ardent. transf. to the straight ranks of troops in Acerbo,-, aturn, 1. v.tr. Tomak-e hrs/i, flashing arinor, a line of battle, battleto embitter, to augment, to aggracate. j array, a batt'e itself; in gen., a line or lcerbus, a, urn, adj. (acer). Haish (to the Iband of troops. taste).. Trop., harsh, bitter, sCIe~ei aclys (aclis), Sidis, f. (a-YKVA\te). A painful, sorrowful. sm alt javelin. ficernusq a, inni, ndj. (acer, the maple Acm6n, fnis, m. ('AK/Awl,). A Trojan, tree). Made of maple, maple. copanion of Aen~eas. iicerra7 ae, f. An incense-box, a censer Acoetes (Ac~tes), is, M. ('AKoilr-rn). Acerrae, 11runm, f., a towin in Cam- The armor-bearer of Evander. pauia, near Naples, unow Accera. ic6nitum, i, 11. (~K61'T~O', The poisonAcervus7 i. M.. A heap, fruumenti; a ous herb aconite., uolfsbane, mnonkshood. mass, multitude, in gen. Aconteus, 6i, ni. A Latin warrior. Acesta or Egesta, no, f. A toxin ill acuo V. adouiro. Sicily, named after Acestes. Acr~g~s, antis, in. ('AKoCp -pai). The Acestes, no, m. (AeKC'sTvn)' 'I k~jin Of Greek name of the city of A grigentaim in Sicily, soho hospitably received Aeneas Sicily, and also of the -mountain on which and the Trojans. As a son 01 the Aviii it stood. god C3rindi-zis aiid of a Trojaii uoanai, Acri,916n~us, a, uin, ndj. (Acrisione). Egesta, he is called Trtjlanu.8 Pertaining to Acrisione, daughter of Achaem~nides7 v. Achemenides. Aci-issus; Acrisoncan?. AchjjlcUs7 a, urn, adj. (Achnaa, a proVx AcrISiUS, fi, in1. ('AKp~Ouee). A king of ince of Peloponnestis, and after 146, Argos. B. C., applied to the whole of Greece as Acron, Onlis, M. ('AKpCLV). A Greek wtar — a Roman province). Achaean, Gr ecian. nor. Achdius7 a, urn, adj. Poet. forAchaicus. acta, ae, f. (6KTI). The sea-shoi-e; beach, Ach~teS, ae, m. Ckx&rne-). Thefaithful shore. companion of Aeineas..&ctaeus7 a, uni, adj. ('AKTU-e1j. PerAchelaiUs, a, urn, adj. Acheloian, oV taining to Acte or Attica, Athenian,Attic. or belonging to the Achelous, a rsve of Actils, Adis, adj. ('AKT)~, Attica). Greece. Athenian. Ach~m~nides. ae, m. A companion Actius, a, urn, adj. (poet. for Actiacus, of (iytyss rescued by Aeneas from, the fromt Actiiin). Pertaiiiing to Actiumi, a contry of the Cyclopes. promonoitory qf Epirius, celebs-ated as the Ach~ron, tis, ni. (Ckxipwi) A river of the sceiie of the vtctoiy of Augustus over AnLower World. 2. Poet. for the Lower tony and Cleopatra, in B. C. 31; Actian. World itself. Actor, 6ris, ni. The isanie of a Trojan. Achilles7 is, M. CAxiXXE6;). So'n Of Pe- actus7 a, urn, p. of ago. leus, kng of Thessaly, and of the Nei-eid actus, 11s, in. (ago). A driving, impulse, Thetis, aiid the most valiant of the Gre- 8peed, 'wift descent. can heroes at the siege of Troy. actiitum, adv. (actus). Promptly, imAchi~llus, a, umn, adj Of Achlles, mediately, instantly. Achillean. dCLiao, rdi, fitum, 3. v. a. To make poiiited; ACU 6 AD)M tosharpen, whet, fig.: stimulate, p)rovoke, drive on:, encite, rouse. Pa.: Acfitus, a urn, sharpened, sharp;- of sound, shrill, loud. Acus, ris, f. (acuo). A needle. ficfitus, a, urn, p. of acuo. Ad, prep. w. ace. Primary idea, direction or approximation towards a 1)lace (timne or number); secondary idea, 1)ositiou at the place, without reference to the space traversed. To, towards, against. 2. By, near, at, among. 3. Of part. relations in which the fundamental ideas are as above: ad id, for this; ad salntemi, for the sake of safety; caccording to, ad pracscriptunm; with, regard to, ad cetera; compared with, ad ilium; in addition to, besides, ad hoc; &c. aiaactus, a, urn, p. of adigo. Ad~mas, antics, M.Q'a). Th-e hardest iron or steel; poet., any thuing of similar character. Ad~mastus; i. m. Thefather of Acheminedes. adc. For words beginning with these letters see acc. addens~oj, re, or addenso, flie. To thicken, close sep. ad-dico, xi, ctuum, 3. v. tr. In augurial lang., and often w. ayes. To give asqent to, be propetious to. 2. In jndicial lang., To award to one, to adjudge, deliver to, give up. 3. To deliver, yield, in gen.; in a good sense, to devote, consecrate to; in a bad sense, to aban don. additus, a, urn, p. of adido. ad-do, didi, d1tum, 3. v. tr. To give, bring or place to, to add. ad-duco, duxi, ductum, 3. v.tr. To lead to, to drew to; to bend, to contract. adductus, a, urn, Pa. (ad-duco). Drawn to;, drawn, strained, drawn tight, conltracted, lacertus, arena.s. Of chbaracter, serious, grave. ad-6do7 9di, Esurn,.3. v. tr. To eat up, to devour, of fire, to consunme. ademptus, or ademtus, a, urn, p. of adlimo..Ad-eol WvI (oftener ii). Itnm, 4. v. tr. and intr. To go to, to a)pproach. 2. To address, accost, aliquem. 3. To meet, encounter; to undertake, enter upon; to undergo. Ade e)adv. So far (in space, timc, or degee; so long; so, thus, obtusa. 2. For giving emphasis, esp. to a pron., adj. or adv., Even, indeed, tres a., jam a., sic a., vh; a. ad~sus, a, urn, p). of adido. adf. For words beginning with these letters see aff. adg~ro, v. aggero. adgl6m~ro, v. agglomero. adgnosco, v. agnosco. adgr~dlor, v. aggredior. adgressus a, nm, p. of aggredior. Adhaer~o haesi, haestum, 2. v. un. To cleave, sticic to, adhere. Ad-hfbeo, ui, ltum, 2. v. tr. (habeo). To hda thing to another, to bring or convey to; in partic., to bring a,, a gurest, to invite, pennies. 2. To employ, snake use of for any purpose. ad-huc, adv. Of space, To this place, thusfar. 2. More freq. of timie, Until now, as yet, still. 3. (Lat.) Besides,fitrther, unam. rem a. adjiciam. 4. (Lat.) W. comparatives, stir, a. ditlicilior. ad-icio r=atuicio, v. adjiclo. d!d-fgo, Ogi, actum, 8. N. tr. (ago). To dsive, take or bring to;- (falmine or tinbine) to Mtike or hurl down. 21. To force, comapel to a state of mind or to an act; aliqnemn ad jnsjnradudnr, or merely jusjurandtim, or the abi., jurejurando, to put one on oath, bind by an, oath. Ad-lmo, ~rnii 'empItill, 3. v. tr. (emno, to take, an ohs. v., fonnd only us composition). To take to one's self; to take away. 1ditns, its, in. (adeo). A going to, a05 approach; access. 2. Au entrance, approach, avenue. adiunctus, v. adjunctus. aaiungo, v. adjungo. adiuro, v. adjuro. adiuvo, v. adjuvo. ad-jicio, j.3Ci, jectum, 3. v. tr. To throw to, to add. adjunctus, a, urn, p. of adunugo. ad-jungo, junxi, jmnctnm, 8. v. ToJoin to, to fasten, to train to, to yoke or harness, to add, to ally. ad-juro, Rvi, fltum, I. v. To swear bg. ad-juvo, jflvt, jttturn, 1. v. tr. To hell?, support, aid, assist, sustain. adi. For words beginning with these letters see all. admirandus, a, urn, p. of admiror, used as adjective, marvelous. ad-miror, fltns, I. v. dep. tr. To admire. 2. To wonder at, to be astonished at. admisc~o, mniscfbi, mixtum11 or misturn, 2. v. a. To mingle with, to assoc ate, unite, join. nrDM 7 ADS admissus, a, urn, p. of ad-mitto, misi, missum, 3. v. tr. To send to or forward. 2. To allow to go to or in, to admit. 3. Trop., to permit, allow, aliquid; to admit to one's self a bad act, to commit, scelus. ad-m6neo, ui, itum, 2. v. tr. To admonish, to remind, to advise; aliquem de re, aliquid, ad, ut, nc, acc. w. infin., to incite, urge on; to caution. ad-mordbo, mordi, morsum, 2. v. a. To gnaw upon or into; gnaw. admorsus, a, um, p. of admordeo. ad-m6veo, mOvi, motunm, 2. v. tr. To move or bring to. adnisus2 p. v. annitor. adnitor, v. annitor. adnixus, p. v. annitor. adnoy v. anno. adnosco7 v. agnosco. adnuo, v. annuo. ad-oleo. olui, ultum, 2. v. tr. To advance in growth, to increase, enlarge; whence in sacrificial lang., to honor, worship, venerate, penates; to offer sacrifice to a deity, Junoni honores. ad-51esco eCvi, iltnm, 3. v. intr. (id.) To grow up, come to maturity; trol., to grow, increase, cupiditas. Ad6nisd is or idis, in. ('Ai;wvL^). A youth beloved by Venus. ad-6p6rio, 6rui, ertum, 4. v. tr. To cover. ad6pertus, a, um, p. of adoperio. adoreus, a, um, adj., of spelt. ad-6riory ortus, 4. v. dep. tr. To rise up to do something, go at something. 2. To approach. 3. To approach with hostile purpose, to attack. 4. To attempt, undertake any thing. ad-oro, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To speak to. 2. To beseech, entreat, su7plicate (esp. a deity); hence, to adore, worship. adortus, a, urn, p. of adorior. adp. For words beginning with these letters see pp. ad-quiro, qulsivi, sttum, 3. v. tr. To get in addition, to add to, to gain. Adrastus, i, m, C(Apapo-ToC). King of Argos and father-in-law of Tydeus and Polynices, and one of the "Seven against Thebes." adrectus, a, um, p. of adrigo = arrigo. adreptus, a, umn, p. of adripio - arripio. Adriacus, a, um, adj. Adriatic, pertaining to the Adriatic Sea. ad-rigo, v. arrigo. ad-ripio, v. arripio. ad-scendo7 udi, nsum, 3. v. intr. and tr. (scando) Intr. To ascend, mzount.up, climb. 2. Tr., To climb, murum. adscensus, ais, m. (id.). An ascending, an ascent. 2. Concr., an approach, ascent. adscensus, a, unm, p. of adsccndo. ad-scio, no perf., nor supine. 4. v. tr. To receive, to adopt, to ally. ad-scisco, sclvi, scituml, 3. v. tr. To receive, to admit, to adopt, to appropriate. adsensus; a, unl, p. of adsentio = assentio. adsensus, us, m. An assenting, an assent, a response, echo, approbation. ad-sentio, sensi, sensum, 4. n., and adsentior, sensus sum, 4. dep. n. To give assent; to assent, agree, approve. ad-servo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To keep, guard, watch. ad-sidWo, sedi, sessnm, 2. v. n. (adsedeo). To sit by, besiege. adsidiie adv. (adsiduus), Persistently, perpetually, constantly, frequently. adsidius, a, uin, adj. (adsideo). Persistent, constant, perpetual, frequent. adsnlmlis, e, adj. Like, similar to, resembling. ad-simiilo avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To nake like; to counterfeit, feign. ad-sisto, astiti or adstlti, 3. v. n. To stand at, by, or near; stand. ad-spargo, (more freq. adspergo), iis, f. (spargo). A sprinkling. 2. Meton., that which is sprinkled, spray. ad-spargo (spergo), sparsi, sparsum, 3. v. tr. To sprinkle upon, to splninkle. ad-specto, avi, atum, 1. v. intens. tr. To look at attentively, with esteem, longing, expectation, &c., to gaze at, survey. '. Trop., to pay attention to, jussa; of places, to face, to lie opposite. adspectus lts, m. (id.). A looking at, a look, a glance; the sense of seeing, sight. 2. Pass., sight, appearance, aspect. adspectus, a, um, p. of adspicio. adspergo, v. adspargo. ad-spernor, atus, v. dcp. 1. To desplise, to reject, to disdain. adspersus, a, um, p. of adspergo, v. adspargo. ad-spicio, exi, ectum, 3. v. tr. (specio, to look at). To look at, behold, see; to examine, inspect. '. Trop., with the ADS ADS AEM mind, to consider, ponder. 3. Inch.-, to get a view of, to descry. ad-spiro; Avi, Atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. To breathe or blow upois 2. Trop., to favor, assist (fignre taken from a favoring breeze); to breathe towvard, aspfire to, striye to reach,, to approach. 3. Tr., to blow or breathe upon (lit. and trop., as alicni ventos- or amorem). ad-sto, stiti, -, 1. V. inir. To stand near, to stand. ad-stringo, strinxi, ictiiii, 3. v. tr. To bind to, to fasten to, to bin d. ad-suesco, P-A, etuim, 3. v' tr. and intr. To accustom one to somethin. 2.It. to accustom one's serf to, to bc accustomed to; poet. w. acec. bella, to mnake familiar. adsu~tus, a, umn, p. of adsnesco. adsultus, ds, mn. (ad-sailio). A leaping upon; an assault, ottacl. ad-suM, affui, adesse, v-. intr. (imperf. subjunc. sometines afforem, es, et, &c., and fut. infinit., affore.). To bepresent, to be at hand; to appear, to come,forsoard. 2. To be present with assistance,, to assist, aid, alicui. ad-surgo, rexi, rectum, 8. v. intr. To rise up, to rise; to rise vp f rom reslpect; to honor, to yield to; to jocs-ease us size, to swell. adt. For wordIs beg~inning wvith these letters see att. adulter? Ori, m. An adulterer. Adult~rium, ii, an. (ad-niter -~ alter) Adultery. Adultus, a, urn, Pa. of adolesco. Fullgrown, matured, adult. Aduncus, a, rm, adj. Cis-oked. ad-flro, ussi, ustum, 3. v. tr. To burns into, to parch, to ds-y up. advectus, a, am, p. of ad-v6hoj xxi, ctumi, 3- v. tr. To curs-y to a place; in gen., to convey, conduct. 2. Pass., advelhi, to be carsied by any conveyance; hence, to ride, sail to. ad-v~lo~ 1i, Mtuni, I. v. t~r. To veil; poet., to crown, wr-eathe. adv~na, ae, m. (ad-venio). A new-corner, a stranger. ad-v~nio, veni, 'ventnm; 4. v. intr. and tr. To come to, arrive at, arrive. ad-vento7 Rvi, Mtni, I. v. intr. (freq. of id.). To come nearer and neares' to, to approach. adventus, us, m. (advenlo) An arrival. adversatus7 a, rni, p). of ad-versor, fitus, 1. v. dep. intr. (adver sus). To be against, to oppose, adversante veato; trop., mihi. adversus, a, urn, Pa. (adverto). Tenned to; hence, opposite, opposing, before, in front. 2. Trop., adverse, 'unfavorable; hostile, opposing. ad-verto, ti, sum, 3. v. tr. To turn to or towards. 2. To turn the nsin~d to, to attend to, to observe. ad-v6co7, vi, btnm,1. v. tr. Tocallone to a place, to summon.ad-volo, ilvi, titnm, 1. v. initr. To fly to, to hasten, to roll up. ad-volvo, vi, v1l~tunm, 3. v. tr. To sell to or towards. Adktum, i. a. (&SVT0o, not to be entered). The innermost part of a tensile which rgone bitit the priests could enter, the sunctuar?;, shrine; poet. for the Dinnermost part of a tomb. Aelcldes, ae, m.(Atdse. A descendant of Aeacses, used for Achilles, Pyrs-hus and Perse~m Aeaeus, a, urn, adj. (Akiaioet). Of Aea, a city in Coichis, Aeaean, Uolchian; w. Circe, because she was orig. in Coichis. aedes, is, f. (Orig. a simple dwelling wvith one room, but after the Ang. period, in the sine. = tenmpinm). A temiple, a sanctuas-y. 2,1. In plnr. in sense of the a2)artmessts of a house-, and in gen., a house, palae. aedifico, ivi, Itunm, 1. v. tr. (aedes-facio). To build a house, temsple, &-c.; in gets., to bild, esrect, construct. Aegaedn, Wns, mn. ('Akyadwv). Aegaeon, a giant, also called Briar ew. Aegaeus, a, num, adj. Pertaining to the Aegacan sea, Aegaean. aeger7 gra, grout-, adj. Of the body, sick, suffering, feeble, exhausted. 2.Of the mind, sick in heart, despotzding, unhappy, sorrowful, ewretehed, distressed; poet. of abstr. thissgs, sad, grievtits, mors, anitor. aegis, Idle,qf. (ai-yit). The shield of Jtpiter, cars ed also by Pallas; the acgis. Aeglb, es, f. (AZiyAn). Aegle, a ntymph. AeGon, Onis, ut. (A~Twtv). A egon, a shepherd. aegr- (aeger). Feebly; with difficulty, hardly, scarcely. aegrescop 3. v. inc. mnt. (aeg,2reo). To become sick, grow worse. Aegyptlus, a, um, adj. (Aegyptos). Efgyptian. AegyptoS (-tUS), f. (A'iYVurT-s). Egypt. aeMUl US; a, unu, adj. In a good sense. AEN 9 AET emulous; in a bad sense, en riouQ,,iealons; (poet. and lat.) v~ying( wvith, rivaling, tibia. Aenegdes, ae, m. (vE').A descendant of Aeneas. 2. Plur., followers of Aeneas, the Trojans; also the Romnans. Aen~as, ae, mn. (_kivEt'a,). Aeneas, SOn of Venus and Anchises, leader of the Trojans to Italy, forefather of the Romnans, and hero of the Aeneid. AenZ-Ius, a, urn, adj. Of Aeneas. Aenides, no, m. Son of Aeneas; bbls. denus, or Ahiinus7 a, urn, ad). (aes). Brazen, of bronze or COPPer; aenum, i, n. (suipplly vas, a vessel), a brazen vessel, a caldron. Ae6lia, ae, f. (Aioxia). An island near Sicily, the abode of Aeolus. Ae6lIdes, ao, m. (in de. A descendant qf Aeolus. Ae61lius, a, urn, adj. (Ai6Acoe;). Of Aeolus. 2. Qf Aenlen, Aeolian. Ae6lus, i. im. (AioAoe;). The god qf the winds. 2I. Aft end of Aeneuts. aequaevus, a, urn, adj. (aeoutis-aevum). Of equal age. aequdlis, e, adj. (aequns). Of place, even, uniform, level; hoen, trop., continuing, like itself, uniform?,,?Oivniyinrf. 2 i comparisons, equal, like in size, value, &c.; in partic., equtal in age. Suibs., aequales~ equals, coinpanions. aequ~tus; a, nuni, p. of aceqio. aeque7 adv. Evenlly, equtally, alke justly. Aequi F'alisci, v. Falisci. Aequicfilus (_c6lus), a, rni, adj. (Aeqni). qf the Aenid, a tribe aIqjacent to the Latins and Voiscians, near Rom~e; Aequian. aequipgtro (aequ~p~ro),) Rivi, Attun, I. tr. and intr. (aequns-paro). TojuIdge as equial; to be on an equalfooting, with, to equal. aequo, Rvi, fltunm, I. v. tr. and intr. (id.). To make even or level, locum. 2'. To malke equal, to equalize. 31. Intr., and also tr., to equal, conic up to. aequor7 6ris, n. (id.). Au, even, level s-urface. 2',. Esp., the suuface of the sea; also the sea in gen., and in the plur. may often be rendered waves. aequ~r6us, a, urn, adj. (aequor). Pertamning to the sea, marinse, sea-, watery. aequus, a, urn, adj. Of place, es'en, level, horizontal. 20. Of any quality, equal. 3. Morally, fair, right, JP'st:- in partic., aequum (as subs.), what is equitable, equity. 4. Favorable, friendly, prqpl t~imes. 3. Of tile mIind, calm, ceniposed, traiiquil, constant. jLZr,R~ris, in. (ajp). Thze air, esp. the, lower air, atmosphere; poet. for a mist, clond. aerdtus, a, urn, Pa. (fr. obs. aero, fr. aes). Furnished uvith brasFs or bronze. 2. Poet., made of brass or bronze. aereus, a, inin, adj. (aos). M1ade 01 bs'osze, brazen?; also *fio'iished or covered with bm'aqs or bronze. aerl-pes, 6dis, ad). (aes-pes). Bsazesnfooted. 56rius7 a, urn, ad). (a~r). Pcitniiing to the air, aerial. 2.lisiiig high isn the air, lofty, imons. a,.e is,. Any ore except gold and silver; but esp). copper; in gen., brass, bronze. 2. Aug thiiig nuade ofcopper, brass, or broiuze, a brazen? prmw, a truimijet, &v. 3. _4ouuey, coins boiiig originally of copper. 4. Th e pay, wages oqf oldiers. aescfilus (esc-), i. f. Aui oak (pro-. duicing edible acorns); an oak. abstas, dtis, f. (aiow). The summer; sumier aim-. aestlfer, 6ra, Ortun, adj. (aestus-fero). fleat-bringing, suultiy, hot. aestivus, a, urn, adj. (aestas). Of sunnsner; subs.: aestiva7 Grmm, n., a sumnmeryfeld. aestuo, fivi, Ptni, 1. v. intr. (aesttis,. Of the motion of dire or wvatcr, to blaze isp, boil up, to surge, to rage. 2. Trop., of the feelinigs, to be excited or agitated. aestus, fls, mn. The billoity, waviiiniotion o frI e or water. 2'-. A surge, a tide, a food of wvater. 3. Trop., of the mnind, agitation, conumotion. Iaetas, Atis, f. (contr. fr. the ante-cl. aevitas, fr. aevnin). Age a period or stage of human life, ao. inilitaris. 2.. The life-time of mnii, life. 3. Indef., aii age, generation, tinue. aeternus, a, Jiii, adj. (=- aevitnrnus, fr. aevurn). Eterisai, ever'lastinug. 2. Ad v., aeturnum, figrever, eternedly. aether, 6ris, and Gr. 6ros, m. (ai~O-qp). The pure upper air, the ether. 2. Poet. for heaven. 3. The air in gen. 4. Poet. for the upper world. aeth~ri'USY a, urn, ad~j. (id.). Per-taining to the ether, ethereal, airy, heavenly. Aethiops, 6pis, m. (AiOioli). An, E-thiopian. Aeth6n, Pnis, m. (.titwv). Aethoii, a wzm? horse. aetlira,- ae, f. (-Zipa). The clear sh,. AET 1o AG.N Aetna, ac, f. (AZTvq). T'he volcano in Sieily. Aetnaeus, a, urn, adj. (Airva-Log). Of Aetna, Aetnaean. Aetolia7 ac, f. A countrty 1in Gir e.hAetdlus, a, urni, adj. (AiTWA6q). Aetolian; Aetola urbs, As-pi, built by Diomedes. aevum, I. a. (ahiLv). Never-ending time, eternity. 2. The lifetime of man, life. 3. An age, generation. 4. A period of human life, age, in partic., old age. Afer, fra, frum, adj., African; 'subs. Afri, ormm, in., Africans. affa-bilis (adf., e, adj. (affor). Easy to be accosted, easy of access, aff able. affiatus7 fOs, rn. (id.). An address, speech. affitus, a, urn, p. of nifor. affecto (adf.), fivi, Atum, I. v. tr. (freq. of afficio, fr. ad-facioj. To strive after, -Reek to attain, aim at, pursue, reach; to 8eize, navern, aliquern. afibro, attbll, all~turn, afferre, v. tr. (adfero). To bear or carry to a place; to bring, present. 2. To bring or present as news, to report, announce. afficio, fici, fectum, 3. v. tr. To do to some one, to altect, to treat; with abi., to give something to. af-fiigo, lxi, ixum, 3. v. tr. To join or fasten to, to affix. affixus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Fastened or joined to, clinging to; remaining fixed. affiditus, a, tun, p. of attlo. afflictus, a, urn, Pa. (affligo, to strikn to the ground). Cast down; dejected, fibslamn, desperate, fortuna, res: of the mind, dejected, discouraged, luctu; morally, abandoned, despised, vile. affligo, fllxi, fllctumn, 3. v. tr. To dash down to the ground, to overthrow. af-flo, Rvi, ifitm, I. v. tr. and intr. (fib, to blow). To blow or breathe to or upon, vaporem membris. 21. With that upon which something is blown as the object, me fulminis ventis; trop., to inspire, animate, numine del afflari. af-fluo, xi xm 3. v. intr. To flow or stream to; of persons, to come to in haste, to hasten to. 2. To overflow wvith, frurnento, honore. af-for, fltus, 1. v. dep. tr. To sp ea k t o, to address. afllre and afibrem. See adsum. Africa7 ae, f. Africa; In a wide sense, the whole division of the world of that name; in a narrower sense, the terr1itory of Carthage. Afrlcus, a, urn, adj. (poet. for Afri. canus). Africasn. -. Africus ventus, or Africus, i. in., the south-west wind. Agfimemnonius, a, mun, adj. (A.,yaiLe/lVOVmos). Of Agamemnon, leader of the Grecian forces before Troy. Aganipp~q, s, f. (A vtr).Afountain saced to the Muses in, Boeolia. Agfihyrsi, 0mtm, M. ('A-ycivpro-o) A Scythian people who painted or tattooed their faces and limbs. iige11us, i. m. (ager). A littlefteld; a little farm. Agbnor, 6ris, M. ('A-yjvwp). An early kcing of Phoenicia, an ancestor, of JMdo. ager, gri, m. (A-ypo,;). Territory, land; more restricted, a~field. 2'. The country, as opp. to the town. agger, 6ris, m. (aggecro). 3/aterials gathered to form, a pile. 2". The heap, pile formed of thn materials; in partic., a bank, embankment, dike (of a river); a barrier, rampart; an elevation, eminence, raised susfce. agg6ro, Rvi, titum, 1. v. tr. (aggler). To heap or pile up; trop., to increas~e, aggravate, iras. ag-g6ro, (ad-g.), gessi, gestum, 3. v. tin. To bear' or carry to, to heap upon. ag-gl6m~ro, (ad-g.), avi, atumn, 1. v. tr. To wind to, as upon a ball; hence poet., to gathes' to, add or join to. ag-gr,6dior, (ad —.), grass us, 39. v. dep. tr. and intr. (gradior). To Go to, to approachi. 2. To oyspty to, to accost. 3. To go to in a hostile seay, to attack, assail. 4. To go to, to set abosit, attempt something. aggressus, a, urn, Pa. of aggredior. Agis, idis, in. A Lycian wearrior. agftfitor, Oris, mn. (agito). A drliver, charioteer. agitatus, a, urn, p. of agfto, tivi, Mium, 1. v. tr. (freci1. of ago). To put in motion;- to drive, urge foruward, pursue; to d ye hither and thrither; to disquiet. 21. Trop., to pito sute so ething in the snind; to think of, deliberate upon, to be occupied with; to speak of, de re; of time, to spend, pass, vitam; abs., agitare, to live, be. agmen, Inis, ni. (ago). A train in motion, a train, troop, crewd, band (esp. of men; an a my, a battalion. 2. Transf., a movement, course. agna, tie, f. (agnus). A ewce lamb. atgnosco, n~vl, nitum, 2.. v. tr. (ad-nosco). To know (in relation to one's self), AGN 11 ALI to recognize ats one's ownn. '. To recog- Monte di Postiglione, a lmountain in nize an object ailready known, while cog- Apulia. nosco is to get knowledge of the un- albus, a, lm, adj. White (dull or palc, known. 3. In gen., To acknowledge, not shining-cf. candidus), pale. 2. admit. 4. (-cognoscere). To becoie ac- I Trop., favorable, propilicus, stella. quainted wth, to know. Alcander, dri, n. A Trjan. agnus7 i. mn. A lamb. Alcanor, Oris, m. I. Alcanor, a Troago, egi, actUrn, 3. v. tr. (ywo). To put in jan hero. 2t. A irhitlian. noticn, imore. 1. To drive, impZel,ftorce, Alcth6us, i, 1m. ('AAKa0oos). A Tropush on, advance; to chace, pursue; to jan. lead, conduct. 2. To do, execute, attend Alcides, ae, m. ('AAKe.S,5). A descendant to, mzanlage; to decd with, to treat. 3. of Alceus; Hercles. To spend or pass time. 4. Inaper., age, Alcimbdon, ontis, in. ('AA.EKt)iw). A agitc, come! come en! Greek wood-carver. agrestis, e, adj. (ager). Of the coMtntry, A Alcinmus i, m. ('-AA\KrVoo). King of rustic, rural.,. Trop., boorish, uncul- Phaeacia. tivated. I Alcippe, es, f A shepherdess. agric6la, ae,nm. (agcr-colo). A cultivator A lcon Onis, m. A shqeherd. of land, fanrer, con'tryman, peasant. alcyon i(alc-)I onis f. (aACKV('). A Agrippa, ae, in. Marcus Vipsanius kingfisher, hal/on. Agrippa, one of the confidential counsel- Alecto, v. A1lecto. ors of Augustus, and his pinzcipal mili- lesy itis, adj. (ala). Winlged, swiift, subs. tary conmzander. e., a bird. Agyllinus, a, unl, adj. Of Agyla, a iAletes is, in. ('AxAOrj ). A ccmnpanionof town i EtIr.i-nq, afteruwards called Cae- Aeneas. re; Snbs.:.Agyllini, orumn, 11., the Alexis, idis, (ace. Alcxim, voc. Alexi), people of Aq/llia. m. ("'AAtSi). A beautifud slave. ih, interj. Ah! alga, ae, f. Sea-weed. ahenus, v. aenus. alias, adv., v. alius. iop v. def. To say yes (opp. to nego). 2. alibi, adv. (alius). Elsewhere. To assert, 'affim, say. alienus, a, ur, adj. (alins). Of another, Ajax, acis, m. (.ttas). The name of two another's, alien, foreign; aes. a., a debt. Greeks renowned for their valor: Ajax r2. Trap., foreign from; incompatible; Telanmtoiu, the son of Telanon, and j tfavorable; hostile. Ajax Oileut, king of the Locri; botlh aliger, era, rum, adj. (ala-gcro). participants in the siege of Troy. Wtinged. ala, ae, f. A win of a bird. 2. In men, alio, adv. Elsewhere. the armpit. 3. 77te wing of an asrny. 1 alpess, dis, adj. (ala-pes). 'Wingalacer, cris, crc, adj. Rrcited by any J booted; subs. m., iwing-footed horse. )pssion, insnired; gen. with idea of jov- liqua, v. aliquis. ous feelings, elated, lively, brisk, eager, allquando, adv. (alius-quando). At cheerful, joful. some time, somee time, formnerly, once, at alatus, a, um, adj. (ala). TWnged. length. Alba, or Alba Longa, ae. f. The aliqui, qua, quod, indef. pron. adj. (aliusmother city of Rome, bIilt by Ascanius. qui). Some, any. Albfnus, a. um, adj. Of A/ba (Longa), alquis, qua, quid, indef. pron. (id.) Alban. Subs., Albani, orum, m., the Some one, any one, some, any. 2. Idea Albans. of alius predom., some other. 3. Somcalbeo, no perf.; no enpine, 2. v. n. To be times an adj. =- aliqui. white. ialquot, indecl. adj. (alius-quot). Sevalbesco, ere, 3.v. inch.(albeo, fr., nibus). eral, some, a few. To become white; to become light, to alter, adv. (alius). Otherwise, in another dawn, lax. wanner; non or baud aliter, not otherAlbfila, ae, f. The Albula; an ancient wise, -just so. name of the Tiber. ilitus, a, nm, p. of alo. Albiin6a, ae, f. (albus). Albtnea, a alitiLum, irregular gen. pl. of ales. fountain at Tibur; also a nymph. alius, a, ud, adj. (aAAos). Another, other;.&lburnusj i, m. (id.). Alburnus, now plur., others, sone. V. Repeated, aliu — ALL 12 AMB alias, one-another, the one-the other; second. 3. Repeated, alter-alter, the alii-alii, some-others. one-the other. al-labor, lapsus, 3. v. dep. intr. To fall alterno7 avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (alternus). to or toward, to come to by a falling (but To do by turns, to alternate, vices; poet. more freq. by a gliding) motion; hence, intr., to alternate, 2waver. in gen., to glide to, come to, reach, oris; alternus, a, urnm, adj. (alter). One after w. ace., fama a. aures. another, by tutrns, alternate. allacrimans7 antis, Pa. of obsolete altrixn Icis, f.(nlo). A (femalze) nourisher, verb allacrimo, weeping. a nurse. allapsus, a, uni, p. of allabor. altus3 a, um, Pa. (alo). Grown great by Alecto, us, f. ('AArKT^). A fury. notrishmient, support, &c. 1. High, Allia, ae, f., the Allia, a river near Rome, lofty, mons; 2. DJeep, profound, mare where the Romans were defeated by the (altus has regard to distance both up Gauls. and down). 3. Subs., altlum, i, n., ar al-lig'o, fvi, Atuim. 1. v. tr. To bind to; height, esp. poet. for heaven; a depth, in gen., to bi:.d, hold, confine (lit. and the deep sea, the deep. trop.) alumnus, i, m. (id.). A nursling, pupil, allium, ii, n. Garlic. foster-ctild, 'on. al-16quor, locfltns, 3. v. dep. tr. To alveare; is, n. or speak to, to addre-. alvearium, i, n. A bee-Jive. al-ludo llsi, lus, u,,?. v. tr. and intr. alveus< i, m. (alvus). A hollow, a To play with, to jest, sport, umock. cavity. 2. A hollow, deep vessel. 3. A al-luo, luii, -,.. tr. To ivuc3h, to wash hold of a ship. 4. A river bed. against. alvus, i, f. (alo). The belly, the abdomen. Almo% onis, m. A Latin, son of Tyr- 2. The womb (= uterus). rheus. amans7 antis, Pa. (anmo). Loving, affecalmus, a, am, adj. (contr. fr. alimls, fr. tionate, fond. alo). Nourishing, cheri.hing; hence, amarcus, i, m. (ioiapacoe). Majoram, bountiful, kiEnd, indulgent, propitious, a plant. benignant, genia7, Venus, ager, lux. mareS adv. Bitterly. alnus, i, f. The alder; a vessel, a boat. amaror) Oris, m. Bitterness. alo ailui, altum, and alitum, 3. v. tr. To amarus7 a, um, adj. Bitter. 2. Trop., nourish, support, cherish; hence, trop., unpleasant, disagreeable; harsh, spiteto strengthen, encourage, enliven, suc- ful, homo, dictum. cessius. Amaryllis, idis, f. The name of a Aloidae, Arum, m. ('AAoweisat). Sons of shepherdess. Aloetts, the giants Otus and Ephialtes. AmAsenus, i, m. The nams of river of Alpes, lum, f. The Alps. Latium. Alphbsiboeus, i, m. ('AAe-ojon). A Amaster, (us), i, m. A Trojan. shepherd. Amata ae, f. The wife of Latinus. Alpheus, el, m. ('tAbz;Toe). A river in Amathufi untis, f. A town of CyPeloponnesus. As this river disappeared pr-ms. under ground, the ancients fancied it Amazon, bnis, f. (Atlaze,,; etymol. unwent under the sea and appeared againt known; the der. fr. a-axo(6, without a in the fountain of Arethusa. breast, is a nere fancy). Plur. Amazones. Alpheus, a, uam, adj. Of the river Al- A community of female warriors dwellpheus, Alphearn. ing on the river Thermodon. Alpinus, a, umrn, adj. 'Alpes, the Alps). Amaz6nis, idis, f. (id.). An Amazon. Of the Alps, Alpine. Amaz6nius, a, mrn, adj. (id.). AmazoAlsus, i, m. A Runtulian. nian. altaria, ium, n, (altus). The upper part ambag'es, is, f. (in the sing., only in the of an altar, on which the victim was abl. ambi-ago). A going around; hence, burned. 2. Transf., poet. (= ara), the in plur., tirnings, windinqs, intricacies, altar itself, esp. a high altar. tecti. '2. Trop., of speech, circumlocualtU adv. (altus). High, aloft, on high. tion, evasion; also obscurity, ambiguity, 2. Deep. mystery; poet. for the details of a long alter, era, ernm (gen. corn. alterlus), story. adj. The one, the other of two. 2. The amb-6do, Mdi, estm, 3. v. tr. To eat or AMB 13 AN gnaw around; to waste, consume, robora amnis< is, m. A stream (broad, deep flammis. and rapid), a river; poet. for a torrent, ambesusS a, um, p. of ambedo. and also for water, in gen. ambi, abbrev. andb, am or anl, prep., amo, avi, litum, 1. v. tr. To love. used only in composition. Around,about, amoOnus, a, umn, adj. Pleasant, charmon both sides. ing, delightfDl. ambiguus, a, umn, adj. (alnbi-ago). amomum, i, n. An aromzatic shnrb, Moving both ways; hence, wavering, spikenard, balsam. hesitating, uncertain, obscure, ambig- amory Oris, mn. tamo). Love, affec.ion, uous. fondness, longing, desire; personified, amb-io, Ivi and ii, itum, 4. v. tr. and Amor, the god of love. intr. (amnb-co. To go around; hence, I-m6veo, m\i, ruOtur, 2. v. tr. To to surrotund, environ, encompass. 2. To move or take away, to reimove. go arolid anid solicit votes, to canvass Amphidn olnis, m. A king of Thebes, for votes, to solcit; in gen., to solicit one husband of Niobe, famnous as a mufor favor, etc., to solicit, petition. sician. ambo, ac, o, adj. plur. (ihow). Both. Amphitryo5niades ac. m. Hercules, ambr6sia, ac, f. The food of the son of Amphitryon's wife by Jupiter. gods. Amphrysius, a, um, adj. Of Amphryambr36ius, a, urnm, adj. (ambrosia). sus (a river in the southern part of ThesAmbrosial, beautlijd, divine. salia, on whose banks Apollo fed the amburo; ulSSi, ustumn, 3. v. tr. To burn flocks of Admetus; hence, an epithet of round. ambustus7 a, urn, p. of am- Apollo), Amphrysian. buro, blazing, singed. Amphrysus, i, m. The name of a river, amellus7 i. m. The star-wort. v. Amphrysius. a-mans; entis, adj. Ott of one's senses, ampleS adv. (amplus). Amply, largely. without sense, frantic, distracted, am-plector, plexus, 3. v. dep. tr. amazed. (plecto, to plait, interweave, mXeKw). To amentum i, n. A thong attached to twine around; hence, to surround, emthe shaft oe7a javelin, and unwinding so brace. as to give it a twist, like a rifle ball. I amplexus, a, um, p. of amplector. Am6rinus3 a, urn, adj. Of Anieria, a amplexus~, is, mn. id.). An encircling, town in Umbria, Amerian. an embrace. ami:ioj Icui or ixi, ictum, 4. v. tr. (am- amplius, adv., comp. (ampnlus). In cxjacio). To throw around; to wrap tension of time and of number, more, about, surround, veil, cover. longer. amicitia, ae, f. Friendship. amplus, a, um, adj. Of space, large, Amictus, a, urnm, p. of amicio. spacious, anmple. 2. Transf. to other amictus, is, m. (id.'. Orig., a putting things, much, abundant, great. 3. Trop., on of a garment; hence, mode of dress, of appearance, splendid, magnificent, fashion. 2. Transf., the garmwent itse'f, glorious; of persons, illustrious, distinesp. an upper garment, mantle. 3. Trop. guished, honorable, renowned. and poet., a covering, envelopment (nebu- Ampsanctus, i, n. A lake in Italy, lae, coeli, &c.). said to be one of the entrances to amicus, a, urn, adj. (amo). Friendly, Hades. amnicable, benevolent, kind. amurcal ac, f. The scum of oil. amicusp i. m. (id.). Afriend. Amyclae, arum, f. A town in Latium, Aminaeus7 a, urn, adj. Of Aminaea, also a town in Laconia. Aminaean. Amyclaeus, a, urn. Of Amyclae, the amissusp a, urnm, p. of amitto. town. in Laconia; hence, Spartan. Amiternus Pa, urn, adj. OfAmiternun, Amfcus, i. m. ('AuvKo;). An ancient Amiternian. king of the Bebrjcians, and a renowned a-mitto Tisi, issum, 3. v. tr. To send boxer. 2. A companions of Aeneas. away. 2. To let go, let slip. 3. To lose, Amyntas, ae, m. The name of a shepgenitorem. herd. Ammon, onis, m. (Awmour). An appel- Amytha6nius, a, urn, adj. An epithet lation of Jupiter, as worshiped in Africa given Melampus, a son of Amythaon. in the form of a ram. an, conj. Or. Gen. introduces the second ANA 14 ANN memberl~of a disjunctive interrogation: of breathing, panting, puj/lng. 2.In a. g., Eloquar an silcam? Nescio, gratin- gen., breathing, breat/i. lerne tibi an timeam. 2'-. The first ques- finh~lo, Avi, Itum, 1. v. intr. and tr. tion is often omitted and is to be supplied (am-halo). To get breath, as it were, all from the context, and then an begins the around, f rom all sides, to breathe with difwhole interrogation. If the ellipsis is ficulty, to pant, iuf. 2-. Tr., to bs'eathe not supplied an may be ornitted in trans- forth with panting, verba, i-incs; trop., Jation. 3. Whether; after expressions sceeus. of doubt and uncertainty, hand scio, nes- inhU1us2 a, urn, adj. (id.). Panting, heavclo, dubito, incertum est, etc. See A. ing. 211; G. 459, seq; H. 85-I. Anie-nq v. Anio. Anagnia, ae, f. A town, in Latiu?,q the Ani~nis7 a, urn, adj. Of the I n2io. chief seat of ilerinici. Anilis, a, adj. (anuis, an old wvoman). An anceps, cipftis, adj. (am-caput). H~av- old womnan's, old-womzanish, anile. ing two heads, Janus; in gen., doable, Anima, no, f. (kindir. with Jrvqio,, fr. aw twofold. pugna. 2. Trop., doubtful, un- &%nit. A cirrent of air, a breeze, breath, certaini, undecided, wavering, wind (thus poet.). 2. The air, as an Anch~m61usj i, m. A Latin warrior, element. 3. The air inhaled, breath. Anchises, ae, m. ('A-yXia~ic-). The 4. The breath, of life, the animnal life or father of A eneas. spirit, the said (as tbe principle of aolAnchis~ius, a, urn, adj. (A-yXiamsoe. Of inal existence), vital power; hence, a livAnchises, Anchisean. ing being, a soul; (freq. of the dead) a Anchisi~deS7 ae, in. (AvyXto-tdiwn. The ghost, &irit, manes. eo qf Anchises, Aeneas. animiidversusp a, urn, p. of anomadancile, is, un- A small oval shield, said verto. Observed. to have fallen from heaven in the reign Animal1, 11is, 'D. (anirna). A living creaof Nuina. tore, an animal, in the wvidest sense, inancilia7 iunu, a. The ancilia, made in eluding man. iiainof the ancile. anim~lis, a, adj. Aniniate, living. anc6ra, ae, f. (a&yKVP0). An anchior. animo, Avi, iltum, 1. v. tr. To animate, Ancus, i. mn. Anesis 1arciiis, the giaiid- quicken. son of N.uma, and fourth kiiiq of Ronie. anmous aur, ndj. C7ourageous, A~ndr6geos and geus~i, in.( 'APip6-ynEw). s7jirited, proud, blouiiig violeiitly. A so of Minos, kng of Crele, slain by Animnus. i. in. (kfindr. withimanhea). The the Athnians. 2.- A Grecian leader at principle of Intellectual life, the roold, the siege of Troy. &pirit, mind (opp. to the boily anid ib3-sAndr6mlche, as, and a, ae, f. ('Avlpo- ical life). 2. The rational soul, withi all fkaxn). Daughter qf Eetion, aid swife of its faculties; in pantic., the faculty of Hector, after the destruction of Tray car- wilig ilpsoe nentioii; the ernotied away captive by Pyrrhus to Greece, lion alfac-ully, the heart, inclination,p2asand sbsequently man-led to lielenus, the sion,feeling; somne one specific emotion, brother of Hector, as courage, pride, haughtiness, anger, an~thum, i, a. Dill, anise. rage; the thyiiiig faculty, the mind; anfractus, -as, in. A bernding, winding, of its separate faculties, nienoiory,judgturning, ment, consciousness, &-c. Angitia, v. Augnuitia. IAnlo, eais, or Oinis. The Anio, a branch ango, naxi, ucturn or xurn, 8. v. tr. To of the Tiber. -squeeze, to comp~ress, to choice, to strangle. Anius, 11, in. A king andpinIeel at Delos anguis, is, in. and f. A serpeiit. who hospitably received Aeneas. Anguitia, ae, f. A sorceress, sister of Anna, ac, f. The sistem, of Pido. Circeaend Medea, worshiped by the annj1is89 e, adj. (annus). Relating to Marsi. years or age. 2. Most corn, as a tubs. angustus, a, urn, adj. (ango, to press to- in plur., annales, loin, (supply libri). gather). Nas-ros, close, contracted, small Annals, chronicles, the events of the year (in many lit, and trap. senses). Subs., in chronological order, history. anFustum., i, a., a narrowa place; a an-net or anneg pleon. for an. c-ritical condition, d(ijkmlty. annisusy a, urn, P. Of Anhblitus, fts,. in. (anhelo). A difficUlty an-nitorp nlsus or aixus, 8. v. dap. ANN 15 APP intr. To pres against, to lean upon. 2 Trop., to exer,! one's self, to strive. annixus, a, urn, p). of annitor. an-no2 I. v. tr. and intr. To swim to; to flat to, reacht; w. ad, dat. or ace. ann~sus, a, urni, adj. (annuls). Aged, old, of many years. an-nuo7 ui, 3. N. tr. and intr. (ad and obs. nuo, to nod). To nod to. 2?. To give assent, to by (I nod, to agrece, to promise..3. Tr., to promise, alicui aliquid. cannus, i. iiL (cf. io, vo,;). A year; Iloet. for a season of the year, hiibernus a. annuus, a., urn, adj. (id.). Annual, yearly. ansa, ac, f. A handle. anser, gris, mn. A goose. Antaeus, i, ni. A Latin, slain by Aeneas. Antandros, 1. f. CAVT vipo,;). A tow)) in Mysia, at the foot of Monnt Ida. ante, prCI)., w. acc. Before, bo0th in space and tine. ante, adv. Of space, before, in front. 2. Of time, beflore, previontsly, for~neriy, first; followved by quam, With which it is sometimes united in one word, antequam, soons), thtan, before. ant6-eo, Tv! 01 ji, Ire, irrsg. ni. anl tr. TO go before, to p~recede, to surpass. To carry or bear before. 2. Trop., to place before, to prefer. Antemnae, Arum, f. A town cf, the Sabizes oii the Anio. antenna, ae, f. A sail-yard. Antiinor, (iris, in. ('AVn~vwp). A nephewI oqf Priam 'who after the fall qf Troy went to Italy a))dfigunded Patavium. Ant~n6rldes, ae, mn. A descendant, of Ant enor. antequam~or ante quama. See ante. antes, mum, a]. Rows or ranksa of vines5. ant~v~nio, veni, ventum, 4. v. a. T"o comne beore; aniticipate. a nt~v6loj Avi, turn, 1. v. n. To JYy before. Antheus 0disy I., 6os or iii, m. A~nthem, a ceempanion of Aeneas. Antig6ne-, is, in. A shepksrd. Antlphdtes, ac, mn. ('AVTUbaT71S). Son of Sarpedon, stain by Teernus. antiquus, a, urn, adj. (ante). That existed or was donve before; old, ancient, former (opposed to no0VUS). 2'. == vetus, that hias been ini existence a long tinw, old. 3. Trop., in cornp. aull sup, before in rank or imnportance, ))o0) (or mnost) ira,porta))t, ve))erellle, celebrated, &c. Ant~nius, ii n. 3.A))onsn?-s, the T711nu vir. Ant~res, ac, in. A Greek warrior, follower of L'rander. antrum, 1.i.('pi. A cave, cavern, grotto. A~niibis~ is or MIdl, ni. ('Aov.3tq. A god with the head of a dog, worshiped by the Egyptians.,Anus, (is, f. An old wroman. anxlus~ a, un,, adj. (ango). Troubled, anxious, tr~ouvti))g, disquietingq. Anxur, firis, in. And-ur, a toa) 0)) the coast of Latium. A&nxiirus, a, uin, adj. (Anxtir). Of Anxur. A6nes, urn, adj., ncec. AMnms ('Awov). Aonian. A6nlus, a, urn, adj. (Aonia). Of Aonia, Aonian, Boeotian. Aornos, i, in. (iopvo5~). Bres;Lake Ave?-nus. Apenninic6la, -v. Appenininieola. ApenninUS, v. Appeninus. jjpelr pri, In. (KcLT.poe;). A wvild boar. iip&rWo 6rui, ertinin, 4. -'c. t~r. (ab. and ohs, root perin, whene the 01)1. operio). To uncover, lay bare, to m)ake visible, show,?reveal; transf., to disclose, make knowvn, coiijurationcrn. 2. To open, ))nclose, jainuarn; to opC)) a place, )'e)der arcesqsible. lpertus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Uncovered, opened; hence, o])e), free, clear (in various lit, and trap. sensecs). iipex, Ieis, mn. The extrenseecad, point or summint eqf a thing. 1. In partic., the rod at, the top of a iniest's or.llapne)'s cap. 21. Transf., the cap) cf the ftamnen wit/h tihe rod; iii genl., any big/s cap, hetgnet, or crown. 3. TMepoint, su))nit of a tree, mountain, etc. Aphidnus,~ i, m. A Trojan. 5pis (-is), is, f. The bee. apiumn, ii, ". Parsley. Apollo, Ilids, mn. C'Air6AAwr). Apollo, r-on of Jupiter a))d Laliona, twin bmother of Diana, anid god of pnophecy, nnasic, archery, poetry and medicine; ()lso with later svriters the god of the 50)). ap-pireo (ad-), iii, Iteim,!. v. intr. To appear, come in sigh t; i n ge i., to be visible. 2.Trop., to be evident, appwrn)'t; fren. Impers. apparct, it is- evident. get ready, to pseeparc, to provide. APP 16 ARD ap-pello (ad-), puli, pulsum, 3. v. tr. To drive, move or bring to; freq. \v. navern, to bring to land, to land, ad ripam or litus. ap-pello (ad)-.avi, atlum, 1 v. tr. Toaddress, speak to, accost, accuse, name, call, declare. Appenninicola;Apen-), ac, m. A dweller in the Apennines. Appenninus (Apen-), i, m. The Apennines, the great mountain-chain of Italy. ap-p6to (ad-), Ivi or ii, Itum, 3. v. tr. and intr. Tofall upon; attack, assail. ap-plico (ad-), avi and more freq. ui, atum orltmn, 1. v. tr. Tojoin or attach to; trop., se or animuinl, to apply or devote one's se.f or mind to. 2. Naverm, or abs., to direct, bring orforce to land; poet. w. aliquem, to drive, bring, his oris. ap-pono (ad-), posuT, positum, 3. v. tr. To place at, to place. apricus$ a, urn, adj. (aperio'. Prop., open, uncovered; hence, open to the sun, sunny; poet., sun-loving, flores, mergi. apto, lvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (aptus). To fit on, to put on, to adapt, insignia nobis. '. To fit, to prepare, trabcs. aptus, a, um, Pa. (fr. obs. verb apoarTTW). Fitted, joined to; poct., w. abl., furnished, studded, or ornamenlted with. '2. Fitted, adapted, appropriate, suitable, proper. Apud, prep. w. acc. At, by, near, among, with; of persons, with; before a pcrs. pron. or name of a person, at the house of; with the name of a x riter, in the writing8 of, in; = coram, in the presence of. aqua, ae, f. Watcr. Aqquairus ii, m. The watch-bearer, one of the signs of the Zodiac. Aquic6lus, i. m. A Paitulian. Aquilaq ae, f. An eagle. Aquilo, onis, m. The north?iin2d; poet., the winid in gen. 2. Mcton., the North. aquor, atus, 1, v. dcp. To get or draw water for drinking. qu6sus, a, urn, adj. (aqua). Watery, rainy. ara, ae, f. (kindr. w. acpw). Any elevation of stone, earth, wood, turf, etc. 1. Esp. for sacred uses, an altar, (cf. altaria). '. Trop., (as crininals fled to altars for protection, hence) a refuge, Fhelter, protection. 3. The name of some rocks in the sea between Sicily and Africa. Arabsy Ws, m. A7i Anunan. Arabusp j, m. An Arabiaj?. Aracynthfis j, m. A mountain between Boeotia and Attica. Ariin6a ae, f. pixv,,). A,?,))idea,. Arar; Ads, m. The Arar, a liver, of Gaul, now the Sawie. Aritor Oris, m...4 I)Iowmw?, a kcsbandinan, a farmer. Aritrum) i, u. (aro-_XOOTPOz,). A lWoug.7% Araxesisiii.A2iverofAn-iieiiiaiii,,ijol-. arbor, (poet. form. arbos,; 6ris, f.,I tree. 2. Meton., thi2vjs made of wood, as an oar, mast oy'aship, etc. arb6reus a, uni, adj. (id.). Of a tree, froudes; tree-like, branching, Corilli. arbustum, i, n. Od.,. A growth of trees; a grove, orchard, vineyard. arbfit6us a, Jim, adi. (arbutus). Of the arbutus or strawberry tree. arbfitum; i, in. (id.). The wild strawberry. arbfitus7 i, f. The arbutus, or arbittetree; wild straztberry-tree. Arc;ldfa ae, f. ('APK(X8,'a). YWe central distict of Peloj)onnesus. ArcAdius, a, um, adj. ('ApiccSto-;). Of Arcadia, a province in Pelopoimesus, Arcadian. arciinusy a, umad;. (kindr. w. arceo Ori".' shut 111), iuclosed; hence, sec),61f, hidden, p) ivate: subs., arcanum7 i, 1) a secrel, a mystevy. Arcas 51dis, "I. An Arcadian. Arcens utis, m. A k5icilian. arceop ciii, -, 2. v. tr. (c'tp-yw). To enclose, confine, shut ul). 2. Toshut wray, k e e:) q if, drive away, debar, hosthim copias. arcesso) Ivi, Rum, 3. v. tr. (ar ad and cico). To call, sunimonjetch; in judic. ]an,,., to summon bej'ore a judge, to accitse. 2. To derive, drawfetch, splendorem, fabulas. Arc6tlusp %.m. A Rufulian. Archippusy 1, m. King of the Marsi. Arcft6nensy entis, adi. (arcus-teneo). Carrying a bow (poet. ej;ithet. of Apollo); also stabs., the Archer. Arctosq i, f. OP.-oO. The Great a??d Little Bear, a double constellation at the north pole. Poet., the Xorth. Arctfirus, 1, m. (iPKTOp"). A large 8tar in the constellation Bo6tes. arcus.j 11s, m. A bow; the rainbow; anything bow-shaped. Ard6aq ae, f. The chief town of the Butulians. Arabs,7 bis, m. An Arabian. Arabusp i, m. An Arabitn. Aracynthfis i, il. A lmountain between Boeotia and Attica. arania, ae, f. (xpax',,). A s)pider. Arar; aris, m. The Arar, a siver of Gaul, now the Saone. arator, oris, m..A plo)nwman, a hiusbandmian, a farmner. aratrumn i, n. (aro-IpoTpoI.). A Iplougk. Araxes3 is,mi. A 2ver of Armenlia major. arbor, (poet. form arbos,; 6ris, f. A tree. 2. Meton., thiZns made of wood, as an oar, mast of a ship, etc. arb6reus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of a tree, frondes; tree-like, branching, cornl. arbustum, i, n. (id.l. A growth of trees; a grove, orchard, vineyard. arbfitus, a,,um, adj. (arbutus). Of the arbutus or strawberry tree. arbitum, i, n. (id.). The wild strawberry. arbitus, i, f. The arbutus, or arbeutetree; wild strawzberry-tree. Arcadiad ae, f. ('ApKcS5a). The central district of Peloponnesus. Arcadius, a, um, adj. ('.\picaitox). Of Arcadia, a province in Peloponnesus, Arcadian. arcanusy a, uun, adj. (kindr. w. arcco). Orig., shut u1p, inclosed; hence, secret, hidden, p) irate: subs., arcanumn i, n1. a secret, a mystery. Arcas, a5dis, m. An Arcadian. Arcens, ntis, m. A Sicilian. arceo, cui, -, 2. v. tr. (etpyw). To enclose, confine, shut up. 2. To shut awray, keep q o, drive away, debar, hostiunm coIinas. arcesso Ivi, Itum, 3. v. tr. (ar = ad and cico). To call, sumon, fetch; in judic. lang., to su1mmon before a judge, to accuse. 2. To derive, draw, fetch, splcndorcm, fabulas. Arc6tius, ii, m. A Lufulian. Archippus, i, m. King of the Marsi. Arcit6nens, entis, adj. (arcus-tenco). Carrying a bow (poet. epithet. of Apollo); also subs., the Archer. Arctos i, f. (prxTos). The Great and Little Bear, a double constellation at the north pole... Poet., the North. Arctfirus, i, m. (ipTroipos). A large star in the constellation Bootes. arcus, Ias, m. A bowt; the rainbow; anything bow-shaped. Ard6a, ae, f. The chief town of the Iutulians. ARD 17 ARM ardSa, ae, f. The heron. ardens. cntis, Pa. (ardeo). Burning (lit. and trop.), glowing, glaring, inJlamed; ardent, eager. ardeo si, sumn, 2. v. intr. To burn, blaze, donls..'. Trop., to glow, glitter, laena murice; of;assions and enotions, to ardently desire, to be eager, abire, (poet.). ardesco; arsi, 3. v. inch. (id.) (Poet. and lat.) 2To begint to blorn, to kindle, to take fire. -. Trop., to gyeam; of passions, etc., to be iiflamed, tucndo. ardor, oris, m. (id.). A burning heat,.fire. 2. Trop., b ightness, brilliancy; of the feelings or passions, heat, ardor. arduus, a, um, adj. Steep, mons; llecc, poet., high, lofty, alojt, erect, coluber, equus. 2. Trop., dictcutlt to reach, digicull, ardiuos, opus; adeerse, rcs. ar6a, ac, f. A threshing.1oo7r. arena7 ac, f. Sand..". Meton., a andy place; the sea-shiore, beach; the place of contest in the amphiltheatre, the lacena (lit. and trop.). arenosus7 a, lrn, adj. (id.). Sandy.. are7 ui, -,. v. i!tr. To be dr y, tcilus, rivus; to be dried cp, to wzither, languishe herbae. arens) entis, Pa. (id). Dry, arid; trop., thirsty, lang/lye.'sing. ArSthfisa, ac, f. ('ApScov-a). A celebrated.fountain near SyracuseC into which the nymph Arethusa was said to have been changed after hasing been pursued by the river-gcdl Alpheuts. argent6aus a, umn, adj. Of silver, silvery, white. argentum, i, n. (';pyvpoe). Silver; articles of siher,; plate, money. Argi, v. Argos. Argiletum, i, n. The lArgiltum, a place in omne. argilla, ac, f. (py3tA'S). ClIt,, potter's earth. argitis iddis, f. A species of while grape. Argivus, a, un, adj. Of Argos; Argive; Grecian. Subs.: Arfgivi Oruln, m, Argives, Greeks. Argo, as, f. ('Ap~y). The ship Argo; tlhe ship which bore Ja(son to Colchis in search of the golden fleece. Arg6llcus, a, uln, adj. ('Ap-yoAXc6). Of Argolis, Argolic: poet., Crecian. Argos n. (only norn. and ace.) more freq. plural, Argi, Orum, in. ('Apyot). Argos, a city in Pelojponnesus, sacred to Jutw; often poet. for Greece in ten. argumentum, i, n. An argumenet, a subject, proof, stoay. arguo ui, itIlnl, 3. v. It. To show, prove, declare, ilinor animos degcneres..2. To accuse, impeach, charge tw'ith; to blame, censul'e; to )i oce a thing false, to refute, aliquid. Argus, i, In. A gttest of E'rander. Argus, i, m. (A\pyos). Arfqt-s, the hundred-eyed keeper who was gytard of Jo, after she was changed into a heifer by I Jtpiter. argiitus, a, um, p. of arngo. Argyrripa (ppa), ae, f. (.pytpt.r7ra). Argyripa, a town built by Diomedes in Alnldia. Aricia, ae, f. lotlter of Vil bius; a town in Latiurm. aridus. a, uln, adj. (areo. Dr y, parched, cracking, lsnapping. aries, ietis, m. A ram; a batteitng ram; a sign of the Zcdiac. ariito, avi, atum, 1, tr. and intr. To strike; to stumble: dash. Arionp onis, m. ( 'po:). A famous musician of Lesbos, throfwn inlt the sea by sailors, and saved by a dl6lphin. Arisbal ae, f. A tocwn of Tcoas. arista7 ae, f. A head or ear oJ whveat, an ear of corn or wheat. Aristaeus, i, m. ('Aptorat;os). Son of Apollo and Cyyrene, swho taught gmene how to manage bees and milk and to celtivate t.he olive. Arifisius, a, um, adj. Of Aritsia, in Chios; Chian. arma, Urum, n. p1. Arms, weapons, defensive, as the coat of mail, helmet, shield, etc.; and offensive for close combat-not tela; often llguratively, armor, defenre. 2. Trop., war'; also, warriors, troop)s. 3. Poet. for implements, sttenils for grinding and baking); tackle of a ship, sails, etc. armitus, a, um, Pa. (armo). Armed, equipped; subs., armatus, i, nl., ar armed mana, soldier. Arm6nius, a, um, adj. Armeneian. armentalis, e, adj. Of a drove; of the herd. armentairus7 ii, m. A herdsmtan. armentum7 i, n. (aro). Plough-cattle; collect., a herd, drove. Transf., of horses and otherlarge animals. armiger, bri, m. (arma-gero). An armor-bearer. armi-p6tens centis, adj. Powerful in arms, warlike, valiant. armi-s6nus, a, um, adj. (arma-sono). Resounding with arms. armo7 avi, atum, i. v. tr. (arma). To arm, milites; to equip, furnish, navem. armus, i, m. (ipo,'). The shoulder; gen., of an animal; the. lank, side. aro, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (,op6w). To plough, till, cultivate; poet. of a ship, to sail through, traverse. Arpi, Orumi, in. A town of Apulia. arrectus, a, urn, )p. ol arrigo. arreptus, a, anm, 1). of an'-ipio. ar-rigo, rexi, rectum, 3. v. tr. (ad-rego). To raise, to lift up, to erect, aures. 2. Trop., to animate, encourage, excite. ar-ripio, lpui, eptum, 3. v. tr. (ad-rapio). To draw, seize or snatch to one's self. 2. In gen. to seize, take possession of. Arruns7 fntis, m. An Etruscan namie. ars, artis, f. (ipw). An art, trade, handicraft, profession. 2.,Science, knowledge. 3. The theory at the basis of any art or science. 4. Art, skill, dexterity; hence, cunning, wile, stratagem. 5. Concr. and Ioet., a work of art. 6. Transf. to morals, manner of acting, habit, conduct, practice. artifex Itcis, m. (ars-facil. An artist, artificer. '. A mnaker, author, contriver of a thing; in a bad sense, a plolter. II. Adj., Skillful, dextrous. artus, uum, in. pl. ((p)). A joint. 2. More freq. (mostly poet.), the limbs. artus (better than arctus), a, urn, Pa. (arceo). Shut,up, pressed together; hence, narrow, dose, tight. arundineus, a, urnm, adj. Pertaining to reeds, reedy. arundo Inis, f. A reed. 2. Things made of reeds, a shepherd's piipe, an angling rod, an arrow, a pen, etc. aruspex7 v. haruspex. arvinay ae, f. Grease, fat, tfalow. arvum, i, n. (aro). Ar alleland, ploughed land, a plovuhed or cultivated field, a tfield. 2. Poet. for a region, country, and in the pl., in gen., fields, regions; also as opp. to the water, a shore, coast. arx7 arcis, f. (arcco). A casl,'e, fortress, citadel, a fortified height; trop., a refuge, defense, protection. 2. As citadels were built on lofty places, hence, by meton., a height, sutmmit, pinnacle. as, a form of ab in composition before p. Asbyrtes, ae, m. A Trojan. is ASS Ascanius, ii, m. (CAOr-aiLo0). 1. Son of Aeneas, king of Lavinium, andfounder of Alba Longa. 2. A river and lake of Bithynia. Ascendos v. adscendo. ascensusp v. adscensus. ascio, v. adscio. ascisco, v. adscisco. Ascraeus, a, urn, adj. ('ACpKpaXtO). Of Askra, a town in Bocotia; Ascraean. asellus, i, m. A little ass. Asia~ ae, f. ('Aoi). Asia, cune of the threce great divisions of the ancient world. 2. Asia Minor. 3. The RIoman province of Asia, conmprising the western districts of Asia Minor. Asilas, ae, m. 1. A Trojan warrior. 2. An Etrascan soothsayer. /isilusq i, m. A gadfly. Asius, a, um, adj. Of Asia, Asian. Asius, ii, m. A Lycian. aspargo, v. adspargo. aspecto, v. adspecto. aspectus, v. adspectus. asper, 6ra, briun, adj. Rough, uneven, to the touch. 2. Transf., to the taste, harsh, sour, puntgent, strong; of sound, rough, harrh. 3. Trop., of moral qualities, rought, harsh, hard, crud, fierce, violent, exasperated; of circumstances, critical, troublesoime. aspergo, v. adspergo. aspernor, v. ads!)ernor. asp6ro, avi, atumI, 1. v. tr. (aspcr). To make rough, to roughen, u)das. 2. Trop., To make.fierce, to excite, arouse. aspersus, v. adspcrsus. aspicio, v. adspicio. aspirop v. adspiro. asporto, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To carry or bear away, to carry off. Assarfcij ortun, in. The Assaraci, two heroes of Troy. Assaracusp i, m. ('A craaOucos). I7ing of Phrygia and grandfather of Anchises. assensus, v. adsensus. assenti6, v. alsentio. asserv6, v. adservo. asside6, v. adsideco. assiduie v. adsiduc. assiduus, v. adsiduus. assimilisq v. adsimilis. assimulo, v. adsimulo. assisto, v. adsisto. assuescov v. adsuesco. assuetus, v. adsuetus. assultus, v. adsultus. assurgo, v. adsurgo. ASS 19 AUC Assyrius, a, um, adj. Assyrian; sometimes Median, Phoenician. ast, conj., v. at. asto, v. adsto. asstringo7 v. adstringo. astrum7 i, n. (a-Tpov). A star; a constellation: astra, orum, heaven. Astur, bris, m. An Etruscan. astus, fus, m. /raft, cunning: abl. astu7 craftily, with cunning. Astyanax, actis, m. ('Aa-.vdvat). Son of Hector and Andromache, slain by Ulysses at the capture of Troy. asylum, i. n. (iavAov), fr. a and avoniw. A place of refage, an asylum, sanctuary. at or ast, conij. (aTap). But, yet, however, moreover, now; used (1) to introduce an opposite thought, (2) to indicate mere transition of thought, (3) to introduce a circumstance, wonderful, unexpected, etc, (4) to introduce a passionate appeal, a wish, imprecation, threat, etc. atavus, i, mi. A great - great - greatgrandfather; ancestor, forefather. ater, tra, trum, adj. Black, dark, gloomy (lit. and trop.). Ath6sis, is, m. A river in tq)l)er Italy. Ath6s, Onis, (gen. not found). A mountain in Macedonia. AtiiW Orm, im. The Atii, a Roman gens. Atina, ac, f. A town of Latium. Atinas, litis, rm. A Latin chieftain. Atlantis7 Idis, f. A female descendant of Atlas: pl. Atlantides7 urn, the Pleiades. Atlas, antis, m. ('A\Aaq). A high mountain in Mauritania on which heaven was.fabled to rest. 2. A king of Mauritania who was also a skillful astronomer. Ile was the father of the Pleiades, Hyades, and Calypso, and zwas changed by Perseus, by means of Medusa's head, into mount Atlas. atque or ac7 conj. (the latter only before consonants) (ad-quc). And also, and besides, and indeed, and, to join words or clauses co-ordinately, and often to give emphasis to the latter term. 2. In comparisons, as, than. atqui, conj. And yet, but, yet. Atrides, ae, m. ('ATpeie). A descendant of Atreus; in pl. Atridae7 the Atrides, i. e., Agamemnon and Menelaus. atrium, ii, n. A hall, fore-court of a Roman dwelling-house, nearest the main entrance. It was the principal apartment, containing the ancestral images, the portraits and other paintings, and the lectis genialis. Here clients were received, and here the housewife with her maidens was engaged in spinning; sometimes by meton., for the whole house. 2. The hall or fore-court of a temple or other public building. atrox, ocis, adj. (atcr). Dark, gloomy, in a moral sense; hence, terrible, atrocious, dreadful, horrible; harsh, savage, fierce, cruel, fell. attactus, uis, m. A touching, touch, contact. at-tero, trIvT, trItum, 3. v. tr. To rub against,to rub, to rub off, to wear,to bruise. at-tingo0 attigri, attactum, 3. v. tr. (adtango). To touch; in a hostile manner, to strike; of a place, to reach, artrive at; of boundaries, to border upon, be contiguous to. 2. Trop., to effect, concern, reach; to touch upon in speaking; to undertake, be occupied with, literas Graecas. at-tollo, no perf. and sup., 3. v. tr. To lift or raise up, to throw up:) of buildings, to rear, build. 2. Trop., to raise, sustain, animos; also to exalt, extol, aggrandize, facta. at-tondeo, tondi, tonsumr, 2. v. tr. To shave, to clip, to p.-une, to browse or feed on. att6nitusq a, um, Pa. (attono). Thunderstruck; always trop., confounded, amazed, stonished, ascestiruck. at-t6no, ui, Itum, 1. v. tr. (poet.). To thunder at; hence, trop., to ktun, bewilder. at-torqueoy no perf., no sup., 2. v. tr. To hurl. attractus, a, um, p. of at-traho, traxi, tractum, 3. v. tr. To draw to, to draw. attrectog avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (ad-tracto, intens. fr. traho). To touch, handle, csp. unlawfully; trop., to appropriate to one's self, gazas. attritus a, um, p. of attero. Atys, yos, m. ('ATev). A youthful companion of Ascanius and ancestor of the Gens Atia. auctor, Oris m. and f. (augco). An author, creator, inventor, contriver, producer, founder of any thing. 2. By whose advice or influence any thing is done, an adviser, counselor, investigator; of a law, the proposer, mover. 3. A voucher, surety, guarantee, a guardian, trustee. 4. An example, model. auctumnus, i, m. Autumn, the season of abundance. AUDI 20 Au S audax, flcis, adj. (andeo). Bold, daring, var,, popolasfavoror appllauzse. 2.'Wind, in a go'od, but ofteier in a bad sense. in gen. 3.- Poet., the- air; ad auIIras,-, on2? audens, entis, Pa. ki;d.). Daring, bold, high, towards heaven, up high, sip; also courageous, in a good senise. to the uppesrworld, as opI). to the lowcr: audec, ausus, 2. v. tr. To dare, to yen- ferre sub auras, to bringt to light, snake tare, facere aliquid, or aliquid only; known; erigere sub auras, towards thie poet., ia proelia, to be bold for. ssjper air, oss high. 4. Poet.for a glean?, audio lvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. To hear, lustre; also a sound, tone; also asn odor, V. TO listen to, to heed. 3. Of judges, exhalatin to examinise. 4. To grant, preees; to iauritus, a, urn, Pa. (anrum). Fmorssshcd approve, assent to. or asnamented with gold, gilded, golden. auditus, a, usn, p. of audlo. aureus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of frold, goclden, au-faro, abstfili, abldturn asiferre, v. tr. cingula. 2( auratus) Gilded, gilt. 3. (ab-fero). To bees or carry q-f or awag. Poet., of the color of gold, goldeni, ylitler2.With violence, to snatch away. 3. ing, sidera. 4. Trap., snagnsf cent, beassTo obtain, receive, praemium. tifisl, splendid, etc., Venusr, snores. Aufidus, i, rn. A river of Apsdia. auric6rnus, at, urn, adj. ~airurni-corna). augeo, auxi, auctum, 2. v. tr. ( ilow). To With goldeu heir; loet., qoldess leafed, increase, to enlarge; trop. by words, to golden-foliaged, fetus arbor-s f praise, magnify, exalt. 2. To furnish auriga, ae, rn. (abs. auiraa bri (11 asid abundasdlg stithe somiething, to enrich, ago). A charioteer, di iver load; to bless, advance, aggrandize, ali- auris, is, f.- The ear. quem. auritus, a, urn, adj. Lonq cased. au uiim. and f. A soothsaer A r aae, f. (ai'pto; pop, 01 auirca ~in nirpreted omnens taken from the liora?). The dasra, daybs cak, sisos ning. flight andl notes of birds, and from va- 2. Personified, the goddslse? at the suso nrious other things, an augur, prophet. ing, dausghter af Ilyperion (sod asife of augfirium, II, a. (id.). The observation Tithonas. 3. The East, lisa Orient. and interj,etatio of onseiss, aurg'srg, di- aurum, i, a. (a~bpov'). Gold. 2.Poet.-and vination. 2. An omen or 2sorient; jire- meton., various things made (fgold, asp. 8entissseet,foreboding. 3. Poet., the art money. qf divinations, augury. Auruncus, a. um, adj., Am-siscan. augiiro, livi, Mium, I. v. tr. To act as ausim, v. audeo. augur, to divine. Aus~nes, urn. The assciesst inhabitants Au~gustus, i, m. The surnanse of Octa- of Lower Italy. viu Uaesar after his attainmseat ci 51 Aus6nia, ae, f. Loswer Italy, the cosisp)reme authority, asnd after hins of all the try of the'Ausoniasss; poet. for Italy. Roman emperors. Ausonldae, arum", in. The Aseshisnes. aulay ae, f. ( i,\sD. Thlefronst castst of a Aus6niusy a, urn, adj. Asoisassas; poet., Grecian hose, courst (snostly poet.). 2. Ialian. Poet. ( = atrisum), the innes court of a auspex, Icis, m. and -.. (avis and specio, hou.se, court, hall. 3. Transf., a soyal to look at). A lsisd-,sces, osse who11 divIines court, a palace. fromt the flight, notes, or feeding of birds, aulaeum, i, a. (aiAaia). In gen., richly ans augur, divines.. Since iii all im-wrought or embroidered stuff. 1. A as- portant miatters the auspices were contaiss, esp. of a theatre. 21. A covering sulted, poet., aps'otector,farorer, leades. for couches, sofas, &-c., tapesisy, and in auspicium, ii, n. (id.). The abs-ervatioss gen., in plur., tapestries, coverings, hang- of the auguries givess by birds: (1tabere usgs. auspiclium) the s ight af taking avepices Aulestes, ae, m. An Etsuscan. (belonging to the msagistrates usI tisma of Auletes, v. Aulestes. peace, but to time coninsaiider-in-chmief Aulis, Idis, f. (ii).A senisort town of only, in time of war); heisee~ the chief Boeolia, whence the Grecians feet set sail somand, and loet. in gems, for sway, for Ts'oy. power, right, insclination, ss il, etc. 2". Aunus, i, m. A Ligurian. An omenfrom, bisds, ass asespice, sigis. aurap ae, f. (aipa). The ais in gentle nso- Aurster, tri, rn. The scuth us-isd. 2.. The lion, a gentie current or breath of air, a South. breeze; trop., the breath of popular fa- Iaustrinusy a, urn, adj. (id.). Sosthesss. AUS 21 BAI ausurn, i, n. (ausus). (Poet. and la.). Lou ging eagerly for sonsething, eager, A venture, attemp~t, entetprise, a daring desirous; of mnoney, avarecious, covetous; deed. oi food, voracious, greedy. ausus, a, urn, p. of andeo. lVis, is, f. A bird. 2". As omcus were aut, coni. Or. 2. Ant... at, eihr.. taken principallY froni birds, == ani omen, or. 3. Somectinmes poet. for nequc. portent. aultem, conj. But, on.the contrary, yet, avitus, a, urn, adj. (avus). Of or beong/cowever. 2. To deniote a mere transi- ing to a granvdf ther, ancestra?. tion of thought, mioreover, besides, now visanadj. (a-via). Out of thepath etc. or way, r'emote from the ncay; hence, Aut6mn6don, on1tiS, Mn. (~70gee%'). unfr-equented. Snbs., avium, ii, nI., a Ohiarioteer of Achilles and afterwvards by-wcay, on unfrequtented place, out-of arinwr-bearer, of Pyrrihus. the-wayplace. autor, v. auctor. j-v6jo, rivi, ittunm, 1. v. intr. To fly autumnu3, v. anictumnus. away. auxllium; ii, n. (augeo). Help, aid, as- Avuncfiius7 i, rn. (dim. of avus). A sistance. In the plamw., in inilit. lang., miother's brother,, maternal uncle -cf. auxviliar~y troop~s, au' iliaries; (rar.) patruus. troops inl gen. v j i, m. A grandf-ather, grandsire. Av~irusj a, inn, adj. (laveo, to crave).. Poet., an ancestor, ini gen. Avariclaus, covetous. axisp isn (~. An axietree of a iivectusy a, um, Pa. (aveho). Carried wagon; aind by meton., a u'agoni, chariot. qff; hence, gone off, departed. 2 The axis of the earth; hence, poet., 5v6ho, cxi, ct""n, 3 v. tr. To carr-y orj the p)ole, esp. the nor-th, pole; also, the convey away; pass., to s-ide away, sail heavens, fil gen.; also), a region of the away, depart. heavens, a. borens. a-vCllo, clii or nisi, uisnim, 3. v. tr. To I tear off or away; to veparate or rencove 13. forcibly. avenay ae, f. Oats; a straw; poet., a baca, ae, f. A blerry, any smnall fruit of shepherd's pip~e. trees. 2. Poet., Any thing berryAventinusp, i, in. A Latfin, supposed shaped, as a pearl. son of Hrcules. bac~tus, a, inn, adj. (hi.). Poet., studAventinusy, in. The Aventine, one ded with pearls, monile. of the seven hills of Rome. bacca, v. baca. Avernusy, in m. (&~owithout birds). baccatus, v. bacatus. A lake of ('anipania, whosre dead'y exha- baccar (-char), Al-is, mm. A plant wvith lations destroyed the birds that attemp~ted a fragrant root; perlhaps the p~urple fox toflyover it. Faibeltetherefore placed near, glove. it the entrance to thte Lowver World. Here bacch~tus, a, urn, p. of bacchor. was also the grv fIeaeadtego- Sounding with the revel's of Bacchus. to of the celebmated Ctmunaean Sibyl. Poet. 3Bacch~iusy a, inni, adj. Of Bacchus, for the Lower World. Bacchic. Avernus, a, urn, adj. Of take Avernuas, bacchor qtus, 1. v. dep. intr. (Daceluims) Averocan. Loca Averia, or abs., Aver- Poet. anJ lat. To celebrate the festival nag Orun, n., the euvirons of lake Avrc- of Bacchus.!2. Transf., to revel, rage, nus, and also lpoet. for the Lower 1World. rave, like the Bacchao, or companions of Aversus, a, urn, Pa. (averto). Turned1 Bacchus, when. celebratiiig the festival. away; hence, rencote. 2. Trop., averse, 3B1cchus, i, mn [h~e. The god of alienated, hostile. wine, called also Liber, the Deliverer,,ivertop ti, suim, 3. v. tr. To lOwn awvay, and Lyaeus, the ('are-dispel/er, the sont to avert, to emenove.. To carry off, to i of Jupiter and Semzele,, a Theban, wosteal, purloiu..1. Intr., avertere ~ so mnan.. Meton., (poet.) for the vine; avertere, to turn, one's seyf away, to turn and more freq. wine. away. B3actra,) iOrmn, n. Bactra, the chief aviiirfum; ii, n. An aviary: forest, city of Bactria. woods. Baiae,' Arum, f. Baiae, a small town Avidus a, urn, adj. (aveo, to crave), on the Bay of Naples. BAL 22 BII balantes, ium, f. Sheep: strictly a p. distant ancestor of Dido and founder of of balo. the line of Tyrian kings. balatus, us, in. (baio). A bleating. Benacus; i, in. A lake in Transpadine Bala6ris, e, adj. Balearic, Balerian. Gaul. balo, avi, atum, 1. v. intr. To bleat. beni6 adv. comp. meiins, sup. optimc. balsamum, i, n. The guni of the bal- (bonus). Witli verbs, well, rightly. ". sam tree, balsam. With adjectives and adverbs, very, exbalteus, i, m. A girdle, bell. o. That tremely. which surrounds like a girdle, an edge, ben6factum, i, n. A benefit, kiadnc.s. border, rim, circle. benignus, a, urn, adj. (contr. fr. benibarathrumn i, n. (3Opapoi). An abyss, genus, fr. bonus-genus). Of a good kind gulf, pit (mostly poet.). or nature, beneficent; kind, benevolent, barbas ae, f. The beard of men and friendly, imens; poet., of things, plentianim as. ful, abundant, fruitful, rich. barbaricus, a, u, adj. (.3ap.3aptK6i). B6r6ecyntius2 a, urn, adj. Pertaining (Poet. and lat.) Of a foreigner or bar- to Berecyntis, a mountain in Phrygia barian, foreign, barbaric. sacred to Cybele, Berecyntiran. barbarus, a, iin, adj. (,3p/3apos). For- B3er6e? cs, f. (Beo31). The wife of Doryeign, strange, barbarous (with the Greeks clus oJ Epirus. not Grecian, and with the Romans not beta, ae, f. The beet. Grecian nor Roman). 2. Of the char- Binaror, 6ris, m. Bianor, founder of acte7 of foreigners, rude, uncultivated; Mantua. savage, cruel, barbarous. bibo, bibi, - 3. v. tr. To drink, drink Barcaeiyr 0m, in. The inhabitants of of; of things, to drink in, imbibe, fuBarce in Libya. mum, colorem. Barce~ es, f. The nurse of Sychaeus. bibfilus, a, um, adj. (id.) (Poet. and 1at.) Batulum7 i, n. A toewn in Cami- Drinking readily or freely. 2. More pania. freq. of things, absorbing moisture readBavius, i, m. A bad poet, envious of ily, bibulous. Virgil and Horace. bf-color, oris, adj. (Poet. and lat.) beatus, a, urn, Pa. (bco, to make happy). Two-colored; dappled. Happy, blessed.,2. rich, wealthy.;'. bl-cornis, e, adj. Twuo horned; two Poet., of things, spleindid, magnijicent, pronged. rich, gazae, sedes. bi-dens, entis, adj. (Poet. and lat.) IfavBebrycius, a, urn, adj. Of Bebrycia, ing two teethf, two-fcothed; two-pronged. a province in Asia Minor, Bebrycian. Subs. m., a hoe with two crooked Belgicus, a, urnm, adi. Belgic. teeth.;3. Subs. f., an animal having two Be1ides, ac, mi. (iB,rAcia). A descendant rows of teeth complete, and hence fit for of Belus. sacrifice, an anrimal for sacrifice, esp. a bellator, Oris, m. A warrwor; as adj., sheep. warlike, valorous. bf-fer, 6ra, 6ruIm, adj. BIearing twice a bellatrix, Icis, f. (bello). A female year. warrior; also an adj., sarlike, mnartial. bi-f6risy e, adj. HIaving two doors; bellip6tens, ntis, adj. Powerful in double. war. Subs. m., the god of iwar. bi-formis, e, adj. (bis forma). Twobello, avi, atum, 1. v. intr. tbclllu). To fold, two-formed. wage war, to war. bl-frons, ntis, adj. Two-faced, doubleBellonaa ae, f. (id.) The goddess of faced. war and sister of Mlars. bigae, arum, f. p,1. (bis, jugiun). A pair bellua~ ac, f. A beast, monester, large or of horses; a car or chariot dr'awu by two ferocious, as an elephant, lion, wild horses. boar, whale, etc.; sometimes in gen., an bi-ifigis, e, adj. (id.). Yoked two toanimal. gether, two-yoked. bellum, i, n. (fr. obs. duellim; hence, bi-iigus a, um, adj. (bis-juigum). Yoked prop., a fight between two). War. 2. two together, two-yoked, lcoles... With Poet. (- proelium), a combat, conflict. tzio horses, two-horse, currus, certamen; Belus~ i, m. (BUAoe). King of Tyre subs., biiugi, orum, m., a pair of and idon and father of Dido. 2'. A horses. BIJ 23 CAC bijugis and bijugus, v. biiugis and brivis7 e, adj. (3paXt'). Szhort (of wide biiugus. application to space, time, and things); bi-linguis, e, adj. (bis, lingua). Double- narrow. scanty, small; poet., in depth, tongued; fig., deceitful, treachcerots. shallow; hence, subs., brevia, ium, I. bilix, Icis, adj. Two-threaded, double. pl., shallows, shoal&. bi-membris, e, adj. (bis, mnembrum). brbviter, adv. (id.). Briefly (usually of Having double members; subs., bi- brevity in expression). membres, tunm, m., Centaurs. Briareus, (trisyl.), ci, in. (Bptapevs). A bi-mus, a, um, adj. (bis). Of two years, hundred-armed giant. two years old. Britanni, Orum, in. The Britons. bini, ae, a, distrib. adj. (bis). Two by Brontes, ae, m. (UporTr,s,). A Cyclops. two; in gen., two. bruima n ac, f. (contr. fr. brcvimna, brcubi-patens I entis, adj. (bis-patco). Open ma, -brevissima, fr. brevic). The shortboth ways (of double or folding dloors). est day of the year, the wintfer solstice. bi-pennis ~e, adj. (Ibis-pcniia). T'w-. In a gen. sense and mostly poet., the winged. 2. Transf., twco-edgcd; lhence, winter. subs. (mostly poct.), bipannisp is, L. brimalis, e, adj. (id.). Of the winter (sc. securis), a lwo-edged axe, a b'tle axe. solstice.. Of wintesr, w'intery. bi-pes, e5dis, adj. Two-footed. Briitus, i, m. Ltcius.Ju(nius Bcnitus, bi-remise, adj.(bis-rcenus). Two-oared. the chief deliverer of Romefrom the gov2. Subs., biremis, is, f. (sc. navis). A eminent of the kings. galley with two rows of oars, a biremse. bubo, onis, m. (f. only once, Virgil IV. bis, rum. adv. (fr. duis, fr. duo, as bel- 462). An owl. lum fr. duelluin). Twice; loet., with bfibulcus, i, m. A herdsman, a plownumerals, bis seli, quinque, etc. man. Bisaltae airuml, m. A Tichacian people, bucina (buccina), an, f. (bucca). A dwelling on the Strymon. I trumpet. Bitias, ae, in. 1. A Tyrian or Cartha- buc61ica 1 orum, or on, n. Pastoral ginian nobleman.lz.'. A Trojan. poems, bucolics. bituimen, inis, n. Bitumen. biucfila ae, f. (bos). A heifer. bivius, a, um, adj. (bis-via). HIaving buifo onis, am. A tcad. two passages; subs., biviump i, n., bulla, ae, f. (bullo). A uater bubble, crossroads. bubble; a boss, a stud. blandus, a, um, adj. Caressing,.1at- bumastus, i, f. (3oiuao-ros). The butering, persuasive, s1ooth-!ongued. 2. mastus, a kined of grape in large clusters. Of things, enticing, c/larclig, agreeable, buriss is, m. The hind piece of a p2low; pleasant, soft, qviet. plow-tail. blatta ae, f. A moth. Buisirisp Idis, m. Bouaipts. A king of Bo1a, ae, f. A town of the Acqui in Egypt who sacrifced strangers, and was Latium. killed by Hercules. b6nus, a, um, adj. (comp. mnlior, sup. bustum, i, n. The plile orer the dead optimus). Good tof very wide applica- who have been burned;fucneral pile, tomb. tion to all kinds of excellence); pvropi- Btes ae, m. (BOUTiro). A descecdant tous. of Amycus, king of Pcbrycia, slain by Bo6tes, ae, m. (3o7,rs). Bootes, a con- Dares at the tomb of Ilector. stellation. Bfithr6tum i, n. (BovOpoaT1). A seaB6reas, ae, in. (Bop sa). The north port town of Epirus, opposite Corcyra. wind. 2. Poet. and meton., the North. buxus, i, f., also -umn i, n. (T. ^). bos b6vis, m. and f. (,3ouc). Al ox, a The box tree; Poet., a pipe or flite. bullock; a cow. Meton., a top. bracchium, v. brachium. Byrsas ae, f. (BPpaa). The citadel of brachium ii, n. (3paxtiw). The lower Carthage. arm, forearm. 2. In gen., the anrm, as C a whole. 3. Of things similar in shape to arms, a sail-yard, a branch of a tree, etc. cacumen, Inis, n. (acumen, a point, w. bractea. ae, f. (Poet. and lat.). A hi the prefix c; fr. acuo, to sharpen. The plate of mnetal: esp. gold leaf. extrenme end, the point, the summit, top, brattea v. bractea. peak of any thing. CAC 24 CAL C5.i~u-z, i, im. Cacus, a mgthiccd giant Of Isurface of the sea, the sea, the azure Italy, slain by H-ercutes. deep. cldiiver, 6ris, n. A dead body, a copTse; caerfileus (and poet. c-aerulus), a, of beasts. urli, adj. Dark blue, cerulean, azure. 2 c~do, ebeldi, cdsiun, I. v. intr. To fall, Poet., dark-, gloomy, black, hinier. sink down, subside; of stars, to let. 2. Caesar, i3ris, mn. A surname in the gens Trop., to f'all into, to corn,, happen; to Julia; the most celebrated of' wh om was fall upon, to hit, cotnctde wadh, to fit, Coins Julius Caesar, the renowned geneagree with, becomne; to I lalt or happen, to rat, sialesman, and author, who overone, to befall; to decemase, dltinish, threw (he Ilontan, Republic, was elected subside; to lose strength, lo peris~h dictator for life (45 B. C.), but assassinc~diacusy at, unii, i(Ij. (id.). Fallen, ated the next year. h1is sister-'s son, C. frondes; c. bello, fallen, stazn. In- Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first dlined to fall. 3. Tiolp, fraolt pew ish- emperor (froin 31 B. C. to 14 A. D.). -After able, vain, him all the emperors bore the cognomen ciidwu7, 1, I. (scio) A 1arye cot then jar, Cioesar, besides the title of Augustus, angen. for liquids, esp. [or whme, ajot jug, tl Hadrian introduced the distinction by flagon; poet. for uina, a~i i 0). which the reiyning elnperor was called Caeap v. Cea. Augustus, and the heir to the throne Caeculus7 i, ni. Son of Vultean. Caesar. caeus a, IunjBid lne lt caesdriesq ci, f. A tuxuriant and beauand trop.); concealed, secret, hidden; tful head of hair. dark, obscure, uncertlain. caespes, Ttis, f. Tmf, sod. caedes, is, f. (caedo). A cutting off; caestusp fis, v. cestus. slaughter, murder; blood, shed by mur- caesus, a, urn, p. of cacdo. der; also, the persons slain), the slain. caetra, an, f. The cetra, a short SpanCaedicusp i, jin. An? Lotion chief. ish shield, tuckler. caedo, cecidi, caesurn, 2. v. -tr., To cut, Caicus, I, in. (KliiKOe). 1. A river in.frlt, cut down, cut o1~' cat to pieces. 2. Mfysa. 2'. A companion of Aceteas. To slay. 3. Itt gem?., to Muke, beat, C~iiitaq an, f..1. Thte nurse qf Aeneas. cudgel. 21. A town, in Latiutm (now Caeita) caelestis, a, adj. (eaoanitn0. Pertaining named after he,. to or coming from hecaven, heavenly,Ca ber, ridjOf'abra celestial; sibs., in j)iur., Cael~estes, (Calabrian. ium, ni., the gods. 2". Trop)., divine, god- Calabria, no, f. (Catabria, acountry like, excellentt, ingeniiummt. in the southern extremity Of Italy.caellc6la, ae, c. (cactum-colo). A ca1imus, i, ni. A reed, a reed pipe; an dwellers in heaven, et deity, arrow, a stalk; a pet. caelifer, 6ra, 6nuti, ndj. (aealurn-fero), cailitus, i, iii. A wicker basket, a (Poet.). Supporting the heavens, an epi-.ftower or frttit bask-et; wite-cnp; mnilk. that of Atlas and of 11lerules. pan or pail. caelo Avi, hturn, 1. v. tr. (ecalnrn, a calcar, flris, n. A spur. chise1~or graver). To cotte li relief, to Calch;Fsq nitis, rt. (KtiAi~an). Catchas,, engrave, emtboss. the nmost distinguished prophet of the caelum, i, n. (kindr. wv. voeAse, hollow). Greeks at Tiny. Heaven, the heavetis, the sky. 2. The calco, tiM, itunT1, 1. v. tr. (caix). To air, attnosphere, tcvniporalure, sceather. tread under th e hteel; trample ul/on; mix; 3. A region of heaven, chim ate, zone, re- squeeze out. glon. 4. The Upper W1orld as opposed calcilus, i, rn. A gravel stone, pebble. to the Lower. C6lfficdo, feci, facturn, 31. v. tr. (calnoCaeneus (dissyl.), ci, mn. (KxtvF6;). A faciol; to make hot, to glow; fig., excite, girl named Caenis, chauged by Neptune arouse. to Cdaeneus, a boy. 2I. A follower of Ae- calefilo, factus sam, fMri, pass. of cain. neas. facto. caenuM, i, an. Dirt, mire, mud. c.J16, Id, 2. v. intr. To be warm; to Caere, n, indec]. Caere, an ancient glow. city i the southern part of Etruria. ClIer,5 lurn, f. A town of CJampania, caerfilaj Orurn, a. kcacralus). The blue celebrated for its wvine. CAL 25 CAP cA11dus, a, urn, adj. (caleo). lMarnm, hot;, of the disposition, hot,.fiery. c~ligo, liiis, f. A fog, m)ist, vapor;darkness, obscurity. ciffigo, —, 1. v. intr. (id.). To emzit vapor. 2.To be surrou~ndeduwith vapor, to be veiled in dark'ness, to be dark. Ca~I6p~e, es, f. The chief mace, goddess ofepic poetry and mother of Orpheuis. Calliopea, ac, f., v. CaIlliope. callis, is, iii. A narrow," unevenfoetpalh, a mountain-path, (esp. made by cattle.), a path,, track. cdlor7 Oils, m. (caleo). iMarmth, heat; in partic., vital heat. 2. Trop., the heat of pas~sion., Jire, zeal, impetuosity; the fire of love. caltha, ac, mud calta, ac, f. A yellow flower, probably thenmarigold. calx, cis, f. The heel; less exactly, the,forefoot, or hoof. Cllk-b&, es, f. A priestess of Juno. C~1#don, On1is, f. (KaAO -v).Anacit town of Aetolia, the abode of M1eleager. CMm~rina (Cgm~r-), ac, f. (INKayu~pwa). A colony on, the southwest coast of Sicily. OMm~nae, dtrui, f. (canio). The Mu~ses. Ogmers, tis, in. A follower of Tursius. C~jmilla, ae, f. A V-olecian heroine. Cdrnillus; it ni. A surniame in the gens Ftiria; esp). 1ll. Fenuis (Camillvs, whko conquered V-eii andfreed Romefrom the Gauls. c~minus, I, M. (KaJino,;). Afurnace; a sntelting-fus-nace, a forge; a warmningfurnac, a tire-place; poet., the forge of Vulcan and the C'gclopes under Aetna. Campainus, a, urn, adj. C'ampanian, of C'ampania. campus, it m. An even 2plain, a level, open field. 2. In pantic., the C'ampus Martius at Rome. 3. Trop., a field for any action. cdmur, fira, firum, adj. Crooked, turned inwards. candlisp is., in. A channel, pipe. cancer, cr1, in. A crab; the sign of the Zodiac, Cancer. candeo ul,2. —. intr. (mostly poet.). Tobe white, to shine, to glitter. 2-. To glow with heat. candidus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of a dazzling white, white. 2. Poet., fair, beautiful. 3. Trop., pure, clear, 8potle,-?s, sincere, etc. candor, oris, in. (id.). A dazzling white ness, brilliancy. 2. Tiny., of discourse, brilliancy, splendor; also, simplicity; of character, purity, uprightess, candor. caneo7 ui, -, 2. v. intr. tcanus). To be white, gray, oir hoary, camis, is, c. A dog. 2. A sea-dog. ciinistra, rirmm, n. (K~iLvw-rpa). A basket woven from reeds. cdnfties7 ei, f. (canus). A gray color, hoariness. 2". Poet., gray hais; also, old age. cgno, cdcini, cantunm,3. v. intr. and tr. To sing;? also, to sound, play. 2-. Tr., with homogeneous objects, carmein, versus, etc., to sing, play. 3. To sing of, to s-elate in song or verse, Dianain, arma. 4. Since oi'acles were delivered in verse. to foretell. revea?, explain, declare... In milit. lang., to sound or give a signal. C~n6pus7 it mu. (lOiwdoe; anid Krivwrio,). A town on the?western mouth of the Nile, in lower Egypt. cg~nor7 Oris, in. (cano). M~elody, tone, sound. cgn~rus7 a, inn, adj. (id.). Melodious, harmonious, warbling, sounding. canthiirus7 I, Mu. (,ci'Sapoc;). A las-ge dineking vessel with handles; a tankard, pot. canto, flvi, Iltuin, I. v. intens,-. tr. and intr. (cano), cent. T'o sing; mice magic; cantando, by incantations; act., to sinsg, celebrate in song. cantus7 fis, en. (id). Singing, m~usic, so g; prophecy, incantation, charsin. cfinus? a, urn, adj. Gray-hai red, venes-able, hoary. c~pella, ac, f. A she-goat. C~p~nus, a, urn, adi. Of 6'apena, a ton in the southiersi p~as of Tuscany. clper, prit in. A he-goat; a goa,. c~pessc, sivi or sli, sltum, 3. -v. minens. tr. (caplo). To seize, lag hold of.- strive for' seek to reach, hasten, to; take charnge of, execute. M~ph~reus, 6i, in. (Kawhapoe~). Cap/larens, a pI-omontory on the s-outhern coast of Feboca. cfipi11us, it in. The hair. Cgpio, cepi, capturn, 3. v. trn. To take, lay hold of, seize, take possessions of. 2'. Access. idea of force, to capture, seize, to occupy. 3. Access. idea of design, to choose, select. 4. Trop., of the will, etc., iii a good and bad sense, to gain, win, captivate;, to ensnare, deceive. 5. To take into the sined, to comprehiend. 6. Of localities, to reach, arrive at. 7. Of CAP.2d6 CAS a course of action, to undertake, enter upon. S. To receive, obtain, get, nomen. capistrum, 1, n. A halter, a headstall, a muzzle. Cjip~tj61ium, ii, a. (capuit). The Uapitol; i. e., the temple of Jupijter, at Rome, on the summit of mons Capitolinus. 2-. In a more extended sense, the whole hill, including the temple and citadel. capra. ae, f. (caper). A she-goat. capr~a, ae, f. (id.). A wild goat. Capr~ae, arim, f. (id.). An island In. the bay of NapWe. capr~6us, a young goat, a roebuck. c~prfg~nus, a, urn, adj. (capcr-gigno). Poet., of the goat kind, pecus. captivus, a, urn, adj. (caplo). Captive, cap~tured: poet., pertaining to a captive. 2. Of things, caj;htred, plundered. To strive to seize, lay hold of eagerly or earnestly, to catch at. 2. Trap., to srive or seek- earnestly after a thing; wv. sermonem, to listen to. 3. To seek- to catch some one in a crafty manner, to allure, entrap. captus, a, um, p. of caplo. Capfia, ae, f. The chief city of Campania. c~lpfiJUS, i, mn. (capio). A coffin. 29. The handle of anything, asp. the hilt Of a sword. cAput, Itis, a. (kindr. W. KcnkaA~). The head; of things, the head, s-ummit, point.I 2. Meton. (pars pro toto). the man, person. 3. Trop., life, physical bfe; of persons, the chief person, leader; of things, the chief matter, main pint; of places, the chi ef place, capital. QjpyS, yos, at (Kcinv.;). Son. of Assaracus, and father of Anchises. 2. A conspanion of Aeneas. 3'. The eighth k-ing of Alba. carbas6us, a, am., adj. Mlad ef.7lax, linen. carbfisus, i, f. (Kapiraaooe). Flue Spaniish Sfax. 21. Meton., things made of it, linen; a garment, a sail. carcer, gris, m. (kdndr. w. arx, arceo). A prison. 2. A barrier, starting-place of a race-course (usually in p1.). carch~siump ii, a. (KapX~a-tor). A drinking vessel wvith handles and contracted in the middle. cardo, Imis, m. A hinge of a door. 2 The point about whi;ch something turns, apole. 3. Trop. and poet., that on which a matter turns, the chief point; a turning-point in affairs, a cisis, rerum. carduus, I, m. A thistle. c~rectum, i, n. A place covered wtithe sedge. careop ni, Itum, 2. v. iutr. To be without, to want, to be free fromn, to be deprived of; to be without from free-will, to abstainfrom, keep) aloof f;onz; w. nbl. Mires, ium, M. The inhabitants vf Caria, the Carians. carex, lets, f. Reed-gr-ass, sedge. c~rina, aeI f. The keel of a vessel. 2 Meton., a ship, vessel. 3. PI., the Ua: miae, a quarter in Rome. carmen, Inis, a. (old form casmen, fr. cano). A tune, song, starom. 2. A poem, poetry, any poetic coniiiosition; 0 verre, a poetic inscription; a book, canto of a ]oug poem. 3J. A pr-ophecy, prediction, response of an oracle. 4. An incantation, a charms. Carmentis, is, f. (id.). A prophetess: adj., Carmentalis, c, of Carnmentis. Carp~thius, a, urn, aidj. (Kapiraito,;). Of Carpathus, an island in the Aegean sea, north east of Crete, Camrpothian. carpo, psi, ptum, 3. v. trn. (;ccpotw). To pick-, pluck, plack oif, gather; to pluck, as food; hence, trap;., to feed on, (at, en?joy; in a band sense, to?waste, con~sume; w-i th words, to camp at, slan dem-, calimmn?iote. 2-. Viam, iter, oet., to pursue, hasten rut. C art h 5go,~ ni s, f. Th e ci ty of Carth age, in Northern Africa,- for a lonig time the rival of Rome, foniidcd, acecording to legend, by Dido, abont 888 B. C., aiid destroyed by Scipio Africanuis, 146 B. C. carusp a, am, adj. Deem, costly, of alhigh price. 2. Trop., dear, precious, beoloved: in subjective sense, fond, loving (cf. Gr. (tAoe;). clsap ae, f. A hut, shed, cottage. cfis~usp i, M. Chee-se. cisla, ae, f. (cvav-o). C~assia, muild cianavmo; afragrant shrn b; mnezereon. Casmilla, ae, f. The niothem- of Camilla. Casp~rlay ae, f. A towis of the Sabines. Caspius, a, am, adj. Cf the Cjaspians Se (apium mare, s' Kaiiitov uriAayo Caspian. Cassandra, ac, f. (Kxrc-avipr). A daughter of Pm iam, inslired with. prophetic powers by Apollo, but lot believed by the Trojans. CAS 27 CEC casses, mum, m. (cado). A net, a web. casslda7 ae, f. A helmet (of metal). cassusy a, urn, adj. (kindr. w. cavus). Hlollow, empty, void. 21. With a genitive or abl., wanting, deprived of. 3. Trop., vain, empty, useless. Adv., in cassum, or in one, word, incassum, in vain, uselessly, to nopurpose. Cast~1ia7 ae, f. (K aorca\ia). Afountain on Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses. castln~a5 ae, f. (Kai-TaVO&). The chestnut-tree; the chestnut. castellum, I, n. (dim of castrum). A castle,fortress, stronghold. 2.Trop., a defense, re/uge. castigop Avi, ittlm, I. v. tr. (castum-ago, -cf. purgo). To set right, to correct; by words, to reprove, chide,?reproach; by an act, to punish, chastise. 2t". Poet, and ]at., to correct an, error. 3. To restrain, hold in check, equum, dolorem. Castor, 6ris, m. A companion of Aeneas. cast6r~ump 6i, n. An animal substance obtained fromt the beaver. castra, Ormm, n. pl. (castrum). A camp, military encampment. castrum, i, n. A castle, fortress, fortilied place (more rare than castellum). Plur., see above. Castrum Znui. A place on the coast of Latium. near Ardea. castus, a, urn, adj. -Morally pure, 6potless, vita. 2. In partic., chaste, pure, continent. 3. In respect to religion, pious, holy; of things, iwly, sacred, nemnus. ciisusp fis, m. (cado). A falling, a fall, an overthrow. 2.. Trop., that which happens unexpectedly, an event, occurrence, conjiuncture, crisis, chance, fortune, fate; abl. casu freq. as adv., by chance. 3. An adverse event, misfortune, mischance, calamity, toss. 4. In grammar, a case. catbial ae, f. A missile. c~t~nap ae, f. A chain, fetter. c~tervaq ae, f. A crowd, troop, multitude. c~terVfitimp adv. (id.). In jocks, in troops. C~tffina ae, m. L. Sergius (fatiline, the, consprator. Cfitillusp i, mi. Ccatiliit, a foftnder of Tibur. Ofito, Onis, m. The surname of several distinguished Romans, the best known of whom are C'ato the Censor, and his great-grandson, Cato the younger, the enemy of Cvesar. cjitilus, i, in. (canis). A young dog, a whelp. 2. Transf., the young of other animals. Cauclsims; aq urn, adj. Of Caucasus, Caucasian. Caucfisus7 i, m. (K XIKavToq). A chain of mountains in Asia between the Black and Caspian seas, the Caucasus. caudal ac, f. The tail of animals. caudex, lcis, mn. The trunk of a tree, stock, stem. caulae, 11rm, f. An opening, a hole, a passage; sic'epfold. caulis7 is, m. -A stalk. Caulon, Onis, Di. Another form for Caulonia7 a city of the Brutti, in Southern Italy. Caurus, i, M. 7The northwyest wind. causal ac, f. A cause, reason, occasion,,. pretext; abi. causil, on account of, for the sake of. 2.A snatter subject; in judicial lang., a law-suit, a case in law;a cause that one deffends, a party, interest; a comnnission, business; a condition, situation. caussa, v. causa. causor (caussor)~ Sints sum, 1. v. dapy.. n. and a. (cauisa). To give reasons; plead in excuse, or plead excuses. cautes, is, f. A rough pointed reck, rock, crag. cautius, adv. (caute). M1ore cautio~s ly. cautus, a, urn, p. of caveo. cdvea, se, f. (caviis). A hollow place, cavity. 2.-. An inclosure for asininals, a stall, a cage, a bee-hive, etc. 3. The part of a theatre wvhere the spectators sat. 4. A theatre in genu., by nieton. cav~o, clivi, cautum, 2. v. tr. and intr. To beware of, to be on, one's guard, to avoid, to shun. c~verna, ae, f. (id.). A hollow, a cavity, cavern, cave. cfiVOq avi, Iliumi, 1. v. tr. (id.). To make holOW, hollow out. cJVUS7 a, um., ad~j. Hollow. Odystrus (-tros), i, in, (Kavirwsp~). The Cayster, a river of Lycia, famous for It swans. CMal ae, f. (Ki-wc, Kia). Ceos, an island in the Aegean Sea, now Zia. C5Dcr6p~deS, ae, m. (KfKporiimq). A descendant of CJecrops; pi., the Athenians. CEO Cgcr6plusy a, urn, adi. (Cecrops). Athenian. c~do, cessi, cessum, 3. v. intr. and tr. To go (poet. and rar.). 21. Trop., to succeed, torn out, result, happen, bene or male. II. To go from somewhere, to go choose, select. 3. Trop., of the wvill, etc., in a good and hbad sense, to gain, win, captivate; to ensnare, deceive. 4. Tb take into the mind, to comprehend. J. Of localities, to reach, arrive at. 6. Of a course of action, to undertake, enter eqxm. 7. To reeidve, obtain, get, nomen. c~drus, i, f. (K~Spee). The cedar. C6Iaenop us, f. (KAacvuY). One of the Harpies. 'c~1bro, avi, atom, 1. v. tr. (celeber). To 'isit or be present in great numbers; to attend, honor; celebrate, observe. M~emna (CM1enna), ae, f. A town of (iCampania. c6ler, Mrs, e, adj. Swift, quicke, hasty, fieet; sometimes, rash, hansty, precipitate. C616ro? Avi, a1tum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (id.) To quicken, hasten, fugam. 2.Intr., to make haste, hasten. Cej6US, 6i, in. (KMeve). A king Qf EMeuAsi, and father of Trptolemus. cellaq ae, f. A etorv-rm, a granary, a cellar; a room for animals; a coop for geese; a dove-cote; a cell of a honeycomb; an apartment for slaves, etc. c51o, aivi, atom, I. v. tr. To concoal;w. two accusatives, to conceal something from one; w. one acc., to conceal, hide a thing or person. Celsusp a, um, Pa. (fr. unusual cello; lit. driven upward). Mugh, lofty. 2II. Ti op., in a good sense, high-minded, noble; in a bad sense, haughty, proud; also, noble, elevated in rank. centaurium, 1, a3. (Kceera~peLov). ('entaury, a plant. Centaurus I, m. (K&-ravpoe;). A centaur, a faUe monster, halt man and half horse. 2. F., the name of a ship. centgnus, a, urn, distr. num. adj. A hundred each: a hundred. centum, indec. num. adj. A hundred; poet. for an Indefinite large number. centum-gomlnus, a, urn, adj. poet. A hundred-fold, epithet of the hundredarmed Briareus and of hundred-gated Thebes. cara ae, f. Wax. cer~psuasy I f. (cicpaqo). The cherryLM. 28 CBS CMraunia, Orum, n. pl. (KepacnncL 6pij). A ridge of mountains in Elvis-us, along the coast. Cerb~rus, i, M. (K~p13epoe). C'erberus, the three-headed dog of Pluto, that guarded the entrance to the infernal regions, CMr~ilisq e, adj. (Ceres). Of Ceres,, Cerealian, dona; arma, i. e., utensils for making bread. cbrebrum, i, n. The brain. 2?. Meton. and poet., understanding; also, anger. Coresl 6ris, f. The da'uyhk#r of Saturn and Ops, sister of Jupiter, mother of P3rover-pine, the goddess of Agriculture. 2. Meton. and poet. for food, bread, fruit, grain, etc. cjjr~us, a, um, adj. (cero). Of wax, waxen; wax colored. cerintha, ae, f. The wax Jlower, lsoneywort. cernog cr~vi, cretum, 3. v. tr. (kindr. wv. Kcpivw). To separate, sft (rare). 21. Trop., to separate, distinguish by the eyes, to discern, perceive, see, urbem..3. With the mind, to perceive, understand. 4. To decide, determine, certamen (sometimes by combat). cernuus, a, um, adj. I-ead downward. cert~meng Inis, n. (certo). A contest, strife, contention; in wvar, an engagetnent, fight, contest. certitim) adv. (id.). Emulously, eagerly. certe, adv. (certus). Certainly, assuredly, truly. Certo, avi, atom, 1. v. intr. (cerno). To decide by a contest, hence, to contest, contend, strive, struggle, vie with (poet. w. int.).. certus, a, urn, adj. (orig. part. fr. cerno) Determined, resolved, in the combination certum est (mihi, tibi, etc.) and (poet. and lat.) transf. to persons, with a gen. or infon. 2U. Settled, fixed, certain, mure. 3. Reliable, faithful. 4. Of the person made certain of a thing, certum or certioremn facere,' aliquem, to inform, apprise of a thing. cerva, ae, f. (cervus). A hInd. 2. Poet. for a deer in gen. cervix~ Icis, f. The neck. cervus, I, m. A stag, a deer. cespes, Itis, in., v. caespes. cesso, AAv, atom, I. v. intr. (intens. of cedo). 'Jo stand back persistently, hence, to delay, loiter; and in gen., tos8top, cease. 2.To be idle, inactive; of things, to be unemployed, to be at rest, pedes. CES 29 ClR cestus, or caestus, fis, in. (caedo). A leather strap with balls of lead or iron fastened in, for winding around the hands of a boxer, to enable him to strike harder blows, a gauntlet, cestus. cbte, plur. n. (Greek plural of cetus or cetos, K)TOeI). Whales, or any large seaanimals. c~t~rus, a, urn, adj. (re '1poe;). The other, the remainder, the rest of. 21. In plur., the rest, the others. 3. Adv., ceterum and cetera, as for the rest, otherwise. Cethi~gus, i, m. A warrior. cetrap v. caetra. ceu, adv. (ce-va). As, just as. (- quasi) As if Chalcifdicusp a,urn, adj. Of Chalcis, the chief town of Euboca, Chalcidian. Chalybb, v. Calybe. Challbes, urn, n. (X&a\vfPE). The chalybes, a people of Pontus, famcd for their manufacture of steel. chllybsp SYbis, m. txaxv!P). Steel. Ch~onq 6nis, no. A brother of liseflue. Chfi6nia7 ae, f. (Xaovia)- A region of Eplru8. Ch~i6niusq a, urn, adj. (id.). Chaonian. Chaos, (only in nom. and aec. sing.) n. (Xao,;). Immeasurable void space. 21. The boundless, empty space of the Lou'er World. 3. The formless, primitive mass out of which the universe was made. 4. Sometimes personified as a deity and the father of Night and Erebus. Ch~ronp ontis, mn. (Xapwv). Tme ferryman in the Lower W~orld, who carried the shades of the dead across the river Acheron. Charybdis, Is, f. (XcapvP3&e). A dangerou,9 whirlpool between Sicily and Italy. chblaep 11rum, f. (X,7Aau). The arms of Scorpio, the constellation. chel-drus, i, m. (XOAvipoe;). A water Chimaera, ae, f. (XLkatpa). Afabulous monster having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent, and vomiting forth fire. 21. The name of a ship in the fleet of Aencas. Chir;Dn, Onis, M. (XEip~W). Chiron, the C'entaur, famed for his knowledge of medicine. chlfimys, ydis, f. (xAague). A broad woolen upper garment worn by the Greeks, a cloak, mantle. Chldreus, el, m. Chloreus, a Phrygian, and priest of Cybele. ch6r~a, ae, f. (xeopcia). (Poet.) A dunes in a circle, a dance. ch6rus i, mo (xop6s). A dance in a cir cle, a c oal dance, a dance. 2-. A bond, train Of singers and dancers, a chorets, a choir. 3. In gen., a band, troop, multitude. Chromi's, is, Mo. 20. Chs'osis, a fatim. 3. A Traan. cibus, i, no. Food. cicaida, ae, f. The cicada, grasshopper, katydid. cic~trix, lcis, f.- A scar. Cic6ues, Urn, mn. (KLKOvEC; ). The, Cicones, a Thracian people, near the Ilebrus. cicuta. ae, f. The heimlock, a poison; a pipe or jlute, miade of hemilock. ci~o clvi, cltuim 12. v. tr. (K(W, Ktf'61. To male go, to move, put in nmotioiz; to excite, arouse, stir up, Miake.?. To put any thing in prOgress, to beqin, to occasion, to e fct, produce. 3. To move by calling to, to call upon, to invok-e. Cimninus, i, ait A lake in Etrvria. cinctus, a, nm, p. of cingo. cinctus, us, nm. A girding, a cinctare. cingo, n'4 aictmun, 3. v. tr. To sonrround, encircle, gird the body, head, etc. 2-. Of places, to *urround, i nvest. cingf1um,.,.n. (id.). A girdle, belt. cinis, gris, m. (kindr. W. K6.scm. Ashecs. Cinaam ARm an poet. Cn ~ u Cna, urn, adj. Of the Cinps Cli~phinLibyan. Cinyru,, and Cinyras, ae, if.. A Liuln hero. MMc~ adv. and prep. (later formn, access. to circum). Around, about, near; prep. w. aec. Circaeus, a, urn, adj. Of Circe. Circb, es, f. tKipKOq). Daughter of the Sun, a famous sorceress, inhabiting an island on the western coast of Italy. CIrcensis, e, adj. Of the circus. carciUs, v. circulus. circfieo, v. circumeo. circultus, tis, m. (circum-eo). A going around, a revoluti, circuit. 2". A ciicumfernce, a circuit. circiilus, i, m. (circus). A circle. 2. Meton., any circular body, a, ring, hoop, chain; a social circle, compan y. circum adv. and prep., w. ace. (circus). Arou=i about. circum-dol, dMd, ditum. dire, v. tr. To put or place one thing around another (aliquid alicul re!). 2-. To surround, en-. circle a person or thing with something, CIR 30 CLA to surround, enclose (aliquem or aliquid i aliqua re). circum-eo, Ivi, Itum, 4. v. irreg., tr. and intr. To go around, to encircle. circum-fbro, ttili, latum, ferre, v. tr. To bear or carry around. 2. Trop., to spread around: in relig. lang., to purify by carrying consecrated objects around one, socios (poet.). circum-flecto, xi, xum, 3. v. tr. (Poet. and rar.). To bend about, longos cursus. circum-fundo, ffldi, fiisum, 3. v. tr. To pour one thing around another (aliquid alicui rei). 2. To surround one thing with another (aliquem or aliquid aliqua re), to surround, encompass; often in the pass. w. middle signification. circumfisus, a, urn, part. (id.) Poured around; hence, gathered around, thronging about, surrounding. circum-ligo. fvi, atum, 1. v. tr. To bind around or to. circum-plector, plexus, 3. v. dcp. tr. (plecto, to plait, interweave). To embrace, to surround, pharetramr auro. circum-sisto, steti, no sup., 3. v. tr. To crowd around, to assault. circum-sonop -, -, 1. v. tr To sound around, to make a noise around. circumspicio, exi, ectum, 3. v. intr. and tr. (specio, to look at). To look about. 2. Tr., to view on all sides, survey, agmina; sometimes, to descry, catch sight of in looking around. 3. Trop., to view on all sides (mentally), to weigh, consider. circum-sto, steti, -, 1. v. tr. and intr. To stand around, to surround, encompass; trop., horror me. circum-textus, a, uin, part. (texo) (poet.). Woven around. circum-vectop -, -, 1. freq. v. tr. To carry around; pass., as deponent, to ride around, describe. circum-vbnio~ veni, ventum, 4. v. tr. To come around, to encircle, surround. 2. In a hostile manner, to encompass, invest. 3. Trop., to beset, assail, oppress, afflict, distress; also, to deceive, circumvent. circum-volito afvi, atutm, 1. v. tr. To fly around. circum-v6lo avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To fly around, to tover around. circum-volvo? -, volftum, 3. v. tr. To roll around, to revolve. circus, i, m. (Kipcos). A circle (rare, more freq. circulus). 2. A circus; esp., the Circus Maximus at Rome. 3. Transf., any race-course. Cisseis Idis, f. (Kcao-6e). The daughter of Cisseus; Hecuba. Cisseus, ei, m. (Kcaaces). A king of Thrace and father of Hecuba, wife of Priam. citatus, a, um, p. of cito. Running swiftly. Cithaeron% Onis, m. (Kt0aotpwv). A mountain in Boeotia on which the rites of Bacchus were celebrated. cithara, ac, f. (KtOipa). A stringed * musical instrument, a guitar or lute, cithara. cito, comp. citius, sup. citissime, adv. (citus). Quickly, speedily, soon. citus, a, urn, Pa. (cieo). Put in motion; hence, quick, swift. 2. Often in the poets for the adv. cito. civicus, a, urn, adj. Civil, civic. civilis, e, adj. (civis). Pertaining to citizens, civil, civic. civis, is, c. A citizen. 2. With meus, tuus, etc., afellow citizen. clades, is, f. (kindr. w. KAawo). Injury, damaqe, disaster, calamity; in partic., in war, slaughter, havoc, defeat. Poet. by meton., of a person who causes destruction, a scourge, destroyer. clamp adv. (celo). Secretly. 2. Prep. w. abl. and acc. Without the knowledge of (me, te, illo, etc.). clamo, avi, atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. (kindr. w. KaXwo). To call, cry out, shout. 2. Tr., to call to, call upon, invoke; to declare, proclaim. clamor, Oris, m. (id.). A loud call, shout, cry, shriek, outcry, clamor; a friendly cry, applause, acclamation. 2. Poet., of inanimate things, noise, sound, roar. clangor, Oris, m. (clango, onomatop.). Noise, din, clangor. Olanius, li, m. A river in Campania. claresco, ui, -, 3. v. intr. (inch. of clareo, to be clear, fr. clarts). To become or grow clear or bright. 2. Trop., to become clear to the ear, to be heard plainly; to become clear intellectually, to become evident; of reputation, to become famous. Clariusy a, um, adj. Of Claros, a town in Ionia, celebrated for a temple and oracle of Apollo, Clarian, an epithet of Apollo. clarus~ a, urn, adj. Relating to sight, cldear, bright. 2. Trop., to the ear, distinct, loud; Intellectually, clear, intel CLA 31 COG ligible; distinguished, illustrious, renownd. Clarusp i, in. A Trojan. classicum, I, n. (classis). A ba4ttl e8fgnat; the trumpet. clas~sis is, f. (icA~uE~a; KA~7C-K). A class, a division of the Roman people as distributed by Tullius. V. In milit. lang., an army. 3. A fleet with the forces in it (the corn. signif.); ships, in sing. and plur. Olaudius, a, urn. Of C~laudius, Clacudian. claudo, si, sum, 3. v. tr. (kindr. W. K~a;SW, KAnCg, clavis). To shut, close, shut up. 2. To close, close up, end, opus. 3. To enclose, encompass, surround. claudus, a, urn, adIj. Lame, halting, maimied. 2". Trop., defective, uncertain, carmina. claustra, Ormm, 'n. (claudo). Fastenings, bolts, bars, barriers. 2". More extended, a door, gate, urbis; in milit. lang., a barricade, bulwark, defence. Clausus, I, m. A Sabine, the traditional founder "of the house of Claudius. clausus, a, urn, p. of claudo. cliva, ae, f. A club. cl~ivus? i, in. A nail, a splike. 20. Meton., any nail-shaped thing, a rudder-handle; hence (pars pro toto), a rudder, helm; a purple stripe on the tunic. cliens, antis, c. (for cluceus, frn. dluo, KWwC, to hear). A client, at Rome, a person who was In the relation of a de-pendent upon a rich and powerfol citizen, from whom he expected protection. Quo, ffs, f. (KAEnw). 1. The muse of history. 2. A daughter of Oceanus. clip6.itus, a, urn, adj. Arsned with a shield. Chtus~Iin.(Cy-). The name of Clitumnus, i, in. A river in Umbria. clivasusy a, urn, adj. Hilly, steep, sloplng. clivus, I, in. A slope, descent, hill. -Cloanthusy I, in. A companion Of Aeneas. Cloel a e, f. A Roman maiden, who, with oter hostages, escaped from icing Porsena, and meam the Tiber. Clonius,,i. A Trojan. Clonus, i, im. A Gireclan sculptor. cluens, v.cdlin5. Cluentius, I, in. The name of a Roman. c0lupeus, v. clipeus. C175sinus, a, urn, adj. Of Clusium. Qijislum, ii, n. A town in Etr-uria. C1#m~nj, as,, f. (KAvil~5): A daughter of Oceanus. clypeus, v. clipeius. Clythis, ii, m. The name of -several Trojan warriors. Cndsiusq v. Gnosius. coactus7 a, uin, p. of cogo. Cdcles, Itis, m. Hoe 'atins Cocles, who defended the bridge across the Tiber against the Tuscans. c octus, a, urn, p. of coqno. CMcktius, a, urn, adj. Of (ocytuts, ini fernal. Qcac-tus, i, Mn. (KWvICUT6). A river in the lower world. Codrus, i, in. (K68poee). Cod;-us, an ol~scure poet. coelestis, v. caelestis. coelicola, V. caelicola. coelifer, v. caelifer. coelo, v. caelo. coelum, v. caelurn. coenum, v. caeluimf. co-eo, lvi or if, Itum, ire, v. intr. and tr. To go or cosne together, to assemible, collect. 2. To come together or be united into a whole, to unite; sanguis, lac, etc., to thieken, curdle. 3. Trop., to unite in feeling, wvill, etc., to agree. 41. Tr., to enter into, to conclude an alliance or treaty, societatem. coepiy isse, coeptus, v. defect. tr. and lntr. (contr. frn. co and apio, a&n-W, to seize). To begin, commnence, undertake, facere aliquid. 2. Intr., to begin, comnmence, arkee, pugna. Qoeptum, i, n. (id.). A work begun, a beginning, undertaking, entes-prse, design. co-erce7 ciii, cltunm, 2. v. tr. (arceo). To enclosRe, surround, confine.?. Trop., to confine, restsain. 3. To check-, correct, punish, delicta. coeriilus, v. caerulus. coeriilous, v. caerulens. coetus, Als, in. (coco). A coming together, a meeting. 2-. A combination, union. 3. Concr., a band, troop, crowd, company. Coeus, I, in. (Ko~os). One of the Titans, father of Latona. CogltoV AAi, ftuin, I. v. tr. To think, ponder, design, contrive. cognatus, a, un, adj. (co-nascori. Related by blood, connate, ki??dred; subs., COG 32 COM a blood-relation, kinsman. 2. Trop., colociisia, ae, f., and coloc-sium kindred, related, like, similar, verba re- 1i, n. A kind of' Egyptian lily; the bus. Egyptian bean. cognitus7 a, urn, p. of cognosco. c616nus, i, m. (colo). A husbandman, cocn~menp Inis, n. (con-nomen). A sur- farmer. 2.' A colonist. 3. Poet. for an name, family name (as Cicero, Scipio, inhabitant in gen. etc.); also, an epithet (as Africanus, c6lor, oris, m. Color. 2. Complexion, Asiaticus, etc.). 2. Poet, for nomen, a hue, tint. 3. Trop., external codition, name, in gen. appe~arance, style; also, elendor, beauty. cogn~minisp e, adj. (id.). Of the same color~ts a, urn, p. of colloro. Colored. name, like-named, swarthy, dusky. cog-nosco, nlovi, nhtulm, 3. v. tr. To c6lifiber, bri, m. (poet.). A serpent. become acquainted w.ith, to learn, ascer- c6hzbra, ae, f. (id.). A female serpent, tain, investigate, eamine (on all sides, and in gen., a serpent. as it wvere, and hence completnly, with CFDlum i, n. A strainer. the senses or mind). -I. In the lperf., to calum~bap ae, f. A dove. have learned, hence, to know. 3. Of c~lumnap ae, f. (cello, see celsus). A what is already known, to?recognize, column. cogo, Coegi1 coactum, 8. v. tr. (co-ago). colurns a, urn, adj. Of hazel, hazel. To drive or toing together, to collect, to colus, i and fes, f., sometimes n. A disgather, to assemble. 2. Of liquids, to taff. thicken, condense. 3. In milit. lang., c6ma, ae, f. (Kiwsq). The hair. 2. Transf., to keel) together a train, i. e., to bring up thefoliage of plants. the rear, agmen. 4. Trop., to force, corn- c6mans, antis, adj. (id.). Hairy pet, w. infin., ut, ad, or acec. c6mes, Itis, C. (con-eo). A companion, co-hibeo, ul, Itum, 2. v. tr. (habeo). To associate, partner. 2. In partic., a tnhold together. 2. To hold, contain. 3. tar, teacher of boys; more freq., the suite, To restrain, con~fine, Scyllam. 4. Trop., retinu of friends, scholars, youith, etc., to hold in check-, to restrain, to subdue, who accompanied a governor to his prowas.vince; also, a client who accompanied a c6hors, tis, f. (kindr. w. Xip-ros). An person of rank. enclosure, a court, esp. for cattle.. comftes, ae, m. (KOtL5T-q-;). A comet. Meton., the inclosed multitude; hence, c~minusp v. Comminus. in mullt. lang., a division of an army, a c6mtftitus, fls, M. (id.). An attending Cohort, the tenth part of a legion. 3. multitude, a retinue, train. 2. A band, Poet., in gun., a crowd, throng, multi- troop, company, in gen., without accestude. sory idea of attendance. collibory v. conlabor. comitatus, a, urn, p. of collapsus v. conlapsus. c6mitor, fltus, 1. v. dep. tr. (poet. and ColtinU. Y a, urn, adj. Of Collatia, a la., also act. form) (id.). To aceo pany, town of the Sabines near Rome; Cotta- attend, follow. tine, corn-macsilo, flvi, Atum, I. v. hr. To collfitus, v. conlattis. Blain, to defile, topollute. collectus, a, urn, v. conlectus. com-memoro, lvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To coll1go7 V. conligo. comnmesnorate. cojjis, is, m. A hill. com-mendo, ILAi, Alum, 1. v. tr. To coll6co v coniloco. commit, to entrust. collXQulur Ii, v. conloqulum. commercium Ii, n. Trafti, trade. colliiceo, v. conlucen. comminus, aWV. (cum-manus). Hand colliido, v. conludo. to hand, close by, immediately. collum, i, n. The neck. com-misceo, scn]i,xtum. or stum, 2. v. collustro, v. conlustro. tr. To mix, mingle, unite. c6lo, cblui, cultum, 3. v. tr. To cultivate commissum i n. (id.). An qfl'ence, or WIi the earth, hence, 2-. To inhabit, crme, fault. dwell in a place. 3. Trop., to cherish, commisss a, UM, P. Of committo. foster, care for, regard; to honor, rev- commistus, a, urn, p. of commiseo. erence, dens; to pursue, practice a thing com-mitto, misi, missum, 3. v. tr. zealously, justitiam. To bring or Join together, to unite. 2". COMCO CON To bs'ingy together for a fight, cause to.fight, to match (men or animals). 3. To arrange, to esster upon, begin a battle or contest (proelaim, helium, certamen, etc.); also, in gen., to maintain a contest, fight a battle; also, to hold or celebrate games. 4. To commit, perpetrate a wrong; to incur punishment by an offence, poenam. 5. To give, intrust, commit to, yield up. commixtus, a, um, p. of commisceo. comm6dus, a, um, adj. Fit, suitable, adapted. commdtus7 a, umg p. Of com-m6veo, movi, motum, 2. v. tr. To put in motion, to move violently, to shake, agitate. 2. Trop., to disturb, agitate,frighten; to excite, arouse, dolorem, helium. commiinis, e, adj. (con-munus). Common to several or all, common., general; trop., affable with all, courteous. CF)MO, npsi, mlptum, 3. v. tr. (con-emio, to take or put together). To put togethes', arrange, comb, dress (mostly the hair). compactus, a, umt p. of compiugo. compages, is, f. (con and pango, to fasten). A Joining together, a joint, strumctare. com-pello, prith, pulsum, 3. v. tr. To drive together, to collect, armentumi. 2. Trop., to driye, force, compel to a deed, resolution, etc. com-pello, Avi, Attim, 1. v. tr. (con and ohs. pellare) (poet, and lat.). To accost, address. 2'-. In a hostile sense, to accost reproachfully, to chide, rebuke, to abase. 3. To accuse, arraign. com-pesco, ciii, 3. inch. v. tr. To restrain, curb, repress, cut off. com-pingo, p~gi, pactum, 3. v. tr. To join together, to fasten. compitum, it a. A meeting of roads or streets, cross-roads. com-plector, lPlexuis, 3. v. dep. tr. (plecto, to plait or intenveave). To embrace, encircle, encompaes. 2. Trop., to comprehend, contain, comprise; to embrace in discourse, to express, represent, descrnbe; to embrace intellectually, to com~prehend, understand; to embrace in one's affections, to love, value, honor, to carefor, take an interest in. com-pleo, evi, etum, 2. v. tr. (con and ohs. pleo, to fill). To fill full, to pack, cram, cavernas milite. 2. Trop., to fill up, to complete, to fulfill, to finish, annam, studia. complexus, a, am, p. of c-amplector. complexus, us, In. (id.). An e osmpass, ing, encircling, an, embrace. com-pbno, pdsui, plisltum, 3. v. tr. To put, place or bring together, to combine, unite; to fos m, make by joinhs — together, to coasts ct, build. 2. Trop., to devise, invent, coats ye, insidias, mendacia, etc. 3. To ags'ee upon, settle, appoint. 4. With access, idea of order, to arrange, cosapose, settle; lpoet., wv. diem, to put to res-t; to prepare a dead body for burial, and in -en., to bury. 5. To6 quiet, calm, appease, to settle, alay, discord, strife, passion, etc. 6. To bring together for a hostile encounter, to pair, match; and trop., lb cosnpare. com-porto, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To bring together, to carry away. comp6situs or compostus, a, umn, p. of compono. com-pr~hendo or com-prendo, di, sum, 3. v. tr. To seize, grasp. 2. In a hostile manner, to seize, catch, arrest, apprehend. 3. Trop., to gras~p intellectually, to perceive, comps'ehend. 4. To comprise in words, to describe, secount. comprensusp a, am, P. of comprecompressus~ a, am, p. of comprimo. COM-primo, pressi, pressuim, 3. v. tr. (premo). To press? together'. 21. Trop., to restrain, check, stay. camptus, a, uin, P. of Como. compulsus, a, am, p. of compello. c6n~tusy a, um, p. of coiior. cdnitus, 11s, m. An attempt, effort. con-cjjvus, a, am, adj. Completely hollow, hollow, concave, arched, curved. con-c~do, cessi, cessum, 3. v. linr, and tr. To go awayfrom a place, to depart, retire, ab oris; hue, ad manes. 21-. To go, as it were, out of the wvay for one, to give place to, yield, to, ubsnit to, alicui. 3. Tr., to concede, gs'ant, permit. concentusp 11s, m. Singing, melody, musw. conceptus, a, am, P. of concipio. concessus, a, um, p. of concedo. concha, aet f. (K6-yxmm). A muscle, a bivalve, shell-.tsh. 2. A muscle-shell. 3. A snail-shell. 4. The Tr-itosn's trumpet, in form like a snail-shell; also the trumpet of Misenas. 5. Shell-shaped vessels. con-cido cldi, clsnm, 3,. v. tr. (coin. caedo). h~ cuttup; to trench. CON 34 CON con-cido, MId, -, 3. v. lntr. (cado). To fall together, tofall down, tumble down, fall. 2.. Trop., to fall wholly away, to be overthrown, to perish', to waste away, to cease, urbs, bellurn, auctoritas; of the wind, to 8ubside. con-cieoy Tvi, Ttum, 2. v. tr. To urge, bring or collect together by rousing or exciting. 2. Idea of prep, disappearing, to set in motion, impel, stir up. 3. Trop., to arouse, excite, provoke; to pvoduce, cause. concilio, Avi, fltum, I. v. tr. (concilium). To bring together, unite, connect objects. 2. Trop., to unite in thought or feeling, to makefriendly, to conciliate, gain, win. 3. In gen., to procure, to bring about, to secure any thing for another or for one's self. concilium, ii, n. (conici). A collection of people, an assembly, esp. for consultation, a cou 1i. con-cipio, c~pi, ceptum, 3. v. tr. (capio). To take hold of on all sides, to take in, to take, receive; in fecundation, to coceive. * 2. Trop)., to take with the mind, to perceive, comprehend, conceive, think. 3. To receive, harbor, cherish, foster any feeling, passion, design, etc. 4. To draw up, express something in words, to corn. pose. concito, flvi, 11tum, 3. v. intens. tr. To srove, to rouse; hurl. concitusp aL, urn, p. of condio. concftus, a, urn, p. of concieo. con-climo, livi Atum, i. v. intr. and tr. To cry.aut together, to shout, of a multitude, and esp. in approbation. 2. (Poet. and rar.). To call together to one place, to call to, socios. 3. To call out loudly, to shout, exclaim, Italiam. 4. To call1 a deceased person by name. con-cijido, si, sum, 3. v. tr. (claudo). To shut up, inclose, con~fine, encmpass, locum. sulco. 2.Trop., to comnprise, include; to end, close, conclude, epistolam; in philos. lang., to conclude, infer, etc. conc61or~ oris, adj. Of the same color. con-cors7 dis, adj. (cor.). Of the same mind, agreeing, co codant, friendly, harmonious, peaceful. con-cr~do, didi, dltum, 3. v. tr. To trust, in-trust. con-cresco7 Lsvi, (!tum, 3. v. intr. Orig., to grow together, hence, to condenwst harden, stiflen, thicken, curdle, clotgen. of soft or liquid substances which be come dense. 2.. To be formed by stiffening, to takeform, to grow, increase. concr6tus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Grown together, condensed, stiffened, matted, clotted, lac, crines; labes, contracted. conciibitus, lie, in. (concubo). A lying together, wedlock-, intercourse, coition. con-curro, curri, cursum, 3. v. intr. TO run. or rush together, to Jlock together. 2. To strike or dash together. 3. To rush together in a hostile sense, to fight, contend. 4. Of events, etc., to happen at the same time, to cone er, coincide. concursusp lie, rn. (id.). A running or rushing together. 2. A striking or dashing together. 3. A concourse, crowd, assembly. 4. A hostile meeting, charge, attack. concussus, a, urn, p. of con-ciitioy ussi, ussun, 3. v. tr. (quatio). To shake violently, to shake, agitate. 2. Trop., to shake the stability of any thing, to disturb, impair. 3. To shake in feeling, to agitate, alarm; (poet. and very rare) to excie, rouse to activity. con-densus, a, urn, adj. Very deuse, close, crowded together. condicioy Onis, f. Condition, ternss, agreement. conditio,v. condicio. conditor, Ones, m. Founder, builder. condftus, a, urn, P. Of con-do, didi, dlturn, 3. V. tr. To bring or put together; to join together into a whole, to form?, produce, make;- to build, found, establish; of writings, to comp~ose, write. 21. To put or place away for preservation, to store up. 3. To lay to rest, to bury, inter, mnortuos, aliquem sepulebro. 4. With idea of secrecy, to conceal, hide; (poet.) to thrust or plunge, ensem, in pectus or pectore. condfico, xi, ctnum, 3. v. tr. To bring together, to assemble, to collect, to hire. conductus, a, nn p. of couduco. c5nectoy xhi, xurn, 3. v. tr. To fasten together, to tie, to connect, to link. c~nexusy a., urim, p. of conecto. confectus, a, mu, P. Of conticlo. con-fbro, cont~lli, colfitiur, conferre, v. tr. To bear or bring together, to gather, collect. 2. To collect or bring together money, offerings, etc., to contribute:, also trop., to contribute to, be useful to, to serve. 3. To unite, join, connect; conferre pedern, gradum, to walk with, accompany; of conferences, consultations, etc., to consult together, confer, talk over. CON CON CON 4. To lbrlng together in a hostile manner. 5. To bring, together in comparison, to compare. IL. The con simply intensive, or its idea disappearing, to bear or carry somewhere, and esp. w. se, to betake one's self any where. 2. Trop., to turn or direct to, and w. se, to apply one's self to:; to attr-ibute to, ascribe to, lay to the charge of. confertus, a, umi, Pa. (con-fercio, fr. farcio, to cram). Pressed together,, crowded together, close, imilites. 2. Filledfsdl, full, templum turba. confess,.js7 a, urn, p. of confiteor. confestimp adv. Instantly, immediately,forthwith. con-fkilo, MOc, fectumi, 3. v. tr. (facio). To make comnpletely, to fin isis, to complete, to accomiplish, execute. 2. Trop., to proc? ce, cause, fecet. 3. Of time, to com~ee, inshspndpus.4. To use up, to waste, weaken, fatigue;- to overcome, destroy, aliqpinie or alicuid. confidens, ntis, P. of con-f ido, fisus sum, 8. v. intr. To confide in, trusi to, rely upon, w. abl., dat., acc. and infin., de or ut. con-f igo, xi, xum, 3. v. tr. To join or fasten together. 2. To pierce through, tr-ansjttx. -confio, pass. of conficio. confisus, a, urn, p. of coafido. con-fiteor, fessus, 2.v. dep. tr. (fateor). To confess, acknowledge, causamn, deam. 2. (Poet. and lat.). To revsal, nanifest, make known, iram vultu. confixus, a, nim, p. of configo. con-fligo, xi, etum, 2. v. tr. and intr. To strike together, to bring together, unite (rar.). 2". Intr., to contend, to be in contlict, to fight. con-fib, Avi, 11tum, 1. v. tr. To blow together, to melt, to forge. con-flfio, fluxi, -, 3. v. intr. To flow together, to gather, to swas-n. con-fodioy f~di, fossum, 3. v. tr. To stab. c-onfossus; a, urn, p. of confodio. con-flugio, filgi, -, 8. v. intr. To flee for refuge. con-fundo, fildi, f-ftsnm, 3. v. tr. To pour together, to mix, mingle. 2.Trop., to uinite, combine (rar.), duos populos, vera cum falsis. 3. With idea of disordcring, to confound, confuse, disorder, disturb: poet. wj. foedus, to violate; of intellectual confusion, to disturb, confu~se, perplex. confusus, a, um, p. of confundo. con-gemino7 Avi, 11tum, 1. v. tr. To redouble, repeat, multiply. con-g~mo, ui, -, 3. v. intr. and tr. To sigh or groan together or loudly, to groan deeply. 2V. Tr., to deplore, bewail, morteni. con-g6ro7 gessi, gestum, 3. v. tr. To bear together, to collect, to heap up. 2?. Trop., in discourse, to bring together,, to introduce, dicta, arguinenta, etc. 3. To heap upon a person, to place upon, imputo to, ascribe to, laudes, criinina. congestusp a, um, p. of congero. con-gr~dior, gressus, 3. v. dep. intr. (gradior). To comne together', to sneet with onle. 2-. In a friendly sense, cum aliquo. 3. In a hostile sousa, to engage, encounter, fight. congressusy a, um, p. of congredior. cong~ressus~ -as, m. (id.). A coming together in afriendly or hostile sense. I. A friendly sneeting, con ference, intervieso, assembly. 2.Ahostile encounter, a fight, contest. conicio COniiCiO conjiejo, which see. coniectus - conjectus, a, um, p. of conjicio. c6nlfer7 6ra, 6rum, adj. (conus-fero). (Poet.). Uone-beariny. c5nisus7 a, urn, connisus, p. of connitor. c~nitor connitor, which see. coniugium) V. ColDjUgiUio. coniunctus, a, urni, conjunctus, p. of conjungo. coniungo7 v. co-njungo. coniux = couiunx, v. conjux. coniuritus, a, urn, conjuratus, a, urn, p. of coajuro. coniuro, v. conjuiro. conixus, a, umn, -connixus, p. of coniutor, which see. con-jicio, jeci, jectum, 3. v. tr. (Jacic). To throw or bring together. 2. Trop., to throw together in controversy, w. or without verba, to crostend, dispte; of inferences, to conjecture, conclude, infer:; to prophesy, foretell; to interpret an omien, etc. 3. Prep. idea disappearlag, to throw, cast, hurl, dsive or bring something forcibly, quickly, etc., to a place; w. se, to betake one's self hastily somewhere. 4. Trop., to throw, bring or force a person or thing into some state or condition. conifigium, ii, a. (con-jugurn). A con CON 36 CON fnection., union (but once). 2. A conneclion by marriage, marriage, wedlock (as a physical union-cf. connubium). 3. Maton. and poet., a husband, wife, consort. con-jungo, nxi, cturn, 3. v. tr. To bind together, to join, unite; in partic., to join in marriage. ~con-juro, rivi, Atum, 1. v. tr. and iatr. To swear together, to con-s-pire. conjuxp (or conjunx), Oigis, c. A consort, husband, wife, sponse; poet., an intended wnife, a betrothed. con-labory lapsus sum, 3. dep. intr. To fall together or cmppletely, to fall in, ruins; swoon, faint, falt, drop off, decay. conlapsus, a, urn, p. of conlabor. conlitus, a, urn, p. of confero. coxilectus, a, Urn, P. of con-fto, l6gi, lectum, 3. v. tr. (cornlego). To garther, collect, assemble; shrink, furl, contract, to gain. con-16co, Avi, Atnrn, 1, v. tr. To place together, to arrange, to place, to station. conl6qulum, ii, n. (conloquor). A talking together; discourse, conversation.. con-lfic~oy 2. v. intr. To be shining; shine; be. lighted uip; shine. con-Ilido, Irisi, ifisumn, 3. v. intr. To play togethes'. con-lustro, Avi, Mtum, 1. v. tr. To6 light UP; to look at, examine, survey. connecto, v. conecto. connexus, V. conexus. connisus, p. of con-nitor, nDixus and nTsus, 3. v. dep. intr. To push or lean against. 2.To exert one's seyf, to strive eagerly. connixus, p. of connitor. connfibium, ii, n. (con. and nubo, to veil, and to marry). Mlarriage, wedlock (as a civil institution-cf. conjugiurn). Cn6n% 0nis, in1. (1iivwv). A mathematician an~d astronomer of the time of the Ptolemy Philadeiphus. c~norp Ains, 1. v. dal). tr. To attempt, try, undertake, mostly wv. ace. or minu. conr. For words beginning with thase letters, see corr. con-sangulneus, a, urn, adj. Of the same blood, related by blood. 2.- As subs., a relative, a kinsman; in plur., relatives.e consanguinitars, Atis, f. (id.). Bloodrelationship, consanguinity. con-scondo, di, sumu, 3. v. tr. (scando).I To mount, ascend, get up upon. 2,1. In pantic., to ascend into a ship, to emtbarkc upo a ship, or (poet, once) the sea. con-scius, a, urn, adj. (scio). Knowing something with another, accessory, privy to, conscious. 2". As subs., an accessory, acce plice, confidant, male or femnale. 3. Knowing in one's self, conscious to one's sef.' con-s~quor, s6cidtus (sequutus), 31. v. dep. tr. Tofollow immediately after,, tc follow. 2. Tra-p., to follow, imitate. 3. To reach by following, to overtake, hence 4. To reach, obtain, gloriam; to comne up to, equal, aliquenm, alicria re; to reach intellectually, to understand; to reach by words, to express fulty. con-s~ro s~rui, sertuni, P. v. tr. To connect', Join, or entwine together, to bind or fasten together.. To join for contest; wv. manumn, to join hand to hand, engage in. close combat; xv. proclium, puguam, etc., to join battle; w. hellumn, to begin a war. con-s~ro, sievi, situm or saturn, 3. v. tr. To sowa, or plant. consertus, a, urn, p. of conscro. consessus, fs, m. (consido). A sitting together; hence, an asqsembly, a collection of persons sitting together. con-sido sedi, sessuni, 3. v. intr. To sit down (~esp. of a multitude); of birds, bees, etc., to atlight, setItle. 2.- Of senators, judges, any deliberative assembly, to sit, be in session, hold a session. 3. Of an arrmy, to encam~p, to take a station. 4. To settle permanently, take up one's abode, settle, his regn~iS. 5. Of inanimate objects, esp. p~laces, to settle, to sink down, oinne Ilium. 6. Trop., to abate, diminish, subside, ceasFe, furor. consilium, ii, n. (kindr. w. consul arid consulo). Delibesation, consultation, consel. 2-. Meton., the result of deliberation, a resolution, pur:pose, plan, design, measre; counsel, advice. 3. As a mental quality, consideration, judgment, wisdonr. 4. In concr., a deliberative assembly, a council. place one's self anywhere; to stand still, remain standing, stand, stop, settle, rest, priiuf terrd, hac terrA; trop., mens. 2. Trop., to remain~irmtrr, to continue; to consist of, to depend upon, oman bonum c. in honestate. consitus, a, urn, P. of consero. con-s6noq ui, -, 1. v. intr. To sound CON 37 CON at the same time or together; to sound loudly, to resound, nemus. consors7 sortis, adj. Common, shared in common. conspectus, a, urn, p. of conspicio, conspicuous. conspectus as, in. (conspicio). A sight, view; hence, also, meton., presence, proximity; trop., a mental view, survey. con-spicio, spexi, spectum, 3. v. tr. (specio, to look at). To look at, to behold with attention, to see, observe, behold; pass., to be looked at with admiration, to attract notice or attention, to be distinguished. 2. Inchoative, to get sight of, to descry, perceive, aliquem. con-spiro fAvi, atum, 1. v. intr. To blow together, to sound together. con-sterno7 stravi, stratum, 3. v. tr. To strew over, cover by strewing, bestrew. con-stitio ui, fitumrn,. v. tr. (statuo). To set, put or place anywhere, csp., firmly, immovably. 2. In milit. lang., to post, station. or draw up troops. 3. To erect, build, found; and trop., to establish, prepare, make, amicitiam. 4. To establish by ordering, to order, arrange, regulate, civitates. 5. To flx, appoint, determine, diem. 6. To resolve, determine, facere aliquid. con-sto% stiti, statum, 1. v. intr. To stand still, remain standing, to stop. 2. To stand firm orfixed, to re?nain immovable, to endure. 3. To agree, correspond, accord with. 4. Of facts, reports, etc., to be established, settled, certain, evident, well knozwn (esp. impers. constat). 5. To consist of or in, to be composed of, to rest upon. 6C. To stand at, to cost. constructus7 a, urn, p. of con-struo7 struxi, ctum, 3.v. tr. Toheap together, to heap, to gather, to build. con-siiesco% evi, Rtum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To accustom, to inure, to habituate; to be accustomed. consuetus7 a, urn, Pa. of consuesco, wonted, familiar. consul ftlis, m. (fr. the root conso, whence consulo, consilium; prop., an adviser). A consul, one of the highest magistrates of the Roman republic. consuilo liui, Itum, 3. v. tr. To consult, advise, observe, question. consultum7 i. n. (consulo). A resolution, determination, decision; esp. w. senatus, a decree. 2. A conulting of a deity, by means of an oracle; poet. for a response of an oracle. con-sumo, sumpsi, sumptum, 3. v. tr. To take wholly. 1. Of food, to consume, devour. 2. Transf. in gen., to consume, waste, destroy. 3. To use, employ, spend, aurum, studium. consumptusy a, urn, p. of consumo. con-surgoy surrexi, surrectum, 3. v. intr. To rise together, stand up together, of several persons. 2. Of a single person, to rise, stand up. 3. Of inanimate things, to arise. contactus7 a, um, p. of contingo. contactusy us, m. (contingo). A touching, touch, contact. 2. Of anything unclean, infection, contagion. contagium, li, n. A touching, contagion, infection. con-tego, xi, ctun, 3. v. tr. To cover up. con-temno, tempsi, temptnm, 3. v. tr. To despise, disdain, contemn. contemplor, atus, 1. v. dep. To survey, observe, consider. contemptor, oris, m. A sorner, despiser. con-tendo, di, tum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To stretch, stretch out vigorously; to draw tight, to strain; poet. and meton., w. telum, sagittam, hastam, to slwot, dart, hurl. 2. Trop., to strain, exert, vires. 3. To work at, apply one's self to vigorously; and w. intin., to strive, endeavor, to haten. 4. Mostly intr., to hatten to a place, to march or journey with haste. 5. To assert or affirm earnestly. 6. To demand, ask, entreat, aliquid. 7. To hold one thing with another, to compare. S. Intr., to try one's strength with, Io contend,.fight. contentusy a, um, p. of contendo. contentus7 a, um, Pa. (contineo). Held together or restrained in desires; hence, content, satisfied. con-terr6o fih, Itum, 2. v. tr. To greatly terrify, to frighten. conterritus$ a, umrn, p. of conterreo. con-texo, xli, xtum, 3. v. tr. To weave or entwine together, to unite, connect. 2. To construct by putting together, to build, lit. and trop. conticescop ticui, -, 3. v. tr. inch. (con-taceo). To become still, to keep silence, be silent, esp. after speaking. 2. Trop., to become still, to cease, furor. contiguus, a, um, adj. Adjoining, near, within range. contineog fi, tentum, 2. v. tr. (teneo). CON 38 COP To A-old or keep together:; in pass., of con-tundo, tildi, tfisuim, 3. v. tr. To places, to be comprised, inclosed in, en- beat, bruise, break, poun d to pieces, copassed or environed by, montibus. grnovts.T cuh ude e 2. To hold or keep in a certain state, to stroy, populos. keep, preserve, retain, emercitum. 3. contus~ it M. (KcOVT-69). A pole. With idea of hindering, to hold back, se- contfisus, at urnt p. of contundo. strain, milites, me: and trop., to repress, conubhim, v. connubiurn. restrain, check, gradurn. 4. To zo- c7Dnus, i, M. (<,~vo-). A cone. 20. Meton., price, contain, encompass, mons reliquum the crest or ape of a helmet. spatium, causas. con-vallis, is, f. A valley inclosed con-tingo (-tmiguo), -, 3. v. tr. To on all sides. wet, moisten, sprinkle. con-vectop -,-. v. tr. (intens. of con-tingo, tigi, tactum, 3. v. tr. and con-veho). To bear or bring together. intr. (tango). To tonch, as it were, on con-vello, velli, vulsum, 3. v. tr. To all sides, to touch, to take hold of; of tear from a position, tear up, pull up, food, to taste, partake of. 20. Of places, tear away, separate, limina. 2. Poet., to touch, border upon, extend to. 3. To to tear in pieces, to shatter, convulse, reach by moving, to come to, errive ot, naves, aequor remis. 3. Trop., to shake, Italiam. 4. To touch with pollution, to bring down, destroy, rempublicam. pollute, defile, stain. 5. To concern, be con-v~nlo7 veni, ventum, 4. v. intr. and related to, affect, aliquem. 6. Intr., to tr. To come together, assemble, meet. 2. happen, to come to pass, to be one's lot, Tr., to meet, aliquem; also, to accost, adesp. impers. dress. 3. Trop. and intr., to agree; res continiio, adv. (continnus, a, urn, fr. convenit, or impers., convenit, it is contineo). Forthwith, innnediaeldy. agreed upon, decided. 4. Tofit; mostly con-torqu~o, rsi, rturn, 2. v. tr. To trop., res convenit, or impers., convenit, turn, whsrl, move round violently. 2. it is fit, proper, becoming, it becomes. To hurl, discharge, telum. conventus7 UI-s, m. (id.). A m eeting, an contortus, aurn, p. of contorqueo. assembly. 2. In partic., a collection of contr&, prep. w. ace. Of places, against, people in a provincial town for commeropposite to, Galliarn. 2-1. Transf., of gen. ciml purposes, a body, community, coror hostile opposition, against, opposite, po~ratlon; also, a judicial assembly, a contrary to. cosat of 4ustice. contr, adv. Of places, on the copposite conversus, a, urn, P. Of side. 2. Transf., of opposition or re- con-verto, ti, sumn, P9. v. tr. To turn ciprocalness, on, the contrary, on the other round, to turn, rnanumnse. 21. To turn hand, in opposition. to, direct to, naves in earn partern. 3. c~ntractusy a, urn, p. of Trop., to turn, change, alter, transform, con-triho, xi, eturn, 3. v. tr. To draw anirnum; of written works, to translate. or bring together, to collect, assemble, convexus. a, urn, adj. (con-veho). viros. 2. To contract, abcidge, shorten, Vaulted, arched, convex:; also-=concave; lessen, lit, and trop. 3. Trop., to draw subs., convexum i,n., an arch, vault, on, bring about, occasion, make, produce. concavity, recess. 2. Poet., sloping, in4. To draw upon one's self, to incur, dlined, vallis, iter. contract, aes alienurn. 5. To make a con-viv~um~ ii, n. (vivo). A living tobargain or contract, to Conclude a busi- gather; hence, a mseal in company, a ness affair, to contract. feast, entertainment, banquct. cbntririu'S a, urn, adj. (contra). Of convolsus -con~vulsus, p. of convello. places, lig over against, opposite. 2. con-volvo, i lu,3 g r orl Transf., of other things, opposite, con- together, roll up. trary, opposed. 3. In pal-tic., hostile, convulsus, a, urn, part. of convello. Injurious (poet. and lat... c6-6rlor, ortus, 4. v. dep. intr. To con-tr~misco9 mri, 9-, 3. v. tr. and arise, appear, spring up, break forth. intr. (inch. of con-tremo). Intr., to trem- coortus, a, urn p. of coorior. ble all over, to Mhake. 2., Tr., to tremble c6pfa, ae, f. (co-ops). Abundance, plenty, at, to fear greatly, aliquid. wealth, riches. 2. In milit. lang., (gen. contristoy Avi, Iturn, 1. v. tr. To sad- plur.), forces, troops. 3. Opp~ortunity, den, to overcast with clouds, to dim, liberty, ability, powcer of doing anything. COQ 39 COR c6quo, coxi, coctum, 3. v. tr. To cook, ba/ce, parc/h, boil, dr up, ripen. Trop., to vex, worry, fret. c6r cordis, n. (kindr. W. K~7p and Kapi~a). T1e heart. 2. Meton., (pars pro toto), a person. 3. Trop., as the seat of feeling, emotion, etc., the heart, soul, fieeling, as the seat of understanding, mind, judgment. Mmr, ac, f. A town of the Volsci in Latiumn. cbram, prep. wv. abi. Before, in the presene of. II. Adv. 1. Objectively, before, in the presence of some other person or thing. 21. Subjectively, personally, in person, in one's own person or presence, adesse. Corisq ae, m. Afounder of Tibur. corlandrum, i, n. Coriander. CMrinthus, i, f. (K6pw'Oog). A celebrated city of Greece on an isthmus of the same name. c6rium, fi, n. (x6ptoz'). Skin, hide. corn~us7 a, um, adj. (cornu). Of horn. cornftsq a, umi adj. (cornus, a corneltree). Of the cornel-tree or cornet-wood. cornfger, 6ra, Pmum, adj. Horn-bearing, horned. cornf-pes, Mis, adj. (cornu). Horn. footed, hoofed. cornix, nicis, f. A crow. cornR, f11, n. (kindr. W. Kepa; and Germ. and Eng. horn). A horn of animals. 2. Meton., of any thing similar to a horn, the end of a sail-yard, thie crest of a helmet, the wing of an army, summit of a mountain, etc.; of things made of horn, a bow, a bugle-horn, trumpet, etc. 3. Trop., as an emblem of power. cornumq i, n. The cornet-cherry. cornus, i, f. A cornet or wild cherry. tree; a javelin or lance made of cornel. CMroebus i, M. (Kopoqgo~). Son of king Mlygdon o? P~hrygia, an ally of Priam, and an accepted suitor of Cassandra. c6mdnag ae, f. (,copawn). A garland, wreath, crown. 21. Meton., of objects in the form of a crown, a cirdle of men, a crowd, a besieging as-my around a town, etc. c6rfinog 11vi, Mtum, 1. v. tr. (id.). To crown with a garland, to crown, wreathe. 2. Meton. and poet., to surround, encompass, custode. corp6r6us, a, urn, adj. (corpus). C~orporeal. corpusp 6ris, n. Any materia? body, 8ut8tance, mass. 2?. Dsp., thebody, both of men and animals, living or lifeless. 3. A lifeless body, a corpse; and trans-f. poet., thesoul of the departed, ghost, shade. 4. Periphrastically, for the person, the in dividual. 5. Trop., a whole composed of parts, a body, corpor~alion. commeptus, a, um, P. of cor-riplo, rlpai, reptum, 3. v. tr. (con. rapio).rFo take hold of, to seize eagerly or hastily, to snatch, snatch up, to snatch away, hurry away; in lpartic., to plunder. 21. Trop., of fire, disease, etc., to seize, attack-, carry away. 3. To reproach, censure, chide, blame; to accuse, aliquem. 4. Poet. wv. viam, spatium, etc., to start very quickly on, to pursue rapidly, to hasteni on. com~-rampo, r1pi, ruptum, 3. v. tr. To break all to pieces; hence, to destroy, ruin. 21. Meton., to spoil the physical or mental condition of any thing or person, to destroy, injure, damage, spoil, debilitate, aorupt, infect. corriiop h, -, 3. v. intr. To fall, to fall down. corruptus, a, um, p. of corrumpo. cortex, Icis, ni. (mar. f.). The bark, rind of plants; in partic., the bark of the cork-tree, cork. cortina, ac, f. A round vessel, kettle, caldron. 2. The tripod of Apollo (strictly, the caldron-shaped vessel upon the tripod); and transf. Ipoet., an, oracle. c6rfius, v. corylus. CMrus (or Caumasp i, m. The northwest wind. c6ruscoy -, -, 1. v. tr. and intr. (kindr. W. Kopuoo-om). Prop., to push wit~h the horns. 20. Hence, transf., to move something quickly, to shake, brandish, wave, hastam. 3. Intr., to flash, gleam, coruscate, flamma. c6ruscusy a, um, adj. (id.). (Poet.) Waving, vibrating, tremulous, silva. 2 Flashing, glancing, glittering, gleamting, ignis. corvus~ i, m. A raven. Corybantias, a, um, adj. Of the Cor-ybantes, priests of Cybele, whose w~orship was celebrated with wild music and armed dances, Corybantian. CMr~clusp a, um, adj. (Kwpm~iaos). Of Corycus8, ('orycian. Corj~don, finis, (Kopmuiwr), M. A shepherd. c6rjlus, I, f. (vdpv~og). A hazel-tree. c6rymbusp I, m. (<6pv43o,;). A cles COR 40 CRT ter or buewh offr-ult orjSlowers, especially ivy berries. CMrknaeus, i, mn. A comp)anion oj Aeneas. 2. A Ilutulian. C&-"thus, I, In. (K6pv~o,;). A towin oj Etruria, called later Cortona. cOs7 c~tis, f. A whetstone, atl1int. CMsa, ae, f. A town in Etrus a. Vossus, i, mn. (A. Cornelius). A Tloman, comsu and cosmmander who obtained thE "1spolia opimia"1 from the king of Veii, in B. C. 428. costap ae, f. A rib. 2. Transf., a side, waln, navis. cates, v. cautes. c6thurnus, i, mn. (Pc6opvoq). A high Grecian hunting-boot, coveringr the whole foot, and laced up in front, worn esp. by tragic actors; hence,. Meton., a tragic, elevated style: tragedy. cribro onis,m. A hornet. cras7 a~v. To-morrow. crassus, a, urn, adj. Thick, dense, gross, asarse, aer, cruor, toga. crastinus, a, urn, adj. (adv. cras, tomorrow). Of to-morrow, to morrow's, lux. criter tnris, in., and cratbral ae, f. (Kpar~p3. Al vessel in which wine was mingled with water, a mixer, a bowl. 2. Of things of similar form, an oil-yessed, a water-basin, etc. crates, is, f. A wicker work, a hurdle, a drag. creitrix, Tcis, f. (creo, to create), (Poet.). She who produces or creates, a mother. crefitus, a, urn, p. of creo. cr~ber7 bra, brum, adj. Rep~eated, numerous, frequent, thick, close (one after or beside another In space or time), ignes, arbores, rumores. 2. Transf., crowded with, abounding in, Notus c. procellis. crbbresco, brul, -, 3. v. intr. inch. (id.). To become frequent, to increase, grow strong, aurae. cr~ditus a, urn, p. of cr~do9,dldi, dltum, 3. v. tr. To conmmlt to one's care, to intrust. 20. To trust, confide in;, to believe, credit. 3. In gen., to believe, 8uppose, think. cr~dulus, a, urn, adj. Believing, trusting to, credulous. cr6mog Avi, Atum, I. v. tr. To burn, consume by lire-the usual expression for the bur-ning of the dead, victims, etc. Cr~mftav ae, f. A town in Northern Italy. cr~ov flvi, flturn, 1. v. tr. To produce, bring forth, bear. cr6pido, lois, f. A bose, a foundation, a mound, a bank. cr6pito, -, -, I. v. intr. (intens. of crepo). To rattle, rustle, creak, crackle. cr~pltus, fis, mn. A rattling, a din, a peal of thunder. cr6po2 Wi, Itum, I. v. intr. and tr. To rattle, crack, creak, rustle; poet., to break with a crash, remi. 2". Tr., to cause to resound; trop., to prnate of, talk much aot, pauperiem. Cres, ntis, mn. (Crota, Kpi,;). A Cretan. cresco7 crmvi, crtstum, 3. v. intr. (inch. of creo, to create).,Poet.). Of things3 not before in existence, to come forth, arise, springq, appear, to be born. 21. More freq., of things already in existence, to grow, in rease, lit, and trap. Crbsius, a, urn, adj. (Kpijatoe). Cretan. Messa; ae,f. (Kp;1ooa). A Cretan woman. Cr~ta, ae, f. (Kp~(nj). An island in the Mediterranean, Cr~ete. crdtal ae, f. Chalk; potter's, cloy. Cr~taeus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Cretan. Crftesv v. Cres. Cr~theus, ei, ni. 1. A Trojan. 2. An ally of Aeneas. crNtus9 a, ur-n, part. of cresco. Crefisa, ae, f. (Kpfovaa).- A daughter Of Priam' and scfe of Aeneas. crinlen, mnis, u. (cerno, KpL'IW). Orig., a judicial decision, judgment. 2'-. Hence, transf., of what is brought before a court for decision, an, accusation, charge, reproach; wvhen unfounded, a calumny, slander. 3. The act complained of, a crime, qftence, fault, wticked act, wvickedness. Crimisus, i, M. (Kpqtucr6e). A river in the 8outh-west qf Sicil~y. crinilis, e, adj. (crinis). 0]' the hair, pertaining to the hair. crinis, is, mn. The hair. 2. Meton., of objects resembling heir, the tail of a comet; a train of light. Crinisus, i, M. (Kpmo-65). A s ver in Sicily. Another form of Csimisus. crintus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Ciovered with hair, hairy, long-hais-ed. crispo, -, Ittumn, 1. v. tr.(crispus, curled). To curl, crisp. 20. To put in trembling motion, to wave, brandish, hastas. crista, ae, f. The tuft or crest on the head of animals, esp. of a cock or serpent. 2-1. Transf., the crest or plumne of a helmet. CRI 41 CUP cristfitusq a, urn, adj. (id.). Having a tuft or crest, crested at plumed. cr6c~us, a, urn, adj. (crocus). Of saffron, safiron.. Transf., sajffon-colored, yellow. cr6cusp i, M. (Kp6Koc). Saffrn sa~ft)oncolor. crfid~lis, e, adj. (crudus). Cruel, fierce, pitiless, unmerciful, ruthless. cri-ad~iter, adv. (id.). C1ruelly. cri-adesco, dud, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To grow hard, to increase, to become worse or fierce. criidus, a, urn, adj. (contr. fr. cruidus, fr. cruor). Bloody, bleeding; hence, of food, raw, uncooked. 2. Trop., unrnpe, immature; raw, crude, unprepared; poet., fresh, vigorous, senectus. 3. Rough, unfeeling, cruel. criiento, Avi, iturn, I. v. tr. To make bloody, to stain with blood. crfientus, a, urn, adi. (cruor). Bloody, stained or coered asith blood. 21. Transf., bloodthirsty, cruel. 3. Poet., blood-red. cruiorp oris, rn. Blood from a wround (more restricted than sangluis, which is blood in gen.). 21. Transf., poet., bloodshed, murder. crfis,2 uris, n. The leg. crusta, ae, f. Skin, crust; acake of ice. crustum, I, n. A crust. Crustiim6riq 0mmi, rn. The inhabitants of Crustumeria, a town of the Sabines. Crustiimius, a, urn, adj. Of Crustumium. ciibile, is, n. (cubo, to lie down). A bed, couch, place of rest of men and animals. cibibtumy I, n. (id.). The elbow. 2-1. As a measure of length, ain ell, a cubit. ciiciimis, 6ris, m. A cucumber. ciiius, a, urn~ cujus, obsolete adj. Whose. culmen, lids, n. Qkindr. w. Collis). The top, summit of any thing; of a building, the roof. 2. Trap., the summit, height, culminating point, honoris. culmusy i, mn. A stalk, a stem; a straw thatch. culpa, ae, f. Guilt, blame, fault; more rarely, a crime, offence. culpfttus, a, urn, Pa. (culpo, to blame, frn. id.). Worthy of blame, blamable, guilty. cultor tri, m. (colo). Orig., the cosltler of a loug. 2. In'gen., a knife of any kind. cultor, oris, rn. (id.). A cultivator, hue. bandman; an inhabitant, a worshiper. cultrix, Idie, f. (id.). She who caresfor a thIng. 2-. An, inhabitant. cultfira, ae, f. (id.). Cultivation, care, dressing. cultus7 f~s, rn. (id.). A cultivating, tilling (of laud (rare). 2.Trop., cultivation, culture, education; an honoring, reverence, deoruni. 3. More freq., manner of life, style of living, respecting all dom1-eStic arran'IgCIemets, such as housce, furniture, clothes, etc. 4. In partic., dress, clothing; also, splendid dress, splendor. cultus, a, urn, P. of Cola. cum (quum), conj. and adv. (qul). Of time, when., while. 2. Curn...A, urn, while.....so also, both.... and. 3. As a causal particle, wv. subjunct., since, as; whilst, although. Ciimae, Arum, f. (KPq). An ancient town ass the coast of Campania, renown ed as the residence of the Sibyl. Ciimaeus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Cumae, Cumaean. cumba, v. cymba cumultus7 a, urn, p. of curnulo. ciimiilo AV], Atum, 1. V. trn. (cumulus). To heap or Pile up, accumulate, arenas. 2. To increase by heaping up, to augment, aes, alienum. 3. To fill by heaplug up, to f#Il up, to fill, load, altaria donis, aliquem muneribu~:. cfimfiJlUS i, in. (kin~r. w. culinen). A heap, mass, pile, as rising high and coming to a point. 2. A heap added to a mass or full measure, an incredse, addilion, surplus. cfininbfila, 0rum, n. (fr. cunae, a cradle, fr. cubinae, fr. cubo, to lie down). A cradle. 2. Meton., the earliest abode; also, birth, origin. cunctor, Atus, I. v. dep. intr. To dolay, linger, wait, hesitate. cunctus7 a, urn, adj. (contr. fr. conjunctus). All together or in a body, all, the whole, entire. ciin6us, i, mn. A wedge. 21,. Meton., a wedge-shaped line of battle; also, the sQeats of a theatre in a wedge-shaped division. Ciipfiv6o Onis" M. A Ligurian prince, Cupencus, i, rn. A Rutuiant. ciipido Inisl f. (cuplo). Desire, eager wish, toging, eagerness; passio, esp., amorous passion or desire. CUP 42 CYM Cupido~ Inis, m. Cupid, the god of Love, son of Venus. cupidus, a, urn, adj. Longing, desirous, fond. cupiO, Ivi or ii, Itum, 3. v. tr. To desire, wish, long for, novas res. 2. To wish well to, be favorably inclined to, well disposed to, alicui. cupressus, i, f. (.vnaptarroo). The cypress. curL adv. (contr. fr. quac). Why, where-.fore. cura7 ae, f. (kindr. w. quacro). Care, solicitude, concern, regard. 2'. With a genitive, management, administration, charge, care of a thing. 3. Grief, sorrow, anxiety; in partic., the anxiety, pain, anguish of love; anxious, hope. curculio, Onis, m. A weevil. Cures, ium, c. The chief town of the Sabines. CUiretes, urn, m. (Koupi-Tes). The aborigines of the island of Crete, who celebrated the worship of Jupiter with noisy music and martial dances. curia, ae, f. The senate-house. curo, avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (cura). To care for, regard, pay attention to, mind, praeceptum; in partic., to take care that something should be done, to see to or order it; to take care of, to refresh, invigorate, corpus; to heal, cure, aliquem. curriculum, i, n. (curro). Course, career, space. curro? cfucurri, cursum, 3. v. intr. To run, to move quickly in any manner, to rush, fly, shoot; w. a homogeneous ace., iter, stadium, campum, also aoquor, to hasten over, traverse. currusy ts, m. (id.). A chariot, car; in partic., a triumphal car; meton., a triumph. 2. The hwrses in a chariot, a team,. cursus, is, m. (id.). A running, swift motion of any kind, a race, a rapid course, a march, way, journey, voyage, passage. 2. Trop., a course, progress, direction, way, rerum. curvartus? a, um, p. of curvo awvi, atum, 1. v. tr. (curvis). To bend, curve, arch. 2. Trop., to move, aliquem. curvus, a, um, adj. (kindr. w. KVupT6). Crooked, bent, curved, curving, winding. CUSpis, Idis, f. A point of any thing. 2. In partic., a spear-point; by meton., a spear, lawce, javelin. custodia, ae, f. (custos). A watching, watch, guard. 2. By meton., the persons v-ho watch, a guard, watch. 3. A watching = custody, confinement; hence, a place of custody, a prison. custodio, IvI or ii, itum, 4. v. tr. To watch over, guard. custoditus, a, um, p. of custodio. custos, Odis, c. A guard, watch, guardian, overseer, keeper. CybebeS v. Cybele. Cybela ae, f. A mountain in Phrygia; also spelled Cybele and Cybelus. Cyble6, es and ae, f. (KlI/eA71). A Pinygian goddess, originally; afterwards worshiped at Rome under the name of Ops or Mater Magna. She was the daughter of Coelus and Terra, wife of Saturn, and mother of Jupiter and the gods. 2. A mountain in Phrygia. CybMlus, i, mi. A owuntain in Phrygia, v. Cybela. Cyclades, um, f. (KucAAaSe). The Cyclades, a circle or group of islands in the Aegean sea. Cyclopius, a, urn, adj. (Cyclops). Of the Cyclopes, Cyclopean. Cyclops, opis, m. (KvcKAoq, round-eyed). A Cyclops. In the plur., Cyclopes, um, the Cyclopes, savage giants having but one eye, in the centre of the forehead. Regarded Dy the later poets as the workmen of Vulcan, living in Mount Aetna. cycnus (or cygnus), i, m. ({CKvog). A swan. Cycnus, i, m. (KgIKvro). A king of the Ligurians changed into a sw8an, and placed among the constellations. Cydippe, es, f. (Kvti7rrn). A Nereid. Cydon, Onis, m. (Ki&o8). A Cydonian or Cretan. 2. A Latin. Cydonius, a, um, adj. Cydonian, Cretan. cygnus~ i, v. cycnus. cylindrus, i, m. (KvuAivipos). A cylinder, roller. Cyllrus, i, m. (KuAAapoe). The horse of Pollux. Cyllene7, s or ae, f. (KvAAX\v)i). A mountain in Arcadia, consecrated to Mercury as his birthplace. Cyllenius, a, um, adj. Of Cyllene, Cyllenean; also, Cyllenius, ii, m. Mercury. cymba, ae, f. (C[i3r). A boat, skiff; ia partic., the ferryboat of Charon. cymbalum, i, n. (<.ti3PaAov). A cynr. Wa. 1, CYM 43 DEA cymbiurn, ii, n. (n~jt/itov). A sncdl D-imoetas, aa, m. A shtepherd. drinking-cup. Dmron, onis, mi. A shepherd. Okm6d6ce, es, f. A Nereid, a sea- DinA6, es, f. (Act~vci,). Daughter oy ntymph, daughter of Nereus. Acrisius, and mother of Perseue. Ckmod6c~a, an, f. A Nereid. Dinius, a, urn, adj. (Aactani;). Of DaO'lIm6th6e, es, f. One of the Nerelds. anus, an ancient kilng of Argos in Ckniphius, v. cinyiphius. Greece; hence, meton. and poet., GreCynthius, a, urn, adj. Of Ciynthus, cian; subs., Danaip Orum, in., the Cynthian; as subs.: Apollo. Danai, the Greeks. Cynthus, i, M. (Kvveoq). A mountain Daphnis) 1dis, m.iAnw. A beautifui of Delos, the birthplace of Apollo and shepherd. Diana. daps, dfipis, f. (k. wv. 5 acivr). A stately, ckpirissus, i, f. (poet, form for cupres. sacifcialfeest. 2". Transfl., mostly poet. sus, more like the Greek-cf. cupressus). and p1., any feast, banquet (esp. a rich., A cypress, sumptuous one); food, meat, viands. Cyprus, i, f. (Ki~rrpae;). Cyprus, a large Dardinia, no, f. (_\ap3 vLa). A itY! on island in the eastern part of the Med- the Hlelle ant, founded by Dardantis, iterranean, renowned for its fertility, whence its modern niame Dardanelles. 0k~~ es, f. (Kvp~vrn). A nymph, the 2. Poet, for Troy. mother of Aristacus. Dard.AnIdes, no, m. (\ap~avnS-q). A Cyrn~us, a, urn, adj. Of Corsica, Cor- male descendant of Dardanus-; in partic., swcan. Aeneas; in plnr. pot. for Trojans,9 also, Ckth~ra, Orum, a. plur. (K~077pa). An an adj., Trojan. island in the Aegean, sea, celebrated for Dardinis, Idis, f. (Aapiavs-'). A femnale the worship of Venus. It is said this descendant eof Dardanus; in partic., island first received the goddess when ('reuse. she emerged from the sea-foam. Dardinius, a, urn, adj. (Aapi vtoa;). Of C~th~r~tqs, a, um, adj. (id.). Of Cy- Dardanuse, Dardanian; poet. for Trothry.therean; subs., Cytherea, an ae, f. = Venus. Dardinus, i, mn. (AapIL'0). Sons of C"-ISUS, i, C. (KnTtao,). The cytisus or Jupiter and Electra, son-ks-law of TeMd~over. cer, andfounder of the city of Darcairai Ckt6rus, i, M. (K ~TWwpo-). A m~ountain an d of the Trojan, dyn asty. in Paphlagonia. Dardfinus, a, urn, adj. Of Dardanzes, Dardanian, often for Trojan. Dires, etis, m. (1cipr,). A Trojan D. athlete. dfitor, oris, mi. (do). A giver. Dijcus7, ni,. A Dacian. ditus, a, urn, p. of do. Daedilus, i, mn. (,ait'8Ao-;). The cele- Dauclus, a, urn, adj. Of Daucus, a Rnbrated Athenian architect, father of tuian; Daucian. Icarus, and builder of the Cretan Laby- Daunius, a, urn, adj. Of Daunusjfarinth. ther of Tuc-nus; Daunian. daedalus, a, urn, adj. (icda~&,og). Skill- Daunus, i, in. A mythic icing of Apuful, skillfully wrought, artistic. lia. Dihae, artim, m. (AdaE). A people of dd, prep. w. abl. Denotes departure from Scythia, living on the Caspian sea. a fixed p)oint. -1. Of space,from, away damma, ac, also dama, ae, f., rarely from. Of time, immediately from a masc. A deer. given moment, immediately after (rar.); damncitus, a, urn, p. of also (more freq.), of an act done, as it damno, vIL, iltum, I. v. tr. fdamnum, were, out of a period of time, i. c-., inloss, damnage; and in partic., a flne). To terrupting it, hence, In the course of, bring loss or damage upon (rare). 21. des-iag, nocte, tertiAi vigilia. 3. To iaIn partic., in legal lang., to condemn, dicate source, origin, or cause in gen., sentence, declare guilty. 3. In a non fi-om. 4. According to, more. 5. Of legal sense, to condemn, rqject, disap- or concrning; with respect to, with reprove; poet., to doom., devote, Orco; to gard to. bsind or oblige by a w~ill, heredem. dea, ae, f. (deus). A godd~esw. DEB 44 DED d~bellfitor, ones, m. A conqueror,. in partic., the name of two celebrated db-bellov Avi Mtum, 1. v. intr. and tr. Roman patriots and martyrs. Intr., to finish a war. 2". Trans. (poet. d)-cliiro, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (clarus). and lat.), tofight ot, rixam; to conquer, To mnake clear, plain or evident, to show, subcle completely, aliquern. manifest, declare, aliquid. 2.To prod~b~o, td, itum, 2. v. tr. (de-habeo, lit., claim, announce any one as electec~to to have from one). To owe money or its an office. equivalent. 21. To owe in gen. 3. W. d&-clinoq Av~i, Atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. an infinit., ought to, must, to be obliged (obs. Clino KAC VW). To turn aside or to do something. -I. Poet., in pass., to away; poet., of the eyes, to bend damn, be due, to be destined, cut regnium. to close. 2.Tranef,., w. an obj. from Italiae. which one tnrns, to avoid, shun, vitia, d~bilisp a, adj. (de-habilis). Maimed, 3. Intr., to turn away, deviate. disabled,feeble, weak. dfc6lor; oris, adj. Discolored, of baser d~bilito, Avi, Atumn, 1. v. tr. To weak-en, metal. enfeeble, abate. d&-c6quo, coxi, coctum, 3. v. tr. To debitus7 a, um, p. of debeo. boil down. d6-cbdoy cessi, cessum. 3. v. intr. To d6cor, oris, m. Fitness, beauty, grace. go away, to depart, wcilhdraw, de, ex, or d~c6roq Avi, Mtum, 1. v. tr. (decus). To abl. 2'. To depart, dbiappear, so], dlies; decorate, adorn, embellish. 2?. Trop., to of living beings, to die. 3. Trop., to honor, dis8tinugish, aliquem. depart from, de meo jure, officio; to d~c~rus, a, um, adj. (decor, fr. deceo, yield, give up, alicui. decet). Becomzing, comely, fitting, suitd~cemv num. adj. indeel. (Ska+. Ten. able, decorous. 2. Decorated, orna-mentd~ceptus, a, mun, p. of decipio. ed, adornd; beantifult, elegant, handdb-cernoj cr~vi, cr~tum, 3. v. tr. To some, graceful, fair. decide, determsine anything disputed. 1.- d~cfimusy or d6clmus, a, urn, adj. Of a judge, magistrate, a senator, or the Tenth. whole senate, to decide, determine, de- d6-curro, cilcurri or curri, cursurn, 3. cree, judge; out of the judicial sphiere, v. intr. and tr. To run down, hasten in genu., to decide, deter mie, seltle. 2. down, shoot down, to descend, to ro~il In milit. lang., to decide by combat; down. 2. In genu., to sun, hasten. somehence, toftight, contend, in gen. 3. With whbere; in milit. lang, to adsance, reference to one's own acts, to resolve, charge. 3". Trop, to come to, hare recdetermine, Rhenum transire. course to, ad preces. 4. Tr., w. homnodb-cerpo, ps8i, ptum, 3. v. tr. (carpo). geneous objects, viani, spatium, etc., to To pluck off, to crop, to gather, florns, complete, finish. 2. In gen., to take away; trop., to en- d~cursus, 'as, In. A running down, a Joy, ex re fructus; also, to destroy, descan, a course. spes. d6cus, 6ris, n. (decet). Ornament, decod~cet, chit, -, 2. v. tr. and intr. (unipers. ration, grace, glory, dignity, honlr, of and usually only in the sing.). To be- bodily grace, beauty; of moral dignity, come, be becoming to, be fitting, suitable, virtue. proper (w. a substantive or an infin. as d6-ciitio, cuss!, cussurn, 3. v. ir. (qua-,subject, and w. acc. or rar., dat of the tio). To shake off. pers., or abs.), haec vestis me decet, dU-dcusq Oris, n. Shame, dishonor, nunc d. caput impedi re myrto, etc. disgrace. dg-cldo cidi, -, 13. v. intr. (cado). To dB-dignor, Atus, 1. v. dep. tr. To disfall down, to fall. 2-. Poet., to fall damn, scorn, refuse. dead, to fall, to die. 3. Trop., to fall, dZo-do, didi, dltum, 3. v. tr. To give Up, isink, vanfish, de spe. resign. dB-cldov cis!, clsum, 3. v. tr. (caedo). db-dfico, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To lead, To cu or lo eil'. draw or bring down or away, to carry aa-clpio, copi, ceptum, 3. v. tr. (caplo). qff or away. 2. In partic., to lead off or Prop., to take or catch away; to catch, withdraw troops; to lead oLf, conduct a cnsn are, to beguile, deceive, aliquem. colony to a place; to draw down, to daiss a, um p). of decido. launch a ship;1to conduct, escot, accomiJ)6cius ii, m. A tlcmanfamily name.;- pangy a person; to deduct fromz, to sub. DEDDE DEJ tract. 3. Trop., to lead, bring to a state or condition, in pe~iculum; to entice, mislead; to spin out a literary composition, like a thread, to elaborate, to compose (poet. and lat.). d~ductus, a, urn, p. of deduco. d6-erro, Avi, Mium, 1. v. iutr. To wander qJF, go astray. dZ-fectus, fis, m. (deficilo. An eclipse. 16-fendo, di, sum, 3. v. hitr. To ward off, keep off, avert something. 2". Tranef., w. the object from which any thing is warded off, to defend, protect, eliquern; of speech, to defend, support, maintain; to affirm in defense, aliquid. dffensor, oris, m. (id.). One who wvartds off, an averter. 2. A defender, protector. dafensus, a, urn, p. of defendo. db-f~ro, tfili, lntum, ferre, v. tr. To bear or brfing.fro or dowen, to convey, carry from one place to another. 2. 71o qffer, proftlr, hence, to transfer, delilver. 3. To boeqn u'ord, to report, announce; w. nomen alicujus, or aliqueni, to annosunce to the praetor as accused, to accuse, impeach. dffessus, a, urn, Pa. (defetiscor, to become wearied). TWear'ied, fatigued. d6-fclco, feci, fectuin, v. intr. and tr. (facio). Orig., to loosen, v-et free from; hut passing very early into the middle sense, to losen or disengage one's self from any thing-, to withdraw; hence, to desert, forsake, abandon, to revolt fromn. 2-. Tr., w. the ace. of that from which something withdraws, to leave, desert, to fail, fides, ens. 3. To be wanting, to fall, to cease, disappear, vires. dU-figo, xi, xum, 3. v. tr. To drive or fasten down; to drive, thrus', fix into. 2. Trop., to.tlx, fasten, oculos, animm etc.; to render motionless with astonishment, terror, etc., to astonish, astound, stupefy; in sacred ceremonies, to declare fixedly, to pronounce, establish; to bewitch, to curse Ibecause the image of the person concerned was often run through with needles). dbfixus, a, urn, p. of defigo. d&-flecto; xi, xum, 3. v. intr. To turn aside. dd-fieO, CMi, Mtum, 2. v. tr- and intr. To weep over, to bewail, lament, aliquem. d~fl~tus; a, urn, p. of defico. dB-flu, xi, xu1m, 3. v. intr. To fiow down.% Of things. not liquid, to giide, flow down, descend, lit, and firp. 3. To flow away, i. e., to cease.1lowing, die. appear, torrens; trop., to cease, vanish, vires. dUfdio f~di, fossum, 3. v. tr. To dig down; bury, conceal. d~formis, e, adj. Deformed, unsightly. d~formo, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To dis. figure, deform. d~fossus, n, urn, p. of defodio. d~fringo, fr~lgi, fractum, 3. v. tr. To break off. d~frfitum, i, n. ifust boiled down. d~functus, a, urn, p. of d6-fungor, functus, 3. v. dep. intr. To have done with something, to acquit one's se~f of, to accomiplish,.finish, go through with, w. abl.; in partic., to finish life, to die. d5-g~ner, 6ris, adij. (genus). Different from the race, degenerate. 2. Trap., in. a moral sense, degenerate, ignoble, base. d5-g~n,6ro, Avi, Atum, 1. v. iintr. To degenerate, to become worse. d~go, dtlgi, -, 3. v. tr. (de-ago). To spend or pass time, vitam; abs., to live. db-gusto, 11vi, iltum, I. v. tr. To taste of; touch. Trop., of a weapon, to gr.7aze. d6-hinc, adv. Frons this p)iace, hence; of succession, after this. 2. Of time, fro this tine forth, henceforth; of a time in tlhe past, since then, thenceforth. 3. Referring to future time, in gen., hereupon, then, afterwsards. 4. (Rar.) In enumeration deinde, then. d6-hisco, hivi, -, 3. v. intr. To slplit open; to open, Yawn, gape. delclo ~-deficio -dejicin, which see. d~iectus - dejectus, p. of dejicio. de-inde, (dissyl. in the poets), adv'. Of space,fro there (rar.). 2. Of thime f very freq.), then, afterwards; (rar.) after this, hereafter. 3. Of succession, ofl7ern~ards, then, next in order. D51I6pba, no, f.(iond A beautiful nymph 0] Juno. D6lphh.ble, es, f. Daugh11ter of Glances. D~p~ Usi. m (A*!ib3oi). SDon of Priam, and husband oj Helen after the death of Paris. dejectus, a, urn, p. of de-jicio, Peci, jectum, 3. v. tin. (jacio). To throw, cast, or hurl down; Nv. sors or sortes, to cast into the urn. 2.In inilit. lang., to drive ant, dislodge; in judic. lang., to turn out of possession, to eject. 3. To fell with a mortal wound, to cast down in death, to kWU, slay. 4. Trop., DEL 46 DEP w. vultum, oculos, etc., to cast down; in partic., to cast down from the hope or prospect of a thing; or from the possession of it, to deprive of. de-labor, lapsus, 3. v. dep. intr. To fall, sink or slip down, to glide down, to descend, lit. and trop. dslapsus, a, urn, p of delabor. delatus, a, um, p. of defero. delectus, a, um, p. of deligo. delectus, us, m. A selection, choice. dsleoe, vi, etum, 2. v. tr. To blot out, to destroy, to annihilate, to slaughter. deletuis a, um, p. of delco. Delia ae, f. 1. Diana, sister of Apollo, v. Delius. 2. A woman's name. delibo, avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To taste, sip; with oscula, to kise. deliciae, arum, f., pl. A delight, darling, pet. * de-ligo, 1lgi, lectum, 3. v. tr. (lego). To choose out, to select. de-litesco, tui, -, 3. v. intr. (lateo). To hide, conceal one's self, to lie hid. Delius, a, um, adj. (Dclos). Of Delos, Delian. Delos, i, f. (A7Aos). A small island in the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades, the birthplace of Apollo and Diana. delphinus, i, and delphin, Tnis, m. (6eA4iv). A dolphin. deluibrum, i, n. (prob. fr. de-luo; hence, the place of purification). A temple, shrine, sanctuary. de-lfidoT si, sum, 3. v. tr. To play false, as it were; hence, to deceive, delude, make sport of, mock. de-mens, entis, adj. Out of one s mind, mad, frantic, foolish. dementia, ae, f.(id.). Madness,phrensy, folly. de-mergo, mersi, mersum, 3. v. tr. To sink, dip, plunge. demersus, a, um, p. of demergo. demessus, a, um, p. of de-meto, messui, messum, 3. v. tr. To mow down, reap, pluck. demissus, a, um, Pa. (demitto). Brought down, lowered; hanging down, btooed down, downcast. 2. Of places, lying loc, low. 3. Trop., downcast, dejected, dispirited; humble, meek, unassuming, modest; poet., descended, derived, sprung, ab aliquo. de-mitto, misi, missum, 3. v. tr. To send down; to let down, to lower, to let fall; in milit. lang., to bring or lead down soldiers; w. naves, to bring or put in some place. _'-I. Trop., w. oculos, ania nium, etc., to cast down,- dicta in aures, to let in, receive. d6moq mpsi, mptum, 3. v. tr. (de-emo). To take away, or o to remove. D&mcdocus; 4 m. (II-%L0S6K0-9)- A Trojan. MM6160s, or us, i, m. A Grecian chieftain slain by Aeneas. ]Mmopho6% ontis, m. (A-t7jio06wv). A Trojan. d6-m6ror, Atus, 1. v. dep. intr. and tr. To loiter, linger, delay. 2. Tr., to delay, detain, aliquem; poet., w. annos, to detain the years, i. e., to remain alive. d6mumq adv. At length, at last, Ynally, not till then - when used to emphasize a pronoun or adverb it may freq. be rendered indeed. d6r, i, ae, a, num. distrib. adj. (decem). Ten (it a time, ten each. ". Poet. for Decein, ten. d6niquey adv. (prob. fr. dein deffide, and que). 01' succession in time (rar.), and the??, thereupon. _'I. To denote the end of a period, at length, fnally. 3. To denote the close of a series,./Inally, lastly. 4. In a recapitulation or climax, in shoat, inflne, in a world, briefly. densy dentis, m. (kindr. w. 68o..'g. 6-56t,-r-:)g, Sansc. danta). A tooth. _"'. Meton., of things resembling a tooth, a tooth, of a comb or saw, fluke of an anchor, a prong, spike, etc. 3. Trop., envy. denseo7 -, 2. v. v. denso. densog Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (densufs). To thicken, to close up, to crowd. densusq a, tim, adj. Dense, thick (i. e., w. parts closely united; opp. to rartis), agmen, silvat —; poet., w. abl., full of, crowded with any thing. 1-1. TraDsf., of the parts themselves which are closely crowded, thick, close, thick-set, hostes, arnia. 3. Of close succession in tiIIIC, frequent, continuous, repeated, ictus. 4. Trop., of speech, condensed, concise. dentMe7 jsn. A.Rhare-beam. d6-nuntio (or -cio), Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr To announce, proclaim, declare, notfy (publicly, by a herald, messenger, etc., in matters of law and of religion). 1-11. Transf., in gen., to announce, declare; w. ut, or merely subjunc., to order, command. d6;pasco PRA, pastum, and dep: forin, epascor, pastus, 8. v. tr. Tofeed dowp, feed qff, saltus (in this sense, of the herdsman, and in the act. form ODI.V), in some place. 2. Trop., w. oculos, ani mum, etc., to cast down; dicta in aures, to let in, receive. demo, mpsi, mptum, 3. v. tr. (de-emo). To take away, or of, to remove. Demcdocus, i, m. (AnoIS6KOe). A Trojan. Demol6os, or us, i, m. A Grecian chieftain slain by Aeneas. Demophoon, ontis, m. (A7eo06dwv). A Trojan. de-m6ror, Atus, 1. v. dep. intr. and tr. To loiter, linger, delay. 2. Tr., to delay, detain, aliquem; poet., w. annos, to detain the years, i. e., to remain alive. demumn adv. At length, at last, fnally, not till then; when used to emphasize a pronoun or adverb it may freq. be rendered indeed. deri, ae, a, num. distrib. adj. (decem). Ten at a time, ten each. '. Poet. for Decem, ten. denique, ndv. (prob. fr. dein - deinde, and que). Of succession in time (rar.), and then, thereupon. 2. To denote the end of a period, at length, finally. 3. To denote the close of a series,. inally, lastly. 4. In a recapitulation or climax, in short, in.fine, in a word, briefly. dens, dentis, m. (kindr. w. oSoLs. 6-36lTr-vs, Sansc. danta). A tooth. 2. Meton., of things resembling a tooth, a tooth of a comb or saw, fluke of an anchor, a;rong, spike, etc. 3. Trop., envy. denseo7 -, 2. v. v. denso. denso, avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (densus). To thicken, to close up, to crowd. densus, a, um, adj. Dense, thick (i. c., w. parts closely united; opp. to rarus), agmen, silvac; poet., w. abl., full of, crowded with any thing. 2. Transf., of the parts themselves which are closely crowded, thick, close, thick-set, hostes, arnma. 3. Of close succession in time, frequent, continuous, repeated, ictus. 4. Trop., of speech, condensed, concise. dentale, is, n. A share-beam. de-nuntio (or -cio), avi, atum, 1. v. tr To announce, proclaim, declare, notify (publicly, by a herald, messenger, etc., in matters of law and of religion). 2. Transf., in gen., to announce, declare; w. ut, or merely subjunc., to order, command. de-pasco, pavi, pastum, and dep: form, depascor, pastus, 8. v. tr. Tofeed down, feed of', saltus (in this sense, of the herdsman, and in the act. form only), DEP 47 DES 2. Of cattle, to feed upon, eat up, and in gen., tofeed upon, eat up, devour, consume, miseros artus. depastus, a, um, p. of depasco. de-pecto, -, pexum, 3. v. tr. To comb off or down. de-pello, ptli, pulsum, 3. v. tr. To drive away, expel, remove; to drive, thrust or cast down. 2. Trop., to ward off, to avert, to deter, divert. de-pendeo, -, -, 2. v. intr. To hang down, to hang from;' trop. (rar.), to dcpend upon. de-pono, posui, pbsitum, 3. v. tr. To place, put, or lay aside, set aside; to put or lay down.?. To put away, lay up for safe-keeping, to deposit, to place; to give in charge to, `ltrust or commit to. 3. To lay down, give up, abandon, resign; to decline, refuse. depositus, a, urn, p. of depono. de-precor, atus stum, 1. v. den. To turn away by prayer, deprecate. de-prihendo (or deprendo), di, sum, 3. v. tr. To take or snatch away, to seize, catch. 3. To seize in the act, to catch, surprise; of a storm, etc., to overtake. 3. Trop., to discover, discern, detect, perceive, observe. deprensus (or deprehensus), a, um, part. of id. depressus, a, um. Low, deep, p. of deprimo, pressi, pressum, 3. v. tr. To press down or deep. de-promo, prompsi, promptum, 3. v. tr. To draw forth, bring out. depulsus7 a, um, p. of depello. Dercennus i, m. An ancient Latin king. derectusy a, um, p. of dorigo. de-rigescoy gui, -, 3. v. inch. intr. (rigeo). To become wholly stiff or perfectly rigid. de-rigo, rexi, rectum, 3. v. tr. To make straight, aim, direct, set in order. de-rtpio, Ipui, eptum, 3. v. tr. (rapio). To tear of or away; to tear down. dero, for deero, v. desum. de-saevlo, ii, 4. v. intr. To rage furiously, hiems. de-scendo, di, sum, 3. v. intr. (scando). To descend, come, go, or fall down; in partic., to dismount; in milit. lang., to march down from an eminence; also, to go into battle, to engage; to sink down, penetrate into any thing. 2. Trop., to sink deep into, in pectus, in animos, etc.; to lower one's self, to descend to, yield or agree to (something wrong or disagreeable). descensus, Us, m. (id.). A coming down. 2. Concr., a descent. de-scribo, psi, ptum 3. v. tr. To copy off, transcribe. 2. To represent by drawing, to delineate, draw, describe, sketch; also, trop., to describe by words or writing, to set forth, delineate, represent. 3. To mark of, classify, arrange, distribute, divide into parts. 4. To assign, apportion, appoint, distribute to any one as his share. de-s6co, sccui, sectum, 1. v. tr. To cut off, to sever. desectus, a, um, p. of deseco. de-s6ro rui, rtuin, 3. v. tr. To sev'er one's connection with any person or thing; hence, to leave, forsake, abandon, desert. desertorP oris, in. A deserter. desertuss a, unl, Pa. Deserted; esp. of places, waste, desolate, desert, uninhabited: subs., deserta, orulu, n., desert places, deserts, wastes. desidia, ae, f. Sloth. de-sido, sedi, 3. v. intr. To sink, settle down. 2. Trop., to deteriorate, mores. de-signo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To mark out, trace out, designate, define. 2. To describe, represent, denote by speech. 3. To regulate, arrange, dispose; to appoint, elect, choose. de-silio, ui, ultum, 4. v. intr. (salio). To leap orjump down. de-stno, Ivi or ii, Itum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To leave off, to cease, desist, give over, facere aliquid; rar., w. ace., abl., or gen. 2. Intr., to cease, stop, end, bellunm. de-sisto7 stiti, stftum, 3. v. intr. To set one's self, as it were, away from any thing; hence, to leave off, cease, desist from any thing, incepto; also, w. infln. or (poet.) dat. desoa1tusj a, um, p. of de-solo gvi, a tum, 1. v. tr. (solus). To make solitary, lay waste, ravage. de-specto, 1. v. tr. (intens. of dempicio). To look down upon, terras. 2. Trop., to despise. despectus, a, un, p. of de-spicio, exi, ectum, 3. v. intr. a:.d tr. (epecio, to look at). To look down upon, in agros, in aequora, etc., also w. ace., mare, terras, etc. 2. Trop., and tr., to despise, disdain iopsos. DES 48 DEX deNspumo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To dispossess. 3. Trop, to drive or turn a skim off. person from or to anything, (le sententia, db-stillo avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. in luctum, etc.; of time, to put off.. To drip or trickle down. de-turbo) avi, Stum, 1. v. tr. To tear, d6-stinog avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (obs. stano, thrust, or cast down, to hurl down or of, kindr. w. LaOravw). To fasten, bind, make to drive of or away, to dislodge. fast. 2. Trop., to establish, appoint, des- Deucalion, Onis, m. (AevKaAwv). A tine, determine, aliquid alicui. son of Prometheus, who, with Pyrrha de-stituo, ui, litum, 3. v. tr. To leave, his wife, survived the flood. abandon. deus, i, m. (kindr. w. 0cds). A god, a de-stringo, strinxi, strictum, 3. v. tr. deity, sometimes a female deity. 2. To pluck or pull off: to bind. Transf., a highly distinguished or very de-strfio7 xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To pull fortunate or happy man. down, demolish, destroy, moenia. 2. devectus7 a, um, p. of Trop., to destroy, ruin, weaken, jus. de-v6ho, vexi, vectum, 3. v. tr. To de-suesco suevi, suetum, 3. v. tr. and carry away, to cart away; to carry intr. To disaccustom, disuse, put out of home. use, aliquem. de-v6nio7 veni, ventum, 4. v. intr. To desuetus7 a, um, p. of id. Of a person, come down or from (with reference to unaccustomed, unused to, bello; of term. ad queml predominant); hence, to things, disused, arna. come to, arrive at, go to, ad mare; poet., de-sum, fui, esse, v. intr. To be away, w. simple ace. be absent, be wanting or missing. 2. To de-verto verti, versum, 3. v. tr. and be wanting in one's part, not to assist, intr. To turn from, to turn aside, to to desertfail, usually w. dat. turn down, to descend. de-siper, adv. From above, above. devexus, a, um, Pa. of deveho, inclindetectus, a, um, p. of ing down, descending, sloping, sinking; de-t6go, texi, tectum, 3. v. tr. To un- hence, setting. cover, disclose. devictus, a, um, p. of devinco. det6riorp us, adj., comp. Worse, in- d-vinciop vinxi, vinctum, 4. v. tr. To ferior, degenerate, weaker. Superl., bind down, to bind fast, to bind. deterrimus7 a, um, worst. de-vinco, vici, victum, 3. v. tr. To d-texo xui, xtum, 3. v. tr. To weave conquer completely, to sbdue, to vanoff, to fnish. quish. de-'tineo, tinui, tentum, 2. v. tr. (teneo). deviactus, a, um, p. of devincio. To hold or keep off, to keep back, detain, de-v61o, 1. v. intr. To fly down. 2. me. 2. Trop., to occupy, engage, mentes Transf., to hasten down or toward, in hominum, oculos, etc. forum. det6no, tonui, -, 1. v. intr. To thun- db-volvo, volvi, volfitum, 3. v. tr. To der loudly, storm. Trop., to cease thun- roll down; mid., to fall or rush down. dering or raging. 2. Trop., to pour forth, verba; mid., to de-torqueo, si, tnm, 2. v. tr. To turn fall into, be reduced to, to, ad egestatem, or bend away, turn aside, lit. and trop. etc. ". To turn or twist out of shape, to devotus, a,um,Pa. (devbveo). Devoted, distort (lit. and trop.), membra, verba. consecrated, diis, morti, etc. 2. Faithdetracto, v. detrecto. fully devoted, attached, faithful, alicui. de-traho, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To draw de-v6veo, vovi, vOtum, 2. v. tr. To or pull down; to draw or take off or vow or devote anything to a deity, esp. away, to take from, to remove, ithldraw. as an offering; hence, also, to devote to 2. Trop., to detract from, disparage, death; in partic., to devote to destruction, diminish. to curse, execrate. 2. Transf., to devote, detrectoy Avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To refuse, give up to anything (rar.) se gloriae. 3. decline. Poet., to enchant, bewitch. de-triido, si, sum, 3. v. tr. To thrust dexter, tera, terum, more freq., tra, down or away, to push down or off, trum, adj. (SeiTep6s, etd). To theright, drive or force away, naves scopulo. 2. on the right hand, right. 2. Trop., In partic., to dislodge, put to flight, hos- skillful, dexterous, handy; suitable, contern; to drive one out of a possession, to venient, fitting; fortunate, favorable, DEX 49 DIG propitious (the Greeks regarding an diductus, a, urn, p. of diduco. omen onl the right hand as propitious). Didyma~ong 6ols, rn. The name of an dext6ra, or dextra, ae, f. (id. se. unknown artist. manus). The rigid hand. 2'. The right dies, i~i, c. A day.. A set or apypoint8ide (sc. pars). edl day, a term (usually f.). 3. Transf., Diiina, ae, f. Orig., anl Italian divinity, in gen., time. 4. (Poet.) Daylight. afterwards identified wv. the Greek Ar- dif-faro7 distrili, d~iatum, dillerre, v. tr. tem is, a daughiter of Jupiter an d Latona, and intr. To carry different ways, to sister of Apollo, goddess of the moon carry apart, to separate, disperse, scatter,. (Luna), of virginity, of child-birth (Lu- 2. Trop., to distract, disquiet, disturb, aina), of nocturnal witchcraft (Ilecate), aliqncnt 3. To spr~iead obroad, publis,51 and. of the chase. divalge; lin a had sense, to decry, dcdicatus, a, tim, p. of dico. fame, aliquem. 4. W. ref. to time, to dicio (or ditio), onis, f. Dominion, au- defer, put off, delay. II. Intr., to di&fer, thority, rile, sway, power. be different. d~co, dvi, Atom, I. v. tr. To proclaim, dif-flcilis7 e, adj. (dis-facilis). Diflicult, make knownm (v-ery rare).!.2. In relig. herd, troubesome:- critical, dangerous,z lang., to dedicate, consecrate, devote to a res. 2. Of character, hard to managfe deity; of a person, to deify. 3. Transf., or please, obstinate, captious, morose. in gen., to devote, give up, set apart, de- dif-fido, ftsus,.3. v. intr. To be disdicate, aliquid alicui. trustfuel, to distrust, alicui. dico, xi, ctom, 3. v. tr. (root dlie~ zAE1K diffindo; fildi, fissurn,.3. v. tr. (dis-findo). in ieiC'Kv~u, and k. wv. dig-itus; orig., to To VpWi asunder, to cleave. point not, show; hence, Nv. restriction dif-ffigio, fflgi, -, 3. V. intr. To flee to speech, to declare). To soy, speak, in different directions, 10 disperse, scattell, niention, relate. 2. In rhet. and legal ter. 2. Poet., of thing(S, to disappear. lang., to recite, rehearse, pronounce, de- dif-fundo, ffldi, ffilsum, 3. v. tr. To liver. 3J. (Poet.) To describe, relate, pour isn different directions or lin differtell qf, celebrate in verse, sing, laudes ent places, to spread by pouring. 2. Phoebi, Dianam. 4. To pronounce, ar- Trausf., in gen., to spread, scatter,, difticutate a letter, word, etc. 5. To call, fuse, cornarn. 3. Trop., to scot/er, ex namne, Chaoniamqoe omnem. 6. To tend, spread abroad, huaec in ora viridm. choose, appoint to an office. 7. To a))- 4. Trop., to cheer upl, gladden, exvhilapoint, fix upon a day, etc. 8. To mean. rate, animos, vultuin. Dictaeusy a, urnm, tadj. Of Dicte, a diff-usus; a, urn, p. of diffundo. mountain in the eastern part of Crete, di-g6ro, gessi, gestum, 3. v. tr. To Dictaean; poet. for Cretan. carry apart, to separate, disperse, divide, dictam ui f. Dittany, a plant distribute. 2. W. access. idea of arfound on Mt. Dicte. rangemcent, to distribute, arrange, disdictum7 t, n. (dico). Something said; pose, set in order (lit, and trop.). a word, sepech; a saying, max im; esp., digestus, a, um, p. of digero. a qvitty saying, nitticean. 2. Au ordor, digitus, i. m. (kindr. w. die-n, 8iKiVe1gi, cousmand. 3. Poet., a predtctioet. 6aKT-u0ov; hence, orig., the pointer). A di-7tus7 a, urn, p. of dico. finger. 2. Transf., a toe. 3. As a diditus, a, um, p. of measure, an inch, the sixteenth part of didc, dldidi, dldittin, 3. v. tr. To distrib. a Roman foot. ute, to spread abroad, to disseminate. dign~tus, a, um, p. of Dido, (is or nide, f. (ItXt&4 Daughter of' dignor7 Atos, 1. v. dep. tr. (dignus). To the Tyrian king Belus, swife of Sychasus, deem worthy, aliquem aliqua re. 211. To sister of Pyjgmalion, and foundrs-s of deem or think fit, to regard as rigid or Carthage, called also Elissa. becomsing, facere aliquid. 3. To deign, di-diico, xi, etom, 3. v. tr. To draw vouchsafe. apart; hence, to separate, pert, divide. dignus, a, umn, adj. Worth or worthy, 2.In partic., in milit. lang., to separate, deserving of a (good or bad) thing; bedivide, distribute forces;more freq. in coming, suitable, proper. a had sense, to disperse, scatt er. 3. Tron., di-gr~dior, gressus, 3. v. dep. intr. to separate, divide; animio diducitor, is (gradior). To go apart, separate, part; distracted. hence, to go away, depart. 2-. Trop,., to DIG 50 DIS deviate, depart, officio, etc., in lang., to digress. digressus uis, m. (id.). A parting, separating; a going away, a departure. '2. Trop., in speech, a digression. digressus, a, um, p. of digredior. di-labor; lapsus, 3. v. dep. intr. To fall asunder, go to pieces, dissolve, separate; in partic., of persons, to separate, disperse. 2. To fall down, decay, go to ruin, disappear, lit. and trop. dilapsus, a um, p. of dilabor. dilectus, a, urn, p. of diligo. dilectus, us, v. 2. delectus. diligo lxcsi, lectum, 3. v. tr. (dis-lego). To select out in preference, to love, to esteem. di-luio, ui, fitum, 3. v. tr. To wash away; to temper, dissolve, dilute. diluvium7 i, n. (diluo). A washing away; a deluge; destruction, desolation. dimensus, a, um, p. of di-metior, mensus sum, 4. v. dep. tr. To measure or lay off. dimissus, a, um, p. of di-mitto, misi, missurnm, 3. v. tr. To send different ways, to send apart, to send about, to sendforth or away. 2. To let a multitude separate or depart, to dismiss, to disband. 13. In gen., to send away an individual or a body, to let go, discharge, dismiss, release. 4. Trop., to let go any thing, to give up, abandon, discontinue, curam, spem. di-m6veo, movi, mOtum, 2. v. tr. To move apart, to part, separate, divide, aquas. 2. To move away, drive away, disperse, scatter, dissipate, umbram polo. Dindyma 0orum, n. (Ainvgua). A mountain in Mysia, sacred to Cybele. di-nuim6ro, lvi, atum, 1. v. tr. To count over, reckon up, enumerate, compute, annos, tempora. Di6medes7 is, m. (\-ost10 5). Son of Tydeus, king of Aetolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. Dionaeus, a, um, adj. Dionaean, an epithet of Venus, from the name of her mother Dione. Dioresy is, m. A companion of Aeneas. Dioxippus, i, m. A Trojan. Dirae, arum, f. (dirus). The Furies. Dircaeusy a, um, adj. (Dirce). Of Dirce, a fountain in Boeotia; Dircaean, Tiheban. directus, v. derectus. direptus, a, nm, p. of diripio. di-rtgo, v. derigo. dirimo, 6mi, emptum, 3. v. tr. (dis and emo). To take apart, separate, part, divide. 2. Trop., to interrupt, break off, put an end to, destroy, frustrate, amicitiam. di-ripio7 ui, eptum, 3. v. tr. (rapio). To tear asunder, tear in pieces. 2. In partic., to lay waste, ravage, plunder. 3. (Poet.) To snatch away, dapes. 4. Trop., to disamte, contend, struggle for the possession of a thing. di-ruo, ui, utum, 3. v. tr. To overthrow. dirus, a, um, adj. Fearful, dreadful, awful, dire, direful, portentous, orig., in a relig. sense, w. reference to portents; subs., dirac, arum, f. (sc. res), dire, illboding signs, etc.; personified, the Furies. 2. Transf., of persons and theil character, drearcful, terrible, flerce, abominable, impious; also, of things inanimate and abstr. dirlitus7 a, um, p. of diruo. Di -, Itis, m. (kindr. v. dius, divus, deus). Orig. denoting godhead, deity, in gen., and Jupiter, in partic.; later exclusively for Pluto, the god of the infernal regions. di3. An inseparable particle, used in forming compounds, and denoting (1) separation, -- asunder, apart, in pieces, etc.; (2) negation. dis-cedo, cessi, cessum, 3. v. intr. To go in different directions, to part, separate. 2. To go away, depart from, leave; in partic., of an army, etc., to march off, withdraw; also, to get away, come off; fr. a battle, undertaking, peril, etc., victorious, or otherwise. 3'. Trop.. to depart, deviate from, a tide; to abandon, give up, leave; to vanish, disappear. dis-cerno, crevi, crRetum, 3. v. tr. To separate, set apart, part, divide. 2. Trop., to separate by distinguilhing, to distinguish, discern, fas atquc nefas. dis-cerpo7 cerpi, cerptum, 3. v. tr. To pluck apart, to tear in pieces, to scattcr, to disperse. discerptus7 a, am, p. of discerpo. discessus, fts, m. (discedo). A going apart, separation (rare). 2. A going away, departure, removal. discinctus, a, um, (p. of discingo). Loosely robed, unbelted, indolent. di-scindo7 cidi, cissum, 3. v. tr. To tear apart, to rend, to mangle. dis-cingo, cinxi, cinctum, 3. v. tr. To ungird. discissus, a, um, p. of discindo. dis-clfido, clasi, cluisum, 3. v. tr. To DIS 51 DIT unclose, to open; to shut up separate, di-spergo, si, sum, 3. v. tr. (spargo). shut up, divide. To scatter dift'erent ways, scatter about, discos ddldci, -,.3. v. tr. (die-sea, fr. a disperse, lit, and trop. root dic, SCK; cf. dico). To learn, to be- dispersus, a, urn, p. of dispergo. come acquainted with, aliquid. di-spicio, spexi, spectum, 3. v. intr. dis-c6lory Oris, adIj. Qf a different and tr. (specio, to behold). To look color. 2. Of various colors, party-col- about, or to look, as it were, with an ored, variegated, aves. 3. Trop., dif- effort to disperse darkness or obscurity; ferent, unlike, to look about, to look through, leek up, discordia, ae, f. (discors). Disagree- see. 2'-. Rarely, tr., to descry, perceive, ment, disunion, dissension, discord; discern. 3. Trop., (mostly tr.i, to see personified, the goddess of Discord (Greek through, mentally, to perceive, comprcEpL). hend, verumi also, to consider, reflect dis-cors; cordis, adj. (cor). Disecordanst, upou, aliquid. disagreeing, et variance, of persons and dis-pliceop tii, Itum, 2. v. intr. (placeo). things. 2. In geo., unlike, different. To displease. dis-cr~po, ui, -, 1. v. intr. To sound dis-pono, posui, pbsituin, 3. v. tr. To out of tune, to be discordant; to differ, place here a)?d there, set in different discrimen, lois, in. (discerno). That places; hence, in gein., to distribute, diswhich separates tvo thilngs from each pose, arrange, set in orde,'. other; hence, an intorvening space, an dissensus, us, ni. (dissentio). Disinte~rval, distance?, division. 2. Trap., a agreement, dissent. distinction, diffejr~nce. 3. Trap., a deci- dis-sld~o,sedi, sessum, 2.v. intr.(svdeo). sive point or mom~ent, a turning point, a To be apart, be separated. crisis; also, a danger, risk, peril. dis-silio, ui, -—, 4. v. intr. (sallo). To dis-crimino, fivi, fituni, 1. v. tr. To leap or burst asunder, to fly apart, sepadiscrinsinate, to separate. rate, loca. dis-cumbo, cribui, c~bhtum, 3. v. intr. dissimilis, a, adj. Unlike, inferior to, (cuba, to lie down). To lie down in dif- unequal. ferent places; esp., of several persons, dis-simfilo, fivi, Atuim, 1. v. tr. To to recline at table. 21. Rarely, of a single make unlike, to make a thing appear person, but alwvays w. access. idea of a different from what it is; to dissemble, number doing the saOOO. disguise; to hide, conceal, aliquid. dis-curro, cticurri or corni, cursum, 3. v. dis-sulto, -, -, 1. ve. intr. tsalio). To intr. To run different ways, to run about, leap apart, to spring aside, to burst run to and fro, disperse. from. discUssus, a, urn, p. of dis-tendo, ndi, tensumn or tentum, 3. v. dis-cfitio, cussi, cissmui, 31. v. tr. (qua- tU. To stretch apart, distend; fill, fattio). To shake or strike off, to scatter, ten. dispel. dis-tento, SAv, Atum, 1. intens. tr. (disdis-jectus, a, urn, P. Of tendo). To distend. disjjS lcio, j~el, jectuhn,.3. v. tr. (judio). distentus, a, urn, p. of distendo. To thro apart, to scatter, disperse. 2. distillo, s. destillo. In milit. lang., to scatter, roult, defeat. dis-ftnf6o, hi, tentum, 2. v. tr. (teneo). 3. Trap., to demolish,, destroy, ruin, To hold at bay, keep) e1. frustrate, consilia, pacemn. di-stop,- 1. v. intr. To stand apart, lis- ungo, nxi, nctuil, 3. v. tr. To to be sepas-ated or distant. 2'-. Trap., to Cdisjoin, disunite, separate; in gen., to differ, be different in quality. divide, separate, s-enove. distractus, a, urn, P. Of dispar, prins, aulj. unequal, unequal in dis..tr~iho, xi, etumi, 3. v. tr. To drawv length.' apart, tear asunder. dis-pello, ptili, pulsurn, 3. v. tr. To districtus, a, urn, p. of drive apart, scatter, disperse. di-stringo, axi, actum, 3. v. tr. To dispendium, ii, n. (dis-pendo). Exc- draw asunder, stretch out (rare), VI. 617. pense, cost, loss. 2.0. Trap., to distrwt one's attention, to dis-perdo, dldi, diturn, 3. v. tr. To occupy, engage; hence, to detain, hindestroy utterly, ruin; to murder, car- der. mene. ditio, v. dicio. DIT DIT DOM ditissimus, a, urn, A% dives. diu, advr. (dies, old abi.) somp. diutius, sup. diuitissime.. By day (rare). 2. A long tis, long. 3. Transf., long since, long atgo. diurnuo, a, urn, adj. (dies). Of the day, daily. dius, v. divus. diva7 ae, f. (divus). A goddess. di-vello, velli, vulsum, 3. v. tr. To tear asunder or in pieces, separate violently, nodos mianibus. 2. To tear away, separate from something, liberos a cornplexii. 3. Trop., to break off, dissolve, amicitiam, etc.:to estrange, alienate, aliquern ab aliquo. di-verb~ro, -, Atuin, I. v. tr. To strike asunder, to cleave, divide, cut, umbras, auras. diversus, a, urn, Pa. (di-verto). Turued opposite ways, opposite, contrary; trop., opposed, hostile. 2. Turned in different directions,, apart, asnnder, separate, remote; trop., different, unlike, dissimilar, vmions. di-verto, ti, sum, 3. v. intr. To turn or go different ways, to part, separate. 2. Trop., to deviate from, to differ. dives (poet. dis), Itis, adj. Rich. 21. Transf., of things, rich, mnagnificent, sumptuous, splendid, precions. di-vido, vlsi, visum, 3. v. tr. (ohs. vido, whence vidua, video, etc.). To separate, part, divide, muros. 2". Transf., to divide among several, to distribute. 3. To separate, divide, keep apart, Rhenus agrum lelvetium a Gerinanis. 4. Trop., to separate, distinguish,; poet., to decorate, adorn. divinitus, adv. (divinus). From& heaven, divinely. divinus, a, urn, adj. (divus). Of or pertaming to a deity, divine. 2. Transf., divinely inspired, inspired, prophetic, yates. 3. Trop., godlike., superhuman, excellent, divine, orator. divisus, a, um, p). of divido. divitiae, ftrum, f. (dives). Riches, wealt. divortium, i, a. A separation, a parting; a crossroad. divus or dius, a, urn, adj (deus, St-oe). Divine. 2. Transf., godlike, divine, excellent. 3. More freq. subs., divus, i. in., and diva, ae, f., a god, goddev~s, deity. 4. Divumn i. n., the sit?, only in sub divo and sub divuni, under the open sky, in the open air. do, d~di', datum, diirc, 1. v. tr. (kindr. wv. Uwiti~). To give, in the widest sense of the word, to grant, permit, allow, elliot, bestow, furnish, supply; to give np, resign, yield. 21. To bees-, place, or p)st somewhere; wv. se, to betake ontes self,somewhere; w. vrela, to spread or mole sail, set sail; wv. verba, to utter; and in gen., to announce, declare, tell, say. To cause, make. -do, dalre. Au obsolete form found only in comnpounds;, a. g., abdo, condo, abscondo, etc. d6ceo, cui, ctum, 20. v. tr. To teach, instruCt, inform, show, tell, explain, describe. doctus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Taught. 2. Learned, skilled, experienced, versed. 3. Poet., shrewd, cunning. Dd6dna, ac, f. A town in pirv DWddnaeus7 a, nim, a(l;. Of Dodona, Dodonean. d6leo, ui, Itum, 2. v. intr'. and tr. Intr., to feel or suiffer pain; of a part of the body, to pain, hurt. 2.Mentally, tr. and intr., of persons, to grieve fior, be sorry for, to grieve, mourn, lament; of things, to pain, hurt, grieve. Dolichiin, 6ris, m.(rn X w. A Trojan. dolo, Gnis, as. (SiAwi). A pike. Dol~n, 0nis, mn. (A6\w~). A spy of, the Trojans. D6l6pes, urn, M. (A6xo~re;). A people rf, Thessaly, amiong the fiercest of the Grecian forces before Tiny. d6lor, O~ris, Di. (doleo). Pain, suffering, anguish, of body or mind. 2. entally, any painful feeling, sorrow, distress, grief, anxiety, vexation, resentment, etc. 3. Poet. and meton., a grif, i. e., a canses of grief. 4. In rhet. lang., passionate expression. d6lus, i, m. (S6X\og). A device, arltice; generally in a had sense, a wile, 'stratagem, deceit, guile, fraud, treacher?-. d6mina, ae, f. (domiuns). The 7nisi'ress qf a family, the mistress (as ruling the domestics), a title of Roman ladies from their fourteenth year. 2.In gun., a mistress, she that rules or gives orders. 3'. In partic., a lady of the imperial fainily; also a term of endearment for wife or sweetheart. domin~tus, a, urn, p). or d6minor, flts, I. v. del). intr. (id.). To be lord or mnaster-, to due, domineer. d6minusm, i, m. (dom-us). Or.;g(., the DOM 53 DUL owner, master, head of a household, draco, Onis, m. (8paXowv). A kind of sermaster of a house, a master, proprietor, pent, a dragon. owner. 2. In gen., a master, lord, ruler, Dranc-es is, m. A Latin chief. commander, chief; if in a political sense Dr6panlumn i, n. (Apen-avor). A town on = a tyrant, despot. the western coast of Sicily. domito; -, -, 1. v. intens. (domo) tr. Drusus, i, m. A surname in the gens To tame, to break in. Livia. d6mitor, oris, in. tdorno). A tamer, Dryasv Adis, f. (Apuas). A wood nymph, subduer, equoruni. 2. Transf., a con- a dryad. queror, vanquisher, ruler. Drymo, Is, also Driimo, f. (Aptvnl). domitrixz Icis, f. (domo). A tamer, a Drymo, a sea nymph. subduer. Dry6pe~ es, f. (Apv6or)). A wood nymph. domitus, a, urn, p. of Dryopes, ae, or Dryops, bpis, m. A d6mo, ui, itum, 1. v. tr. (kindr. w. companion of Aeneas. iajLdow). To tame, break, equos, etc. ". Dry6pes, um, m. (Apo-c,). A people Transf., to subdue, vanquish, overcome. of Epirus in Greece. d6mus; ls and i, f. ()o. ). A h^ouse, dfibito, avi, atumi, 1. v. intr. and tr. home, abode, nma)sison... Transf., poet., (kindr. w. duo). To go two ways, go to an abode, building, structure of any kind. and fro; hence, to waver in opinion or 3. Meton., one's native country, home. I judgment, to doubt, to be in doubt, be 4. Meton., a household, family, race. uncertain about any thing; meton., to donarium, i, n. (donuni). A place for reflect upon, consider. 2. To waver in a presents; a temple. resolution, to hesitate. donatus, a, urn, p. of dono. dubius, a, urn, adj. (kindr. w. nUO). d5nEcC conj. Of simultaneous actions, Moving two ways,.llucctuating. m. More as long as, whilc. '2. Of immediate suc- freq., Trop., wavering in opinion or purcession, until; esp. w. lneg. assertions, pose, doubting, doubtful, uncertain, duuntil, before, II. S1I. bious; pass., of that which is uncertain, dono, ilvi, atuml, 1. v. tr. (donurn). To doubtful, undecided, uncertain, undetergive, present, bestow, confer, aliquid ali- mined, dubious. 3. 3Meton. and -;oet., cui; in partic., to give zip, to remit, a for anceps, dangerous, critical, d(iftcult, debt or obligation; to forgive, pardon. res. 2. To present, reward, aliquem aliqua duco~ xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To lead, drasw, re. bring, bring forward, conduct; in pardonum, i, n. (do). A gift, present, offer- tic., to lead away, carry off; w. uxoreim, ing; in partic., a votive offring, sac-i- to lead a wife home, i. e., to marry; in fice. milit. lang., to lead, cause to move, march D6nusa, ae, f. A small island in the an army, and also abs., to march, move; Aegean Sea. hence, in gen., to lead, command an Doricus, a, urn, adj. (Dores, the Do- almy; w. idea of creation, to produce, rians, fr. Dorus, son of Hellen). Doric; formn, make, construct, build; poet., to poet. for Grecian. take, receive. 2. Trop., to lead, wove, Doris, Idis, f. (Axwps). A sea nymph, the induce, allure; in partic., to deduce, dedaughter of Oceanus, and wife of Ne- rive origin; of time, to protract, proreus. Trop., the sea. long, to spend, pass; to reckon, cormnpute. dormio, Ivi, Itum, 4. v. intr. To sleep. calculate,; to consider, care for, provide dorsum, i, n. The back of a man or for; in gen., toconsider, estimate, reckon, beast. 2. Transf., of things similar in deem, ca pro falsis. shape, a ridge. ductorx oris, m. (id.). A leader. D6ryclus, i, m. A companion of Ae- dficturs a, um, p. of duco. neas. dfidum, adv. (diu-dum). A long time dois dotis, f. (do). A marriage portion, a ago, long ago, long since. 2. A little dowry. while ago, lately; w. respect to the presdotalis, e, adj. (dos). Of or pertaining ent, before, formerly. to a dowry or marriage portion, dotal. dulcedo Inis, f. (dulcis). Sweetness, dcdoto iAvi, atum, 1. v. tr. To endow, light, charm, joy. dower. dulcis, e, adj. Sweet to the taste. 2. Dot, Os, f. (\w-oT). A sca nymph. Trop., pleasant, deliqhlful, a/reeable. bilL 54 EDO charming; of love and friendship, dear, D#Mas, antis, mn ~Lc. A Trojan, beloved; or kind, aaffectionate. Islain at the capture of Troy. Difichium, ii, n. (XevvVicov). An isand in the Ioniasn Sea, soulhea8t of Ithaca. ]E. Dijilfchius, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Dulichium, Dulichian; of U9ysses. e prep. v. ex. dum, conj. Of coincident actions, while, Wb~nu~s;v.' H'ebenus. during the timne that; also, as long ". ebfilum7 i, n. The dwarf-elder. 2.Of two successive actions, until, un- 6bury 6rns, n. Ivory. 2. Meton., things til that. 3. As a conditional restrictive made of ivory. particle, 80 long as, provided that, if 6burneus (poet. ebnirnus), a, urn, adj. only. Adv., as an encli~ic only, yet; (id.). Of ivory, ivory. nondum, not yet; vix dumn, hardly Yet, Ebfisus, i, mn. An Etruscan. etc. eccey interj. (ec-ce). Lo! behold! dfimbtum7 i, n. A thicket of bushes or Echionius, a, urn, adj. Of Echion, brakes; thicket. E~,ionian; Theban. diimbsus, a, urn, adj. Brushy, bushy, ecl6ga, ae, f. Q~K,\oys). A selection, an brambly, thorny. edlogue. duimus, i, mn. A thorn-bush, bramb~le, ec-qui, ecquae or ecqua, ecqtuod, interr. brier. adj. pron. Whether any? any? duio, ae, o, numn, adj. (S~w). Two. ec-quis, -, ecquid, intcrr. sobs. pron. duod~ni; ae, a, adj. (id.). Twelve each; Whether any? any one? an~y body? any twelve, thing?1 Adv., e cquid; interr. p~article in duplex, lcis, adj (duo-plico). Two-fold, direct and indirect questions, whether? double. 2. Poet., consisting Of two ecus, v. equiis. parts, clovel?, double; also anmbo, Mdax, Reis, adj. (edo). Yboracioos, greedy. botn; double, thick, strong. 3. Trop. 2'-. Trop., devouring, destr-oyiny, consum. and poet., double-tongued, faire, deceit- ing. fat. 6-dico, ~xi, cturn,.3. v. tr. To declare, duplicfitus, a, urn, P. Of make knoun, publish, announce. 2. To duplico, lvi!, atur, I. v. tr. (id.). TOf appoint, to comnmand, order. double, increase; double up, bend. 6-disco, didici, -, 3. v. tr. To learn q/f dfiresco, dflrui, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To or copletely, to learn by heart; to grow or become hard, to harden.. learn. diiro, Avi, Atumn, 1. v. tr. and intr. (dnrus). 6-dissbro, ul, rturn, 3. v. tr. (dis-sero). Tr., to make hard, to harden. 2". Trop., To set forth, unfold in words by giving to harden, inure, w. labor, practice, etc.; particulars, to exjlain, describe, relate. to blunt, dull, render insensible (rare). editus, a, urn, p). of edo. 3. Intr., to be hardened, to be inured to 6di, MdI, 3suin, 3. v. tr. (the contr. forms troublis, i. e., to be putient, to persevere, es, eel, estis, etc.: very freq. in i vrose and endure, hold out; to lost, continue; and poetry). To eat. 2'. Of tl togs, to eat tr. again, to endure, bear., sustain any UP, corrode, consume, destroy, lentues thing. vapor; also, trop. disa, urn, adi. Herd to the sense of 5-do, didi, dttum, 3. v. tr. Togieot feig; transf., harsh to the taste; give or bring forth, emzit. 2. To bring harsh, rough to the ear. 21. Trop. (opp. forth any thing newv, to produce, bear, beto mentally cultivated), rough, rude, un,- get, partumn; of literary producthons, to polished, uncultivated; also, as a praise- pulforth, publish. 3. To set forth, deworthy quality, hardy, rigorous, sturdy, dlare, announce, utter. 4. To produce, 8tout. 3. Trop. (opp. to morally mild, make, bring about, cause, caudern. gentle, etc.), harsh, stern, severe, eb&du- I 5-d6ceoo cul, ctum, 2. v. tr. To teaIh rate, unrelenting, unfeeling, cruel, ruth- thoroughly, instruct carefully, wv. perless. 4. Of things, hard, seve,-e, trouble- sonal object; to iesforn, one of any th ing, some, disagreeable, irkeonse, arduous, ad- to apprise, acquaint with fully or accuverse, dangerous. rately. dux, dfcis, c. (duco). A leader, conduc- Ed6nus, a, urn, adj.(livs. Of the tor, guide; a nmilitar-y commander. Edoni, Edonian, Thracian. EDU 55 EGR 5-diisc, xi, ctuim, 3. 'v. tr. To lead forth, draw out, lead or bring away; in partic., to lead forth troops; also, abs., to march forth. 2. To bring forth, bear; to rear, bring up, educate, aliquem. 3. To draw ap, raise; also, to erect, rear, build up, turrirn. 6-dfico, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To brng up, train, rear. 5ductfis, a, urn, p. of educo. Mdimrs; a, urn, adj. Ver-y hard. eqffatus, a, urn, p. of effor. effiectus, a, urn, p. of efficlo. ef-f~ro, extfili, Ml~tumn, efferre, v. tr. To bring or carry out, to bringforlh; w. pedern, to go awuay, depart; to carry out for burial, to bury, inter.; of the soil, to bring fort/i, produce. 2". To bear up, lift, up, raise, elevate. 3. Trop., to set forth,, make known, pub/is/i; to utter, pronounce; in pass., to be carried away by one's passions, etc., to be transported; according to No. 2, to raise, cxalt; and w. se, to raise one's self, to Hse, become eminent; in a bad sense, to lift up one's self, to be puffed up, to be proud. ef-f~rus, a, urn, adi. Very wild, savage. ef-fervo, y - 8. v. tr. To boil over; to swarm forth. ef-fe-tug, a, urn, adj. That has brought forth young; hence, exhausted by bearing, and in gen., worn oat, exhausted. ef-ficio, feci, fecturn, 3. v. tr. (facio). To work out, to acco pl/is, execuate, effect, make, form. 21. Of a field, etc., to produce, yield; of numbers, to make, amount to; in philos. lang(., to make out, 8how, prove. effigies, ei, f. (effingo). An image, likeness, eltgy; poet., in con gr., an image, statue; less freq., a portrait. ef-fingo, finxi, ficturn, 8. v. tr. To form, fashion, portray artistically. 2. Trop., to express, portray, represent. ef-flagito, Wlv, Aturn, I. v. tr. To demand urgently, to demand, to ask. of-fib, Wlv, Otur, 1. v. tr. To breathe out, to breath, to blow of-fluo, fluxi-, 3. v. intr. Toflowforth. of-fOdio, fl~di, fossurn, 3. v. tr. To dig out, dig up. offootus, v. effetus. of-for, Atus, I. v. dep. tr. (Old relig. and poet. term). To speak out, utter, 8peak,8say. offossus, a, urn, p. of effodlo. effiractusp a, urn, p. of effringo. effr~nus, a, urn, adj. (frenus). Without a bridle, anbridled, savage, wild. ef-fringo7 frregi, fractum, 3. v. tr. (frango). To break out, break open., ef-fiugio, frigi, -, 3. v. intr. and tr. Intr., to flee away, escape. 2.Tr., to/l1ee from, escape, avoid, s/hinn. eftlgium, ii n. (id.). A fleeing awny, a flight. 2. Concr., a way or meaiis of escape. of-fulgeo, si, -, 2. v. intr. To s/iiie forth, glitter, gleani. effutjUS, a, urn, Pu. of efflcido. Propped up, lying on, sivpported. ef-efundo, ffidi, filsum, 3. v. tr. To pour out or fourt/i, to shed, aquarn, lacrirnas. 2. Of bodies not liquid, to pour out or forth in great numbers, to drive ont, sendforth; in partic., W. se, or pass., iu mid, sense, to oxr forth in a multitude, to rush out or forth. 3. Trop., to pour forth words, feelings, etc., to utter; olh property, to pour out, waste, squandci'; w. se, or mid., to give one's self up to, give loose to, yield to; in gen., to give up,?resign, lose. efflisus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Spread out, extended, wide, bioad; scattered, elispersed;, disheveled, coniae. 2'-. Profuse, lavish. 3. Extrdragant, ininoderate, laetitia. bgelfdus, a, urn, adj. V-ery cold, cold. 6gens, entis, Pa. (egen. N~eedy, poor,1 In want. - ~usa um, adi. (id.). In want, in need ojf7 destitute,'rel. 2. Abs., sieedy, necessitous, critical, res. ~go l,2. v. intr. To be in scant of any thing, to have need of, aliqua re; abs., to be needy, poor. 2. Traiusf, (= careo), to be without, be destitute of (rar.). Eg~ria, ae, f. A Latin nymph, teacher of Numa. 6gestasy Atis, f. (id.). Extreme poverty, indigence, penury. 21. W~ant of soniething. 5gi, perf. of ago. 6go, pers. pron. (-y(L). I. 6-gr~dior, gressnis, 3. v dep. intr. arid tr,. (gradior). To go or conie osit, to go forth.; in partic., to disembark from a vessel. 21. To go up, to climb, ascend, in tumnilum. 3. Tr., to go beyond, pass out of, leave, munitiones, urbem, porturn, etc.; trop., to overstep, surpass. ggr~gius) a, urn, ndj. (e-grex; hence, chosen from the herd). Choice, excellent, EGR 56 EN eminent, distinguished. 2. Of rInk or consequence, distinguished, illustrious, honoable. zigressusy a, urn, p. of egredior. eheu, interj. Ala8! ale! ei or hei; interj., de-notingo sorrow. Alas!/a! I a, Interj. (EZa). Of j oy or surpri se, Ah! ah ha! indeed! 2'. Of exhortation, ho! come! up! bicio - eflcio ~ jicio, which see. Ziiecto; v. ejecto. biectusy v. ejectuls. e-jecto, lvi, Aturn, I. v. intens. tr. (ejicio). (Poet.). To cast out, to throw up. i~jectus, a, urn, part. of t~jlcio~ jeci, jectum, 3. v. tr. (jndo). To t1row or cast out, drive out, expel; in partic., w. sa (ex aliquo loco), to rush forth, haslen.forth; in nautical lang., to bring a ship to land, but usually, to run ashore, strand, wreck. 21. Trop., to reject, disapprove. 5-I1iborg lapsus, 3. v. dep. int.r. and tr. To glide or slip away, to fall out, escape; in partic., of persons, to get off, escape. 2. Trop., to slip away, escape; in partic., to escape from punishment, etc.; to pass away, disappear. 3. Tr., to escape from any evil or danger (rar. and la.). blapsusp a, urn, part. of id. alatus7 a, urn, part. of cifero. Electra, ae, f. ('HAEkTpa). One of the Pleiades. blectrum? i, n. (~AXEKTiPM). Amber; elects-urn, i. e., a metal of mixed gold and silver of the color of amber. 616phantusy i, and 6l6phasg antis, mn. (txnfa,;). An elephant.. Meton. poet. a~ bur), ivory. Elaus, a, urn, adj. (Elis). Of Elis, Elean; Olympian. Eleusinus, a, urn, adj. (Elusis). Of Eleusis, Eleusinian. Ellas, Adis, adj. (Elis), f. Of Mls, EMean, Olympian. 5-11cio, fit, Itum, 3. v. tr. (lacio). To entice out; to draw out, to draw down, to draw. 5-11do, sism 3. v. tr. (laado). To strike or dash out, force out. 2. To break or da~sh to pieces, to shatter, crush; trop., to break down, destroy. 5-l1go, legi., lectum, 3. v. tr. (lego). To chosx8e out, to select, to choose. Elis Idlis f. Hw. The most we8terl7/ dld;rlc~ o~f Peklsponewsu, with a capital of the same name, near which was Olympia. Elisa, Elissa. Elissa, aa, f. ('E~unra). Anowther name for Dido. zilisus, a, urn, p. of elido. ell~b6rus or helleborus, p m (iA~ksi3opos;). Ilellebore. Wloquiump i, n. (eloquor). Eloquence. 6_16quor, l6cfltus, 3. v. dep. tr. To6 speak out, utter-, express, declare. 2. Abs., of an orator, to speak, deliver, a speech. e)_Juceo, xi, -, 2. v. intr. To shine forth, to glitter. Mluctor, Atus sum, 1. v. dep. To struqgte out, to force a sway out, to oves come; to press ou. C-lIido, IfIsi, Iisum, 3. v. tr. To play out, to deceive, to elude, to mock, to disappoint. 5 -luo, ui, fitum, 3. v. tr. To wash out or away, to wash off to cleanse, lit, and trop. ElMusIus, v, Elysius. El~rmus, v. Ilelvmus. Elksium, ii, n. ('A~o).Eysiumi, the abode of the blest. Elyslus, a, urn, adj. Elysian. Emathia, ae, f. ('ll1LxOia). A district of Macedonia, Macedonia- Th ess-aly. Emathibn, onis, m. A brave warrior. 6mensus, a, urn, p. of C-mbtior, mensus, 4. v. (chp. tr. To mea ure out or otfr, spatium. 2. Trop., to pass over, traverse, terras. 6-mIco, cul. cl~tim, 1. v. intr. To spring out or forth, to bound forth; to leap up. 6-mineop dil, -, 2. v. intr. To stand out, to project. Emlnus, adv. (e-mausus). At a distance, from afar. amissus, a, urn, p. of 6.mitto, misi, missum, 3. -v. tr. To send forth or out, senid away. 2'I. To let go, let loose, discharge, aliquern. emo, em~re, obs. V., found only in corn. pounds (cf. adimo, demo, etc.), andaccipere. amatus, a, urn, p. of 6.m6veo, movi, mtitum, 2. v. tr. To move out or from?, to remove; (poet.) to moe, shake, agitate, muros, lponturn. omptus, a, urn, p. of emo. e-muniop HI Iturn, 4. v. tr. To fortify, to secure. an lnterj. Lo! behold! see.' used to attract attention, for emphasis, and to ENA ERE indicate wonder or passionate excite- of the fomous wooden horse by which ment. Ts'oy was captured. 5niirribilis7 a, adj. (narro). That Eph-kri, es, f. ('EObvpr). A sea nymph. which can be described, describable. 2. also Ephyra, ac, the city of CeEnc~lldus, i, M. ('E-YKE~aIo,). One of rinth. the giants who fought against heaven Ephyr~ius2 a, urn, adj. Of Erphyra, and whom Jupiter buried under Mfount Corinthian. Aetna. Epidaurus, i, f. ('Eriuivpos). A city oj 6nim, conj. To assilgn a reason, for. Argoli8. The proposition whose reason enim in- Epirus, i, f. ('Hnr-tpog). A province in troduces is often to be mentally sup- the northern part of Greece. plied. 2. To explain a preceding Epu1jitusq a, urn, p. of epulor. assertion, namely, for instance..3. Epu'lo7 onis, mn. A Latin wcarrior. To strengthen an assertion, truly, in- p6 lor~ rtus,I1. v. dep. intr. and tr. (epucteed. ~,imo). To feast, banquet. 2. Tr., to eat '9nipeus, i, m. ('EvvtrEtjk). A river in (poet. and lat.). Thessaly. 6pfilum, i, n. In sing., a solemn~ public bnisus, a, urn, p. of enitor. feast or banquet, usually of a religious 6-niteop ci, -, 2. v. intr. To shine character. 2. In plur., epulae, firm, forth, lit, and trop. f. (heterocl.), a meal, feast, banquet; b-nitor. aisus, or -nixiis, 2. v. dep. intr. alsofood, viands. and tr.. To wvork one'sway ont; more Ep~tldes, ae, m. The son of E.pytus. freq., to struggle up, snount Up, climb, Ep-Vtus, i, m. The name of a Trojane. ascend. 2-. In gee., to exert oen's s-elf; to dqua, ae, f. A mere. struggle, strive. 3. Tr., to briny forth, 6quies, Itis, m. (equus). A horseman, a b~ar offspring. 4. Tr., to ascend with rider; in partic., a horse-soldier, trooper; ditliculty, to climb, Alpecs, etc. in plur., and collect, in sing., cavalry. Zb:Iixus, a, urn, part. of enitor. 2. A kniyht, one of the equestrian order e-no, -vi, -, 1. v. intr. To swim out or at Rome; in plur., and collect, in sing., away, to escape by sw~immling; poet., to the order of kni,(ghts, the equites. fly away. 4quester, tris, tine, adj. (id.). Of or be6nddis, e, adj. (e-nodus). W~ithout knots, Iooging to arider, equestriane. Of or smooth. belonging to cavalry. 3. Of or belongensis7 is, m. A sword (mostly poet.). ing to the knights? or to knighthood. Entellus, I, m. A Sicilian who con- 6quidem, adv. (dernonstr. e or cc and quered Dares in the contest with the quidem). W. pron. ego, or a verb in the cestus. first pers. sing., to render the person 6-nfim~ro, avi, Ittum, I. v. tin. To enu- emphatic, as fos- m~yseyf, I for say part, mrate, count over, reck-on up. 2". To lindeed. 2'. In gen., as a strengthen-. enumerate in speaking, to recosmt, se- ing particle with other persons of the late, prolem. verb, indeed, verily, truly.,60, Tvi, Itumi, ire, v. intr. To go (in the 6quinus,3 a, urn, ndj. (ecvuus). Of a widest sense, and of nil kinds of motion), horse, of horses, equine; horse-hair. to mnarch, to go forth, rush forth, to ride, 6quit~tus2 fOs, mn. tequito). Th1e hos-se; to sail, to il1ow; to go at or against in a cavalry. hostile manner. 2. Trop., to go over or 6quito, flv, Mium, I. v. tr. To ride. accede to any opinion; with access, idea Intin., to be a ho~rsemass. of result, to go, to turn out, happen; w. 6quus, i, in. (kUiudr. w. ZKKcOq, Aeolic for a supine, to go to do any thing, to set iri~roe;). A Zhorse, steed. (about, to be about to, to prepase to do a Ertdt, f. Only in nom. C'Epam). One thing. of the muses; a muse. eddem, adv. To the same place. Er~bus, i, m. (Epepo;). The god of.75us, a, urn, adj. (fr. Eos, the dawn, -q? -, darkn~ess, son of Chaos and. brother- of 'Huis). Belonging to the morning (poet.). Nox. 2. The Lower World. 2.. More freq., belonging to the eas4t, brectus7 a, urn p. of erigo. eastern. 3. Subs., Eons, i, m. ('-qsLxov, sc. Breptus, a, am, p. of eripio. ao-i~p), the mor-ning-8tas-. Er~tum I, n. (Hpnrov). An old Salbine Epaos (or us), I, m. ('Eira6in). The snaker city on I e T'iber. ERG 58 ETI ergo5 adv. (kirdr. w. vergo, to turn, "turned hither," "advancing from" something). Proceeding from, in consequence of, on account of (placed after a gen., like cansa and gratia). 2. Abs. (for cujus rei ergo), consequently, therefore, then; in questions w. a logical sequence, then, so then; w. imperatives, then; in resuming an interrupted thought, well then, as I was saying. Ericetes or Erichaete s ae, m. A Trojan, companion of Aeneas. Zrichth6nius, i, m. ('Eptxo6vtoo). A cing of Athens, who first yoked four horses to a chariot. Eridanusy i, m. (HptSarv6). The Greek name of the river Po. e-rlgo, rexi, rectum, 3. v. tr. (rego). To raise up, set or stand up, to erect. 2. Trop., to cheer up, rouse up, animate. Zrig6ney es, f. ('IIpiy6ovi). The constellation, virgo. erilis or herilis7 e, adj. Of a master or mistress. Erinys (or Erinnys), yos, f. ('Eptvv6u or 'EptLvs). One of the Furies. 2. Meton., a scourge, curse; frenzy, rage, fury. Zrlphyle, es, f. ('Ep4bv^Ak). The wife of Amphiaraus, slain by her son Alcmaeon for the betrayal of her husband. ~-ripio, ipui, eptum, 3. v. tr. (rapio). To snatch, tear or pull out, to snatch or take away; to remove, to rescue, save from a danger or evil; w. se, to take one's self off, to escape. 2. Trop., to snatch or take away, to remove, spem, timorem, potestatem, etc.; poet., w. fugam, to hasten flight. errabundus, a, um, adj. (erro). Wandering about, roving. erratus, a, umr, p. of errog avi, Atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. To wander, to stray about, to rove; in partic., to miss the right way, to go astray. 2. Trop., to wander from the truth, to err, mistake. 3. Tr., in perf. part. (poet.), to wander over or through, litora errata. errorp oris, m. (id.). A wandering or straying about; poet., the maze of the labyrinth; trop., a wavering, uncertainty, doubt, 2. A wandering from the right way, a straying; trop., a wandering from the truth, an error, mistake, delusion, deception. e-rtibescog bui, -, 8. v. intr. and tr. To grow red, to redden; in partic., to redden or blush with shame, to be ashamed. 2. Tr. (poet.), to be ashamed of some thing; to blush at, i. e., to respect, jura. e-ructo, 1. v. tr. To belch out orforth, to vomit forth, throw up. 2. In gen., to castforth, emit, throw up, arenam. e-rudio, ivi, itum, 4. v. tr. To train, teach, instruct. Erlulus, i, or Herilus, i. A king of Praeneste, killed by Evander. e-rumpo, rtlpi, ruptum, 3. v. tr. and intr. Tr., to cause to break or b2'ct forth, to burst out (rare), se foras; trop., iram in hostes. 2. Intr., to break out, burst forth, rush or sally forth. e-ruo, ui, itum, 3. v. tr. To dig, tear or pluck out or up; to root out, destroy from the foundation. 2. Trop., to draw or bring out, elicit, argumenta, veritatem, etc. 3. Trop., to extirpate, destroy, overthrow, spes. &rus, i, m. A master, lord, owner. Srirtus$ a, um, p. of eruo. ervum, i, n. A vetch or pea, pulse. Erycinus, a, urn, adj. Of Eryx, Erycinian. Erymanthus, i, m. (EpvavOse). A chain of mountains in Arcadia. Erymas, antis, m. A Trojan, killed by Turnus. Eryx, ycis, m. ('Epv). A mountain in the western part of Sicily. Eryx, ycis, m. A giant of Sicily, son of Venus, killed by Hercules. esca ae, f. (edo). Food, bait. essedum7 i, n. A war chariot, a chariot, a car. et, conj. And, used to join two independent and equally important words or clauses; when repeated, et.... et, both.... and. 2. To add a stronger and more comprehensive expression, and indeed, and moreover, and that to. 3. After words denoting similarity or dissimilarity, par, idem, similis, aeque, alius, etc., et = ac or atqne, as, than. 4. To connect two immediately adjoining ecvnts, and then, when. 5. (= etiam). Alo, likewise, even. Wtgnim7 conj. For, truly. etiam7 conj. (et-jam). To annex an additional idea, also, likewise, furthermore, besides. 2. To annex a more important idea, and even, nay even, even. 3. In strongly affirmative answers, yes indeed, certainly, by all means. 4. Of time, to denote continuance, even yet, yet, still. 5. Etiam atque etiam, constantly, repeatedly, again and again. ETI 59 EVI ~Uamnum~ adv. Till swow, still. Etrfiria, ac, f. Etruria, a country in Italy. Mtrfiscus, a, urn, adj. Etrurian, Tuscan; subs.: Etrusci2 Orum, in., the Etruriaess. et-si, conj. Even if, although. 2". To introduce a restriction or correction of a preceding statement, although, yet, but. Euadne, v. Evadne. Muander, v. Evander. muandrius, v. Evandrius. Euandrus = -Euander. Euans, v. Evans. Muanth~s; ae, in. A Trojan soldier. Eubolcus, a, unt adj. Qf Euboea, an island in the Aegean Sea, A'uboeau. Euhadrne, Euhansp Xluhae, v. Evadne, Evans, Evoc. Eumiides, is, m. (Evuen,&nq). A Trojan herald. Eum~lus, it rn. The mnesvengertvsho reported the burning of the Troqjan fleet in Sicily. Mum~nldes, urn, f. pl. (Einert4iw). The benevolent ones, a euphemistic name for the furies. Muniius, I', M. (Eivisoq). A Trojan. Other readings are Eusnenius and Eunaeus. euoe, V. evoe. lluphrdtes, is, rn. The Euphrates. Eurapa, ae (or Enrape, es), f. (Eip~)nns). Daughter of the Phioenician king Agenor, mother of Mines and Sarpedon by Jupiter, who under the fostn of a bull carined her off to Crete. 2,. The continent of Europe, named after her. Eur6tas, ae, m. (Eip,rT(X). The print-ipal river of Laconia, upo Whic-/ Sparta was situated. EuriDus, a, urn, adj. (Eurus). Of or relating to the south-east wvind, bnt used in gen. for eastern. l1urusq it nm. (Ebpo,;). n7e southi-east wind. 2. Poet. for the East: the east wind; and wind, in gen. Mury;41us, it m. Afollower of Aeneas. 1;rydfcra, es, f. (E~pv&Kns). The wife of 077pheus. Eur~p~-lus, 1, rn. (Ei opirnkoO). A Grecian leader in the siege of Tiny. Eurystheus, 6i, M. (Eipvc-Oc6;). A king of Mycene, who put on ilercules his famous labors. Euryfld~s, ae, rn. A son of Euryt us. Eurktion, onis, rn. A Lyscian, brother of Pandarus. Lvadna, es, f. (Es~ 'ire). The wife o~f Capanesu2, svho threw herself upon the fnneral pile of her husband and was there consumed. Other forms are Euhadne and Euadne. 5-viido, si, sum, 3. v. intr. and tr. To go out or fi)s-th, to come out; in partic., to disembark-, to land, in terrain; also, to get away, get clear, escape. 2. In an upward direction, to mount up, ascend. 3. Trop., to come out, turn, out, end in some wNay, to become somiething; to come to pass, befzsltilled. II. Tr., to pass over or beyond, to leave behind. 2. To ascend, moan', climb, altos gradlus, etc. 3. To escape from, Jice from, e~ccape, casum. 6-valesco, vilii, 3. v. inch. intr. To become strong; to be able. Evander (-dirusd, dri, M. (Ei~avipoeg); another form is Euander. Evander, a king of Pallauteum on the Tibser. Evandrius, a, umn, adj., also Euan'drius, a, urn. Of E-vander, Evandrian. 6-viinesco5 ani, 3. v. inch. intr. (vanus). To vanish away, pass away, disappear. evansi antis, part. (Evan, an epithet of Bacchus). Sliontinq Evan, shouting (at the festival of Bacchns). Evanthes, v. Enanthes. jj.V6ho, xi, ctum. 3. v. tr. To cas-ry out orjbt~h, to convey or snove out; mid., to side out; to sail ont or fiorth. 2. To cai ry or convey up; trop., to raise, exalt, elevate. 5-v~nio7 v~n1, ventum, 4. v. intr. To comne out or forth (rare). 2. Trop., to come to pase, happen; and w. a dat., to befall, happen, to; in partic., to turn out, issue, -e~sult, bene. Bventus7 fts, m5. kid.). An, event, occurrence: hence, fcortsune, fate, lot. 21. An issue, result, consequence. hali. 5-verb~roj1EvJ, atumn,1. v.tr. To beat, st-ikce, flap against. 5versorp Oris, In. (everto). An overthrower, destroyer,. i~versus, a, umi, P. Of 6-verto, ti, sum, II. v. tr. To turn out, drive out or forth;, to turn up, upturn, aequora ventis. 2. To overturn, throw dotn, upset. 3. Trap., to over'throw, subvert, ruin., destroy. avictus, a, urn, p. of evinco. 6-vincio7 uxi, netum, 4. v. tr. To bind up, to bind or wind around. 6-vinco, vrCi, victum, 3. v. tr. To completely overcosse, subdue, or van quish, 9 EVI 60 EXC lit, and trop. To succeed in accomplishing, to effect (w. ut and the subjunctive). bvinctus, a, urn, p. of evinclo. 5-visceroy -f Atum, I. v. tr. To disembowel 5_v6co, flvi, Atum, I. v. tr. To call out or forth. 21. To call to onc's self, to summon. 3. Trop., to call forth, elicit, excite, produce, iram, miscricordiam etc. evoe interj. (Eloe). The joyous shout of the Lacchanals: evoe, jay. evohe = evue. 6-vo1o, Avi, Atum, 1. v. intr. To ~fly forth, lofty away. Z-.volvo, volvi, vblfftffm, 3. v. tr. To roll out or forth; to un roll, unfold; w. se, to roll forth, glide, flumen. 2'1. Transf., to unroll a book; hence, to read; of the Fates, to spin off, spin out. 3. Trop., to unfold, develop, make clear; also, to unfold, disclose, narrate. B-V6MO, ul, Itum, 3. v. tr. To vomit, to cast up. eX or e (the latter only before consonants, and less f req. than e::, which is used before vowels and consonants), prep..(kindr. wv. the Gr. ic or '$.Out of, from, in many senses, of space, time, origin, source, cause, material, etc.; to denote the measure from, after, or according to which any thing is or is done; ex quo (tempore), since; ex~ ordine, in order; also, in various other adverbial expressions. exactus, a, urn, part. and Pa. (oxigo) (poet. and lat.). Completed; hence, accurate, precise, exact. ex-Acuog cul, cf~tum, 3. v. tr. To 8harp)en, to point. ex-aestuoy Avi, Atum, I. v. intr. To boil up, foasn up, s-age, Aetna; trop., mens ira. ex~meng inis, n. 1. A swarm. 2. The tongue or index of a balance. oxanimitus, a, urn, p. of exanimo. ex-~Animisy e, and ex-A~nimus a, urn. adj. (anima). Without breath,;'ifeles, dead; trop., half dead with fear, greatly terrified. ex-Animog Avi, Mlum, I. v. tr. (id.). To deprive of breath; only in the pass., to become breathless, to be exhaus8ted. 2. To deprive of life, to kill. 3. Trop., to deprive of life or spirit, to alarm, tei — rify. ex-ardesco, arsi, arsurn, 8. v. inch. linr. To begin to blaze out or up, to kindle, tak-efire. 20. Trop., to be kindled or inflamed, to break out, of personal and ahstr. subjects. ex-audio, Tvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. To hear fromt afar or ait a aistance. 2. Less freq., like audio, to hear, to listen to, regard; to heed, obey. exauditus, a, urn, p. of exaudio. ex-cbdo, cessi, cessum, 3. v. intr. and tr. To go ou or away, to depart, retire. 2 In partic., to depart fron?. life, to die. 3 Trop., to go beyond a certain limit or measure, to overstep, supecs, exceed, digress; also, to depart, disappear. II. Tr. (so only after Aug. per.), to depart from, to leave, urbem, etc. 2.Trop., to go beyond, sur:pass, exceed a certain limit. excel1~ns, ntis, P. of excello. SurpaSing, beautiful, noble. excelsus, a, urn, adj. High, lofty. ex-cepto, flvi, fltum, I. v. mitens. tr. To catch up, to snujr up. exceptus, a, urn, P. Of excilo0. ex-cernio, crevi, cr~tumi, 3. v. tr. To separate, keep apart', sift. excfdium, ii, D. (for exscidium, fr. axscindo). Overthrow, de.struction, demolition, esp. of buildings, cities, etc. ex-cldo, cidi, -, 3. v. intr. (cado). To fall out orfromn, to fat) down. 2. Trop., to fall or slip asway, escape, inefas patrio ore; also, to pass away, disappear, be lost, perish, de memoria, animo. ex-cido Idi, Isum, 3. v. tr. (enedo). To cut out or olJ to cut away, to hewv out. 2. Trop., to demolish, destroy, domos, urbem, exercitum, agrum, etc.; also, to extirpate, remove, aliquid ex animo, allquem numero civium. eX-cieo, -, Itum, 2. v. excio. eX-Cio, lvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. To call out or forth, to brinq out. 2.Trop., to califorth, produce, cause; also, to rouse, excite. eX-clpio, cepi, ceptum, 3. v. tr. (caplo). To take or draw cut. 2. To take out as an exceoption, to except, make eje exception of. 3. Idea of verb predom., to take, receive; to catch, overtake, surprise. 4. Trop., to take, to receive, to sustain, impaets; to overtake, befall, attend, casus te; to catch with the ear, to hear, learn, understand; to follow or succeed some person or thing, in time or order (in this sense also abs.); to keep up, prolong, memoriam, pugnam. eXcious., a, urn, p. of excldo. EXC 6 ' EXI ex-cito; Avi, atum, 1.v. intens. tr. (excio). to march out; of plants, to come up, To call out or 'th, to rouse, wake up. sprout forth. 3. Trop., of time, to pass 2. To cause5 rise, vapores; v. idea of away, expire; to stretch out, extend, forming, t erect, construct, build. 3. supra mille annos. II. Tr., to go or Trop., to arouse, awaken, enliven, excite, pass beyond, limcn, flumen, or trop., stimula iras, aliquem in virtutcl. modum. 2. To escape, avoid, ward off, excitus,, um, p. of excieo. tela. excitus, a, um, p. of excio. exequiae, v. exsequiae. ex-clamoy avi, atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. exequor, v. exsequor. To cry out, exclaim. 2. Tr., to call out, ex-erceoq ui, itum, 2. v. tr. (arceo). To exclaim, say with a loud voice, w. an ob- keep in action, keep busy, employ, exerject. clause and w. an ace. cise; w. an inanimate object, to work, cx-cliidd, clfsi, clisum, 3. v. tr. To work at, employ one's self about; to en shut out, to exclude. gage in, practice any employment; v. exclusus, a, um, p. of excludo. choros, to lead; w. pacem et hymenaeos, ex-c6lo colui, cultum, 3. v. tr. To to celebrate. 2. Trop., to disturb, vex, work at with care, to tend, cultivate, disquiet, harass, torment, aieict. vincas, rura, etc. (rare). 2. Transf., to exercitus, fis, m. (id.). Practice, exerpolish, adorn, retine, pe7fect, lit. arid trop. cise. 2. Transf., concr., an ex.ercised or ex-coquo, coxi, coctum, 3. v. tr. To disciplined body of men, anarmiy; rar., cook thoroughly; to dry up. in partic., a landforce, as op1)1). to a naval ex-crescop 6vi, rtum, 3. v. inch. To force; also, infantry, as opp. to cavalry. grow out or forth; to grow up. 3. Poet., in gen., a multitude, host, excretus, a, urn, p. of c:ccrno. crowd. exciibiaey arum, f. (ex-cubo, to lie or exerto, v. exserto. sleep out). A lying out of doors. 2. In exertus v. exsertus. partic., a lying out on guard, a watching. exesus, a, um, p. of exedo. 3. In concr., persons on guard, a watch, ex-halo, avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. guard. To breathe out, exhale, evaporate, fumos; excubitor, Ons, m. A watchman. trop., vitam. 2. Intr., to eteamz, reek, ex-cubo, bui, bltum, 1. v. intr. To lie vapore. out; to keep guard. ex-haurio. hausi, haustum. 4. v. tr. ex-ciidoy di, sum, 3. v. tr. To strike or To dr'aw out, drain out, exhaust, of drive out. 2. Poet., to prepare by liquids. 2. Transf., of things not liquid, striking, to forge out, to forge, aera. 3. to draw out or up, to take out, to remove, In gen., to prepare, make any thing; of a exhaust, empty. 3. Trop., to 'ake away, writing, to compose. remove; to exhaust, bring to an etnd, use excursus fils, m. An excursion. up, wear out, homines sumptu, vires, excussus, a, urnm, p. of etc.; to undergo, endure to the end, laes-ciitio, cussi, cussuml, 3.v. tr. (quatio). bores, bella. To shake out or off, to cast, throw, or exhaustus, a, um, p. of exhaurio. drive off or from. 2. In partic., to shake ex-horresco horrui, -, 3. v. inch. tr. out, e. g., a cloak, to see if any thing is To shudder at, to dread. Intr.: to shudhidden under it; hence, to search, ex- der greatly. amine a person. 3. Trop., to shake off, exhortatus, a, urn, p. of drive away, discard; also (according to exhortor, Atus sum, 1. v. dep. To ex2), to search, examine, inspect. hort, encourage, excite, urge. ex-~crory v. exsecror. ex-igo, lgi, actum, 3. v. tr. (ago). To ex-6do, Mdi, esum, 3. v. tr. To eat up, drive out or forth, thrust out, take or get devour, consume entirely; and in gen., out. 2. In partic., to put away or dito consume, destroy, waste, urbem. 2. vorce, uxorem; w. idea of term. ad Trop., to consume, impair, animos. quem, to thrust, plunge, ensemi or gladiexemplum, i, n. An example, a sam- um in or per aliquem. II. Trop., to get ple, an instance, a model. from some one, or seek to get, a debt, exemptus, a, urnm, p. of eximo. taxes, or the performance of any duty; ex-eo, ii (rar. Ivi), Itum, ire, v. intr. and hence, to demand, claim, require, exact, tr. To go out or forth, to go away, de- collect. 2. To put or apply something part, ex urbe. 2. In partic., of troops, to some standard or measure; hence, to EXI 62 EXP measure, weigh, examine, try by any thing. 3. Of time, to put away, dispose of, spend, pass, finish; hence, also, 4. To bring to an end, conclude, finish, complete any thing. 5. (according to 2.) To weigh, ponder, consider; to consult, dcliberate about something. exiguusS a, um, adj i. (i. I. 2; hence, lit., measured, exact; opp. to beyond measure, abundant). Scanty, in number or measure, sma7l, little, slight, trifling, mean, poor, slender. ex-ilio, v. exsilio. exilium, v. exsilium. eximius, a, um, adj. (eximo). Exceptional, excellent, select, choice. etilis, e, adj. Thin, lank. ex-imo, Omi, emptum, 3. v. tr. (emo). To take out, take away, remove. 2. Trop., to take away, remove, curas; to free, release from any thing; of time, to consume, waste. ex-inde, and abbrev. exin7 adv. Of place, from, there, thence (very rare). 2. Of local succession, after that, next. 3. Of time, after that, then; of a succession of events, after that, then, next; (lat.) = ex quo tempore, from that time, since then. exitialis) e, adj. (exitium). Destructive, fatal. exitiums ii, n. (exeo). Orig., a going out (obs.). 2. A going to naught, a perishing, ruin, destruction. exitus, fs, m. (id.). A going forth, departure, egress. 2. Transf., concr., a place of egress, outlet, passage. 3. Trop., end, close, conclusion, termination; in partic., end of life, end, death; in gen., issue, result, event. exoptitus, a, um, p. of ex-optos avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To select or choose out. 2. To wish for or desire greatly, to long for. ex-ordior, orsus sum, 4. v. dep. To make a beginning. exordium, ii, n. (ex-ordior). The beginning or warp of a web in weaving (very rare). 2. Transf., in gen., a beginning, commencement; in partic., of a speech, an introduction. ex-6rior7 ortus, 3. and 4. v. dep. intr. To come out or forth, to spring up, rise, sol. 2. Trop., to arise,,sring up, appear, proceed, begin, originate, ultor, discordia. ex-oroq avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To entreat, supplicate any one. 2. To move by en treaty, prevail upon, persuade, aliquem. 3. To gain by entreaty, to oblain, pacein divum. exors v. exsors. exorsusp 9 um, P. Of exordlor. exorsumy i, n. A beginnin W )rcamb1c, front exortusp a, um, p. of exerior. ex-5SUS7 a, um, part. (Od!). Hating exceedingly, det(-,stingexpecto7 v- exspecto. ex-p6dioy rvi or ji, Ttum, 4. v. tr. (pes). Ori-,-., to free the feet from- a snare; hence, in gen., to extricate, disengage, unlcose, liberate any thing. 2. Transf., to bring out or forward, to provide, prepare, make ready, arma. 3. Trop., to bring out, extricate, deliver from an evil, danger, difficulty, etc. allso, toput i n order, arrange, set righ t of speecb. tosetforth, disclose, upfold, narrate. 716 -late. 4. Impers., expedit, it is prqfitable, useful, eapediept. eX-pe1107 ptli, pulsum, 3. v. tr. To drive out or away, thru,-t awayexpel, ht. and trop. ex-pendog ndi, nsurn, 8. v. tr. To?weigh out, weigh (rare); trop., to weigh mentally, to consider, ponder, estimate, examine. 2. In partic., to weigh out nioney in payment; hence, to pay, iay out, expend (in making payments the ancient weighed their gold and silver) trop., to pay a penalty, to &21'er, poenas:; topay for, e;tpiate, scelus. exp6rientia7 tie, f. (experi 'oi). Experience, skill, wisdom, sagacity. ex-ip6rior pertus, 4. v. dep. tr. (obs. perior, whe7nce also peritus and periculuni). To try, prove, test any thing, to ascertain its character. 2. In the perf. tenses, to have tried, tested, experienced, to know by experience. 3. Yo try, attempt, make trial of a thing, to ascertain its success. ex-persy tis, adj. (pars). Having nopart or share in., not participating in, 1 m per! L Trarisf., in gen., having nothing of, destitute of, freefrom, without, alicuius. expertusq a, um, p. and Pa. (experior). Act., having tried or experienced ary thing (w. gen.), juvenes belli. 21. Pass., known by experience, tried, prored, tested, virtus. expire, v. exspiro. ex-pleo evi Etum, 2. v. tr. (obs. pleo, to fill). hyllvpfillfullfll. 2-Trop., in 1777 orn W,?-Aoh - treaty, prevail upon, persuade, aliqucm. 3. To gain by entreaty, to obtain, paceln divum. exors, v. exsors. exorsus7 a, um, p. of exordior. exorsum i, n. A bcginning?7rcamn ble from exortus7 a, um, p. of cxorior. ex-5susS a, um, part. (odi). Hating exceedingly, detesting. expecto, v. exspecto. ex-p6dio Ilvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. (pes). Orig., to free the feet from- a snare; hence, in gen., to extricate, disengage, unlcose, liberate any thing. 2. Transf., to bring out or forward, to provide, prepare, ncake ready, arma. 3. Trop., to bring out, extricate, deliver from an evil, danger, diffculty, etc.; also, to put in order, arrange, set right; of speech. to set forth, disclose, unfold, narrate, 7elate. 4. Impers., cxpedit, it is prqfitable, useful, eapeldient. ex-pello, puli, pulsum, 3. v. tr. To drive out or away, thruet away, expel, lit. and trop. ex-pendo, ndi, nsum, 3. v. tr. To weigh out, weigh (rare); trop., to weigh mentally, to consider, ponder, estimate, examine. 2. In partic., to weigh out money in payment; hence, to pay, lay out, expend (in making payments the ancient weighed their gold and silver); trop., to pay a penalty, to suffer, poenas; to pay for, expiate, scelus. exp6rientia, ae, f. (experior). Experience, skill, wisdom, sagacity. ex-pbrior, pertus, 4. v. dep. tr. (obs. perior, whence also peritus and periculum). To try, prove, test any thing, to ascertain its character. 2. In the perf. tenses, to have tried, tested, experienced, to know by experience. 3. To try, attempt, make trial of a thing, to ascertain its success. ex-pers, tis, adj. (pars). Having no part or share in, not participating in, imperli. 2. Transf., in gen., having nothing of, destitute of, freefrom, without, alicujus. expertus, a, um, p. and Pa. (experior). Act., having tried or experienced any thing (w. gen.), juvenes belli. 2. Pass., known by experience, tried, plroed, tested, virtus. expiroe v. exspiro. ex-pleo evi, etum, 2. v. tr. (obs. plco, to fill). To fill up,Jfllfull, fill. 2. Trop., to fill up, complete, finish, accomplish: EXP - 63 EXS in partic., to satisfy, satiate, glut, ap- ex ftie,vfiu i,. v. tr. To pease, avaritiam, nuimum; of a (luty, to satisfy, satiate. ftlldicagpeifor;of time, to ex-scindo, idi, issnum, 3. v-. tr. (Poet, complete, finish, and lat.). To tear out; hence, to extirexpl~tus7 a, urn, p. of expleo. pate, destroy, urheini, hosteiu. ex-plice, Avi and ni, fltum or Itum, I. ex-s~co7 ui, alumi, 1. v. tr. To cut out. v. tr. To unfold, unroll, unfurl, spread ex-s~cror7 tfitus, 1. v. dep t. and iutr. out, undo, loosen. 2. Transf., as a con.- (sacro). To curse, execrate, uwish evil to, sequence of unfolding, to spread oul, ex- aliquem or aliquaid; also, in aliqnem. 2 tend, stretch out, aciem, cohortes, locurni, Poet., to take a solemin oath with imetc. 3. Trop., to set in order, disentan- precations. tile, a?-renge, regulate,, settle, adjust; of Iexsetetus, a, ur1, P. of es,,seco. speech, to develop, unfold, set forth, cx- exsequiae, Amiru, f. Funeral rites. plain, describe, state. iex-s~quor, ctittis, 3. v. dog. tr. To expl5ritor, Oris, m. (exploro). A follow to the end, follow up or- out, to scout. follow. 2. Trap., to jollow, accomipany; ex-pl~ro7 tvi, titum, I. v. tr. (plain,1 to to go offer, puirsuee; in partic.. to follow Nvail; v. explore, iii Webster's Dict.). To out, i. a., to aceemnplish, execut,, peyform, searcli out, eXamine, investigate, explore. fuilfill, jussa, vota; in specech, to go 2.In partic., in milit. lang., to spy on', th-rougrh with, relate, describe, tell, say, reconnoitre. to pursue with lPunishinolit. to punish, ex-p~no, pbsui, ptisituin, 3. v. tr. To avenge, injurias; to follow, submit to, put, set, or place out, to expose. 2. In sitffer, egestat~e~n. lpartic., to set on skore fromt a ship, to ex-s~roy ui, rtuim, 3. v. tr. To stretch, land, disemibark. 3. To leave unproteet- out or forth, thrust out, Put mit. 2I. ed, to expose, (abandon,, exercitum hiosti. Trap., to disclose, ceveal, s~ecrens. 4. Trap., to s~et forth, lay before the exserto, 1. v. tr. intone. (id.'% To stretch view; in pantic., to sat forth in oat, thrust out or forth. wvords, to uinfold, explain, expound, dc- exseartus, a, urn, part. and Pa. (iO.t. scribe. Tlawt met, protruding (esp. of harts oif exr-portO, TMv, Aitum, I. v. tr. To carry the body); hence, bare, uncorered, exout, to export, to convey, posed. ex-poscoy pbposci, -, 3. v. tr. To ask- ex-sflio, ui, ulturn, 4. v. iutr. (salia). earnestly, to beg, entreat, implore. 2. In To spring or leap forth. partic., to demand the deliverance of exsflium7 ii, n. (ex-solumn). A sending some one for punishment, to demand, away from one's native soil, banishnent, require. exile. 2. Transf. (poet. and lat., a place expositus, a, urn, p. of expono. of exile. expostus- contracted form of exposi- eX-solVO, solvi, soilfttum, 3. v. tin. To tus. unloose, loosen, unbind, undo. 2. In ex-promo, mnpsi, umptum, 3. v. tr. To partic., to set free, release, deliver, vintake out or forth, fetch out, bring out or culls. 3. Trap., to undo, rem~ove, set aside, forth. 2?. Trap., to show forth, display, lay asde, legis nexus. umaturm, pudorem, disclose, exhibit; in partic., of speech, to etc.; in pantic., to release, fines from aniy bringforth, utter, dedlare, state. thing, aliquem curio, pocus, aere alineri; ex-pugnoy Avi, ftitum, 1. v. tr. To fight to d& charge, pay a debt or obligation. out;to take by storm. ex-somnis, a, adlj. (somnus) (Poet. and expulsus, a, urn, part. of expello. lat.). ~Sleepldess, wakeful, watchful. ox-quiro, sivi, situm, 3. v. tr. (quaero). ex-sors, tis, adj. Without lot or lpart To search out or seek for diligently, pa- in a thing, not sharing in, f74ee from, de, cam, matrem; to inquire into, imivesti- prived of, aliciujus rei. 2. Poet., that for gate, to ask, iter, verumi. which no lot has been cast, not disposed ex-sanguisy a, adj. W~ithout blood, of by lot, chosen on purpose; hence, bloodles&. 2. Transf., pale, wan. 3. choice, dlstinguished, equnis, honor. Trap., powerless, weak, feeble. exspect~tus, a, urn, Pa. (exsepcto). exs~tfirfibIlis? a, adj. (ex-saturo). Anxiously expected, longed. for, desircd, That may be satisfied, satiable. wecbome; also subs.:-Oxpectatum, exsaturitus; a, urn, P. of oxsatura. i, n., expectation. EXS 64 EXU ex-specto7, vi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To look out for something. Subjectively, to hope for, long for, expect; to fear, apprehend, anticipate. 2. Objectively, to await, wait for any coming event. 3. Poet., to linger, tarry, delay, Carthagine. ex-spergo, -, sum,.. v. tr. (spargo). (Poet.) To scatter abroad, disperse. 2. Transf., to besprinkle, limina sanie. exspersus, a, um, part. of id. ex-spiro alvi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. To breathe out, exhale, flammas; to give out, emit, odorem. II. Intr., to rush out, burst forth, ignes. 2. To breathe one's last, expire, die. 3. Trop., to expire, come to an end, cease, libertas. exstinctus, a, um, p. of ex-stinguo5 nxi, nctum, 3. v. tr. (stinguo, to quench). To put out, quench, extinguish completely, ignem. 2. Trop., in gen., to destroy, abolish, annihilate. aliquem, pudorem. ex-sto, 1. v. intr. Tostand out or forth, to rojiect, to stand above. 2. Trop., to be visible, to appear; to be extant, to exist, leges. exstructusy a, um, part. and Pa. (exstruo). Piled up; hence, raised, elevated, lofty rar.). Subs.: exstructum, i, n., an elevated seat. ex-struo, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To pile or heap up. 2. In partic., to build up, erect, rear, raise, toros, urbem. exsfido, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. To sweat out, to exude. ex-sul flis, c. (solum). One who leaves, or is banished from, his native soil, an exile, wanderer. exsilo, avi, atum, 1. v. intr. To be in exile, to be banished. ex-sulto, Avi, Atum, 1. v. intens. intr. (salio, to leap). To spring, leap, orjump up. II. Trop., to move freely, to revel, to expatiate in speaking or writing. 2. In partic., to rejoice, exult; to be greatly excited, to revel; to vaunt, boast. exsuperabilis, e, adj. That may be overcome, surmountable. ex-sfip6roy avi, atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. To mount up, tower above; trop., to get the upper hand, to overcome, prevail. II. Tr., to project or rise above any thing, to surmount, ulmos; to go or pass beyond, jugum, amnem; trop., to surpass, exceed: also, to overpower, overcome. ex-surg'o surrexi, -, 3. v. intr. To rise up, rise, stand up. exta, Orum, n. The nobler internal organs of the body (the heart, lungs, liver, etc.; viscera is used in a more gen. sense and includes the lower intestines), fhte exta, those parts of sacrificial animals which were consulted in divination. extemplo, adv. (= ex-tempulum, dim. of tempus). Immediately, forthwith. ex-tendo, di, tum or sum, 3. v. tr. To stretch or spread out, to extend, stretch, lit. and trop. extentusp a, um, p. of extendo. exter or ext6rus, a, um, adj. (cx) On the outside, outward, foreign. 2. Conmp., exterior, outer, outward, exterior. 3. Sup., extremus and extlmus, see below. externus, a, um, adj. (extcr). Outward, external. 2. In partic., in respect to one's family or country, foreign, strange; subs., a stranger. ex-terreo, ui, ItuI, 2. v. tr. To frighten suddenly and greatly, to strike with terror, frighten, terrify. exterritus, a, um, 1p. of cxtcrreo. ex-timesco, ui, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To be afraid. extimus, see extremus. extinctus7 v. exstinctus. extinguo, v. exstinguo. exto, v. exsto. ex-tollo, -,-,, 3 v. tr. To raise up; Trop., to extol, to laud, to praise. ex-torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2. v. tr. To wrest from or out of. extorris, e, adj. (ex-terra, like exsul, fr. ex-solnm). Driven from the country, exiled, banished. extrap prep. and adv. (contr. fr. cxterli, sc. parte). Prep. w. ace., cutsicd of, without, beyond, muros. 2. Transf., except, ea. H. Adv., on the outside, wvithout. extremusy a, um, adj. (sup. of exter). Outermost, utmost, extreme, of space. 2. Trop., of time or order of succession, the latest, last; of quality or degree, extreme, both in the highest and lowest grade: (1) the utmost, highest, greatest; (2) the worst, lowest, vilest. The other rare form, extimus, only of space, as tl:e lit. signification of extremus. extuli, v. effero. ex-tundo, ttdi, tilsum, 3. v. tr. To strike or beat out, to emboss; to devise, to invent. ex-fbero, avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. and intr, To overflow, to abound. EXU 65 FAL exildo,7 v. exsudo. oXUl, v. exsul. exulto, v: exsulto. ex-uo, ul, fitum, 3. v. tr. (perhaps for exduo i KSvw). To draw out or off, to 2nd qo to lay aside, ensem, alas; poet., to s/sip, lay bare, lacertos. 2.Transf., in gen., to strip, despoil, deprive of any thing, hostenm castris. 3. Trop., to lay aside, cost off resswve, divest one's self of any thing, mores, humanitatem, etc. ex-firo, ussi, ustum, 3. v. t~r. To burze up, consume. 2. Poet, and mt., to dry up, to parch, agros. 3. Trop., to consunte, des/soy. exustus, is, um, p. of emuro. exiitus, a, uni, part. exuo. exfivia e, Arum, f. (exuo). What is taken from a body, clothing, arms, etc. 2'-. In partic., spoils taken from an enemy; also, the skin of an animal. IF. fa-ba, ae, f. A bean. F1ab~ris, is, Mn. A river in Italy, flowing into the Tiber. rabfus7 ii, in. The name of a famous Romnan gens, of whom Q. Fabinis Maxiinns was the most illustrious. fabricitorp oris, in. (fabrico). Au, artif*ticer,framer', snaker, contriver. fabricjitus7 a, am, p. of fabricor. F1abricius, ii, in. A Roman, leader celebrated for his frugality and integrity, and especially for his noble conduct towards Pyrrhus. fobricory atus, dep., or fabr~co, AA, Atumn, 1. v. tr. (faber, a wvorkman). To make any thing of wood, stone, metal, etc., to frame forge, build. 2. In gen., to make, for, fashion, prepare. fabrilis, a, adj. (faber). Of or belonging to a workman. falcersso, cessi or cesslvi, sltum, 3. v. intens. tr. (facio). To do eagerly or earnestly, to accomplish, execute, perfosm (poet.). 21. Esp., in a bad sense, to create, cause, occasion any thing unpleasant or evil. 3. Intr., to depart, go away, take one's self off, ex urbe. facieS, LN, f. (prob. fr. facio). External form, snake, figure, shape. 2. In partic., the face, countenance, visage;- poet., a beautiful face, beauty. 3. Trop.,for'm, shapev, condition, look, appearance, aspect. fMcflisq e, ndj. (facio). That may be done, ewj to do, easy. 2. Transf., of persons, ready, quick, prompt. 3. Of character-, easy, good-natured, submissiye; courI5 eous, a~ffiable. 4. Of fortune, propitioue, favorable. fa-ciog ffici, factum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To make, in the widest sense; to do, perforsn, eff~ect, prepare, prodwe, cause, cosmmi/, bs-ing to pass. 2. In partic., to snake a person or thing something (wv. Li double object); to esteesn, seiue a person or thing in any manner; in speech or writing, to make, rejnes~ent, facit Socratem dicentem; to 1s'e/cnd, feign; to assume, ipzqpose; esp., in contr. imperative, fac, suppose, grant;- of a trade or profession, to practice, follow; in relig. lung., to pesfiorso a relig, ceremniOy, to qifer sacrifice, /o sacsri fce. II. Intr., wv. adverbs, to do or act in any niaimer. 2. Facere cumn or ab aliquo, to side suitht one, act or take part with one (opp. to facere contra aliqueni). 3. To be gcod, ses-viceable,.flt, proper for any thing. factumq i, an. (part. of id.). Any thing done, a deed, action. factus, a, um, p. of faclo. facultas, fRdS, f. Facility, opportunity, chance. Z'ddus, i, in. A Rutulian. fa-ginus, a, aim, adj. (fagus). Beehen. f-gu) i, f. %!,?yo-). A beech tree. fabi.ricaq v. Pbhalarica. falcfitusq a, uin, adj. (falx). Scytheshaped, hooked, crooked. 1'alernus, a, um, adj. Of Falernus Fale2-nian. F'alisci, orum, in. The Falisci, a people of Etruria. fallicial ae, f. (faliax). A /srick, sts-atagents. fallaxq acis, adj. (fallo). Decei/ful,fallacious. fallo, f~felli. falsum, 3. v. tr. (kindr. wv. a-4aAAw). To deceive, cheat;- impers., fallit (me), I am 7nistaken; of a p~romise, obligation, etc., to violate, break;- abs., to deceive in swearing, to swearfalsely. 2. To escape the notice of, to escape, to be unobserved by any one; also abs. Freq., impers., faullt me, it escapes nie, is unknown to me, I do not know. 3. Of tine or something disagreeable, to cause to pass usnoticed, to beguile, to alleviate. 4. Poet., to assume or imitate deceitfully, to counterfeit. falsus., a, umn, Pa. (id.)i. False. decep FAL 6'6 FAX tive, pretended, counterfeit, spurious, feigned, fancied. falx, falcis, f. A sickle, s ythe. 2. Transf., a military implement shaped like a sickle, a kook. f-amay ae, f. (lI.~.A saying, report, r-umor, common talk. 21. Public opinion, the voice of the people; in partic., the reputation of a person, gen. in a good sense, reputation, renown, fame; rarely in a bad sense, ill fene, infamzy, scandal. 3. Personified as a goddess. fa-mes7 is, f. Hnnger. 2. Transf.,famine; in gen., indigence, poverty. 3. Trop., -violent longing for any thing, greed, hunger, thirst, aurn. flnifila, ae, f. (fr. the Oscan famel, a slave). A female servant, miaid-servant. faimfilusy i, m. (id.). A slave, ser-vant, attendant. fandum, i, n. (for) (Poet.). That which may be said, the right. far, farris, n. Spelt, a kind of grain, the earliest food of the Romans. 21. C~oarse meal, in gen. farrigoy mnis, f. (far). AMixed foddes-. fas, indeci. n. (for). What is imposed by divine law; hence, divine law, a sacred duty or obligation. 2!. In gen., what is right, proper, allowed, permitted. Cf. jus. fascinoy -,-. v. tr. To bewitch, fascinate. fascis, is, m. A bundle, packet, parcel. 2. Plur., the fasces, a bundle of rods with an axe in the middle, carried hy lictors before the chief magistrates, partly for executing their judgments, partly as an emblem of their authority. 3. Meton., for a high oftice; esp., the consulship. fasiijus, v. phaselus. fastidio, lvi, Rum, 4. v. tr. and intr. To fed disgust or disdain for; to disdain, to scorn. fastidium ii, n. Disgutst, disdain, loathing. 'lropl., sickness, pain. fastigium, ii, n. (fastus-ago). Thie top of a gable, a gable-end of a building; also, a battlement, turret, and in a more gen. sense, the top, summit, pinnacle, roof of a building. 2.In -en., the highest point, the top, summit of any thing. 3. A slope, descent, declivity (fromn the sloping form of the gable). 4. Trop., the higheslpoint or degree, top, smemmit; summa reurum f. (poet.), principal points of events; in gen., dignity, rank, poeitirotc. fastus, fis, m. Haughtiness, arrogance, scorn, disdain. ffit~ilis, e, adj. (fatum). Of fate or destiny, ordained by fate, destined, fated, allotted. 2. (Poet. and 1st.). Fatal, dostruive, deadly, monstruim. f-ateor, fassus, 2. v. dep. tr. (kindr. w. ociw, fani). To confess, own, acknocrledge, verum. 2. In gen., to indicate, dedlare. fa-tid&cus, a, um, adj. (fatum-dico). Prophetic. ffitifer, era, erum, adj.(ftmfr) Fatal, deadly. sufficiently, and ago; hence, to driv-e sufficiently). To weary, tire,fatigue, exhaust by exercise; to vex, d'lsturb. 2-. Trop., to exhaust; to yex, harass, torment, dis~turb; wv. socios, to rouse; w, aliquem prece, to importune. fa-tisco, 8. v. intr. (Poet. and 1st.) To open in chinks or clefts, to split or gape open, lo fall apart, tumble to pieces. 2-. Trop., to grov sweak, to become exhausted, to droop, faint. fa-tutu, i, n. (for). A prolietic declaration, a prophecy, psediction, Oracle. 2 Transf., what is ordained by the gods, fate, destiny; in partic., illfate, evil destiny, misfortune, and esp., death. fa-tUS, a, umn, p. of for. fauces, ium, f. The upper Part of the gullet; hence, meton., the gullet, throat; may often be ti~anslatedjan's. 2. Transf., of places, a narriowv way or pass, a pass, defile; poet., a chasm, terrac. raunus, i, m. The god of husbandry, identified with Pan. In the pln., Fauns or sylvan deities. fa'veo, favi, fautum, 2. v. intr. To be favorable, well disposed or inclined toward, tofavor, befs end, w. dlat. 2. Ahe., to bepropilious; to applaud;- in relig. acts or ceremonies, to take care in speaking, for the sake of a good omen; heuce, to speak only words of good onmen, or to keep still, be sient, favete lintguis. fMvilla, ae, f. (prob. fr. te to shine). Glowing ashes or cinders, embers. fiavor7 oris, m. (faveo). Favor, good-sell. 2e. Applause, acclamation. ffivus i, M. A honey-comb. fax, flis, f. A torch, made of pine or some other resinous w~ood. 2. Transf. (as torches wvere used at vwedding-s), a FAX 67 FER wedding, marriage. 3. The light of the heavenly bodies or meteors; in partic. (poet.), a fiery train of a meteor. 4. Trop., any thing that inflames or incites, aflame, incitement, stimulus, etc. faxo, v. facio. febris, is, f. A fever. fecundo% avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (fecundus). To make fertile. ' fecundus, a, urn, adj. (fr. obs. feo, whence also fetus, femina). Fruitful, fertile, productive. 2. Transf. (poet.), rich in any thing,full of, abounding in; also, fertilizing, making fertile, Nilus. 3. Trop., fertile, prolific, rich. fel, fellis, n. Galf. Trop., anger. felicius, adv. comp. of feliciter. More fruitfully, Inore auspiciously. felix, Icis, adj. (id.). Fruitful, productive. ". Transf., act., auspicious, favorable, propitious, omen; pass., happy, fortunate, vir. femina7 ae, f. (id.; hence, the fruitful one). A female, a woman. 2. Of animals, the female. femIneus, a, um, adj. (id.). Of a woman, feminine. 2. Womanish, effeminate, unmanly. f~mur, 6ris, n. The thigh. finestra, ae, f. (kindr.w. acivw, bavep6e;). An aperture in a wall to admit light, a window; in. gen., an opening. fenilia (faenilia7 foenilia); ium, n., pl. A hay loft. fira ae, f. (ferus). A wild beast. feraiis1 e, adj. Of or belonging to the dead, funereal; or to the annual festival of the dead, called Feralia, ium, n., celebrated annually in February. 2. Transf., deadly, fatal, bellum. ferax, acis, adj. (fero). Fruitful, productive, fertile. f~rei adv. (fero). Nearly, almost, about, hora fere tertia, f. tota, f. acqualis, etc. 2. Quite, entirely, just; jam fcre, just now; w. neg., not quite, scarcely, hardly. 3. Of time, generally, usually. fir6trum7 i, n. (eppeTpov, fero). A handbarrow; in partic., a bier. fOrinus7 a, urn, adj. (ferns). Of or belonging to wild beasts; whence, subs., ferina (sc. caro), ae, f., the flesh of wild animals, game. f[rio% 4. v. tr. To strike, smite, knock, thrust, cut; poet., to hit, touch, reach, sidera vertice. 2. To kill by striking, to slay, kill; in partic., to slay a sacrificial animal, and esp. in making a treaty or compact; whence is transf. foedus ferire, to strike a treaty, to make a compact, covenant or treaty. feritas nAtis, f. (ferus). Fierceness. fermentum, i, n. Yeast, leaven. Trop., the thing fermented, beer. fbrog tuili, latum, ferrc, v. irreg. tr. (kindr. w. pe pw). To bear, carry a burden, etc.; trop., to bear something disagreeable, to endure,.uffer, injurias, laborem, etc.; impetum hostium, to susfain. II. In partic., w. idea of motion predom., to carry, take or b;ing any thing to any place or person, to take, lead, direct, bring, present, offer, give, grant; w se, to bear, betake or present one's self; trop., to raise in words, to exalt, extol; w. se, to exalt one's self, to boast. 2. Of productions, to bear, yield, produce. 3. To bring forward, show, exhibit, dolorem; to propose, legem. 4. To bring forward in speech or writing, to relate, report, declare, say, assert. 5. Of abstract subjects, to require, demand. III. To carry, take or bring from any place or person, to bear away, carry qff; to obtain, get, receive. Trop., in nearly all senses. Peronial ae, f. An ancient goddess of Italy, honored with a grove and fountain. firox, Ocis, adj. (ferns). Like a wild beast, wild. Generally in a bad sense, fierce, untamable, ferocious, headstrong, insolent. 2. In a good sense (rare), courageous, bold, warlike. ferratus, a, urnm, adj. (fcrrum). Furnished, covered or shod with iron, iraon c4ad, iron-bound. ferreus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Made of iron, iron. 2. Trop., hard-hearted, unfeeling, cruel; firm, vigorous, immovable, unyielding, rigid. ferrugineus, a, urn, adj. (ferrugo, ironrust, fr. ferrum). Iron-conored; hence, in gen., dusky, sable. forrfiuge Inis, f. Iron-rust; trop., the color of iron-rust, dark, dusky, murky; purple. ferruLW i, n. Iron. 2. Transf., any thing nmade of iron, a sword, an axe, the iron head or point of a spear, etc. fertilisp c, adj. (fero). Fertile, productive. feruila% ae, f. The plantfennel,ferula. f6rus, a, urn, adj. (tji, Aeol. for NOp). Wild, untamed; subs., ferus, i, m. (poet.), a wild beast, a beast; also, fera, FER 68 FIN ae, f. v. sup. 2. Trop., wild, savage, Jferce, cruel; rude, uncultivated. ferveo, bui, 2. or fervo, vi, 3. v. intr. (kindr. w. 0epa). To be hot, to boil, to glow. 2. Poet., to be agitated, to boil up, foam, rage, roar, mare, a swarm of bees, etc..3. Trop., of an emotion, etc., to glow, burn, rage, to be agitated; opus fervet, the work glows, i. e., goes briskly on. fervidus, a, um, adj. (fcrveo), Hot, glowing; fired, furious, eager. fervo, v. ferveo. fervor, Oris, m. (ferveo). Heat, fury. rescenninus, a, um, adj. Of Fescennia, Fescennine. fessus, a, um, Pa. (kindr. w. fatigo, fatisco). Wearied, tired, fatigued, exhausted, weak,feeble; fessae res, critical, desperate. festinop avi, atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. To hasten, mnake haste. '. Tr, to make haste with a thing, to hasten, accelerate, hasten to perform any thing. festinus, a, um, adj. Hasty, speedy. festus, a, um, adj. Festive, festival, solemn, temlpus. Subs., festum. i, n. (poet.), afestival, holiday. fetuira, ae (fee), f. (obs. feo). Breeding. fetus, a, um, adj. (part. of obs. feo, whence fecundus). Filled with young, pregnant. 2. Transf., fertile, productive, fruitful; filled with, armis. 3. That has brought forth, newly delivered. fetus, fs, m. (id.). A bringing forth, bearing of young; of birds, a hatching. 2. Concr., qofspting, young, briood, progeny; of plants, fruit, produce; poet., the shoot, branch of a tree. fibra, ae, f. A fibre, filament in a plant or animal body. 2. Transf. (poet. and lat.), entrails, in gen. fibiila ae, f. (contr. fr. flgibula, fr. figo). A clasp, buckle, pin, brace, band. fictor, oris, m. (tingo). A contriver or deviser. fictusy a, nm, Pa. (fingo). Feigned, pretended,false. 2. Of persons,false, dissembling. Subs., ficturn, in., deception, falsehood. fidelis, e, adj. Faithful, trustworthy, secure. Fidena, ae, f. (more freq. in pl., Fidenae, arum). An ancient town of the Sabines, a few miles north of Rome. fidens, entis, Pa. (fido). Conrfldent, bold. fides, si, f. (id.). Confidence in any one, faith, trust, credit, reliance. 2. TranIf., of that which produces confidence,fait/fulness, honesty, probity; of things, credibility, truth. 3. An assurance that produces confidence, apromise, engagement, pledge, word. 4. A promise of protection; hence, in gen., protection, security, assistance, help. 5. Personified, as a goddess. fides, is, and mostly in pi., fides, inm, f. (atri7). A string of a musical instrument. 2. Transf., in gen., a stringcd instrument, a lyre, lute, guitar. fido, fTsus, 3. v. intr. (kind. w. 7rreiO). (Mostly poet.). To pult contidence in, con-.fide in, trust; w. an iniinit, to dare, venture. fiducia, ae, f. (id.). Trurt, confidence, reliance, assurance. 2. Self-conofidence, courage. 3. Property entrusted as a pledge and to be returned, a deposit, pledge, mortgage. fidus7 a, um, adj. (id.). FaitlJful, trusty, reliable. 2. Transf., of things, trs&tworthy, sure, safe. figo xi, xum, 3. v. tr. To flx, fasten, make fast; to fix or -fasten up; w. vestigia, to fix or plant one's steps, i. e., fo walk, move onz; v. oscula, to impnint. 2. Transf., to trainhfix, pierce. 3. Trop., tofix, fasten, establish, cogitationes, modum, etc. figfira, ae, f. (fingo). The figure, shape, form of a body. 2. Poet., a shade, phantom of the dead. 3. Trop., quality, kind, formL, nature, manner. filia, ac, f. A daughter. filius ii, m. A son; in pl., children, in gen. filix, icis, f. Afern. filum i, n. (kindr. w. fibra). A thread of any thing woven; in partic., a priest's fillet; the thread of life spun by the fates. 2. Trop.,fornw, shape, outline of an object (the allusion being to woven figures); also, texture, quality, style. fimus, i, m. The excrement of animals, ordure, manure: poet. for dirt, znire. findo, fidi, fissum, 3. v. tr. To cleave, split, divide, lignum; trop. (poet. and rar.), to divide, separate, mensem. fingo, flnxi, fictum, 3. v. tr. To fowrm, shape, fashion, make. 2. In partic., of works of art, toform, mould, model; w. notion of arranging, adorning, etc., to put in order, arrange; to adorn, dress, trim, comas, etc.; w. vultum, to alter, FIN 69 FLE disguise. II. Trop., in gen., to form, make. 2-. In partic., w. a double predicate, to make one any thing, f. te hominem magnum, f. aliquem meudacem. 3. To form by instruction, to instruct, teach. 4. To form in one's mind, to imagine, conceive, think', suppos0e; to contrive, devise, invent, feign something (esp. untrue). f inio,~ Iv! or i i, Ttum, 4. v. tr. (finis). To limit, put an end to, to end. f inis, is, mn. (rar. f.). A boundary, limit (natural-cf. te:-ninus). 21. Transf., in pl., borders, and beuce, territory, land, country, within certain boundaries. II. Trop., a limit, bound. 2.Transf., an end, concinsion; in lpartic., eud of life, death; the end or chief design of any thing, purpose: the end o f an ascend ing series, the highest point, the extreme, the summit. finitimus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Neighboring, bordering upo0n, adjoiningq (of regions). 2. Subs. finitfimi, Grmm in. neighboring people, neighbors. 3. Trop., bco'de ny upon, connected with, related or allied to, smilar to. fib, factus sum, fIrn, 3. -v. intr. (kindr. w. Oww and fiii). To become. 2~. To happen. 3. Pass. of faclo, to be made. firmiitus7 a, um, p. of firmo, Avi, Aturn, 1. v. tr. (firmus). To make tirm, to strengthen?,fortify, 5n13))ort. 2. Trop., to confirmn, strengthen, secure: to make durable or permanent; in parlie., to encourage, animate. 3. Trop., to confhirm, corroborate, show, prove; to declare, assert. firmus, a, urn, adj. Firmn, str'ong, stable, 2. Trop., tb-in, immovable, steadfast, constant, infiexible, resolute. fiscella, an, f. A basket. fiscfna7 ac, f. A basket. fissilis el adj. (findo). That may be fissus, a, urn, p. of findo. fistula, ae, f. A 'iPc fixus, a, urn, p. of tfigo. flibral orum, n. (flo). Blasts, wind8. fiAGe11UM, i, nI. A whip, scourge; a whip for driving horses or cattle. 2. The thong of a javelin. 3. A shoot or branch of a tree, esp. a vine. fl~gito Afvi, fitum, 1. v. intens. tr. (root flgticflacgro). To urgently ask or demand any thing; v. a personal object, to importu ne, dun, pres~s one for any thing. fiagro, flvi, Rtum, I. v. lntr. To burn, blaze,.flame. 2. Trop., to be injlamed with passion (in a good and bad s&nset, to burn, glow; to be affected by any evil, to suffer from it. fi~imen, Inis, a. (flo, to blow). A blowing, blast, esp). of the wiud. 2.Concr., a gale, wind. flamma, an, f. (1lagma, fr. root fla-O, whence flagro. flagito). A flamne, a blazing fire, a blaze; in gen.,.flre; poet. for a torch, a lightning-.7yask, etc. 2". Tra-p.. thejiasne or fire of passion, esp. of lov-e,.flamie,ftre, pastion, ardor; also, a devouring.ttame, threatening danger, f. belli civilis, iuvidiae L.. etc. flamraeus, a, uiu, adj. (id.). Fiery, like fire. flammo, Avi, Attnm. 1. v,. in~r. and tr. (id.). Intr. (poet, and ea'y ini prns, part.), to (tonie, blaze. 21. Tr., to infllawe, set an lfire (ill, and trop.). fli~tus, (is, mn. (110, to blow). A blowing of the wcind, a breeze 2. A breathing: a snorting. 3. Trop., a breath, breeze, fotaa iflton, haughtiness. fl~vens, ntis, p. of flijvo,9 ere, v. in~r. (Ilavus). (Poet.). To be yellow or golden; part. fiaNveus, golden. naivesco, 8. v. inch. intr. (flaven). To become yellow; hence, to ripen. rf1ivinius, a, urn, adj. Of Fl~avinium, Flasinian. fflivus, a, nin, adj. Colden-gellowe, yellow, ligh~t-colored, flaxeni-colored, aurum, coma. fiecto, xi, xum, 3. v. tr. and intr. (kindr. wv. p)lecto, and 771A c:,). To bend, bow, curve, tin; to direct, guide, tmur, currum, equum, etc. 2.Trop., to turn, bend, direct, in gen.; in partic., to bend iii opinion or wilil, to move, persuade, prevail upon. II. Intr., to turn, go, march any wvh -re. fieo, fOvi, Ml~um, 2. v. intr. and tr. (OAiw and kindr. w. fluo). Intr., to weej), cry. 2. Tr. (poet. and lat.), to weep for,, bewail, lament. flatiis, a, urn, p. of fleo. fi~tus, tim, m. (id.). A weeping, lamentation, tears; poet. for a tearful or mournful message. flexilis, e, adj. (flecto). Flkxible. pliant. 2. Bent, curved (rar.). flexus, a, urn, p. of faecto. fiexus, 11s. M. (flecto). A winding, turniug, bending. FLI 70O FOR flictus, fis, m. (fligo). A dashing, dads-h ing, collisi*on. flfrens, entis, Pa. (floreo). Blooming, flourishing. 2. Shining, glittering, bright. 3. Trop., flourishing, prosperous, fine, excellent. f~lreo, ui, -, 2. v. intr. (fibs). To bloom, blossom, flower. 21. Trop., to flourish, be in a prosperous condition, ctc. fl6reusp a, urn., adj. (id.). Of.11owers, made of jlowers. 2. Flowery, rura, pratum. fibs, oris, m. (kindr. w. 4A,6og). A flower, bl68osso. 21. Transf., the juice of a.flower; the first down of the beard. 3. Trop., the highest part, the top, crown of any thing; the best part; als4o, the best kind of any thing, the best, the flower, crown, ornamen t; of speech, a flower, osnament. fiuctuo, Avi, Mtum, or fluctuor, Atuls, dep. 1. v. intr. (fluctus). To move like wavs, lo wave, un dulate, move to and! ro. 2.Trop., to be restless, unquiet; to waver in one's purpose, to vacillate, fluctuate. fiuctus, fls,m.(tino). A waving or sts'eamning motion, afi7owing (rar.). 2-. Concr., a wave, billow, surge; poet. fLor water or the sea in gen. 3. Trop., an un quiet state, a commotion, disturbance, trouble. fluens, ntis, P. of fluo. -Flowing, loose, luxuriant, dishevelled. fluentum, i, n. (id.). (Poet. and lat.; usually p1.). Flowing water, a stream, flood. fiuldus, a, urn, adj. (Id.). Fioscing,.fluid. 2. Trop., *flowingq dawn, loose, vestis; soft, weak, languid, corpora, frondes. flUito, flvi, Atum. 1. v. minens. aitr. (id.). To.float, swim, or sail about on the wvater. 2. Transf., to move like waves, to wave, undulate. 3. Trop., to waver, hesitale, be uncertain. flfmen, Yuie, n. (id.). A flowing of water. 2. Concr., any flowing or running mras8s of water, a stream, flgood, and in partic., a river. 3. Tmansf., of other things that flowv in streams, as rain, tears, blood, etc., a stream, flood, tor-rent. 4. Trop., of speech, a flow, fluency. fluo, xi, xum, 3. V. intr. (kindr. w. rM-iw, 4oAew). To flow. 2. Transf., of bodies, to ovet:tlow with any thing, to drop, drip, cruore; to move in the manner of fluids, to flow, stream, pour, comae, vestes, odores, etc.; to.flow or pass away, fall away, vanish. IL. Trop., of abstract oh. jects, toflow, proceed, arise, spring, ora tio, nornen; also, to.flw or pass away, vanish. flfiviii1is, e, adj. (fluvius). Of a river, river. fiuvldus,. v. fluidus. flfvius, ii, rn. (fluo). A river. 2. Running water, a stream?. fluxus,. a, urn, P. of dmu0. f6cus, i, in. (akin to fovco). A.flre-place, hearth; freq. transf. for a houye, famnupy; poet. for a funeral pile; also, an altar. f6dio, fddi, fossurn, 3. v. tr. To dig. 21. To dig out or up. 13. To di g through, to pierce, prick. stab, calcaribus. foecundo, v. fecundo. foecundus7 v. fecunduis. foedatus, a, urn, p. of foedo. foede, adv. (foedus). Foully, horribly; trop., disgracefully, shamnefully. foedo, Avi, titunm, 1. v. tr. (foedtis). To make foul, filthy, or hideous, to def#le, polluete, disfigure, snutitate, deform. 2. Trop., to disgrace, dishonor, stain, glo. riarn, etc. foedus, a, urn, adj. Foul, filthy, horrible, abominable, lothsome, detestable, disgraceful, shameless. foedus, 6ris, n. (kindr.w. fius). A league, treaty, alliance; in private life, a coenant, agreement, contract; poet., a law. foemina, v. fernina. foemineus, -v. femininus. foenilia, v. fentlia. foetura7 v. fetura. foetusq v. fetus. f6lium7 ii, a. (kindr. wv. Oko3~v). A leaf. follis, i1s, m. A pair of 'bellows, bellows. fbomes, Itis, m. (fovao). Kindling-wood, tinder, fuel. rons, fontis, rn. (fundo). A s-pring,fountale. 2. Transf., poet., spring-water, and water, in gen. 3. Trop., sourc, origin, cause. for7 ffltus, I. v. dep. tin. and intr. (kindr. w. ~aw, Q (Mostly poet.). To speak, say. 2. In partic., to foretell, prophesy. f6rfisV adv. To the doors, out of doors, out. forceps, 1pis, f. Tongs, Pincers, forceps. f6re and f6rem, - futurus esse and essem (v. sum). f6riS7 is, f. (perh. from Bipa). A door, gate; in p1., the two folds of a door. forma, ae, f. (-opkh)). Form (more gen., than fadies, figura, species, statura, and gen. regarded aesthetically with respect to beauty, consideration, repute, etc.), FOR FOR FRA.figure, shape; in partic., a fine form, beauty; an image,jfigure. 2. The form after which any thing is modelled, a model, pattern, stamip, form. 3. Trop., in gen., shape, formi, nature, kind, sort. formic a, an. f. (3-6pnxq, Aeol. for ~tipenx, ). An ant, emmet. formidiitus, a, nm, p. of formido, Avi, Mutm, 1. v. tr. and intr. To fear, dread any thing; to be afraid, terrifled. formido, lois, f. (id.). Dread, terr'or; poet., religious awe. 2'1. Transf., concr., that which produces dread, a terror, horror; in partie., a scarecrow.formo, 9 vi, Atu m, 1. v. tr., To fot, to fash o, to mould, to train; to build. form6sus, a, um, adj. (id.). Beautiful, lovely, handsome, fair. fornax;!lcis, f. A furnace, forge; crater. fornix, lise, m. An nrch, vault. 20. A brothel, bagnio, (because in a vanit under ground). fors, fortds, f. (fern; lit, what brings itself). Chance, hap, luck. 2. Adv., fors, ellipt. for fors sit, perchance, perhaps; also, abi., forte, by chance; connected with si, nisi, ne, to denote uncertainty, perhaps, perchance. forsan, adv. (contr. fir. forsitan). (Mostly poet.). P'erhaps, possibly. forsitan, adv. (fors sit an.). Perhaps, pOSSibly. fortasse, adv. Perhiaps, possibly. forte, v. fors. fortis, e, adj. (fero). Strong, vigorous, stout, physically. 20. Mentally, bold, brave, yaliant, courageo us, ergetic. fortfina,~ ae, f. (fors). Ch ance, fate, fortune. 2. In partic., with s-ecunda or adversa understood, good fortune, good luck, prosperity; misfortune, adversity. Also, personified, the goddess of fortune, Fortuna. 3. Situation, condition, state, lot. 4. Transf., concr., property, possessions, fortune. fortfiintus, a, um, Pa. (fortuno, to snake prosperous, fr. id.). Prosperous, fortunate, happy, blessed. 2. In partic., rich, wealthy. FPoriili, Orum, m, PI. A Sabine towa. fOrum, i, n. (kinfir. w. forns, foris, fern; lit., what leads out of doors; hence, trynsf.). What is out of doors, an outside place or space, and in partic., a public place (opp. to the hous&, a market-place, forum, where public affairs were discussed, judicial proceedings and monetary transactions carried on. At Rome, the forum Romanum, or abs., forum, was a long, open s-pace between the Capitoline and Pa~atine hills, stirrounded by colonnades and the shops of money changers. 21. Traiusf., in various ways, for the business of the forum. f6rus, i, m. (id.). A gangway in a ship. 2. A row of seats in a theatre or circus. fossa, ae, f. A ditch, trench. fossor, rins, m. A digger, ditcher, trencher. fatus, a, urn, p. of foveo. f6vea, ae, f. A pit. f6veo, ffivi, fituni, 2. v. tr. To warm?, keep) warmi. 2. Transf., to cherish, fosters; in lpartic, of the body, to foment diseased parts; to caress, fondle, embrace; mnentally, to cherish, caress, favor, s-up-port, pastes, spem. fractus, a, urn, Pa. (frango). Broken; he-nce, weakened, disheartened, fee-ble, faint. fraeno, v. freon. fraenum, v. frenum. fraga, firum, n. Strawberries. fragiliLs, e, adj. Brittle, fragile; crackting. fragmen, Inis, n. A fragmnent. fragmentum, i, n. A fragment. friigor, rins, m. (id.). A breaking to pieces (very rar.). 2. Trausf. (poet. and lat.), a crashing, a crash, din; in partic., the thunder- of applause. fragbsus, a, urn, adj. Clas3hing, noisy, roaring. frigransp antis, p. of friigro, avi. -, 1. v. intr. (Poet. and lat.). To emit a smell, to sell of any thing gen. of a pleasant smell, to emit fragrance, be fragrant. rragrans, antis, Pa., swceet-8cented, fragrant. frango, frfigi, fractum, 3. v. tr. (kindr. w. bvjyvvpxt). To break, break to pieccs, dash to pieces; to bs-eak up small, to cru~sh, grind. 2. Trop., to break, bend, weaken, subdue, dishearten; to soften, movne. frfiter, trisI m.' (kindr. w. ~pci~np). A brother. 2. Transf., for a near relative; an intimate friend; an honorary title of allies. friternus, a, urn, adj. (frater). Brotherly, fraternal, friendly. frgudo, Avi, 11tum, 1. v. tr. (fraus). To cheat, defraud, deceive. 21. To take away Ivy fraud, embezzle, purloin. FRI 72 FRU fraus, fraudis, f. Fraud, deceit, dishon- fr~tus, a, urn, adj. Trusing to, relying esty, treachery. 2?. Pass., a being de- or depending on, wv. abi. ceiveci, a delusion, error,?mistake. 3. frkco, fli, Ftum or etum., I. v. tr. To rub. An evil deed, offence, crime. 4. Damage, frigeo, xi, -, 2. v. iotr. (frigus, rigeo, injury, detriment, caused by fraud or Opiaaw, biiyiw). To be Cold, to be stiff 'with delusion, cold; part.. frigens, said Of one stiff and frax~neus, a, urn, adj. (fraxinus, an ash cold, i. e., dead. 2. Trop., to be frigid, tree). Of ash wood, ashen, inactive; to stop, comne to a standstill; in fraxinus, i, f. An ash tree. respect to favor or estimation, to be coldly fremens, ntis, p. of fremo. received or treated, disregarded (of perfr~mtusq 'as, am. (fremo). A dull roar- sons and things). ing, a murmuring, muttering; a roar- frigfdus, a, urn, adj. (id). Cold, cool, ing, loud noise, uproar, din,; w. horni- chill, frosty. 21. Trap., cold, iaactive, num, shouting, acclamation, without ardo or energy, dull, feeble; fr6MO7 ui, Itum, 3.v. intr. and tr. (3piuw). frigid, withoutfogrce or point, flat, inTo make a dull, murmuring or roaring sipid, verba, jocus, horno. noise, to roar, nmurmur, hum, howl, rage; frigus, 6ris, n. (AE'yos, wv. di gammna). Cold, to shout, and in partic., to shout or mur- coldness; in partic., the cold of winter; mar assent, to applaud, cuncti Dardani- coldness of death; a cold sh udder prodae; of places, to resound, rng. 2. Tr., duced by fear.?.Trop., coldness in to murmur or growl at, to murneur some- action, inactivity; coldness in behavior, thing, to shout something, or for some. coolness, indifference. thing. frondiitor, oris, m. (frons, a leaf). A fr6mor, oris, as. (fremo). A rcar, a pruner, a vinedresser. murmur. frondeo, 2. v. intr. (frons). To have frendo, -, frtusam, 3. v. intr. To gnash leaves, to be leafy: part. frcndens, the teeth. having leaves on, lleafy. frbnoy Avi, Atum, I. v. tr. (frenum). To frondesco, dui, 3. v. inch. intr. (id.). To furnish with a bridle, to bridle. 21. Trop., put forth leaves, to shIoot out. to bridle, curb, check, restrain. frondeus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of or cofr~num, i, n. (more freq. in the p1., and ered with leaves, leafy. then sometimes freni. A bridtle, bit, curb, frondbsus, a, urn, adj. (id.). (Poet.) rein. 2. Trop., a bridle, curb, restraint;.ftsll of leaves, leafy. in pi., the reins of dominion. frons, dis, f. Leaves, foliage, a leafy fr6quens, entis, adj. That often takes branch or bough; poet. for (5 leafy garplace, often, frequent. Of persons, land or chaplet. that is often at a place, or that often does frons, tis, f. The forehead, brow. 21. a thing, often, frequent, assiduous. 2. The brow as indicating feeling. 3. Of things, frequently occurring, fre- Transf., the fore part of any thing, the quent, repeated, common. 3. Transf., to front. 4. Trop., the exterior, outside, a multitude, assembled in great numbers, external quality, appearance. numerous, in crowds-, full. 4. Of places fructus, fis, m. (fruor). Au enjoying; filled with a multitude, crowded, filled, fruit. frequented. fjrfiges, urn, v. frux. fr6quentoy ANvt% ftum, I. v. tr. (id.). To frfimentum, i, a. (for frugimentum, visit or resort to frequently, to frequent, fr. fruges, frux). Corn, grain. aliqnem, dornum. alicujus; to do or makce fruor, fruchis and frultus, 3. v. dep). intr. use of frequ ally, to repeat, aliquid. 2. To enjoy, take pleasure or delight in any To YUll with a great numbcr or nmultitude, thing, mostly wv. abl. (more restricted in to crowd, people, stock a lplace, to occupy signif. than ntor, q. v.). 2. In k0'-ralI in multitudes. 3. To visit is great num- lang-., to enjoy the use of, have the asitbers, to frequent, esp. a festival; hence, fruct of any thing. to celebrate or keep in great numnbers. 4. frustrA, adv. (kindr. w. frans). In, a To asseneble or bring together in great deceived manner, erroneously (auto-cl.'). numbers. 2. Transf., isn vain, to no purpose, wvithfr6tum, i, 11., and fr~tusy fla, as. A out effect. 3. Without season, groundstrait, sound, chamsnel,fr-lth; in partic.,the lessly. straits of Sicily. 2. Poet. for the sea,in gen. Crustritutz a. urn, p. of frustror. FRU 73 FUN frustror7 atns, 1. v. dep. tr., also act., frustro, are (id.). To deceive, disappoint, trick, spes eum. 2. Transf. (lat. and rar.), to make vain or useless, to frustrate. frustum, i, n. (kindr. w. frango). A piece, bit, lit., of food; but transf., in gen., a little piece. frutex, icis, m. A shrub, a bush. frux, frflgis, and more freq. p]., fruges, urn, f. (fruor). Fruits of the earth (to be enjoyed), produce of the field, esp. pulse; in partic., grain; also, poet., what is made of grain, e. g., meal. 2. Trop., fruit, result, success, value; dat. frugi used as an adj., useful, fit, proper, good, honest, worthy, virtuous, frugal. fuaty v. stun. fucaitus, a, urnm, p. of fuco. fuciinus, i, m. A lake in the Appennines. fico, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To dye, color, paint. fiucus, i, m. Bee bread or bee glue. fiucus, i. m. A drone-bee. f'ugay ae, f. (fvy7). A fleeing, flight; in partic., flight from one's native land, exile, banishment. 2. Transf., in gen. (poet.), a fiying, swift course, speed. 3. Trop., a desire of avoiding any thing, a shunning, aversion; also, a means of escape. fugatus, a, um, p. of fugo. fug'ax, lcis, adj. Flying, fleet, rapid. fiugio7 fflgi, f igitum, 3. v. tr. and intr. (~evyw). Intr., to flee, flee away; to escape, get off; to hasten away, pass quickly, flee away, nubes, etc.; trop., to disappear, vanish. 2. Tr., to flee from, to avoid, shun any thing; transf. (poet.), to flee away from, escape, evade, Acheronta; trop.. to escape, avoid; in partic., w. an object. clause, to avoid, forbear, omit, beware doing something; also freq., res me fugit, it escapes me, is unknown to me, etc. fiugo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (id.). To cause to flee, put to flight, rout, drive or chase away, disperse, hostes, nubes. fulcio, fulsi, fultum, 4. v. tr. To prop up, keep erect by props, to stay, support. 2. Transf., to make strong or firm, to secure, to strengthen, invigorate by eating, ete. 3. Trop., to support, sustain, uphold, cadentem rem publicam, etc. fulcrum 1i, n. (id.). The prop of a bed or couch, a bedpost, the foot of a couch. 2. Transf., meton., a bed, couch. fulgeo, fulsi, -, 2. (poet. also fulgo, 3.) v. intr. Toflash, to lighten. 2. Tran-f., to flash, glitter, gleam, shine, lit. and trop. fulgo, v. fulgeo. fulgor, Oris, m. (id.). Lightning, aflash of lightning. 2. Glitter, gleam, brightness. 3. Trop., splendor, glory, renown. fulgur, aris, n. (id.). Lightning. fulica, ae, f. A coot, a water-hen. fuligo- inis, f. Soot. fulmeni Inis, n. (contr. fr. fiulgimen. fr. fulgeo). Lightninig that strikes, a lightning-flash, thunderbolt. 2. Trop., a thunderbolt, i. c., an irresistible power, a shock, violent stroke; a great misfortune. fulmineus, a, um, ndj. (id.). Of or belonging to lightning. 2. Trop., lightning-like, destructive, murderous, ensis. fulmino, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (id.). To lighten, to flash; to hurl lightnings. fultus, a, nm, p. of fulcio. fulvus, a. um, adj. Deep yellow, reddish yellow, tawny. fiimeus, a, urn, adj. (funmus). Full of smoke, smoky. fumidus, a, um, adj. Smoky, steaming. fimifer, 6ra, 6rum, adj. Smoke bearing, smoky. filmo, 1. v. intr. (id.). To smoke, fume, reek. fuimosus, a, um, adj. (id.). Smoky. fi mus, i, m. Smoke, vapor, fume. funalis, e, adj. (funis). Of a cord or rope. Subs., funale, is, n., a waxen torch (a cord dipped in wax). funda, ae, f. (a-ErSvov,,). A sling, a casting-net. fundamen, Inis, n. A foundation. fundamentum, i, n. (fNndo). Afoundation, ground-work, basis, of a house, etc. fundator, Oris, m. (id.). A founder. fundatus, a, um, p. of fundo. funditus, adv. (fundus). From the very bottom; hence, trop., completely, utterly, entirely. fundo fdi. m fuln, 3. v. tr. To pour, pour out or forth, prop., of fluids. 2. Of things not fluid, to pour forth in abundance. to scatter, spread, extend; in partic., to bring forth, produce in abundance; also. to overthrow, prostrate, cast down; and in milit. lang., to over come, vanquish, rout. FUN 74 GAN fuando, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (ftindusq). To lay the bottom or foundation of a thing. 2. Trausf., poet., to ma/cefirm, to secure, fasten, anrora f. navess. 3. Trop., to found, establish, build, sedem, linperiumn. fundus7, i,. The bottom of any thin~g. 2. In partic., a piece of ground, a farm, estate. fiin~reuS7 a, urn, adij. (fni~us). Of a funeral, funeral; tranf., deadly, fatal. fafnestus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Deadly, fatal. fungor, fanctus, fuingi. v. dep. intr. T'o occupy one's self wit/i, to be engaged in any thing; to perform, do, execute, discharge~fulfilU, aliqua re (usually w. abl., rar. w. aec.). 2. In partic., to discharge, contribute, pay any thing duei. fungus, i, in. (cr-b6yyos). A mushroom, a fungus; an excrescence on the wick of a candle, candlesnuff. fiinis, is, mn. A cord, rope, line. 2. Proverb., funern ducere or suqui. to lead or to follow the rope, i. e., to command or to serve. fiinus, Wrs, a. (perh. fr. funis.- lit., a line, procession). A funeral proce sion, funeral rites or obsequies, a funeral. 2?. Transf., poet., a deed body, corpse. 3. Death, asp., violent death, murder. 4.. Twap., destruction, ruin, disaster. fuo, V. sum. ffirp' t1ins, c. ((feLp). A thief. fuau, a, urn, p. of furor. fiiiae 1m, f (fro). Violent passion, rage fuy, adnss frenzy. 2. Personified,rZuriune, the Furies, the three goddesses of yengeance, Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone. 3. Transf., in gen., heligs like the Fulries, avenging or tornaenting spirits, furies furfilis, e, adj. (furiae). Of a fu ry, raging. furiitus a, urn, p. of furlo. fu'r~bund~jus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Purious, ra~lssg, mad. 2. Inspired. filrio, Avi, Aturn, 1. V. tr. (fnriae). To madden, enrage. Olro, u, -, 310. v. intr. (id.). To rage, rave, be mad or furious (of persons and things); freq. in part., furens, raging, furious, frenzied, etc. ffi~ror, orns, rn. (id.). Fury, rage, madness; frenzy; fierce passion of love. 2-. The inspired frenzy of a poet, prophet, etc. filror, Miuss, 1. v. dep. tr. (fur, a thief). To steal, purloin. 2. Tranlsf., in gen., to secretly take away, withdraw. fUrtiM, adv. (id.). Thievishly; but only trop., by stealth. secretly. furtivus, a, urn, adj. (furtum). Stolen, pilfered. 2. Transf., secret, hidden, c/andestine, furtive, amor. furtum7 i, n. (fur, a thief). Theft. 2 In coner., a stolen article. 3. A secret action, artifice, stratagem; in pai tie, stolen or secret tore, intrigue. fuscus, a, urn, a(ij. Dusky, dark-, swarthy. fijisUs, a, urn, part. and Pa. of fundo. Poured forth; hience, s -ead out, extended. 2. Trop., of discourse or writing, ccis, coprehensive. fiisus7 i, mn. A spindle. fbttfihs (ffitilis), e, adj. (fundo). Leaky; weak; brittle. fiutirus, a, urn1, P. Of smn. GAbi, rtium, mn. An ancient town of Latium. Gfibinus, a, urn, adj. (Gabil). Of Gabii, Gabinian. ge m, in. A Gal/ic javelin. aatiu, a.urn, adj. Of the Gastuli, apolofNorihern Africa, Gaetu/ian. Giilaesus, i, M. (rakai1,oa;). The Galesm, a river of (Calabria, now the Galeso. G~laesus, i, M. A Latin. G914trja, ae, f. (rakcureca). A sea nynmph, daughter of Nereus. 2. A shepherdess. galbfin~us, a, urn, adj. (galbanurn). Of galbanum, a Syrian gum; gunimy. gfil~a, ae, f. A hekmet of leather. gilbrus, i, M. A capl (of fur or endressed skin), hat, cap, bonnet. GAJFsu,SS v. Galaesus. galla, ae, f. A gall nut. Gallus 1i, in. A Gaul. Gallus, i, mn. A Roman family name. 2. Lau8 Cornelius Gal/us, a friend of Virgil. Ganglriaae, 1mrm, m. ~rwyyapibt). A people dwelling on the Ganges; the Gfangaridae, Indians. Ganges, is, rn. (yy).A river of India. Glnjmijdes, is, rn. (rapvvi~/mq). A son of Tros. who, on account of his beauty, was carried off by the eagle of 01 A I 75 GERt Jove, to be cup-bearer of the gods. In place of Juno's daughter, Hebe. G.Ir~mantes, umn, In. pl. (lcapd~juav-c). A tribe in the interior of Northern Africa. Giirlmantis, Idis, adj. f. Of the Garamantes, Garamantian. Gargftnus, I, in. A mountain in Apulia. Garg~ra, firum, n. (rap-yapa). Part of Mount Ida in Troas. garrfilus, a, urin, adj. ( garrio). Talkative, chattering, cawing. gaudeo, gflvisus sunm, 2. v. serni-dep. intr. (kindr. wv. -yarw, yqoiw). To rejoice, to be glad or pie ced, to be piea ed with, delight in any thing,, poet., w. infil. gaudium, ii -i (r..Joy, giadness; in partic., sensual delight or pleasura (rar.). gaza7 ae, f. (a Persian word; Gr. -y6~a). The royal treassure in Persia. 2'. In gen., treasure, riches, u'ealth.. G61ap ae, f. (hox-). A citg in Sicily named from. the river on which it stood. g~lidus, a, mu.ii ada. (gemu, icy coldness). Icy cold, verg coild, icy. Gelbnus, i, m. (IhEAwvoq). A CGelonian or Scythian. G616us, a, urn, adj. (Gala). Of Gela, Geloi an. 061u fis, n. Frost, cold. g~mellus, i, m. A tuin. gemin~tusj a, uIm, I). Of gemino, Rvi, Rtum, 1. v. tr. To double, to repeat. g~minUs, a, urn, adj. Twin-born, twrin. 2.In gen., paired, double, two-fold, both, two. 3. Trop., like twins; hience, similar, like, equal. g~mitusy fis, m. (gemo). A sighing, groaning; a sigh, groan. 2. Of things (poet.), a roaring, a roar. gemma, an, f. (prob. kindr. w. yipw., to be full). A bud or eye of a plant. 2 Transf., a precious stone, a gene. g~mo, ul, Rturn, 3.v. intr. and tr. (-yqko). To sigh, groan; poet., of things, to groast, creak. 2.Tr., to sigh over, to bemoan, besrall, aliquid. g~na, an., f. (nivually p1). A cheek-, the cheeks (prop., the uipper part. of the cheek, from the cheek-bones to the eyes). 2. Poet., the eyes. g~ner, 6ri, m. A son-in-law; also, a daughter's affianced husband. generfitimp adv. (genus). By kinds. axording to kinds. g~n~ritorg oiris, mn. (genero). An engenderer, producer. generfitus, a. urn, p. of g6n~rog MlI, fitum, 1. v. tr. (5rentis). To beget, to engender; to produce, bring forth; in pass., to spring, descend from. generBsusq a, urn, adj. (id.). W el-born, noble, fanm5. genesta, an, f. The broo, plant. g~n~trixy lcis, f. (genitor). She that brings forth, a mother. 2t. Transf., she that produces, a mother, ps-oduer, anthoress, Aegyptus. g. vitioruin. g~niiilisq e, adj. (Genius). Of o r beloging to o-'s tutelar deity or genius.,". Delightful, pleasant, joyous, festire, genial, (lies. genistaL, v. genesta. genitiilis, e, adj. (genittis). Genital, productive. g~nitor, oris, nm. (gigno). A beget(er, father, sire. genitrix, v. genetrix. g~nitus) a, urn, part, of gigno. Genius, Ji, m. (gigno). The tutelar deity of a person or place, the genius; in paltic., the spirit of social pleasure, of good-living, etc. gens, geutis, f. (fr. geao, old form of Igigno; what belongs together by birth or descent). A clan, embracing several families united by a common name and origin, andl by particular religious rites, (orwilnally confined to the patricians). II. Transf. a descendant (poet.). 21. Of beasts (poet. and lat.), a race, herd, brood, swarm. 3. More extended, a race, nation, people. 4. In the genitive partitive, gentiuma, like terrarurn, in thte world. g~nu, -ds, a. (kindr. w. -yivv). A knee. g~nus; 6ris, n. (geno = gigno, yevoj4. Bisth, descent, origin; coner., those, related by birth, a race, stock, tribe, etc.; in partic., noblel birth. 2'-. Transf. (poet.),. a descendant; also, collectively, descendants, posterity. 3. In geia., a ciass of things united by birth or origin, a. kind, sort, species; in pat-ie., a tribe, nation, people. Germfiniap ae, f. Germany. Germinusy a, umn, ad). (germen, a bud' or shoot). Of brothers and sisters who have the same parents, or at least the, same father, fell, oscn. V2. Subs., germap-us i, in., and germana. ae, f., a full' troth~er or A~ster. 3. Of Cr belonging to, GER 76 GRA brothers and sisters, brotherly, sisterly, 4. Trop., genuine, true, real. germen, germinis, n. A bud, sprig, shoot. g6ro, gessi, gestumn, 3. v. tr. To bear about with one, to bear, carry, wear, 'rave any thing about one or on one' pcrsoa (thus lit, mostly poet.). 2. I n part ic., to bear, bring forth; to bear to a place (rar.), saxa. in muros. IL. Trop., in gun., to bear, have, cherish, entertain any sentiment., feeling, etc. 2'-. In partic., w. se, to behave, ccnduct oe's self, act in any manner..3. To carry on', conduct, administer, pes~form, acconmp1 ~h, rem; w. beiltum, to wage. GMr-.#n, 6is. m. (Fsqpswv). A fa os giant of Spain, slain by Hercules, who carried off his oxen to Italy. gestimen, Inis, n (gesto). That which is borne or worn, a burden, load, accotremeat. equipment, oramaent. 2. That in which any thing is carried], a litter, sedan. gestio; Mv or ii, Itum, 4. v. intr. To exit or mnifeetjoy, to leap, jump. gesto, Avi, Atum, 1. v. intens. tr. (gern). To bear, -carr, have about one. 2". Pass., to be carried about, i. e., to ride, drive, sail; also irnr, in this sense. 3. Trop., to carry about, report, blab out. gestus, a, urnm, p. of gero. Getae, flrum, iii. A Thracian tribe on the Danube. Gftlcus, a, urn, adj. (Getac). Getasn poet. for Thracian. Gitfilus7 v. Gar-tulus. gigno, g~nui, gtinltutn, 3. v. trn. (yevcima, -yiyvo~tat). To beget, bear, bring forth (both of male and femnale). 2". Of inanimate objects, to produce. 3. Trop., to produc, engender, create. gilvus, a, um, adj. Pate yellosw, dun, sorrel. gljcijibs, e, adj. (gladies). I y,frozen. gJACies, ei, f. Ice. Vladius, It, m. A sword. glaeba, v. gleba. glans, ndis, f. An acorn; from its shape a bal or bullet. gllrea, ae, f. Gravel, glaucus, a, urn, adj.- (yacVK6ie). (Poet. and lat.) Bluish gray; of the color of water, green, greenish. Glaucus, i, M. (rmaixo-). A fiserman who was changed in-to a sea-god. 2. The leader of the Lyclans in the Trojan war. globa, ae, f, A lump or clod of earth. 2. Transf. (poet.), land, ro'Y, glebe. 3. Of other things, a piece, lumyj, snass. glisco, -,-,3.imch. intr. To grow increase. gl6bus, i, m. tkindr. w. glomus, a ball). A globe, ball, sphere, orb. 2.Transf.. a globlar msass, a collectio of things;in partic., a cs-wad or mass of peoplel. glomerdtus, a, urn, p). of gl6m~ro, Avi, dMum, 1. v. tr. (gylomutis, a ball of thread, etc.). To gather into a ball or round heap, to glomnerate. 2. Traasf., of living lbcii)gs, to gather into) a ronnd mass, to ckt, press, crowd together; pass. glomerari, in mid. sense, to gather or Jiock together into a body. gl6ria, ae, f. (kindrn. w. dlarus). Glory, fame,renow. 2. Transf., a thi rst for glory, ambition also, vain-glory, boasting. glfiten, mins, ai. (glns). Glue. gnatus = Datus, frn. nascor. Gn~sius, a, urn, adj. Of Gnosus, tlie ancient capital of Crete, Gnosian; poet. for Cretan. Gorgo or Gorgon, lfais, f. (I'opyc~). A serpent -haired dauqhter of Pho0rcus, called also Medusa, whose heed weas cut off by Perseus and pr-esentedl to Minerva, who fixed it upon her shield. Gorgbneus, a, um, adj. (id.). Of the Gorgon; Gorgonian. Gorty-niUS, a, urn, adj. Qtf Gortyna, a' towan in Crete; Gortynian; Cretant. gdr~rtus (cory-), i, iii. (-ywpvT6,). A quiver. grabitus, i, in. A coachi, pallet. Gracchus, i, mn. A Roman family name in the gens Sempronia. gracilis, e, adj. Slender. grildior, gressus, 3. v. dep. intr. (gradnie). To step (esp. quietly and regularly-); inn gen., to walk, go. Gridivus, i, Mn. (id.; he wbo steps forth). A surname of Mars. gridus, I s, mn. A step, pace. 20. Transf., a station, Tositiott, ground taken by a combatant, gladiator, etc.; trop., aftrot position or stand. 3. That on whiclr one steps, step, roand of a ladder, a stair. 4. Trop., a step, degree, in rank, age, tones, etc. Graecia. ac, f. Greece. Grif, O0mm, mn. (older and mostly poet. for Graeci). The Greeks. Griiugena, v. Grajugera. GRA,~ 77 GU7T Gr~ius4'a' rn, tdj. (id.). Grerian; lse;: of the state of t'he body or health, susariSIn,., a leCreel, burdened, sick, enfeebled, afflicted, isexGrdjfigna, ae, mn. (Grains - gigno). ions, unwcholesomne; in gcn., in a bad (Poet.) A Grecian by birth, a Greek. sense, heavy, burdensome, oppressive, grimenp Inis, n. Gross. 2. Transf. hard, severe, gs 'erens; in a good sense, (poet.), a plant, herb, of weight, weighty, inmportant, grave, graimineusp a, urn, adj. (id.). Of grass, great; of character, eminent, venerable, grassy, revered. grandaevusp a, urn, adj. (grandis, Graviscae, flrum. f. A town of Ftruaevum). Old, aged. r-ia. grandis, a, adj. (perh. k-idr. wv. cresco). gr~vIterp adv. (id.). Heavily, weightily. Full grown, large, beg, great. 2'-. In 2!. Trap., weightily, impr-essively, with partic., of persons, growrn utp, tail,' of dignity;- sron gig, vehemently, deeply; age, advanced in years, old. 3. Trap., harshly, unpleasantly, disagreeably, with in gen., great, strong, postetful; of style, reluctance, chagrin, etc. grand, lofty, sblinme. gr~vo, Avi, fltim, 1. v. tr. (id.). To burgrando, Inis, f. Hail, den, load, weigh down, oppress;, trop., to graites, tibus, f. p1. (gen. and dat. wvant.- burdten, oppress; to aggravate. 2. Pass., lag) (grattis). Thanks given to any one, ats dep., gravor, Atus, to feel incomesp. to the gods. moded, vexed or annoyed at any thing; gritiap ae, f. (id.). That with which one to bear or do with reluctance, to be reis pleased; hence,, grace, loveliness, agree- luctant. ableness, charm, beauty. As a proper gr~mium, ii, a. A lap7. 2. Trap., the name, Gratiae, drum, f. (Gr. pA:CieT'), the interior, centre, h eari of an y th i ng. Graces, the three danghters of Jupiter gressus, a, urn, p. of gradior. and Enrynome; viz., Euephrosyne, Ag- gess 5 in. (id.). (Poet.) A steplaia, and Thalia. 2. Favor one findis ping, going, gait; step, pace, wcay, with others, regard, esteem?, liking,fond- course. ness. 3. Furor one shows to another-, gre~x, grdgis, in. A fl1ock, hei'd, drove, mark of favor, Hiadness, courtesy, setr- swarmn of animals. 2". Tr'nnsf., of iena, vice; in partlc., rhanks,, gratitude for a a multituede, compan~y, band, crowd, troop service rendered. 4. Abl. gratili, on ac- (in a good and bad sense). coun t of, for the sake of. grumus, 1, m. A heap oriup gr~qtor,. Atus, 1. v. dep. intr. (gratus) gra uis f. A crane. (mostly poet. and lat. for gratulor). TO Gry-neus, a, urn, adj. (Ppur'net). Of wvish one joy, to congratulate one; to ye- Grynia, a town in Aeolis with a temple Joice. of Apollo, Grynian. gritus, a, am, adIj. (kindr. w. camis, gr s grypi or gyhis, an. (rp~O). A xapts, Xa~pw). Pass., pleasing, acceptable, griffin. agreeable, delightful, beloved, dear.. gilbernicfilum, i, n. (guberno, to Act., thianiful, grateful; also, deserting steer). A helm, r-udder. 2'. Trop., gnidth an N. ance, direction, goverimet;, I. Uraviitus, a, urn, p. of gravo. gfibernitor, Oris, in. ((dl). A sfcers[;rive6Iens, entis, adj. (gravis-olco, to jman, pilot. 2. Transf., a diretor, ruler, eimit a smell). Strong-smelling. 2. Ill- goves-nor, civitatis. smetlig, noisomie, offensive. gurges7 Itis, an. (kiedr. w. yapyapc(Lv, a gravesco, -, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To throat). A swhiripool, gulf, abyss. 2". grw heavy; to be bardened, loaded or Transf., in gen. (poet.), water, sea. 3.,flled. Trop., oat abyss, whim-lpool, of appetite, griv~dus, a, urn, adj. (gravis). Prop., passion, etc.; also, of persons, a prodiburdened; hence, pregnant, scth child, gal, spendthrift. with young. 2.Trop. (poet.),full,.ftilled, gusto vIM Atumn. v. tr. (kindr. w. -YuE~, loaded, heavy, w. abi. and aerin'. kosten). To taste, to take a grivis, e, adj. (kinfir. w. Papvt). Heav~y, little of any thing. 2-. Trop., to taste, weighty,j pnderous; loaded, laden; in pat-take of, enjoy. partic., for gravidus, pregnant. 2. Trap., gutta, ae, f. A drop of a fluid. 2". Trop., of hearing or sound, deep, low, base; of a drop, a little bit, a little; natural spota smell or taste, strong, unplaat fe- or specks on animals. GUT 78 IIAU guttur, tris, n. The throat, gullet. Gyaros, i, f. (r6apo;). A small island of the Cyclades. Gyas, ae, m. A companion of Aeneas. Gyges, ac or is, m. (i'u-yr). A companion of Aeneas. Gylippus, i, m. (riArrros). An Arcadian. gyrus, i, m. (y1po;). (Poet.). A circle, esp. that described by an animal in its movements, and in partic., by a horse. 2. Transf., a place where horses are trained, a course; hence, trop., a circuit, course, career, field of action. II. hibena, ae, f. (habeo). (Poet.). That by which a thing is held; a thong; esp., a rein (gen. pl.), reins. 2. Trop., direction, management, government. habeo, ui, Itum, 2. v. tr. (kindr. w. adrrw, Germ. haben). To have (in the widest sense of the word), to possess, hold, keep. 2. Trop., to hold in any light, i. e., to regard, consider. habilism e, adj. (id.). Easily handled, handy; hence, light, convenient, suitable, adapted; expert, skillful. habitatus, a, urn, p. of hibito avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (intens. of id.). To have frequently, to be wont to have. 2. In partic., to have possession of, to inhabit a place. 3. Intr., to dwell, live, abide any wvh re. 4. Transf., to remain or stay any where; to keep to, dwell upon a thing. habitus, a, ur, p. of habeo. habitus Ils, m. (habeo). The condition, plight, habit, appearance of the body. 2. Of places and things, appearance, aspect; in partic., dress, attire. 3. Trop., of abstract objects, condition, quality, character, nature, state; esp. of the mind, disposition, feeling. hacs adv. (hic; sc. parte or via). This way, on this side, here. hac-tinusm adv. Thus far, so far; of space, to this place, thusfar; in discourse, to this point, thusfar; of time, up to this time, till now, thus far; of extent, thus much, to this extent; as relat., so much as, sofar as. 3Hadriicusy v. Adriacus. haedus (hoed-), i, m. A kid; plu., Haedi onrum, m, the kid,, a constellation whose rising portends storms. Haemon; 6nis, m. (AitwOV). A Rtutulian. Haemonidesp ae, m. (AiLovi:7s). A Latin warrior, son of Haemon. Haemus, i, m. (.Ai6s). A mountain range of Thrace. haereo, haesi, hacsum, 2. v. intr. To hang, stick, cling, adhere, be.flxed or.fastened to any thing or in any place. *. Trop., to hold fast, remzainjixed, to adhere; in partic., to keep near or clo.e to, to attack one's self to, to follow a person; to remain fixed to a place, to continue any where, to linger, to keep at or stick to a thing; to stick fast, to be embarrassed or at a loss. haeres, v. heres. Halaesus, i, m. ( 'Aaao-o). A son of Agamemnon and ally of Turnus. 2. A Rutulian ally of Turnus. Halcyon, v. Alcyon. Halesus, v. lIalacsus. halitus, is, m. (halo). Breath, exhalalion. V. azpor, exhalation, stean. Halius, i, mi. A Trojan. halo, avi, atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. (Poet.). To breathe; to breathe or emit fragrance, to befragrant. 2. Tr., to breathe out, exhale. Halys, Yos, m. ('A,\vq). A Trojan. HIamadrras, adis, f. ('A:apuvcas). A wood nymph, a hamadryad. Hammon7 oinis, m. ('A u.wi), v. Ammoll. hamus i, mn. (xan6q, kindr. w. a;rTo). A hook. harenam v. arena. harnOsus; v. arenosus Harpalyce, es, f.('Ap7raAxK).). Daughter of the 7Thracian king IHarpalycus, celebrated as a warrior and huntress. Harpalycus7 i, m. ('ApTrAvKo). A Trojan. Harpyia, ae, f. ('Aptrua, apraow, a plunderer). A harpy, a winged monster with the face of a woman and the body of a bird. harundineus, v. arundineus. harundo, v. arundo. haruspex, icis, m. A diviner, soothsayer. hasta, ae, f. A spear, lance. hastiles is, n. (id.). The shaft of a spear or lance. 2. Transf. (poet.), a spear, javelin; also, a piece of wood in the shape of a spear, a stake, a spear-like branch, shoot, etc. baud, adv. Not (mostly with an adverb, JI XI 79 HIES seldom. with an adj., and with a verb only in the combination hi. scio an). haudquaiquam; adv. By no means, not at all. haurio, hausi1, haustum, 4. v. tr. (kindr. w. Jpvw). To draw up or out, to draw, water, etc. 2',. To draw out by diinklug, to drain, drink ap; rarely, to draw out in sense of to shed, spitl. 3. In gun., to take to one's self, to draw or take ou!; to consume, devour-, exhaust. 4. Trop., to draw, take, or drink in, to receive, dei ye, vocern, spem, supplicia. haustus, a, urn, p. of haurio. haustus, Uis, ni. l1hauriol. A draught. heb6nus, i, f. anid m. (f3Evo,;. Ebony. h~beo, 2. v. intr. hlebes, blunt or dull). To be blunt or dull. 2?. Trop., to be dull, sluggish, or inactive. h~b~to2 1tvi, fltom, 1. v. tr. (id.). To blunt, tela. 2',. Trop., to blunt, impair, dull, weaken, dim, visus. HMbrus, i, Mn. ('Efpoe;). A river of Thrace, believed or fancied to have a swift current. Hobrus, i, in. A Trojan warrior..U Cia es, f. ('EK6'in). Daughter Of Persaeus and Asteria, sister of Latona, and goddess of witchcraft, etc.; often identi~fied with -Diana and Luna, and represented with three heads. Hector, 6ris, in. ('EKrwp). Son of Pri am, husband of Androma he, the bravest and most ative of the Trojans, slain by Achilles and by him dragged three- times around Troy. Hlect6reusy a, urn, adj. (id.). OfJ'ientor, ilectorean; poet., of the Trojans, or the Romans, as their descendants, Trojan, Roman. HMcfiba, ae, f. CEsaoia). Queen, of Troy, wife of Priam, carriled captive by Ulysses to Greece, after thefrill of the city. hed~ra (edera), ae, f. Ivy. hei, v. ei. H616na, ae, f. CEX&-q). Daughter- of Jupiter and Leda, wife of Menelaus of Sparta, can-led off to Troy by Paris, and thu the cause of the Trojan war. He1~noz- bris, in. A companion Of Aensea8. H161nus, i, Mn. C Ekc'oe;). Son of Pt-lam, a celebrated soothsayer-, after the fall of Troy carried captive to Epir-us by Pyrrhus, who gave him Andromnache as wife, and m~ade hins ruler of a smial! territory. Helicbn, Onis, in Etw. A munt ains in Boeotia. helleb6rus, v. elleborus. Hellespontilcus, a, urn, adj. Of.Uellesont, Hellespontic. H3616rus, i, mn. A river, of Sicily, accustomed to overflowv and fertilize the adjacent fields. H16-mus, i, Mn. A Sicilian of Trojan, origin, frien d of A cestes. herba, ae, f. (kindr. w. thop!3~, Aeol. ~b~p/3a).. A green stalk, or blade, esp. of grast or corn. 2". Ileibage. grass. 3. A plant or herb, in geo. Herbiisus, i, M. A Rutulian. herb~sus, a, urn, adj. (herbal. Grassy. Hercuiles, is, Ms. (l1paKA1Js)- The god of stsength, son of Jupiter and Alcinena, celebrated for his twelve labors while on eas-th. Hercfileus, a, u-, adj. (id.). Of Hercities, Herculean. hiresq Edis, mn. An heir. herilis, v. erilis. Herilus, v. Erulus. Herminius, ii, in. An Etrurian. Hermi6ne, es, f. ('Eppeu6s~). Daughter of Menelaus and Helen, and svife,,firs,51 of Pylrrhus (Nieoptolenmus), and atr wards of Orestes. H3ermus, i, u. k('Epuoq). A river in Aeolis, famed for its depositing gold. Hernicus, a, urn, adj. Of the Iler-nici, a people of Latiom; Hernican. h~ros, Ois, in. ("jpwql. A Hero, demi-god, a human being of divine origin either on the paternal or maternal side. 2-. Transf., a brave or illustrious man, a hero. h6rus, i, us., v. eros. H~si6nC-, es, f. (licytrYIv). The daughter of Laomedon, and wife of TelaMon. Hesp~ria, ae, f. (Hesperinis). The land of the west, II eria; poet., in the sense of the Greeks, for Italy, and sometimes for Spain. H3esp~ris, Idis, f. adj. (Hesperus, the evening star, or transf., the West, EoTEpo3). Qf evening or the weest, wester'n, Hesper-ian; hence, subs., Hesp~rides, urn, f. pl., the Ilesperides, the "1Westeru Maidens," daughters of Erebus and Nox, who, upon an island of the ocean, kept watch over a garden in which grew golden apples. Hesp~rius, a, urn, adj. (id.). Western, Heswer-lan. IIES 80 IIOX Hespbrus, i, m. ('EcTrepos). The evening star, Hesperus; evening. hesternus, a, urn, adj. Of yesterday; yesterday's. heu, interj. (of grief or pain). Oh! ah! alas! heus, interj. (used in calling attention). Ho! ho there! halloa! hiatusq fls, m. (hio). A gaping; hence, an opening, aperture, cleft, chasm; an open mouth, Hydrae. 2. Trop., a-n eager desire. 3. In grammar, an hiatus. hibernus, a, urn, adj. (hicms). Of winter, wintry, winter, sol. 2. Subs., hiberna, Orum, In. (sc. castra), winter-quarters; poet., by mncton., the time of the winter-quarters, winter. Hiberus (Iber-), a, uin, adj. Iberian, Spanish; pl., Hiberi, Orum, m. The Iberians. hibiscum, i, n. (;PiTKOs). The marshmallow; switch. hic, haec, hoc, demonstr. pron. (fr. pronominal root I, with demonstrative suffix cc). This-denoting what is near or present, or conceived of as present; opp. to ille and other pronouns, this, the latter; hic.... hic, this.... that; in Ilur., these.... those. hic, adv. (id.). Of space, in this place, here. 2. Transf., in this aff'air, on this occasion, here; also, rar. and poet., of time, here, hereupon. Hicetaonius, i, m. The son of Hicetaon. hiems, emis, f. (e;jLac, xEtxvY). Winter, the rainy season; personified, Hiems. 2. Transf. (poet. and lat.), rainy or stormy iweather, a storm, tempest. 3. Poet., a chill, coldness, letalis. hiemps; v. hiems. Hiera, v. Iaera. hilarop avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To gladden, cheer, enliven. Himella, ae, f. A river in Italy. hinc7 adv. (hie). From this place, from here, hence. 2. From (on) this side, here; hinc....hinc, on this side... on that side, here.... there. 3. To indicate origin, cause, etc., from this source or cause, hence. 4. Of time (lat.),from this time, after this, hereupon, then. hinnitus, us, m. (hinnio). A neighing. hio. avi, atum, 1. v. intr. (xdw, xaivw). (Poet. and lat.). To open, stand open, gape, yawn, flos, oculi; in partic., to open the mouth, gape. 2. Trop., of speech, to gape, be badly connected; of persons, to gape with longing, wonder, etc., to desire long for, be amazed at any thing. Hipp6c6on, ontis, m. A companion of Aeneas. Hippodambe es, f. ('1r77o/aA/). Hippodamia, daughter of Oenomaus, and wife of Pelops. HippolrteS, es, f. ('IMroAvTr;). An Anzazon, wife of Theseus. Xippolytus i,. (h Ti76TO^VTO). Son of Theseus and Hippolyte. hippomanes, is, n. (i77ro/,a,'j). The hippomanes; a slimly excretion fromn the groin of a mare. Hippotades, ac, m. ('I 7roTar.S). Amastrus~ son of Ilippotas. Hircanus, v. IIyrcanus. hircus, i, m. A he-goat. hirsfitus; a, um, adj. Prickly, rough, shaggy. hirtusl a, um, adj. Rough, hairy, shaggy. hirundo Inis, f. A swallow. Hisbo, Onis, m. A Rutulian. hisco, 3. v. intr. and tr. (inch. of hio). To open, gape, yawn; in partic., to open the mouth with the intent but almost without the power to speak, to stammer, to mutter. 2. Tr. (poet.), to say, aliquid. hispidus, a, urn, adj. Shaggy, hairy. Hister, tri, m. The lower part of the Danube; the Danube; Trop., the people of the Danube. hiulcus, a, um, adj. (hio). Gaping, open, cleft. hoc7 adv. (hic). On this account; by this means. hocI old form of huc, which see. h6diLe adv. (hoc-die), To-day. 2. Transf., in gen., at the present day, at this time, now. hoedus, v. haedus. h6lus (olus), 6ris, n. Vegetables. h5mo, Inis, c. A human being, a sear. Homole, es, f.('O6oA71). A mountain in Thessaly. h6nestus~ a, um, adj. (honor). IHonored, honorable, noble, respectable, beautiful. h6nor7 or h6nos, Oris, m. Honor, repute, esteem in which a person or thing is held. 2. A place of honor, official dignity, preferment. 3. Coner., any thing given as a mark of honor, an honorary gift, a reward, recompense, an offering, sacrifice, honorary rites, an honorary festival. 4. A quality that brings honor, beauty, grace (poet.). lION 81 HUMr hinoratus a, urn, Pa. (hMnoro, to honor, fr. id.). Honored, respected, worthy f honor, honorable; in partic. (lat.), honored by a public office,.flling a post of honor, honorable, distinguished. honoro, Avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To honor; to observe wzith honor. honos, v. honor. hora, ae, f. (ppa). An hour (with the Romans of varying length, according to the time of year, the natural day, from sunrise to sunset, being always divided by them into twelve hours). 2. Poet., in gen., time, time of year, season. jorcus, v. Orcus. hordeum, i, n. Barley. horrendus, a, um, Pa. (horreo). (Mostly poet. and lat.). That makes one tremble or shudder, d2eadful, terrible, fearful, awful, dread, horrible. 2. Awe-iaspiring, venerable, awful, Sibylla; adv., horrendum, dreadfully. horrens, entis, Pa. (id.). Bristly, shaggy, rough, projecting. 2. Dreadful, fearful, horrd. horreo, 2. v. intr. and tr. To stand on end, stand erect, to bristle, setae.. To be stiff with, to brisfle or be rough with any thing, mare fluctibus. 3. Transf., to shake, shiver, tremble with cold or fright, etc. (poet.); freq. tr., to shudder at, to dread; also, to be amazed at. 4. (Poet.) To be of a rough, frightful appearance, to look rough, to be terrible, frightful. horresco, horrui, 3. v. intr. and tr. (inch. of id.). To begin to bristle or stand erect. 2. To grow rough, become stiff or bristly with any thing. 3. To begin to shudder or tremble from fear, to become frightened; tr., to shudder at, dread, procellas. horr6um, i, n. A storehouse, granary, barn. horribilisa e, adj. (horreo). Dreadful, horrible, fearful. horridus, a, um, atdj. (horreo). Slanding on end, bristly, rough, shaggy, prickly. 2. Transf., in gen., rough, rugged, wild, savage, horrid, myrtus hastilibus. 3. Trop., routgh in character, rude, blunt, uncouth, unpolished, barbarous. 4. Producing horror, fearful, horrid, dreadful (mostly poet.). horrifer, era, brum, adj. (horreo-fero). Fear bearing, dreadful. horrifico, fvi, atum, 1. v. tr. (horror-facio). (Poet. and lat.) To make rough or uneven, mare. 2. Abs, to terrify, vatum praedicta. horrificus, a, um, adj. (id.). (Poet and lat.) Causing ter'or, terrible, dreadful, terrific. horris6nus, a, urn, adj. (horreo-sonus). Sounding dreadfully. horror, Oris, m. (horreo). A roughening, bristling. 2. Transf., a shaking, shivering from cold, a chill; also, a shaking, tremrbling from fear or dread; hence, dread, terror, horror; in partic., religious dread or awze. hortotor, oris, m. (hortor). An inciter, encourager. Hgortinus, a, um, adj. Of Horta, an Etrurian towun. hortor, atus, 1. v. dep. tr. (kindr. w. pvwvt). To incite, instigate, encourage, urge, exhort. hortus i, m. A garden. hospes, Itis, in. (kindr. w. hostis, a stranger). One who enjoys or ajbordds hospitality (cf. trvo): (1) a sojourner, visilor, guest; (2) one who receives another, a howt. 2'. Opp. to a native, a stranger, foreigner; adj, strange, foreign. hospita, ae, f. A hostess. hospitium, ii, n. (id.). Hospitality. 2. A hospitable reception; or, concr., a hospitable abode; in partic., a guest-land; also, an inn, hotel, lodgings. hospitus, a, um, adj. (id). (Poet. and only in the f. sing and ncut. pl.) Stirange, foreign. 2. Iospitable. hostia, sa, f. A sacrificial animal, victim, sacrifice. hostilis, e, adj. (hostis). Of an enemy, hostile, adverse. hostis, is, c. A stranger, foreigner (rare); afterwards transf., an enemy (of the state, not a private enemy-cf. inimicus). huc, adv. (hic). To this place, hither, here; hue illuc, hither and thither. 2. Of non-local relations, hither, to this, to this point, thus far, so far. huimanus, a, um, adj. (homo). Of or belonging to man, human. 2. Humane, gentle, kind. 3. Cultivated, polished, refined, polite. huimecto, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (hnmeo). To moisten, wet. 2. Intr., of the eyes, to be moist, to weep. huimeo, 2. v. intr. To be moist, damp or wet. Humens a entis, Pa., damp, humid. I1I1UM 82 JIA hfim~rus~ I, m. The shoulder (prop. of a man; arimus of an animial). humesco,,- 3. v. inch. intr. (humeo). To grow wet; to be wet or moist. hfimfdus, a, urn, adj. (humeo). Mfoist, humid, damp, vapory, dewy, liquid. hfimflis, a, adj. (humus;kindr. w. xam AbT). Low, not high. 2.Low in rank, consideration, etc., inferior, mean, obscure, poor; of inind or character, low base, mean. hfimo, Wv, Atum, 1. v. tr. (humus). To cover wit/h ear'th, to bury, inter. hfimor, Oris, m. Moisture, liquid; dew. hfamus, I, m. (kindr. w. ya wa). The earth at our feet, the ground, the soil; locative form humi, on the ground. hk~cinthus (-os), I, M. (baKcvOoC;). A hyacinth. H1#des, urn, f. C Ya~e). The Hlyades, seven stars in the head of Teerus. hi4us, i, rn. (Oaxon). Class. hy-bernus, v. hibernus. HM~bla, ae, f. ('YflA-). A mountain of Sicily famous for its bees. 3H-blaeus, a, urn, adj. (Hybla). Of Ilybla, Hyblaean. 3H#daspes, isQ, M. ('Yiaortrq7). A river of India. Htdaspes, is,mr. A Trojan. Hy-dra, ae, f. (Yipa). The water-serpent, a fabulous uoster, esp. the Lernan Hydra, with seven heads, killed by Hercules. hj"'drus, i, m. (iRpos). A water-serpent; snake. h~ems, v. hiems. Etklaeus, i, m. (Ykxatos). A centaur who a~ssied Atalanfa. H311as ae, m. ('YA-xe). A favorite of Ilercul~es carriedoq by the nymphs when drawing wate at a fountain on the coast of -Mysia. HRklax, Acis, and H1-las, ae, mn. The name of a dog. Hyllus, I, m. A Trojan. 3Hymen, 6ffis, or HMkm~naeus, I in. ('Y~tv, 'Y~.evaZ9-;). Hymen, the god of marr age. 21. A nuptial song. 3. Mar~riage, nuptials. H]MMetflus, a, urn, adj. (Ilymettus). Of Hymnettus, Hymnettian. Hkp~.nis, is, rn. ('y-v-). 1. A river of Sarmafia. 2. A Trojan. H~perb6r~us, a, urn, adj. ('Y-TEpP36 -peot). Pertainking to the Hyperboreans; northern. H3Vrcnusq a, urn, adj. Of the Ilyr cani, a tribe on the Caspian Sea, figrccznian. Hyrt~cddes, ac, m. ('Yprwdi6-je). Son o'f Hyrtacus, Nisus. H1yrticus, i, m. The father of Nisues. 1. lacchus, i, Mn. (I1aKXo,;). A name of Bacchus. Trap., wine. Iaera, ae, f. (i1atpa). A nymph of mont Ida, mother of Bitias and Pandorns~. Iapetus, i, Mn. ('hirET6;). A Titn, father of Atlas, Prometheus, and Epimetlieus. liipis, Idis, in. A phys-ician of Aeneas. Idpys, Sdis, adj. Of the lapdians, Illyrian. Z~yx, -~gls, m. The north-west wvind, blowing from lapytgia, as adj. lapygian; Apulian. Zarbas, ac, m. A king of Jliauritania in whose domtinions Dido had settled, and whose hand she had?refused. I~s~des, ae, m. (lasius). A descendant of lasius. IgAsius, ii, mn 'i~~. Son of Jupiter and Electra, and brother of -Dardanus. iaspis, Idis, f. (L'aoirn)..Jasper, a precious stone. Zbdrus, Ybri, v. Ilihenis. Mb, adv. (is). There, in that p)lace. 2 Transf., of time, then, thereupon. 3. Of other relations, in that matter, on that occasio, there. lbidem, adv. (ibi-dem). In the same place, in that very place. 21. In the same matter or thing. Iclrus, i, in. (I1-apoe). A son of Daedaluwho, in his.tight with his father frn Crete, fell, into that part of the Mediterranean called, offer hima, the Icerian Sea. ice, Tel, ictuin, 3. v. tr. To hit, st-ikle, 8mite, stab. ictus7 al urn, par't. id. ictus, fus, m. (id.). A hit, blow, sf roke, stab, thrust. Ida, ae, f. (I1ia or '18i). A mountain iu Crete, and also one in Phr-ygia, nfear Troy, named from the former. Idaeus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Ida, Tdaean. Zdaeus, I, m. A charioteer of Priam. Md1AU, ae, f. or!d~lium, ii, a. (farmer poet.). A mountain and city in Cy, pm-us, sacred to Venus. IDA 83 IJI..7d~jius, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Idallum,I narus). N-ot to know, to be ignorant of. Idalian. Unacquainted with. Idas, ae, m.Ia). 1. A Trojan. 2. A ignosco, gni~vi, gn,5tum, 31. v. tr. To Thracian. pardon, forgive, exease. idcirco, adv. (id-circa). On that ac- ign~tus, a, urn, adj. (in-gnotuis =- notuis). count, therefore. Unknon, strange. 2.Of lo birth. idem, eiAem, idem, dcnmonstr. pron. (is-r low-hor *, base. 3. Jqnorant of a thing. dern. The same; in partic., may be fleX, Icis, f. The hoatm-oak. sometimes translated, also, likewise. Wlag iurn, u. p1. The groin, the.flank. Ideo, adv. (id-co). On that acount, Mha, ac, f. The poetical nam~e of ]i'hea therefore.,Silvia, dau ghter of Num ilor, an d mnoth er, Idm6n, fniS, no i8i). A Rut utian, by Mars, of Romulus and Remus. follower of Turnus. flij~cus, a, urn, adj. (Ilium). Of IMium Zd6m6neus, Ii, m. (li~oeve6;). A king or Tray, Mlan, Trojan. of Crete, leader of the (iretan, against Ihas, Adis, f. (id.). An Mlan or Trcojan Trny, and after his re/una expettedfJo woman (often in plur.). his kingdom for sacrtifiing his own son ilicet, adv. (ire-licet). Originafly a foi — in fu~fillment of a vow. See Class. mula by which an assembly was disDiet, missed Yont may go. Ilence. tran4.. Idiimaeus, a, urn, adj. Of Idumaea; Let us8 go, let's be gone (corn.). 2. Tlo Idumaean. signify loss ot' failure, it is all over (coin.). iens, euntis, p. of eo. 3. Immediately, forthicith, instantly. Igitur, conj. (ig~ ic, fr. root T, whence j iignus, a, urn, adj. (ilex). Of homis and hic, and suiffix itur itus). Then, oak; oaken. % therefore, consequently. 2.In resuming Zfif6n~ es, f.('~ir) The eldeet doug/i - a train of thought, h8ay then, in short. ter of Priam. ignarus, a, urn, adj. (in and gnartis, fli6neus, el, mn. ('1?nevcne). A Trojan. kinowing, kindr. wv. nosco yoyvU~eKW). a companion, of Aeneas. Ignorant of a thing, unacquainted with, flium, ii, n. (IMtov~). A poetical nanOWC no qnwn, unaware. 2.Pass., un- fo Try known, (mostly poet.). flius, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Ilum, or Ignave oignviter, adv. Lazily, Tray, Mlan, Trojan. slothfuly,litesy Comp. igniivius. il-libor (mil.), psns, 3. v. del). intr. To ignivia, ae, f. Lazines~s, slothfulness, fall, glide or slide down or into. cowardice. il-lacrimop Avi, atomn, 1. v. inir. To ignitvus, aL, urn, adi. (in and guavus = weep. inavus, busy). Idle, lazy, slothful, inact- il-laetfibilis (m.,e, adj. (laetabilis, ive; also, cowardly, without spi?-i. joyful, fr. isetor). Joyless, cheerless, ignesco, -, - 3. v. inel). intr. (ignis). mornfui. To take fire, to be inflawd, to burn. il-laudiltus, a, urn, adj. Unpraived, igneus, a, urn, adj. (ignis). Of fire, detestable..fiery.. Trop., feier, glowing, ardent,I ille, a, ud, demoastr. pron. That; Subeager, vehement.I stantively, that one, he, she, it. In parignipotens ntis, ax The one who has tic..,ia.. hic, the former...- the latter, power over Ire; Vulcan. the oe.....the, other, that...., this; to inignis, is, rn. Fire. 2. Transf., poet., dicate something well-know", the neillightning;, also, brightness, splendor, knon, the famous. brillianc, lustre, glow. 3. Trap., the il-lecebra, ae, f. Allurement, enticefire of passion, glow of anger, flame of mut, charm. love; (poet.), a beloved person, a flame; illic, adv. (ille-ce). In thtat place. there. any thing destructive, a fire, firebrand. il-hido Isi, Isumi, 3. -v. tr. (in-laedo). To ign6bhlis, e, adj. (in and nobilis, known). strike or dash upon or agai It. Unknown, unknown to fame, obscure. il-higrxtus, a. urn, p). of 2. O unnw bith, bas-e-born, ig- il-11go,9 a~vi,aum, i. v. t r. To Lind down, noble. to impede. ign~minia, ae, f. Want of fame, dis- illinc, adv. (ille). From that place, grace, shame. thne. Transf., from that prson igndro,5 avi alum, 1. v. tr. and intr. tig- or thing, from that part or t-ide. ILL 84 1MM illisusy a, urn, p. of illido. il-latUs, a, urn, adj. Unwashed, not clean. illuc, adv. (jill). To that place, thither. 2. To that person or thing, thereto (rar.). il-lucesco, luxi, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To grow light, to dawn. il-Ijido (un1.), si, sumi, 39. v. tr. and intr. To play at or with, to sport with any thin,.. 2. In a bad sense, to make sfport of, to jeer at, mock. insult, alicuii, in allquem or aliquon; to destroy or waste in sport, to destroy, ruin. 3. Tr., to scoff or snock at, to set at naught, ridicule. illustris, e, adij. (in-lux). Lighted up, clear, bright. light. 2. Trop., evident, clear, manifest; also, illustrious, distinguished, famous. i~llfsusV a, urn, p. of illudo. ill1ivies. 6i, f. (ini-Inn). That which is washed 'upon any thing; hence, dirt, flttl, uncleanness. 21. (Lit.) An overftowing, icnundation; concr., water that has overfloed. n1#r~cus, a, urn, andj. Of illyria, a province bordering on the Adriatic Sea, Illyrian. flus, i, in. (I1,oc;). A son of Tros, and fourth, king of Troy, from whom the city received the name of Ilium. 2. A srnam of Ac~canius. ZIva, ae, f. An island near Etruria, now Elba. Imigo, hils, f. An image, likeness. In partic., an ancestral image; also, an apparitio, pleantom. 2. Transf. (poet.), a reverberation of sound, an echo. 3. Trop., an imagze in the mind, a conception, thought, idea; in partic., in rhet. lang., a figTurative representation, similitude, comparison; also, a mere -form or likeness of any thing as opp. to reality, a semblance, appearance, gloriae, mortis, etc. Imifn, Wns, mn. A Rutulia warrior. imbellis, e, adj. (in-heliumt). Unwarlike, unfit for war; also, peaceful. imber, bris, m. (i6143poa)..A heavy rain, rain-storm, shower of rain. 2. Transf. (poet.), a rain-cloud, storm-cln:d; also, water, in gen. 1mbris~d~s, ae, m. Son of Imbrasus; Aslus. Imbr~sus, I, mn. A Lycian. imbrex, Icis, f. A tile. imbrifer, 6ra,&~um, a,!j. (imber-fero). Bringing rain, rainy. im-bUO, bui, bittum,.3. v. tr. To wet, to mosten, to imbu; to stain. ImItbilis, e, autj. (iruitor). Capable of imitatio, imitable. imit~itus, a, num, p. of lmltor, fttus, 1. v. dep. tr. (root tin, whence imago). To imitate, act like, copy after; to recemble. 2,. To represent by imitating, to copy, portray, express, sonitus. immaney adv. Fiercely, wildly, fearfully. imminis, e, alj. (in-MA, whecnce magnus). Of size, monstrous, immense, leuge, vast, enormous. 2. Of character, monstrous, atrocious,fterce, savage, wild, frigletful, leorrid. im-mijtiirusy a, urn, adj. Unripe, im-n mature. im-mediciibilis, e, adj. Incurable. im-m~mor (in-rn.), rins, adj. Unmindful, forgetful, heedless, thoughtless, w. gen. 2. Act. (poet.), causing forgetfulness, an epithet of Lethe. immensus, a, urn, adj. (in and metior, to measure). immeasurable, immsense, boundless, vast. hm-mergo (111-m.). si. sum, 3. v. tr. To plunge, dip or sink into, to immerve. im-m~rftus (lui-ru.), a, urn, adj. Undeserving (of batirn or prunishmeut), innocent, guiltless. 2.Pass., und es-rved, unmerited. im-minee, 2. v. intr. (in and mineo, tn project). To psoject over, to bend or lean toward, to overleang. A2. Transf., to be near to a thing, to toucle on, border upon, marl; also, to tlereaten by being near-, hostes Latio. 3. Trop., to be near; to impend, hang over or tlereaten; to strive after, be eagerfor, intent upon, alicui rei. iM-Miscee, scui, xtum, or shim, 2. v. tr. To mix in, intermix, intermingle, blend. immissus, a, urn, p. of immitto. iM-mitis (in-rn.), e, adj. Of fruits, not soft or mneilow, harsh, sour. 21. Transf., not mild, harsh, hard, cruel, merciless. iM-Mitto, (in-rn.), misi, missum, 3. i% tr. To send to or into a place. 2. To cast, throw, hurl, or drive into or upon. 3. To let go. let loose, let in, admit; habenas, to let.oose, slacken; rotis or jugis immissis, let loose; hence, swiftly running; barba immissa, let grow; hence, long. 4. Trop., to instigate, 8et on., incite. immixtusj a, urn, p. of immrisceo. 1MM 85 IMP iMMo, or iMo, adv. (kindr. Av. imus; hence, on the under or reverse side). Responsively, on the contrary, by n man; also, yes indeed, by all mans. 2. To correct or emphasize, nay rather, nay even, nay. im-mbbilisp e, adj. Unmoved, immoable. im-m6lo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. Toimnmolate, sacrifice, kilt. Im-mortilfis (in-in.), e, adj. Immortal, imperishable. bnm-Rltus (inl-rn.), a,, nrn, atli. Unmoed, undisturbed, immnorable, motionlees. 2. Trop., unntered, steadfast, unshaken, mens, fafta. jM-Mjiio, (in-rn.), lvi or ii, -—, 4. v. intr. (Poet.) To bellow, rear, resound in or at any lplace or thing. im-mulgeo,,-,2 v- tr. To milk into. immundus, a, urn. adj. (in -and mundos, clean, neat). Unclean, filthy, foul. im-miinis, e, adj. Free from lab~or, idle, inert. im-murmiiro,,-.1 v. inti. To murmur in. imo, adv., v. immo. impacitus, a, uni, adj. Unquiet, restless. im-par, (fin-p.), Ari-i, adj. Unequal, uneven; in partic., unequal to, not a match for, inferior; lpoet., unequal, i. e., be.yond one's strength. pugna. impastus, a, urn, atij. Uwfed, hungry. im-patiens, ntis, adj. I- Ipatient. im-pavidus, a, urn, adj. Not afraid, fearless. im-p~dio, lvi or ii, ltnm, 4. v. tr. (inpese). Prop., to entangle the feet. 1. To entangle, ensnare, shackle; in gen. (mostly lpoet.), to clasfp, encircle, embrace, surround; to involve, orbibus orbes. 2,. Trop., to entangle, embarrass. with difficulties, etc.; also, transf., to hinder. impede, obstruct. prevent. ini-pello (in-p.), prill. tm~tisir, 3. v. tr. To push or drive against or upon a thing; to strike, hit or reach a thing (poet.). 2. To drivejforward, push on, set in motion, urge on, move, impel,forc, -navem; also, to overthrow, overturn, arborern. 3. Trop., to move one to a thing, to impel, incite, urge, induce, persuade to dlo a thing (poet. wv. MDm.); also, rar.. to overthrow, subdue, ruin. im-pendeo, -, -, 2. v. intr. To hang over, to threaten, to impend. im-pendo, ndi, nsum, S. v. tr. To weigh out, to lay out, to expend; to employ. imp~nsa, se, f. Expense, cost, outlay. impbns67 adv. Expensively, carefully, ou tlay. impensus, a, urn, P. of impendo. imperditus, a, urn, adj. Undestroyed. imperfectus, a. urn, adj. Unfinished. im-perito, flvi, Aturn, I. v. intr. To command, rule, govern. imp6rium, ii, ii. (irnpero). A cmeand, order, decree, mandate. 2.Transf., the right or power of coinmandin,,, authority, power, command, control, say. 'J. In lpartic., supree power or authority, chief cmeand in war, supreme civil and nsilitary authority, sovereignty, empire. 4. Transf., concr., an empire, d miein, realm. To command, order, enjoin a thing or act; in paitic., to order tofurnish, make a requisition for, equites. 2. To command, govern, rule over, control, alicut, or abs. 'imperterritus, a, urn, adj. Unterrifled. impetus, iOs, rn. (in-peto). An attack, assault, ons8et. 21. Transf., in gen., violent impulse, violent motion, impetus, impetuosity, veheneence, ardor, stolene fury, force. impeXUS, a, urn, adj. Uncombed, uncut; shaggy. im-piger (in-p.), gra. grurn, adj. Not indolent; diligent, active, quick, unwearied, unremitting. jm-pjingo, pegi, pacturn, 3. v. tr. (in and pango0,to fasten). To push, strike, drive, or dash against or into any thing,,. im-pius, (in-p.), a, urn, adj. Undutiful (toward the gods, one's parents, native country, etc.), impious, irreverent, ungodly. 2-. Of thiugs (poet.), wicked, nefariouts, accursed. implicibilis, e, adj. Implacable, inexorable, inflexible. im-plic~itus (in-p_), a, urn, adj. (Poet.) Unsatisfied, implacable, insatiate. im..plecto, plexi, lplextim, 3. v. tr. To twist into, to interweave, to interlace. irn-pleo, CMi, Csturn 2 v. tr. (in and ohs. pleo, to fill). Tofill up, flifuil, fill;in partic., tofUl with food, to satiate; also, trop., to satisfy; to fill Out, Ma2ke full, corpus. 2. Trop., to fil, urbemn tumultu; to fil up a portion of time, or a IMP, 86 INC -number, to complete, make out, finish; to fill or 8uJppty a place; tofulfl, accoplish, consilium, etc. im-pico (ini-p.), Avj, Atum, or ui, Iturn, 1. v. tr. To fold into, to infold, involve, inwrap, entangle, twine about, en ircle, grasp, link, bind, closely attach, lit. and trop. im-pldro, Avi, Mtuni, 1. v. tr. (in and ploro, to wail). To invoke with lears, to implore; in partie., to call upon for aid, to invoke;, also, to ask for any thing earnestly, to beseech, entreat. anxiliumn. impliimis, a, asj. (in-pluma). Unfledged, callow. im-pano (in-p.), sui, situm, 3. v. tr. To place or put in, into, or upon, to place or erect over; in partic., to pnt on board ship, to embark. 2.1. Trop., to put on, lay upon, impose, leges; to in~flict, injuriarn; to put or give to, fluem labori; to set over as commander, etc. imporftiinusy a., urn, adj. Untimely, unseasonable, dangerone, of birds, inauspicious. impoitus a, rn,. of impono. im-p~co, ~us,1. v. dep. To pray, to Ivoke to mpreate. impressus, a, I'm, P. of imprimo. imprimis, adv. Especially, chifly. iM-prftmo, pressi, pressnm, 3. v. tr. (inpremo). To press into or upon, to impress, imprint. 21. To give an impression to a thing, to stamp, mark, engrave. im-pr6bus (in-p.), a, urn, adji. Not good, of bad quality, bad. 2. Morally bad in the widest sense, wicked, depraved, vile, base, impious. dishonest, knavish; shanseless, indecent; violent, fierce, rabies; (rar.), enornwus, immsense, of things animate andO inanimate. impropercitus, a, urn, adj. Unhastenea; lingering. iiu-prov-1dus7 a, urn, adj. (in-provideo). Not looking before, not foreseelug, not anticipating, unwary; improvident, heedless, careless- thoughtless. i~mprovisus9 a, urn, adj. (in-pro-visus). Pnforeseen, unexpected, sudden. impriidens, ntis, adj. Not knowing beforehand, not anticipating, unaware, ignorant. im-piibes (in-p.), gris and (poet. and Itat.) is, adj. Not full grown, not mrriageable, youthful. 2. Chaste, unmarrie. impuldsusl a, no, p. of impello. impulsus., fs, m. Au impulse, slock. impiineI adv. (fr. adj. impunis, e, unpunished, fr. in and p~oana). Withsoug punishment, with impunity; hence, safely. imus, a, um, adj. v. inferns. in prep. w. abi. and ace. (Iv, cw =he) KTith abi.: of space, in, within, on, upon, a og, at; of time, in, durling, in the course of; of other relations, in, in respect to; toward; before. 2. With ace., to denote motion to or into: of space, into, to; toward, against; in; of time, for; until; of other relations, against, toward; to or unto; into; among; for; according to, in morem, To form adverbial expre ssions: in caput, headlong; in malims, for the better, etc. in7 insep. particle (av, privativea). Used to negative the word with whuich it is connected = un, in, not. inaccessusp a, urn, adj. Unapproached, inaccessible, dangerous. Inachius, a, urn, a(Tn (achus). Of Inachus, Inachian, Grecian. In~chus, i, M. ('tvaXo,;). The founder of Argos, and father of Io. in-lmiibffis7 e. adj. (amo). Unworthy Of love, unlovely, revolting, hateful, odious. Infinisq e, adj. Empty, void, vacant. 2. Trop., empty, useless, vain, unprofitable; bref, trivial, tenpuls; unavailing, tacrimae. infiritusj, a, urn, adj. Unplowved, vntilled. in-ardesco, arsi, -, 3. v. minc. intr-. To take fire, to glow, - to redden. Inarimb, es, f. An island in, the Pay of Naples, also called Aenaria, now Ischia. inausus, a, urn, ndj. Uindared, uinaitempted. in-candesco,, canudn, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To become hot, to glow; to rage. in-cinesco, ennui, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To become white, to be oe gray. in-ciinus, a, urn, adj. (Poet. and tat.) Quitc gray, hoary. incassump adv., v. cassus. incautits, a, urn, adtj. (in and cantos,, cautions, Pa. of caveo, to beware). Incautious, heedless, unsuspecting. 2'-. Pass., nt guarded against, unforeseen,,unexpected; also, uncertain, dangerous, uns afe. in-c~do, essi, essurn, 3. v. intr. and trTo go, walk or mrch along (in a meat I-No 87 INC ured, dignified, or majestic way). to m~ove, advance; freq., of soldiers, to march, move fogrward. 2.Trop., in gen., to proceed to a thIing (rar.); in p~irtic., of inaaniin. and abstr. subjects, to come or happen to, befall; to approach, appear, occur. incendiurn, ii, a. (incenido). A fire, conflagration; poet., a torch, firebrand. 2.Trop., fire, conflagration, dests ction,, ruin; the fire, heat of passion, etc. in-cendo, di, sum. 3. v. tr. (in-candeo). T1o set fire to. to kindle, burn. 2. To ma/ce bright, lighit tsp. 3. Trop., to infiante, kindle, incite, irritate, enrage, incea~se, aliquem, odirno, etc. incensusy a, uirn, p. of id. inceptum, i. n, (incipio). A beginning, attempt, undertaking. inceptus, a, nim, p. of hicipio. in-certus, a, uln, adj. Uncertain. 1. Objectively, not to be reliedl upon, not sure or safe, nnrekable, fickle; erring, securirni; dinm, lana. 2. Subjectively-, being in uncertainty, doubtful, hesitating, wavering. in-cesso7 Ivi o:- cessi, -, 3. v. intonse. (macedo) tr. To assault, to attack; wv. dat., to seize. incessusy!Is, m. (lacedo). A walking, gait, pace (esp. a dignified or majestic gait-v. incedo). 2?. The approach. invasion, of an enemy; and transf., coner., an entrance (Tacittis). in-cesto, fivi, -, 1. v. tr. (in-castus). To pollute, defile. in-choo, Rvi, Itumn. 1. v. tr. To lay the foundation of, to begins, c mmence. in-cido, cidi, co-sum, 3). v. linr. (in-cado). To fall into or upon; to rush upon or into. 2.% To fall upon, come upon unexpectedly, fall in with.. 3. Trop., to fall into any condi tion; tofall upon, happen, to occur. in-cido, cidi, cTsumn, 3. v. tr. (iin-caedo). To cut into; hence, to engrave, inscribe o.2I. To cnt through, to cut, fonem. 3. Trop., to break off, interrupt; to cut short, remove, sermonem, spem, etc. incinctus, a, a1m, p. of in-cing~o, cinxi, cinctum, 3. v. tr. To gird about, to gird, to clothe. in-clpioy cepi. ceptum, 8. v. tr. and lntr. (in-capio). Prop.. to seize upon, lay hold of; hence, 1. Tr., to begin, commence something. 2. latrn, to begin. in-clto7 Avi, Itum, 1. v. trn. To rouse, to incte, to spur on. incitus, a, am, adi. Rapid, swift. in-cl~mentia, ae, f.- Inclemnency, severity, rigor. inclinitus; a, um, P. of inclino. inclinitus, p. as adj. Bending,falling, sinking. in-clhno Avi, 1amur, 1. v. lntr. To indine, to bend downwards. in-clido, at, suft, 3. v. tr. (in-clauldo). To shut up, inclose, confine; transf., to dlose, steep up, obstruct, vocem, lacrimas. 2. Trop., to inclsude, indlose, insert in any thing; in respect to tinre, to close, fin~ish, end, dies ille i. fata nobls. inclusus, a, am, p. of includo. inclfitus, or inclktus; a, am, adj. (in and clunn, to be talked Of; kinldr. wv. KnAuW). Ceebrated, renowned, ilustrious, famous. incoctus, a, am, p. of incoqno. in-cognftus, a, um, adj. (cognosco). Un/cawa, unexamined. in-coho, v. ilnchoo. in-c6lo, uii, nltuIn, 3. v. tr. and lattr. To inhabit, loeam.; intr., to dwelt. inc6liimis, e, ad). Unimnpaired, uninjured, safe. in-c6mitfitus, a, am, adj. (Mostly poet.) Unaccompanied. unattended, alone. incomm6dum, i, a. An inconvenience, detriment, misfortune. incompositus, a, urn, ad). N~ot well arranged, uncouth, autstudied, rude. incomptus, a, iiiu, adj. Untrimmed; artless, rude, rustic. in-concessus, a. am, adj. (concedo). (Poet. and mat.) Unpermitted,fiorbidden. inconditus, a, um, adj. Not swell arranged, rude, unpolished. in-consultus, a, ma, ad). (coustifo. to consult). Not consulted. 2.Act. (poet.), withot advice, unadvised. 3. U advised, inconsiderate, indiscreet, homo, largitio. inl-coquo; coxl, cocturm, 3. v. tr. To cook in, to boll in; to dye, to color. in-cr~bresco, but, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To beconte thick, to increase, to become frequent; to be spread abroad. in-cr~d~bUis, e, adij. (credo). Incredible, extraordinary. incrementum, i, a. Increase. growith; offspring. in-cr6plto, lvi, Ittum, 1. v. freq. tin. To call or cry out to one; in a good sense, to call upon, challenge (poet.); In a bad sense, to c/ide, Nlame, rebuke. INc 88 IND in-cr-po nhi, Ttum (rar. and lat. Avi, in-dago, Inis, f. (Mostly poet. and lat.) Atum), 1. v. intr. and tr. To make a An encircling, inclosing of a piece of noise, to rustle, rattle; also, trop., to be woodland by hunters with nets, an innoised abroad, euspicio. 2. Tr., to make closure; transf., a surrounding of enea noise against a person or thing, to mies. 2. Trop., an investigation, inthunder against; also (poet.), to cause quiry. to resound, to utter alond, send forth inde, adv. (is-de). Of place,from that loudly. lyranm, minas, sonittun. 3. place, from there, thence. Of persons Trans:f. to loudly exclaim against any and things, from this, from or of this or one, to blame, chide, rebuke, aliquem; them. 2. Of time, after that. therealso, to accuse any one; w. an abstr. obj., upon, then; also, from that time, ever to reprove, censure, arrogantiam. since. in-cresco, avi, -, 3. v. intr. To grow In-debitus, a, urn, adj. (debeo). Unto, upon, or in any thing; in gen., to due, undeserved. grow, increase, lit. and trop.. in-d6cor oris, also indecoris, e, adj. in-cubo~ ui, Itum (rar. avi, atum), 1. v. Without honor, disgraceful, infamous. intr. (cubo, to lie down). To lie in or indefessus, a, um, adj. Unwearied, upon any thing. 2. In part ic., of birds, unfailing. to brood, hatch. 3. Trop., to brood over, in-depr6hensus7 a, unn, adj. (deprewatch jealously, auro. hendo). Undiscovered, tunobserved. in-cudo, di, sum, 3. v. tr. Toforge. indeprensus, a, urnm, v. indeprehensus. in-cultus, a, um, adj. (colo). Unculti- Indi, orum, m. The inhabitants of Invated, untilled, neglected. 2. Trop., un- dia, the Indians. cultivated, unpolished, rude; neglected, India7 ae, f. India. disordered. indicium7 ii, n. (index, an informer). A in-cumbo, cfibui, culbitum, 3. v. intr. disclosure, information, discovery. 2. A (incubo). To lay one's self upon any sign, mark, proof, token. thing, to lean or recline upon, rest upon; in-dico7 xi, ctum,.3. v. tr. To declare transf., to lean or incline toward, to over- publicly, to proclaim, announce; to aphangy; also, to rush toward or upon, inl point, to impose. hostem; to fall upon, mari. 2. Trop., indictus, a, um, adj. (id.). Unsaid, unto apply one's self to, exert one's self in, mentioned, unsung. w. in, ad, or dat. indies, adv. Daily, day by day. in-curro, curri (rar. cficurri), cursum, 3. indigina, ae, adj. m. f. and n. (indnv. intr. To run into, toward, or against, geno). Native born, native, indigenous. to rush at, into or upon; hence, to assail, in-digeo, digui, -, 2. v. intr. To need, attack. 2. Trop., to border on, extend to to want, to long for, to require. a place; to run against, offend against; indiges, 6tis, m. (indu-geno). A hero to run or get into any evil or fault; o2. elevated to the rank of a god affer his events, to befall, happen. death; a native god. incursus aes, m. A running into, a indignatus, a, um, p. of rush, an attack. in-dignor, atus, 1. v. dcp. tr. To conin-curvo7 tvi, tnum, I. v. tr. To curve sider unworthy, to be indignant at, be a/nor bend, arcus. 2. Trop., to bow, cast gry or dspleased at, to disdain. down. in-dignus7 a, um, adj. Unworthy, sunincurvus7 a, um, adj. Bent, crooked, deserving. 2. Of things, unworthy, uncu-ved. deserved, shameful, cruel. incus7 fdis, f. An anvil. indigus, a. urn, adj. (indigco). In want, in-cfusop avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (in-causa). wanting, needing. To accuse, charge one with something, in-discretus7 a, um, adj. Undistinto censure, aliquem alicujus rei. guished. incususy a, um, p. of incudo. Ham- in-docilis, e, adj. Unteachable; rude. mered out. in-doctus, a, um, adj. Untaught, unin-cfitio7 cussi, cussum, 3. v. tr. (in-qua- learned, ignorant. tio). To strike upon or against, to dash in-d6les, is, f. (indu-v olcsco). That against; to throw, cast or hurl. 2. Trop., which is born within, character, dispao.ito strike into, to inspire with, to excite, tion, spirit. alicul terrorem. in-d6mitu3, a, um, adj. (in-domo). Un IiND 89 tamed, wild, eciuns. 2. Trop., unrestrained, ungovernable, fierce, violent. in-dormioy lvi, Mituni, 4. v. intr. To sleep upon. in-dubito, flvi, Mtuni, 1. v. intr. To doubt, to distrs t. in-diico, xi etumn, 3. v. tr. To lead or bring in or into. 2. To draw on, put on articles of dress; to draw over, oversp~read, cover. 3. Trop., to bring into, introduce, seditionem; to introduce inl speaking; to lead to a thing, to incite, induce, persuade; in a bad sense, to mislead, deceive; wv. anianirnm or in animmil, tto bo ng one's mind to a thing, to rsle detenmine. inductus7 a, Unit P. Of id. indulgentia7 an, f. (id.). Indulgence,.favor, gentleness. in-dulgeo, sit turn, 2. v. intr. and tr. (indulcis). To be indulgent or kind to; to gratify, yield to; to indnlge in, give one's self up to, wv. dat. 2". Tr., to concede, allow, permit. alicui aliquid (lat.). in-duo, ulr, filturn, 3. v. tr. ()v~ii3o). To put on an article of dress or oranament; to cver, clothe, deck, se, cratera corona. 2,. Trop., to put on, assume, vultus. in-dfiresca, dflrti, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To become hard, to harden. Indus,-p a, urn, adj. Qf Jndia, Indian. industria7 ae, f. Diligence, industr-y, care.. indfitus,~ a, urn, part. (id.). Clad, arrayed. In-b1uctibilisy e, adj. (e-lnctor). (Poet. and lat.) Unavoidable, Inevitable. inemptus, a, urn, adj. lin bought. in-eo, lvi or ii, Iturn, Ire, v. tr. and intr. To go into, to enter a place. 2. Trop.. to enter upon, begin a busines.s, office. etc.; to enter into, conclude, make, societatern, foedus. etc. Inermis, e, adj. (in-arma). Uh-a7smed, defenceless. inermusp a, urn, adj. (id.). Ulnarnmed. Inersq ertis, adj. (in-ars.). Unskilled in any trade or art. -unskillful. 2.In active, 8luggish, inert, indolent. inexcitus, a, urn, adj. AVot aroused; unmoved, quiet. inexhaustus, a, urn, adj. Unexhausted, inexhaustible. inex6rfibilis, e, adj. Inexorable. ln..expertus, a, urn, adj. UTntried. 1. Not having rnade trial, inexperienced in, unacquainted with. V. Not having been tried, untried, unproved. inexpl~tus, a, urn, adj. Unsatisfied; insatiable. in-extric~b~lis, e, adj. (ex-trico, to disentangle. fr. tricac,arimrr, trifles, and, transf.. hindrances). (Poet. and lat.) Inextricable. in-fibricitus, a, urn, adi. (fabricor). (Poet.) Unwrought, unfashioned. in-fandus, a, urne, adj. (for). Unspealcable, unutterable; detestable, abominable, dreaqful, impious, villainous. infans, ntis, adj. S'peechless; as subs., infans, nitis, c., an in~fant. in-faustus, a, urn, adj. (faustus, favor. able, fr. faveo). (Pont. and lat.) Unfortunate, unlucky. infectus, a, mui, adj. (in-factus). NVot made or done, unpesformied. infectus, a, mul, p. of inficio. inf~cundus, a, urn, adi. t-nfs itful, sterile, barren.. in-f 1ix7 lcis, adj. Ubfraitful. 2 Transf., unfortunate, unhappy, miserable; act., bringing misfortune, un'ucky, ill-boding, baneful, vates. iInfensus, a, urn, ad). (in and obs. fendo, whence defendo). Hostile, enraged, incensed. inferiae, 1rum, f. pl. A sacrifice to the Infernal gods in, honor of the dead. infernus, a, urn, adj. (infernus,-). Lying beneath, the lower. 2.In par-tic., un)derground, of the Loseer Regions, infernal. in-f 6ro, intbli, illaiturn, inferre, v. tr. To carry or bo-leg into, to, or against; to throw orput into or upon. 2. In partic., to bring for burial, to bury; arma in hosteiu or hosti, to make an, attack, upon: wv. bellurn, to bring, make, or wage u-ar; xv. se, to betake one's serf to, to go to or into, to enter, to go, proceed..3. Trop., to bi-ing forward, in troduce; to produce, excile, occasion, cause, spem. inf 6rus, a, urn, adj. That is below, uniderneath, the lower; opp. to superus. In partic., of or belonging to the Lower Wor-ld; as subs., Inferi, orum, rn., the inhabitants of the Lower World, the dead. II. Comp., inferior, lower in sitnation or place. 21. Trop., of time, later, younger; of character, rank, number, etc., inferior. III. Sup. in two forms. 1. Inflrnus, a, urnt the lowest, last; also, trop. of rank, quality, etc., 'lhe lowest, poorest, worst. 2. lImus, a, uniu the lowest, deepest, inmost, the bit. INF 90 IN( I torn of; sometirne.3 may be translated very. in-festus, a, urn, adj. (for in-fenstus, fr. fendo; see infcnsuis). Made unsafe, unsafe, disturbed, molested, infested. 2. Act., making, unsafe; hence, hostile, dangeros, deadly. in-ficiog fOci, fectum, '0. A,. tr. (facio; see infect in Webster's Diet.). To stain, dye, color, tinge. 2. 1Transf., to mix with something, Minix; in a bad sense, to infect, spoil, corrupt. in-fidus, a, urn, adj. Faithless, unfaithful, treacherous. in-f iso xi, xurn,.3. v. tr. To fix, fasten, or drive in, or upon, to infix, 1kt. and trop. in-findo, fidi, fissurn, 3. v. tr. To cut into, to cleave. in-fit, v. def. (fib). Ile begins; in partic., he begins to speak-. infixus, a, urn, p. of infigo. inflammiitus, a, urn, p. of in-fiammo, dvi, fitum, 1. v. tr. (flamma). To set onjfire, kindle, inflame. 2 Trop., to in./lanze, rouse, excite. infi~tusV a, urn, p. of inflo. in-flecto, xi, xurn, 3. v. tr. To bend, curve. 2. Trop., of sound, to inflect, alter, modulate; to change, altes, animum, sensus, etc. in-flf~tus a, urn, adj. Unwept. inflexus, a, urn, p. of inflecto. inflictus, a, urn, p. of in-fligo, xi, cturn, 3. v. tr. To dash on or against. in-flo Avi, Atum, I. v. tr. (fib, to blow). To dow into or upon; to blow up, inflate; in partic., to blow upon an instrument. 2t. Trop., to puff up, inflate, elate. in-fodio, f~di, fossurn, 3. v. tr. To dig into, to plant, to butry. infoecundusy v. Infecundus. informnitus, a, urn, p. of informo. informis, e, adj. (in-formna). Unformed, shapeless. 2. Misshapen, deformed, hidin-formo, avi, Itum, 1. v. tr. To give form to, to fomn, shape, fashion, mould. infray adv. Below. infractus a, urn, part. and Pa. of infringo. liroen, shattered. 2. Trop., weakened, exhausted, injured;- of speech, broken, disxsnnected. infraeno, v. lafreno. infiraenusl v. infronis. in-fr~mo, n1i, -.v inir. To growl, to rage, to storm. in-frendeo, 2.V. intr. (frendo, to gnash). (Poet. and lat.) To gnash the teeth. infrbnjs, e, and infr~nus, a, urn, adj. (in-frenurn). Without bridles, unbridled, equus. 21. Trop., untamted, unchecked. in-fr~no, -Svi, ilturn, 1. v. tr. To give a bridle to, to harness. in-fringo, frfigi, fracturn, 3. v. tr. (frango). To break in upon, break off, break. 2. Trop., to break. impair. inf ila, ae, f. A band, bandage; in psr. tic., a white, -woolen fille! used in'x-r - lig~ions ceremonies. 2. Transf. an orrz ment, a badge of honor. in-fundo, tidi, fisurn, 3. v. tr. To,in or into. 2. To pour, throw,:o upon, nirnbnr alicul. 3. Trop~,,'1 into, spread over, communicate. in animurn, vitia in civitatern, (V:. in-fusco, Aviq titurn,. v. tr. 7 to stain. infiisus, a, urn, part. (id.), spread over; poured throu~l, i-, ingeminiitus, a, un, p.O ini-g~inno, Avi, Attun, 1. I1l AIlr (geminus). To redoubt' 2.Intr., to be redouv."',~,i Kr clamor. in-g~mo, ul, 3. v. 1r t I groan, sigh ovre aw,*jibewail. ingeni~umin. 1 n I'4/ is born in; natue,. ingens, tis, ad). contrary to or be-w. o- pecies, monstrous). 2,huge, mighty, mc-'1 eat, po, in-g~ro, v.~ tr. To throw or coa(i 2 u p, to hurl. in-glbrius It f 11 i thout honor, inglorteu,z ingluvi~w, b, -2/1 op, the m)aw. in-Sriins a.;: 1Unpleasant, disag~e 4le,~i ft, ~ Ungrateful, unin —PA vo5 i9i v, I. v. tr. To make iw-gddi g. us,3. v. dep. tr. and 11ntr. ~;-rxoor~. To go or walk into, to 1, -,ung, walk', advance-. 2. 3 r ir -pon, engage in; to begin, I:r,5;o as, urn, p. of lagredior. ING 91 INS ingressus, f~s, mn. (id.). A beginin g. in'-nato, vIM, 11tur, I. v. tr. To swimt in-gruo7 n i, 3. v. intr. (in-ruo). Torush, or float upn or break into; to rush upon, attack, assail. innitus, a, urn, p. of innascor, as adj.: inguen, fnis, n. The groin, the abdo- Inborn, innate, inbred. men; the wcmb. in-necto, exui, exurn, 3. v. trn. To tie, in-hero hacsl, hacsum, 2. v. n. To join, or fasten to, or together, to connect, cling to. to bind, lit, and trap. in-hibeo, ui, itum, 2. v. tr. (in-habeo). innexus, a, urn, p. of id. To hold in, restrain. innisus, a, urni, p. of in-hio, Avi, 3mm, 1. v. intr. and tr. To in-nitor, nisus, or nixus, 3. v. dep. To gape (of the mouth), to gape over or at. tean upon. 2. Trop., to gape or gaze at eagerly, at- innixusq a, urn, p. of innitor. tentively, etc., pectoribus reclusis. in-o di turn, 1. v. intrn. To swimn In-h6nestus, a, urn, adj. (honor). Dis- I or float in or upon; poet., Stygios lacus, tronoable, sham~eful, ign minious. to sail upon. In-horreo, iii, 2. v. intr. To bristle. in-nocuus, a, urn, adj. Hfarmless; 2. To quiver,, shake, shudder with cold, Ipass., unharmned. fear, etc., mnare, unda, to grow rough,. in-noxiusp a, urn, adj. HTarmless, inIn-hospitus., a, urn, adj. (liospes). noxious. 2. Transf., blameless, innocent. (Poet.)- hIhospitable. 3. Pass., unhermied, unhurt. in-hiiwritusy a, urn, adj. ~hurno). Un- in-nfim6rus, a, urni, aili. Innumer2 -buried, able, countless. inicio inmicio = injiclo, which see. in-nuptus, a, urn, ad). (part. of nuno, Inimicus, a, urn, adj. (in-amicus). Un- to marry). Unmarried. friendly, hostile; subs., inimicus, Iin inoffensus, a, urn, ad). Unbroken, and inirnica, ac, f., an. enemy. 2-. of smooth. things, unfavorable, injurious. in-6lesco, ievi, 6lltum, 3. v. intr. and tr. iniquus, a, urn, ad). (in-aequus) Un- (oleo). To grow in, to0, or upon any thing. even, locus; hence, unfavorable, difficult, I n-6pinus, a, urn adj. (opinor, to he of disadvantageous, ijumious; excessive, opinion). (Poet. and lat.) Uimexpected. immoderate; of persons, hostile, un- In-ops, bpis, adi. Powerless, helpless. friendl?,; of personsinod things, unfair, 2. WiFthoutt miean~s,poor,, need?],indigenit. unjust, hard, severe; unwilling, diso. 3'. Poor in any thing, destitute of, berejttented, impatient. of, animii; imop., of style and discours2, iniectus r njcctus. poor, meagre. iniuria, v. injuria. Indus, a, urn, adj. Of leo, dlaughter of iniussusy V. injussus. Cadmus and Hernilone, changed into a iniustus, v. injustus. sea-goddess. injectus, a, urn, part. of inp. For words beginning w~ith these letin-jlcio, jfci, jectuni, 31. v. tr. (in-jacio). tars, v. im,. Tothrow, cast, or put in or into. 2. To in-quio an inuam v. def. I say, throw on, upon, at, or over any thing. (placed after one or more words of a 3. Trop., to bring or infuse into, to in- quotation). spire, cause, alicui timorem. inr. For words beginning with these letinjiurla, ae, f. (in-jus). Injustice, injury, tars, v. irr. wrong. 2I. An insut, aff n:rvne nauiua, urn, adj. Not saluted. punishnment for an injury; damage, Ins -nIa ac, f (insanus). Unsoundness8 harm. of mMn, mnadness, insanity (as a disin-jussus, a, urn adj. (part. of jubco). ease). 2'. Madness in actions, folly, Unbidden, of one's own accord. genseleswsnes; also, excess, extravain-justus, a, urn, adj. Unjust, unfair, gance. creheavy, severe. I in-sanio% lvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. intr. To inl. For words beginning wvith these let- be mad, to rage, to be a fool. ters, v. ill, in-sa.~jnuj15 a, urn, adj. Unsound in inm. For words beginning with these mind, mnad, insane; raving, foolish, letters, v. imm, frantic. 21. Trop., violent, raging, exin-nascor, nfitus aSum, 8. v. dep. To be, cessve, dolor; vast, Immense, mons; born in. enraptured, inspired, vates. INSIS INS inscius, a, urn, adj. (in-scio). Not knowing, ignorant, unconscious. in-scribo7 Psi, puma, 3. v. tr. To write in or upon, to inscribe, mark. inscriptus, a, urn, p. of inscribo. in-sector, Atus sum, 1. v. dep. Tofollow up, to persecute, to ptirsue. in-s6quor, clltus, 3. v. dep. tr. Tofollaw, follow after; to pursue; w. infin., to proceed. 2. Trop., to pursue with words, to cen re, reproach; to pursue any thing earnestly; to e eavor,. in-s~ro, sevi, siturn, 3. v. tr. To plant ini, to graft. in-s6ro, 6rui, rtiin, 3. v. tr. To put in or into, to insert. in-serto, 1. v. tr. freq. (id.) (Poet. and la.) To put into, insert. insertus~ a, urn, p. of insero. in-sfdeo, sedi, sessurn, 2. v. lair, and tr. (in-sedeo). To sit in or upon; to be situated on, to occupy, locurn. 2. Trop., to be fixed or seated in, to adleere to, in memorilt. insidiae, 11rum, f. pl. (id.). An an is/i, ambuscade, either persons or a place. 2.Trop., a snare, plot, wile, art~,fje, stratagem, treachery. insidi~tusq a, urn, p. of in-sidior, atus sum, 1. v. dep. (idj.). To lie in wait. in-sido, SWdi, sessarn,.3. v. intr. anda tr. To sit down in or upon, to seftle on, apes. 2. In pantic., to ettle in a place in order to dwell there, to take pssvscion of, oceupy; Imop., to be fixed, be rooted in, adhere to, in anirno. insigne, is, n. (insignis). A distinctive mnark, token, badge; a sign; a badge of honor, decoration?, ornament. in-sig~nio, lvi or ii, Itam, 4. v. tr. T adorn, to mark. insignis, e, adj. (in-signurn). AMarked by any thing, distinguished by; hence, noteff, renmarkable, eminent, extraodinary, excetlent, distinguished, beautiful. insincbrusq a, urn, adj. Impure, corrupt. in-sInno, fId, Atnrn, I. v. ir. and inr. To bring Into the bosom; to cause to enter or penetrat~e deeply by wvindings or turnings, to insi~nuate; to cause to a;'i-lve at or get to a place; w. se, to w!ind, one's way, steal into, get into. 2.Intr., to wind or creep in, penetrate. in'-sisto, stiti, 3. v. intr. and tr. To set one's self in or upon, to stand or tread upon, iw. dat., in iv. abl., or ace. 21. To press upon, purstee, hostibus. 3. To pursue eagerly, to apply one's self to, 4. To continue, persevere, persist inj 15. In tr., to stan d still, to stop. insitus, a, urn, p. of insero. in-solitus7 a, urn, adij. Unwonted,un usual, strange. in-somnis, e, adj. Sleepless, irakeful. insomnium7 ii, a. (iin-somnins). A dream. in-s6no, ul, I. v. litr. (Poet.) To soune(l in or o, to sound, resound. in-scns, tis, adij. Innocent, guittless~; poet., harmless. inspectus, a, urn, p). of inspiclo. in-sp~r~itus; a, urn, adj. (spero). Lhihoped for, -unexpected. in-spficO, exi, ecturn, 3. v. tr.(in-specio). To look, into or upon. 2'1. To look at, vi~ew, inspect, exasnine carefully. 3. Mentally, tollook at, examine, cons der; understand. in-spico, nivi, 11tum, 1. v. tr. (in-spica). To make ponted like an ear of corn; to point, to sharpen. Iin-spiro, Avi 3Mun, 1. v. intr. aind Ir. To blow Into or upon, aurae rmiis arborum. 2". Tr., to blew or breathe into; to Inspire, to ecite. in-spoffiitus, a, urn, adj. Undespoiled, unstripped. in-st~bilis, e, adj. Unistable, fick-le, wavering, light. instar, n. indecl. An image, likeness, resesmblance; form, figure, appearance; value, worth. instaurdtus7 a, urn, p. of in-staurog vi, Aturn, 1. v. ir. To renew, repeat, c lbrate anew, ludos, sacrificium, etc. 2. To renew, in geni., helium, let.; to repeir, rcstore; poet., to requite. in-sterno, striivi strdtunm, 3. v. fir. (Poet. and lat.) To spread or lay over; to cover over, cover. in-stigo, vil, 11trn, I. v. tr. (rad. stigo, kindr. w. ari~w). To instigate, set on, urge, incite, stimulate, encourat-ye. in-stull, fli, ntmur, I. v. tr. To drop in; to pour in by drops. in-stltuo, ni, ntum, 3. v. tr. (in-statuo). To put, place, or set into. 2. To potup, build, erect,found; to psepare, arrasnge; to appoint, institute, ordain; to procure, gain..3. To begin, undertake, h0storiam,1ter, also, ivi.rlfin. 4. To resolve, aliquid facere. 6. To insts-uct, (rein up. in-sto, stlti, 1. v. Mar. To stan d in or upon. 2. Of' place, to be near. 3. Ot time, to be near at hand, to impend INS 93 INT threaten. 4. Trop., to be near in a hos- able;- unbiesed, impartial; in which tile manner, to press upon. pirsue; to nothing has yet been done, undecided, push, on, urge forward, zealously devote undetermined. one's self to any work; to contienee, per- in-t~gro, Avi, Rtum, 1. v. tr. To renew, sist in, poscere; to demand, solicit, in- to repeat. sist upon. in-tUm~ritus; a, inn, adj. (ternero). instr~itusl a, urn, p. of insterno. (Poet. and let.) tivrdttiled, unviolated, in-str~po, ui, iturn, 3. v. irntr. To inviolate, pure. rattle, resound, creak. intempestus, a, urn, adj. (in-temipesinstructus7 a, urn, Pa. (Instruo). Ar- tas). Unseasonable; i. nox, tire (lead of ranged, set -in order, drawn up). 2?. Fur- night (unseasonable for any work); also nished or provided with, re aliqua. 3. w. Nox personified, the dismal Night. Instructed. 2.Tranisf., unw~holesome, unhealthy. in-struo, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To build in intemptatus, a, urn, adj. Unctred, or into. 2". To build, erect, construct. 3. uansked. To set in order, arrange, draw; up in in-tendo, di, turn and su:11, 3. v. tr. To array, acorn, copies. 4. To furnish, or stretch out, extend; to ben d a bow; to provide with any thing, fit out1, eqmp,I aim,, sagittas; to stretch or patt upon a mensas elulis, socios armis..J. To in- thing; brachia tergro, to bind. 2'-. Trop., struct, teach. to strain, toward, to direct or turn toin-subtus, a, rim, adj. (suiesco). Act., ward; to direct one's attention to, to be unaccustomed, unused to a thing; hence, intent up~on, w. animumn and also abs. inexperienced in, unacquainted with, to threaten one with a thinig, to seek- to alicuius. 2". Pass., to which oiie is -not bring epa??, alicul litem; wN. animo, or accustomed, unusuall, unwronted. abs., to intend, pInpose, endeavor. insfila, ae, f. An island. 2,. A large intentatus, v. intemptatus. tenement house let out in portions to in-tento, flvi, fltunm, I. Nr. tr. (inteius. of several families. id.). To stretch out or extend toward. in-sultop Avi, aturn, I. v. intr. (iii and sa- 2. Trop., to stretch, out threateningl1y, to lio, to leap). (Poet.) To le p) or spring threaten, arina, mortem. at or upon. 2. Trop., to be insolent to- intentus, a, rim, part. and Pa. (intendo). ward, to scoff at, revile, insrdt. Stretched, strained. 2-. Trop., expectin-sum, fui, esse, v. intr. To be in or ant; intent, eager, attenl'ivr. upon. in-tepeo, ui,,2. v. rule. To become in-sulo~ ul, fiturn, 3. v. tr. To sowe in or varm Into, sew up in. inter, prep. w. acc. Between, betsy t; in-sfrper, adv. nnd prep. Adv., above, of more then two, anrong, anuid. 2. on. the top.. (Let.) Froms above. 3. Of time, between, hroram tertiam. at quarOver and above, moreover, besides. II. tarn; in the coarse of, due ny..3. Inter Prep., wv. accc., over, above. se, with each other or one another, one in-sfip~rib!1is, a, adj. (srupero). That with another, nmntualiy. cannot be passed over, insurmountable, inter-cipio~ clepi, ceptum, 3. v. tr. To ienpascatble. 2. Unconquerable, intercept. in-surgo rexi, recturn, 3. v. irrtr. (Poet. inter-chide~ fisi, flsunm, 3. v. tr. end let.) To rise upon, rise sep, rise, esp. (clando). To shut or block up, to stop a to perform any thing with inure vigtor, passage, to cut off, fujgarn. 2'-. To c?,t 2. In gen., to rise, lit, and trop. off one from any thing; to hinder. 3. insiitus, a, urn, p. of inuso. To slhet in, aliquern. in-tactusy a, urn, ad). (tango). Un- inter-dump cdv. Sometimes, occaqiontouched. 2. In partic., unehurt, unin- ally, now and then. 2. Meanwchi~e jured. 3. Untried, unattemnpted. 4. (let.). Undefiled, pure, chas-te. inter-evs, cdv. In the m7ean time, meanint6gery gre, grurn, adj. (in and tago - while. tango). Untouched; hence, unhurt, nun-ine e v oiiitmi itr ipiewhole, bnir ouxausted, To perish, to decay, to die. souad, vigorous;, poet., pavre, frs, itrfltusy a, urn, p). of interfor. fons, etc. 2. Trop., blameless, s.potl7ess, inter-ficio, fMci, fecturn, 3. v. tr. To innocnt, 1o st, virtuous, irreproac/s- MMl, to slay; to destroy. INT 94 INV inter-for atus, 1. v. dep. tr. To speak into, to inweave, interweave. 2. (Poet.) between, to interrupt. To bind around, surround, cover, hastas inter-fundo, fdi, isum, 3. v. tr. (Poet. foliis. and lat.) To pour between; and mid., intextus. a, um, p. of intexo. interfundi, to flow between. intibum, i, n., and intibus, i, c. (eVTvinterfusus, a, um, part. (id.). Poured f3ov). Endive, succory, chiccory. between; mid., Jlowing between; ma- intiru3, a, um, adj. (suip. of interior). culis i. genas, suftused. The inmost, innermost. 2. Trop., the inter-emo, nmi, emptum or emtum, most profoundL; most secret, most in3. v. tr. To kill. timate. Subs., intimus, i, m., a most interior ius, Oris, adj. (comp. of obs. intimate friend. interus). Sup., intimus, a, um. The in-t6no, ui, 1. v. intr. and tr. To thuninner, interior, on the inside; nearer; der; trop, to resound, roar. 2. Tr., to more secret, less known; closer, more in- thunder forth, aliquid. timate. intonsusy a, um, adj. Uishorn, uninteritus, us, m. (intereo). Death. shaven; of trees, leafy. inter-labor, lapsus sum. 3. v. dep. in-torqueo, orsi, ortum, 2. v. tr. To To glide or flow between. twist, turn around. 2. To brandish, inter-l1goy legi, Icctum, 3. v. tr. To hurl or cast against. cull or pluck off here and there. intortus, a, um, p. of intorquco. inter-liceoe luxi, -—, 2. v. n. To shine intra, adv. and prep. (contr. fr. intera through. [sc. parte], ablative of obs. interus; v. inter-luoy 3. v. tr. To wuash orflow be- interior). Adv., en the inside, within. tween. II. Prep. w. ace., sz-ithin (of space and inter-misceop miscui, mixtum or mis- time); of number, under, fewer tha7. tur, 2. v. tr. To mix in or among, to in-tractabilis, e, adj. (Poet. and lat.) intermingle. Intractable, unmanageable; rough, rude; inter-necto -, --- 3. v. tr. To bind Iw. bello, invincible. together, to bind up. intractatus, a, um, adj. Untried. interpres, etis, c. (inter and pres, kindr. in-tr6incm ui, 3. v. intr. (Poet. and lat.) w. padSi). One who negotiates between To tremble, quake. two parties, a mediator, negotiator, fac- introy avi, Btum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (fr. tor, agent. 2. An explainer, expounder, adv. intro, fr. intero [loco]; v. intra). translator, irterpreter. \ To go into, enter; to penetrate. in-territus, a, um, adj. (terreo). Un- ntro-gredior, essus, 3. v. dep. intr. terrified, undaunted; classis i. fertur, (adv. intro, within, and gradior). (Poet.) without obstruction. To step into, to enter. inter-rumpo, api, uptum, 3. v. tr. introgressus, p. of introgredior. To break asunder or into pieces. 2. intubum, intubusy v. intibum. Trop., to interrupt, disturb, orationem, initumus, v. intimus. iter. intus adv. (in). On the inside, within. interruptus, a, um, part. and Pa. (id.). 2. To the inside, within, in. Broken up, interrupted, disturbed; sepa- intybus, v. intibum. rated, scattered. inilas ae, f. Elecampane. inter-strepo, -, -, 3. v. tr. To make in-ultus~ a, um, adj. (ulciscor). Unrea noise among, with anser, to cackle venged. 2. Unpunished. among. in-umbro, avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To throw inter-sum, fui, irreg. v. n. To be in; a shade upon, to overshadow. be present, share in. in-undo2 avi, Atum, tr. and intr. To inter-texo7 texili, textum, 3. v. tr. To overflow. interweave, embroider. in-uro, ussi, ustum, 3. v. tr. To burn in, intertextus, a, um, p. of intertexo. to brand. intervallum, i, n. (inter and vallus, a in-utilis, e, adj. (utilis, e, useful, fr. stake, palisade). The space between two utor). Useless, unserviceable. 2. Hurtpalisades; hence, in gen., space between, ful, injurious. interval, distance. 2. Of time, an in- Inuus, v. Castrnm Inui. terval, pause. 3. Difference. in-vado, si, sum, 3. v. intr. and tr. To in-texo x;ui, xtum, 3. v. tr. To weave go, come, get, or penetrate into (usually INV IRR in a hostile manner). ". In partic., to in-viusn a, urn, adj. (in-via). Without rush upon, attack, assail. 3. Trop., to a road, pathless, impassable, inaccessibie, fall upon, seize, take possession of, usurp; impracticable. to assail with angry or reproachful in-v6co, Avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To call words, to accost thus. upon, to invoke, to worship. in-vdlidus, a, um, adj. Not strong, in-volvo, vi, iltuni, 3. v. tr. To roll to infrm, weak, feeble. or upon a thing. 2. To wrap or wind invectus, a, urn, p. from one thing around another, aliquid corin-vihop exi, ectum, 3. v. tr. To carry, pori; to wrap up, envelop, involve. bring or bear in or into. 2. In the pass., invorto, v. inverto. to ride, drive, sail to or into; also, to io! interj. (ito). A cry of joy or woe, oh, enter, penetrate. 3. Trop., to attack ho, hurrah, woe. with words. 15, fis, and Sonh Onis, f. ('IT). Io, the in-v6nio7 eni, entum, 4. v. tr. To daughter of Inachus, who cwas changed come upon, light upon, meet uith,,find. by Juno into a cow on account ofjealousy 2. Trop., tojind out, ascertain, discoer; oJf Jupiter. to invent, devise, contrive; to p2rocure, ollas, ae, m. 1. A shepherd. '. A obtain, effect. Trojan. inventor, oris, m. (id.). An inventor,. onius, a, um, adj. ('Io,os). Of Iongia, contriver, author. a country of Asia Minor, Ionian; Ioniinventrix7 Icis, f. An inventress, a um1n mare, or, subs., Ionium, the Ionian discoverer. Sea, that part of the Mediterranean beinventus, a, um, p. of invenio. I tween the Peloponnesus and Southern in-vergo7 3. v. tr. (Poet.) To incline Italy. or turn to; to pour upon. lopas, ae, m. A Carthaginian musiin-verto, verti, versumn, 3. v. tr. To cian. turn over, to change; to turn sip, to Iphitus, i, m. ('1I4tro). The name of a plow. Trojan. in-victus, a, um, adj. Uinconquered; ipse, a, urn, intens. pron. (is-pse). Himhence, uneonquerable, invincible. self, herself, itself; w. pronouns of the in-video, Idi, Isum, 2. v. tr. and intr. first and second persons, myself, thyself, To look askance at (hence, enviously, etc. if. To add precision or emphasis, maliciously, etc.). 2. To envy, grudge just, exactly, precisely, the very. one any thing; to be loth, unwvilling (w. ira~ ae, f. Asnger, wrath, rage, resentan infinitive). Constr. usually w. dat.; nent; transf. (poet.), an embodiment also w. acc., or (poet.) w. gen. of the I of anger, a scourge, curse. thing. irascorp Iratus, 1. v. dep. To be angry, invidiag ae, f. (id.). Envy, grudge, jeal- j to show anger; to attack. ousy, ill-will, hatred. 2. Freq. pass., of iratus, a, um, p. of irascor. one who is the object of envy, etc., Iris Idis, f. ( Ipt.) Daughterof Thaumas odium, unpopulasty. a?7d Electra, the goddess of the rainsbow in-vigilo, avi, Rtum, 1. v. intr. To be and messenger of Juno. awake, to wuatch over. irrbmeabilis, e, adj. (in and re-meo). inviolabilis, e, adj. Inviolable, sacred; (Poet.) From which one cannot return, certain, sure. isretraceable. in-viso, si, sum, 3. v. tr. To look after, irreparabilis, e, adj. Irrecoverable, go to see, visit. irreparable. invisus, a, um, adj. (Pa. of invideo). ir-rideo (inr.), Isi, Isum, 2. v. intr. and Hated, detested, hateful, odious. tr. To laugh at a person or thing, to ir-visus, a, um, adj. (video). Unseen, joke, jest. 2. Tr., to mnock, ridicule, deunnoticed. ride. in-vito, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To invite as a ir-rigo (inr.), avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To guest, and hence, to treat, entertain; to lead or conduct water, etc., to or into a drink to, to pledge, aliquem poculis. place. 2. To water, irrigate; to inun". In gen., to invite, summon, challenge; date; to swet, moisten, bedew; trop., w. to incite, allure, attract. quietem, to diffuse. invitus, a, um, adj. Against one's cwill, irriguus, a, um, adj. Watering, irrigatunwillinq, reluctant. inq. IRR 96 JAC irrisus, a, urn, p. of irrideo. irritiitus7 a, urn tp. of irrito). Excited, irritated. ir-rito, Ivi, &tum, 1.v. tr. To excite, irritate, provoke, incite, stimulate, instigate. irrltus, a, urn, adj. (in and ratus, fr. reor). Invalid, void.?. Vain, useless, without effect, unavailing, in vain. 3. Of persons, accomplishing nothing, to no purpose. ir-r&ro7 Avi, Mtum, 1. v. tr. To be wet with dew, to bedew,. ir-rumpo, (ilir.), fipi, upturn, 3. v. intr. To break, burst, or rush in or iret. 2,. Trop., to break or rush in, calamitates. ir-ruo (inr.), u1, 3. v. intr. To rush in or upon. is - a id, demons. pron. (* s.Ile, she, It; this or that person or thing; such, of 8guch a sort. Xsmira, orum, n., and Ysmdra, ae, f. 1. A mountain in Thrace. 2. A city at the base of snount Ismarus. lsmarlus, a, 01n1, aidj. Of snount Ismains, Imas-ian. Ismarus, i, in. A companion of Aeneas. iste, a, ud, demons. ipioii. (is-ta). This or that person or thing; it usually refers to the person spokon to, or to something belonging to him, and may be rendered this tor that) of pours; suech; often used contemptuously. Ister, v. Hister. istic, adv. Thiere. istincq adv. (iste-hinc). From there, thence. itj, adv. (is-ta). So, thus, to denote degree and manner. Italian ae, f. (prob. fr. ZraA6,;, a bull, fr. the excellence and abundance of its cattle). Italy. Italides, urn, f. Italian women. Itilus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Italian; subs., Itali, orum, the Italiosls. item, adv. Likewise, so, also. fter, itlnbris (eo, ire, itum). A goisng, a way, journey, snarcie made to a place. 2. A journey, snarch, as a measure of distance. 3. Coner., a ovay, road, path, passage, in which one travels. It~rum, adv. (itero, to do a second time, to repeat). Again, a second time. 2. Transf., on the other hand, on the contrary (rar.). 1thica~ ae, f. ('IK10rn. An island in the Ionian Sea, celebrated as the kingdom of Ulpsses and of hisfather Laertes. Ithicus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Ithaca, Ithacan; subs., Ithacus, i, in., the Ithacan, i. e., Ulysses. Itiiraeus, a, urn, adj. Of Itus'aea; lturaean. lt-kraeus, v. Ituraeus. itys sOS M. ('ITV-). A Trojan. zZulus, i. m'. AnothernanzeforAscanius, the son of Aeneas. 1xion, 6nis, mn. Cl'Iwv). King of the Lapithae andfather of Pis-ithous, scho, having incurred the anger Qf Jupiter, was bound in Tartar-us to an ever-revolving wheel. Ixionius, a, urn, adj. (Ixion). Of IRion; Lvionic. J. jiiceo, Cli, citumi, 2. v. intr. (jacio). Prop., to be cast or thrown down; hence, 1. To lie, to lie postrate; in partic., to lie ill or sick; In lie dead or slain; of places, to lie or be situated; to lie low, be low or/lot; to lie sjn~ead out, or broad. 2.Trop., to be idle or inactive; to be ca.st dowvn, dejected; to be prostrate, be without posver or oeseeso; of th ings, to be sieglecled or unemployed. jjicjo, jreci, jactum, 3. v. tr. To throw, cast, hurl; l)oet., to sendyforth. 2". To lay, set, consts-uct, erect (prop. by throwluig, castin(T, etc.). i. Troll., to throw, cast, contumeliam; to throw out in speakfing, to utter, intimnate, dectare. jactans, antis, Pa. (jacto). Boasting, vain-glorious. jactfitus, a, urn, p. of jacto, Wc, Atum, I. v. tr. (freq. of jacio). To throw, cast, hurl; to throw or toss obost; to drive abou"; to ths'ow away, cast off~. _2. Trop., to throw out threats to torment, disquiet, disturb; to eollsider, discuss; t'o throso out, intimate, utter, speak; w. se, to boast; to be officious or active in, to dev ote on e's self to. jactfira, ae, f. (id.). A throwing away. 2. Loss, damage, detriment. 3. El pence, cost. ~actus, a, urn, p. of jacio. jactus, fis, m. (jacio). A throw, a cast, a shot, a leap. 4aculitus, a, urn, P. Of jacfiior, fatus, I. v. dep. tr. and intr. (jaculum). To throw, cast, hurl. 20. To throw at, strike, hit, cervos. H. Intr,, to h url the javelin. JAC 97 JUS jacilumn, i, n. (jaculus, a, urn, that is yoke, to bind or join; to join in marriage, thrown, fr. jacio). A dart,javelin. to marry. jam, adv. Jfor jam, fr. is; prop., at this jugulo, avi, 5itum, 1. v. tr. (jugulum). time). Nlow, already. 2. Of future time, To cut the throat, to kill; to sacrijice. soon, presently. 3. To denote transition, jugulum, i, n. (jungo?). The joining now, therefore, furthermore. 4. With part; the throat. other particles: jam turn, just or even jug-um i, n. (VyO:). A yoke for oxen * then, already; jam nunc, even now; also, a cullar for horses. 2. Transf., a jam pridem, long since; jam du- yoke or pair of cattle, a span of horses; dum, long since, a good while ago; also also, a pair, in gen.; any yoke-like cross(poet.), immediately, instantly. bar, the cross-lath of a trellis for supportiamduidum, v. jam. ing vines, etc.; a weaver's beam; a row jampridem, v. jam. er's bench,' a height or ridge of a mountJaniculump, i, u. The Janiculum, a ain. 3. Trop., the yoke, bonds of slavery, hill at Rome. matrimony, etc. janitor, Oris, m. (jauna). A door-keeper, iJulius, ii, mn. 'am??e of a Roman gens, porter. the nmost distinguished of which were C. janua, ae, f. A door, house-door; transf., Julius Ccesar and his adopted son Auan entrance, in gen. gustus, also called Julius. Janus, i, mn. An ancient divinity of junctfra, ae, f. (jungo). A joining, Italy, having two faces, presiding over uniting; concr., ajoinut. door-ways and the commencement of junctus, a, um, p. of jungo. things. juncusq i, m. A rush. jecur, Oris, and jcinllris, n. (arrap). The jungo, nxi, nctum, 3. v. tr. To join, liver. unite, bind together; in partic., to yoke, jejunium, ii, n. (jejunus). Fasting, harness. hunger, leanness. junip rus, i, f. The juniper tree. jejunus, a, um, adj. Fasting, hungry; Juno, Onis, f. The goddess Juno, daughof soil, barren, poor, unproductive. ter of Saturn, and sister and wife of 6Jvis, v. Jupiter. Jupiter. juba, ae, f. The mane of a horse orother Jiunonius, a, um, adj. (id.). Of Juno, animal. 2. Transf., the hair of the head; Junonian. the crest of a helmet, serpent, etc. Jupiter, J6vis, m. (diu-pater, father of jubar, aris, n. (id.). The flowing, hair- light). Son of Satlurn and Cybele, and like light, radiance, or beams of the sun king of gods and men. 2. Meton., the or other heavenly bodies. 2. Mcton., a sky, the air. heavenly body, a luminary. Juppiter, v. Jupiter. jubeo, jussi, jussum, 2. v. tr. To order, jurgium, i, n. (jurgo). A quarrel, a bid, command; in a milder sense, to en- strife, reproof. treat, urge, invite; to wish, desire.. jiiuro avi, atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. (jus). In partic., of the senate and people, to Intr., to swear, take an oath; to conspire. order, decree, etc. 2. Tr., to swear something, to declare on jucundus, a, um, adj. (jocus, a joke, oath; to swear by a person or thing, to jest). Pleasant, agreeable, delightful. invoke. Iudex, Ncis, c. (jus-dico). A judge. jus, jflris, n. (fr. same root as jubco). jfidicium, ii, n. (id.). A judicial invesfi- Right, law, justice, equity. 2. A riglt gation, a trial; transf., a judicial sen- founded on nature, custom or law.,. tence, decision; also, a court of justice. A right conceded, privilege. authority, '. A judgment, decision, opinion, in gen. power. 4. A court of justice. Jus and fas 3. The faculty of jldging,judgsment, dis- differ, in referring, the former to human, cernment. and the latter to divine law. Cf. lex. jugialis, e, adj. (jugnm). (Poet. and lat.) jussum, i, n. (jubeo). An order, comYoked. 2. Trop., mnatrimonial, nuptial. mand; a decree. jugerum i. n. An acre, or more prop.,jussus, a, un, part. (id.). ajuger of land, containing 28,800 square Jussus, s, m. (used only in the abl. feet-about five-eighths of an English sing.) (id.). An order, command. acre. justitia, ae, f. (justus). Justice, equity. jiugo, avi, itum, 1. v. tr. (jugum). To iustus, a, urn, adj. (jus). Just, righteous. JUT 98 LAC 2. Transf., lawful, rightful, legitimate; proper, suitable, complete, perfect, right. Jiiturna, ae, f. A sistsr of Turnus. jiiv~nA1is, e, adj. kjuvenis). Youthful, juvenile. Subs., juvenalia, ium, n., ajuvenilefestival. 41ivencap v. Juve10cu1. juivencus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Young. M1ore freq. subs., juvencus, i, M. (SC. bus), a young bullock; (se. homo) a man; juvencap ac, f. (se. bos), a heifer; also, a girl. 4uvenhlisp v. juvenalis. jfivfnisp is, a. Young, youtthful. 2 Subs., a young man or woman, a youth (a term applied to mcn from 17 up to 45 or 50 years of age). jiiventa, ae, f.(id.). Theseasoncf youthi, youth. jiiventas, Atis, f. (id.). (Poet.) The time of youth, youth. jiiventus, natis, f. (id.). The season of youth (from the twentieth to the fortieth year), youth. 2. Concr., youngY persons6, youth. jUvo, jilvi, jfdtum, 1. v. tr. To help, aid, assist, support. 2. To please, gratify, delight. juxta, adv. and prep. (prop. for jnnxta, fr. jungo). Adv., near, near by, nigh. 2. Transf., In like gsauner, equally, alike. II. Pmep. w. ace. Of place, close to, neat- to, hard by. 2-1. Of succession, next to, immediately after. Karthigop v. Carthago. LA. pass., labe-flo, factus sum, fier (labofacio). To cause to totter, to shake, loosen. 2. Trap., to weaken,to destroy, overthrow, fidem, etc.; of the mind, to cause to waver, to shake. labefactus~p a, uam, P. of labefacio. labellum, 1, a. (labrum). A l~ite lip, a lip. labes, is, f. (labor). A falling, sinking down or in. 2. Trop., afall ruin, de8truction. 3. A spot, stain, bleniish; also, trap., a stain, blot, disgrace. Labici, Orum, mn. The people of Labiczam, a town in Latium. *libo, INvi, fltum, 1. v. intr. (kindr. w. labor). To totter, be ready to fall, waver, yield, give way. 2. Trop., to waver, be unzstable or infirm; also, to sink, go to uin. Ilibor, lapsus, 3. v. dep. intr. To fall down or off; to glide or -slide do a, to glide, glide away; to slip away, escape. 2. Trop., to glide away, aetas; to fall, go to ruin, perish; to fall into, come or turn to, in vitium; to fall into error, to err, mistake. libor, (or laboss), Gris, m. Labor, toil, exertion, effort, struggle; work, task; transf., poet., work, work-manship. 2 Ilardship,fatigue, trouble, distress, mitsfortune, disaster. Poet., labores solis, edlipses of the sun. labordtus, a, urin, p. of hibbro, iAM, ittum, 1. v. iutr. and tr. lid). Iutr., to labor, exert onc's self, strive, tale pains. 2-. To sulffer, to be troubled or qlctlsted. 3. To rare, be anvious or rolicitouls. II. Tr., to fashion, formn, make, elaborate. 2. o labor at, cultivyate, frtictus. 1dbrum, i, n. A lip. librum, i, n. A vat, a tub, a bowl. labrusca, ae, f. Thewsild sine. L.Abkrinthus, i, m. The Lab~yrinth, aecelebrateds8Fructure in Crete, built by Daedalus for king JMines, and full of intricate, winding passages. There was also a similar one in Egyp1t. lac, lactis, a. (kiilldr. W. -yax0. y~-AaXKT-0o). Milk. 2. The milky juice of plants. Lgcaena, ae, adj. f. (AaK6at'ca). Lacedaensonian, Spartan; subs., a LaceIdaemonian or ASp~artan woman. Laceaem~, bilsf. (A0dach&qwv). Lacedaemon;o Sparta, the capital of Laconia. Llc~daem6niusq a, am, adj. (AaKC&au/lvtos). Of Lacedaemon, Lacedaemio — nian, Spartan. llcer, 6ra, 6rum, adj. (lcindr. wv. \AXKa). Mangled, lacerated, torn?. 2-. Transf., act. (poet.), lacerating. Ia-c~roq Wv, Atum, 1. v. tr. (id.). To tear to pieces, rend, mangle, lacerate. 2.1 Trop., to tear to pieces with words, to censre, rail at, traduce, asperse, slander; to destroy, ruin, squander, patriam, pecuniam. lacertusy i, M. and lacerta, ae. f. A lizard. llacertus, i, m. The muscular, upper part of the arm, from the shoulder to the elbow, the uppers armsiz tralusf., the LAC 99 LAN arm, in gen. 20. Trop., muscular arms, rich; of discourse, copious; of cattle, musce, strength (of style). fat. lacessitus, a, urn, P. Of laevo, v. levo. licesso, Ivi, or ii, Itum, 3. v. tr. (obs. laevus, a, urn, adj. (kindr. w. Aatcs). lacio, to entice). To excite, provoke, e- Left, on the left side; subs., laeva, ac, f. asperate, irr-itate; in partic., to provoke (se. manus), the left hcnd, or (so. pars), to combat, to challenge; also, to attack, the left Wie. Adv. (poet.), Iaevum, on assail; deos precibus, lo, importune. the left. 2'-. Trop., awkward, foolish, To stir u)), call forth, arouse, produce. stupid, infatuated, mons; -in augury, Lagcinius7 a, urn, adj. Of Lacinsumn, a flortunate, lucky, propitiou(s, favorable promontory in Bruttinto, with. a temple (the Roman augurs facing the south and of Juno, Lacinian. the omens in the cast being most aussl~crlmna, ae, f. (Si&Kpva). A tear. picious); in the usage of the, Greeks, l~crim~bilis, a, adj. (id.). (Poet. and w-,hose seers faced the north, unfortu1st.) Worthy qftears, piteous, mournful ssate, unpropif ions (rar.). l~crirnc, Avi, fftumn (sometimes dep., lagiios, 1, f. ~yo) A species of vine, lacrimor, atus), 1. v. iutr. and tr. (id.). the lageos. To weep, o,,'ed tears. 21. Tr. (rar.i, to Ligus, i, in. A Latin. weep at, bewail any thing. 1anbo7 hi, hituni, 3. v. f.-. To lick. 2 l~crlmn6suz, a, urn, adji. (id.). Tear- Transf., of fire, to touch lightly; of a ful; mournful, piteous. j stream, to wash,.llow by. lact~o, —,2. v. intr. klao). To suck; 1imenta, rirum, an. p1. A swailing, P.: lactens, ntis,fuldlof mzilk; mitky, weeping, moaning, lamientation. juicy. IlznentibIhs, e, ad)~. (lamentor, to lalact~us7 a, um, adj. (id.). Milky, full meat). Deplorable, pitiable, larenetable. of milk; milk-whidte. 2. Plaintive, doleful, vox. 1actfica7 fie, f. Lettuce. 1dMina, ae, f. Of metal, a plate; of a lacuar, v. laquear. leaf, the blade. l~cfina, ae, f. (lacss). A hollow; pit; lamnpas, Adis,9 f. (Aa~urw,). A light, puddle, pool. torch, flam2nbeau, taper,, lum~p. 2. Trop., I&CUS7 US, M. (Ac(~co-, AaCI~Koj). A lake, splendor, brightness, lustre. pod; poet., of a river. 2. -A?reservoir, L~znus, i, mn. A ilutulian. basn, tank, cistern. LAM yrus, i, mn. A Ilutulian. L~des, sm A Lycian follower of 1Una7sf Wol ece cton a Aeneas, slain by Turnus. flecy cloud. Lidon, onis, ace. -ona, mn. A follower lanc~a, ae, f. A lance, spear, javelin. of Pallas, a Trojan. Ilances, v. sanx. Iaedo, si sm 3. v. tr. To strike or Ilin6us, a, nm, adj. (lana). Of wool; dash against (thas bnt once), naves ad woolly, woolen. isaxa. 2. To hurl, injure, damnage by langu~o, fii, -, 2. v. intr. To befaint, striking. 3. Trop., to trouble, annoy, to languish, P.: languens, ntis, vex, qifend, in~jure, abuse. drooping, languied. laena, ae, f. (,XA-wa). A cloak, mantle. languesco, langWi, -, 3. v. inch. intr. LImerti~us a urn, adj. Of Luertes, the (langueo). Tofaint, grow weak, droop. father of diyseses, Laertian. langulds, a, tim, adj. (id.). Languid, laesus, a, urn, part. of lacdlo. fainting. laet~itus, a, am, p. of lactor. laniitus, a, am, p. of lanlo. laet%.tia7 ae, f. (laetus). Joy, delight, linfclurn v. lanitinun. gladness, joyfulness. linIger, 6ra, &um, adj. (lana, wool, laetor, fltus, 1. v. dep. in~tr. (id). To and gero). Wool-bearing, fleecy. rejoice, be joyful or glad at any thing. linio ILvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To tear to laetus, a, umn. adj. Joyful, glad, cheer- pieces, laceraie, mangle. ful. 2. Doing a thing with jo.-y, soilling, linItlum (linIclumn), Ii, a. (lana). ready; delighting or taking pleasure in Wool. a thing, also pleased, satisfied, aliqua re, lInug - is, f. Down. causing joy, lucky, auspficious, favorable; lanx, ascs, f. A dish or plate; a charger, pleasing the senses, delightful, pleasing, platter; 1)1.: lances, pans of scales, agreeable, beautifult; of soil, etc.,.fertile, scales. LAO 100 LAT L56c66n9 onitis, in. (Aao0K6ov). A son plentiful, large, spacious, expan~sive, of Priami, and priest of Alvito, killed by mach. 2. Givingom abundantly, bountiful, two sespents while offer-ing sacrifice to profuse, liberal, munificent. Neptune. Ldrides, ae, in. A -Rutulian. L.46dlmia, ae, f. iaxo~i4Lnca). Wife of Liirinaq ac, f. An attendant or follower Protesilaus, the first Greek killed at Of Camilla. Troy, who followed her husband to the Ldrissaeus, a, urn, adj. Of Larissa, Lower World by a voluntary death. an ancient city of Thessaly, Las ssanai, L56m6dont~us a, urn, adi. (.'/Lao- Thessalian. medon, father oV Priamn and king of Ldrius, i, in. A lake in Cisalpinle Troy; poet. for Trojan. Gaul, now Conno. L56m~dontilidesq ae, in. (AaoME8i3v- lasclivus, a, uin, adj. Wanton, sportive,,niiaii). A male descendani of Lao/nedon, lascivious. esp. Priam,; in the pil., poct. for the lassusp a, inn, acdj. (kindr. w. laxus). Tr oj ans. I Wearied, tired, fatigued. L656m6dontiu, v.Lomdntn. Lat~gus,, n A Trojan. 1Mplddsus, a, urn, adj. (lapis). Full of ljta adv. (latus.). Broadly,, widely, exstones, stony. 2. Transf., hard as stone, ten~sively, far and wide, jar around. stony. 16tebra7 ae, f. (lateo). A la/king or lapillus, i, M. A sall stone, a pebble. hiding-place, a retreat, covert, recess. 2'-. 1Vps9 Idis, rn. (kindr. w. A\ail) A dtone Trop., a lurking-place, ret/eat; in Ipar(ngen., without refereiice to size or Itic., a subterfuge, pr~etence. form); Parius lalis, Parian /no/ble. 1atebr6susy a, urn,nd.(.) Plla In. partic., a niice-slone, set up on the leiding-places or lurking-holes; hence, roads at every lO00) paces (= a Roman w. pumex, porous; (lat.) hidden?, sec/el, maile); a preciou8 stone, ge//i, jewel. retired. Lgplthae, airur, in. (At-'0at) 4 r ude Iatenise entis, Pa. (lateo). Lying kid, people of Thessaly, celebrated for their hidden, secret. combat with th Centaurs at the weddi/ng llteo7 Wi, 2. v. intr. (kindr. w. AaP, root of Pirithexus. iof AavOcivw). To lurk, lie h~id, skulk. 2. lappa, ac, f. A bar. To live i/i retire//ent;, to lie sheltered, lapso, 1.- v.- freq. iintr. (labor). (Poet. secure or safe. 3. WV. acec. and a nonanad lat.) To totte/', slip, slide. lpersonal snhjcct (poet. and lat.), to be lapsus, a, 010, part. of labor. co//cea/ted fronm, u/nk//own to; abs., to be lapsus, fis, m. (id.). A fail-i/i, fall; unknown, causa. a slippi/ig, slidbig, flowingl, a glidi/ng l~tex, Icis, in. A liquid, fluid; a. g., movement of any kinid, a flinyig, jyligt, wvater, wvine, oil, etc. swoop, a /r/Inaig, a course; Poet., NN. L~tinus, a, urn, adj. Of Latin/m, Larotarum, rolling wheels. 2'. Trap., a tin, Latin. Adv., Latine, in Latiii. slip, blunder, c//or, fautlt. Subs., Latini, orum, in., the inhabit1Mquear, dris, n. (kindr. iv. lacns). ants of Latium, the Lati//s. (Poet. and lat.) A ceiliiig formed of in- L.Atium. ii, a. The country of Italy in tersecting beams wvith hollowv spaces be- which ib- me was situated. tweea variously ornamented, a panelled Liitdna ae, f. (A~i-w). Daughter of thre or fretted ceiling. Titan CFoeu and Phoebe, and mothe/r. by laqueus, i, in. (hid.). A /ioose, trc/p or Jupiter, of Apollo and Diana. snare. Lit~nius, a, urn, adj. (Latona). Of Lir Aris, and mostly p1. Lare:, urnI Latona, Latonian. anum, in. The Lares, tutelar deities Hitr~tor, Oris, in. (latro). A barker; among the Romnans, belonging origi nal ly the barking. to the Etruscan religion and wo/rshipead 15tr~tusp fis, in. (latro). A barking, as the gluardians of particuilar localities, baying. especially.. The tutelar deities of a 15tr, vIM, 11tuin, 1. v. tr. and intr. To house or fan~ily, household gods. 3. bark, canies. 2. Transf., to roar, rumMeton., a hearth, dwelling, home. ble, undac; to rant, brawl, bluster, oralargior, Itus, 4. v. dep. To bestow tores. 3. Tr., to bark- at;, trop., to assaill. largely, to give, to gi-ant. la"tro, onis, m. A robber; a hunter. largus; a, urn, adj. Abundant, copious, l1itus,# a, urn, p. of fero. LAT 1.01 LEN litUs, a, urn, adj. (kindr. w. -,rXaT-PS). Broad, wide. 2e. In gen., wide-spreading, wtide-extended, lacqe, inare, populos. 3.Trop., broad, wide-spread; of style, diffuse, copious. igtus, 6ris, an. The side,,flank- of men or animals. 2'.. Tranisf., in gren., the side, flank, lateral sus~face of ally thinig; in partic., the flank of an army. laudo, Avi, aituin, 1. v. tr. (laus). To praise, commeiied, loud, eulogize. 21. Transf., to quiote, cite, gnen fuol, name a person as ally thing (usually with conamendatioii). Laurensq antis, adj. Of Laurentam, the capital town of Latiumln fltile reignt of Latimus, Laurentian. Laurentum, i, n. A town inl Latiums. laureus, a, urn, adj. Of Laurel. Fern. sc. arbor. A laurel tree. laurus, i, rarely, Us f. A La1o-el tree, bay tree, laurel. O. Meton., a lttalel crouln or wreathli hence.=a tr~iunlph, Victory. laus, laudis, f. Praise, fame, rentown, glory, e~steesn. 2~. Meton., a praiseworthy action, praiseworthy coiiduct, mnerit, desert. Laausus, i, na. An Etr-ascan, 50o1. of Mezentius. lautus7 a, urn, p. of lavo. Livinia, ae, f. The daughter of Latinus, and scife of Aeneas. Liivinium, ii, a. A city qf Latiuml, founded by Aeneas, and named in honor of his wlfe Laviaia; now called Pratica. Livinius (rarely Liivinus), a, uni, adj. Of Lavinium, Lavinian. JAvo, livi and lMvhvi, lautua, igsturn and lo0turn, 1 and 3, v. tr. and intr. (Aoi'w). To nash, bathe, lave, nianus; transf., to wet, moisten, bedew, lacrimis; trop., to wash awea,, rnala vino. 2". aItr., lavo, or inid. lavor, to bathe. laxitus, a, urn, p. of laxo, lvi, tRum, 1. v. tr. (laxus). To make wide, s-oonly, or spacous, to stretch out, extend, expand. 2-1. To nlldo, loosen, opeis, relax, release, free, clear, claustra.:s. Trop., to lighten, relieve, refresh, antmos; to relax, remit, mitigate, abate, tramn, laborem. laxus, a, urn, adj. Wide, open, roomy, spacious, extended, dornus, toga, agrnen. 2.Opee, loose, janua, cornpages..3. Slack, unlitrung, habena, arcus. 4. Trop., slack, loose, tlax, imlperiurn, habenas anaicitiac; of tille, distant. leaena, aM, f. (?,5awv). A lioness. 16bes, ails, rn. (AO~r,eq). (Poet.) A kettle, caldron for cooking. lectory Oris, in. A reader. lectus7 a, urn, part. aund Pa. of logo. Chosen, pick-ed; hence, 21. Choice, excellesdif. lectus, i, Mn. (lego). A coach, bed; in pantic., a nuptial-couch; also, a diningcouch. LE-da, ae, f. (Ai&). ife of Tyndar-us, king of Sparta, anld mother, by Jupiter, of Helen, Jlgtanlnestra, Castor, alld P01111x Lzdaeun-, a, urn, adj. Of Leda, Ledocan; wv. 11cru-iione, becau-se she was the granlddaughlter of Leda. legaitus, 1, i1. 4 legate, cn. cmsbasr-ador. lWgifer, 6ra, lsruni, adj. (e-fc).(Poet.) Law-giving. legio, flais, f. A lcc?! of troops; a legion, an arnly. l6go, Ifigi, lectuni, 3. v. tr (y. To bring together, to anther, collect; w. vela, to gather in, futrl; to gather or take unijustly, to carryqff; steal; v. assobject of place, to go or Puss thr'ourgh, to traverse, course alongl; tilse, to pnor soil by, coast alongy a place. 2.To pick- out, select., choose, elect. i. Trop., to garther up, catch with the ear, overhear, serinlonc~i to gather or catch wvith tiiie eye, to obsFerre, survey, alid in part~ic., to leeld, peruse; also, to iead eossd, lead cut, se — cite; to read or call over inames. lftfimen, tnig, TI. (lego). Pulse; be-an. L61ges,; urn, m. (A-Acy-;). Tribe~s oj Asia Mislor and Greece. lembus, i, in m 43s. A light sailing vessel; pineiace, yacht. Lemnius a, urn, adj. (A~ul'cO;. 0J Lemnos, IWe honle of' Vulcan;- Leninian. Lbnaeus, a, urn, adj. (l'c).(Poet.) Of or belonging to Bacchus, Bacchic, Lenaean. JjniO, Tvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. (lenis). To makesofter, to soften, mollify;- to' cite vial~e, llitigate, assuage, allay, seethe, calm. l6niS, e, adj. Soft, mild, smooth, gen tle, lit, and trop. lens-, ntis, f. A lentil, a vetch. lentesco, -, —, 8. v. inch. lItr. Tv becomne sticky, to stick,, to adhere. lento, Avi, flturn, I. v. tr. (lentus). (Poet. and lat.) To bend. lentus, a, urn, adj. (lenis, lenitus, fr. lenin). Pliant,.fleixi ble; tough, tenacious; LEO 102 LIB sticlky, visc'ous. 2. Transf., slow, slug- up in a prescribed form, a contract, coygish, imn nable, aminis. 3. Trop., last- enant, stipulation; in phur., coditions ing, protracted, amor, militia; slow, te- cr terms. 2.A proposition for a law dious in speech or action; of character, made to the people by a magistrate, a easy, tranquil, calm, listless, indiffrent. pr posed law, a bill. 3. A bill which has 1602 Gnis, m. (A~wv). A lion; also, the become a law, a law, statute. 4. In constellation Leo. geni., a la5w, precept, regulation, met/hod. l6pus, 6ris, m. A hare. Jura and leges differ in that the former.Lerna,. ae, f. (Aipvmq). A small lake near Iare principles of law, rights, while the Argos in Gireece, where abode tire Ler- latter are specific enactments, statutes. naean Hydra slain by Hercules. libiimen, lois, n. (libo). (Poet.) That laernaeus, a,) urn, adj. (Lerna). Of which is ponred out in sacrificial offer. Lerna, Lernaeazs. ings to the gods, a drtnk-ojpig ia loesbos,,f Aofo) An island in tion. the Aegean Sea. lib~tus, a, urn, p. of libo. 16tiffisq a, adj. (letumi). Deadly, fatal, 1ibens entis, Pa. (impers. libet, it pleasmortal. es). Xcting with willingness, readiness, L&Zthaeus7 a, urn, adj. (Asae. Of willing, ready,-generally expressed by Let/re, a river in the infernal regions, adverbs,?readilywillingly,w set/ pleasure. whose waters caused forgetfulness of ljbeo, fli, ituni, 2. v. intr. To p/ease; the past, Lel/tean. impers., it pleases, is agreeable to, is one's hitlfer, 6ra, 6rum, adj. (letum-fero). pleasre. (Poet.) Deat/r-blinging, deadly. Liber, 6ri, mn. (fr. liber, free, as the god 16tum; i, n. (perh. fr. "I'vo). Death.. who frees fr. care; or fr. libo). An old Meton., of thiugs,?I in, destruction. Italian deity, afterwards identical wvithi Lmeucaspis, is, iii. A cosmpanion of Bacehus. 2'. Meton., wine. Aeneas, lost wit/h Orontes. liber, 6ra, 6rum, adj. Free, unrestrainLneucatev es, Leuciita or Leucii- ed, lose; adv.: lib&r&,freely,; comp.: tes, ae, f. (AErvKchira,). A promontoryF lib6rius, more freely; geneously. of the island of Leucadia. li 1ber, bri, rn. Inner bark of a tree; a 16v~imen, Inis, ni. (levo). An allevia- book. tions, mitigation, solace. llb&r6, adv., v. 2. liher. leviitus, a, urn, p. of levo. lib~ro, Avi, Mtum, 1. v. tr. To free, to l6vis2 e, adj. Light in weight, not heavy, I liberate. opp. to gravis; w. cibus, light, easy to libertas, Ittis, f. (liher, free). Liberty, digest; li/st in motion, swift, quick, freedom. 21. In partic., civil liberty, opp. inimble; poet., -slight, trifling, small. to slavery; political liberty of a people; 2.Trop., light, unimportant, trifling, I (lat.) liberty orfreedone of speech, franktrivial, slight, periculum, proclium, ness, boldness, cansdor. 3. Personified, causa; of character, light, capricious, Lihertas, the goddess of Liberty..#ckle, inconstant,false; (very rar.) mild, libet, v. libeo. gentle, pleasant. Libbthris2 idis, f. adj. Of Libet/tra, a 16vis, e, adj. (AElog). Smooth, not rough, fountain in Macedonia, sacred to the opp. to asper; w. szangcuiS, slippery; w. mus~es. In the plural, the muses. pocula, polished. 2. Trop. (poet.), fair, libo, Avi, Atuni, I. v. tr. (Aft'Pw). To youthfssl, beautiful, deticate, firns; of take a little from anyv thing, to take away. style, smooth, flowing. 2.In partic., to crop, grauiiina dentibus; levlter, adv. Slightly, to taste of, taste; poet., to touch, ci'bos l5Vo, flvi, dtum, I. v. tr. ll~vis). (Mostly digitis; w. oscula, to kiss;- to paour out poet.) To make light, lighten. 2. Transf., in honor of a deity, to make a. libation of to lift up, raise, elevate; to take off, mani- any li quid, pocula; also, to offer, present, cas. 3. Trop., to lighten, alleviate, miti- conse rate other things, C. g., fru1gern gate, lessen;, to diminish, impair, reduce, Cereri, dapes, carmiun, etc.; to lessen, vectigal, laudem; to relieve, release, die- diminish, weaken., impair by taking charge, free fr-ou, aliquem metu. away, vires. 3. Trop., to take out, I&vo, flvi, Attum, 1. v. tr. (levis). To snake cull, extract from any thing, ex ingenils, smooth, to smooth1, polish, lit, and trop. natura. lex, legis, f. (lego). An agreement drawn I libra. ac, f. I. A balance, espoecially the LIB 103 LTQ constellation Libra. 2. The Roman pound of twelve ounces. libro, Avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (libra, a balance). To hold in equilibrium, to poise, balance. 2. To balance, poise in throwing or flying; hence, to throw, hurl, Jling, launch. libum, i, n. (libo). A cake offered to the gods, made of meal, oil, and honey. LUburni, Orum, m. The Libu nians, an Illyrian people near the head of the Adriatic. iAbyaa ae, f. (A Li3). Libya or North Africa, and poet. for Africa in gen. Libycus, a, um, adj. (AL3UvK6o). Libyan, African. Libystis, Idis, adj. f. (Av.SVOT(). Libyan. licenter7 adv. (licens). Freely. licet, cuit and citum cst, 2. v. impers. intr. It is allowed, allowable, laqwfat!, or permitted; one may, can, or might (do so and so, one is at liberty (construed with an infinitive or a subject clause, with or without a dat.; with the neut. of a pron. or adj. as subject; with ut and subjunctive, or with subjunctive without ut); abs., be it so, yes. II. As a concess. conj., granting, even if, although, notwithstanding. -ichas, ac, m. A Latin slain by Aeneas. licitus, a, rnm, p. of liceo. licium i, n. The leash at the end of the wetb, that holds the warp in place in the loom; the leash, thread. Licymnia, ae, f. A slave. ligitus, a, um, p. of ligo. Lfg~ea ae, f. (AiLyeta). A sea-nymph. Liger, eri, m. An Etruscan. lignum, i, n. Wood; in pl., ligna, firewood, opp. to materia, building tim ber. ligo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To bind, bind fast, tie. '. To bind around, survound, aliquid aliquA re. 3. Trop., to unite, bind together, combine, argumenta. Ligur or Ligus, firis, m. A Ligurian. As adj., of Liguria, Ligurian. ligustrum, i, n. The privet (a plant). ilium, ii, n. (Aeipwow). A lly. 2. Meton., a kind of fortification consisting of rows of pits in which stakes were driven, rising a few inches above the surface of the ground. lilybeius, a, um, adj. Of Lilybaeunm, a promontory on the western coast of Sicily, Lilybaean. limbus, i, ai. A border, edge fringe, hem, selvage of a garment or web; also, in gen., a belt, band, girdle. limen, Imns, n. The threshold of a door = the crossbeam above, as well as that under the door (limen superum et inferum); a lintel or a sill, but usually the latter. 2. Meton., a door, entrance, in gen.; still more gen., a house, dwelling, abode, palace, temple; poet., a barrier in a race-course. 3. Trop., a beginning, conmmencement. limes, itis, m. (kindr. w. id.). A crosspath between fields; hence, a boundary line, limit between two fields. 2. A fortified boundary line of a country, a boundary wall. 3. Any path, passage, way, course, line, lit. and trop. lmoasus) a, inn, adj. (limus). (Poet. and lat.) Slimy, muddy, miry. limus i, n. A girdle, worn by priests. limus9 i, m. Slime, mud, mire. lineus, a, um, adj. (linum, flax). Of flax, fl.axen, linen. lingua, ae, f. The tongve. 2. Of the tongue considered as the principal organ of speech, a tongue, speech, language; poet., note, song, voice of a bird or other animal. lino, lIvi or lovi, liturnm, 3. v. tr. and linio, Ivi, Itum, 4. v. tr. To smear, to daub, to cover, to seal. linquo' lTqui, 3. v. tr. To leave, quit, forsake, depart from an;- thiing, urbem, terram. 2. To leave, give 1upc, abandon, resign any thing. linter, tris, f. A boat; a trough or vat for grapes. linteum, i, n. (linum, flax). Linen cloth, linen; any thing made of linen, a sail, etc. linum, i, n. (Aivoi). lax; a net made of flax. Linus, i, m. (Airoe). Son of Apollo, a musician. Lipare, es, f. (Atrap7T). Lipare, one of the Aedian islands. liqu6-facio, feci, factum, 3. v. tr. and pass., liquefio, factus sum (lique-facio). To make liquid, to melt, liquefy. '2. Trop., to weaken, enervate. liquffactus, a, um, part. of id. liquenS, entis, Pa. (liqueo). Liquid, fluid, watery; dear. liquensy entis, Pa. (liquor). Liquid. liqueo, lHqui or licui, 2. v. intr. To be fluid or liquid (so only in pres. part.). '2. Trop., to be clear, apparent, manifest, evident (mostly only in the third pers. sing.). LIQ 104 LUB liquesco, ciui, 3. v-. inch. intr. To become liquid, to soften, to smelt. liu s aurn, adj. (id.). Fl'owing, liud u.21. Clear, limpid, brig/it, transparent, pure, luimen, aqua, aether. 3. Trap., flowing, fluent, genus dicendii; pure, clear, calm, serene, tranquil'; plain, evident. llquo, Avi, -, 1. v. tr. To strain, to filter. liquor, liqul, 3. v. dep. intr. (id.). To be fluid or liquid; to flow, run, distil. liquor, Oris, mn. (liquec). Fluid, moisture, humor. Zairi's, is, in. 1. An Etruscan. 2. A river in Latium. 11 ltis, f. Strife, a carnteet,, a (lispute. litatus, a, urn. p. of 11top Avi, Atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. To sacrifice underfavorable auspices, to sacrifice acceptably. 2'1. Tir., to make atonement to, to appease, satisfy; also, to offer, to sacrfice, ext a. lit6reus, a, urn,adj.(litus). Of the seashore, on the shore, share. litus, 6ris, ii. The sea-shore, shore, beach, strand. 2. Transf., the shore of a lake; the bank of a river; a tract of land on the sea-coast. 11tus, a, urn, p. of lino. Jjtuus, i,mi. The crooked staff used by I he augurs, an augur's crook. 2-. A. trumpet, clarion (a curved wind-Instrtiment used for giving the signal iii war). liveo,-,- 2. v. intr. To be livid or blue 1iv-Idus, a, urn, adj. (liveo). Of a blue or lead color, blui~sh, blue; esp., black and blue, livid, brachia. 2. Trap., envious, jealous, spiteful, malicious. l6co, AVi, lAturn, 1. V. tr. (locus). To place, put, lay, set. 20. In partic., to give in marrage;to place or put out at interest, to lend or loan, pecuniarn, alicuii; to let or hire out. domum, agrum, se or operarn suam, to farss out, gire out to the highest bidder, vectigalia, portoriuna; to contract or bargain for havlug a thing done. LWcri, arum, iM. (AoKpaL). (Narycli.) A colony of Locriansfrom Naryx, opposite Euboea, settled on the coast of Bruttium, called also Locri Epizephyrii. li0cuples, etis, adj. Pic/i, wealthy. 16cus, i, im. (in the pl., mn., single places, particular passages in books, points of a treatise; and loca, n., places connected wvith one another, regions, a country, etc.). A place, spot, locality, s egian. 2.A post, station, position. 3. Trop., a place. position in a series, or classification; hi respect to influence, dignity, etc.. pta'-~e, position, situationsain rank; roons, ptace, space, occasion for any thing, locus sus~cioni; (esp. the pl. loci) a point, division of a subject or writing; also, a topic, matter, point. lecfjtus~ a, urn, p. of loquor. lolium, i, ii. Darnel, tares. longaevus, a, urn, adj. (longius-aevum). (Poet.) Of great age, aged. long, adv. (longits). Far off~far remote, a;t a distance~ far. 2. Of time. ton g,for a long period. 3. Greatly. very much, far. lotige melior, optimus,,, itnsignis. 4. Of speech, at great length, tediosly. longinquus, a, tim, adj. (id.). Of space (nar.), long. 20. In pantic.,far removed, fas- off, remote, distant; foreign. strange, homo. 3. Of time, long, long contissued, dolor. langius, adv. (camnp. Of longe). Far-ther, longler (of space or time). 1cngus, a, Im, adj. Oif space, lang; Av. homo, tall; wvide, epacioaue, ra~st, freta, aether. 2. Of time, long, cf long duralion, tedious., 1Dquax7 lIcis, adj. Loquaciasus, talkative; noisy; cr-oaking. 16clubla7 ae, f. (loquor). (Poet.) Speech, dvscourse. 21. Transf., a word. 16qUor,l16cfltus, 3. v. dlap. int. atid fr. To' speak, talk, say (colloquially, in fie language of common life). 2. To speak out, say, tell, alter, name; to talk of, speak about. 3. Trap., to declare, clearly indicate, res ipsa, ocitli. loritus, a, urn, adj. Boundwsith thongs; harnessed. lbrica, ae, f. (lorim). A teethes' cotrselet or cuirass, a brenelplate mede of ttomugs (opp. to thorax, one made of niet!tl); a coat qf retail, cusirass, itt gen. 2'. Transf., a de~fence cf any kind; a breastwork, parapet. lWrum, i, ii. A leather strap or thong. 2. Thing~s madle of straips: a rein: a nship, 1 ub, scourge; a girdle. latUg f-os), i, f (Aor6ei). The L~tus tree; the Egyptian scaler-lily. Ilibricus., a, 1rn. adj. Slippery, enmooth, locus; that easily slips, slippery, slimy, ang~us. ~2. Trap., slippery, s~nceretain, LIUC iO05 LUP cc tical; poet., deceitfcud; w. anunti, lice as a pastime, versibus, armis, etc.; fleeting. to play a part, to counte feit, mimic, act, Liic~gusy i, M. An Etruscan. aliqueni or aliquid; to make sport of a liiCeo, luxi, 2. V. intr. (lax). To be light person, to ridicule, banter, aliquoin; to or clear, to shine, beam; in jiartic., im- delude, deceive, trick.pare., lucet, lucebat, etc., it is ii gis, it is Ifidus, i, in. (id.). A play, game, diverday. 2. Tr'op., to be clear, plain, die- sian., pastime; in pantic., in pl., public tinct; to shiee forth', be visible. splendor gacnes, shows, plays, spectacles. 2!. Play, imperii, sport, anmusecnent, fun., joke, jest. 3. A!ficerna7 ae, f. A lamp, sch~ool of any kind: x. literaruirn or litclIicesco, v,-:.x. inch. intr. To rarins, ace elementary school; w. gladiabegin to be light. to (lucr, to shi-ne. toriti~. a fencing-schtool; w. fidichiuns, a Lfcetiusy i, m. A Latin. music-school. lficfdus, a, urn, adj. (lux). Full of light, Ifies, is, f. 0(in). (Poet, anld lat.) A bright, shining, clear; poet, c-hite, bc 1- plague, pestilence, contagimes disease. liunt, beautiful, ovis,, pue'lla, vestis. 2. 2". Traop., aiiy spreaditig evil, a calamity, Trait., clear, plain, distinct, lucid, oar- mnisfo rt une. ratio, ordo. l1lgeo, xi, ettim, 2. v'. intr. and tr. (kindr. Ificifer; Oira, 6rum, adj. (Itix-fern). Light- w. Av-yp6ie). Tomnourn, lamnent (intr. andi bringing. Subs.. Lficffer&, An.in., the tr.). 2. To ioun, be in cccourning, wear n rning-star, the planet Venus. oricing appac-el for (intr. anut tr.). 1uIficfius, a, urn, adj. (lux-fitgio). I _r ai lnnrs) ortfly Lighit-shunning. oinsc~y. Lficina% ac. f. (hix). Lcccina, the goddess. lumbus, i. m. The loin. of child-birth.; meton., breeding, child- Ifimeng fnis, a. (coutr. fr. hicimen, fr. bearing. Iticeo). Light.. Iii pantic., a light, Lucrinus, i, M. Lake Lucrinus, on the laucp. torch;, daylight, day; the light, of coast of CaMpat-ia. life, life; the light of the eye, thre ey; luctiimen, Inis, ii. (luctor). A striving; a bright color, gleam, glow, bloocn. 3. tol. Trop., a light, i. e., a v-ery stipetior perluctificus, a, tim, adj. (luctutc-facio). son or thing, an ornament, glory, emCausing grief; woe-bearing. bellisheceent, eloqitetitiac. civitatis, etc.; luctans, antis, Pa. (luclor). Stoeggling, also, clearness, distinct cess, atferre luimen reluctant. memoriae. luctor, Atuls, 1. v. dep. Yb wrestle; Ifina, ac, f. (conir. fr. Iticina, fr. luceo). tranesf., in gen., to wrestle, straggle, The moon. 2". Transf., the light of the strive, contend, lit, and trap. moo, mcoonlight; a month; ccight. 3. luctus, fis, inl. (lttgeo). Sorrow, mour- Personified, the goddess of the mnoon, ing, lamentation (esp. for the loss by later identified whith Diana. death ocr exile of one who is dear, and ffinitas, a, urn, Pa. (Inno, to b~end like exhibited by outward signs). 2". Tue a half-moon, ft. id.). Moon-shaped, cresexterutal sighsl of sorrow, icuricing, cent. mnourning apparel. 3. Personified, the luo, hil, 3. v. tr. (Aolw). To wash, lace. god of Grief.- 2'. Tiop., to wash awvay a fault, to atone Iicus,q i, m. A wood sacred to a deity, for, expiate, noxam. pecunig,; als-o, to a sacred grove. 2. Poet., a stood, in avert by expiation, perienla; to pay a geu. debt or penalty; w. poe-nas, or poenam, Iddibrium, ii, a. (lndo). M1ockery. scf- to suffer, undergo. pay. icy, scorn, sport that one makes of any Ii~pa, ae, f. (ltiptus). A she-wolf. 2O. A body. 2. Mleton., an object of mockery, harlot. a laughing-stock, butt, jest; a scoff, jest. 1Upatus, i, in., or 1upitum, I, a. A Ifidicer, cra, cr~um, adj. (butts). Sport- achr furni shed withi ekes-p teeth. iee, vain, trifling. Llpercal, Ails, a. The Lupercal, a lfido, si, sum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To play grotto at Rome, saced to Pan. (at some game, for aimusement), alefi, Liiperci7 Oritni, in. Priests of Pan, the tails, etc.; also, aleam, lustim. 2. To Luperci. play, sport, frolic, Jest. 3. Trap., to 1upinus (am), i, in. A eort of bean, the play with, amuse one's self with, prac- lupinae. LUP 106 M1AC ilipus, b, m. (kindr. W. iI;KOC;). A wolf. V1. Transf., a voracious fish, a horse's bit armied with points like wolves' teeth; a hook or grapple. lustr~lis, e, adj. (lustrum). Expiatory lustro, Eivi, tU1m, 1. v. tr. (instrumi). To purify by an expiatoy sacriftce. 2'1. To review (because accompanied by a purifying sacrifice), exercitumi. Hence, 3. Poet., in gen., to review, survey. observe, examine, aliquid oculis. 4. To go round (as the lustral sacrifices were carried by the priest around the person or thing to be purified), wander over, traverse, aequor navibus, metas. lustrum, i, fl. (muo). A morass, bog, slough (ante-cl.). 2. A haunt or den of wild beasts, a covert. lustrum, i, n. (id.). 1. (Rar.) A purifying sacrifice, expiatr offering, in -eni. 2. The great purifying sacrifice or lustratio made at Rome every five years, by the censors,, in behalf of the whole people, at the conclusion of the census. 3. A period of five years, a lustrum; hence (poet.), in gen., a period of several years. 1iit~olUsy a, urn, adj. (lu'leus). Yeloish. lfit~us, a, urn, adj. (luttam). Yellowish, saffron-colored. lIitum, i, n. W~eld, a yellow plant used in dyeing; saffron-color. mUx, f[cis, f. (Incen, AKlq). Light, radiated from a luminous, or (poet.) reflected from a shining- body. 2'-. In partic., daylight, day; a day; poet., the lighit of life, life..3. Trop.. light, illustration, elucidation, evidence; a light, orna ent, glory, Dardaniae: publicity, public view, the public, the world; light, encouragement, help, deliverance. luxuria, an, or luxuriesy ei, f. Profuseness, rankness, luxuriance. luxurio, 11vi, Atui, 1. v. intr. To be luxuriant, to abound, to swell; to rejoice. luxus, fis, m. (kincir. wv. Ae46,;). Excess, extravaganc in the manner of living. luxury, debauchery; rar. in a good sense, splendor, magnificence. L~aeus, i, m. (Avmios). The Deliverer from Care, a surname of Bacehus. 2. Transf., wine. 3. Adj.. of Bacahus, Lyaean. L~caeusy, ni,. (AVKa~ov). A mountain in Arcadia. L~kcaDUS a, umn, adj. (Lycacus). Of Lycaeus, lyca'ean. Lkcion, Wns, In. (AVKCsmV). 1. A king of Arcadia, father of C'allisto. 2.! A Cretan maker of arms. L~Fci6nlus, a, mim, adj. Of Lycaonie. Li~cas, an, in. A aompanion of Turnite,. lychnus, i, m. A light, a lamp. Lkcldas, ae, in. (AVK&Scmc). A slephvrd. Lkcisca, ae. f. The name of a dog. Lkcia, ae, f. (A~vda). A aountry of Asia Xlinor. Lyfcius, a, um, adj. (id.). Lycian; snubs., L6ycii, 0mum, in., the Lycians?, allies of the Trojans. Lycifrias, idis, f. (AVKmcmpni). A 2V?reid. Lycfiris, diffs, f. The mistress of Uorelius Callus. Lyctius, a, min, adj. Of Lyctus, a town in Crete, Lyctian. L-kcurgus, i, M. (AvKoDp-yo;). An ancient king of Thrace who sternly prohibited the rites of Bacchus in his *ingdom; hence termed acer by Virgil. 2. The famous lawgiver of Sparta. 3. An Athenian orator. Lycus, i, m. A companio of Aeneas. L-kdius a, tm, ad). Of Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, Lydian. 21. Etruscan, because, according to tradition, the Etrnsci were from Lydia. L~~dus, v. Lydius. lympha, na, f. (Poet.) Pure, clear water, spring-water. lymphjitus, a, urn, p. of lympho, 11vi, Atum, I. v. tr. To distract, to make mad or furious,Lynceus, ei, m. (AVYKe6c). A companion of Aeneas. lynx, lyn~cis, a. (Avyj). A lynxLyrnbsius (-essius), a, urn, adj. Of Lyrnesus, Lyrneslan. Lyrn~sus (-essus), i, f. A town in the Troad. macerg cma, crum, adj. Thin, lean. N~chion, Wus, m. (Maxiwv). Son of Aesculapius, and a fameu surgeo of the Greeks at Troy. michina, ac, f. (tkaXcmvij). A machine, i.ea., any artificial contrivance for performingT any work. a warlike engine, a staging, scaffoldimng, etc. 2. Trop., a device, artifice, stratagem. m~ciesq Ii, f. (macer, lean). Leanness, meagrenss, thinness; of a field, barrenne8s; trop., of style, meagreness. MAC II( (7 MAG~ mactfituS, a, urn, p. of macto. macta, adv. Well done, go on. macto, flvi, fltumi, I. v. inteDS. tr. (root mag, seen in magnius). Prop., to enlarge, augment, magnify,; hence, trop., to extol, glorify, honor; esp. a deity with a sacrifice. 2.Transf., to offer up, sacri_fice any thinig in honor of the gods. 3i. Out of the relig. sphere, to present, reward wvith any thin,- good or bad; in a bail sense, to afflict, punish with any thing, hence, also, to overthrow, iun. mA611a7 in, f. A spot. 2. In a bad sense, a spot, stain, blot, blemish, lit. and trop. MAc-a1o, fivi, fltum, 1. v. tr. (id.). To make spotted, to spot, specklde (poet.). 2. In a had sense, to spot, stain, defile; trop., to defile, pollute, disgrace, dishonor. MAcfiJ&~us, a, urn, adj. (id.). Spotted, speckled, mttled, variegated. 2. In a bad sense, stained, dcfiled, polluted; trop., defiled, polluted, dishonoredl. mld6-fficio, freci, facturn, 3. v. tr. (madeo-facio). To make wet, to wet, moisten, soak. mldens2 entis, Pa. (madeo). Wet, moist, drippng, bedewed. mado, 2. v. iiitr. (uitciw). To be wet or mit, to become wet, to drip with any thin-. 2.Ep., to be drenched with wine, to be druink. 3. To be boled soft or thoroughly. 4. Trop.. to be full of, overflcsw with, abound in, Socraticis sermnoaibus. m~desc07 dul, 3. v. inch. intr. (id.). (Poet. and lat.) To become wet or moist. m~didusq a, urn, adj. (id.). Wet, moist, drenched. lWaeander, also lMaeandros7 dri, rn. (Mixiavipoq). A river of Asia Vinr proverbial for its winding course. 21. Transf., any turning or Winldiln-, a mandering; poe t., the embroidery of a garment, wrought with windings. Maec-na-s7 an, m. C. Cilniiss ilfaecena8, a Roman knight. friend of Auigastus and patron of Virgil. lWaenaliusp a, urn, aclj. (Miacnalus). Of Mfaenalus, illaenalian, Arcadian. Mlaeniilus, i, in., and Mlaenala, iOrum, n. A mountain in Arcadia, sacred to Paii. lWae6nj oats, m. A Rut ulian. lWaeonia, ae, f. The ancient name of Lydia in Asia Minor. Mlaeonidae, rnim, in. Matonians oi Lydians; Etr-ucans. lVlae6nus aur, adj. (M a4vos). Of.Maeonia, Afaeo'ian, Lydian; of Howner as born in Maeonia, Homeric, carmen,of the Etruscans as descendants of thQ, Lydians, Etrurian. MYaedtiusq a, urn, adj. Of the Ataeft~e, a warlike, Scythian people about lake Maeotis (Paiis. Maeotis),anow the Sea of Azof, Mhaeotian. maereo, 2. v. intr. and tr. (kindr. w. miser). To be mnournful or sad, to grieve, murn, pine. 2. Tr., to mrurn over, lament, bewail aiiy thing. Maeren~, entis, Pa., mourning, grieving, sad. maestus, a, urn, adj. (id.),. Sad, sr — rowful, Moraful, deeponding, dejected, melancholy. 2. Transf. (pocet.), conaected wvith or eliowin- mou01rning, con1 -taining, showing, or causing sadness, sad, mournful, unhappy, unlucky, vestis, ara, tectum. lYfaevius, i, rn. The nanme of a bad pot, an enemy oif Vir-il. mf~ig~la, em, ni. p1. (a Pianic word). Huts, tents.. The suburbs of Carthage. mage, adv., shunt form of inagis, m;!gJcus7 a, iiin, adj. (p~a'yiKO'). Of or belonging to miagic, niagic, magical. m~gis, adv. coinp. (kindr. w. magruns). In a higher degree, niore. rather. m~gistery tri, mu. (Ir. root mag, whence magnus). A master, overseer, director, leader, cwmande-r, head, chief, etc.; w. navis, a pilot or hebimeman, also, a mnaster or- captain; in p~anic., a teacher, instructor. magistra, p e, f. (mnagister). A mistress, instructress. mfigistrfitus, fis, in. (id.). The office or rank of a magistrate, a magistracy. 2. Transf., a magistrate, public functionary. magn~n~musy a, am, adj. trnagnusaniinus). Great-souled, noble-minded. magnanimous; wv. equns, high-spirited. magn~Us, a, urn. adj. (comp. major, Flap. mnaxirnus). (Root anag, aNlienee macto, giy-ae. Great, large (of size, quantity, etc.). 2. Of abstract qualities, great. grand, noble, important. momentous, eminent; of persons, great, powerful, mighty, noble, illustrious; of ernotions, etc., st og, vehement;- of age, in comi. and sup., with or without natu or analsolder, oldest, the elder, the eldest; ab~~. in the plur., majores, urn, in., ancectors, M1AG 108 MAN forqjfathers; in specifications of value orprice, the genitives, mauni, maxirni, and the ablatives magno, maximo. high, dear, of great price or value, ver-y high, etc. 1Yagus, i, m. A Ilutulian. lYaia, ae, f. (Mla7a). Daughter of Atlas, and mther of Jfercury, by Jupiter. m~iestas, v. maijestas. maior7 v. major. m~iestas, attis, f. (magnus). Greatnes, m desty, dignity. major, v. magnus. mal a ae, f. (mando). The cheek-bone, jaw (prop. only the upper jaw). 2. Transf., a cheek. MgJadv. (miains). Badly, il, wrongly, wickedly, etc.; when attached to an adj. often used to give it the opposite meaning, e. g., male fidus, ins-afe. 1IU.Alea7 ae, f. (.Mauke). A promotory at the south-eastern extremity of Lacoia, proverbially dangerous to natigators. mil~suidus, a, umi, adj. (nialu-sitadeo). (Poet.) Persuading to wrong, ill-advising, seductive. mfilifer, e6ra, 6mm, adj. (nmalnun-fero). Apple-bearing;fruitful. milignus, a, um, ali. (contr. for niallgenus-cf. benignus). (Poet. and lat.) Of a bad nature or quality, bad. 2. Of an evil disposition, wicked- mallicious, malignant, envious, treacherous. 3. Trop., stingy, niggardly; also, scanty, small, ostimm, adituis, lux. MfiJoV m~ini, malle, v. irreg. tr. (magisvolo). To choose rather, to prefer. m,%1um, i, n. (mains). Any thing had, an evil, mlsfortune. 2. In partic., punIslment. 3. An evil action, wickednes. malump i, n. (gpkov). An apple. m;&Jus, a, umn, adj. (comp. pejor, sup. pessimus). Bad (in the widest senseopp. to bonus), evil, mischievous, injurious, noxiu, wicked; unfortunate, unfevoable, adverse:- ugly, ill-looking. mitlusp i, f. An apple tree. MAWuS7 i, m. A mast of a ship; a pole, mast, in a circus. uiaamma an, f. (~uauta). A breast, teat, esp. of females, seld. of males; a teat, dug of animals. mand~tum nf. (mando). A charge, order, Injunctiion, commission. 2". An imperial, command, mandate. manditus, a, umi, p. of mandog lvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (manna-do). Prop., to put into one's hand, to commit to ons1 ch~arge, to commission, order, command; constr. wv. alicui aliquidl, w. ut, ne, the simple subjunctive, or w. infln. 2.In gen., to conmnit, consign, confide, entrust to. 3. To send word to, give ntice, infornm. mando, di, sum, 3. v. tr. (Liow, tk~auw). To chew, neasticate, cibum.; iv. f reiia, to champ. 2. (Poet, and lat.) To eat, devour. mane7 adv. lin thre morning, early. Subs.: thre morning. m~neo7 ads, nsum, 2. v. intr. and tr. (kindr. iv.,ixvw). To stay. remain, abide any where, domi, ad exercitum; in partic., to tarry, pass thre night, apnId aliquem. 2.Trop., to remain, continue, persist in, adhere to, keep to, i n officio, ini veritate, etc. If. Tr., to wait for, await a person or tihing. Mines mm. (Mlantis, the good, the benei-ofent).' Thie souls of the dead, ghosts, shades; esp. good and benevolent spirits to whmich divine hionor Nvas paid by time ancients; also, the departed spirit or soul of onen person. 2. In a snore gee. sense, the gods of the Lower WTorld, infernal deities, mtanes. 3. Meton. (poet.), the Lower W1orld, inferna regions; also (poet.), the punishntents of the Lower W~orld; aiso, a cosipse. miinfcae7 flrum, f. p1. (manus). The long sleeves of a tunic, reaching to the hands, and thus in a measure supplying the place of our gloves; poet., an armlet, or gauntlet for soldiers. 2'-. Poet., a handcu~ff, manacle. manifesto, adv. Manifestly, clearly, evidently. miriffestus, a, uim, adj. (manuis and ohs. fendo, the rad. word of defendo, offendo, etc.). Prop., struck or tonched ivith the hand; hence, within reach; palpable, clear, evident, apparent,?nanifest, conspicuous. 2. In partic. (mostly poet. and lat.), gii-ing manifest sig-ns of a thing, betraying, disclosing, doloris, vitae; hence, convicted of, detected or caught in, sceleris. maniphis (pulus),j i, m. (manns-pleo). A handful, a bunch. Trop., a troop, a company, a maniple. ilanlilis), i, m. A!. ilfanlius 6'apitolinuff, who saved tue Roman capitol. minO7 AtVi, Alumm, 1. v. intr. and tr. To.flow, run, trickle, drop, crmior, lacrinia; of things not liquid, to flow, spread, so; ni~us, aer. 2. To flow with, CJrip s;-ith, MAN 109 MIAT culter sanguine. 3. Trop., to flow, spring, arise, emanate, originate from. 4. Tr. (poet.), to cause to fow, to give or pour out, distil, nmlla, lacrimas, sudorem. mansuescos sunvi, suitum, 3. v. inch. tr. and intr. (manus-sucsco). To tame, to mellow. Trop., to relent. mantele, is, n. and mantelium, ii, n. (manus). A towel, napkin. Manto ufs, f. A nymph, founder of Mantua. ILantua, ne, f. A city of Italy. manus, fis, f. A hand. '. Transf., a handwriting; also, in gen., work, style, workmanship, skill; in fencing, a thrust, blow; in military language, grapplingirons; also, an armed force, corps of soldiers, and in gen., a band of persons, a company, host, multitude; trop., power, might, also, bratery, brave deeds. mapalia, imm, n. Iuts, cottages. Marcellus, i, m. (M. Claudius). The celebrated loman general who commanded during the second Punic war. '. (M. Claudius.) The nephew of Augustus, the "Younger Marcellus" of history. mare, is, n. The sea (as opp. to dry land-cf. pelarus, pontus)... In partic., w. superuln, the Adriatic Sea; w. inferum, the Etruscan Sea; w. extcrnum, the Atlantic Ocean; w. nostrum or internum, the Mediterranean. 3. Transf. (poet.), sea-water, salt-wafer. llareotisy Idis, adj. f. Of Miareota, a lake in Egypt; Mareotic, Egyptian. Wllarica, ae, f. A nymph, said to have been the mother of Latinns. marinus) a, urn, adj. (n:a.c). Of the sea, marine, sea-. maritusT a, um, adj. (mas, mAiis, adj.. of the male sex, male; also, subs., a male). Of or belonging to marriage, nuptial, conjugal, wedded (as an.ndj. mostly poet.). 2. Subs., maritus. i, m., a married man, a husband; also (poet.), a lover, suitor; of animals, the male (poet.). 3. Subs., marita):le, f., a married woman, wife (poet.). Marius, ii, m. The name of a Roman gens, of whom Caius Marius v.as the most famous. marmor o5ris, n. (gap/xapos). Marble. 2. Meton., a piece of wrought marble, esp. a marble statue. 3. Poet., the glittering surface of the sea. marm6reus, a, um, adj. (id.). Made of marble, marble. 2. As smooth or as white as marble, narble-like (mostly poet.). Marpesius, a, um, adj. (Mapirriao-os). Of Marpesus. a mountain in the isle of Paros, Marpesian or Parian. Marruvius (-bius), a, um, adj. Of Marruvium, the capital of the Marsi; Marsian. WMars, tis, m. (old poet. forml Mlaors, ortis). Son of Jupiter and Juno, and god of rWar. As fatler of Romulus he was the primogenitor and tutelar deity of the Romans. 2. Meton., war; a battle, conflict, contest, encounter; mode of fighting; the chances of war or battle; the issue of a war or battle, tle fortune of war; bravery, valor. Marsij Orum, m. A tribe of the Apennines, the umost warlike of the Italians. ^larsus, a, urn, adj. (Marsi). larsian. Martius, a, utn, adj. (MaIrs). Of Mars; warlike, martial. mias, ris, m. A male. masciilus a, nlt. adj. (mas). M.ale. massa, ac, f. (,d(l). A lump, mass. Massicus a, unm, adj. (Massicut). Of mount Massicus, Massic. Subs.: MXassica, orumt, n. (sc. juga), the iassic hills. MIassicus; i mt. An Ftr.scan warrior. Massyli q orm, mn. (\Iao-;eAtit. A people of Northern Alfrica. M1assylus, a, umr. adj. Of the 3Massyli, Massylian. materT tris, f. (,irjr-7). A mother, a matron.?. Transf., a nurse, nurturer, mother; maternal love; a cause, origin, source, juris, avaritiae, etc. materia, ae, or matericx ci. f. Matter, material, stuff. maternus, a, um, adj. (Ujr7,p). Of or belonging to a mother, motherly, maternal, mother's. matrona9 ae, f. (id.). A matron, mother, woman. matuiroa Svi, atum, i. v. tr. and intr. (maturus). Tomake ripe, ripen, bring to maturity; pass., maturari, toripen, grow ripe. 2. Trop., to hasten, accelerate, expedite, aliquid; w. inllilit., to make haste, hasten, vcnire. 3. Intr., to make haste, hasten. maturus, a, ur, adj. Ripe, mature (lit., of fruits). 2. Transf. (of physical qualities, age, capacity, etc.), ripe, mature, of proper age,.fit for; w. acvi, ripe MIAT 110 M1EM in years. 3. Trop., that takes place at of neither party, neutral; mediating, as the right time, seasonable, suitable, prop- a mediator, medius pacis bellique. er, tempus; also, early, speedy, hiems, lYIdon, ontis, m. A Trojan, or an ally judicium. of'the Trojans. m~tiitinus, a, urn, adj. Early, morn- m~dulla, ae, f. (medius). The marrov" ing. of bones. 21. Transf., the pith of iplanlts. lNaurfisius, a, urn, adj. (M avpoiotoi;). 3. Trop.. the marrow, innernwst or bcrt Of Maurusia, the Greek name of Mauri- part, heart. tania, Maurusian, -Mauritanian, Moor- 1YIdus~ a, urni, adj. (Mcedi). Of ties ish; poet. for Africa n. Mfedes,1Median; Persian, Iartei an. Mivors7 ortis, see Mfars. 1Yegaera; ac, f. (MNUya.pa). One of the 1YIvort]LUS) a, urn, ndj. (id.). Of Mars, Furies. martial. M~gfrus,~ a, urn, adj. (Poet.) Of Memaxlmus, a, urn, V. magnus. gara, a city in Sicily, MVegarean. maxUmus- maximu s, v. magnus. M61, mcllis, n. ( R~c) oney. 2. Trop., me~itus, f~s, m. (meo, to go). (Poet. and sweetness, pleasantness. Ilat.) A going, passing; a mtion, course, Mlbla, v. Mfella. nmovement.. Concr., a way, coad, pas- lNelampus, Mdist m. (11,xd4i 7ove;). A sage. Icelebrated physician and soothsayer. 2 med~or, - 2. v. dcp. To cue e, to A companion qf Hercules. heal. 1YIl1boeus, a, urn, adj. Of Mfeliboea, IUC-di, orum, mn. (M~Sot). The.Medes. a city of Thes-~al v, the birth-place of 1YIdiay ae, f. (Mns&a)- Media, a contry Phifloctetes, Mreliboean. in A ia. 1YI11boeusy i, 1n. (ALcA~Pofo,). A shepmedica, ac, f. A kind of clover intro- herd. ducedfro Media. l~eeicerta (-es), no, M. (MeALKspr~eq). mediciitus, a, urn, P. of medico. The son of mno and Athanus. medicina, ae, f. Medicine; remedy, 1YZ11ta, ae, or V1YZ1Ute, as, f. (NMeVrne). cure. The isle of M3alta. 2. An isl7and near MbCdko7, Av~ tom, 1. v. tr. (medicos, a, Dalmsatia. 3. A sea-nymph. urn, adj., healing, curative-fr. medeor, m~lior, us, adj. (comp. of bonus). Betto heal). (Poet. and ]at.) To heal, cure. ter, superior, more acceptable. 2. To tincture with something medicinal, melisphyllum in.Balm or mint. to medicate; hence, Pa. m~edicatus, a, Melfftj, es, f. (MeAirq). A sea-nymph. urn, sprinkled with the juice of herbs, m~lius, adv. (comp. of bonus). Better; medicated. in melius~fcr the better. medicus, a, urn, adj. Healing. MRlla ae, in. A river of (Jisalpine Gaul. medititus, a, urn, P. Of membrum, I, n. A nmember, limb of m~dtor, Mtust 1. v. dep. tr. and intr. the body. 2. Trop., a part, portion, di(111FAo-ciw- d and I interchange). To think vision of any thing; in partic., a clause, or meditate uepon, to consider, aliquid; member of a sentence. also, abs., w. securn, and rar. w. de. 2. m~mlni, isse, v. def. intr. and tr.(ge'w With a view to action, to design, pier- fxaw Jivo.;; mens). To remember, re-pose, intend, w. ace., or infin.; also, to collect, be mindful Of;' Poet., to know. be occupied u'ith, to prepare. 3. To ex- 2. Transf., to make mention of (rar.). ercise one's self In, to practice, abs., and lJlemmius, Ii, mn. The name of a W. ace. Roman gens. zm~dium, ii, n. (meflius). The middle, lMemnon, 6nis, mn. (Mee~vwi'). Son of the midst. 2. In partic., the midst of all,j Tithonus and Aurora, nephew of Priam, the public, the world,- publicity, in me- king of Ethiopia, ad an ally of the Trodium proferre, venire, etc.; also, the com- jans, slain by Achilles. munity, the public good. m~morp 6ris, adj. (memini). Mindful m~dius, a, urn, adj. (kindr. w. tL~goe). of, remembering, rel; wv. ira, enduring, In, the middle or midst, midst of, mid, s-elentless, vindictive. 2. Poet., remindmiddle, Inte2,medIat'e. 21.. Trop., middle ing of a thing, nota, versus. between e.,;renics; hence, moderate,I m~m6ribilisp e, adj. (memoro). temperate, ordinary, sniddling; in cling- Worthy to be mentioned, memorable, lag to ncither side, uncertain, doubtful; remarkable. MEM 111 MET memoratus, a, urn, p. of m6m6ro0 avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (memor). To call to remembrance, to mention; hence, to recount, relate, declare, say, tell. 1Ienalcas, ac, m. The name of a shepherd. mendax, acis, adj. (mcntior). Lying, deceitful,false, homo. 2. Trop. (mostly poet.), deceptive, delusive, fictitious, counterfeit. lven6lus, i, in. (MEIXEAaoC). Son of Atreus, brother of Agamemn2on, husband of Helen, king of Sparta. and one of the leaders of the Greeks against Troy. Menestheus, v. Mncstheus. M1g6noetes, is, i-. (M.e'oonr,:). One of the companions of Aeneas. mensr mentis. f.. (root mnen, whence memini and at'VOi). The mind, intellect, intellectual faculties, understanding.?. The heart, soul, disposition, feelings; also, thought, plan, purpose, design, intention. mensas ae, f. (perh. fr. root nen, whence eminere, to project bhe prominent). A table, in gen. t". Meton., food, viands; a course at table. mensis, is, m. (kindr. w. Ali)v) A month. menstruus7 a, ut., adj. (mensis). Monthly. mensfiral ae, f. A measure. mentior, Itus, 4. v. dep. intr. and tr. To lie, speakfalsely; tofeignz; of things, to deceive.?. Tr., tofalsely pretend, to feign, fabricate; to assume the appearance of, to imitate, counte7feit, aliquid. mentitus, a, um (part. of id.?n pass. signif.). Feigned, pretended, counterfeit. mentum, i, n. The chin of ersons and animals; transf. (poet.), tle beard. mephitis, is, f. Poisonous or foul vapor; an exhalation. mercatus a, um, p. of mercor. nerces, edis, f. Reward, zuages, pay, cost, labor. mercor, atus, 1. v. dep. intr. and tr. (merx, merchandise). Intr., to trade, traffic. 2. Tr., to buy, purchase, aliquid. ZVlerciirius ii, m. (Gr. 'Epjuis). Mercury, son of Jupiter and Maia, and rmessenger of the gods; also, the god of eloquence, the patron of orators, merchants, and even of thieves; the guardian of the high-roads, and the conductor of departed souls to the other world. mr rens, entis, Pa. (mereo). Deserving (well or ill). mereo i, Ittum, and dep., urercor, Itus, 2. v. tr. and intr. To deserve, merit, be worthy of something (good or bad); constr. w. ace., ut, ne, intin., or abs. 2. In partic., to earn, gain, acquire, aera, gloriam; in milit. lang., w. stipendia or abs. (lit., to earn pay), to ceve as a soldier. merges, Itis, f. A sheaf. mergo; si, sum, 3. v. tr. To dip, dip in, immerse, plunge into, aliquid in aquam. 2. To sink down or in, pl2unge or drive in, fix in, etc., aliquid in aliquid; hence, to hide, conceal, vultum, diem. 3. Trop., to sinlR, overwhelm, aliqlicm malis, etc. mergus, m. (id.). A diver, a kind of water-fowl. merito, adv. Deservedly, worthily, justly. meritum, i, n. (meritus). That which one deserves, desert - either reward or punishment. 2. That which makes oll deserving, a merit; esp. in a good sense, a service, benleft; also, in a bad sense, demerit, blame,fault. meritus n a, um, Pa. (mereo). Act., deserving. 2. Pass., deserved, due, just, suitable, proper, right. Merops, Opis, m. A Tro'( n. merops bipis, f. ( T:poh). The bee-eater, a bird which feeds on bees. merso avi, atum, 1. v. tr. lToplunge, to dip, to immerse, to wash. mersus, a, um, p. of mergo. m6rus, a, urn, adj. Pure, tn17nixed, csp. of wine unmixed with water; subs., merum, i, n., pure wine. t2. Transf., bare, nothing but, only, mere, habere meram tunicam, mera scelcra loqui; (poet. and rar.) naked, uncovered, pes. 3. Trop., pure, real, genuine, true, libertas. merx, mercis, f. Goods, wares or merchandise. Mlessapus, i, m. A Latin. messis, is, f. (meto). Harvest; crop; time of harvest, summer. messory Oris, m. (id.). A reaper, harvester, a mnower. messus, a, unm, p. of meto. met, a suffix attached to the pronouns ego, tu, and sometimes to menus = self; e. g., egomet, I myself. MET 112 MTN m~ta; ac, f. Any conical figutre, a cone. 2. In partic., tbe conical-shaped column at each end of the Roman circus, around which the charioteers, iu racing, made seven circuits, the turning-p~t, goal; transf. (poet.), a prwomontoy, point or extremity of land, to be doubled in sailing, Pachyni; also, any similar goal or limit. 3. Trop. (poet.), a goal, end, extremity, limit, boundary, vitae, etc. lMetabus) i, m. The father of Caomillae. m~tallum, i, n. (iLraA,\ov). A metal, as gold, silver, iron, etc.;also, transf., Of minerals in gen., as marble, chalk, sulphur, salt. 21. The place where metals are dug, a mine. lMethymnaeus, a, uim, adj. Of Jlfethymna, a city of Lesbos; Mfethy - ssaean. m~tior, mensus, 4. v. dop. To meassire, to traverse. M~etiscusq i, m. The chaiioteern of Turnus. 1YI~tius7 V. Mettus. m~to, messul, messumi, 3. v. tr. To mon?, reap, cut, gather, segetem. 2". Transf. (poet.), to cut off, pluck, or pull off, barbam, capillos; hence, also, to mowv down, cut down, in battle, etc. m~tor, fltus, I. v. dep. '(meta). To measuse, to lay ofi or out. lWettus,' im n Alban general put to death, by Tullus Ilostitius for treachery. m~tuensy entis, Pa. (metuo). Fearing, afraid, apprehensive. m~tuo, iii, Mium, 3. v. tr. and intr. (metus). To fear, be afraid of; and abs., to fear, be afraid; also, to hesitate, not venture, not wish. m~tus7 11s, m. Fear, dread, anxiety; poet., religious awe; concr. (poet.), a cause of dread, a terror. Maus, a, um, possq. ad~j. pron. (me). My, mine. iVL.#zentius, i, m. An ally of Lalinus and Turnus. mica7 ae, f. A grain. mico, ul, 1. v. intr. To move to and fro wvith a quick and tremulous or vibrating m-otion, to quiver, shake, tremble, beat, palpitate. 2. Of the tremulous motion of light, to twinkle, glitter, fta h, gleam. M1~conp 01niS, M. (MWKW). A shepherd. migro, ftvi, Atumi, I. v. intr. and tr. Intr., to remove from one place to another, to migrate. 21. Trop., to go away, depart, ex vita, voluptas. 3. Tr. (rar.), to carry away, tranirport; also, to transgress, violate, legem. miles, itis, m. c. (mille). A soldier; esp. afoot-soldier; collect, in sing., soldier-y, soldiers. MYilasius,7 a, um, adj. Of Miletus, Milesian. militia, no, f. (miles). War, waifare. miliUM, i,Dn. Millet. mille, nuii. adj. indec. A thousand. trop. (poet.), countless, innumerable. ill Subst. a. (wv. a follow~ing gen.), indec. in sin-., a, thousand; in pl., millia, jun, thousands. 1'Wim~js. antis, m. A Trojan. mlnae, f~rum, f. (kindr. w. rare mlnbo, to project). The projecting pinnacles of wvalls, battlements (la.). 2'. Trop.,threats, menaces. minaxg Reds, adj. Threatening, wrathfat, ominous. lDlincius, i, m. A rliver in Cisalpine Gaul, itowing by 2,fantua. lMinerva, an, f. The goddess of wisdom, qf the arts and sciences, of poetry, and of spinning and weaving, said to have sprung from thie brain of Iulpif cr, identical with the Grecian Paltas Athene. minime, adv. (miiiinirus, sup. of parvus). Least, very~little. 2. An emphatic negative in replies, by no means, not at all. lDlinio, 1nis, m. A smallrivterin Ftruria. minister7 tra, trum, adj. (manuis). That is at hand, that ministers or serves, serving, prom~oting (as an adj. poet. and rare). 2. Subst., minister, tri, in., an attendant, waiter, servant, assistant; in relig. lang., an attendant, priest, minister; an inferior officer, under-ogicial; also, a promoter,, aider, abettor, accomplice. minist6rium, ii, an. (id.). Mfinistry, oftce, service, attendance. 2.An Qfl'c,occupation. business, emnployment..3. Coner., servants, attendants. ministra, ae, f. Afemale attendant, a maid servant. ministro7 fivi, Atum, I. v. tr. (id.). To attend, serve, wait upon, esp. at table; wv. veils, to tend. 2.0. To serve up, hand, distribute, cibos, pocula; in gen., to provide, furnish,. tpply, give, arma; also, to performz, execute, jussa. minitorg Rtus, 1. v. dep. (minac). To threaten. MIN 113 3MNE minium, i, a. Cinnabar, red lead, vermilion. Min~ius, a, urn, adj. (NMvctv~og). Of Mi7 -nor, king of Crete; M1inoan, poet. for Cretan. minor7 iltus, 1. v. dep. intr. and tr. (niineo-cf. ininae). To project, jut ant, inl coelum. 21,. Trop. and tr., to threaten, menace, alicui aliquid; also, abs. minor7 us, adj. (conmp. of panrus). Less, smaller; of age, gounger, and abs., a person under age, a minor; hence, in pl., children; more freq., descendants, Posterity. Miinos, ois, rn m 'c). A celebrated Ring and lawgiver of Crete, and after death a judge in 1/he infernal regions. Min6taurus, i, Mn. (MNLI'Cilmvpoe). A monster, half mzan and half ball, shut up in the CIretaoi labyrinth, and fed oil human.flesh. Until killed by Theseus the Athenians were obliged to furnish him seVen young iacn and seven maidens annually. minus, adv. camp. (minor). Le,,ss; w. hand or nec, not less, no le-ss, quite as, just as. minfitatimy adv. Piece-mneal, bit by bit, gradually. mirdbilis) e, adj. Imiror). Wonderful, niarveloas, -extraordinary, strange. mir~culump i, a. (id-). A prodigy, a wonider. mirandus, a, um, Pa. (miror). Wonderful, strange, etc. miriitus, a, uma, P. of miror, Atus, 1. v. deop. tr. and intr. To wonder or be astonished at, marvel at; also, to admire any thing. mirus, a, am, adj. Jvondeiful, niarvelos, strange, extraordinary. misceop miscul, mistuin or mixtum, 2. v. tr. (ecayw, L~yzvvcc; Gerin. mnisehen). To mix, iiinyle, interndingle;, in partic., to mix, prepare a drink;,also, w. proelia, mnanus, etc., to join, battle, engage. 2 Transf., to throw into confusion, con~fuse, dirt urb, ensbroil, agitate, pmi~tum; to excite, stir upi, seditianes; to mningle, unite, severitatem, etc. 1UisE-nusV i, mn. Son of Acoauns, trump. eter qf Ilecita-, aftes ars-d tr-umpeter qf Aeneas, drowned on the coast of Canmpania. miser, a, am, adj. Miserable, unfortiu. nate, wretched, pi'fiable, unhapj. 2. Poet., violent, excess-ire, amar. mis~rsibiis.) e, adj. (miseror). Pi'iable, miserable, de)plorable. 2. ounful, plaintive, vax, etc. mis~randusq a, um, Pa. (id.). Pitiable, lamentable, unfor-tunate. miser~tusq a, uln, P. of miiseror. mis~reog ui, Iturn, and mis~reorg Itus, dep. 2. v. iatr. (miser). To pity, conspcaesionate, conmmiserate, alicujus; imipers., miseret me (te, etc.) alicujus, 1 pity. mis~rescog 3. v. inch. intr. (id.). (Poet.) To pity, have canmpassion on, alicujus. mis6rcr Atus, 1. v. dep. tr. (miser). To lcamesst, lewail, deplore, aliquem or allquid. 2'. Poet., to pity, coin-iniserate. missilis, e, adj. smitto). That uwhice is sent, missile, tisroen; subs., rnissilia, mum, a., dasts, zceaonsi5. missus, a, UmI, P. of m1aitto. missus, fis, in. (niitto). A sending, a dispatch. mistus, a, urn, p. of maisceo. mItesco, 3. v. inch. int. (miftis, a, mild). Of fruits, to grow mild or yellow.t2. In gaen., to issow mild, to moderate, become gentle, hiiems, fern. 3. Trap., to gm-ow mild, be softened, ira, saccilla. mfitgo, Rvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (mitis, mild, and agao). To ma/cesoft, tender, or meltlow, cibuni, agras. 2.Trap., to tame animal; to )nitigate, assuage, alleviate, -mor-bum, labores, mietinum, etc.; to paci fy, appease, soothe, aliquema or animum. alicujus. mitisq a, adj. Mellow, ripe, msild, soft, gentl/e, ca/sn. mitra, no, f. (smilpa). A head-dress, tusban, wvorns by the Asiatics, later in Greece and Rome by wvoien, and occasiona~lly by effeminate young men. mitto, minsi. inissum, 3. v. tr. To send, send off or away. diqpatch; in partic., to send worod, announce any thing to ammy one; also, to lbs-ow, cast, hail, pila, Japides; also, to yield. fus'nis/( as a prodnet, India in. ebur. 2'-. To cause to go, ma/ce go, exercitum sub. juguin; to give forth, utter, sonuim, orationeni. 3. To let go, let loose. disneiss, etc., hostem., equnin. certamen. 4. To dismiss, lay wide, drop, odium, curas; hence, of speech, to pass over, omnit, cease, forbear, amaledicta, male loqal. mixtus a, um p. of iniseo. WYniis~riusi n young man (shepherd or satyr). lilnestheus, ei. and eos, in. (r~~m A Trojan chieftain. MOB 114 MON mobilis, e, adj. (moveo). Movable, to bring about, cause; to undertake, at. changeable. tempt, fugam; to designy, aim at, purmobiiftass ntis, f. (mobilis). Movable- pose, bellum; w. itcr, to make one's ness, mobility; also, swiftness, rapidity. way, to pursue, continue one's route. 2. Trop., changeableness, inconstancy. molitus, a, um, p. of molior. m6do, adv. (abl. of modus; lit., by mollio, Ivi and ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. (mollis). measure, with a limit, used restrictive- To soften, render pliant or sapple, ceram, ly). Only, but; si modo, or modo alone, artus olio. 2. Trop., to assuage, refollowed by the subjunctive, if only, pro- strain, appease, quiet, clheck, impetum, vided that (in this sense a conj.). 2. Of animos; to make effeminate. time, just now, this moment; a little mollis, e, adj. (for movilis, fr. moveo). while ago, lately; of time just at hand, Easily moveable, pliant, svpple,.flexible, immediately, directly; modo....modo, soft. 2. Trop., mild, gentle, pleasant, now.. now, at one moment...at an- easy, favorable; tender, delicate; in a other, etc. bad sense, effeminate, unmanly, weak. modfilor, atus, 1. v. dep. To measure, molliter, adv. (id.). Softl,. sweetly. to regulate, to sing, to play. mollitus, a, um, p. of mollio. m6dus, i, m. A measure or standard mollius, adv. comp. (id.). More softly, by which any thing is measured. 2. delicately or gracefully. Transf., the measure of a thing, size, Mllolorchus, i, m. (MoA6pXog). A herdsegri; right or dte measure; in music man, the entertainer of Hercules in the and poetry, measure, rhytlhm, metre; a Nemean forest. measure not to be exceeded, a bound, M olossus7 i, m. A dog bred by the limit, end; a rule, prescription, direc-. aolossi in Epirus. tion; a eway, manner, mode, method; in IMIous, v. Tmolus. gram., the mood of a verb. m6neo, ui, itum, 2. v. tr. (fr. root men, moenia; iumi, n. (moenio -- munio). The whence memini, Imens; lit., to cause to walls, ramparts, bulwarks of a city. 2. i think or remember). To remind, put Transf., a city surrounded by walls; w. in mind of any thing. 2. To admonDitis, the realm, mansion of Pluto. 3. ish, warn, advise, aliquenm de re, aflPoet., walls, in gen., the outer circum- quem aliquid, aliquem alicujus, w. ut, ference of any thing, theatri, cocii. nce, or simple subjunct., or w. an obmoereoy v. maereo. ject clause. 3. Poet. and lat.,!o teach, M oeris, is, m. 1. A sorcerer. 2. A! nstruct, tell, aliqiem.aliquid. 4. Poet., farmer. to announce, predict. moerus, = murus. m6nile, is, n. A necklace, collar. m6la, ae, f. (molo, to grind). A mill. 2. monimentum, v. monumentlnm. Transf., grains of spelt, coarsely ground m6nitum, i, n. (part. of moneo). An and mixed with salt, used to strew on admonition. '2. A prophecy (poet. and the sacrificial victims; hence, salsa lat.). mola, the salted meal. m6nitus, a, um, p. of moIneo. molaris, is, m. A mill-stone. Trop., m6nitus, fis, m. (id.). An admonition, a large stone. warning; in partic., an admonition or moles is, f. A mass, bulk (huge and warning from the gods by omens, etc. shapeless); in partic., a huge pile, mass- M6noecus, i, m. (M6ootKoe, that dwells ive structure, esp. of stone; a dam or alone). A surnamc of Hercules; hence, mole; a machine or engine of war. 2. arx Monoeci, a promontory on the Trop., greatness, power, weight, mali, southern coast of Liguria, so called invidiae; a burden, difficulty, labor, from the temple of Hercules Monoecus trouble. which stood there. m5lior, Itus, 4. v dep. intr. and tr. (id.). mons, tis, m. A mountain, transf., a To set one's self in motion, to exert one's great mass, argenti, aquae; also, a rock. seyf, to endeavor, strive, struggle, etc. 2. monstratorp oris, m. (monstro). An Tr., to set a thing in motion with effort, inventor. to move, remove, displace, montes; to monstratus7 a, um, p. of t/A'ow, hurl, ignem; to perform or effect monstro7 avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To show, any thing with exertion, to construct, point out, indicate, inform. 2. Trop. build, make, prepare, muros, classem; (poet. and lat.), to teach, instruct, in MON 115 MrU G form, showo; to ordain, appoint; to ad- ibite, sting, vexation, grief, psain, exsilii, vise a person in any manner. dolorig. monstrum7, I,. (id.). Prop., in relig. mortilis7 a, adj. (mors). Suliject to lang., that which showNs or indicates, an death, mrtal. 2'. Transf., mortal, pieroen, as indicat-ing- the wvill of the gods, ishahle, transient, res. 3. Mortal, huesp., an evil ol:00n. Hence, 2-. Anyv man, earthdy, of, belonging to, or conmstrange or extraordinary thing,, a mar- ing from a manl, opus, vulnus-, muct-o rel, wonder, prodigy, phAenomenon; of subs., mortalia, lum, ni., looan aff sairs; living things, a mionster, monstrooity. also, mortales, Win, in., mortals, men. mont~nusq a, urn, adj. (moii-). Of or 11mortarium, i, n. A mortar. p~ertaining to a mountain, mountain- mortifer, 6ra, 6rum, adj. (mors-fero). full of mountains, 7nountainous, rcgio,I -Death-bringing, deadly, mnort,,morbus, subs., Plonta na, 0mGm, a. p1 monon t belluni. ainos insgions. mortuus, a, urn, p. of moorior. mc-t6SUes, a, urn, adj. (id.). liount- rmrtZirs i, f. A mnilberi'y tree, a mil.oinous.berry. m6nfimentum,, n. (moneo). That mos, mn,-ris, m. The will of a person, which call: to nmind, a menmorsal, imolm- self-will, hun?,or. 2. A mnannier of actment, 6sp). of buildimigs, tombhs, statues, lug determmined Solely by men's will, etc.; in partic., in p1., w,~ritten moot- 'manner, custom, w~ayfoshion?, p)racti(,e, ncsnts, s-ecos-ds, chronicles, use, wfont. 3. In ii., mnanners, morals, Wiopsus, i, m. (io).The name of a character; in liartic., glood morals, good shepherd. mainners; also, bad mnorals or conduct. m6ra7 ae, f. A delay, hindrance. 2. 4. Poet., a law, mule, condition, terms. Transf., any thing that cauises delay, a.5. Araimiem, qumlity, natnre, kind, coeli, hindrance, obstiuction; mora temporis, in moremn flumiiiis. a space of tiose. IMato, 11vi, atom, I. v. intens. tr. To k-eep moritusp a, urn, p. of moror. moving, to wave. m-orbus, i, m. A sickness, disease, il- mbtus, fis, m. (movco). A moving, maoness, malady, of body or mih~d. tion, mvement; in lpartic., mnotion of node, omnordi, inorsum, 2. v. tr. To thee body, gesture, etc. 2. Trop., a miovebite, to bind, to clasp), to confine. mnent of time mind, anr em-otion, affction, m6rIbundus, a, umn, adj. (morior).i passion: a lpolitical movement, comnmoReady to die, dying; poet., mortal, tion, disturbance, tumult, rebellion. iuemnbra. 21. Act. (poet.), causing death, matus, a, urn, p. Of deadly, unwholesomne, sedes. m6veo, movi, m~turn, 2. v. tr. To morini, Ortim, m. A peop~le dwelling in move, set in motion. 2.In partic., to the extreme west of Gaul. vionve fromt its place, to remote; to drive m6rior, mortunus fut. part. moriturus), away, expel, dislodge. 3. To excite, oc-.1. v. dep. intr. (mors). To die. 2. Trop., I casi on, cause, produce, lacTrimias, bellumn, to die au'ay, wither away, decay, pci 511, odium; to begimi, commnence, undertake, disappear, flainma, rnen-oria, dlies. cantus, controversiarn. 4. T'o disturb, m6a-ltfirus, a, urn, part. (id.). About to trouble, aliquem (rare). J. Trop., of the die, to die, determined on death.. mind, to move, affect, iinpresy, inftuence, mn6rorv Ittus, 1. v. dep. intr. and tr. m-ou-se, to?revolve in mfind, omeditute, multimora). Intr., to delay, linger, wcait, stop, ta animo; also, to shake, cause to waver, trarry. 2'-. Tr., to delay, retard, hinder, change, sententiam. - detain a person or thing. 3. W. nilmil or Mox, adv. (rnoveo). Soon., directly. 2". oiin, 'rint to detain or keep, to let go; Soon (after, thereup~on, ja'e catty. 3. Of hence, to care nothing for, not to r-e- a longer time, somte time after, at a later gard. period. 4. Transf., of succession in mors, tis, f. Death. 2.. Transf. (mostly place, then, in the, next place. poet.), a dead body. mucro, onis, m. The sharp) point or morsus, tis, m. (mordeo, to bite). A bit- edge of any thing, esp. of a sword. 2. i.,ig, a bite; w. mnensarurn, an eating. Transf!., a swvo-d. 3. Trop., shar~pness, 2.Transf., a catching hold, a holding, p~oint, edge, defensionis, ingenli. a grip; sharpness of taste, pungency; miigio,) lvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. intr. (kindr. concr, w. ancorae, afluke. 3. Trop., a W. 1uIVK&W). To low, bellow. 2I. Tranaf., MUG 1,16 UI TT to rumble, moan., roar, peal, tuba, solum, rendered to any one; in partic., the last terra. service to the (lead. 3. A present, gift, mjigituS7 1ks, mi. (id.). A lowing, bellow- oftering. 4. A public show, spectacle, ing. 2. A loud, rumbling noise, a roar-I exhibition, given to the people by the ing. magistrates, esp. by the ediles; hence, Mulc~itus,. a, am, P. of muleo ilso, a public building, erected at the mulceo, si, sumi, 211. v. tr. To stroke, expense of an individual, and presented barbanD, caput. 2.Poet., to touch sight- to the people. ly, move gently, zephyri flores. 3. Trop., 1Munusic~iium, i, a. (manus). A little to soothe, a~qnease, allay, cola? l1inctus, gift, a small presen t. iras; al-o, to.at ater, delight, lpuellas car- Muirdis, e, adj. (nmrns). Of walls,mine, animios admiratione, anires. battering with tornientlum. Muld~bery Mrs and rlr, in. (lul-en). muirex7 Icis, ni. Thbe purple-fis/i, akhiid One who soften~s, Mulci er or V'ulcan' of shell-fish. 2. Poet., purple dye, purmulco, avi, 5itumi, I. v. tr. To penish. pole, made from the juice of the fish. mulctra, ae, f. (mulgeo). A milk-pail. 3. Of thing-s shaped like the purple-lishi, mulctrale, is, a. A snillc-pail. a poin ted rock. mulctriirium, li, n. (mulctra). A mit/c- murmur7 t~ins, ai. A murmuring, winpail. mur (prop. of human voices). 2. Of mulg~o mulsi, mulsim. or mulctum, 2. animals and things, the hsummin~g of v. tr.to0 milk. bees, a roaring, rumtling, crashing, upmfilitbris, e, adj. (muller). Of seaman; roar, tumult, any loud sound, as of thunwoman's; female. der, of the sea, of applause, etc. mfilerg Wis, f. A woman. murmf.ro, Avi, Atumi, 1. v. intr. To Mult~jtus, a, am, p. of multo. murus-, to mutter. multiplex, ics, adj. (multus-plico). Murriinusp i, M. A Latin. Having many folds. 2. Having many murrha, ae, f. (janba). The myrrh tree; turnings or windings, domns, lapsu; myrrh. having many parts, nmanifold, ansmy, ~, i, mi. A evall, esp. of a city. numerous. various; xv. spatiunm, large, Mi-s manis, a. A manse. etenisive. 3. Trap., filckle, changeable, 1Yi~saj ae, f. (Mov-aa). A notse, one of the animus, ingeninum. Igoddesses of Poetry, Miusic, and the other multo, adv. (multus). By much, much, Liberal Am-ts. They wvere nine in nunmby far. ber, viz., Calliope, of epic poetry; Clio, multum, adv. (id.). M3uch, very, greatly, of history; E'ralo, of lyric poetry; Etzabundantly, freguenitly. terpe, of the flute; Melpoumene, of tragmultus, a, uin, adj. (conop. plus, sup. edy: Polyhymnia, of maimic art; Te,7p. plurimus). Mluch, great, abundant; Wv. siichose, of dancing; Thalia, of comedy; amictu, thick; poet., for p1., many a, Urania, of astronomy. 2?. Traasf., a multa victima, multa pre-:; of discourse, 8ong, a poem; in pl., sciences, studies. poidffuse, tedious, esse muituis in lMlisajeus, i, m. (Movo-a-toe;). re aliqua re; joined to a verb, = often, Ire- poet of the lime of Orpheus. quently, continually ad vigilias multus MUSCOSUS, a, urn, adj. Mossy. adssse. 2. PI., mnany; in neut, as muscus, i, M. Moss. subs., multa, firma, many i/sings,msci mu ssoAx-i, atom, 1. v. intr. To mum'multa also adverbially (poet.) = ntsch, mur, to waver, to buzz. greatly, deeply. mustuniq i, ai. Must, new wine. mundus, i, m. The world, the universe. mfit~bilisq e, adj. (muto). Changeable, mfmimen, Inis, a. (maunio). A defe-nse, mutable, inconstant. protection. mutjtus, a, am, P. of mumno Tv! or ii, Rtum, 4. v. tr. (maccia). miito, tivi, Muitu, I. v. tr. and intr. (contir. To wall abou, defessd with a wall, for- fr. movito, fr. moveo). Tomnove axway or tify. 2,. Transf., in gen., to defend,pm-o- from a place (rar.). 21. To change, alter, tect, shelter, lit, and trop.; iv. viaii, to senteatiam, mentem; intr., to alter, make or open a way. change. 3. To exchange, interchange; miinusy Mis, n. An ofce, service, fune- to barter. lion, charge, duty; in ipartic., a public mfitus, a, am, adj. Mule, dumb, speech. office, post, reipublicae. 2. Favor, service les8. M1JT 117 NAV liutusca, ae, f. A Sabine city. niis is, f. A nostril, usually pl., the Mutuus, a, unm, adj. Mutual, recipro- nostrils, the nose. cal. narro, Avi, Atunr, 1. v. tr. To narrate, IU~c~nae, drulm, or Mkc~na7 ae, relate, tell. 2. In gen., to say, speak of. and 1Yikc~ne, es, f. (MVKi~'at, MVKvs0in Nirkcius, a, mun, adj. Of lXaryx, a A celebrated city of Argolis, of which city of the Locrians, a colony from Agasnemnoon was king. wvhich built the city of Locri in BrutM1Yc~naeus7 a, am, adj. Of 11ycene, tium, Na ryci an..Mycenaean. nascor, natus, 3. v. dep. intr. (fr. gnasM=Vcon7 v. Micon. COr, kiudr. W. -yc-vv'w, gigno). To be born. Mxlyc. (Ms i i vof).An island of I 2b. Of things, to be produ d, derive i/s~ the Cyc~lades. origin, be,toand, occur, onyx circa TbeMygd6nldesp ac, m. The son of Atfyg- bas. 3.To aise., take its beginnn, Idon. originate, proceed, amnnis, uluua, pestis,,,nyrica, ae, f. (uu Vp Lc 1). The tamnarisk. querela. Part. niascens, etiis, being MIyrmld6nes7 mun, in. (Mvpu.t86vce;). A jborin, arising, beginning, snascent; w. people of Thessaly undes the sway of Itenipla, newly built; w%. cqui, newly Aehilles. fooled. myrrha, v. inurrha. nastertium, 1, fl. A soil of cress used myrt~tum~, iii. (myrtus). A myrtle as a saled. grove. n~ta, ae, f. (nains). (Poet.) A daughter. myrteus, a, uni, aidj. (myrttis). 9; enYr- nital~is, e, adj. Of his/is; subs.: nQ tle, myrtle-, corolna, silva. 21. Poet., talis, is, in., birthday. adorned suit/s ntystic; mngst'e-olored. n~to, Avi, 5tuin, 1. v. linr, and] tr. (no). myrtum, i, a. The smys/ic berry. To swm., piscis; tr. (poet.'), to swim myrtus, i aiid ids, f. A myrtle, myrtle I acr~oss or through, sism, freta.2 To tree; pin*t. for a spear of myrtle wood, float, carnan to move to and fro, to D~sl. ae, f. (.inlo%'a). A coantry of wave, folia, canipi (waving w. grain). Asia.3liswr. 3. To swiss or overflow wit~h anay thing, mysticus, a, am, adi. Ji),stic. sanie; of the eyes, to swisn, wv. sleep. M-ksus and MU-siUS7 a, uin, adj. Of etc. 4. Trop., to fluctuate, be in daub'. ty si a, fy si a n. in aliquani re. niitiira, ae, f. Na/sire, disposition, quaolity. N. n~tus, a, am (part, and Pa. of iiascorn. Born; Pa., born, des/ind by nature to nactus, a, urm, p. of nanciscor. or for any thiag; *fo snmed oroosssituled Niis, (dos, f. (Nat,;). Awsater-ssyinph, a by nature in any way;w. acc. of timec, naiad. old, homo annos centaumu natus. nam, conj. To introduce a reason or nitus, i, in. (id.). A sea; in pl., chilcause, fosr. Freq. the ide~a to which dren; also, the young of animals. nam, refers must be sulpplied, wvhen it niltus7 i~s, mn. (id.) (used only in lime abi. miay be readered by yet, ont the coats'ar-y, sing.). Birth; esp. in reference tonage; indeed, certainly, etc. (se enirn). 21. In hence, age, grandis natin, magun miatii. interrogrations, for the sale ofepai, naufragus, a. uimi, adj. Shipwrecked. nam is attached enclitically to the inter- nauta, ae, in., v. narita. rogative wvordl, q~~nisnamuabinam.? Nautes, is, mn. A Trojan soothsayer, namquep conj. Strengthened form of ancestor of the NXanut. namn, for indeed, for ti ly, for (cf. Gr. naut1-=S, a, am., adj. (u'aVTLK6i; naVis). Ka -yp),-usiially placed, as is also nam, Of or pcrtaining to ships or sailors, at the beginning of a sentence. ship-, nsauticol, naval; subs., nautici, nanciscor, -nactus, 3. v. dep. To get, tirum, in.. sailor. find, overtake. na-vilis, a, adj. (navis). Of or belonginig Napaeae, Itrum, f. (NXamTra,) The dell- to ships, naval. 2. Subs., navale, nymphs. is, a. (usnally pl.; sing. only poet.), a Nar, A.ris, in. A river of Unibria. dock, dock-yard; poet., a harbor; matenarcissus,) i, M. (V.kOKLCrnO-Oq). The neir- rials for equipping a ship, tackling, cissus or daffodil. etc. NAV 118 NEQ nfivifr~gus, a, urn, adj. (navis-frango). Causing shipwrecks, ship-wreck-ing, dangerou (poet. word for riaufragrus). nviviumq ii, D. (navigo). A vessel, boat. 2. Navigation (ante- and postclass.). nivigog dvi, littm, 1. v. intr. and tr. (narvis-ago). To sail, navigate. 2. Tr., to sail upon, navi gate, aeqtior. n~visq is, f. (vaiv). A ship. nfivita, and nauta, ae, m. (navis) (navita, poet. and lat.). A sailor, seaman, boatman. Naxos, i, f. (c).The largest island of tise Cyclades, ceisbrated for its wines and for th worshidp of Bace has. n~ interrog. enelitic particle. In d1irect questions not represented iii English; a. g., scribitre? 21. In indirect questions, whether; e. g., iturusne sit, scire poteris. 3. If the question. is disjunctive or double, ne is rerznlarly followved by an (= or); but sometimes De is thus used for an; a. g., Rornaimne venio, an hic maneo? Qui teneant (eus), homninesne feraene, quiaerere COnstitUtt — 'whether men or beasts.' n9adv. and conj. The primitive negative particle in Latin. 1. In coinposition, as neselo, aefas, etc. 2I. W i th quidemn, to emphatically negative the word between them; a. g., ne in oppidis quidem, Io even. 3. In imperative 'sentences, or wvith the subjunctive used imperative-ly, also in wishes, etc., not; e. g.. De time; ne conf eras enipam in mne ne vivam; etc. 4. With the subjunctive to express a purpose, etc., negatively, arid equivalent to ut ne, in order that not, that ot, lest; e. gseribo, ne me oblituim tnt putes. 5. After expressions of fearing (that somethinx inudesirable may happen), that, or lest; e. g., vereor ne laboremn augeamn, I fear that I shall increase the labor. Neaera, ae, f. A shepherdess. Nealces, ae, m. A warrior. n6bfila, an, f. (v'e,~ikt). Miflt, fog, vapor; also, a cloud of dust or smoke; trop., obscurity, quaestionumn. necq eonj., v. neque. nec-dum, adv. (Written as one word, or separately.) And not yet, nor yet, not tyet. n~cesseq adj. n. (ne-cessum, fr. cedo)..Yecssa~ry, unavoidable, inevitable. necnong also nec non, or neque non. And also, likewise, also. n~co7 flvi, fit-am, I. v. tr. To kill. nectar7 Aris, a. (r'nKrap). Nectar, the drink of the gods; also, an ointment used by the gods. 21. Meton. (poet.), any thing sweet or pleasant, etc., as honey, milk, wine. necto, xui arid xi, xumn, 3. v, tr. To bind, tie, or fasten together. to join, connect; to bind, tie; iii tartie., to bind, confine, (isp. for debt..2. Trrol)., to connect, join togeth~er, omnes virtutes, cansas, insidias. n~fandus, a, rim adj. (no fart). Lit., not to be urentioned; henurn snpioes, execrable, abonsinable, uscked. ne-fas, a. irideci. WXtat r~ contrary to divine law, an impious thing, impiety, crime; a s/hanie, dis-grace. 2. Often rised as air aij.. not permnitted, unlauful, impios, abominab'e. ng7avi. aturn, I.v inr. arid tr. (necalo). To say no, to deny, refuse to say that.... not (with an object. clause). Nem~a, ae, f. (N-E5Yr). A town, in Argolis, near which Hercules killed the Nemeanlion. nemo7 Inis, c. (ne-bomo). No nIran, no one, nobody. 2. Adj., = riullirs, no, nemno vir. n~m6r~sus7 a, trn, adj. (nernirs). (Poet.) Full of woods, woody.?. Full of trees, silva. 3. Full of foliage, bushy. curpressris. nompe, adv. Truly, naniety, to wit, to be sure. n~mus 6ris, D (r-itxoe). A wvood tintersperset? with~ open glades and prastirre land, a grove. 21. Poet., a wood, irr -en. neo, CMi, ~turn. 2. v. tr. To spin; to weave, to interweave. Ne opt61mus, i, m. (N-Eo7n6Acicoe). The son of Achyass, also called Pyrrhuns. n~pcs, Otis, m. (path. fr. ne-polls, riot strong, wveak~). A grandson,. 2. Poet., adescendant. gen. in) pui.. descendants, posteriy. 3. A nephew. 4. Meton., a spendthrift, prodigal. Neptiinius, a, urn, adj. Of Neptune. Neptunian; w. Troja, because its walls were built by Nepturne, assisted by Apollo. Neptfinus, I, m. Son, of Saturn, brother of Jupiter, and god of the sea. n~que or nec7 adv. and corrj. (ne-qrre). I. Adv., not (mostly in the form rree, and ante-cl.), nec recte; alter qir nec prircul aberat. II. Conj., = at rron, and not, also not, neither, no neqire (nec).. — NEQ 119.NIS neque (nee), neither... nor,* also, w. one clause affirmative, neque (nec).... et, and et..... neque (nec), nt ony not....but also, on the oehand not... aad o the other; or the contrary. n6-queo7 Ivi or ii, itum, 4. v. intr. Not to be able, to be unable, w. infin. n6-quiquamn, n6-quicquam,7 or nb-quidquamy adv. In vain, to no purpose, without effect, uselessly. nequis, qua, quod or quid, indcf. pron. That not (or lest) any one, or any (quis after si, lne, niisi, 11oin. qunrn, etc., being equivalent to aliquis). NMreis) Idis, f. (Nuip-qs). A daughter of Nereus, a Nereid, a sea-nymph. Mr&iUS, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Nereus, N~ereian. Nbrbus (d issyl.), ei and eos, m. (N-qpnE~). A sea-god. son of Oceanus, husband of Doris, and father of the Nereids. Niirin67 as, f. A daughter of N~ereus. NMrftos7 1, f. (N4pLTee). A n untain in Ithaca, and also an island in the vicinity. Nersae, Arum, f. A city of the Aequi. nervus, i, ma. (ve~pov). A sinew, tendon, nerve. 2. Trausf., a string of a musical instrument; a bow-string; the leather with which shields wvere covered; a tiong for binding, a person; hence, a fetter; also, aprison. 3. Trop., strength, vigor, foe-ce, ener-gy, nerve, pecunia nervi belli; in partic., of style, force, vigor Nisae- OIs, f. (N-orani-). One of tlee (fifty) %Z~reids. ne-scio7 lvi or ii, Rtum, 4. v. Ir. Not to know, to be ignorant of, aliquid. Nescio spite (an idiom, esp. freq.), I know not who, i.ea., sosse one, ==aliquis; in same way, nescio quoinodo, somehow; nescio an, perhaps. 21. In partic., seot to know, to be unacquainted with a person or thing; also, nt to know how, to be unable, e.g., stare loco nescit (equns). nescius, a, urn, adj. (id.). Not knowing, ignorant, unaware, fati, quid accident. 2. Poet., not knowing how, not understanding, unable, puer fart nescius, cedere nescius. 3. Unknon (rar.), locus, trihuta nescia ies sunt. neu, v. nave. nave, or neu, conj. (ne-va). And not, nor; nave... -.neve, neiher....- nor. riex7 6CiS, f. (reKeve). A violent death, murder, slaughter. nexop uii, -, 1. v. tr. To tie, to twine. nexuaL,j a, um, p. of necto. ni, adv. and conj. (identical w. ne). Adv., - non, but only used in quid ni?2 or qui(lni? Why not? 2. Conj., = ne (ante-cl. and poet.), not, that not, monent ni teneaut, cursus. 3. a -isi, if not, unless, ini faciat (thus mostly in archaic, colloquial, and legal lang.). nidor, (Iris, m. A smell or fume. nidus, i, m. A nest. 21. Transf. (poet.), a dwelling, residence, home; also, the young birds in a nest. niger, gra, grnni, adj. Black, dark, sable, dusk-y (est). a beautiful, glossy black; see alan); subs., nigrum, i, ii., a black spot. 2'-. Trop., of or pertaining to death, funeral, ignes, dies; mournful, gloomy. doinus; ill-omened, sol ( dies); of chai-act':n, bMack, wicked, bad. nigrans, nis, Pa. Black-, dusky. nigresco, grill, 3. V. inch. intr. (niger). To grow black or dark. nigro, tvi, Atluin, 1. v. intr. To be black. nihil, or, contr., nil? a. ladedl., or niii hIJunM, i, n. (ne-hilum, not the least). Nothing;- adlv., as a strenigthened non, not at all, not; also, nil as aii adv., in no respect, not at att. Nilus, i, m1. (NE-tAoq). The river Nile. 2. Traiisf., a canal. aqueduct. nimbdsus, a, urn. adij. (nimbus). Full of storm~s, stormy, rainy. nimbus, i, m. (kindr. w. anbes, anubo). A dark raIn-cloud. 2. A deeud, iii gen.; also, ineton., a multitude Of things spread out or darkening Ilie air like a cloudl, peditum, pilorum, etc. 3. A rain-storm. nimirum adv. (ne-mirum; lit., nDot wonderfu?. Without doubt, doubtless, certainly (freq. ironically). niLmis, adv. Too much, overmuch. nimius, a, nm, adj. (nimris, adv., too much, too). Excessive, too great, too much. Adv., alirejum, too much, too; also, very much, greatly. ningo (ningue), axi, -, 3. v. intr. To snosw; impers.: ningit, it snows. Niphaeus, i, m. A IRutulian. Niphfit~s, ae, m. (N,0air-q). A part of the range of mont Taurus in Armenia. isa, ae, f. The name of a Norman. Nisaea, v. Nesaee. nisi, conj. (ni-si). If not, unless. 2. A fter interrogatives and negatives, except, only. nisus, 'as, mn. (nitor). A pressing against, a leaning or resting upon or against, a pr~esure; uisu inamotus eodemn, in the NIS 120 NON same posture. 20. A striving, exertion, endeavor, effort. Nisus i m A companion of Aenens. 2. A Lni of Megaea.' nisus, a, tim, p. of nilor. nitens, entis, Pa. of nitco. Shining, glittering, sparkling, brilliant. 21. Transf., of persons, beautiful, handsome; of animals, sleek, fat; trop., of persons, illustrious; of style, brilliant, elegant. niteo, ui, -. 2. v. intr. To shine. nitesco, tul, 2. v. inch. intr. (id.). (Poet. and lat.) To begin to shine, to shine; trans f., of animals, to grow sleek or fat; of persons, to beconse blooing or handsome; trop., to become illustrious or celebrated. nitidus, a, tim, adj. (id.). Shining, glittering, bright, polished. 2.Transf., of persons and animals, fat, sleek, in good condition; of persons and things, handsom, neat, elegant; of plants and fields, blooming, Isxuriant; trop., cultivated, polished, refined, homo, oratio, vox. nitor iilsus and nixuis, 3. v. (lap. intr. (old orm o'fperf. p. gnitus and gnixns; perb. thea from genu; hence, lit., to rest upon the knees). To bear, lean, or rest upon something, genibus, liasta, (poet.) in hastam. 2. Transf., to press forward, advance, make one's way (with effort) towards a point, and asp. a higher position, to onut, rise, ascend, climb, sub ipsos postes gradibits, ad si(lera, etc.; w. humi, treading or walking upon; wv. ails, resting or poising upon. 3. Trop., to exert one's self, labor, endeavor, pro libertate, recuperare patriam; to strive after, ad imimortalitata m.; to depend or rest upon, rely upon in nomine, or Av. abl., spe. nitrum, i, n. (Vi~pov). Nitre. niv~iS, a, adj. (nix). Of or pertaining to snow, snowy, snow-, dies, loca, venti, mons, aqua. 2. Transf.-, cold, dies. 3. Poet., snow-like, s o-white, snowy, candor. niveus, a, um, adj. (nix). (Poet.) Of snow, snow-, agger. 2. Covered with snow, mons. 3. Snow-white, snowy, brachia. nixv nivis, f. (viP, m4)6g). Snow. 2. Traasf. (poet.), white or hoary hair. nixor, ftins, 1. v. dep. inir. (minens, of aitor). (Poet.) To lean er rest upon; to straggle, strive. nixusq a, urn, p. of nitor. niXUS,1 f11, v. flisus. no, 11vi, -, I. v. intr. (v1w). To swim. 211. Poet., to sail, fly, etc. nobilis, a, adj. (nosco). W1-ell-k 'on, fa os, noble. nobilitas; Atis, f. (nobilis). Nobility, high birth. n6ceo, enii, chtum, 2. v. intr. (prob. kindr. w. nex, neco). To hurt, harm, injure, do ssischief, alicui. Pa. nocens, antis, hurtful, injurious; bad, wicked, criminal, hourn, mores. noctiva-gus7 a, mui, adj. (inox-vagor). NAight-roving. noctua, ae, f. (nox). The owl. nocturnusp a, um, aidj. (id.). Of or belonging to the night, nocturnal, night-, by night. nocuus7 a, urn, adj. IHurtful, injurions. n5do, Avi, ltrnm, 1. v. tr. (nodus). To tie in a knot, to knot. nodosus, a, niin, adj. Knotty. n5dus7, i,. A knot. 2. A knot or knob on the joint of an animal, or on Nv'ood. 3. A girdle, band;', a knot or fold of hair; a fold or coil of n serpent. 4. Tirop., a tie, band, amicitiae; an obligation; a knotty point, difficulty. Nobm6n, 6nis, mn. A Trojan. NMmas, Adis, in. (v e.4A nomad. 2. In partic., a (wandering) Numnidian. n~men7 inis, n. (kindr. w. -yv6w, nosco; hence, prop., that by which something is known). A name; in partic., the second of the three iatnes of every freeborn citizen, denoting the genS. in opp. tn cognomen denoting the familia, and to praenomen distinguiishing the miiividual; also, a word. 2. Those beairing a certain name, a family, race, stock. 3. The name of a debtor signed to a bond; hence, a bond, note, debt; also, a debtor; in partlc.. w. axigere, to collect debts; w. solvere, to pay debts; w. Incare, to borro money. 4. Trop., name renown, fame, reputation; a name as opp. to reality, pretence, form; pretext, excuse, account, reason. Ndmentum? i, n. A town in the country of the Sabine8. n~nq adv. (contr. fr. ne and aenum, unum). Not. non-dum, adv. Not yet. nonney adv. interrog., expecting the answer yes. Not. In indirect questions: whether not. non-nullus., a, ura, adj. Some, other. NON 121 NUD nonusT a, urn, adj. (fr. novenus, fr. novem). The ninth; subs., nona, ae, f. (sc. hora), the ninth hour of the day. Noricusy a, urn, adj. Of Noricum, a country between the Danube and the Alps, Norican. noscoy novi, nOtum, 3. v. tr. (ytyvoC0-Ko). To seek to know, to examine, investigate, consider. 2. To get a knowledge of, become acquainted with, learn, aliquid. 3. (Rar.) To know, aliquid; in partic., to recognize. 4. To acknowledge, allow, admit, causam, excusationem, etc. 5. Perf. novi (and derived tenses), to have become acquainted with; hence, to know, aliquem or aliquid. noster7 tra, trum, poss. adj. pron. (nos). Our, ours. n6taT ae, f. (nosco). That by which something is known, a mark, sign; in partic., a written sign, letter, and in pl., letters, characters; also, secret writing, cipher; a critical mark, note in a book or on a writing; a mark or brand on a wine-cask, etc.; a spot or mole on the body. 2. Trop., a mark, token, sign, scelerum' a mark of blame or ignominy, a reproach, disgrace. n6thus, i, m. A bastard son; of aninals, mongrel. n6toy avi, Rtum, 1. v. tr. (nosco). To designate by a mark, to mark,' in partic., to write. 2. Trop., to point out. indicate, siynify, show; to mark, note, observae, cantus avium; to mark with censure, to censure, reprimand. notus, a, um, Pa. (id.). Known; wellknown, familiar. N6tus, i, m. (N6roS). The south wind; poet., wind, in gen. novalisp e, adj. (novo). New, fallow. novalis, is, f., or novale, is, n. Fallow land, newly ploughed land. ncvellusT:1, urn, adj. (novo). New, young, tender. n6vem, num, adj. Nine. n6vercaT ae, f. A step-mother. novil v. nosco. n6vies, adj. (novem). Nine times. n6vitasp Atis, f. (novus). Newness, novelty, rareness; in partic., newness of rank, familine. n6vo avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (id.). To make new, to renew, renovate. 2. To make new, i. e., to create, invent, verba. 3. To change, alter; in partic., in a political sense, to make a revolution, revolutionize, res. n6vus, a, um, adj. (kindr. w. vios). New, fresh, recent; in partic., new, strange, unusual, unheard of, unexpected; w. homo, newly ennobled, an upstart, i. e., the first of his family to obtain a curule office. ". New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed (poet. and lat.). 3. Sup., novissimus, a, um, the newest, i. e., the latest, last, verba; of space, freq., the last, hindmost, agmen; trop., extreme, severest, cexmpla, poena. noxT noctis, f. (v, ). Night. 2. Transf. (poet.), sleep; also, death,' the darkness of a storm, a tempest; darkness, obscurity, in gen.; the lower mvorld; trop., darkness, obscurity, gloomy condition, reipublicae; mental darkness, ignorance. noxa, ae, f. (noceo). IDurt. harm, injury, inflicted or suffcred. 2. Transf., an offence, crime, fault. 3. Punishment. noxius, a, um, adj. (id.). hurtful, injurious, noxious. 2'. Guilty, criminal, nobilitas, corda; also w. alicujus or aliquo. nuibes? is, f. A cloud. 2. Of things resembling a cloud, c. g., pulvcris, volucrum. 3. Trop., darkness, obscurity, gloominess; threatening appearance, belli. nuibigena, ae, c. (nubes-geno). Cloudborn; hence, a centaur. nuibilis7 e, adj. (nubo). Ma.-riageable. nubilus, a, um, adj.niubes). Cloudy, overcast, coelum, dies. Usually subs., nubilum, i, n., a cloudy sky, cloudy weather; freq. pl., nubila, orum, the clouds. ". Dark, gloomy, obscure, via; trop., beclouded, troubled, saddened, gloomy, unpropitious, etc. nudatus, a, umrn, p. of nudo7 avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (nudus). To make bare or naked, to bare, strip, uncover, corpus, caput; in fartic., in milit. lang., to leave unprotected, expose, latera, marum. 2. To srp1) of any thing, to deposit, deprive, plunder, mururnm defensoribus, agros. 3. Trop., to lay bare, expose, disclose, consilia, arnorem; to deprive or strip of, potestas omnibus rebus nudata. nudus, a, um, adj. Naked, bare, uncovered. exposed, corpus, gladius; in partic., lightly cothed; also, unarmed; in milit. lang., exposed. 2. Stripped, deprived of any thing, without a thing, urbos nuda praesidio, nudus agris. 3. Trop., bare, NUL,122 OB mere, simple, only, ira; unadorned, plain, commentarii. nu11us7 a, urn, genit. Ins, adj. (ne-ullus). Not any, none, no; subs., for nemo. no one, nobody; in p1., none; in flout., nothing. 2. In partic., of no account, insignificant, leges nullas putas. num7 interrog. adv. Au interrog. particle used generally when a negative answer is cvpected. Iu a direct question it is not translated in English; in an indirect question, whether. Numa, ao, m. A Roman name. 21. The nom of two Rutilian warr iors. Numa-nus, i, rn. A Ilutalian, also named Remrulus. niimen, Iis, n. (for nuimen, fi'. nuo, to nod). An inclination of the bead, a nod (very mar.). 2.Trop., a nod, i. e., command, will; in partie.. the divine will, in.tluence or power; in geli. (poet. and lat.), divine nature or majesty, divinity, deity: concr., a divinity, deity, god. num~ro7 Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To number, to count, to reckon up, to trace. ndm~rus, i, m. (kindr. - v. v'iuoq;). A number; mn partic., a number of persons or things, a great number, multitude; in milit. lang., a. number, division, troop of soldiers. 2. Trop., dignity, ran/c, position, in numcro deorum esse; a part of a whole, snember, perfectus omnibus numeris suis; order, digerit (earmina) in numerurn; musical measre, time, rhythm, harmnony; in lioctry, meas re, number; poet., verse, in gen. Numicus, i, M. A river of Latlum. Another form is Numicius. Niimfda ae, m. (Nomas, 'ouca;). A nomad; in patrtic., a Numidian, usually pl., the Nnmldians, a people of At -ica. 2. Adj., Numidian, leo. Nfiiwtor Oris, m. King of Albatfather of Rhea SiMvia ('lia), and grandf'ather of Romulus and Remus. numquam or nunquam, ndv. (nenmquam). Never. nune, adv. (vX) ow, at this time: nunc...nnnc, now.... now, at on~e time.. at another. 2.Transf., in introducing a climax, but now. nuncius, v. nuntius. nuntia (or nuncia), ae, f. (nuntius). A femalemsnessenger. announcer. nuntio (or nuncio), flvi, Rtum, I. v. tr. (id.). To announce, report. declare, make known, inform, etc.. alicui aliquid. nuntius (or nuncius), Hi. m. (uovuin-cio cieo). A bearer of news, reporter-, mcc — 8enger. 2. A message, news, tidings. 3. Adj., nuntius (nuncius), a, urn, announcing, indicating, etc. nuo (vnho), the root of numen, nuto, etc. nulper, adv. (novi-per, fr. novus). Lately, recently. Nursae, v. Nersae. Nursia, ae, f. Another form of Neraea. nulrus, -us, f (vv6s). A daughter-in-law. 2. Transf. (poet.), a young 7norr!ied woman. nus um~adv. (ne-usquam). N~owhere. ras.,i othing, ons no occasion, sumptus lion! potest; with verbs of inotion, to no place, nowhere, ahire; to or.for nothiny. I'leb-om nusquamn alio natani quam ad serviendum. nilto, Avi, fitum, I. v. inteins. intr. (nuo). To nod with the head. 2". In gen., to sscay to andfro, (otter, arbor. 3. Trop., to wave?-, hesitate, doubt; to falter, in fidelity. nfitrimentumv i, n. (nutrio, to flourish). Nouns hment, nutriment; of fire, fuel. nfitrior, nutrltus, 4. v. passive of qntrio as dep. To nourish, to suckle, to rear. niitrix, Tcis, f. (id.). A nvet-nurse, nurse; in gen., a nourisher, su))por-ter, virgines perpetui ignis, tellus leonum. niitus, fis, m. (nuo). A nod. Trop., will, command, decree. nux, nflcis, f. A nut; also, the almond tree. nympha, no, f. (vLl.A young scornan, esp. a bride, a mistress. 2. A nymph, one of the derni-goddesses supposed to inhabit and preside over the sea, rivers, fountains, wvoods, trees, etc. Nksa, ae, f. (Niva). A city of India. on mount Aferos. 0. 0, interj. A common exclamation of joy, astonishment, grief, indignation, etc., and constr. wv. voc. or ace., and also (poet.) wv. the nom., 0! oh! Oaxes, is, m. (04e to). A river in Crete. 6b, prep. wv. ncec. With verbs of motion, towards, to, ob Roniarn legiones ducere. 2.With verbs of iestl., at. abot, before. ob oculum liabere. 31. Trop., to denote an object or cause, on account of, for, Owingq to~fece, ob earn rem. OBA 123 OBR ob-ambulo, avi, atum, 1. v. intr. To walk about, to prowl about. ob-diico, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To lead or bring towards or against, ad oppidum exercitum. 2. To draw before or draw over; hence, to cover by drawing over, to surround, envelop, truncos cortice. 3. To draw in, swallow, venenum. Also trop. in all meanings. obductus? at, urn, p. of id. 6b-eo, lvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. iutr. and tr. Intr., to go or come to, to go to meet, in infera loca, ad omnas hostium conatus. 2. To go down, set, stella; trop., to perish, die, urbs, horno. H. Tr., to go or come to, urbem; in partic., to visit, go through, traverse, regiones. 2. To, go over or through with the eyes, or in speech, to survey, review, exercitum; to mention, enumerate, civitates; poet., to go around, surround, encompass, limbus chlamydem. 3. To go at, apply one's self to, engage in, undertake; also, to perform, execute, accomplish any thing, negotium, helium, sacra, etc. ob-6sus, a, urn, adj. Well.fed, fat, swollen. 6bex, Icis, m. and f. (ob-jacio). A bar, a bolt, an. obstacle, a barrier. obf. For words, beginning with these letters, v. off. obicio ~_obiicio objicio, which see. obiecto -objecto. obiectus = objectus. obiex objex. obitus, a, urn, P. of obeo. 6b1.tus, tis, m. (id.). A going to, a visit (ante-cl.). 2. A going down, settIng, stellaec; trop., downfall, destruction,,ruin, death. ob-jecto, avi, flturn, I. v. tr. (objiclo). To throw before or against, set against, oppose. 2'-. To expose, abandon, caput periclis; to cast as a reproach, to reproach or upbraid with, alicui inopiam. objectus, Its, m. (id.). A casting before or against, an opposing (poet. and rar.). 2. Pass., a being before or opposite, opposition, projection, objectui latarum. objectusp a, urn, Pa. of objiclo. Lying beore, lytlug oppos8.,e, opposite. 2.Exposed, invidiae. ob-jIcio, jeci, jectum, 3. v. tr. (ob-jacio). To throw before, towards or to, to hold beore, to offer, present;, to give up, expose, morti, ad omnes casus; to throw beore for protection, to oppose, clipeos ad tela, se tells hostium. 2. Trop., to throw upon one, to give, impart, cause, etc., alicui spain, timorem, etc.; to cast upon one as a reproach, to reproach, upbraid with, alicui aliquid. objex, objicis, another form of Obax. obliitus, a, urn, p. of offero. ob-limo, lvi, ilurn, 1. v. tr. To cover with mud or slime; to clog. obliquo, lvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (obliquus). (Poet. and lat.) To turn or bend aside, turn olbliquely. obliqluus, a, urn, adj. (oh and obs. liquis, oblique). Turned sideways, sidelong, slanting, oblique, tran verse, lying across. 2. Trop., of speech, indirect, oratio; of relationship, collateral; in grammar, oblique, casus (not the nom. or voc.). oblitus, a, urn, p. of obliviscor, oblitus, 3. v. dcp. intr. and tr. (perh. fr. oblIno, to daub or smear over). Toforget, w. gen. of tha person, and gen. or acc. of thle thing, or w. object, clause. oblivium, ii, n. (id.). (Poet. and lat. for *the class. oblivio, finis.) Forgetfulness, oblivion. ob-1l6quor, ciltus or qufitus, 3. v. dep. tr.a~nAintr. To speak against a person or thing, to interrupt, contradict. 2. Poet, and lat., to rail at, abuse, blame. 3. Poet., to sing to, accompany in sinqlug, sing or sound responsive, non avis obloquitur, septern discrimina vocum. ob-luctcr, 11tus, I. v. dep. intr. (Poet. and lat.) To strive or struggle against, Fabio, arenae, diflcultatibus. ob-miftesco tui, 3. v. inch. intr. (mutus, dumb). ~io become dumb; transf., to be speechless, mute or s-llent, from astonishment, grief, etc. obnisus, a, urn, P. of ob-nitor, sue and xus, 3. v. dep. intr. To bear, press, or push against, strive or struggle against, resist, wv. dat. or abs. (lit, and trop.). obnixus, a, urn, p. of id. obnoxius, a, urn, adj. Liable, obliged, indebted; subject to. ob-nfibo, ntlpsi, nuptum, 3. v. tr. To Vei, to cover uP. 6h-6rior, ortus, 4. v. dep. intr. To arise, sprng up, appear, lacrimae, helIum.. obortus, a, urn, P. of id. ob-ruo, rui, rtltum, 3. v. tr. To cover over, cover, with earth, water, etc.; OBR 124 OBVY hence, to bury; in water, to sinik, overwhelm; in gen., to overwhelm, overcome, tells, numero hostium. 2'. Trop., to cover, conceal, bury, tenebris, oblivione, etc.; to overwcheim, overcome, surpass, etc., acre alieno, farnarn alicujus, etc. obrittus, a, urn, P. Of obruo. obsc~nus (also obscaen. and obscoan.), a, urn, adj. (ob-coenum?). Filthy, duty, foul. 2. Transf., offensive, s'epulsive, dis. gusting, loathsome, unnatural, famnes; in partic., offensive to modesty, indecent, lewd, obscene. 3. Poet., ill-boding, Inauspicious, of ill omen, fetal, avi s. obscfiro, Avi, Fitum, 1. v.. tr. To oh8cure, to darken.. obsciirus, a, urn, adj. Dark, dim, obscure, locus, nox; transf. (poet.), that is in darkness, unseen, ibant obscuri. 2 Trop., of speech, obscure, unintelligible; unknown, esp. of rank, station, etc., obscure, lowe, ignoble,; of character, reserved, secret, close, homo, ratura. ob-s~rop s~vi, sltum, 3. v. tr. To plant upon. observaitusy a, urn, p. of ob-servo, Avi, Rturn, I. v. tr. To?watct, note, observe, mark a thing, to take notice Of. 21. In partic., to wet chfor some one, in order to catch, take advantage of him, etc.; to watch, guard, keep), janniam, greges; to observe, regard, attend to, keep, leges, etc.; to r-espect, estcem, honor, aliquem. obsessus, at, um, P. Of ob-sideo, sedi, sessurn, 2. v. intr. and tr. (ob-sedeo). To sit any where, abide, stay, domi (poet. and mar.). 20. Tr., to sit, on or near; hence, tofreguent, aram, rivos, limina; in milit. lang.. to sit dowen before, besiege, invest, beset, block up; hence, in genu.. to occupy, possess, fill (lit, and trop.), locurn, animum; to lie in wait for, look out for, keep an eye on, stuprum, rostra. obsidio, Onis, f. (id.). A blockade, investment, siege of a place. 2. Trap., pressing danger, embas-rass ent, obsi*dione rempublicamn liberare. ob-sido7,- 3. v. tr. To block up; to invade. obslitus, a, umn, Pa. of obsero. Overgrown, covered; hoary. obstipesco, v. obstupesco. ob-sto, stlti, stftumn, 1. v. lattr. To stand before (mar.). 2. Trop., to stand against, withstand, oppose, thwvart, r-eetrain, hcinder, furori. ob-strue, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To build before or against, murum. 2. To blockup, close up, stop, obsts ct (lit, and trop.), flumiua, vmas, acures, mentes. ob-stupesco, pui, 3. v. inch. intr. (stupeo). To become senseless, to be stupefied. 2. Trop., to be astonished or amazed, to stand aghast, be horror-struck. ob-sum, obfu'li or offui, ohesse, irreg. v. n. To be against, to harmn, to damage. okte:,tUS7 n, urn, p. of o~-t fto, xi, cturn, 3. v. tr. To cover I.7cover up;- for protection, to protedt far concealment, to conceul, hide, domus, flagitia. ob-tendo, tendi, tentuin, 3. v. tr. To draw, to spread, to spread over. obtentus, a, urn, P. of obtendo. obtentus, Ots, m. (obtendo). A spreading ot, a covering. ob-testor, Atus, I. v. dep. To insplore, to beseech, to swear. ob-texo, texui, textuni, 3. v. tin. To wveave over, to overspread, to cloud, to darken. ob-torqueo, si, turn, 2. v. tr. To tur'n towcards, to turn, turn around, twist4. wreathe. obtortus, a, Im, P. Of id. ob-trunco, Avi, fit'urn, I. v. tr. (trunco, to cut off, fr. truncus). To cut dawn, cut to pi~eces, kill, stay, hastes, patrem. obtuli, v. offera. ob-tund~o, t'bdi, tflsurn or tunsurn, 3. v. tin. To strike at, againdQ, or on a thing, to beat, thump, pectara pugnis (rarn.). 2. To blunt, dnll by beating (rar. and ante-cl.). 3. Trap.. to blunt, dull, inmpair, aures, mentern. obtunsus, v. obtilsus. obtiisus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Blunted, dull, obt se, unfeeling. obtfitus, fOs, rn. (ob-tueor). A looking at, a look, gaze. ob-umbro, Avi, Aturn, I. v. tr. To overshadow; to protect.ob -uncus, a, urn. adj. (Poet.) Bent in, hooked. obustus, a, urn, adj. (ob-uro). Burnt, hardened by fire. obversus, a, urn, p. of ob-vertoy ti, sum, 3. v. tr. To turn towards, to, or against, to turn. obvius, a, urn, adj. (oh-via). In the ivay, meeting, to meet, obvium esse alicul, ohvia cui Camilla occurrit. 2. Facing, lying in the way, montes a. itineri; open to, exposed to, Grails, furis. 3. (Lat.) 000 125 OFF Ew., of access, affable, horno; easy to' find, at hand, ready, obvious, laudes. occ~isus, tis, m. (occido). A going down, setting, solis. 2.The place where the sun sets, tke west. 3. Trop.,Jbll, downfall, destruct o, ruin. occldo, cidi, casum, 3. v. intr. (ob-cado). To fall down, fall, arbor. 2. Of the heavenly bodies, to go down, set. 3. Trop., to fall, perish, die, be ruined or lost, Priarnus, spes. occido (ob-)y cldi, cisum, 3. v. tr. (obcaedo). To kill, to slaughter. occisus, a, urn, p. of occido. occiibo, 1. v. intr. (cubo, to lie down). To lie, rest, repose (poet. and only of the dead). occitlo, cilini, cultum, 3. v. tr. (nb-coin). To cover over; to hide., coceal. occultCR; adv. (occultus). Secretly. occulto, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (intans. of occulo). To hide, conceal, carefully or anxiously. occultus, a, urn, Pa. (occulo). Hidden, concealed, secret. occumbo, cubul, cifbbtum, 3. v. intr. (oh-cumbo = cubo, to lie down). Tofall or sink down, in gladium (rar. and lat.); in partic., of a heavenly body, to set. 2.To fall in death. to die, abs., or w. mortem. morte. or (poet.) mnorti. occfipo, Avi, Atum, I. v. tr. (ob-capio). To lay hold of. to seize, take posses ion of, urbem, rernum. 2. To occupy,.fill with something, locum, urbem aedificiis. 3. To fall upon, attack, aliquem gladio. 4. To anticipate. be beforehand with, rem, bellum facere. 5. Trop., to seize, invade, timor exercitum; to occupy. engross, employ, animum, pelcuniam, aures. oc-curro, curri or cucurri, cursum, 3. v. intr. To run or hasten to meet, to go or coe up to, to meet, alicni in partic., to rush, upon, attack, hostibus. 21. To go or comne to, be present at any place (w. dat., or ad. or in), consilio, proello, ad or in consilium; to meet with, fall in with, signis; to meet, i. a., lie opposite to, mons flumini. 3. Trop., to present itself, appear, occur, oculis, animo, etc.; tot eet, oppose, counteract, ration i; hence, to relieve, cure, morbo; to meet with words, to a ser, reply. occurso, g'vi, Ittum, 1. v. intr. To run towards, to meet. Ocevmfitis~ Idis, f. (Oceanus). A daughter of Oceanus; an Oceanid. Oceiinus, i, M. (ThKCaV6de). The ocean, the main sea that encompasses the land. ocior; us, sup. ocissimus, adj. (C~KiWl', wOKWTrev). (Poet. and lat.) Swtifter, forter,.fleeter; transf., ot time, quicker, sooner. 6Dcius, adv. (id.). More swifftly. spee-dily, or quickly; sometimes wvithout comparative force speedily, quicklyI. Ocnus, i, m. The founder of Jaotnua.ocrea, ae, f. A gtcare. octo, num. adj. indcci (W7r0. Eight. octoni; ae, a, aum. adj. distrib Eight each. 6-,flus, i, m. An, eye. 1-1 Mleton., the eye, butd of a plant;ec b6di, Odisse, v. defect. t. To hate... To dislike, aliquid. 6dium, ii, n. (id.). IHatt e enmnity, Mlwill;- as less emphatic, arero on, dislike. 3. Offe yve coduct, iwqolei~e, etc. 6dor, oris, m. (68w). A smell, scent, odor;, in partic., a pleasant odor. fragrance, pesfunee; sometimes, a disagreeable odor, stench. 2. Trop., a scent, presentiment, feint, inkling, suspicionis. 6d6riitusy a, urn, Pa. ttdOro, to p~erfume, fr. id.). (Poet. andI lat.) Fragrant. od6rifery 6ra, 6rum, adij. (odor-fern). Sweet smelling, fragrant1. 6d&rus, a, urn, adj. (odor;. (Poet. anul lat.) Emitting a odor. odorm'sl.z asp). sweet-smnelling, fragrant, flos.?. Keenscented, canum vis. Oeagrius, a, urn, adj. Of Oeagrns, a Thracian king; hence, Thracian. Oebalia, ae, f. A nam~e of Tarenntnm. Oebllus, i, m. 1. A Spartan king, the founder of Tarentumn. 2-1. An Italian prince. Oechaliap ae, f. (Oi a\L'). A city oqf Euboea. Oen~trius or Oen~trus, a, urn, adj. Of Oenotria, the ancient name of the southern part of Italy, afterwards Lucania and Bruttiurn, Ocrnottian, l~oet. for Italian. oest-rusp i, M. The gad-.fly. Oeta, ae, f. A muntahin in Thessaly. offa, ae, f. A bit, morsel, mouthefu; in partic., a little ball or cak6 made of flour. 2. In gen., a lump, piece, mass. offendo, fendi, fensum, 3. v. tr. To dash, against. offensus, a, urn, p. of offendo. Dashed against, beaten back. off~ro, obtfilli, obiAtumi. offere, v. irreg. OFF 126 OPE tr. (ob-fero). To bring before; to present, offer; to show; in pass. w. dep. sense, offerri, to be presented, i. e., to appear, to meet. 2. Trop., to offer, expose, se ad mortem; to inflict, to cause, alicui injuriarn, or laetitiam, etc. officio, feci, fectum, 3. v. tr. anad intr. To hurt, to injure; to be hurtful. officium 11, n. (ob-facio; that which one does lor another). A voluntary service, a favor; in partic., service as a mark of' respect, attendance, observance, ceremony, togae virilis, salutationis, nuptiarurn.?. An obligatory seTice, obligation, dntty, office; in partic., an oflcial duty, function, Q?7ice, business, service, maritimum, legationis. ofrulgeo (obful-), fulsi, 2. v. intr. To shine against or upon. Olleus (trisyl.), ei, mn. ('OiA6,). King of the Locs-lan8, and father of the Ajax who did violence to Cassandra. olea, ae, f. An olive berry, an olive tree. oleiginug, a, urn, adi. Of the olive. Olelrosq i, f. ('[ZAepov). An Ise of the Cyclades. oleaster, tri, m. (olea). The wild olive. olens, ntis, Pa. of oleo. Smelling, fragrant; offensive, noisne. ojee, iii, -, 2. v. tr. anct intr. To emit a smell, to smell of. 6leum, i, n. (Peueov). Oil, olive-oil. alim, adv. (ollus, old form for ille; lit., at that [rernotel time). In the past, some time ago, formerly, once; also (lat.), now for a long time, long ago. 2. In the futtire, at some future time, hereafter, one day. 3. In gen., at any time, ever; also, at times, sometimes, ofttlmes. 61ira, an, f. An olive. _2. An olive tree; transf. (poet.), an olive-brancht; also, an olive-st af. ollvifer, 6rm, 6rum, adj. Olive-bearing. alivum i, n. (oliva). Olive-oil, oil. olle,9 olJ form for lilae. olor, oris, m. A swan. olarinusq a, urn, adj. Of the swan, swan's. olus, V. bol-as. Olymp jdcus, a, urn, adj. (Olympia). Of Olympia, Olympian. Olympus, it M. (0Avsnros). The name of several mountains, the most celebrated of which, between M3acedonia and Thessaly, was regarded as the abode of the gods; hence (poet.), heaven. 5Men., Inis, u. A sign of a future cvent, a prognostic, token, osen; poet., a solemn usage, preliminary rite. omnig~nus, a, urn, adj. Of all kinds. omnino, adv.(omnis). Altogether,wholly, entirely. 2. In partic.,with numerals, in all, quinque omnino fuerant; in making general statements, in general, generally, de genere animaliim. omnnino loquor; in concessive clauses, certainly, to be sure (thus followed by sed), danda ornuino est opera.... sed, etc. omni-pArens, tis, adj. (ominis-parers). All-pr~oducing. omnl-p6tens, tis, adj. (omnis-poteus). All-powerful, omnipotent. omnis, e, adj. All, every, the -whole. Omoli5, v. Homole. onfiger, and onlgrus, grit m. (5vc-.ypev). A wild ass. oneritus, a, urn, p. of 6n~ro; flvi, ilum, 1. v. tr. (onus). To load, burden, freight, navern. 21. Trop., to burden, oppress, overwhelm, laudihus, injurla; also, to make morn burdensome, to aggravate, injuriam. 3. Poet., to load, stow, vina cadis. 6n&r5sus, a, urn,adj. (id.). Buerdennoine, heavy. 2. Trop., burdensomne, onerous, troublesome. Onltes v. Onytes. 6nus, iris, n. A load, burden; In partic., a freight, cargo. 2,. Trop., a burden, weight, charge, officil; also, a tax, impost; a debt. 6nustus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Loaded, bus-' dened, freighted (lit, and trop.). On-ktes is m A Ilutulian.. 6pico, flv, Atum, 1. v. tr. (opacus). To shade,1locum. 6pficus, a, nm, adj. Shaded, shady, darkened, dark, obscure, dusky, gloomy, nox, nubes. 2. Poet., casting a shade, shady, nemus. op~raj ae, f. (opus). Labor, work, dutty. operfitus7 a, urn, p. of operor. 6p~rio, ul, erturn, 4. v. tr. (ob-perio or pario, as aperio, fr. ab-perio). To cover, cover over, caput. 2. Transf., to shut, close, oculos, fores. 3. Trop., to cover or load with, conturneliis; to hide, conceal, lnctum, mala. 6p~ror, Atus, I. v. dep. intr. (opus). To work, tol, be busy; to work at, be occupied with, be engaged in; constr. abs., or w. dat.; in partic., w. sacris, or abs., to perform sacred rites, to sacrifice. opertum, I, Ui. (operio). A covered or secret place. OPE 127 ORB 6pertus, a, um, Pa. (operio). Hidden, concealed; in neut. abs., operta, orum, hidden things, mysteries; also (sc. loca), secret places, secret recesses. Opheltes, ae, m. ('OeAn?;). Thefather of Euryalus. 6pimus, a, um, adj. (ops). Well-fed,fat, bos, habitus corporis. 2. Fertile, fruitful, vitis, campus, arva. 3. Trop., enriched, rich, praeda, opus casibus, rich in events; in gen., rich, sumptuous, abundant, noble, splendid; in partic., opima spolia, arms, etc., taken on the field of battle by the victorious from the vanquished general, triumphal spoils. Opis, is, f. ('hs). 1. A Naiad. 2. A nymph of Diana. oportet, nit, -, 2. v. impers. It is necessary, fit; one ought. opp6rior, rItus or rtus, 4. v. dep. intr. and tr. (ob and obs. perior, whence experior). Intr., to wait. 2. Tr., to wait for, await, aliquem. opp6to, Ivi or ii, Itum, 3. v. tr. and intr. (ob-peto). To go to meet, to meet, encounter (an evil, esp. death), mortem, pestem, poenas; poet. and lat., abs., without mortemr, to die, perish. oppidum, i, n. A walled town, a town; of bees, a hive. opp6noy sni, situm, 3. v. tr. (ob-pono). To place against or before, place opposite, oppose, aliquid, alicui or ad aliquid. ". Trop., to oppose, allege as a counter argument, etc., auctoritatein; to oppose as an objection, to object; to set against as a pledge, to pledge; to place before, expose, se periculis, aliquem morti. opportfinuSy a, um, adj. Suitable, fit, proper. opp6sstus, a, um, Pa. (oppono). Placed against, opposite, opposed, opposing. oppressus, a, um, p. of opprinmo pressi, pressum, 3. v. tr. (obpremo). To press against, press together, press down. 2. Trop., to press or put down; in partic., to suppress, check, tumultum, fraudem; to overpower, overcome, subdue, Graeciam; to weigh down, depress, dolore; to suppress, stifle, iram; to fall upon, surprise, seize, mors o. aliquem, hostes incautos. oppugnoy vi, atum, 1. v. tr. (ob-pugno). To fight against, attack, assault, besiege, oppidum, castra; trop., to attack, assail (with words, an accusation, etc.), aliquem. opsY 6pis, f. (root op, whence also opus and copia). (The nom. and dat. sing. do not occur.) Power, might, ability, 2. Help, aid, assistance. 3. P1. opes, means, resources, riches, wealth; also, influence, power, esp. military or political. optait6 adv. (opto). As one wishes; in good time. optitus, a, unm, Pa. (id.). Fished, wishedfor, longedfor, desired, pleasing, welcome. optimus, superl. of bonus. opto, avi, Stum, 1. v. tr. (kindr. w. 67rTxw, qosoua0). To choose, select, locum, ducem. 2. Transf., to wish, wish for, desire, hope. optiimus, v. Sptimus. cpulentia, ae, f. (opulens). Wealth, riches. 6piilens7 entis, and, more freq., 6piilentus, a, um, adj. (ops). Rich, wealthy, opulent, homo, civitas.. Transf., rich, fine, sumptuous, splendid, dona, liber; respectable, considerable, powerful, noble, factio, res. 6pus, eris, n. (see ops). A work; in partic., a milit. work, for either defensive or offensive purposes, a fortification, tower, battering ram, etc.; also, any other work, a building, work of art, a writing, etc.; in gen., a deed, action, performance. 2. Work = business, occupation. 3. Work = labor, activity, industry. 6pus n. indecl. (kindr. w. id.). Need. rncessity, opus est mihi aliquid or aliqnu re, I need something; less freq., opus est = it is useful, serviceable, beneficial. 5ra ane, f. (os). The extremity, edge, margin, border of a thing, clipei, vestimenti, regionis. 2. In partic., a coast, sea-coast. 3. Transf. (mostly poet.), a region, clime, country. oraciilum7 i, n. (oro). A divine announcement, an oracle. 2. A prophecy, in gen.; also, an oracular saying, oracle, pronounced by a man reputed as uncommonly wise; transf., the place where oracular responses were given, an orace. 5ortor7 Oris, m. (oro). A speaker; a messenger or ambassador. orbis~ is, m. A circle; any thing of a circular form, a ring, disk, hoop, wheel, orbit, etc. 2. In partic., an orb or disk of a shield; a fold or coil of a serpent; orbis (with or without terrarum), the. circle of the lands, i. e., the earth, the ORB 128 ORT world (the ancients regarding the earth as a circular plane); the circuit or course through the sky of a heavenly body, or of personified Nox, etc.; an annual circle or circuit of the mnouths or seasoils, i. e., a year;- in a restricted sense like orbis terrarurn, a region, country. Eoo ab orbe redit, noster. orbital ae, f. (id.). A track, a rut, a path. orbus, a, urn, adj. Deprived, bereaved. orchas, itdis:, f. (6pxcie). A variety of olive. Orcus, irn The Lower World, the abode of the dead. 2.The god of the Lower Ivoarid, Orcus, Pluto. 3. Poet., death. ordior, orsus, 4. v. dep. tr. and intr, (6pinw). Lit., to begin a web, begin to weave; hence, in gen., to begin, cornmnce, undlertake; in partic., to begin to speak, begin to narrate or describe; orationeni, helium, reliquios, loqul, (le re aliqua: intr., to begin, unde ast orsa oratio. ordo, Inis, m. A row, line, regular series of things; in partic., a rwof benches or seats; a line or rank of soldiers.; a century, company, or band of soldiers, also, a centurion or captain of a company. 2. Order, method, corse, succession, rerurn, facinoris; adv., ordine, in oder, in course, regularly. 3. An oder, rank, class of citizens, equester; and in gun., a class, rank, scribarum, mercatorumn. Or~as, bdis, f. ('Opnc~s). A mountainnymph. Orestes, is, m. ('Opeirne;). Son of Agamemnon and C'lytemnestra. To avenge the death of his father he slew his mother, and was for this tormented by the Furies. Orgia, orum, n. pl. ('Opyni). The nocturnal festival or orgies of Bacchus. 2. Trapsf., in gen., any secret, frantic revels, orgies. 3. Trop., Mysteries, naturae. orichalcum, l, n. (6peixaAK0oe). 2sountain copper; brass. Oricius, a, urn, adj. (Oricus). Of Ori. cus, a town of Epirus; Orician. Oriens, entis, m. (p. of orior; prop. sc. sol, the rising sun). The rising sun, the dawn, and in gen. (pout.) for day. 2. The quarter where the sun rises, the east, the orient. 6rigo, Inis, f. (orior). Origin, beginning, source, birth, descent. 2. Transf., a race, stock, family; of persons, a progenitor, founder. Orion, Wns, DI. ('piwv). Orion, the storm-bringing constellation, named aftery a fa oshunter transported to heaven. 6rior, ortns, 4. v. dup. intr. (root or, kindr'. w. 6pvvukat). To rise, appear, stellae, su], lux. 2. Trop., tocre. s6pring up, clamor, caedes, temipestas; to arise, originate, proced, a re aliqun to spring fro a person, to be born, a Germanis. Orithyia, ae, f. (12pEL'Oota). A daughter of Erectheu8, king of Athens, and u'ife of Boreas. orn~tusq fOs, m. (orno, to furnish). A furnishing, fitting out, preparation (rar.). 2. That with whiich a person or thing is fitted out, equipment; in partic militar equipment, armior, dress, attire, apparel; in gun., an adornment, decoration, entbellishmnent, orname~nt, lit, and trop. orn~tus, a, urn, p). of orno, ILNif Atunm, 1. v. tr. To adorn, to deck, to equip. ornus, i. f. (perh. kinfir. wv. 6pnvics). A wild mountain-ash. Orn~ktusq i, m. An Ets-uscan. dro, flvi, Atuni, I. v. tr. and intr. (os). To speak, aliquid. 2". In partic., to argue, plead, causam. 3. To beg, entreat, beseech, implore (constr. w. acc. of the pars. and of the thing, W. lit, or iw). Or~des, i, m. An Etrusoun. Orontes,; is (or i), or an, m. (O0p6vncr,-). A river of Syria. 2. A companion of Aeneas and leader of the Lycians, lost by shipsareck in the voyage to Italy. Orpheus (dissyl.), ei and ens, ni. (O0pocvu). The celebrated poet and musician of Thrace, husband of Eurydice, whom, after her death, he sought to bring backfrom the Low'er World. orsa, 0mum, n. (ordior). Beginnings, purposes; words, speech. Ors~s, ae, m. A Trojan. Orsilochus, i, Di. A Trojan. orsus7 a, urn, p. of ordior. Ortinus, v. ilorllnus. ortus, a, urn, p. of orior. ortus, 1Os, mn. (orior). A rsing of a heavenly body, rising of the sun; hence, also, the east, the orient. 21. In gun., a ris8e, beginning, origin, vunti, junes; in pestle., of men, origin, birth. Ortygia, ae, f. ('Optv-yia; 6T~-tv, a quail). An oldee- tame of the isle of Delos. 2I. An ORT 129 PAL island in the harbor of Syracuse, forming part of the city. Ortygius, i, m. A Rutulian. Os, Oris, n. The mouth. 2. Transf., the face, countenance, features; poet., speech, language. 3. A mouth, opening, entrance, fluminis, specus. OS, ossis, n. (6oeoiv). A bone. Osci, Grum, m. The Oscans, the early inhabitants of Campania. oscillum i, n. (osculum). A little image, a little mask. oscrilum, i, n. (dim. of os, oris). (Poet.) A little mouth, pretty or sweet mouth, in plur., lips..*. A kiss. Osinius, ii, m. A king of Clusium. Osiris, idis or is, m. ('Oyatp). A Latin. Ossa, ae, f. ('Oaara). A mountain in Thessaly. ostendo~ di, sum and turn, 3. v. tr. (obs-tendo). To stretch out before, spread before; hence, 2'. To expose to view, show, exhibit, alicui aliquid, aciem, se. 3. Trop., to show, disclose, manifest, meturn, sentcntiam; to show by speech, to declare, make knwzvn. ostentoy avi, Atumn, 1. v. tr. (Intens. of id.). To hold out, present, offer; to present to view, show, exhibit, urbem. 2. Trop., to show with vanity or boastfulness, show off, parade, display, boast of, prudentiam; to hold out, promise, praemia; to hold out threateningly, to threaten, servitsitem; to show, disclose, reveal, declare, in gen. ostiump ii, n. (os). A mouth, entrance, fluminis, portus. 2. A door. ostrifer, era, rumrn,;idj. (ostrcumfero). Oyster-bearing, abounding in oysters. ostrum, i, n. CorTpeov). (Poet.) The blood of the sea-snail, purple; hence, transf., purple stlff, p)urple dress or covering, purple. Othryades, ae, m. ('Oopuds3). Son of Othrys, i. e., Panthus. Othrys, yos, m. ('00pvs). A mountain in T'essaly. 6tium, ii, n. Freedom from business, leisure, leisure-time. 2. In partic., inactivity, idleness, languescere in otio; time, leisure for any thing, ad aliquid faciendum; rest, quiet, repose, peace. ovans, antis, Pa. (ovo). Joyous, shouting. ovile, is, n. (ovis). A sheepfold. 6'vis; is, f. (;is). A sheep. 6vo, avi, atum, 1. v. intr. To exult, rejoice. 2. To celebrate an ovation, to triumph. ovum; i, n. An egg. P. pabulum, i, n. (pasco). Food, gen. of animals, fodder, pasture. 2. Trop., food, nourishment, studii, amoris. pacatus7 a, um, p. of paco. Pachynum, i, n. (ldxvvroes). The southeastern promontory of Sicily. pacifery era, 5rum, adj. (pax-fero). Peace-bringing; peaceful, emblematic of peace. paciscor, pactus, 3. v. dep. intr. and tr. (paco, pax. Intr., to make an agreement with any one, to bargain, agree, cum aliquo, inter se. 2. Tr., to bargain for, stipulate for, provinciam, salutem; in partic., to betroth, puellam. 3. Poet., to barter, hazard, vitam pro laude. paco7 avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (pax). To bring to a state of peace, to pacify, and gen., to subdue, quell, Galliam, hostes. pacta, ae, f. (paciscor). A bride. Pactolus7 i, m. (fnIaKTAow). A river of Lydia. pactumn i, n. (paciscor). An agreement. pacto, abl., a foswz, way or manner. pactus a, urnm, p. of paciscor. Agreed upon, covenanted, etc. Paidus, i, m. The river Po. Padusa, ae, f. A branch of the Po. Paean, anis, m. (Ilatav). A name of Apollo, as the healing deity. 2. A religious hymn, orig. in honor of Apollo, but afterwvards of other deities, a festive or triumphal song, a paean. paene (pen-), adv. Almost. paenitet, tit, -. 2. v. impers. It re pents one; one repents, regrets. Pae6niusy a, um, or Pae6nisy idis, adj. (IHaLwvoo). Of Paeon, god of medicine; medicinal. Paestum, i, n. Paestum, a city in uItcania. Pagasus (Pfgtasus), i, m. An Etruscan. pagina7 ae, f. (pango). A page, a leaf. pagus, i, m. A district, province, country, village. Palaemon, onis, mt. (laXaaiswz). A sea-god, called also Melicerta mid Portunus, the son of Ino. nalaestra, ae, f. (raXaiarTpa). A wres. PAL 130 PAN tling-school, wrestling-place, palaestra. 2. Transf., a wrestling, wrestling-game or -exercise, gymnastic exercise. 3. Trop., a place for other exercises, a school, e. g., of rhetoric; also, practice or exercise, esp. in speaking; hence, grace, skill, vires sine paiaestrit. palam adv Opely. F~l~r~desis,. (lla~apO?1-). Son of ingNaulissof EuIboea, stoned to death by the Greeks before Tray, through the malicious artifice of Ulysses. palansp antis, p. of palo-. 1'dlitlnusp a, urn, adj. (Palatitum). Of the Palatine hill. 3P~ifsl~ump Ii, n. The Palatine Hill;, the abode of Augustus;, hence, the palace. p~lfitusq 1, in., -urn7 I., n. The roof of the mouth, palate. pfil6a, ae, f. Chaff. p;&War, aris, n. The dew-lap. 3Alea, is, f. The tutelary goddess of shepherds and cattle. Filici, (Irum, in. The Paliel; two sons of Jupiter dei~fied in Sicily. P.linfiirusp I, Mn. (11aA~vovpo5). The pilot of Aeneas, who, while at the helm, was overpowered by the gad Of sleep, and fell into the sea off' the coast of Lucania. 2. A prosnontory of Lucania, named after the pilot,-now Cape Palinuro. paliiirus, i, m. (Traio~vpoa;). A thorny bush; Christ's thorn. palla, ae, f. (kindr. w. pellis). A robe, mantle, a long, wide upper garment of the Roman ladies. 2. Poet., a garment worn by men, esp. tragic actors. Pallldiusq a, urn, adj. (Pallas). Of or belonging to Pallas, Palladian, arx, rainns. Subs., Palladium, ii, -n., the Palladium, a statue of Pallas, believed to have fallen from heaven in the reign of Tins, and guarded by the Trojans with great care, becanse the fate of the city was supposed to depend on its possession, but carried off by Ulysses and Diomed. Pallant~um (-lurn), I, n. A city, on the Palatine built by Evander. Pallantbus (-lus), a, urn, adj. (Pallanteum). Of Patlanteum, Pallantean. Pallas, Mdis, f. (flakkas;). The Greek name for Minerva, the goddess of war and wisdom. Pallas, antis, rn. (flriA,\aq. 1. A king of Arcadia. 2W. A son of Brandier. Pal~n~, es, f. ([UcukkA#O. A peninsula and town in.Macedonia. pallens, entis, Pn. (Pact. and lat.) Pale, wan. palleo, ui, -, 2. v. intr. To be pale. pallidus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Pale, pallid, turba, (poet.) mars. pallor, (Iris, In. (id.). Paleness, wanness, pallor. 2. Trop. (paet.), alarnm, tes-ror; hence, person., Pallor, the god of fear. palma, ae, f. (naAcijoq). The palmn af lhe band; transf., the hand, in gen. V. A palm tree, a palm; trausf., the fruit of the palm tree, a date (pact.); a paluwbranch; asp. freq., a palin-branch, pnluunwreath, as a token of victory; hence, a palm, a prize, and, in a more gen. sene~e, victory; also, pact. f or a victor. palmesy Itis, rn. A vine-branch; a vine. palrn~sus, n, urn, adj. (palma). Abounding in palm tress. palmfila, ae, f. (dim. of id.). - The palm, of the hand; transf., an oar-blade, an oar. FPalmus, i, m. A Trojan. p~lor, Atus, 1. v. dep. intr. To wander about, straggle, be dispersed. palumba, ae, f. A wood-dove, a rngdove. palurnbbs, is, c., and palumbus, i, mu., also pilus, fidis, f. A swanip, marsh, marshy lake. paluster, tris, tre, adj. (pains). Marshy. pamrnpneus, a, urn, adj. (pampilnus, i m. A vine-shoot; also, a vine-leaf, vinefoliage). Of vine-leaves or branchesz, corona. 2. Clovered or adorned with vineleaves, hasta. paMPInUSIs, iMrn and f. A vine-tendril, leaf or shoot. Pi~n, Anos, m. ([Hcv). The god of fields and woods. p.An~c~a, ae, f. (1rTaVCiKca). An herb that cured all diseases; atl-healing. Panchaeus, a, urn, adj. Of Panchaia, Panchasan, Arabian. 1Panch~ia, ae, f. (tIyxaia). A aoutry in Aralsia )vli, producing incense. Vandfirus, i, M. A Mysiasz chieftain, an ally of the Trojans, and a famous archer, who, under the direction of Jfinerve, broke the truce between the Trojans and the G-reeke, by wounding Jlenelaus. pando, pandi, pansuin or passum, 8. v. tr. (kindr. w. pateo). To spread out, stretch out, extend. unfcld, expand. 2. PAN 131 PAR To throw open, to open, januam, moenia. 3. Trop., to un~fold in speech, reveal, disclose, explain, narrate, rerurn naturam, fata. pandus, a, urn, adj. (pando). Bent, crooked,.curved. Fangaoiap 0rum, n or Pangaeus, i, m. A mountain in Thrace. pangop pauxi, p~sgi or pepigi, pancturn, or pactum, 3. v. tr. To fasten, to contract or agree upon; to attempt, denise or contrive. pniss,,.Bread. Kaln6pbap ae, f. (1uow6imu). A seanymph, one of the Nereids. Flan6pes, is, m. A Sicilian youth. Vantitgao v ae, m. (tIlavrayiav). A emal river in the eastern part of Sicily, AMoing into the scoa between rocky bank~s. panthbray ae, f. A panther. ranthiis, i, m. (1I1v0oos [ovs]). A Trojan, so of Othrys and priest of Apollo, slain at the capture of [Troy. papaver, 6ris, n. The poppy. fraphius, a, urn, adj. (Paphos). Of Paphos, Paphian; belonging to V-enus. Pdphos, i, f. (UI&~&;). A city in the western part of Cyprus, sacred to Venue. papilla, ae, f. A nipple; the breast. pap lae1f e pm par pai1aj qa, like; in pantic., equal to a malch foaicuil; par est, it is fit, meet, pro~per, etc., dubito quid ma facere par sit. pgritus, a, urn, Pa. (paro.'. Prepared, ready. Farcaey Fxurn f.- The Fates (Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. parc~, adv. (parcus). Sparingly. parco, pOperci and parsi, parcitum and parsum, 3. v. intr. (parcus, sparing). To be sparing with respect to a thing, to spare, rei alicui. 2. To spare, i. e., not to injure, to use carefully, allicui, subjectis. 3. To spare any action or feeling, to refrain from, cease from, forbear, bello, metu, aliquid facere. parcus, a, urn, adj. Little, scanty; fr-ugal, thrifty. pdrens, ntis, p. of parco. Obedient. pd.rens, entis, c. (pario). A parent, a father or mother; a founder of a race; an author, inventor, father, lyrae, philosophiae. 2. P1., parents; in a more gen. sense, ancestors;- also, relatives, kindred (rar.). paire0, Ul, parturn, 2. v. lMr. (kindr. w. parlo). To appear, show one'sself, alicui (rar.).; impers., paret, it is dlear, evident. ".To appear as a servant at one's command, to attend, wait upon, magistratibus (also rar.). 3. (The common signif.) T'o obey, be obedisnt to, be subject to, submit to, contply with, yield to, alicui, necessitati. paines, 6tis, m. A wall. piirio, p~piri, parltum and partumn, 8. v. tr. To bringforth, bear; of animals, to drop, lay, etc. 2.- In gen., to bring forth, produce, terra p. fruges. 3. Trop., to produce, create, procure, obtain, cause, etc., doloreim, laudem, gratiam, leturn. frins ltdis, m (I6) Son of Priamn and itcua, who can,*d qYf Helen to Troy, and thus provoked the Trojan war. pirfter, adv. (par). Equally, in an equal manner. 2. At the same time, together, (signifying equality in time or associate action). FL11irms, a, urn, adj. (Paros). Of Pifro8, Parian. panma, ae, f. (rrapg-). A small, round shield, carried by light infantry and cavairy; poet. for a shield, in geii. Farnisius (-assius), a, urn, adj. (Parnasus). Of Parnaseus, Parnassian. Farnisus (-assus), i, m. (tIapvaaos). A mountain sacred to Apollo and the musesF. piro, AAu, flttim, 1. v. tr. (kindr. w. pario). To make ready, prpare, furnish, provide, turres, incendia, classemn, frangere. 2. To prepare to do something, i. e., to intend, design, aliquid fttcerc. 3. To procure, obtain, regnum sibi, jumenta. Firos, i, f. (llcpos). An island of the C~yclades,famous for its white marble; hence called nivea. Fanrhasius, a, urn, adi. Of Parrhasia, a town in Arcadia; Parrhaslan, Arcadian. pars, partis, f. A part, piece, portion, etc.; pars.... pars, some.... ethers; adv., parte, in pante, or ex pante, in part, partly; pro pante, for one's share or part;- pro mea, tua, sna parte, for my, etc., part or share. 2. In panice., a part of the earth, a region, place, quartet; also, a side, direction, ab sinistra panes, in utramn partemn finat. 3. (Mostly pi.) A party, faction. 4. (In p1.) A part, character played by an actor; hence, PAR 132 PAT transf. in gen., a part, office, function, of Sol and Perseis, wife of Minos, king oj duty, imperatoris, constantiae. Crete, and nother of the Minotaur. Parthenius7 i, m. (Iapeivtoc). A Tro- passim, adv. (passus. fr. pando). Disjan. persedly, scattered about, in different Parthenius, a. um, adj. Of Par- places, here and there. 2. (Poet. and thenius, a mountain in Arcadia; Par- lat.) Promniscuously, indiscriminately, thenian or Arcadian. indocti doctiquc passim. Parth6n6paeus1 i, m. (Ilape0vorracoC). passum3 i. n. (pando). Wine made from One of" The Seven against Thebes." dried grapes; raisin wine. Parthenopea es, f. The ancient name passu3, a, um, Pa. (pando). Spread ozut, of Naples. outstretched; of hair, loose, disheveled. Parthus, i, m. A Parthian. 2. Spread out to dry; hence, dried, dry, Parthus, a, um, adj. (Parthus). Of the uva. Parthi, Parthian. passus, a, um. p. of patior. Havinj partim7 adv. (pars). Partly, in part. suffered, suffering. partio, Ivi or ii, Itum, and (more freq.) passusR fs, m. (pando). Prop.,a stretchpartior, Itus, dep. 4. v. tr. and intr. ing out of the feet in walking; hence, a (pars). To share, part. 2. To divide, step, pace. 2. Transf., a pace as a distribute. * measure of length l five Roman feet. partitus, a, um, part. (id.). Divided, 3. Poet., afootstep, trace. separated. pastor, Oris, m. (pasco). A herdsman, parturio, Ivi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. and shepherd. 2. A keeper, in gen., pavointr. To be in labor, to teem, to produce, num, populi. to bud, to bloom. pastoralis, e, adj. (pastor). Of sheppartus a, umr, part. (pario). Obtained, herds, rustic. procured, provided, prepared, secured. pastus, a, um, p. of pasco. partus, fs, m. (id.). A bearing, bring- pastusy 1s, im. (pasco). Food, a pasting forth, birth; trop., a beginning, ure. origin, Graeciae oratorum. 2. Concr., PatAvium7 ii, n. A city in the terrioffspring, the young7 of any creature. tory of the TVeneti, founded by A7tenor, parum adv. (kindr. w. parvus and rav- asnd noted as the birthplace of the hispos). Too little, not enosugh, credere ali- torian Livy-the modern Padua. cui; subs., too little, saI)ientiae; parum patW-facio, fOci, factull, 3. v. tr. (paest, it is not enough. 2. Not very, but teo-f.). To make or lay open, throw open, little, little, firma, laeta. open. 2. Trop., to bring to light, disparumper, adv. (id.). For a litte while, close. a short time, a while. patefactus, a, um, p. of patefacio. parviilus, a, um, adj. (dim. of par- patens, entis, Pa. (patco). Open, exvus). Very small, little; of age, little, tended, wide, clear, locus. young. pateo, ui, 2. v. intr. To stand or lie parvus, a, um, adj. (comp. minor, sup. open, be open; in partic., to lie open, be minimus) (kindr. w. 7raopos). Little, expoeed to any thing, vulneri; to stretch small. out, extend, fines in longitudinem; also, pasco, pavi, pastum, 8. v. tr. and intr. trop., in all these senses. 2. Trop., to To drive to pasture, to pasture, sues, be evident or manifest. greges; hence, in gen., ". To feed, pater, tris, m. (=raTrp). A father, sire. nourish, maintain, supisort, greges, ser- 2. Transf., a forefathev, ancestor; in vos, flammas, sidera. 3. Pass. in mid. pl., for parentes, parents; as a mere sense, of animals, to graze, browse, and, title of honor, Father, applied to Jupiin gen., to feed, eat, pascuntur per her- ter, Apollo, Neptune, Mars, Bacchus, bas; tr. (poet.), to feed on, gramina; Portunus, etc.; also to men, as to sena. transf., of men, to live by, support one's tors, to Aeneas, etc. self by, sceleribus; also (poet.), act. ptfira, ae, f. (patco). A broad, shallow pasco, pascentes capellae, pascant in cup or saucer, used in pouring out libasaltibus. 4. Trop.. to feed, feast, grat- tions, a libationz-bowl. ify, oculos, animum. pfternus, a, um, adj. (pater). Of a pascuumy i, n. A pasture. father, fatherly, paternal. 2. Poet., of Pasiphae, es, f. (IIHao-tia). Daughter one's native country, terra, flumcn. PAT 133 PEL p~tesco, tul,.3. v. intr. (inch. of pateo). exorat pacem. divnm. 3. Permission, (Mostly poet. and lat.) To begin to be pace tua. open, to open, portus. 21. Transf., to ex- peccjtum, i, n. (pecco). A sin, afault, tend, caimpus paulo latior. 3. Trop., to a transgression. be disclosed, to become manifest. pocco, Avi, Atum, 1. v. intr. To sin, p~tiens, entis, Pa. (patior). Bearing, transgress, to do wrong supporting, doloris, voimeris; transf.,e - pecten, Inis, in. (pecto, gre, to comb). during, patient; also,flrm, hard (poet.), A comb. 2". Of things like a comb, the saxca patientior. sley of a weaver's loom; a rake; an inip~tiox-, passus1, 3. v. dep. tr. To st'ffer, strument with which the strings of a endure, submilt to, impleriuni, exitium. lyre wvcre struck; hence (poet.), a lyre; 2. To suffer, i. e., allow, per-mit, ali- also, apoenz, song. quid. pecto, pexi, pextim or pectitum,-3. v. tr. pit~ri:1, no, f. (patrius). One's native To cob. country, native place; in gen., a home. pectus, 6ris, n. The breast. 2-. Transf., p~trius, a, um, adj. (pater). Of or per- the breast as the scat of emotion, etc., taminig to a father,, fatherig, paternal, the heart, disposition, fedling; the soul, 2. Hereditary, ancestral. 3. Of one's mind; also, corage, bravey own country, native, sermo, Argos. pe cufiria, Omni, n. tPecuarius, from Patron, onis, m. A companion of Ae- pecuis). Hlerds of cattle. neas. peciilium, ii, a. (p,~cus). Private prop. patruus, 1, m. (pater). A father's erty, gain, sealins. 1 brother, paternal uncle (opp. to avuncu- p6cus, p6coris, n. Cattle; collectively, Ins, a maternal uncle); trop., a severe a herd, flock. reprover. p6cus, fidis. f. (id.). A single head of patulus, a, umi, adj. (pateo). Open, cattle, a beast, brute, animal; in partic., wide, wvide spre-ading. a sheep. paucusi a, unm, adj. Few (usually only p~des, Itii, m. (pes). One that goes on in the P1.). foot, a pedestrian. 2. In partic., afootpaulitim, adv. (pauluim). Little by little, soldier; collect. in sing., infanftry. gradually. i pedester, tris, tre, or pedestris, o, paulisper, adv. (id.). For a little adj. (pedes). Pedestrian, on foot; hence,, while. unmounted. paulo, adv'. (paulus, little). A little, by pedica, ae, f. (pes). A shackle, a snare, a little, somewhat. a fetter. paulum, adv. tpaulus). A little, some- pedum, i, n. (id.). A shepherd's crook. whtR gasus, I, m. A various ireadnlo pauper, Oris, adj, Poor, n~ot wealthy, Of Pagasuts. small means.2 Of things, poor, scanty, peior pajor, comp. of malns. inconsiderable, mensa. p~l~gus, i. n. (irAa-yoc;). The sea, the paup~ries, ei, f. tid.). (Poet. and lat.) open sea, the main; poet., a flood, Poverty, smallness of means. deluge. pausia (-ea), ip, f. A variety of 3ftasgi, 6rmm, mn. (1JckaoyoLt). The olive. Pelasgians8, the most ancient inhabitants p~veo7 pflvi, 2. V. To be in dread, to of Gresce. 2. Poet. for the Greeks. fear. M~asgus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Pelasgian; p~vidus, a, urn, adj. (paveo, to tremble poet. for G'reclan. w. fear). Trembling, feeuful, alarmed. Peletlironius, a, urn, adj. Of Pele. 2.. (Lat.) Accompanied with fear, anx- thoiacurynTesl;Peions, fuga. 3. (Poet.) That produces thronlan. fear, terrible, religioties. P~lias, ae. rn. A Trojan, wounded by pjLvito, 1. v. intr. inteus. (id.). To trem- Ulysses at the capture of Troy. ble, qulke with fear. P511des, ae, m. (l5~ic.The son of p~vor, oris, m. (id.). A trembling from Peleu8s, i. e., Achilles; also, the grandson fear, fear, anxiety; poet., a trembling of Pelejas, I. e., Pyrrhlus (Neoptolemius). from joy, desire, etc. P5lion, I, n. ([ip\Lov). A mountain in pax, Padcs, f. (k- w. paciscor). Peace. Thessaly. 2. Transf., grace, favor of the gods, uellicia, a various readin~g for fallacia. PEL 134 PER Pellaeus, a, urn, adj. Of Pella, the birth-place of Alexander; hence, of Alexander, Alexcandrian, and from Alexandria in Egypt, Egyptian. pellax, Adis, adj. (pellicio, to allure, fr. per and obs. lacio, to entice). Seductive, deceitfu, crafty, artful. pellis, is, f. A skin, hide of a beast. ". A tent for soldiers (because covered with skins); also, a garment, made of skin or leather. polio, p~ptill, pulsum, 3. v. tr. To beat, strike, knock or knock at any thing, terram pede, lyram mnanun fores. 2. To thrust or drive ot, expel, banish, ex Galliae finibus. 3. Trop., to drive away, expel, banish, etc., dolorem, lacrimias. 3F616praus, a, urn, adj. Of Pelops, Peapian; poet. for Ureclan. Pelops, 6pis, m. (Ih6kotP). San of Tantalus. F615rusy I, m. (HeAwpoe;). A promontory on the north-east coast of Sicily. pelta, ae, f. (iriA"). A small, crescentshaped shield. Pejusijcus, a, urn, adj. Of Pelusium, a city of Egypt, Pelusian, Egyptian. Pfnitesq mum, m. (fr. root pen, whence penitus, penetro-expressing the idea of "within"; hence, as deities of the Interior of the house). The Penates, old Latin household deities, guardian deities of the family and domestic affailrs; transf., a dwelling, abode, home. pendeo, p~pendl, 2. v. intr. (pendo). To hang, hang dewnm, hang suspended, ex arbore, umbone. 2. Transf. (mostly poet.), to hang in the air, be suspended, float, summo in fluctu; poet., to hang about, linger, remain any where, nostro in limine. 3. Trop., to hang or depend upon, salus nostra p. exignAl spe; to be uncertain, to waver, etc., animus. pendo, p~pendi, pensumn, 8. v. tr. To cause to hang, to suspend (esp. of scales); hence, to weigh, weigh out (rar.). 2. Transf., to pay (weigh out money in payment); w. poenas, to pay a penalty, suffer punishment. 3. Trop., to weigh mentally, ponder, consider; also (ante-cl. and poet.), to esteem, value, aliquem magni. pine' v. paene. Fanbius a, um, adj. O~f the Peneus, a river in 7hessaly, Peneian. Penileugg el, m. A Greek who slew (loroebus at the capture of Troy. penes, prep. w. acc. In the power of. penetribi~ls, e, adj. (penetro). Persetrable; act., penetrating, piercing. p~netri~isp e, adj. (id.). Piercing, penetrating (ante-cl.). 2. I1nner, inte. nior, innermost, adytis. 3. Subs., penetralia (rar. sing.), lum, n., the interior of a house, inner apartments; in partic., a sanctuary, shrine. p6netro, Avi, ltumn, 1. v. tr. and intr. (root pen, whence penituis and penates). To put or place into, pedem intra aedes, se in fugam (ante- and post-cl.). 2. (Poet. and let.) To pierce into, enter, penetrate any thing, locum; trop., w. animum. 3. Intr., to make way, penetrate, in urbem, sub terras. F~nbus7 i, m. (HvLs.The Peneus, a river of Thessaly running through the Vale of Tempe. pbnltusg adv. (penetro). Inwardly far within, deeply;far away far, alias ores, repostus. 2. Thoroughly, completely, utterly. penna, ae, f. (root pet, kindr.w. 7friagaL). A feather, esp., a wing-feather. 2-. In the p1. (poet.), wings. pennitus, a, um, edj. (id.). Feathered, winged. pensum, i, n. (pendo). Wool weighed out for a day's spinning; hence, a task. Trop., yarn, thread. Penth~silba, ae, f. (1IEvOEaikcta). A queen of the Amazons whofought agai net the Greeks at the siege of Troy, and was slain by Achilles. Pentheus, ei and eos, m. tl'e).A king of Thebes in Boeotia, who, having opposed the rites of Bacchus, was torn in pieces by his mother and aunts, while they were under the influence of the god. prniiria, ae, f. Want, poverty, need. p~nus, fls and I, m. and f., also penum, i, and penus, 6ris, n. (root pen, whence Penates, etc.).' That whifch is within the house, stores offood, provisions, food. peplum, I, n., and peplus, I. m. (nvirAev, vimkose). A robe or shawl worn by Greek ladies; in partic., the robe of state in which the statue of M~inerva at Athens was Invested at the Panathenaic festival. per, prep. w. acc. Of space, through (to denote motion through, or mere extension over); of ten = over, along, amid, or among, in, urbem, vias, domos. 2. Of time, through, during, for, int, noctem. 3. To denote the instrument or means, through, by means of, by, manus alicujue, PER 135 PER spem pacis, se, etc.; of way or manner, with, in, jocum, iram, etc. 4. To denote a reason, cause, etc., on account of, for the sake of, through, for, metum, etc.; in oaths, entreaties, etc., by, deos, dextram. 5. In composition, per usually adds intensity to the signification. peractus, a, um, p. of p6r-ago, Egi, actum, 3. v. tr. To drive through, thrust or pierce through latus ense (poet.); w. freta, to traverse (poet.). 2. To go through with, finish, accomplish, cursum, vitam; in partic., w. accusationerm, or reum, to prosecute to the end, or to conviction; trop., to go through in words, go over, relate, mention, postulata, res gestas. per-Aigrov avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (per-ager). To travel through, wander through or over, traverse, provincias. 2. Trop., to go through, traverse, penetrate, mente. per-cello, culi, culsum, 3. v. tr. (cello = KXAAt, to impel). To beat or strike down, overturn, aliquem, arborem; transf., in gen., to strike, smite, aliquem cuspide. 2. Trop., to overthrow, ruin, rempublicam; to discourage, dishearten, aliquem, animos. per-cipiop cepi, ceptum, 3. v. tr. To see through, perceive, to understand. perculsus, a, urn, p. of percello. per-curro, cficurri or curri, cursum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To run or hasten through, agrum; trop., to run over or through in speaking, to mention cursorily; to run over with the mind or eye, to scan. 2. Intr., to run through or over, run along to, per mare, ad forum. percussus, a, um, p. of per-cutio, cussi, cussum, 3. v. tr. (perquatio). To strike through, pierce through, pectus, venam; hence, to slay, kill, aliquem. 2. In gen., to strike, smite, hit, aliquem, januam manu, aliquem fulmine. 3. Trop., to strike, make a strong impression upon, deeply affect, move, etc., aliquem; also, to deceive, impose upon any one. perditusy a, um, Pa. (perdo). Lost; hence, ruined, desperate, hopeless, aere alieno, omnibus rebus perditis; in a moral sense, abandoned, wicked, flagitious, homo, consilia. per-doV didi, ditum, 3. v. tr. To make way with, destroy, ruin, corrupt, fruges, rempublicam, hominem; to squander, fortunas. 2. Transf., to lose uterly, liberos, spem. per-duco, duxi, ductum, 3. v. tr. To lead through, to lead; to spread over. p6r-6do, edi, esum, 3. v. tr. (Poet.) To eat up, consume. peregrinus, a, um, adj. From abroad, foreign. pbremptusp a, um, p. of perimo. perennisy e, adj. (per-annus). Perennial, lasting, undying. p6r-eoo ii, itum, 4. v. intr. To go or run through, lympha (poet.). 2. To pass away, disappear; in partic., to perish, die; poet., to die with love, to be desperately in love; to be ruined, undone, meo vitio perco. pererratusy a, urnm, p. of pir-erro, avi, itumn, 1. v. tr. To wander or roam through or over, pontus; hence, trop., aliquem oculis, to survey. peresusy a, urn, p. of peredo. perfectus, a, um, Pa. (perficio). Finished, complete, perfect; hence, exquisite, elegant. per-f~rov ttli, latum, v. irreg. tr. To bear or carry through; transf., in gen., to carry, convey, mandata; in partic., to convey news, to report: w. se, to betake one's self, rco. 2. Trop., to bear or endure to the end, poenam; in gen., to bear, endure, suffer, undergo, aliquid. per-ficio, feci, fecturnm, 3. v. tr. (perfacio). To execute, perform, finish, conmplete, conata, bellum; to work, make, candelabrum, porta elephanto. 2. To bring about, effect, w. ut, etc. perfidus, a, um, adj. (per-fides). Faithless, false, perfidious. per-flo avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (Poet. and lat.) To blow through or over. per-fodio, fodi, fossum, 3. v. tr. To pierce through, to penetrate. per-f6ro, lvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To pierce through, to penetrate. perfossus; a, urnm, p. of perfodio. perfractus, a, um, p. of per-fringoy fregi, fractum, 8. v. tr. (per-frango). To break through, to crsh, to break. per-fundo, ffldi, ffisum, 3. v. tr. To pour over, to wet, besprinkle, moisten; pass. perfundi, w. mid. signif., to bathe; w. sudor, to drench; of garments, to dye: to sprinkle over, bestrew, canitiem pulvere. 2. Trop., to imbue, fill with, gaudio; to disturb, alarm, nos judicio; to imbue slightly, aliquem studiis. per-furo ui, -, 3. v. intr. To rave wldly, to rage. PER 136 PER perffisus, a, urn, p. of perfundo. Fergiimeus, a, urn, adj. (Pergamum). (Poet.) Trojan. Perg Amum, I, n., and Pergilmus, i, f., or Perg~ma, Orum, n. (Hipyauov, -jaos and -gat). The citadel of Troy; poet. for Tr-oy itself, also for the walls of Troy. pergo, perrexi, perrectum, 3. v. tin. and intrn. (per-rego). Prop., to make or keep straight through; hence, to go on, continue, pursue, prosecute, iter, aliqutd f acere. 2.Intr., to go on, continue, proceed, ad castra; trop., to proceed to any action, and in partic., in speaking, to go on, proceed. p~r-hibeo, ui, Iturn 2 v. tr. (per-habeo). To hold out, present, give, ascribe, attribute, operam reipublicae, exemplUDn, auctoritatem.. In partic., to bring forwvard in speech, to say, ossert; to call, name. p~ric~ilum (contr. p~riclum), i, n. (ohs. perior, whence peritus and experior). A trial, attempt, prooj, periculum facere rei alicujus. 2. Transf., risk-, danger, peril, accompanying an attempt (the common signif.). Peridia, ae, f. (lTlepiiia). The mother of Onites. p6r-lmo, Erni, emptum, 3. v. tr. (per and emo -accipere). To take entirely away; hence, to annihilate, destroy, urbern, sonsum. 2. To header, in tei-rupt, prevent, consiliumn. 3. In pantic. (poet. and lat.), to kill,, slay, aliquern. PFrlph-as, antis, m. (Wf~p~ox;). A campanion of Pyrrhns. poritus, a, urn, adj. Skilled, expert, experienced. periuriump v. perjurium. periurus, v. periurus. parjuiriUM, ii, a. (perjurus). A false oath, perjury. perjiirus, a, urn, adj. (per-jus). Perjured. per-lfibor, psus, 8. v. dep. intr. To glide throug/ or over. perl-itus, a, uma, p. of perfero. per-1lopo IL~gi, lecturn, 8. v. tr. To view al over, to 8urvey, examine. 2. InP partic., 'to read through or over, librurn, leges. permensus, a, urn, p. of permetior. Flermessus, I, m. (feplpso6v). A river in Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the muses. per-m~tior, ensus, 4. v. dep. tr. (metior, to measure). To measure through, nasure out, measure. magnitudinem solls. 2. Transf. (poet.), to travel through or over, traverse, aequor. per-misceop miscul, mixturn or misturn, 2. v. tr. To mix thoroughly, to mix, to upset. permissus, a, urn, p. of permitto. permistus, v. perinlixtus. per-mitto, misi, mis~surn, 8. v. tr. To let go or pass through; to let go, let loose, equos; to let fly, throw, hurl, tela. 2. To give up, srrender, commit, alieni aliquid. 3. To allow, permit, (u~rer any thing. permixtus, a, urn, part. (per-miseco). Mingled. per-mulceo, si, sum and cturn, 2. v. tr. To rub or stroke gently, aliqnem mann. 2. Transf., to touch gent 7Y, oc1nlos virga. 3. Trop., to please, delight, charm, auiras; to soothe, appease, peetora, iram. per-mmito, ILA, Atum, 1. v. tr. To exchange. pernix, Tcis, adj. "per-nitor, w. idea of 'striving through '). Struggling ri-ght on, untiring, perseverinDg, actZ re, 'iuimble, s wift. per-noex, noctis, adj. Through the night, all night. p~ro, Onis, in. A — tout and] heavy boot. p~r-6d.i, Osus, ridisse, v. def. tr. To hate greatly, detest; usually only in the part., perosus, a, urn. per~sus, a, nun, p. of perodi. perpessus, a, urn, p. of per-petior, pessus, 3. v. dlei). (perpatior). To sujfer, to endure; to perm it. perp~tuusj a, urn, adj~. (per-peto). Continuous, unnerpeuboeentire, whole, paludes, historia, juventa. perplexus, a, urn, adj. Perplexing, puzzling, intricate. per-rumpo, fapi, upturn, 3. v. intr. and tr. Intr., to break or burst through, per hostes. 2. Tr., to break- thr-ough, peneIrate, aliquid; trop., to break, doswn, overcome, leges, fastidia. per-sentio, si, sum, 4. v. tr. To feel deeply, curas. 21. To perceive plainly, aliquid. par-s~quorq seciitus, 3. v. dep. To follow up, to pursue. per-sido, sadi, sessurn, 3. v. intr. To 8ettle through, to penetrate. Persis idis, f. (IHipcne). Persia. per-sol vO, solvi, slllftum, 3. v. tr. To loosn or release completely (only trap.); PER 137 PIIA hence, 2. To pay, pecuniam; in gen., to pay, give, render, praemia, grates; w. poenas, to suffer. per-sfno, ui, Itum, 1. v. intr. and tr. Intr., to sound through and through, to resound, domus p. cautu; to sound, play on a musical instrument, cithara personat. 21. Tr., to flll with sound, make resound, anrern, silvas, aequora. per-sto, stfti, stgtnm, 1. v. intr. To continue standing, diemi totum. 2-. Transf. (poet. and rar.), to remain, consfant, last, continue, lanrea. 3. Trop., to stand fast, remain steadf'ast, persist, continue in any thing, in sententia. per-stringo, strinxi, strictum., 3. v. tr. To bind thoroughly; to graze. per-suiideo, sunlsi, sulsunm, 2. v. tr. To induce, to persuade. per-taedet, taesum est, 2. v. impers. To be thoroughly wearied, tired, or disgusted with any thing, ma vitae. per-tempto = perteuto. per-tento, AAv, Atum, 1. v. tr. To feel all over (as when carefully examining the sharpness of a dagger); hence, to try, test, prove, aliquemn, omnia; poet., to pervade, seize, gandia pectus, tremor corpora. per-terreo, terrui, territum, 2. v. tr. To terrify, to frighten. perterritus, a, urn, p. of id. per-v~nio, veni, ventum, 4. v. intr. To conie through to, to reach, arrive at (lit, and trop.), in fines hostium, ad aures. perventus, a, urn, p. of id. parvorsus, a, urn, p. of per-verto, verti, versum., 8. v. tr. To overturn. per-vigilo, Avi, fltmn, I. v. intr. To remain awake; to watch. pervius, a, urn, adj. (per-via). Thatmay be passed through, passable, pen nous, easily gone through, easy., free, locus, amnis, usus tactorumi inter se. 2". Trop., open, accessible, cor. por-volito, Avi, Atum, I. v. tr. To fit about or around. par-voljo, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To Sly through. p5s7 p~dis, mn. (kindr. Wv. 7ronl', ifoUie). A foot of man or beast; pedem ferra, to go or come, p. eff erre, to go out, p. referre or revocare, to return, etc. 2. Transf., a foot of a table; pes (veli), a rope attached to the foot or bottom of a sail for the purpose of setting it to the wind, called in nautical language a Maet: hence, facere pedem to manage thoe sheet; a metrical foot; a foot as a measure of length; etc. pessimus (imus), v. mains. pestifer, era, erum, adj. (pestis-fero). Plague bringing, pestilent. pestis, is, f. A contagious disease, a plague, pe,,t, pestilence, injiction; also, unwholesome air, or sceather. 2,. Trop., destruiction, ruin: in partic., the baneful. influence, destructive passion of love; concr., of a destructive parson or thing, a pest, cunve, ecourge. f. Ann ancient town of Bruttium. petitus, a, urn, p. of p6to, lvij, and ii, Rtum, 3. v. tr. (IIETO. the root Of 7i7n-W; heince, orig., to fall ulpon). To fall upon any thing:-In a hostile sense, to rush at, attack, assail, aliquem spiculo, hello urbem.. In a good sense (vary freq.), to seek, to repair to, make for, aimn at, locum, aliquid; to go after, go to fetch, aliquid. 3. Trop., to attack-, aliquem falsis criminihus; to demand, aliquem nd suppliciunm1; to beg, ask, beseech, erd'reat, request, desire, pacem, aliquid; to seek-, strive after, salutem fuga; tofetch, aliquid a Graecis, genitum. petulcus, a, urn, adj. Butting, nwanton, frisky. Phaedces, urn, In. pl. (Jadacce). The phaeaclans, the Homeric inhabitants of Phaeacia, afterwards Corcyra, nowv Corfu, an island off the coast of Epirus. Phaedra, ae, f. (Vahipao). Daughter of king Mines qf' Crete and nwife of Then us. Zih-Athon, Ontis, In. (DauEO) Son Of Hellos annd Clynnene. 21-. (Poet.) A earname of the sun. Fhaethontias, Adis, f. A sister of Phaethan. phalanx, angis,.9 uAy) A band of soldiers drawNn up in close order, a lwst (poet.). 21. In partic., among the Athenians and Spartans, a division of an army drawn up in battle array, a phalazx; a AMacedon ian phalanx, a compact parallelogram of infantry, of 50 men abreast and 113 deep; a battle-array of the Gauls and Gerjuans, forming a parallelogram. phalitrica (fal-), ae, f. A phalarica or huge spear. phA16raeq gmm, f. p1. (ra 4)ciapca). A boss of 9-hining metal worn as an orna PITA 138 PIC ment upon the breast, esp. by soldiers; also, trappings for tbe head or breast of a horse (pI. because generally in pairs). Ph.416ris, is, rn. A Trojan. Ph~naeus, a, urn, adj. O.f Phanae, a promontory in Chios; Phanaean. phdretra, ae, f. (kAapi~pa). A quiver. pharetr~itus, a, urn, adj. (id.). quiverbearing. pharmaceutria ae, f. A 8orcere88. Phirus, 1, and Whiro, Onis, mn. A Butulian. phlsblus, i, mn. (h~ami?~os). The kidneybean. Trop., a light vessel in the form of a kidney-bean; bark, galley. Phisis, Idis or Idos, in. (1&cnIag). A river of Coichis. Ph~geus, i or 6os, m.(-qei. 1. A follower of Aeneas. 2. A Trojan attendant. Phfn~os (-us), 64, f. @lWveov). A town of/Arcadia. Ph6res, etis, rn. (Veprj). An Arcadian. Phl'ppiOrum, Mn. (I4Xiurffot). A town AvPiyivj'). The son of Philyra; themcntaur Chiron. Phfloctbt3s, ae, mn. (Iu&AOxiT4nj). Son Of Poeas, king of Mfeliboea, in Thessaly, and a companion of Hercules. At the death of the latter he inherited the bow and poisoned arrows without which Troy could not be taken, and fIghting against the Trojans at the siege of the city, he slew Paris. After the war be founded the small town of Petelia in Italy. Philomilay ae, f. ($i,&,osujk). Daughter of Pandlon, changed into a nightingale; a nightingale. Philyrides, v. Pbillyrides. Phin~ius, a, urn, adj. 9/' Phineus, a king of Salmydessus in Thrace, struck blind by the gods, and tormented by the Harpies, for having put out the eyes of his sons, Phinean. Fhlfgfthon, ontis, mn. (1DAe-yzOwv). A river of flre in the LMwer Word. Ph169VaFsYae, mn. (4)Ae-yxa-;). A son Of lsars,clong of the Lapfthae, and father of Ixion. ph~ca, ne, f. (1('K?). A 8eal,; a seacalf. Phoeb5, es, f. (l'oip&7). Mew sister of Ap*)1, Diana.- the momn. Fhoeb~us, a, urn, adj. (Phoebris). Of Phoebus, Phoebean. Phoebig~na, ae, mn. (Phoebus-geno). Born of Phoebus, Aesculapins. Phoebus, i, rn. (~o-cpos). A poetic name of Apollo. Phoenices, cuM, M. P1. (4toiViK5). T,'ePhoenicians. Phoelaissa, aIe, f. (4botviova). Adj., cf Phoenicia, Phoenician. 2. Subs., a Phoenician woman. Phoenixp lcis, rn. (Fbo~vtt). A Grecian chieftain, atfiret the preceptor of A chilles,, and aftes ar'd his companion In the Trojan war. Ph~loe, &, f. (lVoA6-r). A mountain in Arcadia. 2?. The name of a female slave. Fh6lus, I, rn. (iCoAog). 1. A centaur. 2. A Trojan. Phorbas, antis, rn. (J,6p~ws). A son of Pr-iam?, killed during the Trojan wasr. Phorcus, i, ni. (ip6iKoq). I. A s0ol of Neptune, and father of the Gorgons, changed after death into a sea-god. 2. A Latin. Phryges, urn, rn. (-tp/ye;). The Phryglans, a people of Asia Minor; also, hecause Troy belonged to Hellespontine Phrygia, -Trojans. Phrftius; a, urn, adi. (id.). Phr-ygian; and, because Tiny belonged to Phry-gia (Ilellespontine), freq.- Trojan. Subs., Phrygiae, 11rum, f., Phrygian or Trojan women. Phthia ae, f. (-Oa). A city of Thessaly, the b4 rtA lace of Achilles. Phyllis, idis, f. (4IuXkts). A shepherdess. P1hyllodoca, es, f. (-~DaoeUi-o). A seangymph. pi~iciilum, i, n. (plo). A means of appeasing a deity, an expiatory sacritlce, expiation; also, punishment (as an expiation for crime). 2. That which needs expiation, a sin, crme. pfcea, ae, f.(pih, pitch). The pitch-pine, pine, red fir. piceus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Made of pitch. 2. Black as pitch, pitch-black. pictiira, ae, f. (pingo). Painting, the art of painting. 2. Concr., a painting, picture. pictiirfitus, a, urn, adj. (id.). (Poet..) Pictured, embroidered, vestis. picus~a, rnp. f pingo. Picu, Im. Te sn 0/ Saturn, changed PIE 139 PLA Pierides, urn, f. The daughters of Pierue; the Muses. pi~tas, Ati's, f. (pius). Dutiful conduct towards the gods, one's parents, relatives, country, etc.; also, a sense of dety based on lovC and reverence. With respect to t'he gods, piety. 2. With respect to parents, relatives, benefactors, country, etc., duttifulness, filial piety, affection, loe, gratitude, patr-iotissm, loyalty, etc. 3. Transf. (poet, and lat.), justice, si qua est coelo pietas; also, tenderness, pity, miercy, compassion. piger, gra, grnin, adj. Slothful, slow, inactive. piget, uit, 2. v. impers. It displeases, vexes, diegusts, me alicujus, me nieminisse. May -be rendered, I (thou, he, they, etc.) dislike, am vexed, disgusted, loathe, etc. 2. (Ante-cl. and lat.) = poenitet, it repents one; also, pudet, it makes one ashamed. pignus, 6ris, n. A pledge, pasta, security, mortgage,, of persons, a hostage; also, a wager, stake. 2111. Trop., a pledge, token, assurance, proof, security: coner., children, parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, as pledges of love, conjugum ac liberorum. pila, ae, f. A pier, a mole. pilitus, a, urn, adj. (pilum). Armed with the pilurn or javelin. pilentum, I, a. A chariot, a large wagon. pilum, i, n. Thze heavy spear used by the Roman soldier; th pilum. Pilumnus, I, mi. A Latin deity, an-cestor of Turnus. Piniirfus, a, am, adj. Of Pinarius, head of a family devoted to the rites of Herciules; PInarian. Pindus, J, m. (Ihvioe;). A mountainrange betuweese Thessaly and Epis-u, sacred to the muses. pineus, a, urn, adj. (plans). Of pine, piny, pine-, silva. pingo, uxi, actum, 3. v. tr. To paint, depict; with a needle, to emlsroider. 2. Trop., to adorn, ornament; of style, to color, embellish, verba. pinguey is, a. (pinguls). Fat. pinguesco, -, -, 8. v. inch. intr. To become fat, to grow fertile. pinguis, e, adj. (kindr. w. lreov). Fat, agnus; transf., ricle,fertile, ager; thick, dense, folia, coelum; unctuous, resinous, pyra taedis. 2. Trop., dull, 8tupid, In. genium; 8trong, coarse, verba; (poet. and lat.) quiet, easy, comfortable, quies, amor; (lat.) sleek, spruce, orator. pinifer, 6ra, &rum, adj. (pinus-fero). Pine-bear-ing, pine-covered, moas. pinna, ae, f. A turret. pinus, Us and i, f. (TrrurVI. A pine, pine tree. 2. Any thing made of pine, e. g., a ship, an oar, pine-torch, etc. pio, dvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (pins). To appease, pr-opitiate, aliquem, ossa. 2. To honor with religious rites, aras ture; to atone for, ex~piate; also, to avenge, punieh, culparn. P1irithous, i, rn. (lJEtpiLoocv). A king of the Lapithae, son of I.n, hsssband of Hippodamia, and friend of Thzeseus,, with whomn he descended to the infernal regiLons in the attempt to carry off Proserpine. pirum, i, in. A pear. piu7i, f. A pear tree.?sae, f. (Iliaa). A city of Olympia, near wich the Olympic games3 were celebrated. Psae, flrum, f. A city of Etruria. piscis, is, m. A~flsh; the Constellation PIeces. piscOsu1s, a, urn, adj. (id.). Abounding in fish, fishy. pistrix, lets, and pistris, is, f. (also pristis) (lne7TpC4, 7ircrs-pe.). A 8ea-monster (a whale, shark, etc.). 2. Transf., the Whale, a constellation; also, a kind of fast-sailing ship. pius, a, urn, adj. Dutiful towards the gods, one's parents, etc. (see pietas). With respect to the gods, pious, devout;of things having reference to religion, pious, holy, sacred, manus, locus, far, pax. 21. With respect to one's parents, one's country, etc., affectionate, tender, dutiful, loyal, etc. 3. In gen., just, righteous, good, pure, kind, friendly, bellum, numina, testa. pix, picis, f. Pitc. plicibilis, e, adj. (placo). Placable, propitious. pljc~itus, a, am, Pa. (placo). Calm, quiet, peaceful. p1~ceo, CMi (also pl~cItus sum), cltum, 2. v. intr. (root plac, as in placo). To please, to be pieas6ing, agreeable, or acceptable, alicni; in partic., w. sibi, to be pleased or satisfied with oe's self, to.latter or pride one's self, ego mihi placui. 2. Impers., placet mibi (tibi, etc.), it pleases me, it is my pleasure, will, opinion, etc., placuit mihi ut, etc., I de PLA -14 0 POE termined, etc.; senatui placet, it is the will of the senate; ut Stoicis placet, as the opinion of the Stoics is. pllcfde, adv. (placidus). Softly, calmly, gently, quietly. pl~cidusy a, urn, adj. (placeo). Gentle, quiet, calm, tranquil, peaceful, placid, homo, dies, somnnus, amnis; w. deus, propitious; w. aures, co passionate. placitus, a, Urn, Pa. (id.). Pleasing, agreeable, acceptable, amor, locus. phico, Avi, fltuni, I. v. tr. (kindr. wv. placeo). T o calm, quiet, soothe, appea ee, assuage, propitiate, reconcile, deuus, allquem, aequora, invidiarn. pla~ga, rae, f. (Mostly poet.) A region, tact. 2. A hunting-net, snare, larger and stronger than rete; trop., a snare, toil. 3. A blow, a lash, a wound. plango, nxi, nctum, 3. v. tr. (kindr. w. irAilcnw). To beat, to strike, to smite: intr., to lament, to weep, to wail. plangor, oris, rn. (plango). A striking, beating, p roducing noise (poet.). 2. In partic., a beating of the breast in token of grief; hence, loud mourning, wailing, la entation plinities,~i,. (planus). A plain, any level surface. planta, ae, f. A sprout, shoot, scion, twig; a graft, slip, cutting. 2. A plant, in gen. (poet.). 3. The sole of the foot, pedum plantae. plant~ria, lurn, n. slips, shoots, cions. plinusq a, urn, adj. -Level flat, plain; subs.: plinum, i, n., a plain, pliitanUS, i, f. (irfX6Tavoq). The planetree. plaudo, si, sum, 3. V. tr. and intr. To clap, beat, strike (poet.), peetora ranau, choreas. 2. Intr., to clap with any thing, ails; in partic., to clap the hands in approbation, to applaud (poet ); in gen., to approve, applaud, alicui. plaustrum, i, n. A wagon. plausus, a, urn, P. of plaudo. plaususq its, rn. (id.). A clappng (poet. and la.), plausumn penais dat. 2. A clapping of the hands in approbation, applause, plbbs, is, f. The pleb8, plebelans, the mass, the multitude. A Pleiad; PL.: Plbiades~ urn, L., the Pleiades, a group of seven stars in the constellation Taurus. Plemm~rium!Ii n. (tIlArn.iAptov). A promontory of W Y 'near Syracuse. pl5nus, a, urn, adj. (obs. pleo, to fill, whence compleo, expico, etc.). Full, donmus plena argeuti, laboris; well provided with, loaded with, inirnicoruim, praedA.. 2. Complete,full, entire, aunus, exercitus; w. orator, perfect; st ut, corpulent, horno; w. vox, sonorous, full. pl~rumque, adv. Generally, cm nly, for the most part. plico, J~vi or ui, Atumn or Itum, I. v. tr. (kindr. W. irAe&). To fold, fold up; anguis se, coils itself uip. pliima, ae, f. A small, soft feather; in pl., downy feathers, down. 2.Trausf. (poet.), the first beard, down; the scales on a coat of mail. plumbum, i. n. Lead; of things made of lead (poet.), a leaden ball; a leaden pipe. pluo, plui or plilvi, -, 3. v. lutr. To rain. pliurhnus, a, nm, adj. (sup. of multus). The most, very much, very many, very great; in the DeUt. Sing. abs. (substantively or adverbially), most, very much, v~ery highly, quamn plurinmum, plurimurn laboris, plurimum posse, (gein. of price), plurimi facere. plus, plifris, adj. (comp. of multumn). M1ore (used both subs. and adv.), pecuniae, non plus quam, pluris putare; in pI. sometimes = many, plures dies manere. Flilto (-on)7, nis, m. (Il~etrwv). Son of Satu kcing of the Lower Wforld. pluvia.ae f. (pluvius). Rain. pluviiiis pe, adj. (id.). Rainy or causing rain. plIivius, a, urn, adj. (pluo, to rain). Rainy, rain-bringing, rain-, coelum, Hyades, arcus. p~cfilum, i, n. (kindr. w. poto). A drindcing-cup, goblet. 2. Transf. (poet.), a drink, draught, potion. podagra, ae, f. (iro~iypa). The gout. Fodalirius; ii, rn. (tHoiaAcipto,;). A TrojaA. poenay ae. f. (7rotri; prop., quit-money, fine). Punishment, penalty, expiation., atonement, freq. w. dare, solvere, petere or repetere, etc.; also, revenge, vengeance. Poeni? lrurn, m. The Carthaginians (so cat led as descendants of the Phoeni. cians-Phoenus being simply 4)o~vtt adapted to the analogy of the Latin). poeniceus, v. Puticeuls. poenitet, v. paenitet. POE 141 POR Poenus, a, urn, adj. (Poeni). Punic, Carthaginian, African. p6eta, ae, m. (TroL7rTns). A poet. p6liop Ivi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. Topolish, to adorn, to finish. P61itess ae, m. (nIoAxinq). A son of Priam, killed by Pyrrhus. politus, a, um, p. of polio. pollex, Icis, m. The thumb. polliceor, itus, 2. v. dep. tr. (pro and liceor, to bid at an auction). To promise. pollicitus, a, um, p. of id. Pollio (Polio), Onis, m. C. Asirinus Pollio, a literary man, friend of Augustus and of Virgil. polluon ui, fitum, 3. v. tr. (pro-luo). To defile, pollute. 2. Trop., to defile morally, pollute, desecrate, violate, dishozor, domum scelere, jura, feminam. polliitus a, um, p. of id. PolluxX acis, m. (HoAvSieK-n;). Son of Jupiter, by Leda, wife of Tyndarus, and twin-brother of Castor. When the latter had been slain. Pollux shared his immortality with him by an exchange of places on alternate days. p6lus, i, m. (7roAos). A pole, an extremity of the earth's axis; in partic., the north pole. 2. Transf., the heavens. P61ybotes, v. Polyphoetes. P51ydorus, i, m. (HoAviw&po). A son of Priam, killed by the Thracian Polymnestor. Pl61phemus, i. m. (IloAvi,1oe). The Cyclops in Sicily, blinded by Ulysses, and seen by Aeneas and his party. P6ly~phoetes, is, m. A Trojan, priest of Ceres. Polytes, v. Polites. Pometia, ae, f., and Pometii, Ornm, m. An old town of the Volsci, in Latium. pompas ae, f, (7rori). A solemn public procession of any kind, as at festivals, triumphs, funerals, etc. 2. Transf., a train, retinue, row of persons or things. 3. Trop., parade, display, pomp, esp. in rhetoric. pomum, i, n. A fruit of any kind, an apple, pear, plum, cherry, nut, berry, etc.; a fruit-tree. pondus, 6ris, n. (pendo). A weight used in scales; transf. (abs.), balance, equilibrium, extra p.; heaviness, weight of a body.. Concr., a heavy body, a weight, mass, load, burden. 3. Trop., weight, importance, consequence, influence, authority, etc.; a burden, curarum. rerum. pone, adv. and prep. (kindr. w. post). Adv., after, behind. 2. Prep., w. ace., behind. pono, pOsui, pbstutm, 3. v. tr. To put, place, set, lay, artus in litore; in partic., to put or set up, erect, build, domum, aram; to set, plant, vitem; to set over, place, appoint as a guard, etc., alicui custodem; to set before one at table, to serve up, cibum; to lay down, propose as a prize, praemia. 2. To put or lay down, put off, lay aside, arma, libros, onus, etc.; to bury, inter. 3. Trop., to set, put, lay, place, metas rerum; in partic., to put or place in, spem in aliquo; to establish, ordain, appoint, make, leges; to lay down as true, to assert, maintain; to suppose, assume; to lay aside, give up, curas, corda ferocia. ponsy ntis, m. A bridge; a drawbridge, a gangway. Pontusy i, m. (tliVTro). Pontus. 4. The Pontus Euxinus or Black Sea. pontus, i, m. (rrorTo-). The sea, the deep; transf. (poet.), a wave of the sea. poples, itis, m. The back part of the knee, the hamstring; the knee. p6puiliris, e, adj. (p6opulls). Of or belonging to the people, popular, lex, aura. 2. In a political sense, devoted to the people, popular, democratic. homo. 3. Of the same country, native; more freq. subs., popularis, is, m., a fellowcountryman. populatus, a, um, p. of populor. popiileus, a, un, adj. (populus, a poplar). Of poplar, poplar-, corona. Populonia, ae, f., or Populonii, Orum, m., or Populopium, ii, n. A city on the coast of Etruria. p6pulor, atus, dep., or populo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (populus; prop., to cover a region with a multitude; hence, transf. to the result). To lay waste, ravage, devastate, despoil, plunder, agros, farris acervum. 2. Poet., to rob, deprive of, tempora populata auribus. p6pilus, i. m. A people. a nation. 2. (Poet. and lat.) A multitude, host, crowd, apum. populus, i, f. A poplar tree. porca, ae, f. A-sow. porgoy contr. form of porrigo. porrectus, a, um, p. of porricio and porrino. pcrricio, Mci, ectum. 3. v. tr. (old relig. term for projicio). To cast forth, to present or offer as a sacrifice. POR 142 POT porrigo rexi, rectum, 3. v. tr. (por pro, and rego)1. To 8tretch, or spread out before, to put forth, extend, brachium.; mid.- to be stretchect out, be extended, extend. 2. To hold out, offer, present, gladium aiudi. porro, adv. (7r6bbw). Of space, w. verbs of motion, forward, onward, further on, ire; w. verbs of rest, at a distance, in the distance, afar qfr, esse. 2.Of time, of old, formzerly (very rare);, of future time, henceforth, hereafter-, afterwards, in course of time, in aftertimes, accepit Roma. 3. To denote succession, again, in turn.; in discouirse, furthermore, then, next, besides.porrumg i, a. A leek. rors~na (Porsenna), ae, m. Lars Porsena, king of Clushim, in Etruria, who attempted to restore the banished Tarquius. porta, aa, f. (kindr. w. porto). A gate, urbis; transf., in gen., a passage, entrance, outlet. portendo, di, tum,' 3. v. tr. (old relig. collat. form of pro-tendo, to stretch forth; henca). To point out, indicate (something future), to foretell, predict, prophesy, portend, presage. portentum, i, n. (portendo). An omen, a portent, a prodigy. porticus, fis, f. (porta). A portico, porch, colonnade, gallery, piazza. 2. Transf., a shed to protect besiegers; the Porch -the Stoic philosophy portitor, oris, m. (porto). (Poet. and lat.) A carrier, conveyer (usually with a boat); hence, afBerrysnan, boatman. porto, flvi, Atum, I. v. tr. To bear, carry, covey. 2. (Mostly poet.) To bring, bear, carry, auxilium. flortfinus, i, m. (portus). The protecting god of harbors, called also by the Greeks, Palaemon. portus, Its, m. (root por, as in porta). Prop., an entrance; hence, a harbor, port, haven; trop., a haven, place of refuge. posco, p6posci, 3. v. tr. (perh. fr. petsco, fr. peto). To ask for urgently, to demand, beg, pray for. 2. Of things, to demand, require, usus poscit. p6situs, a, urn, part. and Pa. (pono). Placed, situated, dIsposed. 21. Placed, put, or laid aside. possessorp oris, m. A possessor, an owner; an intruder. possum, pbtui, posse, v. intr. (potio sum). To be able, I(thou, he, etc.) con, facere aliquid. 2. In partic., to be able, to have weight or influence, plurimium apud aliquem. post, adv. and prep. Adv., of space, behind, back; of time, afterwards, af'ter; (after the present) hereafter. 2?. Prep. w. acc., of space, behin d, castra; of time, after, annum. qnartum. post~rus, a, urn, adj. (comp. posterior, sup. postremus or postfimus) (post). Of time, coming after, following, ensuing, next; in posterum. (sc. tempus), in the future, for the future. Subs., Posteri, orum, in., descendants, posterity. post-h~beo, ui, Itum, 2. v. tr. To place after, esteem lessR, neglect. posthabitus, a, um, p. of id. posthic, adv. After this, henceforth, hereafter. postis, is, mn. A post, door-post. "v. Poet., and usually in pl., a door. post-quam, conj. After that, after, as soon as, when. postr~mus and postiimus, a, umn, adj. (sup. of posterus). Postremus, of space, the hindmost, last; trop., the last, least, lowest, meanest. 2. Postrimus, the last, asp., the last horn, late-boi-n, youngest; also of one born after his father's death, or after a will had been made, posthumous, late-born, prolcs. p6tens,; entis, Pa. (possum). Able, powerful, mighty, rex, terra; capable, fugae; having power over, master of, ruler of urbis, manis; in possessiOon of, alicujus rel, or aliqua re. p6tentiaj ae, f. (id.). Power, might, force, solis, morbi, herbae. 2. In partic., mental ability, capacity; also, political power, influence, authority. p6testas, Atis, f. (id.). Power, might, ability, esp., legal power or authority. 2. In partic., political power, dominion, sovereignty; also, nsagi sterial power, au thority, magistracy; of things, power, efflcacy, virtue, property, herbarum, plumbi..3. Trop., p wer, ability, faculty, opportunity, p. aliquid. faciendi. p6tior, Itus, 4. v. dep. intr. (potis). To become master of, to take possession of, to get, gain, obtain, imperio, also, urbis. 2. To be master of, have possession of, possess8, w. gen. or abl. p6tis, e, adj. (comp. p6tior, and sup. p6-. tlsslmns). Able; possible (usually only in the forms potis and pote, and connected with verb ease). 2. Comp., poti6r., POT 143 PRA us, better, preferable. 3. Sup., potis- fall headlong, descend swiftly, in fossam, simus, a, urn, the most l roninent, nox coelo. principal, chief, homio, causa. Adv., praecipue, adv. (praecipuus). Especialpotius, rather, preferably, more; sup., ly, chiefly, particularly. potissimum, or (more rar.) potissime, praecipuus, a, um, adj. (praecipio; especially, principally. hence, prop., that is taken before other Potitius, i, m. The head of one of the things). Especial, particular, peculiar, families having charge of the rtes of exclusive; hence, also, distinguished, Hercules. excellent. p6titus, a, um, p. of potior. praecisus, a, um, p. of praecldo. Abp6tius7 adv., v. potis. rupt, steep. Potnias, adis, adj. (HIorvtai). Of Pot- prae-clarus, a, um, adj. Very clear or niae, a town in Boeotia, Potnian. bNight (so only poet.), lux. 2. Distinpoto, avi, potatum, or (more freq.) po- guished, illustrious, splendid, magniJitum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (kindr. w. 7o6w, cent, noble, glorious, urbs, homo, 7rivw, tiTrn, etc.) Tr., to drink, aquam. virtus. 2. Intr., to drink; of men, to drink, praeco, onis, m. A public crier or tipple, carouse. herald. potus, a, um, adj. (id.). Being drunk, praecordia, orum, n. pl. (prae-cor). having drunk. The midriff, diaphragm. 2. Transf., potum, sup. of poto. To drink. the entrails, stomach; (poet.) the breast, prae, prep. (w. abl.) and adv. Before, heart, as the seat of feeling, etc. lit. and trop. praeda? ae, f. Booty, spoil taken in praebeo7 ui, itum, 2 v. tr. (prae-habeo). war; also, in gen., booty, spoil, plunder. To hold before, to afford, to furnish, to 2. Spoils of the chase, prey, game offer, to give, to supply. (poet. and lat.). 3. Trop., profit, adprae-cedo, cessi, cessum, 3. v. tr. To vantage. go before, to precede. prae-dico, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To speak, prae-celsus, a, um, adj. Very high, say, or mention beforehand, aliquid. 2. lofty. In partic., to foretell, predict; to appoint praeceps, cipltis, adj. (prae-caput). beforehand, to fix, diem; to tell beforeHeadforemost, headlong, praeceps ire. hand what one should do, to advise, ad2. Hurried, hasty, in haste, headlong, nzonish, charge, enjoin, command. precipitate, quick, swift. 3. Of locali- praedictumn i, n. (id.). A foretelling, ties, steep, precipitous; subs., a steep a prediction, prophecy. 2. An order, place, a precipice, a verge. 4. Sinking, command. declining, sol p. in occasum. 5. Trop., prae-disco, 3. v. tr. To learn beforehasty, rash, cogitatio; dangerous, haz- hand, toforecast. ardous, critical, tempus; inclined to any praedives, Itis, adj. Very rich, thing, in iram. wealthy. praeceptum, i, n. (praecipio). A pre- praedo, Onis, m. (praedor). A robber. cept, rule. 2. An injunction, admoni- praedor, Ari, Atus, 1. v. dep. (praeda). tion, order, instruction. Prowl, rob. praeceptus, a, um, p. of praecipio. praedulcis, e, adj. Very sweet; preprae-cido, cIdi, celsumrn, 3. v. tr. (prae- cious, dear. caedo). To cut off before. praedurus, a, um, adj. Very hard; prae-cipiog cepi, ceptum, 3. v. tr. (prae- hardy, powerful, sturdy. capio). To take beforehand, obtain in prae-eo, lvi or li, Itum, 4. v. intr. and advance, anticipate, locum, omnia. tr. To go before, precede. 2. In partic., 2. To give rules or precepts to, to advise, to precede in reciting a formula, to readnonish, prescribe, warn, instruct, peat first, to dictate, verba; in gen., to teach. prescribe, order, dictate (rar.); to recite, Drae-cipito, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. read, sing before one (rar.). (praeceps). To throw or cast down head- praefitus a, urn, p. of praefor. long, to precipitate, se de turni. 2. prae-fJro, ttli, latum, ferre, v. irr. tr. Trop., to hasten, hurry, urge on, precipi- To bear or carry before, facem. 2. tate something, consilia, mentem. IT. Trop., to set before present. offer. lumen Intr. (sc. se), to hasten or rush down, menti; to place before in esteem, to PRA 144 PRA prefer; (rar.) to anticipate, diem; to show, display, mani~fest, avaritiam. prae-ffcio, fici, fectum, 3. v. tr. (praefacio). To set over, place in authority over, legatos legionibus. prae-f igo xi, -xnn,.3. v. tr. Tofix or fasten before. to fix on the end of a thing, arma puppilin s. 2. To prefx, tip, point, jacula ferro. praefixus, a. urin, p. of praefigo. prae-f6dio, f~di, fossum, 3. v. tr. To dig in front of. prae-for, fatus, 1. v. dep. To address first. prae-fulg64D fudel, 2. v.intr. To shins at the edge. praegnans, ntis, and praegnas, Atis (prae-geno). Pregnant. prae-1Ubor, lapsus, 3. v. dep. To glide along, rush by. prael~itus, a, urn, p. of praefero. prae-m6tuoj 3. v. tr. and intr. TO.fear beforehand. praemissus, a, urn, p). of prae-mitto, 1m1id, missum, 3.v.t~r. To send forward or be-fore, send in avance. praemiUM, ii, n. (prae and erno capere; what one. takes before others). Profit arishing from booty; hence, also, booty (both poet.). 2. In gen., profit, advantage; in partic., reward, recompense, dare alicui. prae-nito, 1. v. intr. To swim before; to swim, or glide by, amnis. Praeneste, is, f. and a. A town in Latiuin. P1raenestinus, a, nm, adj. Of Praerseste. prae-nuntia (-cia), ae, f. (praenunn tius). A forerunner, harbinger. praepesp Otis, adj. (prue-peto). (Poet.) Swift in flight, fleet, penina; freq. as s;ubs.., a bird; in partic., a prophetic bird from whose flight predictions were made. prae-pinguisq e, adj. Very fat; trap., w. vax, ver-y or too thick. praereptus, a. um, p. of prae-rlpio7 rlpui, reptuim, 3. v. tr. (prae-rapio). To lake or snatch a-way before another, to tear or 8natch away. praeruptus, a, eM. Pa. (prae-rumpo). Broken or torn off in front; hence, of places, steep, precipitous, abrupt. 2. Trap., precipitate, hasty, juvenis; stern, dominatio. praesaepe (-s,-Cpe), is, n. A stall, fold, stable; of bees, a hive. praesagus, a, urn, adj. Prophetic, foreboding. prae-scisco,-,- 3. v. tr. To learn beforehand. prae-scius, a, urn, adj. (sedo). Fore. knowing, prescient. prae-scribo, scripsi, scriptnim, 3. v. tr. To write before or in front, to prefix. praesens, entis, adj. (prae-sum). Of space and lime, present. in person; that is done immediately, instant, inemediate, prompt, ready; of character, resolute, prompt, animus; aiding, propitious, denus. praesentia, ae, f. (id.) Presence. prae-sentio, sensi. sensum, 4. v. tr. To feel or perceive befcu'ehand, to have a presentiment of, dubos. praesepey v. praesaepes. praesertim, adv. Particularly, chiefly, especially. praeses, Idle, c. (praesideo). One who presides over; an arbiter, an arbitress. prae-sldeo, s~di. sessum, 2. v. intr. (sedeo). To sit before; hence, 2 Trap., to guard, defend, protect, urbi; to preside over, superintend, direct, command, ludis; w. acc. (Tac.), exercituin. praesidium, ii, n. (id.). A protection.. praestans, ntis, Pa. (pracsto). Preeminent, superior, surpassing, excellent, dishi uished. prae-sto, stIti, Itum and Aturn. 1. v. intr. and tr. Intr., to stani Ilefore or in front; hence, t rap., to stand out, be conspicnos; hence, to surpass, excel, aliciii aliqua in; impers. praestat, wv. a subject claus6, it is better. II. Tr., to surpass, excel, ceteros virtute. 2. To cause to stand forth; hence, to exhibit, show. manifest, prove, virtutemn; w. se, to shone or prove one's self, se fortem; to make, accomplish, fulflll, execute, ea, j ns, fide mn; to maintain, pre erve, pacem, promissurn; to give, furnish, afford, milites, Yoluptatem. 3. To becomne surety for, be responsible for, aliquid. prae-siimo, kumPsi, sumptum. 3. v. tr. To take beforehand, to anticipate. prae-tendo, di, tum, 3. v. tr. To stretch forth, extened, tela. 2. To stretch, s~pread. hold or place before, vestem aculiet; of places, praetendi, to be stretched out before, to li in front of, or opposite, to border upon, praetenta Syrtibus arva. PRA 145 PRE 3. Trop., to hold out as an excuse, to pretend, allege, assert. praetentus, a, urn, p. of id. praeter, prep. and adv. (prae). Prep., w. acc., past, by, beyond, castra. 2. Trop., beyond, before, over; contray to; besides, except; besides, in addition to. II. Adv. (rar.j, except, save. praet~r-ea, adv. (is,). Beyond ticis. besides. 2. Poet., of time, hereafter, henceforth. praet~r-eo, Tvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. and intr. To go or pass by, aliquemo, flumen p. ri pas. 2. Trop., to pass by an evil, to escape, avoid, malumni; to escape one (usually imipers.), me non praeterit, etc.; to pass by, ondt, not mention, ali. quid;to pass over, sseglect, in gren.; to pass by, exccl, aliquem. II. Intr., to go by, pass by, praeteriens dixit, ternpus. praeteritus, a, urn, p. of id. praeter-1Mbor, psus,.3 v. dep. tr. and intr. To glide or flow by, aliqluid;- to sail by or past, tellurem; trop., to slip away, definitio. praeter-v~hor, vectus, 3. v. dep. tr. and intr. Prop., to be borne past;, hence, to drive, ride or sail by, pass by (lit, and trop.). prae-texo, xui, xtnm, 3. v. tr. Prop., to weave before; hence, to fringe, border, amictumn, litora; to place before, prefix, uome-n. 2. Trop.. to weave over, i. e., to cover, cloak, conceal, emilpam; to allege as a pretext, to pretend causam. praet6rium, i, n. The generals8 tent; of bees, the qneen'8 hive. prae-iuro, u-ssi, ustuml, 3. v. tr. To burn at the point. praeustus, a, um, p. of id. prae-valldus, a, urn, adj. Very strong. praevectus, a, urn, p. of praevehor. Having ridden up. prae-veni97 vi~ni, venuttm, 4. v. tr. and in tr. To precede, to comse before, to anticipate. prae-verro, - 3.v.tr. TO sweep, to brush. prae-verto, ti, and prae-vertor, ans, 3. v. tr. To turn one's self before, go before; hence, to otrtun, otstri'p, ventos. 2. Trop, to turn to beforehand, be beforehand with, anticipate, prepossess, preoccupy, rem, animos; to turn altention to first or principally, to do first; to prefix, aliquid. prae-vfdeo, vTdI, vlsum, 2. v. tr. To see beforehand, foresee. Prandium, ii, iu. A dinner, usually eaten at noon. pr~tump i, n. A mneadow. pr~jvus, a, urn, adj. Crooked, distorted, deforsned. 2. Trop., perverse irregular, isnproper, wrong, iniquitous, wicked, malicious. prec~tus, a, urn, p. of precor. preciae, srmun, I. A kind of grape. pr~cor7 Atus, 1. v. dep. tr. and intr. (prex). To pray, beg, beseech, for soniethingI - to pray to, supplicate, imsplore, invoke, (leos; to wislh onec (good or ill), aliciii aliquid. pr~hendop or prendo, di, sum, 3. v. tr. (time and ohs. hendo-kiidr. w.,Xav 'rw). To (grasp, seaize, lay hold of, catch; to arrest, to lay hold of, to detain one iii order to speak to him. pr6henso, or (more freq.-) prenso, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (freq. ol id.). To grasp), seize; in partic., to take hold of one in order to talk with loin, entreat himt, etc.; hence, to sue, solicit for an office. prehensus and prensus, a, am, p. of prehendo. pr~lump i, a. (premo). A wi-ne-press. promo, pressi, pressuim, 3. v. tr. To press. 2. In partic., to tread upon, anguem; to overwhelm, pelisgo arva; to pess hard upon, pursue closely, cursum atpri, hostes; to coer, conceal, frantic crinem; to busry, aliquid; to press together, to close, oculos, os; to oppress, burden, onere, memo; to press dows, let dovn, aliquid; to strik down, aliquem. II. Trop., to press, oppress, burden, overwhelmn, aliquem odio, imentem-; to repress, hide, conceal, tramn, doloremn; to repress, check, restrain, clamnorem; to control. rule, imperio, servitio (poet.) -,to disparage. under-value, famnam. alicujus. prendo, v. prehendo. prenso, v. lprebenso. prensus, a, urn, p. of prehendo. presso, 1. v. tr. (freq. of prerno). (Poet.) To press. pressus, a, urn, p. of premo. pr~tium, ii, n. Price, value, worth of a thing. 2. The ns ey paid for any thing; in gen., money; poet., reward,,wages, victoribus. prex, Ocis, f. A prayer, entreaty, rv — quest; In pantic., to a deity; alsc. i curse, imprecation PI146 PR~O Prilnm~ius, at, urn, adj. (Priarnus). Of homines, mnos. 2. Poet., former; also, Ps-iam, Priam's. old-fashioned, sts'ict, severe. Pri~nildes, ae, rnm Lpa.ie. A sons pristinus, a, urn, adj. (id ). Former, old, of Priam. pristine, labor. 2. Just past, last, prePria-mus, it rn. (Hpial~os). Prlas, son ceding, dies, nox. of Laormedon, and king of Throy. Pristisy is, f. The name of a ship in the PriIpus9 it rn. (Hp~iaroe;). Priapus, god fleet of Aeneas. of gardens and vineyards. prius, aldv. (prior). Before, sooner (withpridem,. adv. (fr. abs. pris, whence out quarn), prius exire e vita. 2. Frius prior, Primus, etc., and the demonstra- quam, or (more rar.) priusquam, tive dem). Long ago, long since; jam before that, before, non prius fngere depridem, long since, noww fo a long time. stiternu~t quain, etc.; sooner, rather, prius primaevs a, urn, adj. (prirnus-aevus). aliquid facera quam. First in age, eldest; youthful, as being, Frivernum,. I, n. A town in Latium. in thefirst age. Privernus, i,mi. A Putulian. primitiae, Srurn, f. The first fruits, pro,- prep. w. abl. Before, in front of, beginnings or attempts. pro castris. 21. Transf., for, for the primo, adv. (primus). At first, in the benefit of, in behalf of, in defence pf, alibeginning. quo; for, in return for, on accoun t of; prim~res, urn, in. (primoris). Chiefs, for, instead of, in place of; in ps~oporprinces, nobles. tion to, according to, viribus. primum, adv. (id.). At first, in the first prF) or proliT. interj. Of lamentation, place-followed by deinde, postea, etc.; or wonder, 0/1 Ah I Alas! w. omnium,.first of all. 2. With ut, pro-Avus, it mn. A great-grandfather. ubi, qunin, etc., as soon as. 2. In genu., aforefather, ancestor. pri~mus, a, urn, adj. (snp. of prior). pr6bo, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (nrobns, apFirst, in space or time; freq., the filrst proved, good). To try, test, inspect, part of, the beginning of, prima nocte. prove, opus. 2. As the result of in2. Of space, the foremost, front,.first. spection, to esteesn good, to approve; 3. Of rank, value, station, etc., the hence, also, to recommend. 3. To mnake.first, foremost, chief, principal; in fri- credible, prove, demonstrate. mis, or imprimis, among the first, es- Pr6cas, an, mn. A icing of Alba, and peci ally. father of Numitor and Amulius. princeps Ypis, adj. (primus-capio). pr6-cax, Rcis, adj. (proco, fire, to deFirst in time or order; snbs., the first.. mand). importunate in demanding; 2. In partic., the first, chief, m)ost esni- bold, impudent, insolent, wanton,,shamenent, leading, noblest; hence, snbs., a less. chief, leader, head, author, conjura- prii-cbdo, cessi, cessum, 8. v. intr. To tionis. 3. (Pont. and lit.) A prince, go forth or come.forth, de castris. 2-. monarch. To go for-ward, proceed, advance, move principium, ii, n. (id.). A beginnisig, on. 3. Trop., of time, to advance, pass, commencement, origin. Adv., principio, dies; to advance, mna/ce progress, in phior in principio, in the beginning, at first. losophill, longins iras; to turn out, re2. PI., principia, orumn, elemzents,.first sult, alicui bene; to turn out favorably, principlesR, reruin; also, in miliit. lang., succeed, prosper. the front s-an/cs: also, the head-quarters, procella, ae, f. (pro-cello, to throw a large open space in a camp, where wNas down in front, throw or cast down). A the general's tent, and where assemblies prostrating wind, a blast, hurricane, of the soldiers were addressed. 8torm, tempest. prior, oris, adj. camp. (fr. ohs. pris, pr6cer, 6ris, in. (only the acc. occurs in whence sup. primus, and the adv. pri- the sing.). A chief, noble; usnally in the dem). Of time or order, the fornser, pre- P1., proceres, unit, the chiefs ols vious, fis-st, prior. Subs., Priores, urn, leading men, psI nces. snol, mn. p1., forefathers, ancestors, the ass- pr~cbrus, a, uim, adj. High, tall, lofty. cients. 2. Trap., superior, moe excel- processus 'Us, in. (procedo). Ass adlent. vance, progress. priscus, a, urn, adj. (abs. pris, see prior). Prochkta, ae, f. (Jlpoxvniq). An island Oil, ancient, antique, of former times, of7 the coast of Campania. PRO 147 PREO pro-cli'rmc, Ait, titumn, 1. v. tr. To cry out, exclaim. Procnii (Progne), es, f. (FIJ?&ar). The daughter of Pandion., wife of Tereus and sister of Philomela, changed into a swallow. Trop., a swallow. Procris, is, f. ([Ip6KpC9). Daughter of Erectheus, king of Athens, and wife qf Uephalus, king of Phoci, accidentally killed by her husband when hunting. pr6-cubo, cubui, cubituni, 1. v. intr. To lie along, to lie stretchied out or etended. prd-cfido, cfidi, effisum, 3. v. tr. To hanmner out, toforie; to sharpen. pr6culy adv. (procello, to drive forwards). At a dis ance, afar off, ofar,? far; w. the abi., as prep., ab being omitted,farfsom, tirhe. prd-ciilco, tivi, ieturn, 1. v. tr. (procalco). To Ira? pie upon, to tread. pr6-cumboj cfbnbi, cfIbltum, 3. v. intr. (pro and cubo, to lie down). To fall forward, fall or sink down, fail. 2. To bend or leanjforward, certamine sumnio (of rowers). pr6-cfiro, 11vi, Mite, 1. v. tr. To case for, to take care of; to rqfresh. pr -curro, clicurri and curri, cursum, 3. v. intr. To s-ass forth, rush fiorward, milites;of places, to sun, out, jut out, project (poet. and lat.), terra in aequor. procursus, fis, ni. (id.). A rushi, a charge. prd-curvus, a, urn, adj. (Poet.) Curved infs'ont, crooked, winding. pr6cus, it mn. (proco, Are, to demand). A wooer, suitor. pr6deo., ii, Iturm, ire, v. intr. (pro-eo). To go or comneforth. 2. With reference to term, ad quem, to go forswards, advance, naves. 3. Trop., to come forth, appear, consuetudo; to go forward, advance, annus. pr6digium, ii. n. (for prodicium, fr. pro-dlco). A prophetic sign, an omen, portent, prodigy. prddigusy a, urn, adj. Waste~fWl, lavish, prodigal. pil5ditioy Onis, f. (pro-do). A betraying, betrayal, treachery; poet. for a charge or accusation of treason, falsa. pr6dltus, a, urn, p. of pr6-do, didi, ditum, 3. v. tr. To give, put or bring forth. 2. To put forth in writing, to make known, publish; to disclose, discover, crimen. 3. To give np, deli ver, transmit; to give up perfidionsly, to betray. 4. Poet., to propagata, t, ansmnit, genus. pr6-diico, xi, ctunm, 3. v. tr. To lead, ds'aw or bring forth, exercitnin; to bringforard, produce, aliquemi; (rar.) to bring forth, beget, liheros. 2. Trop., to advance to a higher position, aliqnem honore; to draw or drag oat, prolong, sermonein, vitamn; to put ofi, diem, aliquem. proelium, ii, n. A battle, combat,.fight. Froetides, urn, f. (IlpoMn-iw). The daughters of Proetems, king of Argos, who, being pnnished with madness by Jnno for their pride, imiagined themselves to be changed into cows. pr6fainus, a, uno, adj. (pro and fanum. a temple; hence, before or wvithont the consecrated place). Not sacred, unholy, profane, locus, res; of persons, uninitiated, procul este profani. 2. Poet., impios, wicked, verba. 3. Poet., illboding (rar.). pr6fecto, adv. (pro-factum). Truly, indeed, surely. pr6fectus, a, urn, p. of proficiscor, and proficio. pr6-fbro, trfdi, Ilitonm, ferre, v. irrc'. tr. To bear, carry or bring forth, arna ex urbe; to carry forweard, extend, advance, gradurn, castra.. Trop., to bring to light, make known, shlow, reveal, aliquid; to bring forwzard, cite, mention, libros, aliqnemn nominatim; to extend, imperinum. prd-ficio, feci, fectnun, 3. v. tr. and intr. (pro-faciol. To make, progres8, to advance; to gain, to pr-ofit. pr6ficiscor, fectus, 3. v. intr. del). (proficio, to go forward, fr. pro and facio). Orig., to make or put one's self forward; hence, to set out, depart, mar-ch, go, Romanm, in pugnam. 2. Trop., to set out, commence, oratio; to comefromz, springfrom. a naturi. pr5-flo, livi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To blowv or breatleeforth. pr6-fluo, fluxi, fluxum, 3. v. intr. To fl0w forth or a og. pr6-for, Atus, I. v. dep. tr. To speak or say out, to say, tell, speak,. 2. To foretell, pmvphesy. pr6fuigUS, a, urn, adj. (pro-fugio). Fugitive, fleeing, milites; in partic., fleeing from one's native land, exiled, banished. Subs., profugos, it in, afugitive, PRO 143 PRO exile,?wanderer. 2o. Poet., roving, wandeing, Scythae. pr6-fundo, ffildi, fusumn, 3. v. intr. To pourforth, to shed. pr6fundus, a, urn, adj. Deep, profound, mare. Subs., profn~durn, 1, a., depth; a depth, an abyss; in partic., the deep, the sea. 2. ( = altus) High, coelumn. pr~gftiesq C-i, f. (pro-gigno). A~bs., descent, lineage. 21. Concr., offspring, progeny. To beget, bear, produce. Prognii, v. Procne. pro-gr6dior, grossus, 3. v. dep. intr. (gradior). To come or go forth, to go forard, advance, proceed. 2I. Trop., to proceed, advance, in virtute. pr6gressus, a, urn, p. of id. pr6h, v. pro. pr6-hlbeo, ui, iturn, 2. v. tr. (habeo). Prop., to hold in front, i. e., to hold back, restrain, ward oy', avert, debar, hostern. 2. TO prevent, hinder, w. an infin., and w. ut, ne, or quominus. 3. To forbid, prohibit, aliquid. 4. T-o protect, defend, keep, dives calamitate. pr6icio -proiicio projicio, which see. prdiectus projectus. proirnde, adv. Then, therefore. pr6jectus, a, urn, Pa. (projicio). Stretched out, jutting out, projecting, saxa. 2. Trop., addicted to, immoderate in any thing; also, abject, base, mean, res. pr6-jlcio, j~ci, jectum, 3. v. tr. (jacio). To throw or cast forth, forward or before; hence, also, to fling away, throw down; w. so, to throw one's self, to rush; to drive out, expel, banish, allquem. 2. Trop., to throw away, give up, resign, renounce, spurn, animas. pr6-15bor7 lapsus, 3. v. dep. Mur. To glide forward, serpons.. To fall forward, fall down, fall, ex, equo. 3. Trop., to come to, fall into, in rabiern, ad sc-ditiones; to slip out, escape, verburn; to fall to decay, go to ruiin, sink, imperiurn, res. pr~lapsusy a, urn, part. (id.). Fallen, Pergarna. pr~les, is, f. (pro-oleo). Prop., that which grows forth; hence, an offsprin g, child, descendant, and collect., descendants, posterity, progeny, race; prolern arnbigaam, the ambiguous linea'e. prdlixus., a, urn, adj. Long, large. prB-fido, R~IM, llsurn, 3.- v. intr. To play or practice beforeh and; to prepare for. prd-luo, hii, Ilftumn, 3. v. tr. To wash out or away. 2. To wash, mzoisten, wet, drench, manurn rare., prdliivies, 01, f. (id.). An overflow, inundation; aflowing forth, discharge. prB-m~reo7 ui, itum, and prb-m6 -reor, Itus, dep. 2. v. tr. and intr. To deserve, merit, poenamn, aliquid. 2.To earn, gain, acquire, aliquid. 3. Intr. (mostly dop.), to deserve well of, do aliquo, also in aliquomn. From~theusy ei,.mi. (IlpowojOEie). One of the Titans, son of Japotus and Clymane, and father of DleucaliOn. prbmissum, i, n. (promissus). A promise. pr~imissus, a, urn, p. of pro-mitto, mlsi, missumn, 3. v. tr. To let go forward, to send or put forward, to let grow, barbarn, arbor so. 2. Trop., of speech, to put forth or say bef orehand, foretell, predict. 3. To promise (the common signif.). plromo, mpsi, rnpturn, 3. v. tr. (pro and emo = accipere). To take or bring out orforth, to produce. 2 V. Trop., to bring or put forth, vires; in partie., to bring forth to light, disclose, express, relate, omnia. lFrom6lus, i, m. A Trojan. prba-moveo, m(-vi, moturn, 2. v. tr. To move forward, to impel. promptus, a, urn, p. of promno. prd-niiba, ae, f. (nubo, to marry). A bride-woman, who attended to the arrangements of a wedding; also, an epithet of Juno, as the patron goddess of marriage, nuptial, pronubi at. pronus, a, urn, adj. (pro). Turned forward, bending or leaning forward, prone; going or bending downward; in lpartic., of stars, setting, declining (poet.); of localities, turned or looking toward, ad solem. 2. Trop., inclined, disposed or puone to any thing; in partic., inclined to favor, favorable, alicui; easy, omnia prona victoribus. pr6pigo, Inis, f. (pro and root pay, kindr. w. pango, to fasten, set). A set, layer, a slip, shoot of a plant. 2. (Poet.) An oyspring, child; collect., progeny, children, race. pr6pe, adv. and prep. (neut. of the adj. propis, e, ohs. in posit.). Adv., of space, near, nigh, p. esse; of time, near, at PRO 149 PRO hand, p. est; nearly, almost, p. omnes. 1I. Prep. w. ace., near, castra; of time, near, about, lucem. proper~tusy a, urn, p. of propero. pr6p&r6, adv. (prdpirus, hasty,. IIa tily, speedily, in haste. pr6p6ro flvi, 1tum, I. V. intr. and tr. (id.). Intr., to hasten, make haste, hurryj. 2. Tr., to haslen, accelerate, iaer, candem. properusy a, urn, adj. Active, prompt, busy. propexus, a, mi nIj. (pro-pecto). Combed out, hanqinq down. pr6piniquoy Avi, atmn1,. v. tr. and intr. (propinquus). Tr. to brnng near; to hasten, accelerate, augurinun '. INtU., to draw near, approach, fhivio. pr6pinquus, a, mun adj. t]rope). Of space, -near, neighboringy, in-sula. 2.Of time, near, reditus. 3 Off resemblance, sisnilar, resembling, rel alicul. 4. Of relationship, related, kindred:- freu. suibs., propinquus, i, ni., and Jpropinqua, ne, f., a relation, kinsman, kinswoman. pr6pior, us, a~dj. camp. (prope). NXearer, portus; neut. pl. as suibs., propiora, places nearer or near. 21. Of time, later,msore recent, teniplora. 3. Of relationship, snore nearly related. 4. Of resemblance, snore like, v-ero. 5. Of other relations, mnore nearly affecting or concerning, nsore inclined or adapted:, mor intimate, etc. pr6pius7 adv. (id.). Nearer, dloser, more nearly. pr5-p~no, p6sui, p6s1tum, 3. v. tr. To place before the eyes, espose to vies, display, vexillum. 21. Trap., to set before, propose, offr, praemia; to set before mentally, to sepresent, imzagine, propose, aliquem ad imitandum, spem libertatis; to propose to one's self, intend, design, aliquid in animo; to set forth in words, to declare, report, say, rain gestam. pr6prius, a, urn, adj. One's own, el praemia p. dedeit; concerning an individual, personal, individual. 2. Special, peculiar, characteristic; bence, fit, proper. 3. Lasting, permanent, constant, certain. propter, adv. and prep. (for propiter, fr. prope). Adv., near, n ear by. II. Prep., W. acc., near, close to, p. Siciliam. 2. Ta denote a cause, on account of, from, through (cam. signif.), p. frigora, metum. pr~pugniciilum. i, n. (pro-pugno). A bulwa-k, rampas-t, defence, fortification (lit, and trop.). prora1 ae, f. (rrp Wpa). The prow of a pr6-ripio, pui, reptuim, 3. v. tr. (rapio). To snatch or drag forth, hominem; ii-. se (or poet., without se), to s-ush forth, hasten away, sush, hasten, ex curia, in silvam. pro-rumpo, rfplp, ruptuim, 8. v. tr. and intr. To cause to break or burst forth, senlfiorth, belch forth, Aetna p). nubem; wv. se, to burst out or forth. 2. Intr., to usk or burst out, per medios hastes. proruptus, a, uin, part. and Pa. of id. Burst forth; hence, rushing, impetuous, mare; trap., unrestr-ained, audacia. pr6scaenium, i, n1. (nrpocrKvtoj). The place before the scene oss the stage; hence, the stage. pr6-scindo, scidi, scissum, 3. v. tr. To bs-eak up or plow up land. prOSCISSUS, a, urn, p). of id. prd-s~quor, cfitus or qufitus, 3. v. dep. tr. To follow forth, to follow, accomnpany, attend, aliquenin. 21. In a hostile sense, to pursue, follow after, hostem. 3. Trap, to follow, imitate; to follow or attend one with any thing, to treat, present wivith aliquem benevolentill or laudibus, etc.; to fiollow, continue, procee~d with a narration, rem; also (poet.), abs., taproceed, hinspeaking, prosequitur pavitans. Pr6serpiua, ae, f. (1IEpo-f4~6vr.). Proserpine, daughter of Ceres and Jupiter, and wife of Pluto. pr6-sio,7 sMMu or silil, 4. v. intr. (pro and salio, to leap). To leap or sp~ring forth. pro-splecto, avi, atum, I. v. tr. To look forth, to look, at, to behold;, to look for, to await. prospectus, ifls, m. (prospicio). A distent view, prospect, maris. 2. Sight, viewo, esse in prospectu. 3. Poet., sight, vision, aequora metior prospectu meo. prosper or prosp~rus, a, urn, adj. (pro and spes, according to hope). Favorable, prosperous, auspicious. pro-spicio, exi, ectum, 3. v. intr. and tr. (pro and specio, to look at). Intr., to look forth, look forward or into the distance. 2. To look to befoi-ehand, provide for, alicul, ne, etc. II. To look forth at or upon, to see in the distance, discern., descry, Italiam. 2. To foresee, aliquid futurum. 3. To look out for, Provide beforehand, aliquid. 3. Of lo PRO 150 PUE calities, to look or lie towards, command a view of, domus p. agros. pro-subigop -, -, 3. v. tr. To tear or cast up. pro-sumv prOfui, prOdesse, v. irr. intr. To be useful or of use, to profit, avail, alicui, or abs. pr5tectus, a, um, p. of pro-tfgo0 xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To cover in front, cover, protect, aliquem scuto. 2. Trop., to cover, defend, protect, virum. pro-tendo, di, sum or turn, 3. v. tr. To stretch forth or out, to extend, brachia. protentus, a, um, p. of id. prot6nus, v. protinus. pro-t6ro, trIvi, tritum, 3. v. tr. To trample down, crush to pieces. pro-terrio0 terrti, territum, 2. v. tr. To frighten away; put to.flight. Proteus7 ei and dos, m. (Llpcwretv). A sea-god who often changed his form. protinus, adv. (pro-tenus). Forward, onward, further on, pergere. 2. Of space or time, right on, continuously, uninterruptedly, constantly. 3. Forthwith, immediately, instantly. pr6-traho, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To draw or drag forth, aliquem. -2. Trop., to bring to light, reveal, disclose, facinus; to prolong, convivia in lucem. pr6-turbo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To push away, to repel. provectus, a, um, p. of pr6-v6ho, xi, ctum, 3. v, tr. To carry forward, to conduct, convey; usually in pass., provehor, to be moved forward, i. e., to go, move, sail (navi), ride (equo), etc. 2. Trop., to carry forward, spes p. illos; to carry away, transport, gaudium p. me; also, in pass., to be carried away; also, to advance, promote, alliquem ad honores. pr6o-v6nio, v6ni, ventum, 4. v. intr. To come forth, to spring up, to happen. proventus, Us, m. (provenio). A coming forth; crop, increase, yield. pr6-vidro, vidi, vlsnm, 2. tr. and intr. To see before; provide, get ready, to take care of. providus, a, um, adj. (provideo). Provident, prudent, cautious. provisus, a, urn, p. of provideo. pro-v6co, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To challenge, vie with. pro-volvo, volvi, vblfltum, 3. v. tr. To roll forward, roll over. proimus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of propior). Of space, nearest, next. 2. Of time, the nearest preceding or following; the last, previous, or the next, following, nocte. 3. Of order, succession, rank, etc., next; of resemblance, most like; of relationship, the nearest, most nearly related; subs., proximi, orum, nearest relatives. prfidens, ntis, adj. Wise, sagacious, foreseeing. prfidentia, ae, f. (prudens). A foreseeing (rar.), futurorum. 2. Acquaintance with, skill in, legum. 3. Good sense, discretion, prudence; sagacity, understanding, intelligence. pruina, ae, f. Hoar-frost, snow. Trop., winter. primna ae, f. A live coal. priinum, i, n. (prunus). A plum. prunus, i, f. (Trpovvr). A plum tree. Prytanis, is, m. A Trojan. Psithius (Psythius), a, um, adj. Psithian, the name of a species of grape; subs.: Psithia, ae, f., the Psithian vine. pubens, entis, adj. (pubes, and puber, 5ris, of ripe age, adult). Full grown; usually of plants, in full vigor, juicy. puber (pubes), 6ris, adj. Full grown, mature. puibes, is, f. (id.). The hair appearing on the body at the age of puberty. 2. The genital parts. 3. Coll., youth, young men; poet., in gen., men, people. pubesco, bui, 3. v. inch. intr. (id.). To reach the age of puberty, grow up, become mature; in gen., to grow up, ripen. 2. Poet., to become covered with, I,rata p. flore. pudendus, a, um, p. of pudeo. To be ashamed of, shameful. pimdeo, ui or p[lditum est, 2. v. uirt. and tr. Intr., to be ashamed, pudeo (very rar.). 2. Tr., to make ashamed; chiefly impers., pudet me (te, etc.), me pudet criminis, I am ashamed of, etc. pudicitia, ae, f. Chastity, modesty. pudor, Oris, m. (pudeo). Shame, shyness, modesty; respect for, famae; decency, propriety, good manners. 2. A cause of shame, disgrace, shame. puella, ae, f. (puer). A girl, maiden; in partic. (poet.), a sweet-heart, mistress; also, a daughter. 2. In gen. (poet. and lat.), a young woman, a young wife. puer, eri, m. (Spartan iroip = nrat;). A child in gen., rar. in the sing., freq. in the pl., pueri, children. 2. In partic., a PUE 151 PYR male child, a boy (among the Romans until the seventeenth year); poet., a son; a servant boy, slave. pu6rilis, e, adj. (id.). Of a boy or boys, boyish, childish, youthful. 2. Childish, puerile, silly. pugna, ae, f. (pugno). Prop., a fistfight; hence, in gen., a fight, battle, combat. pugnator, 5ris, m. (pugno). Afighter; adjectively, pugnacious, fierce. pugnatus, a, um, p. of pagno, avi, atum, 1. v. intr. (root pug, whence pugnus). To fght, to combat, contend, engage. 2. To contend, disagree, pugnant secum; to oppose, amori. 3. To struggle, strive for something, aliquid, also w. ut, ne, or infin. pugnus i, m. A fist. pulcher, chra, chrum, adj. Beautiful, fair, handsome, virgo. 2. Trop., in a moral sense, excellent, noble, illustrious, glorious, exemplum; lucky, dies. pullfilo, avi, atum, 1. v. inch. tr. and intr. To come out, to sprout. pullus, i, m. The young of any kind of animal; a chick, afoal, a colt. pullus, a, um, adj. Dark, dusky. pulmo, Onis, m. A lung; lungs. pulsItus, a, um, p. of pulso, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (intcns. of pello). To strike often, to beat, lash, saxa; poet., to strike against, i. e., to reach, sidera. 2. Trop., to urge on, impel, move, agitate, disquiet, animum. pulsus, a, unm, p. of pello. pulsus, is, m. (id.). A striking, pushing, beating, stamping, trampling, equorum, remorum, pedum. pulvereus, a, um, adj. (pulvis). Of dust, dusty. pulv6rfilentus, a, um, adj. (pulvis). Full of dust, dust-covered, dusty. pulvis, 6ris, m. Dust. 2. (= arena). A place of contest, an arena; hence, trop., a field of action, field; also, toil, effort, palma sine pulvere. pumex, Icis, m. A pumice-stone. 2. Poet., a porous rock in gen. puinicius, a, um, adj. (Punicus). Punic, Carthaginian. 2. Purple-colored, purple. Punicus, a, um, adj. (Poeni). Punic, Carthaginian. puppis, is, f. The stern of a ship; a puppi, astern; poet., a ship in gen. purgameny inis, n. Duet, refuse, sweepings. purgo aivi, atum, 1. v. tr. (contr. fr, purum-ago). To mnake clean or pure, to cleanse or purify; in medic. lang., to purge. 2. Trop., to cleanse, purify, pectora; to excuse, exculpate, justify, aliquem; to acquit, aliquem alicujus rei; in relig. lang., to make expiation for, expiate, atonefor, agros, populos, nefas; poet., w. se, to clear away, disappear, nubes. purpuiray ae, f. (7roppupa). The purplefish; hence, 2. Putrple color, purple. 3. Purple cloth, a purple garment. purpireus, a, um, adj. (id.). Purplecolored, purple; poet., dark- colored, mare. 2. Clad in purple, tyranni (poet.). 3. Poet., brilliant, bright, shining, glowing, beautiful, lumen. piirus, a, um, adj. Clean,.free from all defilement, pure, cear, manus, aqua, lux; w. campus, open; w. hasta, without an iron head, headless. 2. Trop., pure, spotless, undefiled, animus; plain, unadorned, sermo; absolute, judicium. putator, Oris, m. (puto). A pruner, a vine-dresser. puteus, i, m A well, a pit, a hole. pito, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To clean, cleanse (rar.); of trees, to prune, trim, lop. II. Trop., to ckar up, set in order, arrange, adjust; to hold a reckoning, reckon together, adjust accounts, rationem or rationes. 2. Transf., to reckon, value, esteem a thing as any thing, aliquem nihilo; hence, to think, deem, suppose, esteem, consider, hoc verum, aliquem fortem; to ponder, consider, reflect upon, aliquid, multa. putris (-ter), is, e, adj. (puteo). Badsmelling, rotten, crumbling, decaying, mellow, soft. PygmaliQn, onis, m. (TIvygaAtwv). Son of Belus, king of Tyre, and brother of Dido. pyra, ae, f. (lrvpa). A funeral pile, pyre (pure Latin, rogus). Pyracmon (Pyrag-), bnis, m. (HIIVaKfwv). A cyclops in Vulcan's forge. Pyrffi orum, m. (IInvyo). A town in Etrura. Pyrgot fs, f. (nvpy4). The nurse of PrFam 's children. Pyrrha ae, f. (Ipoa). The wife of Deucalion. Pyrrhus I i, m. (vIppos). A son of Achlles and Deidamla, grandson of Peeus.,founder of a kingdom in Epirus, QUA Y5 1-14 QLTA QUA and slain by Orestes. He was also called Neoptolemus. qui, adv. (abl. fern. fr. qul). In which place, where (sc. Parte). 2. As far as, in 80 far as (mostly lat.). 3. In what way or manner, how (sc. ratione). 4. (Rar.) Qua.... qua, partly.... partly, both....and, qua feminae, qua yiin. 5. Interr., whereI in what manner? quacumque (-cunque), adv. Wherever, in some way or other, by any means. qua"dra,7 ae, f. A square; one of the quarters of a loaf. quadrifidus, a, urn, adj. (quatuorfindo). Four-cleft. qu~drigae, Idrum, f. (for quadrijugae, fr. quatuor and jugurn). A team of four (usually horses), a four-horse team; hence, transf., a four-horse chariot, a chariot. quadrfiugis, v. quadrijugrts. quadriiugus, v. quadrijugus. quadrijugis, e, adj. Four-yoked, with four khorses. quadrijugusy et, urn, adj., v. quadrijugis. quadro, Svi, fltum, I. v. tr. and intr. To square to agree, to fit. quad~rupedans, ntis, adj. Galloping, subs. p1., horse. quadrfipes, Mgi, tijl. (quatuor-pes). Four-fboted, going ou~four feet; usually subs., a four-footed animal, a quadruped. quaero, sMv or sli, situm, 3. v. tr. To seek, search for, look for; in partic., to seek to get, anid, hence, to get, procure, earn, aliquid; to seek in vain for something missing; hence, to miss; to seek, endeavor, facere aliquid. 21. To seek to lea?, to ask, inquire, aliquid ab (ex, de) aliquo; to inquire into judicially, to examine, de morte alicujus. quaesitor, Oris, m. (id.). An investigator, examiner; in judicial matters (esp. criminal), a presiding judge, inquisitor. quaesitus, a, urn, p. of quaero. quaeso, Tvi or ii, 3. v. tr. (old form for quaero). To seek (ante-cl.). 2. To beg, beseech, entreat, pray. quilis, e, adj. (quis). Intern., of what sort or kind? 2. ReL., with a corresp. talis expressed or implied, of sueC/ a, srt or kind, such as, as; in quotations, as, asfor exanmple. quiilus, i, in., and qualum, i, n. A wickes- basket;- a wine-strainet-. quam, adv. (qui). In questions, direct and indirect, and in exclamations, in what manner, howv, how much, quam cuphint Inudari! II. In comparisons: 1. With curresi). tarn expressed or understood, as, as~ much as, as.... as, tam clemens, quam rex; quam longa, as long as; quamn multa, as much, or (pln.) as many as; quam primum, as soon as possible; quam max-imum, as great as possible, or the greatest possible; wv. corresp. sic: quam....sic, as....80. 2I. After comparatives, and wvords involving comparison (almns, contra, aliter, etc.), than, major quam tu; prius or ante quam (sometimes far separated), sooner then, before that, before; post quarn, after that, when. quam-quam, conj. Although, q. festhi-ns; to introduce a limitation, correction, or objection, and yet, howeve?-, atthough, quamquam 0!1 - ised superent, etc. quam-vis, adv. and conj. (quam-volo). Adv. (w. an adv. or adj.), as you will or like, as much as you like, ever so, multos, subito; hence, also, exceedingly. 2'. Conj., as much as ever you wvill, i. a., however much, although (w. subjunct., rar. india.), q. increlpitent. quarndo, adv. and conj. 1. Interr., when? 2. Rel., when, at what time. 3. Indef., ever, at any tfime (w. si or ne). 4. Causal conj., since, because. quando-quidem, adv. Since, because, inasmuch as. quanquarn, v. quamquam. quantus, a, urn, adj. (quam). flow great, how much, how many. 2. Corre~lative with tantus, as great as, as much as, such as, as. Adv., quantum, how mnuch, how, q. mutalus; as much as, as far as, quanto, by how much, the more. 0 qufi-rep adv. (qul-res). By which means, (rar.). 1I. On which account, wherefore (interrg, and relat.). 2. To introduce contl ive principal sentences, for which reason, wherefore, Quare agite. quartus, a, urn, adj. (quatuor). The fourth. quassatus, a, urn, p. of quasso, avi,' aturn, 1. v. tr. and intr. (intens. of quatio). To shake or toss viea QUA 1-53 QUII lenti?,, caput, hastam. 2. To shatter, shjiver,, break in pieces, naves. 3. Trop., to rain, destroy, rempublicain. 4. Intr., to shake, shake itself. qulter, num, adv. (quatuor). Four times. qu~terniy ae, a, adj. distr. (id.). Four at a time, by fours. quieti -, quassum, 3. v. tr. To shake. 2. In partic., to shake in pieces, to chatter, muros. 3. Trop., to agitate, excite, move, affect, mentern; to vex, harass, oppida hello. 4. (Ante-cl. and lat.) To drive, aliquem foras. qu~tuory num. adj. ladedl. Four. qu6, conj. Indicating a close connection. andl always affixed to the wvord to which it belongs, And. Often repeated, or with at corresponding, both.... and, as wvell..., as. queo, lvi or ii, itum, 4. v. intr. To be able (-. possum), I (thou, he, etc.), can, could. Quercens, ntis, m. A IRutulian. quercusp ils, f. An oak, oak tree; poet., any thing miade of oak, a. g., a garland of oak-lenves. qu&6rla ae, f. (queror). A complaining, complaint; hence, a plaintive sound or note of an animial orhinstrumrent. quernus, a, am, adj. (quercus). Of oak-, oaken. qu6ror, questus, 3. v. dep. tr. and intr. To comptain, bewail, lament, injuriam.or de injuria. 2.Poet., to utter, a plaintive sound or note, to complain (of an animal or instrument). querulus, a, am, adj. (queror). Cosnplaining, queriu us, vnuonuring. questus, 11s, m. (id.). A complaint, lame'ntatian. qui, qnae, quad., pron. I. Interrn 1. Mostly adjectively, while quis is used substantively, which, what, what sort of a, qui ~color? qui actor? VI. Substantively (rar.), of rank or character, and not name,, a. g., qui nunciat? what sort of a m~an? IL. Relat., wyho, wthich, what, that. III. Indef., any on~e, any (v. 2d quis). qui, in., f. and n., abl. form of - vii, quae, quod. quid, conj. (ace. pl. of qui, like ejuod, ace. sing.). Because. quilt-nam, advr. Why? wherefore? quicquam, v. quisouam. qui-.cumque, quaecnmuqne, quodcumque, indef' relat. pron. Whoever, who soever, whatever, whatsoever (both substantively and adjecti%-ely). 2. Indef., any, whatsoever, i. e., every possible, every, quacumque ratione sanabo. quid, adv., v. quis. quidam, quaedam, quoddamn, or quiddam, indef. pr. Somec one, something, certain. quidem, advr. Indeed, truly. quidquam, v. quisquam. quies, ntis, f. Rest, rep~ose, quiet, senectutis, laborum; in partic., the rest of sleep, sleep, repose; the rest of death. quiesco, Ovi Rtum 3. v. intr. (id.). To rest, repose; in lpartic., of things, to be still, qniet, venitas, Ilainma; to keep quiet, be inactive or neutral. 2.To cease, leave air, desist from any thing; to suffer quietly, permit, aliquid lieni. quiatus, a, am, asij. (part., of id.). Quiet, at rest, calm: of the mind, calm, peacefnrl,free from amibition,; neutrad, taking no part in wvar; of thinfgs, calsn, quiet, *entle., amuis, ayr, sedes. quin, conj. (qui and ne - non; strictly, on account of which [or AN-hat] not). I. From the relat. qui, tihat not, but that. II. From thre interr. qul, why not? to introduce what is still more wvorthy of remark, or w~hat is added to strengthen or amplify, nay, nay even, moreover, indeed. quingenlti, ae, a, numn. adj. (quinquecentami. Five hundred. quinj, ae, a, distv. aium. adj. (quinque). Five each; in gen., five. quinqugginta7 aum. aelj. indecl. Fifty. quinque,7 num. adj. indeel. Five. quintUs, a, urn, ord. num. adj. (quinque). The fifth. quiLppe, advr. and conj. (quia-pe). Surely, certainly, a] course, imdeed; often in an ironical sense, indeed, forsooth, vetor fatisl1 2. Causal conj., since, inasmuch as, q. timnet. Quirinfihs, a, adj. (Qairians). Of Quic-inus or Ilomuslur, Quirinal. Qufrinus i mn (kindr. w. QuIris, Quirites, from &res'; or, according to others, fr. the Sabine word curls, a spear; hence, a spearman, warrior, defender). A name of Romulus after his deification.Quirites, lam, Mn. The ancient inhabitants of Clures, a Sabine town, afterwards amalgamated with the Romian Roman citizens. citizens. quis, quae, quid, interr. pron. (corresp. w:, Greek T-n). Subs.. who? what? quis QUI 154 PAP id fecit? in partic., quid, with a gen., what? i. e., how much? how many? quid argenti? quid hominum? Adv., quid why? how? quid ludis? II. Adj., what what sort of? quid mulieris? quis, quid, indef. pron. (= aliquis). Any one, any thing, any (esp. after si, ne, nisi, num, quum). Transf. to qui, quae, quod, q. v. quis-nam and qui-nam, quaenam, quidnam or quodnam, interr. pron. (a strengthened form of quis). Who, pray? what, pray? 2. Indef. (only w. the interr. num), any body, any thing. quis-quam, quaequam, quidquam or quicquam, indef. pron. Any one, any thing, any. quis-que, quaeque, quodque, and subs., quidque or quicque, indef. pron. Whoever it be, each, every one, every thing. quis-quis, quaeque, quidquid and quicquid, indef. relat. pron. Whoever, whosoever, whatever, whatsoever. qui-vis, quaevis, quodvis or quidvis, indef. pron. Who or what you please, any whatever, any one, any thing. quo, interr. and rel. adv. (qui). Where, whether, in what or to what place; trop., how far; also, for what purpose, wherefore. 2. In order that, so that, that, quo averteret. quo-circa, conj. For which reason, wherefore. quo-cumque, adv. To whatever place, whithersoever. quod, conj. (ace. neut. resp. of qui). That, in that, because, propter hanc causam, quod, etc. 2. As respects that, as to what, quod scribis te ad me venturum ese, ego, etc. 3. But, though, even, etc. (w. si, quum, quoniam, etc.); poet., therefore, quod te oro. 4. That, after verbs of perceiving and declaring, instead of the acc. w. infin. quo-m6do, adv. Interr., in what manner? how? 2. Relat., in what manner, in the same manner, as. quo-nam, interr. adv. Whither, pray? quondam7 adv. (quum-dam). Of past time, at one time, once, formerly. 2. Of time in gen. (rar.), sometimes, at times. 3. Of the future (poet.), at a future time, some time, one day, ever. qu6nlam, coni. (quum-jam). Since now, since, because. quo-queo conj. Also, too (always after the emphatic word). qu6t, adj. pl. indecl. Interr., how many? 2. Relat., as many as, as many, as; in specifications of time, all, each, every, quot diebus, every day; hence, qu6tannis; adv. (quot-annus). Annually. qu6ties, adv. (quot). Interr., how often how many times? 2. Relat., as often as. quo-usque, adv. Of place, how far? (also trop.) 2. Of time, until when? how long? quum v. cum. I1. rabidus, a, um, adj. (rabies). Raving, furious,frenzied, rabid. rabies7 ei, f. (rabo, to rage). Rage, madness, of dogs, etc.; of men, madness, frenzy. 3. Trop., of any violent emotion, rage, fury. racemus, i, m. A cluster, a bunch. Trop., a grape. radio, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. To send out rays, to shine, to be bright, to flash, to beam. radius, ii, m. A staff, rod; in partic., the spoke of a wheel; the radius of a circle; a rod used by mathematicians for measuring, or drawing figures in the sand. 2. Transf., a beam or ray of light. radix, rcis, f. The root of a plant. 2. Meton., the lower part of an object, the root, foot, linguae, montis. 3. Trop., a root, basis, origin. rado, si, sum, 3. v. tr. To scrape, scratch, shave; hence, to rub, smooth, polish, caput, barbam, lapides. 2. Poet., to touch in passing, to graze, skim along, cautes. 3. Trop., to grate upon, offend, aures. raetica, ae, f. A kind of grape. Raeticus (Rhae-); a, um, adj. Of Rhaetia, a country in the Alps; Rhaetian. rameus, a, um, adj. (ramus). Of branches. ramosuss a, um, adj. (id.). Full of branches, branching, branchy. ramus; i, m. (kindr. w. radix). A branch, bough. rana, ae, f. Afrog. rapaxr tcis, adj. (rapio). Rapacious, hurrying, rapid. riplidusq a, um, adj. (rapio). Tearing along, swift, rapid, quick. 2. Trop., fierce, consuming, ignis. RZAP ',55 R E C rapina,' ae, f. (id.). Robbery; booty, Prey. rApio, pui, ptum, 3. v. tr. (kindr. w. aprirow. Toseize and carry qf, to snatch or tear away, to snatch, seize, take, hurry. 2. In partic., to carry qff forcibly, to seize, rob, steal, ravish, pracdas, virgines, Pergama. 3. To carr?/ oft; snatch away by death. 4. Trop., to hus-ry away, in errorum; to cam away with pass~ion, to transort; to ravish, forma; poet., to satch, steal, voluptatern, spem; poet., to has/en through or over, traverse quickly, viam, iter, silvas. RMapo, nis, mi. A Rutulian. raptiitus, a, nm, p. of rapto. raptim, adv. (rapio). Swifdly, rapidly, hastily. rapto, avi, Mtnm, I. v. tr. (freq. of id.). (Mostly poet.) To seize and carry qffl drag away, drag along, hurry away, Hector, higis; to plunder, ravage, Africam. 2. Trop., to hurry along wvith passion, agitate. raptor, 3ris, m. (rapio). A robber, plunderer (poet. and lat.); adj., w. lupi, ravenous. raptus, a, urn, P. Of rapio. riresco; 3. v. intr. inch. (ramus). To grow thin, become rare, separate, nubila; claustra Pelori, to begin to open, grow wider. rarus, a, urn, adj. Having wide intervals or open spaces, thin, loose, silva, retia. 2. Of things standing apart, scattered, far apart, here and there, arbores, nautes. 3. Few in number, or -occurring rarely, rare; hence, rare in its kind, excellent, extraordinary, rare. ris%.lis; e, adj. (rado). Ssnoolhed, polished. rastrum, i,nU., pl. rastri, Orum, In. A heavy toothed hoe, a rake, a mallock. rfisus, a, urn, p. of raclo. rltio, onis, f. (reor). A reckoning, calculation, aeccoat (lit, and trop.). 2.' Relation, reference, respect, agricolae habent rationern cum terra. 3. An affais-, matter, transaction, business, rationes civitatis; inea (tuae, etc.) rationes, my (thy, etc.) interest, advan tage. 4. A mode, mnanner, way; conduct, procedure; nature, sort, kind,fashiou;- qua ratione confleri possit. 3. The reasoningfaculty, reason, Judgment; a reason, ground, motive, aliquid faciendi; aproaf, argument; argumentation, reasoning; a theory, doctrine, systemt; knowledge, and in partic., theoretical knowledge; an opinion, view. rftis, is, f. A raft (of logs fastened together), a Y1oat; hence (poet.), a boat, vessel, ship, in gen. rfitus, a, urn, p. of reor. raucus, a, urn, adj. Hoarse, rancnis factus sum clamando. 2. (Poet.) Of inanimate things, hoarse-sounding, harsh, rough, deep sounding, aes (i. e., tuba), saxa. re7 an inseparable particle, denoting back; again; against; the opposite of the meaning of the simple verb. r~bellis, a, adj. (re-hello). Waging war again against a conqueror, rebellious, insurgent. re-boo,, -, I.v. intr. To bellow back-, to resound, to eho. re-caleo,-, 2. v. intr. To be warm. re-ciidoy cessi, cessum. 3. v. intr. To go back, retire,?withdraw, recede; of places, to stand back, recede, domus. 2. In gen., to go away, depart, withdraw. 3. Trap., to deviate or turn fro m, ab officio; to retire fr-m, give up, ab armis; to vanish, flee, vita. r~censy ntis, adj. Fresh, recent, new. 2>. Fresh in strength, vigorous, unexhausted. rb-censeo, sul, sum or sltum, 2. v. tr. (censeo, to estimate). To examine closely, review, survey, enumerate, legiones. 2. Trap., to go over in thought, coneider, examine; to go over in speech, to recount, rehearse, facta. re-cepto, Avi, atom, I. v. tr. To take back, to recover; reflex., to withds-aw, to retreat. r~ceptus, (Is, in. (recipio). A retreat, a ~place of refuge. r~ceptus, a, urn, p. of recipio. recessusy lie6, in. (recedo). A recess or cavity; a retreat. r6cldivus, a, urn, adi. (recido, to fall back, fr. re and cado). (Poet. and lat.) Falling back (only trop.); hence, returning, mala; poet., w. Pergaina, restored, rising to its former position. re-cdde, cidi, cisurn, 3. v. tr. To cut away or off. r~cinctus, a, urn, P. Of r6-cingo, nxi, nctuin, 3. v. tr. (Poet.) To ungird, unloose, zonamn. rg-cl 'io c(Ii, ceptuin, 3. v. tin. (capio). To Mrae back, bring back; in partic., wv. se, to betake one's self back,- withdraw-, REC 156 RED retreat; to get baek, regain, recover, res amissas, (trop.) animium. 2. To take to one's self, to receive, admit (w. ad, in w. acc., in w. abl., w. abi. or acc. alone), aliquem, urbem in deditionem; trop., to admit, permit, allow, res non r. cunetationem; to take upon one's self. undertake, causam; to assume anl obligation, to pledge one's self, pro ise, engage, aliquid alicui, recipio me Mund ess~e faaturum. r~ciSsus a, urn, p. of recldo. r6-cl.;mo, AAi, alum, I. v. tr. and intr. To cry out again, to echo. 3r6-clino, avi, Itum, 1. v. tr. To lean back, to rest. r6-cliido, si, sum, 3. v. tr. (re-claudo). To open again, unclose what had been closed, disclose, reveal, fores, thesauros; w. ensem, to uns ethe. 2. Trop., to let loose, iram; to disclose, operta. r~c~Iisus, a, am, p. of id. r~coctusy a, am, P. of recoquo. r6-cognoscoy nC~vi, nltum, 3. v. tr. To look over, review, examine. r6-c6Ioy cdlui, cultum, 3. v. tr. To cultivate or till again, terrain. 20. Trop., to practice again, resume, renew, studia antiqua; to exercise again, ingenium; to reconsider, think over, reflect upon., contemplate, aliquid secum. r6-condo, didi, ditum, 3. v. tr. TO put back again, gladium in vaginam. Hence, 2. To lay up, stow away,hoad; hence, to hide, conceal, aliquem: or alilquid. r6-coquo, coxi, coctuin, 3. v. tr. To cook again; to reforge, to purify. r6-cordor, UAtus, 1. v. dep. tr. and lnt~r. (re and cor). To recall to mind, to recollect, remember. 2. (Poet. and lat. and rar.) To think of, reflect upon, ponder something future. rector7 Oris, in. (rego). A guider, leader, director; w. navis, a helmsman or pilot. rectus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Led or drawn straight along, straight, direct (horizontal or vertical); w. saxa, perpendicular. 2. Trop., of the mind, right, correct, proper; straightforward, simple, oratio; morally rlght, just, good; subs., in neut., rectum, i, n., the right, what i.6 right, rectitude, 'virtue. r6-ciibo7 1. v. lntr. (cubo, to lie down). To lie upon the back, to lie back, recline. rO-cumbo, cubul, 3. v. intr. To lie down, to lie, to recline, to fall. r6-curro7 curri. cursum, 3. v. intr. To hurry back; to return. r~curso. 1. v. intr. (minens, of re-curro). To run 'back, hasten beck,; trcop., to return, recur, cura. r~cursusy Us. m. (id.). A running back, a return, retreat. re-curvus, a, umi, adj. Curving back-, bending, curved, crooked. r6-cfiso, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (re-causa). To refuse, decline, reject; to object to, to be unwilling, reluctant to do any thing. r~cussusp a, urn, p. of re-cutio, ctussi, cessum, 3. v'. tr. (requatio). (Poet.) To stuike back, cause to rebound. r~d-arguo, ui, -, 3. v'. tr. To disprove, to refute. redditus, a am, p. of red-do, didi, dlturn, 3. v'. tr. To give back, return, restore; to give up, deliver,up; to give back in words, to answer, reply, talia; to give back a thing in its3 nature or qualities, to represent, imitate, aliqitem. 21. To give, render, grant, in gen., rationem, causam, lionorem alicui..3. To cause a thin,, to he something, to make, render, aliquem insignem. r~demptus, a, um, P. of redimo. r~d —eo, ii, Itum, 4. v'. intr. To go or come back, to retain. 2. To come to, -be reduced to, ad duas lgos;to reach, arrive at, rca in cam locum; of places4, to slope, extend, (Germania in septentrionem, collis ad planitienm. redimiculum, i, n. (redimio). A band, a chaplet, a fillet. r~dfrmio, ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. To bind around, encircle, crown. r~dimitusq a, tim, p. of id. r~d-Imo, 6mi, empttuni, 3. v. tr. (re and emo, to buy). To buy back, repurahase; in partic., to raneom, redeem, captivos; itt gen., to buy off, rescue, release, fratrem Pollux. 2. Signif. of verb predom., to buy, purchase; in partic., to undertake by contract, opus; trop., to purchase, gain, obtain, gratiam; also, to buy off, I. e., avert, pericula; to pay for, aton for, culpam. r~ditusp fls, in. (redeo). A returning, return. 2. An income, revenue, return. r~d-61eo, ni, 2. v. intr. and tr. (oleo, to emit a smell). To emit an odor (re is simply inens.), to smell, thymo. 2. Tr., to smell of, be redolent of, thymum; trop., to savor of, antiquitatem. RED 157 REG r6-dfico, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To lead or bring back. to withdraw. r6ductus; a, urn, Pa. (id.). Of places, drawn back, remote, retired, distant, deep, secluded, vallis. r6dux, ucis, adj. (id.). That leads back (poet. and rar.). 2. More freq. pass., that is brought back (fr. slavery, imprisonment, exile, etc.), come back, returned. refectus, a, um, p. of reficio. r6-fello, felli, 3. v. tr. (re-fallo). To prove false, disprove, refute. r6-f6ro, tuli, latum, ferre, v. irreg. tr. To bear, bring or carry back; w. se, to betake one's self back, go back, return; w. pedem or gradum, to retreat; to give back, return, repay, restore any thing, argentum. II. Trop., to bring back, restore, renew, morem; to bring back any thing in its nature, to represent, imitate, resemble, aliquem ore; to pay back, repay, return, requite, gratiam, vicem; referre in melius, to bring into a better state, change for the better. 2. To bring back a report, to report, relate, pugnam; to give back in reply, to answer, reply, pauca; to utter, say, talia; to bring or deliver any thing as an official report, mandata; also, to make a motion in the Senate, to lay before, refer to the Senate, rem ad senatum; in business lang., to enter, inscribe, register, nomen in tabulas. 3. To refer, ascribe, trace back, aliquid ad aliquid. re-fert; tulit, ferre, v. irreg. impers. It profits, it is expedient. re-ficio, fci, fectum, 3. v. tr. To restore, to repair, to refresh, to encourage, to revive. r6-figo, xi, xum, 3. v. tr. To unfix, unfasten, loose; to take down, pull down, tabulas, clipeum. 2. Trop., to take down the tables of the laws suspended in public, i. e., to annul, abolish. r6-fingoq -, -, 3. v. tr. To fashion over, to make again. refixus, a, um, p. of reflgo. r6-flecto, xi, xum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To bend or turn back, caput, gressum. 2. Trop., to turn back, change, animum, mentes. reflexus, a, um, p. of id. r6-fluo7 -, -, 3. v. intr. To flow back, to recede. r6-fodio, Odi, 6ssum, 3. v. tr. To dig up. r6-formido, -, Atum, 1. v. tr. To dread. re-fringo, frogi, fractumr. 3, v. tr. (frango). To break vp, break open, portas. 2. In gen., to break, break in pieces, mucronemn; w. ramum, to break off. 3. Trop., to destroy. r6-fiigiop fugi, 3. v. intr. and tr. To flee back, escape, ex castris in moutem; of places, to recede, templum ab litore. 2. Tr., to flee back from, to avoid, shun, anguem, (trop.) vitia. r6-fulgeo7 si, 2. v. intr. (Mostly poet.) To flash back, reflect a bright light. 2. In gen., to shine bright, shine refulgent, glitter, glisten. r6-fundo fudi, f(lsum, 3. v. tr. To pour back; to pour out, cause to overflow; of things not liquid, to give or throw back. r6fuisus, a, um, p. of id. Poured back; thrown up, upturned, stagna; poured out, overflowing, Acheron. r6fuito, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To repel; to disprove, to confute, to refute. regalisy e, adj. (rex). Pertaining to a king, kingly, royal, regal; transf., splendid, magnificent, regal. regiap ae, f. (regius). A palace. regificusp a, um, adj. (rex-facio). (Poet.) Kingly, regal, magnificent. regimaa ae, f. (rex). A queen. 2. A daughter of a king, a princess. 3. (Poet.) A goddess; a lady of rank. r6gio utnis, f. (rego). A direction, line. 2. A boundary-line, boundary, limit. 3. A quarter, region, territory. regius, a, um, adj. (rex). Of a king, royal, regal. 2. Trop., befitting a king, regal, magnificent, moles. regnatory oris, m. (regno). A ruler, sovereign. regnatus, a, um, p. of regno Savi, Atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. (regnum). To have royal power, to be a king, to reign; in gen., to rule, command; trop., to rle, prevail, oratio. 2. Tr. (poet. and lat.), to rule over, govern, terras. regnum, i, n. (rex). Kingly government, royal authority, royalty; in gen., dominion, sovereignty, rule, reign; often in a bad sense in republican Rome, despotism, tyranny. 2. Meton., a kingdom, realm, sovereignty. rego, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To keep or lead straight; to direct, guide, lead, tela, navem. 2. Tech. term, w. fines, to draw, mark out. 3. To rule, control, goven, sway, direct, rempublicam, animum. REG REG ~15~ RE REA1 regressus, f35, m.. (regredior). A return, a change. r~gulav ae, f. A rule. reicio =reiicio = rejicio, which see. reiecto = rejecto. reiectus = rejectus. rejecto, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To throw lback or out. rejoctus, a, urn, p. of r6-j1cio Jeci, jectum, 3. v. tr. (re-jacio). To throw back. telurn in hostes, arnieturn ex lumders; to drive or chase back, hostes. IL. Trop., to cast off, repel, reject, miuas; to reject contemptuously, to scorn, disdain, dona. 2. To refer, remand, rem ad senatum; of time, to postpone. re-1Mborg lapsus sum, 3. v. dep. To slip back, to recede. r~litus, a, urn, p. of refero. re-laxo, flvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To loosen, to relax, to rarify, to open. r6-16go, legi, lectum, 3. v. tr. To gather orcoTlect again, filumn (poet.). 2. (Poet. and lat.) Of places, to travel over again, sail over again, coast along again, vias, litora. 3. To go over again in reading, speech, or thought; hence, to con *der carefully. re-lago, Avl, Atum, 1. v. tr. To send away, to banish, to remove, to consign..r~licftus a, urn, p of relinquo. religitus, r, urn, 1p. of religo. relgie, 0nis, f. (prob. fr. r6-16go). A careful consideration; hence, 1. R1everence for the gods, religious veneration, piety. 2. Transf., subjectively, conscientiousness, religious scrusple, cons-ientious scruple; in gen., scrupulousness, exactness, conscientiousness in other than religrious matters. 3. Objectively, the sacredness, sanctity in any religIous object, templorum, deorum. 4. A religious act or custom; and, collectively, religions affairs, religious rites, worship, religion;, concr., an object of religiO s reverence, a sacred place or thin g. religiosus, a, um,adj. (id.). Reverencing the gods, devout, pious, religiOUs. 2. (IReligio, No. 2.) Religiously scrupulous, careful, considerate; out of religious matters, strict, accurate, conscientious. 3. Set apart for religion, holy, sacred, loca, dies. re-ilgo, Avi, Aturn, 1. v. tr. To tie back-, tofasten, to moor. re-1ino, WIv, 8. v. tr. To uns8eal, to open, to take out. leave behind, leave; to leave, let remain;to resign, give up, surrender,, urbem. 2. To desert, abandon, neglect, forsake, relinquish, lit, and trop. r~Iiquiae, Arum, f. pl. (id.). The leavings, remains, relics, remainder, remnant; w. Dan~um, the remnant that escaped from the Greeks. r6-1ficeo, xi, 2. v. intr. To shine back or out, to blaze. re-luctor, Atus, 1. v. dep. To struggle against, to resist. re-maneo, mansi, -, 2. v. intr. To remain. r~mensus, a, urn, p. of remetior. r6-meo, pAA, 1. v. intr. ( rneo, to go). To go or come back, return. r6-mbtior, mensus, 4. v. dep. tr. (metior, to measure). To measure again or back; hence, to observe again, consider again, astra, sun dicta; to traverse again, repass, retrace, iter. Part. remensus, a, urn, in pass. signif., traversed again. remexp Igis, mn. (remus-ago). A rower, oarsman. 2l. Collect, in sing., a baud of rowers (poet.). r~milgium, ii, -n. (id.). A rowing, a rowing motion. 2. That wvith whicha the rowing is performed, the oars. 3. Those whio perform the rowing, the oarsmen. r6-miniscory -, 8. v. dep. To call to mind, to remember. rbmissusp a, urn, p. of r6-mitto, mlsi, missum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To send back, dispatch back, aliquem Rornarn; to send fiorth, give out, emit, yield, Inc. 2. To let go back, loosen, slacken, arcum, vincula. 3. Trap., to send back, return?, beneficium; to relax, refresh, animum; to abate, diminish, diligentiam,; to give up, resign, yield, al icui aliquid. r6-mordeo mordi, morsum, 2. v. tr. (mordeo, to Lie). (Poet.) To bite again; trop., to vex, disturb, worry, torment. r~m~tusp a, urn, P. Of r6-m6veo, m~vi, mOtum, 2. v. tr. To move back; to take or put away, uwithdraw, remove. r6-miigio, 4. v. intr. (Poet.) To belbos back; to resoun~d, re&cho, vox, mans. r6-mulceo, mulsi1, mulsum, 2. v. tr. To stroke back, to fondle. RemOilUsp I, m. The name of a man. r6-murmfiro,-,- 1. v. intr. To REM 159 RES give back a murmur, to murmur, to resound. remusy 1, rm. (jpErtA6e). An oar. R6mus, i, ro. The brother of Borni-.ulus. 2. A IRutulian. r6-narroy 1. v. tr. (Poet.) To tell over again. r6-nascor, n~tus, 3. v. dep. intr. To be born again; hence, to grow or spring up again, be?renewed, fibrae, bellumn. r~n~tus, a, uin, p. of id. r6-nideo, nidui, -, 2. v. intr. To shine back-, to gleam, to flash. r6-n6vo7 Avi, fltum, 1. v. tr. To renew, restore, templum. 2'. Trop., to renew, dolorem; to revive, refresh, animum. reor, rltus, 2. v. dep. tr. (kindr. w. res). Orig., to reckon, calculate; hence, as a result, to think, believe, suppose. r6-pello, ripb~li, rilpulsum. 3. v. tr. To ds ye or thrust back, repel, manum, telui, hostes. 2. Trop., to repulse, repel, reject, refuse, repelli ab hac spa, nostra connubia. r6-pendo, ndi, nlsum, 3. v. tr. To wveigh back (poet. and rar.). 2. To weigh in seturn, pay by the same weight, aurum. pro aliqua re; also, to pay for or purchase something by its weight in money. caput auro; hence (poet.), to ransom. aliquem. 3. Trop. (poet. and lat.), to pay back, repay, requite, return, gratiam, beneficium; fatis contraria fata, to balance, offset; to pay for, purchase, incolumitatem turpitucline. r~pensy ntis, adj. Sudden.. r~pente, adv. (repens). Suddenly. r~percussus, a, mai, p. of re-perciitio, eussi, cussum, 3. v. tr. To strike back, to reflect. r6-pfrio rdp~ri, rdpertum, 4. v. tr. (repario). ~o procure again, find again. 2-. In gun., to find, meet wvith, find out, discover, perceive, rem, aliquemn fidelemn.:3. To invent, devise, discover, aliquid. r6pertor, Oris, m. (id.). A discoverer, afinder; an author, afather. r~p~rtusy a, um, p. of reperio. repetitus, a, um, p. of r6-petoy Tvi or ii, Itum, 3. v. tr. To fall upon or attack again, aliquem. 21. To seek again, return, to, revisit, urbemi. 3. To go back and bring, to fetchi or bring back, aliquid; repetere aliquid (memorift), to recall to mfind, recollect; to retrace, recommence, repeat, renew, annales, studia, omina; to say again, repeat, verba; to go back to, seek for, derive, origines, aliquid a fonte; to demand back, claim, obsides; w. res, to demand from the enemy things taken as booty; hence, to demnand satisfaction. r6-pleo, levi, Ctum, 2. v. tr. (-ohs, plan, to fill). To fill again, crater. 2-. In gen., To fill up, fill. Ir~pliitus, a, uim, Pa. kid.). Filled; hence, full. r6-p6no, pbsui, ps~ttnm, 3. v. tr. To place or put back-, replace, restos'e, alquid, lit, and trop. To lay by, lay aside, lay or store up,,preserve, aliqiuil; to put in the place of, suhslitvte one thing, for another; to lay aside, lay down, cestuis arteroque; the signif. of the prep., disappearing, to lay, place, put in gen., ligna super foco, spern. r6-porto; avi, Rlum, 1. v. tr. To hear, carry or bring back. 2. In partic., to bs ng back weord, to report, (beta: to bring, back as a victor, to beas' away, get, obtaiss, praedam or landem cx hostibus. r6-posco, 8. V. tr. To densand back-, aliquem. 2. To ask (os-, deniand, requir-e, exact, natos ad poenas, rationero. r~p6situs (and contr., repostus, a, umn, part. and Pa. (repono). Laid or stored up; buried; poet., piaced or situated away, remote, distant, terrac. r6-primo, pressi, prassns, 3. v. fr. trepremo). To press or keep back; in gao., to check, restrain, repe-ss, pedem, amnero, futgam. r6-pugno, levi 13mtm, 1. v. tr. and intr. To fight against, to struggle, to oppose, to resist. r~pulsus, a, um, p. of repello. r6-quies, atis (or ci), f. Rest, repose after laboring, suffering, ate., respite, selaxation, laborum. r6-quiesco, evi, Ctunm, 3. v. intr. To rest, repose; trol)., to find sest or consolation, in spa alicuijus; tr. (poet.), to let rest, to stay, stop, eursus. rg-quiro, s~vi or sii, sltum, 3. v. tr. (quaero). To seek again; in gen., to took or search for, to seek, aliquid- 2. To seek to know, to ask or inquire after, to ask, causas; to inquire after, amissos socios. 3. To ask for something needed; to need. want, require, aliquid; also, to look in vain for, to ssniss, libertatem. r~s, ei, f. A thing (in the widest sense of the word). 2. In partic., a matter, affair, event, cisrcunistance; cause, rea RES 1(30 R Es son, ob earn rem; benefit, interest, ad- re-sorbeo,,- 2. v. tr. To draw in, vantage; a law-suit, case; res publica, to draw back, to suck back. or respublica, or res alone, the emmn rb-specto, 1. v. intr. and tr. (freq. of weal, a state, commonwealth; in plur., respicio). To took back- often, to look wv. secundac, prosperity; also, w. ad- around; tr. (lat.), to look at, aliquemn. versae (or alone-), adrersity, hardships, 2. Trop., to care for, regard, pios; to misfortunes; reality,fact, truth, opp. to expect, look for, munus. appearance, etc.; res gestae, exploits. r~i-spergo, spersi, spersum, 3i. v. tr. (re. This word admits of a very wide inter- spargo). To rprink-le over, to sprinkle, to pretation. stain. r6-.scindoy scidi, scissum, 8. v. tr. To rii-splcio, exi, ectum, 3. v. intr. and tr. tear open again, vulnus. 21. In gen., to (specio, to look at). To look back, look tear open, tea?' up, send, vestes; to tear about. 2. Tr., to look back- at or for., down, break (towni, (teetroy, tecta, coe- aliquern, signa; to look at again and lum. 3. Trap., to abolish, atssugate, an- again, regard attentively, aliquem. 3. nul, acta, testamenta. Trap., to regard, be mindful of, con. r6-slicoy secui, sectum, 1. v. yr. To cut sider, aliquem or aliquid. Off. rb-splro, Avi, Atum, 1. v. intr. To r6-seroy flvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To unbar, breathe again, to breathe. to open, to disclose. r6-splendeo, -, -, 2. v. intr. TO r6-servoj fivi, atum, I. v. tr. To keep shine forth, to glitter. back, reserve (as for future use). 2. rb-spondeo, andi, asum,2. v. tr. and (Rar.) To save from perishing, to Pre- intr. Orig., to promise in return. 2.. To serve, aliquem. answer, reply, respond (esp. in wvords), rosesy Idis, adj. (resideo). Thzat rempains8 alicui, alicui aliquid. 3. Trap., to ansitting or stays behind; hence, motion- swver to, cors-espond to, agreewoith, alicui, lesqs, inactive, dormant, sluggish, idle, dictis matins; to be a rsnatch for, copiis aqua, animi. Catilinaen; of places, to lie oppos-ite, r6-s~deo, sedi, szessum, 2. v. intr. re- Gnosia tellus..3edeo). To remain sitting. 2. To re- r~sponso, -, -, I. v. intns. intr. To main behind, to re6main, linger, abide. respond, to echo. r~-sido, sedi, sessum, 3. v. intr. To sit, r~sponsuin, i, a. (p. of id.). A reply, dowon, settle, homo, avis; in partic., to amwer, response. settle in a place-, of things, to settle dosn, restinctus, a, urn, p. of sink, subside, mare, mans. 2. Trap., to rb-stinguo, axi, acetum. 3. v. tr. (stinsettle down, subsidde, abate, ira. guo, to quench). To quench, extinr6-signoy Cvi, Mum, 1. v. tr. To unseal, guish, ignem; transf., to quench, slake, open, literas, lumina. 2. Trap., to can- allay, sitim. 2. Trap., to modes-ate, cel, invalidate, tabularum fidern; poet., appease, ardorem, mentes; to suppress, to give back, resign, aliquid alicui. exttnguish, extispate, destroy, sensas, r6-sisto, St~ti, stltum, 3. v. intr. To odium. remain standing, to stand still, stop, se- ri —stftuo) ui, Mlum, 3. v. tr. (statuo). main, pause. 21. To withstand, resist, -To pt or set up again, to restore, oppose, alicui. replace, statuam. 2. To give back, se.resoliltus~, aL tm, P. Of turn, restore, bona. 3. To sestose to a rg-solvol solvi, sdlMltum, 3. v. tr. To farmer condition, re-establish, re-instate, untie or unloose, to loosen, unbind,free, muros, rempublicam, puguam, aliquem; open, separate,.vi ttas; to relax, terga. hence, to reverse a sentence, to matre 2. Trap., to separate, unravel, ambigui- void; of any act of injustice, to make tatem, daos; to disclose, show; to re- good, repair. lax, soften, disciplinam.; to absolve, re- ra-stoy stIti, I. v. litr. To stand, stay lease, aliquem; to annul, cancel, disr'e- or keep back, stay behind (rar.). 21. To gard, jura. be left, remain over, resnain, da-na rerb-s6no flvl 1. v. intr. and tr. To se- stantia. 3. To wthstand, oppose., resist sound, ring agin reecho, saxa. 2. Tr. (abs., or w. dat.), fontiter, hostibus. (poet.), to give back the sound of, to se- r~sulto, -, Atum, 1. v. intr. (freq. of echo, repeat, aliquid; to make resatund, re-sili, to leap back, fr. salia, to leap). lucas cantu. (Poet. and lat.) To spring bock, rebound, RIES 161 REX tela, unda.?. To re-echo, reverberate, resound (of both sounds and places), Colles, imoago vocis. r6-sfipinus, a, urn, adj. Bent back, lyineg on5 one's back, supine. 2.Trop., lazy, idle, eeffeminate, voluptas. re-surgo, surrexi, surrectum, 3. v. intr. To rise again, appear again (lit. and trop.). r6-tardo9 avi, Fium, 1. v. tr. To delay, to hinder, to refard. rite, is, n. A n, for fishing or hunting -v. plaga. retectus, a, imn, p. ofr r6-tfto, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To uncover, bare, caput, ensein. 2'-. Trop., to disclose, reveal, scalua. r6-tentoj filvi, iturn, 1. v. tr. (freq. of retineo). To hod or keep back, retard, restrain. re-texo, texui, textum, 3. v. tr. To weave again; to repeat. r~thi~cfiium, i, n. (retinco). That which holds back, a stay, hod-fast, rope. r6-tflneo,p tini. tentuim, 2. v. tr. (reteneo). To hold back, ryestrain; to de-. tain, keep, retain. 2. Trop., to check, restrain, animos; to preserve, maintain, virtntemn. r6-torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2. v. tr. To twist back, to thraw back, to turn away, to change. retortus, a, urn, P. of rotorqneo. re-tracto7 Avi, Utum, I. v. tr. and intr. To handle again, to grasp) again; to draw back, to h ~iate. re-tr~Aho, xi, ctu'n, 3. v. tr. To draw back, withdraw, inanuim; to recall, allqnemn; to drag back, bring back a fugitive; to keep back-, withhold, se. verba. 2.To brlngforth again (Tacitus), aliquem, monumenta. retro, adv. (re and suffix tro). Backwards, back, regredi. 21. With verbs of rest, back, behind; also of time, in the past. -etro-versus, and (contr.) retrorsus (als. retrorsum), adv. Back, backward. 2. In return, ins reversed order. r6-tundo,) tudi, tunsuim or tilsumn, 3. v. tr. To beat back, to blunt. retunsus (-tusus)7 a, urn, p. of id. reus, i, M. (res). A party to an action at law (res). a plaintiff or defe-ndant, but usually restricted to the party accused. the defendant, culprit. 2. Adj., charge able with, answerable or responsble for, culpae, pecuiniae; reuns voti, bound by v-ow (poet.). r,6-veho, vexi, vectum, 3. v. tr. To carry or bring back. r6-velloy velli, vulsum, 3. v. tr. To pull back; hence, to tear or pull away or off, tear out or away, remnove, saxuim, terminos agri; pout., cineremi manesque, to break open, dig up, disturb. r6-vertoj ti, sumu, or r,6-vertor, versus. 3. V. dep. intr. To turn back, turn about, return. r6-vincivni vinctnm, 4. v. tr. To bind bac k in gen., to bind fast, fasten, bind a~reusd. revinctus, a, urn, p. of revincio. r6-viresco, virui, -, 3. v. inch. intr. To grow gresn again, to flourish again, to revive. r6-viso,; 3, v. intr. and tr. To look back on or at a thing, to come back to see, pay a viqit a(gain, ad aliquem or aliquid. 2. Tr., to go or come back to s6ee, to revisit. sedes, urbenm. revoc~tusy a, umu, P. Of r6-v6co7 Avi, hum, 1. v. tr. To call back, recall. aliquem; also (of things), pedeni. gradumi. 2. Trap., to call back, recall. regain, restore, v-ires, animios; to call or draw away, withhold, aliquem a consiflo, a morte; to recall, restore, allquem ad spain; to refer, redace to something as a standard, etc., omnia ad scientiam; to recall, revoke, cancel, pro.. missum. rb-volo% -,-. v. iutr. Tofly back. revolntufs, a, ur1n, P. Of rg-volvol volvi, vblfitunm, 3. v. tr. To roll back, ventus r. aastuin, lina r. so; hence, w. se, or pass. in a deponent sense, to go or noe back, to return, in Tusculanmn; wv. toro or arenfi, to fall or sink back. 2. In partic., to unroll. Iibrum: hence, to read over. 3. Trap., to go through again, expes iencs agaiin, casus; to return, in luxuriam -, to relufe again, repeat, haec ingrata; to consider again, to revolve in mind, r#eflc upon, aliquid. rb-v6mov TI1, ii. v. tr. (Poet. and lat.) To vomit forth again: to vomit up, disgorge. r~vulsus, a, urn, P. of revello. rex, regis, m. (rego). A king; in the pl., the royat family. In the time of the Republic, a very odious name - a tyrant, despot. 2. Transf. (poet.), a chiqf, RHA RilA 1U~IRO ROR leader, master, ruler, in gen.; poet., as an adj., ruling, late. Ith~d~manthus, I, m. ('PaiSamaviog). So of Jupiter, brother of MHi s, and judge in the infernal regions. Rhaeticus; v. Raeticus. Rhamnes, etis, in. A Rutulian. Mga ae, f. A priestess. IRhinus, it mn. The river Rhine. lthbsus, i, in. ('Pijaog). A Thracian king, slain on thefirst night after his arrival at Troy as an ally of the Trojans. Rhipaeus, a, urnt adj. Of the Rhipaei, a range of mountains in Scythia; Rhipaean. Rhipeus, i, in. A Trojan, noted for his love of justice, slain at the capture of Troy. Rhodius, a, urn, adj. Of Rhodes, an island in the Mediterranean; Rhodian. Rhodopb, es, f. ('Poioin). A mountain in Thrace. Rthodop~ius, a, urn, adj. Of Rhodope; Thtracian. Rthoebus (Rhaebus), i, to. The war horse of Mezentius. Rhoetijus, and collat. form,nRhoetelus, a, urn, adlj. Of llhoeteumn, a promontory on the Trojan coast, B/toelean, poet. for Trojan,. Rthoetus, 1, mn. A Centaur. 2. A king of the.3Marsi. 3. A Rutulian. ridee Si, sum, 2. v. intr. and tr. IntIr., to laugh, to smile. 2. Tr., to laugh at; in partic., to laugh at, ridicule, aliquem. rlgens7 entis, Pa. (rigeo). Stiff. rigeo gui, 2. v. intr. (jnyiw). To be stiff or numb, to stiffen. rigesco, rigui, 3. v. inch. (rigeo). To grow numb or stiff; to harden; tofreeze. rigo, Avi, Atnm, 1. v. tr. To water, wet, moisten, bedew. 2I. (lRar.) To covey water or any other liquid, aquain per agros. r~gor7 Oris, in. (rigeo). Hardness, stiff. ness. riguus, a, urn, adj. (rigo). Watering, irrigating. rimag ae, f. (perh. for rignia, fr. rigf, ringor, to open the mouth). A cl eft, chink, crack, rent, rift, fissure. rimor, Atus, 1. v. dep. tr. (id.). To lay open, turn up o r tear uip the ground. 2. Transf., to tear up, turn over in search of somnethintr; hence, to search, explore, ransack, rummage, viscera; trop., to investigate, examins thoroughly. rim5sus, a, urn, adj. (id.). (Poet. and lat.) Full of chinks or fissures, wv. cymbha, leaky. ripa, ae, f. The bank of a stream (cf. litus). Rtiphaeus = Rhipaeus, which see. Rtipheus = Rhipeus, which see. risus, i1s, rn. (rideo). A laugh, laughter; smiles. ritep adv. (ritus, fts, a religious ceremony or rite). Accordin to religions usage, with due religious rites. 2-. In gun., in due form, duly, fitly, rightly, rehus paratis. 3. In the usual way, according to custom. ritus, fis, mn. Aform, a rite, a ceremony; a custom; ab.: ritu; in the manner of, like. rivus, i, in. A stream, brook. r~bigo, inis, f. Rust, mildew, blight. r~bur, 6rie, n. A very hard species of oak; in gen., an oak tree, oake; oakwood; also, any hard kind of wood; a-ny thing, made of oak. 2. Trop., vigor,.fi mness, power, strength; also, the hest part of any thing, the strength, flower of an army, etc. r~bustus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Hardy, sturdy, stout. r6glto, dvi, I. v. tr. (freq. of rogo). To ask frequently, to inquire aftery eagerly. r6go, ivi,Atium,I 1..tr. To ask, questiol?, interrogate, aliquetn- aliquid, aliquenm, aliquid, w. dle, a re]. claurse, or abs.; in partic., to ask one foe' his opinion or vote, also, wv. populum. or legein, or abs.,prop., to ask the people concerning a proposed law; hience, to propose a law, introduce a bill, and in gen., to propose, moe. 2. To ask for, beg, request, solicit somnething from one, otitim divos. r6gus, i, in. A funeral pile. RMma, ae, f. The, city of Rome. RMminus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Rome, Roman. Subs., Romani, Grum, in., pl., the Romans. Rtdmuleus, a, urn, adj. (Romulus). Of Romulus, Romulean. RMmiffidae, lirum, m. (id,). Descendants of Romulus, Romnans. RM~mflus, it in. The founder and first king of Rome. Raamiilus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Of Romulas; poet. for Roman. r~rog Avi, Atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. (ins). (Mostly poet.) To drop dew, distill dew;, to drip with dew or any liquid. 2. Tr., to bedewc, moisten, geilas lacrinils. ROS RUr ro5s roris, rm. (kindr. \-. 8pooac). Dew; poet., any moisture falling in drops. 2. Ros marinus (also, poet.. ros salis, or siml)ly ros),;osemary. r6saT ae, f. A rose. rosariumT i, n. (rosa). A bed or garden of roses. roscidusS a, urnm, adj. (ros). Full of dew, wet with dew, dewy. 2. Transf., moistened, wet, saxa rivis. rosetum7 i, n. (rosa). A rose garden, bed of roses, rosary. r6seus, a, um, adj. (id.). Of roses, rose-, vinculuIn. 2. Rose-colored, rosy. Roseus, a, urn. adj. Of Rosea, a very fertile region of Central Italy, Rosean. rostratusT a, urn, aldj. (rostrum). Furnished with beaks, beaked. rostrums i, n. (rodo, to gnaw). The bill or beak of a bird, the muzzle, snout, mouth of an animal. 2. Transf., of things of similar shape, a ship's beak or prow, etc. 3. Rostra, orum, n. pl., the Rostra or speaker's stand in the Roman Forum, so called because adorned with the beaks of ships taken in war from the inhabitants of Antium, 338 B. C. r6ta, ae, f. A wheel; meton. (poet.), a car, chariot. roto Savi, Atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (rota). To whirl about, to brandish; intr., to roll. rubens, entis, p. of rubeo, rubui, -, 2. v. intr. To be red, to blush, to glow, to shine. ruber, bra, brum, adj. (rubeo). Red, ruddy, crimson. rubesco, bui, 3. v. inch. intr. (ruber). To grow red, to redden. rubeus, a, urnm, adj. (rubus). Of brambles, bramble-. rubicundus, a, um, adj. (rubeo). Ruddy; golden, blushing. rubigo, v. robigo. rubor, Oris, m. Redness; a blush. rubusy i, m. A bramble. rudens, entis, m. (rudo?) A rope, line, esp. of a ship; in pl., collect., rigging, cordage. rudens, entis, p. of rudo. rudimentum, i, n. A first attempt, a beginning. rudis, e, adj. Uncultivated, rough, rude. rudo, dTvi, dItum, 3. v. intr. To roar, bellow, bray, (lit. of animals, rar. of men); poet., prora rudens, roaring. Riifrae aruam, f. A tovn of Campania. ruiga7 ae, f. A wrinkle. ruina, ae, f. (ruo). A rvshing, tumbling or falling down, a fall, esp. of a building, 2. Trop., downfall, ruin, destruction, overthrow, disaster, patriae. 3. Concr. (poet.), that which falls. e.g., a fallen building, a ruin. rumexT Icis, f. Sorrel. ruminorT -, 1. v. dep., and rumino, -, -, 1. v. tr. To chew. rumor, Oris, m. Common talk, gossip, report, rumor; also, public opinion, reputation, fame; w. secundus = approbation. rumpo7 rllpi, ruptum, 3. v. tr. To break, break in pieces, rend, burst, burst open, rupture, vincula, vestes; to break through, nubem, aditunm, viam. II. Trop., to break, violate, destroy, annul, fidem, leges, amorcs; to break off, cast off, somnum, moras. 2. (Poet.) To cause to burst forth. to pour forth, give vent to suddenly or passionately, vocem, questus; turbo ruptns, having burst forth. ruo, ui, i6tum, 3. v. intr. and tr. To fall with violence, rush or tumble down, fall, go to ruin, murus, tecta, Troja: to rush, hasten, hurry, rush forth, rush up, ad portas, Nox Oceano; trop., to fall, go to ruin,. respublica; also. to rush, hasten, in cxitium. 2. Tr., to throw or hurl down, overthrow, aliquem or aliquid: poet., to cast up from the bottom, throw up, turn up, upturn, plow up, mare, spumas. rupes, is, f. (rumpo). A rock, cliff, crag. ruptus, a, um, p. of rumpo. rursus, or rursum, adv. (contr. fr. revorsus, fr. reverto). Backward, back (ante-cl.). 2. To denote repetition, again, anew. 3. To indicate opposition, on the contrary, on the other hand. rusT rflris. n. The country (in opp. to the town); also, a country-house, farm, country-seat; in the pl., lands, fields. ruscum, i, n., and ruscus7 i, m. Butcher's broom, a wild plant. rusticus, a, um, adj. (rus). Of the country, woodland, rural, rustic; subs.: rusticus, i, m., a countryman. ruta, ae, f. Rue. rftilo, Ivi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. To redden, to glow, to gleam. rutllus, a, um, adj. Red, inclined to golden yellow, glowing. Rtfitili, Orum, m. An ancient people of Latium, who lived south of the Tiber. ftuitilus. i, m. A Rutulian; Turnus SAB. S. ftbaeus, a, urn, adj. Of the Sabaei, a people of Arabia Felix, whose chief town, Saba, was celebrated for its myrrh, frankiricense, etc.; Sabaean, poet, for Arabian. Sabellicus, a, urn, adj. (Sabellus). Sabellian, Sasisue. Babellus, a, urn, adj. Of the Sabelli or Sabines Sabne. Sabina, ae, f. A Sabine woman. Sabinus, i. m. Sabinus, the founder of the Sabines. Sabinus, a, urn, adj. Of the Sabines, Sabine; subs.: 1)1.. an anc*ent people who dwelt in the hill country of Central Italy. saburra, ae, f. Sand for ballast, ballast. sacellum, it n1. (sacer). A small sanctuary, a Chapel, a grotto. sacery, cra, crum, adlj. (root sac, kiudr. W. &-1 ini&ycoeg). Consecrated to a divinity, sacred, holy; trausf., out of the relig. sphere, sacred, venerable, awful, sileutiurn. 2. In a had sense (that wvhich is devoted to a deity, as a sacrifice, being devoted to death), devoted to destruction, accursed, impu 5; in gen., accursed, execrable, abominable, infamous, fames auri. s~cerdosp otis, c. (id.). A priest or priestess. Sac~s, is, m. A Latin. Sa~criinusq a, urn, adj. Of the Sacani, a Latin people; Sacranian. sacrfiriumy it n. (sacrum). A sanctuary. Sacrgtor, Oris, m. A Ilutulian. sacritus, a, urn, Pa. (sacro). Consecrated, hallowed, sacred. sacrilfgus, a, urn, adj. Impious, sacriegious8. sacro, Avi, Rtum, 1. v. tr. (sacer). To cosecrate, dedicate or devote to sacred purposes, aras; poet., out of the relig., sphere, to set apart, consecrate, give, alicui honorem; in a bad sense, to devote to destruction, to condemn, declare accursed. 2. To make inviolate, to consecrate, hallouw, foedus. 3. (iRar.) To immortalize, aliquem scriptis. sacrum, 1, a. (id.). Something consecrated, a sacred or holy thing. 2. A religis act, a sacrifice; in the p1., sacred rites; also (poet.), sacred songs, hymins. 64 SAL saecfilum (also written seculum and contr., seclum), i, n. A race, generation, hominum, ferarum (ante-cl.). 2-. The average lifetime of the human species, a generation 133 years)..3. A partic. generation of the human race, an age, a generation, the times, grave saeculmm Pyrrhae. 4. The utmost period of human life, a century;- also, in gen., and in the Virgilian sense, an indefinite period of time, an age; gun. in the p1., ages. saepe, adv. (fr. fibs. adj. saepis, a, frequent). Often, frequently. saepes (sip), is, f. A hedge, an inclos~ure, an orchard. saepio (sEip-), saepsi, saeptum, 4. v. tr. (id.). To inclose, to surround, to hem in. saeptum (sip-), i, a. (id.). A hedge, an inclosure, a sheepfold. saeptus, a, urn, p. of saepio. Fenced in, inclosed. saeta (sbta)q ae, f. A stiff hair, a bristle. saetiger (set-)~ Ira, 6rum, adj. (sactagero). Bristle-bearing, bristly. saet6sus? a, um, adj. (saeta). Bristly. saeviog ii, Itum, 4. v. intr. (saevus). To be fierce, to rage, be furious or angry. saevusy a, urn, adj. Ragingfros,fierce, savage,fell, violent, terrible, dreadful, Cruel, Pitiless, stern, severe (saevus means roused to fierceness, whbile flerns is fierce by nature); in a good sense, terrible, valiant, in armiis, Hector. Sigiris, is, m. A Trojan attendant or servant. s~gitta aeg f.An arrow, shaft. sa gittifer, 6ra, 6rum, adj. (sagitta. fero). Arrow-bearing, armed with arrows. sagtilum, I, n. (sagnm). A soldier's cloak, a mantle. sal, W~isp m.- (kindr. w. A).Salt; by meton. (poet.), salt uater, the sea. 2. Trop., 6f the mind, acuteness, shtrewdness; wit, facetiousn ess; a witticism. Salamis~ Pais, f. (5.aAcagi). An. island in the Saronic gulf opposite Eleusis. salebr6sus; a, urn, aidj. Bough, rugged. Silentinus, v. Sallentinus. salictum, it n. (salix). A willow grove, a willow hedge. Sal'?,Sp a, urn, ndj. (id.). Of willow, Salfii 0mum, m. (salio). The Salii, twelve priests of Mars, uho had charge SAL 165 SAT of the ancilia or sacred shields, which I island off the coast of Asia Minor, sacred they bore through the city annually in a to Juno and containing a magnificent solemn dance. temple of the goddess. salio, ui, saltum, 4. v. intr. To leap, to Samothracia, ae, f. (ZCp.oOpaci'a). A jump, to dance, to spring, to bound, to small island off the coast of Thrace. issue forth. sancio, sanxi, sanctum, 4. v. tr. (sacer). saliunca, ae, f. Saliunca, the wild To make sacred, to sanctify, to ratify. spikenard. sanctus, a, um, Pa. (sancio). Sacred, Salius, ii, m. An Acarnanian who inviolable, fides. 2. Transf., venerable, took part in the Trojan games in Sicily. holy, pious, pure, blameless, vir, mores. salix, icis, f. A willow. sandyx (-ix), Scis, f. (o0a-ivL). ScarSallentinus, a, urn, adj. Of the Sal- let, vermillion. lentini, a people of Calabria, in south- sane, adv. (sanus). Truly, to be sure, eastern Italy, Sallentine. indeed. Salm6neus, eos, m. (LaAoevs6). Son sanguineus, a, um, adj. (sanguis). Of of Aeolus, brother of Sisyphus, and king blood, bloody, liquor. 2. Bloodstained, of Elis, who, wishing to be called a god, bloody, manus; poet., blood-red. 3. Trop., and having attempted to imita'e the causing bloodshed, sanguinary, Mavors, lightning of Jove, (was on that account bellum. hurled to Tartarus by a thunderbolt. sanguis, Inis, m. Blood. 2. Meton., salsus, a, um, Pa. (ante-cl. salio, to salt, bloodshed, civilis; descent, race, stock; fr. sal). Salted, salt, briny. 2. Trop., concr. (poet.), a descendant, offslring. acute, witty, facetious. 3. Trop., vigor, force, strength, life, saltem, adv. (contr. fr. salutem, fr. spirit, civitatis. salus). At least, at all events. sanies, ei, f. (kindr. w. id.). Corrupt salto, avi, atuln, 1. v. intr. intens. (salio). blood, bloody matter. 2. Poet., of like To dance. fluids, venomous slaver, venom, etc. saltus, us, m. (salio, to leap). A leap, sanus, a, um, adj. Of the body, sound, spring, bound. whole, healthy, well. 2. Of the mind, saltus, fs, m. A woodland pasture, a sound, rational, sane. 3. Of speech, wooded chain of mountains, a woodland, sound, correct, chaste. forest. sapor, Oris, m. (sapio). Taste, flavor, salubrisy e, adj. (salus). Healthful, relish, juice, odor. healing. Saranus, v. Serranus. salum, i, n. (-aAos). The open sea, the sarcio, sarsi, sartum, 4. v. tr. To patch, main, the deep; poet., the sea in gen. to mend, to repair. salus, ltis, f. A being safe; a sound con- Sardonius or Sardous, a, um, adj. dition, health; welfare, prosperity; pres- (Sardi). Of the Sardi, Sardinian, Sarervation, safety, deliverance. 2. A wish donic. for one's welfare (spoken or written); sarmentum, i, n. (sarpo). A twig, a hence, a greeting, salutation. fagot, brushwood. saluto avi, atum, 1.v.tr. (id.). To greet, Sarnus, i, m. A river of Campania, salute, wish health to. 2. To visit from running into the Bay of Naples, near compliment, pay one's respects to, ali- Pompeii. quem. Sarpedon oWnis, m. (1aptrrwv). Son of salveo, 2. v. intr. (salvus, safe). To be Jupiter, king of Lycia, and an ally of the well, be in good health; usually only in Trojans, killed by Patrodus. the imperative and infin.:-imper., as Sarranus, v. Serranus. a term of salutation, salve or sal- Sarrastes, um, m. A people of Camvete, health to you, good day, how are pania dwelling near the Sarnus. you, hail, welcome; (rar.) at parting, sat, adv., v. satis. farewell; infln., w. jubeo, jubeo te sal- sita, rum, n. pl. (p. of sero). Seed vere, good day, welcome, etc. sown, young corn, crops. salvus, a, um, adj. Safe. Saticulus, i, m. (Saticula). A SatiBSme, es, f. ( Aian). An island off the culan; also, adj.: of Saticula, a city of western coast of Greece, afterwards Campania. Cephalenia. sitio, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (satis). Tof.ll, Samos, or SAmus, i, iAf. (2aoe). An satisfy, satiate, esp. with food; to fill, SAT 166 Sco saturate, impregnate, fretnin aquis, lanam colore. 2. Trop., to satisfy, content, satiate, appease, libidines, cineres; to overfill, cloy, aliquezn. rsftio, onis, f. (sero). A sawing, a planting, seedtime. sfitis and (contr.) sat7 adv. Enough, sufficiently; sometimes tolerably, moderatelly. 21. Adj. or subs., enough, sufficienl. s~fitus, adv. (comp. of satis). Better, preferable. sfitor7 Oris, mn. (sero). A sawer, planter; transf. (poet.), a begetter, creator~father; trop., an author, promoter, sceleram. saturp lira, firum, adj. (sat). Full, well fed, rich, fertile. Sat Ura,~ ae, f. A swamp in Latium. saturcitusy a, urn, p. of saturo. S~turniusp a, umn, adj. Of Satus-n, Saturnian, an epithet often applied to Jupiter, Neptune, Juno, etc., as the children of Saturn. Hence, subs., Saturniap ae, f., = Juno. Sfiturnus, i, m. Saturn, a Roman deity, identified by thsm with the Greek C'ronos; the planet Saturn. s~tfiro, fvi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (satur, full, sated, fr. satis). To fill, glut, satiate, esp. with food; transf., to fill, saturate, aquis, murice. 21. Trop., to satiate, satisfy, assuage, crudelitatem, dolorem. satusp a, urn, p. of sero. sat~rusp i, Mn. (accrvp09). A satyr, a fabulous being half man and half goat. sauciusy a, urn, adj. Wounded, hurt; transf., in gen., injured, enfeebled. 2. Trop. (poet.), wounded, pierced, smitten by love; hurt, grieved, offended in any way. saxeus, a, urn, adj. (saxum). Of rocks, rocky, ston. saxosus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Full Of stones, rocky, stony; adv.: saxosum, among the rocks. saxum, I, ni. A large, rough stone, a fragment of rock, a rock. scaber, bra, brum, adj. Rough, scaly, scurfy; corroding. scabies, el, f. A scab, 8curf, scales, the itch. Scaea porta, ae, f. (~.cUa~a Vrtac). The Scaean (left) gate of Troy, the principal one mentioned by Homer, facing the sea and the Grecian camp. scaena, v. scene. zcilae, 11rum, f. (scando). A flight Of steps, a staircase; a ladder. scando, ndi, nisum, 3. v. intz. and tr. Intr., to climb, mount, ascend, rise. 2. Tr., to munt, climb, scale, navemn, muros. scat6bra, ae, f. A bubbling stream, a spring. sc~lr~tus, a, urn, Pa. (scelero). Po&luted,profaned by crimie, accursed, terra, hasta. 2. Impious, wicked, infamous, honio, conjuretio. 3. (Poet. and let.) hfurtful, pernicious, baneful, frigus, herba. sc~lro, 1. v. tr. (scelus). To pollute, defile, pius manus. sc~lus, 6ris, n. A wicked or impious deed, a crime, sin, wickedness; abstr., wickedness, villainy. scdual ae, f. (uin'Kv). The scene, stageview, stage of a theatre, consisting of the rear and side walls of the stage appropriately decorated with the scenery of the play. 2. Trop., the public stage. the public, the world; also, outseard show, parade, pretext. sceptrum, i, n. (0nKi~ —pov). A royal staff, a sceptre. 20.. Trop., rule, dominion, sovereignty, sway, authority (mostly p1., and poet.). scilicet, adv. (scire-licet; prop., one may know). It is evident or plain, evidently, certainl y; ironically, n doubt, to be sure, of course, forsooth. 2. Au explanatory particle, nansely, to wit. scilla, ae, f. (mcKLAka). A sea-onion, a squill. scindo, Idi, issum, 8. v. tr. To rend, tear asunder; to split, cleave, divide, sever. scintilla, ae, f. (kindr. w. artvOvip). A spark. 2. Trop., a spark, trace, ingenii. To throw off sparks, to sparkle, toflash, to gleam. Scio~ lvi or ii, Itum, 4. v. fr. To knw in the widest sense. Before an infin. the English idiota requires scire to be translated to kowow Scipildes? ae, mn. (Poet.) One of the Scipio family, a Scipio. scissus~ a, urn, p. of scindo. scitor, gtns, 1. v. dep. tr. (intens. of scio). (Poet.) To seek to knowa, to ask, inquire, causes; w. oracultim, to consult. sc6pirilus, 1, in. (eTK67rCAoq). A high, projecting point of rock whence there is an extensive view, a rock, cliff, crag; a ledge of rock in the sea. 21. Trop., a SCO 167 SED rock, i. e., a difficulty, danger, in scopuilos vitae. Scorpio, Ownis, Scorpios (-ius)p, i,. Scospio, one of the signs of the Zodiac. scr6bisp is, m. and f. A ditch, a trench, a pit. scriipeus, a, urn, adj. (scrupus, a rough stoue). Consis~ting of sharp or pointed Stones, stony, rough, rugged. sciit~itus, a, urn, adj. (s-cutum). Armted with a shield. scidtump I, n. (vK&ro9). A shield, buckler, oblong, made of wood, and covered with leather. SC~j1jCZUMp i, D. (1KcVXaK1EZov). A town on the coast of Bruttiumn, situated on a promontory, the vicinity of which was8 daisgerou to navigatois, - now Squillace. Scylla, ae, f. (Y.Kni\Aa). A celebrated rock, on the Italian coast between Italy and Sicily, prsonified as a sea-monster. 2.The nanse of a ship in the fleet of Aeneas. Scyllaeus, a, urn, adj. Of Scylla, Scyllae'an. sc~phus; i, M. (a-Klsko). A cup, a goblet. Sc-krius, a, urn, adIj. Of Scyros, one Of the Sporadic islands, north-east Of Euboea, Scys-ian. Sc~thiap ae, f. (YiKvlea). A county in Europe and Asia, north of the Black Sea, Scythia: 86.Sul. sa. Au inseparable prep., denoting, separation or division. S8b6this, idis, f. The daughter of Sebethus, the god of a river in Campania.0 sb-cernop crA-vi, cretum, 3. v. tr. T put apart, sever, separate, sunder, se a bonis. 2. Trop., to separate, distinguish, discern, honestum a turpi. s~cessusp fis, mn. (se-cedo). A going away, withdrawing, departure. 2. R~etirement, solitude; a sequestered place, a retreat, recess. secHIuS adv., v. secus. 86-cM io, Si, sum, 3. v. tr. (se-clando). To shut apart, shut up, seclude, carmina antro. 2. To shut out or off, to separlite, exclude, renmoe, cohortem. a ceteris; trop., curas. 85CIumP v. saeculum. Sac~Iisusp a, urn, Pa. of secludo. Separated, secluded, remote. s6cop cut, ctum, 1. v. tr. To cut, cut up, cut off, pabuluam, membra. 2. To divide, separate, populos, causas; of motion, to cut through, sail or fly through, cleave, mare, aethera; w. viam, to make or speed one's way; w. spern, to follow, indulge in. s~cr~tusy a, urn, Pa. (secerno). Separated; hence, 1. Of places, retired, renmote, solitas-y, lonely, secret. Hence, subs., secreturn, i, n., solitude, retirement, and concr., a solitasy place, secret abode, retreat. 2. Remote from knowledge, concealed, secret, hidden, libido. Hence, abs., s~crbtumy i, n., a secret, mystery. sector, Atus, I. v. dep. intens. (sequor). To pursue, to hunt, to chase. sectus, a, urn, p. of seco. Cut; poet., w. elephanto, carved. sbculumy v. saecculurn. SZCUM, abl. se, of sni, with cum. With one's self. s~cundo, 1. v. tr. (secnndus). To arrange, adapt pr-operly, etc. 2. (Poet and lat.) To prosper, favor, second, incepta, visuts. s~cundum, adv. and prep. w. acc. Near by, along. s~cundus, a, urn. adj. (sequor). Following; hence, 1. In time or order, coming after the first, the folkusaing, the second, the next; inferior to the first, secondary, of the second grade. 2. In nautical lang., applied to currents of wind or water,-those following the vessel being favorable; hence, favorable, fair, and In gen. (trop.), favoring, favorable, propitious, prosperous. successful; secundae res, prosperity. s~ciiris, is, f. (seco). An axe. sbclirus, a, um, adj. (se-cura). Free from care or anxiety, uneoncerned, quiet, composed, tranquil; of inanimate things, serene, cheerful, bright, dies, convivium; w. latices, care-dispelling. 2. In a bad sense, cardeles, heedless, regardless. 3. Rar. = tutus, safe, secure, locus. s~cus (comp. s~cins, and also sequinis), adv. (sequor). Prop., following; hence, less than something mentioned, and hence, in gen., otherwise, differently; freq. w. a negative, as haud or non, esp. in a compari son, not otherwi-se, I. e., ju~st 80; (rar.) otherwise than wished, i. e., Wl, badly. 2. Comp., otherwise; w. a neg., no lees, just as, neverthelmes. s6ciitus, a, urn, p. of sequor. sad, COnW. (v. sine; prop., apart from, SED 168 S EN except). But, yet; non modo (solurn, posterity, progeny, qflispring; an occaetc.).... sed, or sed etiam, not only.... sion, cause, beili; of persons, an author, but also. instigator. sadfitus, a, urn, Pa. of sedo. Composed, sbmentis7 is, f. (id.). A sowing; seedquiet, calm. time. s~deo, s~di, sessum, 2. v. intr. (kindr. s~miisus; v. semiesus. w. ~~ogat). To sit, sit down; in partic., sr~mi (= i).An inseparable particle, of magistrates, to sit in court, in cooni- half-, semi-. cil, etc.; to sit still, remain, continue in s~mi-aniMiS, e, or semi-animus, a place; w. the idea of inaction, to be a, urn, adj. (Poet. and tat.) Half-alive, idle, to loiter, linger. 2. Trap., to sink half-dead, expiring. or settle down, subeide, nebula, montes, Sjimi-6sus, a, urn, adj. (semi-edo). irae; to remain fixed, tela in scuto; to Half-eaten, half-consumed. be settled or established, be resolved o4 s~mi-fer, 6in, drum, adj. Haldf-wild, determined, helium, mihi animo. brute, savage; also, subs.: to., half sides, is, f. (id.). A seat. 21. Transf., beast. a seat, residence, abode, palace, temple; s~mi-homo, Inis, m. A half-man. that upon which any thing, rests, a seat, s~ml-nex, 6ets, adj. (nom. sing. does place, spot, base, foundation, bottom. not occur). Half-dead. s~dile, is, n. (id.). (Poet. and lat.) A s~mino, itvi, fitum, 1. v. tr. (semen). TO seat, bench, chair. sow (either grain or a field). 2. Transf., s~ditiop onins, f. (se-d and itio, a going, to beget. 3. Of plants, to produce, brng fr. eo). Prop., a going aside or apart; forth. hence, in partic., a civ-il dimevtsion, sbmi-putiitus, a, urn, adj. (polo). mutiny, sedition, revolt, insurrection. Half-pru ed. 2. (Mostly poet.) Discord, strife, dis- S5m~ta, ae, f. A narrow way, path, sension, quarrel, in gen. foot-path. s~do, R~i, Atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. 7T0 si~ml-ustus, a, urn, adj. (uro). Halfmake quieet, to calm to allay. burned. sb-dfico, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To lead or s~ml-vir, i, m. adj. Half-nan. 21~ draw aside or away, to withdraw, alt- Trap., unmanly, effeminate. qoem. 2. Poet., to divide, separate, semper, adv. Always, continually, ever. terras, anima artus. semustus, v. semiustus. sbdulusv a, urn, adj. Diligent, busy. s~niitus, f1s (outer formi i), m. (senex). sftes, 6tis f. A grainllield. 2. Transf., The council Of the elders, the Senate of th~e standring grain in a field, a crap. Rome. 2. The Senate of other nations. segnis, e, adj. (sequor; orig., following s~nectusa rajrsnx.(a.a or creeping after). Slow, sluggish, ine- an adj.) Very old, aged. 2. Often as a active, slothfvwd subs., senecta, ae, f. (se. aetas). segniterv adv. (id.). Sluggishly, ine- (Mostly poet. and lat.) Old age. actively. s~nectusy fitis, f. (id.). Old age, senilsegnfties, 01 and (more freq.) segni- ity. tia7 ate, f. (id.). Slownes, slugg!Shness, 96nex~ senis, adj. Old., aged. Subs., slothfulness, tardiness, an aged person, an old man. 2. Comp., S61inus, units, f. (YxrAto'oi). A town on senior, older; fr-eq., as an adj., elderly, th soueth-westerncoast of Sicily, whose somewhat advanced in years; as a subs., vicinity abounded in palm-tree - an elderly person, and sometimes (esp. sella ae, f. (sedeo). A seat, a chair, a in the poets), for the positive senex. royal seat. -s~ni ae, a. distr. num. adj. (sex). Six s~melq num. adv. Once, a single time. eac/; transf. for sex, six. 2. Emphatically, but once, once for all; sgnior, rins, v. senex. in gen., orw*, ever (w. ubi, quum, si, sensim, adv. (sentio). Slowly, gradetc.), si semel poenlum accepit. nally. s~meng luis, n. (root se, whence sero). sensus, 'as, m. (id.) Of the body, feelThe seed of plants and animals; transf., lng, sensation, perception, sense. 2. Of a shoot for propagating, a scion, slip the mind, feeling, emotion, sense, humag~raft. 2. Trop., the elements of bodies, nitatis; sentiment, inclination, opinion, e. g., of fire, water, stones, etc. (poet.); way of thinking, civium ergra nos; (poet. SEN 169 SEER and lat.) the understanding, sense. mind, reason. 3. (Poet.. and lat.) The sense, signification of a word, etc.; also, a senten~ce, period. sententia, ae, f. (id.). A way of thinking, opinion, view, sentiment; (more rar.) purpose, intention, determination. 2. In partic., an official opinion, decision sentence. 3. The sense, pniport, signification of a word, writing, etc. 4. Concr., a thought expressed in words, a sentence, proposition; in partic., a philosophical proposition, an apothegm, maxim. sentio, nsi, susm, 4. v. tr. To di'scern by the senses, to perceive, be sensible of, odores, sonitus. 2'-. Of the mind, to per-ceive, understand, observe,' to think, deem, judge, suppose;, in partic.. in the langy.of publicists, to give one's opinion, declare, decide. sentis; is, rn. A thorn, brier', bramble. sentu~sq'a, urn, adj. (id.). 'Thorny, rough (poet. and r-ar.). S6p~l1ioo Mv or ii, pulturn, 4. v. tr. To bury, inter. 21. Trop., to bury, destroy, put an end to, bellurn. sepes, v. saepes. sepio, v. szaepio. septem, -num. adj. (kindr. w. &Trrc). Seven. septem-g~mlnus, a, urn, adj. Seven,fold. septem-plex, leis, adj. (septem-plico). Sern-fold. Septemtrio, v. Septentrio. sept~ni, ae, a, dt-str. nurn. sulj. (septem). Seven eack. 2. Poet. for Septem], seven. Septentrio, WnS, m. Charte~sl Wain, the Gkreat and the Littl Bear. sept~mus, a, urn, ord. num. adj. (septern). The seventh. septum, v. saepturn. septus, v. saeptus, a, urn. s~pulchrum, i, n. (sepelio). A grave,: toMn, 8epulchre. s~pultus, a, urn, p. of sepelio. s~quaxp fAcis, adj. (sequor). Following, pursuing. 2. Of materials, in working, pliant, yielding. s~questra, an, f. (id.). A medilatress. s~quor, s~cntus (also sequiltus), 3. v. dep. tr. To follow,. follow after, go or come after, attend, aliqnern. 2. In partic.. tofollow in time cr order, to succeed; of a possession or inheritance, to fall to, fall to the portion of; to go towards or to a place, Italiam; to follow. the h~and in plucking or pulling, to come away, yield; to follow in a hostile sense, to pursue. 3. Trop., to follo as an example, authority. etc.; to pursue a course, pursue or seek an end, strive for; to nw-sate in ordnr, fastigia, rerurn; in discourse, to follow, succeed, result; to engage in. irnpia arnna. (Pont.) To make clear or serene, to clear up. s~r~nus7 a, urn, adj. C'lear, br-ight.fair, serene, coelurn. 21. Trop., of one's appearance or rnind, serene, tranquil, calm, joyful, cheerful. Sires, urn, rn. (:2ijpee). The Chinese. 06restUS, i, Mn. A folloeter of Aeneas. Sergestus, i, rn. A pilot in the fleet of Aeneas, and, according to Virgil, the ancestor of the Sergian family. Sergius, a. The name of a Roman gene. series7 6i, f. (sero, to join) (rnostly in the sing., and not in the gen. and (lat.). A row, succession, chain, series, rerurn. s~riusq a, urn, adj. Serious, important, grave. sermo, onis, m. (saro, to join). A joint talking, a conversation, talk. discotree. HI. in partic., literary or scientific conversation, discourse, discussion. 21. Thu language of common life, ordinary slpeecb, conversation; concr., of poetry in this style, a satire (esp. of Horace). 3. Common talk, report, rumor. 4. A mode of expression, style, diction. s~ro, rut, rtum, 3. v. tr. (kindr. w. E~pw). To join or bind together, to plait, interweave (thus only in the perf. part.), sertas coronas. 21. Trop., to join, connect, combine, causarn, proelia; w. sermonem, colloquia, etc., to join or engage in conversation, to converse, discuss. s~ro7 sBvi, s~tum, 3. v. intr. To sow, plant, frumentum, arborem; poet., to supply with seed, to sow, agrum. 2. Transf., of men, to beget, bring forth; most freq. in perf. part. satus, begotten, born, and often wvith an abl. of origin, when it may be rendered son of, etc.; trop., to scatter, disseminate; also, to cause. serpens, antis, adj. and subs. (part. of serpo). Adj., creeping, bestia. 2.Subs., c., a serpent, snake. serpillum, v. serpyllum. s~erpo, psi, ptum, 3. v. intr. (k-.ndr. w. ipinw). To creep, crawl. 2. Meton. and SER 170 SID trop., to creep, steal on, spread or extend slowly, ignis somnus. serpyllum, i, n. Wild thyme. serra, ae, f. A saw. Berranus, i, m. Surname of Caius Atilius Regulus, who was plowing when informed of his election to the consulship. sertas orum, n. (part. of sero, to join). Wreaths of flowers, garlands. serumy i, n. Whey. serum, adv. (serus). Late. serus; a, urn, adj. Late; too late. serva ae, f. (servus, a male slave, sibilated fr. epu-t). A female slave. servansy antis, Pa. (servo). Keeping, observant, aequi (poet.). servatus, a, um, p. of servo. servio Ivi or ii, Itum, 4. v. intr. (servus, a slave; v. serva). To be a slave or servant, to serve, be in a state of servitude. 2. Trop., to comply with, adapt one's self to, tempori; to care for, render service to, reipublicae; to be devoted to, in gen., voluptatibus, pecuniae. servitium, ii, n. (id.). Slavery, servitude. 2. Concr., in the pl., or collect. in the sing., slaves. servo) avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To give heed to, watch, observe, sidera. 2. To watch that a thing may not be injured or disturbed, to preserve, keep, save, protect, guard, pacem, jusjurandum; to keep, i. e., keep to, remain in a place, dwell in, inhabit; to keep or lay up, reserve for the future. ses-centi (sex-)y ae, a, num. adj. Six hundred. seta, v. saeta. setiger, v. saetiger. setosus. v. saetosus. seu, v. sive. severus, a, um, adj. Serious, grave, stern, severe, strict in aspect, conduct, etc., of persons and things; of things, harsh, rough, dreadful, frightful, necessitas, amnis. S6evrus, i, m. A mountain in the country of the Sabines. sexy num. adj. indecl. Six. sex-centip v. sescenti. si, conj. (kindr. w. et). If. 2. In dependent clauses expressing interrogation or doubt, nearly - num, whether. sibilo, -, -, 1. v. intr. (sibilus). To hiss. sibilus, i, m. A hissing, a whispering, a murmur. sibilus, a, unm, adj. (Poet.) Hissing, whistling. Sibylla, ae, f. (Iitvaaa). A prophetess, a sibyl. There were ten sibyls, of whom the one at Cumae was the most celebrated. sic~ adv. (kindr. w. hic). In this manner, so, thus. Sicani, Orum, m. pl. (sKcavoi). The ancient inhabitants of Sicily, who migrated from western Italy; poet. for the Sicilians. SicAnia, ae, f. (.,cavia). (Poet.) The island of Sicily. S1icnus, and Sicanius, a, um, adj. Of the Sicani, Sicanian; poet. for Sicilian. sicco, Avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (seiccus). To make dry, dry, dry up, herbas, lacrimas. 2. (Poet.) To drain, paludem, ubera; w. vulnus, to heal. siccus, a, um, adj. Dry, ager, dies. 2. Trop., dry, thirsty, abstemious, scber; of style, simple, pithy, also, dry, insipid. Sic/lis, idis, f. A Sicilian woman. Sichaeus v. Sychaeus. sicubi7 adv. (si-ubi). If any where, wherever. Siciulus, a, um, adj. Of the Siculi, an ancient Italian people who crossed over into Sicily, conquered the Sicani and gave the name to the island; hence, of Siily, Sicilian. sicut, adv. So as, just as, as. Sicyoniush a, um, adj. Of Sicyon, a town in the Peloponnesus which was famous for its olives; Sicyonian. Sidereus, a, um, adj. (sidus). (Poet.) Of the constellation or stars, starry. 2. Transf., bright, shining, clipeus. Sidicinus, a, um, adj. Of the Sidicini, a people of Campania; Sidicinian. sido, sidi or sedl, 3. v. intr. (sibilated fr. ioW). (Poet. and lat. and usually of things.) To sit down, to settle, alight, canes, aves; of things, to sink down, settle, campi, arx. Sidon7 Onis, f. (:8,&v). The oldest and most powerful city of Phoenicia, the mother-city of Tyre. Sidonius a, um, adj. (li8txos). Of Sidon, Sidontan; poet. for Tyrian, or Phoenician. sidus, dris, n. (sibilated fr. deso). A group of stars, a constellation; sometimes, a star. 2. Transf., a season of the year; also, weather. SIG 171 SIN Sjjgus, a, urn, adj. Of Sigeumn, a promontory of Troas, Sigean. si gnifico Avii, Atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (signilm-facio). To make a sign, to beckon. SIgnog avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (signum). To d~esignate by a mark or sign, to mark, mark out, locum. 2. To mark with a seal, seal up, testamentum; of money, to mark wvith a stamp, to 8tamp, coin. 3. Trop. (poet.), to distinguish, decorate, aliquem honore;to point out, indicate, express, aliquid verbis; to mark, observe, with the eyes, mind, etc., ora discordia sono. signum, i, an. A mark, *ign, token. 2. In partic., a sign of any thing future, an omen, syjmptom; a sign, signal, pineIii; a watchwor~d; anmilitasy jstandard, ensign; an image; as a work of art, a,figure, statue, etc.; an image on asealrfing, aseat,8signet; a sigyn in the heavens, a constellation. Sila, ae, f. A large forest in Bruttium?. Sillrus, i, m. (:~X.ap~s). A river Jlowing between Camnpania and Lucania. sllensq entis, Pa. (sileo). Still, quiet, silent, caln. stlentium, ii, n. (id.). Silence, stillness. 2. Transf., repose, inaction, tranquillity. Si1bnu-3~ i, m. (1t-v-) An old Satyr. sileo, m,1 2. v. intr. and tr. To be still or silent, to keep silence.; tr., to be silent about, say nothing of, rem. 2. Tranaf., to remain inactive, leges inter arma. slier, 6ris, a.. A brcok willow. silesco, -, -, 3. v. inch intr. (sileo). To become silent, to be hushed. silex, lets, cam. Any hard stone; in partic., a pebble-stone, flimtt, flint-stone;poet., a rock-, crag. slllqua, ae, f. A pod, a husk. silva, ae, f. (sibilated and digammated from iAi7). A forest, wood; tranaf., a plantation of trees, a grove, garden. 2. Trop., a crowded mass, quantity, abundan~ce, virtutum. Silviinus, i, M. (id.). The god of the woods and fields. silvestris, e, adj. (id.). Woody, wild, sylvan, pastoral. Silviag ae, f. The daughter of Tyrrheus. silvicola, ae, a. (silva-colo). A dweller in the woods. Sjilvius, ii, m. The name Of several king8 of Alba; in paftic., the first of the line, Aeneas Silvius, son of Aeneas and Lavinia. similis, e, adj. Like, resentbling, similar. Silmois, antis, m. (1.q6E~E5). A river of Troas; also, a small river of Epirus, so named by Hetenus and Andromnache; hence, falsi Simoentis. sjmplex, leis, adj. (semnet-plico). Simple, plain, unmixed; in a moral sense, simple, plain, frank, artless. simu1, adv. Together, at the same time; simul.... simul, as well.... as, both.... and; shinul atque (or ac), and sometimes simul alone, as soon as. simiilficrum, i, n. (simulo). A likeness, image, effigy; in partic., a statue. 2. Ti-op., a semblance, appearance, pegnae; a shade, phantom, apparition, asp. of the dead. simu1jitUS, a, urn, p. of simi1e, Avi, atum, 1. v. tin. (similis). (Mostly poet.) To make like, to imitate, coy, represent. 2. To relpresent what is untrue or does not exist, to assume the appearance of, to feign, prelend, counlerfeit, simulate, fugam, miortem. SimuJus, i, m. A man's name. simus, a, urn, adj. Flat-nosed. sin7 couj. (si-ne). But if, if however. sincerus, a, urn, adj. Clean, pure. sine, prep. wv. abl. (old form se or sad). Without. singiili, ae, a, distin. adj. (kindr. w.. sem~el). One to each,on each, separate, single, individual. singulto, -, atuim, I. v. intr. To sob,. to gulp, to hiccough. singultus, fla, m. Sobbing, gasping. sini~sterv tra, trum, adj. Left, o the left hand or side. Hence, subs., sinistra, ae, f. (sc. menus), the left hand, and, transf., the left side. 21. Trap. (poet. and lat.), unlucky, unfavorable, adverse, pugna, sermo; awkward, perverse, improper, mores. Ii. Of omens, etc.. (with the Romaus, who faced the south in taking the auspices, and hence had the east or favorable side on the left), favorable, lucky, auspicious; rain., in the Greek sense (the Greeks fnced the north,, and. had the west on their left), unfavorable, unlucky. sine, sivi, sltum, 3. v. tr. Prop.. to let or put down, to let happen, allow, suffer, permit. Sinon, ornis, m. (Y~) The crafy Greek who induced the Trojans to receive into th~e city~the fatal wooden horse. SIN 17"T2 SOL sinum, i, n. A large cup, a drinking vessel. sinuo, flvi, Itum, 1. v. tr. (sinus). To bend, curve, wind, twist. siinu6susy a, urn, adj. (id). Winding, sinuous, coiled. sinus7 fIs, rn. A curved surface, a bend, curve, fold, in gen.; in partic., a gulf, bay; poet., a wvinding stream; the shore of a gulf. 2. In pantic., the hanging fold of the upper part of a toga, the bosom of the toga; a sail filled with wind, a sail. 3. The part of the body covered by the fold of the toga, the bosom; sometimes, also, the lap; hence, 4. Trop., the interior, inmost part, heart of a thing, urbis, padis; love, protection, esse in sinu alienijus; a hidingplace. sijqu~j adv. (abi. of siquis). If in any way. siquando7 indef. adv. and conj. If at any time. siquis or siqui, Si qna, si qnod or si quid, indef. pron. If any, if any one; si quid, if in any respect, if at all. Sfirbnesl urn, f. p1. (Yecpivev). The Mirens; two, or, according to a later fable, three maidens, inhabiting some rocky Islands off the con t of CJampania. By means of their sweet voices they enticed ashore those who were sailing by, and then destroyed them. Siriuim (vn,,p~oe). The Dog-star. siser, 6ris, n. Skirret, a plant with an esculent root. sisto stiti, SWUtM, 3. v. tr. and intr. (slbilated fr. ia-nlxL~). To cause to stand, to stand, set, place, put, bring any thing any where; in partic., to present a person, or cause him to appear in court; also, w. se, or mid. soi sti, to present one's self, to appear before court, and to appear, in gen., in a place. 2. To cause to stand still, to stop, stay, arrest," leglones, fagam; to make firm, to prop, support, Rlomanam rem. Il. Intr. (poet. and la.), to place one's self, to stand; to stand still, remain standing; to stop, stay, remain, uhi sistere detur. 2. To appear before court at an appointed time. 3. Trop., to last, endure, hold out, respublica sistere non potest. sistrum, I, n. (creZao-rpov). The sistrum, a metallic rattle, used by the priests of Isis Bithonius, a, urn, adj. of the sithonil, a people of Thrace, SIthonian. sitiens, entis, Pa. of sitlo. Thirsty, parched, eager. Sitiol lvi or ii, -, 4. v. tr. and intr. (sitis). To thirst, to be parched. sitisY is, f.- Thirst. 2. Transf., dryness, aridity, drought. 3. Trop., strong or ardent de-sire, thirst, argenti. situs a, urn, p. of sino. stus, (is, mn. (sino; prop., a being placedl, a lying; hence, by meton.). The man'ner of lying, the situation, position, site of a thing, urhis. 2. A lying long in a place; hence (rar.), want of care, attention or cultivation, neglect; as the result of lying long in a place, mould, rest,,filth; trop., of the mind, a rusting, dullness, inactivity; of the body, filthi5es. ivlor seuv conj. (si-ye). Or if (= vel si), or; sive (seu).... sive (seu), whether.... Or. sobolos, v. suboles. s6cer, bri, m. (sibilated fr. ~Kvp6s). A father-in-law; poet., in the pl., parentsin-law. sociritus; a, urn, p. of s6cio, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (socius). To join together, unite, asso late. s6ciusl ii, in., and socia, tie, f. (perh. kindr. w. sequor). A companion, associ ate, fellow, sharer, partner, corade; in partic., pol iti cal ly, an ally, confederate. 2. As an adjective, associated, cofederate, friendly. sodfilis, is, c. A comrade, a friend, a companion. S;D1, so~ls, in. The sun. 2. Transf., sunlight, sunshine, heat of the sunn; poet. for day. saliciUM, v. solatium. s51imen, Inis, n. (solor). (Poet.) A comfort, solace. Sal1itiUM, ii, n. (id.). A comfort, solace, consolation. solitus? a, urn, p. of solon. salemwls, (also written so11eMnis, solennis and sollennis) e, adj. (ohs. sollus, kindr. w. 6ikes, anJ =totus, and anuns). Occurring every year, dnnual, yearly (esp. of religious festivals); hence, In gen., stated, appointed, established, sacra. 2. Relig. Idea predom., solemn, festive, religions; in the neut., subs~., solemne, is, and more freq. pl., solemuiai, a religious or solemn rite, ceremony, solemnity, festival, sacrifice, offering, annual sacrifice, offering, or rite. 3. Idea of re-tular occurrence predom., SOL 173 SOP customary, wonted, usual; in neut. vere, to weigh anchor, set sail. 2. Trop., subs., a custom, usage. to pay, pectiniam; to fulfil, votum; to s6leo, solitus sum, 2. v. intr. To be disperse, banish, dispel, metum; to rewont, to be accustoned, aliquid lacere. lease, free, mentes, se luctu; to relax, sa ers, v. sollers. weaken, membra frigore. sdlicito, v. sollicito. somnifer, 6ra, grum, adj. (somnussoiiCitUS, v. sollicitus. fero). AR-leep-bringing, soporific, soothWMldo Avi, iltum, 1. v. tr. (solidus). To ing. make firm or solid, to harden. somnium~ ii, a. (sornuns). A dream. s6lidus7 a, urn, adj. (perh. kindr. w. somnus, i, rn. (prop. sopnus, kindr. w. solum). Dense, solid, compact, not hol- sopio, sopor). Sleep, slumber; poet. for low, firm, terra, crateres.. Whole, night, and also for death. Personified, entire, tauros, dies. 3. Trop., sound, Somnus, the god of Sleep, son of Erebns solid, firm, real, lasti g, fides, vires. aud Nox. a-611tus, a, urn, p. and Pa. (soleo). Cus- s6nans, antis, Pa. (sono). Sounding, tomary, opus. noisy. s6lium, i u seat, usually of some s6nl-pes7 6dis, adj. (sonus). (Poet.) distinguished personage, a throne; Noisy-footed. More freq., subs., -noisyhence (poet.), dominion, rule. foot, 1. a., a prancing steed, pransollemlliS, V. soleinnis. cer,. sollers, ertis, adj. (sollus-ars). Skill- s6nfltus,7 fis, mn. (sono). A sound, noise; ful, ingenious. Olympi, I. e., thunders. sollicito, Avi, Atum., 1. v. tr. (sollicitus). s6no, ul, Iturn, I. v. intr. and tr. (sonus). (Poet.) To moe violently, to shake, agi- Intr., to make a noise, to sound, resound, tate, tellurem, freta remis. 2,. Trop., ring, fluctus. 2. Tr., to sound, speak, to excite, disturb, disquist, aliquem;in utter, aliquid; poet., to sing of, celebrate partic., to incite, i stigate one to do a in song, bella. thing (esp. something bad; rar., in a sonor, oris, in. (id.). A sound, a noise, good sense). a roar, a din. sollicitus, a, imn, adj. (ohs. sollus s r6n6rus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Noisy, soundtotus, and cieo). Prop., wholly, i. e., ing, resounding, sonorous. violently moved, agitated, disturbed, sons7 sontis, adj. Prop., hnrtful; transf. mare, rates (thns lit. rar. and only poet.). (corn. signif.), guilty; as subs., a guilty 2. Trop., uneasy, restless, anxious, solic- person, a criminal. itous, troubled. s6nus, i, in. A sound, noise; in partic., s~lor Ains, 1. v. dep. tr. (Poet. and lat. a note, tone. for tNe more classical cousolor.) To sol- Sophoclaus, a, urn, adj. Of Sophocles, ace, cnole, aliquemn. 2. To alleviate, Sophoclean, tragic. mitigate, allay, farnern, metum. s pio, lvi or ii, Iturn, 4. v. tr. (root sop, soistitium, i, u. (sol-sto). The summer whence sopor, somnus). To deprive of soletice, summer.. feeling or consciousness; esp. by sleep, s6lum i, n. The bottom, base, founda- to lull to sleep. 2. Of inanimate things, tion olany thing; in partic., the floor of to bring to rest, to calm?, still, quiet, e'ena room; the sole of the foot, or of a turn, mare; sopitos ignes, dormant. shoe; the foundation of a building, etc. sapitus, a, urn, p. of id. 2. The ground, earth, soll, land; transf., s6por, oris, rn. (id.). A sleeping potion in gen., a country, region; poet., for the 2. A deep sleep induced by a narcotic; surface of the sea. 3. Trop. (rar.), a poet. for sleep in gen.; also, stupepacbasis, foundation, regni. tion, insensibility. Personified, Sopor - salus, a, urn, adj. Alon, single, sole, Somnus. only; w. bubo, solitary; of places, lon- sop~ritus, a, urn, p. of soporo. ly, solitary, mons; also (poet.), w. nox. s6p6rifer, 6ra, 6rumn, adj. (sopor-fero). Adv., solurn, alone, only, merely. &~eep-Mrnging, saporiflc. solfi-tus a, urn, p. of S6p r, no perf., Atum, 1. v. tr. (sopor). solvo,?yi, lalturn, 3. v. tr. To loosen, opu to sleep; trop. (rar.), to still, quist, unbind, crines; to separate, break up, allay, dolorern. 2. Poet., to make sopodis88olve, relax, aliquid; in pantic., w. rific, rarnus vi Stygia soporatus. navern, ancorarn, funes, or slimple sol- sp6prus,9 a, urn, adj. (id.). (Poet.) Sleep. SOR 174 SPE bringing, causing sleep. 2. Pass. (lat.), heavy with sleep, drowsy, vino. Soracte, is, n. A high mountain in Etruzia. sorbeo ui, -, 2. v. tr. (kindr. w. poe'o). To suck in, swallow, drink down, aquam. 2. (Poet. and lat.) To suck in, swallow,up, absorb, vastos fluctus. sorbum, i, n. The fruit of the sorbus or service tree. sordeo7 -,-, 2. v. intr. To be dirty, to be foul, to be mean, to be despised. sordidus a, urn, adj. (sordes, filth). Foui, filthy, dirty, squalid, vestis. 2. Trop., poor, miserable, paltry, homo, tecta; base, mean, loz, despicable, disgraceful, nomen, verba; mean, avaricious, sordid, niggardly, homo. s6ror, Oris, f. A sister; transf. (poet. and lat.), afemale friend, companion. sors7 sortis, f. (sero, to join). A lot, used for determining chances. 2. Transf., a casting or drawing of lots, a decision by lot, lot. 3. An oracular response, oracle, prophecy, prediction. 4. Like the Eng. lot, for fate, destiny, fortune, condition, share, participation. 5. Capital bearing interest, principal. sortior, Itus, 4. v. dep. intr. and tr. (id.). Intr., to cast or draw lots. II. Tr., to draw or cast lots for, to distribute, assign or appoint by lot, provinciam, judices, remos. 2. To obtain or receive by lot, provinciam. 3. In gen. (mostly poet. and lat.), to divide, share, laborem; to receive, obtain a thing; to choose, select; to allot, determine, fata. sortitus, a, um, p. of id. sortitus, fis, m. (id.). (Poet. for sortitio.) A casting or drawing of lots, an allotment. sospes, itis, adj. Safe, alive. spadix, Icis, c. A date-palm branch broken offtogether with its fruit; as adj.: date-colored, bay. spargoy rsi, rsum, 3. v. tr. (Greek root rnrap, whence crierpw). To scatter, strew, flores; to sprinkle, spatter, besprinkle, strew, humum foliis, penetralia cruore. 2. Transf., to scatter, separate, disperse, spread out, extend, classem, exercitum, etc. 3. Trop., of a report, etc., to spread abroad, circulate, disseminate, voces, crimina. sparsus, a, urn, p. of id. Sparta, ae, f. (:rdpTnr). The celebrated capital of Laconia. Spartanus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Spartan. sparus, i, m. A rustic weapon, a hunting-spear. spatior, atus, 1. v. dep. intr. (epatium). To take a walk, walk about, promenade for recreation, etc. 2. In gen., to walk or move along, go, proceed, esp. in a slow and dignified way, Dido ad aras. 3. Of things, to spread out, expand. spati5sus, a, um, adj. Spacious, large, broad, long. spitium, ii, n. (kindr. w. pateo). Space, room, extent. 2. In partic., a space, distance, interval; a space for walking, running, etc., a walk, race-ground, course. II. Transf., of time, a space, interval, period; time, leisure, opportunity in which to do any thing. 2. A path, course, aetatis. 3. Of metre, measure, quantity. speciesy ei, f. (specio). Act. (rar.), a seeing, sight, view, prima specie. II. Pass., that which is seen, a sight, spectacle, Coroebus non tulit; that which is seen in sleep, a vision, apparition; that which is seen by the mind, an idea, notion, conception. 2. Outward appearance (gen. of a person or thing, rar. of an action), appearance, look, forwm, exterior, figure, etc.; in partic., beautiful form, beauty, splendor; outward form as opp. to reality, show, seeming, semblance, appearance, pretence, etc.; concr. (poet.), an image, likeness, statue, Jovis. 3. Species (subdivision of genus). specimen, inis, n. (id.). A token, a proof. spectacilum, i, n. (specto). A sight, spectacle; in partic., a public showz, spectacle. 2. Transf., a theatre, and pl., the seats of a theatre. spectator, Oris, m. (id.). A spectator, a beholder. spectatus, a, um, p. of specto avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (intens. of specio, to look at). To look at, gaze at, observe, behold, aliquid. 2. Trop., of the mind, to regard, consider, have respect to, have in view; to judge of, estimate, aliquem; to aspire to, strive after, aim at, aliquid, or ad aliquid. II. Intr., of places, to look, face, be situated or lie towards, ad orientem solem. 2. To aim at, tend or refer to, ad concordiam; to incline or point to, ad vim. sp6cfila, ae, f. (specio, to look at). A lofty place of observation, a look-out, SPE 1745 SPO watch-tower; poet., in gen., a height, eminence. speculator, oris, in. (speculor). A scout or spy. speculfttus, a, urn, p. of sp~ciior, Atus, 1. v. dep. intr. and tr. (id.). Intr., to look about, search or spy around, speculandi causL. 2'. Tr., to search for, spy out, watch fior, watch to discover;- (avem) coelo speculatus, having caught sight of. sp~cus, fis, mn., f. and n. A cave; a gash or deep wound. sp~laeum, i, n. (0174A~oe). A cave, a den. sp~luncay na, f. (cnriAvy~). A cave, cavern. Sperch~os (-.Zus, -ius), 1, in. (2tr-p-,xeto). A river, of Thessaly. sperno, sprevi, sprC~tum., 3. v. tr. To remove, separate (very rar.), se ab allquo. 2". Transf., to despise, spurn, slight, disdain, rqject, aliquid. spiro, Avi, fltum, 1. v. tr. (spas). To hope for something good; hence, in gen., to hope, expect, look for any thing. 2?. More rar., to expect, apprehend what is undesirable. spes, ei, f. Hope, expectatton. 20. (Rar.) Apprehensiou of an evil. spiceus, a, urn, adj. (spica). Of the wheat ear, bearded. spiciilum, i, n. (dim, of spicum, obs. collat. form of spica, prop. a point, but in partic., an ear, s~pike of grain). A point; in partic., the point of a missile weapon; also, the sting of a bee, etc. 2. Meton., a dart, arrow. spmna, ae, f. (perh. for spiena, fr. spica; v. id.). A thorn. 2. Transf., a spine of a hedge-hog and like animals; a.flshbone; the back-bone, spine of animals, and hence (poet.), the back. 3. Trop., in p1., dIfficultie, perplexities. spinbtumy 1, n. (spina). A thorn hedge, a thicket of thorns. spinus, i, m. The sloe tree, the wild thorn tree. Spio, its, f. (Erirw). A sea-nymph, one of the Nereids. spira, ae, f. (onv~pa)- (Poet. and lat.) Any thing coiled or twisted, a fold. coil, spire, anguis. spifribIliS a. adj. (spiro). Breathable, res-pirable; poet., serviceable for life, vital, coeli lumen. spiraculum, i, n. (id.). A breathingplace, the mouth. spiramentum,,n (id.). An air duct, a hole, a pore. spiritus, 11s, in. ((id.). A breath of air, a gentle breeze, curs-ent. 2'. In partic., breathed air, a breath. 3. Breathing, reepiration;, hence, the breath of life, life; poet., a sigh. IL. Trop., spirit, hizgh spirit, courage; esp., a haughty spirit, haughtiness, pride, arrogance. 2. (Poet. and lat.) Spirit, soul, mind. understanding, in gen. spiro, AAv, atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. Intr,,. to breathe, blow, ventus; in partic., to breathe, respire; hence, to live;- w. freta, to roar, rage; trop., to invathe, live, ienus ejus in scriptis; spirantia aera. 2. Tr., to breathe out or forth, to exhale, flammami, odorem; also, trop., mendacium; trop., to be full of, be occupied wit/h, aliquid. spiSSUS, a, urn, ndj. Thick, compact, dense, close, crowded, rami, ncr. 21. Trop., hard, difficult (very mar.), opus; of time, slow, tardy, exitus. splendeog ul, -, 2. v. intr. To shine, to glisten. splendesco, dui, - 3.v. inch. intr. (id.). To become bright or shining. splendidus, a, um, adj. (splendeo, to shine). Shining, bright, brilliant. sol, fons, toga. 2. Trop., distinguished, illustrious, vir, facta; splendid, brilliant, ingenia, oratio,; magni~ficent, smptuous, cultus, domus; opp. to reality, showy, specious, verba. spoliitus, a, urn, p. of sp6ilo, Avi, Atum, I. v. tr. (spolium). To strip, deprive of covering, corpus. 21. To plunder, s-ob, pillage a person or place; to dep~rive, despoil, or rob a person or thing of something, templa, aliquem (or aliquid) aliqua re. sp6lium, Ii, n. (kindr. w. (rKiXOV). The skin or hide of an animal stripped off (poet. and rar.). 2?. The armor stripped from a slain enemy; hence, in gen., booty, spoi, plunder; wv. opima, v. opiinns. sponda, ac, f. The frame of a bedstead, couch, etc. 2. Transf., a bed, couch, sofa. spondeo, sp6pondi, sponsum, 2. v. tr. (ar~riviw, to pour out; libare). To promise solemnly, engage or pledge one's self, vow'; in partic., to prom ise in marriage, betroth, alicui filiam. sponsus, a, um, Pa. (id.). Promised, engaged, betrothed. Subs., sDon1sus. SPO 176 STT 1, in., or sponsa, ae, L., a betrothed husband or wife. s~ponte, (abi. sing. of a nonn spons, which occurs only in the abi. and in the gen., spontis,-kindr. w. spondeo). Of one's free will, according to one's inclination, of one's own accord, Vpontaneouly. 2. By oe's self, alone, without the aid of others, his quum. sua sponte persuadere non possent, etc. 3. Of things, of itself, in or by itself. Sponte is usually accompanied by ienc, tunl, or sufl, but the pron. is sometimes omitted in the poets and later writers. sprratusy a, urn, p. of sperno. spiuma, ae, f. (spuo, to spit). Foam, froth of the mouth, of the sea, etc. spiumeus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Foaming, frothy, foam-covered. spilmo, fvi, fltum, 1. v. intr. and tr. (id.). To foam, froth, poculum, aper. 2. Tr., to cause to.foam, cover with foam, saxa. spiimosusp a, urn, adj. (id.). Full of foam,foaming. spue, ui, utum, 3. v. tr. and intr. To spit, to sPit upon, to spit out. sq l1ui, 2. v. intr. (kindr. wV. TK6AAW). Tobe stfflor rough with any thing, conchas, squalentes. 2.To be rough from neglect, etc., to be filthy, neglected, squalid, barba. squilor, oris, in. (id.). Stiffness, roughness. 2. Filth,foulness, squalor. squama, ae, f. (kindr. w. id.). A scale of a fish, etc. squameus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Scaly. squ~-5SUS, a, um, adj. (id.). Furnished with scales, scaly. stfibilis e, adj. (sto). On which one stands Jrmly, firm, locus ad insistendum. 21. That stands firmly, firm, stable, domus. 3. Trop., firm, endurilug, steadfast, reliable, etc., animus, co-nnubimn. stlbailory Atus, dep., and st~biilo, 1. v. intr. (stabulum). To have an abode, to stable., house, dwell any where (mostly of animals). stfibiilum, I, n. (sto). A standing-place, gen. for animals; hence, a stable, stall, and in gen., an abode, habitation; in partic., a low inn, tavern. stagno, AAl, Atuin, 1. v. intr. and tr. (stagnum). Intr., to form a pool, to stagnate, be stagnant, Nilus; transf., of places under water, to be overflowed, ager. 20. Tr., to cover with water, over-.110w, inundate, locum. stagnump i, n. Standing or still water, a pool, pond, lake; poet, for wales', in gen. stjiio, onis, f. (sto). A standing still (poet. and rar.). 2.Transf., a stoppingplace, a station, abode, residence; in partic., in milit. lang., a post, statio; also, a guard, sentry,'; in nnntical lang., a roadstead, station, anchorage. St~tuo, ui, iltum, 3. v. tr. (id.). To place, put, set, station, in gen.; in pantic., to set up, raise, erect, build, aras, urbemi. 2. Trop., to set, establish, fix, diem; to settle, osrdain; to deckdeupon, dete2 tine, conclude, aliquid; to holdfos- certain, to think, believe, aliquid. stajtUS, us, m. (id.). A standing, a, state or condition.. stella, ae, f. A star (cf. sidus). stellans, ntis, adj. (id.). Starry. ste~llitus, a, urn, adj. (id). (Poet.) Set with stars, stanry; hence, glittering, brilliant, ensis, laspide. Stelijo, onis, in. (id.). A newt, a lizard. stbrilis, e, adj. (dim. fr. O-Tebp6S). Unfrnitful, barren, sterile (of plants and animals, and of the soil); in gen., bare, empty, civitas, vadum; trop., unproductlve,fruitless, vain, labor. sternax, Adis, adj. (sterno). Throwing a rider, stumbling, plunging. sternop strflvi, strltunm, 3. v. tr. (kindr. w. cn-,op~vv~iL). To spread out, to strew on the ground, vestes, arenam; to stretch out, extend, se, corpora; hence, to stretch' on the ground, throw down, overthrow, prostrate, arborem, Trojam; w. agros (of an inundation), to lay waste; to make even or smsooth, to smooth, to level, aequor. 2. Transf., to cover with any thing, nemu s foulfs; w. equum, to cover, saddle; w. lectuin, to spread, prepare, etc. 3. Trop., to overthrow, ruin, iran s. nliquem; to calm, odium. Bt~r6pes, is, Mn. (X7iEp67r-q). A cyclops in theforge of Vulcan. S~th~n61us, I, in. (Y6iv6\ot;). A charioteer of Diomede, shut up in the wooden horse. Sthenius, i, mn. A ilutulian. Stimicon (-chon), Onis, m. A sluepherd. stimai1o, Sri, fltin, I. v. tr. (stimulus). To prick with a goad, to prick or ur ge on (lit, thus very rar.), equos. IL. Trop., to goad, vex, disturb, torment, aliquem. To incite, spur on, stimulate, aliquem. stimulus, I, in. (klndr. wv. o-ri~w). A pointed, pricking instrument; esp., a STI 177 STR goad with an iron point, for driving cattle, slaves, etc.; in milit. lang., a pointed stake concealed in the ground. 2. Trop., that which vexes, torments, etc., a goad, sting, towment, doloris; that which incites on, a spur, stimulus, incentive, gloriae. stipatus, a, urnm, p. of stipo. stipes Ithis, m. (kindr. w. aoTVro3). The trunk or stock of a tree set in the grcand and used as a post, a stock, post, stake. 2. Poet., the trunk of a tree. stipo, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (r-Tei/3o). To press or crowd together; stow away, apes mella. 2. To cram or fill full of any thing. 3. To press around, surround, throng, encompass, attend, accompazy, senatum armis, stipatus lictoribus. stipula, ae, f. A stalk, a straw; a shepherd's pipe. stiria% ae, f. An icicle. stirps (also, rar., stirpis and stirpes), pis, f. (rar. m.). The lower part of a tree or plant, including the roots, the stock, stem, stalk; the root. 2. Transf., a plant, shrub; a shoot, branch. II. Trop., of men, stock, race, lineage; also, offspring, progeny. 2. Origin, source, cause, beginning, malorum. stiva, ae, f. A plow tail or plow handle. sto, steti, stitum, 1. v. intr. (kindr. w. la-rl^). To stand, ad januam, ara or insula stat. 2. In partic., to stand up, comae, cristae; to continue standing, continue, last, remain, murus, glacies; of buildings, etc., to stand finished, be erected, Thebac, arae, arces Pergameae, equus (the wooden image); of ships, to lie at anchor, be moored; w. abl., to stand thick with, be filled with, pulvere coelum, lumina (Charontis) flamma; in milit. lang., to stand in the ranks or under arms, to.fight, sub armis, in acie; also, to stand firm in battle, to maintain the contest, etc. II. Trop., to stand or remain firm, remain fixed. sententia stat; also, impers., stat omnes renovare casus, I am determined, etc.; to endure, last, continue, remain, Ilia res, respublica, dum stabat regno; to rest, abide in, judiciis, conditionibus; cura patris in filio, centers in; to stand or be on the side of, dii cum Hannibale, si pro mea patria ista virtus staret; impers., w. per aliquem, to be chargeable to one, etc., per me stat; of price, to stand one in, to cost, ea victoria Poenis multo sanguine stetit. st6machus, i, m. (Toi6axos). The stomach. strages7 is, f. (sterno). A throwing down, overthrow, nemorum. 2. In partic., an overthrow, dejeat, slaughter, carnage; in concr., a heap of things or men overthrown. stramen, inis, n. (id.). A bed, of straw or leaves. stratum, i, n. (p. of sterno). That which is spread over, a cover for a bed or sofa, a coverlet, quilt, blanket. 2. Meton., a bed, couch. 3. A horse-cloth, housing; also, a saddle. 4. Poet., a pavement. stratus, a, urn, p. of sterno. strepito, -, -, 1. v. intens. intr. (strepo). To make a noise, to rattle, to rustle. stripituss ils, m. (id.). A noise, din, uproar, bustle; a clashing, rattling, rustling, rumbling, etc. str6po0 pul, pItum, 3. v. intr. and tr. To make a wild, confused noise, to rattle, rustle, roar, hum, murmur, etc., cornua, litui, apes. 2. Tr. (rar.), to bawl out, vociferate, aliquid. strictura, ae, f. (stringo). A mass or bar of wrought iron. strictus7 a, um, p. of stringo. strideo, 2., and strido, di, 3. v. intr. (kindr. w. Tpi.o). To make a shrill, harsh, whistling or grating sound, to creak, whiz, hiss, whistle, rustle, rattle, roar, etc. stridor7 Oris, m. (id.). Any harsh, whistling or grating sound, a creaking, grating, whistling, roaring, etc. stridulus, a, um, adj. (id). Creaking, hissing, whistling. stringo% inxi, ictum, 3. v. tr. (kindr. w. oaTpayyo). To draw tight, to draw or bind together, vitta comas. 2. To draw close to, to touch, graze, alis undas. 3. To pull off, cut off, prune, trim, froudes. 4. Of weapons, to draw, gladium. IL Trop., of speech, to compress, abridge; to touch, move, affect, esp. painfully, to wound, aniiaum. Str6phades, um, f. pl. (ETpo0dSe;). Two small islands in the Ionian Sea. west of Peloponnesus, the fabled residence of the Harpies-now Strofadia, or Strivoli. structus, a, um, p. of struo, xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To put together, to heap up, pile up, arbores in pyram; (poet.) altaria donis; hence, 2. To erect, build, construct, moenia. 3. To arrange, set in order, prepare, convivia, penum, STR 178s suD aclem. 4. Trop., to prepare, devise, contrive (usually something bad), finsidias, mortem. Btrjm6np onis, m. (Xi-pv1scLV). A river oqf Thrace, near the boundary of Maceedonia, famous for its crane. Strkm6niusp a, urn, adj. Of the Stryman, Strymonian, Thracian. Strym6nius, i, m. A Trojan. Stiidump ii, ii. (studeo, to be eagerklndr. w. crfrviw). A busying ones8 self about or 8triving for a thing, eagerness, zeal, assiduity, inc~ination, desire, eager feeling, eager or earnest opinion, eager pursuit, deep attention; transf, an ex-' pression of eager feeling, etc., eager acelausation or applause. 21. In partie., zeal for a person, party, or cause, attachment, devotion, affetion,favor, etc.; towards a party, party-spirit, partisanship; application to learning, study. stultUS, a, nm, adj. Foolish; as subs.: Stultus, I, in., a fool, a simpleton. stulpa, v. sttippa. Stiipeus, V. stuppeus. stfip6_fa-Cio, feei, factum, 3. v. tr. (stupeo). To make stupid or seneeless, to benumb, stun. stuip~factus a, um, p. of id. stiipeo, ul, I v,. intr. and tr. (perh. kindr. w. TriTrW). To be stunned, benumbed; of the mind, to be astonished, amazed, astounded, stupefiled. 21. Tr., to be amazed at, donum. stfipor, oris, m. (id.). Stupor, dullness, numb es, dead es. stuppa, ae, f. (rTvlrr;f,). Tow, oakum. stuppeus, at, urn, adj. (id.). Mlade of tow, hempen. Btftius, a, urn, adj. (Styx). Of or belonging to the Styx, Stygian; poet., of the Lower World, infernal; also (poet.), fatal, awful, deadly, vis. Styx, Y5gis, f. (X-T,:). A river of the Lower World, by which the gods swore. suldeo, si, sum, 2. v. iutr. and tr. Intr., to advise, give advice. II. Tr., to advise, exhort, urge, persuade, alicul aliquid. 2. Of things (mostly poet.), to invite, induce, impel, fames. 3. To reoommend, advocate a liroposed law or bill. suave, adv. (snavls). Sweetly. sufivis, e, adj. Sweet, fragrant, pleasant, delightful. sfib, prep. w. abl. and ace. (kindr. w. Oir6). Under. I. With abi.; 1. Of sp~ace, under, below, beneath, terrfl; in, within, rsilva, imA valle, templo; beneath, at the foot of, near, before, monte, urbe, ocnlis; immediately after, just behind. 2. Of time, at, in, within, during, Ince, somnno. 3. Trop., of subordination, dependence, etc., under, imperio,judice. Il. With acc.. 1. Denoting a motion or extension downward, under, beneath, mittere hostas sub jugumn; denoting approach to a lofty cbject, under, up to, up towards, to, milites isuccedunt suib montem, auras, astra. 2.1. Of time, towards, about, at, lucem, uocteim; immediately after, haec dicta. III. In composition: 1. Under, submergere. 2. Up undir, up, succedere. 3. Somewhat, slightly, suba-grestis. 4. Near, dlosely, subsequl. 5. Secretly. subactus, a, urn, P. of subigo. subditus, a, umn, p. of sub-do, didi, diturn,.3. v. tr. To put under, to bury, tofasten under, to apply. sub-diico, duxi, ductuni, 3. v. tr. To draw up f rom, below, pull or lift up, raise, aliquid; w. naves, to draw or haul up ou shore. 2. To lead away, withdraw. remove (asp. fr. a lower place to a higher), nulites; in pantic., to take away or remove secretly, steal away, ensem capiti alicujils, se, etc. 3. Tiop., to reckon, calculate, rationern. subductus, a, urn, p. of id. sfibm-eo, ii, Rtum, Ire, v. intr. andO tr. To go or com under any thing, tectumn feretro. 2. To go or conte up fromt below, to ascend, climb, collern. 3. To come up to, advance to, aiproach, muros, ad urbem, (poet.) portu; to follow, succeed, allcuii; poet., to enter secretly, steal into, thalamos. II. Trop., to came into mind, come up, occur. Crensa, (tr.) cogitatio s. anirnum. 2.To undergo, submit to, endure, laborern. Sliber, 6ris, in. The cork tree. Sub-fero, v. suffero. SUbicie = subliclo = subjicio~which see. subiecto = subjecto, which see. subiectus = subjectus, p. of subjicio. sfibigo egi, acturm, 3. v. tr. (sub-ago). To drive or bring up under, lead or get under or up to any place, naves ad castelluim (Charon) ratem, thrusts or forces on; to turn or break up, dig up, plowa, cultivate, segetes. 2. Trop., to compel, force, incite, induce, hostes ad deditionem. absumere mensas; to subjugate, subdue, conquer, natlones; to tame, belainam. subiicio =subjicio, which see. SUB 179 SUB stibito, adv. (subitus). Suddenly. stibitus, a, urn, adj. (subeo). That has come up suddenly; hence, sudden. unexpected. subiunctus = subjunctus, p. of subjunlgo. subiungo = subjungo, which see. sub-jecto, Avi, iAtum, 1. v. freq. tr. (subjicio). To throw or cast up. subjectus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Lying under or near, bordering upon, rivus s. castris. 2. Placed or brought under, sub~jected, 8ubject; subs., subjectus, 1, in., a subject, inferior. subjlcio, jeci, jectumn, 3. v. tr. (subjacio). To throw, lay or place under, ignem tectis; to place near, castra urbi; (rar.) to throw or place up from below, regem in equum. LI. Trop., to subject to, expose to, dornum. periculo; to make subject, to subject, gentes servitio; to subject, subordinate (as a particular to a universal); to place under or after in speaking or writing, to append, subjoin, rationem, responsum; hence, also, to answer, alicui pauca; to substitute the false for the true, to forge, testamenturn; to bring forward, propose; to brng to mind, suggest. aliquid alicul.. subjunctus, a, urn, p. of sub-junge, unuxi, juncturn, 3. v. tr. To Join to, to yoke, to harnes, to fasten, to subject. sub-laborv lapsus, 3. v. dep. intr. To fall or sink dowan, aedificla, (trop.) spes. sublapsus, a, urn, p. of id. sublitus, a, urn, p. of tollo. sub-16go, Itgi, lecturn, 3. v. tr. To gather, to pick Up stealthily, to steal, to catch, to overhear. sub-16vo, Avi, flturn, 1. v. tr. To raise or lift up from beneath. sub-lige, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To bind under, to bind, to gird or fit on; to attach. sublime, adv. (subl~mis). On high, aloft, loftily. sublimis, e, adj. (prob. fr. sub-levo, to lift up). Uplifted, elevated, aloft, on high; trop., lofty, elevated, sublime, orator, oratlo. sub-Ificeo, -, -, 2. v. lntr. To shine faintly, to glimmer. sublustris, e, adj. (sub-lustro). Dim, faintly gleaming. sub-mergo, Si, sum, 3. v. tr. To plunge under, sink, ubmnerge, navern. submersus, a, urn, p. of id. submissus, a, urn, Pa. (submitto). Let down, lowered, low, mon-s;, capillus. 2. Trop., of voice, etc., low, gentle. calm, quiet; of character, etc., humble, ubmissive, modest, reverent,' in a bad sense, low, man, groelling. sub-mitto, misi, mnissurn, 3. v. tr. To send, put or place under, aliquid alicui. 2. To let down. lay or put down, to lower, fasces, caput; w.. crinern, etc., to let grow. 3. To cause to go up, to raise or lift up, manus; to send up, produce, terra fibres. 4. To send secretly, milites anxilio. 5. Trop., to make one thing yield to another, to submit, animos arnori. subm6tus, a, urn, P. Of sub-m6veo, movi, mnlturn, 20. v. tr. To drive away, remove, hostes, turbarn; trop., to keep off, put or keep away, reges a bello. sub-nectoy -, xum, 3. v'. tr. To tie or bind under or beneath. 2. Trop., to add, subjoin in speaking. subnexus7 a, urn, P. Of id. sub-nixus (also sub-nisus), a, urn, Pa. (part. of sub-nitor, not otherwise used). Supported from beneath, sup. parted by, resting or leaning upon; (Ide fended by, Petelia muro; mentum mitrilt bound under. sub6les, is, f. A shoot, twig; of men, o~ffspring; of animals, offspring, stock, progeny; of bees, a swarm. sub-rbmigo (surr-)q -, -, 1.- v. intr. To row quietly, to swim along. sub-rideo, risi, -, 2. v. intr. To smile. subrigo v. surgo. subsidium, ii, a. (sub-sedeo). A reserve, a relief, aid. sub-side, sedi, sessurn, 3. v. intr. and rar. (poet.), tr. To sit down, crouch or squat down, settle down; in partic., to remain, stay, tarry any wNhere; poet., galeS ima Acestes; to tie in wait. 2. Of things, to settle, sink-, subside, saxum, undae; trop., to subside, decrease (very rar.), vitia. II. Tr. (poet. and lat.) To lie in wait for, to waylay, alioqnem. sub-siste, stiti, -, 3. v. intr. and tr. To stand still, remain stan ding; to stop, halt in a place; to tarry, stay. 2. To stand firm, hold out, withstand, resist; of things, to hold ot, ancora. 3. Trop., to stop, panee in speaking; to continue, remain, nornen; to stop, cease, clamor; to bear, sustain, surnptui, periculis. II. Tr., to withstand, encounter, feras. SUB 180 SUF sub-sum, -, -, esse, v. irreg. Intr. To be under, to be be/dud, to linger, to dwell. subt~men, Inis, n. (for subteximen, fr. subtexo). The uoof of a web. 2. Meton., any thing spun, thread, etc. subter prep. and adv. Prep., w. &Ce. and ab?., below', beneath, undler. 0. Adv., below, beneath. subter-_Uber, lapsus, 8. v. dep. To #~e, beneath, to flow under. sub-texo, xni,xtum, 8. v. tr. To weave under; hence, to draw under or before, nubes soli; more freq. w. the acc. of the thing concealed, to overspread, conceal, coelumn fumo. 2. Trop., to s ui/oln, annex, aliquid fabulac; to put together, compose, carmina. sub-triiho, xi, tractum, 8. v. tr. To draw away from, under, solum subtrahitur. 2. To draw away or withdraw by stealth, to withdraw, remove, milites, se. 3. Trop., to withdraw from danger, etc.; to withhold, cibum alicui; to omit, nomen. subulcus, i, M. A swine-herd. ssib-urgeo (or -gueo), 2. v. tr. To urge or force close up to, proram ad saxa. sub-vectog 1. v. tr. (freq. of subveho). (Poet. and lat.) To carry or bring up, to convey, transport. sub-vectus, a, urn, p. of sub-v~ho, vexi, vectum, 3. v. tr. To carry or bring up from below, frumentum Arari flumine. 2. In gen., to bring, convey, transport. sub-v~nio, vwni, ventum, 4. v. intr. To come up to one, to aid, to relieve. sub-volvo, 8. v. tr. (Poet.) To roll up, roll along, saxa. suc-c~do, cessi, cessum. 8. v. intr. and (rar.) tr. (sub-cedo). To go under any thing, go in under, tecto or tectumn; hence, to enter. 2. Poet., to go up fronk under, to mount, ascend, cel o, ad superos. 3. To go to, approac4 advance to, moenibus, sub montem. 4.To follow after, come into the place, Of, suc-~ ceed, alicui, in locum alicujus. 15. Trop., to come under, submit to any thing; to ascend, ad superos farnA; to follow, succeed in time, value, etc., aetas s. aetati. suc-cendo, cendi, censum, (sub-candeo). To set onfire from beneath, to fire, to Inflamte, to incite. succensus, a, urn, p. of id. successus, fls, mD. (id.). An advance, approach (rar.), hostium. 2. Trop. and the predom. meaning, a prosperous is. sue, sccess, rerurn. succido, cidi, -,.3. v. intr. (sub-cado). Tofall or sink down. succ-cilo, cldi, cisum, 8. v. tr. (sub-cando). To cut beneathi, to cut, to cut down, to reap. succinctusy,, urn, P. of suc-cingo, ci nxi, cinctum, 8. v. tr. (subcingo). To gi.rd up or tuck up from below, to gird, tunicas. 2'-. To6 gird about, below, gird about, gird, succinctus gladio; hence, in gen., to furnish, equip, provide with any thing. succisus, a, um, p). of succido. suc-cumbo, cilbui, cfbbltum, 3. v. intr. (sub and cubo, to lia down). To lie,fall, or sink down under, to fall down, sink down, victima farro. 2. Trop. (corn. signif.), to yield, submit, succumb, be overconse, alicul, 5o0mn, culpaa. suc-curro, curri, cursum, 3. v. intr. (sub-c.). To run under (very rar.). 2. To run to the aid of, to assist, suexor, relieve, alicui laboranti, oppido; hence, to relieve, cure, malls. 3. Trop., to come into mind, occur to one. Siicro, Onis, m. A Rutulian. siicus or succusq i, Hi. Juice, sap, energy. sfides or sudis, is, f. A stake. slido, lvi, Atum, 1. v. intr. and tr.. To sweat, perspire;- w. ab., to be wet with, drenhed in, sangufine; poet., of the moisture itself, to distill, exude. 2'. Trop., to labor, toil, exert one's self. IL. Tr., to ssceat out, exude, aliquid; also, to saturate with sweat (rar.). siidor, Oris, m. (id.). Sweat, perspiration; transf. (poet. and lat.), misture, In gen., manls, venera. 2. Trop., toll, exertion, etc. sfidus, a, urn, adj. Bright, dry, clear, fair; subs.: sudum, I, n., fair weather. suosco, 9vi, etum, 8. v. intr. (rar. tr.) (inch. of sueo, to be wont). To become accustomed; in perf., to be accustomed, be wsed, be wont, aliquid facere. suftusq a, urn, p. of id. suffectus, a, urn, P. of sufficio. suf-fOro, sustfili, sublAtum, sufferre, v. tr. (sub-f.). To carry, bring, or put under (very rar.). 2. To hold up, up. port, mundum (also very rar.). 3. Trop., to endure, suffer, bear, vulnera, poenas; to withstand, nec claustra (eum) sufferre valent. SUF 181 SUP suf-ficio, feci, fectum, 3. v. tr. and intr. (sub-facio). To put under; to put into, to impregnate, tinge, color, sufuse, lanam, oculos; poet., in gen., to give, add, supply,furnish, vires alicui. 2. To put in the place of, substitute; esp., to elect in the place of. II. Intr., to be suf-.ficient, to sugfice; w. infin., to be able. sfif-fio, flvi, fitum, 4. v. tr. (sub-fio). Tofumigate. suf-fodio, fodi, fossum, 3. v. tr. To dig under, to pierce, to stab. suffossus, a, um, p. of id. suf-fundo, fldi, ffisum, 3. v. tr. (sub-f.). To pour under; to pour into or through, spread through, oversprad, se, ill,, oolo htcrimis. suffusus, a, um, p. of id. sug-gero gessi, gestum, 3. v. tr. (subgero). To place under, to supply; to apply to. suii sibi, se or sese, recipr. pron. Of himself, herself, itself, of themselves; the acc. se, as subject of an infinitive, often translated, that he, she, they, etc. sulco, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (sulcus). To furrow, plow, agros. 2. Transf. (poet.), to plow, sail over, vada carina, undas rate. sulcus, i, m. (sibilated fr. bAK6O). A furrow made by a plow.. 2. Transf., a trench, ditch; a track, path of a vessel, of a meteor, etc. sulfur (also sulphur), tins, n. Brimstone, sulphur. sulfureus, a, um (also sulphureus), adj. (sulfur). Sulphurous. sulmo, Onis, m. A Latin. sulphur and sulphureus, v. sulfur and sulfureus. suml ful, esse, v. irreg. intr. (kindr. w. eii). To be; to exist; to stay, remain, Carthagine. Secondary forms, forem, fores, foret, etc., = essem, esses, etc., andfore -futures esse. summa, ae, f. (summus). That which is highest, most important, etc., the main thing, the principal point; in partic., the result of a reckoning, the sum, sum total; the whole as opp. to a part. summergo, v. submergo. summersus, v. submersus. summissus, v. submissus. summitto, v. submitto. summotus, v. submotus. summoveo, v. submoveo. summus, a, um, adj. (sup. of superus). Of space, highest, topmost, uppermost; the highest part of, top of, summit of, surface of, tip or extremity of, mons, aqua, etc. 2. Of time or order of succession, the last, the latest, final, dies. 3. Of rank. etc., the highest, most important, principal. utmost, extreme, the most excellent, distinguished; w. Jupiter, supreme. sumo, sumpsi, sumptum, 3. v. tr. (sub and obs. emo = accipio). To take, take up, assume, aliquid; w. poenas, to in-.flict. 2. In partic., to take out, seect, choose; to take to one's self, assume, arrogate; to take for a purpose, to empoy, use; to takefor grvaned, aisme, qffrm, esc.; to take as an example, to cite, mention. sumptus, a, um, p. of id. SUO sui, sfltum, 3. v. tr. To sew, to stitch. siipellex, lectilis, f. Furniture, utensils. super, adv. and prep. (sibilated fr. binrp). Adv., above. 2. Transf. (poet.), moreover, besides. 3. May sometimes be rendered, left, remaining, nihil mihi est super. II. Prep. w. ace., over, above, upon, on, beyond, arma, flumen; transf., above, beyond, besides, super ceteros honores, gloriam, omnia. 2. With abl., of space (poet. and rar.), above, over, upon, cervice; of time (poet.), in, during, nocte; for de, upon, about, concerning, with regard to, on account of. superadditus, a, um, p. of super-addo, -, dltum, 3. v. tr. To add over and above, to superadd. super-adsto, stiti, -, 1. v. tr. To light upon. sitperbia, ae, f. (superbus). Haughtiness, pride, insolence. 2. (Poet. and lat.) In a good sense, lofty spirit, pride. superbus, a, un, adj. (super). Thinking one's self above others, haughty, proud, insolent, elated, reges; of things, fastidious, critical, delicate, aures, dens. 2. In a good sense (poet. and lat.), magniflcent, splendid, superb, distinguished, superior, domus, triumphus. superciliumi, n. Theeyebrow. Trop., the ridge, brow, or summit of a hill. sup6r-milneo, 2. v. intr. (emineo, to project). (Poet. and lat.) To overtop, rise or tower above. super-fundo, a various reading for superinfundo. superiacio - superjacio, which see SUP 182 SUP supr-imm~nO -, 2 v. intr. To overhang, to press upon. sfip~r-iuipono, -, pbsitum, 3. v. tr. Tojadi or place upon. sfiipr-infundo, -, fusurn, 3. v. ft. To pour out upon. siip6r-inicio superinuieo - superinjicio, jeci jectum. 3. v.tr. To throw upon. siip~r-intono, p - I. v. intr. To rattle alxve. siip~r-J'acio, jeci, jectum, 3. v. tr. To throw over, to overcast, to cover. siiperui~ adv. (supernus, on high, lofty, upper, fr. super). Up, upward, above. 2. From a~ve. sfzp6ro, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (super). Tr., to go or pass over, to surmount, Alpes; to rise or tower above, ovrtop), undas; to mount, ascend, fastigia ascensu. 2-1. To pass beyond or by, regionem, aliquem. 3. Trop., w. locum priorem, to gain: to surpass, excel, outstrip, omnes scelere; to srmount, overcome, overpower, conguer, subdue, slay, hostem, Sychaeum, labores. IL Intr., to rise above, overtop, superant capite. 2. Trop., to have the upper hand, to be superior, to overcome, superante salo; to be in excess, be supertiuous, be abundant,abound, divitiae; to be left, to remain, survive, be alive, (puer) superatne, captae urbi. siiperstes, itis, adj. (supersto). Surviving, alive. sfiperstitio, Dais, 1. (d.). Superstition, an oath causAngfear. super-stop -,-. v. tr. andl intr. To stand over. suiper-sum, ful, esse, v. irr. intr. To be over, be left, remain, pars exercitus; to outlive, survive, pugnae, alicui. 2. To be in abundance, to abound, verba. siip~rus, a, urn, adj. (comp. superior,,sup., snprmmus and summnus) (super). Ul~pr, higher, above; in partic., upper, I. e., of the upper world, auras, orae. Duperi, Drum, in., the gods above, the godg. siiper-venio, vfni, ventume, 4. v. tr. and hitr. To come upon, to come up. sfiper-volito, Avi, Atzim, 1. v. tr. To fly over, to flutter about. siiper-v6lo, -,-. v. intr. To fly over. supinitus, a, urn, p. of si -mop n7 a tumi, 1. v. tr. To put oa Xbc;to plow. siupinus, a, urn, adj. (sub). Benzt or thrown backward, lying on the back, supine; w. manus, with the palms upward, sup~ne. 2. Of places, sloping, indined, collis; spread ou, extended. 3. Of motion (poet.), running backwards, retrograde, cursus fiuminum. II. Trop., of the mind, careless, negligenit. sup-.pjeo,13vi, etum, lo. v. tr. (sub and obs. pico, to fill). To fill up, make full, complete, supply?, venas sanguine, urbem inanem; to supply the place of, make good, repair, damnum. 2. In partic., in mulit. lang., to fill up, furnish wvith a complement, to recruit, legiones; tofurnis a supply qf, remigium. supplex, leis, adj. (sub-Plico, Prop., bending the knecs, kneeling down). Humbly, entreating, suppliant, humble. Subs., a suppliant. supplicIter, adv. (id.). Humbly, suppliantly. su~ppjcium, ii, n. (id.; prop., a kneeling down as a suppliant, or to receive punishment). A supplication, prayer, usually to a deity. 2. Punishment, penalty, esp. capital punishment; in gen., torment, pain, distress. sup-ponov pbsu, p6situm, 3. v. tr. (sub-p.). To put or place under, ignem tectles; cu-1tros, to apply (to the throat in slaughtering animals). 21. To put in the place of, to substitute one thing for another, aliquid alicui; in partic., to substitute falsely, to forge, countesfeit, aliquum alicui, testameutum. 3. Trop., to annex, subjoin, rationem; to subject, subordinate, aliqaid sibL. supp6situs (or suppostus), a, urn, p. of id. suprg, prep. and adv. (superns). Prep. W. sac., above, over, caput; of geographical position, beyond, Alexandriam. 2.Trop., of time, before, memoriam; of preeminence, excess in number, etc.,,over, above, modum, fideni. II. Adv., of space, over, above. 2. Of time, before, earlier; in writing, etc., before, above, ut supra demoustravimus. 3. Of numbers, measure, etc., beyond, more, nihil supra. supramus, a, umn, adi. (,sup. of superus). Highest, loftiest: the top of, summit of, mons. 2. Trop., the highest, supreme, Jupiter; of degree, utmost, extreme, macies; of time, the last,.final, extreme, dies. Subs., suprema, 0mum, n., the last oments of life; the last honors to the SUR 183 TAB dead, funeral rites. Adv., supremum, (sub and specio, to look at). Tr., to look for the lest time. up at, astra; trop., to look u)) 1o with siira, ae, f. The calf of the leg; poet., the mind; (asp. w. admiration) to adthe leg, in gen. mire, respect, aliquem, eloquentiam. surciilusy i, mn. A shoot, a twig, a 2. To look at secretly or askance, to scion, mistrust, suspect (only in part.). IL. lntr., surdus, a, urn, adj. Deaf. to look up, in coelum. surgo, surrexi, surrectum, 3. v. tr. and SUSPIro, vIM, Ittum, I. v. intr. and tr. intr. (for subrigo, or surrigoy fr. (sub-s.). Intr., to fetch a deep bffeath, to subrego. The old uncontracted form is sigh. 2. Tr., to breathe out, nebulas; to found once in Virgil, IV. 183). Tr., to sigh for, longfor, aliquem; to sigh out, raise up, raise, erect, elevate, mucronem, aliquid. auras. IL. Intr., to raise one's self, to sustentitus, a, urn, p. of rise, arise, stand up, a lecto; of things sustento, ILvi, Atum, 1. v. intens. tr. (poet, and la.), to rise, arise, ascend, (sustineo). To hold up, to support, to ignis, arx, (tio. sententia. check, to with stand. SUS, suis, a. (sibfilated fr. us;). A hog, rsustlneo, tinui, tentum, 2. v. tr. (subswine, boar, sow. teneo). To hold up, toswpport, to check, susceptus, a, urn, p. of to withstand, to repel, to maintain. suscipjo, cepi, ceptum, 3. v. tr. (sub- sustuli, v. tollo. cnpio). To take up, lift up; to hold up, susurro, -, -, 1. v. intr. (susurrus). To upport, aliquid; in partic., to take up a whisper, to murmur, to hum. newborn child in token of acknowledg- Susuru i, mn. A whisper, a murmur, mient, to acknowledge; hence, also, to a hum. beget, bear children; to take, receive Sjitilis, e, adj. (suo, to sewv). (Poet. and under one's protection. discipulos, all- ]at.) Sewed together, sewed, cymba; in quem in civitatem. IL. Trop., to take gen., bound or twined together, coronae. upon one's self, to assusne, undertake, siitumy i, n. (id.). A scale of a coat of negotium, helium; poenam, to suffer; mail; PL.: suta, 0rmm, a corselet, a in partic., to take up a speech, to re- breastplate. sume, reply. siitus, a, urn, P. of SRO. suscito, Ayi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (sub and suus, a, urn, poss. pron.(o6, 4s) cito, to move violently). To lift or raise His, her, its, theirs, his awn, her own, up (poet.), undas, auras; to stir up, re- etc. 2. Adapted to on, favorable, prokindle, sopitos ignes. 21. Trop., to stir pitious, eventi. up, arouse, excite, aliquem a somno, S#b~ris, is, m. (Z/apt;). A T'rojan. civile bellum, odium. B-kchaeus, i, m. The husband of Dido, suspectus, a, urn, Pa. (suspiclo). Suts- slain by hisebrother-in-law, Pygmalion. pected,. mistrusted. Sj~chaeus, a, urn, adj. Of Sychaeus. suspectus, ats, mn. (id.). (Poet. and lat.) Sk-maethius, a, urn, adj. Of SymasA looking up, an u-pward view; transf., thus, a river in the easter part of Sicily, height, turnis vasto suspectu. 2. Trop., Symnaethi an. regard, respect. ftrficosius (-fi~sus); a. urn. adj. Of suspendo, di, sum, '3. v. tr. (sub-p.). TO Syracuse, the chief city of Sicily, Syrahang up, hang, suspend, arcum humanis. cusan, Sicilian. 2. In partic., to kill by hanging, to ha.ng, Strius, a, um, adj. Of Syria, a country se; to hang up as an offering in a on the eastera coast of the Mediterranean, temple, to dedicate, consecrate, vesti- Syrian. menta deo manis. 3. To prop up, sup- Syrtis, is, f. (Xipn-;). A sand-bank in por-t by any thing as a prop. IIL Trop., the sea; esp., the name of two shoals to keep in suspense, animos; to check-, or sand-banks on the northern coast of stop, suspend, fletum. Africa, Syrtis major and Syrtis, minor. suspensusy a, urn, Pa. (id.). Hung up, suspended, elevated; transf., suspended, r I. e., touching lightly, light, pede. r 2. Trop., uncertain, doubtful, in sue- tibeoi. v. lntr. (Poet.) To melt; trop., pense, bewildered, etc. uio~ to waste away; artus tabentes sale suspIrio, spexi, ctum, 3. v. tr. and lntr.1 (poet.) = drenched and enfeebled. TAB 184 TAN tabes, is, f. (id.). A wasting away, consumption, corruption, putrefaction; a wasting disease, consumption (generally trop.). 2. Trausf., the moisture of a melting or decaying substance, corruption. tabidus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Melting, dissolving, nix. 2. Wasting, decaying, languishing, from disease, etc.; of the mind, pining, languishing. 2. Transf., act., wasting, consuming, lues, venennm. tfibilla, ae, f. A board, plank. 2. In partic., a writing-tablet; also, a written tablet, a writing; hence, a record, account, archive, etc. tabulirium, i, n. (id.). A record-office, archives. tabu6latus, a, um. adj. (id.). Boarded, floored. More freq., subs., tabulatum, i, n., any thing covered with boards, a floor, story. taibum, i, n. (tabes). Corrupt moisture or matter, corruption, corrupt blood, gore. 2. Transf., an infectious disease, plagt, Taburnus, i, m. A ridge of the Apennines, south of the Caudine pass. tacens, entis, Pa. (taceo). Noiseless, silent. ticeo, 'it, Itum, 2. v. intr. and tr. To be or keep silent, to hold one's peace. 2. Transf., of animals and things, to be quiet, be at rest, omnis ager, canis. II. Tr., to pass over in silence, be silent about, rem. taictus, a, um, Pa. (id.). Passed over in silence, unmentioned; hence, concealed, hidden, secret, vulnus. 2. Act., that does not speak, silent, quiet, me tacito, nox. tactus, a, um, p. of tango. tactus, Us, m. (tango). A touching, touch. 2. Transf., effect, influence. 3. The sense of touch, feeling. taeda, ae, f. (kindr. w. &ais, &as). A resinous species of pine-tree; hence, pitch-pine, pine-wood. 2. That which is made of pine-wood: a pine board or plank; a pitch-pine torch; esp., a nuptial torch; hence (trop. and poet.), a wedding, marriage. taedet, taeduit or taesum est, 2. v. Impers. tr. It wearies, tires, disgusts one; I(thou, etc.) am wearied, disgusted, etc. (w. acc. of the person and genitive of the thing, or w. an infln.), me vitae, (earn) tueri. taedium, i, n. Weariness, disgust; pl. dislike or aversion. Taenariusp a, urn, adj. Of Taenarus, a promontory in Laconia. taenia, ae, f. (Tatvia). (Poet.) A band, ribbon; in partic., a head-band, fillet. taeter (te-), tra, trum, adj. Foul, disgusting. taetricus, a, um, adj. Repulsive, foul, harsh. Tagus, i, m. A Latin. talaris, e, adj. (talus, the ankle). Of or belonging to the ankles; w. tunica, reaching to the ankles. Subs., talaria? ium, n. p]., winged sandals fastened to the ankles. talentum, i, n. (TaAavrov). A talent, a Grecian weight, varying in different states, but usually about 50 pounds (so rar.). 2. A talent, a sum of money, likewise varying in amnount,-thc more common Attic talent being worth $1,083.33. talisp e, adj. Such, of such a kind or nature (w. corresponding qualis, atquc, ut, qui, or abs.); in partic., emph.atically, such, i. e., so distinguished. great, remarkable, etc., vir; often referring to a preceding or immediately following description, talia fatur. Talos, i, m. A Rutulian. talpa, ae, f.; m. in Virgil only. A mole. tamp adv. So, to such a degree, so far (usually with adjectives and adverbslat. w. verbs). Freq., tam....quam, as much.... as, as.... as. tamen, conj. (perh. fr. id.). Yet, nevertheless, however, still (usually corresp. to quamquam, quamvis, etsi, etc.). Tanai er, gri, m. A river of Lucania. Tinais, is, m. 1. The river Don. 2. A Rutulian. tandem, adv. (tarn and demonst. suffix dem). At length, at last. 2. In interrog. sentences, pray, pray now, then. tangop t6tIgi, tacturn, 3. v. tr. To touch. 2. In partic., of places, to reach, arrive at, porturnm; to border on, Rhenum; to take away, aliquid de praeda; to taste, eat, drink, cibum; to strike, hit, beat; in partic., tactus fulmine or dc coelo, struck by lightning; to besprinkle, wash. (noint, corpus aqua. II. Trop., of the mind, to touch, move, affcct, impress; of speech, to touch upon, refer to, mention; to meet, encounter, curas. tanquam (tam-), adv. As much as. so much; however. TAN 185 TEM tantus, a. unm, adj. (tam and adj. suffix tus). Of such size, so great, so muck, urbs, pecunia, labor; trop., so illustrious, Parentes. 2-. In partic., tanturn (neut. abs.), so much, so many, fru men ti, librorum; gen. (of price), tanti, of so great value; in tantum, so far, so much; adv., tanturn, so much, 80 greatly, so; also (so much only, so little,-hence), only, mrely; tantunm non, almost, very nearly, urbs tantum non capta est; tanto, abl. neut., by so much, so much the, tanto crebriores. t~p~te, is, n., and tapes, etis, rn. A coverlet, hangings, drapery, a carpet;, of horses, hosings. Tarchb (-Wy n) ttis, m. Ant Etrurian ally of Aeneas. tardfitus, a, urn, p. of tardo. tard~, adv. (tardus). Slowly. tardo, FLvA, Stum, 1. v. tr. and iutr. (tardus). To make slow, to delay, hinder, retard, impede, aliquem. It. Intr. (rar.), to tarry, loiter. tardus, a, urn, adj. Slow, tardy, sluggish, homo. poena, nox. 2. Trop., of the mind, slow, dull, stupid; of speech, slow, deliberate. Tfirentum, i, fl. (T~pas). A city of Lower Italy. Tarp~iap ae, f. An attendant of Camilla. Tarp~ius, a, urn, adj. Of the Tarpeian rock of the Capitol; Ta pian. Tarquinius, at, urn, adj. Of or belonging to Tarqulnii, an ancient town of Etruria, Tarquinian; also. Tarquinins, ii, in., Tarquin, the fifth king of Rome, who came from Tarquinii; also the last kingr of Rome, T. Superbus. Hence, 2U. Of or belon,,ing to the family of the Tarquiiis. Tarquinian, no0menl, reges. Tarquitius, i, m. A Latin, slain by Aeneas. Tartireus, at, urn, adj. (T.-rtarns). Of Tartarus, Tartarean, infernal. Tartfirus, i, in., in the p1. Tartira, orum, n. (TYpp-apo,, pI. Tciprapca). (Poet.) Tartarus, the abode of the wicked in the Lower World. Tfitius, It mn. Titus Tatlus, a Sablne king, with whom Romulus is said to have shared his kingdom. taureus, a, urn, adj. (taurus). Of a bull, bull's. taurinus, a, urn, adi. (Od.). Of or belonging to bulls or oxen, bull's, ox. taurus; I, rn. (raipot;). A bull, bullock, ox.. taxus, I, f. A yew tree. Tift6t%, es, f. (Tav-yEnT1). One Of the Pleiades. Tfiftetus, i, in., and Tiyg~ta, lOrum, n. (Ta6iy1ErTr) A range of mountains8 in Laconia. tectum7 i, n. (tegro). A roof. 2. Transf., ahouse, abode, dwelling, habitation; a cover, shelter. tectus, a, urn, Pa. (id.). Covered, hidden; trop., concealed, secret, amor; disguised, verba; of persons, with hidden purpose, dissembling, secret, resertved; also, reserved, cautious. T6geaeus, a, urn, adj. Of Tegaea, an ancient town in Arcadia, Tegeass. t~gimen, t~giimen, or tegmen, Inis, n. (tego). (Mostly poet. and lat.) A covering, cover. t~go, xi, cturn. 3. v. tr. To coer; in partic.. to hide, conceal; also, to shelter, protect. 2. Trop., to conceal, keep) secret. commissa; to defend, protect, tpatriarn. tZ.1a, ae, f. (contr. fr. textsla, fr. texo). A web. 2. Transf., the war-p in a loom. T516boae, Arumn, rn. (T77,\efl6at). A people of Acarnania, a colony of whom afterwards inhabited the island fiapreae. tellis, f1ins. f. The earth, the globe. 2. Poet., the surface of the earth, the ground, earth. land. 3. Poet., a land, contry, region. 4. Personified as a producing or supporting divinity, the Earth. T61on, onis, m. A king in Capreae. tr~lumq I, n. (rijxe). A missile weapon., missile, e,. g., a dart, spear, arrow, boll. 2. Transf., an offensive weapon in genu.. a sword, dagger, axe, etc.; poet. for a blow, stroke. temeritus, a, un), P. of ternero. temerb, adv. Heedlessly, casually, rash. ly, by chance. Prop., to treat rashly; hence, to violate, profane, desecrate, templa, feminam. temno, 3. v. tr. (Ti-evw). (Poet.) Prop)., to cut off, or in pieces; hence, to despise. sceorn, contemn.tE MO, onis, in., the pole, beam or tongue of a plow or cart. Tempe~,n. PI.Indecl. (Telrn1). A valley in Thegsaly,famnedfor its beauty; hence, any beautiful valley. temp~ro, flvl, Atum, I. v. tr. and intr. (tempus, In Primary signlf.). Tr., to divide in due proportion, to combine or T EM 186 TEN mix in due proportion, temper, vinum; to preare, veuenum. 2. Transf., to rule, regulate, moderate, guide, manage, rempublicam, navem, mundum; to allay, 80othe, calmf, iras. II. Intr., to observe proper measure, to reetrain one's self, to be moderate, in aniore; to restrain, control, sibi, linguae, animo; to abstain or refrain from, a lacrimis, non t. quin, etc.; to refrain from injuring, to spare, alicui, also, a soclis. tempestas, fltis, f. (temnpus). A portion or space of time, a season, period (thus mostly ante-cl. and poet.). 21. Time in sense of weather (pi-edom. signif.); esp., of stormny weather, a storm, tempest; hence, trop., a commotion, disturbanve, publica; also, a storm, tempest, telorum invidiae. tempestivus, a, umn, adj. (id.). Seasonably, timely, in due time, at thte proper tinse. templum, I, n. (fr. tempulum, dim, of tempus; hence, prop., a portion cut or marked off). In augury, a defined space marked off for observing the auspices. 2. In gen., any place or building consecrated by auspices, a sacred p1a e, sanctstory; a temple, fane, chapel; poet., an open space, in gen., a circuit, extent, coeli, mundi. tempti~mentum, v. tentamentum. tempto, v. tento. tempus, 6ris, n. (root tem, whence Tqitvw); thus orig., a section, portion cut off; hence, of time). A portion of time, a period; transf., time, in gen. 2. In partic., the right or fitting time or season, opportunity; in reference to condition, the state of the times, the times, circumstances. IL. The temple of the head; mostly pl., the temples. t~nax, Reis, adj. (teneo). Holding fast, tenacious (lit, and trop., in good and bad senses). tendo t~tendi, tentum or tensum, 3. v. tr. anJ intr. (kindr. w. T-eiVW). To stretch, stretch out, extend, distend, retia, plagas, arcum; to stretch forth, reach out, present, manus, puerum patri; w. sagittas or telnm, to direct. II. Intr., (== iter, cursurn, etc., tendere), to direct one's course, to hold or keep one's way, to (go, proceed, in Latium, ad limina; to aim,, tend in any direction, ad altiora; via t. ad moenia, leads. 2. To exert one's self, to strive, (poet. w. infin.) divellere nodos. 3. To stretch tents (sc. tentoria), i. e., to encamp, to be encamped, hic Achilles tendebat. t~n~brae,, Aruni, f. pl. Darkness, gloom (caligo is stronger, and obscuritas weaker); in pantic., the darkness of night, the night; in concer., a dark place; trop., the darkness or gloom, of fortune, of the mind, etc. tUn~brdsusq a, um, adj. (id.). Dark, gloomy, dusky. TWn~dos, or TVndUS, 1, f. (Tiveiog). An island four and one-half miles west of the coast of Troas. t~neog tinui, tentum, 2. v. tr. and intr. (kindr. w. reivw, tendo). Tr., to hold, have, possess, in the hand, mouth, etc., 2. In partic., to hold, i. e., to be master of, possess, locum, rempublicani; to hold fast, maintain, occupy, defend, locum; w. iter or cursuin, to hold or keep one's course; to hold back, restrain, detain, manus, se, aliquem; w. accessory idea of reaching, to reach, arrive at, gain, terrain. 3. Trop., to hold in the mind, to comprehend, kno; to hold fast, maintain, keep), morem; to hold, con trol, influence, magno amore, vos fiducia tenuit; to hold back, restrain, detain, dolorem, leges aliquern non tenent. IIL Intr., to hold out, maintain one's self, tenent Danai, etc. 21-1. Trop., to hold out, continue, last, prevail, fama; (= cursurn tenere) to hold one's Course anywhere. toners 6ra, 6rum, adj. (kindr. W. Tip)1I'). Tender, soft, delicate, frondes, palnias; of tender age, young, haedus. tenor, Oris, in. (teneo). A holding on, career, Course. tentfimentum (tempt-),n (tento). A trial, atfenmpt, experiment. tento, Rvi, fltnm, I. v. tr. (freq. of tendo). To handle, feel, touch, rem, mann. 2. In partic., to try the strength qf, attack, assail a place, urbemn 3. Trop., to try, test, examine, belli fortunauu, causas, vires, aditum; to try, attempt any thing, proelia; also, poet. w. infin., praevertere; to try for, seek for, auxilhum, terras repostas; to try, i. e., to seek, to move, incite; to tempt, tamper, with, sound, aliquem, animumn; also, to disturb, disquiet. tent6rium, ii, n. (tendo). A tent. tOnuis, e, adj. (kindir. wv. tendo, TEiVW). Stretched or -drawn out; hence, thin, fine, slender, narr w, subtemen, penna, aura.; transf., slight, light, t2rfllnkq,,voo2s; TEN 187 ITES feeble, ventus, res; nice, delicate, orator, aures. tenuo, iavi, Atom, 1. v. tr. (id.). To malke thin, lean or fne, to reduce. t~nus, prep. w. ab. and also wv. ge-nit. p1-,-following its cas~e (kindr. w. tendo, teneo). As far as, up (or down) to, to, capnlo t.;crarurn. t.;bac-tenus, sometimes separated by tmesis, v. Ii. v. t6pffacio, feci, factorn, 3. v. tr. To warsn, to make tepeid. tUpffactus, a, urn, p. of id. t6peo,-, 2. v. intr. To be warm; to reek. t~pesco, pui, 3. v. inch. intr. (tepeo). To grow or become warm. t~pfdus, a urn, adj. (tepeo). Lukewarm, tepid, warm, lac.; trop., without ardor, lukewarm?, mans. t~r, num, adv. (tres). Three times, thrice. 2". Transf., in gen. for often, repeatedly. t~r~binthus, i, f. (7fi/3u'O09). The tuspentine tree. t~r~bro, fivi, atoim, 1. v. tr. (,terebra, an instrument for boring, fr. tero). To bore, bore through, pierce. t~res, 6tis, adj. (tero). Prop)., robbed off; hnce, ounde p, rounded, wellturned, ssnooth, polished, truacus, gemma; trop., polished, elegant, oratio. TWreus, ei, rn. (Tnp~ig). 1. A king of Thrace, husband of Procne. 2. A Trojan. ter-Orninus, a, um, adj. (poet. for trigeminus). Born thsee at once, threetwin, fratres; transf., three-fold, triple, Hecate. terg~eo, tersi, tersum, 2. v. tr. and tergo, tersi, tersum, 3. v. tr. To wcipe,to dean, to polish.tergum, i, a. (poet. and lat. also tergus, 6ris). The back of men and beasts. 2. Transf., the back part, rear of any thing; the surface of land or water; the covering of the back, the skin, hide, leather; hence, also, any thing made of leather; poet., by meton., the bodg of an an~imal; a tergo, behind. termino, Avi, lettm, I. v. tr. (terminus). To mark by boundaries, &2t bounds to, bound, limit, terras; trol)., to limit, circumweri be, define, gloriam; also, to close, terminate, hellum. terminus, i, m. (kindr. wV. TEp~LaL). A boundary-line, limit, boundasy. 2. Transf., in gen., a limit, end, bound, vitae. terni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. (ter). Three each; poet. in the sing., triple, terno ordine. 2. Transf. (poet.), for tres, three. TEdpu). To sub, lignum ligno. 2. In pantic., to rub away, scear away by nse, wear ou, adamanta; of grain, to s-b, tread, or thresh out; to smooth, polish, etc., by rubbing; poet., to tread often? frequent a place. 3. Trap., to wear away, i. e., to spend or pass time, otium. terra, an, f. The earth (app. to the heavens, sea, air, etc.); land, geound, earth,- sail. 2. A land, region, country; in the pi., often, the sahole earth, the world; in partic., orbis terrarum (more rar., orbis terrae), the circle of the lands, i. a., the whole earthi, the world. 3. Personified, Terra, the Earth as a goddess. terr~nus; a. um, no]. (id.). Of earth, eas'thy, earthen, tinnulao. 2. Of or belonging to the earth, earthly, earth-born, corpora, artus. terreo, ui, Ituim, 2. v. tr. To frighten. terrify, alarm, aliquem. 211. T ransf. (poet. end rar.), to drive away by terror. to scare away, volucres; to deter by terror. terreus, a, urn, adj. (terra). Of earth, earthbo-n. terribilis, a, adj. (id.). Frightflul, ds-eadful, ters ble. terrifi1co, I. v-. tr. (terrificus). To make afraid, termfy. terrif Icus, a, urn, adj. (terreo-facio). Caeugng leisor, ten:c, dread. territo, 1. v. tr. (freq. of terreo). To ter~rify, alar-s frequen~tly or greatly. territus, ai, urn, p). of terreo. terrors 0ris, m. (teraeo). Terror, fear, alarm. tertius, a, umn, adj. (ter). The third. tess~ra, ae, f. (T~aaepo;). A square tablet, a card on which the watch-word was inscribed; hence, the watch-word. testa, an, f. Any kind of earthen ware; a lamp, ajar, a tile. teStiatus, a, urn, p. of testor. testisp is, corn. One who attests (orally or in writing), a witness. 2?. Transf., an eye-witness, spectator. testor, aitus, 1. v. dep. tr. (id.). To be a witnes, bear witness, testify, attest (very rar.).. To aver, declase; to make knosm., shosw, 1)rove, give evidence of, aliquid. 3. To call to witness, Invokce-asx TES 188 TILE witness, invoke, appeal to, deos. 4. To make -a will, publish one's last will or testament. testiido, Inis, f. (testa, (1) any thing made of burned clay; (2) the shell of a shell-fish). A tortoise. -'-.A tortoise shell. 3. Of things of similar shape; a lyre, lute; an arch, vault of a building; a wvooden shed or covering for the protection of besiegers; a roof made of shields, held together by soldiers over their heads, a testudo. titer7 tra, trum, v. taeter. TWthys, YS~o, f. (TY5vs). A sea-goddess, the wife of Oceanus. Tftrica7 ae, f. A mountain in the Sabinecountry. Teucer, cri, m. (poet. Teucrus). An ancient king of Troas, of Cretan origin, father-in-law of Dardoanus, and one of the founders of the Trojan race, fromt who the race received the name of Teucri. 2'. Name of a Greek, son of Telamon, king of Salamis, and halfbrother of Ajax. On his return from the Trojan war his father banished him for not having avenged the death of his brother Ajax. He then rctired to CY — pins, where with the aid of Belus he founded a second city of Salamis. Teucri, firum, m. (id.). The Teucri,i poet. for the Tro~jans. Teucria, ae, f. (id.). (Poet.) The Trojan country, Troye. Teucrus, i, v. Teucer. Teutliras, antis, m. (T60hpas). An Arcadian. Teut6nicus, a, um, adj. Of the Teutone, a tribe of Germans, 7'utonic, Germanic teXo, xui, xtum, 3. v. tr. To weave, telam. 2. Transf., in gen., to join or put together any thing; to plait, braid; to construct, MInid. textilis, e, adj. (id.). Woven, wrought, textile. textump i, n. (id.). Any thing woven or plaited, a texture. textus, a, umi, p. of texo. Thaemon, onis, m. A Troj~dn, foltower of Aenea8. thgL1AMU8, i, M. (Ocixa,~os). A sleepingroom, bed-chamber (usually for husband and wife). 2. Transf., a marriage-bed; also, marriage, nuptlals (coin. in sing. and plur.); in gen., a dwelling-place, a residence, habitation, Eumeniduni. Th~lial ae, f. (946keca). The Muse of Comedy. 2. One of the Graces. 3. A sea-nymph, one of the Nereids. Th~mkris (-us, i), is, mn. A Te-qian. Thapsus, i, f. (06tpo;). A peninsula and town on the eastern coast of Sicily. Thfisius, a, nm, adj. (Oao-to,). Of Thasos, an island nfear the coast of' Thrace, Thasian. Thaumantias, adis, f. The daughter of Thaumas, Iris. Thedno, us, f. (0,czm6). The wife of Amycus, a Trojan. the~trum, i, n. (Ot0LTpev). A theatre. Th~bae, ArMI, f. P1. (Oi/at), also, la., Th~be es, f. A city of Greece, capital of Boeotla. 2. The ancient calpital of U~pper Egypt. 3. A city in hlysia. 1,Th~biinus, a, um, adj. Of Thebes ia Boeotie, Boeotlan: also, of Thebe in klysia, Mfysi an. Th~mi11a, ae, m. A Trojan warrior. Th~mon Thaemon, which see. Therm5don, ontis, mn. (9Epmu(Jwv). A river of Pontus. Th~ronp 0inis, m. A Latin, slain by Aeneas. Thersil6chus, i, in. An ally of the Te-ojans, slain at Tray by A chilles. Ith~saurus~, 1 M. (5r-o-avp6,~). Something stored up, a hoard, treasure. 2.Tho place where something is stored, a storehouse, treasury. ThseUS, ei. and Cos, M. (0iact-i~). A king qf Athens, a celebrated hero of antiquity, who, ansong other exploitsc, descended with his friend Pirithons to Hade to carry off Proseqfine. Th~sides, ae, in. (id.). A son or descendant of Theseus, an Athenian. Thessandrus, i, mi. One of the Grecian leaders concealed in the wcooden horse. Thest~lis, is, f. (~ErCaVX?,). A shepherdess. Th6tis, Idis or Idos, (5OiLC). One of the Nereids, the mother of Achilles. thigsus, i, m. (ao-icoC). A dance in hono of Bacchus. Thoas,p antis, mi. (96axe). A Grecian leader concealed in the wooden horse. th6lus, i, M. (06Ao&~). A cupola or dome, the vault of a temple. th5rax, acis, in. (O~pat). A breastplate, a cuirass, a corselet. Thrica (Thracca), ae, f. tep~Ko). Thrace. Thrices, umn (P1. of Thrax), in. The Thracianis. THE 189 TIT Thracius, a, um, adj. (Thracia, the country of Thrace). Of Thrace, Thracian. Thraeicius, v. Threicius. Thraeissus, v. Threissus. Thrax, acis, adj. (Thracia). Thracian; or subs., a Thracian. Threicius, a, um, adj. (id.). (Poet.) Thracian. Threissus, a, um, adj. Thracian; or subs., Threissa, ae, f., a Thracian womnan. Thr6nius, i, m. A warrior. Thule (-yle), es, f. ()ouiAn or QxV\n). An island of uncertain location in the extreme north of Europe. thireus, v. tureus. thuricrimus, v. turicremus. thurifer, v. turifer. thus, v. tus. Thybrinus, v. Tiberinus. Thybris, idis, m. 1. The river Tiber (poet. for Tiberis)..t. An ancient king of Latium. Thyias, or Thyas, Adis, f. ()vuiaq). (Poet.) A Bacchante, a female attendant and worshiper of Bacchus. Thymber (-brus), i, m. A Rutulian. thymbra, ae, f. (96,q3pa). The herb savory. Thymbraeus i. m. 1. A Trojan warrior. '2. The Thymbraean, an appellation of Apollo, from Thymbra, a city in Troas containing one of his temples. Thymbris, is, m. A Trojan. Thymoetes, i, m. A Trojan. thymum, i, n. (06vov). Thyme. Thyrsis, idis, m. A shepherd. thyrsus, i, m. (Ouporo). A plant stem; the thyrsus, a wand wreathed with ivy and vine leaves, borne by Bacchus and his worshipers. tiara, ae, f., or tiarasq ae, m. A tiara, a head-dress worn by Asiatics. TibMrinus, a, um, adj. Of the Tiber, Tiberine. Subs., Tiberinus, i, m., the Tiber; also, a king of Alba after whom the river was said to have been named. Tibtris, is, and Tibrisy Thybris, Tybris, idis, m. The river Tiber. tibia ae, f. The larger of the shin bones, sometimes used for a flute or pipe; hence, aflute, a pipe. Tibrinusp v. Tiberinus. Tibur, tris, n. A city of L.Ttiiem, now. Tivoli. Tiburs, urtis, adj. Of Tibr; subs.: Tiburtes, tum, m., the inhabitants of Tibur, the Tiburtines. Tiburtus, i, m. The founder of Tibur. tignum, i, n. A timber, a rafter. tigris, is or Idis, c. (rtypts). A tiger, tigress. 2. Masc., Tigris, a rapid river of Asia. tilia, ae, f. The linden or lime tr'e. Trim vus, i, m. A small river of Italy emptying into the northern part of the Adriatic Sea. timeo, ui, 2. v. tr. and intr. To fear, be afraid of, dread, aliquid. 2. Intr., to be fearful, be apprehensive, de republica. timidus7 a, um, adj. (id.). Fearful, timid, timorous. timor, oris, m. (id.)- Fear, apprehension, dread. 2. (Poet.) Awe, veneration, reverence; that which excites fear, a terror. tinea, ae, f. A moth. tingo (also tinguo), nxi, nctum, 3. v. tr. (~reyyw). To wet, moisten, bathe, pedes in undis. 2. To color, dye, vestes murice. 3. Trop., orator tinctus literis, tinctured, i. e, imbued with, versed in. tinnitus, 1s, m. (tinnio). A jingle, a tinkling, a rattling. Tiphys, yos, m. (Tidvc). The pilot of the Argo. Tirynthius, a, um, adj. Of Tiryns, a town in Argolis, where Hercules was educated, Tirynthian; subs.: Tirynthus, i, m., the Tirynthian, Hercules. Tisiph6ne, es, f. (Ttao-'t6,, avenger of murder). One of the Furies. Titan, lnis (sometimes Titanus, i), m. (TtTaV). Usually in the pl., Titanes, or Titani, sons of Coedls (or Uranus) and Terra (or Gaea), six in number, the youngest of whom was Saturn (v. Class. Dict.). 2. In the sing., a deity descended from a Titan; in partic., a name applied to the Sun (personified), as the offspring of Hyperiou, one of the Titans; also Prometheus, as Eon of Jupiter and grandson of Saturn. Titanius, a, um, adj. (id.). Of the Titans, Titanian. Tithonius, a, umrn, adj. Of Tithonus. Tithonus, i, m. (Tiwvis). Son of Lao TIT 190 TOT medon and husband of Aurora, the goddess of the dawn. titubatus~ a, urn, p. of titfibo, Svi, atum, 1. v. intr. To stagger, totter; vestigia titubata, tottering. ". Trop., to hesitate, falter, be perplexed, etc. Tityos, i, m. (TLTrv6). A son of Jupiter, the giant slain by Apollo for offering violence to Latona. After death, as his body lay extended in Tartarus, a vulture fed on his liver, which was reproduced as fast as devoured. Tityrus, i, m. The name of a shepherd. Tmarius, a, urn, adj. Of Tmaros, Tmarian. Epirotic. tmraros (-us), i, m. A mountain in Epirus. Tmirus, i, m. A Rutulian. Tm5 lus, i, m. (rTioaos). A mountain in Lydia. tofus (toph-), i, m. Tufa, a sort of volcanic stone. t6bgatus, a, um, adj. (toga, the outer garment of a Roman). Dressed in a toga, tog;d. t6lradbilis, e, adj. (tolero, to bear). Bearable. endurable, supportable, tolerable. t6l6ro, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To bear, to sustain, to endure. tollo, sustuli, sublaturn, 3. v. tr. (root tol, whence tuli, TAd.a). To lift up, take up, raise up, elevate, exalt, etc. (lit. and trop.), caput, clamores, animos; in partic., w. liberos. to take up as a token of acknowledgment, to acknowledge; hence, to bring up, educate. 2. To take away, bear away, carry ff, remove, aliquid or aliquem; trop., to do away with, abolish, abrogate, annul, metum, legem. T6lumnius, i, m. A chief and augur of the Latins. tondeo, tbtondi, tonsurm, 2. v. tr. To shear, clip, shave, barbam, ovem. 2. Transf:, to crop, graze, feed upon, campum, (poet.) jecur; poet., to pluck, gather, flores; to fleece, plunder (rar.), aliquem. t6nitrusp as, m., and t6nitruum, ii, n. (tono). Thunder. t6no, ui, 1. v. intr. and tr. To thunder. 2. Transf., to make a loud or thundering noise, to roar, crash, Aetna. 3. Tr., to utter with a loud voice, to thunder out, verba; w. deos, to invoke with thundering voice. -&U.rmen-tum 1, II. twrquuv). Zin enqine for hurling missiles by means of ticisted ropes; torture, pain. tornus, i, m. A lathe. torpeo iii, -, 2. v. intr. To be nwpb. to be inactive, to be dull. torpor, Gris, m. (torpeo). Numbncss, dread. Torqu5tus7 i, m. Titusffaidius Torquatus, who caused his son to be Put to death for disobedience of orders. torqueo torsi, tortum, 2. v. U. To turn about, turn, cause to revolve; to twist, wind, funes. 2. To hurl, fing, cast, ha,,tam, fulmina. 3. To Jack, torlure the limbs ou the racti. 4. Trop., to fuist, distort, jus; to rack, torineW, libidines te torquent; to examMe clcscly, to test, aliquem. torques (-is) is, m. and f. (tore neo). A collar, a wreath. torrens. entis, Pa. (torreo). Heated, burning, inflamed (so rar.). Transf., of water, boiling, i. e., rushing, impetitous. 3. Sub., torrensi entis, M., 0, torrent. torreo, rui, stum, 2. v. tr. and intr. To dry by heat; hence, to parch, roast, burn. 2. Pres. part. in an intr. sense (rar.), v. torrens. torridusy a, um, adj. (id.). Burning, hot, dry, torrid. torris, (id.). A fre-brand, a brand. tortilis, e, adj. (torqueo). Twisted, e72 -circling, winding. tortus, a, uni, p. of torqueo. tortusy'ds, m. (id.). (Poet.) A turning, twisting; a wreath. t6rusq J, m. A protuberance, elevation, promiuence; lience, a knot, bulge. _". Tlic muscular or flesby part of aninial bodies, muscle. 3. A mattress, couch, bed, for sleeping or dining. torvus, a, um, adj. (digammated fr.,rop6-;). Grim, stern,.flerce, savage, lowerIng, lumen, vultus, aper. tostUS7 a, um, P. of torreo. t6t, num. adj. Indeel. So many. t6tidem, num. adj. indecl. (id. an(I surtax dem). Just so many, just a-5 Many. t6ties, adv. (tot). So many times, so often. 0 VAUS1 01 um, adj. All, the whole, e??ti?,e,, — A tonsus, a, um, p. of tondeo. tophus, v. tofus. tormentum i, n. (torqueo). An engine for hurling missiles by means of twisted ropes; torture, pain. tornus, i, m. A lathe. torpeo, hi, -, 2. v. intr. To be numb. to be inactive, to be dull. torpor Goris, m. (torpeo). Numbness, dread. Torquatus, i, m. Titus Manlius Torquatus, who caused his son to be put to death for disobedience of orders. torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2. v. tr. To turn about, turn, cause to revolve; to twist, wind, funes. 2. To hurl, fing, cast, hastam, fulmina. 3. To rack, torture the limbs on the rack. 4. Trop., to ftist, distort, jus; to rackh, torimet, libidines te torqucnt; to examine clcsely, to test, aliquem. torques (-is), is, m. and f. (tore neo). A collar, a wreath. torrens, entis, Pa. (torreo). Heated, burning, inflamed (so rar.). 2. Transf., of water, boiling, i. e., rushing, impetuous. 3. Subs., torrens, entis, m., a torrent. torreo, rui, stum, 2. v. tr. and intr. To dry by heat; hence, to parch, roast, burn. 2. Pres. part. in an intr. sense (rar.), v. torrens. torridus, a, um, adj. (id.). Burning, hot, dry, torrid. torris, is, m. (id.). A fire-brand, a brand. tortilis, c, adj. (torqueo). Twisted, encircling, winding. tortus, a, um, p. of torqueo. tortus fls, m. (id.). (Poet.) A turning, twisting; a wreath. t6rus, i, m. A protuberance, elevation, prominence; hence, a knot, bulge. 2. The muscular or fleshy part of animal bodies, muscle. 3. A mattress, couch, bed, for sleeping or dining. torvus, a, um, adj. (digammated fr. TopdS). Grim, stern, fierce, savage, lowering, lumen, vultus, aper. tostusg a, um, p. of torreo. t6t, num. adj. indecl. So many. t6tidem, num. adj. indecl. (id. and suffix dem). Just so many, just a.s many. t6ties, adv. (tot). So many times, so often. totus, a, um, adj. All, the whole, entire, urbs, mare. TRA 191 TRIA tribilis, e, adj. (trabs). Of a beann?, like a beam. trdbea; ae, f. A trabea or striped robe, worn by Roman magistrates. trabs, tr~bis, f. (rpciirss$). A beam, timber. 2'-. Transf. (poet.), a tall, slender tree; any thing made of beams, a s/lip, a roof, etc. tracti~bilis7 e, adj. (tracto, fr. traho). That may be handled, manageable, tractable; non tractahile coelum, inclement, stormy. 2. Trop., inclined to be moved, yielding, tractable, exrosable, anlimis. tractim, adv. (id.). Draggingly, gradually, continuously, connectedy. tracto, Rvi, Mtom, i. v. freq. infr. (tinho). To handle, to touc/i. tractus, a, um, p. of traho. tractus, f~s, mn. (traho). A drawicng, dragging, draught. 2.A space drawn or spread out, a sretch, extent of a thing, moni, castrorum; a tract, regi on, district. 3.Trop., course, isiovenent, orationis; a c/inning out, protracting, verhorumn-; of time, space, period, lapse.. triedo or trans-do, dldi. ditunm, 3. v. tr. To give over, give up, deliver, surrender, yield, alicui aliquid. 211. In partic., to commit, entwsit for shelter, protection, etc.; to give up treacherously, betray, abandon. 3. Trop., to give one's self up, devote one's se/f to any thing, se studlis; to transmit as an inheritace, regnum.; to transmit by writing or orally, to s-elate, narrate; to imhart by teaching, to teach. tridiico, duxi, ductum (transduco), 3. v. tr. To lead or draw over-, to tr-ansfer. trdhea (traha), ae, f. (traho). A drag or sledge used for threshi ng. ti-Aho xi, ctum, 3. v. tr. To draw, drag, drag along., lead allong. 2. In partic., to drag away violently, to plunder; w. lanain. etc., to spin. 3. Trop., to draw, lead, in suam Eententiam; to drag out, vitam; of time, to draw out, pr-otract, delay, put off, bellum. aliquemn. traicio = tralclo = trajiclo. which see. traiectus = trajectus, p. of trajicio. traficio = trajiclo, wNhich see. trajectus, a, um, p. of trijlcio, icci, jectumn, 3. v. tr. and intr. (trans-jacio). To throw or cast over, telum. 2. To covey across a river, mountain, etc., to transpot, milites trans flumen; w. se, to pass cross, Alpas; with that over which something is cast or conveyed as the object-. fluvinin. navibus. 3. To its-ike throug/i piesce, transfix, aliqucin zlasdio. tr~imes, Itis, in. (tramneo, fr. trans and inso, to go). A cross-siny, by-patAh: poet., a path, way, in geis. trino, or trans-nov Avi, 51tnm, L. N. tr. To swimi over, across, or through, fluvium. 21. Poet., in gen., to go, sail, or fly through, to cra~ss, isobila, anit'Des. tranquillus, a, uim, adli. Qnlist, calmn, tranquil (opp. to motion or- excitement), mare, animus;freq. subs.. -a calmn. trans, prep. wv. ace. Acro.Qi, orer, beyond. trans-abeop abii, albitun. Trn. v. lineg" tr. and intr. TO pass t/ro-owyh, to pierce, to penetrate; to pass beyon d. trans-ldigo, adtgi, adactemn, 3. v'. tr. To thrust throug/h, to pierce. transcribor or trans-scribo, Psi, ptum, 3. V. Iir. (scriho. to write). TO write over, copy q~t, trnssscrite, testamentum. 2". In hosiness ln. to niake over, assign, convey, aliquid, alicut; in gen., to transfer; to tran.sfcr. semore, assign to another place or:-l.ation, ni-hi matres. trans-curro, curri or cbcnrri. cursium, 3. v. inir. and tr. To run. orcs o1 (acrosr, ad forim; in -en., to pasi or s/soot acoss, sidera. 2. Tr.. to ri'n ths-osigh.i pass or hasten through, Caismaniam trop., narrationem. trans-eop ii, Itum, Ire, v. lustr. and tr. To go acoss or over, pass ovres, in Brit - taiiiain; in panice., to go ores' to a party or si de, ad h os tes. 2. Tr., to pass over, to cross, flumen; to pass by, eqaurm cursu. IL. Trop., lntr., to glo o5cr to an opinion, in -sentelitiami:licujusss to be changed into any thimsg, in 11101es; in speaking, to pass to another sbet of time, to pass by, elapse; iii -en., to pass away, gloria. 2. Tr., to piass ovres, transgress, inoduim; to piass oses-, osist, aliquid silentio; to pass quickly through, touch lightly upost. rem. trans-f~ro, tfili, latum, ferre. v. tr. To bear across, carry or bring over, transport, transfer. castra, signa. 2. In partic., to transplasi, semina; to transfer by writing, transcribe, rationes in tabulas; of language, to translate. 3. Trop., to transsport. ti-anq/er, consey, bellum In Italiam,. disci-plinamn, definitiousein; of time, to -defer, postpone, in lproxinaum TRA 192 TRI annum; w. verbum, to transfer to a secondary or figurative signification. trans-figop fixi, fixum, 3. v. tr. To thrust through. pierce, transfix, aliquem gladio. 2. (Poet. and rar.) To thrust a thing through another, hasta transfixa. transfixus, a, un, p. of id. trans-f6dio, fidi, fossum, 3. v. tr. To pierce, to transfix. trans-formop avi, atum, 1. v. tr. To change the form, to transform, to metamoephose. transfossus, a, um, p. of transfodio. trans-iciop trans-iiciop transJicio, v. trajicio. transilio (transs-), ivi or ui, -, 4. v. tr. and intr. (trans-salio). To leap or pass over, to fly through. transmissus, a, un), p. of trans-mitto7 misi, missuin. 3. v. tr. To send across or over, carry across; to send oftf transmit to another person or place: to transfer, me Heleno. 2. To let plns through, exercitum per fines eorluml; to thrust or drive through, enselm per latus. 3. (Sc. se) To go or cross over, cross, pass, campos, mare. 4. Trop., to give up, entrust, bellum Pompcio; to pass over, disregard, nihil silentio; of time, to pass, spend. trans-no, v. trano. trans-porto, avi, atumn, 1. v. tr. To carry across, remove, transport, legiolne; (the thing crossed as the object) ripas et fluenta: (w. a two-fold object) milites flumen. transtrum, i, n. (trans). A bench for rowers in a vessel. trans-verb6ro Rvi, atum, 1. v. tr. To strike through, to pierce through, to pierce, to transfix. transversa, v. transversus. trans-versus$ a, un. p. of transverto. Turned across, lying across, cross-, transverse, via, fossa. Freq. adverbially, de or ex transverso, per or in transversum. obliquely, transversely; also (poet.), in the pl., transversa, transversely, across one's path, venti fremunt. trans-verto, verti, versum, 3. v. tr. To turn across. trapetus, i, m. (TparqnTr6). An olive mill. an oil-mill. tricentig ae, a, num. adj. (tres-centum). Three hundred. tr6m6bundus, a, um, adj. (tremo). Quivering, trembling. tr6mr -facio, feci, factun, 3. v. tr. (tremo- facio). To cause to shake or tremble, Olympum. tr6m6factus, a, um, Pa. (id.). Made to tremble; hence, trembling, pectora. tromendus, a, um, Pa. (tremo). (Pcet. and lat.) 'o be trembled at; hence, fearful, terrible, dreadfil, tumultus. trimisco (or tremesco), 3. v. intr and tr. (inch. of tremo). (Poet.) 7T begin to tremble, to tremble, quake; r., to tremble at, rem. tr6mo ani, 3. v. intr. and tr. (rpeujw). To shake, quiver, tremble. 2. Tr. (mostly poet.), to tremble at, dread, aliquid. tremor, Oris, m. (id.) Any tremulous motion, a trembling. shaking, tremor. trSmuilus, a, um, adj. (id.). Tremulous, quivering. tr6pldo% avi, atum. 1. v. intr. and (poet.) tr. (trepidus). To hurry or bustle about with anxiety or alarm, to be agitated, be anxious or in alarmn; poet., w. alae, to hurry to and fro. trgpidus, a, um, adj. (obs. treo = rpepw, to turn, put to flight). Agitated. alarmed, frightened, confused, trembling with agitation, alarm, etc. tres, tria, nun. adj. (TpeeS, Tpia). Three. trlbfilum, i, n. (tero). A sledge for threshing grain. tribflus (tribolus) i. m. (rp;oAoo). A kind of thistle, the caltrop. tribus, fls, f. A division of the people, a tribe. tricorpor, bris, adj. (tres-corpus). (Poet.) Three bodied. tridens, entis, adj. (tres-dcns). Having three teeth or prongs, three-pronged, trident, rostra. 2. Subs., a three-tined spear, a trident (esp. of Neptune). tri6tericus7 a. vm, adj. (Tpi7tPeTrnp, ). Recurring every third year, triennial. trifaux, cis, adj. (tres and faux, sing. of fauces). Triple-throated. triginta, num. adj. (TptaKovTa). Thirty. trilixg Icis, adj. (tres and licium, a thread). Of three threads, tripetwilled. TrinAcria; ae, f. (TpvaKpia). The island of Sicily, so calledfrom its three promontories. Trinacrius, a, um, adj. (id.). Trinacrian, Sicilian. Triines, um, m. (obs. trio, Onis. an ox used for plowing). The constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, or the T'aisi TRI 193 TTJM (fancied to resemble a wagon with oxenI yoked to it). triplex, Hcs, adj. (tres-plico). Threefold, triple; poet. for three, dece. tripUS, 6dis, in. (7-pis-ovs). A three-footed seat, a tripod. 2.In Ipartic.. the tripod of Pythia, the priestess of Apollo, at Delphi; hence, the oracle at Delphi; also, an, oracle to gen. triste, is, in. (tristis). A bane, a pest. tristis, e, adj. Sad, mournful, melancholy, gloomy, stern; weeful, dire, fell, atrocious. tri-sulcuS, a, unn, adj. (Poet.) Having three furrows; hence, three-cleft, threeforked. triticeus, a, urn, adj. (triticurn). Of wheat, wheaten,, wheat-. Trit5n, Onis, mi. (Tpioan). A sea-god, son of N~eptune. 2. A lake in Africa, the birthplace of M1iner-ca. Tritnis7 tdis, f., adj. (id.). Of Lake Triton, Te-itonian; hence, subs., Jflnerye or Pallas. 2. Of Mfinersva, arx. Trit6nius, a, urn, adj. (id.) -~ Tritonis. Often abs., Tritonia, ae, f., Minerva. tritfira7 ae, f. (tern). A rubbing, a threshing. Trop., the yield. tritus, a, urn, p. of tern. triurnphiitus, a, urn, p. of triumpho, avi, flturn, L. v. intr. and tr. (triumphus). Intr., to celebrate a triunliph, to te umph; trop., to?rejoice exceedingyly, to exult. 2. Tr., to triumph overl, conquer. triumphus, i, rn. (Optcialcq). A solemn and magnificent entrance into Rome of a victorious general and his army, a triumph. 2. Trop., a victory, tqei umph. triviumq ii, a. (tres-v-ia). A place where three roads meet, a cross-road. 2. Transf., in gen., a street, highway. trivius~ a, urn, adj. (id.). Of or belonging to cross-roads; esp. as an epithet of deities who had sanctuaries at crossroads, as ilecate. Hlence, subs., Trivial ae, f., Hlecate or Diana. Tr~as, Adis or Ados, f. (Tros). Adj., Trojan, matres. 2. Subs., a Trojan woman..3. The region about Troy, the Troad. Tr~ia, v. Troja. Tr~ia-nus, V. Trojanus. Tr6llus, i, M. (Tpc;oeos). Son of Pri am, slain by Achilles. Trbiug~nav v. Trojugena. Tr~lus, a, urn, adj. (Tros). Of Troy, Troj an. Tr~ja, or Troia, as, f. (Tpo~it, Tpoia) (id.). The city of TyinPrygia. 2. A totwt, in Epirus. 3. A game played on horse-back. Trq-J~nus, a, urn, adj. (Troja). Trojan?. Trdjii~na, ae, coot. (Troja-gigno). Troy-bme, Trojan; subs., a Trojan. tr6paeum (troph-), i, a. (Tpieara~e). A trcophy, a memoial, a tokeet, regularly the trunk of a tree on which were hung the arms or spoils of a slain enemy. Tr~s, Cis, m. (T1pW'q). A king of Phs-ygia, from whom Tray was stained. 2. A Trojan. trficido, RNyt, fitum, 1. v. tr. (trux, fierce, savage, and caedo). To slay or kill cruelly, to slaughter, butcher', snassacre. trfidis, is, f. (truido). A pointed pole, a stake, pike. trfido, Si, soot, 3. v. tr. To thruset, push, push on; of growth, to jn.t fort/c, gemmas. truncus, i, rn. The trunk-, steen of a tree. 2. The trunk, body of a man, as opp. to the limbs. truncus~ a, urn, adj. (id.). Deprived of branches or limbs; hence, msaimed, mutilated, disfigured, stripped of, deprived of, arbor, nares. trux, trucis, adj. Fierce, ferocious, savage, wild, grims. I tfii pers. pron. (a-i, Dor. ri). T you. tfiba, ae, f. (tubas, a tube). A trumpet. tueor, Itus, 2. v. dep. tr. To look at., gaze tepeos, view, behold, watch. 2. To look to, defend, protect preserve, maintain, castra, fines, vita~41-. tfigfiiriump i, a. (tgog). A hut, a cot, a cottage. Tulla, ae, f. An attendacet on Camilla. Tullus, i, rn. Tullus Hostillius, the thisd king of Rome. turn adv. and conj. Adv., of time, then, at t~at or this time. 2. In an enumeration, succession, etc., then, tlsereupon, next, moreover. II. Cornj., as a carrel. with turn or quum: turn.... turn, first.... then, both.... aced, etc.; also, quncm..turn, both.. aned. tfisre'o tel 2. v. intr. To swell, to be swollen or puffed up (lit. antd trap.). turnesco, tumui, -, 3. v. inch. intr. (id.). To begin to sseell, to rise, to bterst forth. tfiirndusL, a, urn, adj. (id.). Swdlling, TUM 194 TYR swollen, tumid, mare; poet., causing of thirty men). 2. Transf., in gen., a to swell, in~flating, auster. 2. Trop., troop, crowd, throng. sollen, puffed up; excited, etnraged; Turnus, i, Mn. Turnus, the king of the of speech, pompous. ilutuli. tfimor, Otis, m. (id.). A swelling. Trop., turis, e, adj. Ugly, foul, filthy, homo. anger, wrath, passion. 2. Prop., in a moral souse, shameful, tiimultus, fis, m. (id.). A turnlt, up- disgraceful, scandalous, fuga. roar, bustle, disturbance; in partic., a turpo, Av'i, Atum, 1. v. tr. 'To disgrace, sudden or impending war, an inmerrec- defle, soil. tion, rebellion.. Trop., agitation, tu- turriger, era, 6rum, adj. (turris-gcro). mult, mentis. Tower-bearing, tower-crowned. tjjmfjuuS, y m (id.). A mound, hillock turrns, is, f. r4n. A tower; in partic., of earth; in partic., a sepulchral mound, a movable military towver.. Transf., a tomb, any high building, a castle, palace. tunc7 adv. (turn and suffix cc). Then, turritus, a, urn, adj. (id.). Piovided at that time. with towers, turreted; as an epithet of tundo, Vtbtdi, tnnsnm or tilsum, 3 v. Cybele, tower-crowned. 2'. Transf., tr. To beat, strike, byuffet, thaumpwith tower-shaped, towering, scopuli. repeated blows. 2. Trop., to bu~fet, ins- turtur, dnri, m. The turtle-dove. portune, etc., assiduis vocihus. tiis (or 7thus), ffris, n. (06o,;). incense, tfinica; ae, f. The under gameit, a frankincense. tunic; a membrane, a coating, a husk, a Tusci, Orum, m. The people of Etruria, rind. Eftrscans, Etrurians or Tuscans. tunsus, a, urn, p. of tundo. Tuscus, a, urn, adj. Of the Tusci, turba, an, f. (Tip-lp3). A tumult, bustle, Etruri an, Etruscan, Tuscan. uproar, disturbance; in parti1c., a brawl,,I tussis, is, f. A cough. quarrel. 2. Concr., a crowd, usultitude, it~tmen, Inis, n. (tutor-'). (Poet. and lat.) throng, troop, baud. A means of defence, defence, ju-otection. turb~tus, a, urn, P. of turbo. tiate emph. form of tu. turbidus, a, um., adj. (id.). Confused, titbfa~ ae, f. Protection. disordered, wild, tempestaig; of fluids, tfito adv. (tucor). Safely, in safety. troubled, turbid, muddy. 2. Trop., tfitor atus, I1 v. dep. tr. (tucor). To troubled, disordered, gloomy, vehement, watclX, guard, 'protect, defend, befriend. excited, agiAted, etc., civitas, motus 2. Transf., to ward off an ev~il. pericula. animi. tiitus, a, urn, Pa. (tucor). Looked to or turbo, fLvi, gitum, I. v. tr. (id.). To di-s- guarded; hence, safe, secure; in the turb, agitate, throw into confusion, dis. neut. freq. abs., in tuturn or in tuto, in order, etc., mare, ordines; in partic., a place of safety, in safety. 2. Transf. to drive in confusio, cycuos Coelo. (rar4, watchful, cautious. 2. Trap.,, to trouble, perplex, agitate, tuus, a, urn, pass. proil. (tu). Thy, thine, animos. your, yours. turbo, Inis, m. (kindr. w. torqueo). Any Tkbris, v. Tiberis. thing that whirls or spins around, a Tkdeus (dissyl.), ci and cos, M. (Tviecz-). whirl. 2. In partic., a whirlwind, hur- Son of Oeneus and father of Diomnede, ricane, tempest; a spinning top; a reel, one of the " Seven against Thebes." spindle; (mostly poet.) a whirling mo- Tkdides, ae, m. (rvci6-q5). Son of Tytion, a whirl, revolution, round. deu8, i. e., Diomede. tfireus, a, urn, adj. (tus). (Poet.) Of tympetnum, i, la. (TnA-Mavov). A drunt, frankincense, dona. a timbrel, a wheel cut out of a plan k. turgeo, tursi, -, 2. v. intr. To swell Tyndiris, Tdis, f. Daughter of Tynout, to swell. dareus, i. e., Helen. tfiricr~mus, a, urn, adj. (tus-,crerno). Tkphaeus, el, Mn. (Tv4owci). A giant (Poet.) For burning Incense, ineense- slain by the thunderbolts of.Jol',e. burning, ara. T-kph~ius, a, nm, adj. Of Typhoeus, tiirifer, 6ra, 6rum, adj. (tus-fero). In- Typhol an. cense-bearing, producing incense. tkrannus I, Ii. (,ripavi;'e). A ruler, turma, ae, f. A division of Roman soveregn 1icig ngn rr n ot) cavalry, a troop, squadron, (consistirg 2 In partic., a cruel ruler, a tyrant. TYR 195 UJMB Tyres, ae, m. Ans Arcadian. Tyriusm a, urn, adj. (Tyrus). Of Tyre, Tyrian. In the pl., subs., Tyrii, Orum, m., the Tyrians. Tyros, v. Tyrus. Tyrrhenus, a, urn, adj. Of the Tyrrhenians or Etrurians, Tyrrhenian, Etrurian, Tuscan. Tyrrhenus, i, m. An Etrurian, an ally of Aeneas. Tyrrheus, ei, and Tyrrhus, i, im. A shepherd of Latinus. Tyrrhidae, arum, m. The sons of Tyrrheus. Tyrus, or Tyros, i, f. (Tupoc). A celebrated city of Phoenicia. U. fiber, 6ris, P. (o50a ). A teat, dug, udder; a breast that gives suck. 2. Transf. (poet.), fertility, fruitfulness, richness. fiber, eris, adj. (id.). Rich in something, fertile, fruitful, agcr; copious, abundant, aqua, praemiunm. iibi, adv. Of place, interrog. and relat., where. 2. Most freq. transf. of time, when, as soon as; sometimes it refers to things or persons, instead of the relat. pron. fibi-que, adv. Anywhere. everywhere. Ucal6gon7 ontis, m. (OiKaAeyxyv). A Trojan leader and counsellor of Priam. udus, a, urn, adj. (cofltr. fr. uvidus, wet). Wet, moist, damp. Jfens, entis, m. 1. A river in Latium. 2. A Rutulian. ulciscor, ultus, 3. v. dep. tr. To avenge one's self on, take vengeance on, punish a person for wrong done. 2. To avenge or punish a wrong, injustice, etc., injurias. 3. To take vengeance for, to avenge a person wronged. ulcus, 6ris, n. A sore, an ulcer. iligo, inis, f. Moisture of the ground. Ulixes, is, ei, or i, m. (latinized from 'OSvaaeve). Ulysses, son of Laertes, and king of Ithaca, distinguished among the Grecian heroes of the Trojan war for sagacity, craft, and eloquence. ullus, a, um (,gen. ills, dat. i), (fr. unulus, fr. unus), adj. and subs. Any, any one. ulmus, i, f. An elm tree, elm. ulna, ae, f. The arm, the elbow; an ell ult6rior, ius, adj. (comp. of obs. ulter). Farther. ulterius, adv., neut. of ulterius. Farther. ultimus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of obs. ulter). Of space, the furthest, most remote, uttermost, last. 2. Of time or order of succession, the remotest, earliest; also, the last. final, dies. 3. Of degree or rank, the utmost, highest, greatest; (the other extreme) the worst, meanest, lowest. ultor, Oris, m. (ulciscor). An avenger, punisher. ultra, adv. and prep. (fr. ultera [sc. parte], fr. obs. ulter-v. ultimus). Adv., beyond, further, besides, more. 2. Prep., w. ace., beyond, portas. ultrix, Icis. adj. (ultor). (Poet.) Avenging, vengeful. ultrao adv. (fr. ulter [sc. loco], v. ultra). To the further side, beyond, on the further or other side. 2. Of what is, or is done or said beyond something else, besides, moreover. 3. Of what proceeds from l)eyond, or from the other side, svithout aid or influence from this, on his or their own part, of his, their or one's own accord, voluntarily, spontaneously; also, without being addressed, without waiting to be spoken to; hence, at once, inmmediately, first. ultus, a, urn, p. of ulciscor. iilfila, ae, f. (ultlo). A screech owl. ulflatus, us, m. (id.). A howling, wailing, a wild cry or shriek. ululatus, a, urn, p. of fulfdlo, Avi, atulm, 1. v. intr. and tr. (kindr. w. 6AoAit;). To howl, shriek; poet., of places, to resound, ring. 2. Tr., to cry aloud to, invoke with loud cries; to fill a place with shrieks, etc. ulva ac, f. Sedge, water-grass. Ulysses, v. Ulixes. Umber1 bra, brain, adj. Of the Umbri, a tribe in Northern Italy, Unmbrian; subs.: Umber, bri, m., an Umbrian hound. umboy Onis, m. (kindr. w. aszfwv). Any convex elevation, and in partic., the boss of a shield; also, by meton., a shield. umbras ae, f. A shade, shadow. 2. Transf., that which gives shade (trees, etc.), a shade, shady place; trop., a shadow, trace, semblance, gloriae; also, shelter, protection, amicitiae. 3. Poet., a shade, ghost, apparition, phantom of a dead person (pl. sometimes for sing.). umbraculum, i, n. (umbra). A shade, an arbor. UMB 196 UT umbratusn a, rnm. p. of umbro. umbrifer, 6ra, drum, adj. (umbra-fero). (Poet.) Casting a shade, shade-giving, shady. umbro, avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (umbra). To shade, cover. Umbro onis, m1. A Marsian soothsayer. umbrosusp a, urn, adj. (umbra). Shady, dark. fimecto, v. humecto. iumeo, v. humeo. iimerus. v. humerus. umesco7 v. humesco. umidus, v. humidus. lumor, v. humor. umquam (or unquam), adv. (unumquam). At any time, ever. Unai adv. (unns). At the same place or time, in company, together. iunnimusv a, urn, adj. (unus-animus). Of one mind, unarinous, concordant, harmonious; of one feeling, sympathizing. unctus, a, um, p. and Pa. (unguo). Smeared, anointed with pitch, oil, etc., carina. 2. Trop., rich, luxurious, szmptuous, coena. uncus$ a, um, adj. (uncus, boyKco, a hook). Hcoked, bent in, crooked. unda, ae, f. A wave, billow. 2. Transf., in gen., water (poet.). 3. Trop., a stream, crowd, multitude, curarum. undeo adv. From where, whence (relat. and interrog.). undicimus, a, um, num. adj. The eleventh. undique, adv.(unde-que,whenccsoever). From all parts, from every quarter; also, on all sides. undo7 avi, rtum, 1. v. intr. (unda). To rise in waves, to surge, wave, undulate, fretum, fumus. und6sus7 a, um, adj. (id.). Full of waves, billowy; Plemmyrium, wavebeaten. ungo, v. unguo. unguen, iuis, n. (unguo). An unguent, an ointment. unguis, is, m. (6vv)). A nail of the finger or toe; of animals, a claw, talon. ungila, ae, f. (id.). A hoof. unguo (or ungo), nxi, nctum, 3. v. tr. To smear, anoint with oil, etc. unquam, v. umquam. unicusq a, um, adj. Sole, only. Ulnus a, um (gen. ius, dat. i), adj. (kildr. w. eia, evo). One, a or an. 2. For solus, alone, only. upilio, onis, m. A shepherd. urbanus, a, um, adj. (urbs). Of the city, city-, urban. urbs, urbis, f. (orbis = a surrounding wall, town-wall). A city, walled town. urgeo (also urgueo), ursi, 2. v. tr. To drive on, to press, force, drive, urc;e, naves in Syrtes; to press upon in clo e pursuit. 2. Trop., to press upon, weigh or press down, burden, oppress, fato, fame, invidia, etc.; to press, ply with argument; to follow up, pushforward any thing, opus; to crowd, confine by too great nearness, urbem alia urbe. urnap ae, f. A water-jar. 2. In gen., a jar, urn for any purpose, as for votes, lots, etc.; freq., the urn of fate; a cinerary urn for the ashes of the dead. uro, ussi, ustum, 3. v. tr. (orig. buro, whence comlburo-kindr. w. trup). To burn; in partic., to burn 1qp, consume. 2. Transf., to dry up, parch, sol agros; to nip or blast with cold; to rub, gall, fret, calccus (a shoe) peden; trop., to burn, inflame, consume with passion; also, to harass, disturb, disquiet, (eanl) urit Juno. ursap ae, f. (ursus). A she-bear; poet., a bear, in gen. ursus, i, m. A bear. urus$ i, m. A wild ox or species of buffalo. usquam, adv. Anywhere. usque, adv. Of time, constantly, continually.. With prepositions, (in time) all the while from or to a period, as far as, until, u. ad extremum vitae diem; u. a Romnulo; (in space) all the way from or to a place, as far as; may often be translated even. iSUSY a, um, p. of utor. iisus, ts, m. (utor). A using, making use of; use, enjoyment, rei alicujus; practice, exercise, artis. 2. Practice, experience, skill, in re militari. 3. Usefulness, profit, advantage, benefit, esse usui civitati. 4. Use, need, necessity, usum provinciae supplere; usus est, there is need, it is necessary. 5. Intercourse, familiarity; pervius usus, easy or free communication. uit or iti, adv. and conj. Adv. 1. Interrog., in what manner? how? ut vales? indirect, videbat uti, etc. 2. Relat., in the manner that, as. perge ut instituisti; ut isti putant; ut supra demonstravimus; in comparisons, ut... sic, ita, etc., as....so; to introduce examples, UTC 197 VAP asR, as for instance; to introduce a cause or explanation, as, as being, inasmuch as, Diogenes lilberius, ut Cynicus, locutus est; to introduce an adverbial clause denoting time, as, as soo as, when (freq. strengthened by primum). ut Priamurn conspexitl; to denote contemporaneous action, as, while, lit constitit.... inquit. 11. Conj., in clauses expressing an effect or consequence, so that, that; after verbs of fearing, that not; elliptically for fec ut, supposing or granting that, even if. ut-cumque (-cunque), adv. In whatever way, howsoever, however. 2. Wlhenever. liter, tris., in. A bag made of hide. fiter-que, utrAque, nltrumnqne, proin. adj. Both the one and the other, both, each. iitrusq i, m. The womb, nsatrix. 2 Poet.., the belly, paunch, eqni lignci. fiti~ v. ut. fiitilis, e, adj. (ntor). Useful, serviceable, fit. litf-nam, adv. A iparticle expressing a wish, 0 that! wouild that! fitor, fistus, 3. v. dop. intr. and( (ante-cl.) tr. To use, make use of, employ, aliqua re; to enjoy; to have, hold, find, etc., melioribus fatis;to be intisnate or famidiar with any one, aliqno familiariter. iitrimque (-trinque), adv. On each side, on both sides. utr~que, adv. (uterquc). To both sides or places, in both directions. iiva, ae, f. A4 grape, a grape dluster; meton., the v'ine, win~e. fividus, a, urn, adj. J'Vet. taoist. uxor? rins, f. A wife. uxorIUS, a, urn, adIj. (id.). Of or pertaining to a wife. 2. Excessively fond of or devoted to one's wife, like a fond husband, uxorious. vacca7 ae, f. A cow. vaccinium, i, a. The whortle-berry, the blueberry. V;Jco7 Ivi, atnrn, 1. v. intr. To be empty or vacant, damns; hence, to befreefrom?, be scithout, haste, cura, ab opere. 21. In partic., to be free from labor, to be at leisure; impars., vacat, these is leisure. vACUUS, a, urn, adj. (id.). Empty, void, vacant, free, f/ree from, devoid of, domuis,-wu. abi. with or without ab, and (mre.) w. genit.; subs, vacuum, i, ii., ani empty space, a void. 21,. In garlic.,.free from business, unoccupied, idle of possessions, vacant, without an occupant; vanus, esnptg, wcorthless, noman. v~ido 8. v. intr. (kindr. w. laztrw). To ~v. proceed, walk, asp. hastily, to rush, in hostam. v~dF~susp a,urn, adj. (vadum). Ford-.able, shallow v~dum, i, n. A shallow place in water. shallow, shoal, feed. 2-1. kPoet.) The bottom of a body of water, the depthls also, in gen., water~s, sea, streamn, etc. vaep interj. Ah I alas! v~ginap ae, f. A scabbard, sheath. v~iitus, fha, in. (vagio, to cry, squall). A crying, squalling, srailing, of young children. vaigorp attns, I. v. dep. intr. (vagus. strolling). To wander or stroll1 about, st rag, roam, range; trap., w,%. fania, to spread. vfilens, antis, Pa. (valco). Strong, vigorous, powerfusl, homo; in partic., healthy, well; trap., powesful, bifuesntial, homa. v~leo, ui, Itum", 12. v. intr. To be strong. or viglorous, multum; to be powcesyul or effeclive in or far any thing,, ad negligandas leges, equitnau, amnicis, etc. to have the power to do any thing, to be able, facere aliquid (poet. and la.). 2-1. Of the body, to be scell, be healthy:imper. vale, as a parting salutation; far-ewell, adieu. Viil6rus, i, in. A Latin. v~iidus, a, urn, adj. (valca). Strong, stout, vigorous, powerful, corpora, -navis. 2. Of health, healthy, sound, wteli. 3. Trap., powerful, influential, effective, urbs, genus dicendi. valles or vallis, is, f. A valley, vale. vallo, -, atum, 1. v. tr. (vallum). To surrllund with a rampart, to encanup round about. vallum; i, a. A ramtpart. vallus, 1, m. A stake. vannus, i, f. A fats far winnowing grain, a brad basket. vinus, a, urn, adj. Empty, vacant, void, acies hostium; irnago. 21. Trap., vain, idle, fruit'ess~, groundless, spas; of persons, false, delusive, deceiving, ostetttallou,8, etc. v~porp rins, rn. Steam, vapor, exhiala VAP 198 VEN tion. 2. A warm exhalation, warmth, heat, soils; poet., fire, est carinas. vaporo, Avi, atum, 1. v. tr. and intr. (14.,). To fill with vapor or smoke, to fumigate, to perfumie. vario, Avi, fitum, I. v. tr. and intr. (varius). To diversify, to variegate, to * change. Intr., to change Or waver. v~rius, a, urn, adj. Variegated, spotted, party-colored, fibs, lapides. 2. Trop., diverse, different, various, yes ed, changing, inconstant, etc., serino, genera. Viirius, i, in. Lucius Varus, a celebrated writer of tragedy, and friend of Virgil. Virus, i, m. A friend of Virgil, who was intrusted by Augustus wvith the confiscation of the lands in Cisalpine Gaul. vastitor, oris, in. (vasto). A ravager, a destroyer. vasto, Avi, 13tnm, I. v. tr. (vastus). To make empty, vacant, or desolate, agros. 2. To lay waste, devastate, desolate,?aruin, Ital~am, oninia; trap., w. menteai, to harass. vastus, a, nin, adj. Waste, desolate, empty, unoccupied, ager, nrhs; in partic., wasted by destrnction, devastated, ravaged, Troja. 2. Idea of devastation subordinate to that of size, vast, immense, Oceanus, nether, antrarn; in genu., vast, enormous, mighty, huge, homno, arna, fiuctns; trop.. murmur, etc. v~tesy is, c. A prophet, prophetess, sooths8ayer. 2. Poet., a poet, poetess, bard. 3. An oracle, aut/writy in an art, profession, etc. V;enclitic conj. (ve] apocopated). Or. vectis, is, m. (veho). A pole, a bar.vecto, Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. (intens. of veho). To carry, convey, bear. vectors oris, m. -(id.). A sailor, a traveler, a trader. vectus, a, ivm, p. of veho. v~ho, vexi, vectnm, 8. v. tr. and intr. To car"y, bear, convey, aliquid; in partic., w. nonam Aurorain, to usher in. Freq. pass., vehi, to be carried -to ride, sail, fly, navi or in navi, equo or in equo, 2. Intr. (rmr. and only in pros. part. and in the gerund), vehcns in equo, riding. v61, conj. (imperat. of volo). Or - repeated, vel.... vel, either.... or. 2. Even, vel tres; with superlatives, to increase their force. vel inaxiinus. v515men, Imis, n. (velo). (Poet.)A covering, a garment. vbjijtus, a, sun, part. (id.). Covered; in partic., w. antennae, sail-clad yarsis. V61inus, I, in. A lake in the Sahine country. VW1inus, a, urn, ad). Of' Velia, a townn on the coast of Lucania near the promontory of Palinuruin, V-elian. vbliv61us, a, umn, adj. (velurn-volo). (Poet.) Sail-flying, navis. 2.Tranef., of the sea, studded with sails, sail-covered. vollo, velli (and vulsi), vulsum, 13. v. tr. To pluck, pull, pluck out, pull out or up, tear away, anseres, harbamn, arboremn. vejlus, 6ris, n. (id.). Wool plucked or shorn off, aflcece. 2.A sheepskin with the wool on. 3. ~i'he bide of an~y other animal. 4. Things made of wool, illlets; also, things like wool, a. g., jleeces or flocks of silk. v61o, aivi, atumi, I. v. tr. (velum). To cover, veil, wrap up, caput; to wrap or bind around, to adorn, deck, crown, ternpora vittis, delnhra fronde. 2-. Trop., to hide, concecd, odiunl v~jox, locis, adlj. (kindr. w. velurn). Swift, fleet, rapid. vjj1um, i, a. (fr. vehulum, fr. vwho; hence, orig.. that which hears the ship on). A sail; dare vein, to set sail. 2.Transf., a covering, curtain, veil: niveis tentoria velis, of snowy canvas. vel-ut, or vel-uti, adv. Even as, just as, as (to introduce a comparison, example, etc.). viina, ae, f. A blood-vea -e7, vein. 2. Transf., of things resernhling vefins, a vein in wood, metal or stone. 3. Trap., the interior, the nature of a thing; also, natural bent, genius, vein, c. g., a poetical vein. v~n~bfi1um, i, n. (venor). A huntingspear. venalisp e, adj. Salable, for sale. v~niitor7 oris, in. (id.). A hunter;, venator canis, a hunting-dog. v~nfitrix, Ncs, f. (id.). A huntress; also, adj., w. dea, i. e., Diana. venitus, fis, m. (venor). A hunting, the chase. vendo, dldi, dlturn,.3. v. tr. (venum, sale, and do). To sell. 21. Trap., to sell, betray, patriam auro. v~n~num, i, a. Orig.. a potion, drug. 2. In partly., a po0isonous potion, p)oison, venom,; also, a magic potion, cha,-mi. YENVE VER v~n~r~b11'isy e, adj. (veneror). Worthy of reverence or respect, venerable, revered, vir, donum. venerdtus, a, urn, p. of v~nerory atus, 1. v. del). tr. To reverence, esp. with religious awe, to worship, revere, venerate, deos. 2. To beseech with reverence, impllor'e, supplicate, deos multa. Part. vener~tusq revered, supplicated. v6nia, ae, f. Favor, grace, indulgence; permission. 21. Pardon, forgiveness for a wrong done. Venilia, ae, f. Thbe mother of Turnus. v~nio; vtini, ventum, 4. v'. intr. Tocow in all senses. venor; fltus, 1. v. dep. intr. and tt-. Intr., to hosnt, go hunting. 2I. Tr., to hunt, leporem; trol). and poet., to hunt, seek after, laudent. venter; tris, m. (kiudr. w. jv'repoi'). The belly. 2. Transf., the wombn lo fetus. vent6susp a, urn, adj. (ventus). Windy, loea; story, mare. 2. Poet., swift as the wind, equns. 3. Trop., light, inco - stant, fickle, plebs; also, windy, puffed up, vain, homo. ventus, I, m. The wind (li. and trop.). VWnfilus, 1, m. A messenger of Turnus. VWnus, 6ris, f. The goddess Of) Love. 2. Transf. (mostly poet.), love, passion; also, loveliness, (grace, chnrn,,?; also, the V-enus-throw, the highest throw at dice. vepres (-is)p is, m. A thorn, a bramble. v~r (tiris, n. Spring, the sring. vertv~nae7 11um, f.. Foliage.for the altar-, sacred boughs;- the plant vervain.. verber, riss, n. (kindr. w. ferlo). A stroke, blow stripe; in pantic., a lashing, scourging.?. Concr., a lash, whip; poet., a thong of a sling. verb~ro, tivi, 11tum, I. v. tr. (id.). To la~sh, scorge, beat. verbum, i, n. A word; in the p1., languagie, dbzcourse, etc. 2. In grammar. a yes-b. vr adv. (verus). Truly, rightly, correctly. v~reor7 Itus, 2. v. dep. tr. and intr. To fear, usually with awe or reverence, to feel awe of, s-evere, deos. 2. To fear, in gen., periculurn; tofearfor, be concerned for, alleni. Vergilius (Virgilius), i, Im. PubliusVergilius Maro, the poet. vergoy -, -, 3. v. intr. To incline, to bend, to go doien. v6rftus7 a, enm, p). of vereor. v~roy adv. (abl. of verus). in truth, indesd. 2. Corroborative, adversative particle, but indeed, but. verro2 verri, versunm, 3. v. tr. To sweep, bs-ush; in partic., to sweep or dleas onlt. 2.To sweep along, sweep, drive, nubila, nequora. versatilis7 e, adij. (verto). Revolving. versic6lor, oris, adj. (verso-color). of varied colors, party-colored, variegated. verso, A1vi, Zilium, 1. v. freq. tr. (vert~o). To tus'n, twist, whirl about, drive about, manumn, IlIMma, oves. 2'. Trop., to turn the mind to, ad aliquid, in ornnes pantes; to change, verba, omnia; to turn over in mind, evolve, think over, meditate upon, nliquid; to fallo ant, carsy on, acconqslish, domoe; to disturb, agitate, vex, aliquem. II. Dep. form, versor7 tius, to turn one's, self about in a place, i. e., to dwell, remain, be in a place, in castris. 2.Trop., to be in a particular situation, in error-c, in lande; also, to ocpy or busy on's self with., be engaged in, in rnc difficili. i~n arte. versus2 a, urn, p. of verro. versusy a, urn, p. of verto. versusy fls, m. (verto). Prop., a turninge about of a plow; hence, a furrosv. 2. A line, row, arborum, in partic., in writing, a lisse; in poetry, a verse. vertex (vortex), icis,' m. (verto). A whirl, whirlpool, vortex of water; also, an eddy of wind or flame, a whirlwind. 21. The top or crown of the head; also, the head, in gen. 3. The highest point, top, summit of any elevated object; in pantic., the pole or pininacle of the heavens; hence, a vertice, fro above. verto, ti, sum, 3. v. tr. and intr. Tv., to turn, turn around or about, se, altquern In fugam. 2. To overturn, overthrow, destroy, ruin (lit, and trap.). arbores, Ilium, arces, cuncta. 3. To turn, i. e., change, alter, transform (lit. and trop.), aliquid or aliquem; in pantic., to translate into another language. II. Intr. (verto, and occasionally vertor, in dep. sense), to turn, turn about, ad oras. ad metes. 2. To turnor change into, in glaciem; trop., to turn to, terminate in, turn out some way, res v. in laudem, v. bene. 3. To depend or rest VER 200 VIC upon, spes civitatis in dictatore; also, to be in a certain situation, in periculo. v6ru fis, n. A spit, broach. 2. A small dart or javelin. verum, adv. (vcrus). Truly. 2. As a corroborative, adversative particle, but in truth, but yet, but. verumr 1, n., v. verues. verusp a, urnm, adj. True, real, actual. Subs., in the neut., verumr i, that which is tnre, the truth. v6rutus7 a, unm, adj. (veru). Armed with a dart or javelin. Vesaevius, v. Vesevus. vesanus, a, urn, adj. Insane, mad, furious, maddening. vescor, 3. v. dep. intr. and tr. To.feed upon, to eat, lacte; (poet. and lit.) dapem. 2. Transf., to enjoy, use, make use of, aura. 3. Abs., to dine, feast, in aede, per herbam. vescus, a, urn, adj. Thin, small, meagre, fine-grained. Vesevus, i, m. Vesuvius, the famous volcano near Naples. vesper, 6ris and eri, m. (kindr. w. eoTrepo5). The evening-star. 2. Transf., the evening, even-tide, eve; also, the west. Vesta, ae, f. ('E-Tia). The goddess of the household, representing religion and domestic virtue. vester, tra, trum, poss. pron. (vos). Your. vestibuilum, i, n. The inclosure between the entrance of a house and the street, the entrance-court, fore-court. 2. Transf., an entrance, in gen. vestigium, ii, n. A footstep, foottrack, foot-print. 2. Transf., the sole of the foot; also (poet.), a foot, in gen. 3. A trace, token, vestige, in gen. 4. Of time, a moment, point, temporis. vestigo, 1. v. tr. (id.). To follow the track of, to trace, seek after, inquire into, investigate, aliquem oculis, causas. vestio, Ivi or ii, Itum, 4. v. tr. (vestis). To clothe, dress in a garment. 2. To clothe, cover, deck, adorn. montes silvis. vestis, is, f. (kindr. w. eaoris). A garment, robe, vestment for the body; collect., clothing, vesture, dress. 2. Transf., any kind of Covering, a curtain, tapestry. V6siilus, i, m. A mountain in Liguria. veternusp i, m. (vetus). Oldness, sluggishness, sloth. v6titum, i, n. (veto). That which is forbidden, a protest, a prohibition. vktitus, a, um, p. of veto7 ui, itum, 1. v. tr. (perh. fr. velus, to leave in its old state). To prohibit, forbid, oppose, advise against; to prevent, hinder (constr. generally with an object clause; more rar., w. simple infinitive, simple acc., w. ut, ne, simple subjunct., or abs.). V6tus, iris, adj. (kindr. w. e-ro). Old, ancient (that has existed for a lonll time), invidia, homo, laurus. 2. Former, as opp. to that which is of the present time, bellum. v6tustas, atis, f. (vetus). Old age, age. 2. Transf., a long period or duration, aevi. 3. A ntiquity, the olden timew, exempla velustatis. v6tustus, a, tim, adj. (id.). Old. ancient, templum. vexatus, a, um, p. of vexoe avi, atlm, 1. v. tr. (intens. of veho). To shake. agitate, toss, move to and fro violently, naves. 2. Transf., to injure, ravage, devastate, agros, Italiam. 3. To plague, harass, vex, disquiet, aliquem; w. mores, to corrupt. via, ae, f. A way, road, path; a street. 2. Transf.. a march, journey, route, course, auxilium viae, flecte viam. 3. In gen., a way, passage, channel, a cleft. 4. Trop., a way, mode, manner, belli. viator, oris, m. (id.) A trareler. vibratus, a, um, p. of vibro, Avi, itum, 1. v. tr. and intr. Tr., to put in tremulous motion, to agitate, shake, brandish, hastas, vestes. 2. To throw with a vibratory motion, to hurl, hastam. II. Intr., to be in tremulous motion, to quiver, vibrate, lingua; to glitter, glimmer, sparkle, mare, tela, (trop.) oratio. viburnumr i, n. The vibu rnum, a kind of shrub; the wayfaring-tree. vice; v. vicis. vicia, ae, f. A vetch, a legumtinous climbing-plant. vicinia, ae, f. (vicinus). Xeighborhood, nearness, vicinity. vicinusq a, urn, adj. (vicus, a street; a village). Near. neighboring, adjoining, portus. Subs., vicinus, i, m., and vicinaa ae, f., a neighbor; also, vicinump i, n., a neighborhood, vicinity. 2. Trop., nearly resembling, like, similar. vicis (a gen.), vicem, vice; pl. vices (nom. and acc.) and vicibus (dat. and abl.). Change, interchange, alternation, Vic Yb U1 v01 VIO vicissitude; in partic., reciprocal action, return, requital, recompent~e, retaliation; in vicem. or in vices, mutually, reciprocally. 2. (Poet.) The changes of fate, fate, fortune, lot, part;- vices Danaum, dangers. 3. Tt'ansf., the position, place, office, duty of any person or thing as assnmed by another. 4. Adverbially, vicem or vicey in place of; also, after the manner of, etc. vjcissim7 adv. (id.). In turn, again, on the other hand. victlma7 ae, f. A victim offered in sacrifice, a sacrifice. victory Oris, rn. (vinco). A conqueror, victor; as an adlj., victorious. vict~riap an, f. (id.). Victory. 21. The goddess of Victory. victrix. Tets. f. (id.). A female conqueror, a victress as an adj., victorios. victus, a, urn. p. of vinco. VictUS9 ifs, m. (vivo). That which supports life, food, sustenance, nourish unt. 2. (Rar.) A way of life, mde of living. video, vTdi, vlsum, 2. v. tr. (kindr. wv. TetSov). To see, in gen.; l)oet., to perceive, observe (by any sunse), tenram mugire. II. Trop.. of the mind's eye, to perceive, observe, aliquid; to understand, coosprehend. 21. To took at, reflect upon, consider; to see to, take care, provide, vide quid agas. III. Pass., videor, to be seen (rar.). 2. Freq., to seem, appear. 3. In partic., impers., videtur ailicul, it seems good, seerm proper to any one. vidU~itusy a, urnt p. of viduo, AV', Atum, 1.- v. tr. (vidnus). To bereave, to deprive, to free. vigeo, ui, 2. v. intr. (vis). To be strong, or vigorous, to thrive, flourish. 2. Trop., to flourish, prosper, to be in repute, have influence. vleilv Ills, adj. and subs., m. (vigeo). Adj., awake, alert, watchful; w. ignis, perpetual. 21. Subs~., a watchman, sentinel. vigilans, ntis, Pa. (MgiO). Watchful. vigilantia, ae, f. (id.). Watchfulness, vigilance. vigili~tus, a, urn, p. of vlgil(, Avl, Atum, 1. v. intr. and tr. (vigil). To be awake, to watch, usque ad lucem; also (rar. and poet.), to wake, awake from sleep; tr. (poet.), to watch through, spend in watching, noctem. 2. Trop., to be svatchful, attentive, vigilant,, tr. (poet.), to perform or dto while watching, labores. viginti, num. adj. Twenty. vigor, Oris, mi. (vigeo). Vigor, activity,.force, energy. vjlis, e, adj. Cheap, worthless, common, mean, smple. villaq ae, f. A country house, a country seat, a villa, afarm. viljjsus, a, urn, adj. (villus). Shaggy, hairy. villus, I, m. Coarse, shaggy hair, long hair of an animal; transf., the rough nap of cloth, mantelia tonsis villis. vimen, Inis, n. A pliant twig, for plaiting, etc., an osier, withe; poct., a limber twig or shoot, in genu. vimineus, a, urnt adj. (id.). Of twigs, o~f osier, osier. vincio7 uxi, -netum, 4. v. tr. To bind, bind around, fetter, sumas, catenis. 2. Trop., to bind, sestrain, religione; to join, arrange, verba. vinclum, V. vinculum. ViLncop vici, victurn, 3. v. tr. and intr. To conquer, vanquish, overcome, defeat, hostes, aliquem; to overcome, ubdue, irarn, nefas, vinci diffilcultate; to urpass, excel, aliquenin eloquentia, etc. vinctus, a, urn, p. of vincio. vincfilum (contr., vinclum), it n. (vincio). Any +thing that binds, a fastening, bond(, fetter; a cosd, rope, chain, etc. 2. Esp. fmeq. in plur., fetters, chains, bonds of prisoners, etc., aprison. 3. Trop., a bond, tie, etc., jugali. vind~mia, an, f. (vinurn-demo). The vintage, a crop of grapes, grapes. vindic~itus? a, unm, p. of vindico, lIM, itulm, '. v. tr. (virn-dico, prop., to threaten force). To lay legal claim to, aliquid; hence, in gen., to claim, demand, assume, aliquid sibi (or ad se). 2. To set free, deliver, Galliarn; in genu., to liberate, deliver, rescue, save, aliqnern ab aliqno. 3. To avenge, punish, aliquern, injuriarn. vinea, an, f. (vineus). A vineyard, a vine. vin~tum; I, n. (vinmn). A vineyard. vinitor, Oris, rn. (id.). A vine-dresser. vinum, i, n. (oiivoe). Wine. vi6la an, f A violet. Vi61i~iliLs1, a, adj. (violo). (Poet.) That may be violated, violable. vi61Arium, it ni. (viola). A bedt of violets. vidlentia, ae, f. (violentus). Violence, ferocity fury, s-age. YbO 202 VIT vi~lentus, a, urn, adj. (vis). VFiolent, impetuous. vi6lo, Avi, atum, 1. v. tr. (id.). To treat with violence, to injur'e, abuse, profane, violate, aliquid. vip~r~k, ae, f. A viper, an adder, a mnake. vip~reus, a, urn, adi. (id.). Of a viper or vipers, or yespem!, viperous. vfry vyin, m. A male person, a man. 2. A man in distinction from a woman, a husband (=maritus). 3. Emphatically, a man in character, achievements, etc., a man of courage, a hero. 4. In miliii. lang., a man, soldier; in pantic., a footsoldier. vfrjjgo, iis, f. A man-like, vigorous, heroic woman, a heroine. Virbius, i, m. A Latin, ally of Turnus. vfrectum (vr~tum)y i, n. (vireo). A grassy spot, green ward, a lawn. virensy ntis, Pa. (vireo). Green. vlreo ui, 2. v. intr. To be green, v. nova frond's. 2. Trop., to be fresh or vigorone, to bloom, ingenium. vfresco2 -, -, 3. v. inch. intr. (vireo). To grow or becomnegreen. virdtumy v. virectum. virga, ae, f. (vireo). A small, green branch, a twig;- in pantic., a set, scion. 2. A rod, suwitch for flogging; poet. fasces. 3. A wand, stuff', e. g., of Mercury. virgitug, a, urn, adj. (virga). Mfade of tuigs, basket worked-;- hence, striped, plaid. virgeus7 a, urn, adj. (id.). Of twigs, of osier, os-ser. Virgilius, v. Vergilius. virgineus, a, urn, adj. (virgo). (Poet.) Of a virgin or maiden, maidenly, virginlike. virginlts Itis, f. (id.). Virginity. virgog Inis, f. (vireo). A virgin, maiden. 2. Poet., a young woman (married or unmarried). virgultum, i, ii. (for virguletum, fr. virgula, dim, of virga). A bush, shrub; a thicket, copse, shrubbery. vhirdans, v. virido. virldis, e, adJ. (vireo). Green, verdant, sllva. 2.Trop., green?, fresh, blooming, senectus. virldo, 1. v. mnt. (viridis). Tob gen; bence, part., viridans, green, verdant, laurus. virlis, e, adj. (vir). Of or belonging o snan, manly. 2. In partic., in respect to sex, male, masculine; of nge, manly, toga; of character, etc., manly, bcld, brave, animns. 3. In jurid. lan,,., that belongs to one, one's, portio; transf., one's, my, his, their, etc., pro virili parte. virbsus, a, urn, adi. (virus). Full oj poison; having a poisonous odor, fetid. virtiis, ftits, f. (vir). Jfanliness, braver?1, courage, prowess, valor, heroism. 21.. ApIness, capacity, excellence, virtue, se it worth, alicujus rei, etc.; in pantic., moral excellence, virtue. virus, i, n. A slimny juice, slime, venori, virus, poison. vis, vis, f. (kinfir. w. 4s). Strength,force, power, deornim, venti. 2. JMostile force, violence. 3. Coner., a force, number, abundance, quantity of any thing, hominum, canum. 4. In pl., military forces, troops..5. Trop., snental slrengt/k, power, vigor; of ahstract things, force, meaning, sense, nature, essence, eloquentiae, verbi. viscum7 i, u. (kindr. w. 1~65). The mistletoe. viscus, 6ris, n. (generally in p1., viscira, urn). The inner paris of an animal hody, the inwards, viscera; transf., the flesh, (as heneath the skin). 2. Trop., the inmost parts of a thing, the bowels, heart, etc., reipublicae, montis. visol s, sm I. v. tr. (minens, of video). TO look at closely, to viesa, examine, behold. 20. To go or come in order to look at, to go to see, visit, aliquem, or aliquid. visum7 i, n. (p. of video). A thing seen, a sight, appearance, vision. visus, a, urn., p. of video. visus fis, m. (video). A seeing, looking; a loview, glance; the faculty or act of seeing, sight. 2. Transf., a thing seen, a sight, apparition, vision. 3. (Rar.) Appearance, aspect. vita7 ae, f. (contr. fr. victa, fr. vivo). Life, existence. 2.Transf., a way or mode of life, conduct. 3. Poet., a shade,,spirit of one deceased. vitf~lis, e, adj. (vita). Of or pertaining to life, vital; life-giving, aura; poet., living, and also long-lived. viteus, a, urn, adj. (vitis). Of the vine, of wine. vitiasus, a, urn, adj. (vitium). Full of faults, corrupt, decayed, rotten. vit&isj is, f. A vine, a grape-vine. VIT 2103 VOL vitisfitory Oris, m. (vitis-sero). A vineplanter. vitium, 1, n. Afault, aflaw, a defect, bad quality. vitop Avi, Atum, 1. v. tr. To avoid, shun, tela, periculurn. vitreus, a, urn, adj. (vitreurn, glass). Of or like glass, dear, bright, glassy. vitta, ae, f. (kindr. wv. ante-cl. vieo, to twist together). A band or fillet worn round the head, a chaplet; a sacrificial fillet bound upon an altar, etc. vitfilusp i, m. (kindr. w. LTakoe). A young bullock, a calf. Vitula, ae, f., a young cow, a heifer. viva~xp Reis, adj. (vivo). Long-lived, vivacious. vividus, a, urn, adj. (vivo). Living, animated, corl)us. 2I. Life-like, true to life, signa, vultus. 3. Lively, s irited, ardent, animi, virtus. vivo, vixi, victurn, 3. v. intr. To live, be alive. 2. Transf. (poet.), to live on, endure, last, remain, vulnus, ignis. 3. To live on any thing, lacte. 4. To live, i. e., pass one's life in any place or manner, farniiariter curn aliquo. vijvus, a, urn, adj. (id.). That has life, living, alive; w. vultus, life-like, s-peaking; wv. saxurn, living, i. a., natural, unwrought; w. aqua, running. vix, adv. Scarcely, with difficulty, with much ado; of time, hardly, scarcely, vix ea fatus erat. voc~itus, a, urn, p. of voco. vocijtus, fis, m. (voco). A call, a summons, a demand. vbclfror, atus, I. v. dep. intr. and tr. (vox-fero). To cry out, exclaim, vociferate. V6co, flvl, fltum, 1. v. tr. (vox). To call; in partic., to summon, ad se; al so, to insite as a guest; of things, to invite, summo, nox, Auster..?. To call upon, invoke, deos. 3. To call, bring or place in some position, aliquem in luctum. 4. To call by name, to name, vocor Calus, Italiam. v6laemum (-emum), i, n. (vola, the palm of the hand), sc. pirum. A large kind of pear. v6lans, ntis, f. (volo). A bird. v6I1itIlis, e, adi. (volo). Flying, winged, bestia; transf., swift, rapid, telum.fleeting, aeta.. Volcens (Volscens), ntis, M. A Latin. v616mum., v. volaemum. v6lens, entis, part. and Pa. of volo.. Willing, ready; favorable, gracious. vo1go, V. vulgo. volgus, V. vulgus. v6lltans7 intis, f. (volito). A bird, an insect. V6lito, Avi, Aitum, I. v. intr. (freq. of volo II.). To flit or jfy about, ayes. 2. Transf., to fly or hasten about, to hover about, in foro, favilla in nimbo. volnero, v. vulnero. volnificus, v. VUlnifICUS. VolnUs v' vulnus. v6lo, vlui, velle, v. irreg. tr. (kindr. w.,eio~xoat). T1o will, be wvilling, aliquid facere. 2I. To command, ordain, determine, aliquid fieri; to think, maintain,.aliquid. 3. To wish, desire, aliquid. 4. To mean, signify, quid (sib!) vult? v61o, flvi, Atuim, I. v. intr. To fly, avis. 2. Transf., to move swiftly, to speed, telum. Subs., volantas, lum, or urn, birds. volpes7 v. vulpes. Voscens, v. Volcens. Voisci, orum, rn. The VFolsci, a people of Latium. VoISCUS, a, urn, adj. of the Volsci,. Volsci an. volsus = vulsus, p. of vello. Iotur7 v. vultur. Volturpnus, v. Vulturnus. voltus, V. vultus. v6lIibilis7 e, adj. (volvo). Whirllng, spinning, turning. v61i~cer) cris, cre, adj. (volo IT.). Flying, winged; hence, snhs., volucris, is, f., a bird. ~.Transf., of any thiing moving swiftly, swift, fleet, rapid, transitory, fleeting, sagitta, classis, somnus. v6liimen, Inis, n. (volvo). A roll, fold, coil, wreath of any thing, anguis, fumi. 2". In partic., a roll of wNriting, a volume, book. v6luntas, Ittis, f. (volo I.). Will, uwish, desire; willingness, consent, compliance; adv., voluntate, or sua voluntate, of' one's own accord, willingly. 2. Gloodwill, favor, erga aliquem. 3. A last will, testament. 4. (Post-Aug.) Meaning, sense, signification, nominis. v6luptas, Atis, f. (id.). Pleasure, enjoyment, delight. V61iisus, i, m. A Rutulian. v61iitibrum, I, n. (volulto). A wallowing-place for swine, a slough. v6liito, avi, atum, I. v. tr. (intens. of volvo). To roll, turn, or tumble abouti; VOL 204 ZON w. se, to roll about, wallow, genibus volutans. 2. Trop., to roll, send, vocem per atria; to roll in mind, revolve, con8ider, ponder. v6liitus, a, urn, p. of volvo, volvi, vdltitum, 3. v. tr. To roll; to turn about or around; to roll or tumble about; to roll along; to roll, cast or toss up, lapides, fumum. 2.Pass. in mid, sense, to?roll, roll about or along, roll on, anguis, sidera; lacrimae,.flow; trop., menses or anni volvuntur. 3. Trop., to turn over, revolve in mind, ponder; to order, appoint in due succession, Jupiter v. vices; poet., Nw. casus, to undergo, pass through. v~mis (vbmer)V eris, in. A plowshare, a plow. v6mo, ui, htum, 3. v. intr. and tr. (kindr. w. 4rni). To throw up, vomit. 2. Tr., to vomit up, sanguinem; transf., in gen., to pour forth or out, discharge, fumum, animam. v6r~iov inis, f. (voro). An abyss, gulf, de'pth, whirlpool. v6ro7 AvA, Atum, 1. v. tr. (kindr. w. (3opa). To swallow up, devour greedily, cibum; transf., mare v. -navem. vorsus -versus, p. of verto. vortex vertex, which see. vosmet (vos, fr. tu, and suffix -met). Yourselves. v~tumv i, n. (voveo). A solemn promise to a deity, a vow. 2. (Poet.) A thing vowed, an offering, incendimus aras votis; a wish, dee-ire. v5tusV a, um, P. of v6veoo vmlvi, v~tum, 2. v. tr. To promise something to a deity, to vow, ternplum Jovi. 2. Transf. (poet.), to wish, wish for a thing. vox, ocis, f. (kindr. w. 64i). A voice; a sound, tone, cry, etc. 2. That which is uttered by the voice, a word; also, speech, language, expression. Vulcinia (Vol-), ae, f. The island of Vulcan, Hiera. Vulc~nius (Vol-), a, urn, adj. Of Vulcan, of fire. Vulcinus, I, in. V ulcan, son of Jupiter and Juno, the god of fire; transf. (poet.),.fire. vulcitugg a, nm, P.- of VUlgo (vol-), flvI, Atom, 1. v. tr. (vuligas). To spread among the multitude, to make common, spread abroad, make known, publish, morhos, bella. vulgo (vol-), adv. (vulgus). Before the multitude; hence, generally, everywhere, all aronnd, here and there. oxAkoC) The multitude, the mass, the people, esp. the comon people. 2". In gen., a crowd, throng, mass, multitude of persons or (poet.) animals; in partic., with the accessory idea of contempt, the crowd, the vulgar, the rabble. To wound, to offend, to hurt. vululficus (vol-), a, urn, adj. (vulnus —facio). Wound-making; wounding, hurtful, destructive. vulnus (vol-), gris, n. A wound; transf., a cut, incision, e. g., in a tree. 2. Trop., injury, detriment, reipuhlicae, poet., of love, grief, etc.; that which inflilets the wound, a blow, a weapon. vulpes (vol-), is, f. Afox. VUlsus (vol-), a, urn, P. of vello. vultur (vol-) firns, in. A vulture. Vulturnus (4olt-), i, m. A river in C'ampania. vultus (vol-), fis, in. The countenance, visage (esp. in reference to expression); hence, expression, look, aspect, mnien; in partic. (poet. and lab.), a stern or angry look, tyranni. 2". Transf. fadies, the face. 3. Poet., the appearance, took of any thing, sa~ls placidi.X. Xanth5, fis3, f. (acivO(L). A 8ea-ny~mph, one of the NYereids. Zanthus, i, M. (adivOo-;). A river in Troas, called also Scamander. 2. A river and town in Lyoia. 3. A small river in Epirus. z. Mic ynthosp I, f. (ZixvvOos). An island in the Ionian Sea, west of Peloponnesus Z6ph~rusv i,rn. (Zi~vpoc;). The west wind (pure Latin, Favonius); poet. for wind, in gen. zonal ae, f. (4~v-q). A belt, a girdle; In astronomy, a zone. APPENDIX. 191 QUESTIONS ON THE FIRST THIRTY-THREE LLNES OF THE AENEID. BY SAMUEL H. TAYLOR, LL. D., INCIPAL OF PHILLPOS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASS. WHEN was Virgil born? Where? Was it in Italy or Gaul at that time? At what time was his birthplace first included in Italy? What was that part of the country called before? Who were the consuls at Rome the year he was born? Was he older or younger than Augustus? How much? How much older than Horace? Was he a contemporary of Cicero? Older or younger? In what two places in northern Italy was he educated? In what place in southern Italy is he said to have studied? Did he receive any part of his education at Rome? What was the occasion of his losing his hereditary estate? What -connection had he with Asinius Pollio? What was the ground of atta hment existing between them? To what distinguished patron of literature at Rome did Pollio introduce him? Through whom did he become acquainted with Augustus? id Augustus show him any favors besides encouraging him in his literary pursuits? Were any of his works composed at Naples? Was there probably any cause of his residence there besides the attractiveness of the place? Had he a vigorous constitution? May his health, then, have been the cause of his seeking a milder climate than was to be found in the mountainous region of his native place? Did he visit any foreign country? What Did he travel there extensively? When and where did he die? How happened he to be at Brundusium? Where was he buried? Is the spot where he was buried now known with certainty? 1 Why is this poem called the Aeneid? Who is the hero? Is Aeneas a mythical or historical person in the Aeneid?2 Is it certain that he ever came to Italy? May Virgil have intended to describe the character and achievements of some other person under the name of Aeneas? How long was Virgil in writing this poem? Was it finished at the time of his death, as he intended it should be? How many years after the fall of Troy does the scene open? Where are Aeneas and the Tro. jans at the opening of the first book? Is the first book the first in the order of time? Which is first in the order of time Second? Third? What is gained by thie change in the chronological order of the first book? Is the interest of the reader greater or less by being hurried at onco into the subject, and then having the his torical detail presented afterwards by persons with whose characters he has already become interested? Is there any similar change of chronological order in the Paradise Lost? Which book of that poem is first chronologically? What kind of a poem is the Aeneid? What is meant by an Epic poem? Could it also be called an Heroic poem? On what ground could this and similar poems be so called? What are the first seven lines? What do they contain 208 (UES 'IONS ON VIRGIL. ARMA virumque cano, Trojae qui primus ab oris Italiam, fato profugus, Lavinaque venit Why do arma and virum stand the first is the caesura of the verse, or caesural words in the poem? Different senses of pause in the first line? Is it the mascuarma? Ever used in Sing.? Is arma and line or feminine caesura (310, N. 1)? What virum a case of Hendyadis [323, 2, (3)], is meant by a masculine caesura? What signifying the warlike achievements of by a feminine? Is the place of the caesu. the hero? If not, what is the meaning of ral pause fixed in hexameter verse (309, each? Which denotes the warlike achieve- R. 3)? What is the most approved place ments, and which the personal adventures? for the caesural pause in epic poetry (310, Construction of these accusatives? Are 4)? By what principle is a in cano short? they the objects of cano in any such sense What is meant when it is said to be short as when we say, Ising a song, or are they by authority, or by the authority of the a kind of cognate Acc.,-Ising the song of poets? Does not the authority or usage the arms and the hero? (Compare "I sing of the poets determine the quantity of all the sofa.") Why cano, i. e., in what sense vowels Is there not just the same audoes he sing? ' Peculiarity of cano in the thority for the final a of arma being short, second root? By what principle is the as for a in cano? Why, then, is the latter vowel of the reduplication e? 5 Trojae said to be short by authority, but the forwhere? Construction? What influence mer by rule (final a in words declined is has it on oris Which was the earlier short)? 8 and Greek name, Troja or Ilium? Was Construction of Italiam? Is it usual to Pergamus the same as Troja? How dif- omit the preposition with the names of ferent? In what country was Troy situ- countries (237, R. 5, c)? Would a good ated? Near what sea? Is the site now prose writer omit or use the preposition known? What word determines three here? Would in Romam venit be good features of qui? What are they? What Latin? Would in lispaniam venit? What two features of what word does qui de- is the difference in the two cases that termine? What are they? The positive makes in requisite in one and not in the ofprimus? From what contracted? Why other? By what principle is the first i is the I long? When is prior and when in Italiam, which is usually short, long primus to be used? Was Aeneas the first here? " Had the peninsula subsequently who came from Troy to Italy? Did not known as Italia, in earlier times any name Antenor come before (see line 242 seq.)? which designated the whole? To what How are these statements to be recon- different portions was the term Italia apciled? To what part of Italy did Antenor plied at different periods? How early did come? Would primum have the same the name embrace the whole peninsula? meaning as primus here? Difference? Derivation of fato? Why a long? Why Why ab and not a here? Between what in Abl.? Why used at all? Without it, does ab show the relation, oris and profu- would it be clear, at this point, whether gus, or oris and venit, or both? Differ- he was a mere adventurer, banished for ence between oris and litora? his misdeeds, or an exile by the appointHow many feet in a line here? From ment of the gods? Derivation of profuthe number of feet in a line, what is the gus? Is it to'be taken in a good or bad verse called? What is the predominant sense: a fugitive or an exile? What feelfoot in hexameter verse? Why not all the ing for the hero is the word adapted to feet dactyls? Would an unbroken succes- produce? Where was Lavinium? Why sion of dactyls be as harmonious as a va- so named? What relation does Lavina riety in the measure? What is the other litora bear to Italiam? Could Lavina foot besides the dactyl here? Derivation litora change place with Italiam, so as to of the word spondee? Derivation of dac- stand before it? Why not? Do we usutyl?9 What is the greatest number of ally place the general or specific first? If syllables in an hexameter line? The Lavinium was not upon the sea-coast, least? 7How disposed of in each case? how can the poet say Lavina litora? Is What is a caesura? Design of it? Where the quo appended to Lavina a connective. QUESTIONS ON VIIRGIL. 209 Litora; multum ille et terris jactatus et alto, Vi superum, saevae memorem Junonis ob iram; Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, "and," or an expletive, "even"? Were altus, from which it has the signification there any Lavina litora when Aeneas came of both high and deep.? Where is the cacthere? By what figure, then, does he sural pause in the third line ' From what speak of them as existing at that time? Greek word does vi come? Origin of the Does the form of venit determine whether v. Is vis actually defective in any case? 1 it is Pres. or Perf.? What is the quantity What case is used very rarely? What reof the e when venit is Pres.? What when lation does the Abl. vi express? By what it is Perf. (284, Exc. 1)? In what tense, principle in the Abl.? Who are meant by then, is it here? In prose is there any the plural superum,-any one but Juno? means of determining the tense, except What relation does superum sustain to vi? by the connection? As litora is neither Full form of superum? What are the two the name of a town or a country, by what forms of the superlative of this word? principle is it in the Ace.? Is Lavina How is the shorter form, summus, obtainlitora, so far as relates to construction, ed from the other form? 1" Difference bedill'erent from what Lcainium would have tween supremus and summus? To what been in its place? How, then, would La- word is supremus opposed? To what vinium have been constructed? Is the o summus? Which is commonly used in in litora short by rule or exception? What prose? With reference to what is Juno is the rule and what the exception? What called saevae; or is this epithet applied to becomes of the urn ot multun in scanning? her as a general characteristic? Mlemozrem What is the figure called by which it is properly belongs only to persons, how elided (305, 2)? By what figure is the e of then is iram to be considered? Who was ille elided (305, 1)? What Greek pronoun Juno? From what root, and how, is the corresponds to ille? Has ille here its full I Nom. formed? 3 Whence comes the n in pronomial force, or does it merely recall the oblique cases? What were the grounds or resume the subject, giving a more live- of Juno's anger here referred to (see lines ly expression? Force of et before terris? 25-28)? The relations expressed by vi Could it be omitted without essentially saperum and ob iram respectively, i. e., changing the expression? Precisely what which is instrument and which cause? would be lost by its omission? '1 With Has MULTA passus the same signification what is this et correlative, or with what as MULTUM passus would have? Quoque does it correspond? Why is terris plural? means moreover in addition to what? Were his calamities experienced in one What particle would generally be used, in land or several? Why Abl.? In good good prose, instead of et, after quoque? prose is the preposition more commonly Upon what word does the force of et fall? expressed or omitted with ablatives of Is bello Abl. of means or time? Its derivaplace (254, R. 3)? What kind of a verb is tion? How does the d become b? By jacto, from which jactatus comes? What what principle two s's in passus? What does such a verb imply (187, I. 1)? Of would be its form before assimilation? which conjugation are frequentatives? Does dum here signify until or while? What is the simple verb from which jacto Why followed by the subjunctive? Comnis formed? From what part of that verb? position of conderet! Of which conjuDoes jactatus apply equally to terris and gation is the simple? The compound alto? To which does it apply in its ap- Primary meaning of conderet? Peculiarpropriate sense? What is the figure by ity in the second root? Derivation of urwhich it is connected with both, when it bem? What connection between it and properly belongs to but one [323, 1, (2)]? orbis? How do the two r's come toIs est to be understood with jactatus and gether in inferret? What letter is syncopasus, or are these pure participles mere- pated? What relation does the second ly? Is alto strictly an adjective or a sub- root bear to the first? How is the third stantive? Any English word similarly root, latum, derived from the second? 1 used? What is the primary meaning of Is deos here in its usual sense, or is it 210 QUESTIONS ON VIRGIL. Inferretque deos Latio: genus unde Latinum, Albanique patres, atque altae moenia Romae. Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso, Quidve dolens regina deum tot volvere casus equivalent to penates? What occasion for adverting to the idea contained in inferret deos at all? In the view of a Roman, would religion be indispensably connected with the founding of a flourishing city? Is the Dat. Latio the usual construction in such cases? What is more common (225, IV. and R. 2)? What and where was Latium? From what was the name probably derived? Were the names of places more frequently derived from the names of the people, or the people from the places? 17 Stem of genus? To what docs unde refer, and what is its meaning? If it is translated from this circumstance, what is the meaning of this expression? How are the Alban fathers and the walls of Rome unde? Which way was Alba from Lavinium? Rome from Alba. Why called Alba? Why Longa? Is the actual site of Alba known beyond a doubt? In what sense is patres here used? Is it that of being the founders of Alba, or the nobles, for the purpose of giving dignity to the place? Construction of genus, patres, etc.? Why is Romae called altae On how many hills was it built? Why built on hills? Derivation of moenia.? How differing from muri and parietes? Difference between atque and et? When was Rome founded? Situation? On the sea? How far from? On what river? On which bank? What are the next four lines called? Derivation of Musa Does ov in Greek uniformly become u in Latin? Why u in musa long? How many Muses? What determined the character of the Muse to be invoked? In the Georgics Virgil invokes Ceres, Pan, Minerva, Bacchus, Pales, Maecenas, etc.; why the Muse here? Who was the Muse of epic poetry? Does mihi come from ego as its root? What part of mihi is root, and what termination? 18 Are the singular and plural formed from the same root? What other forms for Dat. Sing. besides mihi (133, R. 1)? Is the quantity of the final i uniform? How was the word causa written in Cicero's time, and before? I Deriva tion of memora? Has it its primary or secondary sense? Its direct and indirect object? Why is the a long? Is quo a pronoun or adverb? With what agreeing? Derivation of numine? How much is verb root? What is the remainder? Nom.? Stem? Why is the i of the stem (numin) changed to e in the Nom.? Which has the more open, and which the closer sound? Is the close sound of i felt in the oblique cases as it would be in the Nom.? What rules determine the quantity of the vowels of numine? Meaning here? Construction? The thwarting of what purpose (numine) or object is referred to? What place was Juno intending to make the mistress of the world? What influences were now at work to prevent this? Pres. of laeso? What becomes of d in the second and third roots? What letter of these roots rejects the d? Iow much of laeso is root? What is the remainder? Construction of quid (232, 1 and N. 1)? But how has quid a signification kindred to that of dolens?~ Ve formed from what? And vel from what? Does ve ever stand alone? What is it called then? How differing from aut and vel (198, 2, R. b.)? Toward whom was the resentment denoted by dolens cherished? Why towards Paris and Ganymede? Who is meant by regina, deum? What is this figure called [323, 2 (4) ]? Is the e in regina long by rule or authority? Rule for the quantity of i? What is the correlative of tot? Has it any correlative here expressed? Is any to be supplied? Is it used here, then, to denote a definite or indefinite number? How is it declined? Third root of volvere? What becomes of the second v? When does such a change take place? 21 What is the pertinence of the word volvere here? Does it signify simply to endure or suffer calamities, or does it imply a constant succession, a round or interminable series of them? Would good prose put volvere in the Inf., as here, or in the Subj.? Upon what does it depend? From which root of what verb does casus come? What QUESTIONS ON VIRGIL. 211 Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores, Impulerit. Tantaene animis coelestibus irae! Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii tenuere coloni, Carthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe Ostia, dives opum, studiisque asperrima belli; has occasioned the dropping of the d of iHow does antiqua differ from vetus the verb? Is the final syllable long or Which denotes what existed long ago? short? From what is that syllable a con- Do they both have all the forms of comtraction (89, R. I)? Is the word in itself parison? Why is antiqua used at all? taken in a good or a bad sense, or both? Did the antiquity of a city give it more Which is predominant? In which here? or less celebrity? With reference to whom Composition of insignem? Primary was the city said to be antiqua, Aeneas or meaning? Derivation of pietate? What Virgil? Was it really built in the time of kind of a noun (26, 5)? What is meant Aeneas? Does fuit here imply that the when Aeneas is said to be insignempie- city was or was not then in existence tate? Does it signify merely what we (Comp. II. 325)? From what noun does mean by piety, or devotion to the gods, or Tyrii come? Where was old Tyre situated? does it imply also filial devotion, kind and In what country? Was it upon the mainaffectionate conduct toward others? How land or on an island? What is the gramfrom adeo is the Inf. adire formed? matical object oftenuere? Is it expressed When is the initial letter of eo i, and when or to be supplied? Any other form for ef What other construction does adire the third Pers. P1. Perf. besides tenuere? take besides the naked Acc.? Composi- What form would Cicero use? What tense tion of impulerit? Whence comes the would the Greek use for it? What is the m? When in composition letters of a difference between the Greek Aorist and different order (i. e., requiring different the Lat. Perf.? What two relations does organs to pronounce them) come together, the Lat. Perf. express? By what two what is to be done? The p in this word Greek tenses are these relations expressis a labial, and the n of the preposition in ed? In this respect, which language has is a dental; this dental must, then, be the advantage in point of definiteness? changed into a lettter of what order? Is Derivation of coloni? Construction of m, then, of the same order as p? What Carthago? Where situated? When, and organs are used in pronouncing each? by whom founded? Stem? How from Does the second I of pello belong to the the stem is the Nom. formed? Is anyroot, or is it a strengthening letter of the thing gained by omiting the name of the Pres.? How can this be shown? If it city in the first line? What? Does the belonged to the root, would it or would it suspense make the impression of the supnot be retained in the second root? Of pressed word stronger or weaker when it what vowel of the Pres. of this word is u is named? Is the position of Carthago at the representative in the second and the beginning of the line more or less emthird roots? When is e changed into phatic than if it had been in the middle? 2i u? 22 Derivation of tantae? Why is the What is noticeable in the position of Itam of tam changed into n? Is the letter t liam, with reference to the word which of the termination a dental or a lingual? governs it? Is this usual in prose? What To what, then, must the m be changed? relation does Italiam sustain to Tiberina Construction of animis? Derivation of ostia? What Tiberina ostia to Italiam? codeetibus What connection between What direction was Carthage from the heaven and KOeAOV, meaning an arch? mouth of the Tiber? What sea between? Is the name derived from the actual form When was that sea first called the Mare,of the heavens, or sky, or from the appa-.lediterranean? 2 Dives, with what agreerent form? Why irae plural? Do the ing? What is the comparative, and how poets often use the plural for the sake of formed? How differing from locuples? -emphasis or the metre? 23 Construction of opum? Rule (213, R. 1, 2) QUESTIONS ON VIRGIL. Quam Juno fertur terris magis omnibus unam Posthabita coluisse Samo: hic illius arma, Hic currus fuit; hoc regnum dea gentibus esse, Si qua fata sinant, jam turn tenditque fovetque. 8)? How many cases of the Sing. are in nse? What is such a word called (94, 1)? How does the plural differ in meaning i from the singular? What does que after studiis connect? Construction of studiis? Is it governed by anything? It shows in what respect what word is taken? Is it, therefore, explanatory of the meaning of asperrima? What word is explanatory of studiis? Primary meaning of asperrima? Has it here its primary or secondary sense? Antecedent of quam By what rule is its antecedent feminine? What is omitted in fertur (179)? Construction of terris? The office of such ablatives is to complete the comparison; by what word is the comparison begun or introduced here? What is the office of unan here? What word does it strengthen, quam or magis? Is unus as an intensive or strengthening word found more frequently with the comparative or superlative? 2a How can its force be expressed here? Could it be translated either by one or alone? Would in particular indicate its force? Is its emphasis increased or diminished by standing at the end of the line? 22 Composition and literal meaning of posthabita? Is it here in its primary or secondary sense, denoting a local or mental putting after? What determines its gender? Upon what does coluisse depend? Rule (271)? What change takes place in the vowel of the stem in the third root? Does o often interchange with u 2 7 Where was Samos In what sea? Why mentioned in this connection at all? Rule for its gender? Construction? When it is said to be in the ablative absolute, what is meant by the term absolute? Would the genitive absolute be used to express this in Greek? Why not? What is the difference between the Latin and Greek here, that the same construction would not be used in both? 2 8 What participle would be used in Greek, instead of the Latin Perf. here? In what case would the Greek participle be, and with what agreeing? In what case would Samo be? Is the o in Samo retained or elided? But does not the retaining of it cause hiatus, the o coming before the i in hie? How is the effect of the hiatus prevented here? In Virgil does the hiatus more commonly occur in the Arsis or Thesis? 29 To what does hic refer? What was the old ablative form from which it comes?30 Has the penult i in illius any other quantity than it has here? In Virgil is it more frequently long or short? 31 What does the poet mean by saying hie illius ara, hic curris fuit? To what word is fuit conformed? How is arma disposed of? To what does hoc refer? Why not, then, in the feminine gender (206, 8)? Does the gender of pronouns conform to the words to which they refer, or to those with which they agree? What may this properly be called? 33 Is hoc an adjective pronoun here agreeing with regnum, or has,it a substantive force? Construction? Construction of regnum? How is it determined that regnum is the predicate Acc. after esse, and not the predicate Nom. (210)? What would have been a more natural construction for regnum than to be in the Ace. (227, R. 4)? Dat. and Abl. P1. of dea? Why (43, 2)? Have any other words of the first dec. similar forms? Construction of gentibus (227)? What is the other Dat., besides gentibus? What would have been that other Dat. if the more usual construction had been followed here? How is the second s in esse to be explained? 3 Upon what does esse depend? What class of words admit the Acc. with the Inf. (272)? Is qua in the Nom. pl., agreeing withfata (if anyfates), or in the Abl.? Is there any way to determine this certainly? What? Could it be determined in prose? How better in poetry? Si followed by the Subj. here implies what? That the fates would permit? That they would not permit? Does it imply anything definitely, or merely express a supposition, without determining whether they would or would not permit? Rootof sinant? What is the first n? In what tenses is it retained? What is the QUESTIONS ON VIRGIL. Progeniem sed enim Trojano a sanguine duci Audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces; Hinc populum late regem belloque superbum Venturum excidio Libyae: sic volvere Parcas. Id metuens, veterisque memor Saturnia belli, Prima quod ad Trojam pro caris gesserat Argis: 213 last n? How are 'lae second and third roots formed? Is the caesura in this line masculine or feminine? What is the office of jam, i. e., what word is affected by it, and how? How may jam tum be rendered here? What would even then denote: that even when she was beginning to build Carthage, and before it had reached its destined influence, she was intending to make it the ruler of the nations? Peculiarity of tendit in the second root? Why is d rejected in the third root? Primary meaning? What is the figure called by which the two que's are here used [323, 2 (2)]? What is the object of using the two que's? 3 Is the force of each verb increased or diminisLed by them? How? What becomes of v in the third root of fovet? Why? Is the idea offovet stronger or weaker than that of tendit? Composition of progeniem? Does sed usually stand the second word in a sentence in prose (279, 3, a)? Is the word denoting the contrast introduced by seda expressed or understood? What is the purport of that word? What does enimn express the reason of? What does a show the relation between? Stem of sanguine? What rejects the n of the stem in the Nom.? Any peculiarity in audierat? When and how does such contraction occur (162, 7, a)? From what Greek letter does the y of Tyrias come? What different relations of time does olim express? What letter of verteret is dropped in the third root? Why? Would the combination rts be euphonic? Why might not the r or the s be dropped as well as the t? Would it answer to drop a prominent letter of the,root or of the termination? Why verteret in the subjunctive (264, 1, a)? But is there any demonstrative in the antecedent clause to which quae refers? Is such demonstrative often understood? Stem of arcesP Nom. how formed from it? Why were these arces called Tyrias? To what does hinc refer? In what other way might the idea contained in it have been expressed? Construction ofpopulum? What does late qualify? But how can an adverb qualify a noun (277, R. 1)? What office, however, does regem perform, that of a noun or a participle? Is such a usage admissible in prose? What is the figure by which one part of speech is used for another [323, 3, (b), (1)]? Is bello Abl. of respect or of cause? Does it express the cause of superbum? But is it war merely that they were to be proud of, or does the superbhum necessarily imply success, so that the meaning is, proud of their success in war? Would potentem have been as forcible a word here as superbum? Does superbum imply potentem, and something besides? What is understood withventurum? What Inf. is it? From what root is the Fut. Inf. formed? Upon what does venturum [esse] depend? What is its subject Ace.? Composition of excidio? Case? What case is Libyae? What rule for two datives with venturum (227)? What do the poets often use Libyae for? To what does sic refer, or how much of what precedes does it cover? On what does volvere depend? What is the pertinence of the word here? What letter changes in the third root? Is Parcas the subject or the object of volvere? Derivation? What connection in meaning has it with pars or partior? What is the Greek word for Fates? Has the Greek word the same signification as the Latin? To what does id refer? How is the d to be explained? a5 How is the superlative of veteris formed? Has the word all the degrees of comparison? Meaning here? What does que after veteris connect? Is memor compared? Who is meant by Saturnia? Why so called? Subject of what verb? What is meant by veteris belli? How long prior to the time of which the poet is here speaking did the war begin? It cannot mean the 214 QUESTIONS 0 N VIRGIL. Necdum etiam causae irarum saevique dolores Exciderant animo: manet alta mente repostum Judicium Paridis spretaeque injuria formae, ' Et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores: His accensa super, jactatos aequore toto Troas reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli, - --- -- old or ancient war, then; what is the meaning? Does prima agree with Saturnia or a pronoun understood? Does prima mean formerly, or as chief, foremost? Is quod here in the position it would have in prose? In what part of its clause does it stand in prose? 38 What letter of the stem does the first s in gesserat represent? Why changed? What is the second s? Nom. Sing. of Argis? How declined? Where was Argos? Does it mean here nothing but the city? What is its meaning? The sentence commencing with nec is parenthetic; where does the parenthesis end? What is nec here, as often elsewhere, equivalent to (198, II. 1. R. c)? Does etiam here mean also, likewise, or even? Upon what word does its force fall? What were the causae irarum, etc.? Where expressed? What relation, then, do causae irarum, etc., sustain to manet...... honores? Composition of exciderant? By what principle does the a of cado becomq i in composition? 37 Syntax of animo? Literal meaning of exciderant animo? Subject of manet? Why not plural then? What idea is intended to be conveyed by alta? Composition of repostum? Stem of pono? How from the stem pos is pono formed? What is the n? What letter does it reject? In what roots does that letter re-appear? Why? What letter is syncopated in repostumr? What was the judicium Paridis? Who was Paris? Stem of the word? Nom.? Why the d rejected? From what verb does spretae come? What has become of the n of the Pres.? What change has taken place in the position of the ri What is meant by metathesis (322, 9)? From what theme, then, is spretae formed?38 What relation does spretae injurla formae sustain to judiclum Paridis? Formae, from what Greek word? By what change? What race is meant by genus? Why were they invtsum From whom was the Trojan race descended? Composition of invisum? How from invideo, which primarily means to look upon, or look intently upon, does the idea of hatred or envy come? How do we regard that which we look upon with great interest, and desire to obtain, but cannot? Does rapti agree with Ganymedis or honoris? Will the form of the words or the connection either determine it absolutely? Making it agree with Ganymedis, to what fact does it refer? How was Ganymede carried away? Who was he? Why should Juno complain of the honors bestowed upon him? To what does his refer? Composition of accensa The first c, how explained? What letter is dropped, and why? Incensed by these things in addition to (super) what else? Which was the greater ground of her trouble, the circumstances just mentioned, or her fears that her purpose to make Carthage the ruling power among the nations would be defeated by the Trojan colony which was to settle in Italy? What is the simple verb from which the frequentative jacto is formed? Derivation of aequore? Construction? Could the preposition be omitted in prose if toto were joined with aequore (254,R. 2, )? Aequor, how differing from mare, pontus, and pelagus? Difference between totus, and omnis? Is Troas a pure Latin form (86)? Derivation of reliquias? What letter of the Pres. is dropped? Does that letter belong to the root of relinquo? Will it convey the right idea in English, to translate reliquias Danaum " the remnants of the Greeks;" or has the Gen. here a subjective force: "those left or spared by the Greeks?" From whom did, the Danai derive their name? What peo. ple of Greece did the name properly desig. nate? Does it include nothing more than the Argives here, or does it denote the Greeks generally? Why should the Danai more than some other class be taken to QUESTIONS ON VIRGIL. 21, Arcebat longe Latio: multosque per annos Errabant acti fatis maria omnia circum. Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem! represent the whole body of Greeks? Was this a powerful or a weak tribe at the time referred to? Full form instead of Danaum? Would et be as appropriate here as atque. Which expresses the idea of " more particularly," and "moreover?" Does atque draw more or less attention to Achilles than et would? Why should any special attention be drawn to him? How is the first m in immitis to be explained? What three other forms of the Gen. of Achilles besides Achlli (86)? Subject of arcebat Why Impf.? Construction of Latio (251)? By what means was she keeping them from Latium? What object had she in doing this? What connection between multos and its comparative plus? Any in form? What is the superlative of plus? How does the superlative plurimus come from plus? What is the stem of plus? What is added to the stem, then, to form the superlative? But do not stems ending in r, as veter, miser, etc., add rimus to the stem for the superlative? Why not plurrimus, then, with two r's? Is the u in plus, however, long or short? Does the vowel then need to be lengthened by position? But is the e before r in veter long or short? Why is per expressed here? Would not annos be in the Ace. of duration of time without it? Does the poet wish to make the length of time as prominent as possible, or the reverse? Is the length of time more prominent with or without per? Ie says " many years" —how many? Why did he not name the number definitely, then? Is the impression more or less forcible by the indefinite mode of expression? The idea of the length of time, then, is here denoted in three different wayswhat are they? Does the form of the verb errabant also contribute to the same effect? What feature of that form does this? By what principle does the g in ago become c in acti? 39 Why maria omnia, and not mare omne, as all his wanderings were in the Mediterranean? What is noticeable about the position of circum? Construction ofmolis (211, R. 8. 3)? Is it necessary to suppose that any substantive is omitted here by which molis is governed? Does not the Gen. follow sum constantly to denote the relations expressed by the rule of the grammar? What is the subject of erat? Why erat in the Impf? Does it imply that the difficulty existed at every step in the efforts to establish the nation? NOTES TO QUESTIONS ON VIRGIL. 1. The tomb of Virgil is shown at Naples. Niebuhr, incredulous as he was in regard to all matters of mere tradition, believed this to be the tomb of Virgil. 2. In the Aeneid, Aeneas is a purely mythical character. Under this name Virgil has undoubtedly described the character and achievements of some other person, perhaps those of Augustus. 3. The first seven lines, which may be termed the proem, contain the subject of the poem.. 4. When Virgil says that he sings of arms and the man, etc., he means particularly that he is to describe these in poetry. Sometimes, however, the recitation of poetry was accompanied by music. 5. Where the vowel of the stem is changed in the Perf. the vowel of reduplication is e, as sto (stem, stao), steti; do (stem, dao), dedi; parco, peperci; cado, cecddi. Where e belongs to the stem it is retained in the reduplication, as tendo, tetendi; pello, pepuli. So, too, other vowels are retained where the root is not changed, as curro, cucurri; spondeo, spopondi. quantity, either long or short: i. e., the rules are only the exponents of the quantity as determined by the use of the poets. But it the quantity of every vowel of every word was determined by rule, the rules would be so numerous as to be of little value. Therefore, when it is said that a particular syllable is long or short by authority, it is only meant that it does not come under any of the general rules. 9. A short syllable is often made long in the Arsis, by the stress of voice which falls upon it. 10. The general statemen. or fact would be the same if et were omitted. The use of it gives force, particularity, individuality to terri8, etc. There is a difference between saying A and B, and both A and B, or, not only A but B. So here. 11. Vis has been found to be used in all its cases, though the Gen. and Dat. Sing. are very rare. 12. Summus comes from supremus by syncopating re, and assimilating the p to the m after it. 13. Some nouns of the third Dec., whose stem ends in n, omit the Nom. sign 8, and also drop the n; as sermo (stem, sermon); leo (leon), etc. 14. Etiam would be commonly used in good prose, instead of et here. 15. Dum, signifying while, may be followed by the subjunctive when a design, purpose, or wish is expressed. 16. The stem of the second root of fero is tol; the third root then would regularly be tolatum, and dropping the o, tlatum. The t of the last form being dropped on account of the uneuphonic combination of tl, the third root becomes latum. For the change of o into u in tull, see Note 27. 17. The name of the country was in most cases derived from the name of the people, and not the reverse. Latium was then the country of the Latini. 6. The word Dactyl is derived from the Greek aKTrvAos, afinger, because a dactyl has one long syllable and two short ones, just as the finger has one long part or joint and two short ones. The word Spondee is derived from aTrovS4v, libation, treaty; because in the services connected with these, slow, solemn, spondaic melodies were used. 7. The greatest number of syllables in a hexameter line is seventeen; all the feet may be dactyls except the last. The least number is thirteen; all may be spondees except the fifth. 8. Authority or the use of the poets really determines the quantity of all syllables; and the rules themselves even are based on this usage. The rules, therefore, only group together certain forms or endings, etc., whose vowels have a uniform NOTES TO QUESTIONS ON VIRGIL. 217 18. In mihi, only mi is root, and hi is the Dat. ending. Mihi, particularly in poetry, was often contracted into mi. 19. In Cicero's time, and before, causa was written with two s's. All languages have a varying orthography; the variance being greatest at periods remote from each other, but also to some extent manifest at any given period. There was often a difference between the orthography in manuscripts, on coins, and inscriptions on stone. Hence, numus and nummus; annulus and anulus; poena and paena; vult and volt; coelum and caelum; genetrix and genitrix; toties and totiens; conjux and counx; litera and littera; haud and haut, etc. 20. Quid in itself has no signification kindred or related to dolens; the actual cognate word is to be considered as understood, and quid is regarded as the attributive of such cognate word, and of course stands in the same case as that word would if supplied. In this way quid can be said to be a cognate accusative. 21. V before a consonant, particularly t, changes into u; as volutum (from volvo), solutvm (from solvo), fautum (from faveo), -v having originally both a vowel and consonant force, and the consonant force being uneuphonic before another consonant, assumes, for the sake of euphony, in cases like those here given, its vowel relation in the form of u. On the contrary, the vowel u sometimes takes a consonant force, and changes into v; as gaudeo, gavisus. 22. E is changed into u, especially before a single 1, or usually before I followed by a consonant; as pello, pepuli, pulsum; vello, vulsum. 23. Besides the other grounds for the use of the plural of nouns, the poets not unfrequently use it either for emphasis or for the metre. 24. In poetry, words that require to be made emphatic receive a special emphasis by being placed at the beginning or end of the line. 25. The name Mare Mediterraneum first occurs about A. D. 250, the Roman name previous being Mare Internum. 26. Unus, as an intensive word, occurs much more frequently with the superlative than with the comparative. 27. 0 frequently interchanges with u; as corpus for corpor, vult for colt, humanus from homo. 28. The Greek has a past active participle, and would take Samo in the Acc. after it; but the Latin, having no past active participle, can express the relation only by the passive participle in the Abl. absolute. 29. The prevailing Hiatus in Virgil is in the Arsis, more seldom in the Thesis. In line 16 the effect of the Hiatus is prevented by the Caesura, and by the division in the line. 30. The old ablative from which hic comes was h(o)ic or h(e)ic = hic. 31. In Virgil the penult i of illius is oftener short than long. 32. As hoc here refers to Carthago, which is feminine, but takes the gender of regnum, there is strictly an attraction of gender. 33. The root of sum is es. The regular form of the Inf., from which the Impf. subjunctive is formed, would then be esere; but syncopating the e after s, the r is then assimilated to the s; hence the Inf. is esse, and the Impf. subjunctive is essem, etc. 34. See Note 10. 35. The d which appears in llud, id, and the like, is probably the same as the demonstrative 6e in Greek, as o68e, this here. It therefore increases the demonstrative force of the word. 36. Qui usually stands the first word in its clause in prose. 37. A in composition is usually changed into the lighter vowel i before a single consonant, but before two consonants into e; as inimicus (in + amicus), abigo (ab + ago), conjicio (con + jacio), abripio (ab + rapio), coerceo (con + arceo), abreptus (ab + raptus). 38. Spretae is formed from the theme spreo. 39. When mutes come together they must be of the same order, smooth with smooth, hard with hard, etc. Hence, when the smooth or soft g of ago comes to standbefore the hard t in the third root, it is changed into the hard mute c. METRICAL INDEX. [N. B.-A long or short mark placed over the first vowel of a diphthong applie. to the entire diphthong.] BOOK I. LINE 16. POsthAbIta colttsse SKiimW; Mle I Hllls arm (SamO-Final vowel not elided.) 41. Units Ob n0x' It ffirIas ajacis 6llei. (OIlei-Synaeresis.) 73. COnnfllbio jfingam stabm, pr6prIAmqu~ dIcAbO. (Synaeresis in Connubyo, 3 sylls.) 120. Jam vAlid' T6l lnei ndlvem jam fortis ichatae. (Ilionei-Synaeresis.) 131. Etlr' Ad se Z6phyrllmqu8 vSl6 ct, dehinc I taIa fatfr. (d'hTnc-Synaeresis.) 195. VInA bonfls quae I dainde caddls o6nrarat Ac6stes. (dlinde-Synaeresis.) 256. Oscfila lIbtvIt nal te dehlnc tI fltfir. (See above, 131.) 808. QuI tlneant n' Incflta vidlet hmnwlnesn6 firaeng. (videt-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 332. Jactemflr d6oces Ignar' h6mlnllmquS 16 lcrramqu' Erramus..... (qu' Erramus —Synapheia.) 405. Et vrr' Inclesst pat|lIt dda | 11l' tib matrem. (del-Final vowel saved from elision by the pause.) 448. AErUA cli grldibfls sflrgebant, lIminA | nexc.qu' Ere trabes.... (qu'.Ere trabes-Synapheia, see above, 332.) 478. Per terr' et versa pillI vs InlscrlbIttir hasta. (pulvs —Last syllable lengthened by arsis.) 611. 6IltSnB d pt\lt dextra laevaque Serestflm. (Ilionel-The penult long, according to the Ionic dialect.) 617. Tln' Ill' aeneas quem Dardanl| 5n n chIsae. (DardaniO-Final vowel not elided. See above, 16. Spondaic vers.): METRICAL INDEX. 219 LINE 651. Pergama cim pte I rt In I cGncssOsqu' hymenaeOs. (Peteret-Final syllable lengthened by arsis.) 668. LItorA jactl tir 6d I Is JflnOnIs InlquSe. (Jactettar-Final syllable lengthened by arsis.) 698. Aurgo I cOmp6slIt spOnda, medIfmque l1cavlt. (Aurea-A dissyllable, by Synaeresis.)?26. AtrSi: dependent lychnI laqueartibfs I duris. (Aureis-A dissyllable; see line above.) BOOK II. 16. AEdIftcant sectaqu' Intexfnt I dbith I\ cOstSs. (Abiete-Pronounced dbyet~, of three syllables.) 264. Et Mene lIds Jt I Ipse doll fAbricator lp~us. (MWnllais-Four syllables. Epens-Three syllables.) 411. NostrOr' ObrIlIjmur ri iltfrquE misgrrima caedes. (Obruimflr-Final syllable lengthened by arsis.) 442. Haerent I pdriegtibfls scalae postesqu6 stib IpsOs. (Pariitlbus —To be pronounced pdry~tibus, four syllables.) 492. CflstOdes sIffferri valent: litbKt I drit I\ crebrO. (Ariit —To be pronounced dryete, three syllables.) 563. Et dIreptA dl muis Ut parvl class t Ill!. (Domfls —Final syllable lengthened by arsis.) 745. Quem nOn Inclsavv' fiamns homlnflmque dlornmqu' Aut quid in..... (qu' Aut quid in-Synapheia. See i. 332. 774. Obsttpll stete lrllntqub cbm' et vOx fauclbUs h8es!t. (Steterunt-Systole.) BOOK III. 48. Stterunnt-Systole, as in line 774 of the preceding book. 74. NereIdlm m[ltri t I Neptaln| de lgae0. (In matrl and NeptunO the final vowel not elided.) 91. LImIn llqu ldu I rflsque diel tOtflsque moveri. (Liminaque-The que lengthened by arsis.) 112. Id1ellmqui nl Imus: hinc I fidAi stlntiA sacrls. (NemrIs-Final syllable lengthened by arsis.) 122. Idomelna n dilcem deslrtiqu6 lItor( Cretie. (Idomenea-Penult long, according to the Ionic dialect.) 211. InsllAe IOnIl In magno quas dirA C6eilenO. (Final syllables of insuli and Ionio shortened, in imitation of the Greek mode.) 212. Hdrpi;|i eque cl1tnt atllae PhInelg p6stquam. (Harpyise — arpyi, a spondee, the yi being a Greek diphthong.) 220 METRICAL IND EX. LINE 464. Dona dI hlnc aurO grAvi I d sc I t0qu' lphantO. (D6hinc —Iere made a dissyllable, though usually a monosyllable; the vowel e is shortened before the i, and the final a in grav ia lengthcned by the arsis.) 475. 'Cnjugi' anchilsa Ven rIs dIgnat6 superlb. (Anchiia-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 504. Atqu' Id6m ca| sise |nam facimus futramque. (Casals-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 578. FAm' 6st 6ncbladI sEimlustm I filmine cOrpis. (Semiustum- To be pronounced sem-yfls-tflm, three syllables, by synizests.) 602. HO5 sat grIt. SciO me DianIs 0 classlbis finam. (Scio-One syllable, by synizesis.) 606. SI pgrl|5 h6nmnlifm manIbils p6rllssb juvabIt. (PereOS-Final vowel not clided.) 681. Constiturant. Systole-as in line 48 above. BOOK IV. 64. P6ctSrIl bis inhIans splrantia cOnsfillt 5xta. (Pectoriblls-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 126. COnnflbio. Consult Book I., line 73, of this Index. 168. COnnflbiis. See line above. 222. Trfm sic MSrcfirl' allSqui ltr dcltSalI mandat. (Alloquitflr-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 235. Quid strfilt Rut quft I spe ni0nrIc' In gente m6ratf1r. (Sp6-Final vowel not elided.) 302. Thlids ub' W audItO stfmfulnt trieteCrcAi Biccho. (Thyias-A dissyllable-yi a diphthong.) 558. Omnul MSrciurI simlIls vocemque c5I lor~mqu' Et.... (qu' Et-Synapheia.) 629. Impr&cir arm' armIs; pflgn~nt TpslquS nSplS tsqu' Hec c... (qu' Hwec-Synapheia-see line preceding.) 667. lm6fntIs ggmItflqn' et femin6|5 1(| I MlOt. (Feminec —Final vowel not elided.) 686. Smidna[m3mqu6 sTnfi g~rman' AmplexA f6vebilt. (S{miAinImcin-To be pronounced sum-yni-mem.) BOOK V. 261. VlctSr apfd rApYdflm Srm6Snta srb t/|n I ltO. (IliS-Consult note on Book III., line 211. 8.) 269. PllnlcSIs Ibant SvlnctI tempdrt I taenlis. (Tseniis-To be pronounced tsen-yis, as a dissyllable, by synaeresisJ 284. 0111 sLrvA d(A tr ptr I hAnld IgnArA MInervie. (Datflr-Final syllable lengthened. by the arsis.) 337. EmicAt Eflryallas et I mflngr6 vTctbr amlc!. (Euryalfls-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) METRICAL INXDEX. LINE 352. Dat Sali0 villls 6bnr0s' atqu' finguilbis aurgis. I (Aurels-A dissyllable, by synaeresis.) 422. Et magliis mnimbrOr' Artfls mtAgn' Ossi lal celrtsqu' Exuit..... (qu' Exuit-Synaplicia.) 432. GentId 1ib I ant vastOs quatit aegSr uhelltfis artfl. (GonuLa-To be pronounzced gen-wa, as a dissyllable.) 521. Ostlntans art0enqu patjir arc lfmnque sSnantem. (PatOr-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 589. PadriTi lbfis textfim caecIs itMr alncipiItmquO. (Pariltibus-See Book II., line 442.) 663. Transtlr pir e remos et pictas jibiete pippEs. (Abit6 —See Book II., line 16.) 697. Implentfrqu sBuper pfppes sfem listd4 nm d6scant. (SemifustA-To be pronounced sem-yfis-ti.) t'35. COnclil' Olysfiumqu6 cbl6l hu cl cstA SIbylla. (ColO-Final vozwel not dided.) 753. RObira nauvIgIIs aptant rim0squ6 ruil dntsqu' Exigui... (qu' Exigui-Synapheia.) 826. NOsaeO SpI0qu6 ThallAquO CSm6d6c6qu!. 853. Nqsqu' AmIttOe bUt bci11 OsquO sub astra tinubat. (Amittebat-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) BOOK VI. 33. BIs pqtrlae cecIder8 mantls. Qunn prOtnfis I omnia. (Omnia-To be pronounced omn-ya, by synaeresis.) 126. TrOs anchlisaldd faci lTs d6sc6nsis avrrn0. (Anchisiada-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 201. Ind'.'1)I vanOr' ad fau ces grdv'b I lntIs avernl. (Grav'Olentis-The e being elided.) 254. PIngug s ftipr ole Inffindens ardtntthbis Sxtls. (Super-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 280. Ferrei qu' Eiminuldulm thalam' Bt DIscOrdIA dEmons. (Firrei-A dissyllable, by synaeresis.) 287. BriarGtus-Three syllables, ifIs being a diphthong. 289. GOlrgn; s I Harpri cqu' t f0rmS tricOrpbrls fimbras8 (Ilarpyi, a spondee, yi being a diphthong.) 412. Detflrbat a1xstqu6 fnrOs, simfil accipit I dlveo (Alvo —A dissyllable, by synaeresis.) 507. NOimn 6t armnA IScim sCrlavnt t ad lmlc nequlvI. (Te- owel shortened in imitation of the Greek.) 602. Quos sup~r atra slnex jam jam lapsAra cilIdenti qu' Imminet.... ' (qu' Imminet-Synapheia.) 678. DGstiptr Ostenltdt dehinc I sflmma ctcflmtIn lnquflnt, (Dchlnc to be pronounced d'hInc, by synaeresis.) 768. Et Capys Et NtimYlt|r 9t I quI tG nOmln6 redd6t. (NumitOr-Final syllable lengthened by the arsis) 2 ]21 METRICAL INDEX. [N. B.-A long or short mark placed over the first vowel of a diphthong applies to the entire diphthong.] ECLOGUE I. 39. Tit3yrrs hTnc Wj5rdt. Jplsne te, Tltyr6, pintis. (aberlt-Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 50. NOn lnlIsugtd grdIv~s tntuflbflnt pILbiilA fetas. (insueta-Consult Note 1.-The ue in eueseoo and all its derivatives is always, in Virgil, a single syllable.) IECLOGUE II. 24. Amnphlon Dtcfleris In Actlte! Ardlcyntho. (Actaeo- JConsgult Note 2.) 53. Addflm cergA I prlane hbjnos ant huTc qn6qaa5 p~rnO. (prunA.- Cmnlt Note 3.-Short vowel left unelided.) 65. T6 CMr~din 6 A1x1 tr~hit sfiLA qunemqnb v6llptAs. (0- Uonsult Note 4.) ECLOGUE III. 6. Et sticclls p~ebJA Ut I W~ slibdficltllr Agnts. (pecorl- Consult Note B.) 58. Inclp6, tisintiet; tft deinde sIquWr ManAlcfi. (delnde- Consult Note I.) 63. Mflnarlt stint lflnjri Pt snAv6 rrib~ns hy~c~nthils. (laurl- Consult note on Eel. iL, line 24.) ISyneeresls, or synizeslig, fs the runnnlng Into one syllable, in pronounciation, two Vowels which properly constitute two separate syllables. 11One of the component short times3 of the long vowel o is looked on as elided before the initial vowel of the -next word, and then the remaining time, being in the arsis of the foot, is lengthened by the stress of the'vpice. "IA short vowel lg very rarely left unelided. One of the component short vowels of the long o is cut off before the initial vowel of the next word but the remaining one, being in the thesi, not the arsis of the foot, remains short. &ompare Note 2. See Note 2. The theory in regard to o applies also to i. METRICAL INDEX. 223 LINE 79. Et longim fOrmost vAill ile Inquit 11ll1. (val6-Consult note or Edc. II., ine 65.) 96. TItyr/, pascOntis a filmin6 I reW caipEll. (relce-Consult note on Ecl. I., line 50) 97. Ips' fub tempus 3irKt Dem!ns In fOnt3 lavabO. (erlt — Consult note on Ed. I1, line 24.4 ECLOGUE IV. 55. NOn me carmtYnbfls vlnc~t nec Thraciufs I Orphus,. (OrpheSs-A dissyllable, ns beng a diphthong.) 57. Orphei I Calli6piA, LIno fOrmOsiis Apoll0. (Orphei-A dissyllable, Ci being Ahiphthong.) 61. MatrT longg dSgc!m tglirfint fastldii mgnsas. (tul~runt-Systole.) ECLOGUE VI. 30. Nec tAntflm Rhbdip5 mirantlir 6t ismSrtis I Orpka. (Orphea-A dissyllable, ea being contracted into one "sllable by syncersis.) 42. Caucaslasqau rifert volficres ffrtlUmqus PrTlmethli. (Promethei-A trisyllable, the last syllable Mi being a diphthong.) 44. Clamassent fit 1itfis HYIM HP14 1 Omrn6 sSnarbt. (Hyla, as a Greek vocative from a nominative in as, has the final vowel ong; in the present case, however, the long jinal a in the first 'Hyla loses one of his component times before the initial syllable of the second Hyla, but then the remaining short time is lengthened again by th!e arsis; in the second Hyla, the lony final a again loses one of its component times before the initial vowel of the next word, but the remaining short time not.being in the areis, remains short.) 53. I161 latfils ntvilm mOIll fllltus h.d'clnthO. (fultfis-Last syllable Zengthened by the arsis.) 78. Aut flt mfltatOs TWrI nrlrrAvrilt artils. (Terei-A dissyllable, 6i being a diphthong by synaresis.) ECLOGUE VII. 7. VTr grgiYs Tps8 c1lplr dler\lr1vtrAt; Atque gt6 Daphnlm. (dgerravserat-To be pronounced draverat, the de6 beig pronwuoed by synceresis or synizesis as d6.) 23. VSrsTbbls T11i falcit dut 1 sI nOn pOsstintIs Onm as. (facIt-Last syllable legthened by the arsis.) 53. Stant et jflnlp~rl et I clstAng l:e hrrlsfit-e. (juniperl-Corsult note on Eel. IL, line 24. Castanele-Same principle; the diphthong loses one of its component times, and the remaining time is lengthened by the arsis. The verse, moreover, is a spondaic one.) * 3. e., taking for short a vowel usually long. 224 M E TRI I C A L I v D) E X. LINE 54. Strata jacOnt pasls-sn suad quSqu6 sfib arbrli6 pOma. (sua-Pronounced swa. Consult note on Eel. I., lin750.) ECLOGUE VIII. 41. Ut vldi fit 1)e ri fit I me mialus Rbstuitit err5r. (peril —Consult note on Eel. II.. line 24.) 44. Ant Tmntrds, ant Rhld6!p dult I extremI GarAmautgs. (Rhodope-Consult note on El. II., line 24. The final e in Rhodop is naturaliy long, being azn t inl Greek, 'P'o56n71.) 55. CCerftt Gt cycnis ulilule sit TitSrufs Orpheus. 56. Ophelus In silvis Inter dclphinis Arinn. '" 1 (Orpllells -In both places a dissyllable, ^4. being a diphthong.) 81. U o oldemqule T(nT, sic nOstrO Daphnis lamire. (Coderi to be pronounced as a dissyllable, eo forming one syllable by synceresi., or/ synlizesis, and hence un' eo, a spondee.) 10. CiLCdilnu? { C qiz d mn ilt IpsI sibi sOmnia fllgiut? (qul- Consult note onl Ecl. II., line 65.) ECLOGUE IX. 66. DesinE pliur pW'lr t! quod Wlinc InstAt Agamiis. (p)ur-Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) ECLOGUE X. 12. Ulil mSram flcerr nueque A6nile A.agd:lppe. (Aonl6- Consult note on Eel. II., line 24. The final syllable of Aonig is long b) nature, being an r) in Greek, 'Aovir].) 13. Ill' tiiam linl r etilrm fl6veC myrIlce. (latnrI-Consult note on Eel. II., line 24.) 69. Omnia vlncit Almndr et nOs cedimiist Aimrl. (amOr-Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) GEORGIC I. 4. SIt pSc6ri dAp!bfls quAnt' OxpdrCintTl pArcls. (pecorI- Consult note on Eel. II., line 24.) 31. Tequ5 sibi g6nrfim TelthJs emdt I Omnibfus flndIs. (Teths —Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 188. PleiAlIdds Icd jdas claramqu6 LUcEifnis Arct6n. (Pleidas —Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 165. VlrgMa praet&rlad COl\l1 vIllsqu sBtp6illx. (C0161-Three syllables, all regular, the original Greek name bezng KeAeos, gen. KeAeoV.) ME TRICAL IND EX. 225 LINE -I1. Antie tbl' Go (te At lzntid1ls abscond'lintrr. (coaie-Consult note on Ecl. II., line 24, and remarks on Eel. VII., line 53.) 279. Coerim(l' lITpet mqniq creit sacvfimqub TvJlplhoa. (Typhilu —Thie ZCa forms a single syllable, by synceresis, as in Orphla, Eel. VI., line 30. Pho is a distinct long syllable, the o corresponding to the Greek w, the name being Tvqwoev,.) 281. Ter sflnt cOntlra w )onre P ]o \r [ ssTa16 m. (conat — Consllt note onl Ecd. I., line 21. Pc:ib-Consult note on Eel. II., line 65.) 295.. Aut dOulc( inlOs't VfilcanO (dCcSqulir I htDm0 -r' Et foliis..... (humnor' Et-Synapheia and elision.) 32. A t/ int th \ nt IlIO<]pc i t alt5 CrSaunia tel5. _ (Atlli- Coinslt note on Eel. II., linle 65.) 341. Trnim lpinlgi a/; A'nI t tfni niOllissiini vln5. (arni-o Consult note on Eel. II., line 241.) 397. TenuMi nlee laa15c per caellni v6llcrl flrrI. (tlnnlia-i- 'Th.e initiail y'lable ten is long by position, as if written tfnv, the u having here a force like that of c consonant, so that tOnvia makes a dactyl.) 437. (Glduc5 i t Piin6' lpe et I InOO MIel1cortae. (GCl5cO — This is an anomaly. The final lo07y ini Glauco, Cft/er lo0ny on.e of its component short times, ought to have fhe remaining one short,.sice it is iin the thesis, 'not in the arsis. In all probabil y, thereJore, the line conltains a fcalb reading, and for Glauco we should substittee Glaucoqnc. Panopeac- Consult note on Ecl. II., line 65. The diphthong loses one of its times by elision, but the other, being in the thesis, remains short.) 482. Fluvo'.rrnl rox Eridanfis clmn)OsqulO pEr Omnes. (filviolruin-To bepronounced flia vyOrum, the i being here regarded as a kind of consonant, equal to j. IHence the first syllable fluv becomes long by positioni, and the second is to be proznounced as f irittfen jO. Some make 1tfviiO an anapaest, but the anapcest is not admissibZe into the dactylic hexameter.) GEORGIC II. 71. CAstinhlRe fagiis or nflsql' Inclnstit 5lbo. (fagfis-Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 86. OrchAdes et rAd li t m niart pi)anus bicca. (radii- Consrult note on Eel. II., line 24.) 121. Vlll6rAqn' it filits dcp6ctant I tlnua I Serls. (tenuia- T7o be pronounced tn viiA, the u beinzg here regarded as a kind of consonant and having the force of the English v.) 129. Ml1sciurtintqni' herbis et non TnnOxiA vCrba. (miscui runt-Systole.) ' 114. ImpleverS tenent lEjide ar'rmintAqnb la1ctS. (oleae- Consult note on Eel. II., line 2.1; and remarks on Ecl. VII., line 53.) Synapheia, i.e., continuous scansion, the last syllable of the verse being "run on" to the next line. 2 See note on Eel. IV., line 61, Metrical Index. 226 METRICAL I D EX. LINE 180. TgnuUs fb' I itrgill' et dflmOsIs cRtlcilEs arvls. (tenuis —To be pronounced tGnvis. Consult remarks on line 121.) 20. NOn liquidI grdgIbfls fOnt8s, nOn grAmInA I derdlnt. (deerunt-To be pronounced dCrunt, by syncercsis.) 233. ST dlelrflnt rtaram pSc6rIqu' et vIttfbls almls. (deerunt-To be pronounced derunt, by synceresis.) 844. SI non tantA quIes Iret frigasqud cAllOrenmqu' Inter..... (caloremqu' Inter —Synapheia and elision.) 443. NAvIgIIs pInOs do6mibls cGdrllmque ciilpressOsqu' Hinc..... (cupressosqu' Hinc-Synapheia and elision.) 453. COrt1cibfsquS cAvIs vItlOsaequ' Iltics [ alveo. (alvEo-To be pronounced al vO, by synceresis or synizesis.) 464. Illlsassqu' AurO vestes Ephylrreiqlqu' era. -' (Ephyr5l —The e is here to be pronounced sepeffir-yot-4o be formed into a diphthong with the following i. Compare the Gren. 'F.svprita. 437. SpWrchIOsqu' Et vIrglnIbafs bacchbAt LScaenTs. (Spercheos, with the long penult, from the Greek trepXetos.) 488. Tdag\]t' 0, qui me g/lidIs In vallibis HaemT. (TaYgtt'- Observe the quantity here, the a being long and the y short, in accord. ance with the Greek form T&iiyeTa.) GEORGIC III. 44. 7T&%gItTqu8 cangs d6mltrTxqn' Epfiduris 6quOrflm. (TIygbtique- Cbnsult remarks on Georg. II., line 488.) 60. Actas LllclnAm jflstOsqun pAlt hpmSrlnaeOs. (patI —Consut note on Eel. II., line 24.) 76. Atltis IngrSdlt|Ar at I mOlliA crdrir rpnOnTt. (ingreditlir —Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 118. Aequbis t5trqn6 lA'bOr delqul jitv6nemqub mIagItrL (labor-Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 155. ArcebIs gravl(ld pc6|ir ' lr~mllntaqu8 pfsc0s. (pecorl- Consult note on Ed. II., line 24.) 167. CervIcI sflb I nOct | dlhTnc ib! lITbdr cOllS. (dihlnc is here dissyllabic, contrary to usual practice.) 189. InvvIldis til8amqun trbmens btl' Inscits fevT. (invalidls —Last syllabe lengthened by the arsis.) 242. Omn' Wd~O ggnts In terrIs hSmrnflmqu6 fIrdlramn,qu' Et genus..... (ferarumqu' Et-Synapheia and elision.) 283. jMlscilrflntqu' herbls et nOn InnOx1a verba. (miscunrunt-Same as Georg. II., line 129.) 832. SIctibI magna JSlv8s dnltlquO rObWr6 qugrcls. (Jovls —Last syllable lenythened by the arsis.) .MET IC'AL I D E X 227 LINE 377. OtF agfint terra congestaque rbblrA I ttftdsqu' Advolvere..... (totasqu' Advolvere-Synapheia and elision.) GEORGIC IV. 34. Sou 15ntO ffierlnt Sl1varld I vImTne texta. (alvearia- To be pronounced alvaria, by synceresis.) 38. NequIdqu' In tectIs certatIm I tenuid I cera. (tenuia- To be pronounced tenvlA. Consult remarks on Georg. II., line 121.) 92. Nin du6 sflnt gebnr' hlc meli|Or nIsIlgnis et Ore. (meliOr-Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 132. Tdayglt s imul Os trrrls Ostendit hbnestfim. (Taygt6e- Observe the quantity of the:a and y, in accordance with the Greek form of the name, T&ayeT71. The a and y do not form a diphthong, neither is the penult ever long.) 243. Stelli Pt I lacIfuigIs cOngestA cfubliA blatti.-. (stelli' et-To be pronounced stell-yat, a spondee, by synceresis.) 29,7. Pdaritslbasqu5 prbmflnt arctIs 9t quiatOiSr add(lnt. (parietibus-To be pronounced as if written par-yet-ibus, that is, as a,word of four syllables, the i having here the force of a consonant, like j. Compare remarks on Georg. I., line 482.) 343. Atqa' EphyrP attlqnc Opis et AsMI Deftpea. (Ephyr6- Consult note on dcl. II. line 24.) 355. TrIstts A.rlstaeas Pe lni geni torYs Ad findam. (Penai-A dissyllable, by synceresis.) 388. COcruleis PrOlteus mdginilm quT pIscibfus aequbr. (Proteus-A dissyllable, Eus being a diphthong.) 392. Grandaevtis Ne I rius no\l vIt namqu' Omnnia vates. (Nereus-A dissyllable, eus being a diphthong.) 422. Intlis se vast! PrO ltus tegit I ObjlcE sAxI. (Proteus-Same as line 388.) 429. Cim Prt I us cn, I suMtd p I tens i flitctIbus Antra. (Proteus-Sarne as line 388. COnsuOet-Three syllables, by synceresis, a3 if written cOnswt/a.) 453. NOn tO nfillII\s exlercent nflminls Trac. (nullifts-Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.) 461. Implertint mOntes, flerfint RhSdbjpzide I arces. (RhodopeIge- The diphthong loses one of its component times by elision, and the other, in the thesis, remains short. Consult note on Eel. II., line 65, and remarks on Panopeac, Georg. I., line 437.) 463. Atqu5 GO Itee edt qu' Hebr/is et 4ctlas OrI th7id. (Getfie-Consult remarks on Ed. VII., line 53. Orithyia —A word of four syllables, yi forming a diphthong, as in Greek. A spondaic verse.) 545. InfMrlas Or phi L lIthRae papAv/riA mIttes. 553. InferlTs Orlph/i mItl tit lfctamqu6 revIsft. (Orphei-In both places a dissyllable, phei being a diphthong.)-BRYCE. D E S C R1 I P P. I 0 N 0 TIHE FAC-SIMILE PAGE OF ( MS. TRANSLATED FROM TiHE FRENCH OF CIIANPOLLION, IN TnE PALEOGRAPHIE UNIVERSELLE. THE pontifical library of the Vatican possesses three manuscripts of the poetry of Virgil which have, for a long time, been celebrated, in the literary world, for their great antiquity, and, by reason of this rare merit, for the authority of their Latin text. Our paleographic collection contains some very exact models taken from these precious volumes, as, also, their history, and a r estmem of the opinions most worthy of consideration which have, thus far, been entertained respecting these threo literary monuments. Of the three, the one which we now describe passes for the oldest. It is seen by the dimensions of the model, that it is demi-quarto, a form quite common with ancient manuscripts. It is written upon vellnum, and ornamented with a great number of pictures, well worthy of commendation, which relate to the accompanying text. Unfortunately, what remains of this rare manuscript is but a meagre portion; and the part lost must ever be the object of profound regret. Mabillon saw and admired these precious fragments at Rome, in the summer of the year 1685, and the presence of the illustrious diplomatist was the occasion of a sort of palcographic arbitration, the decision of which was to fix definitely the somewhat diverse opinions of savants as to the age and merits of the manuscript. Emanuel de Schelestrat, prefect of the Vatican, J. P. Bellorio and Mabillon carefully examined this beautiful volume, and an official report of the decision, quite magisterial, but, at the same time, of a purely literary character, was drawn up by Schelestrat. It appears, therein, to have been determined:-that the pictorial illustrations, in all probability, date back beyond the age of Constantine, and perhaps even to that of Septimus Severus (from the year 193 to 211), since it is seen that they represent the temples, the victims, the edifices, the vessels with double banks of oars, the Phrygian bonnets, the costumes, and all the other objects relating to the usages of the Trojans and Romans; that these pictures, being of a better design than those of the time of Constantine, indicate an earlier origin; that the MlNOpSKUS1Sqts -luLMSMONS AliUNNIzxstA; X itK2OM3KhDMlt usxxiilx&1 CAbLt1SZXUA4& MICNUMttlNOMUwlN IXl &lCA1 t SIls tkOA DAiAMS lt SLOlO$IoC llMbMAtiSctqBtOLvn CAECAKI~R LNIII$ tSTLGI?IrutpoVQtI MNhAM AR I lMOUJ I MlNIOS tN AMI W01lCAMIHAIBM' b1$ CONMxVStMICStAI lN4 ILAMlNMAUO' Ib tCI ltA ICzDQm ranMOIt 1$.1lMt4N rc0II& OIIA TA lIJ V$NhiDrt~lhPctflM El t I% iNHOLCISIMCb tllt'!SttA Mlh$14S!C f4,I&C[I.:hlNIA<EPHOiKlttitMaO.t[xc~ oSN Y NClMC[ t( [ IN iACIt 0-I IMMIClAIKd tYllg Co t KX!5 I11&lTHOIlDEMlfCIASLX~&~lDINtIT' TlI A MlUSlD[ IN'tNNI C$lCLMOkhTWIMA EXClSVMIUtbO LCtlTMSNC LNS rMlSlNANlI 4o0.7lt D ClrlMO, w0sct m$MOSiAiCN YItM['?Nf 4N, IIO 1l0MW OCESLESJOJNSMIlBTllAE I FA C-SI J ILE PA 1 G E OF,XIS. artist appears to have copied from thle most ancient models; and, finally, that nothing appears in them which does not bear witness to the period when Rome was at the height of its splendor. MAabillon adheres to the same opinion, concerning this manuscript, in relating his travels in Italy, printed in 1687. The form of certain letters furnishes data for determining the date of the manuscript; and those who carry. it back as far as to the reign of Septimus Severus, at thle commencement of the third century, remark the form of the G, of which the semi-circle is terminatedl l)y an appendage bearing resemblance to a comma,-the same form being observed upon a solar horologe which is attributed to thle same epoch. The fac-simile shows that thlis copy of Virgil is written in large Roman capitals; that its letters are- celegant, although not always made with thl( greatest care; that they are rather narrow, even at the top, and with thet bases in tlhe form of an osselet; that the horizontal crosses are somewhat shorter, and not well defined; that the words of each line are connected( together, and the phrases punctuated; that the period, at the tol) of the, letters, is equivalent to our periocd, and, placed at the middle or at th(e bottcm of the line, to our comma or semi-colon respectively. * 0 * Tlhe writing throughout is massive, close, regular in 1ll its rectangular letters; and the point where the two curves unite to form the 0, thrown to the left of the central line. Our fec-sinile is taken from the thirtieth fragment of this very precious manuscript, and contains the verses from 26 to 44 of the sixth book of the Aeneid. It is re-produced at page 103i of tilc same fragment of Virgil published at Rome in 1742, in folio form, by J. D. Compiglia, the text in capital letters, like those of the manuscript, and the lpictorial embellishments in imitation of the copper-plato engravings of Pietro Sancte-Bartoli, made by order of the Cardinal Camillus de MAaximis. The celebrated Fulvius Ursinus, appointed Prefect of the Vatican, made a present to him of this rare manuscript. It appears from an ex libris, inscribed at the commencement of the volume, that it previously belonged tc Pietro Bembo, and to Joriano Pontano, two other very learned Italians. I I., I 'Y ~.. i ~t:-; I i,.h i: ~ ~ i -! ~ -:-:r~~l j: i -. I' ~B": ;;:::-~ ":I Y 5:;1;-: ~I:~~; -;; I: ~..i; -~ ~i:~; ii; w L ':i r ~i "- i-~: ~.": " a i:3 ii i:-i 1:i i. i: -: THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DATE DUE l1AR 2 4 2n00. SEP 1 w i ^;;:;^:i~:^ w0^ 0; 0>-;X4}l900;:,.:;, 00ei, fiX t.;1 NIESIT,FmH~,. [ J, '.g. N L"' N -I 4 -.4;,: ' * * 0 vx- ^,! w>-00':0.. 7 4. f..... $ I -. \ ' N N ' - --;], '.K:: i; N:" 1 * 5..., 11 li~~i., f;,:..-.,t ' i t:. I' ~ b5 ii.; ~., f a!: 4-4