A SELECTION FROM WEALE'S SERIES. HOMERA the Works of, according to the Text of Baeuin-.~c lein. With Notes, Critical and Explanatory, drawn from the t'7 best and latest authorities, with Preliminary Observations anid Appendices, by T. H. L. LEARtY, M.A., D.C.L. THEIF ILIAD: Part 1. Books i. to vi., is. 6d. Part 2. Books vii. to xii., Is. 6d. Part 3. Books xiii. to xviii., is. 6d. THE ODSSEY:Part 4. Books xix. to xxiv., Is. 6d. THE ODSSEY:Part 1. Books i. to vi., 1 s. 6d. Part 2. Books vii. to xii., Is. Gd. Part 3. Books xiii. to xxidii., is. 6d.__ Part 4. Books xix. to xxiv., and Hymns, 2s. '~C PLATO'S Dialoaues. The Apology of Socrates, the Crito, and the Phvedo. From the Text of C. F. Hermann..7 Edited, with Notes, Critical and Explanatory, by J. DAVIES, f'?~ M.A. 2s. SOPHOCLES: C~dipus Tyrannus. Notes by HI. YOUNG. is. SOPHO0CLES: Antigone. Notes, Critical and Explanatory, by J. MILNESi, B.A. 2s. THUCYDID ES: History of the Peloponnesian War.. Z Notes by H. YOUNG. Book i., is. 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LOCKWOOD & CO., 7, STATION~ERS' HALL COURT, E.C." I' I I i s ] II5 'HPOAOTOY 'AAIKAPNHSSHOM '1ITOPIfN A-B 9, / THE CLIO AND EUTERPE OF | HERO D T U S CHIEFLY AFTER THE TEXT OF GAISFORD WITH PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS AND APPENDICES, i AND ENGLISH NOTES - BY THE REV. T. H. L. LEARY, D.O.L. UTX SCHOLAR O DBBASBEXO COLLZGE? OXFORD; EDITOR OF "ROMERI OPBRA iib IA, / 1 TC. FO THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND CO. 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL T. + 4-. 1 t 627628..t I- PREFACE.?\,., Jo.THIS edition of Herodotus aims at furnishing the young [Student with the information requisite to the right understanding of the language as well as the subject-matter of the Historian; and will be found, it is hoped, of some -service to the advanced Scholar who wishes for a solution, kor at all events, for a fair estimate of the difficulties -,presented to him. ' The text adopted is that of Gaisford, printed at the,Oxford University Press: the deviations therefrom are Yrare, and made only after the most mature consideration, and a deference to some authority, of more weight, at least in that particular point. The Introduction and Appendices have been drawn! up for the information of the Student, not to satisfy an.unprofitable curiosity respecting questions of hopeless per-!.plexity and obscurity. In the Notes, which are mainly his own, the Editor is under some obligations to the excellent editions of 'Rawlinson and Blakesley. It may not be out of place -perhaps to observe here, that had those editions dealt out the same measure of critical ability to the language of Herodotus which they have devoted to the subjectmatter, the literary gleaners that traverse the same field would have found, it seems, but little to reward their diligence, after the harvesting of such men. Grote, Thirlwall, Bahr, Dahlmann, Turner, and the incomparable HIEROD. I. ) vi PREFACE. Dictionaries edited by Dr William Smith, have been much consulted, and always with advantage. It will, on examination, be found that the distinguishing feature of this edition, is the attempt made to encourage, by examples, that rigid accuracy of translation, which is the only safe foundation of sound and elegant scholarship. It is. almost unaccountable to find in English editions such scanty justice done to the language of this author; and thl more especially when we reflect that more than in most others we find language to be rather the body in which Herodotus has incorporated his thoughts, than the dress in which he has presented them; and that here indeed the thought and the form of thought seem to have been born and bred together; and to such a degree are they intermingled that we cannot distort a limb, or dislocate a joint, without doing real injury to the inner life of the historian. Probably too, the most striking peculiarity about " The Halicarnassian" is this, as far as language goes, that with Dorian blood in his veins, and the Doric dialect on his tongue, as a vehicle for his history, he does not adopt the speech of his mother, and his country, nor yet the pure Ionic of the logographers, nor yet the Attic tongue of Athens, his pride and darling among all the cities of victorious Hellas, but rather a strong and luminous compound of all three-probably the language of Thurium, at which he had settled and, where he wrote, it is said, the great bulk of his history, or at tll events gave it its finishing touches. This will explain, too, why Aristotle, speaking of style (XeL^s), quotes Ierodotus as the Thurian (Rhet. in. 9). Now from Diodorus (XIi. 1) we learn that the Thurians were a mixed race of Ionians, Athenians, Dorians, and other Greeks who gave their respective names to the tribes which they formed. Beyond question the Ionic is the main ingredient in this composite dialect of Herodotus. Still, to say, with some, that he chose the Ionic PREFACE. vii because it was the language of Samos, in which he had settled for a time, is utterly untenable, as we happen to learn from the historian's own words not only that the language of Samos was not Ionic, but also the very cause of its not being so (see Book i. 142; in. 147, 149). fHA.A~e. _ _ J. It cannot be denied that the chief duty of an annotator on Herodotus is to dwell upon the historical phenomena before him; and yet it is possible to do this without practiE cally ignoring the fact that the language of Greece has a history, as much as the Persian War, and a very important one too, in its bearing on the development of the Grecian i mind-a fact all the more cogent here, because it is in this I author especially the Greek tongue appears to us in its transt ition state,-deeply impressed with the corresponding phenomena as it passed onwards from its old Homeric form to the matured and softened Attic of the elegant Sophocles. Surely Herodotus is not put into the hands of the student, mainly or exclusively, to teach him a certain quantum of| Ancient History, but rather along with it, and beyond it, a particular phase in the development of the Greek tongue. It may be fairly stated that even if the subject-matter of an historian were the exclusive province of the annotator, he would certainly be more likely to bring it the more completely under his own dominion, by concentrating every ray of grammatical and philological light, to bring the sense of the author more fully before the mental eye, as Bahr has so creditably endeavoured to do among the German critics. The practical question, what has the historian said, and with what modifications? must of necessity be prior to all discussion of the subject-matter-the question is in limine, and ought not to be evaded. To encourage a rigid and literal accuracy of translation by example, an attempt is made in the notes to render into VIII PRREFACE. English neither more nor less than what the Greek expresses. The shades of signification belonging to particles, to verbs according to their tense and form to synonyms falsely so called, will be found, it is hoped, fairly provided for. A schoolmaster finds by experience that the proverb, "take care of i the pence, for the pounds will take care of themselves," has a most happy and appropriate signification when applied to translation from one language to another; for the pupil whot takes good care of his single words, however small and ap-i parently trivial, is more likely to make the wealth of thej sentence his own, which after all is but a series of singlej words, than the careless, slovenly construer who gives what is most erroneously called " the spirit of the author," in a general | loose sort of way, which like most other general information, on close inspection, turns out to be ignorance of details, disguised as knowledge, and setting up for it. Such execution done upon an author, may well reduce him to "a spirit," and banish all chance of sound and correct scholarship. In conclusion, the Editor, fully conscious of his own shortcomings in the present work, wishes to state that any correction of his errors, from any quarter, will be thankfully received; and begs to subjoin the following excellent remarks on the subject of translation, to be found in the preface of a translation of the Agamemnon of ~Eschylus, by the Rev. W. Sewell, of Exeter College, Oxford:"As an exercise for the mind, the value of such a translation is inestimable. It compels, first, a strict attention to minute details of inflexions, tenses, order, and etymology, to the genealogies of significations in words, to slight varieties of accentuation, and to all the other subtleties of a metaphysical grammar. A grammatical scholar, critically instructed, becomes lynx-eyed in observing discrepancies amidst apparent resemblances; and a philosophical scholar, philosophically instructed, becomes equally acute in detecting rREFiACE. ix analogies and affinities, even in the most dissimilar forms. He cannot exchange a Greek word for an English until he has ascertained its precise value; and the keen, sensitive, quick-sighted Greek marked so many most important distinctions, and conveyed so many comprehensive ideas by almost imperceptible symbols of letters or accents, that a superficial hasty observer is incapable of understanding him: he must place himself at every step as a banker's clerk examining the secret signatures of checks in order to detect forgery, and to save himself from cheating or being cheated. In the second place, in giving change for his Greek words, he must take care not to give an idea less or an idea more than he receives. He is therefore acting perpetually undei the sense of a strict external law; there is an outward standard to which he must rigidly conform, a model which he must exactly copy in all its lineaments and colours. The very sense of this, still more the habit of acting on it, is one of the most important elements in a rightly-constituted mind. The observance of an external law is man's chief virtue and chief happiness; and the boy who has been rightly trained to it, in translating a dead language, may be easily led on to apply it to other higher duties and objects. To live under constraint will be no new idea, and to fulfil external obligations no new task. Thirdly, (let us pause to remind the reader who may think these effects and influences to be farfetched and unreal, that the laws and habi+b, of mind are the same, to whatever subjects they are applied, and that Nature has framcd us to acquire in the use of meanest things the power of using greatest,) a schoolboy, in translating, is exercised in one of the highest, the most difficult and the most common task of the human intellect, the task of exact adjustment between shifting and uncertain quantities. The great question in morals is, how to bring the variable amount of our own actions into a conformity, b3 X PREFACE. as close as possible, with the unknown amount of our duty: the great question of practical prudence is to realize an exact identity between the unknown events of the future, as laid down in the Divine dispensations, and the vague calculations of our own expectations. So commerce is the bringing g into an equitable balance two indefinite terms of value. * * * "In this task of adjustment, he is called on also to exercise a quick and sensitive taste, discriminating not only the actual logical value of words, but their value in the imagination, as calling up ideas and associations. He must learn to appreciate the nice influences of mere sound, to place himself in the position both of his foreign author and the reader of the translation, and to judge what new development, or altered form, must be given to a metaphor, or figure, or expression, so that the same idea may be conveyed to the one which was intended by the other. Sometimes he will touch a figurative word with an Ithuriel's spear, and make it spring up in a full-formed metaphor. Sometimes he will soften and mellow down, or throw into shade, an idea more harsh or prominent in its modern form, than it would have appeared in the ancient. Sometimes, but rarely, he will venture on suppression, or on the substitution of an analogy for an exact copy. But throughout, he will guard against the temptation to supplant the original by a translation, or to abandon his first duty of rigidly conformilg to the model before him." INTRODUCTION. LIFE AND WORKS OF HERODOTUS. HERODOTUS is generally supposed to have been born B.a. 484, in Halicarnassus, a Doric colony in Caria. His family, illustrious in lineage and position, is probably alluded to in Book vii. 132. His acquaintanceship with an eye-witness of the Persian War may be inferred from Book ix. 16; and his being contemporary with many events of the Peloponnesian War from v. 93, VII. 137, 233, and ix. 73. We have no trustworthy information touching his early career and education beyond the internal evidences of his own work, and this shows him to have been thoroughly imbued with the best and earliest Greek literature. It is impossible to read his Muses without hearing the echo of the grand Epic tone of Homer: with the logographers, as well as with the poetry of Hesiod, Alcoeus, Sappho, Simonides, AEschylus, and Pindar, he seems most familiar. According to Suidas he was the son of Lyxes and Dryo, and being unable to bear the tyranny of Lygdamis, he left his native city for Samos, where he settled for a time, making himself fully acquainted with the history of that island, as is evident from his interesting details respecting it. All authorities agree in maintaining the fact of his settlement at Thurii, in Italy (see Preface to this Work), still it seems clear Xii INTRODUCTION. from Book v. 77, that he must have visited Athens in B.c. 431, the year in which the Peloponnesian war broke| out. The romantic story told by Lucian (who was, we may observe at the same time, the most credulous and incredulous of the ancient.,), how Herodotus read his work to the assemblage at Olympia, is utterly without foundation, and is in the highest degree improbable and inconsistent with itself (see Dahlmann's Herodotus). Considering the difficulties and dangers of locomotion in those early days, the extent to which Herodotus travelled is an absolute wonder. Though undoubtedly he seems to have been most at home with the coasts of Asia Minor and with Greece Proper, yet his deep religious feelings moved him to linger with touching veneration and intense love of detail upon Egypt; and with the same spirit of reverential awe, though in a somewhat less degree, he dwells upon the holy seats of Dodona, Delphi, Abae, Delos, Babylon, Corinth, and Athens: and his professed motive for visiting the queenly Tyre, was merely to gain all the information possible respecting its God Hercules. The date of his visit to Egypt may be very fairly fixed somewhere about 450 B.C. after the defeat of Inarus by the Persian general Megabyzus, B.C. 456; since we learn from Book in. 12, that he saw the battle-field still covered with the bones and skulls of the slaughtered. His knowledge of Western Europe seems to have been very incomplete, if it is right to judge from his silence on many obvious and important points, to which he might naturally have alluded; while his making Sardinia the largest of all islands (see Bk. i. 170, v. 106, vi. 2) is perfectly unaccountable. Though "the Thurian" is generally classed with the historians, he has equal, if not greater, claims to our LNTRODUCTION., xiii admiration and gratitude as a logographer, antiquarian, geographer, moralist, traveller, story-teller, and in some degree as a naturalist. The extent as well as the miscellaneous diversity of his work, set in the clear crystal of the clearest language ever uttered by man, reminds us more of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham than of anything else we can conceive. Turn where we will, amidst the ipya tCQyaXa TC Katl 0tovj ao'a before us, the eye, though startled and perhaps at first bewildered, reposes with serene delight upon the treasured memorials of lands, languages, epochs, religions and races, so distant and different from each other. Here, as there, we glide on a few steps, and without weariness, from the gloom and grandeur of superstitions Egypt to the bright and beautiful creations of intellectual Hellas; from the slumbrous magnificence of the despotic East, to the court that breathes of the simple and earnest inspirations of the heroic West. Here, as there, we love to recognize many of the same familiar faces of the greatest amongst the children of men; and we read, as in epitome, for the most part the same records of the fluctuating progress of our common humanity, and its marvellous achievements in arts and in arms: at times, too, our ears drink in with thrilling interest the strains of martial music that animate the scene, while at other times we are summoned on the same premises to the quiet lecture, provided for our special instruction and gratification by the respective proprietors. The genius of the Thurian architect rises all the more wonderful from the fact that it called into being not only such a consummate arrangement of materials, but it created most of the very materials themselves by dint of personal inquiry and personal investigation, absolutely inconceivable at that period and with such facilities. No uninspired historian of the ancient world more clearly sees the finger of God visible in all the scenes I Xiv INTRODUCTION. enacted on this earthly theatre than Herodotus; whether he describes the great who have become little, or the little who have become great, his grand aim seems to be to justify the ways of Providence to man: and no wonder, for hls whole soul was thoroughly interpenetrated with a profound conviction of the direct and personal intervention of the Deity, and it consequently overflowed with the warmest and; purest religious feelings, which he felt it his solemn duty to express. Even the Christian may learn a lesson from the striking contrast which marks his gossiping and open-hearted unreserve and jaunty abandon on all subjects purely human, and the delicate, shrinking, thoughtful reserve, with which he seals those pious lips, that breathe nothing but awe and reverence, whenever there is a tpos Xoyoc, which the world at large was not worthy to hear, or he was not worthy or authorized to breathe into its ear. As a narrator Herodotus is ever simple, lively, homely, without being either silly, bombastic, dull or vulgar. The great tale he tells, with digression after digression, has all the fascination of the Arabian Nights, though intensely deepened with human passions and interests, and intensely exalted by the majestic triumph of Hellenic heroism over the brute force of imperious Persia. Diligence, honesty, candour, impartiality', modesty, nalvet6, love of truth, are all marked virtues of his historic spirit; his political views are always moderate, and never narrow; while his thoroughly catholic regard for his fellow-men led him to feel an interest in the barbarous Scythian, in the polished Memphian, and in the reverses of an Adrastus, 1 The charge of unduly favouring Athens is far from being fairly made out against Herodotus, all that seems clear is that he regarded (and with good reason too) Athens as the saviour of Greece from the Persian yoke, and as such he almost always speaks of her in the highest terms. INTRODUCTION. XV which spoke a lesson, inspired by Nemesis, not less human in its teachings than the stupendous catastrophe of a Xerxes. It is true that organic regularity is often wanting in his multifarious matter, and perhaps this could not well be otherwise under the circumstances. Much, too, of his geographical and chronological information is inaccurate, yet we must be careful how far we condemn him for his deficiency in that exact measurement of time and space that his Own age did not, and could not, in many cases adequately supply: perhaps, too, his Cyclopian style of building neces. Warily required the Lesbian rule. It is here that we first trace in Greek literature the rms of that critical acumen, which Aristotle carried to the ighest perfection amongst the Greeks. Herodotus not uly discriminates between "the possible" and "the proable," he goes farther, and generally stamps his assertions with the image of the authority from which they emanated, that they may be taken exactly for what they are worth. He distinguishes what he knew himself to be true from what seemed to him true; the whole statements which rest on the authority oofg ters.are arked by such terms as Xeyovt, oaaTl, K.r. X. Again, when the myth he narrates is too great a task on his credulity, he begins to rationalize it into the limits of the possible and the probable (see especially Book I. 45, and I. 60, ii. 49, 55, 67, Iv. 95). Owing to a disregard of such pervading distinctions, tur author has been grossly misrepresented as extravagant, and given to fabulous exaggeration. In hiet. in. 9, Aristotle speaks of the style of Herodotus as unperiodic (XetLv elpo/evr'): it is the farthest remove from a writteu, elaborated style, and most resembles wordof-mouth discourse, being made up of sentences thrown Xvi INTRODUCTION. together loosely, with phrases for the introduction or repeti. tion of the subject. We cannot better close th ese remarks than by the follow~ ing eloquent quotation from Dahimann, a most distinguished~ writer on this subject. "That which charms the reader'. of Herodotus is that child-like simplicity of heart which i~ ever the companion of an incorruptible love of truth, and that happy and winning style which cannot be attained b~ any art or pathetic excitement, and is found only wher~ manners are true to nature: for while other pleasing dis] courses of men roll along like torrents, and noisily hurry through their short existence, the silver stream of his wordE flows on without concern, sure of its immortal source, every~ where pure and transparent, whether it be shallow or deep and the fear of ridicule, which sways the whole world, affects not the sublime simplicity of his mind." 'HPOAOTOY 'ISTOPIQN HPf2TH. KAEIfl. 'HPOAOTOT 'AXLK apvaor'70r (0rTop7? a'ro8etiq R8e s p7?Te Ta ryevoLeva eC avOpI7reWv Vr YpoOvp ct'rlTXa evrrlTal. prTe spya pleyaXa re Kal 8Owv/aa-lTa, Tra ev EXXo'tl, Tr 8e fiapflapota' da7roSeYevTa, ac\ea 7evryra. ta Xe aXXA, Kal o& rlv airlv e'roXeI7aav aXXXlAotat. i Hepacov uEV vvv ol X6OtOl olviKaa ahTlov9 Oawl 1 cve'vOalt Ti StaCopir. 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'0 &e SCO eV ' E VETO pOhoJLv V ~, ~~~ 140 'HPOAOTOY [II. ao 7repO l ov a F\ov o K 0at XX XoL cfelvearTo rTv Alyv7rTLOV, ) o0 AI'yvwrTroL 7rw KoXtov. vo/lWle $' 4aacav ol Al^yvrrrtno TVjs 1eor0a'rpLo O o'Tpars7]r) elvaLL ov KoXxovq' \ #1 avro oe eKacara T rje, KcaL ~7LE 6YXP07 ElL /caL oZvX6 -7rpteXE. /Ka rovUro /oev e ov8Ev aVLKEt ea- p Kal ETepo TOtOVTO. aXXa TOto'Le Kat JaXovV, 'OT i/ovvob 7arrZv avopowc7ro KoXxot Kcal ALyvTrrLot Kat Al OlioTre 7repTa/avovrTa an dpxr Tra altola. (PoivLKe96 86 Kcat ]5pol ol ev T) IHIaXaw-r'Tvr, Kal aUvrot oLOXooyEovort 7rap' Aiyv7rrtov peJa?/cOaa'eva:vpto 8 O T repti Qepi/j)8ovTa Kcat HIapOeVLOV rOTafaLOv, Kcal MadKpWove6 o. TOVTOr Uo daorvTeiro0ve EovTGJ a7ro Ko6XOwv foal VeO-T7 L6/j4a07lqcevat. OVTO0,yap Ceta' ol 7repTajvopevoO avpot7rWcov /OVVOt' cKa OVrTO Alyv7rTioto-'t oatvovrTa 7roLeVreS KarTa a avrTa. avTrv AiyvwrovSe Kat AOtyv7r'rov KaoV Ao et7relv oorepol 7rapa TVcl eTepCow ee/4avov apxyaov ryap a or T aTeTa6 ~OV. c So e~y6oeQroL Atyvvrrzo eGejavov, Weia L06o Kat ToSe TEKLuptlOV wevrTav:owvlKWV OKO-OL Trj ExXaSt e7rt/l-eryovTat, OVKTcer Ay-V7TrrTtos pcovuTa KaTa Ta tatSota, XX\a TvW e7LyLvo0JLEvWv ov 7TreptTadlvovot rTa al8ota. 105 (p.e vvv Ka a\\XXo e(7T)77T-ept TOrv KoXxoov, (O Aliv7rT0tTLt 7poaSepE 661 El'. X\ivov [POUvOb OVTOL TE Kal AiyvTmlO ep ya'ovTaa KaTa Ta av Kal r' ao-a Kat b 7Xca-o-<a e/jepr7 Ec'T aX dXrfXOto-C. \ XiVov 8e TO' F.\V KoXXtKOV, VUrO EXA yvwv Cap8ovLKeov KeC\KXTat" T jevro a'7r 106 AlyvTrTov aTLKvCev/EVOV, KaXeeTat AyvTrTtov. Ta? oe rTX\as ra L'rTa KaTa Tas? Xcopa 6 Alyv7rrov /3ao~XevN eccrw-Tpts, alt,ev 7rX\eves ovKE'r1 faivovrai 7repweovr-aL' e)v ~ Tr llaXawTivtrq vp'y atv'ros peov Eovo-aV, Kal Ta ypa/j/4aTa Ta elpT/zLerva eVeovPa, Kalt yvvatKo ato80a. eclW 6e Kcat 7epl 'wvY] oV r7 Tv7,rOb ev 7rpyn eyKceKoXa/p/eJvol ToVroV ToV aTvpos, T) re EK T1 'EcerEp- ~s T(JKatav?pXovTat, Kal rt eK, ap'3wEv 4 Vprfv. eKaTepwo 8e avr9p eCyyelyXv7rrTa, eya0oo 7re /7TrrrrI 0-7rtOa/jr)s, Try /.ev &~L 17 EpX ~ Y alyJLv, TI e aptcTCepq rota, Kalt Tqv aX\\X'rv KaevrJv wotaVTOu)I Kat 7yap Aityv7rTr'v Kca AtiOtotia EXe6L EK 86 TOo d3olov ES TOv eTrepo w/Joov 8&a TrWv v-rTOeWv ypcparTa tpa AKyv6rWa SIJeK eyKcecoXaF,1etva, XeyWTra 105 —109] EYTEPIIH. 141 TaSe' EPr THNAE THN XQlPHN fiMOISI TOITI E MOIXI EKTHEAMHN. 0Tt 8e cKal 6OK60E6V Eo-T offTL~ o o Iv c eOCO a 7L, evOrTc a ev ov 7qXol, erTEpOoL e& &erX) KE. Taj Kca' LptETE~ATpO TcaV 0ero-acevowv Me'vovoo9 lcKova eltcKaovol: Uv eWlva, LroXv' T719 dXa1r0iV'q7 a7roXeXeLu/lvvo^. ToVTrov sr) rv Alyv7WTrov e'rWoo'rptv avaxopeovTa, 107 ica dvapcovra vroXXopv? dvOpowrovs TWV Cveowv T&V rTa( XIpas fcareaTpECraro e\eyov ol Itpee 7trel Te eayeveroo avaiKoibpLo/LEvo9 ev advrfaO-b TyG-b Il7\Xova'lya-t, 'rov aexfEOv e)VTOV5 T^ E7rereTPE6E oCoaT7ps T)V AlyvwrTOV, 70VToVy 7rLb etvia avrov KcaXEo'avTa, Kcal 7rpos aVTO) Tov? 7ra as', 7reptv?'ar ab e Vooev Trv OlKCLrV X' 7repwtvlrroavTa 8e, v7ro7rpaoc. ov 8e oS tUaOelv movro, av'ia y' vL3UovXev'ecrab rT <yvvaUcLK cal 7yp \ 8 Kca Tvv 7yvvabica avrTv aI TI)vvtKI' Iab ryap 1) KLKTL 7Cl CVT O auba ayero-Oat.( jv 6 ol o-'vjul3ovXevo'at, TOv 7ratoav EOTVT, TQV? OuVO E7rT TY V 7rvp)v EKT/CtaelavTa, cvpOwa TO Kato/Jevov, avrovs E E7r eEtivWV E7rt/3aPvovTas e'KoWe6 -acOab. Tarva 7rotr^-ab Tov 6e0a-wo-Tpt' cabi Vo fIEV TOv 7ratiov KcaaKaravca L TrpO7Tr TOLOVT' TOV0 Se XOLTOS aroowOQvai a4/a Trg rarpl. Nocr-TcraS 8E 6o,E-a')-TpS ES 1()8 TOp Er1YaryETO, TrV TaS' Xwpa c KaTEo-TperaTO, TOVrc /I ev TJ a8e EXP1c-aTO. TOVS T7 OL Xtlovs, TOvU E7rl TOrOvTO 70U,Sao-tX'eo KO[LeTOevra9 eS' TOV 'HcaliaTov TO tpov, eov7Ta In *. f p\ \,e/EyaOve 7reptLirK~eaF, OVTO6 r/orap ot eAlcva-avTref cal Tar 8topvXas Tras vvv eovcaC ev Alyv7rrwT racas ovrot drvayfcao'1tevoL WpvG ov- o e7Troev T7 ovTe -ovje5 AL'tyuTOv, TO 7rplv eovuoav i7r7raactFLrV Kal adaatevo/levVqv 7rac-av, evSea TovTov. a7Tro yap TOVrov Tov Xpovov AityvrrVTO, EovCa 7reLSa 7ra0-a, avtvr7ro9 Ical avactla4evro9 yeyove aLLam e T OVTOVW al GoopvXE 7yeyovaoL, Eoovcat 7roXXal, cat 7ravTOov0 T po7ovo e0ovO-at. lcare6raCtve 6s Trove EtveKCa Trv X prV o /3aac'LXe\v' oOb Toov ALyv7rrTiWv /Lr \7rl ro Trorat) /KT'Cr/VTO Ta 7TroXLSc, aXX/ ava/e-ovu, o VTOL, o/ccKO Te axrloL 6 7roraLO?, -7VaaviovTre voaTOW,.a-arvTrpoit'eXpEOvTo TOClO' 7roP/acrt, eC opeaTvoW Xpeo/Evo. TOVTWV 'LEV 8q ElVEca KaTeT/jra7O.I r A'C'ryv os. KaraveijLat 8e r v 109 xo(pr'v AlyrvT'0oi-t a7ra oart T 'OV eyov O7 y 3aoaX-a, 142 "HPOAOTOY [II, i 7po 01)E -T*(9 TE~pay&W0VO & 0VTa, Kat r T V O 'iTaq 'npoco-68ovs~ 7rotqaao-Oat, E6 rt cTa' cVTa w jop v C7 TE XeEL1) KLT' E1)taVTOV. Et' 8 T(1)09 701 KypOV 0 7T0Ta/.t09 w7aplEXOiTo, E'XOco)\ AP 7rpo09 av-rol co-7J/JLat1) TO C7E7EV97/LE1)0W C ri Xaocoaw o X6po, yE7love, NOK(09 70TOV wv aX~ y v TJS' TE~ LY~ epiNJ a Wm cfo 0py79 TEXEOL. 3oke'et 84 /L-Ot Tp~ evpEOE-u~a, 6? T77W EXXa'8a E~raveXOd-v. w6XOV [LP fya~p, KCl& 7v ov01a, Kcab Ta (3woE et p p T 'ip? 110? rapa\ Ba/3 vX o7twv ctaOop ol 'EX-XqvE.` Bao-A~c1)s? [-LEV 82\7 0V'T 09 [(0o 1)09, A 1715 w 709 A 1i o w w j 1r. Mw'6 o-vvac 86 E-XVrETO 77pO TOV CH~awTEtov, ap~pta'Pras XtOL1)OVr &JO [-(EV, 7T Lt77K0V7C 7TI7XEO1)P, E(AVTO1) TE Ica?; T771) ryv1)CLKaV 701)9 3e\ wraZL aL E(21T(& 7ETeo Toepa9, c Ko(tL m7flXEo) cKCa(TTOV. T05V 8) \ 6 tepEV9 rOV I CH L TV pO'Vp [(ETE7WELTa? n-o XX j3 A ctpe'o 701 HEP ( 17V 0V W LE6 *YaV VnpoO-OeV cw~pta1)7a, (fa\, "oi5 01' E7Te~otcIa-Oat rpyc ola'?rep "1 0( 0 pL 70 A V ~ p ET0u)OTptv [(ev ryap aXXa T~E "1ca Oaa~ Z~ apEL0a &" 0'ES X a-2VCL ~ V~ 9 E E. UK J:cc pO,~ Aape'o v vvoO^a wtO, c'.oV /LE7) [(177 Mc VwE/cp5CLXXO//-LEV)0 TOLtGL cpryotGn. A p zp j 1)1)1 XE~novo-t 7tp09? CTaV-a o-vry7vo)/JA7V rwO~yao-Oat. 11 EccT~o-TptoS' T~ EXEv7)7c-cVT70, 666c'do-Oat g`X,7ov 77)v 70o1-)q~q T\ 7wa-Za av'ov' &JEpww To\V dwro&~ao-Oau, pe\ 0V86E[Lta1) 07paTi7bpJ, O-v1)e1)EXO1/vaL 8& 01e TVOXO\V (ye1eo-OaL, &ta TNOLOWE 7Tp?77/-Lat. TOV?7oTacLoLLv KaTcXOOvTo9? /-L67LOa 8 7 67TOE EVT 0'KT0)KaZL(Ka 7T7Xca9-, (09 V'VepC/3cLXE Ta\9 apovipats', 7tvEV[LCL7O9 6/17 0'OVT709, Kv/IC?7II7 6?7-TOaC/L09I Cfy6VETo' 70o) &E /3ao-A7k' X47OVO-i TOVTov aTca-OaXiy Xpi70y'-kovO, Xa/30v~a at~yjiaqvj fXEctvcE9 jie'0a9 Ta4 81wa9 TOV 7T-OTaYLOW[(ETa\ &, aV7LKca KalLoVTCa (aVT70V TOV 6O~OaX /Le01)9, TV(bX(0 -0-p1at. &Kla 1LLE1) 8'q E'Tea clVal' [(V TV(/AOW E1)(eKaTh) 86 ETEL awLK&TceOaL ol [(aV71T01) E BOVToDs~ 776VXoS', e091 "ce~> "rc' oi6 p61 o9 7 79?7/ tU?7, Kat apa)a3X #E Lc, ryv1auKo\9 O1Yp(p "vt-4rl-e o 9? 701), [O~aX /.(oV\ 9, 17el 9 7 r-apa 701) E(01)7179 av~pa "[(o~V PO 7 E7 f)O L7IKE, AX-X(O) Ct1)(p(01 EovOcLa A'77ttp09 - KaL? 701) 7Tpo)T719 T7179 E(0V701) 7vvC LKo9 7retpCa(TOaC tt(ETa\ 8c, (09 110-113] EYTEPnH. 143 ovc ave/3Xe7re, ETreS 7raoE'o)v 7retparOcat. dvaq3XeFarTa Se, crvvaeyaryev Ta ryvvaKcta Trwv ETreLp'0v7, 7rXr7v? TV^r? TO ovp( v/ra/tdevo 3av3Xee, e?,d'/av 7ro6Xv, / vvv v caXeeTra 'Epvfpr} /3c3Xov' e? rav'vvv ovvcaXlavTa, v7roTrpr7at 7racas crvz avr, T 77r 7ro\6t. r3 8e vitra/tevo 0TO ovpw) ave-,3XEjrP, TaVTI7v 8e eLxe avros 7yvvafca. 'AvaOrf/LaTa 8e, aT7roObvyWv qrrv 7radOv trov o'vaX/h.ov, aXXa 're ava Ta Ipa '7rava TCa kort/ya aveOr ce, Kca ov To e Xoyov that6Xra atiov e0'T' Xeetv, e? TOV nHXtov TO [pov atove0p'a arveorce epya, o3eXovs &vo XtOivovs, Et EPOs eovTa efcKaTrepov XlOov, /i^iKO? uecv ecaTepoV r7Xeeov eTcarov, eVpo ose OKTO 7rreov. Tov'Tov &e eKcea-Oat TV e3ao ty`'lv 'Xeyeov avupa 112 MqleiprT)V, TeW acaTa Trrv Trv 'EXrvcov ryXwo-cav o'vo la lprlea celvta* Toe vv revoj eVo eOTt i v Meb Kacapra IcaXOv Tre Kca ev eCKeevaCto'pvov, TO) HcfJt)ao-Tt'loV 7-rpo VOTOV aYve/OYv Ke/Jev6v OY. TrepLOLKEOVLO 6 e0 TO EevoS0 TOVTO Dolpviceq TVp to' Kleaeeat & o6 o o^)poq oS 6o rvva7ra%,! P! ~ I ~ ~ ~ r.. f T! Tlvptiowv oparo'reoov. e07t So ev Tc Te epeve' TOV llpT-eoS (pOV, TO!cdaXeE6rat Eelvs 'AcpoSlT7s o'V/J3da\\Xo/Lta a e Toroo TO lpov eacTa EXevVs Vs Tuvv&apeo, Kat TOV X6yov aKf/KOw (oS' 8tat lr7Ol 'EXevX 7rapa TIpwTei, Kal 8r) KaC 'OT eiv)?S 'AcopO8T9S? eTrw)PV/tlPo1V eo'-T ooa 'yap AXXa 'AbpooSt7 tIpa e0r7, ovoa!jos Etevls e rctKaXEerTac. "EXEyov oe 113 iLot6 0o tpEES tc'TopeoVTt 'a T 6pt JEXeVi7v, E1eE0ocLa6 woe* 'AXeav8pov ap7r'coavT'a EXev1P/ eC 7rcZpTi79, a7ro7r\eewv ES T7)v c(WVTOV. Kcal ULLv, S' E7EYETO EV T) Aiako, eAwOcTat avetaot eK/3a\\ov'c el TO AlIVy7rTtov 7reXa7yos cvOerev 8& (oV Vyap alve da 7rvevJaTa) CtTLKVErTaL eS A'tyv-rTov, Kcal Aty7VrTrov Js TO vvv Ka4cetKV KCX\evLLevov -rTota TOv NEIXoV, Kcal es TapLtetas. 7V S c7r( Ty9 7r ovos, 0 Kat vvv cCTt, H pac\Xos 1pO v' Z0 TO ' 1v )caTaofvywov olceT'vs oTee) avUp&7rO)v e7rijdt3aXq7at r TIy/LarTa ipa, eCovTov SSovSo T) OCeo, oUK eeo'Tt TOvrTOV aSao-7at. 6o vo/LOS OVTOS oSaTeA~6e eo)v O6/otoS le4Xpt et-hev Tw aT7r (pUX. Tro 3v S\ 'AXe~acvSpov a7roTfreaTaL Oepa'rovres, 7rvO0/Levot TOv 7reTp TO tpOv eXOVTa VOLOVW lteeat 8E to V0oteo6/ TOD 0eoD, KcaTrlyopeov TO 'AXe avSpov, /3uovLevob /3Xa7Trretv avTOV, 7raVTa Xoyov 'cryeVl7ervo/ Eot eOSe 7repI TprV 7EXEvT^v Te ecal 144 'HPOAOTOY [TIL 72)1) E' MCEvXewv a'8tKbuvw Kcaq7oIpeo1) &e Tav7ta 7TpoS' Te 70ow tpea9~ Kat Tov TrOO o —ro/Jaro9~ TrOVov ovwXalcov, Tr!J 114 o1"10,Ul-k 'v 0 (0"Pv. 'A Ko0'0a9 &6 701)7T01) 6' 080' )L9, 7TE/fL7rEt T7271 TaX to-7271 CE M 4'lbi~v 71-apa\ llpo)TEa a7yeX b/71, XE'fyovo-av, TcS "'H KEt eto9~, ryE1o09 )u v TevKp69~,:)'7ol &\ "avooCM eV 727 'EXXact Ecprya(7/kevov ~et)vo ryap 701v el f c \ 'f / O 2/KeL, KCa4 7TOXXa\ Ka'p'a xp?7/lta~a, V7To aVE/i/uP ES' r7171)7 1 0271) a7rE1)EtXOEL~. KO'Tepa~ &87Ta T0V70l) e(0/JLE1 d0(1Ea "EK7TXEEL1) 97 c'cjXo)S/aec a Ta\ E'X(01 73XOe;" 'AV~tw7E'ikrnct 7Tp09~ TaV cTa 6' llp( TEc\)9 X'O1 ae- " "AV pa T0vO DT ), O 0TL9 KOTE E O7L ap)ootat epya(7,LLEv)09 WEL )1 701) E(0V 701 "ov Xa/3o1)TCE9, a7J-ayETC 7rctp le/-, tiia Et &3 0 TC KOTE Katt 115 " Xe' ~eeQ 9AKol%-a9~ &6 Tav" a 6' eco1)t9, cvX-Xa/J438a1) L 701) 'AXE'av~poV, Ka~t Tadl? Pe'a aVTOV KaL7UTXEL' /kLE~a C, VT01 TE 70O 70P avqryayc E'~ IVI/k pt1 KatL T7271 C ExI 7V E icat Ta Xp~qlfta7aV 71720o; (SE\ Ka~t 701)9 tKE'Taq. a1)CaKo/JutOre1T(01) &6 7a1)TO)1) V 07t71 'AX'~az)8po1) 6' Hlpft)TVq 7Tl9 Elt, Ka\ 6K 66E ) 7WX E'o. 6 0 01 Kat 70 CyE1)0S' KaTcX E~, K & 7 7; O K O G E E'. L ~, l a eiC,t& J a a 7 1 6Ka O O E 1)' 7271 cE X1 )?)771) T o v/3 oi~ u a - Xa \)0,LL 1 0 K a 702)' AX( p u '7-r K a~ E! ~ y 1 7 S 2 1 tXi O T OP v ooj E7 01 a OL ~y E1)6 -XIq ) 7 71,L2 1) yov (1 ~ 7r a w zv ov ~ 702 vI X?) o, E U E//2 T 0(7 5, "cY~ " K a & t ay e a D a vo t 70V K ~ I XKE -E a X a a1 a t T ~ ( 0 E a 1 ) 7 2 7 1 ), 0i E t L 1. X O ) 1 )p E K KO X E I J a ' K a t 0 V 7 Cva 7 01`, '' \ 5, \ 5 \ ^ K701)E L1) T yV 1 )atV, /1~E) Ta -6V7271) KTOt E X P27OI~t~ 01)t T'l~ KaO27o(0a a7 v- TaEO Tat, aX I av7aK C y(0 T A x EXava 1rT ~Et)ca ) a~vT a4(v, ES'ca 0 1 a 7 EKK X O 0 KE L)0S Twy y Oat 5, 5, -1 " O X 7 alJT 71) OC0 Ka& 70O O-OVS' a-V/.~XOov3 Tpt (01) 114-118] EYTEPIIH. 145 " -pepeov 7rpoa7opevct) EK Tr- ej/ 7r9y e9 aXX7V TLwa "Lerop/jbIeoOat' el 8e /Jrj, aTE 7rOX\eh/to TrepLe/'e'0aO. 'EXEv perev Travr av a7rtlv 7rapa IIpwTe'a e\eyov ot 11G tpeG9 7yeve'aa' 0o/6eel te 6o ot Ka O/rpo0? 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TEXo? 8e, JLE(pO0/JopLE AL'yV7rt'ltv (t) ov rTOltot &Kaia, TpweCV TOv oL'tGL TE Ka E, EwvTw EX T7, roV, OVTOW j 8T rapaatLot 7o 'A7rpti7v TO7oi Aiylvrriot'o. oi e p L acrrv4:Lav, Kal 7reira e8a'av ev TroL T rarpaP(77 T!ra c. ail e ela e TO) tpo Tr )'AOrtvai7Fl, ayorTaT r v 70,ueyapov, eCiov'r ap-Tep' U Xepo6 X. eOafrav &e 2aTaet wr a 0a, ov e'C av at 'avTa TOVS? er vo0/Jov VTV7OV ryevo/LEvov; /3acrtXea' 'ero ev TW tpja Kaa yap TO ov 'Apckoa-o ora EKaOTrepwo tv Ec)07 7roV peyaDov '3 TO 70o 'Aqrpleo cal 7owv 70VTOV,rpotraTopov'w eOT Lbevo70 icab 7TOV ev 7rj avXy Tov Ipov, TraoTa- X\itlv7 t&ryAX\, Ka 7j7CKallcev)) C7rV\XOci TE poiLVKca rTa Sevpea peir^7evoLo't,,ca T1 XhX 8aTrdavr)7. ece 8e ev 7 7r 7raC7o'd 8ti Ovp S aTa ea T E e77K ev &e roFTo OvpoSLa-i 77 Kr?27 170 eTrr. Elol 8e Kcal at rapal 7ov0 OVK 'oao-ov Trotevcat e7rT ro0OvT)7 7rpT7/pa7t ecta7opeveLv Trovvoba ev aCli, ev 7co lp o T7s 'AOqrai[s, ' 'rcr'Oe tov V70vV, 'travro g ToV '? 'AOt?vaUlM) eXoILUe1aL TOlXOV. Kcal ev T7 7T/EVE O6/8EXOt Ec.TaCofeCdyaoL X iOtvoi' XiJlV' 7Tre eroTL EXO E), \L6O1r) KprTr'St K/koo'~/ tlqv fVl, Kcal epryao-a'evq ev KcvXT, Kat p)eyaOo9, cos Ef/ol6 E/e80KE, '007 TrEp 7 v AX, I0 7poOeLr Icao KaXoL77. 171'Ev Se 77' Xi8\ V7 7Tav7r T 86 &el/ a 7Tz TraOev avrov VVKTOF q'rotevot,, Ta KcaX\eoUva't /vaTrpta AIyV7/rTOL. 7rept.Eev vw 7TOV1TW, elSorL O 7ol e7r X rXeov Wos (ecaaTa avrwv e Oe, evO'roJLa /KElWctTo(0. Kca rE AL/ATr7po; T7EXE7?' wrept, pta KaX4OVO-t, Kae TaT\ t E Tt r tvv otl EXXgvea OeaC EpoEopia KcaXeovart, TcaX ravrIV e8or07 pot, 'rrept evo'Topa /celcro)0, 7rTr]v oorov aVT rq oire eoarl Xeyeiv. al Aavaov OvryaTrepeq aav a' rrfv 'eXer1\V TavTv)V 169-173] EYTEP11H. 173 e~A Ify 'rTOV 4~aiayov'ocu, Icat W&aoat r a lleXao-ytc6 -Tt&aq ryvvaika9. pLETa cE, e~avctcTaOG~q1) 7ra'uq Je'Xo7rolJVI0VVr A(Optiaf, ETa7m&AETO 't7 TEXT? '-o' '3 V7roXEtO0vm'PE lleXowrovv'iaoAwV K~at OUK e~davc-cTa'VTE' 'Apxc6&9,e &te'OcOov cWTq'7v,LovVpOL. 'Aw7pic & a)8 3eci KaTapatpq7/ you, e/acw-IXevO-e "'A/iaot-, 1 72 PO/POV hEV:~atTe0) EWW' eK 7y9p 8&?')v rO'Xto%~ o7v"o/Ja ol &ErM IWov'. Ta' /ue) &~ 7TpOa)Ta KaLTOVPT0J- T~V "Altatv Aiip rtKat eV) Ol)&/Ity I 1O 4/crya~xy t'riITE 8,,O'VT ro ptV COVra, Kat OLKQJ)9 OVK CErtaPE'oS, Fw7~ &, ~o~i a3~oi~ 6"Acws' o~i aryvottvvy 7wpoo-?Irya7E6TO. ~v ot Xa Earya Jvpta, eV e Kat 7ro~avtwrTjp yp~oO%~v'~ U369TE6"Apvos~KL O' &atTV/1tO'VES' Ol PV760VTE9 eVTOV aVTOas E fTTE EV 7tEV Kl t-0 TorvKa a7 K7 % yLXL.3at/1ol o9E W CtTOV wt7 TOVT KaT (DV Ko drydXi W 5 ruoa t PVG-C Tlql~ 70XLOI~ OKOV'q E77tT'qt7&(TaTV 7t6 bOLTEOPTE'J? 7rpO9 TfY~aX/pa, EcTE30V0 fEyXco,~ 1k,cOa'w 83 6 ~'Alia-ct TO\ eK TawJ aGoTwV 7T~tEV/1&kVOV, G-vryKaXecaqa ALv7 r v',Ekve O Cb K T" V 7ro wo Tvtwpo4? TcOnaXpac "ryeryovpvac, 6E9TO 7roy e TEOV /EV TOV'S~ AiuWriovs' EVelpkEbV TE Kat' Evovpectv, ica wogas9 Eaov~t'i~V o-Oatt TOTE &6 /uEa",Xcos~ a-'3eo-Oat. 27 co, n/j Xrywv, o/uoticts avTorl TC "Tro&Lvmt7rlpt wE~rplyyevat. et ryap 7rpOTePOV dlvat 7L~~ "dXX e'V T~ arpo~ wta~y aot-eq." Kat Tt Lay TE Kat 7wpop~qOe~o-Oac &'OVTOiV EKEXEVIE. T3otoV'T(0 \Lip67 wrp0O-'q77a7ETO TOV, AiryvwrTIOv, IJSOTE &Kiatov~v 3ovXe6'eLV. E~paTO &6 KtTao-TaO-et 7rptfl'/JaToAw TOty&8. To\ pE 173 b'pptOpw',"6Xp OTOV 7rXi'O0(p 0ypwoLo ~pl — Ta~ 7poo-0bpo'l-eva 7r?7/aa To & dw6 TOLVTOV EMrtE TE Kat KaTEo-KO07TT TOV9 O-V/-0~rO~a%~ Kat 7)y paTcat&c re KabI 7ratryvu)[t. aOEXOOGEVPTE'I &6 TOV'TOLO-L 01 cfiXot aVTOV, evovOE'Teov av-O\v, TOMc& -XErYOVTEq9 "'f~ 3aOLtXev, oV'Kc O)? -Ea)VTOV' 7rpOEO-TflKa9, E'~ To ayav aiXv wo "ayoov O7E0)VTOV. oe 7ap Xp77v- eV 0pV U-e/wC 0E/J4)OV " OaCO'OVTa, &' 77Pple'pq 7rp?7o0oEtV T 'rc pq-//.Lara' Kcat OVTW " Aiy7wr~toi T' a'V 6E7rtWTeTO CO'~ V7T a1)p~\ 1teyciXov adp' xOV at~K a1.tElVOzi (Tv av yKovE9~. POP ) WotEcaS~ OV&Za1f -A3lKJ~ 0O8 ' a/iEI/TO T0LO0L& aivoz'T "TcV 174 'HPOAOTOY [II. " To:a ol Kee'TV\i evo, E reaV JL~EV 8.ovrat Xpo'aa, era"vvov14' erreav oe XpcwwovraL, vc\vova'. el tyap or; "T'rv ravTa Xpovov evTerTa/jeva ELf, eKparyeLI av' o&Te~ " e To Oeov OVKC av eXotev avTroUt Xpr77-OaL. OVTW) orK cal "avpop'7rov caEaCTaot l E6cot KcaareT7rovoa'uOa aleC, "wqe 7je raLOvtl'7v TO L6po o eCOVT dv evza, Xaobt av 77Trol "favel%, y 'otye awro7rXkICTo0 r/evOtevoeos. Ta Cryew eTra'Ta174" ' LVOS,.Epo9s eKacrepp VeO60. TaVTa EV TOV io (ju/ELraTo. Ae'yeTaL Se "Apao-La, alt TrE V I8iT;7, cS tXo7rorTr) ecov Kcal cjXooK0t/Loiov, Kat ovSa/zaw( KaTrerov(Sao/Levoo avr]?p OKC(0 SE flL e7rLvCTirOL 7rlVOvTa T e al eu7raeOovTa a C7rtTer Sea, CKXE7rTC7TK aPv 7repdiLv. ol 3' av ptv aupvo1 CeeiXV Ta r'+eTepa Xp?7I)ara apvevuJevov yaO7coV E7rt LavTrlov, cOKOV EcKaTOTL CL) T7rOXXa wev oaot /JieV avTov TWVP ecwv da7TEXvav p!r c/wpa elvaU, TovTO)V /UEV TOW tp(tV OVTC 67T/JEXC6TO, OVT0 fT 67rlOKCVW7V EStOV OV8eV ovo8 0bOTEwV go0Ve, () OVSEVO EOV( a to dioL't, revSea Te pavTi7La ceKT7/1jevOLO't. '07oL 6Se 'bItV KaTTeo8&7av c0rpa evat, TOVTJJeV Se,.W a'XoieO( 0eWv EOWOVTVO Kal (4t.ev8ea aaavTrla 7rapeOopEV(0V, Ta /jAtdUYTa '7re/we~XTo. 175 Kat ToTro Pev, ev Yai T'r 'AOijvai' 7rpo7rvXata Oo)vaLWta' ol e3e7tOL (Tce, 7rXXO\v 7rcvTa 5 v7rp/3acXXo/eVO TO) TE V#o Kat Tca CeyatOie, O&WV Te TO /eraro wv Xi&ia pETt, ocal OKOCW6 TV'W TOVTO, X KOX''OOV; /eyaXOV 'ov Kac avop6ocofvy-yas 7repL/17fKceaq advE0K7CE, VlOovW Te aXXov9 J ETUKWVIV V7rCepcveaV TO pJkEa0oq EKO/LiaeC. 7dyeETO 8e TOVTCOW TOV9? /J~V, CK TWV KaTa ME/L4V COVECOWV XiOOTO/,ULbeV TovW 8 pe v7repfJLe~ydaOCa, eT 'EXeavTVw9 7roXLw9, 7rXoov cal eecKOOL6 7f/kepecov aTreCovV97 a(ro:a&09. TO 8e OVK 7KIft-Ta avTctWv, adXXa /.kaBXtTa Oawvpak4c, &'Tt TO&'8 olicr'J0a /povvoxVOtov e'KOfUbCE e EXefaVTWvf9 7roI6o9 Kal TOVTV7O EKO/b4OV /V 7 Terea Tpla, ' ' 'to 6SE Otl rpoCeTerTaaro vop6Cs aryaoyee, Ocal OVTOL a7ravre TC9 av " vteCpvyTat. T779 83e 7Tre/flq TavTrfl TO /,.ev P477KO9 4'aOev, 'GaT1 l9s TE Kcat eiKOCFt 7rXeev evapo9 3e, TEO] vepeCo(Kalteacaios \Se, oICTW. TavTa hev T ea /. et ooeo T^)9 c0T6E7779 I 74-178J EYTEPIIH. 175 T?7; ~IkOvvoXt'ov EOcrt' raTap eaTWOEV To' /.D7KI09, OK1T&JKaL'&Ka Krqcvial 7I-v76opog- To6 3~e1p09, 8v&Y3Ea 7rqEWVi To 86\ V OS?, '7Trl)7 7r97XE(DV 60OTt. av)Tf T01) I(20V KEETCLL '7Trpa. 71?)1 C(0,0OV. 60o*) /cyap /LWV 6S TO ((2)0o v f)wt T70W(38 EICt'ec 01)/ EcTeXK~ 701) aptLeKT0Va aVTr)% CXC/6 119T~ ETryyqs-, avao-TEVac~aU, olla TE X(2OVOV EKy7y1)OV7TO oXXOD icaTax0'6OJVOl) T(3 ~ply(Ov'r TO c "A~tatao- eYVp~to-T0\P Wot1)o-a/J.vov, 01)/ cav' Tt 7-poo-0)T0p(0 e'xffvo-at. 9'ij7 7LE X~ryovo-t, C09 aVu6p07r0C 8L~fOa1fY1 VW7 aV'T)7S Ta07' Tt9 avTil' /tLoXXEVMOV7, ical (V770VT701)701 0)C E(TEKvO4r)vat. 'AIE'- 1763 (21/CE(3 KC~ E) OL~l X~o(TCip~rt6 Ap~ao-v~ 7raO-t TtO-WI 'EXXoyOlO-Loo- epya To perya~o9~ a4OOEJ7jTa el) 8eE, Kcate M 791)TQ VW77TtOV KEL/1-kEV0L) KOX00(T(TOV, 701) 'Hoato7Tet0V c-/J/lrpootlE TOD 7T'013E9 7teVTE KalL E/&S0/o1i7fKovTa' eIGT TO /JA'7/\C0\9T. 'Tro av /3Opp 'o'aot, AiOtowutcoi O0' Vtow, &5o0 Co'xooafot, CEELOC 7T03(07)V TO /)E7alOoq ',( &W EKa'T O0 c 6 [tlv EVEV 6 V) E'8'VOEZ' TODl) ieryapov. ecTT & -Xtdhvo9? CTEpO9 T000VT79 KIal e E)*sat, cetl/icmOS /CaTa TOP aVTOV Tp07TOV 7TOE) eVM 4i4t. 77 ICL TE TO eV MEttb ((p(1 A/l-Lao-v eaTt 6' e~ouK0I0[t fca-a, EO~v /.tE'y7l 7E Katb act0 -0O'qT7OTaTOV. 'Ew' 'A/tc4a'toq &E /3ao-tXeoq XEryeTai A'tyVwrTOI /UicXtwTa 177 8q\ T'TIEev'8wov"\ ') \' TOTE V~at/7znat~l2 Kat Ta a7ro 70O) 7rT0a/ttov T~ op 7YtV0/hEval, /al~ Ta V7r9T?1 X&i (27S TOtcrt av pc~3otct. Kat) 7WoxL' Ev) aVTy 7yEi'co6at Taqg a7ra0oIl9 TOTE &(tGttVpwts' TaC OtKE0/LEvaS~. vo[tov 8E AIFyv7MWLro rOv&e "Aotao-i EO-Tl 6 /ca=ao7 coav9 a7ro0Etcumvvat, E7E094 EKaOCTOV TO O9 Lp? 7TraV'a Ttl)a AtryVW AW O /3VTat- a1 & e t~)~ TavTa, J/ a7r-o~ai'vOVTa &icact~qv O0171, lOV'VE(TOat Oalpa'Tp. A Xa) & 6E 'AOqnva~toq 'XatflcN e'~ Airy7rTOV TOVTOV) 707 0)/0l,'A'va'our EO w EKet)ot es! awte %PWTat, Eol)Tb calwp vo6,. qDxE'XX97v &6 eyept'levo(~ 6' "A/zaa-tq, 178 aXXa TrE 9 'EXX~'VWV /1CETE7ETCp01 a7rE3E~aT0, /Cat 131) /Cal TOteat a7flKvev/.Lev)oUtt el A~'CyViirTo Awe'0C Nav'cpavitV 7rn — Vtv El)otK17atll T010-t &e /147\ /SO1)XOLLElvotCt aVrcoV OLCEEt1, IlTO 8 13 v)aVTtX~ott' oetE0wEXP~ v1pt'o-ao-Oat Oco)7o0\)9 Kcat TE/J.,'ea)~ OEoL(tL. TO [tEl) 1VVV /-kEfyt07T0l/ aV1TWVl 7/Tel)09,, Kal ovvo01.aO-TOTaT0V) CoP Ka&& %p17o-t'ucTaTozV) KIa 176 'HPOAOTOY [IL Xevpievov 8E EXXivtov, a'Se 7roXt? E~rA at ltpv/wevat coLv, 'Iacvcov pgev, Xlo%, Kcat Te&o, icai wIkc6ata, ecat KXavo^erva: Acopeco'v 8e, 'Po6oc, Kat Kvm8o, ca 'AXcKapvro'o'o, KaC Da'r/Xis Atoxe'ov 8e, ' Mv'tXqvaio PoVrJV7. TovrWv /kEV CT' TOV'TO To TEJEVO', CKa 'pO-Tapo Taa? TO e'p.k7roptou avTat a 7rowXts elcrt al 7rapeXovo'at. ooat, e aXXat 7ro6Xts IkeTavroeEVVTat, OV8EV o'd / ETO' /J~E7aoiEvvrat, OeeovE ab OV e /.ECa7rotEvvTat. XwPop Se, A6tv^Trat E'7r eCOVT)rV tSpvo-avTo Te/Jevo9 Aot Ka Ka 179 aXXo ~ai/xote, e'Hpq7' Kab MtXatot, 'A7roXXovos. HIlv 8e TO 7TraXatot cikovv? 9 NavcKpaTt es p7roptov, Kcal a\Xo ov Ev AlyuVTrTo. el e tl9 eE Teov Tr a;Xo croabrwov Tov NeiXov aC7rLiKOTO, %p77V otoat "/L) /LEV EKcoVTa '0ev". aTrokocravrTa 8G, 7\ 7 v- l avry 7r\XEEv e9 TO K'avw3uc6 el ij 76 ola re er' 7Trpo9 aove/zovs avtovs qr\Xeew, Ta fopTla SeeE 7reptar yelv f3d ptauc 7rept To AeXra, pexpt oV a7TrlcoLTO e NazvaKpaTw,. oT5ro),ev 8)\ Nav'cpa~ v ereTL180 yTro. 'Ak^VoCuK v 8e i-crco0avcorv Tov ev AveXgot^o vvv eovTa vyov TpL17Kcoo-lWv Tadav'TCo e'epya-o'ao-TOa (6 yap 7rpoTrepov ewv avToO aVTroT,aTO KEcaTecKa TOVs AeXpovo e7 e7reI3aXXE TeTapTrJLoptOv 'TOV /JuLo'0/Laro9 7rapaoXe'V~) 7rXavoLcevot 86 ol AeXbol Trep 7a vrot?, e8oartva~ov TrotEvTe9 Se TOVTO, OVC eXAiaXtTOV e~ ALyvrTov evetlcavTo. "Altau-v /1rev ryap o' Aew/Ke Xi\Xa 0-rv7Tr)pt17 TaXarTa ol 'e ev AywTr-() oleovTes 'EXXqve%, 181 Kvpr7valott', Se 'Af "Aao cX6'rrTrd Te Kabl cv//atvp (CvveOficaro. etKalwate e & c Ka ryLai av'ro'ev, eCi' e7rOvprcraa 'EXXnvi;oas ryvKacoK, eTre cal aX\Xcs /oCXOT77TOS Kvp1?vatcov ereKca. ryaleet ' wv, ot /evy Xeyova't BarTTWo, ol S' 'ApKea'X\ew OvyaTepa, ol Se, KpLtro/ovov, av(pos? vrwe actreev (SoKlova' '7 ovvo/la T7v 7AaiKyl. TV e7re re a'vyK\XLivoo o "A/Aao-ts, plaecOa ov'K olos' e eyevero' -t 8 Se aX XXya-b vvatI cEpa'ro. re r \e e wroXXov TrOVTO E7WETr, E7e6 "AAao-t9? rpo7 T7v AaSl[K7v 'avTr7v KcaXeo/jev1v "', 2 uyvvat, KcaTra Ae Edcpfpacas, Kcal " E't, " rot ovSe/.,ia t, qlavrl fr ov) c a7ToXcoXeVat fcKaKcaTa ryvvat'1Icewor 7raoeov'. 'H 8e Aa8Slt, eWrei re olt apVEverP? ovSev eCrYvero rpflvrepo 6 "A/Acaots, evXerat ev O r0ow) rO7 179-182] EYTEPIIH. 177 'AbpoS'i, rv ot ViT' e6Kfelvv Tv' vvria Vx%0, o "AaotvL, ~roVTo <yap ol Kcacov ievat /tyXo,, aryaXH/a ot aTro7re/frELV E9 Kvpir7v7v. teera oe rv evXr7v avTtica ot epLlXOr "/aaot' fcal To erevOev ev r7i'7, Oicore eX0oL w7po avTrlv, e/ultr/yro c KcaL capa pFtv e'orpre fpeTra TOvTO. 83e Aa~lcr a7reCooce TrI v evyrv 7r7 0e. 7rolTrat evi]7 yap adyaXa ac7Trerepqfe E' Kvpvvv, 7T er Kcal ~9 elue, v roov, Ieo topvLZevov roV Kvpq'vaowv ao-'eo'. ravrTv Triv AaSoil'V, woJ erEKcpaT?7ve Kap,/3vo' AyiVrrov, Kab E7TveTO avTrT ) 7L e7t, a7rer're/xJAe ao-wva e Kvpvr7]v. 'Ave'Orc~e 8 K/aL dvaOri',aTa o "Apaov e T'r7v 'EX- 182 Xaca& roOvo pev, EC Kvprvnv a-yakpa e7rXpvo'ov 'A6Ovalr?, K cat elcova cWCOTOV ypaf} elecaa-![ev'v7 TOVTO 8e, Tr ev Alv3o 'AOr7va'i &vo re dycaXupaTra XBl va, KcaL Ocop'Kca XivEov adCoOEv7TOV TO7TO 8', ES d4aov T "Hpy elfcova ecVTOV a a7iao av\Xvaq, ai ev T' vYr,( TrZ /eX0 l~opvaro nri /ca 70O /eXCXPLt ePev, o7rLCOe 7T&v Ovpewv.?,EV VVV avv /tlov avea0lcKe Kca7Ta:eitVlv TrjV toJV7rov TE /ICa IIoXVKpCdTeo Trov Alaceov e9 \ AvWov,:eWvtU?7 Petv ov6Se&/t ElVEICev, OTt 8, TO\ lpov 7TO E Ai8 TO T6 r 'AOr7valds Xe' yeTab rTa 'ov Aavaov OvyaTrpa ltpvaoaao0a& 7rpoo'Xovo'a9, 're a7rwc'prfq-cKOV TOV9 AIyvrrTOv 'ra^?a. T'rava pev ave07ice6 6 "ACao'. E Xe &e Kvtrpov 7rpoTro dvaOpo07rw, icac /caTea7TperaTo e9 fopov caracywryv. I2TOPICfN 'HPOAOTOT B. I c NOTES. L. CLIO. 'A'XtiaPz'?yffo^ot. In the Rhet. iir. 9, Aristotle quotes him as '"the Thurian,'" probably because the work was chiefly composed at Thurium, and in the dialect of that his adopted country (see Preface). lo-roplhqs dir68e~ts 3e- "what follows is the setting-forth of the researches," not history (a sense hrTopla does not bear in Herodotus). Idw~68e4Ls=Attic clr~iet~~m Tie -ycv6,ueeP 4~ dvOpc~5rcwP. Herodotus often uses lt or 4K for b'r6. Thucydides does the same, i. x6o, III. 48, VII. 175. gacp~3dpotur. The Greeks applied this term to all who did not speak their language; it was analogous to our word "foreigners." Ovcwtor6, (Ionic) = Oavaao-Ta' (Attic) = " marvellous." Trd re tLXa, K.C. TX. = and esspecially through what cause they made war upon each other." This is more fully stated in Bk. v. 97-. Observe the formula Tdre TE' Aa7\, Kal is literally= "Iand (in mentioning) all the. other (matters, I will mention) also." 1. How the feud began between Greece and the East, according to the Persians. ol X6'-Yto = "the story-tellers." This word, with its cognates, is chiefly used by Herod. to express narration by word of mouth. See Bk. ii. 3, and 77. 'Epv~p~je 0aXooq=1 Red Sea,' i.e. the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf: so called from the red reflection of the por~phyry rocks along the coasts. What we call the Red Sea is called by Herod. the Arabian Gulf. r~vbe 'T'~ Od~c-teoo,-a common expression for the Mediterranean Sea; compare the Latin expression for the same sea, "nostrum mare," or "smare magnum." The Greeks sometimes vary their phrase to i' wnp' 77,uZv OcdXao-oa. For the migration of the Phcenicians, see Bk. vii. 89. Rawlinson well observes on this passage, "1Everything indicates a spread of the Sernites from Babylonia westward, while nothing appears of any movement in the opposite direction. The name 'Phoenician,' which connects with I'Erythrsamn,' both meaning ' red,' the colour of the Semites, confirms the general connexion, but does not show in which way the migration proceeded." TroDUoTOV nwXvo; rna' (=&'vrep). Here, as elsewhere in Herodotus, the article is partly demonstrative, and partly relative, after the Homeric~ usage. 180 NOTES ON al~TtKa Pacvrtll,7cTL, Kci. -' ".forthwith applied themselves to (literally, set themselves upon) long voyages.",ooprice A-y6irria. See Ezekiel xxvii. 7. 4dra'ytvo;ohras=" bringing from a distance." lo-a7rV160o0at = Lat. "preie"generally "Iof makcing ont's way to a place (through dangers or difficulties)." Kai 8 Kai "and now (observe), even," an elliptical emphatic expression; supply t8U, b'pa, or some such word. 6ij= Mqb abbreviated. "A pyos. See Thucyd. i. 9, 10. The oldest city in Greece. According to Bp Thirlwall the word meant "plain " in the old Pelasgian ton-gue: some make it =Lat. "lager." It seems, however, closely connected with the common Greek root ap-y- (whence apyos, dLp-Yup0, Ke.Tr.N = " silvery," "brilght," thus =Bright-town (Brighton). The same root is found in Argocus (the summit of which, according to Strabo, was covered with perpetual snow), Arganthonius, Argaricus, and many other names of places, remarkable for their bright, glaring appearance in the distance. Compare Homer's cdpypowl4~a= "-sparkling-footed," as ap~plied to Thetis, drawn from thessparkle of the waves under moonlight or sunlight; this will apply to the root ary, when connected with waterlocalities. diiaatu. According to Jelf, the instrumental dative, in prose, of that in which one thing surpasses another. -rpvi~v 'E'XXdbL. In Herodot'us's time Hellas was the national name for all Greece: according to Homer, it was, in the Heroic age, the name of a small district in Thessaly. Compare, Thucyd. i. 2, ij' vVh' 'E~a's Ka1\ovf~dv7. &a~r10co0at= "to dispose of for their own pr-ojit." Observe one of the forces of the middle voice here. 'Ioiv^; riv 'IvdiXov. The ancients believed Io to be the moon, and there is a distinct tradition that the Argives called the moon Io. (See Suidas and Hesychius under 'I16.) The various stories related of her symbol?ze the phases and phenomena of the moon, and are closely connected with the worship of Zeus and Hera at Argos: afterwards the attempt was made to assimilate the Argive lo to the Egyptian Isis. According to Rawlinson, the Egyptian title of the moon was Yah ="Jlo"), and the primitive Chaldean title was represented by a cuneiform sign, which is phonetically At, as in modem Turkish. o-r-co-as= "having stood." In Ionic and Attic Greek many verbs are transitive in aor. iand perfect i, but intransitive in aor. a and perfect a. As nor. i, gro-oa = " I placed;" aor. a2, g-crqfv = III stood." Perfect i1, go Oapca = I"II destroyed;" perfect a-, eOOopas =" II was destroyed." 'ap6Av~qv 27 r ^ ebs "the stern of the vessel " (was nearest the land). dWyeo-Oat n7a'V oopr[WV, K.T-A. = were purchasing some of $those wares, for which (the objective genitive) they had a very great desire." Here the former genitive is partitive; and Ouv.ebs = 6nOv~ia. CLIO. Tr&s irXevas= "the majority," like ol 7roXXoL iogaXo/&vous Ul 6 s T7 va.- "having thrown themselves with all speed into their ship." The verb is aor. 2, mid. and the article is generally possessive with a mid. verb. otXfeoOac aro7rXIovras Ir' AlyB6rrov= "they were off, sailing away, towards Egypt." Mark the force of irl with genitive after a verb of motion. 2. The Greeks retaliate by carrying off Europa. O&K bs CbOlVtKes. Here Bahr, Matthie, Scheefer, give this reaaing, and not "EXXvles, with Gaisford. Rawlinson too is against Gaisford's reading. On the subject of Io, Herodotus records only two opinions, that of the Persians, and that of the Phoenicians: in Cap. V. he says, raOva Vp vvvp, IIppac re Kal 'ovLtKeE X&\youo4. &d3K{iydTW v = Lat. " injuriarum " = "acts of injustice;" what he calls in Chap. v. acblKWv {pyCwv. ov ydip gxova = "have it not (in their power)," i.e. cannot. So in Homer (Odys. xvIII. 363) we have TXo with the infinitive as here. Compare the Lat. "habeo polliceri"="I have it in my power, and so can promise." Cic. Fam. Ep. I. 4. irpoo^6vTas: supply rv,Ga=" putting to their ship." ebtcrav 6' lAy OVTro KpTres=="and these might possibly be Cretans." The early naval power of Crete (now Candia) is noticed by Thucyd. I. 4. Their cheating and lying are mentioned by St Paul, Tit. i. It, and by Homer throughout the Odyssey. For the Hellenic legend of Europa, see IV. 45. Trava A&' &5 fma, K..X.=" and that these things happened to them (in the way of) like for like." Compare the Lat. "par pari referri." gaKpf v4t==Lat. "nave long%," "in a war-galley." The round vessels were ships of burden and merchantmen: hence we may guess the hostile intentions of these pirates. ATdv re Trv Ko\Xxia-now "Mingrelia.' Colchis is not mentioned either by Homer or Hesiod. drt[Karo (Ionic) = dq5rypvva& josav. a&prdacn too 3aosX\os rh, Ov yarmpa. Compare the parody of Aristophanes (Acharn. 488-494), in which he ironically accounts for the Peloponnesian war after this manner. r76 K6Xxov= "the Colchian" (king). The head of a despotic government is thus made to represent the whole nation. Compare 6 MaKe6cwv, 6 Avbbs, 6 HdepTs, K.T.X. [IKas Trj alprayj ='"satisfaction for the rape"-an objective genitive. rods& bvroKpivaosOa = " now those pretended, by way of an answer, that.' In this way I would connect this remarkable word with its fully developed Attic sense of "acting a part on the stage:" it is here evidently in its transition state, the notion of dissimulation as well as simulation being implied in bir6. See Herod. I. 9o. 182 NOTES ON 3. Retaliation of Alexander (Paris) by carrying off Helen. -ye-'e. Herodotus generally calculates the generation at about 33 years, IL. 142, -yepeal y&p 'rpelg debP36Wi e&,a7b' ITed eO-TL. Miller supposes the interval between the Argonautic expedition and the Trojan war to have been 40 years. WA\-cz ',a "resolved,"i stronger than flotXeoaOat = to wish" ot "prefer." Compare the English "would, " expressive of strong resolution. ov"T&. 8~= "it was precisely thus." &ij makes a definite particle still more definite, and an indefinite one still more indefinite. 'rolcr& 'EXXqo-t...vr14/aPtcias. Herodotus makes the accusative of the corresponding participle, in these constructions, more usual than the dative. See i. 19. ci.ratT~eetv =to demand back, " Lat. "1repetere." Tobs b&, 7rpOoxofXo4vwV TaurTa, K. T. X. " Iand that they (the Trojans), when the Greeks kept alleging these matters, threw in their teeth the rape of Medea, and how (the Greeks), though neither themselves giving satisfaction, nor giving up (Medea) when demanded back, (yet) could wish to receive satisfaction from others." -With rrpoicrXo/A&vwv supply TWVp dyy4Xcn'; the genitive absolute is here used instead of a dative. An anacolouthon Herodotus is especially fond of. Observe also the iterative and intensive form of 9xw0 in irpoo-XoA4Pvw, literally=" continually and vehemently holding forth." 7rpoe09pew'= Lat. "objicere." 4. This abduction of Helen is retaliated by the Trojan war.,rb /.s6 vve' c7rcietv. Here we may fairly trace the rudiments of the Sophistical reasoning. T& 41pwraoirticop w o~rOh;', K.Tr.X. = now,, when women have been carried off, to consider it one's serious business to avenge them, is the action of fools." c~ip~qv " Icare," regard for anything: hence rdovwpE'&V and 6Xvywqp6?V. 86,vaALY KareXeClV = "1to pull downr the power," Lat. "1deripere." KcaZ rb 'EXX~jIOMIw-su1pply 90,os-o. Europe and Asia are thus opposed Oro each other, as Greek and Barbarian. This pride of the Greeks sprang from their success in the Persian war. Formerly the Asiatic Greeks were superior to their kinsmen in Europe (see ix. i i 6, and Al~sch. Perstv, 176-196, and Thucyd. i. i). OLKeLEp~rtc = "1consider as belonging to their family or house" (mid.). j~y'iqva&=-not "Ithey thought," but = "they believed" (as a leading principle or conviction). KECXOpIKaLa = have been and continue to be separated." 5. A different legend of Io, told by the Phoenicians. 9,ea6eV E'yVcuo &oOa = "she learned she was pregnant." This construction is very common in- Greek, by which a verb stating a fact is CLIO. 183 thrown into a par-ticipial form, while the verb stating the impression, opinion, or sense, or general consequence produced by that fact upon the mind, is retained in its purely verbal form: this may be accounted for by attempting to follow the order of time, and thus stating first that which occurred first. Thus we have jjet r-obs irdabcs 0V-qTobS ye~vzuias= "I was aware that I had begotten mortal children;" Xalpco 7roteZir = "I am delighted to do: " but Xaipwo 7roitz' = " I am delighted that I am doi~ng"= "I am doing, and therefore my mind is impressed with delight." Compare also i. 9, gacLe~ts 6~50to-av; L. 44, eXcdv~ave /36oKwOV.,rTOr 'Z'oii'i o0UVeK7rXwovu = " sailed out in compn with the Phoenicians." pn Kavrd8b77os - thoroughly exposed," put to open shame: often the force Of Karb. in compounds, like the Lat. "per" and English "down-,right."f 9pXo,u~a& lpelwz= I am going to speak." Compare the French "je vais dire, " and also the " ini" (from " eo" " IIto go ") of passive Latin verhE; in the future infinitive; and observe that iplwv' is always future in sense. See II. 35, and i. 194. In the same way we can connect AAAWc - that which is going to be, " with /.ioXe?;r =to -go." 7rpwirop b'rdp~avra aibhcwP lp-yoW, K.Tr.X. See Bk. Ii. 69, and vii. x t. Trcl U~?7r' 4elei J7v pceycdXa = " and those cities that were great in my time." Such is the force of e~rl with a personal pronoun or noun denotixig a person in the genitive case. otIA& ip ~r Tdurc' l~l'ovo-ap = "tnever remains in the same (stay)." 6. Croesus the first barbarian despot who subdued Hellenes. Auibs uli' 'y6'ox = a Lydian by birth, " the accusative of closer- definition; no need to Supply KaTdt. rbpaxwoT (a dialectic form Of icotpcuos). The Greek notion of a tyrant was "cone who ruled, without a right to rule, according to the constitution of the state." Our notion is "one who abuses power for his own purposes," whether he has a right to the use of it or not. Peisistratus made the best and most legitimate use of his power as a ruler, yet, as he had no constitutional right, was to the Greeks a tyrant. v? rrb 'A)vog 7ro-rauo'. This tallies well with what he says, Chap. 72, a~e5v 7rdx'Ta -T~s 'Acrbqs T6. KdTco&J Oa?~do-o-77sr ig dx'rtoy K6wpov Ig vrxv E6~t$tox' 7r6x'roi. This use of IVT6S is evidently an Asiatic form of expression, and used with reference to the coast of Asia Minor; just as Cisalpine was Italian. The Halys, now "1Kizil-Ermah," had two branches, Eastern and Southern,.-here the latter is meant. Rawlinson translates the passage: "was lord of all the nations to the west of the river Hal ys." Observe that generally the name of the river precedes 11-o~a/16s; the reason of this seems to be that the proper name was originally an adjective, with a substantive at times understood, as in 47H (No irwoscjubvi Ca. -,ao the full expression requires an article, 184 NOTES ON ",pv Ithe Cappadocians." Flee T. 72", V. 49, VII. 72.3 1rp73TrOS KaTeaT-p~l/.Lo =l "was the first man (among the barbarians) who turned upside down for himself," i. e. subjugated to himself. Mark the personal force of 7rpw~TOS = Lat. I"IPrimus, " used in the same way with verbs: 7rp~roV would imply that he did this before he did anything else, not that he was the first so to do. Ktjqseplcv a-Tpdrev/sa. The invasion of the Cimmerians (Kymry) took place in the reign of Ardys, king of Lydia. See i. z5, iv. x2. 7. The Lydian dynasties, how founded. 7reptiXWe (pregnant = irepciq\Ge Kal cilrLKaL 1s. See i. 1,29) =I "came round to." '-r~p ol 'EXX-qves -MvpatiXop 6o~vociovot'. According to the Greek myths this means that Myrsilus and Candaules correspond to each other.. 7rp6repoiv M?'uV KaW~e6tvos. Thus we find in Homer the Lydians called Mveonians, their original name. 67rLTpaq5Olv~Tr=" "having been entrusted with." Thus, in Thucyd. I. 126, ol rCov 'AOnva&iwv itL7eTpa/5/J~eJo& Tip' 0tvbaK-qV. The accusative of closer definition. g.o-Xo; = " got at once," i. e. obtained (force of the aorist). cTXov,, the imperfect, would imply "they continued to hold," or "Iused to hold" it. 8. The foolish and wicked exhibition of his wife by Candaules. lb7repe7-i6e70 K.TA.. = " was in the habit of making over to him the most important part of his business." Observe the force of the imperfect as well as the composition and middle voice of the verb. From Homer it is clear that 74W77ei meant to make as well as to place. X~pi~v &p = "for it was fated." In this signification Herodotus more generally uses V2ee. See ii. x6x, iv. 79, v. 9,2, vi. 64, VIII 53. cZTa "jt~p r7rv~dvee& d~Opiirolwr, Kc.'rA. So Horace in his As's Poet.: IISegnius irritant animos demissa per aures." orote 6Kers=Lat. "fac ut"=- "take care that" = "make it your business that." d/qtpcraas. The Ionic form of ds'ajpo'icas. See i. ro, IIL 38 Xkyco X6-yop = " I speak this speech." The accusative of the cognate word. In Homer and Herodotus we have abundant examples of the verb with its cognate notion or cognate word: this construction gives strengthb and clearness to langnage, and is of very frequent occurrence in our old chronicles and poetry, where we are always meeting such expressions as " die the death, " " Ivow the -vow, " &c. o~x 6i'yda. Compare Soph. Phil. 994: 3 /An~v byLis U.n73' iXuOcpov gbpoznwh'. 4~ua U KcLO'Zz't.lWcVo1v K. T. N. "for when a woman strips off from her her under garment, she istrips off along with it her, modesty also." CLIO. 185 Kat ~eo eozozl z1C OeeOaa dv6pv v= "and I require of thee not to require unlawful things." The 'erb 81oeLat is generally= "to have need of." 9. How the queen of Candaules was exposed to view. d7re/ciero = "continued to fight shy of it;" literally, "to fight off" (a thing). Force of imperfect. pu 7Lt ol-'yvr7Tat KaKbv = " lest some calamity should soon happen to him." Observe the subjunctive with the probability; if it were merely possible, we should have had the optative: observe also the aorist. dpX^pv 7&p ydb, K.T. X. ='for, to start with, I will thus contrive (the matter)." Op6vos = "a seat of honour" (and so often a throne) used by personages of exalted rank. It was properly a high-backed arm-chair, )rovided with a foot-stool. KaCr, v Kaa-rov = "one by one" (distributively). Kar' 7j'-vXlv 7roAh\Xlv = "quite at your ease." Neiaao-Oat, not merely = "to see," but = "to watch" " to observe." Kara vcprov="behind her back." See I. 75, and Thucyd. III. 108, aurots Kara v'&rovU rpoo-7rl7rovi. 8ia Ovp&ov. The plural here shows that there was not a single door, but one with two valves, i. e. folding-doors. 10. The exposing of the person of the Queen. &rozos = the Attic gTO/s = l"prepared," " ready." Kal &ivSpa 6q500pYaL, K.T.X. The argument is here a fortiori= II even fo# a man to be seen naked brings him into great disgrace" (much more then for a woman). From Thucydides, Bk. I. 6, we learn that it was but recently that the Greeks exhibited the naked person at their games, wearing formerly drawers. Homer, however, with true heroic simplicity, not only tells us of female servants who assisted men at the bath, but even of young girls of the highest rank bathing and anointing men, as in the case of Polycarte, Helen, and even the Goddess Circe. See Odys. III. 468, Iv. 252, x. 361; see also Plato's Rep. v. 452. The name of the wife of Candaules was Mysia. 11. The Queen conspires to murder Candaules. oiwrw-= "just as she was." i)ovXvfLV ece = "kept quiet." 7rWv olKerY, rTObS /aXtcora, K.T.X. = "of those domestics whom she saw to be really most attached to her person." fpareo-ra = " the Queen," but paoiXea = "the kingdom." ^ us &av AC, t7rdLvra 7reto6Cevos, K.T.\. = " to prevent the chance of your seeing for the future the things you should not see, obeying Candaules in all matters as you do." 186 NOTES ON 6' b9 r6'y7s TIWT Ae& dweOCLV~ecee, Kc.rA. = now Gygea for a little time continued lost ine wonder at the things said (hy the Queen)." p) ALP' d'cacYKatpU lveP~v "not to hind down to the necessity" (of coming to a decision on such a choice). The notion of binding by any force, figuratively, was a favourite one among the ancients. See Homer, I. io.I1: Ze6g uts pkya Kpoet6qg ILT?, p lvlhje ~apehp an idr Pyth. IV. 1,25: -ris 5 KIP&VP OS KparLepos Otcbd/CcWTos b3}ev dAoLC; I7 a6lTb 6or' tLXXwv c7r6XXvo-Oat, K.TrA. Here properly we should have 0?) 7rc-10oW 51, a'XX lJ/v4W^-adp&erat. According to Self, it is a peculiarity in Herodotus that when he wishes to express a negative notion he prefixes it.co-ordinately with OtiCuP (= o6Kovp, Attic) to the consequences which result from it, while the sentence, expressing those consequences is not connected by any particle. Olpe, d'Ko6oW =" bear with me, and let me now hear." Aor. i, subjunctive. Mark the force of the aorist, which in non-indicative moods denotes the speedy and immediate occurrence of events, actions, &c. signified by the -verb. It exactly corresponds to the ordinary Irish exprescion, " to be after," joined to a verb, as here, dKo6o-W = " let me be (after hearing," i.e. let me hear so quickly, that I may be said to have heard it. This is one of the many idioms common to Greek and Irish which support the theory of the Milesian origin of the latter. Compare the English expression "begone." bOc' iep rp"pr-ecisely whence." (irep is esphatic.) 12. The murder of Candaules. iyXeepI6toP Lat. "1pugio," a small dagger, or dirk, made of bronze; literally= "a little (thing) (to fit) into the hand." irb Ti7v abrTjV O6pqp' = " under shelter of the same door." b~cog= "gently stealing into" (the chamber). Such is often the force of 67r6 in composition, like Lat. " sub." 'ApXtXoXos S1 lldptog... ereju'ho-O-. Found in Arist. llhet. III. 17: 0O CLoL T0 rhyew roi iroXvXplro-o tc~et. Plato, in the Republic, Bk. II., tells us that Gyges became King by finding a magic ring which rendered him invisible, and by it he murdered the King and took possession of his kingdom and Queen. 13. The Oracle of Delphi sanctions the reign of the Mermnadw. 17rote~pTo (mid. voice)=" "considered." diro~oigva = " restore, " give away back, active: in the middle voice= "to sell," i. e. to give away for onse's own advantage. Tivat fj e. See Chap. 91i.?ebyop o~blvc iroteeibro = uent on making no account of (this decla. ration)." Mid, and imperfect. ifrcreXlo-O? = subsequently accomplished." This is often the force of elnL in com~positions. CLIO. 187 14. Gyges makes offerings to Delphi. oVrW SgaOpv. Not= "thus held," but exactly our common phrase= "thus got hold of." Aor. 2. of gXw. See on I, 2. dvaO'j0/ara = Lat. "donaria "=" offerings to the God" laid up or rsespended to view in their temples. Another form of this word is oLvdOe/,a=Lat. "sacer," in its bad sense (sacer I)s inferis); or the English term "devoted" (in a bad sense, to God's anger, or to destruction); or the Bible expression, "accursed to the Lord" (Josh. vi. r7), The whole of this perplexed passage may be thus rendered: "Now Gyg:es, when he became sovereign, sent away offerings to Delphi that were not few (in number). On the contrary, of all the silver offerings at Delphi the most of them belong to him; and, beside and beyond the silver, he presented an enormous quantity of gold, both other gold and that which more especially deserves mention; there are laid up (there) golden mixing-bowls of his, six in number, and these stand in the treasury of the Corinthians, having thirty talents as their weight." Is rbIv TpoKaTarTi'v i4ca'e = "that (royal seat) on which he used to sit in front (of the city gates) and administer justice." From the Bible, and many other sources, we learn that it was customary for the eastern monarchs to sit for this purpose at the city gates. b7rl roV cvaOcvros irwvvutlqv= "a name founded upon (the name) of the offerer." ro'3aXe orpart&iJ Is MiX7-roV= "dashed his army into Miletus (territory)," i.e. made an expedition against the territory of Miletus. mrpoocdXXwc = " to dash at, " and so= "to attack." dXXa yap= dXX& ierel. The whole passage may be thus rendered: "but since no other great deed was done by him, during a reign of forty years wanting two, we will pass the King by, having recorded so much (about him)." 15. The Cimmerian invasion. o1ros 8o IIpwv^das eti\. Grote observes (Vol. III. p. 301), "This possession cannot have been maintained, for the city appears afterwards as autonomous." Rawlinson denies this, and on good grounds: he is supported by Die. of Geog. of Dr Smith. Kz/LuGpco. According to Strabo, this invasion happened in Homer's time, or before it. 2)Iwv= "usual haunts," from A0os (I)=" usual place of abode;" (2) = "habit," manner, custom. Compare the English similar vords in their connexion: "habit, habitation, haunt, holding;" the Greek its; Latin, "habitus, and habito, habeo." kavaraidrcETs= "made to get up and go out from." Observe that verbs of a passive signification are followed by brb with a genitive, just as much as if they were also passive in form. 188 NOTES ON 16. The reigns of Sadyattes and Halyattes. 'Uaro Lat. "1excepit (regnum)" = succeeded to the (king. dom)." 43aoI1XEvTEYf-c~ &Ca Sic~a = "he reigned (during) twelve years." Observe the accusative of duration, which is more properly defined with the preposition &bt, as in Lat. by "per" with the accusative. Kva~cipp. See Chaps. 73 and 74. 9p-ya Taibe= " actions which follow:" Taiira would refer to what goes before. 00K W'S iiOe~c-an. euphemism or litotes. See L. 32, and Virgil, LEn. VI. 86: " sed non et venisse volent." 17. The exploits of Halyattes. (i'r6) a,5Xo' '-yvve~'1LK TEu K-c ~ai vpftov="1 (marched to the sound) of the female and male pipe." According to Gellius= "Ithe pipe played by females and males." Some say a6Xbs db'bp. = Lat. "tibia dextra, " played with the "s-right hand, " and so bass; au'i '69yw'. = Lat. "tibia sinistra, " played with the left hand, and so treble, like a woman's voice. Observe the force of the imperfects in this chapter, de-noting the continuance of action. We may account for 6wrb here with a genitive of locality, as the music rises above the marching army. c6u ais-IKOL70= "as often as he might come." Here we have the optative of inde~finite frequency. This occurs whenever, after a principal verb in a past tense, the thing denoted is not what did really occur in some special case, but what happened to recur as often as such a case came into existence; here the optative is used after relatives or conjunctions of time, as 6ro-ore. The indicative would mark a particular and special case. Ti^s -yip OaXda-oz-,4 0l MIXh~O-to 17rekpdT-eov. We must remember that the Milesians were Carians by extraction, and this will account for their maritime superiority. Miletus is said too to have had a hundred colonies, chiefly on the coast, or in islands. See also Bk. II. 178. WOrTe e7rgbp775 A'j evat, Kz.TX = "s that there was no use in his army's besieging it;" literally, "could do nothing by, &c." eli'eo-0ac- aciweqipewp, "to bear off." 1.His eleven years' war with Miletus. 1h&Av6(lv -i pe "IIstill continued the ruler of the Lydians." Mark the force of the imperfect. The aor. 9Jp~e would= "he became ruler," "succeeded to the power." Compare goeXc = "he obtained;-" clXe = "he retavned." The force of the imperfect in Greek is for the most part the same as that of the Latin imperfect, and may be rendered, according to the required sense, by (i) proceeded to; (v2) went on, or continued (as here); (3) made an attempt to (of incompleted actions); (4) was Wiont to, or in the habit of. CLIO. 189 Z~aaUdTr~fls -yap ov~roS Ka?2 r3 pe 7r'-XeAcp 4s ouvcL~s = "for it was this Sadyattes that brought about the war." Rawlinson renders the par. ticiple here by "Ilighted the flame " (of war), applying to the compound o-vvctrTw a sense which it has no where else, even if it could be shown to have it here. Again, the simple verb ciirrew, in its unusual sense of setting on fire (by touch or contact), seems limited to a literal sense, and is not used figuratively, at all events in Herodotus. Compare ZEsch. (Ag. 29), aWTEWretp 7rvpt, and Herod. viii. 5-, and infra, Chap. 19. On the other hand, avz'cirrretv izcX',7v, ovvcirretw w60XeoP = Lat. " conserere manus," are used of "joining battle," or "contracting a war;" and cn'dsrTeiw is thus capable of the figurative sense. -retOL bU MtX-qGlo0ur-, K.TXA = "for none of the Ionians came over (Elvi) to the Milesians, to join them (o*e) in making the war light (A'acpp6vcc), except the Chians alone." Observe the force of the compounds here, also that b'Tt u', here as elsewhere=' el Ah. Verbs in -6dvco (from adjectives) are always factitive, as /3apz'vw (from fiapds) = "to ma/ke heavy;" lAa5pp~we (as here) from Aa~pbps= "to makce light." 756 6'/LooPa'es dV7ro5LbdPJTf9 =paying of, in their turn, a similar (obligation)." Kal 'yip b8j srp6Tepov= "for some time before (these events)." OlwPn1J'ELKc = "had aided them in carrying the war to anend." Sec 1, 142. These all belonged to the Ionian confederacy, which celebrated its festival of the Panionia at the temple of the Heliconian Neptune at Mycale. 19. The building of the Temple of Assessian Athen6. (br 4Oq0- T6dXLO-Ta, K. T. X. = " as soon as ever the standing corn (Lat. "seges ") caught fire, being pressed on by the wind, it (seized) and set on fire the temple." See note on ovvdi~as, Chap. i8. 20. Milesian legend about Periander and Thrasybulus. MA',ocroo Ba rdie lrpoo-TLO0C~o T-rorow-t " Inow the Milesians add the following (circumstances) to these (mentioned) before." nt 7rpOet~bs'1="with some previous intelligence." To take rt with pov~eWrat seems out of place, and not after the manner of Herodotus, who generally collocates it with the words to which it is related in signisft cation. Indeed its enclitic power implies as much. See i. 'z4, e( TL XkYotei'; I. 27, et~ 7t etli; I. 31, E'retpe$7Ta vlvcv. 3e6TEPOV; I. 43, rts aiyy-/c Xews; i. 1 99, Ajdya r&; and especially the very peculiar expressions, I. 5 1,,riv -ras AeX95Cop', and I. 7J, TWIJ TCs Av&iv. 21. The device of Thrasybulus. 5~s ol raLOTa cay'yAX6q = " when these things were reported to him in detail " = Lat. "1 euntiata erant. " Th e force Of &i in composition with verbs is often (like the Latin "e," "ex" - utterly " (outerly), " fully," "sout and out." o-7rov5e irotho-a-Oat = orrlbco-Oat (mid.) = to get a truce made (for himself)." Observe that when 7rot/ew is used, as here, periphrastically, 190 NOTES ON the middle voice is assumed; as rrote'ta-Oc ir6\sov=' roXe/sep, &vagoX-~s otOeLto-at= dvcs/3~ciXs-Oau, K.T..X. x~pvoz ba-oi-not 6v, as w aliTa is understood with Xpoivov. The rule seems to be, that whenever the notion of all is expressed or understood (as here) with the antecedent, the relative is expressed by oa-es, making the construction more symmetrical. Compare below, 0"o-es Jv Iv rco d07TIel a-ros... TOih-o 7ru'PTa. In the same way, i. 54, 6'o-a... r~eio-r-a, avad',5acra; i. 599, jLe'ya6's la-re 6a-os; InI. 5,2, ~-qyirlv...b'a-ez' be; ii. i70, Kai g~l-yaOos....lo —q 7rrep, K.TA._ tTV-yKO/L0aSs=" "having, conveyed, at the same time. " a-l = Lat. "Icum," in composition with verbs implies either (i) " cum tempore," as here, (=contemporary), or (s) "1cum aliis, " along with others. d-yopi~v =" market-place," where things were be-ought to he sold (&-yw), as in Latin "forum" from "fero. " &wea' au'Tbs osrrnnPvv= " whenever he should give the signal." Here &v supplies the sense of the Lat. " cunque " to the particle of time, and to harmonise with this indefinite notion, the verb is put into the conjunctive (subjunctive) mood. The same construction holds when av is added to relative pronouns, as?3S OW, c.TA.X K#IAP Xpieo-OatL= Lat. "1commes-satione uti "=" indulge in merrymaking." 22. How it turns out. 97r' ~P re elvpat= "on condition of being." The notion of e'rl in this sense seems that of taking one's stand upon a thing, and so making it a condition. civlo-r77 (stood up) = recovered." The general notion of dav& in composition seems to he that of getting up, after being down, and so recovering either intransitively, as. here, or transitively, as dyaPXlwsrv = "to recover one's sight, " " Ito look up.") 23. The digressive story of Anion (moral, and creditable to Greece). 7rapaao-T5'at= " was presented (to view)." In Ionic and Attic Greek many simple and compound verbs are intransitive in aor. 2 and perfect 2, and te-ansitive in aor. i and perfect i; as perfect 2, 9f/Oopa = "I was destroyed," but 9q50apKa, perfect s, III destroyed;" goa-rse aor. i, = placed," 1ar-Trn, nor. 2, " II stood." 'Aplova. Virgil (Eel. viii. 55), "1inter delphinas Anion." 1~evel.XO~ira (fromeiK95Plp.) = "had heen carried all the way." See on Chap. 25. &Ir &Aos/Zogs...?rl Talvapop. With a genitive (of place) rl- denotes "rest upon, " with an accusative (of place) " motion up to," or, "as far as." Teenarus is now "1Cape Matapan." K1G0aplwv= " one who played on and sang to his harp." This exact sense of the term brings out more clearly Horace's expression (Od. I xv.), "ecithar-d carmina, divides." CLIO. 191 8s06pauflov, "the hymn of Bacchus," the germ of Attic tragedy. In every stage of its development it was the recognised type of the turbulent and enthusiastic element of Greek sacred music. Blakesley derives the word from an iEgyptian term Tithrambos= "/ furoren movens." Arion, however, did not invent the Dithyramb, he merely improved it: it was well known before his time to Archilochus, who boasts (in a fragment) of his skill "in leading off the Dithyranmb, the lovely song of Dionysus." See Arist. Poet. Iv., Jhet. IIi. I, Pind. Oly. XI. 25. T.WV iA/eS tI/jev. Here, as in Homer, the article is relative and demonstrative, and is in the genitive case by attraction. f6/ev = Attic' taouev, for otfalev. &Sd6avTa= "exhibited "=Lat. "docuit" (fabulam), as the poet in those days used to teach the actors his compositions before they could be exhibited. 24. The Corinthians and Lesbians confirm this story. dbv iro\X\v roO Xp6vov= "the greater (portion) of his time." Such is the force of the article when preceding vrohXs: thus, ol roXXo2= "the majority." ta'rpplovTa (rubbing through it)=-" pending," Lat. " conterere" (tempus). Compare Thucy. III. 38, oiarTptp Xp6vou= "waste of time." 7rap& leplavopqy ="at the court of Periander." Here 7rap =Lat. "apud," French "chez." Compare I. 86, Io5. irtvClao-ac trXoaat="(set) his heart upon sailing (without further delay)." Observe here the common force of the aorist in non-indicative moods, so like the Irish "to be after" doing anything. pryaardlcevov Um Xp.jPcara teyaaXa = "having made (for himself) a large fortune." OeXo'a-at d7rlow s K6pwv0ov drTLKOat- = "he was resolved to go away back again to Corinth." BoiXooasa would have expressed merely the wish or preference. bdp/iao-0a"="(that) he started," mid. of opfpdoI="to impel." Distinguish this from 6p/4= -"to be at anchor" and obppiw= "to bring to anchor." uaeOdcraaoOa-= "got the hire of" (mid. voice), ucoa-8a-cu="to let out to hire." iv ry 7reXdeiy= " in the deep, open sea," far away from land. The Greek 7reXayos is evidently from the Hebrew "peleg "= "separation." In early times the ocean did not, as now, unite, but rather divide nations, hence Horace's distinctive attribute for the ocean, "dissociabili." 8aXpiia l /f tvw="to dispatch himself" (literally, "to use himself up)." ds alv raqs, X.T.X. As custom forbade them to throw the dead overboard. 192 NOTES ON -r~v raXlo-rs,,. An elliptical accusative of the cognate word, supply ixC7r ij1091P. acrweeq01n'ra... 9s d7ropi-qz = being completely cooped up in a dilemma without ways or means (to extricate himself)." -7repLLFeiv= " to allow " (literally, to look round about, and not straight at, as we say, "Ito blink" a thing; so to neglect, and compare our "t'overlook"). EV T-jq O-KeV' 7rd071. This may refer to the long robe, reaching to the feet, called 6pfocra6las, worn by the harpers; so invested he might better claim the protection of his patron god, Apollo, who saved poets and musicians: hence Horace's expression, " sic me servavit Apollo." Kaveqp~ydaa0t~a=" would without delay dispatch himself." Mark the aorist here, and compare the Lat. "Iconficere " in the same sense. Kai 7roZo-t eo-EX0,EY ylp '80ov'P, K.7.X. These inverted clauses seem= Keal 7-o67-ovs dvaXwp'crat iK T~S 7rp61A2nS, lo-eXOeiv 'y&p a6TOZ9 ~jb60VV K.Tr.X. Here -ybp= iirel = "Isince that." ate~,AOewv v6giop viz' 5pOtoz= "went completely through the rousing measure;" a song of a martial character. cbs xct~. Supply az'rov= "as he had himself," just as he was, i. e. attired in his minstrel's dress. bnrb &7rtorlf1,q= "under the influence of disbelief." dVaKWoS U~ 9Xetv= opovrt~cew (according to Suidas). Supply Xiyovo'. r.ept 'IvaXlvrn= "near Italy," as Tarentum was not included in the term Italy until about 400 BO.C eD 7rpieo-oz'Tcs= " Idoing well, " as we say for "prosperous." 25. Presents of Alyattes to the Delphic temple. 7EXetJT(r Supply Tin' ploy=" closes (his life)." 8ev'repos. Gyges had been the first. Kp-777TSPct d T dpyd6peoz ="I a silver mixing-cup. " Adjectives ending in -ecoT and.cvosEnglish "-en," Lat. "1-eus," denote the material from which anything is made, as Xp6o-eos "golden, " Lat. "Iaureus." Comipare below o-i5~peov. Obns e6tov=-"worth seeing." 26. The reign of Orcesus-his attack upon the Ephesians. I~rOhKa~ro =-"at once set himself upon," i. e. attacked. dvl0eoaa' rh' 7r6XwP. So Polycrates consecrated Rhemia to Apollo. Thucy. iii. 104. go-re U&...cbrr& o-rdlbot = "now there is (an interval) of seven stadia between." Here the verb is impersonal, see v11. 34, and compare the Attic formula go-rev Al and the French idiom "ii est des hommes." 7rp&rwo-eT g.d 3~, K-TA. = " These indeed, observe, were the first (of the Greeks) that Crcesus laid hands upon." CLIO. 193 27. Crcesus makes an alliance with the Ionian Islanders. IKareo-TpcIVaTo, Ionic=AttiC KaTco-Trpau/JiveL q'e-ap. Kanraircwet= "put a downright stop to." This is often the force of KarT& in composition. 14vpl-iqv 'iwwevo= "ten thousand horse." 'i-ireso collective is always feminine. So Thucy. I. 6,2, &Koeie' hi-ire,', and Herod. i. 8o, i) KdgqXer. Av&~v re~5as=A63oeur. So in Homer we have vtes and KcoDpes 'AXat~oe, so in the Holy Bible we read " sons of the Prophets," "sons of Levi," and in Herod. V. 49, i-7atlas 'JIwvPW. aols' t~ra-eos-. It seems from Homer (Ilied, X. 431) that the Lydians, formerly called Ma-eonians, were long distinguished as cavalry-warriors;Homer's words are Ms"os'es 1iri-Kepve-i-al. iaroXa~6via, Supply 7TIp X6-yop. J'7a0LL6-rta II TtI 0odes,, K.TA.. = " what else do you fancy that the islaTnders have been praying for (aye, as soon as ever they learned that you were about to build ships against them) than to catch, and soon too (the aorist), the Lydians at sea l"Observe that Xa~ec& here depends on rTurOV,vral o-e= "take thteir vengeance on you," (mid). leovbo-as 9Xets= (whom) "you here enslaved and keep enslaved." This combination of the participle of a verb with 9Xco marks not only a completed action hut also the present slate resulting from it. Compare Soph. 9-ywye Oavudua- erc i= "I have wondlered, and still hold on wondering." In Latin after the same way we have " habeo " used with a participle; this was the germ of the usagre common to modern languages, of using the verb corresponding to the EngAils " have " as an auxiliary verb. Compare i. '28, IETXe KIcac-7-po~'i/EapEps; 37, '7roKX?7` as xeX~s; chap. i12o, &harcd~a eT~e. 28. The extent of the Lydian empire. 1PT,r' `A2'uos= "to the west of the Halys." Av~ol. There is a difficulty here about the Lydians being named amiong the subdued nations, when they were the subjects of Crcesus. Some suppose that Herodotus wished to enumerate cell the subjects, and therefore hegan with the Lydians. Others say the passage implies Croesus to have heen an usurper. We are inclined to suspect a sort of zeugma here, and that one portion of the verbal notion, expressed by ilW' C'WoUTy eJxe, applies primarily to the Lydians, and secondarily to the other tribes, while the other portion of the verbal notion Kcarae-7-pe/ict,sepes,applies rather to the other tribes than to the Lydians; a view which is petfectly borne out by his own words at the heginning of the -next chapter, Ka-eo-Tpa/I~dvwp 11 7-0erwv, Kad 7rpee-eWLtKrwcjuIVo Kpeie-ov Auveoo-s, where the complex verb of the former chapter is split uep itot its tsco component parts, and each part is thus applied distinctly and distinctively to the object it properly belongs to. HEROD. I. 9 194 NOTES ON XdXvjpes. On the coast of Pontus, east of Paphlagonia (see Cramer's Asia Minor). Their country was famous for iron. ol'Ouvol. See vII. 75. 29. Solon's visit to Sardis. K/.ouato'ieas 7rXoIrry= "in the zenith of her wealth." See Thucy. I. I. o-oto-a7rca=not "sophists" but " sages." See Grote, Vol. VIII. 479. Kal 6 Kac-= "and now (observe), even." Solon. See on I. i. KaTra 0Gepi7s 7rp6oaa'ccv= "for the pretended purpose of seeing the world." opKItoLa yap KareIXOvTo= " for they continued to be bound down by their oaths." Ka T rec p Xp'CaeoOat. Observe that the proper form of the oath was Xp*-q-6FieOa, K.T.X., the accompaniment being Toes aiv o-0qt K.r.X. 30. Solon's discourse with Crcesus. 7rapa "A7acrv...rap& Kpoioov= "to the court of Amasis of Crcesus." Compare L;at. "apud," French, "chez." ile'pos iuot 7rXO\0e= "a longing desire has come upon me." et rTva = Lat. "quemnam." etvaic aXSiraros. The rule seems to be both in Latin and Greek that the verb signifying "to be " takes after it whatever case goes before it, whether the preceding case is expressed or understood; here a nomintative (auros) seems to precede, therefore a nominative succeeds. ovuv viroOwreOvwo-as= "without the slightest flattery." 7r- = Lat. "sub" in a diminutive sense in composition. Ow7recvw= Otw, "compono," and cW'=" vultum." So Shakespeare, " frae may face to all occasions;" and Tacitus, "vultu composito." a7roOwva'docras= "lost in wonder for the nmoment" (at what was said). 7WT'rpe/W&Es, not = "diligently," but literally = "turning upon him." Koly 6Xi= 7rotig 5I o65= " now in what way;" h8 = tqro. rjs 7r6XCos ei i/KOcrSe7= " his state going on well." Observe here the possessive force of the Article. 7ratces je'aPv KaXoi re Kci'yaol = "and he had children both beautiful and good." Aristotle in Rhet. I. 4 regards eTreKvIa and roXvreKvla as necessary elements of man's happiness (elSaecovta), and in his Ethics, I. 8: oi 7rdvvp yp evo6at/ovPK6s o riv7 i3eeav 7ravai'-X^s ' Bo-vyevis r" 'ovw'-rs Kal dTeKvos. Compare the language of Holy Scripture, "II? )py is the man that hlas his quiver full of them" (i. e. children), and the Brashminical proverb, "The sun of happiness Cnever smiles on the ugly, ill-born, eznuch." T7O iOteo em 'KOYVT-= "having gone on well (in the course) of his life." Observe that >7] is= "life intensive." Lat. "vita" quam vivimus. ilos= CLIO. 195 "life extensive" (course of life). Lat. "vita" quam vivimus. Hence the "tmeans" and "smanner" of life: under all these senses lies Aristotle's definition, P3ies ear o Xy-/tKi ', imaking it equivalent to "animal existence, accomp)anied qitb r'eason:" a distinction that has made itself felt in our own language, as in the words "zoology" and "biography." See Dean Trench, Greek Test. Syn. p. Io5. os r& 7rap' /}uiv-= "as things are with us." In our own power would require ef' ryuv. TeXevrT7 \Xaz7rpordTr ereyevero="a most brilliant ending came to crowan his life." Compare I. I4, 7rcreXc'o-O. 'Oa a v aVrod, T7rrep rere- =" buried on the spot, exactly where he fell." With avrov some would supply rov r6roeu. 31. Solon's discourse continued. Cs 31 ra Kara -rbv TAXXo, K.r.X. = ' Now when Solon roused the curiosity of Croesus about Tellus." -yw=-yoDv= "at all events." JKKX\i'6/oevoc T7r qp. Compare Cesar's expression, "tenpore exclusus," and see VIi. i39, avayKaTp egpTvfyas, and Thucyd. iI. 70. 65de*e= "clearly pointed out" (in a distinguished manner). Such often is the force of &LC in composition. 8evrepea (supply caOa)= "the second prize." oriw'c Tr^Vwv=`rot roCOrTwo -rTKVWV. Observe 7rpos ro6rw=="in addition to this," but 7rpo6s reTOT "on this account." 7reptXap's=" "exceedingly glad" (7rept = repr'ows). KarraKOX07&Tes==" having laid doztw to sleep." 7rontodgeevos (mid.)= "having caused to be made." So M3cdo'KecoOa= "to have taught." 32. Solon's discourse continued. e~e Je= "went on to assign:" force of the imperfect, as elsewhere. r7repOeds= "hasty." See v. 33: this usage of the word is peculiarly Ionic. X1 U y erlps. Jelf observes that Uo here marks the suppression of a thought,-probably 16wTras 1zv' evSal/wovas voAii'es. oU SlW6corTWV avSpwv liouvs= "not even equal to men in a private (life)." ovo^ is here emphatic, and not connective. l7rlppoTTcrra S TO Isr!1v = "rejected as nothing," "set at nought." Tr 0etoV 7ray sov, K.T.X.= "that the Divinity is really and entirely jealous and apt to cause confusion." This sentiment is often found: see IT. 40; VI. IO. 5; VI. 46; viii. o09. Compare the language of Holy Writ (Exod. xx. 5), "for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God;" Nah. i. 2, "God is jealous, and the Lord revengeth;" Jer. i. I7, " Be not dismayed, lest I confoucnd thee before them." Compare too the "Deus Ultor" of the Romans. It is the overweening conceit of prosperity, rather than prosperity itself, and the pride fostered by distinction, 9 —2 196 NOTES ON rather than distinction itself, that provokes the righteous indignation (vl4aeo-ts) of the jealous Divinity. The cases of Crcesus and Xerxes alone are enough to show this. Observe how ilerodotus begins the 34th chapter: Mci-li 5U 26Xwvca oilil6,evov, tXa[S IK O9COO 1VIJLEoics jueydiXKpoZa-ov, cbS GiKio-at, 67L lv6gtue iElVTOPV evat dvOp7r~wv iurdv7Twv A\/icbraT~OV. See also vii. io. 5: ovl -yap l9i /)popvle' )ueya 6' Geicg ltXoz fwvr~v. Observe he is here accounting for the action of the 6 Oe6s 00ovu'oas. Again, viii. i09: Ocot -c...ot 40'jpivooav d;v3pa...Jsi-ra d'V6. qt - T Kail dtTdorOaNOeV, K. T-A. Such passages show that the jealousy of the Deity, according to the conception of Herodotus, was conditional, and only called forth by the sin of man, or his conceit, and did not arise, as Rawlson erroneously supposes, because the Deity did not like any one to be great or happy but himself. In connection with this, observe, in Bk. iii. io8, Herodotus explicitly states a doctrine he had before implied,-Kcal K&SS 'oTlOcO 610 r rpovot-q, W'o0-rep KalOIKOlicS, IorZ?oicaa crobi: and, in following out this declaration of the goodness of providence, he enunciates as one phase of it,-a law of compensation. Accordingr to this law Greece has the best climate, though she has not the best productions, and other countries denied good climates are blessed with good _productions; and so with men and cities, the humble are exalted, and the proud are debased. From a view of the whole tenor of the clinracter of Crcesus, he seems to have been a most fitting object to call down the humbling dispensations of providence on his head. We may glance at his unprincipled aggressions (dXMotoi liXXas alirias C'rwppwcv), his vain-glorious fondness for display, his overweening conceit of his own grandeur, and his revengeful and captious spirit. Valckenaer's explanation of the passage isthis: "Istiusmodi Historicorum dicta minus etiam videbuntur invidiosa cogitanti, r-d Oe~os Deum esse ultorem, 00ptvop vindictam divinam, vulgo dictam vI/Jueatv. Quos Deus sequitur ultor, superbis v'idetur, diciturque 00ovepks" In connection with this, observe that Herodotus calls the j006'os by another term in chap. 34, namely, P~Aco-ts. According to Arist. lRhet. ii. 9, it is a feeling to be attribucted to the Gods rather than men. Strictly the word means a disti-ibution (claw) of what is due, hence "righteous indignation" due against undeserved prosperity. See Ethics, IL. 7, 115. It is considered by Aristotle a virtue lying between q50ivos, "envy," and IlrtXatpciaKla= "Ca malignity. " 'rc fJ aKp w' Xpov&q= "in the length of time." Here the attribute is emphatic. IS a'yp 9j3&A'o,.prva, K.r.X. "for I set the limit of human life at seventy years, at the farthest:" so the Psalmist, " The days of our years are threescore years and ten." irap4Xovi-cu, K.TA.. Here Ilerodotus is guilty of the strange error of making the solar year to average 375 days: though he knew its proper average (see IL. 4). He makes Solon count his months at 30 days each, instead of 29 and 30 alternately, and then he forgets to say that from time to time the intercalar month was omitted altogether: these blunders therefore led to his wrong calculation. 7r6,v eo-r lvOp~rwos acgpop-~== "man is altogether an accident." CLIO. 197 7rir;<c-xiewsupply Xp "we ought to hold on, " i. e. to 8to. Compare.Alsch. Ay. 902: Pitop 7-eTEX h?0o/T' &5 dea-r0o? 0/1p See Arist. Ethics, i. io, where this opinion is controverted. KcarapK~es 7rapiXouo-a = "is fully competent to supply." 7rap' 41iol= "in myjudg eat." See iii. i6o: 7rap&. Aapchp Kpt-?,.I &uKat6g Jo-TC Ol/peo-Oat = "has a right to carry off for himself." i7roalas-l "having given glimpses of." avXQdc&jY= "grasp at the came time. " 33. Crcesus dismisses Solon in dishonour. X6'yoveu e 7otqofl-d6[e~o vO1 UPs "having made him of no account." dwes-4.rewiat = "has him sent off," not escorts him in person. 63s...4/IETf1S=Lat. "1qui preetermiserit." 34. Crcesus dreams about the death of his son Atys. hui '5~:0Xwvaoe'XO'uevevo= "after the departure of Solon." Compare the Lat. use of "Ipost" or "Iante" with an accusative and participle, thus "9post annum exactuon," "post urhem conditam," "ante urbem con(E lKdo-aL. Elliptical and aoristic. Supply gteolrL = "(as one may conjecture on the spur of the moment." aurdvrwv (dgac irds) =Lat. "cunctorum" ("conjunctorum"), either "of all., taken in a b ody, " or "Iall wvitho ut exception, " the latter is the more common meaning with supes'latives, as here. ot eV'6ov7TL JirlO'TV) &'etpes= "Ithe phantom stood over him as he slept." Observe the Homeric personality thus given to the Dream-God, in taking this attitude: in Bk. vii. 14, it is more fully brought out, and represented as a spekn hrctr iKI- h eo 0~lsa~c WT 6VE~OV ~~lpf KaTv7rvwyevcp~ gXe'ye 'rt-7r-dh. And compare the case of the Dream-God that visited Agamemnon's pillow in Iliad, ii. ico, 0-T7 5' 6p' bsr~p KCIPaX?2s... "OPELpos; a passage which Milton evidently had in view when he dictated "IWhen suddenly stood at my head a dream." 8v foawve= "who proceeded to show forth." Observe the change from the aorist of previous verbs to the im~perfect here. KWOO= "deaf and dumb." In the early form of the language the word seems to have been taken in both senses. TrOlJTop 8~ &v rh'v "Arup = "Ithis, observe, then is the Atys which.." Some have said that Atys comes from a",rq= "1the man judicially blind," and Adrastus = "the man unable to fly from (his doom)," a' and Btpcd. OWU(P. See Mure's Greek Lit. Vol. iv. p. 326. ii~ro~ict contracted future for d7ro~oet =(how) "Ihe will lose" him. 198 NOTES ON ~&JUTr ~' yov tWKC= "cgave himself up to consideration." iWYe7at yvvuwa=c " he is proezuring a wife" (force of the mid, voice). aKuVTLE 5 Keel 50pc pta. Mark the father's tender care in these minute precautionis which led him to put away even all these little instruments. In L-atin, Greek, and Engolish thre rule of diminutives seems to be this, we shorten the thing sigqnJijld by lengthening the word signiJicant of it.!Kc,,v = "javelin;" deisree7sO = ",'I little javelin," or "Ca boy's javelin" (as here). Lat. " homo" = man," "homunculus"= ita snannikin." Is i-ovle Oa~ai,UeV9 0-V'krrjve, Ke.. X. "1(be brought) them into the womaen's chamhers, and PILED theni up there, to prevent any (weapon) falling upon his son, hy -being suspended over him.",3f5, Adrastus, visits Crcesus. t~P-o l 15 Xcpoei -TOJ 7ralo's TrOS ycduow, just after our idiom "whilst he has on hand the miarriage of Ihis son." ocvcuops7 IX'tiez'os - held down by calamity." In Greek, calamity, joy, longing, desire, paleness, trembling, wrath, anguish, woe, indeed almiost all p-assions, and states, are conceived as either " seizing" or " holding" (lXw) us. Thus by a peculiar property of the Greek language they are made the active agents, while we are regarded as the passive subjects of the actions. This transference of active agency freom the living, being, to his affections, states, feelingsadcnliossafe all snore philosophical and true to nature than our own mnode of cx2iression, as these feelings, &c. do, in point of fact, influence us snore than we can be said to infjluence thema (see Iliad, III. 340-360. Weale's Edition.) The Rtomans endeavoured, though with no very great success, to naturalize this turn of thought among themselves, as in such phrases as "Cpallor habet vultum." KeaOaporg Xctpas = "clean in his hands," the accusative of closer definition. ~EAschylus expresses the pollution by human blood, as ob6, rirtsc oVK Ieiw= " being, actually not" (g7l'7 &e' "supposing he were not." ivnO ppe. From this it appears that Creesus stands in the rolation of a priest-king. This purification for homicide was unknown to Homer. The Greeks evidently borrowed it from the Lydians: at Athens it was taken cognizance of in the court of the Epheta-. Comnpare the Jewish cities of refuge, and see Eurip. Iphtig. in Taur. 949, and AEdsch. Eusn. 445 with M~ller's most able annotations and dissertations. lot6rt5wapawX-jcls-ij,'KeOapv-ms-ro's-inAV60?o-m Kad Tro~i- EXX-so-. Grote, Vol. I. p. 34, well observes, "one remarkable proof, amongffst many, of the deep hold which tlsis idea took of the greatest minds in Greece, that serious misclhief would fall upon the- comisunity, if family quarrels or lsomicide remained without religious expiation, is to be found in the objections which Aristotle urges against the community of women proposed in the Platonic republic. It could not be known what individuals stood in the relation of father, son, or brother: if therefore, wrong or murder of kindred should take place, the appropriate religious atone CLIO. 199 ments (ai vofuc6ttevat Xo-ets) could not be applied, and the crime would go unexpiated (Arist. Pol. II. I, 14, and see Thucyd. I. 15). K60ev TfrS 4pvUyis = "from what quarter of Phrygia:" the local genitive. Compare in Latin "qua gentium," "ubi terrarum." On this principle we may explain ov, "where," elliptical for o0 T76rov, and Karda-ya TrS KeQaa\X, 's T TOWeV XoeiCal, ws ra'dos gXco, and the distinction between faXeL v axrzdv= "he hit him," the object aimed at, and j3aces aivrou= "he cast at that place, where the object was." 'KWY = "having come." The present of this verb has always a perfect as well as present sense="I have come, and am present." The imperfect lKOVP= "I had come." See Hecub. of Eurip. I. &nri'rtos Ionic = Attic 01gortos= " one at the hearth" as a suppliant. See 2Esch. Eum. 488 (Muller's Edition), and Odyss. vII. I53. d/,eIl3ero="returned" (an answer). Compare with the whole of this story the account given by Thucydides of the supplication of Themistocles. duavXarv'Ces XpuxacTOS olevbsr="you shall be in a difficulty for nothing." The privative genitive. Ev jicerTpov. Supply or'cy=(as we say) "in a house of ours" (see vir. 8). Wr KovUo6TaTa CIbpov, K.T.X. Hor. Carln. I. 24. 19: " Levius fit patientia Quicquid corrigere est nefas." 36. The lands of the Mysians devastated by a boar. MIvai/ Ou\5r/rp.. This is one of the highest mountains in Asia Minor, it lies on the western borders of Bithynia, a little to the south of Prusa. Its modern name is Anadoli.Dagh. See Cramer's Asia Minor, and Die. of Geogr. by Dr Smith. o~vs Xp/xUa,7Eya= "a great monster of a boar." A periphrasis to express size or multitude. See vII. Ic8, II. 109; Eurip. Androm. i8I and 718; and Xen. i. 4. 8. 6ptetxevyos= "taking its start;" mid. voice. Ta TrW MuvoCp pyCa=" the laboured (fields) of the Mysians." Comn pare Homer's Iliad, II. 75i, and Virgil's "labores" (hominumque boamque). 8taqOeipeCKe-= "began, and went on destroying." Observe the force of the ending in -aKw and imperfect. Compare 7rod&EoKov a little below, a Homeric form. avlurl/At at i1e = " to send along with us without delay." oV yap av V/jv, K.T.. = "for I could not possibly send him along with you." Observe how i& strengthens the negative. ve6yae6s -re yap oTrl. Compare the language of Holy Writ, "I have married a wife, and therefore I cannot come." 'raira= al ra oyd/Aou. 200 NOTES ON 70 KVPj-y10LOP r-avx= "my entire hunting establishment," and so rb EiplaLoy" the rowing apparatus." 37. Atys goes to the hunting of the boar. d,7roXpccoeezzwv ro6-roto-t = " making a full use of these " (offers), i. e. accepted them, were content with. See i. I02, VILII14. 7WePrd4XCTat = " afterwards comes into (his father's presence)." ot) Opalt6evv= Lat. "Iquum negaret.",rov ye ~ra~3a= "1that son, at all events." The article here is evidently demonstrative IT1-K\X)O-c'a gxcs = "you have shut me out, and keep me shut out from" (these matters). See on i. 2 7. -rlotoct 6Aequaou =rITIO cAgo-t = " with what eyes," with what a face. Compare Soph. Ajax, 457, Keal 7roio' 6',uca 7rarpl 5,qcaw <bavetls Te~cAedz't. See Phil. "0i, and Ovid, 11cr. vi. 145: "IQuo vultu natos, quo me scelerate videres." 38. The hunting of Atys. rl nI rapoacl/4aYo'fJeL'c =to the things taken in hand;" i. e. the hunting. Some say= "1to the matter of which news is brought me." 3=aiat~c = "1to preserve you by stealth during (my life).-" teqo~apjaevo', nm d~ohy= maimed in his hearing." The accusative of closer definition. 39. The hunting of Atys. awyyv' -= "a fellow-feeling." Tb 8 oib 1LaOdJ'etg, K.TAN. = now the fact that you do not under. stand-nay, that you have missed the scope of the vision, it is right that IL should tell you." In this sense of Xav~cdvw compare the Lat. "'fallo," as Horace's "1castra, fefellit," "4qui moriens natusque fefellit." 40. The hunting of Atys continued. fore T'9 Ae PIcjs== " Ithere is the point in which you conquer me.' TAEa~y&Pdbo-KW= "II change my opinion." Compare,iE~awota = " repentance "="a change of heart." gieT&' often has this force in composition. 41. The hunting of Atys continued. adxcpt. Contracted form of d~dptrt, as cdn6Xe (VIr. 6i) for dbrdAA. The term "unpleasant," d~dptg, is often applied by Herodotus to some very grievous calamity, by the figure litotes. See ILIV 4, VI. 9, VII. 1.38, 190. Compare Virgil's expression, Georg. iii. 5 "illaudatiBusiridis." iarobed4eeos fgco- "1I quietly received you into my house, and have kept you there." See on i. 27. KM07reg aC ieuoi'Y'o. Compare the robbers in Macbeth, and Horace's "mali fures. " CLIO. 201 &Zd 8ilX?1o51 ="for the purpose of injuring you." d'iroXazwirp15eat = di7roX a/xrpvvq =" you will gain gl9ory for yourself." The ancients were as alive to "1the glory of the chace " as much as the moderns. 42. Adrastus undertakes to accompany the son of Crcesus. aly 01K 4iFa= I could not possibly have gone.", ap here as elsewhere Strengthens the negative. o-VUiOPjj 7ouj4b KeXPrnXI1oZJ "who has experienced such misfortune" (as I have). So the Latins used "Iutor." Oire Tb Poe6eo-Oa& 7rdcpa "neither is the wish (so to do) present with me," i. e. mine. 7rapa = 7rdcpEo-r&: observe the accent. air gjovct 7roO tkVX ci0ooTeS, Kca-.\. =look forward in confidence (Trot) to (your son's) returning home, free from calamity, as far as his guardian is concerned." eb'PEKEe Tonic =Attic Cj'eKV.. 43. Adrastus kills Atys. if0l-K6r~~V7 - they continued to throw their darts upon him." Force of the imperfect. 90a bi7 6 teivog, oIJTros 0hO KaOapOelg Tb'p 06vov it was here, observe, that the stranger-tbhis stranger, observe, that had been purified from the blood of murder." bi' strongly intensifies the word it precedes. kd17rX7?ee Tou 03MepeV, K.T.X. = immediately fulfilled the declaration of that dream." 44. Crcesus overwhelmed with grief at the loss of his son. 1saXX6v TL 1&eLwoXo~yleTo=:"1 and he reckoned it something the more dreadful" (because, &c.). 7rrCp~i7[KTI~wY. This word is peculiar to ilerodotus. See iii. 64, VII.109 i. 164. According to Suidas = bwwraO'4cas. Schneider derives it from ca1snXKTI&. = " to smart very much from a bloody wound." 7repi== repco-ceCos, and heuce, as here, = "to suffer intensely." KaOdpo-Lop= " as the God presiding over purification from the blood of murder." 'Em'a-otcov=" as the God presiding over the (hospitable) hearth." 'Eatp'15o5= "as the Godpresiding over friendship." Adcv Oave P6ovKWIV be had continued to rear, and knew it not." See on I. 5. 45. Crcesus pardons Adrastus for having killed his son. 17rLKcarao-q5c6a& (515 KE\EU'cV, Ic.TA. = " bidding him strike him down in death upon the corpse without hesitation." U7rOVcAKijs e'l, = "he had been the ruin of " (the father in the son). esKaToLKTEpe&- "1pitied him from his heart." With verbs of feeling, especially, such is often the force of Kard. CIS bU 01 a-U, K.Tr.X. See Homer's Iliad, iv. 164. el IA 8a-os- "1except inasmuch as." See Arist. liket. ii. 3. 202 NOTES ON fove6s 3 roVo Ka0Opavros. This well accords with adroXCXeK'WS above: destroying the father in the destruction of his only son. ev 7revei,X'eyd\X KCr'-Trro = "continued settled down in great grief" (for the dead). Compare the Latin " luctus." 46. Croesus consults and tests the Oracles. IreOeos yc v Kpoeoev dard7ravae = "made Croesus cease from his mourning for the dead." rrauo/c a=" to stop oneself," "to cease" (intransitively). ev^7qfi e 6 e's PporvToa= "and it entered into his serious consideration." KaraXaWev auTrwv avavo/ vryv ry'v vvaauLv='"to take down their power, as it was increasing." See III. 36, 52, 128. Kal 7oO ev Ativ;6= "and that one in Libya" (that of Ammon), because Egypt was regarded by Herodotus as in Asia, not in Africa. For the Egyptian oracles see I. 83; for that at Abae see Soph. (Ed. Ty. 897-899, and Herod. vIII. 134; for Dodona see I. 52. 'A/q5tdipevW Kal Tpow'viov,. Both these oracles were in Bceotia. &l7wer/re "he sent amongst them" (it& being distributive). 47. The Delphic oracle answers correctly the query of Croesus.?7LepoXo-yoPTas -'rV XoLrbv Xpoiov= "reckoning the rest of the time by days" (X?\yw, properly "to lay," and to reckon= "laying together"). ou X\yeratc rpbs oSVa/Iw. Observe that oeSa/oli in the plural is used exclusively by Herodotus. In IX. 58, the plural of ov5eis occurs in the same clause, ov3eves esvreS ev ouSaa/Lo0?'-. TrtpdreeT eo TO lVrea\tlvov= " they proceeded to ask that which they had been commissioned" (to ask). XaXrKbs Av, K.-r.X. "and beneath is brass strewn (as a couch), and above it is arrayed in brass." This is Blakesley's interpretation. 48. Croesus regards the oracle at Delphi as true. TipV KPvpitv Tsw 'j/epw=;" the appointed day;" literally, " the chief of days." ie7rvoa o- a sd,, K. r.X. having set his mind upon those things which it was impossible to find out and to form conjectures upon." Xd\XKEv ir'iO7LtGa e7rLOeEs="having covered them with a brazen cover." The accusative of the cognate word. 49. The correct answer of Amphiaraus. Too (aIr7itov. This appears to Blakesley to be a gloss, and on good grounds, as Herodotus speaks rather of Amphiaraus himself than of his shrine. See I. 46, VIII. I34. 50. The offerings of Croesus to the Delphic oracle. TrdvTa 7PL toXiXtna 0 vo-= "he offered three thousand of eacd kind," not "in all," which would require i. nrd'iva. See r Kings viii. 5, 63, and Herod. IV. 88, IX. 8r. CLIO. 203 triLpdo-ovs Kal l7rap7-yepovs= "overlaid with gold and silver." a7rd0ou XpuvoO== "gold purified" (by being boiled down). Trp[roVP 7 '/1Xavrov =- itwo talents and a half." Professor Long observes here that this is Schweigheuser's correction: all the MSS. are said to have Trpa 7y/rdtXavra If ia7rc0os %pv6ws be the pure gold, as we may fairly conclude, and XevKucs Xpvro gold less pure, or a compound metal, some correction is necessary to make the pure gold weigh heavier than the baser metal. Valla's Latin translation is "duo talenta cum dimidio," which exactly expresses rplrov?7LTrdCaXaov. Compare the expression TpiTro avrbs= himself, with two others," and see below, tfi3ouov i7eeTrdXavrov = "six talents and a half." 51. Offerings of Crmsus to the Delphian god. Kcal rd~e LiXXa= " and these things besides." See II. 74, IV. 52. /ef7ydOet jLuedXUovs= "great in size." Mark the Greek fondness for the cognate word. d7ri 6eSti eio6'vr = "towards the right hand to one going in." e-reTCKLwj or7aC= a " were moved to different places." v5r6 rbv vye' KaTaCKaCvraC=" about the time the temple was burnt dowen." Compare the Latin "sub" with the accusative, as Horace's "sub funera Trojm." See also Ix. 58, II. 36; Arist. Ach. I39. 6rthtipvaraT (supply 6 Kp'77rp) — =" ixes (by pouring) upon." Oeoqbavioaor. A celebrated festival at Delphi. Valckenaer thought the reading was corrupt, and that Oeoeevia should be read, as this festival is well known to have been celebrated by the Delphians: but both festivals are mentioned by Pollux and Philostratus. OeoWpov rTOe Za/lov. It is supposed that there were two celebrated Sanian artists of this name: one, the son of Rhcecus, the inventor of casting bronze, in the eighth century, B.c.; the other, who is here meant, the son of Telecles, contemporary with Alyattes and Croesus. See III. 41. ou r6b vvvX6bv=- "not the one to be met with every day," not ordinary. OUK p6pOeS X\yOVTES. Instead of X\7ovrs-wo, as if o' bale had preceded. (An anacolouthon.) Tr adrb Trs 6etp2?s= "necklaces." 52. Presents sent by Croesus to Amphiaraus. Xpoeov rav =" of entire gold," i. e. solid gold. Tb vUTOrbv = " the shaft." The polished (~eo) part of the 86pv. Us 4cu= "up to my time." Compare the Latin "usque ad nos." ev rp v,7t roI 'IcruvvovU 'Arr6XXovos. From VIII. 134, it seems doubtful whether Amphiaraus had a chapel in the temple of Apollo, on the banks of the Ismenus. Bahr thinks that these gifts were removed from the temple of Amphiaraus, where his oracle was, and transferred to the 204 NOTES ON temple of Ismenian Apollo, where they remained in the time of Herodotus. Miller, Orchomenos (page 149), seems to think that a shrine of Amphiaraus was within the Ismenian. 63. Croesus inquires from the oracles if he should go to war. el o-rpcarEdijr7a.. 7rpoo-Ofocro ==if he shoueld make an expedition, and 'fhe could attach to himself." -raOdra 1EwempeTeov = proceeded to ask these things in addition." Iat p~oldkat avm'ipajucop =the opinions concurred." Kc-a~uracaa, aor. = "C would qjuicksly dissolve." Suidas has preserved the exact words of the oracle: Kpo?oos "AXvp &a/3&s,~e-yd'X?jP 4X~ KarcaV'oet, which Cicero thus renders, Div. ii. 56: "ICrcesus., Halyn penetrans, magnam pervertet opum, vim." Compare the equally ambiguous oracle given to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus: "'Aio te, ZEacida, Romanos vincere posse." Crcesus really destroyed his own empire, foolishly thinking he would destroy that of the Persians. 54. His gratitude to the Delphians. 7rd-yxv Tre e' 7rlocas =having fully expected." irpojecamr'qlmqP Kati a'-r6eX6b-v Kcd 7poE~p1-qv ="precedency in consulting the oracle, exemption from tax (probably that imposed on foreigners by the Amphictyons), and a front seat at the games." ES O'V cmcl Xplvo' ="ever from time to time." 55. The Delphic oracle tells Crcesus the duration of his power. fcv/opleero an'roO= "he took his fill of it;" mid. and intensive. Xpi = " answers." Xq~a " to seek an answer" from the oracle,, z7rokM j:p " of delicate foot." See Eurip. Trocad. 5o6, Deut. xxviii. 56. The Pelasgic and ilellenic races (see Appendix ii.). Blakesley proposes to read rcaira -ya'p 7z'7 r&. wrpoK6Kpm~L)ma'c r, dipxao;', 16z'rcm rb Al& IleXao-YmK,'P -ro Ul 'EXX?7PW'Pc~ 90eog, and translates, "for these were the leading nations of olden time, being, the one a Pelasgian, the other a Hellenic tribe." This is certainly ingenious and sensible.?eXc~p'tqo-e refers to the Ionian tribe, not to the Pelasgi an. See vii. x6i, for the settled habits of the Athenians. ewi Abi 'Y&p A6UKamXIC0V0 = "for in the time. of Deucalion." So, eirt A.pov= "in Dorus's time." Apvowilca. See VIII. 31. 57. The language of the Pelasgians. Kpho-rwva. Niebuhr proposes to read Kpo7T5vc for Kp'6o-rwva, and thinks Crotona or Etruria is meant. The great historian is supported CLIO. 205 by Dionysius. The text of Herodotus is ably supported by Cramer (Hist. VOL. I. p. '59). See Thucyd. iv. 109. el O-6POLKOL -ylovoro 'AO-qvalotat. See VI. 137 and Thucyd. iv. 119g. From Book ii. 5 1, it would seem that Herod. uses o6,voLKoC in its strict sense of the inhabitants of the same country, though of different origin. bo-a llXa. Supply 7rd6Vrc as antecedent. np'v 'y~vcreaxv /Jkerl/ecOe = learned to change their language." 58. The Hellenic language. -T6 8EXXVqVIK0P 'y a,K.TA.. "now the Hellenic race, since it came into being, continues to use the same language, as is perfectly evident to me." droo-xvorO& = "having branched off from." The passive used in a middle sense. Observe that this metaphor is drawn from the stream that branches off or tears itself away from the regular course of the river. See iv. 56, ii. 17' VII. '233.,rG~i 1OP&,z irAXGMP = "those nations that were numerous." TdV~j 'roXMPi 40u'lw = " the mqcjority of nations."~ l7rpo-KfXCwp'qK6T7wv abri "that had gone over to it " as volunteers. This accords with Thucyd. i. 3. 59. An account of Athens. To A& 'ATTLK3'V KareX6luee,6X Te KaZ 3teo-aoeLL4'eV, K.TA.. = "he learnt from inquiry that the Attic nation was being held down, and had beea torn into factions by Pisistratus." lK7re/ATCLV - to divorce (a wife)," but diaro~cbetxre ="1 to depart from (a husband)." drelbrao-Oat "to repudiate" his son as his own, i. e. to di~osou him. In such words as dwebra, ai7relppKa, the notion seems to be= "I have cried, Off."I 7rel'eoaOat M~ew. Supply ocaol, X'yerat, or some such word. -c cta~c6vrwJ'. The factions may be thus classified: i. The Hyperacrii (or Diacrii, being pordr, baringf the names llighlanders)-Democrats; ofirders earn henm 2. The Pedinei (who held the plains being -noble, and rich from or A.eoe6yata)-Aristocrats; their landed possessions. 3. The Parali (the sea-coasters) — being commercial, they mdrtand for mixed govern, dreaded both extremes; ment;mocracy. Ka~raupoP15crazsTirP'rvpavvtbce. Some say ="thinking of the tyrannyV, with contesnyt for his opp~onents." This seems rather strained, why not 206 NOTES ON =" having his mind absorbed in the tyranny," thinking of nothing else. This carries out the intensive notion often implied in Kcar in composition. See Herod. viii. Io. Kal ryT X\6y7 TrV vrepaKpt'v rpoTr&as = and avowedly standing forth as the champion of the highland party." 5~Oev= "forsooth," Latin, "scilicet." Almost always used in a bitterly ironical sense. ev Tr 7rpbs Me-yapia. This expedition was made to recover Salamis, which the Megarians had taken along with Nisea at the time of Cylon's insurrection, B.C. 620. Nio-aacv. The part of Megara connected by long walls to the city, as the Piroecus was to Athens. See Thucyd. I. 103. ol Sopvf06pot...KopVV-q7e0pot 3. An instance of,hroKopto/6s. See Arist. Rhet. iil. 2, I5. The softening of bopvqbopot down to Kopvvtj0q6pot, the less suspicious term, threw the Athenians off their guard. rt/agS= "authorities." So Soph. Ajax, 654: Kal 7yp r& MeP'L, Kal dr Kaprepicrara Ttia-ls v7reiKel. er r 7otL KcareCTre(o-t= "on condition that he conformed with the things as he found them established." Compare Thucyd. I. 13: er p7Trois Yepano. Koo/TJCOV KaX\s re Kal e-= " ordering the city honourably and excellently." This shows that Pisistratus was no tyrant in one sense of the word. 60. Pisistratus is banished. Tr&Trb 4)povoareTs = "having come to an understanding." IeK vd = Lat. "denuo " (= de novo), Eng. "anew." reT6K'rVKeiETo=" made his overtures by a herald." evWieaavov Trv Xo6yov = "having entertained the proposal." Trl r-j KaTr6w =" with a view to his restoration." Compare below, KaTaryez = "restores." Ev 'A0,jvactowri roto- Trp7Trotoc. Compare Thucyd. II. 41, where Pericles calls Athens, Trs 'EXXd5os 7raidevo'v, and Cicero, de Orat. I. 4, "illas omnium doctrinarum inventrices Athenas." Tr 6T= "the deme," or district. There were 174 in Attica altogether: similar to our "boroughs." irpoaav7res, K.T.X. = "having pointed out beforehand to her (what kind of)," &c. 61. Pisistratus goes to Eretria. Jva'yiYW elvii r-v 'AXKJiauwvi^r5wv. See V. 70, 7r, and Thucy. I. i26. 6py...&s e Xe. The same expression is found in I. II4. srapd7raw = "all along," and so "entirely." ciao. 207 'YJ' sijs' PIK?7Oaca'Tos = the accusative 6f closer definition. So in Aa~rx7s', 7o0Vicevs, 'OVi~Arsca VtKq'. iVy~t peP &iT[iVaS - they proceeded to collect contrihutions." ats -rives eqos 7rpo-ql~acL6 Ked -I- = "which happened to owe them anything in former times," i. e. for past favours. See IIL 140. 62. Pisistratus seizes Marathon. 8&h &5f Kai —ov gTeos= " "during a part of the eleventh year." Observe it is not the simp~le accusative of duration. 7rpeorlppeeov= "conitinued to flow towards them." Imperfect tense. eoks-c., li ohserve now in thi s case." TroV5 Ka~T6PJ~aq = "Ithose who were returning from exile." el alpol ll~eso-ie-rpUTiov = IIPisistratus and leis train." Compare the Homeric formula, ol aitq5i, HTplaAev. Is T&Uvr& OVVS'PTres = " coining together in the same place where (the enemies) were posted." See Jeif's Greek- Gram. Iirl IHeXXn~tiles 'AOqivahiqs 1p6v. See Eurip. Hleracl. 849, H1aXXipvdles y ' euV 'K7EPCO 7' wcyop A'es 'A.0 aci's. Pallene was a ddmus of the trihe Antiochus, not far from Acharnin. According to Colonel Leake it occupied some part of the opening hetween the Pentitic mountain and the northern end of Hymettus. Kcal denTsa9C7 fTa'r 6& rXa = " got his soldiers in array opposite." irapto-ranrat = "takes his stand by;" (force of mid.). gppmwrat 1' 6' /36Xos, K.T.X. = " the drop-net has been cast, and the seine (large drag-net) has heen opened out, and the tunny-fishes will dart in through the moonshiny night." Here Blakesley well ohserves, " The position of the armnies and their operations will be excellently described hy the oracle, if we suppose, first, the Pisistratids from Mesognea marching upon Pallene; next, the Athenian force advancing to meet these, and opposing an obstacle to their advance; thirdly, the Pisistratids from Marathon, by a night-march from Stamata round the foot of Mount Brilessus, coming upon them ahout dinner-time. Then the Mesogaian force would he aptly denoted hy the 61K-rviae (or seine), the Maratbonian corps hy the 006Xos (or drop-net), and the Athenians hy the shoal of tun-ny fish. The hrightness of the mid-day, the critical time for the attack, is symbolized by the epithet OeX-pa~l-q applied to vOt; night (not a br-ight, hut a dark one) heing the proper time for fishing, after the manner common in Greece, when the shoal is attracted by a torch (held over the stern of the boat) into the entrance of the -net prepared for them." 63. Pisistratus accepts the oracle of. Amphilytus. crNai~ r xn-'6se = hvn oprehended the oracle.' So r. 6'KWS AO5T6 diXLO-OeZe;V. Baihr very aptly explains this as "non solum non....sed etiam," "n jiot only to prevent their being assembiled, but to 208 NOTES ON keep them scattered." The optative mood is used with gorws because &trTeXv^&ra is the historical present, used instead of the aorist. a&rleval Ka-ros. The nominative for the accusative. This anacolouthon is common in Herodotus. 64. Pisistratus purifies Delos. wey /Izv air6~Ev= "some, indeed, from the country itself;" namely, Attica, an allusion to the mine of Laurium. See Boech's Public Economy of Athens, Vol. II. p. 415. irapaApLEtivd7cv' = "who withstood him." &K Trv Xoytcpw = "according to the oracles." Compare the force of ex in the phrase, " ex tua sententia." KaOOypas (Sa6e. Thucyd. III. I04, describing the subsequent purification of Delos by the Athenians in the sixth year of the Peloponnesian war, agrees entirely with Herodotus. 65. An account of Lacedeamon. rrpof7r'raiov = "had stumbled against." Intransitive. KaKoVo/UoL aTO& iocaV...Kcal elvoIw'C &tp6Tf'/KTO, K.T.\. = "they were governed even in former times by the worst laws of almost all the Greeks, but with respect to themselves, and because they admitted no intercourse with strangers." According to Miller (Dorians, Vol. I. page 12), "when Herodotus describes the Spartans, before the time of Lycurgus, as being in a state of the greatest anarchy, he can only mean that the original constitution had been overthrown and perverted by external circumstances, until it was restored and renewed by Lycurgus." The words elvotci7 arrp6OcUKTot relate to the prohibition to travel into foreign countries, as well as to receive foreigners, Athenians especially, into their own. 7bv yVV KaTrTeareTa K6OY-P= "the present existing arrangement" (of affairs); literally, " the now established arrangement." 6crnrpoTre6r5avca,. cK.T.. Miller (Dorians, Vol. I. p. I5I) observes on this difficult passage: "It appears, however, that the name of Lycurgus was not preserved in any register of the kings; since in that case it would have been impossible that he should have been called by Herodotus the guardian of his nephew Labitas, the Eurysthenide, by Simonides (who lived in great intimacy with king Pausanias), the son of Prytanis, and the brother of Eunomus the Proclide, and by others the guardian of his nephew Charilaus, had there existed any genealogy of him that was sufficiently accredited." Clinton thinks the text here corrupt. &bowFOTtlaS, K.7.\. These were military institutions. The vxouorla appears to have consisted originally of 24 men and their chief. The TrptrKcs was probably the thirtieth part of an fX or 'pparpla, with which also the crvaalora corresponded. The latter were not peculiar to Sparta, being practised in Carthage; these syssitia are supposed to have originated amongst the CEnotrians of South Italy. CLIO. 209 66. Spartan designs on Arcadia. db'd re 96paltov can'T[Ka, Kc.-T.N= " and up they sprang forthwith, and flourished,- inasniuch as they were both in a good country, and in considerable number." Here the English and Greek idioms exactly correspond with each other; and see Herod. vii. i56, and Homer's Iliad, vi. 56. /3~apevi~cd-yot &vbpes. Bdhr thinks that by the term "1acorn-eating" the antiquity of the nation is described. See Virg. Geo. i. I48: "1Cum jam glandes atque arbuta, sacrnd Deficerent silvie, et victum Dodona negaret." oL 6U, irIaS, K.T.X When two predicates belong to the same subject Herodotus and Homer use Aeli with the first and ol SI with the second predicate, as here. See vi. 9. qXcIO-& Kt35Xp = "a counterfeit oracle." See Herod. v. 91, i. 75. xl /3 Aos = clipped or counterfeit "(coin). is' rj o-t IeS4aro = in which (fetters) they had been bound." See Chap. 8o, 4' we'6-oc&Ejruelpesov. 67. The Pythian oracle commands the Spartans to bring home the bones of Orestes. MaTh A&v bi r4' ~rp6repoXv, K.X = "from the beginning to the end of the former war, ever without interruption," &C. Karil gets this notion respecting time from its cognate notion respecting place, "from the top to the bottom," and so "throughout." au vvx4s = Lat. "Icontinenter " = "holding on." Oeowrp67rovs = Oewpoi~s (in Herod.) = "Ithose sent to consult an oracle." 47ayca'yojulovs 6o-ra "_IIbring back and call to their aid the bones (of Orestes)." 7rpooc~yeaOat is to "bring over to one's side." Xcupco 4lvI Xcbpuw. See Odyss. Vii. 121, where commentators explain by Xetcp and 4uaXwji. J7nrcippo~oT. Its more usual form is lrtppo~oe, which properly signifies an auxiliary; here, however, 47~rci'ppo~os has rather a middle signijlcation, and means one who aids himself against his enemies, who gains advantage over thenm. In Homer it is used only of the gods. ai7lCXOP T?71 9'eep10-40 06U34 eXaT-oP = "'not at all the less did they miss the discovery." 0s0o. Herodotus uses this form sometimes., instead of Is 3, or getsouJ. d&ycOoep-yol. The five Agathoergi, who served the state in missions for the space of a year, were taken out of the 300 knights, the flower of the Spartan youth. 68. Lichas finds the bones of Orestes.?7rtjutt1,qs = "Iintercourse by treaty," see Thucyd. v. 3 5; properly= Itconditional intercourse,"f as from din inx its conditional sense. 210 NOTES OIT Is XaXK 'OV....ri377pov, K.-r.A. The Greek term for a "1smith " was drawn from the metal first itsd'd in early times; dXUAes, ' copper," or "bronze." Compare Lucretius, v. 129'2 1 " Prior oeris erat quam ferni cognitus usus." 316 d4iarwrbj, K.rAX. = "1undcr a feeling of incredulity," &C. The notion of the degeneracy of the human framce has prevailed in almost all count.ries, and has re~ceived support from the supposed discovery of bones far exceeding the ordinary stature of man. EfuLTeOoOro 7ra~p' olK i'Klilo'ToS = "he tried to hire from (the smith), who 1ositively would not let out." Observe here the force Of dc instead of wij' with a participle, a' would imply a supposition or condition. driyswo-e = "persuaded." 69. Crcesus makes a treaty with the Spartans. dvure 30XOv Kali d'7rai-s = Livy's "sine dolo mao. 31 d'-yylX&P f'reK-qpeeKliero = " held out proposals to them~ by means of messengers." Compare Thucyd. iv. 38. Xp vo-o Wsiovr'T —ten tative = tried to purchase gold for themselves." 70. Presents are given on both sides. N~wvi'= " little animals." Dim, of Nov: so in Lat. "1animal," with diminutive " animaleidee." 71. Sandanis dissuades Crcesus from attacking the Persians. ayaeprle~i roil Xp 5r-you = having missed (the sense) of the oracle" i. e. its meaning. eeWeTlvag de'a~vpl3ag. The drawers and other leathern dress were common in Persia before the conquest of Media; after that time they were probably confined to the lower classes. In Elizabeth's time such were very common in Ireland. Compare the Irish song of poor Brian, "1who had no hreeches to wear, and bought a sheep's skcin to make him a pair." 7wpos 31. Supply -ro6TOW-t. This preposition and /Jer& are often put without ceses by Herodotus as adverbial prepositions, as in Homer. 76pL4~OPTat = "they will cling around them; " properly, " they will hold themselves around." 72. The Cappadocians. Y~K09 6600 Clv'qs~ mlpl., K.,r.A. In Bk. IV. TOT, the day's journey is reckoned at ahout 200 stadia; therefore five days' journey would amount to 1000 stadia. Now the shortest distance from the Mediterranean to tlse Euxine sea considerably exceeds 2ooo stadia. See Rawlinson's Herod. 73. The Scythians outrage Cyaxares. 3ire4~XOe = "secretly withdrew from (the place)." 6p-yv dKpoe= "hasty in temper." Compare the common expression "de ppish. " ~irdeeau'ro' "ate of:," from 7=c-rogat~. CLIO. 211 74. War bctwcen the Lydians and.1Medes. v/tA ='a conflict," daslidag togc'tler; often in this sense in Herodotus. T5~ 'Ldy f VVrT~e? 'n "when the contest was fairly set on foot." So Homer's Ilad, xev. 96, 7wo~euoto o-w'eerTaairoS KUIGVTJ' OaX~e 6, 31MGXs5o-, K.T.X. Clinton bclieves the right date of tbisi eclipse to be that assigned by Hales, B.c. 603, May 1 7, in the fifteenth year of Alyattes, and eight years before the death of Cyaxares. MvfIeGvLus. A title of the kings of Cilicia, as Pharaoh was of those of Egypt. e-yvwco'a= "decided." Compare the double force of ".sententice" in Latin and " judgment " in English. dvev -yap diva-yKatlIS, K.7-A. = " for without the strong tie of famifly connection even strong conventions will not hold together." W~ith asaiYK-1 here compare the Lat. " necessitudo " and " necessarii." 6,aoXpodtqv = the surface of the skin." See iv. 70, and Tacitus, Annz. XIL. 47, "'levi ictu cruoresn eliciunt." 75. Crcesus passes the ilalys.,7rp6s Ciwvrei3.-.eizat= "was in his own favour." livwc~v=" nearer the source of the stream." e's -ra rzpXe~a "into its former course." 76. Crcesus captures Pteria. KarT4 ~Xvc67rnq r' Xiw= "on the sa~ne line wvitls the city Sinope." roi'S KX'ipevS= "the allotments." "lots" is the American and Canadian term for " plots of ground," i. e. " farms." rii 7ewrCiOK6an. Supply 7r6Xesn. 77. Crcesus returns to Sardis. >se1400613 Kara' r6' 7rXvi009, K.-TA. = being dissatisfied with his own army considering their numbers." ilretpaT7o lirtcd for Irticat. This is the frequent construction of sretpaojecu. Acef36ssqros. The last king of Babylon, called Nabo-nadius and Nabonidus, supposed to be the Belshazzar of Daniel. CiXirlo-as. Used by Herodotus indifferently of good and evil. 78. Prodigy at Sardis. TraUra e'irtXeyejeiz'q, Kpolrcp = "while Crcesus was considering these matters." 47rtXEy. literally = " collecting his thoughts v.pon." TeXptnsarlow. Cicero, de Div. L. 45: " Telmessus in Caria est, qua in urbe excellit haruspicum disciplina." 79. Cyrus follows in the track of Crcesus. 7rpi^ /qci e-l c~at= "that it was his business." A-qAi~ee. Here the pluperfect is evidently used for the aorist. 212 NOTES ON 80. Battle of Sardis. LvtX = -= "bare (of trees)." "TXXos, also called Phrygius. It falls into the Hermus from the north-east. tyo 5l TL Kal, K.T.X. = "by which the Lydian expected to gain some considerable advantage." 81. Croesus sends for his allies. 7poepdovres= "to give notice beforehand." Observe the future notion in spio and its compounds. darels Ionic=Attic d&ets. 82. A Lacedaemonian war with the Argives. ~vWculaXtas. The abstract for the concrete form oavjuadXovs. 7repl Xcpou KaCeou&ov Ovp6?qS. Thucyd. II. 27, 'H 5 Ovpeadcts 7i, fieeopia Trjs 'ApyeLas Kal AaKWC Kps eaorTV. IV. 56, cdqtKvovTraL erl Oupeav, } tTrTL,av T7jS Kvveovpclas 7i s KaXouydvs5, fieOopLa S T7J 'ApTyela Kal AaKwvcKij3S' vefJ,6fuevo& 6E avrTiPv goav AaKeGarlj6vtio Ayltv'rats dKTreaovaav evouKerV. CGee E9PO(KCtP. 7rpos &7rvrpop 'Apyetwv. On account of its apparent position when approached from the sea. 4 Kv07jpi1r voa-os. This is elsewhere (I. io5, VII. 235) called by Herodotus, as by others, Tr K?L0Vpa, now "Cerigo." 'Opvadl,7q. This story is told by several authors; amongst others compare Ovid, Fast. ii. 663: " Si tu signasses olim Thyreatida terram: Corpora non leto missa trecenta forent. Nec foret Othryades congestis tectus in armis O quantum patriae sanguinis ille dedit."?eravdyKeS KOjLWVTeS = "wearing long hair by fixed custom." adr 7ro6rTO u KoYta. Supply v6x/ov O0evro from the preceding clauses. ovX\\XoXtrwv. Bahr observes that the loss of his comrades must have been the more painful to Othryades, as the X6Xos was not only a military bond of union, but also connected individuals in private life. See Miller's Dorians, Vol. II. p. 237. Karaxpo(raor0at=Lat. "confecisse," and used as Herodotus sometimes uses saXppo'aoOat. 83. Siege of Sardis. 6l/os = "notwithstanding" (they were at war with the Argives). See Thucyd. v. 6i, VI. 70. 84. The taking of Sardis. o0 y&p ~v 5eyv...t/=="for there was no dread that it should be (taken)." MeaXds. The last king of Lydia but one of the Heraclids. CLIO. 213 fr, Xe6vra. C(reuzer explains this on astronomical principles, and considers the lion as a sacred emblem, with the old kings of Lydia, of their great ancestor Hercules, whom he identifies with th'e Sun. Hence he accounts for the golden lion (I. 50), presented by Crcesus to the temple of Delphi. 6iKaacdvTwv = "having decided.:' 5rC 5 TirpOS roU TAXov, K.cr.X.= "now it is the part of the city facing the mountain Tmolus." OVTVco Si dpoIe, K.T.\. A different account of the capture of Sardis is given by Ctesias. According to Xenophon's Cyropced. vII. 2, 3, it was taken by means of a Persian, who had formerly been slave to one of the garrison in the citadel, and who had learnt the means of descending to the river and of returning to the fortress. KaT' aTirv= "after his example." 85. The son of Crcesus, on seeing his father's danger, wonderfully recovers his power of speech. Kar' aVTrv U6 Kpoaov=" with regard to Crcesus himself." I7TtrLKjs= " of good capacity." e6e-ro?= -" prosperity." See IX. 81, and ZEsch. Sept. c. Thebas, 7T, Tb 7irv es aTroi=" (had done) all in his power;" literally="all that was in him." Compare Lat. "pro virili parte." aiu/~ils. Buttman in his Lexilogus (page lo2, English Translation) observes on this passage, "The construction is best thus, r66e roo Xci'ov (e&Trl) dfQils etval='it is better for thee to be without it,' i. e. afgls scilicet aSiroO; literally, 'far away from it,' like d/ciqs quXovrtos above at sect. 6." applSe= "burst into utterance." So Virgil, "rumpere vocem." 86. Crcesus captured. Oei&, 6lrc, -= " Deorum nescio cui." 85 makes the definite notion more definite, and an indefinite more indefinite. dYevelKdiLevov= "with deep-drawn breath." See Biittmann's, Lexil. sub voce. riva rorov ITY iKaXolTO = "who this was whom he called upon." r-v &y?yb...X6youv eXOelv. This seems to be the sense, viz. "one whose conversation I should consider of more value to all kings than large sums of money." 87. Apollo saves Croesus. K;...alOpqs- = "after clear weather." Karappaytj vac=" burst down upon them" like a storm. avtyvwe= "persuaded;" literally = influenced your mind up to that (point)." eiyb rauna irpija, K.T.X.= "I have done these things, uiged by your good fortune and by my own ill fortune." 214 NOTES ON 88. Cyrus pities Crcesus, tvoi fix6/p&eos=" cogitando implicitus "=1 "wrapped up in anxious thought." 04oolre Kani 6yoeo-t=a formula expressive of plundering maraudings or raids = Lat. " ferunt (res) et agunt " (animaclia). 89. Cyrus places confidence in Croesus. TL -ri ol 's'op W'-7. Supply 7VOie. e'1 ri 6'vopew wrXeov= " if I perceive in it anythhilt of greater advantage. " Compare Soph. fEd. TIyr. 91i8, 4s 7rXeov irotw, an d An9tig. 2 68, ovi5 lv frt-lo~a yev'IeOat. Lobeck rem.-rks that &16o~eos (the same in sense with lrpooT86KeU0s) is often joined with the aorist in the sense of the future. See Herod. vi. i2. fsza~a-TvacrroclIUEJP0 == "will rise up in revolt against you." 90. Cyrus's wrath against Apollo. avaprsysfI'ev OEU6 since you are despised." Here the genitive absolute is used, instead of the nominative, in construction with atrco U6rnv, &c. See i. 3, 7-oa U, 7rpoF~rXou&C0V, K.Tr.X. 07TI el 7TO7To 'Srq-yop6i5WP, K.7TA. = What was this complaint against the God which led him to make the request2?" M79arltpue airTs ii-cpat-e6jsceves = " and he came down to this request again." iirewcat ot r ' 06eW, K.T.X. = that it might be in his power to reproach the gods with these matters." 91. The oracle defends itself. -r?'v rei7rpwgdvrn' AOe~pa, K.T-.X. See ~sch. Prom. 5 i8-2o. 7rqmr-rov yovelos. "1Crcesus was the fifth descendant from Gyges; comprising in the number five the first and the last. The kings of Lydia, of the house of the Mermnadte, succeeded each other in the following order: Gyges, Ardys, Sadyattes, Alyattes, Cro.esus. The method of genealogic reckoning among the Greeks was this: in comiputing the number of ancestors and descendants, they included the twto extremes; the first o~f the ancestors and the last of the descendants." Larcher. Myxq -yUvaKIKjtp?7rto-r61.esvos "~followving up a woman's treacherons device." Aoie~o=" the declarer" of oracles, from X4-yewp, as irpo9s5'r-js At's in the Eumenides of z~schylus. OVK T6s -re elY&ve-0, K.-rN. b" ut it was not possible to draw asiade the Fates." Grote remarks, "here the sovereignty of the Mceram, and the subordinate agency of the gods, are unequivocally set forth." fIist. of Geece, Vol. iv. 262. 95-99] CLIO. 217 96. Deioces makes himself a monarch of the Modes. AnF6K~ls-called Arphaxad in the Book of Judith.?pao-Oels rvpavv16os= "being enamioured of the tyranny." &LKatoo*z'sv IwcIN/EvoT VGOKf6 "leaving set himself to it, he went on practising justice." Troi~ Tp67r-ovs-= "his turn," i. e. disposition. 7rept~r~r~oJJTes aciKixowt yib-c = "stumbling over unjust decisions." &Kao-6/hevoc= "1when going to law." See Odyss. M. 439. 97. The rise of Deioces by popularity. 7rr~etu's U aidl, K.TA.. for 7rXe~vcon' 1Y'yyvo[Ll0Vc, K.Tr.X.=- "and those who were in the habit of going to him, becoming greater in number, from time to time." See Thuc. VII. 48. 7rpoMTI~uv= "sitting in front (of the city, at the gates)," or= "sitting openly in public," for the purpose of adjudication. 067T' 9q577 5LKtV &t= "he said that he would act as ajudge no longer." 8&Kac = &KcdoeLJ (Attic future). ob yd~p ol X1J0-LTEfVdE, K. r. X.="for it would not pay him, (thus) utterly neglecting his own affairs, to he deciding suits for his neighbours throughout the whole of the day." 7rept TCOiV KcLTqK6VTeV = "about those matters, which concern them." See viii. i9. 98. Deioces, elected king of the Medes. 7T0~s 7rpo/3aX2X'/4eeos = " was particularly put forward." &ia v* Xcbp-qs= "in that particular part of the country where." Compare the La tin local. genitives, "ubi loci," "ubi gentium, " &c. gno-o Ionic =?770-TOV. 'Aygc0avcTa-founded about B.C. 700, called Ecbatane in the Book of Judith; now "Hamadan." It was the spring residence of the Persian kings, as "1Susa " was their sumnner, and Babylon their winter residence. 9repov —SUpply TsI~XOT. 'AOI'lIWn KCdK'X o. See Thuc. ii. 13. 99. Customs of Deioces. &' d-y-yAwev & ~rdv-ra X~pleo-Oat. Supply ca~r= "that they should consult him in all matters through the instrumentality of messengers." &&with the accusative = " propter, " "on account of.",yeXavp TE Kai 7rr6iEw, K.7-rA. " and he considered it very disgraceful for any one to laugh or spit in his presence as (they are wont to do) even in the presence of all others without exception." irept gwvriv 10-~,U'epe, K. T. X. = and he threw this cloak of majesty around himself." &epoto s= " Iof another nature." HEROD. 1. 10 216 NOTES ON [I.,measures among the Lacedoemonians. Observe that Homer never mentions coin. KOifdieVOI ip'5arcwro. Compare the Latin expression "percutere nummos," and mark that the antecedent fact is expressed in the jartici~pial form, and its consequence in the purely verbal form: "they struck~ off the coin, and then used it." Kd~rflXot = " Iretailers; " e/sropoL = wholesale dealers, " and Bo "merchants." See Arnold's Rorne, Vol. i. p. 90. Tvpo-?7v[-q' ciro~la-at. The Roman writers acknowledge this (Horace to Meecenas, Sat. i. 6. i): "Non quia, Mmucenas, Lydorum quiclquid Etruscoe Incoluit lines." Virgil has "Lydius Tybris" (.zEn.- IL. 782), and see Tacitus (AnnaZ. iv..5). In favour of the Lydian origin of the Etruscans the following points have heen urged: i. Herodotus' statement is valuable, because he. was well acquainted with Lydian history; 2. He was also well acquainted with that of Magna Graecia; 3. The Sardians in Tiberius' time. asserted this common origin; 4. The Etrurian and Lydian languages of the same Phoenician stamp; 5. The similarity of their impure and orgiastic religions; 6. The same style of funeral monuments, with similarity of many customs. See however Mr Gray Hamilton's excellent treatise on the Etruscans, and also MUller. K~W dice " (with all six sides marked). dorTpctydXco- "dice" (with four flat sides), properly, " ankle-hones." 7remrol =" draughts. " Mentioned by Homer in the Odyssey; supposed to have been invented by Palamedes. U&v' bevra etkoo%. Eighteen years' duration of a famine is nowhere borne out by history. It has a mystic look. Ilv /utaXXov "to a greater degree." So iv. i 8 i; Thucyd. i. 88, rlv &Ho AolpaT 4cXM'ra, K.TA.. instead of Auvom5 7rdv~ras et's 86o /L0tpas 97r17rXocL= "moveable property of any kind." 9,5. History of Cyrus. firztTiqra&= " proceeds to inquire about.",rpmqaaias dXXaT, K.T.X. Ctesias, Xenophon, and 2Eschylus (Perswt,, all differ from Herodotus. -ene sl'Kocr KcaZ 7rcvraK6orLa. These 5,20 years almost agree with the 5,26 of Berosus; and widely differ from the i 360 years' duratio assgne by Ctesias and others to the Assyrian empire. See the remarlks on Sardanapalus in Dr Smith's Diet. of Biogr. and Clinton's 4Y/ronol. Vol. I. PP. '257-283 (Fasti Hellenici). 88-94] CLIO. 215 6&oP 5& e~e3W~aP, c.-TA. (supply rwr) = " and all that these (Fates) granted (literally, "gave in") he won, and presented as a favour to him 0i. e. Crcesus)." Jerape~dXero= " he got put off to the last. ' Observe the force of the mid, voice. cruvAa/3s- "comprehended;" i. e. "put (the sense well) together." ehr~yyetXap =Lat. " enuntiabant " "announced in detail." 92. More offerings of Creesus to the shrine of Hlle-,3. Tpi~rois Xp6o-eos. There were two sorts of tripods; one in which wine was mixed with -water; this was not to he placed on the fire, whence called ~b7rvpos: and the other to be placed on the fire for heating water, like our "Ikettle " or " caldron." TCj 'Air6XXcovi TC,' 'Io-zn'tpl. See I. 52, V. 59, VIII. 134. flpovitios. See viii. 37. Athena derived this name from the situation of her temple, forming as it were a vestibule to that of Apollo. She was also styled Iip~vota, from her attribute of prudence or foretaought. Ji' Bpa-yXIS5,qot -rgori MitX~ylwi. The Branchidze were a family of priests who had the charge of the temple arid oracle of Apollo at Didymni, in the district of Miletus. Observe that el Bpey7Xtict - the priests," hut al Bpa-y~tiat = the place so called. &Ir KJ'd~/ou 9XK~W= " pulling him to pieces on a rack." Literally,,vcdqpos is the "fuller's comb." 93. Topography of Lydia. Ow6l.eara U -y^ A01i1, K.-rA. This shows that llcrodotus did not know Xanthus' treatise on Lydia, as that author mentions the wonders of volcanic agency and other natural phenomena (see Diildman). TAu6Xov, now " Bour Dag." From this chain of mountains the river Pactolus rises. ol &yopa~toL "the hucksters. " Compare the Lat. "cireamforanei." o4pot= "cippi." Sepulchral pillars. 5iteou at Ouyarlpes= "the daughters of the common people," who, being poor, wish thus to acquire a dowry; or ="the daughters of the old (native) district," who thus worshipped Cyhele. 19 5 &V oiwo0nK'60owoc= Until they shall have married;" literally= "taken to house-keeping." 94.. The Lydians the first coiners of money. Trapa7rXi~aoto-ce...icrd.After adjectives expressing similitude Krd is rrequently used in Greek, as "catque " in Latin. 7rrpw-r& 5 dV0pdvee', Ic.T.X. Some say Phido, king of Argos, coined the,first silver money at _ZEgrina, with the fig-ure of a tortoise on1, B. C. 750; and to him (vs.) Herodotus ascribes the invention of wihsand 218 NOTES ON IL 100. The state of Deioces. i7v 7-6 8IKateJ' qvXio-o-wv Xa~elr6s "he was strict in maintaining the I&KateU= "he used to punish." See Thuc. viii. 66. KaTcLoK~roL =' "the king's eyes" (ol 6956aXiuot (spies)). KaLT'?K00L= "the king's ears" (olcb TaK0cev-Tat), by means of this secret police the king obtained his information on all affairs. See i. 114, VIII. 130. 101. Government of Deioces. orvlff-7pEft/= Lat. "conglobavit"=-"combined into one body." flap77raKIvOP. These were on the mountains dividing Persia and Media. 102. Phraortes succeeds his father Deioces. Ol~K direxp&ro = " was not content." icaV AorCvptwV, IK.TA-. "Assyria, in the idea of Herodotus (and which is further explained,by Strabo), comprehended not only Assyria proper (by which is to be understood the country beyond the Tigris, and of which Nineveh was the capital), but Syria aind Mesopotamia likewise, as well as Babylonia; for our author says, " Babylon and the rest of the Assyrians." Compare io6, i78. gwTWr(V el) 7!Kopes = "getting on well in their resources." 103. Cyaxares succeeds in the government. 6X6UEe KcaTi rlAEa= " Carranged by companies." Before his time, however., David had organized the Hebrew army, and Solomon had introduced chariots and horsemen. v i~' 9plq &'yevero ="the day became -night." The article points out the subject of the sentence, the predicate being without it. This circumstance is mentioned as a fact in Chap. 74. XKV06wP orpaT6s. The Chaldceans, according to Heeren. 104. Distance from Colchis to Media. 'rpt'Kov~ra i epldv-06b6s. Observe that Herodotus is here speaking not of that part of the Palus Muotis nearest to Coichis, but of the mouth of the Meeotis, the scat of the ancient commerce. 7,ciomretpes. Occupied the north of Armenia, and west of Georgia, about the upper part of the river Cyrus or Kouza. See Chap. izo, and iii. 94, IV. 37 and 40. Kcacd'a1ev bpog. This route of the defile between the Caspian Sea and Caucasus is now called "'Derbend,"i and was taken by the Huns and afterwards by Peter the Great of Russia. 105. The Scythiains invade Egypt. *JaAI/.TtXos. This- king ascended the throne B.C. 670, according to Clinton. 100-1101 CLIO. 219 'AOwcKdcwvu 7r6Xt "Ascalon" on the coast, 30 miles S.W. of Jerusalem. The other Philistine cities were Gath, Gaza, Ekron, and Ashdod. irape~eXONVIMVj K. v. X. = "passed out and along the coast, without doing any harm." dewiwlcv being active. K~rt~sot. So Horace of Venus: "1Sic te Diva potens Cypri." 106. Cyaxares conquers the Scythians and takes Nineveh. grpno-oov = "Ithey continued to exact from each that which they laid upon them, as a contribution." N~vov etXev. See below, Chap. i 78.?4 'r-peot ~tX6-yeoto. So in Chap. 184 he has Tr(hv?v rvot0, 'A.o-o-vp[loco1 X6'yowt uivs'gqv 7rooto-esat. As Herodotus does not give an account of the capture of Nineveh by the Medes or of the kings of Babylon in any of his works now extant, the general opinion is, that he wrote a separate history of Assyria; an opinion supported by Aristotle (Hust. Vl Animal. viii. 2o). 107. Astyages succeeds: his dream. 17rLKa7-aKX~5o-u=" "besides overflowing." Observe the force of the prepositions in compo S. rp67roev i'orvXlov= of a quiet turn." 108. Astyages determines to kill the son of his daughter Mandane. TcaLJ 8L &IV z, K.xvA. =" quite on his guard against these things." iraax',o-=`neglect." Olb EiwvTw, 7rept'r&js= "stumble over yourself," i.e. come to some disastrous downfall. 109. The device of ilarpagus. KeKOOI1U'qL4VOY rjV 17rZ Oavd~rq. Some -would supply o-ro\'~v or K6ou-117 0etv, as of cognate signification with K6K0G-A-/U~vov. Biihr proposes 06bbV to supply the ellipsis, as in Chap. 67. He renders the passage thus, " Quum, ipsi traderetur puerulus ornatus (eo consilio) ut ad mortem. duceretur, scilicet ut (ornatus pro more, dein) viam ad mortem du. caeretur." dvatg 9po-evos y6vov= "1without male issue." Adjectives implying the absence or want of a thing govern the genitive. 110. The child given to Mitradates, the royal herdsman. ewT7rc-Ocorc~ras = " most convenient for the purpose." 7rpo`5 Mao-7relpcov= "towards the Saspeires." A.s above, srpl~r /oplcs, Ie aiv~pov= "towards the northern wind." l~rebos (4mL~-7rlov) = "on a level with the plain," and so level. Compare Io-6rebos, 06/6w'e&oT, 6 esXe. ase &ayJpo-eo-Oat- Supply a6,r'v =IIthat he (the king) will have you executed." Compare Lat. "1confleere." See i. '14 1O-2 220 NOTES ON 111. The conduct of Mitradates. Tq5p 6 dlpa Kad aviow^-cq i yvvW = "Fittingly for that (emergency) his wife too was every day on the point of being confined, and then she happens by providence to bring forth when the herdsman (her husband) was off to the city." Observe that d~pa is not very common in Herodotus, who uses it generally in its first derivative sense, from &pwo, "to fit." MrL& 6aluova = Lat. " divinitus." Compare the phrases KaT-& r6qv iiv OpovTl& t ="in anxious thought." AJi5TE... KoTe yevle-Oat. Supply 6j0e~e. The full construction would he KCdI 6 OLk W&OeXe yeveo-Oat. KeK00/X?7U-qV0P, K.'-AN. = richly apparelled in gold and embroidered robes." See in. ii. Trai3Tc 97wt0G4-ePv' Amo= "had laid these things upon me." POP -re 86e la-TI = "and see here he is.," producing the child at the word. See opening of next chapter. 112. The device of Cyno, his wife. IAIya 're KaicbZetUTEM6I 'i= " being s-tally large and fair to look upon." Stature was an inseparable element in the Greek notion of beauty. Tennyson, on this principle, says: "A daughter of the gods, divinely tall., And most divinely fair." See Homer, Vassim. TWVA&- ry -ovi6Twv having caught his knees." This is the p~artitive genitive, as a part only is acted on by the transitive verb. 9Xp-,qe= "she continued to beseech (her husband) by no means to expose it (the child)." Observe the change from the aorist to the imperfect, to mark the continuance of the action. j~pI7e, literally= "Ishe 'wanted." oT6 TE c~vat "that he was not capable," and so able. &Xc'o-eat d&tKlc0= "will be convicted of acting unjustly." See on I.5. 113. The son of Mandane preserved, and the dead child of Cyno, exposed. KcaI ab'TiKa 17rolce T-auTa = " and forthwith he proceeded to do these things." rpo360aKWv = under-herdsman, " or, " those who drive the herd forwards to the pasture." It is a very unusual word. abToO = veKpoVJ. 8opvq56pc~ov. Rather a Greek term than an Asiatic. See the case of Pisistratus above, and observe that on Chap. I 17. Herodotus uses the Asiatic term cth'ovXot. e1hi TE && ro6TWZ= " and he saw by means of these." These were the king's eyes (6qp0aX~eot. See next chapter and Chap. II 7 - 111-116] CLIO. 221 ovpofla M\XXo KoO rt, K.TA. = "having some other name given to it, and not the name of Cyrus." His name according to some was Agradates. 114. The youth of Cyrus. qpyYv.4 uxi = "fully disclosed him." With this whole account compare the myth of Romulus and Remus taken up by Faustulus, the king's herdsman, as told in the opening of Livy's First Book. cTraLte="he used to play." Compare the early career of Napoleon I. as a captain of the boys at his military academy. TbP ad KOU Trv&= " and some one of them, I should fancy." ets 83 TO6rTWV TWv TraL8tlwv ="now, observe, one of these children." The nominative absolute. &aXap3etz= "to take him by the middle," or ="to take him in both hands," or =" take him from their midst," and so putting him by himself, and so like "putting into Coventry." Rawlinson translates, = "to take into custody." KareXOwv = "having returned." a7roLKTISTo = "went on to complain loudly " of what he met with at the hands of Cyrus. &vdpapa= " unfitting, unsuitable." a=" not" and dpo= " to fit." See Blomfield's Gloss. in Agam. 494. 115. Cyrus brought before Astyages, and recognised. aefKe6l7 Toase 7rep~7lreiv=" handled him with such unseemliness as this." es 8 AXa[3e T'V 8iKYV = "until he received his due," i. e. punishment meet for him. 116. The confession of Harpagus. o-'et avdOd'yvCOs aCrov. Compare Livy's language on the parallel case of Romulus and Remus (I. 5): "comparando et setatem eorum, et ipsum minime servilem indolem, tetigerat animum memoria nepotum." Kai ol 6 Te XapaKTrip TO)U rpo7aCwov, K.T.A. = "and it seemed to him that the expression of his (Cyrus') face bore a resemblance to himself" (i.e. to Astyages). r6KCptsoss AievOepoepwrp = "and his bearing (or address) was most like a freeman's." Not "delivery," as some take it. 56 e Xp6dvoS js g IKOoLo, K.r.X.="and the time of the exposure seemed to go along with (i. e. agree with) the boy's age." Compare the words of Livy on Romulus and Remus (I. 5): "nam et expositos jussu regis infantis sciebat, et tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsujn congruere." u6yts oU Hi KOTe aYieeYCXOeZS="but some time at length having recovered himself." avOdyKas=- "bonds." &eee&e = " he went right through it." 222 NOTES ON [IL 117. Confession of Harpagus. r-dp 8 /Us6p TVY 7raia, K..T. =" what was the exact fate by which you dispatched the boy." bKWaS-i0LrojTa -Ka —ei'Wv= " how I should act, and how I might be." aCiv&,Ts = " an actual mtrderer." 118. Astyages disguises his anger against Harpagus. oi &eXce X6Xov="the anger which he cherished against him;" literally like the common vulgar expression, "to have it in for one;" thus nursing vengeance in one's breast. Compare St Mark vi. I9, & ''Hpctas 1e',)Xevp aortyC. KarlS3alve Xdycw = "finished by saying." See I. 90, KaTrSacve 7rapa7teo6uevos. feraX\XX6y7ro. This is one of the few exceptions in classic Greek in which the reduplication is omitted; in this case a reduplication form would have been peculiarly harsh. 5ta/p3epXeu.vos= " having been accused." From the notion of accusing falsely comes tapoNX = "slander," or "false accusation;" and our great accuser the Devil is thus called 6 ictp6oXos. OVlK ev?Xaqcpy e'roLeuAv y=" I was not wont to make light of it." See III. I54, and compare the similar expressions, iv Kdpei' sroLe?ocat, II. 124, VI. I3, and &v 6ooly, 'roLEoOat, vII. 138. 7T T rXS7 eD ATeoTeOaES TSS = fortune having changed her position for the better." r-aCopa= t" thank-offerings for deliverance or preservation." 119. Astyages slays the son of Harpagus. es 5do'=" as it ought." 7rl r6X^c0r Xp7.TT1^-ra= "with good omens." ra8 t q1rTfe, K.T.\. =" and some portions of his flesh he boiled, and having had it well-dressed." rpdareatc. See Nitzch. Od. I. p. 28, who shows that in early times each guest had before him a separate table. evr6s re e wvrov /ylveratl="and becomes his own master," "returns to himself." Compare our own expressions, "in his mind," "out of his mind." 120. The Magians consider there is no risk. of. Supply 6od=" qua ratione " = "in what way or manner." rK irpovotis= " consulto;" properly= "from fore-thought." grap& ao uKp& 'y&p...Ke6dp7XKe= " had come to little." Kal t d 7y Tiv d6vetpdCT'wv?X6eC.c =" and those things connected with dreams." Ta6T/w irX\ei~os yv^du/hv cll4=" I am most inclined to think." 117-125] CLIO. 223 121. Cyrus sent to Persia. 41'w...oi reXI2p = "Ia vision which imported nothing."~ oi' Ka Mvrpa~dri7v= "not after the manner of Mitradates.", 122. Origin of the fable that Cyrus had been suckled by a bitch. al~rlKa -r6Te = "immediately upon (his birth)." 77(1 rI- raTCUTql alIPdwv, K.T.X. = and he went on praising this (woman) all along, and Cyno (her name) was everything to him in his discourse,;" i.e. he talked of nothing but her. Ka7-lfaXop qxrTU'= "they laid the foundation of the report." Compare the story of Lutpa and the suckling of Romulus and Remus in Livy, Bk. i. cap. 4. 123. The revenge of Hbarpagus. ewt~rpEb6,ievov. Supply TLeWPOi'P from rtgwpt~v. Ka'rlpYyao-ro. Used passively, as in vii. 53; Soph. (Ed. Tyir. i369. oUTWj 6= "observe, in this case." 'Xaybp,.~qXavncrdAEvos =having had a hare prepared." oi36v ciarorlXas= " without having plucked off any of the fur." aiie= Lat. "lut.pote " assigns the most probable reason. ci-z- YX~boons= "e verbo ""by word of mouth." 124. Harpagus urges Cyrus to revolt. 47reX&yeTO = "he read it over," or, "1collected his thought's upon it," and- so "considered it over." KaTri Uv -Y&p TiV, K.r.X. = as far as regards the earnest desire of this man, you are a dead man; on the other hand, as far as regards the gods and myself, you survive."' 7ps-be o=1 "Ion your side." 125. Cyrus enters into his plans. 106pTsr@= "1he went on thinking, anxiously." d'Vtp', Doric= eKKX-qo-1rav= "an assembly." The thing and word were essentially peculiar to the Doric race. l15-i XVci, s= " he went on to say. " Raoap'ydcta, in the south of Persia, probably dwellers in the capital of the same name, built by Cyrus to commemorate his great victory over Astyages and the neighbouring country. The name is now corrupted into the modern " Pasa " or " Feza. " rep,~dvtot. These are supposed to be the Carmanii, the inhabitants of Carmania, or the modern Kerman, in the east of Persia. 2:arycp-roin. Supposed to have held the -north-west of Media, at the foot of the Zagros Mons, a little south of the Sparta or Martianes Lacus. By Rennell they are supposed to be Tartar tribes. 224 NOTES ON [I. 126. Cyrus' device. radpr =" in every direction or way" (supply o6k5). oi'Y, re Kal t'rioto'l. Supply 8e6ftevos. 'dre re... dIrb Wervov -CLav = " after they had done supper." See II. 78, vi. 129. So the preposition &K is used by Eurip. Bec. 915, AMdoS IK elt7rvwv Vt~vos. 7ro\Xbv...rb tzlov. Eurip. Alcestis, 917, 7roXi) y&p rb l/hov. Where the Scholiast interprets it as that which lies between the old and recent hap (rv6Xmp). See Herod. ix. 82. 4f1io 'retOerOat. The genitive for the dative; this is not uncommon with reiOeadOat in Herodotus. US 2v x6rjPrwv &e-" since these things have themselves in this way"= Lat. "quse quum ita sint;" or closer still= ="quse quum ita se habeant." 127. The revolt begins. $8etvl irote.evot= "considering it a dreadful thing." See I. 11 I9, II. 133, II. I6I, vii. 1. irp^cro'ovra raUrac="engaged in these intrigues." Thucydides uses 7rpaa'etv in the same sense. I. i28, ry^ U 4p7wy rT& rpos Pa~cTa mrp'y/ara 7rpciraaesv. 0eoPXa3s=" damaged in intellect by God," and so "demented." See viii. 127. 128, Capture of Astyages. &deCo-oX67rwtre= (deoara6pcoj7e, I. 9, III. 59)= "impaled." 129. His reply to the insulting Harpagus. Kacrxatpe. So VII. 239 (= "was exceedingly glad"). A very rare word. -~Ko7rrv="looking to" the supper prepared for him by the cruel Astyages. eOot'7ace. Supply 8e 7rvov. 5 T I e'e 4 IKeIvov 0ov\Xovv77. See in VI. 67, a similar question addressed by Lestychides to Demantus, 65oov TL dr rb dpXeo, CTera T76 tao-eXe6ecv; 7rept6eivat="to put a diadem around or on one's brows." But 7rept3a\e? v= "to invest with the royal robe." 130. The Median supremacy had lasted 128 years. 6r' trea TptiKOvia, K.r.A. Clinton, in his Fasti Hellenici, I. p. 260, well observes, "These I 28 years terminated at the defeat of Astyages, B.C. 559. They commenced then 559+128=687 B.C. in the 23rd year of the independence of the Medes. He therefore considered the period to begin after the regal government had been settled, perhaps after the 126-133] CLIO. 225 anni djgao-i'Avrot had expired; and to include the last 31 years of the government of Deioces. The Median empire lasted 128 years, B.C. 687 -560, excluding from the account a period Of 28 years, B.C. 634-607, within the interval, during which years the Scythians occupied Asia. The 53 years then of iDeioces are divided into two portions: 22 years of his government hefore he was appointed lking, and 31 years of his reign after the kingdom was established." t'nr&iVifaV = " bent under the yoke." Kai &lrlo-,rjo-av dwb6 Aapeiov. This event happened in the year B.C. 409, in the reign of Darius Nothu$. 131. The religion of the early Persians. d'Gpw~roq5lieas= "1of a human nature." Adt. Called "IOrmuzd " by the Persians. Tr6' K6KXOV 7rcd'ra roi3 oibpc'oi Ala KaXloyres = "'calling all the vault of heaven Zeus." So Horace, "sub Jove frigido"-" under the cold air.y 17rijuefga0'1Kao1& = "'they had learned in addition." Malcolm (History of Persia, Vol. i. p. i29!) ohserves, "It is evident that Herodotus puhlished his work from information that referred to a period prior to the establishment of the religion of Zoroaster, as they certainly had temples after that event. This religion was introduced in the reign of Gushtasp or Darius Hystaspes; and his son, Isfandear, the father of Ardishen Diraydust (Artaxerxes Longimanus of the Greeks) was the greatest propagator of its tenets, and' consequently a great huilder of temples of fire. But it is still prohable, that even in the lifetime of Herodotus, who was born in 484 B.C., the religion of Zoroaster was not completely introduced into Persia; and his information was probably from those who professed the faith which that of Zoroaster ultimately supplanted." 132. Persian customs. 7'W 8U CbS &adcTTW N~ew Ol~et = accordingly as he (the sacrificer) would sacrifice to any one of the gods." 5t/&aosur6Xas = " having cut up into small pieces." A word of very frequent occurrence in Homer. v7rorao-as 1roinp W's 3ara~wrdrqYp= "having strewed beneath the ten. derest grass (possible to get)." &t bXY 6XIyov Xpbvov = "Iholding on for a brief time." The accusative here is not governed by the verb, which is intransitive, hut is the accusative of duration of time. 133. Celebration of birth-days among the Persians. auraolcwv="of all days, without excepto. Lat. "lcunetarum,," as Opp. to Ccominivm" = all generally." Til Xe~rT& TCO 7rpogdrTW= "the smaller cattle." The partitive genitive. fEOVOW6ALeJ'oC, K. -r 7'. Compare Tacitus, Germnania 122: "Do pace denique et belo, plerumque in conviviis consultant, tanquam nullo 10-5 226 NOTES ON 11. magis tempore ad magnas cogitationes incalescat animus... Deliberant, duni fingere nesciunt: constituunt., dum errare non possunt." lrqop'ysao-t = "Ithose things customarily brought in after (dinner)," and so " dessert." Observe that the word comes from qoplw= "to be accustomed to carry." The frequentative of oplpw. 134. The etiquette of different ranks. OtXIoIJo- rov o-T06/sao~-t="they kiss each other on their lips." The local dative. -7rpoO-KVvPe1 T61' frepop - he does obeisance to the other;" (from ii-posXvciw', "to fawn on one li/ce a dog"). KacTii. X6-yov 7wpofgatvopree= "advancing forwards in proportion." 7rfds dipe-ris dvrlXea-Oa= "to clin0o closely to valour. " The notion is evidently connected with "holding oneself against a thing," to insure a better hold of it. 135. The polygamy of the Persians. 'n-poo-lev~rae "take to themselves," i. e. adopt (mid. voice). 7-ois A1iyurT1eV3 OdpflOae. These were made of linen, quilted into a thick hard fabric, and scaled with metal (see vii. 6i, and ix. 212). KovpL61as -yvz'cdKacw= "wedded wives." See V. i8 and vi. i38. See Buttman on lKOP~i6LOT. 136. The children of the Persians. 7-b weXVbz 5' iry&cTa& lo-Xvpe'P cist = and they believe numbers to constit tet strength." Compare the language of the Psalms, "Happy is the man that bath his quiver full of them." /mq~3e~dcw tin-rn rw, rarpt 7rpoojPd'NU =I "that he may dash no sorrow against his father's heart." 137. First offenders indulged. adXX& Xo~n-cgevos. Compare the letter of Themistocles to King Artaxerxes in Thuc. i. i37. OUT-W 7c-i 6V/.acp XPEar= II thus indulges his passion." 138. Lying and debt disgraceful among the Persians. To,,ie~~cip Xpeos = to owe a debt." Xolos ="that which one ought or must (Vpi) do or pay." \e6Ks7P=thiS was the mild form of leprosy. With the banDishmnent of the leper compare the Jewish usage, as in Lev. xiii. 46, 2 Kings Vii. 3, xv. 5. Luke xvii. i,2. es 7r6X&Y OV'TOS 0i Ka'r~pXera&= "this man (i.e. the leper) does not enter a city as a place of refage:" this is sometimes the force of Kea7-d. es 7rorapin' b&, K.TA.. Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxx. 6: "1Magus ad eum Tiridates venerat, Armeniacum de se triumphum afferens, et ideo provin.. ciis gravis. Navigare noluerat, quoniam exspuere in maria, aliisque mortalium necessitatibus vi olare naturam eam fas non putant." 134-142] CLIO. 227 oa-ovra& 7roraJegous-as the Indians now do the Ganges. Compare the epigram of Dioscorides, Antholog. Pal. vII. I62: 4XXa 7reptarelXas ite oWouv Oobvl, L5o' Irl veKpQ XovTrpa X ars J3oiLatL, ls7rora, Kal 7roTalJoLs. 139. Peculiarity of the Persian proper names. or rt /Lv, Tr& o o, K.T.X. = "not that some do, and that some don't, but you will find that all equally (end in sigma)". " Here Herodotus is mistaken. The Persian names of men which terminate with a consonant end, indeed, invariably with the letter s, or rather sh, as Kurdsh (Cyrus), DAryavush (Darius), &c.......but a large number of Persian names of men were pronounced with a vowel termination not expressed in writing, and in these the last consonant might be almost any letter: we find on the monuments Vashtdsp (Hystaspes), Arsham (Arsames), &c."-Rawlinson. 140. Peculiar customs of the Magians. KaTaK'pdc'avrTes= "having completely covered it with wax." So Strabo, Bk. xv. p. 735: Odc'roTvot o KJpo TreptLXaoC'dcreg r7a To a1ra' TO)S 51 /tdiyovs ovi Ocd7rrovoa, adX' olwvoppcrovs aiot. Larcher states that the body of Edward I. was found in the year I774 in a perfect state of preservation, completely covered with wax. ayeiovoc= "make a point of conscience to." Lat. "reverentur." &y7vualfJya ro7a TOrV, K.Tr.. = "and they consider this a great object to strive for." 141. Cyrus answers the Greeks by a fable. i7rl roao- avtrotrl, K..X. = "wishing to become his subjects on the same.conditions as they were the subjects of Crcesus." X6yov= "fable or apologue:" hence Herod. II. 134, calls Esop Xoyo7rotbs-where he says arivaovXos o Ai^oCrov roO XoyoTrotoO. lzlo avXgovros=" when I was piping." See the words of our Redeemer, Matt. xi. 17. 142. The twelve Ionian towns. ruVTO Trotlet T 'Iwvlp= "has the same effect as Ionia." revoUlKaCc= "are and have been accustomed to use." See i. 42; iv. 183. MlX\Tros. This was situated in Caria, on the sea shore, on the mouth of the Meander: on the change of the face of the country, owing to alluvial deposits, see Cramer's Asia Minor, Vol. I. p. 383. Myus lay to the N.E. of Miletus, on the left bank of the Maeander: near its mouth. Priene, a little to the N.W. of Myus. Its remains, on the southern slope of Mycale, are still extant. Ephesus was on the southern bank of the Cayster, near its mouth. 228 NOTES ON [I. Colophon was a few miles to the N.W. of Ephesus, about two miles from the coast. Long walls connected it with its port, Notium. Lebedus, now Xingi, on the coast, a little to the N.W. of Colophon. Teos was on the southern side of the isthmus of Chalcidels, to the North of which is the gulf of Smyrna: its site is now occupied by Boudroun. Clazomelme lay on the North of the isthmus of Chalcideis, nearly opposite to Teos. Phocoea, the northernmost of the Ionian cities, lay on the coast of Lydia, on the South of the Cumaean gulf. Erythrae, on the continent, lay opposite Chios, now called Ritrm. lc~uto& 1 hr~ chWTw-p SoPiot, supply 6ta~dyoprcu= "1now the Samians are the only people who use a language of their own," compare "1solves" in Latin, "ICassandra sola cantat " = "Cassandra is the only one to sing." 143. Safety of the Milesians. 6' OTKe7rV. roi3 p6pou = " in shelter from~ fear," the objective genitive. X6-yov eAaXla-Tov = "of least account." falcu'LPtor. The place of assembly of the Ionian confederate cities was at Mycale. 6TL /.kqj = el)-" nisi" "exce~pt." 144. The Dorian Pentapolis. t0lXairc'oYTca= "are on their guard against," (force of mid.) but 0c/w-coc== "to guard," or "protect.",r6 Tpto~rLK0v Lip6x'. This temple was built on the promontory of Caria, now Cape Crio. It derived its name from Triopium, founded by Triopos, afterwards called Cnidus. See i. 174. Ai4'5og, K.TA.. See Homer's Iliad, ii. 655. 145. Cause of the insulation of the Ionian towns. Ka~r brep xiiz''AXaC0Ph, K.-TAX. According to Clinton the Acheeans and Ionians were kindred people, both originally Pelaesgiasns Strabo's list entirely coincides with that of Herodotus: see on this point Miller's Dorians, Vol. HI. PP. '248, '249. rrpi'S 2;KViZPoS = " towards Sicyon." Illarpees. "By Herodotus using this expression, it seems as if the city Patrce did not exist in his time: ZAgium, and Dyme, on the other hand, seem to have done so." Blakesley. 146. The Ion~ians formerly a mixed people. /-t&XXoP..:'Iwves. So Plautus in Epid. iii. 3, 46: "Ego ri allegassem aliquem ad hoc negotium. Minus hominem doctum minusque ad banc REM callidum."1 Cicero in Verrene. v. 1,2: "1Omnes Sicilia semper proatores." 143-149] CLIO. 229 'Ajgavies. The Eubkeans are generally called by Homer Abante8: and Abantis was the ancient name of the island. Apio~res. This was a Pelasgic people, who inhabited mount (Eta, for three generations before Hercules, by whom they were expelled and transplanted into Peloponnesus, according to Fynes Clinton. See Herod. i. 56. '('CJK&E1 dmrobdo-Atot= Phocaeans, separate from the rest. " See v. 5 7. &b. 7roVgrv R TIP 0b6VOP, K.-TA. Buttmann (Lexilogus, P. 438) observes here, "it is true that the passage r. 146, might contribate to lead us into such an error if pointed in the following manner: && VoOlTov 6 TIP 06,vop (i. e. on account of the murder of their fathers and former husbands) al -)1ppoUKes ai'rat, vo'Acu Oe6&evat, o-/Jlat aro-t b'pKOVS erXaocav.... M.?KOTe o/oariT7o'aL To~s ttvipao-. Misled by this punctuation SchweighBuser in his Lex. Herod. directs us in the other passage (vi. 62), after the words,?7ri 7oTolTOLOL (upon this) U61IpKOVS Iw'4ao-av, to supply dX~v,Xow-c. We ought rather to collect from this latter passage, that in the former the e~rl in ew',~aoacw refers to the thing, and;v6Aov 641eva, must be joined to oq~lot a',r'a-^. "OpKOV6ov ~Xca'an must therefore in both pas. sages mean, 'to lay a solemn oath on a thing, bind oneself to it by an oath.' See VL. 74." 147. The Jonians governed by kings of all races in former times. &d6na]XI6KOV, see his descent in Homer's Iliad, VI. 1 50, SI12. Kcl6Kcovas H~tfovs.-The Caucones Pylli were an ancient people of - Triphylia, in the southern part of Elis. 01 KaOap(~s -yeyov6Tes 'Ic w's = "Iof pmre Ionic blood." del 61 U 716d'TE, Kc.TA. = "Iall the others however are Ionians also, as many as derive their origin from Athens, and celebrate the festival of Apaturia." In this festival the clansmen all met together, for the citizens were collected together according to Phratrias, which were composed of separate families. See Hermann's Political Antiqjiities. 148. Hellenic Festivals. 'EX1KWPV1qp. At Helic6 in Achaia was a celebrated temple of Nep.. tune, whence he was' called Ileliconius. 149. The 2Elolian towns. K6/viq-Cyme, called Phriconis also, lay towards the South of the gulf to which it gave the name of Cumeean, a little to the N. E. of Phoc.9ea. See Cramer, Vol. I. p. 147. Lerissa was -near the river Hermus, between it and Cyme. Neontichus ("the new fortified place") lay between Larissa and the Hermus. KIXXa-on the coast of the Troad, at the end of the gulf of Adramnyttium. It was famous. for the worship of Apollo., and is styled very divine in Ried., I. 37. 230 NOTES ON [I. flcT7cdb% at the mouth of Evenus, on the North of the Cunivean gulf. -qKO1JLaL5 Ol~K 63/hoIws =not coming up to it" in seasons. 150. The loss of Smyrna. C'Me ciw4acXov = thus flung away " and so lost. See i. i 6. v7re~lkai/7o = secretly or treacherously received amongst themselves." T& 97rLtrXa = "moveable." See i. 94. 151. The Lolian towns in Ida and in the islands. 7rlVl- tds7r' wXtes. The five Lesbian cities were, Mytilene, Methyron~a, Antissa, Eresus, and Pyrrha. rT'v A&Pojvs s'lpovrai =distribute Lesbos amongst themselves." livres 6/hal/ovs, namely7TobS Apto-/alovg implied in 'Apto-/3av. c's r-jqoV EKai-i N 'aoow-t= about 40, not 100o; it is better with Strabo to write it as one word 'Ever7s'~o-0 = the island of the far-darter Apollo, (called Hecatus and Hecatmus, as his sister was called Hecate). afXX?7 Aa= " one besides." This is often the force of axxos, when collocated with other attributes. 152. The Ionian and AEolian embassy to Lacedoemon. dda~r~aro, the Ionic form of the Aor. 2. d&PtKos': while cbrIKaro = plupesfect=d,(Py/hAEsot q'aap. i7ropqoipcbv Eil~c 7rept/3ca~ojevos ="having wrapped himself up in a apuple robe," the accusative of the cognate notion. Wbs ats "that probably." dXX' air-bo~e...... A-qtewplezv. The uijis here added to the infinitive, on account of the negative implied in chre~o~,= "non-placuit." Verbs of neative import, such as KWOX6EW, 'hrourepelvp, iur/Xeo-Oat, K.TA.. take 1j which is not sup~erfluous or contradictory, because it strengthens the result of the negative portion, of the verb, for example, Btelp-YeTat To' fhi) cli',at Gtaqpopos - "he is prevented, and the result is that he is not useful," i.e. he is prevented from being useful: and in the case before us, when analysed on this principle, dMv' dw-l6o~6, K.Tr.X. "but it did not seem. good to them, and the result was that they would not aid the loniaens." 153. The Spartans badly treated by Cyrus. 9XXecrae= "matters of gossip," from Xlrx-q: compare 7rp6Xeo-Xov, a word of like origin, in zEschyl. Supp. 208, and Herod. ii. 535, 7reptXrca~rgffipfe.....r& g~ract: so in VIII. 9,2. i6reZXg re, supply 7-lw so's,, and see i. So. 154. The revolt of the Lydians. ds-lwT-qa-e-(transitive in Aor. i,) = "made the Lydians to revolt." 155. Crcesus gives Cyrus advice. E'~asapa~rolatOaoOat= "1to sell them out for slaves forthwith," force of the Aorist. W's okxaas= the more usual' d3 1OLK6. See iII. 143. 150-159] CLIO. 231 I7et Irts rapaI cltOKretvaT, K.TrA. Aristotle in his Rlhetoric quotes the proverb thus: N'7rios 6s 7r-caTlpc Krei-ews, 7ratacl Kara~etlret. IAuq' KIE~lXX^ dv'apd~as= Lat. "capite meo luenS" = wiping off the guilt by the sacrif9ce of my own head." The Greek idiom evidently refers to the custom of?wiping the knife upon the head of the sacri~ficial victim, after killing it: part of the ao-XaXtf~et. See Soph. El. 445, and see Odyss. i. 91i. o-v~y-yP61.qv ~wv: "=IIhaving a fellow-feeling with." KIXEVEF 31 o-95eaS Kt?62bPde. Xerxes imposed a like punishment on the Babylonians that had revolted from him, according to Plutarch: see Blomfield's Glossary in ~Ysch. Persff, 41, d'3pe'a.-op 3' `7rerat AV5CO' Kamr?~et5CL See i. 94. OM&l aewpot.... ~ d~reoorlwo-t-put for od &evk' go-rac /A' IrEisOt 156. Cyrus follows the advice of Crcesus. ot ibwer[Weroa I"suggested to him." Ae-ragovXEva6oao-ai "'to change his plans without delay" (aorist). iuiels r~s d'p-y7-?= "Yielding somewhat in his anger" (the partitive yenitive). The iur6 here has a softening tendency. Kalt 7rps= "and besides." irpls is often used adverbially. See it. 142, ~sch. Prom. 73, 937. 157. Pactyas takes refuge in Cyme. Is 4Oea iii fepcelw. Observe that W6ea is not used in Attic writers to express the habit ation of men. It occurs first in this sense in Hesiod, Works and Days, 168, and very often in Herodotus. The transition in English from " habit " to " habitation " is not great. arparai3 Aop~a~pcO' n6vrnK'frTe lXw='=with a division of the army, however great or small it may be." See i. i6o. ev BpaLyX0I3Vv. See I. 46, 9,2. 158. The Cymimans consult the oracle at Branchidme. goaXe /ui~ 7rado-at TaiOra Kvjualiae "maintained that the Cymnans should -not now do this." liretp~qo-6Aievt = "about to ask again," or "in addition." 159. Aristodicus procures a different answer from the oracle. bEt~eatvavres ="although we dread." The Greek participle has often a concessive force, as here. dva~ = "supreme sovereign," as opposed to /3aotIXevs. The term in Homer is generally aapplied to gods, and to Agamemnon amongst men, as the supreme leader of the expedition. es r63e= "thus far." ra7r6 chrb eO= "your opiniQn," —the opinion that emanates from yourself. vevoooeretq~lva = "Ihatched in a nest." Often in the Septuagint. Ki TOO1 d66TOU=- "aex adyto, " Lat.=" "from the inner (unapproached shrine)." 232 NOTES ON [L. To ^ L IK&- pTL oP000ecs, K.T.X. Observe that in both cases here the article is personal, as elsewhere. Translate: "10 supreme monarch! on the one hand, you yourself thus come to the help of your suppliants; and, on the other hand, you bid the Cymnians give up their suppliant." 16O. The Cymnians send Pactyas to Mitylene. erl r~p 'Arapvli g.aa-Oc= "on the condition of receiving the Atarnean territory as a reward." Of this place he speaks in viii. io6. Is -i TiJI' Mucrtpv, -riz X~otu ply uoevrat, 'A-rappeis 31 Kaxlerat o~XMs KptOwv= "whole (grains) of barley." The Greeks sprinkled cakes of this upon the victim's head in sacrifice; the Romans reduced it to powder, and having mixed it with salt (salsa mica, salsa mola) cast it on the victim. otbXis KpOwz' 7rp6Xvcrv Irotleo= "were in the habit of using whole grains of barley for sprinkling (on the head of the victim)." 161. Mazares enslaves the Prienians, and dies. 1Irl r~is -Vp.roXLOpK5o-aVTa s T di/aXov "against those who had joined in blockading Tabalus." ~ir13pap~e = (our idiom exactly) "Iover-ran." 162. Harpagus succeeds Mazares. oTa dps dwrobeXOels =" having been appointed general." From dTrebeLKP.6W, not dweolxoiiat. See ii. 124. b'KCJ -Yip ~ret~~hpeas irot 'a-ete = "'for when it happened that he drove the inhabitants within their walls." The optative of indefinite frequency. Xcb$fa1Ta X~P= "heaping up heaps," i. e. mounds. The accusative of the cognate word. SO ILI. 37, Thuc. IL. 75, and 2 Kings xix. 32. 163. The heroism of the Phocicans. 'A5pl9Pv=`"the Adriatic." Tvpopvt'qv= "the west oflItaly." 'I.g-pptpV ="the Spanish peninsula." Taprqo-olwP, in the south of Spain near Guadalquiver, near the site of the modem Cadiz. It is called Tarshish in Old Testament history. o'irol cio olKa a&vTes "these are they who expoe" ircivra EU01 KOLial &iarv= "a hundred and twenty in all." 164. The Phocaeans desert their city rather than yield to Harpagus. I~e~rc?5O7= "was completed. " ii. is5 rPo i,oXPfePQ1= " continually holding forth" (intensive and iterative of 9x"-). WS el Kcarca~p~ = "that it was enough, and quite enough." An intensive form of abro~p~v. See iv. i i 8, viii. 70. Kat~pwOjat =II to consecrate," to dedicate to the king (to whom whatever belonged was sacred). 7rep4-ql1CKTioPTCrs. See L. 44. 160-1681 CLIO. 233 165. The Chians refuse to sell them the islands cEnussae. Tr&s1 va-ous5 &s Olvo6o-aas. These islands, now called Spalmadores or Egonisi, lie between Chios and the continent. cbu'eoAi6'otonn: "wishing to buy for themselves." K6pvov. Now "ICorsica." dvecrr?5o-av-ro= raised up for themselves." 'A'XaX[t. Afterwards called Alesia. 4'wCOal-p. Now called "Fochia." hern~oaaVTO l-XUP&T Kardpas "they bound themselves by strong curses.") KctTer6PTwCOcV = "they sunkE into the depths of the sea." Compare the words of Horace, Epod. xvi. 1 7 sqq.: "1Nulla sit h~c potior sententia: Phocweorum Velut profugit execrata civitas. Sed juremus in hmc: simul imis saxa rendrint Vadis levata, ne redire sit nefas." ava95vat. Intranisitive for dzmaq5asoas &epOlpTes (passive with active signification) = having weighed anchor." Literally, "having lifted (the anchor)." 166. The rest of the Phooneans sail for Corsica. &yW/ -ya'p 67 KUd 9956poV, K.r. X. = "and they drove (away the cattle), and, observe, even carried (off the corn, &c.) of all tlheir neighbours, withoiut exception." Compare the "forre (of things) et agere" (slaves and cattle) of the Roman writers. Ka sI11 TLS tK-7=" a dear-bought victory:" a proverbial expression from the disastrous story of Eteocles and Polynices, whose victory was deal/i. The victory mentioned by Herodotus is not the same victory as that mentioned by Thucyd. i. i3, obtained 6Q years before, when the Phocaeans were founding Marseilles. 167. Some Phocanas found Yelia. Kca~rl~vcwa= "stoned to death " (a Jewish punishment.). 'A-yiAXa^os "the inhabitants of Agy~lla or Ccere." &a-y~o uo-= "sacrifice to the dead, " as opp. to 06ew- = to sacrifice to the living." 'T~un " IVelia. " Derived from ElXq, ("Ithe marshes ") near Paestum. 168. The Teians leave their own town, and found Abdera. T~5Cot. Teos is now called IIBodrun: " it is famous for being A nacreom's birth-place. 7rpdT,Epo9 To6reu', K. T. \. Abdera was founded by Timesius from Clazomenw, about io8 years before its subsequent settlement by the Teians. 234 NOTES ON [I. 169. The rest of the Ionians submit. Th' &0vXoeii-qv oVhK dve6X0sevos0 = " as a fact not putting up with slavery." Observe the strong force Of O~K with a participle. 170. Bias' advice to the Ionians. VL-wV -re ai7rao-ewv /Ie-yhtT?7V- ePfuoplkvovs = "portioning out among themselves the largest of all islands, without exception." Observe the mistake of Herodotus in making Sardinia the largest island, and see v. io6, VI. t. It is rather odd that he did not know that even S8icily was larger. 171. Harpagus attacks the Carians. Kapes Aeps. According to Strabo this people once possessed the eastern coast of Peloponnesus. &Yooz Kal iyd~ 6vvaravs G'At, K. v. X. = as far as I can learn by report, going as far hack as possible (in my inquiries)." 6'acwev= " shield-handle " of this shape, X; while the reXaiUi'P, also a shield-handle, was of this shape, H. e'ftipeez vhs &o ---tbcas= "they used to wear their shields." beoplwo is the frequentative form of 95epc, as "glesto" in Lat. is of "1gero." juevda bi rois Kapas Xp6vcq, iTrvepop. Thucyd. I. 4, says that Minos ejectled the Carians from the Cyclades, and established his own sons as rulers. PBihr reconciles this by supposing that those only were expelled who resisted his authority, and that the more submissive inhabitants were allowed to remain. 172. The Caunians, their language and customs. 'rpbs rb KapLK6P 90ps'o. Homer speaks of the Carians as jPap/3apa-tde'ws'. Iliad, II. 687. 6'hvves v& 67riXa. From this we may conjecture that the Caunian national god was a war-god. 00j0s'i= " all from their youth upwards." 173. The Lycians -origin of people and their name. ol A6KLOL, TeplkiXat. In Vii. 9,2, Herodotus observes, A6VKOL bU Tepy~dat eKaXlevTo IK Kp'7-vqg y-yov67-sS, E'r1l 31 AKOV 7roO IHau'tSlos dz'pbs 'A0,qvaiou goaXov 7vi'p 'irw~v1./WqV. dp.'i xpiovpp= " Iin the course of time. " See vil. I 0, WILI 12 3. oviqnplpcvv-ac "agree, " II. 8o, v. I13, as we say, "to bear one out in a statement." Ihwb TCOP u'iq-rfpeow. MUller, in his work on the Etruscans, remarks this of the Etruscans, and states that the mother's name occurs in Tuscan sepulchral inscriptions more often than the father's name. KaavnCge= "will lay down." dz'1aXsfAvat= "will count up." 169-180] CLIO. 235 174. Harpagus readily conquers Carla. ap'YIAIV-03 R e' riS 'Es xeproe'orv ri~s Be ao-ort-s '"since Bybassia bean fromn the mainlan d." ' pya ' 7s= "adj oin s, " acc. to lRawlinson. 2;A-P Mentioned by Homer, Iliad, ii. 67'i. 175. The Pedaseans resist Harpagus. H?76aaes. This term would imply that though such a people existed, yet such a town as H'&aoa- no longer existed, at least in the time of Herodotus. Trpls ao-t ToUTo &ye'VIET0. See VIII. 104, where this is varied by 31s # &y&Eero. A16-1. This mountain is not mentioned by any other extant author. 176. Obstinate defence of Xanthus. 'W~vtov r-eloz'. This lay to the south of the city, being in fact the alluvial deposit of the river Xanthus. It is about seven miles across from IUzlan to Patara, and from four to five miles deep from the coast to the foot of the mountains: the city stands near its upper extremity, on the left bank of the river. The Xanithians distinguished themselves by resisting Harpagus, Alexander, and Brutus. 177. Cyrus in person subdues Upper Asia. Kai o~&p 7raptels-= "passing by none." Supply 90vos'. 178. An account of Babylon. 'Aroup-totat 17rerl8ero = "set himself upon the A ssyrians; " i. e. attacked. Observe that Babylonia is included in Assyria by Herodotus. Kai 6'Oa oq51, K.r. X.= "and where, on the destruction of Nineveb, the royal (halls) were fixed by them; " i. e. by the A ssyrians implied in Ts3 'Ao-ovp1qs'. ACeTi 84. Supply TrpJ rTdopo= "and next to (the trench)." 179. The mnethod of building its walls. EXdO-cTIES 5U 7rX1P0oV9 iKaLViS ="having moulded a szfien uatt of bricks." Compare the Lat. term " ducere lateres." TAiX/hIIL XpE6AcPo& = " using as cement. " &t& Tpn5KOJJTa 66~uov 7rXIVOOVJ, K.TA.N= "inserting between every thirty rows of bricks layers of reed-mats." 7rXlz'Oes is a collective noun here. /.CuVVO'KXa ="having one chamber;" literally, " single-jointed." XdXKCaL 7rc~rat. Isaiah xlv.,"I will bre-ak in pieces the gatcs of brass " (of Babylon). See iii. 1 59 of Herodotus. 180. The Euphrates divides the city. vr6w 8V 5r~o Taf' KdrTfpOV, K.TA.X ="the wall on each side has its angles carried downx to the river;" i. e. is squared off where it runs 236 NOTES ON 111. into the river. Homer also uses h-yKciw in the same way to the angular projection of a wall. See I1liad, IL. 70'2. '-rb b& dib -roirov. Supply Te0D dYKW'Pos=I "from this rectangular direction." 181. The temple of Belus in Babylon. 06~p'i~= "breast-work." OwpdKLeV= " lorica mcenium." 7repcf36Ap "circular wall;" that is, thrown (j3dXXw) around (7irepZ) the city. TOJ po'. The lepbv embraced the entire extent of the consecrated ground, containing the sacred grove (-rlgevos), the court, and houses of the priests; the temple, properly so called, was z'ab= the holy shrine., where the Deity dwells (vdee i6 G6s). A6eo'o'T bi KOV) T~5 K.Tr.X. =',locp& 1"Wr& Ti'r, K.TAN. = toone being about the middle of the ascent." 182. Similar customs at E~gyptian Thebes and Patara. fa-eiu' 'ylvfTat. Supplyo 06Ges; i. e. Apollo, who during the winter months is at Patara in Lycia, and in summer is in Delos. Compare Horace, Od. III. 4. 64, 'KDelius et Patareus Apollo." 183. Another temple in Babylon. lLXXoT KcdTW "i6s. A sort of crypt temple. pt= 9PEo-rt. (Observe the accent.) ol Tprpve~a uce-ydX-q 'irapaKler-at =a large table is spread before him." Compare the ceremonies of the Roman Lectisternum. irb IPc~po' = "'the step " (by which the throne is ascended), or "Ithe pedestal " on which the image (iyca\ea) rests. T'i rgXea r~v 'irpo/3rcorv= " the full-grown sheep," or "full number" (riXos = tale-count), or "perfect," without spot or blemish. The genitive here is part itive. -yaXaO0'ls = "sucklings." ea-yope~orra Ah2. See note on z. 152. 184. The Babylonish monarchs. direcla-ro = exhibited, " left as visible memorials of herself. Compare the expression in the next chap.,u'mag6avva?Xi'ire-o. 7irp6r-epoz' 5& ldd0e 6 7ro-ajebS', K.T.X. = "and formerly the river was wont to drown every thing like a sea, up and down the plain." So Isaiah, speaking of Babylon, "Ithe burden of the desert of the sea;" and in Jeremiah, I will. dry up her sea." 185. Semiramis and Nitocris. dpatpn-p6'a. Ionic for -ppiaeea= "taken." 0?I&' Koxtowvra,=" those who convey themselves, mid., and so travel; so 'irope6w~ and 7rqpetoua6e. 181-190] CLIO. 237 gXvrpov XLjY= " a reservoir for a lake." (The dative of advantage.) pdOos ELv eis rb vi5wp ael 6po'o'ovoa= "as to depth, digging on (until they came) to the water." TK re r7iv TrX6w. Supply r-KOX\L= " and after these winding navigations." rT a6roca 6i5o=B=" the short-cut (passage)." 186. The Quay along the river-bank. ravra /cpy 8O, K.T.X. = "Now, observe, she threw around her city (as a defence) this (soil) from the excavation, and afterwards she had the following addition made." r's 7r6Xtos doi6ojs tOo 0aapocwv= "the city consisting of two parts." Udovra robs X10ous...IzoX63Py. See Thucyd. I. 93. 187. Darius opened the sepulchre of Nitocris. od y&p dueLvov= "for it is better not;" euphemism for it will be worse for him. 7repqXOe i paaoX\'t-t- = "the kingdom came round to." Kal eWvbv 5dKcKee= " it seemed even a hard (matter)." lTraKaXeov=coWP= "calling him on to it;" i. e. provoking attention. t' o0 XaCEel acrd. Observe /h oS=Lat. "quin"="but that he should seize it without delay." 188. Cyrus invades Labynetus. 'ro0 AUovov trivet f3ao\Xes =" the only water of which the king drinks;" the partitive genitive. Compare Milton, Paradise Regained: "There Susa by Choaspes' amber stream, The drink of none but kings." 189. Cyrus' anger at the river Gyndes. eirl rI6va roTra/. See v. 32. As this river is mentioned by no other author, there is considerable difficulty in identifying it. Probably it is the same with the Mendeli, which flows from the mountains of Louristan, and joins the Tigris between Kort and Karna. I7rnv ryv XeVKiwV. See Herod. vII. 55. u~vp,&cras= "having swept away." VroIppXtov OIXCKee,blpov=" engulphed and carried off." Karlretv e aXOvOTev~as, K.r.X. = "he marked out in a straight line and extended one hundred and eighty channels on each side of the river, diverging in every direction." 190. Cyrus advances on Babylon in the second spring. 7rlXac,7re= "just gleamed forth." Observe the force of b7r6. &7ropl-.t7c,Yero-O="was being pressed upon by difficulties." 238 NOTES ON [I. dvw~rtp&, TE o!~v1 -rde 7rjYqyjATWYV 7rpK0K7rTrojulp 50= "and in no respect his plans advancing onwards." Observe that 7rpoK67rr7et'=" to cut down impediments;" i. e. cut one's way before one, and hence to advance. So the Lat. "1procedo " (pro-coedo?) in Livy, "cum parum procederet inceptum.." See iin. 56, and Thucyd. iv. 6o and VIL. 56. 191. Cyrus takes Babylon by stratagem. 0bV Ty' dyXp'jty TOo- arparoD= "with the ineffective part of his army." See Xen. An. v. '2. 21, and Cgesar, Bell. Gall. vii. 77, "inutiles ad helium. " T6 dp~a~tov jilcOpov 5cqgar~uv elvat hlroLqce. Isaiah xliv. 2 7, "That saith to the deep, Be dry, and I will dry up the rivers." Jeremiah 1. 38, "A drought is upon her waters, and they shall be dried up; for it is the land of graven images, and they are mad upon their idols." V7rOVOOrTi-T~aavros "having gone gently hack." So Thucyd. Iir. 89. lreTdaTO Ionic ='rerayyevo& 970-av Attic. oW'S &v, -7repu5e6vr69, K.TAX. = " they could not 'possibly have overlooked tbe Persians entering their city, but would have destroyed them most miserably." ir-vMilas lxo o-as= " little gates leading " (like /~epoicrc in i. i8o). l'wS U jueycdOeos, K.TA.. See Jeremiah Ii. 31I, "One post shall run to meet another, and one messenger to meet another, to shew the king of Babylon that his city is taken at one end." According, to Aristotle's Pol. iii. 2, ]Babylon was taken three days before it was known to all its inhabitants. Xenophon, Cyropcedia, vii. 5. 1 5, agrees with Herodotus that it was taken at a festival. See Rollin's remarks in his Ancient History. 192. The resources of Babylonia boundless. -,y~ 7r- b'o-s tdpXei. See i. 21r. S7' dprcL/3q. The Attic corn-medimnus contained forty-eight chcenices; consequently, the Persian artabe contained fifty-one choenices. The medimnus was equal to two Roman Amphoroe, or about an English bushel and a half. See Boeck's Public Economy of Athens. 193. The soil of Babylonia grood for grain. vvrat p1lv iX1-yy: supply l'ercg or v'Sart. KflXc~'0V?~LoL. A sort of crane for raising water from a well. 17rl 80lKia-a= "two hundred-fold. " See ii. i 65. Kap7rwv?X6Ae~va= "relating to fruits." See i. i12o. 194. The merchant craft described. Til 7rAoia: see Lucan, iv. 131: "Primum, cana salix, madefacto vimine, parvam. Texitur in puppim," &c. Porter describes similar boats on the modern Babylonish rivers, 191-202] CLIO. 239 195. Babylonish dress. KLO6iPt... XIPW,. According to Heeren, Xlveov in Herodotus signifies either linen or cotton. ievbrepLe = "the Babylonian puts Up~on him and over him." Supply 6' Ba&Mvcptor. 196. The sale of the beautiful women to endow the plain. KcpVf 7rwXgEeKE = "the herald (or auctioneer) used to sell. ebpeioca 7roXX6'p Xpuaiev= " having brought much gold."' We say, "to fetch " or "bring " a good price. dP6K'4pvoae= " he proceeded to cry up " or "put up to auction." ed~aiaOes- "rich, " as "1beatus, " often in Latin, "blessed with this' world's wealth." 197. The sick of Babylon. 7l-cpe~EXE1 -rbP Kda/vovTa =" to pass away on the other side from one who is labouring under a disease." Remember the priest and Levite in our blessed Lord's Parable of the Good Samaritan. 198. Custom of burial.,raqoad & aoq5 ep /pdXcT = "Iand they bury in honey." 199. The impurity of the Mylitte worship. dr once for all " (in her life). do~e6s Te i73-auydvat dc1i Kci ~Lyteydeo, K.T.X. = "and as many women as are striking for their beauty and stature." E'ra~lkeat from elpcbrTEo-0ai TWOS= "to lay hold of one "-impress, captivate. 200. Three Bahylonish tribes live on fish. es b'\op = "Iinto a mortar." a~o-es b&o-sv86ves= "strain through fine linen." ao'os an abbreviated form of a~Oovors, as vaut for v'Oovcrs. 201. Cyrus attacks the Massagetre. The Massagetee were nomnad Scythians beyond the Taxartes, sometimes Iacac, sometimes Tartars, of Mongolian race. Herodotus gives the best proof himself from the similarity of clothes and food, of living in waggons, and of fighting on horseback. irpb9 h' -re KcaZ qXifov dvareois = "towards the east andl rising of the Sun:" a pleonasm. See ii. 31, pust diro eicirepqT 're Kczl hXteu v ba-levp. 202. The islands of the Araxes. TP' x61eptistVV: supply cap-v. ical 7r-ip divaKa6aclvrat, K.r.\. See iv. 75, where similar efforts are said to he produced among the Scythians by the vapour of hemp heated On. stones. P&Le 8dt KccOapovi = "flows witaout obstruction." Supply -r6iroz. 240 NOTES ON [I. 203. The Caspian Sea. cIi- euuvris-="6y itself." dir' " qss dypiqs-= "on the produce of the wild Woods." T4b rioXX& ircdpTa = quite the majority." ~ycL &y-ypd69bcn = "print figures of animals on their dress." 204. The Massagetze. iO6o-ete orpa-re6eaOacu= " he directed his expedition." 205. Cyrus proposes marriage to Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae. lyvfiro r;k6,yq = pretended to court her," as opp. to r3 lp-y~ direlriaTo rijv irp6o-o~ow= "she rejected his advance." The verb literally means, "Isaid ' off' to." 206. Tomyris challenges Cyrus to battle. advlxeu epwvu="1 put up with seeing." i-poe-i-Wee = "he laid before them." 207. Orcesus advises Cyrus to invade the enemy. 6-rc 17ret Ase, K.TrA. Observe that 6,rt often, as here, introduces the viery words used by the speaker, and answers very much to our qusotation marks. 208. Cyrus passes the Araxes to fight Tomyris. auvlorao-av=' "were at variance." So in VII. T4', VIII. 79; and compare the somewhat uncommon expressions, avvearrdve& Myt,2, 7r-ivpw, KacldTqy, vII. 170, IX. 89. Kaer& iurlovero i7rpii-rcc "according as she undertook at first." McT& = KaG' 4 in Attic Greek. Th)V f3aIflA71t7v 013ov. This harmonises well with the law mentioned in vii. 2. 209. Cyrus sends home Hystaspes, the father of Darius, on "ccount of a dream. M'81ov X6-yov ' iwvrc = proceeded to reason with himself." See I. 97. YOVK&2V eoTrI.nXav~...,rb Idj Ketl'O1P 1irqgov~etew= "there is no possibility that he is not plotting;" i. e. he cannot but be plotting. 210. Cyrus is afraid of Darius. dvT1 /i& 8o6Xwv= " instead of slaves." Herodotus alone of the Greek authors uses 6,ivr I with the infinitive mood without the article: probably for the sake of antithesis, as here. 7razpa318w1At= "give him up" (into your hand). Compare the Latin "trado."9 evuXdc6pKwp = about to watch for the good of Cyrus." Dative of advantage. 203-216] CLIO. 241 211. Cyrus carries out the plan of Croesus. troO KaOapo (orparov= "the sound part of the army," as KaOapbs-= "free" (i) from impurity, (2) from incompleteness or inefficiency. See Thucyd. v. 8, TW' y&p 'AOrvaiwv lTrep o-rTpdTCve, KaOapo' ei\Oe: and see Goller's note. aivavro. See Livy, XLI. 2, and Strabo, xr. who says that Cyrus employed this stratagem against the Sacce, and that a festival called Sacama was established to commemorate it. 212. Cyrus captures the son of Tomyris. c8qU' d7rap0js= "lift not thyself up at all." The passive with a middle signification. C7rava7rXcevy=="to float upwards to the top." The word is the Ionic form of 7rava7r\etv. 7X\ov i eTr6/w6vwI rot= "I swear to you by the Sun." So in Latin we have "juro" with the accusative case, as in Virgil, Zn. xII. 197: "HIec eadem, ZEnea, terrai, mare, sidera juro." tJLv= j IzUv. The usual and solemn formula of the oath sworn= "in truth," or "in God's name." 213. The son of Tomyris commits suicide. 'va T v KaKOV= "in what special calamity he was in." iepyed~arao= " he dispatches." Lat. "conjicit." 214. Tomyris kills Cyrus. ovvXeo-Oat. Supply daX?\Xots = "came to close combat." 7repte'/evlaro=Attic 7repte7yfoTro, as dal7rKaTo for &ctKOVTO. eva7r7V7re = lvao7ire. T7' K6pov rTeXeVTrV= a" the ending of the (life) of Cyrus." Compare the similar fate of Crassus with the same people. Xenophon, Strabo, and others say that Cyrus died at home and in a peaceful manner. 215. Garb and manners of the Massagetse. aCIu)oorpwv yap,uerlxovo-t. Supply nves~, "for of both parties are there some who occupy portions" (of the plains). 6 3U Xpvr6s. This was probably found in grains in the streams from the Altai mountains. 216. Sun-worship is their religion. a7roKpe/u&cas= "having hung forth," or "from" (a point). Kal tXXa '7rp63-aTa; not = "and other sheep," but = "and sheep beside." Tr 06ovo't trlrovU. Compare Xenop. Cyrop. VIII. 3. I2, #Aera 8U T7oS Pou;s 'r7rot 7Yyovro, Ov/La Tr 'HXip, and Ovid. Fast. I. 385: "Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperiona cinctum, Ne detur celeri victima tarda Deo." HEROD. I, 1300K IT. EUTERPE. 1.CAIMnYSES succeeds his father Cyrus. E 5r M'yuiprrov, K.-r.. According to Clinton, Cambyses conquered Egypt, B.C. 425, in the fifth year of his reign. 2. Psammetichus' method of discovering the oldest nation. 4r6ro6TovTO= "from that time." Supply Xp6ovu. dxv0pc~irwv rZiv ert-rTuX6irr&J= "people that you happen upon (every day)," i.e. ordinary people. Ar~; p'= "x, at the (regular) time" (of feeding). 77pjrVa Occ qwrv pIH~ovot 7rpc56Tlv = "what was the first expression to which they would give utterance." fgeK69. Rawlinson observes, this word has been connected with the German "bachen" and our "bake." Lessen, however, throws doubt on this connexion., and suggests a formation from the Sanscrit root "1pee," which becomes (he says) in Greek, 7rerco; Lat. coq-uo; German, coch-en; our "cook;" Servian, "pec-en." 3. The priests of Egypt supply him with information. 'Hqoato-rov= the Egyptian Pct has. 'HXto67r-oXiv. Heliopolis, or the " City of the Sun," called also "On," was near the beginning of the Delta, a little to the north of the modern Cairo. 4. Discoveries of the Egyptians. && Trpltov greoq 4Ac/6Xqeov ha-ejugdci\ovo-& ="'insert an intercalary month at the commencement of every third year," i.e. at the end of every second year, i. 3,2 -7rac-v Atyvtrroe, etvat fXo5. According to Wilkinson (Ancient Egyptians), the lapse of more than 3000 years has made no sensible difference in the level of Lower Egypt, and that vestiges are still to be found on the sea-shore of places similarly located more than 2ooo years since. 5. Original state of EgypG. jgdypt Trpt~v ' jieplwov 7r-Xov. See Bk. iv. 86. Ilerodotus estimates a long day's sail at 70,000 fathoms, and a night's at 6o~ooo. 6. Dimensions of Egypt. erXoivot. This Egyptian measure varied from 30 and 32 to 40 stadia. The G reek word o-Xo~vo s = " rope, " and "'Irush, " of which ropes are still made in Egypt and in other countries, and lingers in the modern "skein." 1-13] NOTES ON EUTERPE. 243 7. Dimensions of Egypt. TW(P 6VC56EKa Oedv'. See vI. io8. An altar was erected to them in the agora of Athens hy Pisistratus, son of Hippias, according to Thu. cydides, vi. 54. 8. The plain of Egypt. W~s cZVc A-y67rrou = "for Egypt:" W's is limitative. The meaning of the whole passage, according to Bdbr, is, " As for the country, as you go up the river from Heliopolis, it is no longer spacious, for Egypt." 9. The journey from Heliopolis to Thehes. 'EXEcoaWTp1Pp'. Blakesley remarks, that it is singular that whenever Elephantine is mentioned by Herodotus there is nothing to indicate any suspicion that it is an island, but, on the contrary, it appears in one passage to be considered on the mainland, in Chap. 28, and yet Herodotus professes to have visited Elephantine himself. 10. The vale of the Nile compared to the plain of Ilium. 9q5atver6 IJo0, Ke.,r.. This is confirmed by Nearchus. A6vros 7revTa-T6IIov. Observe that here and in Chap. 15 Herodotus omits the two artificial mouths, the Bolbitine and the Bucolic. Ka7-T, -rh NeZXop "in comparison with the Nile." W'i 'E~twcL5wv Phacu. Thucyd. ii. 10,2: do-1 T63ov,rho-&,v at ipripwvTaCs iX7-ZS 6h Kai 7-d'oeas OlJK I' 7roX~cj 7ru's aVy yjo6vc, Toiro 71-a0,EFv. 1.Description of the Arabian Gulf. Vtov7U' 4pqs 7rX~ov. This is only true of the Sinus Herodpoliticus.?K 7~ I~Oplqtq OaX oqs =: "from the northern sea," i.e. the Mediterranean Sea. &/ T?75 z'OTIfl, the Erythreean Seat, or Indian Ocean. o-Xe~fl /zs' dXXhXoto-t ovvre7rpavovraS, K. T.. -. Blomfield, in his Glossary on the Choephoree of Alschylus, thus translates the passage: "IAd intimos recessus penetrant idem ferb terrie spatium dissecantes, ut initium, hujus cum fine illius concordat, quod ad parallelismum. attinet: parvo autem, spatio interposito inter se distant." 12. Formation of Egypt. Ko~yX6Xac, K.T.N. Blakesley remarks that this observation is not of a piece with his former argument. These mountains are there supposed to be the shore of a former sea, not to have lain at the bottom of it. The argument here is Strabo's, where his object is to prove the numerous instances of the change of sea and land. -ris ylp 'Apa/3I-s JJ4J&OVTat. That portion of the coast between Egypt and Palestine. 13. The priests try to show the rise of the land. 1IKeS WXot 6 irorcajs's. Pococke supposes that eight cubits, mentioned by the priests, must be understood of the elevation of the waters above 11-2 244 NOTES ON III. their ordinary level, and not of their depth from the bed of the river; whereas the sixteen cubits, which he mentions further on, must be understood of the entire depth of the waters from their highest elevation to the bottom. Wilkinson agrees with him. tvdiroa-rpoq5'? Vaarcos = "a remedy (for the want) of water." The objectie genitive. 9K voci At6s. Jove is especially regarded as god of the elements, so of air, the maker of thunder, rain, &c. Compare Horace, "Isub Jove frigido. " 14. The lower part of Egypt readily cultivated. Hnere -ye Clo-eral orq& i1 Xe~p~q. According to Wilkinson, showers fall annually at Thebes; perhaps, on an average, four or five in a year; and every eight or ten years heavy rains fill the torrent beds of the mountains which run to the banks of the Nile. oVh-,E ac7pqo~. The plough is found in ancient sculptures, and was only dispensed with, most likely, after a high flood of the Nile. 15. The boundaries of Egypt according to the Ionians. 'Icbvwv " Ithe Greeks." As the Ionians were the first Greeks known to the Egyptians and Asiatics, the term was applied loosely to all Greyw~rov.The modern name of Egypt, Musr or Misr, is the H~israins of the Bible= the two Misrs corresponding to the "two regions" of the Scriptures. Misr does not exist on the monuments. I~awinsn obervs, Egy Pt is Mar' i~oX'jv, 'the land of Ham' (Psalms lxxviii. 5I cv. 23, 27, cvi. 2,2), therefore perhaps called Chesni, its only title on the monuments. Ham probably took up his abode there, and his name passed on both to the country and to its original chief god Khem, the special deity of the Thebais, which was the first seat of civilisation in Egypt. Egypt too furnishes the natural centre from which the different Hamitic races can diverge to Ethiopia, Arabia, Babylonia, Palestine, and the Syrian coast." Observe also that the words " chemistry," "alchymy, " are derived from Chemi = Egypt. cli llepoLY&S KUA?0\.eP/Lvfl a-KOmrLs. The rocky promontory of A oulkir, on which Canopus stood, was probably the site of this wcatch-tower. Ecizw/3os has been derived from kahi noub= "golden land,"=Xpicreov liaoos. flj\o~o-Lo= "Philistine" (town), according to Lepsius, as it was the last town retained by the shepherd Princes (Hypsos), who were Philistines, when driven from Egypt. Kcavrdppuv7ov= " alluvial," i.e. bsorne down (the stream). rI 7repteipyc oeo ="why did they proceed 'to a work of supeerogation I" TOiiS vlroKaraf~alovras = "'those who gradually came down (into the,new country)," as opposed to roiv 'roXe&7rop.4eiovs=I "those who were left behind (in the old country)." 14-19] EUTERPE. 245 16. Want of symmetry in this definition of the limits of Egypt. Atg36qv. Sallust (Jug. c. 17), "1plerique in parte tertif Africam posuere; pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam. esse, sed Africam in Europa'. 7rpoo-Xo-ytPeoOa& = "in addition, to take into their calculation.' ica-is Tr) 46~ at the a.Pex."1 Mela calls it, "Iacumen Deltas." ireptppi?,ivwrat b= reaks off all round in different directions." 17. Egypt partly in Asia and in Libya. 9-repa &qOdaOa aor'ua-ra. Arrowsmith gives the following as the seven mouths of the Nile: (i) Ancient Canopic mouth, now ahout 300 yards wide, from Lake Aboukir, or Maudie, into the hay of Aboukir; (,2) Boihitine (Rosetta mouth); (3) ancient Sehennytic mouth (now seven feet water), from Lake Bourlas into the sea; (4) ancient Bucolic mouth, or Phatnitic; (5) ancient Miendesian mouth (now mouth of Dibe), from Lake Menzaleh into the sea; (6) ancient Tanitic mouth (now OmFaredje mouth), with six feet water during sixty days of the Nile's increase, from Lake Meunzaleh into the sea; (7) Pelusian mouth (now Buhastic, choked with mud, to the east of Lake Menzaleh). The Arabians call these mouths Os3to6m, from the Lat. "1ostium," or Greek UT6/Ja, by metathesis. 0a~yevga (i) = " legitimate," as opp. to v60os, hastard; (2) = regular, " " Inatural, " as opp. to 6pVKT 'a " Iarti~fleial." 18. Response of the God Ammon. 75~ 4eecwvnoD yc~gqs UOTepos' "after the (formation) of my ownd opinion." Maplsqs re 7r6Xtos. In ir. 30, Herodotus speaks of it as a frontier fortress towards Lyhia; it was placed on the southern side of that lake, called after it Mareotis. It was celebrated for its wine. Virgil in Georg. II. 9i1: " Sunt Thasime vites, sunt et Mareotides alhas." And in Horace we have "'lymphatam. Mareotico." And probably alluded to in the monumental inscriptions as "Ithe wine of the northern country." OV~K 6jsoXo-yletv a6,ro?d& = do not speak the samse language with them." 19. The Nile, its rise and overflow. 5 7L KaTepXeTaS =&I' 05,7T Ka7-1p~e7rat. 7rE~dcas I)' Is TS6P d'pLOpo', K.TAX. " And having drawn near to the number of these days." dh-ixerat = "'overflows." See 1=6rsdwp~et in II. i 8. diro?~chrwyrb TI)AeOpop- 1"b ing- lbehfhd`9li_ OWn (regttlarY (z)U029. The article issssve 246 NOTES ON [IL IAeXpt oi' aL~Tts TpO~reWV Ti~V Geptulwv =" until the time of the return of the summer solstice." With the ou' here compare the Latin expression, "tempore quo.",r& 9f.47aXtw IrE9VK&at "to be naturally the reverse." 20, 21, 22, 23. The three Greek theories of the inundations of the Nile examined. erloipsei=o "men of mark " (stamped men). o-qspvaL= "to indicate them once for all" (the force here of the aorist). Herod. does not think their opinions worth dwelling upon. -robs MXovs 7o-erauoiei', b'et = "all the other rivers, as many as." ol 6XXo = Lat. " caeeri, " " reliqui;" and see note on i. '2. iieXeo Ail e'' T-,q Mvphg roTa/mi, K.,rA As the Etesian winds blow from tho west as well as from the north, there is no real difficulty here, feiom. the easterly course of these rivers. d7r6 7e0) 'UiKeaveU plo'Tcr.' This was, the opinion of Dicaearchus and of Homer. Xlyec ya'p &ij ov'5' c5T'J elv =" for, observe, not even does this (opinion) expres~ anything (true)." So Lucan, x. 2 19: V~ana fides veterum, Nilo quo crescat in arva ~Xthiopum. prodesse nives." Euripides adopted the same theory from his teacher Anaxagoras, when speaking of the Nile in Helen. he says: IEUK~Ss TaC10etr27 XCOW'e, u-YPatvei 'ydcaS. 6rTL dpo'uq~os. Strabo knew, however, that the inundation of the Nile was owing to the rains which fall during the summer in ZEthiopia. 8t' frees ="throughout the year." Compare the common expression in ireland, "the year through." 6' 6 7repl reo3 'O2,eawoiO. See Chap. 21. This is supposed to beHeca. tieUs. el'K 9Xet Ae-yXov ="I contains nothing to refute it." 7ro7aflml' Ti2Keav6P. Iliad, XIV. '245, 'lreTaIolete jilepa 'D2icao'ei. 24, 25. Herodotus' theory of the Nile inundation. 8oe03ov = "the sun's course in the heavens." Btei~uin -r~s Aqtv'sjs r,& dvw. Herodotus seems to regard the inundadation of the Nile as its natural state; and that the river subsided during the winter only because it was being drained by the eva~poration of the sun, which was immediately over the higher parts of Libya. The notion that the sun's food was water, though ridiculed by Aristotle., was Stoical, and is mentioned by ILucretius: "Flammiger an Titan ut alentes hauriat undas Erigit Oceanum." And see Anacreon's Ode, xix.: 7ietee....6 8' 'Mo~s ao-oXaeiu. 2,0-29] EUTERPE. 247 KIEXapa&P wIL11fl75 "torn~ up by torrents." 6 6U NeXos &iw dlolvo~ps= "the Nile, as a fact, not having rainwater." w~-a pressed " or "Iexhausted" (by the sun). 26, 27. The Ister (Danube) compared to the Nile. StaKalwv ri~v 6 tdobop 6esrcui-= " burning up his passage," i. e. all the air that he passes through on his course. 7) a-7-dois -rdv d'lpcv."the settled position of the seasons." OA&Le Lat. " amat, " in the sense of solet = " Iis wont. " 28. Egyptian account of the Nile's source. -roi & Nel~ov T&s rcqryci. We have not yet discovered the fountains of the true Nile, as it seems admitted on all hands that the -Bahr el A biad, or the 14rhite River, as the more important river, was the reed Nile of the ancients. 6 ypaAq~arto-re -Cr q1p Twv pL Xpq[4rwv-= "the scribe that had charge of the priestly properties." Mu5'27s = the modern Assovan; it was a place of importance as a frontier garrison-town on the borders of Ethiopia. KpC95t, MOC95. The scribe was evidently joking Herodotus. Rawlinson compares the words to those absurd rhyming repetitions in our language: "burly-burly," "helter-skelter," "hum-drum," "1hugger. mugger, " &c. iktKeO-OaL=Lat. "lpervenire"= "1make its way to" (through difficulties). 29. lierodotus did not go beyond Elephantine. iOToPl&)M= " learning by inquiry. " 6vaw-es = "up-hill," as opp. to Kcdravre= "down-hill." Ka-rcdirep Po~v, " after the manner of an ox" (when dragged by ropes to the altar). is-I iyspas -rlo-o-epas = "extends over four days." The accusative of extension in time and place, with f'-ri, is quite in analogy with the accusatives of bid. Compare above,?ir- AeaKp6ra7-o; =" extending (my inquiries) as far as I could." 6' Matcu'bpog. Chandler observes, in his Travels, "The river runs from the mouth of the lake with many windings, through groves of tamarisk, toward Miletus, proceeding by the right wing of the theatre in mazes to the sea, which is in view and distant, as we computed, about eight miles." Our En glish word " meander" is derived from this river. ds-oj3&s= e navi descendens " in Latin, "disembarking." o-K67re~ot (Latin, "1scopuli "). d;'bXovua& (intransitive) = high rocks (from which one can see afar) hold themselves u~p." Xotpcibes = hogs' backs. " Virgil's "Idorsumn immane manis, " of low, rough sunken rocks, whose back alone is visible. 246 NOTES ON [II. Ala..At6vvoov —called by the Egyptians " Amun" and " Osiris's respectively. 30. An Egyptian colony above Syene. tayj Xp6vp " Iin a period equal" to the journey from Elephantine to Merde. irpi's AWLt67rwP = "against," or "in the direction of." Compare Irpbs 'Apaf~icv, 7rpo's At36,qs. dwrXve ovdlsis = "no one relieved them,." oiva a="and he tried to dissuade them." Thucyd. vi. 72. 31. How far the Nile is known. irdpe~= beyond and except." Tr-OroVTO yI&p au/iq~aXXoudivcp pAn~vc. Wesseling states that Aristides differs from ilerodotus in the number of months consumed in the journey from Elephantine to Automoli. 32, 33. The expedition of the Nasamones into Central Africa. Naaacyxdrar. These dwelt about the Syrtes, and by them the trade with Inner Africa was carried on. See Heeren. i/3po-r&s = " insolent," "1reckless.",ri~ 'ybp Aq~677v. See IV. T8r. According to Heeren this division of Northern Africa is based upon the natural features of the country, and corresponds to the modern names of Barbary, Biledulgerid, and Sahara. ri' /3Poprjt-qv 0d'Xao-orav "the Mediterranean Sea, " to wards the north. cL~rTC-O6a roO Kap~roO = "to lay hold of," and so "to eat." So Thucyd. ii. 50, and Cicero's uses of "attigissent" in the same sense. The fruit is supposed to have been the butter tree. tivpas [uwpo~'). That men of very small stature exist in Africa has been always believed, and on good authority. ciwudoOat 4s ir6Xv. This city is supposed to be IITimbuctoo, " and the river to have been the "Niger." CK 7on' tacwp Adrpco'= " from an equally remote point," i. e. from a point corresponding to the Ister., their sources being in corresponding quarters. See Arnold's Rom. lust. VolI. Lp. 491. 'Iqcr~p1v, now called "Histria." Ovid in Trist. iii. 9: "Hoc quoque Mileto missi venere coloni, Inde Getce Graias constituere domos." 34. Nile and Danube compared. Eir' &T-op IjcKp6TraTO5' Iaorope6;s'va. See Thucyd. -T. s, ~Irl P4KP6TZT~oP arKo~roOvrt. See ii. 29, and i. 7 x. 30-37] EUTERPE. 249 7?& Muc6ir- 'rq "Iorpcy, IK.7-.. Blakesley observes that probably a merchant-vessel going from the Ister to Phasis would lay her course for Sinope, or on the oFposite course run for the Ister from Sinope. 35. Description of Egypt, continued. Xo'yov juelw = "1too great for description, " surpassing description. looc'To 06e, K.T.X. = have established for themselves customs and7 manners, fo? h rae at nieydfeet rmtoeoh rest of mankind." db'3pes i~balvouo-&. Compare Soph. (Ed. Col. 333: OaKeiou' 107OVp-YOOVT6S- al 61 o~vvoleo Tn~ aClPOV Tp~od/Ea vopr-6'ouo-' a9 1. lprarc yvp'h. Wilkinson thinks that women were excluded only from the higher office of the priesthood. /dz PovXo/.4zowtoL=" 'su~pposing they do not wish it;" force of A' with the participle. 36. Customs of the Egyptians. ioib r-oiu Oapa'drovs "at the time of death." 5vet6es 1Adytor6p Io-rt. This is equally extravagant (as his other extreme assertions) according to iRawlinson, who says that though they also cultivated the holcus sorghum or (doora), and poor people may have used it, as at the present day, when they could not afford wheaten bread, it does not follow that the custom was obligatory, or ever adopted by an Egyptian of rank, and the assertion of flerodotus is on a par with Dr Johnson's definition of "Ioats." ~e&&s = " spelt. " 6'XvPa="rye" oaras= "wheaten du "ina state of consistency (~vu) &,p/ao-otoa-i 61 ypdAi/aoc, Xplcovraz. Wilkinson tells us the Egyptians used three kinds of characters: the hieroglyphic, the hieratic, and the enchoried. Herodotus mentions only two, the sacred and demotic; lbut as he speaks of their writing from left to right, it is possible that here he only alludes to the two cursory characters, the hieratic and enchorial, without comprehending the hieroglyphics under the head of writing. 37. Religious customs. v6l~oto- 7-owlote'e XplwvrTat = "use customs such as the following." lo-Oira hI q5OPiovae o Ip4e9, e.,r.X. = "and the priests wear no other dress but a linen one, and no other shoes but those made of the papyrus plant." di'vos &eurl~wo s "grape wine," as distinguished from oh'os 1K Kp10iwP -"barley wine," i. e. "beer," in ii. 77.rpcbryov-L = " eat raw;" hence TpWKT& and TpcbqJua. dp~tdpews, a form peculiar to Herodotus for clpXtpeos. brcaj'7L~c~aTasra= "Iis established in his place." 250 NOTES ON III. 38. Religious customs. 'zroi 'Eirdi~ov. See Herod. ix. 153, 6 U "AviLS KaiT& r~ip 'EXXi~Vcw 'yV(~aadv &OTLP "Eiraqpog. Herodotus simply substitutes the Hellenic equivalent for the Egyptian Deity Apis. There can be no doubt, says 13lakesley, that the Egyptian Deity is the original one: but the Greeks, after their usual wont, to account for all the legends they found by a reference to their own mythology and language, derived Epaplius from cageas.ZEschylus, Prom. 848: epvrai3Oa 3h ae Zev -ri0,jo-tP9u' popci fira~pbwp aLTapgd XeUp! Kal 06&ywxv A6z'os'. fTWcPU/WI 6& TOW A1iii 7yi'iyqi"T&wP T4~6tg KeXacviv 'Eiraqpov. 89. Mode of sacrifice. sir' auiToO. Supply ~Wcqoi. Ka7-a' roO iprftou = " down upon the victim." dir' cjp 95oP7To= "Ithey were wont then to give it away for tlieis own advantage," i. e. to sell it. Observe, this is a case of tmesis. Ka~rapiov'rat U~. ifo KebaX-qo-&. Compare Leviticus xvi. 21, 2,2, "And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness: and the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited." 40. The sacrifices to Isis. iq' 1,atpeo-ts = " the disembowelling "=Lat. "exenteratio." f1yrnvrat etz'at = "1believe to be," not merely think, = voipo KGJV'/V= KCP7P. 7-'rPo'o-o~bz'=- the hip." apTWP KaOapC~v = pieces of fine bread;" made of fine unmixed flour. dvoTr6~t'wvrat = when they have ceased striking themselves." Valckenaer renders by "ubi plangere desierint. " 41. Cows niever killed, as sacred to Isis. Kat~apol~s /3ois = " oxen without mark or blemish." VWlb Kplws...yeloaeTaL. Genesis xliii. 32, "Because the Egyptians might not eat bread with the Hebrews; for that is an abomination unto the Egyptians." 'Ar'~ t= "A phroditopolis." Athar= Venus, and Night (which contained the seeds and elements of all things); while Bedis = Bech, or city, as Baalbech =the city of Baal. O~pUTat = 'i'pvvrcu, or 13pulievov 9Xovo-&. 42. Isis and Osiris, the only deities common to all Egyp't. PQjo/Uo ToO Ojalov= "Iof the Theban district " or ".Province." 38-45] EUTERPE. 251 'Io-t6s re Kca 'Oolptov. These Deities in their attributes comprehended all natural Deities. (a) Osiris, the Sun, symnbolised by a bull, represented the generating principle of nature, and elsewhere he was Anubis, Bacchus, Apollo, Dionysus, Jupiter, and Pan. (P) Isis, the Moon, symbolised by a cow, represented the productive powers of -nature, and was the Venus of Cyprus, Minerva of Athens, Cybele of Phrygia, Bellona of the Romans, Ceres of Eleusis, Diana of Crete, and the Proserpine of Sicily. Togl MIlv8qros. Mendes, now Mansoura, gave its name to the Man. desian mouth of the Nile, twenty-one miles eastwardl of the Phatnitic or Damietta mouth. 43. Heracles., one of their twelve Deities. 7-6 edveoa ToJ 'HpaKXlos. " This expression is a striking evidence of the colour which Hellenic channels gave to the facts received by the author. There is no Egyptian name in the least degree corresponding to Heracles: those of the Deities 'which are identified with him being Sem or Som, and Chon. The only way in which a sense can be attached to the author's remark, is to consider that he looks upon the forsn in which the Egyptian mythology was cast by the naturalized Greeks of his time as genuine Egyptian, losing sight (except in a few instances) of the fact of this being a mere adopted translation." Blakesley. EV 8 & Kd T66ae "and amongst them (the proofs) also the following one.") 44. Visit of Herodotus to Tyre to inquire about Heracles. OIXws' siblvat = "Ibeing determined to know," as opp. to mere will or preference, implied in /3e6Xo~Lat. TUpop. Tile Tyrian Hercules was Mfelcarth. oyxapd-ybov X10ov =' "emerald-like glass." A very old invention was the stainsing of glass in Egypt. Xc/s4rreTO5TS Tag k~ag fdycOos = shining a deal during the nights." Acc. to Jelf=jteea'-qcP Xa~uraiba. Oio-os', now " Tasso." Its rich mines would of course be an attraction to the Phicenicians. 45. Legends about Hercules.,vwo 7rojkwis= "in procession." T-Icos idei-jv~tqP gxecu' = for a while indeed kept quiet " (as we say). is-el bi ec-ed s-pbs Tep fiwise KaLTdPXO1/TO= "but when they proceeded to begin the sacrifices upon him at the altar " (by cutting off his hair).?S dXKhY, rpas-bscseov = betaking himself to his strength." See, Thucyd. ii. 84. KaS av O6oesev= "how could they.possibly sacrifice." q0iorw Xe& "how could he have the physical power," = rw s 7r#u5e. 252 NOTES ON (IL 46. The Mendesians consider the goat sacred. Aiytuor~rtwp oZ lp-qelvot, i. e. the Mendesians. a1yo'rp~o-w7roP Kai TparYOo-KE'Va = "with the face of the she-goat and the legs of the he-goat." Observe that dt'~ is from citaeow, and is properly " the spr-inger," the female goat being supposed to he more agile, while -rpaiyos is either from -rpa,"the rougher," or from Opl~, "the more shaggy" animal than the she-goat. It has been said that the hegoats have their lower limibs more covered with hair, and look rougher than the shie-goats. We have no faith in the derivation of rpa'-Yos from Trpc6,yw - " to nibble." 47. Detestation of the swine and the swine-herds. 'rLS 1-tt cpacT, ai~riwv 7r-aptC&, K.7TA.X= "should any one of them in passing by touch a pig merely with his outer garments." The XLTC., Was the inner garment. So in the Greek Testament the woman is represented as touching the 1jai/cTou Kpdaowe~ov = "the edge of the outer garment. " &Kbi8oo-Oat = "to give (out from one's home) in marriage." ayouOat = "to bring to (one's homae) in marriage, " like the Lat. "ducere in matrimoniumn." See iv. 145, Odyss. 0.' 37. ci 7rea-TVu'y5 'Kaee = "they have and have had a settled hatred for." iiEr~a 06o —p. Supply 6 Ovr~p. Tirl 7cpi' o L/n'P"hetp of the tail." In Latin and Greek these are adjectives, which are only partial attrihutes, descrihing -not the whole of the object, hut only a part of it, as in the case of lLKpqp' here. Compare the Latin " extremus," " summus" "imus, "medius, &C. denoting respectively " the end," " the top, "the bottom," "the middle" of those objects which they respectively qualify. OIUK &,P 9T& yevoaiaro = "they could not any longer possibly taste it." av always strengthens the negative. aTaiLTipaI "of dough." See Thucyd. r. Yr26. 48. A pig offered in sacrifice to Dionysus. i-i~c 6pT ^T -r 6op-rla = "on the eve of the feast." 49. Melampus conversant with the Egyptian rites of Dionysus. d7-peK9w9 lzsv ocb -7rai'Te, K.T.X. = " he did not clearly and comprehensively put together (or grasp) the whole account (of the matter), and (so) explain it." ol 17n-yevpo'evot i-oih-q, = those who came after him." -rla rw,3 Aeovopy VeAew61Acero = carried in procession in honour of Dionysus." KaTflyflo-d/)evos = "having given a detailed account of," as opp. to faoq7?5oeaa~a (infra) - to have conveyed (among the Greeks) information about." 46-52] EUTERPE. 253 crvIJrEaleie =Val in with," "coincide with." Zs 7i~v vib' Bosw7rt7v. See Thucyd. i. i2. 50. The Greek names of the Deities, partly Pelasgian and partly Egyptian. 1EVPtO-KC 6v' "I find to be a reality." 65TC bi wij, -mark the exception, that." X&yw b&="I say, observe." ro~d~ovuc....'pwos oubUY =II are wont to pay no religious observance to heroes." 51. The Pelasgians originated the Priapic Hermee. VeVe,4KaOrs = have been and are accastomed to use." 7rpTs Co7-t i 'EXX?5'Cnh &7cdVTWI', K.xr.. "and the Athenians are the first of all the Greeks, without exception, who received this (custom) from (the Pelasgians)."?~77" 'r'qv1KalJra es 'EXXrnmas re\Iovos = "even at this time being reckoned among the Hellenes." Ke/3elpcop. These were the "'Magnii Dii," adored in the mysteries of Samothrace. They were especially Ceres, Proserpine, Pluto, and the Egyptian Mercury, with Pan. olie r6 Xkyco = " knows what I mean." Ta Is'roiat Is' Xa~Op?7` p= Kar& Ta, fi, K.TA.X 52. The Pelasgian Gods nameless. I9rwevv/u9JJ bU os'b' etso~oua Ieroe~exr, K.TA.X= " but had no distinct names or aappellations for them." Rawlinson, on the other hand (Mure Vol. L. P. 73, of Greek Literature), observes, "Herodotus says that 'formerly the Pelasgians had no separate names for the Gods, until they learned them fr-om the Egyptians.' The historian must he presumed to use the phrase 6xojucc in this passage, -not in the literal sense, but in that of denomination, personality, character: for it were difficult, certainly, to imagine two sets of names differing more entirely from each other than those of Zeus and Ammon, Apollo and Hor, Artemis and ]3ubastis, Hermes and Thit. The contrast might be extended through the whole Pantheon.'' irpoo-wvo6kaoaP', K.TA. = "they applied to them the name of Gods (Ocol = I disposers') from some such circumstance as this, because they disposed in beautiful order all the things in the universe, and maintamned all such dispositions." This account would derive Oei's from rTIO-Ak, in the sense of "Idisposing:" others derived it from the sense of "1laying" (the foundations of the world), as "Creators." Plato derived it from 04w = "to run," because the Gods first worshipped were the sumoon, and stars. Modern philologers derive it from the same root as Deus, Diva, A&6s. 254 NOTES ON [II. 5 3. Homer and 'Hesiod formed the Hellenic Theogony. oi 7roL?50avres Oeo-yoeipv "E\Xia. Grote makes it out from this passage that Homer and Hesiod invented the Greek Theogony. Wessefing, Creuzer, Wyttenbach and others explain it as stating merely the, introduction of the deities into popular poetry (ireocu'aTeS), and investing them with the shapes, passions, and characters of men. b7 rp0'6Tp0V 7 lre7pa';ey6peevot. Biihr thinks that Herodotus does not here mean to deny the existence of Orpheus, Musnus, Linus, Eumolpus, and other poets hefore Homer, hut to maintain that their professed poems were spurious, and of subsequent origin. 54, 55. The Egyptian account of the oracles of Ammnon and Do.. dona. es At6q36, 'rpqieG&-aP "sold and carried into Libya." The verb is here pregnant. 9ipao-cuv 7rpls ~rag~a they said in reply to these things." dvevpet= "to find by inquiry" (by tracing upad) 7rpo~ecivres. The 7rp6,uavTts was the special title of the Pythian or Delphic priestess, who gave out the oracles. Compare 7rpoq5-qr-q. 67rl 0777'x,= "upon the esculent oak" (from Oaklyc), n ot the beech, as some would render it, erroneously connecting it with the Lat. "Ifagus." 01 axxcg AW5wi'a?ot, i.e. the Selli. See Arnold's Romne, Vol. ii. p. 638. 56, 57. Herodotus comments on this strange story. -rlv Tiep)h 'EXXd8x badrlbosro "and took into Greece and sold the other (woman) there.",7r6q5UK~t-7= "Iof nature's growth." KaTyy~o-aaro - declared in detail or in ex~press terms." iir' ToIJe. So in i. 14, 47rl ToO U'avac'Tos erwvvLAhq'. Kicc -ri'pc~v IPC ~ 1P1' the art of divination from victims too." 58, 59. Egyptian pilgrimages. rpaywy's= "bringing of offerings in procession;" or supplctos some say,. " introduction," to the shrine. cv 1.klo-y r~G A4Xra= in the centre of the Egy ptian Delta." See on the partial attribute, ii. 47. 1 aiY vw6Xtv. Sais, now Sa-el-Hagar, lay a few miles west of Busiris. 60, 61. Processions and festivals of Egyptian deities. Kp6,raXa... KporraM~ovct= "Ithey rattle their rattles:" acc. of the cognate word. ep r~p cixapr& Iptavrwe3~ ~'eIrOolirwp =I "than in all the rest of the year that remains, without any excepto. 7-p Tlr7rToPca "but in honour of whom they beat themselves." 53 —66] EUJTERPE. 265 62, 63. Other festivals at Sais and Heliopolis. Wdq5tc = "vessels "-compare our "dips "-probably made of glass, acc. to Wilkinson. 17voXi~s "on the surface." a~va iraaav Atyvirr-ov = up and down, from the bottom to the top of Egy Pt. " Karak = would be "Ifrom the top otebto. Ovoal= Kad Ipa = "sacrifices and ceremonies." 4 rl 1-i &rTpVa -1 "on the other side" (properly, looking "1towards the other things"). ol 6U cbXcoc/~a~ot = now those who are bound by a vow." KEq~aXcs rcc ozn'apdo-uoopra& -and they smash each other's -heads" (force of the compound verb). 64. Popular legends. 47r~rpoboop = "Ireared far away from (his Parents).",roeava lE7JrL\IyoJ7Tes = " reckoning up such things," i. e. give such reasons for their conduct. 65. The Egyptian animal worship. o-lbTpoqPa = " domesticated ""reared along with" (man). avetTat= "set free," allowed to rangee at large. Literally it means "Cgiven up" (to their own inclination orpwe) T-A TIAj0V = "the honourable charge." 10(TraT& or7aOjuq5J irp6g dip'yiipto rTis -rptXas "they weigh the hair in a scale against a bit of silver:" literally, they make the hair to -stand in the standing scale against the bit of silver, i. e. the scale on which the hair is,, is made to stand even with the scale on which the money is: hence the o-ra0,u6T of the Greeks, and the "stare.," "to cost," of the Romans, and our common idiom, "Iit stands me so much." rb6' &8' ap K60rV =but whatever money the hair may have drawn down," i. e. weighed in the scale. lfpvca= " the falcon." Compare Scott's Marmnion., Canto i: "EeD. such a falcon, on his shield, Soared sable in an azure field; A The golden legend bore aright, Who checks at me, to death is dight." The falcons was an emblem of the soul, and is found at the entrances of the Egyptian tombs. 66. Peculiar habits of the cat. 8tao-TdvTeS=" having stationed themselves at intervals." 8CM860ov Kal '7r-ep0pe$-KovTcs -robs d~pdnrous-= "'slipping through and boundUg over the men." 2436 NOTES ON [III Ka~raXa/Igdve& - comes down upon and seizes; " pregnant sense. Herodotus is peculiarly fond of this word in describing heavy calamities. a~rb TO1J ab6TogaTo1) =by a natural death." 67. Cat mummies at Bubastis. Tas /.uvYaX&s = " shrew-mice." Blakesley observes, "that the story ran in later times that Latona, when nursing Horus, changed herself into one of these animals to escape the pursuit of Typhon by burrowing in the earth." Plutarch says, the animal being regarded as blind was considered an emblem of primeval darkness. The mummies of the shrew-mouse are said to he found at Thebes, Buto, and AthriWi, probably the Atarbechis of Herodotus. 68, 69, 70. The crocodile of Egypt. &Xe7ret= "shells" or "hatches." OepJ6,rcpoP yap 3h, Kc.-rA. According to Larcher, the water which had become heated during the day-time retains the heat during the night, and then is warmer than the air and the dew. Mr-)& \6,yov roiD cbo y[rcTa= "is born (in size) in proportion to the egg"),yW~&oa U AOi'OP, K.TA.N=1 "now this is the only animal that has not a tongue naturally." oi51 TiP' K&7rW KWIL yvdiOov, K.-rX. Rawlinson here observes, "the story of its moving its upper jaw is owing to its throwing up its whole head when it seizes its prey, at the same time that it really moves its lower jaw downwards." apT7' ara Xl0wa Xvrd: "pendants of molten stone," i. e. of glass, which was most probably invented in Egypt, and carried to an extraordinary perfection in its manufacture. KpoK0ae1xOlVS U 'IwPes dW'6Aac-ar. IRawlinson ohserves, that KpoK6. 8eXos was the term given by the Jonians to the lizards, as the Portuguese al legato, "the lizard," is the origin of our alligator. The Ionians here mentioned are the descendants of the Ionian soldiers of Psaimnetichus. The crocodile is not the Leviathan of Job xli., as some have supposed. Isaiah xxvii. m, calls Leviathan " the piercing serpent," and "that crooked serpent," corresponding to the Aphophis, or "cgreat serpent" of Egypt, the emblem of sin. 6eXedao,. Supply6 O' OqpevTi-j, "the hunter." 71, 72, 73, The river-horse and other animals described. ~vo-r& dKc'Vrla= " the shafts of javelins," Lat. " hastilia jaculorum." The hippopotamus was probably the Behemoth of Job, that "1eateth grass like an ox." 66ts= "Iotters." 7-r6s xv~aXdnrCKa S = I"fox-geese." 67-77] EUTERPE. 257 && irlwv... 7re1JraKOO1&JV. Creuzer refers the story of the Phcenix to astronomical computations; and supposes the arrival of this imaginary bird at Heliopolis to have been the symbol of the completion of the magynus annua amongst the Egyptians. TV /ypa~qjj rap61.otos = "closely corres ponding to the picture." ireptjfrpqo-&z'= 'reprypdiqv~ = in outline, " or " Ithe contour." 74, 75. The snakes of Egypt. ot ise'ydOed 16vTes Awcpol= "1who being small in size." Among the Egyptians the serpent was the symbol of immortality, and among the Christians of the resurrection. KaT& BovToi~v ii-dXtv- "lying in a line with the city Buto." TWYo lr~ep&Yrwv 60awv - the winged ser pents." Compare Isaiah: "The burden of the beasts of the South, from whence come the 'ciper and the flying fiery ser~pent." Wilkinson observes that "the winged serpents of Herodotus have puzzled many persons from the time of Pausanias to the present day. The Egyptian sculptures represent some emblematic snakes with bird's wings and human legs. The Draco volans of Linnoeus has wings, which might answer to the description given by Herodotus, but it does not frequent Egypt." 76. Description of the Ibis. pedXatva 8ewtv~s irwaa= "1marvellously black all ovesr." TOJWV 5'?v 7roorl A6&XXop eM~iXEV/dVp roSOL dvOpcbnrotat. ]3uttmann, speaking of ci~e?;, observes in p. 268 (Lexilogus): "The passive form of this verb occurs again in another sense, which has been compared with the Latin 'versari,' and that as early as Herodotus, who (ii. 76) distinguishes one species of the Ibis from the common sort with this expression (the passage being quotpd); where ev iroo-I means nothing more than near at hand, as at III. 79, fKTELVOv -rcu'vTox 'fva& -rWv Md-ycn' vie' iv irooaI ytv6Acevov = 'every one who chanced to come near them, to come in their way.'...In this expression EiE~o-Oat answers to our phrase 'to be busy about anything.' And as nothing has occurred to show that the idea of to mo~ve an-d turn about and around is a radical one in this word, we must suppose that it found its way into use from the frequentative meaning of the present. That is to say,, the meaning 'to be pushed,' or 'to thrust and push oneself,' readily takes in the present, particularly in Greek, the collateral idea of comnmonty, constantly, which, when we are speaking of the space in which this is done, naturally and of itself calls up the idea of backwards and for wards, or the corresponding one of around and about. To this appears to belong the meaning which the word has occasionally in the later Greek, to wind round =to press itself round, or cling." 77. Peculiar habits of some Egyptians. A'm5jwqp dvOpcbrcwv rd7wpvre 47raG-cr~ves AdXto-ra = "cultivating in an especial manner and as far as possible the memory of all their (dis 258 NOTES ON III. tinguished) men." Compare the Latin expression " Irerum. gestarum memoriam pr~cipub excolentes." It is in the countryg rather than in the town, as a general rule, that the legends and the language of the past linger longest, and are most beloved: towns, and especially commercial towns, are influenced by so many nDew changes, that the old has hut little chance of surviving the innovations brought about. 78. Custom at entertainments.?rapvr~q. Blakesley observes, "1this word, when applied to measurement, always means 'in every dimension.' Here, therefore, it would imply that the mumimy was of a critical figure, which there seems no reason to suppose. I suspect the word has slipped out of its place, and that originally it occupied the site of the words Kel 'ypaqb-j Kai 1gpyyc, which crept in from the margin as an interpretation of it." 79. Egyptian Maneros same as the Greek Linus.?IX~o, ovblra eIWLKriC'JPTra =they take to themselves in addition no other" (custom). 67oOco uductven= "to be lost in wonder at." 6' Alieo9="the Linus," just as v6'Aev ra', 6pOtev (I. '2) "1the martial strain." The article marks the thing as well known and understood. According to Wilkinson, Linus and Maneros were probably the genius or impersonation of song. The Egyptians now use "ya, laylee I ya layl! " as a chdrus for lively songs, meaning, " 0 my joy, 0 night!1" alluding to the wedding-night: IIya laylee, doos, ya laylee! " " 0 my joy; stop, 0 my joy!1" alluding to the dance. Compare Hebrew Hallel, "tsinging, praising," whence "1hallelu-iah." 80.:Reverence for the aged. etkova VOL T2M6oi. Valckenaer compares Aristophanes' Clouds, 989: Keat r~p0v6VOKP roZg 7rpeo-Tj3~pots 'rzavio-ao-Oat 7wpeotovoLt. l7rpoo-KVE'iov-tL= "do homage" or "obeisance to;" properly, "fawning on one, like a dog," from wrpb'S-KVW' (" dog"). Compare the old English verb "to spaniel." 81, 82. Wearing of linen, and astrology. e~raapX oo "throwing them in addition over these." 6o~o~oylovenc 61 -aTas~, K-TAX. The Egyptian priests, according to Diodorus Siculus, J. 96., affirmed that Orpheus had derived most of his mysteries from Egypt. See IL. 49. 0~e(Zh b'ev &7TI. Supply 11ph. 6Ti-L eur KV~TE what he will fall in with." oi 6' irot-,5oet yev'6Aeioc=I "who have been engaged in poetry, or composition." 83, 84. Oracles and medical professors. WO5e &LaK~e'ea&" "is thus disposed" or -situated, is in the following state ur condition. 78-88] EUTERPE. 259 a' ye y javTr'a= " the methods of giving oracles." lrTpoi KaT-rfe'TaaL = "physicians were established" (by Government), who received fees from the rich, and gave "advice to the poor gratis.'' Wilkinson observes, ":Not only was the study of medicine of very early date in Egypt, but medical men there were in such repute that they were sent for at various times from other countries. Their knowledge of medicine is celebrated by Homer (Od. IV. 229), who describes Polydamna, the wife of Thonis, as giving medicinal plants 'to Helen, in Egypt, a country producing an infinite number of drugs."' 85. Funeral lamentations. arTpocbdepat=" turning themselves in all directions." The frequentative and intensive form of a-rpeqw, as "versor" in Latin is of "verto." e7re'ceo/dvaI= "having their clothes girt up." Compare the Latin "succincti." )alvovauo TroS gaoasobS= " exposing to view their breasts." za'o6s&. Blakesley observes, "the girdle prevented the tunic from falling lower than the waist, which, when loosened for the purpose of beating the breast, it would otherwise have done." 86. Embalming: three different methods. rapaSelyJaTa veKpiwj.6Xtya= "wooden patterns of corpses." -r'v Iev ' crovUaLoTariTiv...KcaTa j17'vrwa. Supply in both of these cases the word TapiXevacv. eTreXecrTprw = "more easy to pay for." (zAos= "toll," i.e. payment.) 7bT eiyKba\Xov (supply iveXcv) = "the head (marrow)," i.e. the brain. lyXoTovres qdpjaaKaa= "pouring in drugs" (to decompose the brain, which could not be extracted)..era& 5=C="now, afterwards." As in Homer, so in Herodotus, we often find the prepositions used in an adverbial sense. 87. Embalming. robs 8 Te a/P-a iovoAzLvovUS= with respect to those wishing for the intermediate mode of interment." aKevdudov.at. Supply aqrt Tbv veKpOV= " their own dead relative." w7rtXapvTres = "stopping up" (to prevent it from getting back). 7rpfyfzJarevuO&ireS. Supply prepi O'v,eKp6v. 88. Embalming. a7r' &v 6wcoKav daropldpeaOat == "then they returned it for the purpose of being carried away." 260 NOTES ON (II. 89. Iireics TpLcr~a-t q' 're'rapractau yb'evrat= "Iwhen they are decad for three or four days.", Observe the duration of time expressed by the ending -cues, derived from ordinal numbers. KaLTei7rat =II immediately denounced it" (force of aorist). 90. Bodies drowned or taken by crocodiles. Sr~p~~el~~rc~s "coponentes,"Lt TWP irpeoG-JK6VTWP= "those belonging to them," i. e. r'elaetions. 91. Chemmis, an account of. bi a6fLrcW &irew= "now to take all, we have to say, together," a.e. "in short." volitaloto-t = Pvlotes= "ordinances " or "customs." Xegluis ir6XuS. Chemmis, or Panopolis, was 'in the Thebals, on the eastern bank of the Nile. The modern Akhmyn retains traces of the ancient name. Hepaoge roOJ Aavdiqs. Creuzer makes the Egyptian Perseus identical with the Sun, and so with Osiris and the Nile.,7rp67rvXaI = 7rpo~rtAwc. oavbacicov. According to Wilkinson, one of the Colleges of Dervishes at Cairo shows the shoe of their founder, which is -of immense size: so too in Bk. iv. 8,2, we find a footstep of Hercules, of similar dimensions, shown in Scythia. 6' ctI O4L o~pocrL=&&ert cog~of.cet'oer. dvw-yPCwva=" recognised," -not "Iread." 92. Habits of the marshmen. KpiV~a 7r0kXA, Kc.r.. Herodotus mentions two kinds of lilies or lotuses. The first, called Nynmphcea lotus, is found in the neighbourhood of Damietta, and eaten by the people there; the second, called Nymphmac nelumbo, no longer exists in Egypt, though its figure is sculptured on their tombs. It is very common in India. i7r-ioavres = "having crushed." Compare the Latin "'pinso," "lpiso." IV ML\X KdiXVKL srapaq~vojueir = "on another stem growing alongside of it."1 T'P&KT& b0'oo T6 7rvp'hv eXalqT = "eatable grains or berries as big as the stone of an olive." Th~z' i&eioz' -yIJ'eols'7J' that comes into being every year." 8ta~oa&= " of trans~parent heat," i. e. of a white heat. 93. The fish of Egypt. d'yeXuo,= "gregarious." -roO Oopoii. Partitive genitive. 89-99] EUTERPE, 261 avaKd1r~rovat =devour." See Aristoph. Birds, 5 79: Klc oTrrepisoX6'ywv, &i TrwV &-YPWvX 76 ear~pl' a6Or~TWVa'Kcdat/a. 7W1' yap 6WY K.-rX. = "they keep spawning their roe by a few eggs at a time." -tors "straining or oozing through." 94. The Egyptian common oil. KIK =' "castor-berry," or=" icporc5v," whence our "Croton oil." It is the word in the Septuagint tran slated "Igourd " in Jonah iv. 6. dim~roihn = "press out" (the juice). 95. Protection from mosquitoes. dI1LA/3PXfla-7poP. See Horace, Ep. ix. 1 5: "Interque signa turpe militaria Sol aspicit conopium." Fromthis"conpium," the protection against the mosquitoes (7rp's roi)g KW&Vw7r a ), comes the English word "canopy," for any covering. 96. The boats on the river. T-&s &picevlcs?s cav f'd71-cLwooas Ti1 f36j3Xq "they stopped up and covered over the joinings with the papyrus (plant)." &t& TflS Tp67Tos &cq36serat "makes its way through the keel." 'salirpls &'e~os-"a clear wind," or "a fair wind." 97. The time of inundation. &A JAIOovi roiv 7re~lov. See Virg. Georg. iv. 287: "Nam quA Pellhei gens fortunata Canopi Adcolit effuso, stagnantem. flumine Nilum Et circumn pictis vehitur sua rura phaselis." NctvKpd~Tri. Naucratis, somewhat to the north of Sais, was the great mart of the Greeks in Egypt. See Herod. ii. i78. so I OlbK oUTos = "but this is not the usual course." 98, 99. Navigation of Egypt. 'AsOvXXa = Gynaecopolis, according to Larcher. TOrade Pai 3oLXUoVTos = " of him who happens to be king from time to time." See Thuc. i. -2. ~TOUTo f4& = "this then is the first care." Here IsAz' is in its proper and earliest sense, from p4(ets, ta, e;v) = " the one " thing that comes first; as opp. to &e(v) for 86w. The corresponding roi~ro 11 is at the close of this chapter. -r & 7 rora,.uip 6XrV~- K.TrA. = "formed a new channel for the river, so that it flowed in the midst between the mountains." 262 NOTES ON [II. 100. The Egyptian kings after their first king Men. Alacs i y vv~ 17iwot-wp. Blakesley well observes here, "Ithat the patriotism of the Egyptians would not allow them to consider Nitocris a foreigngy is not to be wondered at. They laid claim to Cambyses in the face (according to ilerodotus) of facts of which they could not possibly be ignorant. See iis. 2. The name Nitocris is only the Hellenized form of Neit-okr, a name which, according, to Clhampollion and others, appears on the monuments, and is equivalent to 'A.thfr-q Ni~fl, an interpretation which was actually given to the word by Eratosthenes. The identity of the Egyptian N-qt6 with the Hellenic Athen6 had been remarked by Plato (Timon, i. p. 2 i), and the etymological connection of Neith with Anaitis is the same as that of Dercato with Atergates, Cyphas with Acyphas, o-,cdXvs with do-rraXvs, Xairciw with dXawcdpw, TreIJ'W with dr&ll/fl; or of v~ooca with the Latin anas, 71roT1 with aput, rpaXiv and trux with atrox, Acdxos and d'pdiXv-q with aranea, 6xd~vq and XdiXavov~ with alga, and probably Ke~atvc'Js with aquila and aquilo. The interchange of the elementary structure an-th, and ath-n may be illustrated by the pairs d'KL6Vos and KlV06oS, 66v'eos and voOedos, f-qpbs and a-KtPP63, and the English ask and its archaic but now vulgar axe. It may be observed, that the Egyptian name remained at Thebes of Bceotia on the N~jtTaL 7r6Xac (.Zschylus, Theb. 460)." 101. King Mceris. -rV U dXXwv /3CTuLVWV 06 'YAP AeYOP, K,r.rA. = (I believe) that next to no distinction belonged to all the otter kings, for (people) did not mention any manifestation of their deeds, with the exception of one, their last king, called Moeris." Bao-t~cwv here seems the genitive of possession; Xajesrp6,rqros, the partitive gen'itive. 102. Sesostris-his deeds. Meowo-rpts. According to Rawlinson this was the first king of the twelfth dynasty, Osirtasen, or Sesortasen I., who was the first great *Egyptian conqueror; but when Osirei or Sethi (Sethos) and his son Remeses II. surpassed the exploits of their predecessor, the name of Sesostris became confounded with Sethos, and the conquests of that king and his still greater son were ascribed to the still greater Sesostris. 'lpw~rov 6Ptfo01vra = "was the ftrst who set out." Observe that mrpc-ros here is personal, and not adverbial. fppaX~wv. Compare the Latin expression "1brevia et syrtes." && ri~s 'iprelpov = "from place to place, throughout the continent." Observe here the force of the genitive case with a local noun. -rb 1,ro~iv= "that came in his way," or "that stood in his way." Compare the Latin, "im edimentum" and the English "impediment," derived therefrom.,y\XtoIjIvoto-L srept T-qr?Xev~eps~s=" struggling forateir freedom, from the love of it." irapl~afe =I "he won over to his side." 100-107] EUTERPE. 263 103. Sesostris subdues the Scythians. &e4S5Ce="1 he proceeded to go completely through (the continent)." Ked Irpoo-&TaTa = even at the farthest. " q5atvotrrat o-raMcIcrae= "were evidently erected;" hut O/alvovrat o-ra. O~vac = "1seem to be erected." In the fom~ner case we have the expression of a fact in the participial form, and its impression on the mind in the purely verbal form (see note on i. 5); in the latter case we have merely the expression of an opinion. pu6p~ov 5o-ov &i ="I a small portion of whatever size it might be." b6j makes the definite word preceding it still miore definite, and the indefinite word still more indefinite. 104:. The Colchians of Egyptian extraction. Obalvov~raL II~v 'yip 1&VTes ol K6\~ec, Ic.TA. = "1for assuredly the Col. chians are evidently and really Egyptians." See note on previous chapter for the force of Oatvoprat with a partici~ple.,ge~d-y~poes Kal obX6rptXes= " of a dark brown complexion and curly hair," acc. to Heeren. dir' dp "sfrom the beginning;"' i. e. from very early life. Mipot ol is if-q HaXato-rivii. Here Herodotus only means those who occupied the sea-coast among the Phcenicians and Philistines; for his silence on. Jewish history is the best proof we can have that he did not visit, nor yet inquire ahout the interior of the country. irtfuto-y6/LE;ot Aty6rryq ="I by their extended intercourse with Egypt." (Such here is the force of the preposition.) 105. Colchian and Egyptian mode of manufacturing linen similar. ~fdpe V Kal icd XXo ei'rw irepl TWPv K6NXcwv= "bear (with me) now, and I may tell (you) another thing about these Colchians." Mapbo'LKOV for XaplnevlK6v. Compare Aristoph. fPciLqnc TaptaaV1K6e,. 106. Remains of Sesostris' columns. ObKITL cpcvovrat i7repieovo-at= " evidently no longer survive." &Mo r6irot. The latter of these two reliefs was discovered in the year i Si7. See an interesting account of it in the Classical Museum, Vol. i. p. ~232.,.LI'yaf5 wirlarrnis uirtft/dts= of the size of four cubits and a half." See i. 5i. 107. Danger and escape of Sesostris..rvoicp' ~. Diodorus tells us that be surrounded the tent, in which Sesostris and his family were staying, with reeds,, and set fire to them during the night, 264 NOTES ON [II. 7rT TV rvpjv &KrelaVICra. This is but a confirmation of the common Moloch-worship amongst the ancient heathen, by which parents were obliged to make "their children pass through the fire" to that god. 108. Punishes his brother: employment of captives. Travrolovs rp6rovs gXovaat= "having turns in every direction." 7rXacrvTrporto= "more brackish." The sea-water is described as 7rXarb fviwp, and Hesychius explains 7rXarb by Xa\sLVp6v; a sense which Aristotle gives it. Compare its application to the Hellespont by Homer. PpecdTw = " reservoirs." See Arnold's Thuc. I. 48. 109. Allotment of the land of Egypt. AltyvrTrioto't &rra-t="to all the Egyptians without exception." See Genesis xlviii. for the way in which the king got possession of the land. The word firas (Lat. "cunctus") in Herodotus implies="all without exception." r&s 7rpoo-66ovs 7rol7Toao-Oat= "created for himself those revenues." (rrpooo6ovs= "incomes," properly speaking.) 7rcrdcavTra d7ro0ophv, K.T.. = "having enjoined upon them a produce-tax to pay him every year." The qf5pos was the tax paid byforeign and dependent states, while the adro)opa is a rent paid from the fruits, or other advantages arising from the holding. r6Xov,=a concave sun-dial shaped like the vault of heaven (compare t ccelipolus"). Rawlinson here observes: "The gnomon was of course part of every dial. Herodotus, however, is right in making a difference between the -yvu6wv and the 7roXor. The former, called also r(TToieiO, was a perpendicular rod, whose shadow indicated noon, and also by its length a particular part of the day, being longest at sunrise and sunset. The 7r6Xos was an improvement and a real dial, on which the division of the day was set off by lines, and indicated by the shadow of its gnomon." See also Grote's Greek Hist., and Diet. of Antiquities (sub voce). 110. The power of Sesostris over Ethiopia. puFva6vva b iXlrero ="now he left as memorials of himself." Aapeov 5b o 6vvaa-Opvac, K.r7.X. Arist. (Rhet. 11. 20) seems to assert that Darius conquered Egypt prior to the expedition against Greece. 111. King Pheros and his blindness drao-OaXit Xpyraq-devov= "was guilty of using sinful presumption." See Thuc. VI. 59, and Homer, passin. 4KCet4= "has come to its end." 'iepwsv-" Pharaoh." A title, not a name. dvaSX\et= "thou shalt look up;" i. e. recover thy sight. So in the New Testament v-rorrpo-at= " secretly set fire to," or "to fire from the bottom;" Lat. "succendere." 108-115] EUTERPE. 265 drroqov-yd'- "having completely esca~ped from." 6&~Xoibs 36o XtOIvov's. Consecrated to the Sun, whose rays they syn-. bolised. 112. King Proteus, the Memphite. 1~U'Hoacoorrj` v 7rpbs J'6ToV 66c4ov, K.1-.X. from the temple of Vulcan towards the south (wind)," the temple being the point frotm whtich it commenced. o-rpcT6irebev. This "camp " was really an establishment for trade under the protection of a sanctuary..7vteu~dXXo~uacu= "I conjecture; " literally, "I (infer) by throwing my thoughts together." Compare the Latin "1colligere" and the English "I collect " = (to infer). 113, 114, 11.5. The Egyptian account of Helen. dplet "relax," (intransitive) for dvwho-t.?S Tb '3v KaTatobt-ycI)P, K.r.N. = "into which, if any man's slave, to whomsoever he may belong, take refuge, and should allow sacred characters to be branded upon him, thus surrendering himself to the God (of the sanctuary)." These marks showed them to be dedicated to the service of the Deity, and were a symbol of protection. See Genesis iv. i15, and Galatians vi. 17 ataTeXleL-= "continues to be in force." Compare the Latin "per"P in composition. ewpts. In Homer's Odyssey, iv. 2,28, Polydamna is mentioned as the wife of Thon, eWvos 7rapcdKoLTLS. avuXcWovrcs = "having seized as a prisoner." Lat. "compre. hendere." KaT~Xetc= "laid down;" i. e. told in detail. 7rapb TOG oewvroii ~&iVOV, K.TA.. = " and you got over (i. e. overcame the scruples of) the wife of your own host." dvairrepdcroas ca6Tij "set her on the wing " in ambitio us thoughts. Kepacaas= "having laid waste;" as in Iliad, E. 557, o-aO/.toiv cb'. Opcboreu Kepai c-rov. The word is derived from KCipc' = to shear" (away), and is chiefly used by Homer and Herodotus. oV To& 7rpofloC draceyo-Oat = I will not give them up to you to carry off.")3 -rplcc' i~jieplwv ="1 withinatree days." /serop/J1recaLa' "to remove your anchorage." =e ontetonrryspposition." This formula of transla. tion has the advantage of meeting the case of a negative antecedent, as well as a positive antecedent. -0 IIEROD. I. 12 266 NOTES ON [i 116, 117. Criticism of the legend of Helen. es 6 geer qce=" "for which cause he gave it up.' Mr'i yiep iiei77roe11, K.TrN = "according to what he comosdith Iliad.") KaTie = KaO' i. psdi h Kre o6ae q eLXv ehEri66-e 'wv-z-bv= "and in no other portion(ohi work) has he retraced his steps;" i. e. withdrawn his statement. Mt6~va, now Sayda; the word properly signifies "a fishing-place." In viii. 67, Herodotus places Sidon before Tyre. In Genesis (x. i9) we have Sidon hut not Tyre. Oeoct6hs = "beautiful as a god." See Iliad, vi. 289. Weale's Edition. T68E T-b Xwptov = " this passage." Compare "1locus " in Latin, and Coleridge, Greeko Classic Poets, p. 50. 118, 119. The Egyptian legend of Helen.,e'; IAe& 9XCELl, K.T.X (/e& = =AP "that assuredly they did not possess Helen, nor yet the wealth laid to their charge." 1p4v is the usual formula with an oath. 3lKas 6irlXewv= "1to give an account " (a law formula). 'EX4'7s as-aOla KaKeWz' durz-acqe. Compare the case of Abram and his wife with Pharaoh. TOc~h UTrOo erl irob -rotoi~lro = "now since some such thing as this endured for a long time." Supply Xp6pov. gVTo/ja o-rpea 1ro[qo-e= "made them victims (to the infernal gods)." See viii. 191Y, and compare Virgil's -,En. ii. i i6: "Sanguine placfistis ventos et virgine cnsA Quum primum Iliacas Danal venistis ad oras, Sanguine qu~crendi reditus." And Lucretius, i. 83: "1quod contrlh seepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta." With 9projea supply ao~a'yta. 120. Herodotus confirms the Egyptian legend of Helen. cppesopXaf3s = "infatuated." Suidas explains hy 6' Trs Opiv4as flePXaju.ejeiosc~o-Te.. - -i/o6XovTo = "so that they actually wished." J'-jvWO-KeOV (Supply KLVbJVE66') =1 " resolved." 06K &TTrc 6ITE o6= "there never was the time when not," i.e. ever, continually. Wi- eK6lV&W'= " in dependence upon that one." So vii. 10. 3. 121. The reign of iRhampsinitus. 4p~y6pov= "money." The current metal for money among the Greekswas silver. Compare the French "l1'argent." .116-124] ETJTERPE. 267 Trpa~ePvrcov=~ (JirtyevoA1dvwP) "who succeeded him," from grirplqow. Trol rch' roiXcev tpa, Kc.TA. = and of that (building) one of the walls on the outside formed a portion of his palace." e~atpe-r'= "ca~pable of being taken out," but 4~alperos= " select," that which has been taken out for distinction's sake. 013K Is f~aKphyi gp'yov eXec-Oau = "at no long interval (supply eipav) set vigorously to the work." r-la Xlt0ev dvevp6vras=7, "having found by search that stone." The article, as in Homer, and elsewhere in Herodotus, is demonstrative. 0c'K avcwvac Kepat~ovras = " did not give up plundering." ir6yccs= "traps " which hold fast (ri-hyvv1.t). KaT& roi3 T61XEOS', K.T.X. = suspended it from the wall, so that it hung downwards." Xa~crw^ s Xap3dvero= "urged him with sternness. " Aatex. properly -"continued her hold upon him." eV KIp8EC 7rotcvplvPovs "lputting it to the account of gain." Lat. "llucro apponentes." 6p'yhz' irpoairote~lcei'ov= "getting up for himself a passion," i.e. pretending anger. 7rapaXapugdPeWP= "took him over to their side." iraplc T7V 7r60p= " along with the drinking." Latin, "inter potan. dum. ",reo Pao-Alos irepryevgo-cO= "to come round the king," i.e. to overreach him. 122. Rhampsinitus' descent into Hades. -Xetp0lAaK~pol'= "a napkin." See iv. 64. lar6 &60 XL5KW &yeo-Oat. Wolves were supposed by the Egyptians to be the servants of the infernal powers, and the conductors of the dead. This arose most likely from the habits of the animal, which roams about at night, and as dawn draws on retreats to hide itself. Wilkinson says that mummies of wolves are found at Lycopolis (Essioot). 123. Egyptian conception of Dionysus and Demeter (Isis and Osiris). bnr6M,crat l~col - it is taken for granted by me." Ahg-qrI~pac, K,r.N-. Compare Virgil in Georgics, at the opening: IIVos clarissima lumina inundi Liber et alma, Ceres." 124. The impious Cheops. c~A-i,1go laws, well obeyed." This is the strict political sense of the word, according to Aristotle. 12-.2 268 NOTES ON [II. X10ov -re ~eo-ToO. In the same way we have the genitive so put towards the end of this Chapter, and in HLI 47, Ncwv &i'u5aTA'wY 125. Method of building pyramids. 7mpalts = "pyramid." Kenrick thinks the word pyramid to he Greek on the authority of Etym. Mag., H1upacqdr, 4' IK 7rVP v Kal /LA~Tovs, c~o-7rep ae~aAld, i' Ic o-eod1Awv Kal juXLTos. The ~rvpagls, which was pointed, and used in the Bacchic rites, may he seen on the table at the reception of Bacchus by Icarus. That the name of the mathematical solid was derived from an object of common life, and not vice versd, may he argued from analogy: oaoa~pa was a " hand-ball;" K6/305 = " a die " for gaming; KcW'os= "a boy's top;" Kc6W3peS, from "the gardener's roller." 126. Cheops' disgraceful means of raising money. ihr' oiic~uaro s= "at the corner of the house:" indeed our word prostitute is properly derived from " pro-stare, " the standing forth at the comner of the street. Compare the description of the strange woman in the Book of Proverbs. OKOOoOV 8ih r= "some money, however much it mighLt be." T6 KWVXOV g&arTov ="1 each side" (properly, limb). 127. King Cheops succeeded by Chephren. OV~K dVhK5,CoaaV= which did not actually come up oteetn o i brother's)." toteetn(fhi bL& 01Ko080LUfl1V0V, Kc.-rA. =for, a channel having been constructed, (the Nile) washes round an island within, in that they say that Cheops lies." vreo-oepd~iovrca 7ro3ag, IK.T.. = going forty feet below the like size (of the other pyramids)." 128. The Shepherd-King Philition. 7rotMP09o cI~t~trLwwvos. Observe that this information came from the Egyptians, not from the priests, who could not, from pride, have proclaimed the sovereignty of the Shepherd-kings, the Flyskos, which were scan abomination" to the real Egyptians. 129. Mycerinus succeeds. dirabetv= "displeased." See Homer's Odys. xvi. 387: el b' Wit, 6 IA001i3os iqa5cu&bet. dve~vat = "let go free" (first used of cattle dedicated to a god, allowed to go free in the T4AEVos without bodily labour). 9T1A3 E/O)O/56/q & TS 8KIK29 = to one complaining and appelng from his decision." 7reptocro6rep6V T= "in some more extraordinary manner." 125-1361 EUTERPE. 269 130. The strange burial of the daughter of Mycerinus at Sais. eIOK?5$cTL 7-K-q1AVW= "Iin a furnished chamber." Kmaayl~ovJo-& dv& rao-av 9p7= "and they burn in sacrifice every day." 131. Another account of the wooden figures at Sais. ot B Ttves Xeyovo-= "now some few say." Vrlb dxeos="4 under the influence of anguish." rairep =Attic arrep "the very things which." The particle gives emphasis. 132. The sacred cow of the procession. 'r~r-rwvracu..',r6 Oebe'= "strike themselves (on the bead or breast) in honour of their god." It is generally supposed that Osiris is the god here alluded to. For the secret meaning of the burial of Mycerinus' daughter in the gilded cow, see Creuzer. 133. The prophecy of the oracle at Buto to Mycerinus. CVV'7aX6Peu' = " Iwould j oin (with the fates) in shortening his life." 0676e 'Iyp109 OV)TE VVKT-05 d~ePTa - relaxing neither by day nor night' ("giving up," as we would say). al V6KTres 'IApat 7rotel4Levat "the nights having become days." The construction is that of the nominative, abeolute. 134. Pyramid of Mycerinus. 'Poldurtos= "Rosy-cheek," apet name. From Sappho we learn that her real name was Doricha. oiul&d6,res 95a'oJ'Tat = evidently in ignorance." ot... avl~ecoav irout5aaoOat= "1and attributed to her the having erected" (force of the middle verb). KcaT& 'Ajuao-w - about the time of Amasis." Ws' &8*e~= "1 as was evident."~ 135. The wealth of Rhodopis. &aqp6'8&7os = "very fascinating." Lat. "venusta." W~s a lytvca& 'Po3CvrwP= "Ifor one in the condition of Rhodopis." See Thuc. iv-. 84. &rOP 1eC(bC6pe ij 8e6cdTlj ci as far as the tenth part of her property went," i.e. allowed her. 'ToUTo Adv= "'this firstly, " followed, as we might expect, by ToIJroU. "and this secondly." 136. Asychis succeeds Mycerinus. Kac4 dXIrn 6i,&W, K.T.\. = "Iand besides an infinite sight of buildings." -2.7 0 - NOTES ON [IL dju~t~fs Xp'?udLrwv = "a want of circulation of money." T7s TOO) Xaptt~avovTos O?5eK-0- the vault belon ging to the borrower." dwro-yev6'Aepop -when dead." So Thuc. iI. 34 and 98. An /.ke KaToGVooOis irpo's=l "do not now despise me in comparison with."2 137. Anysis, the blind king. XEplP 7roXX.= Lat. "'multfi manu"=- "with a powerful force" (of soldiers). In Roman history "1manus" is often used for a "6 and" or "lforce."; 138. Description of the temple at Bubastis. fir.Xovac. This word, according to Blakesley, is used in a very peculiar sense, for H~erodotus goes on particularly to remark that the canals do not run into anything, but approach one another within a certain distance, and then stop. It seems possible that in a locality full of canals, like the Delta of the Nile, the word originally used to denote direction for the purpose of communication came to be provincially applied in all cases where the appearance occurred of a channel cut for the admission of water. See ii. i r, and ii. 121i. 611P5peOl lccerctoK&I= " completely shaded with trees." xcz-ropflrac= "1is looked down upon." i —e~yXvppaevq i-7rozow= =" covered with figures sculptured in relief." ea-Tpe,.Llwq MUs=" a road, laid down." Compare the Latin expression "via strata." 139. Sabacos terrified by a dream. Tl~o T's &raX~a-y~= "the consummation of the departure." dXXfi -ycp ol '~EMflXVO6Jat, K.1-AX. = "no, he would not do these things, for the time had fully passed away,-as much of it as he had been allowed by the oracle for the pufpose of ruling and going out of Egypt. gree irevrhKovra. Bunsen believes that, instead of this one monarch Sahbacos, an Ethiopian dynasty of three distinct kings held Egypt for "fifty Years," and their names were Schebek, Shebeh, and Thrk, i.e. Sabacos., Sebichus., and Tirhakab. 140. The blind king returns from his exile. ot-y-jj TOOJ Atolwros "clam Zl~thiope" "without the knowledge of the 2Ethiopian." 'EXg,6. Situated in the lake now called Menzaleh. 141. Sethos, priest of Vulcan, succeeds. f&ortX&c 'Apafllwv. It is highly probable, says Rawlinson (Vol. i. p. 450), that the Arabians formed an important element in the popula 137-146] EUTERPE. 271 tion of the Mesopotamian valley from the earliest times. There are at the least 30 distinct tribes of this race named in the Assyrian inscriptions among the dwellers upon the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates; and under the later kings of Nineveh, the Yabbur (modern Jibbur) and the Gumbuler (modern Jumbulh), who held the marshy country to the south, appear to have been scarcely inferior to the Chaldoeans themselves in strength and numbers. This may help to explain the statement of Herodotus (ii. I4 s), of which Josephus complains that Sennacherib was king of "the Arabians and Assyrians," as well as the yet more remarkable passage where his army is termed exclusively ",the host of the Arabians" (vra''Apa3twP o-Tpardp'). 142. Kings and priests from Menes to Sethos. CKCMlpoV~S T00T0'TOVS =" s many of each kind."?~ ~Owp= out of his usual quarters." 143. The catalogue of the Theban priests. 'y6EsfXo-yhaarcwr Te ecoVTbJ' = "having given an account of his own descent." avaaho-aVTL T~7V 7rarpdJJ, K.'rA = "having traced up his own family on the father's side to a god, who was his sixteenth progenitor." 47l rZ ij &pO/J'OTI, K.TrA. = "and they reckoned up a genealogy in opposition to his, on the ground of numbering (the statues)." Hip&.mt. According to Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians, Vol. i. p. x7, the word r6mi = " Iman, " and "1pi " =" the." Herodotus improves this by Koala KadYcat0hm= " gentleman." Compare "the Indian Bhrama." 144. Gods the first kings of Egypt. Kad To6Trwp aidE &za = "and that one of these from time to time." Compare the Latin "usque. " Iccrara7I-c'aPTa= "having completely stopped" (from being king) 14.Egyptian order of the gods. 5&5~XCOai ~uot irp6ao0e. In Chap. 43, Bk. ii. KacLT taIcK6atan grca, IK.T.X = "about i6oo years." Verseling would here alter the text, and read KaLT-m C'47'Kovr-a 97Tea Kami Xi~a = "about mo6o years;" as there were only five generations from Hercules to Bacchus, and these generations, according to Herodotus' own calculation (Cap. 142), make about i6o years, and there were about 900 years from Hercules to Herodotus. 1rCWi Tpwimet~v = "the Trojan war." Thucydides and Herodotus, the best authorities, place this about i5260 B.c. 146. Differences reconciled. IT NWoams. There were several places of this name connected with the legend of Dionysus: the most famous of these was on the Indus. Herodotus again mentions the Ethiopian Nysa in iii. 97'. 272 NOTES ON [i OKfl eprpcirE'o yeP6/5evo0= "where he betook himself after he was born." 147. The oracle declares one general sovereign of Egypt. 'irpoT&atac 31 Tt, Kc.T.X. = "and there shall be added to them something also of my own personal observation." Thus, observe, is Hero. dotus generally anxious to draw a clear line between that which rests on the word of others, and that which he has seen for himself. io-Xvp~s 7repio-r1X7\ovree= "fencing them round with strong (penalties)." See iii. 31, ix. 6o. cKeXp77Tp6 aotb "it had heen declared to them by oracle." 0cVsEX&YeOro "they were wont to assemble together." 148. The building of the Labyrinth. Kca-T ii KpoKoMAiCOP, K.-rA - especially lying somewhere in a Zine with~ that which is called the city of crocodiles." X6,yov Alp c'= " too great for description." See Thuc. IL. 50. l,r&1 'EXX~5vco -re'Xeea= "the fortifications which proceeded from the Greeks," i.e. huilt by them. tp'yces dw6&etw= "memorable buildings." See ii. 101. Karc~rde'oL7,, = not " roofed-in," but = colonnaded." dvriwrvXo& UdXX~5X-iqat with gates fronting each other." 01K 5/a7-a (dim. Of oliKOS) ="chambers." -r67wwv "Y~ye-yXvu/.&wv= " figures (human) having been carved in relief upon them." 149. The Lake Menris described. Molptos. Now called "1Birket-Caroun." Xeypowot-qTo3. If Herodotus meant that the lake, properly so called, Was artificial, lie must have heen misinformed. He seems to have confounded the account of the canal with that of the lake, as is likely from Pliny's remark, " Moeridis lacus, hoc est, fossce graendis."~ Kal 7-6 KaT- V&a7-o, K.T.X. ="and the part under the water has been built to the same depth." a' 8' 'KaLTI'P 6p-yuwcd &Katat = "now these hundred fathoms are precisely.") 150. Outlet of the Lake Mceris. ivr6 -yiV. Rlawlinson observes that " he is alluding to the natural lake,, now Birket-el-Korn, not to the artificial Mceris. The belief in underground communication is still very prevalent in Egypt, as in other countries, to the present day, and might very reasonably arise from what we see in limestone formations." 147-154] EUTJTERPE. 273 Zapbcwa7rdXXov=Juvena1's " Sardanap,%us."1 Observe the quantity. The Assyrian name was Asshur-dan-pal. Is vTe Ttypwp 7orcags. This is the usual collocation of these words in all dialects-article, name of river, river: the name having been originally an adjective and attribute merely. 151. Psammetichus fulfils the oracular prophecy. dp& xp6pov = " Ias time went on, " or = "1in the course of time." ThP' KV4177V, fOULap Xa'XKl4v=" the helmet (lined with) dogskin, and composed of brass." ireoxe "held it under " that the wine might be poured into it. ot MLXot drapres Iqrp'peov Paoi-des = all the other kings, without ex. ceoption, were wont to wear." Paa~iOPeLeTCS = "applying the touchstone (of inquiry);" (from Pd~o'cl Pel = "Ithe touchstone"). 152. The flight of Psammetichus to Syria. WS d~raXXCLXyOJ, K.TA.. SUPply &i v?3s A1y77ov1we he got away from Egypt on account of the appearance of a dream." lK= "after," and so "Iin consequence of." 7reptv~ptapAlvos= "exceedingly outraged." The irepl= 7reptaoCv~ s, in. tensive. Compare Aristoph. Knights, 727: 94eXO' I'i" cibjs eta rcptvgplf~ojat. x - "bronze, " not "Ibrass," which is expressed by 6'pdIXa2IK0O1, cblXa... 7rotlera&= "he makes things friendly to;" i.e. "makes friend' ly overtures to." 153. Improves the temple of Vulcan at Memphis. Kpwev'50cs bU Aty67rTov 7rdcTaJT, Kc.vA.N= "now Psammetichus having got possession of all Egypt " (the accusative would imply rather that he held the possession of the country). This is confirmed by the close of the chapter, oirTw 90nK; observe, not 6ciXe. 154. The Ionians, and Carians settled at Bubastis. TOWO& OV-yKaTep-yaaacTo4LlPOWv aOiTWJ =to those who helped him to complete his work." 7rapltga~ep a6,ro'W& = "and placed amongst them" (i. e. to their care). See vii. i10. 8, and Thuc. v. 11i3 with Giiller's note. Kapes. iRawlinson observes that the Carians seem to have been fond of enjoying themselves as mercenary soldiers from a very early date, and to have continued the practice so long as they were their own masters. According to some commentators the expression in Homer (Iliad, Mx 378), &i Kapbs ato-g, is to be understood in this sense. Archilochus certainly spoke of them as notorious for mercenary service, as appears from the well-known line, Ka 8 7iKUcopoS, Woare K&p, KeexXsaooiac. 12-5 274 NOTES ON 117. The Scholiast on Plato says they were the first to engage in the occupation, and quotes Ephorus as an authority.' srpbs Ai'yuii-rwV = (a defence) "against the Egyptians." 155. Oracle of Latona at Buto. VVOS 4~ Eivdl V(OW, K.TA.. Wilkinson (Ancient Egyptians, Vol. m. p. 3.31) reckons its weight at more than 50oo tons., supposing it to be of granite, like other monolithic temples. -ro6,rowc = i. e. the height and breadth, thus forming a perfect cube. ir'v 7rcipwpoobI&a = "the cornice." 156. A lake near the temple. -TO0mrca aKodceV= "1and I was amazed to hear it." This is our idiom; the Greeks put the fact into the partici~pial form, and its consequence or impression produced into the purely verbal form. A77Td6, K.Tr.X. The story of the floating island of Delos, until it became the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis, was probably derived frma gyptian source. The Egyptians, however, made Latona the nurse, not the mother of Apollo and Artemis. 'ApTe/US 6U, Bo6jao-rms See Juvenal, xv. 8: "1Oppida, tota canem, venerantur, nemo Dianam." AtaodXe~s. The play here referred to is lost. 157, 158. Further deeds of Psammetichus: his son Necho. 'A ~wroxs. Ashdod (of the Holy Scriptuires), a great city of the Philistines on the coast: it lay to the west of Jerusalem. -7rpecTKarTlljs6Vo, Kc.T.XN. = sitting down before it, he went on (Imperf.) besieging it, until he covimpletely took it." BOVjdCTIcoS -7r6Xtog. According to Wilkinson the site of this city is now occupied by Tel Basta, standing on the side of a lake, as in the time of Herodotus. HdTrovop. This is no doubt the treasure city mentioned in the first chapter of Exodus, there called Pithone: it is now called Belbays, according to Mannert. 3tacredicyas=-" gorges." Suidas: 5taaep&t, &arofJA 5povs. Kal &tavoqdyes, &eo-rrda-a 7rlrpac. See iii. I 17, vii. 199. iic Tf' f3op~t27 Oa7~do-o-,s= f~rom the Northern Sea;" i e. the Mediterranean. diraprl = (speaking) " in an off-hand way. " Some say "Icompletely" (probably from ciz-r' aprT). /.LeTaib 6pi~caw' = -" during digging." Lat. "inter fodiendstm." 155-1631 EUTERPE. 275 1-59. Defeats the Syrians at Magd6lus, and takes Cadytis. Ma7yMXcp. IRawlinson observes, " The place here intended seems to be Megiddo, where Josiah lost his life, between Gilgal and Mount CarMel, on the road through Syria northwards, and not Migdol (Ma-ybwXi's), which was in Egypt. The similarity of the two names easily led to the mistake (2 Chron. xxxv. 22). Necho had then gone "to fight against Carchemish by Euphrates," and Josiah attacked him on his march in the valley of Megiddo, "1as he went up against the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates " (,2 Kings xxiii. 29). Necho is there called "IPha. raoh-(Phr~i)-Necho.` KcdJTLV =" "Jerusalem." Which was called Kadesh ("I the Holy "= lepo- in 'Iepooa6Xvgsa) after Solomon built the temple. This name is seen in its Arabic form El.K6ds. See, however, iRawlinson on this passage, for a full discourse of the difficulty in identifying Jerusalem in Cadytis. 160. Psammis, his son invades Z~Ethiopia. KaZ bOK10VTCS 7rapae raiva, K.7-.X. = and fancying that the Egyptians, who were the wisest of men, could not possibly have invented anything to be compared to them or to add to their completion." Observe how &ap strengthens the negative here, as elsewhere, gnd compare the scriptural expression about Moses, who was learned "in all the wisdom of the Egyptians." dav7-aPc 7-& KaT2~ICe a-0bs -7rotlet = "all things, without exception, which it belonged to them to do." ="7-~o-,jeo having told in detail." Compare the Latin "lenuntiare." 161. The wars of Apries, 'Awpfiqg. Supposed to be the Hophra of Jeremiah xliv. 30. AcfguKoiie&X6-yotorc, in iv. 159. es bcw61UPVoz KaKiOv = "into evident ruin." Compare the phrase, rpOUOrTOP KaLK6V, Blomfield, Gloss, to iEsch. Sept. c. Thebas. &i T~S 1061'S-SUPPIY 63oi3; exactly our "straightway." 162. Amasis becomes leader of the rebels. 7reptI014K4 o Kwv17)V = "put around (his head) the helmet," the sym. bol of royalty. See above, the story of Psamnmetichus and his libation. 1l7rl ~aatX?uhq =I "for a mark of royal authority." oiblsa X6'yop a~3ry- 86trcs = "h aving given to himself no considera. tion." Apries is the subject; see i. 3, 4. 0- 163. The Greek auxiliaries help Apries. J7r\L~e ~-oi~s i1rtK06POlS = "proceeded to arm his auxiliaries." The article is here personal. eT~c 54 irept iwurl = "Iand he was wont to keep around him." 276 NOTES ON [II. 164, 165, 166, 167. The caste8 of Egypt. Olrrfi ylpeca. According to Diodorus Egypt was divided into three parts: the first of which belonged to the priests, the second to the kings, and the third to the soldiers. Plato in his Timeeus divides the Egyptians into six classes, lEpetg, 86qcuevpyeZ, voltk~s, 0o7pevTad, yEwplyoZ, and Til /.cLufpe ylpes. See Heeren, Reflect. Vol. ii. p. 98, Isaiah xix. 7-.2:, and Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians, Vol. i. p. -236. Kcv/3pwqTat. Blakesley here observes: "By these we must understand not the pilots of sea-going vessels, but the navigators of such craft as those described above, by whom probably the whole internal traffic of Egypt was conducted, foreign bottoms discharging their bottoms at Naucratis. It is remarkable that in the enumeration of castes artiftcers are not named; certainly an important class, as they manufactured the papyrus stem into sail cloth (ii. 96) and the flax into fine linen (ILi 47). See Isaiah xix. 7, 9, Ezekiel xxxvii. 7, 2 Chron. i. i6. Possibly they are not named because the Hellenic traders may have had only to do with the middle men (Kd~r-qXo&). avlez'-at= " give themselves entirely up to." (A favourite word with Herodotus; see below, 6s na'P w6Xelcev advetulvs= "devoted to the war." Being first used of consecrating to holy pur~poses, as of cattle allowed to go free in the -riuepes.) 0~e TO 0er6 VO6'TP Ph'?5-c eiKlet. The use of the phrase, vo'dS OIKIE says Blakesley, is paralleled by vcwp, at valevo-e mlpm7v a&Xo' `HMt~os dPSTa (Iliad, ii. 626), and to a certain extent by the address to Salamis in Sophocles: 2 K\eLvIL Mca~ads, ab axlz 7reu 'aiets aXlrXa-YKT0S, s66cu3a1'/~, mraeut' 7repl/JcuTe: dci. (Ajax, 596.) Zenodotus, however, altered the Homeric verse to v75e-wv, ol vadovo.. The expression, -76XFss ei0 Pateracbaas (Iliad, ii. 648) and,'cuereo w6X-Oss 1-:tXiePdwp cb'Opdmwv (It. IV. 45) serve to show the train of thought which led to the phrase in the text. 168. Military tenure of lands. dTlEXIeS= "free from tax or impost." (,rl~s =" ta~e` or "tax.") -4 i ilpoupa. This corn-land-plot contained io,ooo cubits, or 2,2, 5C0 square feet. And the twelve arourve given to each soldier contained more than nine acres and a half.,rcde U 9p 7rept-rpewfj lKap7re'oV^7= "now they were accustomed to enjoy the following (privileges) as they came sound to them in their turn." See iii. 69.4 aTSWIJ.U irlzre Fva'lt - five mines in weigt, " equal to about 5 lbs. 5 oz. with ourselves. -retoL adsl 8epv~oplovo-e= "to those who happen from timne to time to be body guards." 161-173] EUTERPE. 277 169. Amasis defeats and imprisons Apries. wV3' &Ph 0e6,, K.-rA. See Ezekiel xxix. 3. So did Ajax, Mezentius, and Capaneus impiously boast. W.,?cT r~p~o a rao' at. fleeren (Vol. ii. P. 317) Says: "It was not a matter of indifference where a person was buried. Certain spots were held sacred, and preferred to all others; because, according to the tradition of the priests, they were the spots on which Osiris, ruler both in the upper and under world, was buried." ~OKlq)tU&V mrt5otat, K.TrA. = "fitted up with columns constructed so as to resemble palm trees." 170, 171. Tombs in the temple of Athene at Sais. lraP~~hTO' J ro?)-s 'AO-qh'a1t77, K.T.\.- "connected with the whole of the wall of Athene." eirZ ii-Xeop " more fully."' eba~rotca KeitT0W. Compare Soph. Philoct. 2o02.,EthTo/Lrj 9X rat'. 172. Amasis becomes king of Egypt. ML06'/5. Now Safi, a short distance from Sais, according to Bhihr. EP o' OluEfM^ jwipp,, K.TA. = " were in the habit of considering him in no great -estimation." SO in I. 134, &i rTL/Lp ttyovrcu. 5n/6rnv= "a plebeian1." One of thelowest origin. 4b yw~toor6P,r 7rpocrflydyeT-ro "it was not by senseless arrogance (Amasis) had won over to himself (the Egyptians)." 6Luoicos at~rbs rw,3 ro~avtmr~pt w7repjqye~a&= "that he had fared exactly as the foot-pan." 90 X&-Y(,)= "Ihe went to declare." CI'JOT 6Katoi~l 3ov~tew = "so that he claimed the right of reducing them (the Egyptians) to slavery." 173. Habits of King Amasis. KctTao-rd-et = " arrangement." Compare Lat. "1dispositio." * o~cXqO~ s adyopi~r. Some read 7rX-qo6aqs. See however viz. '223. It alludes to that time of the day when the market-place was full, somewhere about ten or eleven o'clock in the forenoon. el -y&p 3~ 7-6v WrdITa yXp6pop IPTeTa/JtZa efj, KC.7.?. Compare Horace's words: "Neque.semper as-cum tendit Apollo." indeed our word "relaxation" is but a smeta~phoricad term from the toosening of the bow string. See Pheed. IMI 4: "1cito rumpes arcum, semper si tensum, habueris." 278 NOTES ON [IL 174. Another custom of Amasis. Ka~reo-rlovao/J.I~os = "in downright earnest." IAI7rTCO-Ke a' ireptFcie'= "he would, in that case, go about and carry on theft. " IS rtT10Ke6iP=1 "towards their repair." See Xen. Anab. V. 3. 13. Kca-re&qocwp = "convicted and condemned," as opp. to diroX~5w. See Tv. 6 8, as II binding down" is opp. to "Iloosing from." 175. Hils building at Sais. b'o-co rs rb ulya~os IOwOV, Kr.T. "of stones so great in size, and of certain kinds of stones., are (they built)." dv5p6o-npty-yas. These had the head of a man, with a lion's body, thus symbolizing the union of intellectual and physical strength: according to some they were placed hefore the temples as mysterious symbols of the Deity. The criosphiux had a ram's head, and the hieracosphinx had a hawk's head. K /3epri~ acu= "boatmen," (see Chap. i64), who formed one of the castes. 7rvuy6v'os "the elbow, " literally; yet here it is the distance from the point of the elbow to the knuckle of the little finger, which was thought to he equal to ten BdiKrvot or five iraXato-ral, palms. &lv1uAzc;r6v iroot djhevov = "having made it a matter of his serious consideration." 176. His adorning Memphis. 7-br v'rTuop = the reclining" (colossus); an unusual position for a colossus. TO~701 L'dpoUT= ol) voD. 177. Census of Amasis followed by Solon.,r6-re eL~tAeovi~o-at. This is oposd to the Scriptural account. See Jeremiah xliv. 30, xlvi. -25, 26. 60ev P3toi2'ra,= " whence he supports himself, " i. e. his means of liviing. 26Xw;v. Not he, but Draco, for Solon actually lightened the penalty. Xaj3cbw 1~ A'y67rrov, K.T-A. Different accounts are given of the real origin of the aIKfl dp'ylas at Athens. Heeren considers the nomarchi a kind of police. 178. Amasis gives Naucratis to the commercial Greeks as a trading place. avaur&\\o.Alotwc = trading by sea." cbdo-t7Xc. Situated at the south~eastern extremity of the Lyclan coast, near Pamphylia. 174-182] EUTERPE. 279 7rpoalr~as Toy^ Ig~ropiov. Boeckh, in his Public Economy of A4 tlsens, defines 4eir6ptop = "a place for wholesale trade in commodities cardied by sea." The 7rpecrTadrrs therefore of the emporium seems, as Wesseling thinks, to have discharged the functions of the modern "consul.",AerairoLEOrat = " busy themselves after it," i.e. lay claim to it. 179. Naucratis the old emporium of Egypt. d~ro6o-aPTa= having denied on oath " (properly "to swear off," abjurare). oild re et'q = "it might be possible." Literally, "Ithings were such, as to allow of." 180. Generosity of Amasis to the Deiphians. fAU aG WcrdvcPTWZ= " having contracted. " TroZ) AeXfoois lU l7rlj~aXXe- "it fell u~pon (to their share) the Delphians." See ilerod. vii. 23. 18w~rlsuveo= "made an effort to collect small gifts." The verb is here in its tentative sense. 181. Amasis marries a Cyrenian.,Mxos = "Iremedy," another form of gqXah diraccce '7Pei77j rj7 Oew,="' fulfilled her vow to the goddess." 9lO Te-rpcaAqxOVo, K.Tr.X. "in the city of the Cyrenians, but turned so as to look out from it." 182. Presents of Amasis to the Greek temples. E1K61a JWUTOO ypa(/Yf C1KaLo/Llvflh= "an image of himself imaged forth in painting." OCdp'qica XVeCoP. See III. 47. etXe 8U Kz~hpoi. This could not have been done without a fleet, which Egypt did not then possess: probably effected by means of the Samian auxiliaries, as Amasis was then in alliance with Polycrates. APPENDICES. APPENDIX I. THE OBJECT OF HERODOTUS. (From Dr Smith's Diet. of Bioqr. Vol. II., article Herodotus.) "THE object of Herodotus is to give an account of the struggles between the Greeks and Persians, from which the former, with the aid of the gods, came forth victorious. The subject therefore is a truly national one, but the discussion of it, especially in the early part, led the author into various digressions and episodes, as he was sometimes obliged to trace to distant times the causes of the events he had to relate, or to give a history or description of a nation or country, with which, according to his view, the reader ought to be made familiar; and having once launched out into such a digression, he usually cannot resist the temptation of telling the whole tale, so that most of his episodes form each an interesting and complete whole by itself. He traces the enmity between Europe and Asia to the mythical times. But he rapidly passes over the mythical ages, to come to Croesus, king of Lydia, who was known to have committed acts of hostility against the Greeks. This induces him to give a full history of Crcesus and the kingdom of Lydia. The conquest of Lydia by the Persians under Cyrus then leads him to relate the rise of the Persian monarchy, and the subjugation of Asia Minor and Babylon. The nations which are mentioned in the course of this narrative are again discussed more or less minutely. The history of Cambyses and his expedition into Egypt induces him to enter into the detail of Egyptian history. The expedition of Dareius against the Scythians causes him to speak of Scythia and the north of Europe. The kingdom of Persia now extended from Scythia to Cyrene, and an army being called in by the Cyrenseans against the Persians, Herodotus proceeds to give an account of Cyrene and Libya. In the meantime the revolt of the Ionians breaks out, which eventually brings the contest between Persia and Greece to an end. An account of this insurrection and of the rise of Athens after the expulsion of the Peisistratide, is followed by what properly constitutes the principal part of the work, and the history of the Persian war now runs in a regular channel until the taking of Sestos. In this manner alone it was possible for Herodotus to give a record of the vast treasures of information which he had collected in the course of many years. But these digressions and episodes do not impair the plan and unity of the work, for one thread, as it were, runs through the whole, and the episodes are only like the branches that issue from one APPEN. I.] APPENDICES. 281 and the same tree: each has its peculiar charms and beauties, and is yet manifestly no more than a part of one great whole. The whole structure of the work thus bears a strong resemblance to a grand epic poem. We remarked above that the work of Herodotus has an abrupt tern' iation, and is probably incomplete: this opinion is strengthened on the one hand by the fact, that in one place the author promises to give the particulars of an occurrence in another part of his work, though the promise is nowhere fulfilled (vii. 2I3); and, on the other, by the > story that a favourite of the historian, of the name of Plesirrhous, who inherited all his property, also edited the work after the author's death (Ptolem. Heph. ap. Phot. Bibl. Cod. 190o). The division of the work into nine books, each bearing the name of a muse, was probably made by some grammarian, for there is no indication in the whole work of the division having been made by the author himself "There are two passages (I. Io6, I84) in which Herodotus promises to write a history of Assyria, which was either to form a part of his great work, or to be an independent treatise by itself. Whether he ever carried his plan into effect is a question of considerable doubt; no ancient writer mentions such a work; but Aristotle, in his History of Animals (viii. 20o), not only alludes to it, but seems to have read it, for he mentions the account of the siege of Nineveh, which is the very thing that Herodotus (I. 184) promises to treat of in his Assyrian history. It is true that in most MSS. of Aristotle we there read Hesiod instead of Herodotus, but the context seems to require Herodotus. The life of Homer in the Ionic dialect, which was formerly attributed to Herodotus and is printed at the end of several editions of his work, is now universally acknowledged to be a production of a later date, though it was undoubtedly written at a comparatively early period, and contains some valuable information. "It now remains to add a few remarks on the character of the work of Herodotus, its importance as an historical authority, and its style and language. The whole work is pervaded by a profoundly religious idea, which distinguishes Herodotus from all the other Greek historians. This idea is the strong belief in a divine power existing apart and independent of man and nature, which assigns to every being its sphere. This sphere no one is allowed to transgress without disturbing the order ' which has existed, from the beginning, in the moral world no less than in the physical; and by disturbing this order man brings about his own, destruction. This divine power is, in the opinion of Herodotus, the cause of all external events, although he does not deny the free activity of man, or establish a blind law of fate or necessity. The divine power with him is rather the manifestation of eternal justice, which keeps all things in a proper equilibrium, assigns to each being its path, and keeps * it within its bounds. Where it punishes overweening haughtiness and insolence, it assumes the character of the divine Nemesis, and nowhere - in history had Nemesis overtaken and chastised the offender more obviously than in the contest between Greece and Asia. When Herodotus speaks of the envy of the gods, as he often does, we must understand this divine Nemesis, who appears sooner or later to pursue or destroy him who, in frivolous insolence and conceit, raises himself 282 APPENDICES. [APPEN. above his proper sphere. Herodotus everywhere shows the most profound reverence for everything which he conceives as divine, and rarely ventures to express an opinion on what he considers as sacred or religious mystery, though now and then he cannot refrain from expressing a doubt in regard to the correctness of the popular belief of his countrymen, generally owing to the influence which the Egyptian priests had exercised on his mind; but in general his good sense and sagacity were too strong to allow him to be misled by vulgar notions aud errors." APPENDIX II. THE PELASGIANS OF HERODOTUS. (From Muir's Greek Lit. Vol. I. PP. 5I-57.) "THE Pelasgians were considered by the antients as standing to the Hfellenes somewhat in the same relation as the Anglo-Saxons to ourselves. The Anglo-Saxon is a dead language, and a knowledge of it, consequently, is of little practical utility in the present day. Yet its study continues to be zealously prosecuted, as well on account of its philological as of its antiquarian interest. With the Greeks the case was different. The allusions in the extant classics to the Pelasgian dialects, spoken or extinct, are so scanty or so vague, as to prove that their affinities had never suggested matter for serious scrutiny. Philological evidence, therefore, of a tangible character, bearing on our present inquiry, fails completely. The substance however of the existing notices amounts, at least, to a general understanding, on the part of the Greek public, in favour of the views expressed in the previous pages, and which may be more distinctly stated under the following heads: "I. That the term Pelasgian indicates a primeval family of cognate tribes and dialects, from which the Hellenic people and language derived their origin. "II. While the neighbouring shores of the Mediterranean were occupied from the earliest period by races speaking a variety of radically distinct tongues, there existed no trace or memory of any language not essentially Greek within the boundaries of Greece itself. " III. Those portions of the Greek population who were admitted to have retained, with their primitive seats, their native character and speech unimpaired, were considered, in right of this qualification, genuine descendants of the old Pelasgic stock. "IV. The criterion for distinguishing, beyond the limits of Greece, a Pelasgic people from other alien tribes, was the resemblance of their language to the classical Greek. "It will here at once occur to the advocates of opposite views, that this assumed harmony on the part of the native writers is disturbed II.] APPENDICES. 283 by a passage of Herodotus, which, while the most specific that has been preserved on the subject, seems also, on first view, at variance with the above theory. It has been subjoined entire, as containing a considerable portion of matter vitally bearing on this whole train of inquiry. " ' What the Pelasgian language was I cannot distinctly say; but if we may judge from the Pelasgi who inhabit the town of Creston above the Tyrrhenians (and who were once neighbours of the people now called Dorians, for they formerly possessed the country since named Thessaliotis), or from the Pelasgians of Placia and Scylace on the Hellespont who were once settled among the Athenians, or from any other tribes originally Pelasgian who have adopted other names, if we may judge from these, the Pelasgians must have spoken a barbarous tongue. If, therefore, the whole Pelasgian race were of this character, the Athenian people, being Pelasgians, on being converted into Hellenes must also have changed their language. For the Crestonians and Placians, while they do not correspond in dialect with any of the surrounding tribes, correspond with each other, which shows them both to have preserved the dialectical peculiarities by which they were distinguished when they migrated into those countries. "' (But the Hellenic race from its first existence has always used the same language. Being originally weak when split off from the Pelasgians it increased, advancing in power, from small beginnings to a great multitude of nations, chiefly in consequence of many other barbarous tribes uniting with it.' " Did this passage stand alone, it might tend no doubt to invalidate the views here advocated. In connexion however with others in the same work it assumes a different aspect. Apart from its historical importance, it also possesses value, from the lively manner in which it reflects some of the characteristic peculiarities of its author. On the one hand it displays that spirit of candour and diffidence in the discussion of obscure topics which forms a principal charm of his style; on the other, a certain vagueness both of argument and conclusion, consequent on the imperfection of the critical art, which may be considered less his own fault than that of his age. Hence, however valuable in themselves, the statements it contains will be found but little in harmony with each other, and altogether at variance with those advanced in subsequent portions of his history. "The literal value of the passage, as affecting the present question, lies chiefly in the application of the term 'barbarous' to the language of those Thracian communities, as compared with the classical Greek. Some commentators have understood the phrase to imply not a different language but merely a rude or corrupt Hellenic dialect. But this interpretation, though in some degree countenanced by parallel texts of A; Herodotus, is here scarcely admissible. The word is one indeed of very loose signification. In its origin it denotes, like some similarly expressive terms in our own tongue, simply harsh, discordant, or unintelligible. Afterwards it came to indicate whatever was opposed to Hellenic, either - L in speech or by a natural transition in origin or manners; and may hence, in the familiar usage of classical times, be often translated 284 APPENDICES. [APPEN. 'foreign,' as the substantive barbarian' denotes simply foreigner. It is also occasionally used in its more primitive signification to express anything rude or savage either in character or language, and in this sense is applied even to people of admitted Greek origin. Upon the whole, however, in the spirit of the historian's general argument, there can be little doubt of his having meant to stigmatize the dialect of these tribes as a 'foreign' tongue, in the literal sense, compared with his own. On the other hand, it is not to be supposed that his opinion was the result of any actual analysis of its structure or affinities, a task for which Herodotus was probably as little disposed as qualified; nor, consequently, is his evidence, even on the least favourable interpretation, sufficient to disprove its connexion with the Greek. The two may still have resembled each other as much as the Swedish the German or the Spanish the Italian. In each of these cases the difference is such as to constitute, in the familiar sense, the one, a foreign tongue, as compared with the other, although in each the critical inquirer discovers a close affinity. The vicissitudes which these Thracian tribes had undergone, during several centuries of migration, might alone suffice to alter their dialect to such an extent as would justify the expression of Herodotus. "In applying their case, however, to the nation at large the historian speaks somewhat diffidently. 'If,' he remarks in the sequel of the same context, 'the whole Pelasgian race were of this description, the Athenians, being Pelasgians, on adopting the Hellenic character must have changed their language.' He overlooks the question, whe. ther it was not more likely that two petty tribes, wandering for centuries over the European continent, should have changed their language, than that an independent stationary Greek community should have undergone any such metamorphosis. The modern philologer must reason differently. With him the fact, admitted not only by Herodotus but by the general consent of antiquity, that the Athenians were an indigenous Pelasgian people, must amount to proof that the Pelasgic and Attic languages were substantially the same. There is no foreign element in thb latter to warrant the belief of its having been subjected to any radical change not common to the other Hellenic dialects. The notion of so sudden a revolution in speech and habits as these Attic Pelasgians, with their neighbours the Acheans and Ionians, are supposed to have undergone 'on the Hellene Ion being appointed general of their army,' as elsewhere stated by the same Herodotusl, is chimerical. In historical times, examples occur of provinces attached to a great empire abandoning their own tongue, and adopting that of the dominant state. But this can only be the result of complete subjection to a conqueror of more advanced civilisation than the indigenous race. No such conquest of Attica is, however, recorded in Greek tradition. Not only do all other leading authorities2 bear testimony to the pure 'Hellenism' of 1 vII. 94 sq.; vII. 44. 2 Thuc. I. 2; Plato, Menexen. p. 245 D: Isocrat. Panathen. c. 132; conf. Clint. F. H. Vol. J. p. 57. By Plato and Isocrates the term Hellene is here used as synonymous with that of Pelasgian in Herodotus. II.] APPENDICES. 285 its inhabitants both in character and dialect; but Herodotus himself1, in his usual candid spirit of self-contradiction, describes them in the sequel as the most antient race of autochthonous ' Hellenes.' The same title to indigenous Pelasgic origin, combined with Hellenism of manners and language, is pointedly extended by both Herodotus2 and Strabo3 to the Arcadians. The latter author further observes4 that the dialect of these mountaineers, owing to its close similarity to that which Dorian influence spread over the rest of Peloponnesus, came to be comprised under the common head of Doric. This correspondence between the language of the Pelasgian aborigines of the south, and that of the Dorian immigrants from the north, described by Herodotus as the genuine Hellenes, is in itself conclusive evidence of a primitive community of Greek character in the two races. "Another remarkable series of passages in Herodotus abundantly proves that, amid his crude speculations on these isolated Thracian tribes, he was himself under the habitual impression, common to the mass of his countrymen, that Pelasgians and Hellenes were radically the same people. Treating of the origin of the Greek religion he observes5, that 'the names of such of the gods as were not derived from the barbarians were of Pelasgic invention.' Here, therefore, Pelasgian and Barbarian are no longer synonymous, but distinctive terms. 'The Pelasgians,' he adds6, 'formerly sacrificed to the gods under no separate names, calling them generally Oeois, as having placed in order (Kb/oa- OvrTes) the universe.' Here the Pelasgians are made not only to use the Hellenic name for the gods, but to form it out of another Hellenic root by a subtle exercise of verbal etymology. He then relates7, among other examples of 'barbarian' influence on the early Greek religion, how 'the Phoenicians, having carried off two priestesses of the Theban Jove, sold them as slaves, the one to the Libyans, the other to the Hellenes. The Egyptian woman, on her arrival in the district of Thesprotia, now called Hellas but then Pelasgia, becoming familiar with the Hellenic tongue, communicated her mysteries to the natives.' The Dodonean fable, where this priestess was figured by a black pigeon, he interprets as allusive to her ' barbarous speech,' which induced the natives on her arrival, 'before she had acquired the Hellenic tongue, to call her the Pigeon, those who speak a barbarous language being held to chatter as birds.' She could hardly have acquired the Hellenic tongue from a Pelasgian people, had the two languages been radically distinct. But without scrutinising details, it is plain that, throughout this whole series of passages, the terms Pelasgian and Hellene as applied to the primitive population and dialect of Greece, are so entirely synonymous with each other and opposed to barbarous, that unless Herodotus be understood, in writing this portion at least of his work, to have been under a full conviction of their virtual identity, his text is altogether nugatory. In another passage he pointedly calls 1 viI. I61. 2 II. 171 3 Pp. 221, 388. 4 P. 333 -N" 1. 50. 6 II. 52. 7 IL. 4 sq. 286 APPENDICES. [APPEN. II. the Dodonseans Hellenes, in the most specific sense, as distinct from the barbarous races to the north1. "The Dodonaean sanctuary was long the most revered oracular fane of the Greek nation. Both Homer and Hesiod describe it as familiarly consulted by their heroes; but it can hardly be supposed that all civilised Greece was used to receive the divine commissions in an unintelligible dialect from a barbarian priesthood. In those days, therefore, the Pelasgian ministers of the oracle must have been Greeks. Aristotle, accordingly, in recognising the identity between their title Helli and that of Hellene, acknowledges the common origin of the two races, describing the Dodonaean territory, with others the primitive Pelasgia, as the 'most antient Hellas2.' No classical author seems to have doubted that these ministers of Jove had, with their antient seats and privileges, maintained their language unimpaired. It is also evident, from the details given by Herodotus of his own intercourse with them, that in his time that language was Greek, as are the names of the three priestesses whom he mentions." 1 iv. 33. The same is indirectly said of the Molossians (v. 127). It need scarcely be added, that the term Pelasgian is habitually and constantly applied by the tragic poets to the aboriginal Hellenic population of Greece. 2 Meteorol. L I4,?SITIW 1Y VtRTUE AND CO., CITY ROAD, LONDOX. THE PRitE MEDAL, INTERNATIONAL EXHII31TION, 186,2,,was awarded to the Publishers of "Weale's Series." ~i8Ca j A NEW LIST CLONDIJ WVEALE'S RUDIMENTARY SCIENTIFIC, EDUCATIONAL, AND CLASSICAL SERIES. 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