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M oou. ion W 4 in1 E. on jgn A ij Ing, in am 0 no is Ism in o oH o o is R noal, o AM ni 6oA S IONHINIL MM, g im no i on o oul ANN go,.ol. N ion NN A H No! om T. INA i On Ann ji Ho oo H -N an o M ion M Hl' W Pa is 'Noo. w Anon Room o ON W o on R.2 g.og R..S 'go Mpg on m om. i no, o oo mi Moo i -:d r es oo I — co) __o (Xi t ob: it: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~i P:::: t__,, I I I I I I II; - I I - ll --, I I 1, I I L I I % i:....... , 'i :, _ I : i 1, ; , ','- -, I I I I - I I -1 - r ------ - 7 - — l- --- t I. i I I I " I I I - I ill I- I 71, -111,.1 I I I. " P" M JOSE RIZAL PHILIPPINE PATRIOT DULCE ET DECORUM EST PRO PATRIA- MORIR:: *::A In the Philippine Islands the American Government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactl what the greatest genius anSd most rev ered patriot ever known *in the S Philippines, Jose Rzal steadfastIy advocated -Teodore inio6ee6re theni Presidnt obf the Uid ta in a t publ add res at Farg,. Apr 7, 9 PIIPN 13E;un,. I r. s.3. ssu, ovosur sxsars, wcru T* '.* u ' a i B4 _,...A, i| je l j 0 A-. -. - f' l MM Ml! l 1*| l! I I111 ' I I II II 11 II I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ilITii-~i~~iir~~"~iii u EHE PORTRAIT O ZAL IN S1!AINYl) IN OIL BY P'ELI RiSUR"RECCIO HUAWCE f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f ~ ~ MHmi ii !~-I,- i — ~:~- II~" L'i81 -;C.:b ; 9":-i-.89:"1* -_::s,s~:'l;':: :':::::-`i -.'-,PBuf;' X-, ----;, 3n, i -- - —::?1;~~I-' --- i:h-t ".~ ~S:-': ---—:: -:~,id IXm rmlHlllli8nllllImlllllllllMnllR LINEAGE LIFE AND LABORS of JOSE RIZAL I I I I I E! PHILIPPINE PATRIOT A Study of the Growth of Free Ideas in the Trans-Pacific American Territory BY AUSTIN CRAIG ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ORIENTAL HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES AUTHOR OF "THE STUDY OF JOSE RIZAL, "EL LINEAJE DEL DOCTOR RIZAL," ETC. INTRODUCTION BY JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON, L.H.D. YONKERS-ON-HUDSON WORLD BOOK COMPANY 1914 F~ ---_________________===: ---__________________,llllnttllfllmffi1 I.. _ V S_|_-__.~;; --- —-.~ III Ii Ilffg(filPlglliltlg#Bllglll#fllllllltg a a * e acopyright, 1913, by Philippine Education Company. Registrado en las Islas Filipinas. All rights reserved. A -u ---mm ---uuIR --- DEDICATION TO THE PHILIPPINE YOUTH rT HE subject of Doctor Rizal's first prize-winning poem was The Philippine Youth, and itstheme was Growth." The study of the grodwth of free ideas, as illustrated in this book of his lineage, life and labors, may therefore fittingly be dedicated to the " fair hope of the fatherland." Except in the case of some few men of great genius, those who are accustomed to absolutism cannot comprehend democracy. Therefore our nation is relying on its young men and young women; on the-rising, instructed generation, for the secure es- tablishment of popular self-government in the Philippines. This was Rizal's own idea, for he said, through the old philosopher in " Noli me Tangere," that he was not writing for his own generation but for a coming, instructed generation that would understand his hidden meaning. Your public school education gives you the democratic view-point, which the genius of Rizal gave tI)i him; in the fifty-five volumes of the Blair-Robertson translation of Philippine historical material there is available today more about your country's past than the entire contents of the British Museum afforded him; and you have the guidance in the new paths that Rizal struck out, of the life of a hero who, farsightedly or providentially, as you may later decide, was the forerunner of the present regime. But you will do as he would have done, neither accept anything because it is written, nor reject it because it does not fall in with your prejudicesstudy out the truth for yourselves. 291885 M IIIIINIIIIIIIUIilfilillilll#lilUfm 3W T XT"qT '/I\T-CT T /Tf- T ~ - T IN IR i U tjU I JIUN N writing a biography, the author, if he be discriminating, selects, with great care, the salient features of the life story of the one whom he deems worthy of 3 being portrayed as a person possessed of preeminent qualities that make for a character and greatness. Indeed to write biography at all, one should have that nice sense of proportion that makes him instinctively seize upon only those points that do advance his theme. Boswell has given the world an example of biography that is often wearisome in the extreme, although he wrote about a man who occupied in his time a commanding I position. Because Johnson was Johnson the world accepts Boswell, and loves to talk of the minuteness of Boswell's portrayal, yet how many read him, or if they do read him, have the patience to read him to the end? In writing the life of the greatest of the Filipinos, Mr. Craig has displayed judgment. Saturated as he is a with endless details of Rizal's life, he has had the good taste to select those incidents or those phases of Rizal's life that exhibit his greatness of soul and that show the factors that were the most potent in shaping his character and in controlling his purposes and actions. A biography written with this chastening of wealth i cannot fail to be instructive and worthy of study. If one were to point out but a single benefit that can accrue from a study of biography written as Mr. Craig has done that of Rizal, he would mention, I believe, that to the character of the student, for one cannot study seriously about men of character without being affected by that study. As leading to an understanding of the character of Rizal, Mr. Craig has described his ancestry with considerable fulness and has shown how the selecA| I jiPU#fHIIRflflHHtUHHHCA1Hlllff INTRODUCTION vii tive principle has worked through successive generations. But he has also realized the value of the outside influences and shows how the accidents of birth and nation affected by environment plus mental vigor and will produced Jose Rizal. With a strikingly meager setting of detail, Rizal has been portrayed from every side and the reader must leave the biography with a knowledge of the elements that entered into and made his life. As a 55 study for the youth of the Philippines, I believe this life of Rizal will be productive of good results. Stimulation and purpose are presented (yet not didactically) throughout its pagies. One object of the author, I should say, has been to show how both Philippine history and world history helped shape Rizal's character. Accordingly, he has mentioned many historical matters both of Philippine and world-wide interest. One cannot read the book without a desire to know more of these matters. Thus the book is not only a biography, it is a history as well. It must give a larger outlook to the youth of the Philippines. The only drawback that one might find in it, and it seems paradoxical to say it, is the lack of more detail, for one leaves it wishing that he knew more of the actual intimate happenings, and this, I take it, is the best effect a biography can have on the reader outside of the instructive and moral value of the biography. MAIA ~JAMES A. ROBERTSON. MANILA, P. I. A!= g |~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CON TEN TS. v D' CTliON TO iH k I i II N OU v I. AME i FORERUNNER.:,.:. -.: '..... 2t IL RZALS CHINSE ANCESTRY 3 Ili LI1BRALIZIN HEREIRY r IN. NCES 37 I1. " V.. I. ii.. C L 6 V. AOR USN PROPHECY 86 VI Ti PERI 0D 0 RE gARATION 6 VII. TH PERIOD 0 P ADA. 136 * VIII, DRUtOL DU ICITY. 70. IXM TOP DEPORTATION TO DAPTMAN 190 X. CO IX. MMAY T I. M 229 XL THi AFTER LiFh N MEMORY 2 1 A ENiX HE MONKE RY AND THE WT RTiSL 267 loix *.i. * * f 28I 1 I A Risdi kh 1b ________A~~~~" """ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PORTRAIT OF RIZAL... Frontispiece Painted in oils by Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (in color). PAGE PHILIPPINE MONEY AND POSTAGE STAMPS... 2 'PORTRAir OF RIZAL.......... 7 Painted in oils by Juan Luna in Paris. Facsimile (in color). COLUMBUS AT BARCELONA...... 14 From a print in Rizal's scrapbook. PORTRAIT GROUP..... 21 Rizal at thirteen. Rizal at eighteen. Rizal in London. The portrait on the postage stamp. THE BAPTISMAL RECORD OF DOMINGO LAM-CO.... 29 Facsimile. PORTRAIT GROUP........... 35 I. In Luna's home. 2. In 1890. 3. The portrait on the paper money. 4. In 1891. 5. In 1892. PACIFIC OCEAN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.. 52 Made by Rizal during President Harrison's administration. FATHER OF RIZAL..... 55 Portrait. MOTHER OF RIZAL......... 56 Portrait. RIZAL'S FAMILY-TREE..... o. 62 Made by Rizal 'when in Dapitan. BIRTHPLACE OF JOSE' RIZAL........ 65 From a photograph. - SKETCHES BY RIZAL.......... 67 A group made during his travels. BUST OF RIZAL'S FATHER....... 68 Carved in wood by Rizal. THE CHURCH AND CONVENTO AT KALAMBA..... 70 From a photograph. FATHER LEONCIO LOPEZ.......... 72 From a photograph. THE LAKE DISTRICT OF CENTRAL LUZON..... 73 Sketch made by Rizal. A i I.^. ^ ^ ^:,-,_.: _ ^._ ml aI lililiBtlfBn#IUIUBUHII#IHIIEHt I x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS RIZAL'S UNCLE, JOSi ALBERTO. From a photograph. SIR JOHN BOWRING, K.C.B..... From an old print. JOSE DEL PAN OF MANILA... From a photograph. GOVERNOR DE LA TORRE..... From an old print. ARCHBISHOP MARTINEZ..... From an old print. THE VERY REV. JAMES BURGOS, D.D... From a photograph. GEN. F. T. WARD...... From a photograph. MONUMENT TO THE "EVER-VICTORIOUS" ARMY, SHANGHAI From a photograph. MRS. RIZAL AND HER TWO DAUGHTERS. From a photograph. BILIBID PRISON... From an old print. PAGE 78 78 79 80 8I 82 84 88 89 I I I I I I It U I I U I I I I U I U I I _ MODEL OF A HEAD OF A DAPITAN GIRL. From a photograph. MEMORIAL TO JOSE ALBERTO IN THE CHURCH AT BINAN From a photograph. BOOKS FROM RIZAL'S LIBRARY.. From a photograph. RIZAL'S CARVING OF THE SACRED HEART From a photograph. BUST OF FATHER GUERRICO, S. J. From a photograph. TWO VIEWS OF A COMPOSITE STATUETTE BY RIZAL From photographs. MODEL IN CLAY OF A DAPITAN WOMAN.. From a photograph. SKETCH OF HIMSELF IN THE TRAINING CLASS Photograph from the original. OIL PAINTING OF RIZAL'S SISTER, SATURNINA Photograph from the painting. 91 93 99 I00 101 102 103 105 io6 A ^ ^^^^I~~ imiif^z^m.illl^ ^.. ~ ~u~IN.ulfiilff^..-i^NNiNNINNllu numullin"Milm~tU I1111 IIAIIINHImI M~NUHUHWA UIIIHIIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS RIZAL'S PARTING VIEW OF MANILA. Pencil sketch by himself. SKETCHES: I. SINGAPORE LIGHTHOUSE. 2. ALONG THE SUEZ 3. CASTLE OF ST. ELMO From Rizal's sketch book. STUDIES OF PASSENGERS ON THE FRENCH MAIL STEAMER. From Rizal's sketch book. ADEN, MAY 28, 1882...... From Rizal's sketch book. DON PABLO ORTIGAS Y REYES..... From a photograph. FIRST LINES OF Al, POEM BY RIZAL TO MISS REYES Facsimile. RIZAL IN JUAN LUNA'S STUDIO IN PARIS. From a photograph. THE RUINED CASTLE AT HEIDELBERG. From a photograph. DR. RUDOLF VIRCHOW... From a photograph. THE HOUSE WHERE RIZAL COMPLETED "NOLI ME TANGERE". From a photograph. MANUSCRIPT OF " NOLI ME TANGERE". Facsimile. PORTRAIT OF DR. F. BLUMENTRIrT Pencil sketch by Rizal. THE VICTORY OF DEATH OVER LIFE AND OF SCIENCE OVER DEATH Statuettes by Rizal from photographs. JOSE T. DE ANDRADE, RIZAL'S BODYGUARD. From an old print. JOSE MARIA BASA OF HONGKONG. From a photograph. IMITATIONS OF JAPANESE ART.. From Rizal's sketch book. DR. ANTONIO MARIA REGIDOR. From a photograph. A "WHEEL OF FORTUNE" ANSWER BOOK..Facsimile. A xi PAGE III CANAL. 112 113 114 123 124 125 127 130 130 132 133 134 137 139 4o o o 43 1 43 I I U U U I U I I 1 I r ommommmm ummmu moummu1 l - -- ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE DR. REINHOLD ROST..... 44 From a photograph. A PAGE FROM ANDERSEN'S FAIRY TALES TRANSLATED BY RIZAL.. I45 Facsimile. DEDICATION OF RIZAL'S TRANSLATION OF ANDERSEN'S FAIRY TALES. 147 Facsimile. A TRILINGUAL LETTER BY RIZAL..... 48, 149 Facsimile. MORGA'S HISTORY IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.... 150 From a photograph of the original. APPLICATION, RECOMMENDATION AND ADMISSION TO THE BRITISH MUSEUM 151 From photographs of the originals. "LA SOLIDARIDAD".. 154 X5 ~ From photograph of the original. STAFF OF "LA SOLIDARIDAD"......55 From a photograph. RIZAL FENCING WITH LUNA IN PARIS..... 160 From a photograph. GENERAL WEYLER, KNOWN AS "BUTCHER" WEYLER.... 6 From a photograph. RIZAL'S PARENTS DURING THE LAND TROUBLES..... 62 From photographs. THE WRIT OF EVICTION AGAINST RIZAL'S FATHER.... 63 Facsimile of the original. ROOM IN WHICH "EL FILIBUSTERISMO" WAS BEGUN... 67 Pencil sketch by Rizal. FIRST PAGE OF THE MANUSCRIPT OF "EL FILIBUSTERISMO".. i68 Facsimile from the original. COVER OF THE MANUSCRIPT OF "EL FILIBUSrERISMO "... 69 Facsimile of the original. RIZAL'S PROFESSIONAL CARD WHEN IN HONGKONG...172 Facsimile of the original. STATUETTE MODELED BY RIZAL... 173 From a photograph. DON EULOGIO DESPUJOL.......... 174 From an old print. PROPOSED SETTLEMENT IN BORNEO... 175 Facsimile of original sketch. A i 3 I I Btlr E IN ia. - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii PAGE RIZAL'S PASSPORT OR "SAFE CONDUCT".,,. 179 Photograph of the original. PART OF DESPUJOL'S PRIVATE INQUIRY. 80 Facsimile of the original. CASE SECRETLY FILED AGAINST RIZAL. o 8 Facsimile of the original. LUIS DE LA TORRE, SECRETARY TO DESPUJOL. o o o o. 82 From an old print. REGULArIONS OF LA LIGA FILIP1NA.. 191 Facsimile in Rizal's handwriting. THE CALLE ILAYA MONUMENT TO RIZAL AND LA LIGA FILIPINA.. 193 From a photograph. THREE NEW SPECIES DISCOVERED BY RIZAL AND NAMED AFTER HIM. 199 From an engraving. SPECIMENS COLLECTED BY RIZAL AND FATHER SANCHEZ.. 200 From photographs. STATUETTE BY RIZAL, THE MOTHER'S REVENGE.... 200 From a photograph. FATHER SANCHEZ, S. J.... o. o. 201 From a photograph. DRAWINGS OF FISHES CAUGHT AT DAPITAN.0. 202 Twelve facsimiles of Rizal's originals. PLAN OF THE WATER WORKS FOR DAPITAN. 203 ~I ~ Facsimile of Rizal's sketch. JEWELRY OF EARLIEST MORO CONVERTS.. 204 From a photograph. HILL AND EXCAVATIONS WHERE THE JEWELRY WAS FOUND.. 205 Facsimile of a sketch by Rizal. LIST OF ETHNOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL.... o 210 Facsimile. THE BLIND MR. TAUFER. o o 211 From a photograph. RIZALJS FATHER-IN-LAW.. o o O. 212 From a photograph. CARVED PORTRAIT OF JOSEFINA BRACKEN.. o 213 From a photograph. JOSEFINA BRACKEN'S BAPTISMAL CERTIFICATE o o 0 214 Facsimile of the original. A Imu I~~~~~~~~~~~~~ xiy, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE JOSEFINA BRACKEN, AFTERWARDS MRS. JOSI RIZAL... 215 From a photograph. LEONORA RIVERA...... 28 Pencil sketch by Rizal. LEONORA RIVERA AT THE AGE OF FIFTEEN...... 220 From a photograph. LETTER TO HIS NEPHEW BY RIZAL.. 221 Facsimile. ETHNOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL COLLECTED BY RIZAL.... 223 From a print. CELL IN WHICH RIZAL WAS IMPRISONED.... 233 From a photograph. CUARTEL DE ESPANA........ 236 From a photograph. LUIS T. DE ANDRADE...... 237 From an old print. INTERIOR OF CELL I.... 240 From a photograph. RIZAL'S WEDDING GIFT TO HIS WIFE..,... 241 Facsimile of original. RIZAL'S SYMBOLIC NAME IN MASONRY..... 245 Facsimile of original. THE WIFE OF JOSi RIZAL..... 247 From a photograph. EXECUTION OF RIZAL..... 249 From a photograph. BURIAL RECORD OF RIZAL......... 252 Facsimile from the Paco register. GRAVE OF RIZAL IN PACO CEMETERY, MANILA.... 254 From a photograph. THE ALCOHOL LAMP IN WHICH THE "FAREWELL" POEM WAS HIDDEN 255 From a photograph. THE OPENING LINES OF RIZAL'S LAST VERSES... 255 Facsimile of original. RIZAL'S FAREWELL TO HIS MOTHER........ 258 Facsimile. MONUMENT AT THE CORNER OF RIZAL AVENUE.. 260 From a photograph. A I a U B I I il" I I U: I I I Ic Bf fI sI _U I U BS ==ibh I~~~~~~~~~~r~~~~~~~~~~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ NII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv FLOAT IN A RIZAL. DAY PIARADE.6 From a pfiboioFrapih. ro a PhI g api.... RETHE LAST PORTRAIT SI jOD RIALY S MOEAASER. 6 From a p;oloprapht. ACCEPTED MODEL Pi, TIE IAL MONMENT 264 From a phooap. bFrom a sketch roe. i Six fomiwio m f r m ria r a! 0FEOi R, I llo ARM o1 6 tgE fiTI)R(f OF TRE gS1KEY hND TW IE TOR~l)1!3E h e g ffi*Z'. I,, 1Ai MX,t; St 4..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r'~ :: S f:!~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A THE LINEAGE, LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL, PHILIPPINE PATRIOT I AMERICA'S FORERUNNER HE lineage of a hero who made the history of his country during its most critical period, and whose labors constitute its hope for the future, must be more than a simple list of an ascending line. The blood which flowed in his veins must be traced generation by generation, the better to understand the man, but at the same time the causes leading to the conditions of his times must be noted, step by step, in order to give a better understanding of the environment in which he lived and labored. The study of the growth of free ideas is now in the days of our democracy the most important feature of Philippine history; hitherto this history has consisted of little more than lists of governors, their term of office, and of the recital of such incidents as were considered to redound to the glory of Spain, or could be so twisted and misrepresented as to make them appear to do so. It rarely occurred to former historians that the lamp of experience might prove a light for the feet of future generations, and the mistakes of the past were usually ignored or passed over, thus leaving the way open for repeating the old errors. But profit, not pride, should be the object of the study of the past, and our historians of today very largely concern themselves with mistakes in policy and defects of system; fortunately for them such critical investigation under our changed conditions does not involve the discomfort and danger that attended it in the days of Doctor Rizal. H.m A,. H 0I 2 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOStI RIZAL In the opinion of the martyred Doctor, criticism of the right sort-even the very best things may be abused till they become intolerable evils-serves much the same usej ful warning purpose for governments that the symptoms of sickness do for persons. Thus government and individual alike, when advised in time of something wrong with the system, can seek out and correct the cause before serious consequences ensue. But the nation that represses honest criticism with severity, like the individual who deadens his symptoms with dangerous drugs, is likely to be lulled into a false security that may prove fatal. Patriot toward Spain and the Philippines alike, Rizal tried to impress this view upon the government of his day, with fatal results to himself, and the disastrous effects of not heeding him have since justified his position. The very defenses of Old Manila illustrate how the Philippines have suffered from lack of such devoted, honest and courageous critics as Jose Rizal. The city wall was built some years later than the first Spanish occupation to keep out Chinese pirates after Li Ma-hong destroyed the city. The Spaniards sheltered themselves in the old Tagalog fort till reinforcements could come from the country. No one had ever dared to quote the proverb about locking the door after the horse was stolen, The need for the moat, so recently filled in, was not seen until after the bitter experience of the easy occupation of Manila by the English, but if public opinion had been allowed free expression this experience might have been avoided. And the free space about the walls was cleared of buildings only after these same buildings had helped to make the same occupation of the city easier, yet there were many in Manila who foresaw the danger but feared I to foretell it. Had the people of Spain been free to criticise the Spaniards' way of waiting to do things until it is too late, A I IL a 11111tlIll111111111SUll~lUS ~ tlffii..... ' Itz~?I Ad mllulllmltlluhlImm Immm maml filmml t ihfitmlnm#m AMERICA'S FORERUNNER 3 that nation, at one time the largest and richest empire in the world, would probably have been saved from its loss of territory and its present impoverished condition. And had the early Filipinos, to whom splendid professions and sweeping promises were made, dared to complain of the Peninsular policy of procrastination-the "maianan habit, as it has been called-Spain might have been spared Doctor Rizal's terrible but true indictment that she retarded Philippine progress, kept the Islands miserably ruled for 333 years and in the last days of the nineteenth century was still permitting mediaval malpractices. 25 i Rizal did not believe that his country was able to stand alone as a separate government. He therefore desired to preserve the Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines, but he desired also to bring about reforms and conditions conducive to advancement. To this end he carefully pointed out those colonial shortcomings that caused friction, kept up discontent, and prevented safe progress, and that would have been perfectly easy to correct. Directly as well as indirectly, the changes he proposed were calculated to benefit the homeland quite as much as the Philippines, but his well-meaning efforts brought him hatred and an undeserved death, thus proving once more how thankless is the task of telling unpleasant truths, no matter how necessary it may be to do so. Because Rizal spoke out boldly, while realizing what would probably be his fate, history holds him a hero and calls his death a martyrdom. He was not one of those popularity-seeking, self-styled patriots who are ever mouthing " My country, right or wrong;" his devotion was deeper and more disinterested. When he found his country wrong he willingly sacrificed himself to set her right. Such unselfish spirits are rare; in life they are often misunderstood, but when time does them justice, they come into a fame which endures. j 8 - 4 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOS1 1RIZAL Doctor Rizal knew that the real Spain had generous though sluggish intentions, and noble though erratic impulses, but it awoke too late; too late for Doctor Rizal and too late to save the Philippines for Spain; tardy reforms after his death were useless and the loss of her overseas possessions was the result. Doctor Rizal lost when he staked his life on his trust in the innate sense of honor of Spain, for that sense of honor became temporarily blinded by a sudden but fatal gust of passion; and it took the shock of the separation to rouse the dormant Spanish chivalry. Still in the main Rizal's judgment was correct, and he was the victim of mistimed, rather than of misplaced, confidence, for as soon as the knowledge of the real Rizal became known to the Spanish people, belated justice began to be done his memory, and then, repentant and remorseful, as is characteristically Castilian, there was little delay and no half-heartedness. Another name may now be grouped with Columbus and Cervantes among those to whom*Spain has given imprisonment in life and monuments after death-chains for the man and chaplets for his memory. In I896, during the few days before he could be returned to Manila, Doctor Rizal occupied a dungeon in Montjuich Castle in Barcelona; while on his way to assist the Spanish soldiers in Cuba who were stricken with yellow fever, he was shipped and sent back to a prejudged trial and an unjust execution. Fifteen years later the Catalan city authorities commemorated the semi-centennial of this prisoner's birth by changing, in his honor, the name of a street in the shadow of the inRizal." More instances of this nature are not cited since they are not essential to the proper understanding of Rizal's story, but let it be made clear once for all that whatever ___ A___ Imhurnlu, mllnnwuim ml ufIft f I I IU AMERICA'S FORERUNNER harshness may be found in the following pages is directed solely to those who betrayed the trust of the mother country and selfishly abused the ample and unrestrained powers with which Spain invested them. And what may seem the exaltation of the Anglo-Saxons at the expense of the Latins in these pages is intended only to point out the superiority of their ordered system of government, with its checks and balances, its individual rights and individual duties, under which men are "free to live by no man's leave, underneath the Law." No human being can be safely trusted with unlimited power, and no man, no matter what his nationality, could have withstood the temptations offered by the chaotic conditions in the Philippines in past times any better than did the Spaniards. There is nothing written in this book that should convey the opinion that in similar circumstances men of any nationality would not have acted as the Spaniards did. The easiest recognized characteristic of absolutism, and all the abuses and corruption it brings in its train, is fear of criticism, and Spain drew her own indictment in the Philippines when she executed Rizal. When any nation sets out to enroll all its scholarly critics among the martyrs in the cause of Liberty, it 2 makes an open confession of guilt to all the world. For a quarter of a century Spain had been ruling in the Phil- i ippines by terrorizing its subjects there, and Rizal's execution, with utter disregard of the most elementary rules of judicial procedure, was the culmination that drove the Filipinos to desperation and arrested the attention of the whole civilized world. It was evident that Rizal's fate might have been that of any of his countrymen, and the thinking world saw that events had taken such a course in the Philippines that it had become justifiable for the Filipinos to attempt to dissolve the political _~i1 _____C~A____~I - EE~~~~~~~~~~~ I I... I 6 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL I bands which had connected them with Spain for over three centuries. Such action by the Filipinos would not have been warranted by a solitary instance of unjust execution under stress of political excitement that did not indicate the existence of a settled policy. Such instances are rather to be classed among the mistakes to which governments as well as individuals are liable. Yet even such a mistake may be avoided by certain precautions which experience has suggested, and the nation that disregards these precautions is justly open to criticism. Our present Philippine government guarantees to its citizens as fundamental rights, that no person shall be held to answer for a capital crime unless on an indictment, nor may he be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. The accused must have a speedy, public and impartial trial, be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, be confronted with the witnesses against him, have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Not one of these safeguards protected Doctor Rizal except that he had an "open trial," if that name may be given to a courtroom filled with his enemies openly clamoring for his death without rebuke from the court. Even the presumption of innocence till guilt was established was denied him. These precautions have been considered necessary for every criminal trial, but the framers of the American Constitution, fearful lest popular prejudice some day might cause injustice to those advocating unpopular ideals, prohibited the irremediable penalty of death upon a charge of treason except where the testimony of two reliable witnesses established some overt act, inference not being admissible as evidence. A I I t_ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............................^......................................... _ _ _..............................^ ^.............................-..........................................I......... mE m = iIMnU — I'uMnIunmmBmlmmgnm I AMERICA'S FORERUNNER 7 Such protection was not given the subjects of Spain, but still, with all the laxity of the Spanish law, and even if I all the charges had been true, which they were far from being, no case was made out against Doctor Rizal at his trial. According to the laws then in effect, he was unfairly convicted and he should be considered innocent; for this reason his life will be studied to see what kind of hero he was, and no attempt need be made to plead good character and honest intentions in extenuation of illegal acts. Rizal was ever the advocate of law, and it will be found, too, that he was always consistently law-abiding. Though they are in the Orient, the Filipinos are not of it. Rizal once said, upon hearing of plans for a Philippine exhibit at a European World's Fair, that the people of Europe would have a chance to see themselves as they were in the Middle Ages. With allowances for the changes due to climate and for the character of the coun/ try, this statement can hardly be called exaggerated. The Filipinos in the last half of the nineteenth century were not Orientals but medieval Europeans-to the credit of the early Castilians but to the discredit of the later Spaniards. The Filipinos of the remoter Christian barrios, whom Rizal had in mind particularly, were in customs, beliefs and advancement substantially what the descendants of Legaspi's followers might have been had these been ship- wrecked on the sparsely inhabited islands of the Archipelago and had their settlement remained shut off from the rest of the world. Except where foreign influence had accidentally crept in at the ports, it could truthfully be said that scarcely perceptible advance had been made in three hundred years. Succeeding Spaniards by their misrule not only added little to the glorious achievement of their ancestors, but seemed I A ~mml| E~l~ ~ ~~ w u ~~~~iumHw~~~muiimn[m jj,8alfRI#tlllflIIIIIIIHHIIIBIII a~ stj 8 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL W to have prevented the natural progress which the land would have made. In one form or another, this contention was the basis of Rizal's campaign. By careful search, it is true, isolated instances of improvement could be found, but the showing at its very best was so pitifully poor that the system stood discredited. And it was the system to which Rizal was opposed. The Spaniards who engaged in public argument with Rizal were continually discovering, too late to avoid tumbling into them, logical pitfalls which had been carefully prepared to trap them. Rizal argued much as he played chess, and was ever ready to sacrifice a pawn to be enabled to say " check." Many an unwary opponent realized after he had published what he had considered a clever answer that the same reasoning which scored a point against Rizal incontrovertibly established the Kalamban's major premise. Superficial antagonists, to the detriment of their own reputations, have made much of what they chose to consider Rizal's historical errors. But history is not merely chronology, and his representation of its trend, disregard- ing details, was a masterly tracing of current evils to their remote causes. He may have erred in some of his minor statements; this will happen to anyone who writes much, but attempts to discredit Rizal on the score of historical inaccuracy really reflect upon the captious critics, just as a draftsman would expose himself to ridicule were he to complain of some famous historical painting that it had not been drawn to exact scale. Rizal's writings were intended to bring out in relief the evils of the Spanish system of the government of the Filipino people, just as a map of the world may put the inhabited portions of the earth in greater prominence than those portions that are not inhabited. Neither is exact in its representation, but A I ItIII~g~e~RRIBgMIllllllRREIUIDUURIUIDiRnl~~iRDERDIRRRDRllafiRRIID mM AMERICA'S FORERUNNER 9 each serves its purpose the better because it magnifies the important and minimizes the unimportant. In his disunited and abased countrymen, Rizals writings aroused, as he intended they should, the spirit of nationality, of a Fatherland which was not Spain, and put their feet on the road to progress. What matters it, then, if his historical references are not always exhaustive, and if to make himself intelligible in the Philippines he had to write in a style possibly not always sanctioned by the Spanish Academy? Spain herself had denied to the Filipinos a system of education that might have made a creditable Castilian the common language of the Archipelago. A display of erudition alone does not make an historian, nor is purity, propriety and precision in choosing words all there is to literature. Rizal charged Spain unceasingly with unprogressiveness in the Philippines, just as he labored and planned unwearyingly to bring the Filipinos abreast of modern European civilization. But in his appeals to the Spanish conscience and in his endeavors to educate his countrymen he showed himself as practical as he was in his arguments, ever ready to concede nonessentials in name and means if by doing so progress could be made. Because of his unceasing efforts for a wiser, better governed and more prosperous Philippines, and because of his frank admission that he hoped thus in time there might come a freer Philippines, Rizal was called traitor to Spain and ingrate. Now honest, open criticism is not treasont and the sincerest gratitude to those who first brought Christian civilization to the Philippines should not shut the eyes to the wrongs which Filipinos suffered from their successors. But until the latest moment of Spanish rule, the apologists of Spain seemed to think that they ought to be able to turn away the wrath evoked by the cruelty and incompetence that ran riot during centuries, by dwell______ A______iit iltllWHI1NllllllmMttlMflllflltlf 10 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL ing upon the benefits of the early days of the Spanish dominion. Wearisome was the eternal harping on gratitude which at one time was the only safe tone for pulpit, press and public speech; it was irritating because it ignored questions of current policy, and it was discouraging to the Filipinos who were reminded by it of the hopeless future for their country to which time had brought no progress. But with all the faults and unworthiness of the later rulers, and the inane attempts of their parasites to distract attention from these failings, there remains undimmed the luster of Spain's early fame. The Christianizing which accompanied her flag upon the mainland and islands of the New World is its imperishable glory, and the transformation of the Filipino people from Orientals into mediaeval Europeans through the colonizing genius of the early Castilians, remains a marvel unmatched in colonial history and merits the lasting gratitude of the Filipino. Doctor Rizal satirized the degenerate descendants and scored the unworthy successors, but his writings may be searched in vain for wholesale charges against the Spanish nation such as Spanish scribblers were forever directing against all Filipinos, past, present and future, with an alleged fault of a single one as a pretext. It will be found that he invariably recognized that the faithful first administrators and the devoted pioneer missionaries had a valid claim upon the continuing gratitude of the people of Tupa's and Lakandola's land. Rizal's insight discerned, and experience has demonstrated, that Legaspi, Urdaneta and those who were like them, laid broad and firm foundations for a modern social and political organization which could be safely and speedily established by reforms from above. The early Christianizing civilizers deserve no part of the blame for the fact thai Philippine ports were not earlier opened ---- A --- —_ 9Fran~ Liellmllm lWlfMllnmlwnfimut llh l lllHI Iwull lflfiwu~Iuff lnhm m lll lInmllifmlnll il llwlulmlUlnlllmllnlII AMERICA'S FORERUNNER 11 to progress, but much credit is due them that there is succeeding here an orderly democracy such as now would be impossible in any neighboring country. The Philippine patriot would be the first to recognize the justice of the selection of portraits which appear with that of Rizal upon the present Philippine postage stamps, where they serve as daily reminders of how free government came here. The constancy and courage of a Portuguese sailor put these Islands into touch with the New World with which their future progress was to be identified. The tact and honesty of a civil official from Mexico made possible the almost bloodless conquest which brought the Filipinos under the then helpful rule of Spain. The bequest of a far-sighted early philanthropist was the beginning of the water system of Manila, which was a recognition of the importance of efforts toward improving the public health and remains a reminder of how, even in the darkest days of miseries and misgovernment, there have not been wanting Spaniards whose ideal of Spanish patriotism was to devote heart, brain and wealth to the welfare of the Filipinos. These were the heroes of the period of preparation. The life of the one whose story is told in these pages was devoted and finally sacrificed to dignify their common country in the eyes of his countrymen, and to unite them in a common patriotism; he inculcated that self- respect which, by leading to self-restraint and self-control, makes self-government possible; and sought to inspire in all a love of ordered freedom, so that, whether under the flag of Spain or any other, or by themselves, neither tyrants (caciques) nor slaves (those led by caciques) would be possible among them. And the change itself came through an American President who believed, and practiced the belief, that nations;AI |T. g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'l #nfllflmmUtlillUllllllnfll(RIUU I 12 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSAj RIZAL owed obligations to other nations just as men had duties toward their fellow-men. He established here Liberty through Law, and provided for progress in general education, which should be a safeguard to good government as well, for an enlightened people cannot be an oppressed people. Then he went to war against the Philippines rather than deceive them, because the Filipinos, who repeatedly had been tricked by Spain with unfulfilled promises, insisted on pledges which he had not the power to give. They knew nothing of what was meant by the rule of the people, and could not conceive of a government whose head was the servant and not the master. Nor did they realize that even the voters might not promise for the future, since republicanism requires that the government of any period shall rule only during the period that it is in the majority. In that war military glory and quick conquest were sacrificed to consideration for the misled enemy, and every effort was made to minimize the evils of warfare and to gain the confidence of the people. Retaliation for violations of the usages of civilized warfare, of which Filipinos at first were guilty through their Spanish training, could not be entirely prevented, but this retaliation contrasted strikingly with the Filipinos' unhappy past experiences with Spanish soldiers. The few who had been educated out of Spain and therefore understood the American position were daily reinforced by those persons who became convinced from what they saw, until a majority of the Philippine people sought peace. Then the President of the United States outlined a policy, and the history and constitution of his government was an assurance that this policy would be followed; the American government then began to do what it had not been able to promise. The forerunner and the founder of the present regime in these Islands, by a strange coincidence, were as alike ------ -_A ---- —......... -.......... re lllllllllilHIItllllltllllllliR AMERICA'S FORERUNNER 13 in being cruelly misunderstood in their lifetimes by those whom they sought to benefit as they were in the tragedy of their deaths, and both were unjustly judged by many, probably well-meaning, countrymen. Magellan, Legaspi, Carriedo, Rizal and McKinley, heroes of the free Philippines, belonged to different times and were of different types, but their work combined to make possible the growing democracy of to-day. The diversity of nationalities among these heroes is an added advantage, fot it recalls that mingling of blood which has developed the Filipinos into a strong people. England, the United States and the Philippines are each composed of widely diverse elements. They have each been developed by adversity. They have each honored their severest critics while yet those critics lived. Their common literature, which tells the story of human liberty in its own tongue, is the richest, most practical and most accessible of all literature, and the popular education upon which rests the freedom of all three is in the same democratic tongue, which is the most widely known of civilized languages and the only unsycophantic speech, for it stands alone in not distinguishing by its use of pronouns in the second person the social grade of the individual addressed. The future may well realize Rizal's dream that his country should be to Asia what England has been to Europe and the United States is in America, a hope the more likely to be fulfilled since the events of I898 restored only associations of the earlier and happier days of the history of the Philippines. The very name now used is nearer the spelling of the original Philipinas than the Filipinas of nineteenth century Spanish usage. The first form was used until nearly a century ago, when it was corrupted along with so many things of greater importance. ~111 AIiIIlii~~~~~~i~~iu~~~~~~w ~ iH ~ w ~ lim n~~l~wBul ilulm lU I tllltllllmlU 14 LiFE A LABORS OF JO liAL The Philippnes at rst were called "The Isands of the West" as they are considred to be ocidental and not or ental. They were made inowk to ourope as a not oren will quel to th divris of Columbosk iCioued d Co lumbu aI gbarlona a From a prior in if.rIa.bo_ colonized from Mexico, most of their pioos and charfiitble ';<** '. ' * '. * o en.1dowments chuh, hosils asu ad cl were endowed by ilianth2ropic Mexicans. Aliost as long as Mexci rm and nih t mmr o tthe Phlippines was confined t 1M the Phil tppin fe were a part f h g otal syse i f Mexico and depn ntd _ 1 _ _ A MEE1! glllllllllllnHIHIIm1IIIUNIUBnllllH AMERICA'S FORERUNNER 15 upon the government of Mexico exactly as long as Mexico remained Spanish. They even kept the new world day, one day behind Europe, for a third of a century longer. The Mexican dollars continued to be their chief coins till supplanted, recently, by the present peso, and the highbuttoned white coat, the " americana," by that name was in general use long years ago. The name America is frequently to be found in the old baptismal registers, for a century or more ago many a Filipino child was so christened, and in the '70's Rizal's carving instructor, because so many of the best-made articles he used were of American manufacture, gave the name "Americano" to a godchild. As Americans, Filipinos were joined with the Mexicans when King Ferdinand VII thanked his subjects in both countries for their loyalty during the Napoleonic wars. Filipino students abroad found, too, books about the Philippines listed in libraries and in booksellers' catalogues as a branch of " Americana." Nor was their acquaintance confined to Spanish Americans. The name "English" was early known. Perhaps no other was more familiar in the beginning, for it was constantly execrated by the Spaniards, and in consequence secretly cherished by those who suffered wrongs at their hands. Magellan had lost.his life in his attempted circumnavi- gation of the globe and Elcano completed the disastrous voyage in a shattered ship, minus most of its crew. But Drake, an Englishman, undertook the same voyage, passed the Straits in less time than Magellan, and was the first commander in his own ship to put a belt around the earth. These facts were known in the Philippines, and from them the Filipinos drew comparisons unfavorable to the boastful Spaniards. When the rich Philippine galleon Santa Ana was captured off the California coast by Thomas Candish, "three = i ' ' lvs i f G i I#INNUIIIMIIIIUIIII1IIHIIMB)III 16 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL boys born in Manila " were taken on board the English ships. Afterwards Candish sailed into the straits south of " Luqon " and made friends with the people of the country. There the Filipinos promised " both themselves, and all the islands thereabouts, to aid him whensoever he should come again to overcome the Spaniards." Dampier, another English sea captain, passed through the Archipelago but little later, and one of his men, John Fitzgerald by name, remained in the Islands, marrying here. He pretended to be a physician, and practiced as a doctor in Manila. There was no doubt room for him, because when Spain expelled the Moors she reduced medicine in her country to a very low state, for the Moors had been her most skilled physicians. Many of these Moors who were Christians, though not orthodox according to the Spanish standard, settled in London, and the English thus profited by the persecution, just as she profited when the cutlery industry was in like manner transplanted from Toledo to Sheffield. The great Armada against England in Queen Elizabeth's time was an attempt to stop once for all the depredations of her subjects on Spain's commerce in the Orient. As the early Spanish historian, Morga, wrote of it: "Then only the English nation disturbed the Spanish dominion in that Orient. Consequently King Philip desired not only to forbid it with arms near at hand, but also to furnish an example, by their punishment, to all the northern nations, so that they should not undertake the invasions that we see. A beginning was made in this work I in the year one thousand five hundred and eighty-eight." This ingeniously worded statement omits to tell how ignominiously the pretentious expedition ended, but the fact of failure remained and did not help the prestige of Spain, especially among her subjects in the Far East. After all the boastings of what was going to happen, and A I i I mu ummuti uiutuiflfii~Iihlluh~flmflulu~nI euunuummuiinuinimuwuwiwuuuuumuninirn m alllllltl WIII IIIIIHI# AMERICA'S FORERUNNER 17 all the claims of what had been accomplished, the enemies of Spain not only were unchecked but appeared to be bolder than ever. Some of the more thoughtful Filipinos then began to lose confidence in Spanish claims. They were only a few, but their numbers were to increase as the years went by. The Spanish Armada was one of the earliest of those influences which, reinforced by later events, culminated in the life work of Jose Rizal and the loss of the Philippines by Spain. At that time the commerce of Manila was restricted to the galleon trade with Mexico, and the prosperity of the Filipino merchants-in large measure the prosperity of the entire Archipelago-depended upon the yearly ventures the hazard of which was not so much the ordinary uncer- tainty of the sea as the risk of capture by English free- booters. Everybody in the Philippines had heard of these daring English mariners, who were emboldened by an almost unbroken series of successes which had correspondingly discouraged the Spaniards. They carried on unceasing war despite occasional proclamation of peace between England and Spain, for the Spanish treasure ships were tempting prizes, and though at times policy made their government desire friendly relations with Spain, the English people regarded all Spaniards as their natural enemies and all Spanish property as their legitimate spoil. The Filipinos realized earlier than the Spaniards did that torturing to death shipwrecked English sailors was bad policy. The result was always to make other English sailors fight more desperately to avoid a similar fate. Revenge made them more and more aggressive, and treaties made with Spain were disregarded because, as they said, Spain's inhumanity had forfeited her right to be considered a civilized country. It was less publicly discussed, but equally well known, that the English freebooters, besides committing countless A liltUHWtflrilU1HlfllllUIIIWIIWfWt#I 18 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL depredations on commerce, were always ready to lend their assistance to any discontented Spanish subjects whom they could encourage into open rebellion. The English word Filibuster was changed into " Filibusteros " by the Spanish, and in later years it came to be applied especially to those charged with stirring up discontent and rebellion. For three centuries, in its early application to the losses of commerce, and in its later use as denoting political agitation, possibly no other word in the Philippines, outside of the ordinary expressions of daily life, was so widely known, and certainly none had such sinister signification. In contrast to this lawless association is a similarity of laws. The followers of Cortez, it will be remembered, were welcomed in Mexico as the long-expected " Fair Gods" because of their blond complexions derived from a Gothic ancestry. Far back in history their forbears had been neighbors of the Anglo-Saxons in the forests of Germany, so that the customs of Anglo-Saxon England and of the Gothic kingdom of Castile had much in common. The "Laws of the Indies," the disregard of which was the ground of most Filipino complaints up to the very last days of the rule of Spain, was a compilation of such of these Anglo-Saxon-Castilian laws and customs as it was thought could be extended to the Americas, originally called the New Kingdom of Castile, which included the Philippine Archipelago. Thus the New England township and the Mexican, and consequently the early Philippine pueblo, as units of local government are nearly related. These American associations, English influences, and Anglo-Saxon ideals also culminated in the life work of Jose Rizal, the heir of all the past ages in Philippine history. But other causes operating in his own day-the stories of his elders, the incidents of his childhood, the: _.................................. _........... - - ISlslllllUIIIUIIIUIIIIUII1UUUUUlltll liii !111111111111111111IIIIIIIIHIIIIIUIIUIH AMERICA'S FORERUNNER 19 books he read, the men he met, the travels he made-as later pages will show-contributed further to make him the man he was. It was fortunate for the Philippines that after the war of misunderstanding with the United States there existed a character that commanded the admiration of both sides. Rizal's writings revealed to the Americans aspirations that appealed to them and conditions that called forth their sympathy, while the Filipinos felt confidence, for that reason, in the otherwise incomprehensible new government which honored their hero. Rizal was already, and had been for years, without rival as the idol of his countrymen when there came, after deliberation and delay, his official recognition in the Philippines. Necessarily there had to be careful study of his - life and scrutiny of his writings before the head of our nation could indorse as the corner stone of the new government which succeeded Spain's misrule, the very ideas which Spain had considered a sufficient warrant for shoot~ ing their author as a traitor. ' Finally the President of the United States in a public address at Fargo, North Dakota, on April 7, I903-five years after American scholars had begun to study Philippine affairs as they had never been studied before-declared: " In the Philippine Islands the American government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in the Philippines, Jose Rizal, steadfastly advocated," a formal, emphatic and clear-cut expression of national policy upon a question then of paramount interest. In the light of the facts of Philippine history already set forth there is no cause for wonder at this sweeping indorsement, even though the views so indorsed were those of a man who lived in conditions widely different from those about to be introduced by the new governI iIIII1lliilfUilhJIIfillhllfiffilguIIithlhmIl 20 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL ment. Rizal had not allowed bias to influence him in studying the past history of the Philippines, he had been equally honest with himself in judging the conditions of his own time, and he knew and applied with the same fairness the teaching which holds true in history as in every other branch of science that like causes under like conditions must produce like results. He had been careful in his reasoning, and it stood the test, first of President Roosevelt's advisers, or otherwise that Fargo speech 5 would never have been made, and then of all the President's critics, or there would have been heard more of the statement quoted above which passed unchallenged, but not, one may be sure, uninvestigated. The American system is in reality not foreign to the Philippines, but it is the highest development, perfected by experience, of the original plan under which the Philippines had prospered and progressed until its benefits were wrongfully withheld from them. Filipino leaders had been vainly asking Spain for the restoration of their rights and the return to the system of the Laws of the Indies. At the time when America came to the Islands there was among them no Rizal, with a knowledge of history that would enable him to recognize that they were getting what they had been wanting, who could rise superior to the unimportant detail of under what name or how the good came as long as it arrived, and whose prestige would have led his countrymen to accept his decision. Some leaders had one qualification, some another, a few combined two, but none had the three, for a country is seldom favored with more than one surpassingly great man at one time. - 1ltilA ' __.. 1. __r_ I RIZAL AT EIGHTEEN. RIZAL AT THIRTEEN. THE PORTRAIT ON THE PHILIPPINE POSTAGE STAMP. RIZAL IN LONDON. . m................ul l...................... -------- -l 1 1| 1Gl_: _ I _ =-=I ~ RIZAL'S CHINESE ANCESTRY C LUSTERED around the walls of Manila in the latter half of the seventeenth century were little villages the names of which, in some instances slightly changed, are the names of present districts. A fashionable drive then was through the settlement of Filipinos in Bagumbayan-the "new town" to which Lakandola's subjects had migrated when Legaspi dispossessed them of their own " Maynila." With the building of the moat this village disappeared, but the name remained, and it is often used to denote the older Luneta, as well as the drive leading to it. Within the walls lived the Spanish rulers and the few other persons that the fear and jealousy of the Spaniard allowed to come in. Some were Filipinos who ministered to the needs of the Spaniards, but the greater number 3 were Sangleyes, or Chinese, " the mechanics in all trades and excellent workmen," as an old Spanish chronicle says, continuing: " It is true that the city could not be main- tained or preserved without the Sangleyes." I The Chinese conditions of these early days are worth recalling, for influences strikingly similar to those which affected the life of Jose Rizal in his native land were then at work. There were troubled times in the ancient Middle Kingdom," the earlier name of the corruption of the Malay Tchina (China) by which we know it. The conquering Manchus had placed their emperor on the throne so long occupied by the native dynasty whose adherents had boastingly called themselves " The Sons of Light." The former liberal and progressive government, under which the people prospered, had grown corrupt and " "m| A 24 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL helpless, and the country had yielded to the invaders and passed under the terrible tyranny of the Tartars. Yet there were true patriots among the Chinese who were neither discouraged by these conditions nor blind to the real cause of their misfortunes. They realized that the easy conquest of their country and the utter disregard by their people of the bad government which had preceded it, showed that something was wrong with themselves. Too wise to exhaust their land by carrying on a hopeless war, they sought rather to get a better government by deserving it, and worked for the general enlightenment, believing that it would offer the most effective opposition to oppression, for they knew well that an intelligent people could not be kept enslaved. Furthermore, they understood that, even if they were freed from foreign rule, the change would be merely to another tyranny unless the darkness of the whole people were dispelled. The few educated men among them would inevitably tyrannize over the ignorant many sooner or later, and it would be less easy to escape from the evils of such misrule, for the opposition to it would be divided, while the strength of union would oppose any foreign despotism. These true patriots were more concerned about the welfare of their country than ambitious for themselves, and they worked to prepare their countrymen for self-government by teaching self-control and respect for the rights of others. No public effort toward popular education can be made under a bad government. Those opposed to Manchu rule knew of a secret society that had long existed in spite of the laws against it, and they used it as their model in organizing a new society to carry out their purposes. Some of them were members of this Ke-Ming-Tong or Chinese Freemasonry as it is called, and it was difficult A. A iQg~~uiw~~~ m ~~wwuilmul ~ ~~~m ~~~u 2SI ~RIZAL'S CHINESE ANCESTRY 25 for outsiders to find out the differences between it and the new Heaven-Earth-Man Brotherhood. The three parts to their name led the new brotherhood later to be called the Triad Society, and they used a triangle for their seal. The initiates of the Triad were pledged to one another in a blood compact to "depose the Tsing [Tartar] and restore the Ming [native Chinese] dynasty." But really the society wanted only gradual reform and was against any violent changes. It was at first evolutionary, but later a section became dissatisfied and started another society. The original brotherhood, however, kept on trying to educate its members. It wanted them to realize that the dignity of manhood is above that of rank or riches, and seeking to break down the barriers of different languages and local prejudice, hoped to create an united China efficient in its home government and respected in its foreign relations. It was the policy of Spain to rule by keeping the different elements among her subjects embittered against one another. Consequently the entire Chinese population of the Philippines had several times been almost wiped out by the Spaniards assisted by the Filipinos and resident Japanese. Although overcrowding was mainly the cause of the Chinese immigration, the considerations already described seem to have influenced the better class of emigrants who incorporated themselves with the Filipinos from 1642 on through the eighteenth century. Apparently these emigrants left their Chinese homes to avoid the shaven crown and long braided queue that the Manchu conquerors were imposing as a sign of submission-a practice recalled by the recent wholesale cutting off of queues which marked the fall of this same Manchu dynasty upon the establishment of the present republic. The patriot Chinese in Manila retained the ancient style, which someBA I Llia~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "II~l~ln UIflHtN I1 lli 26 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL what resembled the way Koreans arrange their hair. Those who became Christians cut the hair short and wore European hats, otherwise using the clothing-blue cotton for the poor, silk for the richer-and felt-soled shoes, still considered characteristically Chinese. The reasons for the brutal treatment of the unhappy exiles and the causes of the frequent accusation against them that they were intending rebellion may be found in the fear that had been inspired by the Chinese pirates, and the apprehension that the Chinese traders and workmen would take away from the Filipinos their means of gaining a livelihood. At times unjust suspicions drove some of the less patient to take up arms in self-defense. Then many entirely innocent persons would be massacred, while those who had not bought protection from some powerful Spaniard would have their property pillaged by mobs that protested excessive devotion to Spain and found their patriotism so profitable that they were always eager to stir up trouble. One of the last native Chinese emperors, not wishing that any of his subjects should live outside his dominions, informed the Spanish authorities that he considered the emigrants evil persons unworthy of his interest. His Manchu successors had still more reason to be careless of the fate of the Manila Chinese. They were consequently ill treated with impunity, while the Japanese were " treated very cordially, as they are a race that demand good treatment, and it is advisable to do so for the friendly relations between the Islands and Japan," to quote the ancient history once more. Pagan or Christian, a Chinaman's life in Manila then was not an enviable one, though the Christians were slightly more secure. The Chinese quarter was at first inside the city, but before long it became a considerable district of several streets along Arroceros near the present ___ A gm ilnlwleirlf~illmll~wl ~tllrlllllnUIIIIIlllllllnnnfiltl#ML11 RIZAL'S CHINESE ANCESTRY 27 Botanical Garden. Thus the Chinese were under the guns of the Bastion San Gabriel, which also commanded two other Chinese settlements across the river in TondoMinondoc, or Binondo, and Baybay. They had their own headmen, their own magistrates and their own prison, and no outsiders were permitted among them. The Domin- ican Friars, who also had a number of missionary stations in China, maintained a church and a hospital for these Manila Chinese and established a settlement where those who became Christians might live with their families. Writers of that day suggest that sometimes conversions were prompted by the desire to get married-which until 1 898 could not be done outside the Church-or to help the convert's business or to secure the protection of an influential Spanish godfather, rather than by any changed belief. Certainly two of these reasons did not influence the conversion of Doctor Rizal's paternal ancestor, Lam-co (that is, " Lam, Esq."), for this Chinese had a Chinese godfather and was not married till many years later. He was a native of the Chinchew district, where the Jesuits first, and later the Dominicans, had had missions, and he perhaps knew something of Christianity before leaving China. One of his church records indicates his home more definitely, for it specifies Siongque, near the great city, an agricultural community, and in China cultivation of the soil is considered the most honorable em- ployment. Curiously enough, without conversion, the people of that region even to-day consider themselves akin to the Christians. They believe in one god and have characteristics distinguishing them from the Pagan Chinese, possibly derived from some remote Mohammedan ancestors. Lam-co's prestige among his own people, as shown by his leadership of those who later settled with him in 28 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL Binan, as well as the fact that even after his residence in the country he was called to Manila to act as godfather, suggests that he was above the ordinary standing, and certainly not of the coolie class. This is borne out by his marrying the daughter of an educated Chinese, an alliance that was not likely to have been made unless he was a person of some education, and education is the Chinese test of social degree. He was baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel on a Sunday in June of I697. Lam-co's age was given in the record as thirty-five years, and the names of his parents were given as Siang-co and Zun-nio. The second syllables of these names are titles of a little more respect than the ordinary " Mr." and "Mrs.," something like the Spanish Don and Dona, but possibly the Dominican priest who kept the register was not so careful in his use of Chinese words as a Chinese would have been. Folm lowing the custom of the other converts on the same occasion, Lam-co took the name Domingo, the Spanish for Sunday, in honor of the day. The record of this baptism is still to be seen in the records of the Parian church of San Gabriel, which are preserved with the Binondo records, in Manila. Chinchew, the capital of the district from which he came, was a literary center and a town famed in Chinese history for its loyalty; it was probably the great port Zeitung which so strongly impressed the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, the first European to see China. The city was said by later writers to be large and beautiful and to contain half a million inhabitants, "candid, open and friendly people, especially friendly and polite to foreigners.".It was situated forty miles from the sea, in the province of Fokien, the rocky coast of which has been described as resembling Scotland, and its sturdy inhabitants seem to have borne some resemblance to the A I LR I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T ~~~~~~~~~~~- ~~~iglllflf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lltfl~~~~~~~~~~~fllf~~~~~~~~llllii~~~~~~~~~~~~i~111 RIZAL'S CHINESE NC SiT11 29 Ii kno1n by its present port of Amsoy. Altogether, in wealth, culture and comfort, Lat en s esho citp far surpassed the Mabila of that dahous wihh pcosorsaadit by Sto be do..;~~ 1 F C- I i — I $ t rw. 30 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOS]S RIZAL to the industry and skill of Chinese workmen. They were but slightly changed from their Chinese models, differing mainly in ornamentation, so that to a Chinese the city by the Pasig, to which he gave the name of "the city of horses," did not seem strange, but reminded him rather of his own country. Famine in his native district, or the plague which followed it, may have been the cause of Lam-co's leaving home, but it was more probably political troubles which transferred to the Philippines that intelligent and industrious stock whose descendants have proved such loyal and creditable sons of their adopted country. Chinese had come to the Islands centuries before the Spaniards arrived and they are still coming, but no other period has brought such a remarkable contribution to the strong race which the mixture of many peoples has built up in the Philippines. Few are the Filipinos notable in recent history who cannot trace descent from a Chinese baptized in San Gabriel church during the century following I642; until recently many have felt ashamed of these really creditable ancestors. Soon after Lam-co came to Manila he made the acquaintance of two well-known Dominicans and thus made friendships that changed his career and materially affected the fortunes of his descendants. These powerful friends were the learned Friar Francisco Marquez, author of a Chinese grammar, and Friar Juan Caballero, a former missionary in China, who, because of his own work and because his brother held high office there, was influential in the business affairs of the Order. Through them Lamco settled in Binan, on the Dominican estate named after " St. Isidore the Laborer." There, near where the Pasig river flows out of the Laguna de Bay, Lam-co's descendants were to be tenants until another government, not yet born, and a system unknown in his day, should AI l III~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~~~~~~~~f~~~~~~~~lllfttllllllI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t~~~~~~~~illllltll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t~~~~~~~~U~~~~~~~~U t~~~~~~~ RIZAL'S CHINESE ANCESTRY 31 end a long series of inevitable and vexatious disputes by buying the estate and selling it again, on terms practicable for them, to those who worked the land. The Filipinos were at law over boundaries and were claiming the property that had been early and cheaply acquired by the Order as endowment for its university and other charities. The Friars of the Parian quarter thought to take those of their parishioners in whom they had most confidence out of harm's way, and by the same act secure more satisfactory tenants, for prejudice was then threatening another indiscriminate massacre. So they settled many industrious Chinese converts upon these farms, and flattered themselves that their tenant troubles were ended, for these foreigners could have no possible claim to the land. The Chinese were equally 'pleased to have safer homes and an occupation which in China placed them in a social position superior to that of a tradesman. Domingo Lam-co was influential in building up Tubigan barrio, one of the richest parts of the great estate. In name and appearance it recalled the fertile plains that surrounded his native Chinchew, "the city of springs." His neighbors were mainly Chinchew men, and what is of more importance to this narrative, the wife whom he married just before removing to the farm was of a good Chinchew family. She was Inez de la Rosa and but half Domingo's age; they were married in the Parian church by the same priest who over thirty years before had baptized her husband. Her father was Agustin Chinco, also of Chinchew, a rice merchant, who had been baptized five years earlier than Lam-co. His baptismal record suggests that he was an educated man, as already indicated, for the name of his town proved a puzzle till a present-day Dominican missionary from Amoy explained that it appeared to be the combined names for Chinchew in both the common.I~~~~~~~ A~~~~~I -iH l U H I I H l I H H l H U H H IHAI H g H 32 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL and literary Chinese, in each case with the syllable denoting the town left off. Apparently when questioned from what town he came, Chinco was careful not to repeat the word town, but gave its name only in the literary language, and when that was not understood, he would repeat it in the local dialect. The priest, not understanding the significance of either in that form, wrote down the two together as a single word. Knowledge of the literary Chinese, or Mandarin, as it is generally called, marked the educated man, and, as we have already pointed out, education in China meant social position. To such minute deductions is it necessary to resort when records are scarce, and to be of value the explanation must be in harmony with the conditions of the period; subsequent research has verified the foregoing conclusions. Agustin Chinco had also a Chinese godfather and his parents were Chin-co and Zun-nio. He was married to Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese mestiza of the Parian, as soon after his baptism as the banns could be published. She apparently was the daughter of a Christian Chinese and a Chinese mestiza; there were too many of the name Jacinta in that day to identify which of the several Jacintas she was and so enable us to determine the names of her parents. The Rafaela part of her name was probably added after she was grown up, in honor of the patron of the Parian settlement, San Rafael, just as Domingo, at his marriage, added Antonio in honor of the Chinese. How difficult guides names then were may be seen from this list of the six children of Agustin Chinco and Jacinta Rafaela: Magdalena Vergara, Josepha, Cristoval de la Trinidad, Juan Batista, Francisco Hong-Sun and Inez de la Rosa. The father-in-law and the son-in-law, Agustin and Domingo, seem to have been old friends, and apparently of the same class. Lam-co must have seen his future wife, A I I l - B fI-tt.M lll, jwjljwmuIIImffiui HilHI~iiffiilll c 5 5 r= 5 E E RIZAL'S CHINESE ANCESTRY 33 the youngest in Chinco's numerous family, grow up from babyhood, and probably was attracted by the idea that she would make a good housekeeper like her thrifty mother, rather than by any romantic feelings, for sentiment entered very little into matrimony in those days when the parents made the matches. Possibly, however, their married life was just as happy, for divorces then were not even thought of, and as this couple prospered they apparently worked well together in a financial way. The next recorded event in the life of Domingo Lam-cc and his wife occurred in I74I when, after years of ap- I parently happy existence in Binian, came a great grief in the loss of their baby daughter, Josepha Didnio, probably named for her aunt. She had lived only five days, but payments to the priest for a funeral such as was not given to many grown persons who died that year in Binfan show how keenly the parents felt the loss of their little girl. They had at the time but one other child, a boy of ten, Francisco Mercado, whose Christian name was given partly because he had an uncle of the same name, and partly as a tribute of gratitude to the friendly Friar scholar in Manila. His new surname suggests that the family possessed the commendable trait of taking pride in its ancestry. Among the Chinese the significance of a name counts for much and it is always safe to seek a reason for the choice of a name. The Lam-co family were not given to the practice of taking the names of their god-parents. Mercado recalls both an honest Spanish encomendero of the region, also named Francisco, and a worthy mestizo Friar, now remembered for his botanical studies, but it is not likely that these influenced Domingo Lam-co in choosing this name for his son. He gave his boy a name which in the careless Castilian of the country was but a Spanish translation of the Chinese name by which his A s;^v1Lg S DxJ!1F _d r > w t ali~ ~ ~ ~~R ttSl g ti nwrkt)tlli ill~ 1~f I~~~ CI y 8 W u pC rew eSa.;~~~~~1~~~~~~18~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a~~~ ~~i~~Ae 1g ~~11 I:~;i: ti C I _ g~~~~~~~~~~~~i 68 LIFEU AND LABORS oP joal RIA Ing penu from th pap r ill beplicure was finished.! 11 ti:|t~t:1|:ll~l Xl; 11 lt19111 At otef tims it Would be orse running or a doi n cha but ilw m be sme ofwi hi d thougbt hims If and the idea must not be. overwok d there was no payment for what had been done often be i fore. Thus e came to tbink for him sfelf *dea were sugg sted to him indir etly; so he was nyene a sIeic Clay it rst then wax, Was his fa vor.te pl y mat1efal From these he atri the WI of the unil.-I~tar d called his att n ion to possbilties of Improvement and encouraged him to _ I | - il*II~further effor his was the beg Ding of hi's ne tur tiudy Jos. a. pony an 1 u id to take long rides through a the surrunding country s o.s i pesu cn fther coed jk were6 excursions afoot on the bIater a 1his companion as hi big bla dohl g *smant His father pretended to be fearfil of some accidenti if dogandpony went together, so the boy had to Choose btwen thes faitesidai a and altrnte walking The long pedestrian excursions of his urpii ii ihouh spen of as German and Engli habits, wer merely continuations of ti childhoo cu T were other playmates besides the d p ec'Ily do.s that lived in everl honi e sabu the I As _ ij ~RIZAL'S EARLY CHILDHOOD 69 I /Mercado home, and the lad was friend and defender of all the animals, birds, and even insects in the neighborhood. Had his childish sympathies been respected the family would have been strictly vegetarian in their diet. At times Jose was permitted to spend the night in one of the curious little straw huts which La Laguna farmers put up during the harvest season, and the myths and legends of the region which he then heard interested him and were later made good use of in his writings. Sleight-of-hand tricks were a favorite amusement, and he developed a dexterity which mystified the simple folk of the country. This diversion, and his proficiency in it, gave rise to that mysterious awe with which he was regarded by the common people of his home region; they ascribed to him supernatural powers, and refused to believe that he was really dead even after the tragedy of Bagumbayan. Entertainment of the neighbors with magic-lantern exhibitions was another frequent amusement, an ordinary lamp throwing its light on a common sheet serving as a screen. Jose's supple fingers twisted themselves into fantastic shapes, the enlarged shadows of which on the curtain bore resemblance to animals, and paper accessories were worked in to vary and enlarge the repertoire of action figures. The youthful showman was quite successful in catering to the public taste, and the knowledge he then gained proved valuable later in enabling him to approach his countrymen with books that held their attention and gave him the opportunity to tell them of shortcomings which it was necessary that they should correct. Almost from babyhood he had a grown-up way about him, a sort of dignity that seemed to make him realize and respect the rights of others and unconsciously disposed his elders to reason with him, rather than scold him IHJA J I " I 70 ME AND LAS ORS OF J & AIdAL for his sl ght otinfes. Ths habit grew asi rprmands were needed but once andi his grave promises of better behavior were faithfully kept wkihen the eplanati on of why his onduect was wroeng was once made clear to hnmt So the child came to be not an unwelcmei companion even for I dlt for he resp e d thir moods and a never trouiblsome A big influence in the formation of the I l; he ciuriA and convento at Kaflamba child a character wa his i socition with the parish priest of K b ther L ti L Thes Kamba curch and conventos which were located across the way finns the Rizal homQ Were constructed after the rth ke of 6 which demolished o many ediesi throgut the tcntr art of the Philp-.pine TIhe curate of IaKamba had a strong personality and was notable among the Filipino secar cerg of that d when tesponsibility hid developed many creditable fgulr s An English wrter of longk isidene In the P i E XA J ~~~lllllll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~~~llli~~~~~~~~~~illlIIIIIIIAIIIIIIIII IU1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — ---- ------------ ---- RIZAL'S EARLY CHILDHOOD 71 John Foreman, in his book on the Philippine Islands, describes how his first meeting with this priest impressed him, and tells us that subsequent acquaintance confirmed the early favorable opinion of one whom he considered remarkable for broad intelligence and sanity of view. Father Leoncio never deceived himself and his judgment was sound and clear, even when against the opinions and persons of whom he would have preferred to think differently. Probably Jose, through the priest's fondness for children and because he was well behaved and the son of friendly neighbors, was at first tolerated about the convento, the Philippine name for the priest's residence, but soon he became a welcome visitor for his own sake. He never disturbed the priest's meditations when the old clergyman was studying out some difficult question, but was a keen observer, apparently none the less curious for his respectful reserve. Father Leoncio may have forgotten the age of his listener, or possibly was only thinking aloud, but he spoke of those matters which interested all thinking Filipinos and found a sympathetic, eager audience in the little boy, who at least gave close heed if he had at first no valuable comments to offer. In time the child came to ask questions, and they were so sensible that careful explanation was given, and questions were not dismissed with the statement that these things were for grown-ups, a statement which so often repels the childish zeal for knowledge. Not many mature people in those days held so serious converse as the priest and his child friend, for fear of being overheard and reported, a danger which even then existed in the Philippines. That the old Filipino priest of Rizal's novels owed something to the author's recollections of Father Leoncio is suggested by a chapter in "Noli Me Tangere." Ibarra, viewing Manila by moonlight on the first night.9i!ii__u__Aul__uMuN___umlMlMui~~~~Iliu~~.- E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 72 OIPE AND MAC05S OF J6O JUAM after his return from Europe recalls old memories And makes meoniff of the nicghborhood of the Botanical himl incoon eton w if ha scn io the rk itW than numerous oth is Who e narmes hae heen somtmes sug Two riings of l i thoughts of hi youthful days 0 e tells how he used to wand r down long the llake shore and looking across the waters, wonder haet the peopl on the other side. Did the y too he quesionedi suil i - justic as the 1 pe p1e of his home Frdther Leonio lpz town dd i,A the whip there sd as freely, careessly and unmercfully hy e auorties Had men and women also to be serile and hypocrites to live in peace over tlere But amonig hese thought never on6 did it occur ito hlmthia at noN distntiida the conditonls would he changed nd, under a government that safeguarded the personal rghftso th humh lest of its citiens, the region that evoke hisj childhood wfod r ing was to hecome part of a provie beartng his own name in honor of his labors toward banishing serviity and hypocrisy from te chfaracter of his countrymen. The lakedisit of Cena tral z o is oneof the most historic regions in the Islands, the May- prohably of the twelfth century Chinese geographer. H re wa the se ne of the earliest Spanish missionary viMty. On the south JjIZAL'S EARLY CLDlOon 73 shor is Kalamba birthliace of Doctr Riza With Bia the ridenc of bhis fathers ancestors, to the nrthw es, and on the rth hore the land to Whh fnce a Sticih ofip the liki disidd by RA a e oda thi samerg at the nth eiars the me of Ra M rovin e n bi hois n T o r rllI ni o6f Riil youth Eis ofj his fis r ad6 g lesso Jag did not know Sp anishad m.de had _. 1..., il _ Hel.x.. j!,j fi _____A__ ___Rj| ~_ l r g | t{ fn~pr rarn~erf~nn hX 9 X 11 k x/n]7Fh t { 1 Q g i | | i. J ~~~~~3 j 3 L f0 f r Xsr1 xx~~~~~~~~~~~~EB~~ *|cy~:, r~:,aln 3essen.,~ IHe dtd nt kn > | |.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 I —I II I 74 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL work of the story of the " Foolish Butterfly," which his mother had selected, stumbling over the words and grouping them without regard to the sense. Finally Mrs. Rizal took the book from her son and read it herself, translating the tale into the familiar Tagalog used in their home. The moral is supposed to be obedience, and the young butterfly was burned and died because it disregarded the parental warning not to venture too close to the alluring flame. The reading lesson was in the evening and by the light of a coconut-oil lamp, and some moths were very appropriately fluttering about its cheerful blaze. The little boy watched them as his mother read and he missed the moral, for as the insects singed their wings and fluttered to their death in the flame he forgot their disobedience and found no warning in it for him. Rather he envied their fate and considered that the light was so fine a thing that it was worth dying for. Thus early did the notion that there are things worth more than life enter his head, though he could not foresee that he was to be himself a martyr and that the day of his death would before long be commemorated in his country to recall to his countrymen lessons as important to their national existence as his mother's precept was for his childish welfare. When he was four the mystery of life's ending had been brought home to him by the death of a favorite little sister, and he shed the first tears of real sorrow, for until then he had only wept as children do when disappointed in getting their own way. It was the first of many griefs, but he quickly realized that life is a constant struggle and he learned to meet disappointments and sorrows with the tears in the heart and a smile on the lips, as he once advised a nephew to do. At seven Jose made his first real journey; the family went to Antipolo with the host of pilgrims who in May A muIm I mim "IuH.~l~~l Hm~~~~~ T RIZAL'S EARLY CHILDHOOD 75 visit the mountain shrine of Our Lady of Peace and Safe Travel. In the early Spanish days in Mexico she was the special patroness of voyages to America, especially while the galleon trade lasted; the statue was brought to Anti- polo in 1672. A print of the Virgin, a souvenir of this pilgrimage, was, according to the custom of those times, pasted inside Jose's wooden chest when he left home for school; later on it was preserved in an album and went with him in all his travels. Afterwards it faced Bougereau's splendid conception of the Christ-mother, as one who had herself thus suffered, consoling another mother grieving over the loss of a son. Many years afterwards Doctor Rizal was charged with having fallen away from religion, but he seems really rather to have experienced a deepening of the religious spirit which made the essentials of charity and kindness more important in his eyes than forms and ceremonies. Yet Rizal practiced those forms prescribed for the individual even when debarred from church privileges. The lad doubtless got his idea of distinguishing between the sign and the substance from a well-worn book of explanations of the church ritual and symbolism " intended for the use of parish priests." It was found in his library, with Mrs. Rizal's name on the flyleaf. Much did he owe his mother, and his grateful recognition appears in his appreciative portrayal of maternal affection in his novels. His parents were both religious, but in a different way. The father's religion was manifested in his charities; he used to keep on hand a fund, of which his wife had no account, for contributions to the necessitous and loans to the irresponsible. Mrs. Rizal attended to the business affairs and was more careful in her handling of money, though quite as charitably disposed. Her early training in Santa Rosa had taught her the habit of frequent prayer I A = 3-~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. -- !IIIIIHIIIINIilli#llllflllllllllf 76 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSEI RIZAL I and she began early in the morning and continued till late in the evening, with frequent attendance in the church. Mr. Rizal did not forget his church duties, but was far from being so assiduous in his practice of them, and the discussions in the home frequently turned on the comparative value of words and deeds, discussions that were often given a humorous twist by the husband when he contrasted his wife's liberality in prayers with her more careful dispensing of money aid. Not many homes in Kalamba were so well posted on events of the outside world, and the children constantly heard discussions of questions which other households either ignored or treated rather reservedly, for espionage was rampant even then in the Islands. Mrs. Rizal's literary training had given her an acquaintance with the better Spanish writers which benefited her children; she told them the classic tales in style adapted to their childish comprehension, so that when they grew older they found that many noted authors were old acquaintances. The Bible, too, played a large part in the home. Mrs. Rizal's copy was a Spanish translation of the Latin Vulgate, the version authorized by her Church but not common in the Islands then. Rizal's frequent references to Biblical personages and incidents are not paralleled in the writings of any contemporary Filipino author. The frequent visitors to their home, the church, civil and military authorities, who found the spacious Rizal mansion a convenient resting place on their way to the health resort at Los Baios, brought something of the city, and a something not found by many residents even there, to the people of this village household. Oftentimes the house was filled, and the family would not turn away a guest of less rank for the sake of one of higher distinction, though that unsocial practice was frequently followed by persons who forgot their self-respect in toadying to rank........A__. p J-i s E.. II ~~~~~~~fidfl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a )~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fll M I W IIII~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tltIH W 1I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Uilil~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lltt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !IIIHH#I#Ra#RRIIHI1Wrmrmllllll I I 3 a - I a ii 3 I: 3 I 1 E E iii r I E E E I E I I r f 3 B 9 r r f iii 3 r 5 ili r r r E iii ti iii I r r I Ir r= I - P - RIZAL'S EARLY CHILDHOOD 77 Little Jose did not know Spanish very well, so far as conversational usage was concerned, but his mother tried to impress on him the beauty of the Spanish poets and encouraged him in essays at rhyming which finally grew into quite respectable poetical compositions. One of these was a drama in Tagalog which so pleased a municipal captain of the neighboring village of Paete, who happened to hear it while on a visit to Kalamba, that the youthful author was paid two pesos for the production. This was as much money as a field laborer in those days would have earned in half a month; although the family did not need the coin, the incident impressed them with the desirability of cultivating the boy's talent. Jose was nine years old when he was sent to study in Biiian. His master there, Justiniano Aquino Cruz, was of the old school and Rizal has left a record of some of his maxims, such as " Spare the rod and spoil the child," "The letter enters with blood," and other similar indications of his heroic treatment of the unfortunates under his care. However, if he was a strict disciplinarian, Master Justiniano was also a conscientious instructor, and the boy had been only a few months under his care when the pupil was told that he knew as much as his master, and had better go to Manila to school. Truthful Jose repeated this conversation without the modification which modesty might have suggested, and his father responded rather vigorously to the idea and it was intimated that in the father's childhood pupils were not accustomed to say that they knew as much as their teachers. However, Master Justiniano corroborated the child's statement, so that preparations for Jose's going to Manila began to be made. This was in the Christmas vacation of I87I. Bifian had been a valuable experience for young Rizal. There he had met a host of relatives and from them heard much of the past of his father's family. His maternal A i I -S iill I!l I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — llIllil_ I 9 This unle, Jose Alberto had been educ ated in British 1 7 India spendtng t Years in _IIberto'sa Caett mis ionary scho seb* i ts w a the nit of n a | d n the e md Wit i n gh eral contr _bu ions s of he* hadbee pins abot dsA th e thor of d er of Is Anb the nlishmana Vst to i Philippineo& Loren oAlberto, Ath grandfthier himeonlf spoke nd ere treated s a ci i nhy t as art of th - holand and Its pp1 were conaid rtd Spaiai rds Th grieii Bifian brdge had ben bolt under Lo en o Alberto asupervision, and for servies to the Spanish nation 1d rig the.I exedition to CochnC h i n a-probably li ra contriblutions of moneyof Knight of the American Or- d r of Isabel the Catiholic, but BY the lime this recognition toe patent was made out to h i Sir I36 wrg if one mlght judg from e thef coa yesati of the JnhaW RIZAL'S EARLY CHItDHOOD 79 made there when he was a guest in the home of AMerto Many wo re the tales told of this distnrguish d Einglis hman was Sir john Bow ng the notalc polyglot and tr slator into English of poetry in practically ery one f th di lect of Erpe His achievements aon this line had put him second or tiird among the linuists of the century He waas also interested in hitory, and men- tined in his Biffan vist that the Hakluyt Society of which h aas a Diretors was then preparing to publish a n exceedi gly interesting account of i the early Philippinsl that did more justic to its inhabitants than the regular Spanish historians. Here izal first heard f bolk le i after Yas maide acce ihe t hii countr ymle ir John Bowrilng. tween files of youths, then of maidens and through a t riumphal aich we reached fie hlandsomse fdwelling of a rich m estizo. whomn we found decorated with a Spanish order, which had been granted to his father befores him. te spoke Enlish having heein deau ca ed at Calcutta and his booas very har on -gave abundant evidene lat he baid not Htoled in vain the iarc of di esi c civhliation.' The furniture, the biheds, the D hle, che cookerT were all in nd taste, and nthe obvious sineert of the kini reception;_ _ _ _Ae eii m-H ot || a#lenet IFE AND LABOMS O JOSE RIAt; I i added to its agreeableness reat crowds were gathered toget t in the sdueae which frnts the hoouse of Don Jo Albz ito." The Ph lipines had just had a liberal gurrn or De la Torre, but eve dring this period of appaett iberalniess there ci ted a confidenial government or l direc ing tconveni t insurre tion o f ' 72 i Rwere to be i066nd IAr t l] OW Trhis vi kiifrin of I y.,..i..-..-.,i||, |,.i....... II f f i l fhied b the list ofIt Ai agrartn trb the old disagree ent betjveendlords and tenrants had culminated in an atve outbreak which the government was unable to put down oad so it made ters by ~ii9 iiwh'cb_ amoniig othed tt hingsI 3 thie S iestabl he as chief of a new oin spite of the i fmunit h had beeh mied ReligioD tr oubl e to e E The jiots f had ic teaching work in tho parihes in the misionary district mktIi room fo t _hoI who t hey dtilaced the better parishe Ti the More ikly settled eions were taken fotm Filipinofi prifest and turned eovr to miembiersi of the religiot s Orderste Naturai lyterei was disotnitet A cofnideithia communication from Ate ecula irebisghop Dotodr Martinex, shows thaft be cninde d the Filipinos As Terga1 gstrr el...ra rr ~IM:ii: | IZAS EARXi CHILD 00D 81 had ground fo:r complaint for he states that if the Filgpino were under a non-Catholic govern t like ftht of Lngland they would receive fairer treat-menit than they were getting f rom thr Spanish co-religionaries, and warns the home government that trouble will ifnevitably tn fthe l h i sti I ated races tn the htotl drn mitory the older instituti os of M - oils the Spanish student livd in the Spanisth Iy and spoke ihg r own lnguage hbut Filipious er riieuird to talk Latin.s p6o floor mats a d a vt ther hinds fr om low o tabls. These Filipino csto ms ohtincid in the hines ht did riez not appeal to city las who had baecom used to S panis f.,. his in ' 1 ' _ 1!* ei -ii - _ ways i thit n heri and ohje c d to deparint from them in school. he di afction thus created wasi among the educatei d class, who were hest itted to he l eaders of their people in any dangerous isurrection against the competiton, and in the rearrangement Filipino professors were given a 1l arger shar in te management of schos NotaIl among these was Fathe Brgos.e He had earned his doctor's degree in two separate courses, was among the est educated in the capital and hy far the most puhlic-sprited and valUan t of the flipino priests. I 82 LUEK AND LABORS 0v JO9 RIZAL H eliksd the interest of many of the older Flpino clergy and through thiir contributions sutbsidied a Paper El E'6 Fim, '86 OFI I Lo io which spoke from the Filipino standpoint and answered the = Iia ~ ~fthe stoc in trade of the conservative organ for Eth e reationaries had an abusive journal just as t hey hd had in Ia8 and were to have in thf later days. Such were the onditions when Josl Rizal got ready to leave home for school in Manila a departure which was dlayed by the misfortunes of his mother. His only. and eilder, brother Paciano, had been a student in San Jose College in Manila for some years. and had reglarly fail ed in passing his txamin tions beause of his ontspokenness agaiist the evils of the con try. l 0Thre Very Rev. James Burgwas a f vorite With Doco Burgoii i wh hos me e lived and for whom he acesd aS messenger and go-beween in the delicate ngotfitions of nthe proagad which the doctor was carrying on In Febrtary of '72 all the dreams of a b ighter and fcc Philippnes weie rushed out in that enormous i RIZAL'S EARLY CHILDHOOD 83 justice which made the mutiny of a few soldiers and arsenal employes in Cavite the excuse for deporting, imprisoning, and even shooting those whose correspondence, opened during the previous year, had shown them to be discontented with the backward conditions in the Philippines. Doctor Burgos, just as he had been nominated to a higher post in the Church, was the chief victim. Father Gomez, an old man, noted for charity, was another, and the third was Father Zamora. A reference in a letter of his to "powder," which was his way of saying money, was distorted Into a dangerous significance, in spite of the fact that the letter was merely an invitation to a gambling game. The trial was a farce, the informer was garroted just when he was on the point of complaining that he was not receiving the pardon and payment which he had been promised for his services in convicting the others. The whole affair had an ugly look, and the way it was hushed up did not add to the confidence of the people in the justice of the proceedings. The Islands were then placed under military law and remained so for many years. Father Burgos's dying advice to Filipinos was for them to be educated abroad, preferably outside of Spain, but if they could do no better, at least go to the Peninsula. He urged that through education only could progress be hoped for. In one of his speeches he had warned the Spanish government that continued oppressive measures would drive the Filipinos from their allegiance and make them wish to become subjects of a freer power, suggesting England, whose possessions surrounded the Islands. Doctor Burgos's idea of England as a hope for the Philippines was borne out by the interest which the British newspapers of Hongkong took in Philippine affairs. They gave accounts of the troubles and picked flaws in the garbled reports which the officials sent abroad..A Ill 84 LIFE AND AO OtiF O 1 iAL I Some zalos bh u t unthinkng trea etian at -this fti conceived the dea of publishing a book somewhat similar to that whi1ch had been gottn out against the Constitution chism form, and told of an o1ld municipal capftini who tinisf h betwe diffrn kind ts of ie itnd the e i attetifon which he devotes to Amrnica shows hw live a that time in the tIsla. Ths interest is exa dined by th' fact tf ~ 2~ ~ B 1i 0.that an American company had I - ii~~ ~lciiust tohen received a grn of the northern part of Borneo, 1tr Bt i ish North Boneoi for a of'inI trading company. It was be thei i _ hid desigls on the rchielaDgo General se f tr a whi h aid been nco tefd wh the Sult of Sulu and certain American commercial interests n the Far East which were then ratlher imptortat AAmericans too, had become known in the Philippines through a sodier of fortune who had helped out the Chinese government in suppressing the reelio in the neighborhood of Shaghi " nel". Ward from Massachusetts, organifed an army of deserters from undesirable soldiers, and so he disbanded the. force He then gathered a regiment of Manila men, as the Fipinos usually found as quartermasters on all ship saiing in the Fast were then c11e With the aid of some other Americans these troops were disciplined and drlleMd MnDo * X h h hAf RIIZA EARLY CHIit OOD S.5 th b C~lin e of the 17 vere Vr toriou a ms y becau e of;theCieeO b VX f6bg4 kbeae Of the high praiu e gie i the FM tiins at this tCim e in c tidast to t heI Chiiinato whps in baly their hgd dh thng s e fiht. tIha theyer pai on i Sh nthey When i S higad in the Philisaying, " Po o rld4ier, tiipino s a ed tiake no 1oen tin cot sIt. to th. dia ragco m men aes of ", Re rnl es to F ii gber tliheraiei hn l thei riiaie r dsoi Spaniiad iftt nsn thfe Pzh ili p:-,5i,. t6 9,h fi gi o aiit ian i i A p no daedE me no d _. ~ Yv aru:n t1I:::::::::::::: EtUUUUlllltUIII11tlllllflltlllllmlllU WEWI I JAGOR'S 111..................................... -- -- - -- I -...... -.......... V PROPHECY I i i i i t t i i I i i t I i i 5 i i i i i i i i i i i I i i i IZAL'S first home in Manila was in a nipa house with Manuel Hidalgo, later to be his brother-inlaw, in Calle Espeleta, a street named for a former Filipino priest who had risen to be bishop and governorgeneral. This spot is now marked with a tablet which gives the date of his coming as the latter part of February, 1872. Rizal's own recollections speak of June as being the date of the formal beginning of his studies in Manila. First he went to San Juan de Letran and took an examination in the Catechism. Then he went back to Kalamba and in July passed into the Ateneo, possibly because of the more favorable conditions under which the pupils were admitted, receiving credit for work in arithmetic, which in the other school, it is said, he would have had to restudy. This perhaps accounts for the credit shown in the scholastic year 1871-72. Until his fourth year Rizal was an externe, as those residing outside of the school dormitory were then called. The Ateneo was very popular and so great was the eagerness to enter it that the waiting list was long and two or three years' delay was not at all uncommon. There is a little uncertainty about this period; some writers have gone so far as to give recollections of childhood incidents of which Rizal was the hero while he lived in the house of Doctor Burgos, but the family deny that he was ever in this home, and say that he has been confused with his brother Paciano. The greatest influence upon Rizal during this period was the sense of Spanish judicial injustice in the legal persecutions of his mother, who, though innocent, for two years was treated as a criminal and held in prison..I A I WIr IllnlHHnMnM11Illftlllllll(llml s s E - =EE E JAGOR'S PROPHECY 87 Much of the story is not necessary for this narrative, but the mother's troubles had their beginning in the attempted revenge of a lieutenant of the. Civil Guard, one of a body of Spaniards who were no credit to the mother e country and whom Rizal never lost opportunity in his writings of painting in their true colors. This official had I been in the habit of having his horse fed at the Mercado home when he visited their town from his station in Bifan, - but once there was a scarcity of fodder and Mr. Mercado insisted that his own stock was entitled to care before he could extend hospitality to strangers. This the official bitterly resented. His opportunity for revenge soon came, and was not overlooked. A disagreement between Jose Alberto, the mother's brother in Binan, and his wife, also his cousin, to whom he had been married when they were both quite young, led to sensational charges which a discreet officer would have investigated and would assuredly have then realized to be unfounded. Instead the lieutenant accepted the most ridiculous statements, brought charges of attempted murder against Alberto and his sister, Mrs. Rizal, and evidently figured that he would be able to extort money from the rich man and gratify his revenge at the same time. Now comes a disgruntled judge, who had not received the attention at the Mercado home which he thought his F dignity demanded. Out of revenge he ordered Mrs. Rizal to be conducted at once to the provincial prison, not in the usual way by boat, but, to cause her greater annoy- ance, afoot around the lake. It was a long journey from Kalamba to Santa Cruz, and the first evening the guard and his prisoner came to a village where there was a festival in progress. Mrs. Rizal was well known and was welcomed in the home of one of the prominent families. The festivities were at their height when the judge, who had been on horseback and so had reached the town ___A __ - - ililllllllllmlllmIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIHI 88 LIF END KAOUS OF 1OSA 1 1/ earlier, heard itha the prisoner insted of hing in th not sft ring the annoyance to which he had itnded to subet her. He strode to the house, a d not eontent to kno broe in the door spintered his ne on he poor constahle's hed, and hen exhautd himself heat 1 ing the owner of the hou se Thes pireeedin were revealed in achiarg of pr1j 3 who it the sie time ws the on who dede the dase JAGO'S iROsECY 89 I and also the prosecutor. The Supreme Court agreed that her contention was correct and directed that she be diascharged from custody. To this order the judge paid due respect and odered her reease, but he said that the accsr sation of unfairness against him was contemspt of court, and gave her a longer sentence under this charge than the previous one from which 1she had just been absolved. i After so|me dea the Suprene Court heard of this affair and deided that the judge was right. But because Mrs Bg is the. 11 Rizal had been longer in prison awaiting trial than the -tence, they diatd hack i her imprisonment, and again ordereId her relcae. Here the record gets a little confused because it is concerned a itha story that her brother had sixteen ehousand pesos concealed in his cell, and everybdy. frin the Suprem Court down, seemed interested in trying to locate the money. While the offcials were looking for hi sack of old Albrto gave a power of attorney to an overintelli n right to do everyting which his principal himself could have done" personally, legally and eecI iastially. From som sorc o b iiL 55L5 S h tha ai so e s ource outside, but 3not from te Brsoher. the attoth A t th d l;,* he; tt X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i 90 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL E ney heard that Mrs. Rizal had had money belonging to Alberto, for in the extensive sugar-purchasing business which she carried on she handled large sums and freu quently borrowed as much as five thousand pesos from this brother. Anxious to get his hands on money, he instituted a charge of theft against her, under his power of attorney and acting in the name of his principal. Mrs. Rizal's attorney demurred to such a charge being made without the man who had lent the money being at all consulted, and held that a power of attorney did not warrant such an action. In time the intelligent Supreme Court heard this case and decided that it should go to trial; but later, when the attorney, acting for his principal, wanted to testify for him under the power of attorney, they seem to have reached their limit, for they disapproved of that proposal. Anyone who cares to know just how ridiculous and inconsistent the judicial system of the Philippines then was would do well to try to unravel the mixed details of the half dozen charges, ranging from cruelty through theft to murder, which were made against Mrs. Rizal without a shadow of evidence. One case was trumped up as soon as another was finished, and possibly the affair would have dragged on till the end of the Spanish administration had not her little daughter danced before the Governor-General once when he was traveling through the country, won his approval, and when he asked what favor he could do for her, presented a petition for her mother's release. In this way, which recalls the customs of primitive nations, Mrs. Rizal finally was enabled to return to her home. Doctor Rizal tells us that it was then that he first began to lose confidence in mankind. A story of a school companion, that when Rizal recalled this incident the red came into his eyes, probably has about the same foundation as the frequent stories of his weeping with emotion upon other people's shoulders when advised of momentous A Iy,~-,- ---—;~~.~-~ a-i, —:., ---~,-. ^ 91 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~ =:S ~:9L '/| of of a girl b * i!l | _ - ___ || ~LI. I i $| i 1 rR:4ir s o* 11. 1 l r.'~i _ S*|| *-~ ~~ ~ I 1 godeX o1 ifead o1 a Da Qt p1 all glr y Iza.~~~~~~~~a i ~~llll mlmsmlutguuhnwmumn~wI~u1mmmu~uumu~mhDu 92 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSPI RIZAL changes in his life. Doctor Rizal did not have these Spanish ways, and the narrators are merely speaking of what other Spaniards would have done, for self-restraint and freedom from exhibitions of emotion were among his most prominent characteristics. Some time during Rizal's early years of school came his first success in painting. It was the occasion of a festival in Kalamba; just at the last moment an important banner was accidentally damaged and there was not time to send to Manila for another. A hasty consultation was held among the village authorities, and one councilman suggested that Jose Rizal had shown considerable skill with the brush and possibly he could paint something that would pass. The gobernadorcillo proceeded to the lad's home and explained the need. Rizal promptly went to work, under the official's direction, and speedily produced a painting which the delighted municipal executive declared was better than the expensive banner bought in Manila. The achievement was explained to all the participants in the festival and young Jose was the hero of the occasion. During intervals of school work Rizal found time to continue his modeling in clay which he procured from the brickyard of a cousin at San Pedro Macati. Rizal's uncle, Jose Alberto, had played a considerable part in his political education. He was influential with the Regency in Spain, which succeeded Queen Isabel when that sovereign became too malodorous to be longer tolerated, and he was the personal friend of the Regent, General Prim, whose motto, " More liberal today than yesterday, more liberal tomorrow than today," he was fond of quoting. He was present in Madrid at the time of General Prim's assassination and often told of how this wise patriot, recognizing the unpreparedness of the Spanish people for a republic, opposed the efforts for A E r I I = I.o. wmmlllllllll!,-l JAG 0 'OPHECY 93 Wha t Wtld he ki res n as diat a fu as had been rane's firse eort, and ho he lost his life throughi his sire t follow thesfeis of 6 proee d-666 of thi e Ord r of after Prim's dei the of areted by Kin Ami d oa Kight Comander, t he tep hiher in the Order of Isabel se rve for King mAdeowassoon convinced of the ofitness of his p ople for even a constitutional monamhv, told W so, resi. g d bhs throne and d em frwl1L Th en came a rvgb had nit comm ttid- among tihm the dreadful ussae of the memb rs of the lbustering party on thf steamer Mr anl's in Uba which wouild have cauged war Wth fli U' St g had not the Ameicnf be nMdeludedt 'oto the idea thak they were deaifng withi a sister republic mer cPa ngild Switrlflnd had b en e o& y satn 1 whii h I~IIIII ~ tlII1HI1~IT IU E~~~~~~! --- -- R f 94 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL a 2~ 2 = 2 = 2~ had recognized Spain's new form of government. Prim sought an alliance with America, for he claimed' that Spain should be linked with a country which would buy Spanish goods and to which Spain could send her products. France, with whom the Bourbons wished to be allied, was a competitor along Spain's own lines. During the earlier disturbances in Spain a party of Carlists were sent to the Philippine Islands; they were welcomed by the reactionary Spaniards, for devotion to King Carlos had been their characteristic ever since the days when Queen Isabel had taken the throne that in their opinion belonged to the heir in the male line. Rizal frequently makes mention of this disloyalty to the ruler of Spain on the part of those who claimed to be most devoted Spaniards. Along with the stories of these troubles which Rizal heard during his school days in Manila were reports of how these exiles had established themselves in foreign cities, Basa in Hongkong, Regidor in London, and Tavera in Paris. At their homes in these cities they gave a warm welcome to such Filipinos as traveled abroad and they were always ready to act as guardians for Filipino students who wished to study in their cities. Many availed themselves of these opportunities and it came to be an ambition among those in the Islands to get an education which they believed was better than that which Spain afforded. There was some ground for such a belief, because many of the most prominent successful men of Spanish and Philippine birth were men whose education had been foreign. A well-known instance in Manila was the architect Roxas, father of the present Alcalde of Manila, who learned his profession in England and was almost the only notable builder in Manila during his lifetime. Paciano Rizal, Jose's elder brother, had retired from A WtllltlllllllilltlIUIIIII1UUIIWIIIIIII "M111111 IIIIIIIIHIIIIIII HII~~~~~~~~~~~~~~llllI~~~~~i lllllllmll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E "~ 5 s E - 5 r - z -: =-~ L;r -- 7:= JAGOR'S PROPHECY 95 Manila on the death of Doctor Burgos and devoted himself to farming; in some ways, perhaps, his career suggested the character of Tasio, the philosopher of " Noli Me Tangere." He was careful to see that his younger brother was familiar with the liberal literature with which he had become acquainted through Doctor Burgos. The first foreign book read by Rizal, in a Spanish translation, was Dumas's great novel, " The Count of Monte Cristo," and the story of the wrongs suffered by the prisoner of the Chateau d'If recalled the injustice done his mother. Then came the book which had greatest influence upon the young man's career; this was a Spanish translation of Jagor's "Travels in the Philippines," the observations of a German naturalist who had visited the Islands some fifteen years before. This latter book, among other comments, suggested that it was the fate of the North American republic to develop and bring to their highest prosperity the lands which Spain had conquered and Christianized with sword and cross. Sooner or later, this German writer believed, the Philippine Islands could no more escape this American influence than had the countries on the mainland, and expressed the hope that one day the Philippines would succumb to the same influence; he felt, however, that it was desirable first for the Islanders to become better able to meet the strong competition of the vigorous young people of the New World, for under Spain the Philippines had dreamed away its past. The exact title of the book is " Travels I in the | Philippines. I By F. Jagor. I With numerous illustrations and a Map I London: I Chapman and Hall, I93, Piccadilly. I I875." The title of the Spanish translation reads, " Viajes I por I Filipinas I de F. Jagor | Traducidos del Aleman por S. Vidal y Soler I ngeniero de Montes Edicion illustrada con numerosos grabados I Madrid: Imprenta, Estereopidea y Galvanoplastia de Ariban y Ca. A Ii -------------------------- 'I~~~~~~...... 96 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL (Sucesores de Rivadencyra) I Impresores de Camara de S. M. I Calle del Duque de Osuna, num 3. 1 I875." The following extract from the book will show how marvelously the author anticipated events that have now become history: "With the altered condition of things, however, all this has disappeared. The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the world. Every facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow to the old system, and a great step made in the direction of broad and liberal reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and customs are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment, and self-esteem of the population, the more impatiently will the existing evils be endured. England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by the bond of mutual advantage, viz., the produce of raw material by means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account. Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard and neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines: but of the monopolies I have said enough. Half-castes and creoles, it is true are not, as they formerly were in America, excluded from all official appointments; but they feel deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manilla. The influence, also, of the American element is at least visible on the horizon, and will be more noticeable when the relations increase between il(tlillHltUINlfltllllllllltinlilHII - I I —~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ JAGOR'S PROPHECY 97 the two countries. At present they are very slender. The trade in the meantime follows in its old channels to England and to the Atlantic ports of the United States. Nevertheless, whoever desires to form an opinion upon the future history of the Philippines, must not consider simply their relations to Spain, but must have regard to the prodigious changes which a few decades produce on either side of our planet. For the first time in the history of the world the mighty powers on both sides of the ocean have commenced to enter upon a direct intercourse with one another-Russia,'which alone is larger than any two other parts of the earth; China, which contains within its ownboundaries a third of the population of the world; and America, with ground under cultivation nearly sufficient to feed treble the total population of the earth. Russia's further role in the Pacific Ocean is not to be estimated at present. The trade between the two other great powers will therefore be presumably all the heavier, as the rectification of the pressing need of human labour on the one side, and of the corresponding overplus on the other, will fall to them. " The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and the history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start in that direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the immense ocean was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points only once a year. From I603 to I769 scarcely a ship had ever visited California, that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but which is now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and cities, divided from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already ranking the third of the seaports of the Union; even at this early stage of its existence a central point of the world's commerce, and apparently destined, by the proposed junction of the great oceans, to play a most important part in the future. In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of America extends the influence of the American element over the South A lim s -= r -------------------- I -- -- ---- -- -- --:i';irltlliI I1111111 I 0i-S I.... 1MMit 98 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL Sea, the captivating, magic power which the great republic exercises over the Spanish colonies * will not fail to make itself felt also in the Philippines. The Americans are evidently destined to bring to a full development the germs originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of modern times, they pursue their road to victory with the assistance of the pioneer's axe and plough, representing an age of peace and commercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chivalrous age whose champions were upheld by the cross and protected by the sword. A considerable portion of Spanish America already belongs to the United States, and has since attained an importance which could not possibly have been anticipated either under the Spanish Government or during the anarchy which followed. With regard to permanence, the Spanish system cannot for a moment be compared with that of America. While each of the colonies, in order to favour a privileged class by immediate gains, exhausted still more the already enfeebled population of the metropolis by the withdrawal of the best of its ability, America, on the contrary, has attracted to itself from all countries the most energetic element, which, once on its soil and, freed from all fetters, restlessly progressing, has extended its power and influence still further and further. The Philippines will escape the action of the two great neighbouring powers all the less for the fact that neither they nor their metropolis find their condition of a stable and well-balanced nature. It seems to be desirable for the natives that the above-mentioned views should not speedily become accomplished facts, because their education and training hitherto have not been of a nature to prepare them successfully to compete with either of the other two energetic, creative, and progressive nations. They have, in truth, dreamed away their best days." *I take the liberty, here, of citing an instance of this. In I86i, when I found myself on the West Coast of Mexico, a dozen backwoods families determined upon settling in Sonora (forming an oasis in the desert); a plan which was frustrated by the invasion at that time of the European powers. Many native farmers awaited the arrival of these immigrants in order to take them under their protection. The value of land in consequence of the announcement of the project rose very considerably. A e: z - a s a r 3 r r a r r e " E E E 3 I 9 5 I " B E 5 iii I I 3 s s " I s s I Iu y ~~~~PI~~~~~~~iW~~~~~~~IBIII~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ l~~~~~ ir~~~~~~~~~~pa~~~~~~~~i~~~~~ga~~~~~~~(~~~~~lllllP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~~~~~1 ~ ~ ~ ~ h IAGOS 10 C 99 This prophecy of Jagors made a deep mpression upon Riza nd emg to furnish the explant of his life work Henceforth it W i as s himblion to arouse his countrymen to forprepare t e lves f a fre stt e lHe ddiatied himself to the work Whieh Doctor jagor had inYe ted as necessr It se beyon queso that I oc r Rizal ias eary as i876 believed that Amerca would smetime come to the Philippines and wished to prepare his countryrn for the canged condifon that iTheM k h.mi ram RUA ibi would then ave to be met Many lttle lnident n his ater life confirm this vieW: his eagerness to buy expensive books on the United Stares uch a hMis erly purcih in Brebousta 3f two different "Liv of the residents of the United Stites; his stuy of the country in his trve acrs i t fr om an Fracs to Nw York; the reference tin 1he Philippines in a "Hundred Ta"e; a the studies of the English RevoiUtion an other Anglo-Sxon influences which culminated in the foundation of the I Unted State of America. iesdes the interest he took in clay modelng to which rfiierence has alriaiy bee made, RiMa i e r in arng M Whensaf r in the ten he had cr1v d an image _ _A _ __ g~~~~l ~ )E~~b ~st '~ ~ t~8~:~ jt~'t.ts~i '.~rt~~ a ~.,adl.ll,~8 1X~~~~ k~~~I ~~~n~7e l11~11 _......'. ', 100 LIE AND IABORS 0 )69A EINA[ B -of the Vrgin of uch graice aod _. ~~~l~~~l lc~~t~~~i _ hbeauy that one of the Fiathers asked him to try n image f the I I | I | I | y a age~~~~~~~~~~~~I. Iacred eart Rial coampli d.~~~~~~~~~ ~~rs ctar~i~, Z l$aIe *p tI *I Zqa d ao pr duced te carrving that playe d so import ot a part io his ~~~~~~~~IQ.C1- Zr,~ Ira.dsl 6at,. | haiqd ned ifd to tike he-+ i lmage _~~~~~~~9ip l~ci 6> ~l Eluue 1. e eni~r lt;1tg cr with him to Spain h but o sone y Iit Wig rf hchid anda the chI o lhoyl pult it 0S 00 the dru _ i of teir doriwtory.i hcc1* it remameimd for nearly twenty yearsi congstautly remioding the maoy hlad who passed io aod out of the ooe who th iliaoid pupils alike agre id was the greatest of a- their numherr for iz*l dur& ogn these years thige schooL oy IIher of hek tencoi af fd ftom the Ateoco carme *he maen who were most larl cooceroetd in m king the N w Phlifppns. The im* g itself is of hatiklin an ca irvcarved woodr and shows onsidcrahle skill when one rememr s that an ordina y pockkife Was the.sim ositrment used in its imaRnufc turei It was recalled to RiaIl memory When he visited the Afiteno upon his frt retuMrn from Spain and was forhjirddn.in~ts ca g Sacred th house by the Jesuits because Ma of ifs alleged apostasy and ~~~~~~E ~ ~ Bl~lljAGoa PRPOHECY 101 again in the chapie of Fort San1tiago where it played important part n What hwas call d his converson The pnrliciney he attaeie d In the art of mod is denced by many of th exampi illnl tatd in this volume They not only indicate an astonshng versatil'ty but they reveal his very cha;ractIeis method of working cha eteritic hased on his constant i to adapt the best things he found aroad to th. ditions of his own country. Jh sam charac ie appears aso in mstof his lterary work and n it there is no servale min tation ft is arefutl and itud ied_ elecktioni idaptmio aand aIomi pos tion of a steel eg6ravingi n a 1rench art journaln suggeted hi riodel n clay of Philip i hj eit in panting in th LxIk ebourg Gallery and the rest of Ba oft Vaf il rGo6 S. J, a figure in an engraving in a aaoddaid foan...... a by newspaper ar comhbned in a N' Na Is the Af a a Ii Y are ini;gst c 'n.E a ~izal Now in tihe neo. statuette he modeled in Brusse a and sent in May s89 to Viaentina Ventura in pce of * a Ite r a clipping from a newspaper cut is also aapted for hs odel of " The Vengeanc of the arm"; and as evidence of hs fiaclity of expressing himself in this ling up the str in fot of her home preparatory were so thoroughly typical and so impressed themselves on his mind that he worked out ths statuette from memory. ..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 9 _I l L I Io * I EI 1 _|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A ~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ b_ th a in th S l*-..,_ ______1 I_._ _ __ _ _ _ __ 11 I__ I _ _ 1 1 - 1__ ^^_! ecB~~~~~~~ti~~~~~~r~~ ~ |rt Ic~~.~a~~c IS~ ~~ Id I~s I II I Il _ 1-.-z9.f3~~ - 1 1; 11 I-E~~~~~~~~~~~I _ 1 1 I | | 11 I- I~~~~~~~~~ I | I I I I I I I I | _ IS-~~~~~~~~~,f,i JA GO I OtiECY 103 1n a iterar way Riz al's first preteffntio efort x S was a I lodama in one aCt And in rsl enti tled "JinhtA al (Beside h Psi) A play in honor of the Vrgini whlch was giveni tihe tenco to the great edifictlon Clay mod of a DaWhao woman from life by RiiaL of id audi who were i praise and heary in thei appluse but the young author neith saw the y n id ny atten to the f nr of its receptio for he owas duiwstairs, intent on his own div and hd of wh was going on av Thursday w _s the shool holiday in th u d ys aInd 5M _ f- _fffifffififffffiff - l l l _i 104 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL Rizal usually spent the time at the Convent of La Concordia, where his youngest sister, Soledad, was a boarder. He was a great friend of the little one and a welcome visitor in the Convent; he used to draw pictures for her edification, sometimes teasing her by making her own portrait, to which he gave exaggerated ears to indicate her curiosity. Then he wrote short satirical skits, such as the following, which in English doggerel quite matches its Spanish original: "The girls of Concordia College m Go dressed in the latest of stylesM Bangs high on their foreheads for knowledge- But hungry their grins and their smiles! Some of these girls made an impression upon Jose, and one of his diary entries of this time tells of his rude awakening when a girl, some years his elder, who had laughingly accepted his boyish adoration, informed him that she was to marry a relative of his, and he speaks of the heart-pang with which he watched the carromata that carried her from his sight to her wedding. Jose was a great reader, and the newspapers were giving much attention to the World's Fair in Philadelphia which commemorated the first centennial of American independence, and published numerous cuts illustrating various interesting phases of American life. Possibly as a reaction from the former disparagement of things American, the sentiment in the Philippines was then very friendly. There was one long account of the presentation of a Spanish banner to a Spanish commission in Philadelphia, and the newspapers, in speaking of the wonderful progress which the United States had made, recalled the early Spanish alliance and referred to the fact that, had it not been for the discoveries of the Spaniards, their new land would not have been known to Europe. A 1 Kt~IWi~UllhI ~~ W~IIR~IIIIB W~IWffhffWlhllItfllI l 1 wgnrnfrnni Ill llMRWim J Oi0 PIOPIIL 105 Rieal dufnrg his last two years i the An eno wit a boiarer. Thrloohont hise tfire cotire he hid been the winner of most of the i Upon receiving his Bhelor of Arts diloma he terd th University of II I of oar J e suit e duceion notable in a Sant of i the first e h tied Ie coure in philosophy and in the secrd ya be t rainin le planarin of all forr's Medicine T the A o usef t a a ood ea ief th t our presenit high shool, thougtl not 6so thoriugh nor i o advnced Still the me the of nstcitrion which has ma d. jesuit aduca ptioe n oablf in all s I the good ework which the othe'si traoiin. g ad beun e r, he s ystem required the oex planation of the morrow's lero qlu iig on the lesson of the day and a review of the previous days work. This, tleith the attt gie to theo clasics, developed and uic k a hut | g v th Jesuit was then in the interio r o f Mlifind nan Mnd hi chicir 1. ileit wevr, Rili zal d.J dl ton doe1I th dstdi oi P re|niik ilik power of it iai agric lture, ges seciali ing n mcdi ncarr double work as he took the tourse in the Aten o whdvich le toe 6t i the degree f and surveyir atd agtricuMitudr I nxpert This work was completed before he had reicned the ige 10 tLIFE AND LAB0RS 0 JSA AIAL bed b Iw.so th t he could not then recA e his diloma hic was not delvered to him ut1 he had at d th age of itiwctyone years. In the 44 Life " of Rzal puhifhed in Bareo sa aifter his leath a nt pictre is pnd of hIw RI might inad - e St-ri pinted in oil byi Ja i w l ' a i hae ffilwed lte advic of It re fctor of the A nO; land * hav ied a long, ug ful aand horahc life as a fIr r and gohedoril __of hisb home town, re Ipecte l hy th i Snids looked to hy his countrymen and fiing a mb ut l. Today one can Idl' s ______ A___I___ E~~~~~~~~~.-~~~~~~~~~~ JAGOR'S PROPHECY 107 that such a career would have been suited to the man or regret that events took the course they did. Poetry was highly esteemed in the Ateneo, and Rizal frequently made essays in verse, often carrying his compositions to Kalamba for his mother's criticisms and suggestions. The writings of the Spanish poet Zorilla were making a deep impression upon him at this time, and while his schoolmates seemed to have been more interested in their warlike features, Jose appears to have gained from them an understanding of how Zorilla sought to restore the Spanish people to their former dignity, rousing their pride through recalling the heroic events in their past history. Some of the passages in the melodrama, " Junta al Pasig," already des 'bed, were evidently influenced by his study of Zorilla; the fierce denunciation of Spain which is there put in the mouth of Satan expresses, no doubt, the real sentiments of Rizal. In 1877 a society known as the Liceo Literario-Artistica (Lyceum of Art and Literature) offered a prize for the best poem by a native. The winner was Rizal with the following verses, " Al Juventud Filipino " (To the Philippine Youth). The prize was a silver pen, feathershaped and with a gold ribbon running through it. TO THE PHILIPPINE YOUTH Theme: " Growth" (TRANSLATION BY CHARLES DERBYSHIRE) Hold high thy brow serene, O youth, where now you stand; Let the bright sheen Of your grace be seen, Fair hope of my fatherland! A r iI~ - I,.~iriilillilllallltU[lllllllllllilll 108 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSEI RIZAL Come now, thou genius grand, And bring down inspiration; With thy mighty hand, Swifter than the wind's volation, Raise the eager mind to higher station. Come down with pleasing light Of art and science to the fight, O youth, and there untie The chains that heavy lie, Your spirit free to blight. See how in flaming zone Amid the shadows thrown, The Spaniard's holy hand A crown's resplendent band Proffers to this Indian land. ~-5 Thou, who now wouldst rise On wings of rich emprise, Seeking from Olympian skies Songs of sweetest strain, Softer than ambrosial rain; Thou, whose voice divine Rivals Philomel's refrain, l ~ And with varied line Through the night benign Frees mortality from pain; Ii Thou, who by sharp strife Wakest thy mind to life; And the memory bright Of thy genius' light Makest immortal in its strength; A ----— __ _ _ v ______ _ ___.-__ _ ItlWnttllHmllWIIHnlHIIIIIHINIIII 5Is~ ~JAGOR'S PROPHECY 109 And thou, in accents clear Of Phoebus, to Apelles dear; Or by the brush's magic art j ~ Takest from nature's store a part, To fix it on the simple canvas' length; i Go forth, and then the sacred fire Of thy genius to the laurel may aspire; To spread around the fame, -IP ~ And in victory acclaim, Through wider spheres the human name. Day, O happy day, Fair Filipinas, for thy land! |-i So bless the Power today That places in thy way This favor and this fortune grand. The next competition at the Liceo was in honor of the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes; it was open to both Filipinos and Spaniards, and there was a dispute as to the winner of the prize. It is hard to figure out just what really happened; the newspapers speak of Rizal as winning the first prize, but his certificate says second, and there seems to have been some sort of compromise by which a Spaniard who was second was put at the head. M Newspapers, of course, were then closely censored, but the liberal La Oceania contains a number of veiled allusions to medical poets, suggesting that for the good of humanity they should not be permitted to waste their time in verse-making. One reference quotes the title of Rizal's first poem in saying that it was giving a word of advice "To the Philippine Youth," and there are other indications that for some considerable time the outcome of this contest was a very live topic in the city of Manila. A - |, v-_______________________ 1 - _,.- fiti" llHI" - UH IW" -l HU HHUHH:...H IIUU^tf.LiH-IUH I U _~~ — - _ _ _ _.-~ 110 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL Rizal's poem was an allegory, "The Council of the Gods " —" El consejo de los Dioses." It was an exceedingly artistic appreciation of the chief figure in Spanish literature. The rector of the Ateneo had assisted his former student by securing for him needed books, and though Rizal was at that time a student in Santo Tomas, the rivalries were such that he was still ranked with the pupils of the Jesuits and his success was a corresponding source of elation to the Ateneo pupils and alumni. Some people have stated that Father Evaristo Arias, a notably F brilliant writer of the Dominicans, was a competitor, a version I once published, but investigation shows that this was a mistake. However, sentiment in the University against Rizal grew, until matters became so unpleasant that he felt it time to follow the advice of Father Burgos! and continue his education outside of the Islands. Just before this incident Rizal had been the victim of a brutal assault in Kalamba; one night when he was passing the barracks of the Civil Guard he noted in the darkness a large body, but did not recognize who it was, and passed without any attention to it. It turned out that the large body was a lieutenant of the Civil Guard, and, without warning or word of any kind, he drew his sword and wounded Rizal in the back. Rizal complained of this outrage to the authorities and tried several times, without success, to see the Governor-General. Finally he had to recognize that there was no redress for him. By May of 1882 Rizal had made up his mind to set sail for Europe, and his brother, Paciano, equipped him with seven hundred pesos for the journey, while his sister, Saturnina, intrusted to him a valuable diamond ring which might prove a resource in time of emergency. Jose had gone to Kalamba to attend a festival there, when Mr. Hidalgo, from Manila, notified him that his boat was ready to sail. The telegram, asking his imA L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Sr L HHHHHIIHRIHIHIHH HHHHHIIHHHHIHIHHHIHIIHIIIB~~ilN ~~l tIHHH HIHHHHHHHHHHIHIHUH!IHHHIUHHIT1HIHHHH HHUHI IHUUIi JA1O11 il O 1E1Y m edIte return to the city, w s couchd hin the form of i dldvt of the cndition of a ptient; and the ani of the steamer IlvadWor by a play on words w in ud i the se of "May s her ife." R hd osl requeItse of Mr Rtamrex of the Purta del Sol store, ettersof introduetion to an Englishman fotrmeriy in the Philippine, who at th n i! ii in Pari He sitd noto ing more of h Intentons but on his last night n the iil arin vi f Mi A penil skth l himf ity Wh his younger sister s ompano he de all through the Walled city and its suburbs, chinig horses iv e in the f hours of his farxewiel. The next 1-o.,. in he nmbarked the steam r, and tr yet remains the sketch whi he made of his last viw of theity, shwng its watft x as it appeliaid from the departing ste m. To leave town it wa necessary to have a passportri Wa wa in the name of j2os Merado, and hd * e en ed by a disant reative of his w in the S _i __ _ A _ rr,~rg.g.llZl Z ljX.0If~ i,l.t s~l i m.... Zl ~ r~ ll_ il5l~ll~'awZZ,lir. g. iZ9 Zl~-a lZZZ Za-m~ XL l-8~.Z s ii ZZi~8tk ZZ~~TJa 0 ~ Z ~~ 0 jf~ %Z Z 0 0 0 id II0 jj~ 0 00' Z0 000 ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~~~~~~~~~~: ~~~~~~~3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ii: I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~= H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r;;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IA. HE1,,, g: ',, iSi II~ _:r__ S _ =__ __ati, __e_~. U1_ 3| 1| 1||W |1 _ _ 0 _ l 1 _ _ u 1 0 _ lli~ T 1 ~JAGO'S ROPHEC 113 tnglish co1ony of Singaers Th eFere Rliml saw a o alrn c it faor the, firos in H s aiiteins. ntreste 1 d n tfI tmproemt b et e p t e art did the assured p ositionn of th natives confienet w hc in t he aid ries of f aful |esdtoa inf t hei r ruers n ofMte authoitie a rousee his admiration Great w ast At Singapore Riz transferred to a F9rch mail l. A tUd'e,,, e e th c ilt ( 5 5 ~Jps soL rl ae. rm z ~~S W1 aIW ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5-9ll~'~ ~~~~ili~~~~~~~~ a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l"."l~~~~~~~~~~~~ f7 ~ ~ ~ ii tti auorl,,, aCoue l 21mt 5O~lj Gtt~ gS t 1 I~" 5_ i g 1 * i t 1 5 1 9!slltliatljl~ tWin t3 l;~ ),ii15 ru15>9 815 rtg t.. _d,,,_ I 3 114 tPE AND LABONS 01? Jaz gIAz A __ i..., 0~~~~~~~~~~~ t 1 X a~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8111111111111 a c E 5 3 r zi E E E r s - IIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11181111111111111118 M Ii JAGOR'S PROPHECY 115 i I 8 steamer and seems to have had an interesting time mak- ing himself understood on board. He had studied some French in his Ateneo course, writing an ode which gained honors, but when he attempted to speak the language he g was not successful in making Frenchmen understand him. So he resorted to a mixed system of his own, sometimes using Latin words and making the changes which regularly would have occurred, and when words failed, making signs, and in extreme cases drawing pictures of what he wanted. This versatility with the pencil, for many of his offhand "sketches had humorous touches that almost carried them into the cartoon class, interested officers and passengers, so that the young student had the freedom of the ship and a voyage far from tedious. i The passage of the Suez Canal, a glimpse of Egypt, Aden, where East and West meet, and the Italian city of Naples, with its historic castle, were the features of the trip which most impressed him. Q* A' i I ~~~.1 --- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~i -- miIIIIIIlm lllUIIIIIBIAIWYIB i mHIoHpl, I -- VI THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION R IZAL disembarked at Marseilles, saw a little of that famous port, and then went by rail to Barcelona, crossing the Pyrenees, the desolate ruggedness of which contrasted with the picturesque luxuriance of his tropical home, and remained a day at the frontier town of PortBou. The customary Spanish disregard of tourists compared very unfavorably with the courteous attention which he had remarked on his arrival at Marseilles, for the custom house officers on the Spanish frontier rather reminded him of the class of employes found in Manila. At Barcelona he met many who had been his schoolmates in the Ateneo and others to whom he was known by name. It was the custom of the Filipino students there to hold reunions every other Sunday at the cafe, for their limited resources did not permit the daily visits which were the Spanish custom. In honor of the new arrival a special gathering occurred in a favorite cafe in Plaza de Catalonia. The characteristics of the Spaniards and the features of Barcelona were all described for Rizal's benefit, and he had to answer a host of questions about the changes which had occurred in M/anila. Most of his answers were to the effect that old defects had not yet been remedied nor incompetent officials supplanted, and he gave a rather hopeless view of the future of their country. Somewhat in this gloomy mood, he wrote home for a newly established Tagalog newspaper of Manila, his views of " Love of country," an article not so optimistic as most of his later writings. In Barcelona he remained but a short time, long enough, however, to see the historic sights around that city, which was established by Hannibal, had numbered []Vi E E I 7= 5 TTHE PERIOD OF PREPARATION 117 many noted Romans among its residents, and in later days was the scene of the return of Columbus from his voyages in the New World, bringing with him samples of Redskins, birds and other novel products of the unknown country. Then there were the magnificent boulevards, the handsome dwellings, the interest which the citizens took in adorning their city and the pride in the results, and above all, the disgust at all things Spanish and the loyalty to Catalonia, rather than to the "mother-father- land." The Catalan was the most progressive type in Spain, but he had'no love for his compatriots, was ever complaining of their manana" habits and of the evils that were bound to exist in a country where Church and State were so inextricably intermingled. Many Catalans were avowedly republicans. Signs might be seen on the outside of buildings telling of the location of republican clubs, unpopular officials were hooted in the streets, the newspapers were intemperate in their criticism of the government, and a campaign was carried on openly which aimed at changing from a monarchy to a democracy, without any apparent molestation from the authorities. All these things impressed the lad who had seen in his own country the most respectfully worded complaints of unquestionable abuses treated as treason, bringing not merely punishment, but opprobrium as well. He, himself, in order to obtain a better education, had had to leave his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice, and his family, to save themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance of his plans and movements. His name was entered in Santo Toma's at the opening of the new term, with the fees paid, and Paciano had gone to Manila pretending to be looking for this brother whom he had assisted out of the country. Early in the fall Rizal removed to Madrid and en-.IA..~ I m * f 111111 tlmm it i nmmt Im tnmiim mff itIf f f t f i f i i l f i i f i i i l tered the Central University there. His short residence in Barcelona was possibly for the purpose of correcting the irregularity in his passport, for in that town it would be easier to obtain a cedula, and with this his way in the national University would be made smoother. He enrolled in two courses, medicine, and literature and philosophy; besides these he studied sculpture, drawing and art in San Carlos, and took private lessons in languages from Mr. Hughes, a well-known instructor of the city. With all these labors it is not strange that he did not mingle largely in social life, and lack of funds and want of clothes, which have been suggested as reasons for this, seem hardly adequate. Jose had left Manila with some seven hundred pesos and a diamond ring. Besides, he received funds from his father monthly, which were sent through his cousin, Antonio Rivera, of Manila, for fear that the landlords might revenge themselves upon their tenant for the slight which his son had cast upon their university in deserting it for a Peninsular institution. It was no easy task in those days for a lad from the provinces to get out of the Islands for study abroad. Rizal frequently attended the theater, choosing especially the higher class dramas, occasionally went to a masked ball, played the lotteries in small amounts but regularly, and for the rest devoted most of his money to the purchase of books. The greater part of these were second-hand, but he bought several standard works in good editions, many with bindings de luxe. Among the books first purchased figure a Spanish translation of the " Lives of the Presidents of the United States," from Washington to Johnson, morocco bound, gilt-edged, and illustrated with steel engravings-certainly an expensive book; a "History of the English Revolution;" a comparison of the Romans and the Teutons, and several other books which indicated interest in the freer system ~~~~~~~jit~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii if~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i il H III1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~llglltB~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1IIII~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Wr~~~~~~~~~~ i,'l Hll a:= s 11~ a r a I a E E iii r r 3 E n 5 r E iii E a E n n r r I I E r e r r: Er i~_ THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION 119 of the Anglo-Saxons. Later, another " History of the Presidents," to Cleveland, was added to his library. The following lines, said to be addressed to his mother, were written about this time, evidently during an attack of homesickness: "YOU ASK ME FOR VERSES" (TRANSLATED BY CHARLES DERBYSHIRE) You bid me now to strike the lyre, That mute and torn so long has lain; And yet I cannot wake the strain, 'Nor will the Muse one note inspire! Coldly it shakes in accents dire, As if my soul itself to wring, And when its sound seems but to fling A jest at its own low lament; So in sad isolation pent, My soul can neither feel nor sing. There was a time-ah, 'tis too trueBut that time long ago has pastWhen upon me the Muse had cast Indulgent smile and friendship's due; But of that age now all too few The thoughts that with me yet will stay; As from the hours of festive play There linger on mysterious notes, And in our minds the memory floats Of minstrelsy and music gay. A plant I am, that scarcely grown, Was torn from out its Eastern bed, Where all around perfume is shed, And life but as a dream is known; The land that I can call my own, A::'I I I I 120 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSH RIZAL By me forgotten ne'er to be, Where trilling birds their song taught me, And cascades with their ceaseless roar, And all along the spreading shore The murmurs of the sounding sea. I=m ~ While yet in childhood's happy day, I learned upon its sun to smile, And in my breast there seemed the while |Ig ~ Seething volcanic fires to play. A bard I was, and my wish alway To call upon the fleeting wind, With all the force of verse and mind: "Go forth, and spread around its fame, From zone to zone with glad acclaim, And earth to heaven together bind! " But it I left, and now no moreLike a tree that is broken and sereMy natal gods bring the echo clear Of songs that in past times they bore; Wide seas I cross'd to foreign shore, With hope of change and other fate; My folly was made clear too late, For in the place of good I sought The seas reveal'd unto me naught, But made death's specter on me wait. I 0I 1 All these fond fancies that were mine, All love, all feeling, all emprise, Were left beneath the sunny skies, Which o'er that flowery region shine; So press no more that plea of thine, A I ~WI~I~M~d~~ ~ ~B~~~INI! i 10, E:'11; L"Iqlllllltllm llol w um moll MIMHIIIIIIIilill um m lnilltllgfililnlilmllmil llilmliillo mmlimiilillltllliiilillilliliillllliiltliilllilillilliiillmiillomlmllmlmlm lpliolplimllliNIlmplmpn TIHE PERIOD OF PREPARATION 121 For songs of love from out a heart That coldly lies a thing apart; Since now with tortur'd soul I haste Unresting o'er the desert waste, And lifeless gone is all my art. In Madrid a number of young Filipinos were intense enthusiasts over political agitation, and with the recklessness of youth, were careless of what they said or how they said it, so long as it brought no danger to them. A sort of Philippine social club had been organized by older Filipiinos and Spaniards interested in the Philippines, with the idea of quietly assisting toward improved insular conditions, but it became so radical under the influence of this younger majority, that its conservative members were compelled to drop out and the club broke up. The young men were constantly holding meetings to revive it, but never arrived at any effective conclusions. Rizal was present at some of these meetings and suggested that a good means of propaganda would be a book telling the truth about Philippine conditions and illustrated by Filipino artists. At first the project was severely criticised; later a few conformed to the plan, and Rizal believed that his scheme was in a fair way of accomplishment. At the meeting to discuss the details, however, each member of the company wanted to write upon the Filipino woman, and the rest of the subjects scarcely interested any of them. Rizal was disgusted with this trifling and dropped the affair, nor did he ever again seem to take any very enthusiastic interest in such popular movements. His more mature mind put him out of sympathy with the younger men. Their admiration gave him great prestige, but his popularity did not arise from comradeship, as he had but very few intimates. Early in his stay in Madrid, Rizal had come across a A - 7 2i 11 an WU~IIgIH I~l~mnwlmjmI PHIUIU# I i:0 0: f: 0:!::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I 11#1111111111311#tllfltllltlllf C 122 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSIf RIZAL second-hand copy, in two volumes, of a French novel, which he bought to improve his knowledge of that language. It was Eugene Sue's "The Wandering Jew," that work which transformed the France of the nineteenth century. However one may agree or disagree with its teachings and concede or dispute its literary merits, it cannot be denied that it was the most powerful book in its effects on the century, surpassing even Mrs. Stowe's " Uncle Tom's Cabin," which is usually credited with having hurried on the American Civil War and brought about the termination of African slavery in the United States. The book, he writes in his diary, affected him powerfully, not to tears, but with a tremendous sympathy for the unfortunates that made him willing to risk everything in their behalf. It seemed to him that such a presentation of Philippine conditions would certainly arouse Spain, but his modesty forbade his saying that he was going to write a book like the French masterpiece. Still, from this time his recollections of his youth and the stories which he could get from his companions were written down and revised, till finally the half had been prepared of what was finally the novel "Noli Me Tangere." Through Spaniards who still remembered Jose's uncle, he joined a lodge of Masons called the "Acacia." At this time few Filipinos in Spain had joined the institution, and those were mostly men much more mature than himself. Thus he met leaders of Spanish national life who were men of state affairs and much more sedate, men with broader views and more settled opinions than the irresponsible class with whom his school companions were accustomed to associate. A distinction must be made between the Masonry of this time and the much more popular institution in which Filipinos later figured so Ai| HE PERIoD OF PREPAR ION 123 argely when Prof ssor Miguel Moiray a became hiead of thI GCand Lodge whh for a time was a ril of that to whchi the 4 Acacia owed allegiance, and finally I triumphed over oit In I884 Rizal had begun his studies in English; he hid bee suing Firec during and sine his voyage to Spaitn Italian was acquired apparent y at a tine When the vxposito f Genoa hd aittrated S ani h interest toward Italy and largely through the reading of Italian translations of work whtch he knew in other languages Ger man too hd started to sdy but had not a vanced far Wth it. Thus Rizal was preparing himself for the travels througih Europ which he had inten d e to make from the time whAn he first left his home, or he well knew fthat it Was only in whit way they difered from Don Pab l Ortigas y Rs his own and find out hich of by eon the o and what leo f h hiory mi be of advantage to the pe ilposto A fatur in Rikals social life Was a Weekly -vista to e the home of Don Pablo Ortigas y Rye a libral Sp gniard lwho had b1ee Civil Governor of Maia in gtir ff ed, and were enteaine by the Ihafog daughte of the home, CIonsueo, Who wa the person to whom Were edicated the verses of Rizal u s yen- t #ied a 'a' la Senorita C. 0 y RI In Rizal's lae days he foulnd a regular relaxtiomn In _~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ A _ _ _ _ 124 I AND A 0O 0 o0F JO 1ZAL Aplyi|n lsg es in whih he was skilled with the v nerabl i x eprsideft f th hotlived Spanish rpbli PI y Marga This statman was accusd of German tendncites;. bee uof his| ic tition Itward Ang Saxon safeguards for liberty, and was a champion of glk~nM edtiuation as a preparation fo a fere Spain F csii1 odf th beii ng f p B RialtoMis C O. y Reyes, Do0 PaN6' charnmin dugte a usually was present on public occasions r a Fii pino circles and took a lading part in them, as, for exiample when he d livered the principal address at t he banquet given by the Madrid Filipino colony n honor of their artist eountrymen, after Luna and Ilidalo had won prizes in the Madrid National exposiion. He was also at tbe New Year's biaquet when the students gathered in lithe taurant to bid farewell to the old and lushe _j A _ j,' U.. *'; ' ' - A i 3: ' j- 3 l' g' ' ' j' j' ** jj-j' j'. ' C'*. ''; ' ' I 1*?::1EG111^_ 1 f iI I i ii i~ " *.ii'' -iii';| i ' ''jW' he | at t_'' e |l $b th. j 4a _ _____A _1arttS X~l~llt M~t~i El tt1:.|XnS Sn....It.>.{Fn w.S... pt i na.d11dNgtt0nj Wfs&t= f6vt> f I - i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~1 (OF1 A T( 125 __ ^_AE _ _ _e __ 1 in iI S ~ -g* A = -;L__I hi ih|X~tll~lltlltllulll~llN~tllgulllllll mlullllltulluIluwIuuimImHImhfihl lni[ in the new year, and his was the chief speech, summarizing the remarks of the others. In 1885, having completed the second of his two courses, with his credentials of licentiate in medicine and also in philosophy and literature, Rizal made a trip through the country provinces to study the Spanish peasant, for the rural people, he thought, being agriculturists, would be most like the farmer folk of h's native land. Surely the Filipinos did not suffer in the comparison, for the Spanish peasants had not greatly changed from the day when they were so masterfully described by Cervantes. It seemed to Rizal almost like being in Don Quixote's land, so many were the figures who might have been the characters in the book.The fall of '85 found Rizal in Paris, studying art, visiting the variou museums and associating with the Lunas, the Taveras and other Filipino residents of the French capital, for there had been a considerable colony in that' city ever since the troubles of 1872 had driven the Tavera family into exile and they had made their home in that city. In Paris a fourth of "Noli Me Tangere" was written, and Rizal specialized in ophthalmology, devoting his attention to those eye troubles that were most prevalent in the Philippines and least understood. His mother's growing blindness made him covet the skill which might enable him to restore her sight. So successfully did he study that he became the favorite pupil of Doctor L. de Weckert, the leading authority among the oculists of France, and author of a three-volume standard work. Rizal next went to Germany, having continued his studies in its language in the French capital, and was present at Heidelberg on the five hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the University. Because he had no passport he could only attend lectures, but could not regularly matriculate. He lived in 5 city. In Par~~~~s a fourth of ".N.......Me.............. hi~l huIIthfilII~l~~tINllllflhl~i~hhItIhWBIIMl~lI~thIf~lh~tli IltfI#IIl u tlhhIf T.E PERIOD OF PREPAIATION 127 one of the student boarding houses, wth a number of law students, and hen he as proposed for berhip in tei Club books as eing stuTdet of law Ike thiN men M Who proposed him. These Chess CIub gathrings were quite a fe ore of the tovwn being held in the large *saloons with several hu dred people prescnt, and the coni tests of skill were eagerly watched by shrewd and compe tnt judgs. RMiza was a clever player, and left something of a reeord among f iy d aiei ted the experts. eutne sta ed e eh,. The following lines were Written by RiI ifn a ltter ome whi e he was a studen in Germany: TO THE FLOWERS OF HEIDELBERG (TRANSLATIoN sV CHARLES DiRsxsssiRir) Go t my.natie land, go, foreill flowers, Sown by the traveler on his way; And there beeath its azure sky Wher all ofm A A ffectins li1 TIhere from the weary pilgrim say, Wh fah is his in ta lid of o! -Ii_ A _ v EYL>X KUT w W u.X 128 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSA RIZAL Go there and tell how when the dawn, Her early light diffusing, Your petals first flung open wide; His steps beside chill Neckar drawn, You see him silent by your side, Upon its Spring perennial musing. Saw how when morning's light, All your fragrance stealing, Whispers to you as in mirth Playful songs of love's delight, He, too, murmurs his love's feeling In the tongue he learned at birth. That when the sun on Koenigstuhl's height Pours out its golden flood, And with its slowly warming light Gives life to vale and grove and wood, He greets that sun, here only upraising, Which in his native land is at its zenith blazing. And tell there of that day he stood, Near to a ruin'd castle gray, By Neckar's banks, or shady wood, And pluck'd you from beside the way; Tell, too, the tale to you addressed, And how with tender care, Your bending leaves he press'd 'Twixt pages of some volume rare. Bear then, O flowers, love's message bear; My love to all the lov'd ones there, Peace to my country-fruitful landFaith whereon its sons may stand, And virtue for its daughters' care; All those beloved creatures greet, That still around home's altar meet. Alft QIiIIaihlihlhIWI I ___ i i r r L ~5-7 -a - -:-~ e E -- E a E r e r e iii r f r n n s m e e s ==I - L:: THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION 129 And when you come unto its shore, This kiss I now on you bestow, Fling where the winged breezes blow; That borne on them it may hover o'er All that I love, esteem, and adore. But though, O flowers, you come unto that land, And still perchance your colors hold; So far from this heroic strand, Whose soil first bade your life unfold, Still here your fragrance will expand; Your soul that never quits the earth Whose light smiled on you at your birth. From Heidelberg he went to Leipzig, then famous for the new studies in psychology which were making the science of the mind almost as exact as that of the body, and became interested in the comparison of race characteristics as influenced by environment, history and language. This probably accounts for the advanced views held by Rizal, who was thoroughly abreast of the new psychology. These ideas were since popularized in America largely through Professor Hugo Munsterberg of Harvard University, who was a fellow-student of Rizal at Heidelberg and also had been at Leipzig. A little later Rizal went to Berlin and there became acquainted with a number of men who had studied the Philippines and knew it as none whom he had ever met previously. Chief among these was Doctor Jagor, the author of the book which ten years before had inspired in him his life purpose of preparing his people for the time when America should come to the Philippines. Then there was Doctor Rudolf Virchow, head of the Anthropological Society and one of the greatest scientists in the world. Virchow was of intensely democratic ideals, iIAIIIIII NUUlhl _1111 _ _rnmuwnffum —lulihllwl-"''J '130 L:I A A cOS OF JOasE R' ZAL he W as. Oat t as W ll as a a i e Iite o * *f the etn thei I of his ont an n v eryIlthi ls Wlll hic co ime I it, and his sincere earnes n ss so 46 i intelgetl I reteid to ard h ping hi iountry Midi Ri 11.at once a prim I e f I avite. n hi'der Virchows tesponsorship he _-I l l | I I I E I I ----I ---_ — s.. '... he Win ih Iiffii Anhrfof Noloi MeSoity. i __rm an Mien m | | | |Rizal iliv i the third floor __ '..'l j ' n.'; h mof' acn slo ngdbo hiou no vand thefar om thed jnvemty al toire h time puttingthe finishin tiere he wrotei the latter i Ni e angr for so long a time, had modified his early radical views, of edMucat1on for Fi poos by poitng out their h orccomings to'ry whie h had read in Maid'O d eserve part of the credit flr thsh anged poi Ontt o view sine In that th author, creating of Sp'searly misf1rh hous;e w hmer ea. I vility and undeserving cadraeter of te people as it is to t ffieorrpfo tyranniyan cIrMelty ofi t ruler.' ^ ^^^^.;;:*:/:./;;:***:'**mi l:'I igi1lmllllllil lullNlllIf llllllllllNiuljum u lll lUIIUiU~illgfIIlIHiIIuiiIU IIII THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION 131 The printer of " Noli Me Tangere" lived in a neighboring street, and, like most printers in Germany, worked for a very moderate compensation, so that the volume of over four hundred pages cost less than a fourth of what it would have done in England, or one half of what it would cost in economical Spain. Yet even at so modest a price, Rizal was delayed in the publication until one = fortunate morning he received a visit from a countryman, Doctor Maximo Viola, who invited him to take a pedestrian trip. Rizal responded that his interests kept him in Berlin at that time as he was awaiting funds from home with which to publish a book he had just completed, and showed him the manuscript. Doctor Viola was much interested and offered to use the money he had put aside for the trip to help pay the publisher. So the work went ahead, and when the delayed remittance from his family arrived, Rizal repaid the obligation. Then the two sallied forth on their trip. After a considerable tour of the historic spots and scenic places in Germany, they arrived at Dresden, where Doctor Rizal was warmly greeted by Doctor A. B. Meyer, the Director of the Royal Saxony Ethnographical Institute. He was an authority upon Philippine matters, for some years before he had visited the Islands to make a study of the people. With a countryman resident in the Philippines, Doctor Meyer made careful and thorough scientific investigations, and his conclusions were more favorable to the Filipinos than the published views of many of the unscientific Spanish observers. In the Museum of Art at Dresden, Rizal saw a painting of" Prometheus Bound," which recalled to him a rep- resentation of the same idea in a French gallery, and from memory he modeled this figure, which especially appealed to him as being typical of his country. In Austrian territory he first visited Doctor Ferdinand |_____A__i___ %ill ';ll lllllUIIIIrHINII 132 O1 we ri tgo0Rs oF |08 ttz ofi "Nl eTner" b h 'B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A |i 'am^ _ __ _. _ j^aa!._ __ _ _ -- _ ' M.:il~;; ~ ~~ \ F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a I~~~r;53Sj* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I le. fiii: = ';;i~~'I;I ~"~~.: *"~~, 'i~~~i ~ ~ ~ IEIB_ Ir~ ~ ~ E:~-~, THE ERIOD OF PREPARATI0N 133 ' I Blumentritt. whom Rizal had known by reputation for many years and with wh1om he had long corresponded. The two f riends styed at the Hotel Roderkfrbs, but were guests at the table of the Austrian professor, whose wife gave them appet iing de monstrations of the characteristic cookery of Hungary. lDurg Rizal's stay he was sometimes called the Austrias Switzerland, and he d livered an address upon this oc casion. It is noteworthy that the presnt interest in attracting tourists to the Philippines as an economic benefit to the country,! iI was anticipated by Doctor Rial tries for. buildig up touristg travel. One day, wsile the visitors were diseussing Philippine mat- encil sktch 0 Dr. F. BIuters with their host, Doctor eis R mentriti by Rbk 1. Rizl made an off hand sketch of Doctor Blumentritt, on a scrap of pper which happened to be at hand, so characteristic that it serves as san excellnt portrait, and it has been preserved among the Rizal relics which Doctor Blumentritt had treasured of the fr end for whom he had so much respect and alec ton. capital, where they were entertained by the Coneordia! Club. So favorable was the impression that Riza made upon r. Nordenfel that an nswer was written to the AI 1 11 h 1 i i _ _liii aanneneu to at^~ r~~fXI~L" n sllof k; ScnaraV(rITc PKaat t serves as, rnz S f ' I ~~~ ~~ii ; I, "* ai t134 r.I EAN O.I JO -fi _i* ~~~~~~ *!~~~I * '.. I'.* * ' ** * A ** * * ' ' * 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...,~~~ *.1 _ * S, *. I '.~ *. * ' *,. _ _^ by Ril~ i va o r 1C''' ~Ilaetie n x ibie inteDede u mo Moer Act A -alHItnfllmlllHllfiUllllliltlllfllfiflllllloulBlfililllli lfUlffi ultll~lluImlillmlla tfilm~ l ffiltli fllflm llmtIfifim mtlmlllll lmltfihllHttlhull lfll I I 3~ ~ THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION 135 note of introduction, thanking the professor for having brought to his notice a person whom he had found so companionable and whose genius he so much admired. Nordenfels had been interested in Spanish subjects, and was able to discuss intelligently the peculiar development of Castilian civilization and the politics of the Spanish metropolis as they affected the overseas possessions. After having seen Rome and a little more of Italy, they embarked for the Philippines, again on the French mail, from Marseilles, coming by way of Saigon, where a rice steamer was, taken for Manila. A== ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E ~~I E == _= — = = Z- =ZI L t -, ~!ll~iIumlHm~lfllHmmml~mmDmHmnmln~ml~lt~lWID~m~lWD~ma~m~mt~mD ~u mD""DnDDDEm~]tm~it~mH~mn~M~tD~utDtDWmttttwX~mnD ~m~~mIImImMDINIMIN VII THE PERIOD OF PROPAGANDA HE city had not altered much during Rizal's seven years of absence. The condition of the Binondo pavement, with the same holes in the road which Rizal claimed he remembered as a schoolboy, was unchanged, and this recalls the experience of Ybarra in "Noli Me Tangere" on his homecoming after a like period of absence. Doctor Rizal at once went to his home in Kalamba. His first operation in the Philippines relieved the blindness of his mother, by the removal of a double cataract, and thus the object of his special study in Paris was accomplished. This and other like successes gave the young oculist a fame which brought patients from all parts of Luzon; and, though his charges were moderate, during his seven months' stay in the Islands Doctor Rizal accumulated over five thousand pesos, besides a number of diamonds which he had bought as a secure way of carrying funds, mindful of the help that the ring had been with which he had first started from the Philippines. Shortly after his arrival, Governor-General Terrero summoned Rizal by telegraph to Malacafian from Kalamba. The interview proved to be due to the interest in the author of" Noli Me Tangere" and a curiosity to read the novel, arising from the copious extracts with which the Manila censors had submitted an unfavorable opinion when asking for the prohibition of the book. The recommendation of the censor was disregarded, and General Terrero, fearful that Rizal might be molested by some of the many persons who would feel themselves aggrieved by his plain picturing of undesirable classes in the Philippines, gave him for a bodyguard a young Spanish lieuAI I.....I^.I.... % -1~ ---- ~ ~ ~. ___!illpll e t q ustion H PERIO D OhF i R0 AGe xA 137 tenaint jose Tl de Andrade The ounge men soon Tbecame fast friendis as they had artiIti and other castes i omn Once they climbed Mt Makiling near; Kalam a nd plafed t here after thE pean sto a flag to show that the had lreached tal umigmit This the country wh he was dad Which s just the s t of the rot santd e mis- stl esi e in the C aroli ne I an i I hi san story was repeated after the cAmerican occupatio the supreme chief and r ginat of t he idas of the Kaetipun (which in fact he was not-hc was e oppsd to the "society Jc d nA,> as it existed in his time), had yguai 1 c d te i heren Fi pi so bonri In tokefs eb c the l nds itcasded to reassune the it depeisd ent dition of which the Spanish had dispossessed them|n Noli M agr ruld feirst among Doior Rial' ratives on one occason a cousin made a s trip to Kalba and took the author to task for havin iceatured her in the character of Dofia Victorina Rizal made no denial but merely l sggtestd that the book as mirror of Philippie life, with tys that unqu - onably existed in the country. and that if anybody te - og nizc in ofi the characters as picturing himslelf or herself that person would do wei l to crirect the faults wh- h bf rdin appeared ridiflculous A somewhat liberal Wmti sitrationt was now governing i | trip tM.ialml i.~ic al r li a ii S gaa~lt~~";if" ifag3;B313.i~a~;i;~ ~c~ j(t~~j~~~~~i 138 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL I the Philippines, and efforts were being made to correct the more glaring abuses in the social conditions. One of these reforms proposed that the larger estates should bear their share of the taxes, which it was believed they were then escaping to a great extent. Requests were made of the municipal government of Kalamba, among other towns, for a statement of the relation that the big Dominican hacienda bore to the town, what increase or decrease there might have been in the income of the es- tate, and what taxes the proprietors were paying compared with the revenue their place afforded. Rizal interested the people of the community to gather reliable statistics, to go thoroughly into the actual conditions, and to leave out the generalities which usually characterized Spanish documents. He asked the people to cooperate, pointing out that when they did not complain it was their own fault more than that of the government if they suffered injustice. Further, he showed the folly of exaggerated statements, and insisted upon a definite and moderate showing of such abuses as were unquestionably within the power of the authorities to relieve. Rizal himself prepared the report, which is an excellent presentation of the grievances of the people of his town. It brings forward as special points in favor of the community their industriousness, their willingness to help themselves, their interest in education, and concludes with expressing confidence in the fairness of the government, pointing out the fact that they were risking the displeasure of their landlords by furnishing the information requested. The paper made a big stir, and its essential statements, like everything else in Rizal's writings, were never successfully challenged. Conditions in Manila were at that time disturbed owing to the precedence which had been given in a local festival to the Chinese, because they paid more money. The A WI;3 - ,,E,EiiitSO OF THItOPAGANDA 139 yFilipfignos cifla1imed that, heing in their home country, they hshfould have had prior consideration andiwere entitled to it by law The maitte cuiinated in a proesti whih was dohlAess suhmitted jto Docwtr Mal on the eve of his de-l parturs from the Islands; the pritest in a general way met With his app roval, btE the theafrical methods ado ted.n the presentatio n fe f it can hadly hfv heen -crk din.g to his advi e He sailed for Honsong in Februaryof i38 and made short say in the Briffih colny, heofinng ac- qu etfif d tf ere; WFhith Iose Maria I Basa an exl of '7f, Wfho hi constitfutd himself the especial guardian of the Fili ino stu- delsts ntn that city. The visitoe r was favorably impressed by the methods of ducation in the British colony nd With the sir t o patriotism developed therehy_ He Calso to kd Into tthe su n Honong property by the corporation l tandlords of the Philip i nnes their prep aration for the day of t 1rouh Whi'ch they foresaw. Ral was interested in the Chinese theater, comparing the plays With the somewhat similar produdtions which igven a reigious tWist, Which at first glance hid their deht to the Chinee drama. The Doctor notes meetving, at neary Mcso an xile of l7 whose cordlltiiohn and patient unompliaining bearing of his many trouhes aroused Riz4al s mpIeathes anid cmimndeld his admirattion W th littlc delay, the journey was continued to Japan, where Docto Mial Was surprited hy a ivtatio to make his home in the Spansh cn sulate There he wai 140 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSA RIZAL hospitably entertained, and a like courtesy was shown him in the Spanish minister's home in Tokio. The latter even offered him a position, as a sort of interpreter, probably, should he care to remain in the country. This offer, however, was declined. Rizal made considerable investigation into the condition of the various Japanese classes and acquired such facility in the use of the language that with it and his appearance, for he was "very Japanese," the natives found it difficult to believe that he was not one of themselves. The month or more passed here he considered one of the happiest in his travels, and it was with regret that he sailed from Yokohama for San Francisco. A Japanese newspaper man, who knew no other language than his own, was a companion on the entire journey to London, and Rizal acted as his interpreter. Not only did he enter into the spirit of the language but with remarkable versatility he absorbed the spirit of the Japanese artists and acquired much dexterity in expressing himself in their style, as is shown by one of the illustrations in this book. The popular idea that things occidental are reversed in the Orient was amusingly caricatured in a sketch he made of a German face; by reversing its lines he converted it into an old-time Japanese countenance. The diary of the voyage from Hongkong to Japan.records an incident to which he alludes as being similar to that of Aladdin in the Tagalog tale of Florante. The Filipino wife of an Englishman, Mrs. Jackson, who was a passenger on board, told Rizal a great deal about a Filipino named Rachal, who was educated in Europe and had written a much-talked-of novel, which she described and of which she spoke in such flattering terms that Rizal declared his identity. The confusion in names is exAI I It ift~~llllil~~#~ll~i~Iftlft~~lllllImmo OF 141~~~~~~ \~~".>:1 i~: i ~ ~ ~ ~r I '" i m * Womwilmmu, Lf:LLLII-HI IIUUI i I II 1I 1 i II i i I a i iI i i i i i i Ii I I N i I 9I p i Ii 2i z E 2 i II i i 2 2 II i I II I I i i II m i i i i I i I i I i i I I I I I I I I m I I I I I I I Ie 142 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL plained by the fact that Rachal is a name well known in the Philippines as that of a popular make of piano. At San Francisco the boat was held for some time in quarantine because of sickness aboard, and Rizal was impressed by the fact that the valuable cargo of silk was not delayed but was quickly transferred to the shore. His diary is illustrated with a drawing of the Treasury flag on the customs launch which acted as go-between for their boat and the shore. Finally, the first-class passengers were allowed to land, and he went to the Palace Hotel. With little delay, the overland journey was begun; the scenery through the picturesque Rocky Mountains especially impressed him, and finally Chicago was reached. The thing that struck him most forcibly in that city was the large number of cigar stores with an Indian in front of each-and apparently no two Indians alike. The unexpressed idea was that in America the remembrance of the first inhabitants of the land and their dress was retained and popularized, while in the Philippines knowledge of the first inhabitants of the land was to be had only from foreign museums. Niagara Falls is the next impression recorded in the diary, which has been preserved and is now in the Newberry Library of Chicago. The same strange, awe-inspiring mystery which others have found in the big'falls affected him, but characteristically he compared this world-wonder with the cascades of his native La Laguna, claiming for them greater delicacy and a daintier enchantment. From Albany, the train ran along the banks of the Hudson, and he was reminded of the Pasig in his homeland, with its much greater commerce and its constant activity. At New York, Rizal embarked on the City of Rome, then the finest steamer in the world, and after a pleasant I I I I I I ER i I I FE 5= EM ON i i I i i i i i i II i i i i i Ii i Ii 4 Ii i i i = g: | A ';~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a g Ql. _,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: X THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION 143 voyage, in which his spare moments were occupied in rereading "Gulliver's Travels in English, Rizal reached., t i t ] i Lfr1 igla nd ad said gooby to th ffie frie wholm e had omet,,, doin g their brief ocean trip to of chieri in ts Iof I72. iDoctor zal frst aet ri home his family speak of belng 1n the re istr of.Enland and 37o Cne cce i | A o o f t sot ti hr l he id w Doctor Antonio Maria etidor.an exile of '72, who kL ^had come: tor secure what Spanish legal biness he couild in the British metrtplis. Doctor etidior was forerly an offical in the Philippines and later rved his innocence of any cmplicity in the troubles of '72. Doctor MiMal then boarded with a Mr. B6ekett, or-anist of St Pauils Chiurch at 7 Charleo ei Cres ent, in the favorite North W ft residence sectIon. The zooA "3I Whd I f Forur Aw i r boo k rr _grd fofr Utl r Ri fR3 b EMU 1~AB ogicalt gardans ver convenently near and the British Museun was within easy walking distance. The new member Was a favorite with all the family, which rumis ed of thre daughtiies hesides the father and mu her. Rizais youthful interest in sleight-of-hand triks Was till haintialne&d During his stay in the Philippines he had som etime amusd his fiends in this way till one d y hewas horrified to find that the simple country folk, who were also lookin on thought that h s w ki m, racles InLondon he resumed his favorite Y2 5555I id iersion and a Christmas gift gIt I t the |ll_ _ rsFalk g naa, 1 Y of Mrs. Beckett to him, "The of 555 Iwn I t *r T ^ A Z x X h t I I l _ _ YXa1, a aLife and Adentures o f Valndi1tcd the intprest his friends his own purchases was "ModI ~ rr, BF~irr~h~llmy.pratbcrn Maiac! the frontsiece of hich is the shnx that YYY dayf f hanceYto v isit a pYofes'oa h os; the I t wigas aRial sheusom to gtud the eception fc ied upon the p op1 s of other Ia dsc rmiprng theta 'whit those of wWhi his own counitrymen had h n vrtims. Thiis F invest i ligaesr hoth in hi ks sa bI bhy prsonal rBesearch. In queas of these experiicesa ha ump-reader was a shresvd Oiguesr for hedwelt e pe0 -cYally upn ia 0 aptitude for e1arning languges and on to h lke Sir Jo n Bo ing mea de Iroa Ril a cong nial __a____^lt:topleYS and iou~ al~o Ice~unlefir ma bc yY tIlilYtE~ IrI~a~~"a 'f Yw~ilch w Y. o~tieYiiiYd~ ~ %IEi t~~l~ 0~3114 Yf 9S Y d XY IY e S tati yr b th Y 5 jasyk 0 Yun~~~il I!OF~1 1 11)0 O AD 145 /* - i I r, g~r k 2v, '(| ffifiRfS _;i g1~~~~~~~~~~7 rl< Zi i~wtv # ir -it t 3r ^<' i ~ zZr,~ rt'tE%&z 1 Facsmi, f a,(f.,:. S~~-~ ---~~-~::~~ _~- _~ ii~~ 146 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL companion of a still more distinguished linguist, Doctor Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the India Office. The Raffles Library in Singapore now owns Doctor Rost's library, and its collection of grammars in seventy languages attests the wide range of the studies of this Sanscrit scholar. Doctor Rost was born and educated in Germany, though naturalized as a British subject, and he was a man of great musical taste. His family sometimes formed an orchestra, at other times a glee club, and furnished all the necessary parts from its own members. Rizal was a frequent visitor, usually spending his Sundays in athletic exercises with the boys, for he quickly became proficient in the English sports of boxing and cricket. While resting he would converse with the father, or chat with the daughters of the home. All the children had literary tastes, and one, Daisy, presented him with a copy of a novel which she had just translated from the German, entitled " Ulli." Some idea of Doctor Rizal's own linguistic attainments may be gained from the fact that instead of writing I letters to his nephews and nieces he made for them translations of some of Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales. I They consist of some forty manuscript pages, profusely illustrated, and the father is referred to in a " dedication," as though it were a real book. The Hebrew Bible quotation is in allusion to a jocose remark once made by the father that German was like Hebrew to him, the verse being that in which the sons of Jacob, not recognizing that their brother was the seller, were bargaining for some of Pharaoh's surplus corn, " And he (Joseph) said, How is the old man, your father?" Rizal always tried to relieve by a touch of humor anything that seemed to him as savoring of affectation, the phase of Spanish character that repelled him and the imitation of which..A B A....................................................... e: r i I m I E E I m r r r n r r r n E r r 3 a -= -- =5 - r B ~~~YII~~~~~II~~~~lfllllllllHM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~III11~~~~~~~#U~~~~~sllU~~~~~~dllll ~liieks~~~~~~~~!; dit THE PERIOD OF PROPAGANDA 147 M by his countrymen who knew nothing of the un-Spanish world disgusted him with them. Another example of his versatility in language and of its usefulness to him as well, is shown in a trilingual letter written by Rizal in Dapitan when the censorship of his _ I Av lokhe exmore than one language abd ow ad. itws nec's 13to sen t l _ry 44 Ci ay^ -T:. n Rpi r eci e em t, t7. Facsimile of the dedication of Rizal's translation of Andersen's fairy tales. exceptions to perfectly harmless matters. No Spaniard available spoke more than one language besides his own and it was necessary to send the letter to three different persons to find out its contents. The critics took the hint - and Rizal received better treatment thereafter. - Another one of Rizal's youthful aspirations was attained in London, for there he began transcribing the A I i'I!~lhiII5 ll~pfijj* tffIlW~UWflhhfUlitlt#IHh~~liNI U~hAI litmiMmrmiinmu tlhuIlnmfi~~~wllmmht#l~msmmhifmmtmfmnlnmlrfilhhmhs "IH iI uIiui IIUi l liii i I H IIllIIi~Jmj 33; - UIIlllhr' 11 111:1 148 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL A, 'Z, //6 * Facsimile of parts of a trilingual /^A-^i-^x;~to-^-ft ti^ -^.^^~~^ A:I: ii r:E s r n - - r, a r e -~ r: T =: B - =-;iiiliiiP 9:. Zf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~qj Ellllli ll11I~aIIAIHII m 111i1` h`ml llll nlllll1HmI m L~U 3 n 3 r n a I 5 --- 3 -= - -- --- E n r Ei~ ii: E E - - 111.11,111,11.1....................... TIHE PERIOD OF PROPAGANDA 14) /n- -,ot.,..,,:,.... —,.z letter written by Rizal in DapiF ta cn. A -p - '/ U U J1=4 H _ = c aw = _ = 9 IE = C = = _ _ = == = = = = = a =a = 3 a = = _ = }! a = =S I: = = 2 _ = C rii:!".......... II.II"IIU N.l.UaIUURU|UXW UlIUUW IIUIWIilNUUUI......I..... 150 OLIP AN LABOR OF ROIZAL arly Spansh histor by Mrga of whih Sir johin Bowrong had told his unce A copy of thi rare book was n the ritish 'Museum and he gaiocd admission as a reader there through the recommendation of Doctor Rost Only live uhodir d persons can be accomnodated in Ithe ig reading room and as students are coming from every continot for special res arehes good reason has to be The copy of Mo's Hist in the rif Visocutobind y R|i shown why thes stdie cannot be made tI somIe ' oe Besides the coping of the tex of Morga's histor y Ral read many other early writinson the Philippe and the manifest unfairness of some of these who though that they could glorify Spai only by disparaging the Filipinos aroused his wrath. Few Spanish writr h Id 6up thgod nam of those who we undr their flg and iai had Iton esort to freign auhritie to disrove ther fihes Morga was almost alone among Spaisih hsgto - gSS l|,, I I,~L~L i.~a.~d~i ~ 1: ~ a~~~~~~~T t* OP 15X V }P th 1:X. _. ~~~~~~~~~ji. s. l ( li ~iiiiii.:li:I " EIs,*,,> *'.*_,,.r. ii | i i m / I ' I -1~'' *':'*".'<.. I i *'*g *;. I '.mgp.^."r '., *.. a- '*. \.A 'B - * I,, *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" -:...~;3z | i W S.g *i a,.y J —i. i '}.. Vf'.'.:".*.; *. '.x-,.. 5 *< *....Il iir ll a lll l ll e 1N;:W I,, *:::, | I~~ ~~~~~~~~~, *.:;,i,, -....,,,, U:*r: l *,, v v 'I i * 1:. *:.*'**' * '*.;........ *:. '*' j >,,,,: M-.," *:y '-,i "". '** U".:\. s ' I i E |jr |:" B ' ^.*.::.- *7 s. i* -I i *. zU ~^tr ^AA "l~ m': **.1 5 '33,,.'3 '.1.' 1: - 3......z.23. 1 %:. 3lW3y1 };l I 3. -(f W N.;.y._"~......fi_ *-... *" " ".*;'...'**.*' a. *^ i! *< > * _ 3~ Ir / s m v " c it 3~ 3 '**0mX ' ""*T3M "" j:' *" "'*. " > _ _ ' j,. z.;->: *. 3 1:1 4^;:~ ~~~~~.L~~BII~. ~e,,1.'~:,,i, c:<.N3. 3; 3*~ 3;;|3 k W I Mi 3 "':i. /'.. fi 'f f ':. ' * 3.. " '!: j j j. 3 l j.',, " '? *.f' ' 1' 1 ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ i, 3;r 3'~ j, y """* j. '.... '*....?,, ', /.&.' *:'.,"': A;*- r"'' j |' E g >3t93 A g '33~;K 1 i. | '|' to the> 1. 1, V ~i: j of th jie I!IA ' - |~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~..,<,,il 0 ',~W''~sflcX3' 3l p i-1ll '11"11"'1'1 'l I i ii~~ifilj ititi%'iti1.1 02gfik0 t ii }/, }},j.'...............} 3,, ~,30c 3... g,.,,',................ 33iJ rri 1,,.,,................... 3 S.4.. z. z } }.. 3 t 3 3 1 z 3 }..r g 0 1*~ u~ omS1 e 1tndd*~ RzIttedn I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~,'' I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-i~iii e~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1i lli~. I 4 Nt |?1. 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E:~ Z3X 152 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSEfi IZAL I rians, but his assertions found corroboration in the contemporary chronicles of other nationalities. Rizal spent his evenings in the home of Doctor Regidor, and many a time the bitterness and impatience with which his day's work in the Museum had inspired him, would be forgotten as the older man counseled patience and urged that such prejudices were to be expected of a little educated nation. Then Rizal's brow would clear as he quoted his favorite proverb, "To understand all is to forgive all." Doctor Rost was editor of Triibner's Record, a journal devoted to the literature of the East, founded by the famous Oriental Bookseller and Publisher of London, Nicholas Triibner, and Doctor Rizal contributed to it in May, I889, some specimens of Tagal folklore, an extract from which is appended, as it was then printed: SPECIMENS OF TAGAL FOLKLORE 2Is~ ~ BY DOCTOR J. RIZAL I. PROVERBIAL SAYINGS Malakas ang bulong sa sigaw, Low words are stronger than loud words. Ang laki sa layaw karaniwa 'y hubad, A petted child is generally naked (i.e. poor). Hampasnig magulang ay nakatbai, Parents' punishment makes one fat. Ibai7g hari ibang ugei New king, new fashion. Nagpupzitol ang kapus, ang labis ay nagdurugtong, What is short cuts off a piece from itself, what is long adds another on (the poor gets poorer, the rich richer). Ang nagsasabing tapus ay siyang kinakapus, He who finishes his words finds himself wanting. Nangangako habang napapako, Man promises while in need. I..:,,_A =... -. - siPlllllrlllllrnHtlUWflPrUltHt i THE PERIOD OF PROPAGANDA 153 3 - Ang naglalakad ng marahan, matinik may mababaw, He who walks slowly, though he may put his foot on a thorn, will not be hurt very much (Tagals mostly go barefooted). Ang maniwala sa sabi 'y walang bait na sarili, He who believes in tales has no own mind. Ang may isinuksok sa dingding, ay may titingalain, He who has put something between the wall may afterwards look on (the saving man may afterwards be cheerful). — The wall of a Tagal house is made of palm-leaves and bamboo, so that it can be used as a cupboard. 1alang mahirap gisingin na paris nang nagtutulogtulugan, The most difficult to rouse from sleep is the man who pretends to be asleep. Labis sa salita, kapus sa gawa, Too many words, too little work. Hipong tulog ay nadadala ng dnod, The sleeping shrimp is carried away by the current. Sa bibig nahuhuli ang isda, The fish is caught through the mouth. II. PUZZLES Isang butil na palay sikip sa buong bahay, One rice, corn fills up all the house.-The light. The rice-corn | with the husk is yellowish. Matapang ako sef dalawd, duag ako sa isd, I am brave against two, coward against one. The bamboo bridge. When the bridge is made of one bamboo only, it is difficult to pass over; but when it is made of two or more, it is very easy. Dala ako niya, dala ko siya, He carries me, I carry him. —The shoes. Isang balong malalim punf ng patalim, A deep well filled with steel blades.=The mouth. I A I -L_______________________________________*,~~~~~~~~~~~~i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~t s, " | } } " I RXlr~llH lllt m lrlmlfil g _ 3W 3 154 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE. RIZ.AL The Filipino colony in Spain had established a fortnightly review, published first in Barcelona and later in Madrid, to enlighten Spaniards on their distant colony, and Rizal wrote for it from the start. Its name, La Solidaridad, perhaps may be translated Equal Rights, as it aimed at like laws and the same privileges for the Peninsula and the possessions overseas. From the Philippines came news of a contemptible attempt to reach Rizal through his family-one of many similar petty persecutions. His sister Lucia's husband I I iB La Solidaridaa Quincenario democratico. AMo II MADRID 15 JUL.IO DE 1890 NUM. 35 PRECIOS DE SUSCRIPCION REDACCI6N Y ADMINISTRACION Comunicados y anuncios a pre-" -- Atocha, 43, pral. izq.' clos convencionales. En Espaia, trimestre. ptss. n175 _ No se devuelven originales. Extranjer........ TLFONO NUM 983 Numero suelt 15 cents. Heading of the Filipino-Madrid review "La Solidaridad." had died and the corpse was refused interment in consecrated ground, upon the pretext that the dead man, who had been exceptionally liberal to the church and was of unimpeachable character, had been negligent in his religious duties. Another individual with a notorious record of longer absence from confession died about the same time, and his funeral took place from the church without demur. The ugly feature about the refusal to bury Hervosa was that the telegram from the friar parish-priest to the Archbishop at Manila in asking instructions, was careful to mention that the deceased was a brother-in-law of Rizal. Doctor Rizal wrote a scorching article for La Solidaridad under the caption " An Outrage," and A L 1_I W I"NNNNN"EMHN Rronl m lnlllI THE PERIOD OF PIOPAGANDA 155 took the matter up with the Spanih Coloniai Ministr I nothing. i 1 I Tat te uion ' Chch Sa ean he as demo Sia of "La Soidardad. Jos Ria le de Pilr Marano P e 1 this in which polities was suhstitutcd for piety as the est i ying de ial to the fmili of h h difd polically with the inist rs of th nationl rigio _ AT __ _ I I d 1 i i: 0lll litjlliilli lczrel Y > ' i 11IllE..'wlil.lXlll...........ll.1. _ i... i 2 -'11 0_i; 1 -_ z W 0 f3. i 0gj/j.... fglgg*jj3 Wg..0j j jj 3 f- gi. i j i~ ~i' i j 3ii 5 dal,) Jaj b 1 1i~ T SIE~6 -~I q ~ _ _ iiiii;IS ~lj~ j jl ~;PI j-~j -j gui i. IUlfmtl#IIIN#liHIINUUI#IIIIIIIWHTUHI 156 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL Of all his writings, the article in which Rizal speaks of this indignity to the dead comes nearest to exhibiting personal feeling and rancor. Yet his main point is to indicate generally what monstrous conditions the Philippine mixture of religion and politics made possible. The following are part of a series of nineteen verses published in La Solidaridad over Rizal's favorite pen name of Laong Laan: TO MY MUSE (TRANSLATION BY CHARLES DERBYSHIRE) Invoked no longer is the Muse, The lyre is out of date; The poets it no longer use, And youth its inspiration now imbues With other form and state. If today our fancies aught Of verse would still require, Helicon's hill remains unsought; And without heed we but inquire, Why the coffee is not brought. In the place of thought sincere That our hearts may feel, We must seize a pen of steel, And with verse and line severe Fling abroad a jest and jeer. Muse, that in the past inspired me, And with songs of love hast fired me; Go thou now to dull repose, For today in sordid prose I must earn the gold that hired me. A ~; E~:-.-.-- ~_(I_ ~n. ~ ~ ~.~IB~^~iiii~ii litiIi~~fffifltiitlfui iln t H~~~~~IIiu~iifiuii lu i Uil~X~I I~m~...l... I i= s s - I i= " THE PERIOD OF PROPAGANDA 157 Now must I ponder deep, Meditate, and struggle on; E'en sometimes I must weep; For he who love would keep Great pain has undergone. Fled are the days of ease, The days of Love's delight; When flowers still would please And give to suffering souls surcease.From pain and sorrow's blight. - One by one they have passed on, = All I loved and moved among; Dead or married-from me gone, For all I place my heart upon By fate adverse are stung. Go thou, too, O Muse, depart, Other regions fairer find; For my land but offers art For the laurel, chains that bind, For a temple, prisons blind. But before thou leavest me, speak: Tell me with thy voice sublime, Thou couldst ever from me seek A song of sorrow for the weak, Defiance to the tyrant's crime. Rizal's congenial situation in the British capital was disturbed by his discovering a growing interest in the youngest of the three girls whom he daily met. He felt that his career did not permit him to marry, nor was his youthful affection for his cousin in Manila an entirely IHll }l~llullmH H""I ~N HN WIN H II li # ( NlNI HuIIIllidHuliiHINlUN IIIH~iiN HNIIINHHN UwiNllNI lllnitii~ llN111mIHIIUI lHuliiiiiillIIIIIIIlllliiIi I 158 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSHI RIZAL I forgotten sentiment. Besides, though he never lapsed into such disregard for his feminine friends as the low Spanish standard had made too common among the Filipino students in Madrid, Rizal was ever on his guard against himself. So he suggested to Doctor Regidor that he considered it would be better for him to leave London. His parting gift to the family with whom he had lived so happily was a clay medallion bearing in relief the profiles of the three sisters. Other regretful good-bys were said to a number of young Filipinos whom he had gathered around him and formed into a club for the study of the history of their country and the discussion of its politics. Rizal now went to Paris, where he was glad to be again with his friend Valentin Ventura, a wealthy Pampangan who had been trained for the law. His tastes and ideals were very much those of Rizal, and he had sound sense and a freedom from affectation which especially appealed to Rizal. There Rizal's reprint of Morga's rare history was made, at a greater cost but also in better form than his first novel. Copious notes gave references to other authorities and compared present with past conditions, and Doctor Blumentritt contributed a forceful introduction. When Rizal returned to London to correct the proofsheets, the old original book was in use and the copy could not be checked. This led to a number of errors, misspelled and changed words, and even omissions of sentences, which were afterwards discovered and carefully listed and filed away to be corrected in another edition. Possibly it has been made clear already that, while Rizal did not work for separation from Spain, he was no admirer of the Castilian character, nor of the Latin type, for that matter. He remarked on Blumentritt's comparison of the Spanish rulers in the Philippines with the iHtilBttlftlltllHIIIII1IIIII1HIIIII Ullllltl, I THE PERIOD OF PROPAGANDA 159 Czars of Russia, that it is flattering to the Castilians but it is more than they merit, to put them in the same class as Russia. Apparently he had in mind the somewhat similar comparison in Burke's speech on the conciliation of America, in which he said that Russia was more advanced and less cruel than Spain and so not to be classed with it. During his stay in Paris, Rizal was a frequent visitor at the home of the two Doctors Pardo de Tavera, sons of the exile of '72 who had gone to France, the younger now a physician in South America, the elder a former Philippine Commissioner. The interest of the one in art, and of the other in philology, the ideas of progress through education shared by both, and many other common tastes and ideals, made the two young men fast friends of Rizal. Mrs. Tavera, the mother, was an interesting conversationalist, and Rizal profited by her reminiscences of Philippine official life, to the inner circle of which her husband's position had given her the entree. On Sundays Rizal fenced at Juan Luna's house with his distinguished artist-countryman, or, while the latter was engaged with Ventura, watched their play. It was on one of these afternoons that the Tagalog story of "The Monkey and the Tortoise "1 was hastily sketched as a joke to fill the remaining pages of Mrs. Luna's auto- graph album, in which she had been insisting Rizal must write before all its space was used up. A comparison of the Tagalog version with a Japanese counterpart was published by Rizal in English, in Triibner's Magazine, suggesting that the two people may have had a common origin. This study received considerable attention from other ethnologists, and was among the topics at an ethnological conference. At times his antagonist was Miss Nellie Baustead, who had great skill with the foils. Her father, himself born See Appendix. I '41ii'!illlilllAu..I 160 iTE AND ABORS 00 JOS hIZL I ithe Philimin ithe so of a wealthy merhiantof Singafr6c had mrr1Icd a mern er of the Gna:to family of I ni L At the villa in Biarita, Yand again in th ir hormel Binlgiumn Rizal waS a gst later, for Wr. Ban tead had ltar a grat liking to him. T. he teaching nstnc that led him to act as mentor to the Iliin sthmaudents in Spain and made him the inpiraRiB fencing wih lnna in Paris. to of a mutual improvement elub of his young count ymen in London ugg ted the foundation of a school n Pacia. Later a Pampangan youth offered him $40,000 I a1 I o I Iin I I II with which to found a Filipino college in Honong where many young men from the Philippines had obtamedf ed kiution bett than their own land counld a ford but not e nitmy adaptedr to tnheir ned hP schemne attracted Rizal, and a prospectus for sunch an instit titn which was laitr found among his Oaperls not tf ii hat ik idsai of edutt ion cer ssen e i ly likek those tj n de n t heb tee 3t* n1 t e ___A _ __n!!x:Xwsaron atog1sppr o * P OF PROPAGA- A 1(} car rd out in the present public-schol cours of instruc tion in the Phllippines. Early in August of 1890 Rial went to Madrid to seek redress for a wrong done his family by the notorious en eral W Il r, the Buter" of vi1 me morv y n Cuba then GovernorGeneral of the... Phili p i ne. Just as the mother' erty, years before was caused by rev:engeful feelngs on the part of an oficial because for one day, sheb was obliged to omit a customary gift of hrse feed, so tile fathes's 1los caused by a revengeful oAical, and for quite as GenLeral Weylr, knowen a "Butch er Weykl trvit a cause. Mr. Mereado was a great poultry fancier and esp eally2 prided himself upon his fine stock of turkeys le had been accustomed to respond to the frequent requests of the estate agent for presents of birds. But at one time disease had so reduced the number of turkeys that all that remiained were needed for breding purposes and Mercado was obliged to refuse him. In a rag the agent insisted, and wh.en that proved unavailing, threats followe& 12 LIE AMND AIO OF JO O RIE But Friancico Mercado wasJ not a man to be mmoed by threaft nd when the next rent day came round he'was without pintiat for the tenants wee eirefly at th mecy i of the lndlrds 6no6 fixd rate ppearing eitr in Ic - or ei hen the w k on ill Mercado was driven to ek the protection of the |ourt Prit of his ca led to' exctl the samie sitaiom nas th of tlia ten fanr in his gan|dfather time When the Ril'fs prtes during the land troubles. r landlords were compelled to prtdii e tir ti and thsge proved that land of ote had been illegally in- dud in the estate Other tenats, emboldened by Mer cads exaple also rfed idtoay the erbitt rent The utie 1 of r 0 th e elanof alb before hom the first came wa threatened by the provinci err for takin ime o hearthe t}|e tilonyn th as e ' was turned ovrc to the auiliary justice, who promptly de cided in the manner dired by the authorities. Mecdo at once tuok an apel but the vn al IIWy mvd fore of artille to Kalamba and qatere it upon the to aA if rebellion openly exisd there. Then the cou representati dthe people from thei h s ad.E THE.. II a The''; ";'of' ma Wit 6f Miffift agains Rlitil'i fathers Oafidlilij | dted them to atnbll theh btildinf dre Ace 41 1 I to fi 6 I w er 65 thE Olea fhai they bid appealed to fSiblffine Court hie tenans 66 told'flEii hbiki could be brought back an if Wy [____ A8 164 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL won their appeal. Of course this was impossible and some 150,000 pesos' worth of property was consequently destroyed by the court agents, who were worthy estate employees. Twenty or more families were made homeless and the other tenants were forbidden to shelter them under pain of their own eviction. This is the proceeding in which Retana suggests that the governor-general and the landlords were legally within their rights. If so, Spanish law was a disgrace to the nation. Fortunately the Rizal-Mercado family had another piece of property at Los Banos, and there they made their home. Weyler's motives in this matter do not have to be surmised, for among the (formerly) secret records of the government there exists a letter which he wrote when he I first denied the petition of the Kalamba residents. It is marked "confidential " and is addressed to the landlords, expressing the pleasure which this action gave him. Then the official adds that it cannot have escaped their notice that the times demand diplomacy in handling the situation but that, should occasion arise, he will act with energy. Just as Weyler had favored the landlords at first, so he kept on, and when he had a chance to do something for them he did it. Finally, when Weyler left the Islands an investigation was ordered into his administration, owing to rumors of extensive and systematic frauds on the government, but nothing more came of the case than that Retana, later Rizal's biographer, wrote a book in the General's defense, ( extensively documented," and also abusively anti-Filipino. It has been urged (not by Retana, however) that the Weyler regime was unusually efficient, because he would allow no one but himself to make profits out of the public, and therefore, while his gains were greater than those of his predecessors, the Islands really received more attention from him. AI. --- —. ----. ----. ----, ----. --- - - 'g i i i i r i 3 I 3 i~ i. F a i I 5 a a t i i r HfnflfUllllllilllItHIIII(I1UIIIIIII11 l!!ilit! THE PERIOD OF PROPAGANDA 165 During the Kalamba discussion in Spain, Retana, until' I899 always scurrilously anti-Filipino, made the mistake of his life, for he charged Rizal's family with not paying their rent, which was not true. While Rizal believed that duelling. was murder, to judge from a pair of pictures preserved in his album, he evidently considered that homicide of one like Retana was justifiable. After the Spanish custom, his seconds immediately called upon the author of the libel. Retana notes in his "Vida del Dr. Rizal" | that the incident closed in a way honorable to both Rizal and himself-he, Retana, published an explicit retraction and abject apology in the Madrid papers. Another time, in Madrid, Rizal risked a duel when he challenged Antonio Luna, later the General, because of a slighting allusion to a lady at a public banquet. He had a nicer sense of honor in such matters than prevailed in Madrid, and Luna promptly saw the matter from Rizal's point of view and withdrew the offensive remark. This second incident complements the first, for it shows that Rizal was as willing to risk a duel with his superior in arms as with one not so skilled as he. Rizal was an exceptional pistol shot and a fair swordsman, while Retana was inferior with either sword or pistol, but Luna, who would have had the choice of weapons, was immeasurably Rizal's superior with the sword. Owing to a schism a rival arose against the old Masonry and finally the original organization succumbed to the offshoot. Doctor Miguel Morayta, Professor of History in the Central University at Madrid, was the head of the new institution and it had grown to be very popular among students. Doctor Morayta was friendly to the Filipinos and a lodge of the same name as their paper was organized among them. For their outside work they had a society named the Hispano-Filipino Association, of which Morayta was president, with convenient clubrooms IA S~~~~M i,.,............................... 3 %i 1 II1IIIIIIIIMUIII111IIIMEIIUUllltllllll i mIrNi f 166 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSh RIZAL and a membership practically the same as the Lodge La Solidaridad. Just before Christmas of I890, this Hispano-Filipino Association gave a largely attended banquet at which there were many prominent speakers. Rizal stayed away, not because of growing pessimism, as Retana suggests, but because one of the speakers was the same Becerra who had feared to act when the outrage against the body of Rizal's brother-in-law had been reported to him. Now out of office, the ex-minister was again bold in words, but Rizal for one was not again to be deceived by them. The propaganda carried on by his countrymen in the Peninsula did not seem to Rizal effective, and he found his suggestions were not well received by those at its head. The story of Rizal's separation from La Solidaridad, however, is really not material, but the following quotation from a letter written to Carlos Oliver, speaking of the opposition of the Madrid committee of Filipinos to himself, is interesting as showing Rizal's attitude of mind: "I regret exceedingly that they war against me, attempting to discredit me in the Philippines, but I shall be content provided only that my successor keeps on with the work. I ask only of those who say that I created discord among the Filipinos: Was there any effective union before I entered political life? Was there any chief whose authority I wanted to oppose? It is a pity - { that in our slavery we should have rivalries over leadership." And in Rizal's letter from Hongkong, May 24, I892, to Zulueta, commenting on an article by Leyte in La Solidaridad, he says: "Again I repeat, I do not understand the reason of the attack, since now I have dedicated myself to preparing for our countrymen a safe refuge in case of persecution A I li~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~~~~ltf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f~~~~~~lt i~~~~~~~~~~~3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~ll a THE PERIOD OF PROPAGNDA 167 and to writing some hooks, champloning our causet which shotly wil appear Besides, the article is mpolitc in the extreme and prejudicial to the Philippines. Why say that the first thing we need is to have money? A wser man would e silent and not wsh soiled hon in plic. Early in '9I Rizal went to Paris vsiting Mr Ba tead's villa in Biarritz en route and he was agan a guest of his hoib f fid hen f wint ason was over, the family returned to their home in Brussels During most of the year Rial's residience was n Ghent, where he had gathered around him a number of Filipinos. Doctor Blumentritt suggested that he should devote himm slf o the study of Malay-Polynesian l anguages and as it appeared that thus he could earn a living n Holland he thoh to make his permanent home th re. But his parnts woere old and reluctan t to leave their native land to pass the last years in a strange country and that pla faild. _ A i l. ___, _ __ 1 f~ailred aQ; i~tBl..gl.l~f a;ati~-~1~ ~ r~~iPl -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _A * *. '!. ___ —_~_,_____^ ^._______________________3 173 SpruJoIs DUPLmiITY 1 73 I the Prtu ese club, Lusitania which was of radcally reublican proclivities and possessed an excellent library of IIee by R. the coloni"A | sit to We oria Gaol," through which runs a pathetic contrast of the Enof.,im p 3t f eor ' l _ A _ | _ _ _- _ _~~ lit~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 174 LIFE AND ABORS 0O J6OS WitL mtion with e Spanish vidictiv mehd of pni h mefnt A souvenir of oe f thei many conferences wa a dainty modeling n clay made by Rizal with tiat asto ishing quickhnes tat resuited from his U 1ncle Gabrel tiig during is l hildh In the springk Rial took a voyage to Brlitsh North Boreo and wth Mr Pyor, the agent| 1ooked over vacant lands which had been offerd him by the Company for a FIpno coltony. h e ocals were anxious to grnw baa caao sugar can and all pr -dusof th,a|~~ I _ s lab Wt-t lp~~~~~~~I 1Phifippintes,f thae soil of wch ire semblthheitrs. So the|y we comed the prospect o the ima migration of aborerI skiled i such cultivation, the Kailami ians and other per seted p ople of Doctor Rida hoped to trno _ plant there to a eer ho 1hme __A different kind of governor- e Mioa spujL general had succeeded Weyll in t ie Philipines; he new f ma was DespuJof a fretnd of the jesuits and a man Who at once gave the Filipinos hope of better days, for h promises were quily ba&ed up by the egiknnigs 6of theIr pelrformance. Rial witnessed this novel experiene for hit country with gratificatin, though he h1 d seen to many dis ppo tents to nde in the cntitunc of reform and he re~membered that thfie like liberal term of Ia Iorre had ended in the Cavite rea.tion He ro eal tothe w chief ieecutive, appa|udn Despujol's policy and offr'ng such coAperation as he ** ''I * ' No butB mig be able to give toward making t a complete uic cess. No reply had been received but after Rial's return from his Borneo rijp the Spansh consul in Hongkong I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ie~ ffi 0 3)~~~ESI?[Ti~'8 IUPLCIT5 7 I ' ~\,: a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a B 8.I,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7..... 2 I/ I /~~~~~~ I~~~~~ I.' ~~~~~ fv-~~I i 8~ -- 40~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --- x - _sa 3t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9__~t I* ^& ii w~ _. I I..r^ =. flj \ 4 ' IA W _ -dr s " f a _ l ~~~~~~~~ — L'X -g-.~-L""'T K _i} ia. J LL — " t |*: aI 2 a, 3 a33 gr r W 0W aI f / t },oX 1,g I a 3 < * }1 - - = LO ~~~~a * P~~ ~~~~ ~ 1$ ' _ f I aa z s~~~.i D I Yo i ~4 t: t a I *I j/2 Yl I CI / E P-fI E5 1 t) i3 -~ 1;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; );;;;;!:,;; '-1 g / 9 176 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL assured him that he would not be molested should he go to Manila. Rizal therefore made up his mind to visit his home once more. He still cherished the plan of transferring those of his relatives and friends who were homeless through the land troubles, or discontented with their future in the Philippines, to the district offered to him by the British North Borneo Company. There, under the protection of the British flag, but in their accustomed climate, with familiar surroundings amid their own peopie, a New Kalamba would be established. Filipinos would there have a chance to prove to the world what they were capable of, and their free condition would inevitably react on the neighboring Philippines and help to bring about better government there. Rizal had no intention of renouncing his Philippine allegiance, for he always regretted the naturalization of his countrymen abroad, considering it a loss to the country which needed numbers to play the influential part he hoped it would play in awakening Asia. All his arguments were for British justice and " Equality before the Law," for he considered that political power was only a means of securing and assuring fair treatment for all, and in itself of no interest. With such ideas he sailed for home, bearing the Spanish consul's passport. He left two letters in Hongkong with his friend Doctor Marquez marked, "To be opened after my death," and their contents indicate that he was not unmindful of how little regard Spain had had in his country for her plighted honor. One was to his beloved parents, brother and sisters, and friends: "The affection that I have ever professed for you suggests this step, and time alone can tell whether or not it A Plllil!lllllllll11111111111111111111 I - B I B B B B - B DESPUJOL'S DUPLICITY 177 is sensible. Their outcome decides things by results, but whether that be favorable or unfavorable, it may always be said that duty urged me. so if I die in doing it, it will not matter. "I realize how much suffering I have caused you, still I do not regret what I have done. Rather, if I had to begin over again, still I should do just the same, for it has been only duty. Gladly do I go to expose myself to peril, not as any expiation of misdeeds (for in this matter I believe myself guiltless of any), but to complete my work and myself offer the example of which I have always preached. "A man ought to die for duty and his principles. I hold fast to every idea which I have advanced as to the condition and future of our country, and shall willingly die for it, and even more willingly to procure for you justice and peace. " With pleasure, then, I risk life to save so many innocent persons-so many nieces and nephews, so many children of friends, and children, too, of others who are not even friends-who are suffering on my account. What am I? A single man, practically without family, and sufficiently undeceived as to life. I have had many disappointments and the future before me is gloomy, and will be gloomy if light does not illuminate it, the dawn of a better day for my native land. On the other hand, there are many individuals, filled with hope and ambition, who perhaps all might be happy were I dead, and then I hope my enemies would be satisfied and stop persecuting. so many entirely innocent people. To a certain extent their hatred is justifiable as to myself, and my parents and relatives. "Should fate go against me, you will all understand that I shall die happy in the thought that my death will A_____.;,,, - -- -...,.,,....,,....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~= i_ =I.. - -:i'iilllllillllllll~~~~lllllllllwloommlummum ~~i~~:~~~uu~~~#lw~~~iu~~~irmM~~~~~t~~lllH~~~~Y~~~Un~~~l~~lllmumin iI I i 178 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSI RIZAL end all your troubles. Return to our country and may you be happy in it. "Till the last moment of my life I shall be thinking of you and wishing you all good fortune and happiness." The other letter was directed "To the Filipinos," and said: "The step which I am taking, or rather am about to take, is undoubtedly risky, and it is unnecessary to say that I have considered it some time. I understand that almost every one is opposed to it; but I know also that hardly anybody else comprehends what is in my heart. I cannot live on seeing so many suffer unjust persecutions on my account; I cannot bear longer the sight of my sisters and their numerous families treated like criminals. I prefer death and cheerfully shall relinquish life to free so many innocent persons from such unjust persecution. "I appreciate that at present the future of our country gravitates in some degree around me, that at my death many will feel triumphant, and, in consequence, many are wishing for my fall. But what of it? I hold duties of conscience above all else, I have obligations to the families who suffer, to my aged parents whose sighs strike me to the heart; I know that I alone, only with my death, can make them happy, returning them to their native land and to a peaceful life at home. I am all my parents have, but our country has many, many more sons who can take my place and even do my work better. "Besides I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know how to die for duty and principles. What matters death, if one dies for what one loves, for native land and beings held dear? "If I thought that I were the only resource for the policy of progress in the Philippines and were I convinced that my countrymen were going to make use of my ser____ _A DEPUtJOL'S )UPICITYf 179 cca perhaps I should h state bout taking this step ut ther e arstill others who can take my place, who, too; can ar aken m y pa with there ar el wo hd m ueede and my servaes are not uii if that I amredue to in atvi Always e loed our nhay land and I am ore th t I sh rIfic inu loving it (11 my late t momentI i case men prove unree myin. my hp- pness all haye I sacrificed for l ofv:' l Wt hatevermy iil lilel fate I shiall dib bhii s Hin it aind lou 'ig redemption.' And then followed these letters public a fter my dLge a h... Suspiionl of the Spanish authorities a was j1utifi ed The consuls cabiegra i notifying GovernorCGneral DespujoIl that Riha bidfen i. 1. ' i~ i oiRap a sport, or sat-eani ai g nthat sac i a f ent x _ the day of itin the sfcdu or special s t pot b ars the ame date as the secret case filed nt him in Manila fior anti religousi and anti patriotic agitatio On that same day the deceitful Despujol Was confidentially nqu| ng of his ctecutifvea retaty w1h the it wag t u 18 LIE AND A 0 OF JB IM I tht RI had be ntr a s a Ge subet d if so, Wha eft fwould tht he on the ktnor ge I ra1s right to Ltke eetiv ai t is, he I 1 depori.t one Who had the protect on o) a s trfong natIton with - dt I I > ^ a " I ~^ ".. *. the a di ad for the forms of ie he could I *lipino? is inquiry is joined to an to the th tis in the provinces ear Mi instructing th e to w h the coings nd gi of their prominent 31 3 1~lg~ s3 " 1 il B 2 > i 3 3 _\ X | t 1 3 v e @3~~~~~~~c~~~% ~~c 03~ sa twl~ s~~~$~ a\i 3~~8t 1~ \Bfe a\ia~e~1~8 M t Sp | i * 5 3(:|111*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 3s x_ durin the f1ollowfi weeks Ihe che e res mbled th t which was concoed pior to i72, but ovrnreera de Ia Torre was honest in his reforms. jl may or may not aWe en h t in othi btters ut as cncerns Rizal there is no lIck of proof of his prfidy. i 0. |~~~~~I ~ ~ ~ E, i* HOME,,}, Case secretly filed against Rial. Ihe confideotial ilt relating to this part of the ease was forgotten in destroying and removing secret papers when Manila passed into a democratic conqueror's handi and now whoever wishes may read, din the Biureau of Archives, documents which the C.ond de,sipe, to use a fnoble titlej for an jignoble man3 consiered s fely hidden. A with '" " '" ' ' -. *.3 33 g- |. H }:M"'/1' 1 _m7;X1.'f.}.....cxltQll 11 Illi*mEnli~iillllilllii~~ iiili A sii~liiliiii lll i-a~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~ |.:: g.j.Ni', iiiiiiiij > I,XL,,;g..,-. j... 0 x ',, j id H;*.*, M ~ H.,..... j,,. disei ismadeon tr write had Of ith with no| of R*aal is maeocao for ohe of Ws treac. he ous attek up good n of his pretended her. s as in the la trohes etana held that egal ovenor nera1l Wele ws usifie * in ig an ap ndg in theourt i this e e ( D.e u....ol.. t l....y. had heen dcv h Rccomp alied e |.' | || iwhen from Hongkn he of- ^*j —.-h~f e.d to D pjl not to thdde '(n po 'irs 1.Tha R i Mal md -.l..d.nt. ost1 i sr atd sl l y u ~cseen la1 6, tter hw ttle tht awor1th hu1, Poli:ties or no pi- or tics, R;ialste wMail i e sa efittld d Loisr a Torte, Secretary XRia Was ac p i t - to. p Manila hy his ste Lucia. widow of tt - w tian urtlia hecause of hfs relationship 1 ial, In t Bas a-j, h, am othr...waste pa p er., a for th t use '. stion, tl ". P o r. H. i s. Po j fr ija.a m 1 j crum p wr tued into the case of te pillow blankets and hed marst, or petate, they wli ent tth _ _ _ __i A:...~... ~ ~~ ~~~~~:.~:':`::::::.g ausaassassassasazaaumm,uaus sussaau, as~ssamsssa DESPUJOL'S DUPLICITY 183 plains by remarking that Manila was the only port where he had ever had his pockets picked officially. His visit was made at about the time of which we are writing, and the object, he says,was to keep out anti friar publications. Rizal and his sister landed without difficulty, and he at once went to the Oriente Hotel, then the best in town, for Rizal always traveled and lived as became a member of a well-to-do family. Next he waited on the GovernorGeneral, with whom he had a very brief interview, for it happened to be on one of the numerous religious festivals, during which he obtained favorable consideration for his deported sisters. Several more interviews occurred in which the hopes first given were realized, so that those of the family then awaiting exile were pardoned and those already deported were to be returned at an early date. One night Rizal was the guest of honor at a dinner given by the masters and wardens of the Masonic lodges of Manila, and he was surprised and delighted at the progress the institution had made in the Islands. Then he had another task not so agreeable, for, while awaiting a delayed appointment with the Governor-General, he with two others ran up on the new railway to Tarlac. Ostensibly this was to see the country, but it was not for a pleasure trip. They were investigating the sales of Rizal's books and trying to find out what had become of the money received from them, for while the author's desire had been to place them at so low a price as to be within the reach of even the poor, it was reported that the sales had been few and at high prices, so that copies were only read by the wealthy whose desire to obtain the rare and much-discussed novels led them to pay exorbitant figures for them. Rizal's party, consisting of the Secretary of one of the lodges of Manila, and another Mason, a prominent school-teacher, were under constant surveillance and a I 'I Ea 1 ii~i Islllllmnlfm ll U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fl~fihUB QlhllNJIlf ifhll $lhIlilhhwhmuhmmulWh:hilhhlhli iqv n m lim u m m lli m m m imiln uN INIRIIIIIIIiii ui- MIMI IIIHIM-lillollllollmmiiiiilHm limiiiiillillilimmgllllugllllllolililn lfi ilif lt111111111111i1 - EE 184 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSt RIZAL minute record of their every act is preserved in the " reserved " files, now, of course, so only in name, as they are no longer secret. Immediately after they left a house it would be thoroughly searched and the occupants strictly questioned. In spite of the precautions of the officials, Rizal soon learned of this, and those whom they visited were warned of what to expect. In one home so many forbidden papers were on hand that Rizal delayed his journey till the family completed their task of carrying them upstairs and hiding them in the roof. At another place he came across an instance of superstition such as that which had caused him to cease his sleight-of-hand exhibitions on his former return to the Islands. Their host was a man of little education but great hospitality, and the party were most pleasantly entertained. During the conversation he spoke of Rizal, but did not seem to know that his hero had come back to the Philippines. His remarks drifted into the wildest superstition, and, after asserting that Rizal bore a charmed life, he startled his audience by saying that if the author of " Noli Me Tangere " cared to do so, he could be with them at that very instant. At first the three thought themselves discovered by their host, but when Rizal made himself known, the old man proved that he had had no suspicion of his guest's identity, for he promptly became busy preparing his home for the search which he realized would shortly follow. On another occasion their host was a stranger whom Rizal treated for a temporary illness, leaving a prescription to be filled at the drug store. The name signed to the paper was a revelation, but the first result was activity in cleaning house. No fact is more significant of the utter rottenness of the Spanish rule than the unanimity of the people in their discontent. Only a few persons at first were in open opposition, but books, pamphlets and circulars were eagerly......Ami~~~~ M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~jb ~~a~f~nltlftui~~uillilt~~t~~~~mwnllttmlll ~ ~1 ~ ~M~ H ~ ~H ~ ~ ~ll lllllllil llllllllllllllI H iI nI ltllllitlI nII I t 1 DESPUJOL'S DUPLICITY 185 sought, read and preserved, with the knowledge, generally, of the whole family, despite the danger of possessing them. At times, as in the case of Rizal's novels, an entire neighborhood was in the secret; the book was buried in a garden and dug up to be read from at a gathering of the older men, for which a dance gave pretext. Informers were so rare that the possibility of treachery among themselves was hardly reckoned in the risk. The authorities were constantly searching dwellings, often entire neighborhoods, and with a thoroughness which entirely disregarded the possibility of damaging an innocent person's property. These "domiciliary registrations" were, of course, supposed to be unexpected, but in the later Spanish days the intended victims usually had warning from some employee in the office where it was planned, or from some domestic of the official in charge; very often, however, the warning was so short as to give only time for a hasty destruction of incriminating documents and did not permit of their being transferred to other hiding places. Thus large losses were incurred, and to these must be added damages from dampness when a hole in the ground, the inside of a post, or cementing up in the wall furnished the means of concealment. Fires, too, were frequent, and such events attracted so much attention that it was scarcely safe to attempt to save anything of an incriminating nature. Six years of war conditions did their part toward destroying what little had escaped, and from these explanations the reader may understand how it comes that the tangled story of Spain's last half century here presents an historical problem more puzzling than that of much more remote times in more favored lands. It seems almost providential that the published statement of the Governor-General can be checked not only by an account which Rizal secretly sent to friends, but A.,,,,, -, --- —----------—................... --- ——................ --- —------—................. --- —...... ;11111111111111111111111111111111 186 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL also by the candid memoranda contained in the untruthful executive's own secret folios. While some unessential details of Rizal's career are in doubt, not a point vital to establishing his good name lacks proof that his character was exemplary and that he is worthy of the hero-worship which has come to him. After Rizal's return to Manila from his railway trip he had the promised interview with the Governor-General. At their previous meetings the discussions had been quite informal. Rizal, in complimenting the General upon his inauguration of reforms, mentioned that the Philippine system of having no restraint whatever upon the chief executive had at least the advantage that a well-disposed governor-general would find no red-tape hindrances to his plans for the public benefit. But Despujol professed to believe that the best of men make mistakes and that a wise government would establish safeguards against this human fallibility. The final, and fatal, interview began with the GovernorGeneral asking Rizal if he still persisted in his plan for a Filipino colony in British North Borneo; Despujol had before remarked that with so much Philippine land lying idle for want of cultivation it did not seem to him patriotic to take labor needed at home away for the development of a foreign land. Rizal's former reply had dealt with the difficulty the government was in respecting the land troubles, since the tenants who had taken the old renters' places now also must be considered, and he pointed out that there was, besides, a bitterness between the parties which could not easily be forgotten by either side. So this time he merely remarked that he had found no reason for changing his original views. Hereupon the General took from his desk the five little sheets of the " Poor Friars handbill, which he said had been found in the roll of bedding sent with Rizal's bagA - | L A =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IX _lllllllllllllllll_.lllnilBIlll~lltllllllllllnlllllllllllllllllllllllll l- -~ i !lunmaBIIBBRBIIWI1ARUIAI1IRBYRIII I r B a 3 3 3 n r n I a ti a P f 9 C B 9 iS I 3 a I r a I_~ — ~ ~z~ DESPUJOL'S DUPLICITY 187 gage to the custom house, and asked whose they could be. Rizal answered that of course the General knew that the bedding belonged to his sister Lucia, but she was no fool and would not have secreted in a place where they I were certain to be found five little papers which, hidden within her camisa or placed in her stocking, would have been absolutely sure to come in unnoticed. Rizal, neither then nor later, knew the real truth, which was that these papers were gathered up at random and without any knowledge of their contents. If it was a crime to have lived in a house where such seditious printed matter was common, then Rizal, who had openly visited Basa's home, was guilty before ever the handbills were found. But no reasonable person would believe another rational being could be so careless of consequences as to bring in openly such dangerous material. The very title was in sarcastic allusion to the inconsistency of a religious order being an immensely wealthy organization, while its individual members were vowed to poverty. News, published everywhere except in the Philippines, of losses sustained in outside commercial enterprises running into the millions, was made the text for showing how money, professedly raised in the Philippines for charities, was not so used and was invested abroad in fear of that day of reckoning when tyranny would be overthrown in anarchy and property would be insecure. The belief of the pious Filipinos, fostered by their religious exploiters, that the Pope would suffer great hardship if their share of " Peter's pence " was not prompt and full, was contrasted with another newspaper story of a rich dowry given to a favorite niece by a former Pope, but that in no way taught the truth that the I Head of the Church was not put to bodily discomfort I whenever a poor Filipino failed to come forward with his penny. A I B KYI`iwlrni r rw rnu nrnu Iun uu u u r m u rn e iitlHtUllllilllillIII#flllll#NI1UIIII 188 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOS/A RIZAL I Despujol managed to work himself into something like a passion over this alleged disrespect to the Pope, and ordered Rizal to be taken as a prisoner to Fort Santiago by the nephew who acted as his aide. Like most facts, this version runs a middle course between the extreme stories which have been current. Like circulars may have been printed at the "Asilo de Malabon," as has been asserted; these certainly came from Hongkong and were not introduced by any archbishop's nephew on duty at the custom house, as another tale suggests. On the other hand, the circular was the merest pretext, and Despujol did not act in good faith, as many claim that he did. It may be of interest to reprint the handbill from a facsimile of an original copy: E - POBRES FRAILES! Acaba de suspender sus pagos un Banco, acaba de quebrarse el New Oriental. ' $ Grandes perdidas en la India, en la ishl,-Mauricio al sur de Africa, ciclones y tempestades acabaron con su poderio, tragandose mas de 36,000,000 de pesos. Estos treinta y seis millones representaban las esperanzas, las economias, el bienestar y el porvenir de numerosos individuos y familias. Entre los que mas han sufrido podemos contar a la Rvda. Corporacion de los P. P. Dominicos, que pierden en esta quiebra muchos cientos de miles. No se sabe la cuenta exacta porque tanto dinero se les envia de aqui y tantos depositos hacen, que se negesitarian muchos contadores para calcular el immenso caudal de que disponen. Pero, no se aflijan los amigos ni triunfen los enemigos de los santos monjes que profesan voto de pobreza. A unos y otros les diremos que pueden estar tranquilos. La Corporacion tiene aun muchos millones depositados en los Bancos de Hongkong, y aunque todos quebrasen, y aunque se derrumbasen sus iiles de casas de alquiler, siempre quedarian sus curatos y A.,f~~ v I i - 1M ~ ~ ~~- ~~~~ qlh.Ilswar~~li.~an8~lllll-i --- — 11, I DESPUJOL'S DUPLICITY 189 haciendas, les quedarian los filipinos dispuestos siempre a ayunar para darles una limosna. Que' son cuatrocientos 6' quinientos mi? - Que se tomen la molestia de recorrer los pueblos y pedir limosna y se resarciran de esa pe'rdida. Hace un aflo que, por la mala _ administracion de Los, cardenales, el Papa perdi6 14,0000 del dinero de San Pedro; el Papa, para cubrir el de'ficit, acude a' noso-I tros y nosotros recogemos de nuestros tam pipis el ijitimo real, porque sabemos que el Papa tiene muchas atenciones; hace cosa de cinco afios cas6 4' una sobrina suya dota'ndola de un paLacio Y 300,000 francos ademas. Haced un esfuerzo pues, generosos filipinos, I y socorred a' los dominicos igualmente!I Adema's, 'esos centanares de miles perdidos no son de ellos, segun dicen: ~ como los iban 'a tener si tienen voto de pobreza? Hay que creerlos pues cuando, para cubrirse, dicen que son de los I hue'rfanos y de Las viudas. Muy seguramente pertencerilan algunos 4' las viudas y 4' los hue'rfanos de Kalamba, y quie'n sabe si 4a los1 - desterrados maridos! y Los, manejan los virtuosos frailes solo 4a' titulo de depositarios para devolverlos despues religiosamente con todos sus intereses cuando Llegue el dia de rendir cuentas! Quie'n i sabe? Quie'n mejor que ellos podia encargarse de recoger los pocos haberes mientras 1-' casas ardian, huilan Las viudas y Los hue'rfanos sin encontrar hospit 'idad, pues sg~ habia prohibido darles albergue, 5 mientras los hombres estaban presos 6' perseguidos? ~ Quie'n mejorI que Los dominicos para tener tanto valor, tanta audacia y tanta humanidad? Pero, ahora el diablo se ha llevado el dinero de Los hue'rfanos y de Las viudas, y es de temer que se ileve tambien el resto, pues I cuando el diablo- la empieza la ha de acabar. Tendria ese dinero mala procedencia? Si asi. sucediese, nosotros los recomendariamos 4' los dominicos que dijesen con Job: Desnudo sali' del vientre de mi madre (Espauia), y desnudo volvere' a/id'; lo di6' el diablo, el diablo se lo llevo; bendito sea el nombre del Seuior! FR. JACINTO. I Manila: Imprenta de Los Amigos del Pais. I _ _ _ _ _ w _ M _ _ M _ _ _w~ll~~~~r~~t~~t~~fti~~~~tllllli~~~~~~tif Ulllllllllllz' IX THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN S soon as Rizal was lodged in his prison, a room in Fort Santiago, the Governor-General began the composition of one of the most extraordinary official documents ever issued in this land where the strangest governmental acts have abounded. It is apology, argument, and attack all in one, and was published in the Official Gazette, where it occupied most of an entire issue. The effect of the righteous anger it displays suffers somewhat when one knows how all was planned from the day Rizal was decoyed from Hongkong under the faithless safe-conduct. Another enlightening feature is the copy of a later letter, preserved in that invaluable secret file, wherein Despujol writes Rizal's custodian, as jailer, to allow the exile in no circumstances to see this number of the Gazette or to know its contents, and suggests several evasions to assist the subordinate's power of invention. It is certainly a strange indignation which fears that its object shall learn the reason for wrath, nor is it a creditable spectacle when one beholds the chief of a government giving private lessons in lying. A copy of the Gazette was sent to the Spanish Consul in Hongkong, also a cablegram directing him to give it publicity that " Spain's good name might not suffer " in that colony. By his blunder, not knowing that the Lusitania Club was really a Portuguese Masonic lodge and full of Rizal's friends, a copy was sent there and a strong reply was called forth. The friendly editor of the Hongkong Telegraph devoted columns to the outrage by which a man whose acquaintance in the scientific world reflected honor upon his nation, was decoyed to what was intended to be his death, exiled to " an unhealthful, savi1 A =1 I I I=r I I - 1 -.. -', -,. -.-.,_-...... i I Ill aivansaliiiliiliildiilariiiii B Z)1E:,X%7e6'["dl(fi"ii rllslll) Bll"iI"rZi l_li I I ~~ Praiz~r;,,, i;irplrp ~:a88a1:,,, ii;".;; .-ii.r 1IIII1 1~i- a~~s~a~rzv ~~;8i:i'l0':l';i BdPRai:~:" ~r ~""1"2:' 1'111118 wrc~: ~r: 1;11811. r,;w~~- II I:Wi li~Y.IB; i~~~i:I` s~i:cs?i8C': nli liliilalll si AI~i"E~" ai ni;r; %,i~~~~':.,81r88~arr ~ I~'i nclc sil lili I jjj .I1PII~ii" ~ jt~ i?.. zI iiiiii;.'..:i::I,,::::!a:~ li.-i bi~i.~g Eli Iar;, a~ c:1~ IBBPu.,1. I... ~ru ~a: iBis 'II:Ri~ I ~s..~ "' :" ~:, ili ~i~IE s~l~r;, ~;~,i,,I 8"~I ~ ~.!I gI sS1 II;d I.,,,,, ~i; ~Ls. ll::U~ri r.~B;~,u:13; "I-" ~ii:~:Iq?..li E Bri I ~~bi~"I ~2 j; r, a: ~III i.i r;(r~.r IBIi~~ I, li:llii I;i~,~~s;sa::~.:aia:a ;IIIIE'"EA ~li;"l~i: esR~y an ~i:il;l;~ r~l;:~a;I; s~s; ~:I:111 ii I epull."ixi~"'.;:,,uA~::Bji li~ C~r:~:1;ril:I;;gg; alBi,:I~ nl:r:pei II:: ~~! ~ ~;'-"~-'":'''' 'I" ~!~~.iil.li.i..ll.. ~_ ~i "i.i~i"iui:~ ~I I~:i?;c:~io- r BEl~ ir_ aU; I.,,~a 1GjflllU6 i1 -iiHiiitiiuiiiiiiBiumtfllEliltitiii ii - l-H-iiiUiiiiiil lltiiiiiiii 192 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOStI RIZAL age spot," through "a plot of which the very Borgias would have been ashamed." The British Consul in Manila, too, mentioned unofficially to Governor-General Despujol that it seemed a strange way of showing Spain's often professed friendship for Great Britain thus to disregard the annoyance to the British colony of North Borneo caused by making impossible an entirely unexceptionable plan. Likewise, in much the same respectfully remonstrant tone which the Great Powers are wont to use in recalling to semi-savage states their obligations to civilization, he pointed out how Spain's prestige as an advanced nation would suffer when the educated world, in which Rizal was Spain's bestknown representative, learned that the man whom they honored had been trapped out of his security under the British flag and sent into exile without the slightest form of trial. Almost the last act of Rizal while at liberty was the establishment of the "Liga Filipina," a league or association seeking to unite all Filipinos of good character for concerted action toward the economic advancement of their country, for a higher standard of manhood, and to assure opportunities for education and development to talented Filipino youth. Resistance to oppression by lawful means was also urged, for Rizal believed that no one could fairly complain of bad government until he had exhausted and found unavailing all the legal resources provided for his protection. This was another expression of his constant teaching that slaves, those who toadied to power, and men without self-respect made possible and fostered tyranny, abuses and disregard of the rights of others. The character test was also a step forward, for the profession of patriotism has often been made to cloak moral shortcomings in the Philippines as well as elsewhere. A E I I I Ia wrm~ ^lmU D o m 1iI.NfmI H llIlll il ~IIIm iliL IIIu~im^D~Huilllfli f tNIuI l ~ ~~um I1 Al 101 L I IN ~' 10 IX~ I:: I ~ \N:~~~ 19 I I j ijtl~e Colle Ilaya MMMOMMUM MC to Ri zal ddMdIJ Is } d,1' didt dO of La Li Vljdina i Ria ug ta th wh wu o tos Ihes on aI11 of ld Id lik th ai l 1 bnoh helspoi.el d w e heeo no one w had u st a Mii ii M '. a I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ iT'". g il 9* l A t~~i # th e 1i ou~~d o~r themselves on. tEj *1|n~~~~~~tt~ urtu t h 1 d ust l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~otlform 3to the stand-jl~il/llll~lilil~i d f ld d I~~~~~~k 1S *fliici~;al l~f;; Lm h~~: otte aa ar o (3 X a! f 1: t sac~rI } esp 8 a 111 4~~u~e, @*rs t ffgh s tlltag } heretore nn 0nP wnko had fust~~~~~~naD1Xt.. l~~ttl ~~ u t w 19fX J~~t:". s s 1 t XgS i"' '1~Gs;Weri 'nEia 1ag 7VgafllXf~~~~%~~~ I _ I! 194 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL been prosecuted for any infamous crime was eligible to membership in the new organization. The plan, suggested by a Spanish Masonic society called C. Kadosch y Cia., originated with Jose Maria Basa, at whose instance Rizal drafted the constitution and regulations. Possibly all the members were Freemasons of the educated and better-to-do class, and most of them adhered to the doctrine that peaceably obtained reforms and progress by education are surest and best. Rizal's arrest discouraged those of this higher faith, for the peaceable policy seemed hopeless, while the radical element, freed from Rizal's restraining influence and deeming the time for action come, formed a new and revolutionary society which preached force of arms as the only argument left to them, and sought its membership among the less-enlightened and poorer class. Their inspiration was Andres Bonifacio, a shipping clerk for a foreign firm, who had read and re-read accounts of the French Revolution till he had come to believe that blood alone could wipe out the wrongs of a country. His organization, The Sons of the Country, more commonly called the Katipunan, was, however, far from being as bloodthirsty as most Spanish accounts, and those of many credulous writers who have got their ideas from them, have asserted. To enlist others in their defense, those who knew that they were the cause of dissatisfaction spread the report that a race war was in progress and that the Katipuneros were planning the massacre of all of the white race. It was a sufficiently absurd statement, but it was made even more ridiculous by its "proof," for this was the discovery of an apron with a severed head, a hand holding it by the hair and another grasping the dagger which had done the bloody work. This emblem, handed down from ancient days as an object lesson of faithfulness even to death, has been.. A X ---, ---. --- - - - _ ______._____.___.___.. ~Ill1BIIIlf!OBlltfll1lflllliftllfi(I~illlu( {!,!:it !111111111)11111111llllllallllallln1 THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN 195 known in many lands besides the Philippines, but only here has it ever been considered anything but an ancient symbol. As reasonably might the paintings of martyrdoms in the convents be taken as evidence of evil intentions upon the part of their occupants, but prejudice looks for pretexts rather than reasons, and this served as well as any other for the excesses of which the government in its _ frenzy of fear was later guilty. In talking of the Katipunan one must distinguish the first society, limited in its membership, from the organization of the days of the Aguinaldo " republic," so called, when throughout the Tagalog provinces, and in the chief towns of other provinces as well, adherence to the revolutionary government entailed membership in the revolutionary society. And neither of these two Katipunans bore any relation, except in name and emblems, to the robber bands whose valor was displayed after the war had ceased and whose patriotism consisted in wronging and robbing their own defenseless countrymen and countrywomen, while carefully avoiding encounters with any able to defend themselves. Rizal's arrest had put an end to all hope of progress under Governor-General Despujol. It had left the political field in possession of those countrymen who had not been in sympathy with his campaign of education. It had caused the succession of the revolutionary Katipunan to the economic Liga Filipina, with talk of independence supplanting Rizal's ambition for the return of the Philippines to their former status under the Constitution of Cadiz. But the victim of the arrest was at peace as he had not been in years. The sacrifice for country and for family had been made, but it was not to cost him life, and he was human enough to wish to live. A visitor's room in the Fort and books from the military library made his detention comfortable, for he did not worry _____A ' _= I liiiillllllllllllUIIIUlllllllttlllllfll l m I wllg iwllhlm grllit lllmllIM iElM m lllltrn lllmlm U UIw mn!a1mlUUlI!WwmmiPilllllllU lW tnwulilUl tl~lm lnUllrnIIIJJi IWlh i Il g lgllllwllriwwi'196 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZALI about the Spanish sentries without his door who were placed there under orders to shoot anyone who might attempt to signal to him from the plaza. One night the Governor-General's nephew-aide came again to the Fort and Rizal embarked on the steamer X which was to take him to his place of exile, but closely as he was guarded he risked dropping a note which a Filipino found and took, as it directed, to Mrs. Rizal's cousin, Vicenta Leyba, who lived in Calle Jose, Trozo. Thus the family were advised of his departure; this incident shows Rizal's perfect confidence in his countrymen and the extent to which it was justified; he could risk a chance finder to take so dangerous a letter to its address. On the steamer he occupied an officer's cabin and also found a Filipino quartermaster, of whom he requested a life preserver for his stateroom; evidently he was not entirely confident that there were no hostile designs against him. Accidents had rid the Philippines of troublesome persons before his time, and he was determined that if he sacrificed his life for his country, it should be openly. He realized that the tree of Liberty is often watered with the blood of secret as well as open martyrs. The same boat carried some soldier prisoners, one of whom was to be executed in Mindanao, and their case was not particularly creditable to Spanish ideas of justice. A Spanish officer had dishonorably interfered with the domestic relations of a sergeant, also Spanish, and the aggrieved party had inflicted punishment upon his superior, with the help of some other soldiers. For allowing himself to be punished, not for his own disgraceful act, m the officer was dismissed from the service, but the sergeant was to go to the scene of his alleged " crime," there to suffer death, while his companions who had assisted him in protecting their homes were to be witnesses of this "justice" and then to be imprisoned. A e$r831tllllflHIllUHUlltnt#flUliUI#f THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN 197 After an uneventful trip the steamer reached Dapitan, in the northeast of the large island of Mindanao, on a dark and rainy evening. The officer in charge of the expedition took Doctor Rizal ashore with some papers relating to him and delivered all to the commandant, Ricardo Carnicero. The receipt taken was briefed " One countryman and two packages." At the same time learned men in Europe were beginning to hear of this outrage worthy of the Dark Ages and were remarking that Spain had stopped the work of the man who was practically her only representative in modern science, for the Castilian language has not been the medium through which any considerable additions have been made to the world's store of scientific knowledge. Rizal was to reside either with the commandant or with the Jesuit parish priest, if the latter would take him into the convento. But while the exile had learned with pleasure that he was to meet priests who were refined and learned, as well as associated with his happier school days, he did not know that these priests were planning to restore him to his childhood faith and had mapped out a plan of action which should first make him feel his loneliness. So he was denied residence with the priest unless he would declare himself genuinely in sympathy with Spain. On his previous brief visit to the Islands he had been repelled from the Ateneo with the statement that till he ceased to be anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish he would not be welcome. Padre Faura, the famous meteorologist, was his former instructor and Rizal was his favorite pupil; he had tearfully predicted that the young man would come to the scaffold at last unless he mended his ways. But Rizal, confident in the clearness of his own conscience, went out cheerfully, and when the porter tried to bring back the memory of his childhood piety by reminding him of the image of the Sacred Heart which I A 10 I I ,=i I A I nu##ifillHilufirarmtttarHIIIIINltlNI 198 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSI RIZAL he had carved years before, Rizal answered, "Other times, other customs, Brother. I do not believe that way any more." So Rizal, a good Catholic, was compelled to board with the commandant instead of with the priest because he was unwilling to make hypocritical professions of admiration for Spain. The commandant and Rizal soon became good friends, but in order to retain his position Carnicero had to write to the Governor-General in a different strain. The correspondence tells the facts in the main, but of _ course they are colored throughout to conform to Despu- jol's character. The commandant is always represented as deceiving his prisoner and gaining his confidence only to betray him, but Rizal seems never to have experienced anything but straightforward dealing. Rizal's earliest letter from Dapitan speaks almost enthusiastically of the place, describing the climate as excep- tional for the tropics, his situation as agreeable, and saying that he could be quite content if his family and his books were there. Shortly after occurred the anniversary of Carnicero's arrival in the town, and Rizal celebrated the event with a Spanish poem, reciting the improvements made since his coming, written in the style of the Malay loa, and as though it were by the children of Dapitan. Next Rizal acquired a piece of property at Talisay, a little bay close to Dapitan, and at once became interested in his farm. Soon he built a house and moved into it, gathering a number of boy assistants about him, and be- fore long he had a school. A hospital also was put up for his patients and these in time became a source of - revenue, as people from a distance came to the oculist for treatment and paid liberally. One five-hundred-peso fee from a rich Englishman was ["iHIN~ iMu_____A1__11_IiNRINww1iNNI!NiNleu~111111111911m~TImRRI1tlgMNWUINNwNMI J~~~~H IL0 AJDTO A A 199 g I X g. ~ ~~~~~~ -.U I>|N wN-?^. ' ' i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W deotdby ialto Ihigtetw n h ont benefite i in this way by his charity in addition to the fe I L, ___ Il 'tii 51 Sm IIli d i' i '1' ilil '' i II' il i llll ii i ' i i >ill I i. n i ''''' id''' 5im ll li 11 i a ~.~;,. i hW~ m.:S:E i~.y.....~'..... a.. X I |F '2 S| X. lsi a 11I. l:!!: S-B —~~~.~~:l~ i~~~ --- 4-I 1 e~trl~1t * s~ar is ~sp-1! '~ iiiiiiiiiii E n i1 | E: ii g 1! _ d- 1 I 20.IFE AND TABO OF JO~ RI B w s ht lived there were constantly improving it, he I Bther Obacshthe Jeuitprit fell thrgh the hamho atairway in the principal houe Rial and his boi hrned shels, oade mrtr and son ebuilt a fin sne stiray They alo d sidtn r piece of masonry wo in the ( T[leeg mhers re uge. easneslrle modelle by Fleal heR7 s5 ln _ _ _ _ _ _ A IB ~ "~L ~rc~~t~;~F~IIti~"-~ ~rir n Bfd ~"i IIi tk mothe X r2er e...... 5 et o}dtvzir 13@n~ 1E DEPOIRTATION TO DAPITAN 201 hape of a dam for torng water that was piped to the houses and poultry yard the overflow from the dam was made to fill a swimming tankr The school including the house servants, numbered ahout twenty and was tught without hooks hy Rizal. who conducted hi ns ectaons from a hammock. Consid- I | er abhI iportance was given to mathiematic and in la|n guages Eglish wa s thaugh as well s nish tle e ntre - day, and whoever so far forgut as to utter a word in ny other tongue wa punished by ha The use and meaning of this b- e xplained to the boys, for Spain sti l tied her prisoners with rope. Ncure study consistcd in helping the Doctor gather specimens o flowers. s hells, r Sas, SI XII X lat ther ofanchez, S * J insects and reptiles which were S1* hs1 Eli _ S prepared and shipped to Germian rnuseums Ri 1z was paid for these speimenus by scientific books and ma ter al The director of the Royal Zo6.ocgal and Anthro - pological Museum in Drede n, Saxo ny Doctor Karl yon Heller was a great friend iand admirer of Doctor Riial Doctor Heller's father was tutor to the late King Alfonso S XII and had many friends at the Court of Spa 1inh E dently Doctor teller and other of his Europe n friend treated him rather as a rformr king pro tess y peaceful m eans Doctor Rizal r emunerated his pupils' work with gifts Ih 202 oI AND XII 0 *;*a:::Sf "** ijt~ y iiy *':^. *''.\^.,*.*:?^:'8^:; -':^" *, sU J*. t ' ' '^* J A I. i. Iishhl of Riai zwnsof hs agtat DIisn h 11ih _A _ gg.< 3 @ r.-.; ~'~"~".~ r g x il 3 ix U.X.0i r X r i< 3~t 11 z. S dr~sV 1s5S'.D,.X.f. r. h X z 11> E g > > d > f.I g3SA I. ~~~~0s|X||IS..IgX..05./XgsxE.jj~ 0 0 0 - '~~~~~~~~~E'"sB'D~~~~~~~u' s0~ ~ 1. i -g.X..a3. g...~ ~~~;~ ~f.i z 1 l~cmi iz 1 ai f h )' sl ~ ~ ~ le~ O:w:gsle agadla liTHE DEPO' TION TO DAP0T11Ai N 21 Ir I of clothng books and other use ful rethose who had ac- | umulat d enough weere perrmitted to acc3 opanyi him in.u, t n. i, * requairing everyns e s1ho of th9 typ nsbining ethe use =3 On 1\ 5 3t in the year 189 somu of his sl- b Into he town ino a C ne; a puppy 3 which tried to fob L low them was eateh by a eroeodile. Ri z1 tried to impress the evil effeet of disobedience upon the youngsters by nfff D n m m i i nnt ii i mn in n m m n n f9 u g/4tn2t a~ A 9 24 LIFE AND LAB0Ror OFIt RizAL Rftven Frai wherin she ias ien prsftrl t in rheven t ias vyouring the caymani.se It is said t to e a good lienstt of in his many pedestrian excursions around Daiotan. Father Frineisco Slaniche Rizal's instructor in rhetoric in t the tene m visit to D nd ght with him some surveyor s in struments, which his former pupi as deigh ed to.asi him in u ing. Together they ran the levels for a water sysa tem for the town which was Ilaer, wh the aid of tthe lay Jesuit Brother Tildot carried stored and enlarged with a chn..and Riah siuar, provincial a nd unicipal governments ji tly As prt of IA vis to a not d riant mountain and Isome digging in a spot supposed y rn the eveol of the ai to terbn d h to lih curious is of the is C Ves amongte the early Maoro s | The state of his mind at abut this periAo of his career is in Iad y the written in i home in ia entitled My Retreat, of whith fhe following ae l ee R ta nr t ie s poem has n t onvre d byL the agove mn into A puhlic Par to tho memory of R L al. 1 ~t Ti T)LIOJTATLON 0O DAPlTA 205. I TO ~ T I J Skeiiiii tch y izal of eke h~ianecvaion heeth eelywa ossi _ A _~~ _ " 1,.^ =*-: i _, "/ ~~~~~~~ E r N t ~~~~~)A/ P!tj> "~ +. S-~1 206 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZ.AL MY RETREAT By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine, At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green, I have built my hut in the pleasant grove's confine; From the forest seeking peace and a calmness divine, Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen. Its roof the frail palm-leaf and its floor the cane, Its beams and posts of the unhewn wood; Little there is of value in this hut so plain, And better by far in the lap of the mount to have lain, By the song and the murmur of the high sea's flood. A purling brook from the woodland glade Drops down o'er the stones and around it sweeps, Whence a fresh stream is drawn by the rough cane's aid; That in the still night its murmur has made, And in the day's heat a crystal fountain leaps. i - When the sky is serene how gently it flows, And its zither unseen ceaselessly plays; But when the rains fall a torrent it goes | Boiling and foaming through the rocky close, Roaring uncheck'd to the sea's wide ways. The howl of the dog and the song of the bird, And only the kalao's hoarse call resound; Nor is the voice of vain man to be heard, My mind to harass or my steps to begird; The woodlands alone and the sea wrap me round. The sea, ah, the sea 1 for me it is all, As it massively sweeps from the worlds apart; Its smile in the morn to my soul is a call, And when in the even my faith seems to pall, It breathes with its sadness an echo to my heart. i......A ll 'liiiii~ i~l~i~iiiii Hll' iil~ll"Uiiiiiii ltlf ilil~ li iiiiiiiiiiiiiIIiiI IIiiiii iIIIII ^I THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN2 207 By night an arcanum; when translucent it glows, All spangled over with its millions of lights, And the bright sky above resplendent shows; While the waves with their sighs tell of their woesTales that are lost as they roll to the heights. They tell of the world when the first dawn broke, And the sunlight over their surface played; When thousands of beings from nothingness woke, To people the depths and the heights to cloak, Wherever its life-giving kiss was laid. But when in the night the wild winds awake, And the waves in their fury begin to leap, Through the air rush the cries that my mind shake; Voices that pray, songs and moans that partake Of laments from the souls sunk down in the deep. Then from their heights the mountains groan, And the trees shiver tremulous from great unto least; The groves rustle plaintive and the herds utter moan, For they say that the ghosts of the folk that are gone Are calling them down to their death's merry feast. In terror and confusion whispers the night, While blue and green flames flit over the deep; But calm reigns again with the morning's light, And soon the bold fisherman comes into sight, As his bark rushes on and the waves sink to sleep. So onward glide the days in my lonely abode; Driven forth from the world where once I was known, I muse o'er the fate upon me bestow'd; A fragment forgotten that the moss will corrode, To hide from mankind the world in me shown. A FE 2% IIIU1IMII#IUIIHIII(IIIIIUIINHHIIIII llilm a#g[URllliilVlli ulliiiUUll i GlIulll illlljillul iilUfilliluii i il l lUliU igIH IuIu iII I 208 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL I live in the thought of the lov'd ones left, And oft their names to my mind are borne; Some have forsaken me and some by death are reft; But now 'tis all one, as through the past I drift, That past which from me can never be torn. B B For it is the friend that is with me always, That ever in sorrow keeps the faith in my soul; While through the still night it watches and prays, As here in my exile in my lone hut it stays, To strengthen my faith when doubts o'er me roll. That faith I keep and I hope to see shine The day when the Idea prevails over might; When after the fray and death's slow decline, Some other voice sounds, far happier than mine, To raise the glad song of the triumph of right. I see the sky glow, refulgent and clear,:s As when it forced on me my first dear illusion; I feel the same wind kiss my forehead sere, And the fire is the same that is burning here To stir up youth's blood in boiling confusion. I breathe here the winds that perchance have pass'd O'er the fields and the rivers of my own natal shore; And mayhap they will bring on the returning blast The sighs that lov'd being upon them has castMessages sweet from the love I first bore. To see the same moon, all silver'd as of yore, I feel the sad thoughts within me arise; The fond recollections of the troth we swore, Of the field and the bower and the wide seashore, The blushes of joy, with the silence and sighs. 1_____ u u u uEA _ ~I [ jml[lllsiir rI[Ml~UllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllulllHllU gIIIIIIIIIIII~IIE IfflltDIIMiIImIIIIIIHII[mXIIIIuIIIII~gl I E I i2 Ei - e g s E r E I THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN 209 A butterfly seeking the flowers and the light, Of other lands dreaming, of vaster extent; Scarce a youth, from home and love I took flight, To wander unheeding, free from doubt or affrightSo in foreign lands were my brightest days spent. And when like a languishing bird I was fain To the home of my fathers and my love to return, Of a sudden the fierce tempest roar'd amain; So I saw my wings shatter'd and no home remain, My trust sold to others and wrecks round me burn. Hurl'd out into exile from the land I adore, My future all dark and no refuge to seek; My roseate dreams hover round me once more, Sole treasures of all that life to me bore; The faiths of youth that with sincerity speak. But not as of olu, full of life and of grace, Do you hold out hopes of undying reward; Sadder I find you; on your lov'd face, Though still sincere, the pale lines trace The marks of the faith it is yours to guard. You offer now, dreams, my gloom to appease, And the years of my youth again to disclose; So I thank you, 0 storm, and heaven-born breeze, That you knew of the hour my wild flight to ease, To cast me back down to the soil whence I rose. By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine, At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green; I have found a home in the pleasant grove's confine, In the shady woods, that peace and calmness divine, Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen. 1 s AA _~..i If tmlttimmmmmUmmtmmlmmmlimmmmmmm~mmmmmullul~w mmlIIH~mlmuD fiiUm UUUrUIUNUUUU WUUI~"og i O ~~~_ +. II I j 210 1lFE AD tA~RS o JOSEa:git 1 — sr?;~ e 5.,a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.5 a ~ g|_ ~s,.p I lrC ~~~~ vwxwe it II THE IIEP1)RTATION TO 1APTAN 211 The hurch beneiftd by the presene of the ex le for he drew the Idtig for an elaborate curtin to a tdorn inSpain, whr he tra u I d oot of his ay to Sarta s Ia to Vit ooe of his form fpacher of the Ateoco who Ie it sacys that hs ser ill and an ar t ste r o at vere much appr,C t 1. Tflhe shoml e lo the Si1 ait nerps hst, dc a * iv hael fo which the cha rsi were preparing, an im-s ae of nth Virgin. re thae s ke p tof en ntty f theL hf d only wt ce pradoc d from ab the s asst-ce n ma s nts conce aoing all the es-t of the figure excp thae feet, whichs epie The befy ofith e S niser ha |d a private capel f or whch the A tioache rs were prepof arng an pi t ifi pealed too Rial, and he mrdeldf the more iproinent righ foo, th e app fend t he cf pent had while the artlitt Siser asised nby d as ti I mprocur work Both cuBrti ad magc t wenty years afte " eunts comeai ng ar still inrest steoo for hc people after mhs. As part of ihis educa S away, onily one Mindo was completed bit has e an.. 3j __ f: 'f ftf0 C C C _ _ E | CC {fA < w h Q,;1 )S 1 A zF f! 212 1 LIE AND TABOIS OF O IZAL i w t e the plaa is a nationa par, Among Rii jalis pati *ent s a blind American named f fairly wl to do, who hd been engneer of the pumping plant of thee Hongong Fire epartment. Hi was a man of bravert for he hld a diploma for helina to resue five Sa niards from a shipwrck in Hongkong he otfor he an harbor. And he was not less kind-hearted; for h and his wife, a Portuguese, hiad adopted and bru git up 4 his p'~tt au 1 r g p as heir own the infant daughiter of a poor rin h woma ho ad ded in ngkongr. au f vIn hi I cwieraien a *s o f his m to Thushihs, corpral the Britsh ry on rvc r e T is il e hisd ben e u c ina ed in h Itan conventf t aff e e the first Mrts f dd t an hisT upon Mr. Taufr s remarriag, RI i f * I o to another Portuguese theh adop-ted daugter and Mr T au. fer own child wee equally sIh rer of h fi hiomie. This gIr ha1 d known Riala, "tlhe Spanish docto, as he was kailed theerae n Hongon and ersuaded her adoted father that possibly the Dapitan exle mght rei store his lost eyesighEt So with the two grls and his ywifeo Mr aafei st oiu fo r Mindaia At Manila his own daglhiter fell in lae with a Flipno enineer, a Mr I Suneo, now owner of a foundry in Manila, and, marryig, remained tere But the party reached Daiian wt ith its ortminal number, for they were joined by a ood- lookin m;estita from the Soth who Was uoffiiallry conm neted with of the canons of th Manila thdal Josefina Brackn the Irish girl, was ivelVy caaible and of congeniat temperament, and as there no longer existed ny reason against his marrfage for Rixal consd red hN _____ _______. T DE10RTATION TO DAPITAN 213, wif. p o 1 i ti c a retraction would be sked, but promptly submitted a statement which Father Obach says covered about the same ground made on the eve of Rial death. This documenth inc losed wth the priest's leterh was ready for taken hi s fa ily and gone to Mail proposed marriage. The trip hd already cost him one d ughter, he had found that his blindness was incurabl and now his only remaininf diaughter, who had for sevc nten year1 been like his own child, was planning to leave him. He would he to return to in gkong hopeless * I..|It II 214 LIFE AN LAOlS O JO - T AL and accompnied oni b o wife he had n er seen one who really was merely a servint. In hi de pair he said he had noahing to lie f ora ad; Pseing his razor; woudd have ended his life had not Rzl seizWed him tjt in t ime and held him, With the firm grasp is athletic training had a given f n hicame and ed th excited bWind man. ent ack to Da aftr a short M ith R izal's famil y, to who s ad r ig e o troductin, taking considerabgl hou e ing fu nturec ' 1 till theth. - marriag, possibly tue ti he sod tfif the rt may established cil marriage in the Philippines, and as the local government had not proVirdd I way for people IIF Wt in to| gat s e h o i. aa "~". I'i. ' noti-.~so~kk" ~ —i~~~'n h~ia*g~ii |i~lt'- [_;l ~~s~~~... to~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~If:.. ' * in theas. the I S~~~~~ *.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ie i:;;;;~ ~ ~i~ f; ~,l~ Ae '111;' I l~~~~i~~r I~~ 8 iI TE DE POSRTATION TO DAPITAN 215 to vail thmselves of the ght becau e th governor general had pigeonholcd the royal decree, it would he less sinfl for tlhe two to cnsider themse ci illy ri - rI d than for Ri W to do iotence to his on ic by bought would be js as little a sacramnt as an absolutly v I mriage, and the late wIas fre fir hypocrisyI Soasmrs nand wiMis fddkif Ri l n eln l tg r 111 I A* * 11-1 1H i } 5 10 t t f b I twu1b 1t ltl g1m11a niiltl tl|tt~ n ||at~r | fti 5t3 ts0X8y th;'~~~~~~srllt~~~~~~~~tlllNI(P~~~~ifItIiIftIII f llll I 1 * 216 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL I in Talisay. Father Obach sought to prejudice pbilic feeling in the town against the exile for the "scandal," though other scandalous happenings with less reason were going on unrebuked. The pages of "Dapitan," which some have considered to be the first chapter of an unfinished novel, may reasonably be considered no more than Rizal's rejoinder to Father Obach, written in sarcastic vein and primarily for Carnicero's amusement, unless some date of writing earlier than this should hereafter be found for them. Josefina was bright, vivacious, and a welcome addition to the little colony at Talisay, but at times Rizal had misgivings as to how it came that this foreigner should be permitted by a suspicious and absolute government to join him, when Filipinos, over whom the authorities could have exercised complete control, were kept away. Josefina's frequent visits to the convento once brought this suspicion to an open declaration of his misgivings by Rizal, but two days of weeping upon her part caused him to avoid the subject thereafter. Could the exile have seen the confidential correspondence in the secret archives the plan would have been plain to him, for there it is suggested that his impressionable character could best be reached through the sufferings of his family, and that only his mother and sisters should be allowed to visit him. Steps in this plot were the gradual pardoning and returning of the members of his family to their homes. Josefina must remain a mystery to us as she was to Rizal. While she was in a delicate condition Rizal played a prank on her, harmless in itself, which startled her so that she sprang forward and struck against an iron stand. Though it was pure accident and Rizal was scarcely at fault, he blamed himself for it, and his later devotion seems largely to have been trying to make amends. A ~~,~llltll~lmllllllt~~ltllllrmnllmHMIII~ ~- 3 THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN 217 I - c | = | The " burial of the son of Rizal," sometimes referred to as occurring at Dapitan, has for its foundation the consequences of this accident. A sketch hastily penciled in one of his medical books depicts an unusual condition apparent in the infant which, had it regularly made its appearance in the world some months later, would have been cherished by both parents; this loss was a great and common grief which banished thereafter all distrust upon his part and all occasion for it upon hers. —y Rizal's mother and several of his sisters, the latter changing from time to time, had been present during this critical period. Another operation had been performed upon Mrs. Rizal's eyes, but she was restive and disregarded the ordinary precautions, and the son was in despair. A letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, who was inclined toward medical studies, says, " I now realize the reason why physicians are directed not to practice in their own families." A story of his mother and Rizal, necessary to understand his peculiar attitude toward her, may serve as the transition from the hero's sad (later) married experience to the real romance of his life. Mrs. Rizal's talents corn manded her son's admiration, as her care for him demanded his gratitude, but, despite the common opinion, he never had that sense of companionship with her that he enjoyed with his father. Mrs. Rizal was a strict disciplinarian and a woman of unexceptionable character, but she arrogated to herself an infallibility which at times was trying to those about her, and she foretold bitter fates for those who dared dispute her. Just before Jose went abroad to study, while engaged to his cousin, Leonora Rivera, Mrs. Rivera and her daughter visited their relatives in Kalamba. Naturally the young man wished the guests to have the best of everything; one day when they visited a bathing place A -=lfillll:.. ^.^fitH^ -...tlW: M iuwll Hii I i i z i wi-fH iii H iil IT.. 1fi,,Ii UH~l~ H O H Hm Rlll e IlHIII~liblliHHIIH Hllill~lllliilUI~ilU~ili~llH~lll~illiIIRI~liIIIliil~lllmilll~llnil~mHI~lli~liliilliillilll~ilRHRI~llllif ilililm~mIUIR 218 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOS DIZL near by he used the fiamilys newest carriage Though this had not been forbidden, his m other spoke rather sha rply abou it Jos Ventured to rmind her that ests were present and that it would he better to discuss the matter in private Angry because one of her chlren ventured to dispute her, she rplied: "You ae an ndtaslF a ful sn You will never accomlih anything hich you untdertake All y ur plans will result in failure" These words coud ot be forgotten, as succeeding e vents s eemed to make their prophcy- come true, and there is pathos in one of Rizas letters in which he B~.j P ~ ~ ';.hreminds his mother that she had _His th oughts of an earl m - _riage were overruled because rhis I. '-. W _ X _ E = 1 1 ' 1by { * unmarried sisters did not desire to have a sister-in-law in th ir home who wouId add to the household cares but was not trained to hear her share of tb: R.L them, and even Paiano who hI1s youngr rother was in his favor, thoughs that ely with fervent wouldmar his care by m r ying wth & i promises and h1ih hopes, Ria 1 had s1ed away to make the fortune which should alOW him t. o marty his cousrin Lennora She was constantly in his frequency durilng all his first years in Europe but only a few of the earliest ever reachdi her, and as few replies came into his handsthoug she was qlly faithful as a coffiirre ndent good of her daughters soul and n the nterest Of h THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN 219 happiness that she should not become the wife of a man like Rizal, who was obnoxious to the Church and in disfavor with the government. So, by advice, Mrs. Rivera gradually withheld more and more of the correspondence upon both sides, until finally it ceased. And she constantly suggested to the unhappy girl that her youthful lover had forgotten her amid the distractions and gayeties of Europe. Then the same influence which had advised breaking off the correspondence found a person whom the mother and others joined in urging upon her as a husband, till at last, in the belief that she owed obedience to her mother, she reluctantly consented. Strangely like the proposed husband of the Maria Clara of "Noli Me Tangere," in which book Rizal had prophetically pictured her, this husband was "one whose children should rule "-an English engineer whose position had been found for him to make the match more desirable. Their marriage took place, and when Rizal returned to the Philippines she learned how she had been deceived. Then she asked for the letters that had been withheld, and when told that as a wife she might not keep love letters from any but her husband, she pleaded that they be burned and the ashes given her. This was done, and the silver box with the blackened bits of paper upon her dresser seemed to be a consolation during the few months of life which she knew would remain to her. Another great disappointment to Rizal was the action of Despujol when he first arrived in Dapitan, for he still believed in the Governor-General's good faith and thought in that fertile but sparsely settled region he might plant his "New Kalamba " without the objection that had been urged against the British North Borneo project. All seemed to be going on favorably for the assembling of his relatives and neighbors in what then would be no |..A..... ---------------------------------------—............... 220 101 XM IA I TIS B OF JOSK RIIZAL LCHHU_ _ 3ea ia' osnad ~ni tes g f~ __i A l|* __ _~H~lnlHHH~aHH~ HHH HH l HI 1 1 HI. 11 II H Hil IH HHIH llHH hl HH I lii longer exile when most insultingly the Governor-teneGal refused the permission which Rizal had had reason to rely uponhis gr otin The oeile wn reminde of this or n and tnd with tryi ngto ato rking. e he he did not know it this part of the pan Ihieh was to reak his spirit, so that whr he ag touched with the sufferings of his fallyhe waond yIel to the islurenees of his youth and make o nsIre polital retrn thus would e re- moved the most reasonahle, and Para MI-iN thirefore t he most formidae, pponent of the punatdral cohn- A c t eR p et nd os then existng in athe oi AMC Ih ilippines and 1 in-......... oif ithe s.... A terese ehich were profiting hy p 14"'KV2 thhem. nnt tie plotters *fAed |e,fin in their plan; they -had mis- i z. takern r1* t hIr ma n. / Drial 411 this time Ri;al!.^ ^,:^ had rep ated 6h nees to escape, and p r inn high In authortty seem to he gd flight uo Letr t io 1h his |Tt WIn 1~t-' 21 * Ii, * iimo Runing away, however, 7 *. f - seemed to him a confession of | guilt; the opportunities of doing so always nsettled i m, for each time the battle of sel-sacrifice had to be fought over again; but he remained firm in his purpos To meet death bravely is one thing; to seek it is another and harder thing; but to refuse life and choose death over andI over again during many years is the rarest kind of s roism. o Rizal used to make long trips, sometimes cruising for a week in his explorations of the Mindano cost and some of his friends proposed to charter a steaier in Singapore and p sn norr Daplta ick him upon o ne ~iIIUIEU #U~tB( ~ lt fltl~U 222 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL of these trips. Another Philippine steamer going to Bor- neo suggested taking him on board as a rescue at sea and then landing him at their destination, where he would be free from Spanish power. Either of these schemes would have been feasible, but he refused both. Plans, which materialized, to benefit the fishing industry by improved nets imported from his Laguna home, and to find a market for the abaka of Dapitan, were joined with the introduction of American machinery, for which Rizal acted as agent, among planters of neighboring islands. It was a busy, useful life, and in the economic advancement of his country the exile believed he was as patriotic as when he was working politically. Rizal personally had been fortunate, for in company with the commandant and a Spaniard, originally deported for political reasons from the Peninsula, he had gained one of the richer prizes in the government lottery. These funds came most opportunely, for the land troubles and succeeding litigation had almost stripped the family of all its possessions. The account of the first news in Dapitan of the good fortune of the three is interestingly told in an official report to the Governor-General from the commandant. The official saw the infrequent mail steamer arriving with flying bunting and at once imagined some high authority was aboard; he hastened to the beach with a band of music to assist in the welcome, but was agreeably disappointed with the news of the luck which had befallen his prisoner and himself. Not all of Dapitan life was profitable and prosperous. Yet in spite of this Rizal stayed in the town. This was pure self-sacrifice, for he refused to make any effort for his own release by invoking influences which could have brought pressure to bear upon the Spanish home government. He feared to act lest obstacles might be put in the way of the reforms that were apparently making FRMEuu I I I 1THE DEOiRTATION TO 0APiTAN 223 i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f~ ii 55. ~.: ~I lhoga l m a trial olci b /l th RB * l M.eu headway hrouh Dspuio initiati I as content to w ait rather than to jeopardize the prospects of others~ A plan for his transfer to the North, in the l*okano country had h en deferred and had met Vth ohstael s h ii h i i i I i i ii -I | Il'W '.E I —I.l 'i~dllz~'ioS' _, 5 a0 ' i | 8. _.0 *- XIS -... ttaogrfil-~~l~;cal~~~ iiraf; r ~lalsr r %~ev ~IP0~ 2lzal *wrl q13!W jliraX~iE otlia.ffin/vl, I11~~~~~~~~~~~~~r Xr.Fdas jn l~fy I -i~ha sX'~~ 8W&" D ~t!S "g I8tFa~X~~ ~1BI i"d""an t~ax conten 55aia i: I~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 571 ~ ~ - - 24~~~-~-~~a~ —n-~ 224 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL which Rizal believed were placed in its way through some of his own countrymen in the Peninsula who feared his influence upon the revenue with which politics was furnishing them. Another proposal was to appoint Rizal district health officer for Dapitan, but this was merely a covert government bribe. While the exile expressed his willingness to accept the position, he did not make the "unequivocally Spanish" professions that were needed to secure this appointment. Yet the government could have been satisfied of Rizal's innocence of any treasonable designs against Spain's sovereignty in the Islands had it known how the exile had declined an opportunity to head the movement which had been initiated on the eve of his deportation. His name had been used to gather the members together and his portrait hung in each Katipunan lodge hall, but all this was without Rizal's consent or even his knowledge. The members, who had been paying faithfully for four years, felt that it was time that something besides collecting money was done. Their restiveness and suspicions led Andres Bonifacio, its head, to resort to Rizal, feeling that a word from the exile, who had religiously held aloof from all politics since his deportation, would give the Katipunan leaders more time to mature their plans. So he sent a messenger to Dapitan, Pio Valenzuela, a doctor, who to conceal his mission took with him a blind man. Thus the doctor and his patient appeared as on a professional visit to the exiled oculist. But though the interview was successfully secured in this way, its results were far from satisfactory. Far from feeling grateful for the consideration for the possible consequences to him which Valenzuela pretended had prompted the visit, Rizal indignantly insisted that the country came first. He cited the Spanish AI HlltllllWlltlllllUUNtlHIIIIIHIIIIIIIIII THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN 225 republics of South America, with their alternating revolutions and despotisms, as a warning against embarking on a change of government for which the people were not prepared. Education, he declared, was first necessary, and in his opinion general enlightenment was the only road to progress. Valenzuela cut short his trip, glad to escape without anyone realizing that Rizal and he had quarreled. Bonifacio called Rizal a coward when he heard his emissary's report, and enjoined Valenzuela to say nothing of his trip. But the truth leaked out, and there was a falling away in Katipunan membership. Doctor Rizal's own statement respecting the rebellion and Valenzuela's visit may fitly be quoted here: "I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or second of July, in I896, when Pio Valen- zuela came to see me, saying that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd, etc., etc., and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that he had been sent because they had compassion on my life and that probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my innocence. 'Besides,' said I, 'don't consider me, but our country, which is the one that will suffer.' I went on to show how absurd was the movement.-This, later, Pio Valenzuela testified.-He did not tell me that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I was its chief, or anything of that sort. "Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know, nor do I know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them or with their society? Either they have made use of my..... f..,. f _ =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1,,., 1.........................................................................................," Ill!llllliltllllllilIHNIIIIIIIIIINIIIIII 1lll1 11tlll c 226 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL name for their own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is the chief who dictates no order and makes no arrangement, who is not consulted in anything about so important an enterprise until the last moment, and then when he decides against'it is disobeyed? Since the seventh of July of I892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their own ends." This was Rizal's second temptation to engage in politics, the first having been a trap laid by his enemies. A man had come to see Rizal in his earlier days in Dapitan, claiming to be a relative and seeking letters to prominent Filipinos. The deceit was too plain and Rizal denounced the envoy to the commandant, whose investigations speedily disclosed the source of the plot. Further prosecution, Ie_ of course, ceased at once. The visit of some image vendors from Laguna who never before had visited that region, and who seemed more intent on escaping notice than interested in business, appeared suspicious, but upon report of the Jesuits the matter was investigated and nothing really suspicious was found. Rizal's charm of manner and attraction for every one he met is best shown by his relations with the successive commandants at Dapitan, all of whom, except Carnicero, were naturally predisposed against him, but every one became his friend and champion. One even asked relief on the ground of this growing favorable impression upon his part toward his prisoner. At times there were rumors of Rizal's speedy pardon, and he would think of going regularly into scientific work, collecting for those European museums which had made him proposals that assured ample livelihood and congenial work. Then Doctor Blumentritt wrote to him of the ravages ____ z z tz i i:iif llillfUtllltlllllt :i!lllllllllllllllIHllllllllllmIIIHII ~~ Lf _3:j ~5:i I:,: -~--:II I:I - ~: -; TIn - s ~I Is r-: - %: ~;ii THE DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN 227 of disease among the Spanish soldiers in Cuba and the scarcity of surgeons to attend them. Here was a labor " eminently humanitarian," to quote Rizal's words of his own profession, and it made so strong an appeal to him that, through the new governor-general, for Despujol had been replaced by Blanco, he volunteered his services. The minister of war of that time, General Azcarraga, was Philippine born. Blanco considered the time favorable for granting Rizal's petition and thus lifting the decree of deportation without the embarrassment of having the popular prisoner remain in the Islands. The thought of resuming his travels evidently inspired the following poem, which was written at about this time. The translation is by Arthur P. Ferguson: THE SONG OF THE TRAVELER Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered, Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole; Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose, Roams without love, without country or soul. Following anxiously treacherous fortune, Fortune which e'en as he grasps at it flees; Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking, Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas! Ever impelled by invisible power, Destined to roam from the East to the West; Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones, Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest. Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert, Grant him a final asylum of peace; Soon by the world and his country forgotten, God rest his soul when his wanderings cease! A r i- ' ~ --— I~ 228 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSEI RIZAL Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied, Circling the globe like a sea-gull above; Little, ah, little they know what a void Saddens his soul by the absence of love. Home may the pilgrim return in the future, Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends; Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins, Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends. Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter. Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth; Others may sing of their love while rejoi:'- r, Thou once again must roam o'er t'* earth. Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter, Dry are the tears that a while for thee r.r Pilgrim, begone! And forget thy afflictioLoud laughs the world at the sorrows of man. Is. A _ __ __ i~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~~~~~jifli8111111111E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lllill~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ltl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tllltll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~I:il -I:: I;,:a -:I 2:= - r X x CONSUMMATUM EST " OTICE of the granting of his request came to Rizal just when repeated disappointments had caused him to prepare for staying in Dapitan. Immediately he S disposed of his salable possessions, including a Japanese tea set and large mirror now among the Rizal relics preserved by the government, and a piece of outlying land, the deed for which is also among the Rizalana in the Philippines library. Some half-finished busts were thrown in..11 ol behind the dam. Despite the short notice all was ready -or the trip in time, and, attended by some of his schoolboys as well as by Josefina and Rizal's niece, ti laighter of his youngest sister, Soledad, whom Jose- hi ied to adopt, the party set out for Manila. -he journey was not an uneventful one; at Dumaguete Rizal was the guest of a Spanish judge at dinner; in Ceau he operated successfully upon the eyes of a foreign merchant; and in Iloilo the local newspaper made much of his presence. The steamer from Dapitan reached Manila a little too late for the mail boat for Spain, and Rizal obtained permission to await the next sailing on board the cruiser Castilla, in the bay. Here he was treated like a guest and more than once the Spanish captain invited members of Rizal's family to be his guests at dinner-Josefina with little Maria Luisa, the niece and the schoolboys, for whom positions had been obtained, in Manila. The alleged uprising of the Katipunan occurred during this time. A Tondo curate, with an eye to promotion, professed to have discovered a gigantic conspiracy. Incited by him, the lower class of Spaniards in Manila made demonstrations against Blanco and tried to force that:i AAi w_. _. _ i~i~i~ii~iiiiiiii~iiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~iiiiiiiniiiiiiuiiiiiniiiiiiii~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiniiiit~iiiiiiiiiiiiiU~ii~iiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii~ll~ ltiiiiiiliiiiiliiliillilifllll ==J I; ll ll l l l ullll i ll llll l uH~ ~ n li l l HII IIIH IU I INIHII Iltllll l ll ll lll IIIIIIII I IIII I II IIIIUU II IIIIIIIII1II IIIII IIU I III IIII E i 2NUllllllllfllllllttlRIUllflWllftil ll". E................................................ --------- ------- - -- -.. 230 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL ordinarily sensible and humane executive into bloodthirsty measures, which should terrorize the Filipinos. Blanco had known of the Katipunan but realized that so long as interested parties were using it as a source of revenue, its activities would not go much beyond speechmaking. The rabble was not so far-seeing, and from high authorities came advice that the country was in a fever and could only be saved by blood-letting. Wholesale arrests filled every possible place for prisoners in Manila. The guilt of one suspect consisted in having visited the American consul to secure the address of a New York medical journal, and other charges were just as frivolous. There was a reign of terror in Luzon and, to save themselves, members of the Katipunan resorted to that open warfare which, had Blanco's prudent counsels been regarded, would probably have been avoided. While the excitement was at its height, with a number of executions failing to satisfy the blood-hunger, Rizal sailed for Spain, bearing letters of recommendation from Blanco. These vouched for his exemplary conduct during his exile and stated that he had in no way been implicated in the conspiracies then disturbing the Islands. The Spanish mail boat upon which Rizal finally sailed had among its passengers a sick Jesuit, to whose care Rizal devoted himself, and though most of the passengers were openly hostile to one whom they supposed responsible for the existing outbreak, his professional skill led several to avail themselves of his services. These were given with a deference to the ship's doctor which made that official an admirer and champion of his colleague Three only of the passengers, however, were really friendly-one Juan Utor y Fernandez, a prominent ' Mason and republican, another ex-official in the Philip=ie i w _ _ ea F!I aizHl ml[ni mlll~~~ ~llmim llllllllllllillil"llilllllil"Ullllllll'llllullill~ illml" ltll~II" iIIUIiIIII"III~ IIII"IIIIIIIXIIIgIgIImIIIgIIIUIIIIIgaUgIICII " CONSUMMATUM EST" 231 a s = i I 9. pines who shared Utor's liberal views, and a young man whose father was republican. But if Rizal's chief adversaries were content that he should go where he would not molest them or longer jeopardize their interests, the rabble that had been excited by the hired newspaper advocates was not so easily calmed. Every one who felt that his picture had been painted among the lower Spanish types portrayed in "Noli Me Tangere " was loud for revenge. The clamor grew so great that it seemed possible to take advantage of it to displace General Blanco, who was not a convenient tool for the interests. So his promotion was bought, it is said, to get one Polavieja, a willing tool, in his place. As soon as this scheme was arranged, a cablegram ordering Rizal's arrest was sent; it overtook the steamer at Suez. Thus as a prisoner he completed his journey. But this had not been entirely unforeseen, for when the steamer reached Singapore, Rizal's companion on board, the Filipino millionaire Pedro P. Roxas, had deserted the ship, urging the ex-exile to follow his example. Rizal demurred, and said such flight would be considered confession of guilt, but he was not fully satisfied in his mind that he was safe. At each port of call his uncertainty as to what course to pursue manifested itself, for though he considered his duty to his country already done, and his life now his own, he would do nothing that suggested an uneasy conscience despite his lack of confidence in Spanish justice. At first, not knowing the course of events in Manila, he very naturally blamed Governor-General Blanco for bad faith, and spoke rather harshly of him in a letter to Doctor Blumentritt, an opinion which he changed later when the truth was revealed to him in Manila. Upon the arrival of the steamer in Barcelona the pris III1IIIHIIIUtlltlllIClltUIW11#III#IIU1 232 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL oner was transferred to Montjuich Castle, a political prison associated with many cruelties, there to await the sailing that very day of the Philippine mail boat. The Captain-General was the same Despujol who had decoyed Rizal into the power of the Spaniards four years before. An interesting interview of some hours' duration took place between the governor and the prisoner, in which the clear conscience of the latter seems to have stirred some sense of shame in the man who had so dishonorably deceived him. He never heard of the effort of London friends to deIE liver him at Singapore by means of habeas-corpus proceedings. Mr. Regidor furnished the legal inspiration and Mr. Baustead the funds for getting an opinion as to Rizal's status as a prisoner when in British waters, from Sir Edward Clarke, ex-solicitor-general of Great Britain. Captain Camus, a Filipino living in Singapore, was cabled to, money was made available in the Chartered Bank of Singapore, as Mr. Baustead's father's firm was in business in that city, and a lawyer, now Sir Hugh Fort, K.C., of London, was retained. Secretly, in order that the attempt, if unsuccessful, might not jeopardize the prisoner, a petition was presented to the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements reciting the facts that Doctor Jose Rizal, according to the Philippine practice of punishing Freemasons without trial, was being deprived of his liberty without warrant of law upon a ship then within the jurisdiction of the court. According to Spanish law Rizal was being illegally held on the Spanish mail steamer Colon, for the Constitution of Spain forbade detention except on a judge's order, but like most Spanish laws the Constitution was not much respected by Spanish officials. Rizal had never had a hearing before any judge, nor had any charge yet been placed against him. The writ of habeas corpus was jus=.. n tt v. d. o. t. P n.. b... A ~~~~~iiill W # 1IIIII N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lillI N II 1 #lf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~allfltl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iffl~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CONSMMATM EST 233 ffl droided the on were a mer nt hi p tat would be sbje ic n t h law whein bi rs psrtj hWiut the mai team di tcred iUa also had on hoard Sp=sh soldicr and few the rol flag as if it were a d l t. No one was illin to dn CCIIin whih RUiw irfioned, ad dungeon where he Was and the judge delindedto tisse thei Writ, Minai reached Manila on Nmger 3 and was at once tranferred to Rfo Santiago, t firs heing held in a dungeon incomunicado " and laterupying a small cell on ithegound floor. INts f ii h to he sup pild By imsl f and they con 'ted of a sall rattan taB | a d a t ir of the ame at i 1 and, a cot of the knd ued by Saih Rlilracziia At o vme; a g ie X*M 234 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE' RIZAL canvas top and collapsible frame which closed up lengthwise. His meals were sent in by his family, being carried by one of his former pupils at Dapitan, and such cooking or heating as was necessary was done on an alcohol lamp which had been presented to him in Paris by Mrs. Tavera. An unsuccessful effort had been made earlier to get evidence against Rizal by torturing his brother Paciano. For hours the elder brother had been seated at a table in the headquarters of the political police, a thumbscrew on one hand and pen in the other, while before him was a confession which would implicate Jose Rizal in the Kati-I punan uprising. The paper remained unsigned, though Paciano was hung up by the elbows till he was insensible, and then cut down that the fall might revive him. Three days of this maltreatment made him so ill that there was no possibility of his signing anything, and he was carted home. It would not be strictly accurate to say that at the close of the nineteenth century the Spaniards of Manila were using the same tortures that had made their name abhorrent in Europe three centuries earlier, for there was some progress; electricity was employed at times as an improved method of causing anguish, and the thumbscrews were much more neatly finished than those used by the Dons of the Dark Ages. Rizal did not approve of the rebellion and desired to issue a manifesto to those of his countrymen who had been deceived into believing that he was their leader. But the proclamation was not politic, for it contained none of those fulsomely flattering phrases which passed for patriotism in the feverish days of I896. The address was not allowed to be made public but it was passed on to the prosecutor to form another count in the indictment of Jose Rizal for not esteeming Spanish civilization. A m. m JitllllllllllllflffHIIINIIIIIIIIWIIIIII "CONSUMMATUM EST" 235 The following address to some Filipinos shows more clearly and unmistakably than any words of mine exactly what was the state of Rizal's mind in this matter. COUNTRYMEN: On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been in use, among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a painful surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over an incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications of the disturbances continuing and if any still, in good or bad faith, are availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive the unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may be known. From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what was being planned, I opposed it, fought it, and demonstrated its absolute impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and, what was worse, would bring great suffering. I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices, but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way might seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of the ills which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate if, at any sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people, that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I have recommended in my writings the study of the civic virtues, without which there is no reI. 1A ~fllllltll5nllMl~llI 23tin LIFE AND LABOS OF JO IL dtiption ha1ve witteIn ilk ise (and I repeat my wordsi) that reforms, tolal bie Uheici ia muost conce: from ~9|5-~1-ki~ are irre -i3a wa abo that thoe which come fIs belo re rgl gained and uncertin. Holding these ida I cno do less than ndmn,.. and I do coindemn this eu pising-as, ahrd staVa g and plotted its those who cold plead our se.I ahho its erri. n met ods and disclaim al par in it pityng fro the ht tom of my heart the unwary who ia b en i ved. S Rketurn, thisen to your homers and may God pardot thos -who hae wovrked in hid fa|t h IFtint Santia Desller is' 5896. in the Cueif E No ali Ir W _ dto a of yu ay oe w s 61 d r X e A.he a A t n w on wm -; ' ael del de and he p trodto he the hinoth of Ridi ctomaio,durMin his Vis t to the Philipes in ____^____ * h+C@ e mt ht eI ct a 11om i defender (0S AUMAiUM EST" 237 88788.. The young man did his best atd ri d 1unS popularity in ard r to be loyal to his clent. H defense readls ti Aly weak n tese days but t was rsky then to say yven so lue. The judge advoce in ab riclously b t i e gave an alleg of life Which showed igno rance o a mos very material event and hn fmul the fi s charge gast the prisoneri whi h was th t he had founded an illegai ociet allgifng that the _ I iLga Filipia had for its ol ob- I ject t commit th crime of rebel- 1, The second charge was that Uis1 was responsible for the exising re llio n having cau r ed i t bingig it t on by is uncea sing labors An aggravating circumstance was found in the prisThe p y of da w u de Andrade. asked of the court, ad in the eet of pard being granted by the crown the risoner should at least remain under sirveilliance for the res of his life and ay s dmages 00 pe The argumnts are s ed thie bas of the court so palpable tiat it is not worth hl to dicuss them i The parallel prceedngs in the mit' ryl trya and xecon | of Francisco Rerer in Barclona in i969 caused Wol wide indigntiond and the illegaliy o t every st ep according to Spianish law, Was shown in numerous articles i n the European and American press. Rizal's cas was even more braenly unfair, 1but Mi was too remote and the news too careully censmod for the acts to be- come known... X ' 238 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL The prisoner's arms were tied, corded from elbow to I elbow behind his back, and thus he sat through the weary trial while the public jeered him and clamored for his condemnation as the bloodthirsty crowds jeered and clamored in the French Reign of terror. Then came the verdict and the prisoner was invited to acknowledge the regularity of the proceedings in the farcical trial by signing the record. To this Rizal demurred, but after a vain protest, affixed his signature. He was at once transferred to the Fort chapel, there to pass the last twenty-four hours of his life in preparing for death. The military chaplain offered his services, which were courteously declined, but when the Jesuits came, those instructors of his youth were eagerly welcomed. Rizal's trial had awakened great interest and accounts of everything about the prisoner were cabled by eager correspondents to the Madrid newspapers. One of the newspaper men who visited Rizal in his cell mentions the courtesy of his reception, and relates how the prisoner played the host and insisted on showing his visitor those attentions which Spanish politeness considers due to a guest, saying that these must be permitted, for he was in his own home. The interviewer found the prisoner perfectly calm and natural, serious of course, but not at all overwhelmed by the near prospect of death, and in discussing his career Rizal displayed that dispassionate attitude toward his own doings that was characteristic of him. Almost as though speaking of a stranger he mentioned that if Archbishop Nozaleda's sane view had been taken and " Noli Me Tangere " not preached against, he would not have been in prison, and perhaps the rebellion would never have occurred. It is easy for us to recognize that the author referred to the misconception of his novel, which had arisen from the publication of the censor's | A S |. 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I.t.jiI..m. *".^..^.;m...j.i...Hm m i.^ii-uum.mm i _ m IIII1 I lliUUUIUIiD1llMllliill lUIillilllU~lmlII IIIDUIIUIIUDtIIIUUIIUIIlUIIIWUIlH S ALlD~lIIIIll~ilIIIIUIIUSUI IIUlllmUtllllllll1BnIIIHlllllllllill "CONSUMMATUM EST" 239 extracts, which consisted of whatever could be construed into coming under one of the three headings of attacks on religion, attacks on government, and reflections on Spanish character, without the slightest regard to the context. But the interviewer, quite honestly, reported Rizal to be regretting his novel instead of regretting its miscomprehension, and he seems to have been equally in error in the way he mistook Rizal's meaning about the republicans in Spain having led him astray. Rizal's exact words are not given in the newspaper account, but it is not likely that a man would make admissions in a newspaper interview, which if made formally, would have saved his life. Rizal's memory has one safeguard against the misrepresentations which the absence of any witnesses favorable to him make possible regarding his last moments: a political retraction would have prevented his execution, and since the execution did take place, it is reasonable to believe that Rizal died holding the views for which he had expressed himself willing to suffer martyrdom. Yet this view does not reflect upon the good faith of the reporter. It is probable that the prisoner was calling attention to the illogical result that, though he had disregarded the advice of the radical Spaniards who urged him to violent measures, his peaceable agitation had been misunderstood and brought him to the same situation as though he had actually headed a rebellion by arms. His slighting opinion of his great novel was the view he had always held, for like all men who do really great things, he was the reverse of a braggart, and in his remark that he had attempted to do great things without the capacity for gaining success, one recognizes his remembrance of his mother's angry prophecy foretelling failure in all he undertook. 2 I ==~ Ei Fl 240 LIFE AND' LABORS OF JOSA MIII is famy wi ed long outside the e rnor1 GenerL sd placE to ask a pardon, but in vain General Po1ieja had hto pay th pice of his appointment and refused to see The mother and sistr, however,; were permited tof say farwell to Riial I the chitapel nder the 6 eyes of the deatih-wath. Te prisoner had been iven th unusual privilege of ot eing tied hot he -was not alloweat to approach n ar his Rixal might thus obtain the To hi sister Trinid dRial Ie by way of remembrance except the atlchol cooking lamp which he ha been using a giftj as he mentioned from Mrs. Tavera. Then he added quk kly, iieioi hli ell ies hi i n E lL go hat the is Wiate r. w r r P There is something ginside Th other events of Rial' last t enty-four 6hours, for 2 day Oprecedig his execution, arc perplexing. What purported to be a detailed ac nt was promptly published in Barclnai on Jesuit authority, but one must not forget writing history they arei drama icl in ind. So whil the rutbhfulnesfi that isthe X intenf to e fair may not be tionemdd it would not be stranget those who Wiote of I ~ r I mi~t li5r n m~t m fAs n (SUMMAT ST" I241 Whit hap ed in the chapel in ot Stiago duri Rizal's last hours did not escape entirel from the influonc f thenationa characteisti In Xthe mafitheir artrative s to be accepteid ht thi osihiilt of1 uicorn scou colorng ofld not he disregarded. I be DE LA p 'IMITACIN DE cAisTo Y ME PRECIO D MUNDO.U ilf cUP ggfuo IIiL s. In substance its sallegd that Rial greeted hi old inJi seia ttop and oh acquaintaes in a fil w H se for Copies of the Gose and the writi of Thornas-a&Kempis, desiredto he formally ried to Jo| dmai and aske to hbe allo0wedto onfess. The Jesits esoded a fi it wld he ne a t i igate 242 ' LIFE AND LABORS OF JOS RLIZAL how far his beliefs conformed to the Roman Catholic teachings. Their catechizing convinced them that he was not orthodox and a religious debate ensued in which Rizal, after advancing all known arguments, was completely vanquished. His marriage was made contingent upon his signing a retraction of his published heresies. The Archbishop had prepared a form which the Jesuits believed Rizal would be little likely to sign, and they secured permission to substitute a shorter one of their own which included only the absolute essentials for reconciliation with the Church, and avoided all political references. They say that Rizal objected only to a disavowal of Freemasonry, stating that in England, where he held his membership, the Masonic institution was not hostile to the Church. After some argument, he waived this point and wrote out, at a Jesuit's dictation, the needed retraction, adding some words to strengthen it in parts, indicating his Catholic education and that the act was of his own free will and accord. The prisoner, the priests, and all the Spanish officials present knelt at the altar, at Rizal's suggestion, while he read his retraction aloud. Afterwards he put on a blue scapular, kissed the image of the Sacred Heart he had carved years before, heard mass as when a student in the Ateneo, took communion, and read his a-Kempis or prayed in the intervals. He took breakfast with the Spanish officers, who now regarded him very differently. At six Josefina entered and was married to him by Fathef' Balanguer. Now in this narrative there are some apparent discrepancies. Mention is made of Rizal having in an access of devotion signed in a devotionary all the acts of faith, and I it is said that this book was given to one of his sisters. His chapel gifts to his family have been examined, but though there is a book of devotion, "The Anchor of _A......................... i E a g 1~ i: L' Iltilllh i lllu ll llllllllllllulil^ll l flllillillll u " CONSUMMATUM EST" 243 Faith," it contains no other signature than the presentation on a flyleaf. As to the religious controversy: while in Dapitan Rizal carried on with Father Pio Pi, the Jesuit superior, a lengthy discussion involving the interchange of many letters, but he succeeded in fairly maintaining his views, and these views would hardly have caused him to be called Protestant in the Roman Catholic churches of America. Then the theatrical reading aloud of his re- traction before the altar does not conform to Rizal's known character. As to the anti-Masonic arguments, these appear to be from a work by Monsignor Dupanloup | and therefore were not new to Rizal; furthermore, the book was in his own library. Again, it seems strange that Rizal should have asserted that his Masonic membership was in London when in visiting St. John's Lodge, Scotch Constitution, in Hongkong in November of 1891, since which date he had not | been in London, he registered as from "Temple du hon- neur de les amis frangais," an old-established Paris lodge. Also the sister Lucia, who was said to have been a witness of the marriage, is not positive that it occurred, having only seen the priest at the altar in his vestments. The record of the marriage has been stated to be in the Manila Cathedral, but it is not there, and as the Jesuit in officiating would have been representing the military chaplain, the entry should have been in the Fort register, now in Madrid. Rizal's burial, too, does not indicate that he died in the faith, yet it with the marriage has been used as an argument for proving that the retraction must have been made. The retraction itself appears in two versions, with slight differences. No one outside the Spanish faction has ever seen the original, though the family nearly got into trouble by their persistence in trying to get sight of it after its first publication. A E — I/ Bo 244 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE ItIZAL The foregoing might suggest some disbelief, but in fact they are only proofs of the remarks already made about the Spanish carelessness in details and liking for the dramatic. The writer believes Rizal made a retraction, was married canonically, and was given what was intended to be Christian burial. The grounds for this belief rest upon the fact that he seems never to have been estranged in faith from the Roman Catholic Church, but he objected only to certain political and mercenary abuses. The first retraction is written in his style, and it certainly contains nothing he could not have signed in Dapitan. In fact, Father Obach says that when he wanted to marry Josefina on her first arrival there, Rizal prepared a practically similar statement. Possibly the report of that priest aided in outlining the draft which the Jesuits substituted for the Archbishop's form. There is no mention of evasions or mental reservations, and Rizal's renunciation of Masonry might have been qualified by the quibble that it was "the Masonry which was an enemy of the Church " that he was renouncing. Then since his association (not affiliation) had been with Masons not hostile to religion, he was not abandoning these. The possibility of this line of thought having suggested 2I itself to him appears in his evasions on the witness-stand at his trial. Though he answered with absolute frankness whatever concerned himself and in everyday life was almost quixotically truthful, when cross-examined about others who would be jeopardized by admitting his acquaintance with them, he used the subterfuge of the symbolic names of his Masonic acquaintances. Thus he would say, " I know no one by that name," since care was always taken to employ the symbolic names in introductions and conversations. ~ijlj1 iii~ ~ i}l)iI~Iiillj iiiillillilll~~i#lii1~}li1lli~HillliBl~ ~ i~~illllllllfi}~~lililllllil~ ~ iilli CONS UMATi EST 245 Riais own s hmbolie name was Dimas Alang" - of name y 6 of his eoopao on 0 Il riodi. trip to Tarlac enirey mystified a statio master, as ap pears in the seeret report of the espionage of that trip, which jost preceded his deportatioo to Dapitao. Aoother ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i......- -- - - -- g M '.0- '0 0 g 246 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL possible explanation is that, since Freemasonry professes not to disturb the duties which its members owe to God, their country or their families, he may have considered himself as a good Mason under obligation to do whatever was demanded by these superior interests, all three of which were at this time involved. The argument that it was his pride that restrained him suggested to Rizal the possibility of his being unconsciously under an influence which during his whole life he had been combating, and he may have considered that his duty toward God required the sacrifice of this pride. For his country his sacrifice would have been blemished were any religious stigma to attach to it. He himself had always been careful of his own good name, and as we have said elsewhere, he told his companions that in their country's cause whatever they offered on the altars of patriotism must be as spotless as the sacrificial lambs of Levitical law. Furthermore, his work for a tranquil future for his family would be unfulfilled were he to die outside the Church. Josefina's anomalous status, justifiable when all the facts were known, would be sure to bring criticism upon her unless corrected by the better defined position of a wife by a church marriage. Then the aged parents and the numerous children of his sisters would by his act be saved the scandal that in a country so medievally pious as the Philippines would come from having their relative die " an unrepentant heretic." Rizal had received from the Jesuits, while in prison, several religious books and pictures, which he used as remembrances for members of his family, writing brief dedications upon them. Then he said good-by to Josefina, asking in a low voice some question to which she answered in English, "Yes, yes," and aloud inquiring how she would be able to gain a living, since all his property had IA I A I! itllltltllllilliIIIHHllltlllllllll . I 0~coNStMMATUM EST 2 b n sekiid by the Spanlish governmens t to tisfy jthe *oooo pesta ost whkh was iniluded in the ente of death aint hm Her eply was that she could earn money gaving lesions in aigngls The journy from the ot to the pae of ecti1on then Bag umbaya nj FI eld now caed the Luta, Was on ioot Is arms were tied tihtly behind his ba, ahnd he was surrounded by a heavy guard The esuits accompane idhi and some of his Dapitan schoolboys were in the rowd while one riendly voc that of a Sctch tike chant still rsidt r in t M anila,; calledb to n in l; G"Gu 1 by RaaL"g e route was along the Ma lecon Diive where s a. colle-ge student he d with his f11imancee Lteonora Above the city Walls showed the twin towers.of the tenen an when eh i asked abo ut them, for they were 'ls Wit of Josr RioL not there in Ms boyhood dhays he $0ke of the ha years that e had sent n the old shol he beaut of the mntin too, appld to hm and my hav rcal n experience of his *' visit when he sid to a fend whom he set on the ieach durlng an early mornint walk " Do you know that I have a sort Of foreboding that siome siuh sunshiny mrning as this I shall be out here facing a firig siuind? T os held bk the ws ad lt a large square for the tragedy while at illery behind them was reay for uppressing any attempt at resuing the prisone.E None cae, lhwever, for lgh dhRias brotheT PTaian hid jinied the insurrecionr fores in Cavie when the deth 1 sentien showed there Was no mre hop1 for JoS?, he ad discouraged te demonitra1kion that haid ee planned S 248 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL soon as he learned how scantily the insurgents were armed, hardly a score of serviceable firearms being in the possession of their entire " army." The firing squad was of Filipino soldiers, while behind them, better armed, were Spaniards in case these tried to evade thefratricidal part assigned them. Rizal's com- posure aroused the curiosity of a Spanish military surgeon standing by and he asked, "Colleague, may I feel your pulse?" Without other reply the prisoner twisted one of his hands as far from his body as the cords which bound him allowed, so that the other doctor could place his fingers on the wrist. The beats were steady and showed neither excitement nor fear, was the report made later., _ His request to be allowed to face his executioners | was denied as being out of the power of the commanding officer to grant, though Rizal declared that he did not deserve such a death, for he was no traitor to Spain. It was promised, however, that his head should be respected, and as unblindfolded and erect Rizal turned his back to receive their bullets, he twisted a hand to indicate under I the shoulder where the soldiers should aim so as to reach his heart. Then as the volley came, with a last supreme = effort of will power, he turned and fell face upwards, thus receiving the subsequent shots of grace " which ended his life, so that in form as well as fact he did not die a traitor's death. The Spanish national air was played, that march of Cadiz which should have recalled a violated constitution, for by the laws of Spain itself Rizal was illegally exeI cuted. ' Vivas, laughter and applause were heard, for it had been the social event of the day, with breakfasting parties on the walls and on the carriages, full of interested _[[A3 ONSJUMMATUM E5T" 249 onlookers of bot sexes, lined up conveniently near for the sgtseeing, The troop defiled past fi6the dad botdy, as thouh reviewed ty it, for ti mst commandin figr of all a i that whieh lay lifeless hot the cente of all y A officer realizing the decency doe Eto deah, dre his hand kehif from the dead man's pockeft and ped t1h slk ove t l face A cion stain s m ked the whiteness emblematic of the pure life that had jus eded, a5d wit fthe fi g u b vhd the t i c l of ibN5 erty which had jus climed afnother tmnartyr was re- r d in its Sir Hugh Clifford (no Governor of C6eylon); in:Blackecod' Magzine The Sry of Jof Rial CItheA Filipio A Fragment of Recen Aati Histor comments as follows on the disgraceful doing of that da* "It W" he ites"early irn D b 30, 8 and the brit hi of the troi trans edho down uon fthe open Ospc casing hard fantasic shadows and dr g wi _its ln*do w WS of ight The o was composed of ips we m ela ffnchly sullen ga in gl ithog hople sat the final. | 5 t 5 3 5 0~~l } t e iS~5g5u~5 o~ 5 05tAi~ g q LImll ORIONB~ I ll#~Iil~~% lnlll EzE =5 e= EM HE e= = P5i 3 En =r 35 e= '= =:~ =r r=: = = 250 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL scene in the life of their great countryman-the man who had dared to champion their cause, and to tell the world the story of their miseries; the other was blithe of air, gay with the uniforms of officers and the bright dresses of Spanish ladies, the men jesting and laughing, the women shamelessly applauding with waving handkerchiefs and clapping palms, all alike triumphing openly in the death of the hated ' Indian,' the ' brother of the water-buffalo,' whose insolence had wounded their pride. * * * Turning away, sick at heart, from the contemplation of this bitter tragedy, it is with a thrill of almost vindictive satisfaction that one remembers that less than eighteen months later the Luneta echoed once more to the sound of a mightier fusillade-the roar of the great guns with which the battle of Manila Bay was fought and won. * * * And if in the moment of his last supreme agony the power to probe the future had been vouchsafed to Jose Rizal, would he not have died happy in the knowledge that the land he loved so dearly was very soon to be transferred into such safekeeping? " A. = I i BlramanelmllillaalRHla XI iX i XI THE AFTER-LIFE IN MEMORY A N hour or so after the shooting a dead-wagon from -~I San Juan de Dios Hospital took Rizal's body to Paco Cemetery. The civil governor of Manila was in charge and there also were present the members of a Church society whose duty it was to attend executions. Rizal had been wearing a black suit which he had obtained for his European trip, and a derby hat, not only appropriate for a funeral occasion because of their somber color, but also more desirable than white both for the full day's wear, since they had to be put on before the - twenty-four hours in the chapel, and for the lying on the ground which'would follow the execution of the sentence. A plain box inclosed the remains thus dressed, for even the hat was picked up and encoffined. No visitors were admitted to the cemetery while the interment was going on, and for several weeks after guards watched over the grave, lest Filipinos might come by night to steal away the body and apportion the clothing among themselves as relics of a martyr. Even the exact spot of the interment was intended to be unknown, but friends of the family were among the attendants at the burial and dropped into the grave a marble slab which had been furnished them, bearing the initials of the full baptismal name, Jose Protasio Rizal, in reversed order. The entry of the burial, like that of three of his followers of the Liga Filipina who were among the dozen executed a fortnight later, was on the back flyleaf of the cemetery register, with three or four words of explanation later erased and now unknown. On the previous page was the entry of a suicide's death, and following it is that of the British Consul who died on the A... iiltti 252 LIF AN LAORS 0 jOF J S e of M ni si surri ndfer and whose body, Jby the Arh bshop's erission, was stored in a Paco niche il it cold be rcniovd to thc Proestn (forigncrs') cemc te atrs cS Ma The day of Rial'ss exotion, the day of his birth and the day of his fi rst leavin his nativc land wasa Wednes day. All that h, and the next day the l tin Icontined, the volunteersi who were particularly risfno disgraced Spain's rule in the Philippines, being especally in evidence. I was their clamor that had made the bring ing back of Ri l possiible, their demands for his death had been most promrine in his solld trial, and no they were praising theiselves for their "patriotism" aIzations de ired Ra il's deth. old ished for the ai of their former pupil! to the faith of his childhood, fm which. _. t Et3 '-~ ~~y ~~af~t~~la ~ii ns~~~f-~~~(~~at"~ _~ ~~rtBi~ k~fsg~at i k11 aiiJ~ ~gCtf~fi~t~s~ i~f~ tX-~,i~3 vtf f ~~~~~~~~~I:lt e etr as$X 1. i utX L ~gW~ww W. W~s s sts F,211 6-vc~ tlr fi 0 S S-~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 i d 5 t n tht p]LliE t t l b I e~1~ ptcl~tll~ e(~~8~F f g13C': ~t s X t~D ~l h 5 mae teF Ir~~ll ll;3r R llT ~ llll l l l l llll lll llll llll lllil ll lllllllillll l llil lll ll ill lli { illililll THE AFTER-LIFE IN MEMORY 253 seem to have worked for an opportunity for influencing him, yet his death was certainly not in their plans. Some Filipinos, to save themselves, tried to complicate Rizal with the Katipunan uprising by palpable falsehoods. But not every man is heroic and these can hardly be blamed, for if all the alleged confessions were not secured by actual torture, they were made through fear of it, since in I896 there was in Manila the legal practice of causing bodily suffering by medieval methods supplemented by torments devised by modern science. Among the Spaniards in Manila then, reenforced by those whom the uprising had frightened out of the provinces, were a few who realized that they belonged among the classes caricatured in Rizal's novels-some incompetent, others dishonest, cruel ones, the illiterate, wretched - specimens that had married outside their race to get = money and find wives who would not know them for what they were, or drunken husbands of viragoes. They came to the Philippines because they were below the standard of their homeland. These talked the loudest and thus dominated the undisciplined volunteers. With nothing divine about them, since they had not forgotten, they did not forgive. So when the Tondo "discoverer " of the Katipunan fancied he saw opportunity for promotion in fanning their flame of wrath, they claimed their victims, and neither the panic-stricken populace nor the weakkneed government could withstand them. Once more it must be repeated that Spain has no monopoly of bad characters, nor suffers in the comparison of her honorable citizenship with that of other nation- alities, but her system in the Philippines permitted abuses which good governments seek to avoid or, in the rare occasions when this is impossible, aim to punish. Here was the Spanish shortcoming, for these were the defects m_A A === IIIIIIIIIIHIIII111111~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SE ~ ii l ~llllllllll llll illl lllllI llllllllll lllllllllllli ~i llllllllllllllll i~l l~llUiIiIIIiIIIIIUUIIIIIIIiI}IIIIIIIIM illlllllllllillllllllllllMIIiII~llllllililtllliilllil 254.I AND LAOS 0 J l L w1hich mnade 0poibi so strangea story as tihis biogrpiy was the vng inicmen of Spais weth clna R*ia fily were scattered amon the homes of friend brave enogh Ito risk the ouar resentment rave of Rica in a eeer, M The rem are;*'.'*. in an u everyone in any way id fid with he vi AsNew Yeari's eve appoached, the bands ceasd play AR E iias had worn itself out in the two cninuous days of efleba.t.ion and there was a sning'. of..the hita,,ity i',with wih.'e heres who had saved the fe land" A firs had b er d Te ga d a of I th year became of re n er rem:.-'..: "..:' _*~ ' ~ a son an b1 ' I |susthave come sa a w I|oer| for even sor owh a E AF TER*LIFE IN MEMORY 255 its 1dgree and the exultatFio ovr the eath ebitterd t heir grief. To 1he remote iand humhle home where RiMal's wido and the sister to whom he had promisel ia arting gift were sk elteed the Da itan schoni boy who hiad attendid his Tmpris- oned teaher bhogeht an alcohol cooking-lamp. It waas midtght be fi re tey diared seek the "al i o te tanu and, wit a coynvenhl ent hati of paperwa dislodged fromwherjeit o Thehol lamp s Wen de W n I e ohad ben wedged in, out of sight, so i e m I a its h t in mi nflk ot btyit. w hi It was t iagle fthet of n tepapp bearingt verses in ilty the yng boy copied them, miaking some minor mis- takes owing to his agitation and unfaiiiirity with the |language and the coy wHitht exiplnation was inlde to is raia in Hongko Then the oigin was ak n The g translation f t hese beyses wag a o C ariles Deryshire: 1: *: " *- 11 3ig ' 3A S F33f3333333 3 i3 f~3~l33333X33 i 31 933313 l13tM3Xr1.1l33 ul"fH i lll~f~ iw li~ ifilillpl~illilll Sl'^ llllUlllll illliillii iili;^ I 256 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL Ij ~ MY LAST FAREWELL I Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd, Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost! Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best, And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest, Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight, Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white, Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, 'Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country's need. I die just when I see the dawn break, Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take, Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake, To dye with its crimson the waking ray. My dreams, when life first opened to me, My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high, Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea, From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye. Dream of my life, my living and burning desire, All hail! cries the soul that is now to take flight; All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire; To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire; And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night. If over my grave some day thou seest grow, In the grassy sod, a humble flower, Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so, While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power. =__ A= U:, Z- BIIIMIII WUI~~~~~~~~IS~~WIIIII#IINI~~~~~~~~IIIUIIIH ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ KWI ii TIHE AFTER-LIFE IN MEMORY 257 Let the moon beam over me soft and serene, Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes, Let the wind with sad lament over me keen; And if on my cross a bird should be seen, Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes. Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest; Let some kind soul o'er my untimely fate sigh, And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest. Pray for all those that hapless have died, For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain; For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried, For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried; And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain. And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around, With only the dead in their vigil to see; Break not my repose or the mystery profound, And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound; 'Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee. When even my grave is remembered no more, Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone; Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er, That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor, Before into nothingness at last they are blown. Then will oblivion bring to me no care, As over thy vales and plains I sweep; Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air, Ever repeating the faith that I keep. A ]iIWHIWIIllW A lI l HIfllIU I l WKHIUfllKUWliHWl IIHPI U IIH/W WUI IWIIIIIIlIIUIIIU 258 1ID AND AQRS OF O ZALI My Fatherland adord that sns to rYI sorrow end S 1 oved Filiptnasj hear now my last godabt I give thee all parents and kindred 3andies t *or I go Where no save eore the oppressor bends Where faith can never kill, and God reign e'eron high! r d of y hildhd in h ho dispossessed Gie Mt h that a I esat fr! the wei e I 1wIll to thee, too, swetk f Hind that lgh ened my way I I eId r tues all, frwll In dth thr is resti or some time such belongfings of Riza as had been t s nted to oefia hd benin the care of the Ameicant onsuiatil in Manila for as the adopted d ug ter of the Am n aufr. nshe hid e are todof her as a *sd oird Joan of Arc hot it isnot lik hat one of the fw whih the insurgent d Rill ss a o er j it M toe ei out to hio eisdeunon wold be trd ae to a woman t aort e r iniaw throuMigh faf ert Mrs. Risa re tured to MAni Thaln ae brif t w - n nt ral v11.,,.,,:!,,,4 X u t k uK 1 X t t~:I~ f t s11 1|t nlnencani aur3~~~-~-~~~~~~:r::nucac ~speco.>oe s X r X 01 w,!~~~~~~~ THE AFTER-LIFE IN MEMORY 259 He had learned that his " administrative powers to exile without trial did not extend to foreigners, but by advice of her consul she soon sailed for Hongkong. Mrs. Rizal at first lived in the Basa home and received considerable attention from the Filipino colony. There was too great a difference between the freedom accorded Englishwomen and the restraints surrounding Spanish ladies, however, to avoid difficulties and misunderstandings for very long. She returned to her adopted father's house and after his death married Vicente Abad- a Cebuan, son of a Spaniard who had been prominent in the Tabacalera Company and had become an agent of theirs in Hongkong after he had completed his studies there. Two weeks after Rizal's execution a dozen other members of his "Liga Filipina" were executed on the Luneta. One was a millionaire, Francisco Roxas, who had lost his mind, and believing that he was in church, calmly spread his handkerchief on the ground and knelt upon it as had been his custom in childhood. An old man, Moises Salvador, had been crippled by torture so that he could not stand and had to be laid upon the grass to be - shot. The others met their death standing. That bravery and cruelty do not usually go together was amply demonstrated in Polavieja's case and by the volunteers. The latter once showed their patriotism, -- after a banquet, by going to the water's edge on the Luneta and firing volleys at the insurgents across the bay, miles away. The General was relieved of his command after he had fortified a camp with siege guns against the bolo-armed insurgents, who, however, by captures from the Spaniards were gradually becoming better equipped. But he did not escape condemnation from his own countrymen, and when he visited Giron, years after lie had returned to the Peninsula, circulars were dis 20 LIFE AND TA3ORP OF J6NA' RIZAL M66oanumeat the iW of iia aenc Manila. his ptit and the r tha o P veja was due the oss of the Philippines to Spain. The Kipunan insurgents in time wer b ought off by G de to the Th ~lui1 Nu;etit' "~ OUh f p S g n fi n l 1W XY~~ nr D * 1 D. D S B =L~~~~~ t:m Ie; ~oerure ott Islands for further plunder. The money question does not concern Rizal's leif but his prediction of suffering to the eountry eame true, for while the leaders with the first payment and hostages for hit own safety sailed away Whether reforms were pledged is di sputed, t ih f ny a were, they neve r were pot into efect, No more money wa s paid, and the firs t instalnent, preserved hy the protoyll they were ena: ed to r eturn to their co lhut r uOnr the first anniversary of Ria's exeution some Spaniards desecrated the grave, while on one of the niches 1,*, "*. 'T i' ' rGK ~..~c.m '.w' '' ro.m.. '... i.. hif i idinwrlede is Igfidbut if 1 ot for and the pupoe many fe away, th by theu imwreyths with Taglog to detio to hotn name. On ofom Argi Y 83 the r t t1 A __. ' ~m:a~~f r:~9, iei;~ tli h tvrrg # lt ~ W~~ iy~l lYait 1 6(PeMa7 bf Wns 4 s#ffi he2 262 LIFE AND LABORS OF JOS1 RIfAL W. J. yan an Ril day *1at6 I Fort Santiago in evidenc of the surrende of the cit Ri ls body raised for a more d6ece interment Vainly his sho s were searchd for a las message which be bad sad mgh be e 1aed i e for theIi dampins Ibd m de any paper unrecognii ble Then A simple c s vas erecd tng on a m ok d s ad been the Fore and hisade delte Mariann Prence at the ti n oT h n a the7 i n 1abl IeJA| 1SSiot ee ir~ido t} k ha I I ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ S e!gewt1tt u t I/ I t0It te0t 33 an;nruIeol~l hnasn rs s 1 -~i~~~~d* s, 1 "ct~ad rest~~ln na l ~ e lcd rda db i: I> small ri ine vhchs crted thrlyh df ir i tis rk m d thc so Wth the rversed.itkIMs PR. P. J." y The irt ino of a lipino newspaper under the new govenmient was enitirely dedicated, to RiiaL The second n rsry of his exetio wl s svd With gIen Ial o utrni asy hisc dsmehif k thad th t those who w ere seing the dawn of the ne day were not fortf of the rrea test of those who nhd fale n the nighti to paraphrase his own w ord His widow returned and did B li bhy g iig lesson in E glish a first privatel iyn Ceb wh, one of her pupils v as the present and first Speakr of the Philip pine Assmbly, and afterwards as a Hgovernent employee in the u bli ic selhool and in the I icco of Manila.* was formed near Manila inelud ing the l and across the lake to which, as a lad in Kalamba R iti haid often won tm ingtly oiked, and the am of Later when public holidays were provided for by the ligst and it has Become the great day of the rear with tlh enirie commtuity ounting for Spaniards no longer conW sider him to have been a traitor to Spain and the American hiZ ' it achn s, fE i; & X Z g On one 3 o f as301905 Willam s Jisnfings Bryan, 71"he Great American 11ninionr gae the I ixl Da address, in Ithei cors of which he said if will permit nie to draw one lsso fro i the a _____A~e lg~lfa gr~ss t~tlt J~i~lil t0 w~ttc20>lt7 Xl~i a 13lu 1Xl.127iD~g3L;MNIMU 264 tFE AN LAOR JOSP h51 XL life of Rial I will say that e p:esents an example of a great man consecrated to his country's elfare He ugh ddis a eu to the sholar who sfishlv ccpted ixod1 r fori the rA l toa r by rth e rshr of at6 ae National ir m *m _ch weth muchto the p of o the who d of to th young and;~B-rE1~ag"$ ~~~i k..~flixi-~- * I -I |l ~da~a ~fgt8:sl6ri~ 6r Il~ jl)d."- lr t:1~| i-sa-; 6i~~CE ~iX l~~i~t P1Il~~)~fa ~ ~~- tfl |* -- THE ATEIi-LIIE I MEMORY 265 un by fbli, 6SJIcol now org anid ionk the lils h wi bed to maki e self-dependientJ, capable men and women srong in body as in muind kow nd iaiing their own rilits and reconlizin and re pettng those of otlih.C Hgs fathee died earl int trh year that the flag changclikd but th moth r lived to see honr done her sn and to prove herself as worthy ftor when the Phil ioppite Legislature want d to set asde a consd bl sum for her use sIe elined tl with the tirn and rightfully poudE assertVnu that her family had nevr been atriotic for money Her funeral, in 19 1, was an occasion of public nioutni1n th Gover-Genral, Legisatur and hilef men of _ tb lilands attending, and all publc business being -sus pendd by proc imatlion for the day. A ca1tol or the representatives of the free peple of cth Philipilnest and worthy of the pioReer dlemocratc government in the Oriiet, is 5soo1 to be erncted in the uneta, f cng the bi Rizal monument whih will mark the place of excection i; tohe man who gave his life to prepar' bis countrymen for the changhe conditions 1a _ The Rita monmenki in frofit f t Jhi new C3'io.r __ t. iA.'.__..W ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I t C.J 'I THE TAGALOG STORY OF THE MONKEY AND THE TORTOISE ILLUSTRATED BY JOSE RIZAL A Et '* >M*^1*IMM — M^I — I rof i NOTE An English version of this story entitled "The foolish monkey and the wise turtle" is found in I The First Year Book published by The World Book = Company of New York and Manila. t tlllM#tBfBfir#aBR1#ltllBBI1 lge I= '* '.' * ' - W If;