PPRACTICAL
SPECIFICATIONS OF WVORIKS
EXECUTED IN
ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
AND IN
IROADMAKING AND SEWERING:
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
A SERIES OF PRAOTIOALLY USEFUL AGREEMENTS AND REPORTS.
|lustratt lo'itl tlj ^ =ums  glatts.
BY JOHN      BLENKARN,
CIVIL ENGINEER AND. ARCHITECT.
PHILADELPHIA:
HENRY CAREY BAIRD,
INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER,
406 WALNUT STREET.
1868.








TO
CHARLES GILPIN, ESQ., M.P.
SIR,
I regard your kind permission to dedicate this my
second literary effort to you both a pleasure and privilege, and it affords me the opportunity of acknowledging many acts of kindness received at your hands.
Your encouragement of whatever is conducive to
general utility, gives me hope that, however humble
are the merits of this work, you will approve my desire
to add my quota to the stock of knowledge available to
the public on the important practical business of the
Engineer and Architect.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
JOHN BLENKARN.
Blackheath, S.E., May, 1865.








PREFACE.
SPECIFICATIONS, agreements, forms of contract, bills
of quantities, and reports, are not of a nature to attract
the student in architecture, for they contain, in a dull,
dry, and methodical form, the details and requirements
of the sordid, the money-making, and the practical
business of the profession, and they are by no means so
inviting as the invention of pretty elevations and perspectives of buildings never to be executed, which form
so important a part of the stock in trade of the young
architect.
The student must be reminded, however, that the
neglect of these practical details may not only prove
embarrassing to him in his future career, in his intercourse with other professional men who have acquired a
proficiency in these most important matters, but will,
to a great extent, render him dependent on the advice
of others much his inferior in point of education, and
what may be termed the higher acquirements of the
profession. It has been said, as the highest praise of
Sir John Soane, that he rarely exceeded his estimates,
and, to the greatest censure of other eminent men, that
their estimates could never be depended on. The idea
is all but universal that architects are unable to estimate
the exact. cost of a building, and other persons are




vi                   PREFACE.
largely and profitably employed to make out bills of
quantities and estimates from the architect's drawings,
a section of business which undoubtedly belongs to the
architect, and which he ought to be best able to perform.
If the writer had consulted his own pleasure and
convenience, either he would not have written at all, or
on a subject more congenial to his taste; but, from long
and constant practice, he has witnessed so much ignorance and inaptitude on the part of young men in these.
particulars studying for the profession, and, indeed,
after their studies should have been concluded, and
fitted them for useful assistants, that, with the advice of
his publishers, he has selected in the form now presented a series of specifications, forms of contract,
agreements, bills of quantities,'schedules of prices, and
reports, all bearing on practical subjects and of works
executed, not intended to apply to very extensive
undertakings or to works of any special character, but
to such as are likely to come within the scope of
general practice particularly of the young architect
and surveyor, and in choosing this path the writer is
not aware that he has trespassed on preoccupied ground,
either as to the expense of the book or the questions
treated of in it. An attempt has been made to introduce a variety of subjects, and as these are classified
under the divisions given in the Index, a more detailed
account seemed scarcely necessary in a work of such
limited extent.
At one time it was the intention not to have given
any plates, but, on consideration, this intention was abandoned; however, they are merely such as are sufficient
to illustrate the text, and render the specifications more
applicable; at the same time, the estimates have been




PREFACE.                 vii
given, by which all may see what has been done with
the money.
The contracts and agreements may be considered as
rather occurring within the province of the lawyer
than the engineer, and would, consequently, have been
omitted but for the opinion the author entertains that
mathematics and law should form branches of study of
the engineer and architect, and that that man is ill
qualified to enforce the fulfilment of contracts who is
ignorant of the circumstances'by which they may be
effected, and the means by which they may be broken
and evaded. An eminent lawyer observed to him, on
one occasion, that the best and safest lawyer to consult
in reference to contracts was the architect or engineer
himself, for, at last, all the vital and important questions would have to be referred to him.
Blackheath, S.E., 1865.




LIST OF PLATES.
NO.                                                  PAGE
1. ELEVATIONS OF PLANS OF COTTAGES AT BARNET.. 70
2. ELEVATIONS AND PLANS OF HOUSES AT MAIDSTONE.. 82
3. ELEVATION AND SECTION OF VILLA AT EAST COWES.. 98
4. GROUND AND FIRST-FLOOR PLAN OF DITTO.... ib.
5. ELEVATION OF VILLA AT EAST COWES.... 144
6. GROUND AND FIRST-FLOOR PLAN OF DITTO....  b.
7. DETAILS OF SEWER WORKS......64
8. DETAILS OF IRONWORK, PILING, &c...... 266
9. DETAILS OF IRONWORK....... ib.
10. DITTO, DITTO, DITTO........ ib.
11. SECTION OF ARTESIAN WELL...... 272
12. ELEVATION AND SECTION OF*WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE.  332
13. PLAN, ELEVATION, AND SECTION OF WROUGHT IRON AND
BRICK BRIDGE........ ib.
14. SECTION AND PLAN OF ENGINE AND ENGINE-HOUSE..  284
15. ELEVATION OF A TIMBER BRIDGE..... 410




PRACTICAL
SPECIFICATIONS OF WORKS.
SECTION I.-SURVEYING.
ROADS, FENCES, STREETS, AND SEWERS.
I.-Contract and Specification for the formation and completion of a NEW ROAD at S —, Middlesex.
THIS INDENTURE, made the     day of, between              of, of
the one part, and              of
of the other part.
WHEREAS the said               hath proposed to
prepare and complete certain roads and paths, drains
and gullies, and also erect, build, and complete a certain bridge in and upon the    Farm, in the parish
of E —, in the County of Middlesex, agreeably to the
plans and sections hereto annexed, and marked A, and
to the specification in the schedule hereunder written,
and in all respects to the satisfaction of the engineer
of the said, at or for the sum
of, which proposal he, the said
B




2         SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.,has accepted, and for the due carrying out of
the said proposal and contract, it has been agreed that, of, in the county of,and, of the county of,shall execute a bond, bearing even date herewith to the said, to secure the due performance of the said contract by the said 
and that the said           and             should
enter into these presents.
Now this indenture witnesseth, that in consideration
of the covenants on the part of the said
hereinafter contained, the said        doth hereby
for himself, his executors, and administrators, covenant
with the said, his executors, administrators, and assigns, in manner following, that is to say:
that he, the said, his executors, or administrators, will, on or before the,now
next ensuing, make, do, perform, execute, and complete, or cause to be made, done, performed, and completed, all and singular the works mentioned in the
schedule hereunder written, and according to the plans
and sections hereto annexed; the same works to be
done, performed, and completed in a good, efficient, and
workmanlike manner, and to the satisfaction in all respects of; and also will, at his own costs
and charges, find and provide, execute and perform, all
bricks, stone, and other materials, tools, instruments,
and utensils (the bricks, stones, and other materials to
be of the kind and quality specified in the said schedule, and to be approved of by the said 
and all manner of labour and workmanship that shall
be necessary or proper for the excavation and preparation of the ground, the cartage and removal of the said
soil and earth; the formation, construction, and erection
of the said bridge; and the various roads, paths, drains,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.     3
and gullies, as in the said schedule, plans, and specifications specified; and generally for the performance and
completion of all and singular the works mentioned
and specified in the said schedule hereunder written;
and also that if any of the bricks, stone, or other materials so made use of by the said, his executors or administrators, in or about the said works, be
found defective by the said, and in every
such case he, the said, his executors or
administrators, will forthwith, at his and their own
costs and charges, remove all such defective bricks,
stone, or other materials, and replace the same by other
good and sufficient bricks, stone, or other materials, to
the satisfaction of the said; and also
that if any part of the said works be found defective
by the said                   last above mentioned in
point of workmanship, as by a bad disposition of the
materials or otherwise, then, and in such case he, the
said, his executors or administrators,
shall forthwith, at his and their own costs and charges,
remove all such defective work, and replace the same in
a manner satisfactory to the said; and
also that if the, his executors or
administrators, shall in any manner neglect or delay the
progress and completion of the said works, and the said
shall give or leave notice in writing of
such neglect or delay at the place of abode of the said, his executors or administrators, and the
said, his executors or administrators, shall not proceed with the said works within the
space of seven days after such notice given or left as
aforesaid, then in such case it shall be lawful for the
said, his executors, administrators, or
assigns, to take and complete the said works at his or
their own expense with the same or other workmen,
B 2




4         SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
materials, and utensils (the expense of such last-mentioned completion to be deducted from or set off against
all moneys then due to the said, his
executors and administrators, under this indenture, or
to be recoverable against the said
under this covenant, or against the said
sureties as aforesaid), and without molestation in any
way upon the part of the said, his
executors or administrators; and also that by default
of the said, his executors or administrators, the said works he not completed by the said
first day of June now next ensuing, then and in such
case the said, his executors or administrators, will forfeit and pay to the said
his executors, administrators, and assigns, the
sum of 71. by the week for each and every week that
shall be taken up in completion of the said works after
the said first day of June now next ensuing, such forfeiture to be by way of debts and liquidated damages,
and not by way of penalty, and to be deducted from
or set off against all moneys then due to the said,his executors or administrators, under this
indenture, or to be recoverable against the said
his executors or administrators under this
covenant, or against the said                 sureties as aforesaid.
And the said                   doth hereby further
covenant and agree to, and with the said 
his executors, administrators, and assigns, that if any
defect, failure, or omission shall, within the space of
six months after the completion of the works hereby
covenanted to be performed, be found in any portion
of the said works by the said, then
that the said, his executors or administrators, shall and will forthwith make good, repair,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.    5
and amend such defect or omission, to the satisfaction of
the said, and that in case of his neglecting so to do, then it shall be lawful for the said, his executors or administrators, to
make good and repair the same, the expenses of such
repair and making good to be deducted from or set off
against all moneys then coming to the said,his executors or administrators, under this indenture, or to be recoverable against the said
under this covenant, or against the said
sureties as aforesaid.
And the said, in consideration of
the premises hereby for himself, his executors, and administrators, covenants with the said
his executors and administrators, that he, the said,his executors and administrators, will
pay to the said            his executors and administrators, the sum of, of lawful British money, and
such further sum, if any, as may be due for extra work
as hereinafter mentioned in the manner following, that
is to say, that he, the said, his administrators, executors, or assigns, will fortnightly, on
every second Friday after the first Friday from the commencement of the said works, pay to the said
his executors or administrators, the
sum of 751. for every 1001. worth of work done and
complete up to every Monday preceding such second
Friday, upon receiving, a certificate signed by the
said, that such amount of work
has been completed.
Provided always that the said, his
executors, administrators, or assigns, shall not in any
case be called upon to pay more than the sum of 3001.
per month on account of such per-centage, and will pay
the remaining 251. per cent. of the work done, or other




6         SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
the balance remaining due, at the completion of the said
works as follows (that is to say): 171. 10s. per cent. of
such 251. per cent. within one month after such completion, and the remaining 71. 10s. per cent. on the expiration of six calendar months next after all the works in
the schedule hereunder written shall have been finished
and completed to the satisfaction of the said, the same to be testified in writing under
his hands, subject always to such deduction, set-off
claim, or forfeiture as aforesaid.
And it is hereby further agreed and declared by and
between the parties hereto, that if ina'the progress of the
said works the said, his executors,
administrators, and assigns, shall in writing direct other
work to be done by the said, his executors or administrators, than mentioned or specified in
the schedule hereunder written, and in such case the
said, his executors, administrators, or
assigns, shall and will pay to the said
his executors or administrators, for such extra work
such further sum as having regard to the said hereinbefore mentioned contract price of               the
said                 may deem reasonable and fitting.
And it is hereby further agreed and declared by and
between the parties hereto, that all bricks, stone, and
other materials brought on the said            Farm
or prepared there by the said, his executors or administrators, in pursuance of this contract,
and approved by the said, shall,
from the period of such approbation, absolutely vest in
and become the property of the said,his
executors, administrators, or assigns.
Provided always that in all questions or differences
that may arise between the said parties hereto, or their
representatives, in the progress of the said works, con



SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   7
cerning the management, value, adlneasurement, or
quality of work (including extra work and reparations
or materials, or the fitness or quality of workmanship,
or the times of completion of the works, or any part
thereof, or the neglect or default on the part of the said,his executors, or administrators), the
decision of the said    shall be final and conclusive.
In witness, &c.
Schedule above referred to.
ROAD FOOTPATHS AND EARTHWORK.
To remove the present turf or surface of the road six
inches in depth and sixty feet wide, applying the turf or
surface so removed to the formation of the footpaths
and embankments at the bridge hereinafter mentioned,
and for making up the irregularities and inequalities on
the surface of the road; also to remove, to the depth of
six inches more, the soil at the side of the footpath or
water-table, running the same out gradually to the'formation surface in the centre of the road, and in accordance with the curve shown in the transverse section of
the road, and to apply the soil so removed to form the
footpaths and embankments at the bridge.
At the places where the road crosses any of the open
ditches, to lay down nine-inch tubular socket metallic
earthenware glazed pipes, such pipes to be of the best
manufacture and provided by the contractor.  Under
th'e footpaths, as shown on plan, lay in similar pipes to
carry the water from the water-tables into the brook at
a.proper inclination to prevent the washing away of the
embankments.
To form the embankments at the bridge according to
the sections and plans in the accompanying drawing.
To form and lay out the footpaths; the same to be




8        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
raised, as shown on transverse section,. above the watertables, and gradually sloping thereto on the finished
surface.
To finish the edges of the footpaths with a turf border
eight to ten inches wide. The sides of the footpaths to
be drawn to the true curve of the road, and pared and
packed perfectly square and smooth on the finished
surface.
To cut away any of the fences where directed, for
making bavins therewith, laying the same down upon
the formation of the road where it is soft, and over the
embankments, in such a manner that they shall measure
full seven inches in thickness when covered with ballast.
To provide, cart, shoot, and spread good gravel
screenings over the whole surface of the footpaths, the
same to be subsequently raked level and then rolled
smooth on the surface with a heavy roller, and to be
laid down of such a depth and thickness as that there
shall be an uniform thickness or depth of eight inches
of gravel after the same shall have been levelled and
rolled.
To provide, cart, shoot, and spread over the surface
of the road good well-screened gravel or ballast (not
applying any gravel or stones that will pass through a
sieve or riddle of one inch gauge), the same to be raked
level and rolled in the same manner, and to be of a
similar depth, as provided for in respect to the footpaths,
and in addition, after the gravel shall have been well
rolled and settled, provide, cart, tip, and spread along
the middle of the road, and for the whole length thereof,
and for the full width of thirty feet, a further layer of
three inches in thickness of such finer gauged gravel
as the said engineer shall direct.
To plant both sides of the road three feet from the
inner line of the footpaths, young lime-trees that have




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   9
been properly trained and transplanted in the nursery
not less than seven feet high, with strong stems and
well-formed heads, a strong stake being driven into the
ground close to each tree, to which the tree shall be tied
with bands of hay or strong cord over packing of straw.
The tree and stake to be encased to the height of five
feet with sharp thorns cut from the fences, and bound
round the same with willow or hazel bands in four or
five places; the time and manner of removing and
planting the said trees to be left to the discretion of the
engineer.
The contractor will be allowed, provided he fill in
and level the ground in a proper manner after the
gravel has been removed,- to take gravel from those
portions of the estate known as allotments No. 167 to
205 inclusive, 286 to 297 inclusive, and 298 to 314 inclusive, and as paddock allotments 38 to 44 and 61 to
64, all inclusive, or on such other portions of the said
farm and adjoining estate, called            Farm,
appointed in writing by the engineer, for the purposes
of this contract. But the contractor is not to dig for
gravel to a greater depth than five feet from the surface
nor within a distance of sixty feet from the front boundary line of any of the allotments.
Provide and lay down under the footpaths at such
points as shall be directed by the engineer, three hundred feet of six-inch socket metallic earthenware pipes
of the best manufacture, at proper inclinations, for the
purpose of carrying off and conveying the water from
the water-tables into the adjoining ditches, the watertables to be formed according to section, with rubble
boulders or large flints. (to be provided by the contractor), carefully pitched and packed, and raking to a
proper inclination for carrying off the water.




10       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
THE BRIDGE.
To provide centring, turning pieces, laggins, scaffolding tackle, and every requisite for the construction of
the bridge.
To excavate for the foundations, according to the
depths shown in the drawings, or deeper should it be
found necessary so to do, and level and pun the same
to a smooth, compact, and hard surface for the reception of the intended brickwork. The brickwork to be
performed in the best manner with compact, hard, and
well-burnt stock bricks in the manner of English bond,
such bricks and all other necessary materials to be provided by the contractor, the'joints to be well flushed
with mortar and grouted with liquid mortar at every
second course. No four courses of the brickwork to
rise more than three-quarters of an inch above the
thickness of the bricks. The arch to be formed of three
concentric rings of four and a half inch brickwork set
in cement, and no whole-length bricks to be used
running through two of the courses, all the face joints
to be drawn in a neat, straight, and even line, and
neatly flat pointed. The parapets above the ground
to be neatly flat pointed on both sides.
The spandrels to be filled with concrete thrown from
a stage nine feet high, and spread over the arch a thickness of six inches of the same kind of concrete, which
may be formed of flints and a proper proportion of
lime.
The foundations, counterforts, parapets, and other
appurtenances to be performed of the full size indicated
by the drawings, and the whole to be completed to the
entire satisfaction of the said engineer.
The foundations to the ground-level as well as the
arch to be set in cement, the rest of the brickwork in




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  11
mortar composed of the best well-burnt stone lime and
sand, in the proportion of one-third of the former to
two-thirds of the latter.
The parapet-walls to be coped with Portland stone
twelve inches in thickness, tool-dressed at the sides,
rounded at top, and in thickness equal to the width of
the wall. The whole to be set in cement, and dowelled
with three strong copper dowels in each stone, run with
lead. No stone to be less than three feet in length.
The contractor to provide all bricks, stone, mortar,
cement, and other materials, together with all cartage,
tools, tackle, gearing, labour, and workmanship requisite or necessary for the thorough formation and
completion of the bridge, road, footpaths, and other
works specified and set forth in this schedule, the whole
of such works to be prepared to the entire satisfaction
of the said surveyor, and to be left or given up by the 
contractor in a clean, finished, and perfect condition.
Note.-With reference to the foregoing contract, the
formation on which the gravel was laid being generally
sound and firm, bavins were required in only two instances, one being over the embankment at the bridge.
These were cut from the hedges and applied in the green
state, and, with the exception of gorse, perhaps thorns
of good growth form the best bavins that can be used. I
have seen gorse that had been buried ten feet deep in a
sandy soil for more than seventeen years, which, when
dug up, was as fresh, to all appearance, as the day
when it was first put down.
The road is not drained, as some delay was anticipated in this respect from the Local Board of Health,
but the water-tables are broad and well-paved, and there
is an inclination from each end of the road to the




12       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
bridge in the centre, so that the water finds its way
down, and is carried into the brook by metallic earthenware pipes put under the footpaths at the four corners
of the parapet wall of the bridge. The road is eighty
feet wide inclusive of the two footpaths, which are each
twelve feet wide.
II. —Specificatipn of Works to be done in Constructing
and thoroughly Completing the DRAINAGE OF ROADS
to the        Estate, belonging to 
according to Plans and Specifications prepared by
their Surveyor,, under whose
directions and superintendence the Works are to be
carried on and completed.
The contractor to provide all the materials, labour,
carriage, tools, planks, barrows, and all the implements
necessary for the works executed as hereinafter mentioned.
To dig out the ground to the required depth for the
mains, cross drains, and cess-pits, also for the proper
formation of the roads and paths, and perform all other
digging that may be required.
To grub up and clear away all the fences, including
the boundary fences, belonging'to the estate. In digging
the trenches for the drains the contractor to excavate
the trenches to be opened at least one foot wider than
the diameter of the pipe or brick drain intended to be
laid. The bottom of the trench to be hollowed out to
the exact form and size of the lower half of the pipe,
which will be embedded in it; any irregularity in the
trenches to be filled up with gravel or clay firmly
rammed in, but where the ground would not present




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  13
a sufficiently firm foundation for the pipes, the contractor to execute to such increased depth as may be
necessary, and shall make good to the required form
and level with concrete.
In laying the drains in the ditches of the present
parish roads, the ditches to be thoroughly cleaned out,
and a bottom of hard rubbish formed for bedding the
pipes.
To fill up the trenches of drain pipes where they cross
intended roads, with concrete formed of six parts of unscreened gravel and one part of fresh ground stone lime.
The soil on each side and six inches over the pipes
to be carefully laid in, so as not to disturb them, and
solidly rammed down. The trenches to be then filled
in with layers of earth twelve inches deep at a time, each
layer being well rammed over the whole surface. The
first layer to be placed over the pipes with a shovel and
not from barrows. The pipes not to be walked upon
until this is done.
To form the bed for new roads and paths, so as to
leave sufficient depth for the materials hereinafter
mentioned, removing the hedges, timber, and surface
of the ground where required, filling up the hollows to
a hard consistency. To deposit the turf and mould
outside the footpaths, and any of them that may remain
to become the property of the vendor.
To form the roads of a total thickness of fifteen
inches, the first layer to be composed of gravel nine
inches thick, free from too great an admixture of small
stones, clay, or sand, and entirely free from refuse or
rubbish, the second and third layers, each three inches
thick, to be of gravel passed once through a proper
screen.
To form the paths of one course of three inches of
screened gravel and one course of fine hoggin; to form




14       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
footpaths, and to make good to the existing roads
bounding the estate.
Sufficient gravel, of a quality satisfactory to the surveyor, is estimated will be found on the estate.
It may be dug for the above purposes from such
parts as the surveyor may direct, but the contractor is
to fill up and level all parts where gravel may be excavated.
All sand and gravel that may be excavated and not
required in the performance of the works, to remain the
property of the vendors, and to be deposited on such
parts of the estate as may be directed by the surveyor;
should the quality of the gravel be not approved by
the surveyor, the contractor to find sufficient gravel of
approved quality.
To deposit and-level all superfluous earthwork on
such part of the estate as may be directed; to clear and
cart away all rubbish.
To execute all brickwork in Roman cement necessary
to form all cess-pits for the gully shoots, with their
inverts.
The bricks to be of good sound, whole, hard, wellburnt stocks of uniform shape.
The Roman cement to be the very best, used fresh,
and mixed with clean, sharp sand, in equal proportions.
To lay glazed stoneware pipes of the several forms
and dimensions shown on drawing, and of the following
dimensions and thicknesses:
12 inch.. 14 inch in thickness
9..  1,,
6,,..
To provide all junction-curves and tapering lengths
of the most approved kind.
To lay for each house six-inch curved junctions and




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  15
six-inch pipes up to the frontage line of each plot,
where single drains are shown using one junction.
To provide six-inch curved and other pipes, and connect the gully shoots with main drains.
To connect with bell mouths all existing drains with
the new line of pipes.
Previously to the pipes being lowered into the
trenches they shall be fitted together dry on' the surface, and matched, so that when jointed in the trench
they may form the most accurate and truest possible
line of tubes.
To lay the pipes truly in line and gradient throughout; the ends of all junctions laid in for any future
house-drains to be closed up with a piece of tile or
slate, and a small stake to be driven in opposite each
junction.
The pipes to be sound, well burnt through their
whole thickness, impermeable to moisture, and of smooth
interior surface; the joinings of the parts perfectly
sound; and the pipes free from cracks, flaws, blisters,
and all other imperfections, circular in the bore, of true
form in length, whether straight or curved, internally
of the full specified diameter, and of uniform thickness.
The joints to be socket or half socket, and, alternately,
in joining the lengths, the socket of the pipe shall be
neatly filled and rammed with clay, well tempered and
worked to the proper consistency; the end of the next
pipe being then carefully placed in, shall be bedded and
surrounded externally with a band or layer of clay, extending three inches each way beyond the external line
of each joint, and tapering off from three inches in the
middle. Especial care to be taken that this band is
made perfect and tight on the under part of the joint.
To insure this, and to allow of the continuous bedding




16        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
of the pipe, the bottom soil must be dished out at every
joint.
The interior of the pipes to be carefully freed from
all dirt or superfluous clay as the works proceed, for
which purpose a mould, sufficiently large to pass two
joints from the end of the pipe last laid, to be continuously worked through.
To properly bed on cess-pits cast-iron gully gratings
and frames twelve inches by twelve inches, in separate
pieces; the grates to be made to open and fasten with
cast-iron catches, pinned to the grates with wroughtiron pins.
No line of pipes shall be covered until they have
been examined by the surveyor, or clerk of works appointed by him, and directions given to that effect.
To take up, refix, and make good the present rough
fence, and fence off the roads, new and old, with cleft
fencing; three rails of a similar description.
GENERAL CONDITIONS.
The levels from which the section is made are believed to be accurate, but the contractor must verify all
data with which he may be furnished, should he think
fit, as he will be held responsible for any error.
The contractor shall give all necessary notices in
writing to all persons having authority over roads, or
other property or works, liable to be affected by the execution of the contract.
The contractor shall execute with the best materials
and workmanship of the several kinds the whole of the
works comprised in the drawings and specifications;
they are intended to include whatever may be requisite
to render the works complete, but should anything be
accidentally omitted which may fairly be implied as in



SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  17
cluded in the contract, the same shall be executed at
the expense of the contractor.
CONDITIONS OF TENDER.
The surveyor to have the power of refusing to accept
any tender; and no claim shall arise if he thinks proper
to decline to accept any one.
The tenders to state in one sum every matter or thing
contained in the contract.
The tenders to be sent, &c.
Payment, 75 per cent. as the work proceeds.
The balance on completion, except 10 per cent. on
total amount, to be kept in hand four months as a
security against repairs (vide agreement).
The works to be completed in            months
after signing the contract.
III.-Specification for making Roads, open Drains, and
other works in, in the County
of
INCLOSURE.
The work to be done consists in making four roads
and nine open drains; and also to widen and deepen
the outfall ditch leading from the     side of the
and to clear away a portion of the fence at
the          corner of, in order to widen
the space for the intended new road and drain at that
point.
OPEN DRAINS.
The drains to be excavated and formed (which shall
be the first work done) are nine in number, in the posiC




18       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
tions indicated on the inclosure map, and numbered
1 to 8.
The soil through which the drains are to be made is
generally clay and gravel.
The rate and length of the inclinations of all the drains,
and the widths of the bottoms, are marked in blue lines
and figures on the sections of drains, and they are to be
formed strictly in accordance therewith, unless otherwise directed by the valuer.
Quick mounds are to be made next to embankments,
and for this purpose the best top soil is to be reserved,
of which the contractor is to form such mounds as will
be required of the form and dimensions shown on the
general cross-sections.
The sods upon the lines of the drains and roads are
to be taken off and laid aside, and all the earth that
may be taken out of the drains is to be used as' hereinafter stated, for the purpose of forming embankments
of the roads, and filling in hollows of same, and those
parts of the old brooks or water-courses which will be
abandoned for the new water-courses, are also to be
filled up and sodded over. Any surplus earth that
may not be required for the above purposes shall be
either placed in heaps or spread as may be directed by
the valuer.
The general cross-sections of the drains are to be as
follows, viz. the side slopes in clay, when the drains do
not exceed 5 feet in depth, to be 1 to 1, but above that
depth 14 to 1. In gravelly or sandy soil the slopes are
to be 14 to 1 for all depths, and to be sodded for the
whole depth; and where the drains may be cut through
soil which is part clay and part gravel or sand, the gravelly or sandy parts are to be sodded; but should it be
found that the soil through which the drains may be cut
will stand at steeper slopes than those above mentioned,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  19
it shall be competent for the valuer to direct the formation of the slopes as he may think fit.
All roots of trees must be taken out or cut off where
they intrude into the drains.
Wherever roadways are required to be formed from
the public roads to the adjoining lands over the drains
or culverts for drains crossing the roads, they are to be
constructed of the form and dimensions indicated on
the plan and section, and the contractor must state
a price in the schedule for constructing one of each
kind, so that more or less in numb.er Can be directed to
be executed by the valuer as required. And they shall
be of the best brickwork, set in good lime, mortar, and
cement, in those parts indicated by the drawing.
ROADS.
The roads to be made are four in number, and are
laid down on the inclosure map. The first commences
at the point marked a, passes b, and terminates at the
point c, numbered in red 1 on the map; the second
commences at b and terminates at d, numbered 2; the
third commences at c, passes f, and terminates at g,
numbered 3 on the map; the fourth commences at f,
and terminates at h, and numbered 4 on the map.
All the roads are to be formed 30 feet wide, and graveiled 15 feet wide, of the form shown by the cross
sections for roads.
The centres of the roads, when completed, are to have
a rise of 10- inches above the water tables. The water
tables are to be level with each other.
The forming is to be made in accordance with the
general cross-section of roads. The lines of roads are
to be perfectly cleared of all roots, and the holes caused
by removing them are to be filled up solid and
rammed down.
C  t




20       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
The roads are generally to follow the inclination of
the surface of the ground, except in cases where hollows occur, and where embankments are shown on sections. The surplus earth from the excavations of the
drains Nos. 2, 3, and 4, is to be used in raising the surface of road No. 1, at the hollows where these drains
intersect the said road, as'shown on section; where
hollows occur in any of the roads, they shall in all cases
be filled in so as to render the roads of' as even an inclination as may be. Where embankments are made,
the slopes are to be formed at 2 -to 1 and sodded, and
are to be formed according to the cross section.
The drains and forming having been completed to
the satisfaction of the valuer, the metalling is to be
spread upon the part left for it to the depth of 9 inches
for the whole width of 15 feet. The gravel is to be
procured from any part of the, or, if
none of sufficient quality can be found there, it is to be
taken from a field belonging to, situate
near to the east side of the                Where
gravel has been excavated, the surface is to be properly
levelled down and sodded or soiled; all the gravel
shall be properly screened, and the large broken, so that
none of it shall be larger than will pass through a circular ring 2- inches in diameter. The quality of the
gravel used, and the manner and place of its excavation,
are to be subject to the approval of the valuer.
OUTFALL DITCH.
The ditch is to be widened and deepened by clearing
away a portion of the bank, as shown on the plan and
section, for the length coloured red on the plan, and
the remainder of the ditch deepened as shown on section.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  21
BANK BY
This is to be removed for the distance shown on the
plan for the forming of the road and drain shown
thereon.
The contractor will be required to keep the metalling
of the roads raked in smooth, and an additional quantity
supplied, if necessary, for six months after the whole
work shall have been pronounced by the valuer to be
completed, or to such time as the certificate of the justices of their being properly made, shall have been
given; and for the same period all the drains and other
works in connexion with them are t6 be maintained
and kept in repair, and free for the passage of the
water.
GENERAL CONDITIONS.
The contractor, upon receiving notice from the valuer,
shall have possession of the land, and shall commence
the roads, drains, and other works, and must proceed
from day to day with them until completed.
The valuer will put in level-pegs, or other marks, to
indicate the positions, inclinations, heights, and depths,
of the works, but the contractor must satisfy himself
that the works so set out are in accordance with the
plans, sections, and specifications.
The contractor is to find all materials for the several
works-viz. labourers' tools, and other implements, and
the contract sum is to include the use and employment
of the above in the execution of the several works; and
all the above are to be provided in sufficient quantity
and quality to enable him to proceed with the work
efficiently and with proper expedition, so as to ensure
the completion of the works in the manner and style
specified, and in the time to be agreed upon. But should




22        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
the valuer object to any of the tools, implements, and
materials, either in use or brought upon the works in
order to be used, as insufficient or incapable of work, the
contractor is, upon notice, to remove them, and provide
others which shall be satisfactory to the valuer. And in
case he shall refuse or neglect to remove such tools, implements, or materials, the valuer shall remove them
and provide others, and may cause them to be used and
employed at the cost of the contractor and his securities
in the performance of his contract. And should the
contractor refuse, neglect, or become incapable of proceeding with the works with due expedition and efficiency, and not, in the judgment of the valuer, in a
satisfactory manner, the valuer, by notice to his securities, shall call upon them to perform and fulfil the
contract; and should they also refuse, neglect, or become incapable, and should they not set about and
continue the works according to the plan, sections, and
specification and the terms and conditions of the contract within fourteen days from such notice, the valuer
shall take possession of all tools, implements, and materials which shall be on the several works, and shall use
and employ them, and shall procure and provide others,
and employ foremen, labourers, and horses, and shall
proceed with all or part of the works, and shall pay and
deduct all costs and charges which he shall have incurred from and out of the money which shall be in the
hands of the valuer, as hereinafter provided. And
should the costs of such works, or any extra works
which may be found necessary and be executed under
the contract, exceed the contract sum, and the sum
which would have been paid to the contractor for extra
works, the securities are to make good and pay all such
sums which are over and above the said contract sums.
Should other works, or any extension of those shown on




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  23
the plan and sections and set forth in the specification,
be found necessary to be executed, the contractor shall,
upon notice from the valuer in writing, undertake them
and complete them according to the plan, sections, and
specification, or such other plan, sections, or specifica.
tions which the valuer may require, provided that all
such extra work shall have been ordered in writing by
the valuer, and a price or sum agreed to between him
and the contractor; and should any extra work or
diminution be ordered in writing by the valuer, such
extra work or any diminution is to be estimated according to the schedule of prices hereunto annexed, but
should the schedule not specify any particular kind of
work which may be required and ordered as hereinbefore directed, the contractor is to send in a tender to the
valuer for such work. But no such extra work or
diminution shall in any way annul or invalidate any of
the terms, conditions, or directions contained in this
contract, or the plans, sections, and specification.
All the materials, whether supplied by the contractor
or not, are to be the best of their kind, and found in
ample quantities for the proper fulfilment of the contract, and the workmanship to be the best for the
several parts of the works, and performed with due skill
and care, so as to ensure the performance and completion of the works in the best manner, and to the full
satisfaction of the valuer; and as to the roads, so that
the certificate of the justices of their being properly
made may be obtained.
The contractor must take the whole responsibility of
the works, and should any unforeseen difficulties arise
from bad weather, or from any other cause, involving a
greater expenditure of money and loss of time than the
contractor expected at the commencement of his contract, he or his. securities must proceed with the re



24        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
mainder of the work, and no allowance will be made for
any such casualty.
The contractor, or his securities, from the date of the
certificate of the valuer of the due fulfilment and completion of his contract, shall commence, and continue to
maintain and keep in repair, all the works fit for the
purposes for which they are severally intended, and
upon such terms as'are hereinbefore specified for six
months from the date of the said certificate, and he is to
supply all new materials and labour,. and the expense of
such maintenance and keeping in repair shall be included by him in his total contract sum; and..he shall
repair, and build up, and make complete any works
which may fail, although he shall have obtained the
certificate of the valuer of their due performance.
The contractor, or his securities; is to make good, and
repair, and compensate for any damage that he, his
agents, or men may do during the progress and maintenance of the works; and should it be necessary to remove any trees for the purpose of performing and executing theworks, he is to give notice to the valuer, who
will direct their removal by the contractor, and he is to
act in all respects as the valuer may direct. And he is
not necessarily to. dig holes, trespass, or make roads or
tracks across or about the          and other lands;
and wherever it is necessary to dig, or cut, or make
passages for carts, waggons, horses, &c., he must fill up,
repair, and soil them over, as it is hereinbefore stated.
In case of refusal or neglect, the valuer will repair such
damage, and the cost will be paid and deducted out of
the money in the valuer's hands.
Printed copies of thespecification and form of tender
will be furnished on application, but the contractor
must provide copies of the plan and sections at his own
expense, and he must be responsible for the correctness
of such copies, as no allowance or compensation will be




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   25
given in case the works are not executed strictly in
accordance therewith (except as may be agreed upon
for any extra works or diminution thereof), and any
works executed contrary thereto must be taken up and
reconstructed according to the plan, section, and specification.'In case of differences arising between the contractor
and the valuer, as to the construction or meaning of the
terms,- conditions, and provisions for the works to be
executed, and set forth in the plan, sections, and specification, an indifferent and disinterested person, as may
be agreed upon, shall be' called in,' and the question referred to him, and his decision shall, be final. And
should the valuer and contractor not be able to agree
upon a person to decide the differences, the valuer shall
name to the said contractor, in writing, six persons, one
of whom is to be selected by the contractor within six
days, and the decision of the person so selected shall be
final; and should the contractor'refuse or neglect for
six days so to select one of the six persons who have
been so named by the valuer, the matter shall be left to
the decision of the said valuer, whose decision shall be
final.  But in case the works are not being executed in
a proper or satisfactory manner, or bad and inefficient
materials, tools, implements, carts, horses, labourers,
workmen, centerings, or other things, are being used
and employed by the contractor, the decision of the
valuer shall be final, and his directions as to remedying
any defects, or providing other tools, materials, implements, or labour, must be followed under the conditions
and stipulations hereinbefore stated.
The contractor is to state in his tender the time-not
exceeding four months-within which he will complete
all the said works as set forth in the plan, sections, and
specification; including such other extra works as may
be ordered by the valuer; and the repair or reinstating




26        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
of any defective or imperfect works which may have
been disallowed by the valuer; and such time is to be
computed from the time at which the valuer shall give
notice for commencing such works.    But in case he
shall not have completed the works fully to the satisfaction of the valuer, from  any cause whatever, by the
time specified in such tender, he or his securities shall
forfeit and pay the sum of twenty pounds per week for
every week (not exceeding four) during which such
work remains incomplete and unfinished; and fifty
pounds per week for every week after the first four in
which such works shall remain unfinished or incomplete.  And such limited time as stated in the tender
shall include the time which may be lost or employed
by the delay arising from the adjustment of any differences between the contractor and valuer, or their
arbitrator, and he or his sureties shall be subject to like
penalties for such delay. All penalties shall be made
and paid out of money that may be in the hands of the
valuer, and which otherwise would be paid to the con
tractor or his securities, and such penalties to be paid
by way of ascertained and liquidated damages.
The contractor will be paid monthly, on the valuer
ascertaining the amount of work    done within the
month, less twenty per cent. of the valuer's estimate,
which sum so deducted will be retained in the hands of
the valuer, until the contractor shall have completed
the whole of the works, and on the completion of all
the works to the valuer's satisfaction, the contractor is
to be paid half the sum so retained, and when he shall
have maintained and kept in repair the works for the
six months from the date of the valuer's certificate, and
to his satisfaction, and when the certificate of the justices
shall have been given, he is to be paid the remaining
half of the sum so retained in the hands of the valuer.
The contractor will be required to enter into a bond,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.        27'
at his own expense, for the cue performance of woriks~
extra works, and maintenance of the same within the
time specified, together with two sureties jointly and
severally for the sum  of five hundred pounds in addition to the twenty per cent. deduction to be retained in
the hands of the valuer as hereinbefore stated.
SCHEDULE OF PRICES.
s.  d.
To excavating drains... at per cubic yard
If three feet deep.... 
If four ditto....,
If five ditto.....,
If six ditto...,
If seven ditto.... 
Common forming, including water-tables, at per foot run
Excavating, carrying, and forming  enbankments
at per cubic yard
Metalling roads.... at per rod run
Executing brickwork in culverts and side approaches,
including excavating foundations, scaffolding, centering, labour, and materials, to forms shown on sections
at per foot run
If two feet wide...,
If two feet six inches wide.. 
If three feet ditto....
Providing and laying six-inch socket-pipes, including
excavations, &c....
If three feet deep.... at per foot run
If four feet ditto....,
If five feet ditto...,
If six feet ditto....
If seven feet ditto..
Providing and laying nine-inch socket-pipes, including
excavations, and mlaking good after laying same
If three feet deep... at per yard run
If four feet ditto...
If five feet ditto....,
If six feet ditto....,
If seven feet ditto.....
Providing and laying twelve-inch socket-pipes, including
excavations, &c....
If three feet deep....at per yard run
If four feet ditto..,
If five feet ditto....
If six feet ditto...
If seven feet ditto...,,




28       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
FORM OF TENDER.
To the Valuer in the matter of
The undersigned do hereby undertake to perform all
the works, matters, and things necessary to be done in
the execution of the roads, culverts, drains, and other
works under this inclosure, and in cutting, forming,
and completely finishing and maintaining the said
works, as shown on the plans and sections produced to
me, at the office of the valuer, and
described in the specification furnished to me, and in
accordance with the conditions thereto attached, and to
the entire satisfaction of. the valuer, and under the
direction of such officer as may be instructed by him to
superintend the execution of the said works, for the
sum of, and         do hereby propose
as responsible sureties           of
and                        of
who are willing to be bound with          jointly
and severally, in the sum of five hundred pounds, for
the due and satisfactory performance of the whole of
the said works, in the manner above-mentioned, and for
the maintenance thereof in complete repair for six
months from the completion of the same.
Signature
Address
Date
The tender to be sent under cover, sealed, and
directed to, on or before
o'clock in the forenoon of Saturday, the     day
of, after which time no tender will be
received.
The following form should be filled up and signed
by the contractor's proposed sureties:




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   29
I*                            hereby engage to be
jointly and separately bound with
andt
in the sum of five hundred pounds, for the due performance of the works necessary to be done in the execution of the roads, culverts, drains, and other works
under this inclosure, according to the plan, sections,
specification, and general conditions, and the schedule
of prices therein referred to.
As witness my hand this           day of
Signature
Address
Note.-All tenders not made in the form supplied,
or not accompanied by the forms signed respectively
by each of the proposed sureties, stating their willingness to enter into the required bond, will be rejected.
IV.-Abstract of Specification for Works to be executed
on                    at
EARTHWORK
Comprises the removal of all clay, earth, stone, and
other d6bris not required for ballast, from the cuttings
to the embankments for the formation of the, under surface of the roads and paths. To properly turn and trim
such under surface for the deposit of the metalling
thereon, and also to carry such embankments and
cuttings to the heights and depths shown on the accompanying plans and sections, forming all the slopes to an
inclination of two to one, and removing all earth, clay,
* Insert name of contractor.
t Insert name of other surety.




30       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
or other spoil, trees, fences, bushes, stumps, and roots,
that may interfere with the said formations of the roads
or paths, and that may be required for the formation of
the same, removing all superfluous earth, clay, and
other spoil from the cuttings, not required in the embankments for the purposes of filling up the hollows,
cavities, and ditches on the sides of the
road, levelling and filling up the pond; and should
such superfluous earth, clay, or spoil prove insufficient
for such purpose, the deficiency to be supplied by giving
a gradual inclination or batter to the adjoining ground
by removing such required earth or soil therefrom, and
such inclination shall in no case be greater than one in
twelve, unless by the approval of the surveyor.
The slope on the east side of the road        on
plan, and the embankment on the north side of the road.
on plan, shall be turfed over with growing
turf or sods taken from the roads in excavating; such
sods to be well beaten to a uniform surface, and properly
placed on the surface of the said slopes.
In no case shall any surface soil be used for filling
the embankments, the first spit of such surface soil being
reserved and replaced on the surface where the same
may be required by the removal of the clay or ballast.
ROADS AND PATHS.
The red lines in the longitudinal sections show the
level of the surface of the metalling in the centre of the
road when settled down and completed.
The formation surface of the road for receiving the
metalling shall be of the shape shown in the Drawing*, and the metalling shall consist of hard,
well-burnt clay,. and clean, strong, screened, and good
binding gravel free from superfluous sand, earth, or
* See Figure 1, Plate VII.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  31
rubbish, with no pebbles, flints, or other stones larger
than will pass through a gauge of two and a half inches.
The whole of such gravel to be passed down a screen of
five wires to an inch.
The footpaths shall be of the shape shown in the
cross-sections, and shall be formed of clean, hard-burnt
clay, and fine, good-binding gravel screenings, more
particularly described as to thickness in the accompanying cross-sections referred to.
The clay for burning into ballast shall be obtained
from such places on the ground, and be excavated to
such a depth, and be burnt or calcined upon such sites,
as the surveyor may direct.
The pits from whence such clay is obtained to be
afterwards levelled by sloping the adjoining ground to
such an inclination or batter as the surveyor shall direct,
but which in no case shall be greater than one in ten,
and the burning of such ballast shall be carried on in
the most approved method, the quantity of coals per
cubic yard, the supply of clay, and other arrangements,
to be made to the entire satisfaction of the surveyor.
Such portion of the main road, Section, Drawing, already formed and metalled, shall, after the
certificate of the surveyor is obtained certifying his approval of the strength and general stability of the same,
to be allowed to remain, except where the sections in reference hereto shall otherwise determine.
At those points where there is a break or change of
gradient the contractor shall, without any extra charge
or addition to his contract, level, ease, adjust, and round
off such places in a proper and workmanlike manner, so
as to avoid any sharp or unpleasing appearance and
outline on the surface of the roads at those points, and
thereby disguising the actual points of changes of gradients.




32       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
POST AND RAIL FENCING.
The land shall be protected from the main roads by a
strong, sound larch post and rail fencing shown in
Drawing, Figure. The posts to be creosoted,
charred 6" above and below the ground surface line,
and have proper mortices to receive the rails; a middle
head* to be driven in the ground, and firmly nailed to
the rails midway between each two posts. The whole
to be provided and properly fixed by the contractor,
and subject to the approval of the surveyor.
Three strong gates of larch shall be provided and
properly erected at the entrances of the  new roads
and           on plan, strong and proper
fastenings and swinging-irons being provided for the
same according to the annexed drawings.
CULVERT.
The culvert under the main road at A on plan shall
be lengthened or extended at each end to the full width
of the proposed new roads, as shown by the red lines on
the general plan. The same to be executed in conformity with the section of the existing culvert unless it
shall be hereafter determined to enlarge, the whole of
the brickwork being properly pointed and boarded
thereto and a secure concrete foundation obtained, an
inverted brick water-courset and a brick coping being provided. The whole to be executed and finished in a substantial and workmanlike manner with sound, well-burnt
bricks and strong cement, the contractor providing all
the requisite materials, centering, planking, &c., and all
tools incidental thereto. Replace the posts and handrails in accordance with Drawing
* Commonly known as " prick-posts."-J. B.
t Usually called an " invert."-J. B.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  33
DRAINS.
The draining shall be carried in the direction and at
the inclinations shown on the sections and in the centre
of the two blue lines on the general plans, or as near
such centre as the surveyor may sanction.
The main drains             shall be formed of
strong, sound, well-burnt, glazed-stone, earthenware
pipes twelve inches in their internal diameter, free
from cracks, flaws, or irregularities, with perfect rims
and well-fitting junctions and proper bends and curves,
in accordance with the General Plan, Figures,including the side house drains to be six:
inches internal diameter, to terminate with double junctions, Figure, Drawing, and sufficient and
proper double and single junctions, elbows, curves, and
bends, to be provided for the whole works, to be efficiently and carefully laid at the inclines shown on the
sections, and not to have any inequality or shoulder at
the point of junction, and such junctions to be properly
pugged with kneaded clay free from stones and sand.
The remaining main drains shall be formed of strong,
sound, glazed-stone, earthenware pipes 9" internal diameter, properly and uniformly laid, pugged, and jointed,
with side house drains 6" internal diameter, as before
described.
A 12" junction to be provided, and properly laid and
jointed into the masonry of the culvert at    on
the general plan, and in accordance with the section,
Drawing, Figure, being properly and substantially fitted and cemented to the outlet of such culvert. And shall provide and supply all the
requisite materials for completing and executing such
drainage and works, making all the necessary excavations.
Removing all roots, trees, bushes, and other spoil that
I)




34       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
may in any way interfere with the proper and substantial execution of such drains and works; cutting
out, removing, and making good all loose, faulty, or
unsound places, weepings, or springs; diverting or
removing such springs, and puddling, or otherwise
rendering substantial and firm, such unsound loose
places, and filling up to the required level all cavities
or hollows, ramming such fillings previous to laying in
the pipes, so as to prevent any settlement and consequent displacement of the tubes, and after pugging
such draining, firmly and uniformly pug and ram with
clay, or, if requisite, concrete, the space between the
draining tubes, and the sides of the trenches cut for
receiving the same, filling up all interstices, so as to
thoroughly consolidate the same to the satisfaction of
the surveyor, whose approval shall be obtained before
the trenches are further filled; afterwards fill the
trenches with earth, taking care not to disturb or displace any of the tubes in so doing. In the event of
any displacement, or any injury, to such tubes or pipes
by reason of filling the trenches, or otherwise, during
the period of six months after-the date of the completion of the contract, the same shall be re-laid and made
good at the contractor's own cost and charge.
The whole of the materials, pipes, bricks, clay, or
cement, together with the workmanship, shall, previously to being used or considered as finished, be submitted to the surveyor for his approval; and, unless
such materials and workmanship are provided and executed to his satisfaction, other and proper materials
and workmanship shall be provided by the contractor
for the works which shall have been condemned, and
the work shall be finished in a proper and substantial
manner, as the surveyor shall direct.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  35
GRATINGS, ETC.
Provide and fix cast-iron gratings 15" by 12", three
such gratings as shown in, Drawing,Figures
for admitting the surface-water into the gully traps,
and properly fix such gratings and 4" brick cess-pits at
the points marked on the drawings; supply all the
requisite materials for such purposes, together with
12" sound, glazed stone, earthenware gully traps for
such gratings, and the required length of four stone
earthenware pipes, with all necessary junctions, elbows,
curves, and bends, for forming proper and sufficient
inlets and communications with the nearest house or
main drain, such pipes, junctions, or traps to be properly jointed or pugged with fine kneaded clay.
The excavation filling and all other works incidental
thereto shall be performed in a good, sound, and workmanlikma nanner. Provide and fix good, sound, castiron gratings at inlets of the main drain at
and also at the outlets        on general plan; and
provide and secure the draining tubes of such outlets
by circular brick culvert mouths, as shown on Drawing, providing all the necessary bricks, cement, mortar,
and other materials requisite for such purposes.
Such trees and fences as the surveyor shall direct
shall be felled, trimmed, or removed on the roads (if
required); and the fences that interfere with the formation of the proposed roads shall be removed, together
with the sheds at present on the ground; and the same
shall be disposed of in such a way as the surveyor shall
direct and determine, he being fully empowered to use
and employ any such trees, fences, gates, and sheds in the
fencing, or otherwise intended to be carried out, and to
deduct from the contract sum the value of such materials
and labour as may be thus disposed of; and before the
completion of this contract, all earth, spoil, rubbish, or
D 2




36       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
other ddbris shall be removed from the ground, leaving
the works in a finished and workmanlike state..To maintain the whole of the works for six months
from the day of completion, and to deliver up at that
time in perfect, substantial, and workmanlike condition
all the matters and things included in this specification.
And should it be found desirable by the
to add or deduct from the works hereinbefore specified
to be performed, they shall be at liberty to make any
such deductions or additions at the rates and prices
stated in the schedule annexed to the tender, which
prices so stated are declared to be the true and actual
prices at which the contract is taken, or at the rates
and amounts upon which the tender is formed; and if
anything should be omitted in this specification which
may be necessary and proper for the due performance
and completion of the said several works, according to
the true intent and meaning of the said specifications,
plans, and sections; or should any difference of opinion
arise as to the meaning and intention of the same, or
any part thereof, the decision of the surveyor shall in
all such cases be final and binding.
The whole of the materials and work for the various
purposes specified in this contract shall be carried out
to the satisfaction of the said surveyor, and no work or
materials shall be considered finished until he has inspected and approved the same.
Should it be found necessary to add to the works
hereby intended to be performed as additional or extra
works, no such extra works shall be commenced or
carried on by the contractor without a written certificate
from the surveyor authorising the commencement of
such extra works. Any extra works formed by the contractor without such certificate shall not be allowed for.
The contractor shall receive monthly instalments on
the first day of every month 751. per cent. on the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  37
amount of materials used and works executed, such
amounts to be ascertained from time to time by the
said surveyor, and a certificate by him given to the contractor to that effect. And no money shall be paid to
the contractor not stated on such certificate and signed
by the said surveyor. The remaining 151. per cent.,
making 901. per cent. of the amount of the contract,
shall be paid on the surveyor's certificate within three
months after the completion of the said works. And
the last instalment of 101. per cent. six months after
the entire completion of the works, the works having
been kept in good repair and- order up to that time at
the contractor's expense.
Parties tendering for this contract, and whose tender shall be accepted, will be required to execute a
proper contract for giving effect to his tender, as soon
as he shall be called upon to do so, and shall provide
two sufficient securities,, and enter with them into half
the amount of this contract sum for the due and satisfactory fulfilment of the same.
PRESCRIBED FORM OF TENDER.
To
SIR,                              18
willing and hereby tender to undertake the works connected with the levelling for and formation of the roads and footpaths, gutters, surface, and
other drains, funnels, or culverts; and fencing, supplying,
and fixing all gratings, gully-traps, draining-pipes, bricks,
cement, post and rail fencing, road metalling, and other
appurtenances. The supplying, laying, and jointing of
sundry earthenware pipes under the roads. The diversion
of a public drain and the excavation embankment, and
shoring in and about the same, and all other various
works incidental thereto. The supplying the pipes and
all other requisite materials for the formation of various




38       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
other main and branch drains, with the excavation,
shoring, embankment, and various other works incidental thereto. The restoration of the roads and
gravel surfaces, and the providing all the requisite
metalling, soiling, tools, labour, and other materials, for
all and every other work or works, as required by the
specification, drawings, plans, and sections, to be seen
at the office of Mr., Surveyor,, according to the terms, obligations, and
considerations, recited and set forth in such specification
as aforesaid, at and for the sum of, and engage to find responsible sureties,
as required, and to enter with them forthwith into an
agreement with the,in the terms
of the said specification, for the performance of the
several works on or before the 1st day of 
one thousand eight hundred and, subject to
a fine or penalty of 51. per diem, should the same or
any part thereof be unfinished at that date, such fine to
continue in force until the works hereby undertaken to
be performed are fully and completely executed, and
agree to execute any other works that may
be ordered extra of the contract. And to allow and
deduct from the contract sum for the works not executed, although included in the contract at the rates
and prices stated in the underwritten schedule, which,
together with the sums and amounts therein also stated,
declare to be the true and actual rates and
prices, sums and amounts upon which this tender is
founded, and               further agree to keep and
maintain the whole works in good repair six months
after the time of completion, delivering up at the expiration of that time in good and.substantial repair.
Remain, Sir,
Your obedient servant
~    s.  d.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.             39
Schedule referred to, in which the several quantities ascertained and adopted by                       are fully stated,
priced, and moneyed out.
Quantities.  Particulars of Works to be executed.  Price.  Totals.
~ s. d.
cub. yds. Removing all clay, earth or other
spoil from the cuttings to the embankments, filling cavities, hollows, ditches, pond, &c., and
stubbing and removing, and trimming and forming slopes and surfaces..                       9d.
Removing, felling, and trimming
trees
sq. yds.. Turfing slope, as specified...  s.
Metalling:
cub. yds. First coat metalling for roads,
being burnt or calcined clay
spread on the formed surface of
the roads....            2s. 8d.
Second coat of metalling for roads,
being strong binding gravel.. 4s. 3d.
Metalling for footpaths, burnt or
calcined clay.2s. 8d.
Post and rail fencing:
lin. rod. Erecting and providing.... 5s. 6d.
3 entrance-gates, at each..   17s.
cub. yds. Lengthening the culvert under
main roads as specified, at..  20s.
Cast iron gutter, and other gratings, for surface drainage, and
for protecting outlets and inlets
to drains..20s.
Brickwork in mortar for same.   20s.
Each*... Stone earthenware draining pipes,
12" internal diameter.... Is. 6d.
Bends to ditto.                5s. 6d.
Double junctions to ditto..  8s. 1Od.
Single junctions to ditto... 7s. 4d.
Stone earthenware draining pipes,
9" internal diameter.... Is. Id.
Carried forward..
* These drain-pipes are each two feet long. Jenning's pipes, including saddles and soles, are three feet; the price per foot being the
same.-J. B.




40          SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
Quantities.  Particulars of Works to be executed.  Price.  Totals.
~ s.d.
Brought forward. 
Each... Single junctions..... 4s. 3d.,,     Bends to ditto.                 3s. 6d.
Stone earthenware draining pipes,
6" internal diameter....     8d.
Each... Double junctions to ditto..  3s. 8d.
x,     Single junctions to ditto...2s. 3d.,      Bends......                     2s. 3d.:,     Stone earthenware draining pipes,
4" internal diameter...        6d.
Each... Double junctions.....  2s. 3d.
Single junctions...... ls. 9d.
a,    Curves or bends......          Is. 9d.
Each... Gully traps for surface drainage.  12s.
Fixing same....... Is. 3d.
lin. yds.. Opening, preparing, and dressing
trenches, laying pipes, and pugging joints with clay, and refilling trenches-12" and 9" pipes,
according to specifications..
Ditto, ditto, 6" and 4 pipes..
Add for removing sheds, waste, or
surplus materials, trimming up,
so as to leave the works in a complete and workmanlike manner,
and for all contingencies, costs,
charges, and expenses whatsoever
incidental to the perfect, entire,
and satisfactory completion  of
this contract, and keeping in repair for six months, in accordance with the plans, sections,
drawings, and specifications. 
Amount of Tender...




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  41
V.-Specification of Works required to be executed in the
DRAINAGE of the Estate at
for
The courses of the various drains, as well as their
diameters, are marked on the accompanying plan of the
estate.
The india-ink contour lines on the accompanying
sections denote the present surface of the ground; the
red lines denote the finished surface of the intended
roads; the blue lines denote the bottom of the interior
of the drains.
The curves in drains, at junctions and intersections
of roads, to be struck from the same centres as the
curved corners of the corner lots.
In order that the trenches for receiving the drain
tubes shall be excavated to the proper depths, and no
further, they are, in the first instance, not to be dug
deeper than fifteen inches above the levels indicated in
the sections for the bottom of the interior of tubes; at
this depth they are to be a foot wider than the diameters
specified for the tubes that are to be laid in them respectively; their sides from this depth upwards are not
to slope more than the nature of the ground may render
necessary, and it is anticipated that a batter of one
horizontal to ten vertical will generally be sufficient.
Where necessary or required, the sides of the trenches
to be supported with fir-boards and strutting of adequate and approved strength.
When the trenches have been dug to the depth and
form of section above specified, the channel for receiving
the tubes is, in careful hands, to be cut in the centre to
the proper depth and cylindrical form, to afford a solid
bed for the tubes without adjustment with loose earth




42       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
or ramming being necessary. The trenches for gully
drains to have a uniform slope from the syphon at cesspool to the junction at main drain.
In the trenches, as thus prepared, the tubes are to be
laid evenly and with their socket ends facing the current, each separate length examined inside before laying,
and any rough projecting particles removed with the
trowel that would be likely to afford a hold to any
fibrous material passing down with the sewage. The
more perfect parts of the inside surface to be invariably
turned downwards; the joints to be pointed and surrounded with clay tempered of a stiff consistency.
The whole of the tubes required for the drainage are to
have socket joints, and to be of the best quality, sound,
well-shaped, and as free from rough particles projecting
internally as they can be obtained.
The sockets to be formed in one piece with the tubes
at the time of turning or pressing; they are to be not
less than two inches deep, and to be rebated from the
inside line of the tube sufficiently to admit of the joint
being pointed, and also admit of the interior diameter
of the tube continuing without interruptions at the
joints.
The inside of the sockets and outside of the ends that
are to be fitted into them are to be roughed, to afford a
hold to the pointing.
A fragment of the ware, including a portion of a
socket, and with the manufacturer's name attached, to
be sent with each tender.
No allotment drains are included in the present contract, but a junction-eye to be provided as nearly as
possible directly opposite the lower corner of each lot,
or that which is next the direction of the current, for
receiving a 6" tube from the lot; in each eye is to
be placed a burnt-clay tile, formed and provided for




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  43
that purpose, in order to keep out the earth until the
allotment drain is inserted; these junctions to be laid
so that the direction of the branch or eye shall have an
upward inclination of about thirty degrees from the
horizontal; the angle of inclination of the eyes for receiving the drains from gullies to be determined with
reference to the slopes from the syphons, which slope
will vary somewhat according to the depth the main
drain is below the road surface.
Unless with express sanction to the contrary, no part
of the drainage to be done by tunnelling, and the
straight lines of drainage to be formed with straight
tubes only, and the curved lines with curved tubes
only, the latter being of slower or quicker curvature to
accord as nearly as practicable with the curvature of
the drain.
The upper ends of drains to be closed with bricks on
edge, upon a footing of single brick on bed.
The branches from gullies to be formed of six-inch
tubes.
The utmost care to be taken to leave the tubes everywhere perfectly clear of earth, or any other rubbish.
For each gully, a circular cesspool of half-brickwork
in Roman cement, with inverted dome bottom, is to be
formed as shown on transverse section, with four-inch
tooled and perforated stone at top, in one piece, forming a level curb for receiving a shafted gully-grating.
In the side of each cesspool, and immediately below the
stone curb at top, a six-inch syphon tube, of the glazed
stoneware, is to be securely fixed, as shown, to form an
effluvia trap.
It will be found that, in order to give the eyes for the
reception of gully drains the upward inclination specified (which will vary in different situations), it will be
necessary, where there are pairs of opposite gullies, to




44        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
use single junctions, and make the eye for one gully
succeed that for another; the gully drains may, at the
same time, be kept of equal length by placing the one
gully not opposite to the other by two feet, or the
length of the junction tube.
The side entrances, with ventilation shafts and cesspools. combined, are to be formed of the number and in
the situations shown on the plan; they are to be built
in Roman cement, in the form and of the dimensions
detailed. The arched work to be nine-inch, in two halfbrick layers; the shafts to terminate at the levels,
shown, with hewn stone curbs; the entrance-shafts to
haye stout ladder-irons alternating, as shown; the end
of the drain-tube entering, and that of the one leaving,
the ventilation-shaft, to be inserted flush with the inner
face of the brickwork; the bottom of tunnels to be
paved with three and a half-inch droved flags, extending the full width, and bedded on upper offset at bottom
of side walls; the earth to be well rammed round the
exterior as the brickwork rises. The depth of the ventilation-shafts will be regulated by the depth of the
drains from the finished crown of carriage-way.
The gully cesspools, side entrances, and ventilation
shafts to be covered securely over with stout boards, as
a temporary finish in lieu of-gratings, until the roadmaking is in progress, the said boards to become the
property of the estate.
The bricks to be used are to be the best stocks,
sound, hard burnt, and well shaped; to be laid in old
English bond, where it will apply, with close and solid
joints, and every joint and course well filled and flushed
in with cement. In the interior of the cesspools, ventilation shafts, and side entrances, the joints to be struck
flush and smooth, but not tool-jointed.
The Roman cement is to be of the best quality, and




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   45
pure-obtained from a manufacturer approved by the
surveyor. It is to be gauged with an equal proportion
of sand, in small quantities, at the time of using. The
cement and sand to be first well mixed together dry,
and then the water added in due proportion. Care is
to be taken not to add more water to cement after it has
been once mixed, or to use cement after it has once
set, or to disturb any brickwork after setting. The
bricks to be immersed in water before laying.
The earth to be rammed solidly around gully cesspools, side entrances, and ventilation shafts. In filling
the trenches, after laying tubes, the earth is to be well
rammed down, in equal layers not exceeding nine
inches thick, using proper care, in the lower portions,
not to injure or derange the tubes, or remove the pointing from the joints.
The filling-in is to stop at the new-formation level of
the roads; namely, fourteen inches below the finished
surface of same, as denoted by the red lines on the
sections.
The surplus earth resulting from the draining is to
be applied in raising such depressions in the lots, and
in the lines of road, as may be pointed out; the vegetable mould to be laid in the former, and the inferior
or subsoil stuff in the latter. In the lots, the surplus
stuff is to be spread out and regulated to the general
level, or slope, of the surrounding ground, as the case
may be.
The whole of the wvorks specified are to be contracted
for, for one sum; and it is to be stated in the tenders
within what time the completion of the whole will be
undertaken, from the date of signing the contract. The
gross sum stated is to be understood to include all
materials, workmanship, conveyance, apparatus, implements, and other costs and expenses, necessary and inci



46       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
dental to the complete performance of the works, as
set forth in this specification, and the accompanying
drawings.
To each tender a list is to be appended, of prices at
which the party contracting will undertake to execute
such extra quantity of the various descriptions of work
as may be required; and by which deductions shall be
valued; and by which also the amount of work done
and materials supplied may be computed, at the times
of instalments being wanted.
The iron castings, consisting of side-entrance covers
and ventilation and gully gratings, are not to be included in the present contract.
No tender will be entertained which does not implicitly comply with the requirements specified; and the
directors do not bind themselves to accept the lowest.
The contractor will be required to enter into a bond,
along with lto sufficient sureties, for the due fulfilment of his contract, under a penalty of 31. per diem,
for every day's delay beyond the date agreed on for
completion.
The contractor for the gross sum stated in his
tender, and by the date subsequently agreed upon, is to
execute and completely perform, substantially and workmanlike, of the best materials, and in the manner hereinbefore specified, all the various works set forth in the
accompanying Drawings, numbered, as also in
compliance with any further drawings and instructions
that may be subsequently furnished for the more clear
elucidation thereof, the whole being in every respect to
the satisfaction of the surveyor. He is to superintend
the work himself, or appoint a competent foreman to do
so; and he is not to sublet any portion of the same
without the surveyor's sanction. He is to watch and
efficiently protect the works from injury, from whatever




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  47
cause-taking effective precautions for preventing the
work sustaining injury from frost, and making good
any damage that may occur from that or any other
cause, so that the whole shall be delivered up in true
fulfilment of the drawings and specification as contracted for. He is to be paid for the same from time
to time at the rate of 75 per cent. on the value of the
work done, the amount being in no instance, during
progress, under 1001.-the remaining 25 per cent. being
paid upon the surveyor's acceptance of the work as
completed; excepting 1001., which shall remain in the
hands of the directors for one year from the date
thereof, the responsibility resting with the contractor
for any defects that may appear during the currency of
that period, that may be fairly attributable to imperfect
workmanship, or the use of improper materials.
The surveyor shall be entitled to require the employment from time to time of as many workmen as he may
judge to be necessary to ensure the satisfactory progress
of the works, likewise to require the discharge of any
such as may prove to be of an incompetent or improper
character. He shall be at liberty to suspend the works
at any time, should he deem it necessary to do so,
allowing an extension of'time equivalent to the postponement on account thereof. He shall be empowered
to require the immediate removal from the grounds of
any materials delivered thereon which he considers of
an improper description; and, during progress, to require the immediate deconstruction and re-execution to
his satisfaction of any such work as may appear to him
to have been executed improperly, whether in regard
to materials or workmanship, or as showing a departure
from the drawn or specified intention, being at liberty,
in the case of the contractor's neglecting or refusing to
comply with the notice given requiring the same, to




48       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRA-INS.
cause such deconstruction and re-execution to be done
by some other party, at his (the contractor's) expense,
and during the continuance of the contractor's responsibility for defects appearing after completion; failing
his attending to these within ten days from the surveyor's sending him notice respecting them, the latter
shall have power to employ some other party to remedy
the same, and to cause the amount of the expenses
attendant thereon to be deducted from the balance of
the amount of contract remaining unpaid. And further,
in case the contractor shall fail to commence these works
within one week from the date agreed upon for his
doing so, or, having commenced, shall at any time fail
to proceed with the same in a manner satisfactory to
the surveyor, the latter shall have power to determine
and put an end to the contract, and every part thereof,
and to award what sum shall, under the circumstances
of the case, be paid' to the contractor for the work done
-if any. The whole of the works to be subject to the
inspection of the surveyor, and of his clerk of the
works; and, in the absence of the former, the latter
shall be empowered and required to exercise full authority fairly and moderately.
Without the production of the surveyor's written
authority, no day-work or other extra will be paid for,
and without his certificate no payment will be considered due. His award, also, in all disputes upon
matters and things relating to this contract, shall be
final and binding.
Should it be found expedient, during the progress of
the works, to deviate in any way from the original intention, as set forth in this specification and the accompanying drawings, the same, whether an increase, reduction, or omission, shall not in any respect invalidate
the contract; but the difference occasioned thereby




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   49
shall become an addition to, or deduction from, the
amount thereof, as the case may be, one day of extra
time being allowed for every five pounds value of the
former, and a corresponding reduction made for the
like value of the latter.
The contractor is, at his own cost, to make any temporary drains, and to perform any other temporary
operations that may be necessary for keeping his work
clear of water, or for the due fulfilment of his contract.
Whatever work may be specified and not drawn, or
drawn and not specified, is to be executed as fully as if
described in both these ways; and should any workmanship or materials be wanted, which are not either
directly or indirectly denoted in the specification or
drawings, but are nevertheless necessary for the proper
carrying out of the obvious intention thereof, the contractor is to understand the same to be implied, and to
provide for it in his tender as fully as if it were particularly described or delineated.
The clerk of the works will afford facilities to the
contractor to provide himself with such copies of the
specification and drawings as he may require for his
own use in executing his contract.
The stumps and numbers thereon, defining the lots
into which the estate is divided, are not to be disturbed
by the operations specified.
The contractor is to give notice in due form, in
writing or by attendance, to the proper officers, parochial or other authorities, requiring or entitled to the
same in respect of the works embraced by the present
contract, and is to pay all such fees as may be or become
due in respect thereof.
The works specified are to be executed to the entire
satisfaction of, and delivered up complete and perfect
to the society's surveyor.




50        SPEOWICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
TV- Specification and Particulars of the several Works to
be done and MIaterials required in the formation
and construction of a NEW STREET, reaching from
the Junction of, and the old Parish
Road leading to the, to form a
Junction with that portion of the Street already
constructed in front of, in the Town
of, such New Street to be a continution of
The contractor to provide the whole of the labour,
tools, and materials of every description, but no royalty
will be charged by the            for stones required
for metalling, or gravel.
All the necessary excavations and filling to be performed so as to bring the surface of the street to its
proper form and level, as shown in the sections, and
any surplus earth that shall not be required for filling
in, or other purposes, in making the street, must be
carted away, or otherwise removed by the contractor,
to such part or parts of the said town as shall by the
surveyor be directed.
The entire clear width of the street to be thirty-six
feet throughout the whole length, allowing twenty feet
for the carriage-way, and eight feet on each side for the
footpaths.
The carriage-way to be close paved the full width of
twenty feet, upon the formation, with good, hard,
paving stones, none of which shall be less than six
inches in diameter in any direction; to be laid with
the flattest side downwards, so as to form a good bed,
and to be well pinned or bound together with scabblings.
The pitching to be covered with nine inches thickness
of good, hard metalling, broken so as to pass through a




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   51
ring of two and a half inches in diameter, and no pieees
less than two inches in diameter will be allowed in the
metalling; over, the metalling put a top dressing, two
and a half inches in thickness, of hard, clean, and well
screened gravel.
The footpaths to have curbing-stone at the edges of
stone, well placed in true line at the top,
and packed close; so placed as to be level with the
finished surface of the footpath at top, and to stand four
inches higher than the top surface of the metalling of
the carriage-way; no stone to be of -less dimensions
than fifteen inches long, four inches wide, and twelve
inches deep. Cover the surface of the footpaths with
good hard gravel six inches in thickness, with three
inches in thickness of fine hoggin therein to finish the
same, with a slight inclination of the surface towards
the gutters or water-tables.  The drainage of the road
has already been completed, the gullies built, and the
grates fixed at the proper levels, and care must be
taken in metalling the road to allow proper inclinations
in the water-tables to the grates, and to fill up so that
the said grates may stand at the level of the finished
surface of the said water-tables.
A convexity of 6 inches to be given to the cross-section of the road according to the drawings.
Any additional work required to be done in order to
render the street complete, and which shall be extra to
what is shown on the plans and sections, or referred to
in these particulars, to be allowed to the contractor at
the schedule rate of prices annexed, and at which rates
the contractor hereby agrees to perform and execute
any such extra works which may be required by the
surveyor for the proper completion of the said street.
The whole to be finished in a proper and workmanlike manner, and in every respect to the entire satisfacE 2




52        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
tion of, the surveyor, on or before the
day of, now next ensuing.
One half the sum    agreed to be paid for the said
works shall be paid into the hands of the contractor on
his producing a certificate signed by the said surveyor,
certifying that 751. per cent. of the whole value of the
work has been satisfactorily completed; and the other
half three months after the whole works have been delivered up as complete, on the contractor producing a
like certificate from  the surveyor certifying that the
whole works have been completed in a perfectly satisfactory manner.
In case of non-completion of the works by the time
and in the manner set forth in this specification, the
contractor shall be subject to a fine of 301. per week, or
at that rate for any time that shall elapse before the
completion of the works beyond the time specified. The
said amount of fine to be deducted from the amount of
the contract money as and for liquidated damages.
Schedule above referred to.
~   s.  d.
Paving or pitching at per ton.
Curbing, with squared     stone to footpaths, at
per ton...
Metalling at per yard cube...
Top dressing at per yard cube.
Gravel for footpaths at per yard cube.
Hoggin, or top dressing to footpaths, at per yard cube 
Excavating, levelling, and forming surface before paving,
at per yard cube...




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  53
VII.-Specification for FENCING to be done round
Crescent, also the triangular piece at the Junction of           Road with           Road,
and that at the Junction of       Street with
Road. For, under
the superintendence of their Surveyor,
The posts to be sawn square above the ground, to be
seven feet in length, and to stand above the ground surface four feet. The size of the posts to be 5" by 5" above
ground, the butt-end being buried.
The posts to be of English oak, not more than eight
feet asunder, and placed at regular intervals excepting
round the curves, where they are not to be more than
five feet apart, so as to preserve the true radius at the
angles according to the drawing. The top of the posts
to be sawn out V shaped to receive the top rail, which
is to be fixed diagonally, being 4"x 4"; the posts are
also to be mortised in-two places to receive the rails,
which are to be of clean Memel, 3" x 2-.
Straps of strong hoop-iron to be securely nailed across
the heads of the posts embracing the rails, and passing
down the posts on each side at least 18".
The whole of the work to be kept level at top in true
line or curve, as the case may be; all the materials to
be of the very best quality, and, after being truly sawn,
to be wrought smooth with a plane. The rails to be let
carefully into the mortises, and secured with oak pins;
both the pins and ends of the rails to be well smeared
with white lead and oil.
The whole of the woodwork to be four times painted
white with the best oil colour, and the straps at the top
of the posts to be painted black.
Where the top rail is joined it must be by butt joints




654      SPWMIFIC&TWS.O FOR ROADS AWD DRAINS.
and over the posts, and to such posts two iron-hoop
straps tQ be used.
The contractor to provide, convey, and fix all the
materials, and must complete the whole work on or
before the      day of, oan thousand
eight hundred and
The contractor shall not be paid for any portion of
the work until he has completed it to the entire satisfaction of the surveyor, but on the surveyor being satisfled, and a certificate given by him to the contractor,
the amount of the contract shall be paid immediately by
the said
VIII.-Specifieation of Work to be done in erecting and
completely finishing     feet run of GARnEN
WALW adjoining            Street,
at the place marked on the Plan, according to the
Drawings prepared for that purpose, and hereto
attached.
Exepvate the ground to the requisite depth to obtain
a permanently solid and unyielding footing for the walling, and level and consolidate the bottom of the trench
for the reception of the intended walling.
Build the walls with native stone, in random courses
with through stones, which shall not be more than
18 inches apart in any direction; the work to be well
flushed up with mortar in the joints 6 inches at least
from the faces of the wall on both sides, the interior of
the wall being grouted with liquid mortar.
Insert a plinth of        stone 3 inches in thickness and 7 inches wide, chamfered according to the
drawings, chisel-dressed on the face, and set perfectly




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  55
level from ramp to ramp. The copings and ramps in
the coping to be moulded and wrotght according to the
drawings in          stone, securely joggled at the
joints, and set in cement.
The steps and gate-piers to be of     stone, the
latter moulded and wrought as shown in the drawings,
and of the full thickness, height, and substance therein
shown.
The random stonework of the wall to be set so as to
present as level and fair outside face as possible.
Provide and fix a 2-inch bead and butt deal door,
moulded on the top and panelled with three panels,
semicircular at top; fit the door with closing knob of
brass in a brass-sunk plate, with latch fastener at back
and strong iron catch let into stonework. The door to
be bound with neat wrought-iron hooks and bands, the
hooks to be corked at the ends, and securely let into the
stonework, and run with lead; the bands to be screwed
to the gate with strong square-headed screws. The
bands to be neatly wrought, and 18 inches eaeh in
length.
Properly prime and four times paint in the best oil
colour the door, and finish the same by grtiing in
imitation of oak; the ironwork to be painted black,
and, when the painting is finished and dry, the whole to
be well varnished three times over.
The whole of the work to be performed in a workmanlike and proper manner, the contractor providing
all tackle, materials, and labour.
The mortar to be composed of         lime, in the
proportion of A lime and l sand, well mixed and iwporr
porated.
The amount of the contract to be paid on the completion of the work in a manner satisfactory to the surveyor.




56       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
IX.-Specification of Works to be performed in constructing a BRICK SEWER and PIPE SEWERS for
the British Land Company, Limited, at Bow-road,
in the Parish of Bromley, Middlesex, within the
District of the Poplar Board of Works.
The sewer is to commence at the point marked A on
the plans, and to be continued along Bow-road to the
point marked B on the plans, being a length of 153
yards, and having an inclination from B to A of 1 foot
to 237.
The contract comprehends the following works*-.
viz. the making of such temporary fences as may be
necessary during the progress of the works; providing
for the lighting and watching of the same; making the
necessary excavations to the depth shown on the section;
the making and completing of the sewer, and junctions,
and ventilating necks, according to the terms and conditions hereinafter mentioned; forming side entrance,
filling in the earth to the necessary height over the sewer
when built; reinstating the foot and carriage-way, pavements, or ballasted roads, and making good the gas and
water-pipes, and every other matter or thing that may
have been damaged, disturbed, or removed during the
progress or in consequence of the works; the inserting
into the new sewer of all existing drains, gullies, and
shoots situate on either side of the same; pumping out the
water which may arise during the excavation; forming
all necessary dams or other works necessary for keeping
the line of the new sewer clear from water during its
progress; the making and maintaining of temporary
bridges of planks for the accommodation of the public;
the carting away of all superfluous rubbish and materials where and as shall be directed; the providing and
* See Figs. 2 to 8, inclusive, Plate 7.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  57
affixing of such strutting and shoring as may be necessary and required, as well for the due execution of the
works as for the protection of the public and the adjacent buildings, areas, walls, rails, cisterns, pipes for
gas and water in the line of the sewer, or near to the
works; including the finding and the providing of all
cartage, implements, labour, timber, bricks, lime, sand,
stone, cement, pipes, iron, lead, and other materials
necessary for the completion of the works.
No allowance will be made to the contractor in respect of any extra works unless ordered by the surveyor,
in writing, unless a correct account or voucher of
the said work is delivered to the surveyor within three
days from its completion.
Should it be deemed necessary at any time to suspend
the works on account of the weather, or any other
cause, the surveyor shall be at full liberty to do so, and
no extra charge shall be made on this account by the
contractor. In case of any gravel being found in the
excavations, the same to be reserved for the use of the
proprietors, and be carted on such portions of the estate
as the surveyor shall direct.
EXCAVATION.
The ground to be opened to the necessary width and
depth for building the sewer in such lengths at one
time as the surveyor shall direct, and as each length is
opened the sides of the excavation shall be supported
and kept open by suitable timber, so as to prevent the
ground from slipping in, until the whole of the brickwork is completed in each length; the foundation for
the reception of the invert shall be cut out to the exact
form and depth required, before any of the brickwork is
laid, and should any irregularity be found to exist it
must be made up with clay or clean gravel firmly




58       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
rammed in the vacant space, if any, between the side
walls of the sewer, and the aides of the excavation shall
be filled with clay or earth, such as the surveyor ap?
proves, and shall be rammed in solid with proper
beaters, so as to prevent any distortion of the form of
the sewer, and after the arch of the sewer is turned
over; the open space shall then be filled to the original
height of the surface, with layers of approved earth not
more than 9 inches in thickness, each of which shall be
carefully punned before laying on the succeeding layer,
two men being employed in punning to one man filling
In, and so in proportion for any number of men, immediately after which the pavement and ballasted roads
shall be reinstated by the contractor,
All the superfluous earth and rubbish arising from
the works shall be carted away with all convenient
speed, as shall be directed from time to time, and the
utmost accommodation afforded for the passage of the
public, by keeping such portions of the footwayg and
roadways clear from obstruction, as the surveyor may
direct. Should any clay be dug up from the eoxcpvgtion, so much of it as will form two layers of 9 inches
thickness each shall be laid next to the arch of the
sewer, and well rammed down.
The digging for the junctions of the sewers, as shown
on the plans and in the sections, to be performed in a
manner similar to that above described,
The contractor will be required to open and excavyat
the trench for the sewer through its whole length. And
he will not be allowed to tunnel any part thereof,
BRICK WORK.
The sewer is to be built in brickwork of the form
shown in the detail drawings, with Jenning's patent
invert, blocks.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  59
The side entrance to be formed in the said sewer in
the situation indicated on the plans, and formed as
shown in the detail drawings of side entrance. The
ventilating necks to be erected where shown on the plan
and section, and in the form and manner indicated by
the working drawing of ventilating neck.
The contractor to provide and fix cast-iron ventilating
grates, gully-mouths, and wrought-iron flap and safety
gratings to side entrance, and foot-irons to same. To fit
such ironwork to the brickwork as the sewer proceeds,
and as may be directed, to provide and fix also the
safety gratings over side entrance.
The new sewer is to communicate with the existing
sewer at the point marked A on the plans, the junction
with which is to be formed, as directed, with brickwork
in cement, in the most workmanlike manner, and all
damage thereby done to the brickwork of such now
existing sewer made good.
The end of the sewer at B to be built up with 9-inch
brickwork, laid in cement as directed, or in any other
way, or with any other material approved by the surveyor.
A neck of brickwork is to be built at each of the
points where there is a side entrance (or a junction
with another sewer), to within one foot of the surface
of the ground, the top four courses, in cement, to receive a ventilating grate; each neck is to be formed in
manner as shown by the sections, from the side walls
of the sewer, and to be one brick, or 9 inches substance
all round.
The gullyholes are to be formed in the manner shown
by the drawings of a gully, and of the depths and dimensions stated thereon; the grates to be well bedded and
fixed.
The position for the gullyholes and ventilating necks
are particularly marked on the plans and sections.




60       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
The walls of the side-entrance archway, and other
portions, to be built in brick set in cement. The angle
irons to be securely fixed in the brickwork, and the
York flagstone steps to be bedded in cement.
The flap and safety grate to be of wrought iron, with
frame, to be securely fixed and fitted with proper
key, &c.
The pipe sewers in British Road and Merchant Road
to be properly connected with the brick sewer.
All the bricks used in the works to be new, sound,
well-burnt, and well-shaped grey stocks, or marl paviors,
set in cement.
The cement to be used in these works to be of the
very best quality, fresh, and to be mixed with an equal
quantity of worked and approved Thames sand, procured above London Bridge.
The cement to be mixed in small quantities, as required; none of it being employed which has once
become hard.
The whole of the brickwork to be set in cement
throughout the entire work.
The joints in the brickwork must be well filled with
cement; no joint to exceed quarter of an inch in thickness; no bats or small portions of bricks to be used;
and, where cosers are necessary, they must be cut of
the largest size possible to fit the opening. The brickwork to be properly bonded, and the horizontal courses
kept perfectly straight in the direction of the sewer,
and parallel with the rise of the same.
At any time, should the regular continuity of the
arch or sides be destroyed, either from irregular shrinking of the arch, or from the centres being improperly
fixed, or from any other cause whatsoever, the contractor must remove such portions, and amend the irregularities in a satisfactory manner.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   61
The contractor is to provide three lengths of wooden
framework, called " centering," each of 12 feet in
length, formed of the size of the internal part of the
arch of the sewer; and which lengths are always to be
set as each portion of the sewer proceeds, one (viz. the
back) length only to be removed at a time, as shall be
directed, so that two lengths may always remain fixed,
supporting the arch; and he is to provide such other
centering and invert, or other turning pieces, as the
surveyor may consider necessary during the progress of
the works.
The contractor is to give such notices, both previous
to and after the completion of the above works, as are
required by Acts of Parliament relating to pavements,
highways, or turnpike-roads, to be given to the surveyors or inspectors appointed under such acts; and
also to the proper officers of the water and gas-light
companies, whose pipes may be disturbed or damaged
by reason of the works under this specification; and
previous to payment being made of the last instalment
payable under the contract, the contractor is to furnish
and deliver to the proper officers certificates in writing
that all such pavements, roads, highways, pipes, and
mains which may have been disturbed or injured, have
been repaired and made good, or the expense thereof paid
by the contractor, and all demands in respect thereof
defrayed by him.
The contractor is to be answerable and responsible
for all accidents which may occur during the performance or in consequence of the works, and to take
every precaution to guard against the same by shores,
strutts, braces, boarding, &c.
After the completion of the sewer, in case the surveyor of the Poplar district shall require it for more
perfect satisfaction, the contractor shall cause as many




62        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
openings, not exceeding four, to be made through the
side walls, invert and back of sewer, as the surveyor
shall direct, which openings the contractor, after examination has been made by the surveyor, shall make good
again at his own expense in a satisfactory and workmanlike manner.
The works to be performed to the entire satisfaction
of the surveyor to the Poplar District of the Board
of Works tunder the Metropolitan Commissioners of
Sewers, and to the satisfaction of the surveyor to the
proprietors, or their duly authorised agents; where the
new streets, British-street and Merchant-street, intersect
the footpath, a space of paving with 6" x 6" x 3" Mount
Sorrell stone, such as are used for street paving, must
be laid transversely across the new streets of the full
width, 10 feet, following the curved surface of the new
roads, having granite pitched  and properly-formed
water-tables, both across the end of the roads adjoining
Bow-road, and on each side the new streets, as far as
the granite pitching extends, curb from the commencement of the pitching on both sides each road, to make
good up to paling of footpath.
PIPE SEWERS IN BRITISH-ROAD, MERCHANT-ROAD, AND
BACK ALLEY.
To dig out the ground to the required depth for the
mains, and cross-drains, and cess-pits, and perform all
other digging that may be required.
In digging the trenches for the drains, the contractor
to excavate the trenches to be opened at least one foot
wider than the diameter of the pipe intended to be
laid.  The bottom of the trench to be hollowed out to
the exact form and size of the lower half of the pipe
which will be imbedded in it; any irregularity in the
trenches to be filled up with gravel or clay  firmly




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS,  63
rammed in, but where the ground would not present a
sufficiently firm foundation for the pipe, the contractor
to excavate to such increased depth as may be requited
or neeessary, and shall make good to the required form
and level with concrete
To fit up the trenches of the drain-pipes as follows
the soil on each side, and 6 inches over the pipes, to be
carefully laid in so as not to disturb them, and solidly
rammed down.
The trenches to be theh filled with layers of earth,
12 inches deep at a time, each layer being well rammed
over the whole surface.
The first layer to be placed over the pipes with a
shovel and not from barrows   the pipes not to be
walked upon until this is done.
To execute all the brickwork in Roman cement necessary to form all cess-pits for the gully shoots with their
inverts.
The bricks to be of good, sound, whole, hard, well,
burned stocks, of tnifotm shape and size.
The Roman cement to be the very best, used fresh,
and mixed with clean sharp sand, in equal proportions,
The pipes used to be those known as Jenning's
Patent Saddle Pipes, 12 inches in diameter, the gullyshoots being 6 -inch socket pipes of approved manufacture, each end opening into the drain to be trapped
with a galvanised iron-mouth plate, properly hung.
Fit two flushing shafts where indicated on section,
fotned With 6-inch socket pipes bedded in concrete,
connected at the lower end with the pipe sewers, and
at the tipper with the btidk chamber for receiving
tame. Forri brick chambers of 9-inch brickwork, and
footings built in cement for flushing box; and fit
thereto a strong cast-iron flushing box, with hinged
flap and key complete.




64       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
Provide all junctions, curves, tapering lengths, &c.,
of the most approved kind.
The pipes to be laid truly in line, with true gradients
throughout. To prevent the sand from getting into the
pipes, the joints to be bound with a band of welltempered clay.
The interior of the pipes to be carefully freed from
all dirt or clay as the work proceeds.
To properly bed on the cess-pits, cast-iron gully
gratings, and frames 1.6 x 1.6, in separate pieces; the
grates to be made to open and fasten with cast iron
catches, pinned to the grates with wrought-iron pins.
The line of pipes shall not be covered until they have
been examined and approved of by the surveyor.
The greatest care to be taken to replace the broken
brick, rubbish, and ballast in the roads in its original
position when the drainage shall have been completed.
A.-This is the specification marked A referred to in
the contract between              and the
dated this 24th February, 1863.
The contract for this work was 4521. 15s. 10d., complete.
X.-Specification of SEWER WORKS at Hastings.
EXCAVATION.
The ground to be opened to the necessary width and
depth for building the sewer in such lengths at one time
as the surveyor shall direct, and as each length is opened
the sides of the excavation shall be supported and kept
open by suitable timber, so as to prevent the ground
from slipping in until the whole of the brickwork is
completed. In each length the.foundation for the re



SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.  65
ception of the invert shall be cut out to the exact form
and depth required before any of the brickwork is laid,
and, should any irregularity be found to exist, it must
be made up with clay or clean gravel firmly rammed in
the vacant space; if any between the side walls of the
sewer and the sides of the excavation shall be filled with
clay or earth such as the surveyor approves, and shall
be rammed in solid with proper beaters, so as to prevent
any distortion of the form of the sewer, and after the
arch of the sewer is turned over, the open space shall
then be filled to the original height of the surface with
layers of earth not more than nine inches in thickness,
each of which shall be carefully punned before laying
on the succeeding layer, two men being employed in
punning to one.man filling in, and so in proportion for
any number of men.
All the superfluous earth and rubbish arising from
the works shall be carted away with all convenient
speed, as shall be directed from time to time; should
any clay be dug up from the excavation, so much of it
as will form   layers of    inches in thickness each
shall be laid next to the arch of the sewer, and well
rammed down.
The digging for the junctions of the sewers, as shown
on the plans and in the sections, to be performed in a
manner similar to that above described.
The contractor will be required to open and excavate
the trench for the sewer through its whole length, and
he will not be allowed to tunnel any part thereof.
BRICKWORK.
The sewer is to be built in brickwork of the form
shown in the detail drawings.
The side entrance to be formed in the said sewer in
F




66        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.
the situation indicated on the plans, and formed as
shown in the detail drawings of side entrance.
Flap and safety gratings will be provided, but the foot
irons the contractor must provide.
The contractor must properly bed and fix the safety
gratings over the entrance to man-hole.
The new sewer is to communicate with the existing
sewer at the point marked    on the plans, the junction with which is to be formed as directed, with brickwork in cement, in the most workmanlike manner, and
all damage thereby done to the brickwork of such now
existing sewer made good.
The end of the sewer at            to be built up
with    -inch brickwork laid in cement, as directed, or
in any other way, or with any other material approved
by the surveyor.
A neck of brickwork is to be built at the point where
there is a side entrance (at the junction with the pipesewer) to within        of the surface of the ground,
the top            courses in cement to receive a ventilating grate, to be provided by the contractor; the
neck is to be formed in manner as shown by the sections from the side walls of the sewer, and to be
brick or   inches substance all round.
The walls of the side entrance, archway, and other
portions to be built in brick set in cement, the angleirons to be securely fixed in the brickwork, and the
York flagstone bottom to be bedded in cement.'All the bricks used in the works to be new, sound,
well-burnt, and well-shaped grey stocks, or marl paviors
set in cement.
The cement to be used in these works to be of the
very best quality, fresh, and to be mixed with an equal
quantity of worked and approved sand.
The cement to be mixed in small quantities as re



SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS AND DRAINS.   67
quired, none of it being employed which has once
become hard.
The whole of the brickwork to be set in cement
throughout the entire work.
The joints in the brickwork must be Well filled with
cement, no jdint to exceed   of an inch in thickness,
no bats or small portions of bricks to be" used, and,
where closers are necessary, they must be cut of the
largest size possible to fit the opening; the brickwork
to be properly bonded, and the horizontal courses kept
perfectly straight in the direction of the sewer, and
parallel with the rise of the same.
At any time, should the regular continuity of the
arch or sides be destroyed either from irregular shrinking of the arch, or from the centre being improperly
fixed, or from any other cause whatsoever, the contractor must remove such portions, and amend the irregularities in a satisfactory manner.
The contractor is to provide two lengths of wooden
framework called " centering," each of      feet in
length, formed of the size of the internal part of the
aich of the sewer, and which lengths are always to be
set as each portion of the sewer proceeds, one (viz.-the
back) length only to be removed at a time, as shall be
directed, so that two lengths may always remain fixed,
supporting the arch; and he is to provide such other
centering and invert, or other turning pieces, as the
surveyor may consider necessary during the progress of
the works.
The contractor is to give such notices, both previous
to and after the completion of the above works, as are
required by the local board to be given to the surveyors
or inspectors appointed under such board.
The contractor is to be answerable and responsible for
all accidents which may occur during the performance
F2




68       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS'AND DRAINS.
or in consequence of the works, and to take every precaution to guard against the same by shores, strutts and
braces, boarding, &c.
After the completion of the sewer, in case the surveyor of the district shall require it for more perfect
satisfaction, the contractor shall cause as many openings,
not exceeding two, to be made through the side walls,
invert, and back of sewer, as the surveyor shall direct,
which openings the contractor, after examination has
been made by the surveyor, shall make good again
at his own expense in a satisfactory and workmanlike
manner.
The works to be performed to the entire satisfaction
of the surveyor to the board.
The contract for this work, complete, was 2571.




69
SECTION    II.-ARCHITECTURE.
I.-Specification of Works to be performed for building a
PAIR OF SEMI-DETACHED COTTAGES at Barnet,
Herts, for the British Land Company, Limited,
according to Drawings for that purpose provided,
and the Specifications and Descriptions hereunder
written.
List of Drawings.
B. Drawing of ground and chamber floor.
C. Isometrical plan.
D. Longitudinal section.
E. Front elevation.
F. General details.
In all cases written dimensions to be taken in pre —
cedence of those scaled from the drawings, and dimensions stated in the specification to take precedence of
dimensions given on plans and drawings.   In cases
where these specifications describe the work to be done
in erecting one cottage, the same must be understood
as applying equally to both houses being included in
one contract, and in all respects similar one to another,
EXCAVATOR.
Dig out the ground to the depths required for the
drains and the foundations of all the walls, and make
level and solid the bottoms of the trenches for the reception of the intended brickwork.  When the walls




70           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
have been built up to the level of the ground and the
drains laid, fill in the remaining portions of the
trenches solid and firm up to the level of the natural
surface of the ground, and cart away anbd remove the
superfluous rubbish and earth where directed by the
surveyor.
DRAINAGE.
The drain-pipes to be of the best quality of wellburnt metallic earthenware, with all proper bends and
junctions, to be well and carefully laid, and to be wellclayed at the joints, the junction with the main drain
to be made by the company's workmen on the estate,
under the inspection of Mr. J. Stokoe, clerk of works,on the estate.
A 6-inch pipe drain to be laid from the water-closet
to the main drain, a 3-inch pipe from the sink to same,
a11 to be properly trapped before being connected with
the main drain.
BRICKLAYER.
All the bricks used in the works to be of good
quality, hard, sound, well-burnt and well-shaped, the
face-bricks'for the fronts to be white or yellow stocks,
picked, of uniform colour. The bricks for the plinth
quoins and window dressings to be the best red bricks,
uniform in colour, chamfered red bricks being used
round the windows, as shown in annexed sketch.
The top course for the plinth to be of chamfered
bricks, as follows:
Under the level of the floors all the walls to be covered
with a coat of asphalte to prevent the damp from rising.
All the rooms on the ground-floor, including porch and
water-closet, with the exception of the front sittingroom, to be paved with 9-inch square paving tiles
bedded upon 15 inches in thickness of broken brick




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.        71
rubbish, well consolidated, and made perfectly level at
top,. a coat of mortar is then to be spread on as the tiles
are laid, and after firmly bedding and completing the
floors, they must be floated with liquid mortar to fill
up all interstices.
The brickv'ork to be carried up in Flemish bond,
according to the drawings, and of the full thickness indicated thereonr
Tenders of 4- brick in mortar and 9-inch footings to
be built for carrying hearth-stones to ground-floor, and
dwarf walls of the same thickness, and with similar
footings for carrying  sleepers to front sitting-room
floors.
All the joints of the brickwork to be drawn perfectly
straight, and neatly flat-pointed to all external walls,
the vertical joints to outside walls to be perfectly perpendicular to the horizontal joints from top to bottom
of the building, and near the quoins and at the sides of
windows and doors cIosers and -k or — bricks to be used
to preserve the true uniformity of the bond.  One tier
of bond-timber 4 x 3 to be inserted in all the walls halfway between the grounds-floor and ceiling, and halfway between the bedroom-floor and ceiling, in addition
to which wall-plates 4x 3 to be put under the joists
both for the bedroom-floor and for carrying the ceiling
joists.
The mortar to; be composed of - by measure of clean
sharp sand and -- of well-burnt Hitchin lime, well mixed
and incorporated.  The mortar to be used as stiff as it
conveniently can be.
Wood-bricks to be inserted wherever requisite for
fixing door-linings, skirtings, &c., and all lintels and
templets to be inserted and well bedded in mortar, as
well as pole-plates and all iron and stonework requisite
and necessary to be set in the brickwork.




72          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
All cement to be of the best quality, mixed with
equal portions of sand, and no more must be prepared
at a time than can be immediately used.
Provide all scaffolding and requisite tackle for the
proper performance of the whole of the works.
Properly turn parget and core all the chimney flues,
and finish the chimney shafts above the roof, as shown
in the drawings, with white or yellow bricks, to correspond with the front brickwork, and with salient course
5 inches high of red brick of the kind used for quoins
and dressings.
The sinks' stones to be supported with 4, brick walls.
The copper, with proper ash-pit and grate, with flue
fitted with damper, to be done in brickwork in the best
manner, the top to be covered with a coating of
cement.
Build the brick oven in the best manner upon a properly formed core of sand, the arched top and sides to
be of brickwork set endways, and in no case less than
9 inches in thickness.
Provide proper iron door with iron frame and fastener, and a furnace-hole for ashes underneath, a proper
hood to be built in front to carry off the products of
combustion by a flue connected therewith into the
nearest chimney, the floor of the oven to be of good flat
brick laid very close in mortar.
Provide all centering and turning pieces and counter
arches over all the internal and external door and
window openings.
Put proper trimmer arches to all the chimney openings, with chimney bars - x 1- of wrought iron properly turned and corked at the ends.
Jenning's air-bricks to be put in in sufficient numbers
to allow of the circulation of air between the ceilings
and floor joists.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       73
Provide and fix in each house a 20-gallon set pot of
cast iron, with furnace-door, frame, and damper complete.
Light to be given to water-closet, pantry, and external
closets up-stairs by Jenning's ornamental, large-sized,
ventilating tiles, which will be provided by the company, and the water-closet basin; trap, &c.
STONEMASON.
Provide to the kitchen a rubbed York stone chimneyshelf, rounded at the angles, set in the brickwork, and
projecting 9 inches from the face of the wall.
Put to the front sitting-room marble chimney-pieces
of the value of 11. 12s. each; to the back sitting-room
and front bedroom rubbed stone.chimney-pieces, 25s.
each; to the other bedrooms chimney-pieces of rubbed
stone, 15s. each, cost price in the yard, to be selected
and approved by the surveyor.
Put rubbed York hearthstones and back hearths to
all the fireplaces up and down stairs, rubbed York steps
to front, back, and water-closet doors, bedded on brickwork or dry lime rubbish.
Put wrought, weathered, throated, and sunk stone
window-sills to all the windows throughout the building.
Put in each pantry a slate slab 16 inches wide,
1- thick, and in length exceeding the full width of the
pantry by 3 inches, so that it can be let into and firmly
rest in the walls at the ends.
CARPENTER.
All the timber to be used in the building to be sound,
well-seasoned Baltic, listed, free from large dead knots,
wany edges, shakes, sap, and other defects.




74           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Sound yellow deal battens may be used for the carpenters' work of small scantling; all the oak used must
be of the best English growth.
All the floors not paved of the groundfloors to be
laid with 1- x 7 yellow deal boards, planed and laid
folding, and securely nailed to, the joists.
The ground-floor joists to be 43 x 2s, laid and
notched on oak sleepers 4 x 3; the oak sleepers to rest
on dwarf walls, which must not be more than 5 feet
apart from centre to centre.
Trimmers to be; put to hearth fronts, mortised into
trimming joists, to be -L-inch thicker than common
joists; mitred margins 3 inches wide to be put round
hearthstones, both up-stairs and down, to all the.
chimney places.
All the joists for the chamber floors to be 9 x 2, resting on wall plates 4. x 3.
Trimmers and trimming joists, 9 x 3; floor-boards to
be of same description, and securely nailed in the same
manner as those for the ground-floor; a tier of herringbone strutting to be put between the joists in the middle
line of each floor.
No joists, rafters, or quarters in any part of the buildings to be more, respectively, than 15 inches apart from
centre to centre.
A tier of bond-timber, properly halved and spiked at
the ends, 41 x 3, to be put throughout all the walls
midway between the ground-floor and the ceilings of
the lower rooms, and midway between the floor and
ceilings of the bedrooms; wall-plates 4 x 3 to be inserted in the walls for the joists of each floor and for
the ceiling joists to rest upon; and all the joists must
be securely notched upon, and nailed thereto.
The ceiling joists to be 24 x 23, securely nailed upon
wall-plates.




SPECITICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       75
Pole-plates 4 x4 to be bedded on all the external
walls for carrying the rafters of the roof.
The roofs to be formed with raftersJ purlins, coupkls,
and ridge-pieces, the purlins to be, placed midway between the eaves and the ridge to all the roofsy the ends
resting upon the outer walls and projecting to carry the
overhanging roofs, and for securing the barge boards;
the pole-plates and ridge-pieces to project in the same
manner and for the same purpose; the coupling-pieces,
8 in number, to be 8 x 1 —, securely nailed to the rafters,
and the rafters to which the coupling-pieces are nailed
to be an inch deeper and an inch thicker than the
common rafters.   The common rafters to be 3 x21,
purlins 5 x 3, pole-plates 4 x 3, ridge-pieces 6 x 2, with
three-quarter round ridge-rolls nailed on the top 21
inches in diameter.
The barge boards to be formed of planed stuff chamfered at lower front edge, 6 x 2, securely fixed to ridgepieces, purlins, and pole-plates with 2 -inch ogee moulding under slates, barge boards, and mouldings, to be
put both to the front and side gables. The finial to
front gable to be formed of planed and wrought 3-inch
stuff, securely fixed.
Put rough cradling formed of 2-inch stuff under projecting roofs, for carrying the lath and plaster thereto.
Provide all requisite wood, bricks, and plugs for door
linings, skirtings, and all internal fittings, and put
11-inch square staves to all the projecting internal
angles, to chimney-breasts, and any other projection.
Skirt all the rooms up-stairs and down with planed
and top-edge chamfered inch skirting-boards 8 inches
high, securely nailed to plugs inserted in walls.
Provide and fix strong bearers for water-closet seats,
for carrying cisterns, and for any other works requiring
same.




76            SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Provide trap-door in ceiling near cistern, for examining same when necessary, formed of -3 stuff planed, and
strbng back battens, hinges, fastener, and planed and
beaded margins, securely fixed to ceiling joists with requisite trimmers and all necessary woodwork.
Provide planed inch riser and 1- inch rounded seat
to water-closet, with chamfered hole and lid with handle
to fit.
Put to pantry two rows of shelves on one side and
end, of planed inch deal 12 inches wide, with rounded
edges, securely fixed on strong fir wall-brackets
The stairs to have turned and wrought starting and
newel posts, 3 x 3 deal rounded handrail planed, and inch
square planed balusters, 2 to each step; the stairs to
be formed with planed inch risers and one inch planed
androunded steps, blocked and glued with 9 x 1- moulded
wall string, and 1- moulded and planed string; at
other end of steps the steps to be securely housed into
the strings at both ends, and framed complete before
fixing.
Fit up in back living-room a dresser, as shown on
plan, securely fixed by brackets to wall, formed with
inch planed deal top, and fitted with two drawers, with
proper hard-wood runners and wood handles, foot-board,
and three tiers of shelves for crockery, with ledges and
stiles complete.
Put three tiers of shelves to closet up-stairs, inch
thick and 12 inches wide, planed, and to be rounded at
front edge, and fixed on strong wrought wood brackets
let into walls.
The quartered partitions up-stairs to be formed with
heads and sills 3x3, jambs for doors 3x3, common quarters 2- x24, strutts and ties 2 x 3.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       77
SLATER.
The roofs to be covered with Bangor Countess slates,
to be picked with well dressed edges and of'uniform
colour, no slips or small pieces to be used at the eaves
for the purpose of making bond, each slate to be securely
nailed with two composition nails to the slate battens,
the slates to overlap at least three inches.
Provide and nail to rafters properly gauged for slates
slate battens 1 x 1 full, and provide inch boards for gut.
ters, securely fixed upon bearers 2- x 1- nailed to rafters,
the gutter-boards to be 9 inches wide and 1 inch thick,
feathered at the edges.
Cover the ridges' with blue roll ridge-tiles of colour
to match the slates, bedded in cement, and secured at
the ends with strong wrought L irons.
PLUMBER.
Flash round the chimneys with lead 5 pounds to the
foot super, firmly secured with iron dog-nails into brick
work, and bent under slate at least 8 inches.
Lay the valleys with lead 5 pounds to the foot super,
urned under slates on each side at least 10 inches.
Lay on the water from the cisterns to the kitchen-sink
with — inch lead pipe, fitted with proper brass bib tap
over sink, lay a pipe from said pipe to cistern filling
water in kitchen, and provide proper copper ball-cock
and fittings complete.
Fit up in scullery a galvanised iron sink, with belltrap and a waste-pipe therefrom to outside, and by drain
to sewer.
Fit up in each house a cast-iron tank or cistern, by
Messrs. Burney and Bellamy, to hold 80 gallons, 4 feet
by 2 feet, by 1 foot 8 inches; fit up a service-pipe therefrom to water-closet, and another to sink, with branch




78           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
therefrom, as specified to boiler. Lay on the water from
the company's main by inch pipe, to be fitted in cistern
with copper ball-cock complete. The cisterns to be in
roofs of houses over the small bedrooms.
Fit up to each house a Jenning's patent water-closet,
with white earthenware basin and trap complete, iron
waste-pipe therefrom to drain leading to main sewer.
JOINER.
The woodwork for the internal fittings to be of American red pine, clear, sound, and well seasoned. The
front and back doors to have planed, chamfered, and
rebated 3 x 3 solid frames; the front door-frame to have
top style for fanlight, the fanlight to be glazed with
Newcastle best ground glass.
The front door to be four panel square-framed bead
and flush 14 inch door, hung with two 3k-inch iron
butt hinges, with two 10-inch iron barrel bolts, and 9inch strong iron-rimmed spring lock and brass furniture; the hback door to be inch-beaded batten door,
with three strong chamfered 6x-I battens at back,
hung with two strong iron T hinges, fitted with Norfolk
thumb latch and two strong 10-inch iron barrel bolts.
Water-closet to have.3 x 2 beaded solid frame and inch
batten door, hung with two cross garnet hinges, fitted
with Norfolk thumb latch and small inside iron socket
bolt.
All the other down-stair doors to have 1-a-inch deal
cases rebated and beaded, and four panel square-framed
1 —inch doors, hung each with two 3-inch iron butt
hinges, and each fitted with 6-inch iron-rimmed spring
lock and brass furniture.
All the up-stair doors to have 1l-inch planed rebated and beaded door cases, and 1+-inch four panel
square-framed doors, hung each with two 3-inch iron




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       79
butt hinges, and 8-inch iron-rimmed spring locks and
brass furniture.
All the windows to have 3 x 3 rebated and planed,
outside chamfered, and inside beaded, solid frames,
with centre chamfered, rebated, and beaded mullions,
1-1-inch moulded sashes, half fixed and half to open,
the open part to be fitted with iron folding regulating
bar, hinged and fixed pin, and hung with two 3-inch
iron butt hinges, and fitted with spring fastener.
Each window to haveoak sunk and ledged sill, and
inch planed and rounded window board inside.
PLASTERER.
The quarter partitions in' the bedroom floor to be
lathed, plastered, and set.
The walls throughout to be rendered floated and set,
except the scullery, larder, pantry, and water-closet,
which are to be twice coloured in distemper.
The ceilings throughout to be lathed, plastered, set,
and whitened, excepting the scullery, water-closet,
pantry, and larder, which may be lathed, floated, and
set.
The Walls to coal-place under stairs, to be lime
whitened. Lath to cradling under projecting roofs, and
render plaster and set same.
IRON-FOUNDER.
Fix up in the kitchen a 20-gallon iron set pot, with
damper, furnace, and door complete.
Provide iron-door frame, fastener, &c., to brick oven,
as specified under the head of brickwork.
Fit up in scullery a neat furnace, with front and back
irons and hobs.
Fit up in back living room a proper kitchen range,
with oven and self-filling boiler, with safety-tube and




80          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
ball-cock, and galvanised iron cistern complete; lay on
water to same by 3-inch lead pipe from water service.
Fit up in front parlour a neat register stove-grate, of
the value of 35s. cost price in shop.
Fit up in front and back bedrooms register grates, of
the value of 30s. each; and to the small bedroom over
kitchen a grate, with fronts, backs, and sides complete,
value 18s. The kitchen and other grates and ranges
to be selected by the surveyor at price fixed by him at
the time.
GLAZIER.
All the windows to be glazed with best Newcastle crown
glass, properly bedded, bradded, and back puttied.
PAINTER.
Stop knot and paint three times in the best oil colour
all the external and internal wood and iron-work
usually painted; the external doors and windows to be
oak-grained and twice varnished, and the internal work
to have last coat of tint approved by surveyor.
PAPER-HANGER.
The walls to be papered, when required by the surveyor, with papers to be approved by him, and selected
by him for the down-stair rooms, not exceeding 1Id.
per yard, and upstairs d. per yard.
This is the specification marked A referred to in my
contract with the British Land Company (Limited),
dated this eleventh July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
The contract for this pair of cottages was 3251.
complete.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      81
II. -Specification of Works required to be done in erecting
and completely finishing a PAIR OF SEMI-DETACHED
COTTAGES at Maidstone for the
according to Drawings, of which the following is
the list:
List of Working Drawings.
Drawing containing basement plan, ground plan, and
chamber or first floor plan, marked B.
Front and back elevation of the two cottages,
marked C.
Longitudinal sections, marked D.
Transverse sections, marked E.
General plan to small scale of drainage.
Details, marked F.
In all cases dimensions that are written to be taken
before dimensions that are scaled, and dimensions written
in the specification to be taken before dimensions marked
on drawings.
EXCAVATOR.
Excavate the ground to the depths required for the
foundations of the walls, cellars, and areas. The bottom
of the trenches to be rammed down and made perfectly solid and firm, the levels to be properly preserved,
and in cases requiring the levels to be made up, with
well-rammed earth taken from the superfluous earth.
Excavate for the drains and cesspools in the lines and
positions marked on the general plan. The drains to be
laid with proper inclinations of at least - an inch to
1 foot. The pipes to be of the best quality of metallic earthenware, and no bent, misshapen, or bad
pipes to be used. The joints to be made with well-tempered clay, syphon-traps to be used beneath the closets,
G




82           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
and all drains to be trapped before entering the cesspool. The sizes of the pipes are marked on the general
plan, the figures representing the internal diameter, the
thickness of the pipes to be -o of the diameter thereof.
The drains to be laid and left uncovered until they have
been inspected and approved by the surveyor. The
soil to be carefully thrown into the trench upon the
pipes, and as it is filled in to be well rammed and consolidated, care being taken not to disturb or misplace
any of the pipes; the trenches to be filled and consolidated up to. the level of the adjoining ground. After
the walls of the buildings have been raised a sufficient
height to admit thereof, fill in the trenches up to the
walls to the level of the ground, ramming and making
solid the same as the work proceeds.
Each house to be provided with a cesspool, as indicated on the general plan.
Each cesspool to be 6 feet 6 inches deep and 3 feet
under the surface, making the total depth of the cesspool from the surface 9 feet 6 inches; to be 5 feet in
diameter, paved with bricks laid flat in liquid mortar
upon sand at the bottom, and steined round with 9-inch
brickwork laid dry and close, excepting the four top
courses under the dome, which are to be laid in mortar
with the joints well flushed up, the top course being of
level bricks laid edgeways for springing the dome from.
The top of each cesspool to be domed over in 4 —inch
brickwork set in mortar, with a man-hole in the centre
2 feet in diameter, the bricks round the man-hole to
be set in cement. The man-hole to be covered with a
3-inch York flagstone, fitted with a strong iron ring run
into the stone with lead for removing same when necessary for cleansing out the cesspools. The drains to be
trapped before entering, and let in flush with the inside
of the brickwork, and at least 4. feet 6 inches from the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.        83
bottom of the cesspools; the dome to raise at least 1 of
the diameter of the cesspool when the cesspools are
complete, the ground to be filled in at top perfectly
firm and solid, and level with the ground adjoining.
Excavate for the front boundary wall, and in all respects observe the conditions as to excavating and filling
the trenches already specified.
Perform all works of the nature of excavator's work
that may be required to render the works complete,
although the same be not particularly specified.
BRICKLAYER.
The brickwork to include all bedding and fixing of
wall-plates, templets, brackets, wood-bricks, and plugs,
also the bedding and fixing of all stonework and ironwork to be set or fixed in the brickwork, the fixing of
coppers, stoves, and grates, and all cutting for pipes, or
other work connected with other trades.
The bricklayer must also provide sufficient safe standing scaffolding, to be left standing until all the buildings
are completed in every respect, and to provide all tools,
tackle, ladders, ropes, derricks, planks, blocks, putlogs,
and all other requisite tackle and material. The bricklayer to provide all materials and labour of the best,
quality of the respective kinds to be used in the works.
The brickwork to be done in Flemish bond, with the
joints well flushed up and neatly flat pointed outside;
the joints to be drawn perfectly straight and true, and
the closers to be so arranged that all the vertical joints
from bottom to top shall be in true, straight, and perpendicular lines. No four courses of brickwork to rise
more than 1 foot, including the mortarjoints; no burrs,.
clinkers, misshapen-place, cracked, or stony bricks will
be allowed to be used, but all must be hard, sound,
G2




84           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
square, and well burned and well shaped, of their respective kinds.
All the bricks for the front to be picked of uniform
size and colour, except the coloured bricks, which will
be specified; all the front brickwork to be carried up
with the best yellow stock bricks, the same applying to
the front boundary walls; clean, well-shaped, punched,
machine-made bricks may be used, if as cheap and convenient to be procured. The plinths, strings, and cornices to be executed in the best red bricks, as shown in
the drawings, the piers to the front windows being
carried up in chamfer and stop chamfer bricks of the
same colour and quality.
The arches to the front windows to be of the shape
and colour indicated on the drawings, gauged, rubbed,
and properly and truly set in prepared putty. A course
of black brick on edge to be put over the whole of the
front arched openings, conforming in shape to the
arches, and a course of the same kind under the stringcourse to the main cornice. All other external openings to be arched in good sound bricks of the same
colour as the walls in two rims of 4- inches each,
having a rise of at least - of the span.
Throw counter-arches over all internal openings; no
flat or French arches will be allowed in any part of the
work.
Provide proper turning-pieces and centres for all
arched openings; provide all labour in rubbing and
cleaning chamfers, &c., to front brickwork that may be
required.
The side, back, and internal walls to be carried up in
good, sound, stock bricks; the colour of the bricks for
external work to be uniform.
Put brick fender and sleeper walls to the back parlour
fireplace; put brick trimmer arches to all the fireplaces
throughout.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     85
Properly turn, parget, and core all the chimney flues,
the chimney shafts above the roof being carried up, as
shown on the drawings, with the same kind of bricks
that are used in the front of the buildings.
Put to each chimney opening proper arches in two
4{ brick rims, and a chimney bar of wrought iron
21, x 3, properly turned and cooked at the ends.
The brickwork to be carried up according to the several thicknesses shown in the drawings, the foundations
being of stone from 1 foot 4 inches thick, the footings
to be walls formed of three offsets of 3-" 6 inches in
height, excepting the bottom course, which must be
9 inches in height.
Cast-iron air-bricks to be fixed in the back elevation
between the joists of the floors, so as to allow a circulation of air amongst the floor joists. Of these there must
be at least 10 to each house.
Provide and fix in each back kitchen a 20-gallon
iron copper with furnace and door complete, and brick
setting, with flue entering kitchen chimney flue. A
damper to be fixed in a convenient position to shut off
the communication of the draught when not in use.
The mortar to be used in the works to be formed of
one part of fresh grey stone lime to two parts of clean
river sand well mixed together with fresh water, and no
more to be mixed at a time than can be used in one
day.
The Roman cement to be of the best quality, and:
mixed with an equal quantity of sand.
Build steps to cellar of bricks laid on edge in cement
upon bricks laid flat, to make up the height of each.
step to 8 or 8- inches.
Pave the cellars with bricks laid flat in sand as well
as the areas outside.
Pave the pathway at the side of the houses round to
the back doors with red paving bricks laid well in sand.




86           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
MASON.
Put rubbed, weathered, and sunk and throated 4
inches thick, York stone sills to the front windows, those
to project 10 inches from the face of the wall where the
iron balconies are shown, the stones being mortised to
receive the balconies, which must be fitted by being run
with lead and made secure to the brickwork as well as
the stonework; the sills to the area windows and those
in the back elevation to be tooled only.
Put rubbed Portland stone steps to the front doorways, of the length, breadth, and thickness shown in the
drawings.
Put tooled York steps to the back kitchen entrance,
one step to the level with the floor and forming the sill
to the door, the other to be 8 inches lower outside, 9
inches thick, 3' 9" long, and 12 inches wide.
Put tooled hearthstones and back-hearths to the scullery fireplaces.
Put rubbed and dressed hearthstones and rubbed
back hearthstones to all the chimney-places up and down
stairs, the hearthstones to be 14" longer than the openings.
Put to the four piers of the front windows, top.and
bottom, polished Bath stones, wrought as shown in
drawing of the full thickness of the piers, and to be
polished on the return sides.
Put up to the kitchen fireplace a stone chimney-piece
with mantel-shelf supported on strong brackets, value
11. 12s.
Put to each sitting-room enamelled slate chimneypiece to each fireplace, of pattern to be approved by
surveyor, of the value of 2. 5s. each.
Put up rubbed stone mantels to the bedroom chimney-pieces instead of the'above.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      8:7
PAVIOR.
Pave the porches with rubbed stone, and the pathways of tooled 2- York paving, with a 22-inch curb
well laid, 3 feet 9 inches in width of pathway, inclusive
of curb.
Pave the scullery and pantry with 9inch square
Staffordshire hard red paving tiles, well bedded on sand,
the interstices being filled with liquid mortar.
SLATER.
The roofs, front, and ends to be covered with Bangor
Countess slates, and the roofs at back with Bangor
Ladies slates, all to be picked of uniform colour and
thickness, with edges well dressed. No strips or small
pieces to be used under the ridge or at the hips Qf the
roof, but whole slates must be properly cut to.fit; each
slate to be nailed with two composition nails to the
slate battens, the slates to overlap at least 5 inches.
The hips and ridges to be covered with neat plain
Staffordshire ridge-tiles, securely bedded in and joined
to the roof with cement, and to have at the angles of
the hips strong wrought-iron L irons for securing same.
Fix in the pantry of each house a rubbed slate shelf
3 feet from the floor, equal in length to the width of the
pantry, 1 foot 6 inches wide and 1 inch thick.
OUTSIDEJ ROMAN CEMENT WO.RE.
The cement to be of the quality and mixed as specified. Execute in cement the chimney-caps, moulded
according to the drawings, and form the.architraves and
rustics to the porch door openings in front in cement.
Execute in cement the leaf Gothic ornaments according
to -the drawings in the best manner. Cover the area
walls at top with cement. Bed in cement the ridge and




88           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
hip tiles as specified, and cope in cement the top of the
party wall above the roof according to the drawings.
CARPENTER.
All the timber, unless otherwise specified, to be of the
best sound well-seasoned Baltic timber, listed free from
large dead knots, wany edges, shakes, sap, and other
defects.
Sound yellow battens may be used for the smaller
carpenters' work, and where oak is used it must be of
English growth.
All the floors not specified to be paved must be
boarded. The groufid-floor joists to be 41 x 2- inches,
laid upon oak sleepers 4 x 2+, resting upon dararf walls.
The trimmers and trimming pieces to be half an inch
thicker than the other joists. The joist for the firstfloor rooms to be 9" by 2"; all the joists throughout
to be laid to a gauge of 13 inches from centre to
centre.
Four tiers of wall-plates to be laid in the walls: one
tier under the ground-floor joists, one under the firstfloor joists, and one under the ceiling joists, and one
under the rafters of the roof. The ceiling joists to be
4 x 2, laid to the same gauge as the floor joists; all the
3-inch partitions to be formed of quarters 12 inches
apart 3 x 2, with braces 3 x 22, and heads and sills 3 x 3.
All lintels must be 4 inches deep, and 15 inches longer
than the width of the respective openings. A tier.of
herring-bone strutting to be put between the joists of the
first floor, to the front and back sitting-rooms, and front
and back bedrooms.
The roofs to be formed with rafters 4x2, collars
8 x 1-, for carrying purlins; purlins 4 — x 2-, ridge and
hip pieces, 6 x 1-. The purlins to be securely notched
into and nailed to the collars, and the rafters to be notched




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       89
upon the purlins and wall-plates, and securely nailed
thereto, and to the ridge and hip-pieces. The ceiling
joists to be securely nailed to the wall-plates and to the
heads of the timber partitions; planed soffit and planed
and beaded inch facia boards to be put to the projecting
eaves all round, securely nailed to the joists, or to
brackets where requisite. The roof to be fitted with
proper fillets and tilling fillets, and laid with slate battens 1 1x-, properly gauged for the slates, securely
nailed to the rafters, none of the rafters of the roof to
be more than 12 inches apart.
Proper bearers, 4- x 3 to be fixed for carrying the
cast-iron cisterns over water-closets.
JOINER.
The wood used for the joiners'-work may be the best
clean well-seasoned American pine, excepting the floorboards and door-linings.
Lay the floors with the best yellow deal boards planed,
8 inches wide and -- thick, laid folding, and securely
nailed to the joists.
Put to all the doorways in breadth equal to the full
thickness of the several walls, 1 — planed, rebated, and
beaded door-linings, grooved to receive the plaster, and
securely fixed to the wooden bricks. Put round the
entrance-hall and ground-floor sitting-rooms planed inch
ogee moulded skirting-boards, securely nailed to wooden
plugs in the walls at back.  Put mitred verge boards
round all the hearthstones throughout the chamber
floors and sitting-rooms, all the doorways to the ground
floor to be fitted up with beaded and moulded 4-inch
architraves.
All the doors to the chamber floor to have 22-inch
mouldings fitted to door-linings.
Fit up to the front-door opening a solid 4 x 4- rebated




90           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
and chamfered frame, to the outer scullery door a solid
anrd beaded 3:x.3 frame. The front door to be framed
with 1-1- styles and frame, with bottom T panels surrounded with'raised mouldings, the upper panel spaces
to be circular-topped, moulded, and prepared to receive
glass panels; fit up a 1~inch framed and panelled shut-ter, to fit inside glass panels, with iron pins and sockets
at top, and sockets and thumb-screws at bottom for
fixing same.
The doors to be hung with 31-inch iron nbutt hinges,
and fitted with a strong 10-inch best irontrimmed lock
and brass furniture, a latch-lock, and two 10-inchbarrel
bolts.
The kitchen door to be 11 four-panel door. The two
top panels to be glazed and fitted with a shutter hung
with two strong T hinges, and fitted with Norfolk latch
and strong 10-inch barrel-bolts.
The doors'to the sitting-rooms to be -l-inch four
panels, both sides moulded doors, hung each with two
3-inch iron butt hinges, and fitted with strong mortise
locks with brass furniture.
Fit up the pantry with 2 rows of shelves on strong
wooden brackets, planed, rounded on the front edge, 12
thick and 18 inches-wide.
The pantry door to be 1-inch beaded batten door,
with 3 back ledges chamfered at edges and ends 6 x 1.
The door to be hung with -two strong T hinges, fitted
with a Norfolk thumb-latch and top and bottom barrelbolts.
Fit up in the scullery a dresser, as shown in section,
framed with two drawers, the top of the dresser to be
of 1 -inch stuff. The whole to be planed and properly
constructed, the drawers to have proper runners and
dovetailed angles, and black wood or japanned handles
for opening. Underthe drawers will be a place for iron




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      91
pans, &c., which must have, as shown in section, a front
ledge on the floor, 3 inches high. Over the dresser fit
up a plate and dish rack, in three tiers, with sides and
moulded top, the shelves to have proper ledges, all to
be planed, wrought, and properly fitted.
In each front room fit up dwarf cupboard, as h'own
on the plan, with moulded base, two doors, shelf inside,
all wrought, fitted and planed, the doors to have each
two iron butt hinges, an inside bolt, and lock. The
top of the cupboard to be ledged round with mahogany
ledges, the top to be mahogany with moulded fronts..The doors to be constructed of inch stuff (as well as
all the other work connected with the cupboards), and
moulded on fronts.
The door between the kitchen and the passage to be
four panel, one side moulded, 1 —inch door, hung with
two 3-inch iron butt hinges, and fitted with strong ironrimmed lock, with brass furniture and two strong barrel
bolts.
Fit up on the stairs landing a wardrobe and soiledclothes closet, as shown on drawings, with two doors
and boarded partition,- the top of the closets to be
moulded as shown; the whole to be constructed of inch
stuff; the doors to be four-panel square framed doors,
with locks and hinges complete. Three tiers of-planed
inch shelves, 18 inches wide, to be fitted in one closet
upon strong wood brackets; in the other closet, wall
boards and a row of iron bracket hooks, japanned, for
hanging clothes upon.
The space for the cellar steps to be divided from the
passage by a beaded inch boarded partition, under
staircase to have a 3 x 3 rebated and moulded door
frame, and fitted with a door of the same description as
that from  the passage to the kitchen, with,similar
hinges, locks, and bolts.




92           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
The staircase to be carried up as shown in the drawings, with inch deal risers and treads, the nosings to be
moulded and returned to put in a wrought and beaded
wall string from top to bottom of stairs, fitting to skirtings above and below the stairs, to be well blocked and
glued together, and fixed on strong fir carriages.
The staircase to have a 3 x 3 wrought and moulded
Honduras mahogany handrail, French polished, with
turned starting newel and landing posts 3 x 3. Fit into
handrail and steps' square deal balusters, 3 inches
apart, and, in order to stiffen and strengthen the handrail and balusters, three of the balusters to be of
wrought iron, with feet and head to receive screws, to
be firmly secured to steps and handrail. Put a beaded
and planed inch fasia board round the well of the stairs,
to hide end of joists, &c.
The four chamber doors to be four panel 1- inch
doors, moulded on both sides, each hung to linings
with two 3-inch iron butt hinges, and fitted with strong
iron-rimmed, japanned lock, with brass furniture.
Fit up the water-closet with white earthenware basin
and trap of Jennings' patent valve closet and trap,
with a service pipe from cistern and waste pipe connected with outside drain to cesspool. The riser and
seat of the water-closet to be of inch planed deal, fixed
on strong fir carriages, the front or nosing of the seat
to be rounded and moulded; the seat to have verge
board round on wall sides, ledged lid hung with two
iron butt hinges, and sides complete.
The door to the water-closet and the door opposite
to be four panel square framed 1 —inch doors, hung to
linings, with two 3-inch iron butt hinges. The watercloset door to have inside barrel bolt for fastening, and
catch-lock with brass handles for securing door when




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      93
not bolted. The door to the closet opposite to have
iron-rimmed lock and brass furniture.
The windows throughout to have 1 —inch ovolo deal
sashes, hung with patent lines and brass pulleys to deal
case frames, oak sunk and weathered sills. The frames
to be moulded round inside and out. All the windows
to have strong patent brass fasteners.
The front entrance door frame to be made for fanlight over.
The closet opposite the water-closet to be fitted up
with three tier of shelves on strong wood brackets at
the back wall. The shelves to be 1- thick and 18
inches wide.
PAINTER AND GLAZIER.
Stop knot and paint three times all the internal and
external woodwork, usually painted, in the best oil
paint, the last coat to be of the tint required by the
surveyor; all the window frames outside to be grained
oak, as well as both external doors and frames.
Glaze the front windows with the best flatted glass,
and all the other windows with Newcastle crown glass,
properly bedded, bradded, and back puttied.
PLUMBER.
Flash round the chimneys with lead, 51bs. to the
foot, and on the side of the party wall above the roof
with lead the same weight, properly and securely fixed
with lead-headed nails.
Fit up over the water-closet to each house a cast-iron
tank, or cistern, by Messrs. Burney and Bellamy, to
hold 80 gallons, 4 feet by 2 feet x -. Fit up an iron
supply pipe to water-closet from same, 1- inch in diameter inside. Fit up waste pipe from water-closet to
outside drain to cesspool.




94           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Fit up on strong iron brackets neat ogee 5-inch
wrought-iron gutters to eaves, with down pipes, having
cistern heads, at ends and back of house; the gutters
to be jointed with white lead.- Connect the bottoms
of the down pipes to the drains leading to the cesspools.
Fit up a galvanised or enamelled cast-iron sink, with
lead inch waste pipe connected with outside drain to
cesspool, the top of the waste pipe to be trapped with a
brass bell trap. Lay a lead -l-inch service pipe from
main pipe in road to cistern, to supply the houses from
the town waterworks, fitted with copper ballcock complete; connect with same inch lead pipes to sinks, with
brass taps and iron fasteners complete.
PLASTERER.
The quarter partitions throughout to be lathed,
plastered and set.
The wall throughout to be rendered, floated, and set,
except for the kitchen and scullery, which may be rendered and set.
The ceilings throughout to be lathed, plastered, set,
and whitened, except the cellar and kitchen, which are
to be lathed, floated, and set.
Put beaded angle staves to chimney breasts throughout.
Put to the two parlours, entrance hall, and porch,
cornices 6 inches girth, of approved pattern.
The walls in the cellar to be twice coloured in distemper.
IRON-FOUNDER.
Fit up in the kitchen a proper kitchen range, with
oven and self-filling boiler, with safety-pipe and ballcock complete.
Fit up in the two parlours, of neat pattern, of the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      95
value of 11. 10s. each complete, good register stoves, the
pattern to be approved by surveyor. In the bedrooms
fit up false registers, one in each-fire-place, of the -value
of 14s. each, the price to include fixing.
Put iron balconies to front windows,.as shown on
drawings, pattern to be submitted to surveyor for approval. Fit up to each front door a, neat iron knocker
and a neat iron-pan scraper.
The cellars and foundations up to the level of the
ground may be built in Kentish rag, if preferred to
brick, but the chimney stacks must be carried up from
top to bottom in brickwork. No stone wall to be less
than 16 inches in thickness, the outside walls 1' 9" thick.
The front boundary wall to be executed with cement
coping, and built with Kentish rag stone and brick
piers, as shown in drawing.
Fit up two entrance gates in wall with heel-post
3 x 22, clapping-post 3 x 3, rails 21- x 14, cross piers
2 x 2, all chamfered and planed, fitted with latches and
fasteners and hooks and eyes complete.
This specification is intended to refer equally to both
houses, and to include both, although not specially mentioned in the several descriptions of the works.
A.-This is the specification marked A. referred to
in my contract with the                  dated this
ninth day of September, one thousand eight hundred
and sixty-two.
The amount of the contract for the pair of houses
complete, with front boundary wall and gates, was
5131. 14s.




96           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
III.-Specification of Work to be done in erecting and
completely finishing a TEMPORARY STATION at, on the
Prepare all the timber to the full sizes indicated by
the drawings, of foreign timber of approved quality and
good sound condition.
The angle, quarter posts, heads, sills, window, and
door jambs to be prepared, wrought, chamfered, mortised, and pinned, as the case may be; all outside work
to be planed.
The posts and quarters to be 4" x 4", wall-plates and
sills 4-" x 4', ridge-piece 1-1 x 5", rafters 2" x 3".  The
rafters to be covered with — inch close boarding, securely nailed to the joists; side quarters 3" x 1-, securely nailed to the quarters and posts; the whole of
the framing to be properly and soundly put together.
The sides and walls to be formed of weather boarding,
securely nailed to the side quarters, and lapping at the
edges 1 — inch; the boards to be 1 inch thick on the
lower and 4- on the upper edges. Construct the doors
with planed and beaded battens nailed to strong cham.
fered backs, three to each door, each 2" x 6". The doors
to be hung with T hinges, and fitted with iron-rimmed
spring locks and japanned furniture. Construct the
windows with solid frames wrought and rebated to receive sashes, with stops and laths for guiding the rising
sashes; the movable sashes to be hung with patent lines
on rollers, and a grooved space to be left at the back of
the frames for the weights to move freely, and boxed
up with 4 —inch boards. The windows to have proper
fasteners.
The bay-windows to be supported upon wrought
brackets planed, two to each window. The bottoms




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      97
and tops of the bay-windows to be boarded and roofed
with joists and boarding for felt similar to the general
roof.
The ticket-window to be fitted with a small mahogany
counter, till, and bowls for cash.
The washing-place to have a panel door, half glass, for
giving light thereto.
The urinal to be fitted with slate trough.
The water-closet, with seat and riser, of 1- stuff, and
strengthened with brackets and bearers.
The privy, urinal, washing-place, and living-room to
be paved with brick laid flat in sand. The sleepingroom to be floored with 1k-inch deal planed boards
laid folding, nailed upon joists 14 inches apart and
4" x 3".
The brickwork to the fireplaces and chimney to be
carried up in brick and mortar in a workmanlike
manner, according to the drawings, with arched
chimney openings, and a cradle bar to each of wrought
iron, turned and corked at the ends, 2-" x 3
The roofs to be covered with asphaltic felt strained and
securely nailed to rafters, and boards at edges, the edges
overlapping. The joints to be covered with chamfered
laths 1+" x 1", nailed through felt to rafters and boards.
The gables to be protected by planed and under-side
chamfered gable hoods, projecting in front and securely
nailed down, 6" x 24.
Fit up a seat for passengers with inch planed and
front rounded top, front rail and supports planed and
-wrought according to drawing.
The whole of the work to be performed in a thoroughly satisfactory and workmanlike manner, and the
contractor to find, fix, and provide all and all manner
of labour and materials for thorough completion of the
work, according to the meaning and true intent of the
drawings and specifications.
H




98            SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILING.
The windows to be glazed with the best.Newcastle
crown glass, properly bedded, bradded, and back puttied. All the work to be first primed and thlen twice
painted in the best oil colours, as far as concerns all the
outside work and all the work that is usually painted.
The contractor to find and fix hearthstones of Machno
slate or Yorkshire slab, and back hearths to the fireplaces, and to build proper brick fenders for supporting
the hearthstones.
IV.-Specification of Works to be done in building and
completely finishing a VILA to be erected on Lot 11
of the Estate belonging to the, at East
Cowes, Isle of Wight, with all necessary appurtenances.
BRICKLAYER AND EXCAVATOR.
Excavate the ground to the depth required for the
foundations of the walls and draiage.
Remove and cart away all superfluous earth and rubbish, disposing of the whole or any of the same on the
ground adjoining the intended building, or as directed
if required for levelling or any other purpose.
As the brickwork rises, fill in and ram the earth close
up to the walls until the trenches are filled up to the level
of the ground, or to any levels required by the surveyor.
The trenches for the reception of the concrete to be
made at the bottom perfectly level, and solid, and hard
(by punning, if required) throughout.
The superfluous earth, &c., to be removed as it
accrues, without being allowed to accumulate.
To excavate the ground for the front boundary walls,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      99
and for such other walls and works as may be specified, performing all the necessary works in the manner
already described, filling in all trenches after drains are
laid, and soil up to footings of walls.
CONCRETE.
The gravel or stone to be used for the concrete to be
screened, and no stone larger than an egg to be used.
The concrete to be formed in the following proportions: Four parts of screened stone, as above, two parts
of coarse, clean sand, and one part of fresh, well-burned
stone lime.
The lime to be ground to powder dry, the materials
in a dry state to be then mixed together, and sufficient
water to be added to so much of the material as can be
used at once, to give the mass the consistency of mortar.
As the concrete is prepared it must be immediately
thrown into the trenches from a stage 10 feet high, from
barrows, and puddled to a level surface; or if thrown
in from the level, must be well trodden to an uniform
level surface at top for the reception of the intended
brickwork. Concrete throughout under main walls to
be of the width and thickness shown in the section, and
a layer of concrete 6 inches thick to be placed to receive
the stone paving in offices, the ground being previously
made up with hard, dry rubbish.
BRICKLAYER.
The mortar used in the works to be composed of onethird of well-burnt stone lime, by measure, and twothirds of clean, sharp, river or pit sand, well mixed and
incorporated. No more mortar to be prepared at a time
than will be required for one day's consumption, and no
sea sand to be used in making it.
The quicklime to be covered with sand, &c., and not
H M




100          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
more exposed to the atmosphere than is absolutely necessary.
Roman cement to be used wherever external cement
work is necessary or specified, or for interior work, such
as the lining for cisterns, &c.
The Roman cement is to be of the very best quality,
and pure from the manufactory, and, before being used,
to be submitted for the approval of the surveyor for the
company.
The cement to be gauged with an equal proportion of
clean, sharp, river or pit sand, and in small quantities,
at the time of using. If more should be prepared than
can be used at once, it should be thrown away as useless, as after it is set it will on no account be allowed to
be broken up, and remixed with water or fresh sand or
cement.
The cement and sand must be first thoroughly mixed
when dry, water being added in due proportion as it is
required.
Great care must be used not to disturb any brick or
tile work that may be set in cement after the cement
has set.
The utmost attention is to be paid to the quality of
the lime, the purity of the sand, and the proportions
used in making the mortar, and equal care in the preparation of the cement.
The footings to the walls to be in three courses, contracting at each course 5 inches, that is, 2.- inches on
each side.
The walls to be carried up according to the thicknesses marked upon or indicated by the drawings, and
no four courses of brickwork to rise more than 1 foot,
including mortar joints.
The bricks used in the external and thicker walls to
be hard, well-burnt, and well-formed kiln-burnt bricks,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     101
those for the external walls particularly; the front to
be picked of uniform tint and colour.
Taylor's patent damp proof course must be used
throughout the entire thickness of the external walls
at the ground line, of widths suitable to the thickness
of the wall to be erected. These are manufactured by
or for Mr. George Jennings, licensee and manufacturer.
The foundations below the damp proof course to be
built solid; but above, all walls of greater thickness than
half a brick or 4- inches, being external walls, must be
built hollow; that is to say, that in a wall which if built
solid would be 9 inches in thickness, there shall be an
air space of the clear width of 2 inches between the walls
of 4- inches each, and that in a wall which if built solid
would be 14 inches thick, there shall be a clear air space
of 2 inches between the outer 41 and the inner 9-inch
wall, and that in a wall which if built solid would be
18 inches in thickness, there shall be a clear air space of
2 inches between the two 9-inch walls.
In order to ensure the proper carrying out of such
hollow walls, Jenning's patent bonding bricks shall be
used in manner following; that is to say, that in the
horizontal courses of brickwork for all external walls,,
Jenning's patent bonding bricks shall be used not more
than 18 inches apart, and that, vertically, they shall be
used in every second course in height; and in order to
ensure the performance of the work, the printed illustrated sheet, describing the use of the said patent bonding bricks and Taylor's patent damp proof course, has
been incorporated with, and forms part of this specification.
Externally, the walls shall be carried up so as to present the appearance of Flemish bond; the said patent
bricks shall be manufactured of a colour to match with




102          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
the face bricks; and to ensure perfect uniformity in
this respect, the contractor for these works shall supply
to the manufacturer of the patent bonding bricks a solid
brick as a specimen of the colour of the bricks to be
used in the external walls, and particularly for the
picked bricks for the front.
The joints in the brickwork to be drawn perfectly
straight, and to be fieatly flat joint pointed throughout
the whole of the external walls.
Throughout the buildings, over all the internal and
external openings, where practicable throw 9-inch
arches, formed of two separate courses of 4k-inch
bricks laid close and radiating to a common centre,
and upon proper wood-framed and lathed centre-pieces.
The arches to be carried through the whole thickness
of the walls and above lintels, where lintels are required; where only half-brick arches are practicable,.and there are no lintels, put cradle-bars 2" x -' ~
Over all the chimney openings build 9-inch arches,
-n separate rims, upon properly cambered wrought-iron
bars 2 x - inches, the bars to be 2 feet longer than the
widths of the openings, and properly turned and corked
into the jambs at the ends.
Carry up the chimney shafts according to the drawings; properly turn, parjet, and core all the chimney
flues with cow-dung and lime and hair mortar mixed.
The stacks of the flues to be all carried up in solid
brickwork, and in no case less than 4- inches thick, exclusive of the core; no woodwork to be placed in the
brickwork of the chimneys, nor nearer than 9 inches to
the same.
The projections to the cornice to porch, projections,
chimneys, strings, mouldings, and salient courses to be
formed in brick, tile, or York stone, and set in good
mortar, ready to receive the Roman cement, mouldings,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      103
and dressings. The cantilevers to be worked in tile or
brick, ready to receive the cement covering and mouldings.
Under the drawing-room, sitting-room, entrance-hall,
and other rooms and passages on the ground floor, erect
dwarf walls 4 feet apart and 9 inches in thickness, with
proper footings in two courses high each, the bottom
course being 18 inches wide for supporting sleepers and
joists.
Bed in mortar all wood-bricks, plugs, templets,
dragon pieces, wall plates, lintels, and all other woodwork to be set in the brickwork, and so requiring; wall
plates 4- x 3 to be placed under the joists of each floor,
each in a complete tier, halved and lapped at the ends;
bed upon the dwarf walls for supporting the lower floors
oak bearers 4 x 3.
Over all internal and external window openings insert
lintels, as mentioned under the head of Carpenters'
work.
Insert all iron and stone work required to be set in
the brickwork.
Execute splays, birdsmouth, skewbacks, and chamfers, and cut all channels and holes for bell fittings, pipe
fittings, and do generally all cutting, channelling, and
jobbing for other trades; fill in all putlog-holes; and
execute salient courses, corings, and dubbings, carefully
matching all such fillings and finishings as are required
to previous work.
Build 9" fenders in brickwork in mortar, with proper
footings to ground-floor fire-places and brick-trimmer
arches (4-) in cement, for supporting chimney slabs to
all the other floor chimney places throughout, well
grouting the same.
Fill up interstices and point round in lime and hair
mortar all door-frames and all window-frames.




104         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Build dwarf walls for supporting sink, and set the
copper and grates throughout.
Fit up in the scullery a strong 20-gallon copper in
brickwork, in the best manner, with furnace-door,
damper, and circulating flue complete.
Provide sufficient safe standing, scaffolding, poles,
planks, putlogs: ladders, blocks, pulleys, rope and tackle,
and implements of every kind requisite for the proper
completion of the whole of the works. The scaffolding
to be left standing until the buildings are ready to be
rendered up as complete.
The bricks to be wetted before being used, and the
mortar must be used as stiff as possible, but the bricks
must be protected from excessive rain as much as possible; the bricks for interior walls should be wetted
with lime-water.
All the timber partitions on ground floor to be filled
with brick flat nogging set in mortar, the bricks being
filled in in horizontal courses.
Excavate for a cistern for rain water in any convenient situation to be pointed out by the surveyor near
the building, to be constructed of 9-inch brickwork
set in cement-a cistern 8 feet long and 6 feet wide,
to be arched over with 4 —inch brickwork set in cement,
the crown of the arch being 3 feet below the natural
surface of the ground, and the bottom of the cistern
5 feet below springing of arch; the cistern inside to
be paved with brick laid edgeways, set in cement, and
the bottom and the sides up to the arch to be lined
with cement 3-inch thick, a manhole to be left in the
arch to be covered with a 4-inch York flag 3 feet by 2
feet. The ground to be filled in and levelled to the
natural surface when the cistern is finished, and an
iron pump with brass valves to be fitted up to the
cistern for pumping water therefrom.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      105
Build the front boundary wall according to the
drawings, with piers 18 inches square, the plinth being
23 inches square; the walls between the piers to be 14
inches thick below the plinth, and 9 inches thick above
the same. The walls and piers to be carried up in brick
picked of uniform colour, well flushed in with mortar,
and neatly pointed outside. Provide proper chamfered
bricks for plinth, the top of the piers to be moulded and
finished in cement as shown in the drawings.
The wall between the piers to be coped with Portland
stone 4 inches in thickness, to be throated, and to project 2 inches over the wall on each side; the stones to
be plugged and run with lead at joint, and drilled at
proper distances to receive the iron railings. Build in
a central position between each pair of piers, dwarf,
offset, or spur walls, for fixing spurs to standards for
supporting the iron railing into these walls, to be also
coped with stone; all the stonework to be neatly
boasted and worked square.
MASON.
All the stone used to be the best of its kind, as specified, free from rents, sand-holes, streaks, and other defects. The York to be the hardest quality from the
under-beds, and the Portland stone from the best
quarries.
The mortar and cement to be as specified for the
brickwork and plasterer's work; lime, putty, and plaster
to be used where the class of work requires them.
The masonry is to be worked and put together in the
best manner, with all requisite sinkings, throatings,
drips, jogglings, &c.; all that is not described as tooled
is to be rubbed fair and carefully worked.
Pave the portico with rubbed Portland stone, perfectly firm and level bedded on sand, the edges to be




106          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
rubbed to fit perfectly straight and true, the joints to
be set with cement, the stone to be 4 inches thick.
Put rubbed Portland stone steps to porch door as
shown on drawings with moulded nosings.
Put to all the front upper windows, sunk and weathered and 4-inch thick rubbed Portland stone sills;
and to the front ground floor windows moulded sills,
with trusses, where shown, to dining-room window; and
continue the one-pair sills to form string home to the
first chimney breast on each flank.
To all the other windows throughout, put sunk and
weathered York stone sills, tooled as fair as possible.
Pave the pantry, scullery, coal place, cellar, and
water-closet with 3-inch York stone, rubbed, laid, and set
with cement.
Fit up in the scullery a 6-inch sink, as shown in the
drawing, properly sunk and tooled fair; sunk for belltrap, and pierced for waste pipe, supported at the end
with 4 —inch brick wall in cement.
Put to back outer doors three tooled York stone
steps.
Put to the kitchen a hearthstone and back hearth of
York stone, tooled fair; the hearthstone to be 18
inches longer than the width of the opening, and 2 feet
6 inches wide.
Cope the parapet wall to the front bay-window, and
finish the top of porch with Portland stone 4 inches
thick, according to the drawings, joggled at the joints
in cement; the joints to be well filled with cement, and
the coping bedded on cement.
Put to front and back rooms, hearthstones and back
hearths of rubbed Yorkshire stone, the hearthstones 18
inches longer than the width of the chimney openings
and 2 feet wide.
Fit up in kitchen and scullery York rubbed stone




SPECTFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       107
chimney-pieces, with jambs haunch-cut, and wide shelf;
the shelf to be supported on strong and rubbed stone
brackets.
Fit up a moulded enamelled slate chimney-piece in
drawing-room, with ornamental trusses, the value of 51.
net cost at shop.
Fit up enamelled slate chimney-pieces in parlour and
dining-room, of the value of 31, l0s., each shelf supported on trusses, net.*
Fit up in two front bedrooms enamelled slate chimney-pieces, moulded, of the value of 31. 10s. each, net;
and to the other chimneys in the bedrooms on this
floor, chimney-pieces of the value of 21. 10s. each, of
enamelled slate.
In all cases the sums stated to be prime cost, and the
chimney-pieces to be submitted to the surveyor, for him
to approve or reject the same.
Provide labour, cement, putty, holdfasts, and all other
requisites for properly fitting and fixing the chimneypieces, hearthstones, and appurtenances.
Provide York stone, templets, keys, cappings, and
other stone and labour, also cramps, lead, and cement;
and cut all holes, mortises, rebates, chases, grooves, and
execute all other jobbings necessary for the perfect completion of the stonework and other branches of work
where the aid of a mason may be requisite.
CARPENTER.
All the timber used, except otherwise specified, to be
of the best, sound, and well-seasoned Baltic, Memel, or
Riga timber, free from sap, wood shakes, and large dead
knots.
The deals to be from Christiana, and the oak of English growth, sound, well seasoned, and close grained.
* The drawing-room chimney-piece and stove will be found by the proprietor.




108          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Oak plates 4" x 3" to be laid on the sleeper walls and
piers of the basement for carrying the flooring joists.
The joists to the ground floor to be 5"x 3", nailed
upon the oak sleepers and wall plates.
None of the joists, rafters, or quarters to be respectively more than 12 inches apart, or 15 inches from
centre to centre, except to the brick-nogged partitions,
which are to be 2' 3" apart.
In all cases the trimmers and trimming joists to be
2 an inch thicker than the common joists.
Three tiers of wall plates, 4- x 3", to be inserted in
the walls as specified under the head of brickwork.
The joists to the first floor to be 9" x 2-", securely
notched to wall plates and heads of framed partitions,
and to have proper trimmers and trimming joists.
The floors to be bridged with herring-bone strutting,
one row down the centre of each room.
The roof to the main building to have pole plates
5" x 3", wall plates 4" x 3", rafters 4" x 3", purlins
i5" x 4', tie beams 8" x 3", ring piece 4" x 6", principal
rafters 6" x 3", strutts 4" x 3", ridge pieces 7" x 2", hip
pieces 7" x 2", valley 9" x 3, all securely framed, and
proper screw bolts and straps where required.
The rafters to be firmly notched and nailed to purlins,
pole, and wall-plates, and nailed to ridge and hippieces.
Inch-deal gutter boards and proper bearers.
All the roofs to be covered with — inch rough boarding, securely nailed to rafters for carrying the slates,
and to have 2- proper hip ridge rolls.
The ceiling-joists to the bedrooms to be 3" x 2", with
proper fillets spiked to walls to receive same, and a
binder 8" x 3" to be fixed across back bedroom.
The quarter partitions throughout to have heads and
sills 4" x 3", door jambs and heads 4" x 3", all properly framed, with quarters 4" x 2", strutts 4" x 2-".
X7t2




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.         109
Put strong rebated and beaded angle staves* to the
chimney-breasts in the principal rooms, which may be
painted instead of being papered, and the same kind of
staves to all projecting angles. Put square angle staves
to all the rest of the chimney-breasts.
Put lintels over all the internal and external openings, 4" thick and 18" longer than the respective openings, and of the width required, and put bressammer
9"x 8", with 3" York paving on top to carry wall over
opening to bay.
Fix all fillets that may be required, and all tilting
fillets for the proper performance of the slating.
Nail to the trimming joists skew pieces for the brick
trimmer arches to spring from.
Provide and fix proper strong fir bearers for carrying
cistern to supply water-closets, &c.
Construct in the best manner the works in the carpenter's branch that are set forth in the specifications
and drawings, so as to avoid failure from thrust or settlement, using all necessary wall-plates, terplets, bond
wood bricks, joists, frames, quarter posts, sills, heads,
braces, strutts, lintels, ceiling joists, common rafters, hip,
valley, and ridge ditto, purlins, angles, ties, stays, shoes,
pins, plugs, blocks, plates, furring bolts, spikes, nails, wall
hooks, straps, and other requisite materials, and performing pinnings, mortisings, furrings, jogglings, notchings, housing, and all other requisite operations for
making the works complete. But no more timber to be
introduced into the walls than is absolutely. necessary
for the proper execution of the design.
Construct the flat roof over bay-window with joists
4" x 2-", wall-plates, 4 x 3, covered with inch boarding
for lead-work, with properly formed cesspool and drip.
* These are now commonly executed in cement as well as skirtings to halls,
kitchens, and offices.




110          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
JOINER.
The framing, floor boards, skirtings, and door linings
are to be of Norway deals and battens. Elsewhere the
joinery may be of white deals and battens, excepting
the window sills, which are to be properly wrought, and
of the best English oak throughout.
The floor boards to be prepared immediately the contract is signed, the framing also to be commenced immediately, leaving the works to be wedged up as wanted,
to be kept in some dry warm place, and care taken that
at no subsequent period they shall be exposed to rain or
moisture.
The whole of the framing, before leaving the shop, to
be knotted with red lead.
All the floor boards to 1~" straight joint edge nailed,
except in inferior rooms and offices, which are to be inch
laid folding.
All hearths to have clean mitred, tongued, and
glued margins 2- inches wide by the thickness of the
floor-boards.
Proper fir bracketings, grounds, and blockings to be
provided and fixed for all joinery.
The skirtings in the drawing-room to be 1 deal,
sunk 13 inches high, and moulding on same 5 inches
girt.
The skirtings in the hall, passage, parlour, and diningroom to be 1- deal sunk 10 inches high, and mouldings
4 inches girt on same.
The skirtings to the kitchen, pantry, and scullery, and
servants' water-closet, to be 8 inches high, beaded at
top.
Put to the hall front door solid 4- x 4" deal frame,
chamfered at exterior edge, beaded at back, rebated to
receive door, and framed for fanlight over. Put 5-inch




SPCIFICATLONS FOR BUILDING.      111
moulded'architrave round inside. The joiners' work,
and all the work throughout, to be properly smoothed
and planed, knotted and stopped.
The front door to be in two halves, folding, beaded,
and rebated to fit in front, the panels in each half with
raised mouldings, panels - thick, as shown in drawing.
The door to be formed with 2-inch stuff, properly
framed, and panels moulded inside. Each half to be
hung with three 5-inch strong iron butt hinges, fitted
with two (four for both halves) strong iron barrel bolts
and sockets, a 10-inch strong iron-rimmed drawback
lock, with rosewood furniture, 12" brass barrel chain,
and two iron knockers of approved pattern.
The back outer doors to be solid framed, frames
4" x 3", beaded and framed for fanlight over, with
moulding on transom outside. The door to be 1-, bead
flush and moulded, strongly framed, hung with three
5-inch strong iron butt hinges, fitted with two 10-inch
barrel bolts and sockets, and fitted with a strong 10-inch
iron-rimned drawback lock and Norfolk thumb-latch to
each, the lock to door at back of hall to have rosewood
furniture.
All the doors opening from the hall or passage to
be 2" deal 6-panel framed doors, moulded outside, those
to the drawing-room, parlour, and dining-room to have
raised mouldings inside. All the doors to have 1I
beaded and rebated deal linings of breadth equal to full
thickness of wall, and grounds grooved to receive plaster,
to have moulded 5-inch architraves inside and out, except kitchen door at end of passage, which is to have
3-inch girt moulding. All the doors to be hung with
two strong 4-inch iron butt hinges, and fitted' with
6" strong mortise-locks of the best kind, with rosewood
furniture.
Fit up the water-closet on chamber floor with Hon



112          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
duras mahogany front, moulded inch seat, and moulded
panelled riser, inch mahogany beaded margins, clamped
inch mahogany flap, 3-inch skirting 4 inches high
round walls, with proper fittings and hinges, and seat
and riser made movable.
Fit up 1   deal linings to kitchen, scullery, pantry,
and cellar doors with architrave mouldings 3 inches
girt, the cellars on outside only. The doors all to be
square framed 1- inch moulded one side, 4-panel, and
each hung with two 3 —inch iron butt hinges, fitted with
7-inch iron-rimmed lock and brass furniture.
Fit up 1- framed fronts to two closets in kitchen,
with panel outside doors. The frames to be made for
two sets of doors each, the lower doors opening into
closets for iron pans, &c., the upper doors into closets,
which are to have three rows of inch shelves of full
width of closets, and division between upper and lower
closet fitted upon strong wood brackets, the doors to be
made folding, hung with strong iron butt hinges, and
fitted with good strong locks, brass knobs, and inside
bolts.
Fit up the kitchen on side opposite fireplace with a
dresser, having 1- deal clamped top, inch deal potboards and bearers, proper framed legs and rails, three
drawers with brass drop handles, four tiers of inch deal
sunk plate shelves, 1{ cut standards 4 deal, matched and
beaded back lining, and - deal facia with moulding at
top.
Fit up in hall a mahogany double moulded rail 4" by
3, and 6 feet long, with returned ends, and No. 6 brass
hat and coat hooks.
All the external windows to have deal cased frames,
and 1- double hung moulded sashes, oak sunk and
weathered sills, sashes hung with white patent lines and
fitted with brass runners and lifts, and spring fasteners




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.    113
and iron weights complete. Inch deal tongued and
splayed linings and soffits, and 5-inch beaded and
moulded architraves. The architraves to be continued
to the floor in all the principal rooms, to have rounded
and moulded window-boards, the space or dado under
window-board to be framed, panelled, and moulded.
Windows to all the principal rooms to be as above,
and the windows glazed with plate-glass, to have lead
weights instead of iron.
The kitchen window to be double hung,. and in all
respects as strong and well fitted as the windows described, excepting that it is only to have 3-inch girt
mouldings and plain rounded window-board, no dado.
The scullery, cellar, and rest of ground-floor windows
to be ovolo and single hung only, plain rounded window-boards and staff beaded linings without inside
mouldings.
Fit up servants' water-closet with deal seat on strong
fir carriages, and deal riser.
The water-closet door to be inch deal proper ledged,
hung to 4 x 3 solid frame with two strong 18" cross
garnet hinges, and to have a Norfolk thumb-latch and
a barrel-bolt inside.
Fit up to the four principal bedrooms inch deal
moulded skirtings 10 inches wide, and to the passage
and other bedrooms 8-inch moulded skirtings, same to
dressing-rooms and water-closet.
All the doors to have 1C-inch beaded and rebated
linings, inch framed grounds, and 3-inch girt moulded
architraves inside and out. The doors to be both sides
moulded 1 —inch, four-panel square-framed doors, each
hung with two 3 —inch iron butt hinges, and fitted with
6" mortise locks and rosewood furniture.
The floor-boards and margins to chimney-places to be
same as described for ground floor.
I




114           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
The front windows to be carried out as shown on the
drawings, with deal cased frames, double hung sashes
and linings, moulded window-boards, moulded architraves, and all other fittings as described to front lower
windows, dados only excepted.
All the rest of the windows on this floor to have
sashes and cases in all respects similar, moulded architraves and window-boards, but no dados.
Provide proper ledged lid with handle to cover
copper.
Fit up the pantry with three rows of inch shelves
12" wide, on strong wooden brackets, and a slate bench
across the end two feet from the floor, in length equal
to the full width of the pantry. The bench to be securely fixed in the walls, to be 1 foot 6 inches wide and
1I-inch thick.
Fit up a ledged trap-door, to get to cistern in roof
over water-closet, with hinges and fastener, and beaded
facia boards to hide joists; put trimmers for carrying
any joists cut for trap-door.
Fit up in three of the bedrooms, as shown on the
drawings, dwarf closets with mahogany inch tops and
4-inch skirtings 3 inches high, the closets to be framed
with proper heads and stiles, fitted inside with two rows
of inch deal shelves, and to have to front for each two
11-inch panelled and moulded nd square doors, hung
with two strong butt-hinges each, and with locks, bolts,
brass knobs and roses.
Over the sink in the scullery fit up a rack for plates
and dishes, -three tiers high, the rack to have sides of
inch stuff.
Fit up -the front boundary wall with entrance gates,
as shown on drawing, with 2-inch rails and stiles, rebated and beaded to receive beaded panel boards. The
gates to be made to open as shown on drawings, to be




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     115
moulded at top, and hung with strong patent hinges and
bands properly let into 6-inch York hinge stones 14 x 14,
-and to have 8-inch, copper-warded, two-bolt lock, with
bronze furniture, strong bolts at back, with post let
into ground with iron socket for bolt.
Case the soil pipe from upper water-closet and services
to same with 1I rebated beaded grounds and - deal
clamped panels, fixed therein with screws.
STAIRCASE.
The staircase to be fixed on strong deal carriages,
notched to receive the steps. The steps to be formed
with inch risers and 1 —inch tread, moulded and
rounded in front, and returns to have neat brackets, as
shown on the drawings; to be properly backed, glued,
and securely put together. The hand-rail to be of
Spanish mahogany 21 x 21, wrought, moulded,.and
polished. The balusters to be inch square deal, with
occasional wrought-iron baluster for strengthening the
same.
The bottom steps to have compass end glued and
bracketed, with curved hand-rail, as shown in drawings.
Put 12-inch deal, moulded wall.strings, and l1-inch
deal sunk, return, beaded, cut, and mitred outer string,
and 11-inch sunk and return beaded apron linings,
with moulded nosings.
A moulded and square-panelled 12-inch spandril to
be put under stairs, as shown in drawing, with door to
form a lumber closet; the door jambs to be solid 3 x 3
rebated, with 3 x 3 also rebated, all beaded at edges,
and fitted with a moulded and square four-panel door,.
fitted with head lock and brass furniture, and hung with
two 3k-inch iron butt hinges.
Execute all other work necessary for the perfect completion of the joiner's work in every respect.
I 2




116          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
GLAZIER.
Glaze the bay-window fanlight over front door and
front window to parlour with strong polished plateglass, and the other windows and fanlights with the
best 26-ounce sheet-glass, properly bedded in, bradded,
and back puttied.
PAINTER.
Stop knot and paint four times in the best oil colours
all the woodwork and external and internal ironwork
usually painted.
Grain in imitation of oak, and twice varnish, all the
external doors and windows.
The last coat of paint for internal work to be executed in such colours as the surveyor shall direct.
The bars of the stairs to be painted four coats, and
finished green 12 inches on either side; the treads and
risers to be painted four coats, finished dead white.
The woodwork to the eaves, and iron gutters, and
down pipes to be finished stone colour.
The front door and entrance gates to be grained in
imitation of oak, and twice varnished.
The iron railings in front to be finished dark olive
green.
PLASTERER.
Execute in cement the plinths, mouldings, strings,
and cornices, as shown in the drawings, including architraves to windows, cornices to front windows, and
brackets to main cornice and window to dining-room.
All the mouldings to be sharply and neatly executed,
and according to the drawings, and to such enlarged
drawings and sections as may afterwards be supplied.
The channels in the quoins to be neatly executed, and
the quoins returned at the angles.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       117
The chimney caps and bases to be executed as shown
in the drawings.
The cement to be prepared and used as described in
the specification for bricklayer's work.
Lath, plaster, float and set, clearcole, and whiten all
the ceilings to the principal rooms and passages.
Lath, plaster, and set, and clearcole, and whiten all
the other ceilings throughout.
Render, float, and set all the walls throughout the
principal rooms and passages, and render and set all
the walls to the other rooms throughout. Soffits to
staircase to be executed in the same manner as the.
principal rooms and passages.
Execute in the best manner clear, sharp-moulded
cornices to the principal rooms on the ground and first
floor and staircase, according to the drawings, or such
other drawings or sections to a larger scale that may be
supplied.
Lath, plaster, float, and set the timbered partitions
throughout, and soffits of staircase.
The plasterer's work to include all cutting of moulds
for running cornices, and rubbing and bracketing where
necessary.
The plaster and hair must be very well mixed together, and sufficient time allowed for their amalgamation; the lime to be well ground.
Cement filleting to be used wherever necessary, and
carefully executed.
No labour must be spared in working the face, so as
to prevent blistering and cracking after work is done.
The plaster cornices to be carefully worked ir every
respect, and neatly mitred at all salient and re-entrant
angles; the returns setting off truly at right angles,
unless otherwise intended.
Render smoothly the brick sides, &c., of fireplaces.




11:8         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Provide all moulds, and do all doubling out, also all
repairs at completion.
Lay in between the joists of one-pair floors, boards
- inch thick, on which spread a coat of lime and hair
1 inch thick.
The walls:to the kitchen, scullery, pantry, and downstairs water-closet to be twice coloured in distemper;
the walls of cellars to be stopped and twice lime whited.
IRON-FOUNDER.
Provide cast-iron strong tray boot-scrapers to front
and back doorways.
Fit up a close 42-inch range in kitchen, with selfacting boiler, &c.> complete, of the value of 51., cost
price.
Fit up in drawing-room bright register stove-grate,
of the cost price of 61., prime cost.
Fit up in parlour and dining-room   register stovegrates, cost price: of 11. 15s. each.
Fit up in two best bedrooms register stoves 35s.
each; and in other bedrooms register stoves value 25s.
each.
Fit up in scullery strong grate, with hobs and
wrought-iron bars.
Provide guttering and down pipes, with brackets and
holdfasts proper for same.
Provide wrought-iron chimney bars to all chimney
openings, as specified.
The spouting to be submitted for inspection of surveyor before being used.
Fit up in roof over water-closet large and strong
wrought-iron cistern for supplying water-closet, boiler
to kitchen, and sink, to hold 50 gallons. The boiler to
be fitted with self-acting tap, with ball-cock and trough
for self filling.
Iron railing to be provided and fixed on the stone




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDIN.G      119
coping on dwarf wall in front, — inch cast-iron round
bars 6 inches from centre to: centre, and standards 1diameter, with back stays all run with lead; the uprights to have ornamental heads, as approved by the
surveyor; wrought-iron horizontal top rail 2" x l", 2
feet 9 inches. from top of stone. coping.
Provide and fix thirty-eight iron bricks, for giving
ventilation to floors.
Provide a 20-gallon copper, as described in bricklayer, and put lead curb to same 5 lbs. to the foot
super.
PAVIOR.
Six-inch metallic earthenware pipe drains, with patent
saddles, to be. laid from the water-closets, sink, and
overflow from tank and pump at a proper inclination,
as shown on drawing, and properly made good to existing drain, fitted with proper syphon metallic earthenware traps to the sink, overflow, and pump.
Put 6-inch tooled sink 2' x 1' 6" under pump, with
6-inch cast-iron grating in same, and 2 brick cesspool
under.
From the bottoms of the down conductors lay to a
proper inclination to the soft-water cistern 4-inch and
6-inch socket metallic earthenware pipes, well clayed
at the joints, for conveying rain-water to tank, with all
proper junctions and bends complete; the pipes to pass
through a sediment pit built of 42-inch brickwork set
and rendered in: cement inside and puddled outside with
clay before entering tank. The sediment pit inside to
be 12 inches by 12 inches, and 3 feet 6 inches deep,
covered with a flagstone.
PLUMBER.
Cover the ridges and hips with lead 5 lbs. to the foot
18 inches wide. Form the valley with lead of the same
weight turned up 12 inches up the slopes.




120          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Flash round the chimneys with step flashing, well
secured into brickwork, 15 inches wide and 5 lbs. to the
foot, and line gutters behind same with 5 lb. lead.
Cover the flat over the front bay-window with lead
5 lbs. to the foot, and put flashings 6 inches wide round.
Put to the eaves strong 5-inch moulded cast-iron
gutters, with plain clips jointed with white lead, and
securely fixed to feet of rafters.
Put strong 3-inch cast-iron down pipes with cistern
heads from principal roof at proper places, and with
double bends to get round cornice. Carry the water
from flat over bay-window with 3-inch double-bent
lead socket pipe soldered to cesspool, and made good to
3-inch cast-iron down pipe to carry water to drains.
Lay the water on from the town water-works with
inch lead pipe and inch roundway ball-cock, with screw
bottom and boss and copper ball to the cistern, and put
14-inch strong waste from same, with washer and waste,
and trumpet standing waste.
Put proper 5-inch soil pipe of iron from upper watercloset to drains with proper lead; bend at top, and put
5 lb. safe to same, with waste and dribble complete.
Fit up servants' water-closet with white glazed-ware
basin and trap properly made good to drain; lay on
water to same with 3-inch branch lead service from
nearest pipe with Jennings's patent water-closet apparatus and trap, with regulator, flue, basin, and opalglass handle; lay on the water with inch lead service.
Do all other necessary work of the nature of plumber's
work requisite for the buildings in every particular.
Provide and fix a proper brass bell-trap to sink with
fittings complete, and supply pipes to sink fitted with
— inch brass bib-cock complete, with screw bottom and
boss; put 2-inch waste from same to drain; lay on
water to copper with 3-inch branch service and bib



SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     121
cock as to sink, and lay on water to supply cistern of
boiler with -inch  h   branchservice and ball-cock.
Put lead in a proper manner wherever it is obviously
necessary to make the roofs water-tight, the.water supplies and discharges all secure and water-tight, using
all solder wall hooks, holdfasts, brackets, lead-capped
nails, and tacks that may be wanted to carry out in a
complete and proper manner all the plumber's work.
Provide and fit up to water-tank a 4-inch iron pump
with brass valves complete, and a 3-inch suction pipe
therefrom with rose end to water-cistern, with proper
bends, &c.
SLATER.
Cover the roof with Bangor countess slating, each
secured to the battens with two strong copper nails.
The slates to be laid with 3-inch laps and proper
bond. Must be cut for gutters, eaves, and hips; no
slips or small pieces will be allowed to make bond.
PAPER-HANGER.
The walls to be sized, and prepared for papering.
The bedrooms all to be papered, the principal bedrooms
with paper 3d. per yard, the back bedrooms with paper
1id. per yard. All the papers to be submitted to surveyor for' approval.
No papering to be done on. the staircase walls, or on
any walls of the ground floor or water-closet.
BELL-HANGER.
The house to have a bell to ring from the entrance
gate and principal entrance door, one from each sittingroom on the principal floor, and one from each bed and
dressing-room on the first floor. The wires to be best
copper, concealed in zinc tubes where necessary. The




122         SPECIICATIONS FOR. BUILDING.
whole of the rooms to have approved rosewood lever
pulls-viz. one. in each of the bedrooms and dressingroaom  and two in the dining and drawing-rooms and
parlour, and the entrance door and gate each to have. an
ornamental bronze sunk pull.
A. bell-board with the bells to be fixed in the passage
on the ground floor opposite the staircase. Each bell to
have a. vibrating pendulum.
Each bell to be of a different tone, and the whole of
the work to be done in a complete and satisfactory
manner.
This is the specification marked A referred to in my
contract with the
dated this 18th May, 1863.
The contract for this house, with front boundary wall
and iron double-entrance gates, was 10351.; if the patent
bonding bricks had been used, the cost would have been
10501.
April, 1863.
GENTLEMEN,
willing to execute the works
required in building a villa at East Cowes on Lot
No. 11 of your estate, according to the drawings and
specification of                  architect, for the
sum of                                 ~
If iron cramps are used in the hollow walls
in lieu of Jennings's patent bonding bricks, it
will occasion a difference of 
Gentlemen,
Your obedient servant,
To the Chairman and Committee. of the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BtUIDING.  123
Schedule of Prices fromt
~  s. d.
Excavation and levelling, per yard cube, 8d. to..  0  0 10
Concrete,,...     6  0
Reduced brickwork, per rod..... 11 10  0
Bricknogging, per yard.....  0  2  9
Stock brick paving flat, per yard.    1  9
Gauged arches, per foot.....  0  2  6
Brick trimmers in cement, per yard....0  5  0
6-inch glazed pipes and digging, per foot, i0d. to.  0  1  0
4,,,,,,,,     8d. to.    0 010
Bedding window-frames, each..... 0  1  0
Slating, per square (countess).....  16  0
Slating battens, per square.......  0  7  0
1h  slate tank, per foot....,  0  1  3
Fir timber in framework, per foot cube... 0  3  0
Oak,,,,..... 0 5 6
Door cases,,,,..  0  6  0
1- dovetailed cistern,,....   0   9
- white floors, laid, per square......  1 5 0
Inch,,......  1  10  0
1I sashes ancd frames, per foot...   0  1  4
2, 4?doors, double moulded, per foot....0  1  2
14 square framed shutters, 10d. to.....  0  1  0
11,    closet fronts and doors....  0  O 10
Render, float, and set, per yard......  0   7
Lath, float, set, and white, per yard.....  0  1  5
12-inch cornice, per foot.0           0 10
24  York paving square and laid, per 100 feet... 4 10  0
Portland moulded steps, per foot.....  5  0,  boxed mantles, from.....  1  0
Marble,,,,                    3 00
2j York landings, per.foot......  0  1
Stone brackets, from..            0  7  6
York window-sills, per foot, from  ls. 3d. to...0  2  9
Ironmongery.
Eaves, gutters, plain, per foot.... 0  8
moulded, per foot, from lOd. to.  1  0
Air-brick, each, from  6d. to......  9
Painter.
4 oils flatted, per yard......   1 0,,  grained,,  from  2s. to.... 0  2  6,  green,,,,  ls. to.....  0  1  6




124        SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Plumber.
~  s. d.
Lead complete, per cwt., from 30s. to.. 1 12 0
1-inch supply pipe, per foot.....  0  1  2
1,, waste pipe,,,....  0  1  8,,  service pipe,,...... 1  0
Glazing.
Plate glass, from  3s. to....  0  4  6
Newcastle crown, according to quality, from 6d. per foot to 0 1 3
Schedule of Prices.
~  s. d.
Excavation and levelling, per yard cube....0  0  8
Concrete.....6             0
Reduced brickwork, per rod...... 11 10  0
Bricknogging, per yard...... 0  2  9
Stock brick paving flat, per yard.....0  1  9
Gauged arches, per foot...... 0  2  6
Brick trimmers in cement, per yard.... 0 5 0
6-inch glazed pipes and digging, per foot, 10d. to..  0  1  0
4,,,,,,,,   8d. to..  0 10
Bedding window-frames, each.....1  0
Countess slating, per square......  1 16  0
Slating battens, per square...... 0  7  0
12  slate tank, per foot super...   1  0
Fir timber in framework, per foot cube..  0 3 0
Oak,,,,,,,,....  0  5  0
Door cases, per foot cube...... 0  6  0
1i  dovetailed cisterns, per foot super....  0  0  9
Fencing, per perch......
i white floor, laid, per square...... 1  4  0
1-inch,,,,,,.......  1  8  0
Sashes and frames, per foot super....   1  4
2-inch four-panel doors, double moulded, per foot super.  0 1 2
1,,  square framed shutters, per foot super...  0  1  0
11,,  closet fronts and doors, per foot super...0  0 10
Render, float, and set, per yard super....0  0  7
Lath, float and set, and white, per yard super.. 0 1 5
12-inch cornice, including mitre, per foot....  0  0 10
Box mantels, each, from 20s. to......  1  10  0
Marble mantels, each, from 60s. to...
21 York landings, per foot...... 0  1  1
Stone brackets, each.......  0  10  0
2j York paving square, &c., laid, per 100 feet..   4 10  0
Portland moulded steps, per foot.....  0  5  0
York window-sills, per foot, Is. 3d. to....  0  2  9




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.  125
Ironmongery.       ~ s. d.
Balcony railings, per foot,...
Handrail, per foot...
Ranges, each, from.......  3 10  0
Eaves, gutter, per foot.......   0  8
Air-bricks, each...... 0 1  0
Painter.
4 oils flatted, per yard....... 0  0  8,,  grained,,  is. 3d. to.... 0  2  0,,  green,,..0                0 10
Tar, per yard...... 0  0  2
Plumber.
Lead laid, per cwt......  1 14  6
Zinc, per foot, super....... 0  0  8
1-inch supply pipe, per foot....0  1  0
1~,,  waste pipe, &c., joints.....  0  1  4
i,,  service,,,,....0     0  8
Pump complete, from....... 4 10  0
Pan and apparatus complete, from 80s. to...  4 16  0
Glazing.
Flattened plate, per foot.....  0  4  0
Ground glass......0          1  8
Newcastle crown.....         1  6
ESTIMATE.-Villa proposed to be erected on the Estate at East
Cowes, Isle of Wight, from the Drawings and Specification of
Architect.-March, 1863..
SUMMARY.
~  s.  d.
1. Excavator and bricklayer..
2. Mason and slater..
3. Carpenter...
4. Joiner and ironmongery. 
5. Smith and bellhanger.
6. Plasterer......
7. Plumber......
8. Glazier 
9. Painter and paper-hanger,~




126             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
~ s. d.
The contractor is to state in his tender
the difference of cost if iron cramps.are
used in the hollow walls, according to.the
common custom of the island, in lieu of
Jennings's patent bonding bricks, as taken
in quantities.
EXCAVATOR AND BRICKLAYER.
The concrete to be composed of four
parts of screened gravel or stone, two
parts coarse clean sand, and one part of
fresh well burned ground stone lime, and
to be thrownv into trenches from a stage
10 feet high, while hot, and levelled at
once.
The external walls to be carried up
hollow, as described, with hard, wellburnt, and well-formed kiln bricks, and
to present the appearance of Flemish bond,
and the patent bonding bricks to be manufactured of a colour to correspond with
the facing bricks, and the bricks to be
wetted before being laid.
The mortar to be composed of onethird of well-burnt stone lime, and twothirds clean, sharp, river or pit sand, and
no more to be made at one time than is
sufficient for the day's consumption.
The cement to be Roman of the best
quality, and mixed in equal proportions
-with clean, sharp, river or pit sand, and
to be.made up in small quantities only as
required for immediate use.
Yds.
241     Cube. Digging, carting and despositing on adjoining, premises where directed 
75,, Digging, filling in, and ramming
68,, Concrete....
21      Sup. Do. 6 inches thick...
Ft.
201 Run. Strutting to perpendicular trench for concrete 2 feet deep 
38,,   Do. to perpendicular sides of hole for
tank 12 feet deep...
Rods.
14  68 -Sup. Reduced brickwork in mortar
Continued... ~




SPECFICATIONS FOR-IBUILDING.             127
Rods. Ft.                                             ~   s. d.
Continued 
1 91 Sup. Reduced brickwork in hollow walls built in
two thicknesses of one brick each, with
space of 2 inches between same (measured nett), but including Jennings's
patent bonding bricks at every second
course, and not more than 18 inches
apart, the bonding bricks to be manufactured to match the facings.
5  91,,  Do. in do. in two thicknesses, viz. the
outer wall half brick, and the inner
wall one brick do. do. do.
6,,  Do. in do. in two thicknesses of half
brick each, do. do. do.
162,,   Reduced brickwork in cement
10,,   Half-brick bearers do.
81,,      Do.    arches do.
41,,      Do.   trimmers do.
270,,   Rough cutting..
146,,   Two courses of plain tiles in cement
4804,,  Extra to the best picked facings, and neat
Yds.             flat joint pointing 
36,,  Stop and twice limewhite 
132,,  Lime and hair pugging, inch thick.
21.,,  Rendering in cement i-inch thick
16,,  Hard dry rubbish, filled in and well
rammed.
126,,  Brick flat nogging in mortar
6,  -Brick on edge paving in cement
299,,   Rough cut one course 
94,,   Rough birdsmouth cutting
53,,   Cut and rubbed splay
85,,   Rake and point in cement to flashing
3,,  Cutting and pinning slate shelf in cement
365,,   Extra to splayedfootlace in moulded bricks
55 external mitres to do..
18 internal do. do..
15,,  Taylor's patent damp-proof course, and
laying in 14 inches wall
160,,   Do. do. 18 inches do.
22  Frames bedded and pointed 
17  Making good to window-sills 
17   Flues cored 
25   Ends of steps, &c., cut and pinned
1  Extra to forming manhole in half-brick
arch, including brick curb to receive
cover.......
Continued... ~
>




128             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Ft.                                            ~   s. d.
Continued. 
120 Run. 4-inch metallic earthenware socket drain
pipes, bedded and jointed in clay, including digging, carting, filling in, and
ramming complete.. 
62,,  6-inch     do.    do.     do...
Extra to No. 11 4-inch bends
Do.   No. 5 6-inch do.
Do.   No. 3 4-inch junctions
Do.   No. 4 6-inch do.
172,,  6-inch metallic earthenware pipe drains
with patent saddles, bedded and jointed
in clay, including digging, carting, filling in and ramming complete
Extra to No. 18 bends...,,   No. 4 junctions
3  6-inch syphon taps 
15 Run. Opening and making good ground for
pipe.
8  Ends pipe made good to drain, in cement
4,,,,      tanks, &c., in
cement....
1  End of drain made good to existing drain
1  Half-brick cesspool in cement
1  Half-brick cesspool 12 inches square and 3
feet 6 inches deep in clear, built and
rendered inside in cement, including
York stone bottom and cover and puddling, digging, carting, and filling in
and ramming, Q cQmete,. 
Provide water for the use of the works
Give all notices and pay all fees
Insurance..
Clear and cart away all superfluous rubbish..
Setting only, but including all necessary
fire-bricks, &c.:
8  Register stoves..
1  Stove with holes..
1  42-inch kitchen range.
1  20-gallon copper complete
Cut away for and make good after all
trades..
Carried to summary.. ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.              129
MASON AND SLATER.
All the stone to be the best of its
respective kind, free from vents, sandholes, and other defects. The York to
be of the hardest quality from the
underbeds.
Ft.        Portland stone:                      ~   s. d.
62 Cube Stone and setting.
14,,   Do. scantling and do.
118 Sup. Plain beds and joints 
218,,  Do. face 
8,,  Rough sunk work.
2,,  Sunk joints
69,,   Sunk face..
27,  Moulding....
2,,  Stopped moulding 
33,,  4-inch rubbed Portland stone paving, in
large stones, and joints closely fitted
and set in cement.
16 Run. Back joint..
11,,   Rebate and back joint.
220,,  Throat 
6,,  Rubbed coping 18''4", throated both
edges.....
Two plain ends to do..
2  Mortises... 
116   Holes for balusters and running with lead.
8  Do. for standards do.
2  Stopped ends to mouldings, 3- inches girt
2  Do.         do.          6 inches do.
4  External mitres to moulding, 31 inches do.
4  Do.         do.          6 inches do.
2  Internal mitres to moulding, 31 inches do.
17  Birdsmouth joggles, 4 inches long, and
cement....
4  Do.                 6 inches long, do.
24  Plugs and lead...
York stone:
8 Cube Stone and setting.
12,,   Do. scantling and do..
17 Sup. Plain beds and joints.
7,,  Coped edges..
37,,   Plain tooled faces..
4,,  Rough sunk work....
Continued.. ~
K




130             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Ft.                                            ~   s. d.
Continued
135 Sup. Rough cores, &c...
18,,   Tooled slabs and hearths.
93,,   Rubbed do.      do.
11,,   3-inch paving on bressummer
201,,   3-inch rubbed paving, jointed in cement.
6,,  4-inch rough cover stone
16,,   6-inch tooled landing.
6,   6-inch tooled sink.
41 Run. Back joint..
181,,   Coped edges to cores, &c.
38,,   Tooled sunk, weathered, and throated
window sills, 8  X 4"..
8,,  Tooled step 13"X 9", and back jointed
7,,  Do. scantling, do...
5,,  Do. 13 x 9/, rebated and back jointed
7,   Do. scantling, do...
9,,  Rubbed coping 13 X 3", throated both
edges..
Three plain ends to do..
6  Mortises....
20  Notchings in slabs..
22  Plain ends to window sills
2  Do. to steps 13" X 9"...
1  Rebated hole for trap in sink
1  Rounded corner to do...
10  Perforations 14" X 9", through core
6  3-inch tooled templates 14"X 9"
8  Do.        do.        9"  9/,   with
coking hole and lead to each
4  6-inch hinge stones 14" x 14", tooled fair
on two sides, and including holes for
claws of hinges and running with lead.
1  6-inch tooled, sunk 2'x 1 6", with rebated hole for grating..
1  Rubbed York chimney-piece to ift. 6in.
opening, with plain jambs, haunchcut mantel, and wide shelf, with strong
brackets under same, including cramps
and fixing complete..
1  Do. to 3 feet 6 inches opening  do. do.
3  Enamelled slate chimney-pieces of the
P. C. value of 21. 10s. each, exclusive
of fixing, and including cramps and
fixing complete.
4  Do. 31. 10s. each    do.     do.
1  Do. 51. each P. C.   do.     do..
Continued... ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.             131
~   s. d.
Continued 
Cut away and make good after all
trades.
Sqs. Ft.
21  10 Sup. Best Bangor Countess slating, laid with a
3-inch lap, and nailed with two stout
copper nails to each slate
7,,  11-inch, planed one side, slate shelf.
4 Run. 14-inch rubbed edge
Leave all perfect at completion.
Carried to summary.     ~
CARPENTER.
All the timber, except where otherwise
specified, to be the best, sound, and wellseasoned Baltic, Memel, or Riga, free
from sap, shakes and large or dead
knots.
The deals to be Christiania, and the
oak of English growth.
Ft.                                            ~   s. d.
122 Cube Fir in plates, lintels, &c.
744,   Do. framed...
96,,   Do. ground joists...
27,,   Oak sleepers..
Sqs.
19  50 Sup. i-inch rough deal boarding for slates
11  90,,  Do. sound boarding and fillets.
19,,   Inch  deal boarding edges, shot and
firrings..
28,,   Do. gutter boards and bearers.
83,,   2-inch deal framed.
177,,   Deal-framed cradling 21/ x 2" 
2 Run. Rebated drip.
282,,   Tilting fillet..
21,,   Featheredge springing pieces
89,,   Rough fillet a3 X 2", spiked to wall
84,   Herring-bone strutting.
142,,   2-inch hip, and ridge-rolls and irons
19  Framed bridging pieces.
1  Cesspool in gutter.
76 Sup. Centering to arches...
41,   Do. to trimmers..
Continued.. ~
K 2




132             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
~  s. d.
Continued
2  Rough turning pieces to 1 foot 4 inches
opening, and - brick sofite 
3  Do. 1 foot 6 inches     do.     do..
1  Do. 2 feet 6 inches     do.     do..
1  Do. 2 feet 8 inches     do.     do..
4  Do. 3 feet 3 inches     do.     do..
2  Do. 3 feet 6 inches     do.     do..
1  Do. 3 feet 8 inches     do.     do..
3  Do. 4 feet              do.     do..
4  Do. 4 feet 6 inches     do.     do..
1  Do. 6 feet 6 inches     do.     do..
1  Segmental centre, 4 feet girt and 1 brick
sofite..
Provide all hoarding that may be required for the works.
Cut away for and make good after all
trades.
Carried to summary.     ~
JOINER AND IRONMONGERY.
The framings, floor boards, skirtings,
and door linings are to be of Norway
deals and battens; elsewhere the joinery
may be of white deals and battens, excepting the window-sills, which are to be
of the best English oak.
The floor boards and framings are to be
prepared immediately on signing the contract, but the framings are not to be
wedged up until required for use; to be
kept in some dry, warm place, and care
taken that at no subsequent period they
shall be exposed to rain or moisture.
The mahogany to be of the best bright
quality.
Sqrs. Ft.                                             ~   s. d.
9 Cube Fir proper door cases.
4     60 Sup. Inch deal wrought folding floor, including
glued and mitred borders to the slabs.
17    30,,  1-inch deal wrought straight joint floor
edge nailed, and with glued and mitred
borders to the slabs
7 Run. i-inch deal square skirting, 4 inches high
2 dovetailed angles.
2 quadrant corners..
Continued... ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.             133
Ft.                                           ~   s. d.
Continued
120 Run. Inch deal beaded skirting, 8 inches high,
including grounds, fillets, and backings
22 housings..
22 tongued and mitred angles. 
94,, Inch deal moulded skirting, 8 inches high,
including grounds, fillets, and backings
241,,  Do., 10 inches high, do.
28 housings..
46 tongued and mitred angles
126,,   1-inch deal sunk plinth, 10 inches high,
and moulding 4 inches girt, including
grounds, fillets, and backings
20 housings..
20 tongued and mitred angles
48,,   1-inch deal sunk plinth, 13 inches high,
and moulding 5 inches girt, including
grounds, fillets, and backings
8 housings..
14 tongued and mitred angles
15 Sup. 1f-inch deal moulded fixed sashes 
8,,  2-inch deal   do.     do..
78,,  Deal cased frames, oak sunk sills, and
41-inch deal moulded sashes, single
hung with brass axle, pulleys, patent
lines, and iron weights
333,,  Do., do., but double hung with do. do.
68,,  Deal cased frames, oak sunk sills, and
13-inch deal moulded sashes, double
hung with brass axle, pulleys, patent
lines, and lead weights
57,,  Deal cased Venetian frame, oak sunk
sill, and li-inch deal moulded sashes,
the centre part double hung with do.
17,, Inch deal proper ledged door.
4,,  1-inch deal one panel, moulded, and
square trap-door...
105,,  1-inch deal four panel, moulded, and
square doors..
125,,  Do. four panel, moulded both sides doors.
42,,   1-inch deal four panel, moulded, and bead
flush doors
20,,  2-inch deal six panel, moulded both sides
door..
59,,   Do. six panel, moulded, and bolection
moulded doors...
Continued... ~




134             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Ft.                                            ~. d.
Continued
39 Sup. 2-inch deal two panel, moulded, and bolection moulded folding doors 
54,,   Do. framed and beaded folding gates,
filled in with 1l-inch matched and
beaded batten boarding..
1 Extra to cast-iron grating 1' 3" x 2' 6",
in do.
41 Sup. 1I-inch deal moulded window backs
27,,   Do. moulded, and flush dwarf framing
40,,   Do. framed and beaded dwarf closet front,
and one panel moulded, and square
folding doors
116,,   Do. framed and beaded cupboard fronts,
and moulded and square folding doors
in two heights, the lower doors in one
panel, and the upper doors in two
panels each...
6,, l1-inch deal, moulded, and square dwarf
framing two panels high 
65,,  Do. moulded, and     square  spandril
framing (measured nett)
5,,  -inch deal, wrought one side, and staffbeaded linings and backings
39,, Inch deal, wrought one side, and tongued
sofite fixed with screws. 
149,,  Do. wrought one side, tongued, and crosstongued, do. do..
91,,  Do. wrought one side, grooved, and bevilled
facia fixed with screws.
136,,  Do. wrought one side, tongued, and splayed
linings and backings..
43,,   Do. wrought one side, tongued, staffbeaded, and splayed, do. and do...
258,,   Do. wrought, framed, and grooved grounds
9,,  Do. water-closet seat, riser, and bearers.
5,,  Do. beaded frame, and mitre clamped
flap..
107,,   Do. wrought both   sides, and crosstongued...
19,,   l-inch deal, wrought one side, tongued,
and  rounded   window-boards  and
bearers
42,,   Do. wrought one side, tongued, and
moulded, do. and do..
Continued.. 




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.               135
Ft.                                                 s. d.
Continued 
10 Sup. 1l-inch deal sunk, grooved, and return
beaded apron linings and backings
1  Piece of do. 11 inches wide to quadrant
corner 6 inches radius
1  Piece of do. to semicircular well-hole
12 inches diameter
11 Sup. 14-inch deal double staff-beaded bellboard, fixed with screws
2 staff-beaded and mitred ends, to do.
195,, 1-inch deal double rebated and double
beaded jamb linings 
33,,   Do. double rebated jamb linings and backings...
22,,   Do. double rebated and cross-tongued,
do. and do.....
4,,  Deal moulding...
25 Run. Labour to bead.
42,,  Do. staff-bead...
421,,  Do. groove 
72,,   Do. do. in oak...
3,,  Do. rounded nosing to inch deal
22,,  Do. rebate 1. inches girt..
8,,  Do. do. 24       do.
6,,  Do. do. 24      do...
62,,   Deal square rebated angle staff
148,,   Rebated and beaded, do..
17,,   Beaded, chamfered, and mitred stop
10,,   Inch deal moulded nosing.
1 piece of do. to quadrant corner 6 inches
radius 
1 piece of do. to semicircular well 12
inches diameter..
70,,   Inch deal narrow grooved grounds 
13,,   Wrought, framed, rebated, and beaded
3"X X 3/1
13,,   Wrought, framed, double rebated, and
double beaded 3" x 3"
183,,   Deal moulding   2 inches girt out of
14 I X 1" 
449,,  Architrave moulding 3 inches girt 
9,,  Deal double moulded and grooved capping
out of 4"X3"....
2 bevilled joints.
486,,  Deal beaded and moulded architraves
5 inches wide..
Continued... ~




136             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Ft.                                             ~  s. d.
Continued
28 Run. Pipe casings with 11-inch deal rebated
and beaded grounds, and i-inch deal
clamped panels fixed with screws
36  Notchings.....
10  Returned ends to rounded window-boards
26  Do. to moulded do.
6  Tongued angles to facia 6 inches wide
3  Shiplapped joints 12 inches long 
6  Mitres to moulding 2 inches girt
1  Dished hole in seat..
1  Beaded do., for pull 
66  Dovetailed backings to 6-inch jambs 
42  Do.                 11-inch do.
18  Wrought and chamfered shelf bearers 12
inches long, plugged to wall 
24  Do. do. 14 inches long, do.
1  Proper ledged copper-lid, with cut handle
1  Plate rack 2 feet 6 inches long, three tiers
in height, with inch deal rim and fixing
complete...
1 Dresser 7 feet 4 inches long, with 1 -inch
deal clamped top, inch pot-board on
proper bearers, proper framed legs and
rails, three drawers with brass drop
handles, four tiers of inch sunk plate
shelves, 1k-inch cut standards, 3-inch
matched and beaded back lining, and
i-inch facia, with moulding at top and
fixing complete..
2 Oak wrought gate stops, rounded at top,
with socket let in for bolt, and digging,
filling in, and ramming.
97 Sup. 1-inch deal moulded treads, inch deal
risers with returned ends, strong fir
carriages, and glued, blocked, and
bracketed.
21,,   Do. landing and bearers
163 Run. Inch deal square bar dovetailed or framed
balusters 
23,,   l-inch deal moulded wall strings
8 extra to ramps.
18,,   1-inch sunk, returned, beaded, grooved,
cut, and mitred outer string..
24 Housings to moulded steps and risers
17 Return moulded nosings 
17 Deal fancy cut brackets to ends of steps
1 Curtail end to moulded step and riser.
Continued. 




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.              137
~   s. d.
Continued...
Best bright Honduras mahogany and
Ft.          French polishing:
11 Sup. Inch seat, and panelled and moulded riser
and deal bearers
6,,  Do. beaded frame and mitre-clamped flap
17,,   Do. wrought both sides, tops fixed with,
and including buttons and screws and
deal bearers..
13 Run. Labour to moulded edge on inch
3,,  Tongued and moulded nosing
19,,  i-inch skirting, 3 inches wide
6 dovetailed angles..
6 quadrant corners 
7,,  i-inch square skirting, 4 inches high.
2 dovetailed angles.
2 quadrant corners...
6,,   -inch double moulded rail, 4 inches wide,
plugged to wall.
2 returned ends.
3  Long notchings in inch.
3  Quadrant moulded comers to do.
1  Dished hole in seat.
1  Beaded do. for pull.
1  Seat and riser, made movable
28 Run. Spanish  mahogany   moulded   handrail
2k"X21", including joints and screws
and French polishing. 
1,,  Level circular   do.       do..
2,,  Writhed           do.      do.
3,,  Scrolled         do.       do. 
Ironmongery of the best description, including screws and fixing:
19  Pairs 2-1inch wrought butts 
13  Do. 3f-inch      do..
4  Do. 4-inch       do....
7  Do. 5-inch       do..
2  Do. 3-inch brass butts.
1  Do. 18-inch cross-garnet hinges
2  Do. 30-inch Collinges' gate hinges 
19  6-inch spring plate neck bolts
1  6-inch barrel bolt..
6  10-inch   do...
4  12-inch   do.....
2  30-inch   do..
9  4-inch cupboard locks...
5  7-inch iron rim locks with brass furniture
1  6-inch mortise lock with do...




138             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Ft.                                                 s. d.
Continued...
11  6-inch mortise locks, with rosewood furniture...
1  8-inch copper warded mortise lock with
bronze furniture.
1  10-inch drawback lock 
2  Do. with rosewood furniture
3  Norfolk latches.
9  Brass knobs and roses..
32   Do. sash lifts.
18  Do. spring sash fastenings
6  Do. double hat and coat hooks
1  12-inch brass barrel door chain 
2  Iron knockers of approved pattern 
4  Do. dowels...
Carried to summary.    ~
SMITH AND BELL-HANGBR.
Cast iron:
177 Run. 3-inch rain-water pipe, including nails
and fixing complete.
6 heads..
3 double bends 1 foot 6 inches girt
3      do.    2 feet
15,,   5-inch soil pipe, including leaded joints,
tacks, and fixing complete.
186,,   5-inch strong moulded eaves gutter, including plain clips, and jointed with
white lead, and securely fixing to feet
of rafters complete.
5 extra to external elbows
1 do. to internal do...
6 outlets..
62,,   Railing to front fence, with wrought-iron
top rail 2k"X 1A", i-inch  cast-iron
round bars 2 feet 9 inches high from
coping, and 6 inches from centre to
centre, with ornamental heads, as approved by the surveyor, and fixing
complete...
4 extra to 1l-inch standards, with back
stays complete.
38 Cast-iron air bricks and fixing provided.
3  Strong tray boot scrapers and fixing
Continued..




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.              139
~ s. d.
Continued
1  6-inch grating....
3  Register stoves P. C. 25s. each
4  Do. P. C. 35s. each.
1 Bright register stove P. C. 61.
1 Strong stove, with hobs and wrought-iron
bars.
1 42-inch kitchen-range, with self-acting
boiler &c., P. C. 51..
1  Supply cistern and cover, including short
wrought-iron connecting pipe to boiler
and brass unions, and fixing complete.
1  20-gallon strong copper
1  Furnace door and frame..
1  Set furnace and bearing bars.
1  Soot door and frame.
1  Damper..
Cwt. qrs. lbs.    Wrought iron:
4   2   0    Chimney and cradle bars, and fixing 
1   0 14     Screw bolts and strap ties, and fixing
12  Stout staples and driving..
24  Dognails and do.
12  i-inch screw bolts, 9 inches long, with
heads, nuts, and washers 
5  Balusters 1" X 1, and 2 feet 9 inches long,
with flapped ends and fixing
1 Strong wrought-iron cistern to contain
50 gallons, including fixing complete.
The whole of the bells to be of a different tone, and to be turned and hung in
the best manner, with concealed metal
tubes, stout copper wire, strong brass
cranks, labels, and pendulums complete.
6 Bells in passage, ground floor, with one
rosewood lever pull to each in rooms
on one pair..
3        do.    do.    with two rosewood
lever pulls to each in rooms on ground
story..
1        do.    do.    with  ornamental
bronze sunk pull at entrance gate
1        do.    do.    do.    do.    at
entrance door..
Carried to summary          ~




140             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
PLASTERER.
All the laths to be stout and of full
thickness, and the whole of the materials
and workmanship of the best quality.
Roman cement-jointed and coloured:
Yds. Ft.                                             ~   s. d.
9      Sup. Plain face....
303,,  Narrow face...
26,,   Do. and dubbing inch thick
323,,   Do. in rustic quoins and dubbing
100,,   Weathering.
59,,   Panels, and margins, and dubbing
691,,   Moulding...
227 Run. Arris....
182,,   Narrow return and arris
25,,   Narrow weathering and arris
8,,  Do. 2 inches wide and do. 
16,,   Margin 21 inches wide..
18,,   Return 2 inches wide and arris
41,,   Do. 3 inches wide and do.
113,,   Moulding 2- inches girt..
176,   Do. 3~ inches do..
652,,   Chamfer to rustic quoins, including arrisses...
384  Mitres to do.
72  Stopped ends to moulding 10l inches,
girt average. 
174  Mitres to moulding    11 inches, girt
average.
30  Brackets 4 inches wide on face, 1 foot 2
inches high, and 11 inches projection,
with moulded fronts, having two semicircular channels in same, and square
sunk panel at top, plain sides, and including moulded caps 3 inches girt,
mitred round same, and to bed moulding and modelling..
2 Consoles 6 inches wide on face, 16- inches
high, and 5 inches projection, with
moulded fronts, enriched scroll sides,
and leaf at top, including moulded caps
3 inches girt, mitred round same, and
to bed moulding and frog leaves 6
inches long at feet, and modelling
155      Sup. Twice colour in distemper
243,,  Clearcole and whiten ceilings 
489,,  Do.         do.    cornices
212,,  Render and set...
320,,  Render, float, and set. 




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDINGS.            141
Yds. Ft.                                            ~     s. d.
Continued
31      Sup. Lath, plaster, and float.
72,,  Lath, plaster, and set ceilings
193,,  Lath, plaster, float, and set sides
172,,  Do.        do.          ceilings
35 Run. Quirk..
3,,  Circular quirk.
10  Making good to chimney-pieces
489 Sup. Plaster moulded cornices 
80  Mitres to do. 124 inches girt average
Cut away for and make good after all
trades. 
Carried to summary         ~
PLUMBER.
The lead to be the best Newcastle milled
lead.
Cwt. Qrs.                                          ~   s. d.
20   2       Milled lead and labour on roof
1   2         Do.      do.      in safe, &c
Ft.
5 Run. Close copper nailing.
2,,  Soldering....
12,, J-inch strong lead pipe, including joints,
wall-hooks, and fixing complete
64,,  1-inch do.     do.      do.
79,, Inch     do.     do.      do.
14,,     -inch do.    do.      do.
4,,  2-inch do.     do.     do.
45,, Inch     do.     do.     do.
including opening and making good
ground.
28,,   3-inch lead pipe, including joints and fixing complete.
1  Rose end to do.
76  Lead bale tacks...
1  Extra labour and solder to cesspool
1  Lead dribble and soldering
1  11-inch lead trap, and soldering both
ends.
1  Lead trumpet-mouthed waste-pipe, 1 foot
9 inches long, 2" x 11" and soldering.
1  3-inch double bent lead socket pipe, 2
feet girth, one end soldered to cesspool,
the other end made good to cast-iron
down pipe....
Continued..




142             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
~   s. d.
Continued
1 5-inch double bent pipe 3 feet 6 inches
girt out of 71bs. lead, one end made
good to iron soil pipe, the other end
made good to water-closet trap
1  2-inch brass grate and soldering
1  4-inch bell grate and lead trap, and cementing..
2  {-inch brass bib cocks, with screw bottoms and bosses and joints.
1  i-inch brass ball-cock with screw bottom
and boss copper ball and joint
1  Inch brass roundway do.  do.  do.
1  i-inch Jennings's patent self-closing stool
cock, with brass sunk handle and joints
complete...
1  i-inch brass washer and union to iron,
including hole in iron cistern, and cementing and soldering
1 Inch brass washer and union to iron, including hole in iron cistern, and cementing and soldering. 
1  1-inch brass washer and waste, with
union to iron, including hole in iron
cistern, and cementing and soldering 
1  Connection to company's main, including
paying fees...
1  4-inch iron pump, with brass valves and
fixing complete...
1  White glazed ware hopper and trap, including brick seating and making good
to drain..
1  Jennings's patent water-closet apparatus
and trap, with regulator, blue basin,
opal glass handle, and fixing complete.
Carried to summary.. ~
GLAZIER.
All the glass to be puttied and back
puttied and sprigged where necessary.
Ft.
8 Sup. Best 26-oz. sheet glass, and glazing under
2 feet sup. in each square.
5,,  Do.      do.      3 feet do...
21,,   Do.      do.      4 feet do.
6,,  Do.      do.      6 feet do..
7,,  Do.      do.      8 feet do.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.                143
~ s. d.
199 Sup. Best 26.oz. sheet glass, and glazing under
12 feet sup. in each square. 
53,,  Do.       do.      14 feet do.
30,,  Best British polished plate glass, and
glazing under 4 feet sup. in a square 
7,,  Do.       do.       7 feet do.
51,,   Do.      do.      14 feet do.
Leave all perfect at completion 
Carried to summary..   ~
PAINTER AND PAPERHANGER.
All the work to be previously knotted
and stopped.
Yds. Ft.                                                ~   s. d.
462      Sup. Four times in oil, approved tints
622 Run. Skirting and strings.
48,,  Do. 18 inches girth..
87,,  Margins......
28,,  Pipe casings...
148,,  Angle staff...
177,,  Balusters....
186,,   Eaves' gutter..
177,,  Rain pipe..
6 heads......
38   Air bricks...
3  Scrapers
1  Pump.....
10   Dozen large squares.
18   Frames.....
3 -Two light frames...
1  Venetian frame..
26      Sup. Extra to graining in imitation of wainscoat, and twice varnishing.
5  Dozen large squares..
18   Frames..
3  Two light frames...
1  Venetian frame
10 Pieces of paper at Is. 6d. per piece, P. C.,
and hanging same cut close
38   Pieces of paper at 3s. per piece, P. C.,
do.       do.      do.. 
Preparing and sizing walls for No. 48
pieces of paper.....
Clean all glass, and clean and scour down
all floors, paving, &c., at completion
Carried to summary.    ~




144         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
V.-Specification of Works to be done in erecting and
completely finishing a VILLA, to be erected on the
Estate belonging to the, with
all the necessary appurtenances, at
List of Working Drawings.
Front elevation...    A
Back elevation..           B
Side elevation...    C
Basement plan...      D
Ground-floor plan..    E
First-floor plan..      F
Transverse section..    H
Enlarged sections and details to be supplied as the
work proceeds.
BRICKLAYER AND EXCAVATOR.
Excavate the ground to the depth required for the
foundations of the walls, and for the cellars, areas, cesspools, and drainage.
Remove and cart away all superfluous earth and
rubbish, disposing of the whole or any of the same on
the ground adjoining the intended building, or as
directed, if required for levelling or any other purpose.
As the brickwork rises, fill in and ram the earth close
up to the walls, until the trenches are filled up to the
level of the ground, or to any levels required by the
surveyor.
The trenches for the reception of the concrete to be
made at the bottom perfectly level, and solid and hard
(by punning if required) throughout.
The superfluous earth, &c., to be removed as it
accrues, without being allowed to accumulate.
To excavate the ground for the front boundary walls,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     145
and for such other walls and works as may be specified,
performing all the necessary works in the manner
already described.
CONCRETE.
The gravel or stone to be used for the concrete to be
screened, quite clean, through a screen with meshes
gauged to half an inch; and no stone larger than an
egg to be used.
The concrete to be formed in the following proportions: four parts of screened stone as above, two parts
of coarse clean sand, and one part of fresh well-burned
lime.
The lime to be ground to powder, dry; the materials in a dry state to be then mixed together, and
sufficient water to be added to so much of the material
as can be used at once to give the mass the consistency
of mortar.
As the concrete is prepared, it must be immediately
thrown into the trenches from a stage 10 feet high
from burrows, and puddled to a level surface. Or if
thrown in from the level, must be well trodden to an
uniform level surface at top for the reception of the
intended brickwork. The concrete throughout to be
of the width and thickness shown in the section.
BRICKLAYER.
The mortar used in the works to be composed of onethird of well-burnt stone lime, byineasure, and two-thirds
of clean, sharp, river, or pit sand, well mixed and incorporated. No more mortar to be prepared at a time
than will be required for one day's consumption, and
no sea sand to be used in making it.
The quick lime to be covered with sand, &c., and not
more exposed to the atmosphere than is absolutely
necessary.
L




146         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Roman cement to be used wherever external cement
work is necessary, or specified, or for interior work, such
as the linings for cisterns, &c.
The Roman cement is to be of the very best quality,
and pure from the manufactory, and, before being used,
to be submitted for the approval of the surveyor.
The cement to be gauged with an equal proportion of
sand, and in small quantities at the time of using. If
more should be prepared than can be used at once, it
must be thrown away as useless, as, after it is set, it
will on no account be allowed to be broken up and remixed with water, or fresh sand or cement.
The cement and sand must be first thoroughly mixed
when dry, water being added in due proportion as it is
required.
Great care must be taken not to disturb any brick or
tile work that may be set in cement after the cement
has set,
The utmost attention is to be paid to the quality of
the lime, the purity of the sand, and the proportions
used in making the mortar, and equal care in the preparation of the cement.
BRICKWORK.
The footings to the walls to be in three courses, contracting at each course 5 inches-that is, 2- inches on
each side.
The walls to be carried up according to the thickness
marked upon or indicated by the drawings, and no four
courses of brickwork to rise more than 1 foot, including
mortar joints.
The bricks used in the external and thicker walls to
be hard, well-burnt, and well.formed kiln.burnt bricks,
those for the external walls, particularly the front, to




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     147
be picked of uniform tint and colour. The bricks for
thinner internal walls and brick nogging may be hard,
well-burnt, and well-shaped place bricks.
The external walls, at the option of the contractor,
may be built with solid or machine made perforated
bricks.
Taylor's patent damp.proof course must be used
throughout the entire thickness of the walls at the
ground line, of widths suitable to the thickness of the
wall to be carried.
The foundations below the dampsproof course to be
built solid, but above the same, all walls of greater thickness than I a brick or 4j inches, and being external
walls, must be built hollow; that is to say, that in a
wall, if built solid, would be 9 inches in thickness, there
shall be an air space of the clear width of 2 inches between the two walls of 41 inches each  and that in a
wall, if built solid, would be 14 inches thick, there shall
be a clear air space of 2 inches between the outer 41 and
the inner 9-inch wall; and that in a wall which, if built
solid, would be 18 inches in thickness, there shall be a
clear air space of 2 inches between the two 9.inch
walls.
In order to insure the proper carrying out of such
hollow walls, Jennings's patent bonding bricks shall be
used in manner following; that is to say, that in the
horizontal courses of brickwork for all external walls,Jennings's patent bonding bricks shall be used, not more
than 18 inches apart, and that vertically they shall be
used in every second course in height; and in order to
insure the proper performance of the work, the printed
illustrated sheet, describing the use of the said patent
bonding bricks, and Taylor's patent damp-proof course,
has been incorporated with, and forms part of, this
specification.
L2




148          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Externally the walls shall be carried up so as to present the appearance of Flemish bond; the said patent
bricks shall be manufactured of a colour to match with
the face bricks, and to insure perfect uniformity in this
respect, the contractor for these works shall supply to
the manufacturer of the patent bonding bricks a solid
brick, as a specimen of the colour of the bricks to be
used in the external walls, and particularly for the
picked bricks for the front.
The joints in the brickwork to be drawn perfectly
straight, and to be neatly flat pointed throughout the
whole of the external walls.
Throughout the buildings, over all the internal and
external openings, throw 9-inch rough or dressed arches,
as the case may require; in all cases to be formed of
two separate courses of 42-inch bricks laid close, and
radiating to a common centre, and upon proper woodframed and lathed centre pieces. The arches to be carried
through the whole thickness of the walls, and above
lintels, where lintels are required.
Over all the chimney openings build 9-inch arches in
separate rims, upon properly cumbered wrought-iron
bars 2~ and I inches. The bars to be 15 inches longer
than the widths of the openings, and properly turned
and corked into the jamibs at the ends.
Carry up the chimney shafts according to the drawings, properly turn parget and core all the chimney
flues with cow dung, and lime, and hair mortar mixed.
The smocks of the flues to be all carried up in solid
brickwork, and in no case less than 42 inches thick, exclusive of the core; no woodwork to be placed in the
brickwork of the chimneys, nor nearer than 9 inches to
the same.
The projections to the cornice to porch, projections to
main cornice and chimneys, strings, mouldings, and




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      149
salient courses to be formed in brick or tile, and set in
good mortar, ready to receive the Roman cement,
mouldings, and dressings. The cantilevers to be worked
in tile or brick, ready to receive the cement covering
and mouldings.
Under the drawing-room, sitting-room, entrance-hall,
and such other rooms and passages on the ground floor,
and not over the cellars, build, for supporting the floors,
dwarf walls 4 feet apart, and 9 inches in thickness, with
proper footings in three courses, one brick high each,
the bottom course being 18 inches wide.
Bed in mortar all wood bricks, plugs, templets, dragon
pieces, wall plates, lintels, and all other woodwork to be
set in the brickwork, and so requiring, wall plates 42 x 3
to be placed under the joists of each floor, each in a complete tier halved and lapped at the ends. Bed upon the
dwarf walls, for supporting the lower floors, oak bearers
4 x3.
Over all internal and external window openings insert
lintels, as mentioned under the head of carpenters' work.
Insert all iron and stonework required to be set in the
brickwork.
Execute splays, birdsmouth skewbacks, and chamfers,
and cut all channels and holes for bell fittings, pipe
fittings, and do generally all cutting, setting, and jobbing
for other trades; fill in all putlog holes, and execute
salient courses, corings, and dubbings, carefully matching all such fillings and finishings as are required to
previous work.
Build 9" fenders in brickwork, with proper footings to
basement fireplaces, and brick-trimmer arches (4l) for
supporting chimney slabs to all the other floor chimney
places throughout, well grouting the same.
Fill up interstices, and point round in lime and hair
mortar all door frames and all window frames.




150          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING,
Build dwarf walls for supporting all slate or stone
slabs in cellars, kitchen, larder, and pantries; do all
requisite brickwork to sinks and coppei in kitchens, and
for setting grates in fireplaces throughout.
Fit up in- the scullery a strong 20-gallon copper in
brickwork in the best manner, with furnace and door
damper, and circulating flue complete, finished with hair
mortar.
Finish the chimneys with tile, salient courses, and
brickwork set in cement.
Provide sufficient safe standing, scaffolding, poles,
planks, putlogs, ladders, blocks, pulleys, ropes and
tackle, and implements of every kind requisite for the
proper completion of the whole of the works.    The
scaffolding to be left standing until the buildings are
ready to be rendered up as complete.
Build areas to breakfast-room, kitchen, and staircase
to basement with 9" raking walls, and area, upright
walls, with proper fittings, to steps leading to basement;
the areas to be paved with stone at bottom, the top of
the walls of the areas to be covered with stone, and the
kitchen and staircase area to be covered with strong iron
gratings.
The bricks to be wetted before being used, and the
mortar must be used as stiff as possible, but the bricks
must be protected from excessive rain.  The bricks for
interior walls should be wetted with lime water.
All the timber partitions to be filled with brick
nogging set in mortar, the bricks being filled in in horizontal courses.
Erect a front boundary wall, according to the drawing to be supplied, with piers, gates, and every requisite
fitting as shall be described on such drawing.
Build a wall as shown on drawing, for supporting the
steps and superstructure of the porch, carrying up the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      151
pilasters and wall projections in solid brickwork in
cement, with proper set offs, &c., for receiving cement
mouldings.
MASON.
All the stone used to be the best of its kind, as
specified, free from vents, sand holes, streaks, and other
defects. The York or Purbeck paving steps, &c., to be
the hardest quality from the under beds, and the Portland stone from the best quarries.
The mortar and cement to be as specified for the
brickwork and plasterer's work. Lime, putty, and
plaster to be used where the class of work requires
them.
The masonry is to be worked and put together in the
best manner, with all requisite sinkings, throatings,
drips, jogglings, &c.; all that is not described as tooled
is to be rubbed fair and carefully worked,
Provide and set in Roman cement, with neat, close
joint, 9 x 4, tooled and chamfered, York or Purbeck
coping to areas.
Pave the porch with rubbed and polished Portland
stone, bedded close, finri and level, and provide rubbed,
polished, and front nioulded Portland steps to same, the
paving not to be less than 4 inches thick.
Put to all the front windows wrought, sunk, and
weathered, and 4" thick polished York stone sills, with
polished stone trusses to same, as shown in drawings.
To all the other windows throughout put wrought,
sunk, and weathered York stone sills, tooled as fair as
possible.
Pave the pantry, larder, passages, scullery, coal-cellar,
and cellar with 3" York stone boasted paving, laid flat
on sand, and joints tun with liquid cenment.  Provide
boasted York steps to external flight of steps to area and




152          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
water-closet, paving same with stone, as before described
for scullery, &c.
Fit up in the scullery a sink, as shown in the drawing,
properly sunk and tooled fair, sunk for bell trap, and
pierced for waste pipe.
Provide and fix a proper brass bell trap to sink, with
fittings complete.
The stairs to basement floor, with the windows, to be
formed of York or Purbeck stone, securely fixed at least
41 inches into brickwork, and dowelled to receive iron
balusters, as hereafter described; securely fix the balusters with lead.
Put to the kitchen and breakfast-room hearthstones
and back hearths of York stone, tooled fair, the hearthstones to be 18 inches wide in the clear, and 15 inches
longer than width of the respective chimney openings.
Cope the parapet wall to the front bay window, and
the parapet to the porch, with Portland stone coping,
4" thick, moulded and wrought according to the drawings, joggled at the joints with stone joggles set in
cement, the joints to be well filled with cement, and the
coping bedded in cement.
Put to the drawing-room a hearthstone and back
hearth of white-veined marble, polished, the hearthstone
to be 18 inches longer than the chimney opening, and 2
feet 6 inches in width.
Put hearthstones and back hearths of polished York
stone to breakfast-room, parlour, library, and diningroom; hearthstones 18 inches wide, 15 inches longer
than chimney openings are wide, and the same kind to
all the bedrooms.
Fit up to kitchen fireplace a tooled York hearthstone,
1' 6" wide, and 1' 6" longer than the width of the fireplace, with back hearth of same kind. Fit up to kitchen




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      153
a York rubbed stone chimney-piece, with jambs, lintel,
and wide shelf, the shelf to be supported on strong
wrought and rubbed stone brackets.
Fit up black enamelled slate chimney-piece, with consoles for supporting shelf, with iron holdfasts complete,
value 65s. The same in the library.
Fit up enamelled slate chimney-piece in drawingroom complete, value 51. 10s. In dining-room and
parlour enamelled slate chimney-pieces, value 21. 5s.
each.
Fit up in all the bedrooms enamelled slate chimneypieces, value 11. 10s. each.
Provide labour, cement, putty, iron holdfasts, and all
other requisites for properly fitting and fixing the
chimney-pieces, hearthstones, and appurtenances.
Provide York stone templets, keys, cappings, and
other stone and labour, also cramps, leads, and cement,
and cut all holes, mortises, rebates, chases, grooves, and
execute all other jobbings necessary for the perfect completion of the stonework and other branches of work
where the aid of a mason may be requisite.
Put terra cotta balusters to top of bay windows, as
shown in the drawings, of approved pattern, well burnt,
and clean.
Pave the kitchen, scullery, coal-place, cellar, passages,
pantry, larder, and servant's water-closet with tooled
York or Purbeck stone, with straight edges, properly
laid and bedded on sand, with grouted joints.
Pave the bottom of areas to cellars with York boasted
stone, 3" thick.
The paving of the scullery, which is of stone, the
cellars, areas, &c., to be slightly inclined, sufficient for
water to flow over one part of the same, where a grate
and gully in each room must be provided for carrying off




154          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
the water to the drains. Each gully to be fitted with a
strong iron gate, let inj sunk, pieced, and boasted York
stone flag.
A 9-inch metallic earthenware pipe drain, with patent
saddles, to be laid from the different gulleys in the
floors, at a proper inclination, to some outside drain or
ditch, fitted with proper eyphon metallic earthenware
traps at the gulleys. This drain not to be connected
with cesspool, or water-closet, waste pipes, or drains, and
if laid into the general drainage or sewerage, to be
trapped before entering same. The contractor to provide for putting down     feet run of such pipe drain
if required, and where required by the surveyor. No
drains to be covered ot filled in until they have been inspected and approved by the surveyor.
CARPENTER.
All the timber used, except otherwise specified, to be
of the best, sound, and well-seasoned Baltic, Memel, or
Riga fir timber) free from sapwood, shakes, and large
dead knots.
The deals to be from Christiania, and the oak of English growth, sound, well seasoned, and close grained.
The joists to the breakfast-room floor to be 5" x 3",
notched upon and nailed to oak sleepers 4 x 3, which are
to be bedded on dwarf casement walls,
None of the joists, rafters, or quarters to be respectively more than 12" apart, or 14, from centre to
centre.
In all casts, the trimmers and trimming joists to be
an inch thicker than the common joists,
Three tiers of wall plates 4 X 3 to be inserted in the
walls, as specified under the head of brickwork.
The joists of the ground floor to be yellow deal




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      155
battens 8" or 9" x 2" or 3", securely notched to wall
plates and heads of framed partitions, and to have
proper trimmers and trimming joists.
The joists to the first floor to be yellow deal battens
8" or 9" x 2" or 3" notched upon wall plates and heads
of quartered partitions, and to have proper trimmers
and trimming joists.
In each case the floors to be bridged with herringbone strutting, one row at least down the centre of each
room, and two rows in the larger rooms.
The roof to the main building to have.pole plates
5" x 3" wall plates 4 x 3, rafters 4 x 21, purlins 5j x 4,
couples 9x3, strutts 4 x 3, ridge pieces 6 x 1, hip
pieces 6 x 2, all securely framed. The rafters to be
firmly notched and nailed to purlins, pole, and wall
plates, and nailed to ridge and hip pieces. Where
couples are used they are to be securely nailed to the
rafters, and the rafters to which the couples are nailed
to be 5 x 3. The purlins to be securely notched into
the couples.
Feather-edged gutter boards of inch stuff to form the
bottom of the gutters, with side gutter boards of I stuff
nailed to the rafters; cross bearers to be put under the
gutter boards 3 x 2 and nailed to rafters, the gutter
boards being nailed to the cross bearers. The side
gutter boards to be 9 inches wide, the gutter boards to
be at least 6" wide at top, gradually increasing in width
towards the eaves to 9", 12", or 15", as the length of the
gutter may require.
Put to the projecting eaves moulded and planed facia
and soffit boards securely fixed to ends of joists, as
shown in the drawings.
All the roofs to be covered with i-inch rough boarding, securely nailed to rafters, for carrying the stakes.
The ceiling joists to be 4 x 24, nailed to bearers 6 x 3,




156          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
and fixed upon wall plates at ends and the tops of quartered partitions.
The quarter partitions throughout to have heads and
sills 3 x I, door jambs and heads 3 x 34, cross pieces
3 x 34, all properly framed with quarters 24 x 24,
strutts 2 x 24.
Put strong rebated and beaded angle staves to the
chimney breasts in the principal rooms, which may be
painted instead of being papered, and the same kind of
staves to all projecting angles. Put square angle staves
to all the rest of the chimney breasts.
Put lintels over all the internal and external openings
5 x 4, and 15 longer than the width of the respective
openings. In the thicker walls, two lintels 4 x 4 to be
used, instead of one only.
Provide and fix all temporary hoardings and enclosures that may be necessary, and all centres and turning
pieces for arches.
Fix all fillets that may be required, and all tilting
fillets for the proper performance of the slating; nail to
the trimming joists skew pieces for the brick-trimmer
arch to spring from.
Provide and fix proper strong fir bearers for carrying
cistern to supply water-closets, &c.
Upward currents from space under boarded floors to
first-floor story to be prevented by laying in rough
boards upon laths nailed inside of joists not less than
- inch thick crossways, to receive pugging or a layer of
coarse plaster.
Construct in the best manner the works in the carpenter's branch that are set forth in the specifications
and drawings, so as to avoid failure from  thrust or
settlement, using all necessary wall plates, templets,
bonds, wood bricks, joists, frames, quarters, posts, sills,
heads, braces, strutts, lintels, ceiling joists, common




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     157
rafters, hip volley and ridge ditto, purlins, angles, ties,
stays, shoes, pins, plugs, blocks, plates, ferrings, bolts,
spikes, nails, wall hooks, straps, and other requisite
materials, and performing pinnings, mortisings, furrings,
jogglings, notchings, housings, and all other requisite
operations for making the works complete; but no more
timber to be introduced into the walls than is absolutely
necessary for the proper execution of the design.
Construct roof over porch with joists 6 x 3, wall
plates 41 x 3, covered at top with rough boarding
- inch thick, with proper tilting fillets and sides to
form gutters; the joists to be pieced at top to give a
slope to gutters.
Construct the flat roof over bay window with joists
4 x 3, wall plates 4 x 3, covered with inch boarding for
leadwork, with properly formed gutters.
Fit up to basement, water-closet, and lobby to same,
scullery, cellar, pantry, and larder solid beaded door
frames with sills 3 x 3, securely fixed to wood bricks in
walls.
All the floor boards to be 1 inch, laid folding, perfectly close and straight at edges, and securely side
nailed to joists. None of the boards to be more than
41 inches wide.
JOINER.
The framing, floor boards, skirtings, and door linings
are to be of Norway deals and battens; elsewhere the
joinery may be of white deals and battens, excepting
the window sills, which are to be properly wrought, ahd
of the best English oak throughout.
The floor boards to be prepared immediately the contract is signed, the framing also to be commenced immediately, leaving the works to be wedged up as wanted;
to be kept in some dry, warm place, and care taken




158          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
that at no subsequent period they shall be exposed to
rain or moisture.
The whole of the framing, before leaving the shop, to
be knotted with red lead.
All the floor boards to be 7 inches; all to be straight
joists, except in inferior rooms aWd offices, which are to
be laid folding, securely edge-nailed to the joists.
All hearths to have clean mitred, tongued, and glued
margins, 21 inches wide by the thickness of the floor
boards.
Proper fir bracketings, grounds, and blockings, to be
provided and fixed for all joinery.
The skirtings in the drawing-room to be 13 inches
high, in two pieces besides the mouldings, properly
blocked, rebated, and glued, so as to show a recessed
facia below the mouldings; the mouldings to be bead
and quick ogee.
The skirtings in the breakfast-room, dining-room,
parlour, library, hall, and staircase to be 10 inches
high, sunk and moulded; all the skirtings to be grooved
to receive plaster.
The skirting to the kitchen, pantry, store-room, and
passages to be 8 inches high, with bead and quick top,
rebated to receive plaster at back; a back lath to be
put round at back of all skirtings to stop the plaster
work.
Put to the hall door solid 4 x 4 deal frame, chamfered
at exterior edge, beaded at back, rebated to receive door,
grooved for plaster, and framed for fanlight over; put
5-inch moulded architrave round inside. The mouldings to be beaded quick, ogee mouldings throughout the
joiners' work, and all the work throughout to be properly smoothed and planed, knotted, and stopped.
The front door to be formed in two halves, folding,
beaded, and rebated, with two panels in each half; the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.    159
top panel to be strong plate glass, both panels to be surrounded with raised mouldings. The door to be formed
of 2-inch stuff, each half to be hung with three 5-inch
strong iron butt hinges, fitted with two (four for both
halves) strong iron barrel bolts and sockets,, 12-inch
iron rimmed strong lock, with brass and rosewood furniture, fastening chain, and two iron knockers of approved
pattern, inside the frame to have moulded 5-inch architraves,
The basement door to passage to be solid framed,
frame 4 x 3, beaded, and framed for fanlight over, with
outside ogee moulding round frame. The door to be 1l
bead and flush, strongly framed, hung with three 5-inch
strong iron butt hinges, fitted with two 10.inch barrel
bolts and sockets, and fitted with a strong 12-inch ironrimmed lock, and Norfolk thumb latch.
All the doors opening to the hall or passage to be
six-panel, both sides, moulded doors. The doors to the
drawing and dining-rooms to have raised mouldings
inside; to have rebated and beaded 14 linings in width,
equal to full thickness of wall and plastering, to be grooved
to receive plaster, and beaded on outer edges, well
framed, and wedged up. To have on both sides 5-inch
moulded architraves. Put between drawing.room and
dining-room folding doors, each with 6 panels, both sides
moulded, framed of l4-inch stuff, strong linings, beaded
and rebated, and 5-inch moulded architraves each side.
All the doors to be hung with two 4-inch iron butt
hinges, and fitted with'strong mortise locks, and brass
and hard wood furniture. In addition, the folding doors
on one side to have two conterssunk brass bolts top and
bottom for fastening same.
Fit up washing place on first floor with blue delf
basin, inch beaded mahogany top, with mahogany ledg.
ing to walls 3 inches high, fitted with doors in frame




160         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
underneath, moulded, hung with butt hinges, and proper
catch and button fastener.
Fit up the water-closets with mahogany front, moulded
inch seat, inch mahogany beaded margins, clamp inch
mahogany flap, 3-inch ledgings, 4 inches high, round
walls placed on strong framings, with proper fittings and
hinges. The riser to be of deal, with 11 stuff, and
moulded and panelled. The closet to be fitted with
Jennings's patent blue delf basin and trap, with proper
countersunk handle levers and machinery complete.
The lobby, washing place, and water-closet to be skirted
same as passage and hall.
The outer kitchen door to be 2-inch four-panel door,
hung with three 4-inch iron butt hinges, fitted with two
strong iron barrel bolts or socket bolts, with springs at
back, a 12-inch strong iron-rimmed lock, with brass
furniture and a fastening chain. The frame previously
described to be solid, and framed for fanlight on top.
Fit up the door to breakfast-room with 1- six-panel
door, both sides moulded, door with 1-inch beaded
and rebated linings, and 5-inch moulded architraves both
sides. The kitchen door opening into passage to be sixpanel door, moulded on passage side, and with 5-inch
moulded architraves on that side to match with breakfast-room door, linings the same; both doors to have
two 4-inch butt hinges, and strong mortise locks, with
brass and hard wood furniture. All the other doors in
the basement to have 1 -inch rebated and beaded linings,
with 4-inch moulded architraves, where they open to
passages or staircase. All the doors to be four-panel
1k-inch doors, moulded on sides towards passage or
staircase; all hung with two 4-inch iron butt hinges
each, and fitted with strong mortise locks and brass
furniture.
Fit up 1l framed fronts to two small closets in kitchen,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      161
with inch panel outside moulded doors. The frames to
be made for two sets of doors each, the lower doors
opening into closets for iron pans, &c., which are to
have inch-grooved tops, the upper doors into closets,
which are to have three rows of inch shelves of full
width of closets, fitted upon strong wood brackets, the
doors to be made folding, hung with strong iron butt
hinges, and fitted with good strong locks, brass handles,
and inside bolts.
Fit up in the kitchen on side opposite fireplace a sixshelved ledged frame and top-moulded delf rack, with
shelves at proper distances for dishes and plates.
Fit up in kitchen proper bell board for hanging bells,
and also bracket board for twelve strong iron lacquered
brackets, which are to be procured and securely screwed
thereto for dish covers, &c. Fit up in hall a mahoganyedge moulded bracket board, fitted with brass-lacquered
strong iron brackets screwed to board.
Fit up in pantry three rows of inch deal shelves
on strong wood or iron brackets 12 inches wide.
Fit up similar shelves, &c., in storeroom.
All the windows in basement, excepting the kitchen
and breakfast-room windows, to have solid frames, with
sunk and wrought oak sills, the casements to be 1-,
hung to frames with two 3-inch iron butt hinges each,
and to have proper inside fasteners. The windows to
kitchen and breakfast-room to be deal cased, with sashes
double hung as described for first-floor windows, with
inside linings, moulded architraves, and window boards
complete.
All the external windows to have strong wrought and
framed fir cases, moulded outside, and 13 double-hung
ovolo sashes, oak sunk and weathered sills, sashes hung
with white patent lines, and fitted with brass runners
and fasteners and iron weights complete. Fit up
M




162          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
moulded and panelled linings and soffits with ebony
handles to imitate boxed shutters, the linings to be
properly framed, and surrounded with 5-inch beaded and
moulded architraves. The architraves to be continued
to the floor in all the principal rooms, to have rounded
and moulded window boards, the space or dado under
window board to be framed, panelled, and moulded.
Fit up water-closet in basement with deal seat on
strong fir carriages and deal riser, a white delf basin,
countersunk place for handle and socket, and closet
fittings complete. The doors to lobby and closet to have
solid 3 x 3 beaded frames with 1k-inch four-panel doors,
hung with two 4-inch iron butt hinges each, and each
fitted with mortise locks and brass furniture.
Fit up to the bedrooms, passages, and staircase to
bedroom floors with 10-inch moulded skirtings, grooved
at back for plaster 1 inch thick, mouldings to project.
All the doors to the bedrooms and water-closets to
have 1-inch rebated and beaded linings, with 4-inch
moulded architraves inside and out. The doors to be
1 -inch four-panelled, both sides moulded, hung each
with two 32-inch iron butt hinges, and fitted with strong
mortise locks and brass and hard-wood furniture, the
water-closet doors to have inside brass bolt additional.
The floor boards and margins to chimney places to be
same as described for ground floor.
STAIRCASE.
The staircase throughout to be fixed on strong deal
carriages, notched to receive the steps. The steps to be
formed with inch risers and 14 inch treads, moulded
and rounded in front and return, those of the first flight,
from the ground floor to the bedrooms, to have neat
brackets, as shown on the drawings. To be properly




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     163
backed, glued, and securely put together. The handrail to the first floor to be of Spanish mahogany,
wrought, moulded, and polished. The baluster to be
inch square deal, with occasional wrought-iron balusters
for strengthening the same. The bottom steps to have
compass end glued and bracketed, with carved handrail,
as shown in drawings, the handrail from the first floor
to attics to be stained birch or Honduras mahogany,
wrought and polished, with turned newels.
Raking facia boards beaded to be put to staircase
sides and round the wall spaces, and moulded skirting
board for wall sides from top to bottom.
The space to cellar steps to be partitioned off with 14
panelled and moulded partition, as shown in drawing.
Fitted with moulded door, with frames, architraves, and
fittings, as described for other doors.
The cellar stairs to have wrought-iron handrail and
balusters securely fixed with lead into steps.
Execute all other work necessary for the perfect completion of the joiner's work in every respect.
PLASTERER.
Execute in cement the plinths, quoins, strings, mouldings, cornices, caps, panels, trusses, spandrels, segment
arches, and main cornice, &c., as shown in front and
side elevations. All the mouldings to be sharply and
neatly executed, and according to the drawings and to
such enlarged drawings and sections as- may be afterwards supplied. The channels in the quoins to be
neatly executed, and the quoins returned at the angles.
The chimney caps and bases to be executed as shown
in the drawings.
The cement to be prepared and used as described in
the specification for bricklayer's work.
M2




164           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Lath, plaster, set, and whiten the ceilings to the principal rooms, passages, and porch.
Lath, plaster, and set all the other ceilings throughout.
Render float and set all the walls throughout the
principal rooms and passages, and render and set all the
walls to the other rooms throughout, soffits to staircase
to be executed in the same manner as the principal
rooms and passages.
Execute in' the best manner clean, sharp-moulded
cornices to all the principal rooms, passages, and porch
on the ground and first floors, including breakfast-room
in basement, according to the drawings, or such other
drawings or sections to.a larger scale that may be supplied.
Lath, plaster, and float all the ceilings to the basement, excepting to breakfast-room, which is to be executed in the same manner as the first floor bedrooms,
and render and float the walls throughout.
Lath, plaster, float, and set the timbered partitions
throughout, and soffits of staircase.
The plasterer's work to include all cutting of moulds
for running cornices, and rubbing and bracketing where
necessary.
The plaster and hair must be very well mixed together, and sufficient time allowed for their amalgamation, the lime to be well ground.
Cement filleting to be used wherever necessary, and
carefully executed.
No labour must be spared in working the face, so as
to prevent blistering and crackings after work is done.
The plaster cornices to be carefully worked in every
respect, and neatly mitred at all salient and re-entrant
angles; the returns setting off truly at right angles,
unless otherwise intended. Render smoothly the brick
sides, &c., of fireplaces, and rough render behind windows, shutter-boxings, and other linings.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     165
Provide all moulds, and do all dubbing out, also all
repairs at completion.
Lay in between the joists of boarded floors, boards
3 inch thick, on which spread a coat of coarse plaster
1 inch thick.
SLATER.
Cover the roofs with Bangor countess slating, each
slate to be secured with two strong composition nails.
The slates to be laid to proper gauge, and to overlap at
edges at least 4 inches; no slips to make bond to be
used.
Put Welsh made strong slate-stone cisterns, grooved
and bolted together with strong wrought-iron rods, properly pierced for waste, closet, and other pipes, over
each water-closet, each cistern capable of holding sixty
gallons.
Put polished stone slabs in pantry, on one side and
end, 15 inches wide.
PLUMBER.
Cover the ridges and hips with lead 5 lbs. to the foot,
15 inches wide. Form the valleys with lead of the same
weight turned up 12 inches under the slates.
Flash round the chimneys with step flashing, well
secured into brickwork and to slate battens, 15 inches
wide and 5 lbs. to the foot.
Cover the roof of the bay-window outside watercloset and porch with lead 5 lbs. to the foot, with all
necessary rolls and lead nails.
Put to the eaves strong 5-inch moulded cast-iron
jointed gutters, jointed with white lead, and securely
fixed upon strong wrought-iron brackets.
Put strong iron down pipes with cistern heads from
principal roof at proper places, roof to bay-window
and porch securely fixed to walls, and connected with
drains at bottom.




166          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Lay the water on from the town waterworks with
lead or galvanised iron pipes, of sizes approved by the
waterworks company, to the cisterns, sinks, kitchen,
and scullery.
Put 2-inch strong waste pipes from sinks to drains.
Put proper soil and water pipes of iron from waterclosets to drains.
Do all other necessary work of the nature of plumber's
work requisite for the buildings in every particular.
Put lead in a proper manner wherever it is obviously
necessary to make the roofs water-tight, the water supplies and discharges all secure and water-tight, using all
solder, wall hooks, holdfasts, brackets, lead, capped nails,
and tacks that may be wanted to carry out in a complete
and proper manner all the plumber's work.
GLAZIER.
Glaze the bay window, front window to parlour, with
strong polished plate glass; the same to fanlight over
front door; and all the other windows and fanlights
with the best Newcastle crown glass, properly bedded,
bradded, and back puttied.
IRONFOUNDER.
Fit strong cast-iron gratings over all the areas, securely
fixed into the stonework with lead.
Provide and fix baluster and handrail of wrought
iron to cellar staircase, as described under the head of
joiner's work.
Provide cast-iron strong tray boot scrapers to front
and back doorways.
Fit up a close 38-inch range in kitchen, with selfacting boiler, &c., complete, of the value of 41. 15s. cost
price.
Fit up in drawing-room bright register stove grate, of
the cost price of 31. 15s.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      167
Fit up in dining-room, parlour, library, and breakfast-rooms register stoves, cost price 35s. each.
Fit up in bedrooms register stove grates, value 30s.
each.
Provide strong cast-iron gratings in cased frames to
all gullies throughout the premises.
Provide guttering and down pipes, with brackets and
holdfasts proper for same.
Provide wrought-iron chimney bars to all chimney
openings, as specified.
Provide and properly fix not more than 3 inches
apart, and with carved ends, with spreading shoes to
screw to window frames, ~-inch round wrought-iron
safety bars to scullery, store-room, closet, water-closet,
and porch external windows to basement.
Fix in top step under the front door, and all the
width of the opening, an ornamental strong cast-iron
water grate 4 inches wide, with strong frame, to prevent rain water driving into porch, and lay a drain from
the space under the step to carry water into nearest
gully.
The spouting to be submitted for inspection of surveyor before being used; all to be moulded and cast
with mask heads with folding joints, joined with white
lead, and fixed on strong iron brackets.
PAINTER.
Stop, knot, and paint four times in the best oil colours
all the woodwork and external and internal ironwork
usually painted.
Grain in imitation of oak all the external doors and
window frames.
The last coat of paint for internal work to be executed in such colours as the surveyor shall direct.
The bars of the stairs to be painted four coats, and
finished green.




168          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
PAPER HANGER.
The walls to be sized, lead papered, and prepared for
papering. The bedrooms all to be papered, the front
bedrooms with paper 3d. per yard, the back bedrooms
with paper ld. per yard. All the papers to be submitted to surveyor for approval.
No papering to be done on the staircase walls, or on
any walls of the ground floor.
BELLHANGER.
The house to have a bell to ring from the entrance
gate and principal entrance door, one from each sittingroom on the principal floor, and one from each bed and
dressing-room on the first floor. The wires to be best
copper, concealed in zinc tubes where necessary. The
whole of the rooms to have approved rose and lever pulls.
A bell board with bells to be fixed in the passage in
the basement opposite the staircase. Each bell to have a
vibrating pendulum.
Each bell to be of a different tone, and the whole of
the work to be done in a complete and satisfactory
manner.
The contract for this house was 11151.
ESTIMATE. —Villa proposed to be erected on     of the
at               from the Drawings
and Specification of         Architect.-April, 1863.
SUMMARY.
~ s. d.
1. Excavator and bricklayer
2. Mason and slater
3. Carpenter.....
4. Joiner and ironmongery
5. Smith and bellhanger 
6. Plasterer...
7. Plumber....
8. Glazier...
9. Painter and paper-hanger
~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.              169
~  s. d.
The contractor is to state in his tender
the difference of cost if iron cramps are
used in the hollow walls, according to the
common custom of the island, in lieu of
Jennings's patent bonding bricks, as taken
in quantities.
EXCAVATOR AND BRICKLAYER.
The concrete to be composed of four
parts of screened gravel or stone, two
parts coarse clean sand, and one part of
fresh well burned ground stone lime, and
to be thrown into trenches from a stage
10 feet high, whilst hot, and levelled at
once.
The external walls to be carried up
hollow, as described, with hard, wellburnt, and well-formed kiln bricks, and
to present the appearance of Flemish bond,
and the patent bonding bricks to be manufactured of a colour to correspond with
the facing bricks, and the bricks to be
wetted before being laid.
The mortar to be composed of onethird of well-burnt stone lime, and twothirds clean, sharp, river or pit sand, and
no more to be made at one time than is
sufficient for the day's consumption.
The cement to be Roman of the best
quality, and mixed in equal proportions
with clean, sharp, river or pit sand, and
to be made up in small quantities only as
required for immediate use.
Yds.
313     Cube. Digging, carting and depositing on adjoining premises where directed.
76,, Digging, filling in, and ramming
20,, Hard dry rubbish filled in and well
rammed...
69,, Concrete.
33      Sup. Do. 6 inches thick..
Ft.
206 Run. Strutting to perpendicular trench for concrete 2 feet deep...
38,,   Do. to perpendicular sides of hole for
tank 12 feet deep.....
Continued... ~




170             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Rods. Ft.                                            ~  s. d.
Continued.
15      Sup. Reduced brickwork in mortar
1  36,,   Do. do. do. in hollow walls built in two
thicknesses of one brick each, with
space of 2 inches between same (measured nett), but including Jennings's
patent bonding bricks at every second
course, and not more than 18 inches
apart, the bonding bricks to be manufactured to match the facings.
5  56,,   Do. in do. in two thicknesses, viz. the
outer wall half brick, and the inner
wall one brick do. do. do.
7 136,,  Do. in do. in two thicknesses of half
brick each, do. do. do.
148,,   Reduced brickwork in cement
10,,  Half-brick bearers do.
41,,     Do.     arches do.
47,,     Do.    trimmers do..
238,,   Rough cutting..
149,,  Two courses of plain tiles in cement
74       Gauged arches.
5250,,   Extra to the best picked facings, and neat
flat joint pointing..
Yds.
21,,  Stop and twice limewhite
140,,   Lime and hair pugging, inch thick.
21,,  Rendering in cement i-inch thick
147,,   Brick flat nogging in mortar 
5,,  Brick on edge paving in cement
297 Run. Rough cut one course..
70,,  Rough birdsmouth cutting
56,,   Cut and rubbed splay..
152,,  Rake and point in cement to flashings
10,,  Cutting and pinning slate shelf in cement
393,,   Extra to splayedfootlace in moulded bricks
63 external mitres to do..
23 internal do. do.
58,,  Taylor's patent damp-proof course, and
laying in 14 inches wall
134,,  Do. do. 18 inches do.
21  Frames bedded and pointed 
18  Making good to window-sills
11  Flues cored
24  Ends, steps, &c., cut and pinned in cement.
Continued.. ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.               171
Ft.                                              ~   s. d.
Continued
1  Extra to forming manhole in half-brick
-arch, including brick curb to receive
cover.......
58 Run. 4-inch metallic earthenware socket drain
pipes, bedded and jointed in clay, including digging, carting, filling in, and
ramming complete 
160,,   6-inch     do.    do.     do...
Extra to No. 10 4-inch bends
Do.   No. 16 6-inch do.
Do.   No. 1 4-inch junctions
Do.   No. 5 6-inch do.
218,,  6-inch metallic earthenware pipe drains
with patent saddles, bedded and jointed
in clay, including digging, carting, filling in and ramming complete
Extra to No. 10 bends,  No. 4 junctions
3  6-inch syphon traps 
15 Run. Opening and making good ground for
pipe...
10  Ends pipe made good to drain, in cement
4,,,,        tanks, &c., in
cement
1  End of drain made good to existing drain
1  Half-brick cesspool in cement
1  Half-brick cesspool 12 inches square and 3
feet 6 inches deep in clear, built and
rendered inside in cement, including
York stone bottom and cover and puddling, digging, carting, and filling in
and ramming complete..
Provide water for the use of the works
Give all notices and pay all fees
Insurance..
Clear and cart away all superfluous rubbish...
Setting only, but including all necessary
fire-bricks, &c.:
8  Register stoves
1  Stove with holes..
1  60-inch kitchen range.
1  20-gallon copper complete
Cut away for and make good after all
trades..
Carried to summary.. ~




172              SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
MASON AND SLATER.
All the stone to be the best of its
respective kind, free from vents, sandholes, and other defects. The York to
be of the hardest quality from the
underbeds.
Ft.        Portland stone:                        ~  s. d.
78 Cube Stone and setting.
4,,   Do. scantling and do..
151 Sup. Plain beds and joints 
218,,  Do. face.......
6,,  Rough sunk work.
4,,  Sunk joints..
103,,  Sunk face..
22,  Moulding......
2,,  Stopped moulding
5 Run. Back joint.
5,  Rebate and back joint
316,,  Throat..
2  Mortises.
116   Holes for balusters and running with lead.
8  Do. for standards and braces do.
2   Stopped ends to mouldings, 3f inches girt
2  Do.          do.          6 inches do..
4   External mitres to moulding, 38 inches do.
4  Do.          do.          6 inches do..
2  Do.          do.         9 inches do..
2 Internal mitres to moulding, 31 inches do.
33   Birdsmouth joggles, 4 inches long, and
cement..
4   Do.                 6 inches long, do.
24   Plugs and lead...
Yorkshire stone:
162 Sup. Rough cores, &c.....
26,,  Tooled slabs and hearths..
104,,  Rubbed do.        do...
21,,  3-inch paving on bressummer 
299,,  3-inch rubbed paving, jointed in cement.
6,,  4-inch rough cover stone
12,,  6-inch tooled landing.
6,,  6-inch tooled sink....
8,,  Coped edges..
3,,  Rough sunk work..
18 Run. Back joint...
Continued..      ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.              173
Ft.                                            ~     s. d.
Continued
222 Run. Coped edges to cores, &c.
16,,   Rough sunk edge..
4,,  Sunk notching.
35,,   Tooled sunk, weathered, and throated
window sills, 8L" X 4".
7,,  Do. do. 13"x4"...
4,,  Tooled step 12" x7", back jointed
4,,  Do. do. rebated and back-jointed
4,,  Do. 16" 7", back jointed
4,,  Do. do. rebated and back jointed
4  Mortises..
20  Notchings in slabs.
27  Plain ends to window sills
1  Rebated hole for trap in sink
1  Rounded corner to do. 
11  Perforations 14" X 9", through 3-in. stone
2  Do.           do.   through 6-in. do.
4  3-inch tooled templates 14" X 9"
8  Do.        do.        9"X 9",   with
coking hole and lead to each
4  6-inch hinge stones 14"x 14", tooled fair
on two sides, and including holes for
claws of hinges and running with lead.
1  6-inch tooled sink 2'x 1 6", with rebated hole for grating.....
1  Rubbed York chimney-piece to 1ft. 8in.
opening, with plain jambs, haunchcut mantel, and wide shelf, with strong
brackets under same, including cramps
and fixing complete. 
1  Do. to 5 feet opening  do.  do.  do.
2  Enamelled slate chimney-pieces of the
P. C. value of 21. each, exclusive
of fixing, and including cramps and
fixing complete..
5  Do. 31. 10s. each   do.     do.
1  Do. 51.             do.     do.
Cut away for and make good after all
trades.
Sqs. Ft.
26  40 Sup. Best Bangor countess slating, laid with a
8-inch lap, and nailed with two stout
copper nails to each slate 
11,,   1-inch, planed one side, slate shelf.
6 Run. 14-inch rubbed edge....
Leave all perfect at completion.
Carried to summary          ~




174             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
CARPENTER.
All the timber, except where otherwise
specified, to be the best, sound, and wellseasoned Baltic, Memel, or Riga, free
from sap, shakes and large or dead
knots.
The deals to be Christiania, and the
oak of English.growth.
Ft.                                            ~   s. d.
112 Cube Fir in plates, lintels, &c.
925,,   Do. framed..
115,,   Do. ground joists.
34,,   Oak sleepers..
Sqs.
25  40 Sup. i-inch rough deal boarding for slates
12  60,,  Do. sound boarding and fillets 
21,,   Inch deal boarding edges, shot and
firrings..
109,,   Do. gutter boards and bearers
8,,Do. do. and framed bearers 
43,,   1 deal tongued trough gutter and framed
bearers.
120,   2-inch deal framed 
247,,   Deal-framed cradling 21 x 2" 
11 Run. Rebated drip.
2,,  Rounded roll..
472,,   Tilting fillet..
24,,   Feather edge springing pieces
85,,   Rough fillet 3"X 2", spiked to wall
72,,   Herring-bone strutting.
186,   2 —inch hip, and ridge-rolls and irons
20  Framed bridging pieces..
2  Cesspools in gutter 
3  Rebated drips...
76 Sup. Centering to arches
47       Do. to trimmers 
2  Rough turning pieces to 1 foot 8 inches
opening, and I brick sofite 
3  Do. 4 feet             do.      do.
1  Do. 4 feet 6 inches    do.      do..
1  Do. 5 feet 10 inches   do.      do..
3  Turning pieces to gauged arches 1 foot
8 inches, opening half brick sofite
1  Do. 1 foot 10 inches   do.      do..
1  Do. 2 feet 6 inches    do.      do..
Continued... $




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.             175
~   s. d.
Sup.                   Continued
1  Turning piece to gauged arch, 2 feet
10 inches opening; half brick sofite
1  Do. 3 feet 9 inches    do.     do.
5  Do. 4 feet             do.     do.
2  Turning pieces to gauged arches 3 feet
opening, 1 brick sofite
Provide all hoarding that may be required for the works.
Cut away for and make good after all
trades.
Carried to summary.     ~
JOINER AND IRONMONGERY.
The framings, floor boards, skirtings,
and door linings are to be of Norway
deals and battens; elsewhere the joinery
may be of white deals and battens, excepting the window-sills, which are to be
of the best English oak.
The floor boards and framings are to be
prepared immediately on signing the contract, but the framings are not to be
wedged up until required for use; to be
kept in some dry, warm place, and care
taken that at no subsequent period they
shall be exposed to rain or moisture.
The mahogany to be of the best bright
quality.
Sqrs. Ft.                                            ~  s. d.
8 Cube Fir proper door cases..
3        Sup. Inch deal wrought folding floor, including
glued and mitred borders to the slabs.
22    50,,  1-inch deal wrought straight joint floor
edge nailed, and with glued and mitred
borders to the slabs
7 Run. i-inch deal square skirting, 4 inches high
2 dovetailed angles.
2 quadrant corners...
147,, Inch deal beaded skirting, 8 inches high,
including grounds, fillets, and backings
14 housings..
26 tongued and mitred angles..
Continued... ~




176             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Ft.~                                              s. d.
Continued
52 Run. Inch deal moulded skirting, 8 inches high,
including grounds, fillets, and backings
288,,   Do., 10 inches high, do.
30 housings..
52 tongued and mitred angles
1 Returned end.
lj-inch deal sunk plinth, 10 inches high,
and moulding 4 inches girt, including
grounds, fillets, and backings
24 housings...
26 tongued and mitred angles
53,,   1-inch deal sunk plinth, 13 inches high,
and moulding 5 inches girt, including
grounds, fillets, and backings
8 housings..
14 tongued and mitred angles
9 Sup. 1k-inch deal moulded fixed sashes
7,  2-inch deal    do.     do..
71,,  Deal cased frames, oak sunk sills, and
lW-inch deal moulded sashes, single
hung with brass axle, pulleys, patent
lines, and iron weights
307,,  Do., do., but double hung with do. do.
69,,  Deal cased frames, oak sunk sills, and
1l-inch deal moulded sashes, double
hung with brass axle, pulleys, patent
lines, and lead weights
52,,  Deal cased Venetian frame, oak sunk
sill, and l-inch deal moulded sashes,
with centre part double hung with do..
17,, Inch deal proper ledged door.
4,  1-inch deal one panel, moulded, and
square trap-door..
54,,    -inch deal four panel, moulded, and
square doors..
107,,  Do. four panel, moulded both sides door.
20,,  1-inch deal four panel, moulded, and bead
flush doors...
58,,  2-inch deal six panel, moulded both sides
door..
58,,  Do. six panel, moulded, and bolection
moulded doors
35,,  2-inch deal two panel, moulded, and bolection moulded folding doors.
Continued... ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.             177
Ft.                                           ~   s. d.
Continued
54 Sup. 2-inch deal framed and beaded folding
gates, filled in with l1-inch matched
and beaded batten boarding
1  Extra to cast-iron grating 1' 3" X 2' 6",
in do..
61 Sup. 14-inch deal moulded window backs
42,,   Do. framed and beaded dwarf closet front,
and one panel moulded, and square
folding doors..
100,,  Do. framed and beaded cupboard fronts,
and moulded and square folding doors
in two heights, the lower doors in one
panel, and the upper doors in two
panels each.
5,,  i-inci deal, wrought one side, and staffbeaded linings and backings
32,, Inch deal, wrought one side, and staffbeaded sofite fixed with screws
166,,  Do. wrought one side, tongued, and crosstongued, do. do. 
93,,  Do. wrought one side, grooved, and bevilled
facia fixed with screws 
130,,  Do. wrought one side, tongued, and splayed
linings and backings 
37,,  Do. wrought one side, tongued, crosstongued, and splayed do. and do.
27,,  Do. wrought one side, tongued, staffbeaded, and splayed, do. and do...
290,,  Do. wrought, framed, and grooved grounds
11,,  Do. water-closet seat, riser, and bearers 
6,,  Do. beaded frame, and mitre clamped
flap....
144,,  Do. wrought both sides, and crosstongued..
14,,  1-inch deal, wrought one side, tongued,
and   rounded   window-board  and
bearers....
37,  Do. wrought one side, tongued, and
moulded, do. and do..
19,?  Do. wrought one side, tongued, crosstongued and moulded do. and do.
14,,  Do. sunk, grooved, and return beaded
apron linings and backings
1  Piece of do. 11 inches wide to quadrant
corner 10 inches radius 
Continued.. ~
N




178              SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
~   s. d.
Continued
1  Piece of l1-inch deal to semicircular wellhole 1 foot 8 inches diameter.
11 Sup. 1l-inch deal double staff-beaded bellboard, fixed with screws
2 staff-beaded and mitred ends, to do.
99,,    -inch deal double rebated and double
beaded jamb linings..
17,,   Do. double rebated jamb linings and backings....
22,,  Do. double rebated and cross-tongued,
do. ahd do..
3,,  Deal moulding..
48 Run. Labour to bead....
143,   Do. groove...
31   D, Do. do. in oak.
3,,  Do. rounded nosing to inch deal
4,,  Do. rebate 2i inches girt
5,   Do. do. 2j       do...
50,,  Deal square rebated angle staff
177,,  Rebated and beaded do.
17,,   Beaded, chamfered, and mitred stop
16,,   1-inch deal moulded nosing.
1 piece of do. to quadrant corner 10 inches
radius..
1 piece of do. to semicircular well 1 foot
8 inches diameter. 
70,  Inch deal narrow grooved grounds..
187,,  Deal moulding   2  inches girt out of
1JX lI...
372,,  Architrav moulding 3 inches girt.
9,,  Deal double moulded and grooved capping
out of 4" X 3"..
2 bevilled joints.            *
528,,  Deal beaded and moulded architraves
5 inches wide 
40,,  Pipe casings with 14-inch deal rebated
and beaded grounds, and 4-inch deal
clamped panels fixed with screws
36   Notchings....
6  Quadrant corners to inch deal 
10 Returned ends to rounded window-boards
26   Do. to moulded do....
8  Tongued angles to facia 6 inches. wide
9  $hiplapped joints 12 inches long
Continued... ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.             179
Ft.                                            ~   s. d.
Continued...
8  Mitres to moulding 2 inches girt
1  Dished hole in seat..
1  Beaded do., for pull.
72  Dovetailed backings to 6-inch jambs
9  Wrought and chamfered shelf bearers 12
inches long, plugged to wall.
12  Do. do. 13 inches long, do.
16  Do. do. 17 inches long, do. 
12  Wrought, double chamfered and tapered
bearers, 16 inches long 3" x 2" with
quadrant and double chamfered end
1  Proper ledged copper-lid, with cut handle
1  Plate rack 3 feet long, three tiers in
height, with inch deal rim and fixing
complete..
1  Dresser 8 feet 9 inches long, with 1 i-inch
deal clamped top, inch pot-board on
proper bearers, proper framed legs and
rails, three drawers with brass drop
handles, four tiers of inch sunk plate
shelves, 1-inch cut standards, i-inch
matched and beaded back lining, and
i-inch facia, with moulding at top and
fixing complete...
2  Oak wrought gate stops, rounded at top,
with socket let in for bolt, and digging,
filling in, and ramming.
111 Sup. 1l-inch deal moulded treads, inch deal
risers with returned ends, strong fir
carriages, and glued, blocked, and
bracketed.
230 Run. Inch deal square bar dovetailed or framed
balusters... 
20,,   11-inch deal moulded wall strings. 
2 extra to ramps...
19,,   1-inch deal, sunk, returned, beaded,
grooved, cut, and mitred outer string
20  Housings to moulded steps and risers
18  Return moulded nosings..
18 Deal fancy cut brackets to ends of steps 
1  Curtail end to moulded step and riser
Continued. 
N2




180             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Ft.                                             ~   s. d.
Continued
Best bright Honduras mahogany and
French polishing: -
14 Sup. Inch seat, and panelled and moulded riser
and deal bearers
8,,  Do. beaded frame and mitre-clamped flap
18,,   Do. wrought both sides, tops fixed with,
and including buttons and screws and
deal bearers..
14 Run. Labour to moulded edge on inch
4,,  Tongued and moulded nosing
21,,   F-inch skirting, 3 inches wide
6 dovetailed angles. 
6 quadrant corers
8,,  3-inch square skirting, 4 inches high 
2 dovetailed angles 
2 quadrant corners...
6,,   -inch double moulded rail, 4 inches wide,
plugged to wall 
2 returned ends..
3  Long notchings in inch.
3  Quadrant moulded corners to do.
1  Dished hole in seat.
1  Beaded do. for pull..
1  Seat and riser, made movable
35 Run. Spanish   mahogany   moulded  handrail
2/" x 2~", including joints and screws
and French polishing. 
1 ft. 6 in.,,  Level circular  do.     do. 
3,,  Writhed           do.      do...
3,,  Scrolled          do.      do. 
Ironmongery of the best description, including screws and fixing:
15  Pairs 2}-inch wrought butts 
9  Do. 3}-inch      do..
6  Do. 4-inch       do... 
6  Do. 5-inch       do.
2  Do. 3-inch brass butts.
1  Do. 18-inch cross-garnet hinge.
2  Do. 30-inch Collinges' gate hinges 
15  6-inch spring plate neck bolts
1  6-inch barrel bolt..
4  10-inch   do...
4  12-inch   do......
2  30-inch   do...
Continued.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.               181
~   s. d.
Continued 
7  4-inch cupboard locks.
3  7-inch iron rim locks with brass furniture
12 6-inch mortise locks, with rosewood furniture...
1  8-inch copper warded mortise lock with
bronze furniture..
2  10-inch drawback locks with rosewood
furniture...
2  Norfolk latches.
7  Brass knobs and roses..
32   Do. sash lifts.
18  Do. spring sash fastenings
6  Do. double hat and coat hooks
1  12-inch brass barrel door chain. 
2  Iron knockers of approved pattern 
4  Do. dowels..
Carried to summary.    ~
SMITH AND BELL-HANGER.
Ft.         Cast iron:
192 Run. 3-inch rain-water pipe, including nails
and fixing complete 
7 heads.
2 double bends 1 foot 6 inches girt
4      do.    2 feet girt. 
15,,   5-inch soil pipe, including leaded joints,
tacks, and fixing complete.
187,,  5-inch strong moulded eaves gutter, including plain clips, and jointed with
white lead, and securely fixing to feet
of rafters complete..
6 extra to external elbows 
2 do. to internal do..
6 outlets..
62,,   Railing to front fence, with wroughtiron top 2   X 11i,, J-inch cast-iron
round bars 2 feet 9 inches high from
coping, and 6 inches from centre to
centre, with ornamental heads, as approved by the surveyor, and fixing
complete.... 
4 extra to 1l-inch standards, with back
stays complete..
Continued.




182             SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
~ s. d.
Continued
38   Cast-iron air bricks and fixing provided.
2  Strong tray boot scrapers and fixing
1  6-inch grating....
1  Register stove P. C. 25s.
6  Do. P. C. 85s. each..
1  Bright register stove P. C. 61.
1  20 strong stove, with hobs and wroughtiron bars..
1  60-inch kitchen-range, with self-acting
boiler, &c., P. 0. 71. 10s..
1 Supply cistern and cover, including short
wrought-iron connecting pipe to boiler
and brass unions, and fixing complete.
1  20-gallon strong copper..
1  Furnace door and frame..
1  Set furnace and bearing bars 
1  Soot door and frame 
1  Damper...
Cwt. qrs. lbs.    Wrought iron:
2   0   7    Chimney and cradle bars, and fixing 
2   1   4    Screw bolts and strap ties, and fixing
16  Stout staples and driving.
32  Dognails and do..
40  4-inch screw bolts, 6 inches. long, with
heads, nuts, and washers, and fixing
3  Balusters 1" X 1", and 2 feet 9 inches long,
with flapped ends and fixing
3  Do. 8 feet long, and do.
1  Strong wrought-iron cistern to contain
50 gallons, including fixing complete.
The whole of the bells to be of a different tone, and to be turned and hung in
the' best manner, with concealed metal
tubes,' stout copper wire, strong brass
cranks, labels, and pendulums complete.
5 Bells in passage, ground floor, with one
rosewood lever pull to each in rooms
on one pair.
3        do.    do.    with two rosewood
lever pulls to each in rooms on ground
story...
1     \ do.     do.'   with, ornamental
bronze sunk pull at entrance gate
1         do.   do.    do.    do.    at
entrance door..
Carried to summary.     ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.               183
PLASTERER.
All the laths to be stout and of full
thickness, and the whole of the materials
and workmanship of the best quality.
Roman cement-jointed and coloured:
Yds. Ft.                                              ~   s. d.
211 Sup. Narrow face...
54,,  Do. and dubbing inch thick 
130,,  Weathering......
395,,  Moulding....
122 Run. Arris.....
382,,  Narrow return and arris 
44,,  Narrow margin and arris 
60,,   Return 2 inches wide and arris
179,,  Moulding 3l inches girt.
26   Stopped ends to moulding 14 inches,
girt average.. 
140  Mitres to moulding    10 inches, girt
average..
76  Brackets 3 inches wide on face, 7 inches
high, and 4 inches projection, with
moulded fronts and plain sides and
modelling..
41  Brackets 4 inches wide on face, 1 foot 2
inches high, and 11 inches projection,
with moulded fronts, having two semicircular channels in same, and square
sunk panel at top, plain sides, and including moulded caps 3 inches girt,
mitred round same, and to bed moulding and modelling.
4 Consoles 6 inches wide on face, 1 ft. 6 in.
high, and 6 inches projection, with
moulded fronts, ornamental sides and
moulded cap, mitred round same, and
to bed moulding and modelling
2  Consoles 6 inches wide on face, 2 ft. 4 in.
high, and 6 inches projection, with
moulded and enriched faces, ornamental
scroll sides, leaf at foot, and moulded
and mitred caps mitred round same,
and to bed moulding and modelling
178      Sup. Twice colour in distemper
280,,  Clearcole and whiten ceilings
666,,  Do.         do.    cornices
178,,  Render and set.. 
411,,  Render, float, and set.
Continued..




184              SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Yds. Ft.                                              ~   s. d.
Continued
42      Sup. Lath, plaster, and float.
59,,  Lath, plaster, and set ceilings 
215,,   Lath, plaster, float, and set sides
221,,   Do.         do.         ceilings..
96 Run. Quirk...
4,,  Circular quirk.
10  Making good to chimney-pieces
666 Sup. Plaster moulded cornices 
96  Mitres to do. 12 inches girt average
Cut away for and make good after all
trades.
Carried to summary.      ~
PLUMBER.
The lead to be the best Newcastle milled
lead.
Cwt. Qrs.                                            ~   s. d.
46    1      Milled lead and labour in roofs.
3         Do.       do.      in safe, &c.
Ft.
41 Run. Close copper nailing..
2,   Soldering.
46,,     -inch strong lead pipe, including joints,
wall-hooks, and fixing complete
88,,    -inch  do.    do.       do.
110,,  Inch   do..    do       do..
14,,   1-inch do.      do.      do.
4       2-inch  do.    do.       do.
45,,   Inch   do.     do.       do.
including opening and making good
ground.
28       3-inch lead pipe, including joints and fixing complete...
1  Rose end to do....
102   Lead bale tacks
2  Extra labour and solder to cesspools 
1  Lead dribble and soldering 
1  11-inch lead trap, and soldering both ends
1  Lead trumpet-mouthed waste-pipe, 1 foot
9 inches long, 2~"x 14" and soldering.
1  3-inch double bent lead socket pipe, 2 feet
girt, and soldering
1  3-inch double bent lead socket pipe, 2
feet girt, one end soldered to cesspool,
the other end made good to cast-iron
down pipe.....
Continued... ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.             185
~   s. d.
Run.                   Continued...
1  5-inch double bent pipe 3 feet 6 inches
girt out of 71bs. lead, one end made
good to iron soil pipe, the other end
made good to water-closet trap
1  2-inch brass grate and soldering
1  4-inch brass bell grate and lead trap,
and cementing..
2  i-inch brass bib cocks, with screw bottoms and bosses and joints.
1 2-inch brass ball-cock with screw bottom
and boss copper ball and joint
1  Inch brass roundway do.  do.  do.
1  1-inch Jennings's patent self-closing stool
cock, with brass sunk handle and joints
complete..
1  4-inch brass washer and union to iron,
including hole in iron cistern, and cementing and soldering
1  Inch do.         do.        do.
1  l1-inch brass washer and waste, with
union to iron, including hole in iron
cistern, and cementing and soldering 
1  Connection to company's main, including
paying fees 
1  4-inch iron pump, with brass valves and
fixing complete..
1  White glazed ware hopper and trap, including brick seating and making good
to drain..
1  Jennings's patent water-closet apparatus
and trap, with regulator, blue basin,
opal glass handle, and fixing complete.
Carried to summary.. ~
GLAZIER.
All the glass to be puttied and back
puttied and sprigged where necessary.
Ft.                                            ~   s. d.
23 Sup. Best 26-oz. sheet glass, and glazing under
3 feet sup. in each square.
9,,  Do.      do.      5 feet do.
11,,   Do.      do.      6 feet do.
23,,   Do.      do.      8 feet do..
55,,   Do.      do.     10 feet do.
23,   Do.      do.     12 feet do.. 
Continued.. ~




186              SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
~   s. d.
122 Sup. Best 26-oz. sheet glass, and glazing under
14 feet sup. in each square 
13,,  Best British polished plate glass, and
glazing under 4 ft. sup. in each square
19,   Do.       do.       5 feet do..
6,,  Do.       do.       6 feet do.
21,,  Do.       do.      12 feet do.
25,,  Do.       do.      14 feet do.
Leave all perfect at completion.
Carried to summary..   ~
PAINTER AND PAPERHANGER.
All the work to be previously knotted
and stopped.
Yds. Ft.                                                ~   s. d.
442      Sup. Four times in oil, approved tints
696 Run. Skirting and strings
53,,  Do. 18 inches girt.
72,,  Margins...
40,,   Pipe casings..
177,,  Angle staff...
247,,  Balusters......
187,,   Eaves gutter..
192,,  Rain pipe...
7 heads..
38   Air bricks..
2   Scrapers.
1  Pump......
9  Dozen large squares.
18   Frames.....
2  Two light frames...
I  Venetian frame.
23      Sup. Extra to graining in imitation of wainscoat, and twice varnishing.
4- Dozen large squares..
18   Frames..
2  Two-light frames...
1  Venetian frame.
9  Pieces of paper at Is. 6d. per piece, P. C.,
and hanging same cut close
40   Pieces of paper at 3s. per piece, P. C.,
do.       do.      do.. 
Preparing and sizing walls for No. 49
pieces of paper.....
Clean all glass, and clean and scour down
all floors, pavings, &c., at completion 
Carried to summary.    ~




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.  187
Schedule of Prices.
~ s. d.
Excavation and levelling, per yard cube..   0 0 9
Concrete......... 0  4  0
Reduced brickwork, per rod...... 12 10  0
Bricknogging, per yard.....  0  2  6
Stock brick paving flat, per yard.....0  2  3
Gauged arches, per foot..... 0  2  0
Brick trimmers in cement, per yard.....0  2  9
6-inch glazed pipes and digging, per foot...  0  0  8
4,,,,,,.0             0  6
Bedding window-frames, each.....0  1  0
Slating, per square (Countess)......  1 10  0
Slating battens, per square, 4s. 6d.....  0 10  0
1l  slate tank, per foot......  0  3  6
Fir timber in framework, per foot cube.  0..   2 6
Oak,,,,,,,,....  0  3  6
Door cases, per foot cube...... 0  4  0
12 dovetailed cisterns, per foot...  0  1  6
Fencing, per perch..,... 0  4  6
- white floors, laid, per square... 1  4  0
1-inch,,,,,... 1                   6  0
Sashes and frames, per foot...  0  1  0
2-inch four-panelled doors, double moulded, per foot..0 1 1
1,,  square framed shutters...... 0  0  9,,  closet fronts and doors..... 0  0  9
Render, float, and set, per yard...  0  1  4
Lath, float and set, &c., white, per yard... 0  1  4
12-inch cornice, including mitres, per foot...  0  1  0
24 York paving square, &c., laid, per 100 feet.. 5 0 0
Portland moulded steps, per foot.....0  3  6
Box mantels, each....... 1    0
Marble mantels, each....... 3    0
21 York landings, per foot...... 0  1  9
Stone brackets, each....... 0  2  6
York window-sills, per foot.......  0  1  9
Ironmongery.
Balcony railings, per foot......  0  0
Handrails.....              0  1  9
Ranges, each, from.......  2  10  0
Eaves gutters, from....0            8
Air-bricks, each.......    0  6
Painter.
4 oils flatted, per yard......  0  9,,  grained,,..... 0  1  9




188           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
~ s. d.
4 oils, green, per yard.....      0 1 4
Tar, per yard........   0  0  4
Plumber.
Lead laid, per cwt......   1 10 0
Zinc, per foot.........    0  5
1-inch supply pipe, per foot......0 0 9
1,, waste pipe, and joints, per foot.....  1 3,,  service.....0        8
Pump, complete force.......   5 10 0
Pan and closet apparatus complete....    5 0 0
Glazing.
Flattened plate, per foot.......  1 0
Ground glass, per foot......   0 1 1
Newcastle crown, per foot, fixed.....0 0 8
VI.-Particulars of the several Works and Materials required in the erection of a POOR HousE for the
Union, to accommodate sixty
Paupers, according to Plans, Elevations, and Sections provided herewith. The Building is to be
erected on the Site marked out immediately adjoining the, on the
EXCAVATOR, BRICKLAYER, AND MASON.
The whole of the materials, of whatever description,
and which must be of the best quality, to be provided
by the contractor.
The areas to be levelled, so that the floors of the
several buildings shall each stand 1 foot above the level
of the courts, and the courts are to be formed with a
regular and proper fall on all directions to the traps in
each court.
The foundations of the whole of the walling to be




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       89
sunk to the depth of 2 feet 6 inches below the present
surface of the ground, and after the walls are carried
up the ground afterwards to be filled in to the heights
shown on the sections of the site. The stuff for filling
in, and also for the levelling and finishing off the courts,
to be had from; the contractor, however, paying.all other attendant expenses, and the sand,
and other building materials, if any will be required
therefrom, at the usual prices at which they are charged
to other parties.
In all cases a firm and solid foundation for all the
walls must be obtained, and if, in carrying out the work,
it be ascertained that the depth specified in the last
paragraph be not sufficient to ensure a good foundation,
the contractor must sink lower, and a fair compensation
according to the architect's valuation shall be allowed
to him for such extra work; but if it be not required to
go so low as there specified, a deduction accordingly
must be made from the amount of the contract money.
The ground must be filled up to the level shown on
Sections              for a space of 12 feet round the
whole extent of the works.
To bale out or pump out and remove all soil and
water which may be necessary for laying the foundations, drains, &c., whether arising from springs, drains,
dippools, or rain, or otherwise, and to be answerable for
all accidental damage that may accrue whilst the foundations and walls are carrying up.
The rubbish, as well as all superfluous earth that
may come out of the foundations (if not wanted for
raising any part or parts of the ground, or for other
purposes), must be carted to a distance not exceeding
fifty yards from the premises, as may be directed, as
well as all rubbish that may accumulate in executing
the works, and all that may be wanted to be retained




190          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
for purposes as above must be carted to such part or
parts of the premises as the architect may direct.
Should the foundations, upon examination, prove to
be insufficient, a slate flag, or flat-bedded stone not less
than 3 inches thick, must be laid under such portion,
and 6 inches wider than the walls they are to carry, and
in no instance in shorter lengths than 3 feet.
All the walls (the respective thicknesses of which are
figured on plans) throughout the whole of the buildings,
as well as all the boundary walls, to be built of
stone from the            quarry, or such other
stone as shall be approved by the architect, which must
be well hammer faced on the external side, and fair
faced on the internal side to receive plaster or whitewash, as the case may be; to be set true and close in
mortar without pinners, and the joints struck clean and
cemented outside, and to be levelled true at the heights
of the floors and ceilings. The walls in the foundations
of all the buildings (that is, up to the proposed level of
the courts) must be 2 feet 6 inches thick, and to be well
grouted with liquid mortar every 18 inches; immediately
above the ground line an inch course of slate and cement
to be worked the whole thickness of the walls throughout the building. The mortar to be compounded of
stone, lime, and sharp, clean sand, to be ground in a
pugmill, or otherwise well tempered and beaten together
with wooden beaters, and to be mixed in the proportion
of - of lime to 23 of sand.
The boundary walls to have rubble coping of the
same stone as the walls themselves, and projecting
2 inches on either side of the surface thereof, and to be
finished in the manner shown in the elevations and
sections.
The quoins and story course to the front centre building, as well as the quoins and stonework to the front




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      191
entrance doorway and all corbels, to be of
stone, or stone of the same colour and of equal quality,
to be approved by the architect, to be neatly tooled and
worked in regular courses with proper projections, and
to be finished in every respect according to the architect's instructions.
The letters and figure over the entrance doorway in
front to be cut in           stone.
The copings of the several gables to be of
or           slate flag, the widths shown on elevation
and sections. The chimney stacks to be worked according to the drawings.
All window sills for the several windows to be of
slate flag from         or, as the architect shall determine, 3 inches thick, and to project
3 inches beyond the external face of the walls, with a
throating cut underneath.
The baths in the receiving wards, the eight washing
trays shown on the plans, the sinks in washhouse and
scullery, the fronts of all the privy seats (except where
otherwise specified), and the urinals to be of slate flags,
securely united and properly fixed on fire-brick piers
where required; the flags to be procured from the
or              quarries, as shall be
directed by the architect.
Flag steps to be provided and fixed to all doors, as
shown on plan; the floors of the men's, boys', women's
and girls' day-room, and also the floor of the schoolroom, to be laid with              tiles, 10 inches
square, in sand and mortar, and properly jointed so as
not to admit water. The floors of the dining hall,
men's and women's work-rooms, laundry, washhouse,
kitchen, scullery, and store-room adjoining the floors of
the two receiving wards, refractory cell, and deadhouse, and of all ground floor passages throughout the




192         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
building (excepting the passage leading fropn the sick
wards to the privies belonging thereto), and the floor of
all privies (excepting those in the infirmary), and also
the floors of the coal places and dust holes, are to be all
of slate rag from the           quarry, to be well
and truly laid in sand and mortar, and jointed in a
workmanlike manner; the whole to be laid on a bed of
6 inches of broken stone.
The floor of the entrance hall and passages adjoining
to be properly laid with slate flags from the
quarry.
The piers to the several gateways into the courts are
to be built of large stone, neatly hammer faced in
courses, and iron hooks inserted and leaded securely
for the purpose of hanging the gates or doors, to be
finished as shown on Section. The height of
all boundary and division walls to be 8 feet.
The window and door lintels, or heads shown on the
front elevation, to be of limestone, the thickness of
6 inches, and size marked on elevation. In other cases,
fire-brick flat arches to be turned.
The reveals to the door and window openings in the
front elevation to be worked with white fire bricks, as
shown, to imitate stone quoins, in regular courses, and
putty jointed..The reveals of all other door and window
openings throughout to be worked in ordinary good
fire.
All the flues throughout the whole of the buildings
to be well and properly pargeted and cored, and the
stacks truly built with native stone, hammer faced,
and the cappings and bases worked according to the
drawings.
Hearths and back hearths of slate flags from
quarry to be provided and fixed to all fireplaces throughout the whole of the buildings, and




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     193
under those on the upper story trimmer arches must be
turned.
Boilers and grates to be provided, as shown on plan,
for washhouse and scullery, and to be properly fixed in
fire bricks, and an escape for steam to be built, independent of the flues over each boiler.
To provide good and sound and sufficient scaffolding,
which is to remain for the use of the mason, carpenter,
and all other artificers that may have occasion to use
the same.
To build all the walls level, except where otherwise
directed, to be answerable for all damage that may arise
to the work from settlement or otherwise during the
time of building, and to make good the same as the
architect may direct, and further to perform all such
jobbing work as shall be necessary for completely finishing the several buildings.
Stone cisterns to be provided and fixed, one where
shown in the convalescent men's court, and two over
the landing in the front centre building, to be fixed on
good and sufficient supports, and rendered with white
lead joints. The foundations for the cisterns in the
convalescent men's court must be sunk to the same depth
as the walls of the building, carried up to the level of
the courts in stonework, and afterwards in fire brick, to
carry the cistern bricks as shown in sections, and cement
jointed          same as the rubble work.
The two windows in the boys' day-room, and the two
also in the girls', as also the two in each of their dormitories, which all respectively overlook the mens' and
womens' courts, are to be worked as shown on the sections through these rooms, so that the bottom of the
splay beneath each window shall be 5 feet from the
level of the floor. The windows are to be framed as the
other windows, and to be fitted with rough plate glass,
o




194          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
and a hopper in each, for ventilation purposes. This is
to prevent the girls and boys from seeing into the mens'
and womens' courts.
The whole of the courts are to be properly levelled
after the buildings are completed, and the whole must
be covered 4 inches thick with clean gravel. In each
court there must be provided and fixed one stench trap,
with proper communication with the drainage, so as to
carry off the whole of the surface water. In all urinals
there must be a drain head, to communicate with the
sewers, and all cesspools must be laid so that no lodgment of soil will remain.
Walls must be built in the waiting-room, relievingofficer's room, master's parlour, and office or store-room.
The lying-in ward, nurses' and surgeon's rooms, in two
sick wards, all of which have boarded floors, for supporting the flooring joists.
A stone cistern is also to be provided and fixed where
shown, near the               with which it is to be
connected. From the cistern a pipe is to be laid, communicating with the tank, to be constructed in the men's
court, over which a force pump is to be fixed, to force
the water into the above three cisterns, from which the
whole of the building is supplied. The tank in the
mens' court is to be 8 feet square, constructed of fire
bricks set in cement, and cemented inside with Portland
cement, the bottom to be of slate flag, and to have also
a slate flag covering, properly supported.
The contractor will have to include the whole of this
in his estimate.
DRAINAGE.
The drainage, which is to be carried out as shown in
blue lines on the ground plan, must be executed with
the very best glazed earthenware drain pipes, which




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      195
must be truly laid, with a sufficient and regular fall the
whole of their way, and the joists must be well and properly cemented, proper bends, arms, single and double
joints being provided for the junctions of two or more
drains wherever required, 6 inches in diameter, and in
2 feet lengths.
The pipes from  all water-closets, privies, washing
trays, sinks, traps, urinals, &c., throughout the building
to be of 6 inches diameter, and from the junction
marked x to the tank pipes of 9 inches diameter, and to
be used with proper junctions and joints properly cemented.
The tank which is intended to retain the sewage for
agricultural purposes is to be formed at a distance not
exceeding 10 yards off the junction of the drains at x,
a sum of 151. to be included in the estimate, to be
allowed to the contractor for the construction of the
tank, according to the architect's directions.
He must likewise include in his estimate all other expenses for materials and labour of every description
whatever, and all necessary excavating, and for properly
laying down the drainage in every respect according to
these and the future instructions of the architect, and in
every respect to his entire satisfaction.
It will of course be advisable to lay down the
drainage pipes before filling in the ground, as previously specified.
CARPENTER AND JOINER.
All the materials and labour of every description
necessary for the thorough completion of the building
according to the drawings and this specification are to
be provided by the contractor.
All the joists, rafters, purlins, ridge boards, and principals, as well as all external door and window frames
o 2




196          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
throughout the building, to be of sound Baltic timber,
all others to be of American pine oak, required to be
used only where specified. The timbers and deals are
to be well seasoned, cut square, and entirely free from
sap wood, shakes, large knots, and all other defects.
If any part or parts of the carpenters' or joiners'
work should shrink or fly within twelve months from
the finishing and fixing the same, the contractor is to
take down, refix, and make good the same, together
with all works that may be affected thereby, at his own
cost and expense.
No joints or rafters are in any case to be more than
12 inches in the clear apart from each other. The floors
of the waiting-room, relieving-officer's room, master's
parlour, and office opposite, of the lying-in ward, nurses'
and surgeon's rooms, and of the mens' and womens'
sick wards, to be laid with well-seasoned boards, 6 inches
wide, cut full inch thick after the saw, well bradded
upon joists 4 x 3, laid upon sleepers, supported by
sleeper walls, and well bridged.
The floors of the four dormitories, as also of the
board-room and office adjoining, and of the master's
bedroom and store-room opposite, to be laid with wellseasoned boards, cut full inch thick after the saw, and
not more than 6 inches wide, to be well bradded and
worked off. The whole of the floors to be laid folding.
In the board-room and office adjoining, and also in the
master's parlour and bedroom, and waiting and relieving-officer's rooms, and-also in the wards in the infirmary, must be provided and fixed single moulded
6-inch skirtings. Angle beads must also be provided
and fixed wherever required and ordered. In the boardroom and office adjoining, and also in the master's
parlour and bedroom, must be provided and fixed
casings to doors and windows.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     197
The roof of the dining-hall to be framed upon principals, purlins 7 x 4, the several other buildings to be
roofed on purlins 8 x 4; ceiling joists 4 x 2j to be used
in the two sick wards, lying-in ward, nurses' and surgeon's rooms, fixed across the purlins, as likewise in the
four dormitories.
Ceiling joists to be fixed on wall plates across boardroom and office, master's bedroom  and store-room to
be 4 x 21.
Joists to the board-room and office, master's bedroom
and store-room 8 x 2I inches, and those of the dormitories
to be 9 x 2- inches; the whole of these and the ceiling
joists to be well bridged. All rafters throughout the
whole of the buildings to be 3 x 2 inches on wall
plates.
The front door in the centre building to be a 2-inch
panelled door, moulded on the outside, and worked according to the elevations, hung folding on frames 5 x 5,
with two pairs of 32-inch butt hinges, and provided with
lock, chain, and furniture, and two 10-inch bolts.
The two other front doors, as also all other external
doors (if not otherwise specified hereinafter), to be
framed of 12-inch deal, and battened with inch boards,
hung with proper hinges on frames 4 x 4, and provided
with all requisite locks, latches, catches, bolts, and other
necessary furniture.
The door of the refractory cell to be of oak, with
cross straps of iron every 6 inches, to be hung with
proper hinges on frames 5 x 5, well secured into the stonework, and provided with strong lock latch, and bolt.
All the doors in the interior of the building, except
the doors of the board-room and office adjoining, and
master's parlour and bedroom, to be framed and battened
doors, hung upon frames or strong casings with proper
strap hinges, with good lock, latch and catch, and bolts




198         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
provided and fixed on each. The doors of the boardroom, two doors of clerk's office, and of the master's
parlour and bedroom to be four-panelled moulded doors,
hung with a pair of 3-inch butt hinges on frames 4 x 4,
and provided each with lock, latch, and furniture.
The dead-house and all the privies to have battened
doors, and provided with locks and latches.
The water-closet near the board-room, and which is
intended for the use of the guardians, to be fitted up
with 1-inch clean deal seat riser and flap, skirting and
all requisite bearers and pipe casings, and the joiner is
to attend on the plumber while fixing his work.
The whole of the windows throughout the several
buildings to have 13-inch sashes, oak sunk sills, and
pulleys, &c., for single hanging to be well wooded, so as
to exclude the weather.
The windows of the board-room, clerk's office, master's
parlour and bedroom to be hung double.
Cast-iron windows properly secured in the stonework
to be provided and fixed in the refractory cell and deadhouse over the doors.
The whole of the windows throughout the buildings to have proper fastenings provided and fixed to
each.
The window sashes and frames for the openings in
the boys' and girls' day-rooms and sleeping-rooms to be
worked similar to the other windows, but only to the
size described in the specification of the masons'.
The fanlight over the front entrance door to be framed
same as door, and filled with St. Helen's glass. The
dining-hall is to be lighted by six skylights, three on
each side of the roof, and each 5 feet long and 2' 6" wide,
to be properly framed and fitted in with rough plate
glass, and very great care must be taken to prevent
them from admitting the rain.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     199
The laundry, washhouse, kitchen, scullery, and storeroom to be each lighted by two skylights, one on each
side of the roof, and of the same size as those last described, and filled in precisely the same with thick,
rough plate glass. The landing at the top of the staircase leading to the girls' dormitory to be lighted by a
framed skylight as shown on elevation, as also the landing running by the door of the board-room towards
each of the dormitories, likewise shown on elevation.
The staircases to have inch oak treads and deal risers
upon proper carriages, with plain 22-inch handrails,
newels, and deal square box balusters, with a sufficient
number of iron balusters introduced to ensure strength.
The outside gates to the several courts to be framed
of Christiana deal, and battened, hung upon iron hooks
inserted into the stone piers, and provided with proper
bars, bolts, and locks to each.
To provide all necessary wood bricks for fixing,
finishing, and all frames, and to provide good, sound,
and sufficient lintels to all the several openings not
otherwise specified, extending 8 inches on each side
beyond the opening.
To provide and fix all other necessary fittings and
finishings incidental to carpenters' and joiners' work, together with all grooving, rebating, framing, tonguing,
housing, beading, mitring, and all other jobbing and
workmanship necessary for thoroughly completing the
work.
The whole of the privies to have inch clean deal seats
and flaps.
SLATER AND PLASTERER.
The roofs of the whole of the building to be covered
with seconds slates 24 x 12 (except some other smaller
sizes be ordered to be used by the architect), and




200           SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
some of the back buildings to be nailed with two
zinc nails, each on sawn ribs 2 x I, to have a 4-inch lap,
and the lower course to be secured by cement.
The whole to be well rendered.
All ridges to be covered with slate ridge rolls and
slabs from           quarry, properly secured, laid to
fit the pitch of the several roofs. The ceilings of the
board-room, and clerk's office adjoining, an'd the master's
parlour, to be finished three-coat work, and all other
ceilings two coats.
In the dining-hall, kitchen, scullery, store-room  adjoining men's and women's workrooms, washhouse,
laundry, the two receiving wards, and in the schoolroom,
there will be no ceilings.
The internal walls of the board-room, clerk's office,
master's parlour and bedroom, the inside walls of all the
wards in the infirmary, and the inside walls of the
guardians' water-closet, and the walls of the entrance
hall and principal staircase to be plastered three-coats'
work.
All the internal walls to have one good coating of
plaster and trowelled off, and afterwards whitewashed.
PLUMBER, GLAZIER, AND PAINTER.
All the chimney stacks and walls abutting upon the
several roofs, and also all skylight frames, and the backs
of all gables to be stepflashed with lead 5 lbs. to the foot
superficial.
Four-inch cast-iron gutters to be provided and fixed
to all the eaves throughout the buildings with proper
fall, and cast-iron down spouts wherever ordered by the
architect. All proper and sufficient lead piping to be
provided and fixed wherever ordered by the architect,
for supplying the whole of the premises with water from
the different cisterns to all sinks, wash trays, water



SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     201
closets, and privies, with brass taps in every instance, to
provide and also fix all necessary soil pipes, overflow
pipes, and others to communicate from sinks, waterclosets, privies, wash trays, and cisterns with drains, to
provide and fix brass taps in washhouse, scullery, and
elsewhere if required, and to do all kinds of plumbing
work necessary for completing the whole systematically.
The contractor must also provide and lay down the lead
piping from cistern by          to tank under force
pump, also provide and fix the pump and all requisite
piping to and from the cisterns. Common earthenware
trap pans, and all necessary pipes, cranks, levers, and
brass taps to be fixed in each of the paupers' privies or
water-closets; blue service pan and apparatus in guardians' water-closet.
The windows in the board-room and clerk's office, adjoining the relieving officer's and waiting-room, and in
the master's parlour and bedroom, to be glazed in putty
with second glass, and the whole to be cleaned and left
whole at the time of delivering up the work.
To knot, pummice down, smooth, and afterwards
prepare all the wood and other work intended for
painting.
The whole of the external work to be painted three
coats, and the internal two coats, in oil self colours, to
be chosen by the architect, with the best oil and colour,
as well as all the other works that are usually painted.'The door and five windows in the front of the centre
building to be oak, painted, grained, and varnished.
REMARKS.
The contractor will be required to keep a competent
person, to be'approved by the architect, continually at
the building during the progress of the works, and who
will have to receive instructions from, and act in every




202          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
way under, the direction of the architect, and according
to the instructions he may from time to time give him,
and strictly to carry out the works according to the
plans and specifications; and the architect shall have
power to discharge such person from the works, provided he does not obey the instructions which he receives, or does not carry out the works in a proper,
substantial, and workmanlike manner, according to the
plans, elevations, sections, and this specification, and to
nominate a fit and proper person to succeed him.
The drawings and specifications are intended to convey
all the necessary information for the thorough completion of the works, but, should any alteration be hereafter made by the order of the Board of Guardians or
their architect, by varying from the plans or the foregoing specification, either by adding thereto or diminishing therefrom, or otherwise however, such alteration
shall not vitiate the contract hereby entered into, but
the value of the same shall be ascertained by the architect, and added or deducted from the amount of the
contract, as the case may be; nor shall such alterations,
either in addition, diminution, or otherwise, supersede
the condition for the completion of the whole of the
works, but the contractor, if such alterations, of whatever sort, require it, increase the number of his workmen, so that the same, as well as the works contained in
the above particulars, shall be completely and satisfactorily finished, and so delivered up to the Board of
Guardians on or before the; on
failure thereof, the contractor shall forfeit and pay to
the said Board of Guardians the sum of      pounds
for every           that the work remains unfinished
and undelivered as aforesaid, which sum the said Board
of Guardians shall be allowed to stop as liquidated
damages out of any money that may be due and owing




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.    203
to the said contractor on account of the works; and it
is an express condition that the whole of the building
must be roofed and slated by the
The whole of the materials of every description, which
must be of the very best quality, to be provided by the
contractor, and all the works must be executed to the
perfect completion of the building, &c., in every respect in the best and most workmanlike manner, to the
entire satisfaction of the Board of Guardians and their
architect.
The contractor will have to pay to the architect three
guineas for a copy of this specification on signing the
contract.
VII.-Specification of Works required to be done in the
erection and conpletion of a PAIR OF SEMI-DETACHED VILLAS for            at
according to the Drawings this day signed by the
Contractor, and the Contract referred to in the Memorandurr written at the foot hereof.
The several works required to be done are shown on
the drawings, numbering from-       to, or
are described in this specification.
The       tint indicates..brickwork.
The,,.. woodwork.
The,,..stonework.
The,,.. slate or metal.
In all cases the dimensions marked on the drawings
are to be followed in preference to the scale, and detailed drawings already given, or hereafter to be supplied, in preference to those of smaller scale.
The ground line on the elevation, from which the




204          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
heights in the building are counted, is to coincide in its
level with the surface of the ground at the point where
the party line between the houses produced meets the
back line of the nearest footpath.
EXCAVATOR.
The earth to be excavated the required depth for the
footings shown, and the trenches for the concrete; the
bottom to be well rammed down, and the surplus earth
used for making up the levels of the ground about the
building.
A layer of 6" thick of rough gravel, or other hard approved material, to be laid to form a sound bottoming
to the walk from the gates to the steps. All necessary
excavation to be made for drains and rain-water pipes
and tank, the drains to enter the cesspool in rear; the
soil pipes to be of 6" diameter, of glazed earthenware;
four inch rain-water pipes to be laid, with a fall towards
a' slate tank let in the ground. The positions of tile
drains and cesspools and the rain-water pipes and tank
are shown in the block plan, the former being indicated
by           and the latter by          lines. A
waste pipe from the sink, and a 3-inch waste pipe, to
be fixed at the upper part of the tank into the drain
close by to carry off the overflow of the same, and to
be provided with a syphon trap.
The ends of all the drains must be trapped, the
pipes to be of the best quality, and no bent, cracked, or
misshapen or old pipes will be suffered to be used. The
joints to be made good with well-tempered clay — syphon
traps beneath the water-closets.
The whole area enclosed by the building is to be excavated and levelled uniformly, so as to allow of the
free circulation of air beneath the basement floors. The




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.    205
filling in to be well rammed down about the foundations, and the buildings to be left in a completely
finished and habitable condition.
CONCRETE.
Concrete foundations are to be put in in the situations
and dimensions shown on the drawings, and a stratum
3 inches thick of concrete is to be laid on the entire
space under the basement floors, whether of wood or
paved, leaving a clear space of not less than 3 inches
under the bottom edge of joists. It is to consist of
parts of gravel screened with a screen
having a               mesh, no stone larger than
an egg, 2 parts of approved coarse clean sand, and
1 part of fresh well-burnt lime. The lime to be ground
to powder without slacking, the materials to be well
mixed together, dry, at the spot, and just sufficient
water added to give the consistency of mortar; they
are to be immediately precipitated into trenches from a
height not less than 6 feet, then puddled quickly to a
level, and left totally undisturbed until hard and ready
to receive the footings of the structure.
BRICKLAYER.
The bricklayer's work includes all bedding of plates
and building in iron hooping and rough York stone
core or corbels, and for corbelling, and cutting away,
and for using cement, and fixing stoves, coppers, &c. &c.
The brickwork generally to be done in a good, sound,
and workmanlike manner, with sound, hard-burnt grey
stocks, or other bricks as hereinafter specified, laid in
Flemish bond, the joints well flushed up, and occasionally grouted with lime. All bricks to be well bedded
and worked to a gauge of four courses to a foot in
height. No burrs, clinkers, misshapen, place, cracked,




206         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
and stony bricks will be suffered to be used, but all to
be hard and sound, the best of their several kinds.
All the bricks used for the external walls above the
ground line to be of the best white and red perforated
bricks, made by the machine, and punched with holes,
those of the party walls and underground works and
brick-nogged partitions may be of common stocks. The
red bricks, forming quoins round the window and door
opening, to be laid alternately, one brick and a header,
and one and a closer.
Those at the angle of the building to be laid alternately, a brick and a half, and a brick and a closer.
The recess round the front windows and doors of the
ground floor, and in the centre of the pair of houses,
and on either side to be  inches deep, to the doors
inches wide, and to the windows and central
division     inches wide.
The arches in the front elevation to be gauged and
rubbed and set quite closely, the other arches of the
back and side elevations to be plain axed arches,
coloured and tuck pointed.
The whole of the principal front, including the return
of the red brick, quoins, and the wall and piers of railing next road, to be painted with white putty, the side
and back elevations to have a carefully struck flat ruled
mortar joint. The footings to be formed of
offsets of      each        course in height on the
concrete, with which the trenches are filled to a depth
of       inches, and: which is to be formed of
parts of burnt clay, and   of stone lime; well mixed
together with fresh water, and thrown into the trenches
from barrows 6 feet above the ground.
The front and party walls to be  inches thick to
the underside of the first floor, the other walls to be
inches thick to the underside of the ground floor
only, and     inches above that level. Brick fenders




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.       207
and sleeper walls for the basement, fireplaces, and floors,
and 4 back trimmer arches to be turned before all fireplace openings in the upper floors. Cast-iron air bricks
to be built into the walls of the basement beneath the
floors, to admit of the free circulation of air.  Four air
bricks, one above another, to be fixed on each side of
the coal-cellars under the front steps, for light and air.
Also four into closet, under basement stairs, similarly
fixed. Cast-iron chimney bars to be built in over all
chimney openings.  The course of the flues is shown by
dotted lines in the section. All flues to be well pargeted
and cored and cleaned out after completion.
Discharging arches to be turned over all lintels and
openings.
A tier of iron hooping bond to be built in all round
the outside walls, at the level of the first floor, consisting
of two courses of two lines each, and the hooping to be
an inch wide by -J of an inch thick, or their equivalent,
to be well tarred and sande  bfr ln       nd before laying, an dded
in Roman cement, two of the lines a course of brickwork
above the other two, and the two lines in each course to
be cross-tyed together and well tapped at junctions.
The I brick partitions in the basement and ground
floors to have bond timbers built in them
heads and sills.
Provide in each of the back areas a 20 gallon
copper, with furnace and door complete, and setting
with spiral flue, entering (as indicated in the section)
into the kitchen flue, a damper to be provided and fixed
in a convenient position, to shut off the communication
of the cold draught when not in use.
The area walls to have a brick on edge coping set in
cement, except the back area wall, which is to be coped
with stone. The floor of the coal-cellar under stairs and
front areas to be paved with bricks laid flat in sand,
grouted with lime.




208         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
The mortar used to be formed of one -part of fresh
greystone lime to two parts of clean river sand, and
mixed together with fresh water, and no more to be
mixed in one day than is sufficient for that day's consumption.
The Roman cement used is to be of the best quality,
and mixed with an equal proportion of sand.
The front railing to be supported on a     inch
dwarf wall, with standard piers as shown, each end terminating in a pier    inches square.
MASON.
Rubbed York stone sills, 4 inches deep, weathered
and sunk and throated to all the windows except those
in areas, which are to be tooled only.
The ground floor window sill in front to be of Portland stone, with a moulded edge, and to project
inches from the face of the wall, supported beneath by
stone brackets, to be mortised to receive a balcony
railing.
Rubbed Portland stone steps up to the front elevation
entrance doorway,     inches treads, and   inches
rise, Portland coping on either side of the same.
Tooled York steps to back entrance and down to back
area, which is to be paved with       rough York
paving. The scullery with            York paving,
tooled.
A stone sink          to be here provided, sunk
out      inches, and supported on an upright piece of
York, with a hole for bell trap.
Caen stone keystones,    inches deep and
inches thick. A Caen stone string courseinches deep,     projection to front elevation,
ditto caps to end piers of railing in front.
Tooled'York coping to back area, with mortises to




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.    209
receive the posts for the iron railing above,  inch
rubbed York stone coping to front enclosing wall,
rounded top. Portland stone front hearths to the
ground floor rooms, rubbed and York back hearths;
rubbed York back and front hearths to all other fireplaces.
Provide and fix in the front room of the basement a
plain          boxed rubbed Portland chimney-piece,
jambs, and mantel    inches wide, shelf    inches
wide.
On the ground floor marble chimney-pieces, value
1. each, to be provided.
In all the other rooms plain rubbed Portland
chimney-pieces to be fixed, the jambs and mantel
inches wide, and     shelf.
The kitchen to have an arched mantel and wood
shelf, supported on brackets,  inches wide.
Rubbed York stone divisions to chimney caps.
SLATER.
The roofs to be covered with             slates,
and nailed with.composition nails to slate battens, well
dressed on the edges, and of uniform colour and quality,
every third slate to lap over the first at least 3 inches.
The hips and ridges to be covered with
slate       inch thick, and screwed to the top of the
ridge piece, and most carefully jointed and stopped in
oil cement. A slate roll on top covering, the meeting
joint screwed down and jointed and stopped in like
manner.
In the ground sunk the requisite depth, a rain-water
tank is to be fixed                  deep internal
dimensions, formed of        bottom and sides, and
arched on top (bolted with        bolts at end, and
tarred and sanded), grooved and put together with oil
p




210          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
cement, holes being made for the reception of the rainwater, service, and waste pipes.
The slater is to include all and every expense whatever for securing and fixing his work, and for making
good and cutting away, and leaving all perfect.
CARPENTER.
All the timber used, except otherwise described, to be
of the best sound and well-seasoned Baltic fir, Memel,
Riga, or red American pine, free from sap, and shakes,
and dead knots. The deals to be from Christiania, and
the oak of English or Irish growth, sound and well
seasoned, close grained. No dessicated timber will be
allowed to be used.
Oak plates 4"x 3", to be laid on the sleeper walls,
and piers of the basement to carry the joists for the
flooring.
The scantlings of the joists of the basement to be
Those of the ground floor, first floor,
and hall,, except that part over the hall where
the joists are. Those of the attics 
except over the small rooms and landing of stairs, where
they are to be. In all cases, the trimmer joists
to be 2-inch thicker.  All the timbers to be laid to a
gauge of 12" from centre to centre.
The plates above the ground floor to be of fir
the I-brick partitions to have bond timber built in them,,as aforementioned in bricklayers' work.
All the 3-inch partitions to be formed of quarters
12 inches apart, with braces         head
and sill,      lintels     inches deep, and
inches wider than their respective openings. A row of
herringbone strutting down the floor of each room,
above the basement.
The roof to be formed in the manner shown in the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     211
drawings, plates and angle ties halved and spiked into
them at the four angles of the roof,, purlins,ridge piece, common rafters,
collars      dovetailed to the rafters, which are to be
securely notched down to the plates.
The roofs to be battened with   battens for slates,
and       eaves board and tilting fillet.
The eaves of the roof to project       inches all
round, the facia to be    inches high, and with the
soffit, to be of   stuff wrought and beaded.
Solid-cut brackets       inches wide, agreeably to
drawing, to be provided and fixed to the soffits, and
built into the wall      inch, and to be fixed in the
positions shown in the elevations.
A dormer window to be constructed in each of the
attics with uprights on the sides, halved and bolted to
the rafters, and rough boarded to receive zinc covering,
stout frame and sill complete.
Over the water-closet a cistern is to be formed of
stuff on proper bearers,       deep, internal
dimensions.
The fences to be formed of fir posts, and
feet apart, and       rails, with fir
palisades         fixed      inches apart      feet
high, and twice tarred. The front garden to be divided
by wrought posts          united by a chain only.
JOINER.
Attics.-The floor to be laid with     white deal
boards, laid folding, an inch square skirting,  inches
high all round.
The doors to be of      yellow deal, framed square
in      panels, the upper one glazed with ground glass,
and hung with      butts to     rebated and beaded
P 2




212          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
jamb linings, with a      moulding round for architrave, and provided with    rim locks.
The casements in dormers to be of    deal, ovolo
hung, with       butts to the side posts, and provided
with fastening and hook and eye to fix when open. The
spandrel pieces in each side of dormer to be boarded with
matched and beaded boarding, wrought one side
with a bead at the angle to stop the plaster against. A
louvre casement to be fixed in the position where indicated in the attic plan
Small closets to be formed of      deal, framed
square against the angle-tie plates, with hinged door,
and provided with brass turnbuckle.
First-floor Rooms.-The floors to be all laid with inch
white deal battens laid straight joint, with mitred margins
to hearths, an inch, square skirting,  inches high
round all the rooms and landing.
The doors to be of    inch deal, framed in
panels and square (except those opening on to the landing, which are to be moulded on that side only), and
hung with        butts to       rebated and beaded
linings, with a      inch moulding round for architrave, and provided with a      rim lock and brass
handles.
The closet doors to be of    deal, framed square
in      panels, and provided with brass turnbuckles.
The sashes to be of    inch deal, ovolo hung, with
patent lines, and brass axle pulleys to wrought, and
beaded deal-cased frames on wrought and weathered
and sunk oak sills. A      inch moulding for architrave to be fixed all round, and stopping on a
window ledge fixed to the back of oak sills. Spring
brass sash fastenings to each window.
A trap door to be fixed in the floor of the small bedroom at the back, immediately over the cistern above
the water-closet.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.    213
Ground-floor Rooms.-The floors to be covered with
inch yellow deal battens, laid straight joint, with
mitred borders to hearts,    deal moulded skirting
inches high, fixed to ground round all the rooms
and hall, inch, square skirting,   high to watercloset.
The doors to be of    inch deal, framed in
panels, and moulded both sides, and hung with
inch butts to      rebated and beaded jamb
linings, and provided with brass mortise locks, with
white china handles and finger plates.
In the partition between the front and back parlour,
a pair of folding doors of  inch deal, moulded both
sides, in    panels, to be hung with    inch butts
to the lining, provided with mortise locks and white
furniture.
An architrave moulding     inches wide, on
grounds, making the whole       inches wide, to be
fixed round all the doors and windows of this floor,
except otherwise specified.
The front entrance door to be of     inch deal,
bolection moulded outside, and bead flush inside, in
panels, and hung with      inches butts to
solid rebated and beaded door post,    let into the
stone step below, a     inch mortise drawback lock
complete, and       pinch-barrel bolts. The internal
jambs to be splayed about          inches to allow
the circular head of the door to open freely back.
The architrave inside to match the others, but the
grounds to have a sunk head in the spandrel formed
above.
The back door to be of      inch deal in
panels, the upper pair glazed, to be moulded inside and
bead butt outside, with architrave round same, and to
be hung with       inch butts to solid, rebated, and




214         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
beaded door posts,            and with similar lifting shutters.
The water-closet door to be of        deal, and
moulded outside to match other doors looking into hall,
but square inside, with moulding round only, and provided with a spring lock and bolt.
The sashes to be of       inch deal astragal, and
hollow, and hung with patent lines and brass axle
pulleys to wrought and beaded deal-cased frames on
wrought and sunk weathered oak sills, and provided
with sash fastenings (spring and brass), one architrave
moulding round same grounds.
The circular-headed window in front to match, but to
have a sunk head in the spandrels of grounds similar to
the front door, and to be provided with      deal
shutters, panelled and moulded front flaps, and inch
deal square back flaps, and hung with butts, and provided with spring fastening.
The casement in water-closet to be of      deal
ovolo, hung with     butts to the frame on oak sunk
sill.
The water-closet to be fitted up with Honduras mahogany seat, riser and flap, French polished, with hole
cut and beaded handle box, and to have    beaded
brackets and elbows     high. The whole to be put
together movable.
A quadrant closet to be formed in the other corner of
the water-closet with washhand basin, and plug, and
chain, and drain therefrom, supplied with water from
the cistern above by a small pipe terminating in an iron
tap fixed over the basin.
Basement Floor.-The floor to be laid with inch white
deal battens laid folding, with mitred margins to hearths,
inch square skirting,        inches high to front
room.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.    215
The doors to be of        deal,        panelled
and square, hung to       linings, with a
inch moulding round for architrave;      iron rim
locks.
The outer door to be          inch deal, framed,
bead butt, and square, hung with  butts to solid rebated and beaded door posts, and provided with thumb
latch and         inch bolts.
The front windows to have deal ovolo casements, one
of which to be hung to the solid mullion in the centre,
the other to be fixed to the solid frame 
one oak sill, sunk and weathered inch bead, butt, and
square shutters to turn back against the wall, inside
hung with           butts.
The other windows to have       deal sashes, hung
with patent lines and brass axle pulleys to deal-cased
frames on oak sunk and weathered sills;      inch
moulding for architrave round same.
Shutters to the kitchen window only similar to those
just described for the breakfast-room. The casement
to larder to be fixed and filled in with perforated zinc;
two         shelves to be fixed in the larder. A closet
to be formed with           shelves in the position
shown in each kitchen, the fronts to go up to the
ceiling.
A dresser            long and             wide,
with             wrought and tongued and beaded
legs          square, with beaded frame above, fitted
up with          drawers         inches deep, with
deal pot board below on beams to be provided and fixed in the kitchen;             plate
shelves of the same length to be fixed over the dresser.'The Staircase.-The basement stairs to be
wide, with inch treads and risers, with rounded nosings
housed into the outer strings, over which




216          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
square deal balusters to be fixed and not closed up, that
the window may give light to the whole passage.
A           square door in           panels, with
turn buckle, to be formed in the square framing inclosing the space under stairs, forming a closet.
The principal staircase to be     feet wide, with
inch deal treads and risers,        tread inch rise,
with moulded and returned nosings,        wrought
and beaded wall string.
The stairs to be well glued and blocked together, and
fixed on strong fir carriages.
A Honduras mahogany hand rail, French polished, to
extend from top to bottom, and round the landing
above, finishing on the ground floor with a butt nose
scroll and a quadrant step;            deal square
balusters, with an occasional wrought iron one, to
stiffen the same.
The attic stairs to be similar to basement stairs, on
carriages, under which the closets of the first
floor rooms are situated.
The spandrel formed by the rise of principal staircase
to be filled in with one     deal panelling, moulded
on the hall side and square on the other, in which is the
door to the basement stairs, formed of       deal,
moulded one side,     panelled, and hung with
butts to the framing, and provided with lock.
SMITH, IRONMONGER, AND BELLHANGER.
Round all the eaves put 5-inch ogee moulded castiron gutters, to be fixed with angle pieces and lionhead clips; the heads to come over each of the brackets,
and at regular distances between, where necessary.
Four-inch cast-iron rim water pipes without heads,
but connexion made by a zinc tube passing through the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      217
eaves and soldered into the back of the gutter, thus
passing through the facia into the down pipe (see detail
drawing),        full size leading, and properly connected to the slate tank.
An ornamental balconet railing to the front window
of the ground floor.
An iron railing of pattern chosen to be provided and
fixed on the stone coping on dwarf wall in front,
inch round bars,        inches from centre to centre,
and occasional standards,    thick, with back stays,
and run with lead. Horizontal top rail,
thick,            from top of stone coping.
A gate opposite the entrance to each house to be
fixed in the railing       wide, with wrought frame,
to be provided with lock and keys.
A perforated cast-iron coal plate and fastenings to be
fixed over shoot in a stone     inches square.
Provide        cast-iron bricks to ventilate floors of
the basement for each house, also other air bricks to
admit light and air to cellars.
cast-iron bars to be built into the work, one
in front of the larder window, one in front of basement staircase window, one in front of scullery window.
Provide register stoves, value      each, for the
bedrooms,          for the front room in basement,
for the parlours; a       range, with oven
and boiler, for the kitchen.
Provide a bell board in the basement hall for bells,
and one in back attic.
Provide one pull from the gate, and one from front
door,      from ground floor,     from first floor to
basement, and      from first floor front room to the
back attic bell.




218          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
PLASTERER.
The ceiling and soffit of principal staircase to be all
F. R. P. set and whitened.
The walls to be all rendered, floated, and set for
paper.
The bond timbers of the half-brick partitions to have
plaster nails driven into them, to form a key for plastering.
The         inch quarter partitions to be lathed and
plastered, floated, and set for paper down to skirting.
In place of wooden angle staves, all the arrises to be
run in Keene's cement.
The front room in basement, and the first floor bedrooms, to have a small moulding for cornice all round
the rooms and landing of stairs.
The parlours on the ground floor to have a cornice
inches girth.
The walls of the scullery to be twice coloured in distemper.
The chimney stacks to be capped with York stone
divisions set in Roman cement, forming splay. (See
drawing.)
The plasterer's work includes all cutting of moulds
for running cornices, and rubbing and bracketing out
where necessary.
The plaster and hair must be very well mixed together, and sufficient time allowed for their amalgamation; the lime to be well ground.
Cement filleting to be used wherever it is required,
and carefully executed.
PAINTER, PLUMBER, AND GLAZIER.
The paint to be all mixed with the best white lead
and linseed oil; all the woodwork throughout the house




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     219
to be well rubbed down with sand paper, and stopped
with putty.
Internally the doors, sashes, skirtings, closets, and all
woodwork usually painted to have     coats of paint,
finished a clear stone colour, except the ground floor
rooms, which are to be grained wainscot, and twice
varnished.
All the doors looking into the hall to be similarly
grained and varnished, but not the architraves round
the same.
The spandrel framing inclosing stairs to be grained
and varnished.
The Portland stone chimney-pieces to be similarly
painted and grained dove marble.
The bars of the stairs to be painted      coats,
finished a dead white. Externally, all the woodwork
to have        coats. The frames of the windows and
doors to be finished a dead white. The casements and
sashes of back doors a                All the ironwork to have      coats.
The woodwork of the eaves, cantilevers, and iron
gutters and down pipes to be finished a   colour.
The front door to be grained to imitate
and twice varnished; the iron railing in front and back
to be finished a
PLUMBER.
The water-closet to be fitted up with the best pan apparatus, with blue basin, D trap service, box, cranks,
cistern valves, ball lever, &c., all complete, with brass
handle, inch supply pipe, and        inch soil pipe
entering drain.
The cistern over the water-closet to be lined with
lb. milled lead; lay on the water from the well
to the cisterns and lead it thence to the sink and water



220          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
closets, providing and fixing in a proper manner in
scullery a       inch lift and force pump, with brass
barrel plank, warning pipe, &c., complete; the pipes to
be of lead, and of the best manufacture, the suction
inch in the bore and the service     inch,
both of approved strength, the service to sink
inch in the bore, and weighing not less than  lbs.
to the        feet length, to be securely fixed, and
the brasswork of best and approved make,      inch
trumpet-mouthed standing waste pipe leading to and
S trapped at soil pipe,      inch bib cock and bars
to each sink, and         inch brass grate and bell
trap, with waste pipe to drain.
Best       oz. zinc covering and flushing to the
dormer windows in roof carefully jointed, and
soldered zinc flushing round chimney stacks.
Put lead in a proper manner wherever it is obviously
necessary to make the roofs, water supplies, and discharges all secure and water tight, using all solder wall
hooks, holdfasts, brackets, lead-capped nails and tacks,
that may be wanted to carry out completely whatever
appertains to the plumber's branch.
GLAZIER.
The front and back windows of the two parlours to
be glazed with the best flattened sheet glass of even texture and surface, free from air bubbles and every imperfection.
The back doors of the same floor to be similarly
glazed.
The attic doors and the water-closet window to be
glazed with ground glass.
All the other windows to be glazed with the best
crown glass.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.            221
PAPERHANGER.
The paperhanging is not to be included in the contract.
This is the specification referred to in my contract
with., dated this               day
of,18     
Schedule of Prices.; s. d.
Excavation per yard and levelling, cube.
Concrete,,   cube.....
Reduced brickwork, per rod..
Bricknogging, per yard..
Stock brick paving flat, per yard..
Gauged arches, per foot.....
Brick trimmers in cement, per yard..
6-inch glazed pipes (include digging), per foot 
4,,,.....
Bedding window-frames..
Slating, per square (   ).
Slating battens, per square....
slate tank, per foot..
Fir timber in framework, per foot cube.
Oak,,,,,....
Door case, per foot cube..
inch dovetailed cistern, per foot 
Fencing, per perch...
white floors, laid, per square...,.      X,......
Sashes and frames, per foot.
2-inch 4-panel doors, double moulded...
Square framed shutters, 14 per foot...
closet fronts and doors, per foot.
Render, float, and set, per yard...
Lath, float, set, and white....
inch cornice, include mitres.
York paving square and laid, per 100 feet 
Portland mould steps, per foot...
inch Portland stone, per foot....
Boxed mantels, each...
Marbles.......
York landings, per foot..
Stone brackets, each....
York window-sills, per foot..




222            SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Ironmongery.
~ s. d.
Balcony railings, per foot..
Handrail, per foot...
Ranges, each....
Eaves gutters, per foot...
Air-bricks, each...
Painter.
Oils flatted, per yard...,,  grained........,,  green....
Tar, per yard....
Plumber.
Lead laid, per cwt......
Zinc, per foot....
inch supply pipe, per foot..
inch water and joints, per foot.
inch service, per foot..
Pump complete
Pan and apparatus complete..
Glazing.
Flattened plate, per foot....
Ground glass,,..
Newcastle crown,
This is the schedule of prices referred to in my contract with, dated this    day of,18
VIII.-Specification of Labour and Materials to be used
in the erection of a proposed SLAUGHTER-HOUSE,
with the necessary Sheds, Sheep Pens, 4'c. 4c.,
together with a small Cottage, the whole to be erected
upon land              yards to the
side of the           and about             from
according to Drawings prepared
by               and to his entire satisfaction.
Where figured dimensions are given they are to be
adhered to, notwithstanding any difference there may be
between them and the scale.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      223
EXCAVATOR.
Excavate to the necessary depths and widths for the
various' footings, for the water well, dung pit, blood
tank, and for the surface drainage, as shown on drawings; excavate to an average depth of      feet for
yards run, for laying     inch drain pipes, to
serve as water supply to well.
Form the surface of yard to a regular inclination all
ways to the traps, as shown on plan.
Prepare ground in' sheep pens, in pigsties, and in
sheds to receive paving, the surface of which is to rise
6 inches from the front to the back.
Level the trenches for all walls, and if required, ram
them.
Fill in and ram down earth to all walls, piers, &c.
BRICKLAYER AND STONEMASON.
Build the walls to the heights and of the widths shown
on drawings, of native rubble lime stones, the stones to
be well bedded and jointed in mortar, having the internal and external joints neatly struck, and the work
left fair.
The mortar to be composed of 1 bushel of lime to
2 of sand, thoroughly incorporated.
The footings (where any are shown) to be built of the
largest stones, and the beds generally to be laid as nearly
horizontal as possible.
All reveals, whether of windows or doors, as well. as
all lintel stones, piers, openings in walls, &c., are to be
worked with return faces, neatly hammer-dressed.
Lime stone hammer-dressed lintels, wherever shown
or described, are to be    inch in thickness, and in
depth and height varying as follows: for openings
under        they are to be       inches deep, and
longer than openings; for openings under




224          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
they are to be     inch deep, and      longer than
the opening; and for openings above       they are
to be        inches deep, and          longer than
openings.
The piers between gates of sheep pens to be built
with especial care, using the best stones, and laying
them horizontally; the same precautions to be observed
in building all detached or semi-detached piers.
The pier to      shed is to have footings.
The piers to entrance gates to be worked with a projection as shown, having the joints and arrises worked,
and to have plinth and cap as shown.
Put to the two gables of cottage and to the two
gables of slaughter-house tooled lime stone coping,
3-inch thick and 15 inches wide, dowelled at every joint
with slate dowells set in cement, with corbels as shown,
inches thick, to stop the gutter; the whole to
be set in cement.
To all other'walls put a rough coping, as shown, with
stones,        inches deep, and projecting      on
each side of wall.
Work the chimneys, as shown, in the best fire brickwork, the projecting parts and the top courses being set
in cement.
Fix lime stone lintels (of sizes as before described)
over all openings, unless otherwise shown or described.
Insert in wall while building pieces of sawn slate as
sills,      long,         inches wide, and
inches thick, to project      inch on the outside of
wall, to all the small openings in the slaughter-house
and in the boiler-house. Insert in these openings, also,
the necessary iron and woodwork, for which see details.
Arch the doorways for door in slaughter-house and
boiler-house with    rings of fire bricks set in cement,
and      inches thick.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     225
Build in solid fire brick the two boilers, taking the
foundations to bottom of footings, and construct fireplaces, flues, &c., and insert all ironwork, the top of
boilers to be      from the level of ground.
Finish the openings in sheep pens by way of sill in
cement, worked sloping.
Finish the low walls of pigsties with coping, similar
to adjacent walls.
Build blood tank, as shown in detail, carrying down
adjacent wall, and building remaining wall (see detail).
Dig where directed, and sink a well       inches
diameter, and covered over with a manhole and York
stone cover, with ring.
Lay the various drains shown on drawings,
yards in length of
Provide cesspools where indicated     by
feet deep in the clear, with strong gullies and traps.
Build manure tank where and as shown, carrying the
adjacent and front walls    lower than other works,
the front wall to be       only higher than ground
line.
Provide and fix       spurstones        rounded
at top.
Pave the yard, sheep pens, pigsties, and cart sheds
with good large paving-stones set in sand, thoroughly
rammed, and the surface left true.
Bed all plates, lintels, door frames, window frames;
bed the latter in lime and hair, mortar, wood bricks, and
generally all wood or iron work that may be requisite;
do all beam fitting.
Provide the sum of 151. for excavating for and building a cesspool complete.
The walls of house on the two external faces are to be
coursed as shown.
Build the privies, dust bin, and coal place as shown;
Q




226          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
build cesspools under the privies, of the proper size and
with sufficient fall to dust bin.
Build 41 fire brick trimmer arches to fireplaces in
chamber story, and proper foundations for hearths on
ground floor.
Build the partitions, as shown, of half fire brick.
Put 2-inch slate hearths and back hearths to all
chimney openings, and of the size shown.
Pave the slaughter-house and boiler-house with brick
on edge paving, laid to proper fall in mortar.
Pave the living room with         inch square tiles
laid in mortar, on a     inch bed of dry rubbish, and
lay the scullery and privies with slate,     inches
thickness, jointed in mortar.
The door sills to be paved with the same materials as
the rooms; pave the porch with      inch slate.
Build in a copper with solid brickwork, inserting fireplace, damper, &c. &c., complete, where shown on drawings, in scullery.
Provide and fix in scullery a sink stone,   sunk,
and having a hole for trap and waste pipe.
All framed trusses are to rest upon limestone templets, not less than         long,           inches
thick, and          inches wide, unless otherwise expressed.
Turn, core, and parget all flues.
Fix as may be directed        cast-iron brackets, as
sketch in margin, to be fixed in wall of slaughterhouse.
Ditto, ditto,        iron hooks near bottom of wall
in slaughter-house, let into large stones, and run with
lead.
Fix slate cistern where shown, having sufficient bearers,
and being well secured to walls.
Provide     1. for cottage chimney-pieces.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      227
SLATER.
Cover the roofs with the best              slates
laid on battens                to a proper bond and
gauge, each slate to be secured with     zinc nails,
and to have a        cap.
Cover all ridges with proper plain ridge tiles, laid
securely in mortar.
Lay all eaves double, and run cement filleting on
slates wherever they abut against walls, nails being first
driven in to afford a hold for the cement.
Provide a cistern to hold 250 gallons, of
sides, and           bottom, put together with slate
cement, grooved at joints, and secured with   inch
wrought-iron rods, nuts and screws, &c.; with two holes
cut for service pipe, and one for waste pipe.
CARPENTER AND JOINER.
All the timber for the carpentry to be of the best
Baltic fir, free from sap, shakes, large, loose, or dead
knots, and all and every defect.  The deals for the
joinery to be of Quebec yellow pine, free from sap, well
seasoned, and without defect. The timbers to be sawn
die square, and to hold the described dimensions when
fixed.
Provide and fix           framed trusses for the.
slaughter-house, and        ditto for the boiler-house
of the following seantlings, tie beams        principal rafters, king post out of     struts
resting on the stone templets before described, and built
into wall. Wall plates to be, purlins 
ridge, and common rafters, each
truss to have      inch bolts, and     strap at foot
of king post.
Front bearer to cart shed, to sheds
Q 2




228          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
purlin, struts, wall plate
common rafters
Pigsties and Privies.-Same as described for sheep
pens as far as similar timbers are required
Cottage.-Wall plate, purlin 
ridge, ceiling joists, porch roof
plate, ridge, common rafters
None of the roof timbers are to be wrought.
Provide all necessary centring.
Frame the roof louver of plates, heads, and post
securely      together, pinned with oak pins,
and secured at the angles with iron angle straps, and
to the timber of roof with iron straps, bolts, &c.
Form the roof for the reception of these ventilations.
Frames, dovetailed together, and louvers,let into stopped grooves secured to
plates           at the top and bottom, built in with
the wall.
Provide one pattern for a cast-iron trellis 
ventilation of the same size as the wooden ones, but of
patterns to be approved.
Door Ventilators.-Provide two patterns as before, but
of different size.
Pigsty Doors.-Provide and fix framed ledged doors
of         ledges, and         matched and beaded
battens, hung with wrought-iron strap hinges, well
secured to wall, each door having a bolt and padlock.
Gates to Pens.-These gates to be formed of split
larches of approved dimensions, one gate to be made as
specimen, and approved before others are made.
Provide and fix a tramway according to a detail
drawing, with all necessary ironwork as described
thereon.
Provide a cover to each boiler of       matched
deals, with       ledges         wide, and having a
handle on upper side.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.    229
Slaughter and Boiler Houses.-Put in these openings
doors as follows, stiles, top rail, middle
rail, bottom rail, framed and grooved
to receive       matched and beaded battens let into
stiles and rails, and stiffened with     diagonal
traces; nail the whole well together, and hang to deal
soled, chamfered, and rebated frame, well bedded into
and secured frame for the iron grillwork above the doors.
Hang these doors with cast-iron straps, steel-point
hinges       long, and put to each door     bolts
and        good stock lock.
Provide and fix lintels over all openings (except
those otherwise provided for) in cottage and elsewhere
inches wide and        inches in depth for
every foot of opening, and also     inches longer
for every foot of opening than the opening which it is&
for.
Provide      superficial feet of  inch shelving
and brackets, and fixing where required.
WORK TO COTTAGE.
Joists to chamber floor, having one tier of
plain strutting, and resting upon wall plates. Lay inch
wrought yellow deal floor, nailed round hearth, and fix
a          inch square skirting of      inch deal
round the room.
Fix deal, solid, chamfered, &c., wrought frames'
rebated, having English oak double sunk and
weathered sill        to all window openings of the
sizes shown, and hang thereto with     inch butts
plain        deal ovolo casements with the usual casement fastenings; finish the windows internally with deal
elbows and soffit, and        inch window board.
Finish porch window (which is not to open) with
narrow deal linings in sufficient grounds, and
inch deal window boards.




230         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
Put all necessary wood bricks.
Lintels, see above.
Put inch angle staves to all angles of windows,
chimney breasts, &c.
Put to all external doors deal solid frames
framed and rebated, &c., wrought, and hang thereto
framed ledged and braced doors of   inch framing,
and      inch nailed and beaded battening; each door
to have       inch barrel bolts,   stock lock and
key, and to be hung with a pair of    cross garnet
hinges, each door to measure
Put       panel square internal doors where shown,
each hung with a pair of     butt hinges to
rebated and beaded linings, each door having a lock of
the value of
Form a closet at top of stairs  high, of  inch
nailed and beaded battening, having door in same,of similar battening ledged, hung with cross
garnet hinges, and screwed with a brass button. Put a
top of      inch deal, and screw the whole to walls.
Fit up the privies with inch deal seat, riser, and
bearers, the doors to be as before described, but with
only a bolt, thumb latch, and hinges.
Put a door       feet square, hung by     inch
cross garnet hinges to a frame     to the dust bin,
and fitted with a button.
Work the entrance gates of the size shown, double
hung, of    framing, stiles being  inches wide, top
rail (curved)     inches, middle rail   inch, and
bottom rail, all being grooved for the reception
of     tongued batten panelling, having braces,
the whole to be well nailed together, and hung with
wrought-iron strap pivot hinges  inches long; put
moulded capping, with ironwork scrace, to top
of gate. Provide for these gates approved ironmongery,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      231
as follows:       long barrel bolts, the bottom one to
fit into iron socket let into stone, and a lock of the value
of, with. keys. Provide also
iron stops for gates let into stone, and run with lead.
Put curb round blood tank as shown       rebated,
and fit into same          tongued battens wrought
on one side; fix these so as to be air tight, work a small
opening in this top, having raised side, and fit thereto a
cover of the construction shown, to fit down in an airtight manner, and to be covered with lead.
SMITH, PLUMBER, &C.
Provide and fix         cast-iron trelliswork panels
and secure these to pieces of iron about
inch, one at top and the other at bottom, by  inch
nuts and screws. Provide a similar piece of trelliswork
to fit into frame over each of the large doors, as
shown.
Provide two boilers of cast iron to hold each
gallons, and fit up same with all necessary ironwork,
doors, dampers, &c.
Provide all hinges, locks, bolts, straps, &c. &c., anywhere mentioned, or that may be necessary.
Provide to gates of sheep pens a bolt and padlock,
and work the pivots of two gates as sketch, that they
may be built into the wall to be more secure.
Provide 5-inch eaves guttering, secured on proper
clips, to feet of rafters tq slaughter-house and boilerhouse, with all necessary stopped ends, the junctions
being well white leaded.
Put to all other eaves, except those of pigsties, porch,
and privies,     inch guttering, and as above.
Provide and fix nine stacks of    inch rain-water
pipes, properly secured and connected with drains, with




232          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
out heads, but with lead or irons, and
shoes.
Provide and fix       rolled iron flitches
inches by        inches in thickness,     feet long,
to fit into girders, and perforated as shown for bolts,
and provide all other necessary ironwork for the tramway.
Provide all ironwork necessary for the roofs and
generally wherever described, as shown.
Provide and fix to a        inch plank, secured to
wall, a        inch force pump connected with well
by a         inch lead suction pipe      feet down
well, and having         inch lead service to slate
cistern. This pump must have a double nozzle or other
contrivance, so as to serve as an ordinary pump for the
yard.
Provide         inch overflow pipe to slate cistern,
with tap at bottom; provide also       feet of inch
service from  cistern, and a brass tap of Lambert's
patent.
Put a small copper where shown in cottage.
Put         feet of       inch lead pipe from sink
in cottage.
Cover blood tank lid (only) with 5 lb. lead.
Put        lb. flashings to cover ventilations
inch wide, let into groove. Put      lb. lead gutters
and flashings to chimneys in cottage roof, and to one in
boiler-house roof.
Provide the sum of       1. for contingencies, to be
deducted if not anywhere wanted.
PAINTER.
Paint all the wood and ironwork usually painted in
the cottage, &c., four times in good oil colours of approved tint, and the remaining buildings three times




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.      233
only, as the               (wood and iron), the doors
to pigsty, the gates to pens, the cover to blood tank,
&c. Ac., the eaves, guttering, down pipes, &c. &c.
PLASTERER.
Lath, plaster, float, and set the ceilings of all rooms
in cottage, and render, float, and set all walls, including
those of porch.
Run a plain cement skirting to rooms on ground
floor.
Limewhite the privies, the dust bin, the coal bin, the
sheep pens, pigsties, cart sheds, slaughter-house, and
boiling-house.
GLAZIER.
Glaze the windows of cottage with the best second
Newcastle crown glass.
IX.-Specifications; Separate Clauses respecting Materials.
SAND.
The sand to be clean and sharp, free from vegetable
substance, and well screened, if required, through a
screen not less than 4 meshes in the inch. If ashes
are used, they must be clean, well-burnt furnace ashes.
MORTAR.
The mortar is to consist of one portion of lime, measured dry, and two and a half of sand or ashes; the
lime to be carefully screened and slaked, and to be thoroughly mixed with the required proportions of sand or
ashes and water in a pug Inill, or under edge stones; no
water shall be added afterwards.




234          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
CEMENT.
To be used fresh, and well mixed with sand in such
small quantities as from time to time may be required
in proportion to one of cement to one and a half of
sand; no water on any account to be added afterwards,
and no cement to be mixed or used with any other
cement after it has once began to set.
CONCRETE.
To consist of five parts of clean gravel perfectly free
from clay or loam, with a proper proportion of small
gravel and sand as well as large, and one part of water
lime, dry measure; the lime to be thoroughly mixed
with the gravel and water.
X. —General Conditions added to Specifications of Engineering Works.
The whole of the works are to be done to the entire
satisfaction of the engineer to the, and the
contractor is to find, provide, fix, and perform, with the
best materials of their several kinds, all and every part
of the works which are specified, represented, intended,
or implied either particularly or generally in this specification and in the drawings herein referred to, and such
other drawings as may be given at large by the said
engineer, and according to such written or verbal instructions as he may give during the progress of the
works; and should any works be described in this specification which are not or could not be represented in
the drawings, or should any works be represented or
reasonably implied in the drawings which are not mentioned in the specification or described therein, the
several works are in either case to be done, and nothing




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     235
is to be omitted which is required to render every portion of the works completely finished and fit for the
purposes required; and all works which are so requisite
are to be considered as included in the contract, unless
a specific agreement, at the option of the 
should be at any time made in writing to allow the contractor a greater or less sum of money on account of
any deviation from lessening or addition to the quantities or quality of the several works.
It is distinctly understood that the decision of the
engineer to             on all points connected with
these works is to be final and decisive between the said
and the contractors.
No variation in the execution of the works described,
either as regards additions or deductions, is to annul the
contract, but such additions or deductions are to be
valued according to the scale of prices to be attached to
the tender.
The whole of the works described in the accompanying specifications are to be completed in the space of
three calendar months from the date of the order being
given to commence them, and the contractor will be
held liable to a penalty of 11. per day for each day the
several works, or any of them, shall remain unfinished
beyond the said three months, the amount of such
penalty to be deducted from any sum which may be due
to the contractor on account of his contract.
The tender is to state in one sum the amount for
which the party tendering is willing to execute the
works described in the accompanying specifications and
drawings.
The person whose tender may be accepted is, if required, to enter into a bond with two eligible securities,
jointly and separately to be bound, under a penalty of
5001., for the due performance of this contract.




236         SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
The            -do not bind themselves to accept the
lowest or any tender.
Tenders sealed up and marked on the outside
to be delivered at the office of the engineer,
not later than Saturday, the     August inst.
Scale of prices referred to in the Specification:
~  s. d.
Fir timber in.... per foot cube
English oak timber in..,
East Indian teak timber in,
Wrought iron in screw bolts,
nuts, and plates.... per cwt.
Do. do. in pile shoes..
Rivets....,
Best iron  >..      per ton.
Boat plates....,
Plater....     per day.
Riveter....,
Pile driver..,,
Carpenter....,
Labourer...,
XI.
Conditions belonging to Specifications of Engineering
Works.
1. The contractor is not to depart from the specifications or drawings; should any dispute arise as to the
drawings or specifications, the same to be submitted to
and decided by the engineer.
2. The drawings and specifications have reference to
and describe a new        and         with all their
appurtenances and connexions, with the exception of
the       for securing the tops of the     and the
for        the; but it is to be expressly understood by the party or parties contracting
for the work, that whatever portion or part of the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.     237
present        or       shall, on examination, when
the water is pumped out, appear to the engineer to be
in such a state of soundness or preservation as to make
it unnecessary to remove it, or if any part of the timber
or woodwork shall be deemed sufficient to be again used
in the construction of the new, &c., the same
shall so remain or be so re-employed, and the value
thereof estimated accordingly to the schedule of detailed
prices appended to the contractor's tender and approved
of by the board, and the sum or sums deducted from
the amount of the contract.
3. When it shall be determined on that any part of
the        or         shall remain or be made use of
in the construction of the new works, the value of such
portions or parts shall be ascertained and agreed to at
the time when such arrangement is come to, and
recorded in writing, and signed by the engineer on the
one part and the contractor or his accredited agent on
the other part.
4. The contractor to find and provide all labour,
materials, and workmanship for completing the works,
and clear away all rubbish at his own expense.
5. The contractor to take the whole risk of executing
the works according to the plans and specifications,
and to give due personal attendance, or in his absence
to have a duly qualified person to look after the works.
6. Any materials deemed insufficient or improper
shall be removed at three days' notice, and any unsatisfactory work to be re-executed.
7. The contractor to find security for the due performance of his work within ten days after his tender
has been accepted, and must be ready to produce his detailed estimate on which his tender was made, which
must agree to the schedule attached to the tender.
8. The contractor to urge on the works with all due
celerity; in case of non-completing in time specified,




238          SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING.
the               to have power to take possession of
everything on the ground, and proceed with the execution.
9. The timber for the        and         steamengine, pumps, fittings, and connexions, to be laid down
on the           premises within four weeks after the
signing of the contract.
10. The erecting of the, the framing of the, with all the castings, straps, plates, &c., the
erection of the steam-engine, pumps, and dams, pumping
out the water in       weeks more, or       weeks
altogether, under a penalty of 301. a week for any time
exceeding.
11. When work to the value of one half of the contract
has been certified by the engineer to have been performed by the contractor, a payment to that amount,
less 10 per cent., will be made to him, and the balance
of the contract will be paid when the works are completed and the dams removed.




239
SECTION    III.-ENGINEERING WORKS.
I. —Specification of Work to be done in erecting a SEA
WALL and FLOOD GATE, and widening and altering the present OCCUPATION STONE BRIDGE over
the River, at,for
the
Set out the new wall according to the drawings, excavating for the foundations into the clay substratum at
least 13 inches; level and consolidate the bottom of the
trenches, or step the same level from step to step in case
it should not be necessary to carry the foundations to an
uniform level throughout. In no case must the steps
be otherwise than cut down in a perfectly vertical
direction, nor more than 1 foot rise given to each.
The wall at the different heights to be carried up to
the full thickness shown on the sectional drawings; the
true curve of the front towards the sea to be carefully
preserved.
The stone used in the work to be of the same kind as
that in the existing structure, of an uniform and compact quality, and free from all defects. No stone used
in the work to be less than 12 inches in length or 6
inches in breadth or thickness; no pinners* to be used in
any part of the work.
The walling to be built in the best manner of uncoursed masonry, with through stones, one in every
superficial yard of the surface, the sectional area of
* Small pieces inserted to make bond or fill spaces.-J. B.




240     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
which shall not be less than 168 square inches parallel
to the face end. The face of the work to be hammer
dressed to a surface as nearly uniform as possible. The
work to be perfectly levelled on the top every 18 inches
in height.
The mortar used in the work to be composed of the
best            lime one-third, and clean, sharp river
sand two-thirds, by measure, well mixed and incorporated together. The stones to be carefully bedded, and
the mortar worked up stiff. The greatest care must be
taken not only to fill up all the joints and beds with
mortar, but all the interstices.
The work to be pointed in front with hydraulic
cement mixed with an equal portion of sharp, clean
sand, which must be well filled into all the joints, no
more cement being prepared at a time than can be used
immediately. Cope the wall with stone similar to the
present coping on the wing wall of the bridge, joggle
the stones together with hard stone, as shown on the
drawings, and set them in cement.
Lengthen out the archway similar in size to the one
already existing, constructing, in addition, a skewback
arch underneath the whole length of the new portion of
the arch, bedded upon well-rammed clay beaten on the
surface to the true curve of the arch.
The skewback arch to be formed of fire brick laid in
cement. The whole of the stones in the arch and the
sides to be dressed straight and the surface picked, the
whole being set in cement, as well as the stonework immediately above or around the same. The whole of the
facework and walling for 2 feet in width round the arch,
and the full thickness of the wall, to be set in cement.
The whole of the works, before being rendered up as
complete, to be made perfectly impervious to the sea
water. Chase out a channel in the stonework of the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  241
arch of sufficient size and depth to receive the frame of
the flood door.
Remove the old flood door and frame at the end of
the old archway.
The frame of the new flood gate to be constructed of
oak 8 inches square, halved and pinned at the angles
and wedged into the stonework in cement, the clear
outside dimensions of the frame being 4 feet 6 inches
wide and 5 feet 3 inches high.
Construct a flood gate, framed, grooved, and ledged,
of 3-inch pitch pine, overlapping the inner edge of the
frame at least 2- inches all round, and cross plank the
inner face of the door very nearly to touch the frame
with 12-inch red deal boards, planed true, and nailed
to the outside framed planking through hooped iron,
crossed diagonally, and forming squares on the planking
about 4" x 4".
The gate to be suspended vertically to the frame upon
two strong iron bands, formed of the best wrought iron,
and weighing 8 lb. each, securely to the door with
four inch wood screws and three 5- square-headed bolts,
with nuts and screws to each band, from a revolving
bar of round 3 wrought iron passing through strong
wrought-iron eyes, passing through the frame of the
gate, and fastened by nuts and screws on the inner side
of the frame.
The gate and frame to be set with a slight inclination
inwards from the sea, and to be eased so as truly to open
and shut close up to the frame by its own adjustment
and the pressure of the water.
The whole of the space from end to end of the bridge
(about 2 feet wide) between the old and new walls to
be filled with pure clay puddle, well punned down and
consolidated, as the work proceeds, to 1 foot above the
R




242      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
height of extraordinary spring tides, marked by a blue
line on the drawing.
Removve the upper iportion of the old wall.of the
bridge to 10 inches below the surface of the present
roadway level,'and make the ballast and covering of
the ibridge solid and of uniform level up to the parapet
wall of the new work.
The whole of the materials, workmanship, and labour
to be provided by the contractor of the best quality of
their respective kinds.
The iWhole of the work rjmust be delivered up perfectly sound and completed, -thoroughly water tight, and
must be maintained in this state of efficiency, without
extra charge, for the space of nine months after completion.
Payment to be made monthly at the rate of 701. per
cent., as the work proceeds, on the surveyor's measurement and valuation, who shall give the contractor a
certificate each month,'stating what he is entitled to
receive; but if during any month any part of the work
shall be found defective, or not carried up according to
the drawings and specification, the surveyor shall have
power to withhold such certificate until the month following, and until such defects have been iproperly and
satisfactorily;remedied.
The whole of the works to be completed in seven
months from the date of the signing of the contract,
and the contractor shall incur a fine of 11. per day for
every day that the completion of the works is delayed
beyond the date specified. The -amount of fine to be
deducted out of the contract money kept in hand by the
surveyor'as and for liquidated damages.
The'last instalment of 301. iper cent. shall be paid on
the contractor producing:a certificate from the surveyor,
stating that the works are effectual and in all respects




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  243
satisfactory, in the first week of the tenth month succeeding the actual rendering up and completing of the
works.
TI.-Specificationfor sundry Works to be executed in building a STEAM-BOAT PIER at
for the
Abutment.-Carry up upon the present projection into
the river the steps of granite, each of the full length in
one piece, 15" x 6". Provide and fix a granite landing,
6 inches thick, and a granite slate in one piece to
receive the ends of the bridge,        feet wide, by
inches in height, and work therein the necessary
holes to receive the holding-down bolts, and run the
same in with: cement. All the exterior stone is to be
fine hammer-dressed on the face; carry up the rest of
the erection in brickwork in Portland cement. The
bricks to be of the best hard grey stocks, of uniform
colour on the face, and the cement to be mixed with
three parts of clean, sharp river sand.
Supporting Piles.-Provide and drive the piles which
are to support the bridge. They are to be of East
Indian teak timber, of the length shown, and not'less
than      inches square in any part.
Provide and fix the cap sills of     or
inches square, as shown, and mortise them on the tops
of the pile.
Provide and fix the raking braces, struts, and timber
ties as shown, and mortise them on the tops of the
piles. Provide and fix the raking braces, struts, and
timber as shown, also of               Provide and
fix on each pile an iron strap,   inches, by
R2




244      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
inch, to tie the cap sills to the piles. Each strap is to
be let flush on the top of the cap sill, and is to be carried
inches down each side of the pile. Provide and
fix at each pile    inch bolts to hold the said straps,
and also to pass through and hold the        inch tie
pieces on each side of the        pile.  Provide and
fix to each raking brace, where they come in contact
with the piles,       inch screw bolts, to attach them
to the piles, and where the raking braces cross, these
bolts are to go quite through all. Above and below each
strut provide and fix tie bolts        inch diameter,
passing through the piles from side to side. Where the
heads or nuts are exposed to being struck by barges,
they must be properly lined over with       dolphins.
Provide and drive the piles to form the dolphins, as
shown.*   Provide and fix the wrought-iron oval and
segmental plates, as shown and as described in the specification for the dolphins at the pier at
Provide and fix all the rubbing pieces, whether of
wood or iron, as therein described, together with all
bolts, nuts, and ironwork required, and as shown on the
Drawings Nos.         and. Provide and fix
to each of the piles, whether in the dolphin or supporting the bridge, a wrought-iron shoe of not less weight
than     lbs. weight.
At the upper or            dolphin sheet piling is to
be prepared and driven, and concrete put in, as described in the specification for the dolphins at
The same provisions as are made in that specification
with respect to the pile caps, bolts, dressing and painting, and liability of the contractor in cases of accident,
are to apply to the work referred to in this specification.
It is intended that the piles, braces, &c., provided for
the dolphins at             pier should be of the best
* Plate 8, Figures 11.and 12.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  245
timber, of the lengths and dimensions
shown on Drawing No. 1, the sheet piling round the
dolphins to be as specified for the      pier.
PLATER'S AND SMITH'S WORK.
The drawings referred to for this work are numbered.
The wrought-iron incline bridge is to be executed in
the manner and of the various scantlings and dimensions
described in the Drawing No.
All the iron is to be of best quality, all the joints of
the angle irons in the top and bottom webs are to be
properly broken, and where they occur the joint is to be
doubled with a piece of flat iron of the same width and
thickness as the adjoining feather of the angle iron, and
extending from one to the other of the adjoining struts,
and to be properly riveted.
The floor is to be formed of           deck deal
plane, jointed and laid close, and is to be well nailed to
the firring-out pieces, which are to be inserted in the
transverse angle irons or joints; these firring-out pieces
are to be of         oak, and are to be fixed to each
of the transverse angle irons with    bolts. Tread
strips of         oak         are to be nailed across.
the floor, at distances not more than  feet asunder.
Diagonal struts of       oak are also to be provided,
put together and fixed as shown.
At each end of the bridge provide and fix, by riveting
them as shown, wrought-iron eyes, for the purpose of
attaching the incline bridge to the smaller pontoon at
one end, and to the bridge at the other. The iron for
these eyes must be of the very best quality.
Build         oval and segmental plates with angles
and plate ii'on, as shown in the Drawing No.
Punch the holes, as shown, in the top and bottom angle




246      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
irons) for the purpose of receiving the bolts to attach the
plates to the dolphins.
The quality of the iron,. and the mode of executing
the plater's and riveter's work embraced in the above
works, are to be similar to that described for the lattice
girder bridge; erect and complete the bridge, as shown
in the Drawings Nos. 1 and 2.
Provide all. labour, scaffolding, staging, and everything necessary for erecting and completing the same.
All the iron is to be of best quality,, all joints are to be
properly doubled and broken, as shown. The: riveting
throughout is to be carefully performed; in all cases
where the holes in the different, pieces, after they have
been punched,, do not come together exactly true, they
are to be rimed out.    The rivets are to be button
heads, and the points are, to be neatly stopped; all the
plating is to be accurately and neatly executed, the butts
and side joints are to fit closely together.
At each. of the supporting piers of piles the girders
are to rest on blocks of cast-iron, extending from joist
to joist,       thick; where each of these blocks will
come, a plate       inch thick is to be riveted to the
bottom angle irons of the girder, and       holding
down bolts are to be provided and fixed, to take the
inch plate, the cast iron to blocks, and, the cap
sills.
Provide and fix buckled plates for the floor, as shown,
and bring it up to a level with Portland cement concrete, formed with        parts of clean, sharp sand,
and        part of cement; cover the whole floor with,. gritted with        in thickness.
The holes for the holding down bolts are to be made
so as to allow for the contraction and expansion of the
girder bridge.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR. ENGINEERING, WORKS.  247
IRON SHIP BUILDER S WORK.
The larger, dummy or pontoon is- to be. constructed in
accordance with the Drawing No.     for the pier at
excepting that the framing and steps
at each end provided for. therein are to be omitted in
this case, and the deck- is to be carried. over the. space
occupied by the: said framing and steps.
The deck and outwall are to be of
timber thoroughly seasoned and d&y. No deck plank is
to exceed         inches in width, the guide pieces to
work up and down; the dolphin piles are to be of
oak or         deck timber, they are to be
fitted loosely into the iron framing prepared to receive
them, as shown, and are to be held in; their places by
wedges.. Gratings are to be provided and
fitted in the deck,. oak bollards are to be provided as shown.
The plate which; covers the, outfall is to be held, on
with bolt screwed up on the inside, with proper washers
against the side of the pontoon.  There are to be
bolts in each      feet in. length of the wall.
The holes to receive the heads of the bolts are to be
countersunk, and the heads are to be flush with the face
of the plate. Proper       holes are to be. formed in
the frames of each pontoon.
The smaller pontoon is to, be constructed in accord&
ance with Drawing No. 4, and the general dimensions
and scheme of scantlings, both as regards the vessel
itself, and the framing and steps to receive the iron
bridge, the sleepers, as well as the said framing: and
steps, are to be of        oak or teak timber. The
links to connect the two pontoons together are to be
constructed: and fixed as shown, and are to be made. of




248     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
the best scrap iron; the plating is to be single riveted.
The strips over the butts are to be the thickness of the
plates they cover; the outside riveting is to be countersunk and flush, the inside to be snapped or cheese
beaded.
All the ironwork is to be painted       coats red
lead, the woodwork        coats finished stone colour,
the outside of the pontoons is to be finished with black
varnish.
The plates are to be best boot plates, and all other
iron of the best quality.
GENERAL CONDITIONS.
The whole of the works are to be done to the entire
satisfaction of the engineer, to the        of the
and the contractor is to find, provide, fix,
and perform, with the best materials of their general
kinds, all and every part of the works which are
specified, represented, intended or implied, either particularly or generally, in this specification, and in the
drawings herein referred to, and such other drawings as
may be given at large by the said engineer, and according to such written or verbal instruction as he may
give during the progress of the works; and should any
works be described in this specification, which are not,
or could not be, represented in the drawings, or should
any works be represented in or be reasonably implied in
the drawings, which are not mentioned in the specification, or described therein, the several works are in either
case to be done, and nothing is to be omitted which is
required to render every portion of the works completely finished and fit for the purposes required (as all
works which are so requisite are to be considered) as included in the contract, unless a specific agreement at the
option of the         should be at any time made in




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  249
writing, to allow the       a greater or less sum of
money on account of any deviation from lessening or
addition to the quantity or quality of the several works.
It is distinctly understood that the decision of the
engineer of the         on all points connected with
these works, is to be final and decisive between the
said          and the said
No variation in the execution of the works described,
either as regards additions or deductions, is to annul the
contract, but such additions or deductions are to be
valued according to the scale of prices to be attached to
the tender.
The whole of the works described in the accompanying specifications are to be completed in the space of
calendar months from the date of the order
being given to commence them, and the contractor will
be held liable to a penalty of   1. per day for each
day the several works or any of them shall remain unfinished beyond the said       months, the amount
of such penalty to be deducted from any sum which
may be due to the contractor on account of his contract.
The tender is to state in one sum the amount for
which the party tendering is willing to execute the
works described in the accompanying specifications and
drawings.
The person whose tender may be accepted is, if required, to enter into a bond with two eligible sureties,
jointly and separately, to be bound under a penalty of
1. for the due performance of this contract.
The               do not bind themselves to accept
the lowest or any tender.
Tenders sealed up and marked on the outside:' Tender for Steam-boat Pier 
to be delivered at the office of




2,50     SPECIFICATIONS. FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
not later than          the      day of
instant.
Scale of Prices referred to in the   Specification.
~' s. d.
Fir timber in main piles.. per foot cube.
oak timber...
teak timber...
elm timber.. 
Wrought iron inch screw bolts,
nuts, and plates..  per cwt.
Do. pile shoes... 
Carpenter....per day.
Pile driver....,
Labourer... 
Boat slates....   per ton.
Best iron....
Rivets....   per cwt.
Plater.....  per day.
Riveter.....
III.-Speciication for RETAINING WALL.
EXCAVATOR.
The excavations will' be made by the
workmen, the drain pipes will be provided,
and the broken stone at the back provided and
thrown in.
MASON.
The contractor to provide all labour attending the
construction of the wall, all mortar, bricks, cement, and
all tackle and implements necessary for carrying out the
work; will provide the sand for the
mortar, and the stone for building the wall, but the contractor must convey them from the places on the,where they are left by           workmen,




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  2-51
to the places where it is necessary to make use of
them
The mortar used for the wall to be that made- with
one-third by measure of Dorking lime, and two-thirds
clean sharp sand from:,. the whole being
thoroughly mixed and incorporated.*
The wall:to be built in random course, with the stones
laid: flat and perpendicular to the face line of the. wall,.
and so as to mak-e as smooth and fair a face on the outside as possible, the stone being broken or selected. so as
to attain this object, the whole of the joints throughout
to be well filled in, and flushed up with mortar made as
stiff as it can be for convenient use.
The larger and longer stones to be selected, and used
as through stones, laid endways, so as to go through the
whole thickness of the wall, for-the purpose of binding
the same as thoroughly together as possible.
The wall to be coped with good hard-burnt (blue or
purple) bricks, laid on edge and endways to the front,
the bricks to be laid and set in Portland cement, mixed
with an equal quantity of sand; no more cement to be
made at a time than can be immediately made use of.
The work to be completed and delivered up to
within        weeks from. the day of date
of the signing of the agreement
Payments will be made by measurement when required to the amount of      1. per cent.. of the work
actually executed and finished, and the balance will be
paid at the expiration of       weeks from the date
of completion,.on a written certificate being given by the
surveyor for              that he. is satisfied with the
manner in which the work hasbeen executed, but if any
defect or bad workmanship should appear, then the: contractor must make- good. the same to the satisfaction of
* Figure, 13, Plate 8:




252     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
the surveyor before the said payment of the balance of
I. per cent. be made to the contractor, and the
contractor must make good any defect or bad workmanship at his own proper cost and charge. In all cases of
dispute, the decision of the surveyor to be final and
binding on all the parties.
As regards.thickness, height, and batter, the walls to
be carried up according to the plans and sections which
accompany this specification, signed by the surveyor.
This contract was completed for 6s. per cubic yard,
stone only being found and carted to the spot; the
5-inch brick coping on edge was 5d. per foot run
extra.
IV. —General Specification for Engineering Work.
FORM OF TENDER.
GENTLEMEN,
hereby offer to execute the whole
of the Works comprised in your Specification, dated
for
in accordance with the terms thereof, for the sum of
and     hereby nominate
of
as Arbitrator on   behalf, and   offer the names of
of
and                         of
for your approval as       Sureties for the due performance of the Contract.
also submit the following Schedule of prices
for Materials and Works, as specified to be annexed to
the Contract as provided in the Specification.
also undertake to execute the Contract Deed




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERIG WORKS.  253
and other documents appertaining thereto at your request.
Gentlemen,
Yours respectfully,
To the
CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT.
All the works, although parts of the same may be
marked on the plans or sections only, are to be considered as part of the contract, and the value included
in the amount stated in the contract, as much as if such
works had been particularly set forth and described in
the specification also; and such of the works as may be
mentioned in the specification only, without being
drawn on the plans or sections, are to be included in
the contract sum, as if they had been particularly drawn
on the plans and sections also; and as there may be
details not particularly mentioned in the specification
nor drawn in the plans or sections, the contract sum is
also to include all such details as may have thus been
omitted, it being clearly understood that the contractor
is to execute all the works requisite for the perfect completion of each and every of the several parts according
to the true intent and meaning of the specification.
Wherever the dimensions are marked on the plans or
sections, or described in the specification, such dimensions are to be considered as correct, although not
exactly corresponding with the measurements from the
scales, which are to be referred to only when the dimensions are not so marked or described; and the drawings
to larger scales, and those showing particular parts of
the work, are to be taken as more correct than those to
smaller scales or for more general purposes. The con



254      SPECIFICATIONS FOR.ENGINEERING WORKS.
tractor is, without any extra charge, to execute the
several parts of the work in strict compliance with the
working or detailed drawings that may from time to
time be'furnished,:provided they be such as not to vary
from the true intent and meaning of the contract.
In case of alterations in the work or deviations from
the drawings being deemed necessary by the     surveyor, the                  may increase or diminish
the work without vitiating the contract; the value of all
such increases or diminutions being ascertained from the
rates and prices stated in the schedule annexed to the
contract, and added to or deducted from the contract
sum as the case may be.
No extra work of any kind or description whatever
will be paid for by the                unless it has
been executed under a written order signed by the
surveyor, and a weekly bill of all such work or such
parts thereof as may be executed must be delivered by
the contractor to the     surveyor, at the
during the following week; and the non-delivery of
such bill at the proper and stated time will be considered
as an abandonment on the part of the contractor of any
claim for the amount of such work, and as'exonerating
the                  from all liability relative thereto,
and the value of all such extra-work shall be ascertained
according to the rates and prices to be stated in the
schedule annexed to the contract.
All measurements are to be the net dimensions of the
work'when finished, notwithstanding any custom that
may prevail to the contrary; and in'measuring stone
work the largest finished dimensions are to be taken
each way, and the net area of the beds and joints is to
be measured. All lead and small iron work is to be
weighed on the ground by the'contractor, in the presence of the      surveyor or clerk of the'works, pre



SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  255
viously to its being fixed, scales being provided by the
contractor for the purpose.
The whole of the works, both as regards quality of
materials and mode of execution, are to be performed
and completed in the most:approved, workmanlike, and
substantial manner, under the direction and to the
entire satisfaction of the    surveyor. Wherever
any materials are specified to be mixed in certain proportions, proper measures are to be provided by the contractor for the purpose, as no guess work will on any
account be permitted.
The         surveyor and the clerk of the works are
to have full power and liberty to inspect the materials
and manufacture of the various parts of the works at all
times during their progress; and in case of the contractor's refusal to allow.such inspection, the work is to
be deemed insufficient and not in accordance with the
terms of the specification.
The contractor is not to use the land forming the
site Of or connected with the works for any other purpose whatsoever than the proper carrying on of the
works.
The contractor shall from time to time remove all
surplus and objectionable materials, waste, or rubbish,
from the works, and from any land or premises where
any:poiti.on of the work may be carried on.
The contractor is to employ, at his own cost and
charge, a'competent foreman. constantly at the work, to
ensure efficient control and superintendence; and no
person is to be employed or allowed to remain on the
work, or. any part thereof, who shall be objectionable to
the      surveyor.
The contractor shall attend to aand execute without
delay tall orders and directions which may from time to
time be given by the        surveyor or the clerk of




256      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
the works, in connexion with the contract; and in cqse
of his refusing to comply with all such orders and directions, or of his not proceeding with all due diligence
and expedition within twenty-four hours after a written
notice requiring the same has been delivered to him or
his foreman, as hereinafter provided, the  surveyor
shall be at liberty to use, free of cost and charge for wear
and tear, all or any of the contractor's tools, implements,
and materials, which may be on the work or in use at
the time, and also to employ other men, provide all
necessary tools, implements, and materials to perform
such works as he shall require and direct, agreeably
with the specification; and the contractor shall repay to
the                all the costs, charges, and expenses
to be thereby incurred, or the same may be deducted
from any amount that may be due to the contractor, and
retained by the                 in reimbursement of
all such costs, charges, and expenses.
If at any time during the progress of the works, or
within twelve calendar months after their completion,
any imperfections or insufficient workmanship shall
appear, the- contractor is forthwith to make good the
same at his own expense; the true intent and meaning
of the specification being, that the whole of the works
are to be delivered up to the             properly
and completely finished and perfect in all their parts,
and in conformity in every respect with the contract.
The contractor is to take upon himself the risk of, and
be answerable for all accidents and damages, consequential or otherwise, that may occur during the progress and until the entire completion of the works, and
to repair and make good the same from time to time as
soon as possible, at his own cost and charge, and bear
the                 entirely harmless therefrom.
The drawings referred to in the specification are to be




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  257
signed by the contractor, and to remain in the custody
of the     surveyor during the progress of the works,
the contractor being allowed access to them at all reasonable times, for the purpose of taking copies of the
whole or any portion of them he may require.
All notices to the contractor are to be given in
writing, and the delivery of them to his foreman, or at
any of the contractor's usual places of business or residence, is to be deemed sufficient service.
The entire work is to be warranted by the contractor,
and completed within          calendar months from
the date of the written order to proceed with the work,
under a forfeiture of          per week, to be paid
to and retained by the, by way of liquidated and ascertained damages, and not by way of
penalty, for each and every week the work shall remain
unfinished after the expiration of the period above mentioned.
The works are not to be deemed finished or complete
until they shall have been certified to be so in writing
by the      surveyor.
The         surveyor may delay the progress of the
works in case of frost, or from any other cause, without
vitiating the contract, and grant such extension of the
time for the completion of the contract as he may think
proper and sufficient in consequence of such delay, and
the contractor shall not make any claim for compensation or damage in relation thereto.
If at any time during the progress or after the completion of the works any disputes or differences shall
arise as to the manner of executing the works, or as to
the quality of the materials employed, or as to any
matter of charge or account between the
and the contractor, or as to any other matter or thing
connected with the contract, they are to be referred to
S




258     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
and finally settled by the  surveyor, whose decision
shall be final and conclusive on both parties.
Payments will be made upon the recommendation of
the          surveyor only, the first of such payments
whenever he may consider that 50 per cent. of the works
contracted for have been executed, and the subsequent
payments from time to time when it shall appear to him
that the works contracted for have been executed. All
such payments will be at the rate of 80 per cent. of the
works so considered to have been executed, whether contract or extra works, the balance due will be paid at the
expiration of three months after the completion of the
works, and the payment for the whole of both contract
and extra works will be subject to a deduction or discount of 11. 10s. per cent.
The contractor will be required to provide two sureties,
to be approved by the, and such sureties
will be required to enter with the contractor, jointly and
severally, into a bond in the penal sum of 1001. for the
due performance of the contract.
Tenders for executing the whole of the works cornprised in the specification, to be addressed to
on or before
The                do not bind themselves to accept
the lowest or any tender.
Specification of EXCAVATOR'S WORK required to be executed for the
in the construction of
in accordance with the accompanying drawings, numbered
1 to     inclusive.
The contractor is to provide all labour, tools, implements, materials, shoring, carriage, and other things
requisite to execute the following works, namely:




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  259
To excavate the ground for the cellars, areas, foundations, trenches and inverts, to the depths, dimensions,
and forms shown on the drawings, and to keep them
dry and clear of all obstructions whether arising from
springs, drains, cesspools, rain or otherwise, and to keep
the work dry and clear as long as shall be thought necessary by the         surveyor: to excavate all loose or
unsound places that may be caused during the execution of the works to a level bed and step them into the
banks where directed, and to fill in the same as hereinafter provided at his own cost and charge.
To fill in where required with suitable dry, hard
material, small and well rammed in regular and level
courses, not exceeding 6 inches each course in thickness; the work to be proceeded with from time to time
as will be directed. No clay is to be used for a width
of 5 feet at the back of any wall, but cinders, gravel,
broken stone, old bricks, or other material that will
allow the free percolation of water.
To excavate and form the ground beneath the ground
and cellar floors, and areas, for a depth of 6 inches, and
to fil in the same with dry lime rubbish or sand, properly rammed solid, and prepared to receive flagging or
other flooring.
To provide and lay all glazed and socketed draining
tubes in the several directions, and of the capacities
figured and shown on the drawings; they are to be laid
solid, fitted together, packed and puddled at the joints;
the dimensions marked on the drawings are the inside
measures; all trenches are to be open cut, and the
drains are to be laid to a fall of not less than one inch
to the yard. All branch pipes are to have a bend at
their junction with the main or other sewer. To fix for
all down pipes from the roof, soil and other pipes,
surface and ash-pit girds, proper trapped eye pieces of
the sizes required for the several drains. To fix all
s2




260      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
junctions required, and bends wherever directed to
ensure the more easy flow of the water through the
several drains.
To fill in concrete where required, composed of one
part of fresh burnt Ardwick lime measured before
slaking, and six parts of clean sharp gravel or hard
stone, broken in pieces of not more than 2 cubic inches
each, with such a proportion of sand as shall be approved by the        surveyor; the lime is to be slaked
and fallen in layers with the gravel, and then mixed together with a sufficient quantity of water; it is then to
be laid in its place in regular and level courses not exceeding 6 inches each course in thickness, and well
rammed.
The contractor is not to remove any timber that may
be in use as shoring, piling or otherwise, until directed
to do so by       surveyor or clerk of the works, and
he is to leave permanently in the work any such timber
that may be ordered by the       surveyor, any timber
so left is to be paid for as extra work.
The contractor is to provide a place of deposit for all
surplus earth or rubbish that may be removed from the
site of the works.
In charging for day-work, the actual time'engaged on,the work only is to be taken.
Specification of BRICKLAYER'S WORK required to be executed for the, in the construction of
in accordance with the accompanying drawings, numbered 1 to     inclusive.*
The contractor is to provide all labour, tools, implements, materials, scaffolding, shoring, carriage, and
* Figs. 14 and 15, Plate; 8 and Plates 9 and 10.;




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  261
other things requisite to execute the whole of the works,
to the forms and dimensions shown on the drawings.
The bricks are to be the best hard, square, and well
burnt that can be obtained in the neighbourhood of, without reference to the cost of carting, the quality to be approved by the   surveyor;
they are to be as free from limestone as possible; nothing
of less size than half a brick is to be used in the work,
and in cases where less than a whole brick is used, it is
to be made square before being set, so as to receive the
regular thickness of mortar up to the adjoining brick.
All the bricks are to be totally immersed and well
saturated with water in a tub to be provided for the
purpose, in which they are to be allowed to remain for
such time as the      surveyor shall direct, but in no
case less than half an hour. Water being thrown on the
bricks in a heap will not be deemed sufficient for the
purpose.
The mortar is to be composed of one part of lime
measured before slaking, and two parts of sand. The
mortar for all work below the surface of the ground,
and for retaining walls, is to be made with Ardwick
lime; for the face of retaining walls where exposed to
the air, for a thickness of 9 inches, and for all walls
above the surface of the ground, and where there is nos
ground laid against them, it is to be made of Buxton
lime.
The lime for the mortar is to be brought direct from
the kiln, fresh and well burnt, in such quantities as may
from time to time be directed by the    surveyor.
The sand for the mortar is to be the best, clean, sharp,
ground or pit sand that can be procured within a radius
of four miles from the work.
After the Ardwick lime has been slaked and properly
fallen, it is to be mixed with the proper quantity of




262      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
sand, and both together are to be passed through a
screen; it is then to be worked in a mortar mill with a
sufficient quantity of water and ground for such time as
may appear necessary to the      surveyor, to insure
the lime and sand being properly incorporated, and of a
sufficiently tough consistency. The      lime is to
be slaked in a pit and then mixed with the proper
quantity of sand, and worked in a mortar mill as described for Ardwick lime.
The mortar is to be used from the mill as quickly as
possible, and none that has been allowed to set is to be
re-worked —but it is to be at once rejected. Care is to
be taken to use all the mortar that has been mixed at
the close of each day.
The cement is to be obtained from a maker to be approved by the         surveyor direct from the manufactory, perfectly fresh, and delivered on the work in the
casks in such quantities only as'will from time to time
be directed by the        surveyor, the cost of the
cement to be 16s. net per cask of three cwt., and if it is
obtained at a less price, a corresponding deduction will
be made from the contract.
The cement is to be. gauged in small quantities as required, with an equal quantity of sand, for which purpose proper gauging boxes are to be provided.
No cement that has been allowed to set or become
dead is to be re-worked, but is to be at once rejected.
The cement is to be used in the work in a precisely
similar manner to that described for the mortar work.
The brickwork in every case is to be of old English
bond, care being taken to cross all the joints; all the
heading courses are to be of whole bricks.
Where seconds bricks are specified to be used for the
face work, they must be of uniform colour and of the
same thickness as the common bricks used with them;




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  263
where common bricks only are to be used, they are to
be carefully selected of good shape for the purpose. No
colouring matter is in any case to be applied to the face
of the work.
The face work is to be finished with a neat flat or
flush joint, tucked or cut on the upper edge with the
trowel at the time the bricks are set. The joints are to
be as thin as possible; from a quarter to three-eighths
of an inch only will be allowed, according to the description of work. All gauged arches to be dressed off in
putty.
Every brick is to be flushed through with mortar or
cement and hammered down to a solid bed as it is laid,
both headers and stretchers, so that every joint may be
filled. No filling up of the joint4,from the tops of the
courses will be permitted.
Where the walls are more than 14 inches in thickness,
the filling-in bricks are to be laid in soft mortar or
cement prepared for the purpose, every brick being
rubbed up solid and hammered down to its bed; a tub
or pug mill is to be provided for the mixing of the soft
mortar which is to be supplied from the mnortar mill, it
is to be kept well stirred up, so as to prevent the sand
from depositing at the bottom of the tub.
In all retaining walls, drains 4- inches by 3 inches are
to be formed through the wall at regular intervals,
6 inches above the level of the ground on the lower
side; they are to be not more than 10 feet apart, are to
be rendered throughout with cement, and are to be
formed with a regular fall to the face of the wall so as
to allow of the free egress of water from the back of the
wall; they are to be finished with a cast-iron grid flush
with the face to the wall.
The whole of the work is to be carried up together as
much as possible of an uniform height, and in no case




264      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
is there to be a greater difference in the levels of any
parts of the same building than 4 feet 6 inches, without
the special permission of the    surveyor.
Every precaution is to be taken to protect the work
from the weather, that may be directed by the
surveyor; and any work that may be injured by frost or
otherwise is to be made good by the contractor.
In the case of old bricks being procured on the
premises, they are to become the property of the contractor, who is to be allowed to use such portions only
as shall be approved by the     surveyor, and these
are to be properly dressed, cleaned, and stacked for reuse.
All smoke flues are'to be not less than 14 inches by
9 inches, measured at right angles with the flue in any
part thereof. And all smoke and air flues in the walls
are to be pargeted throughout with good hair mortar,
and left clean and clear of all obstructions on the completion of the roof; the top six courses of all flues are
to be set in cement.
Every flue is to be surmounted by a terra cotta pot,
set in cement, of the.net value of 5s. before fixing;
they are to be purchased at such dep6t and to be of such
pattern as may be selected by the   surveyor.
Over all fireplace openings, wrought-iron arch bars
3 inches by -* inch are to be fixed; they are to be laid
41- inches on each jamb, and to turn up at each end 4. 
inches.
Over all openings under 5 feet span, relieving arches
of two 41-inch rims, and over all openings of 5 feet span
and above, relieving arches of three 42-inch rims are to
be built.
All timbers are to be built in the walls where directed,
but no timbers are to be built in the walls nearer than
5 inches to any flue or vent.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  265
For all hearths in timber floors 4 -inch common brick
arches are to be built the whole length between the
trimmer joists.
The contractor is to set all fire grates, ranges, furnaces,
and boilers with a sufficient quantity of fire bricks and
fire clay.
The contractor is to execute all brickwork required in
connexion with the sewers and drains, and to build all
eyes that may be required for the grids and dish stones
of brick-length walling, 9 inches square in the inside.
All slopstones and stone or slate shelves are to be set
upon seconds brick pillars, 9 inches thick, with bull-nose
angles.
The contractor is to make all centring, templets,
profiles, battering rules, and camber slips that may be
required, of such strength and in such manner as shall
be directed by the       surveyor.
To form all string and saw-tooth courses where-shown
on the drawings, to set all steps not specified to have
stone risers, to form all projections, splays, bevils, indents,
recesses, chases for pipes and skewbacks; to level the
walls for, and to bed thereon, all bond timber, wood
bricks, templets, wall plates, nogs, and all other timbers
required to be built in the walls; to bed and set all
window and door frames, also all stone heads, sills,
gudgeon, codge, and catch stones; to cut all holes when
and as required for the fixing of other branches of the
work, and to make good after the same. To make good
all putlog and other holes throughout the work, and to
point the same; to fill in between the rafters up to the
slating; and generally to do whatsoever may be considered by the        surveyor to be incidental to the
bricklayers' work when and as required.
The contractor is to excavate where required, for the
purpose of measuring foundations of walls or otherwise,




266      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
and to fill in and make good the same at his own expense. In measuring arches and inverts, the price in the
schedule is to include all skewbacks and other cutting
connected with them.
In charging for day-work, the actual time engaged on
the work only is to be taken.
Specification of Ironwork required in the
and the Works connected therewith,
in accordance with the accompanying drawings, numbered 1 to 6 inclusive.*
The contractor to provide the whole of the labour,
tools, tackle, legs, scaffolding, and all other things requisite; to provide, fix, deliver, paint, and completely finish
all the cast ironwork to the forms and dimensions; and
in the positions shown on the drawings.
In addition, to provide and fix the three large main
girders and other girders for carrying the plates and
cross girders, and one hundred and eight small cross
girders, and also the plates between, of the several forms,
sizes, and dimensions shown and figured on the drawings.
The contractor, at his own expense, to test the several
girders on the ground, in the presence of the surveyor,
to a pressure of 20 tons applied in the centre, and if the
deflection exceed 5- of an inch, or if it produces permanent
set, the girder is to be rejected.
The girders are to be bedded on the stone with neat
Portland cement, used quite fresh; all the spaces between the plates and girders to be filled with iron
cement, so as to render the tunnel perfectly drop dry.
None of the main girders are to weigh less than the
* Figs. 14 and 15, Plate 8; and Plates 9 and 10.




_P______ PLATE 9.
DETAILS OF IRON WORK.
Fig.16
Sitor~e/
-   -------------- ---------------------------------- * —---- -- ----—.<..................... —-----
-B,%,.c,,,..,
^__^=i —-- - I  J-^ -^'^SCALE       OF  FEET
SECTION OF TUNNEL.W'~~~ ~ ^^/fliiX~ ~ a  L-.'  0 F& 0.
K0.5         - - _ -_  -? -0 -,,,  - — ________ -Sp  -  -', B,l0 -  Iw
F _k,N. 5po- i-.uc]=ersb-uy Loeon.








CO. =   t....      _     ---  ------------
6I
ti-~








SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  267
respective weights marked on the drawings, and no
extra charge will be allowed for any excess of weight.
Each girder is to be cast with a bar 1 inch square and
3 feet 6 inches long, cast on it for the purpose of testing
its breaking weight, which is not to be less than 71 cwt.
in its centre, between bearings 3 feet apart.
The contractor is to test one of the girders in his own
yard that may be selected by the surveyor, in the
manner to be approved by him, to the breaking weight,
which is not to be less than 75 tons in thie centre.
The contractor is to state in his tender the proportions and quantities of scrap and other iron which he
proposes to use in the work.
In charging day work, the actual time engaged will
only be allowed for.
The castings are to be composed of a mixture of
4 part of scrap iron and the remainder of such a mixture as shall be approved by the surveyor, the whole of
the ironwork coated while hot with boiled linseed oil,
and, after the work is fixed, to be covered with.one
coat of lamp black and boiled linseed oil mixed with a
sufficient quantity ofjapanners' gold size.
All the ironwork exposed to the air to be painted,
when the work is completed, with four coats of best oil
paint.
All the bastings to be perfectly true and out of winding, clean, and free from sand or air holes, or any flaw
or imperfection whatever, and the net weight of each
casting is to be plainly painted on it.
When the large girders have been fixed in their respective places, the exact size of the cross girders and
plates are to be ascertained, and then made and fixed.




268        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
Schedule of Prices for Excavator's Work, as specified, referred to in the conditions of Contract.
Excavating, filling in such portion as may be required, and removing
surplus earth, for any depth not exceeding 6 feet, at  per cubic
yard.
Do. for any depth from  6 to 12 feet, at  per cubic yard.
Do.         do.       12 to 18  do.            do.
Do.         do.       18 to 24  do.            do.
Do.         do.       24 to 30  do.            do.
Excavating and depositing on the surface where the depth does not
exceed 6 feet, at   per cubic yard.
Do. where the depth does not exceed 12 feet, at  per cubic yard.
Do.               do.            18   do.            do.
Do.               do.            24   do.            do.
Do.               do.            30   do.            do.
Wheeling extra per stage of 20 lineal yards, at  per cubic yard.
Filling in, at   per cubic yard.
Removing and carting away surplus earth or rubbish, at  per cubic
yard.
Cinders delivered on the work, at  per cubic yard.
Forming and levelling cinders on surface extra, at  per superficial
yard.
Concrete, at     per cubic yard.
Clay puddle, at     per cubic yard.
Socketed, glazed, oval earthenware pipes, 8 in. by 6 in., laid complete,
at      per lineal yard.
Do.           do.          do.       12 in. by 9 in.  do.
Do.           do.          do.      16 in. by 12in.  do.
Socketed, glazed, circular earthenware pipes, 6 in. diameter, laid complete, at    per lineal yard.
Do.           do.          do.'         9 in.  do.   do.
Do.           do.          do.         12 in.  do.   do.
Do.           do.          do.         15 in.  do.   do.
Do.           do.          do.         18 in.  do.   do.
New timber shoring or piling, left in the work, at  per cubic foot.
Old       do.       do.      do.         at          do.
Use and waste of timber in piles, at  per cubic foot.
Do.        do.       in shoring, at      do.
Wrought iron in spikes and nails, at  per lb.
Do.          in straps and bolts, at  do.
Cart, horse, and man, at   per hour.
For each horse extra add     do.
Carpenter, at    per hour.
Excavator, at       do.
Labourer, at        do.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.            269
Schedule of Prices for Carpenter's and Joiner's Work, as
specified, referred to in the conditions of Contract.
Rough timber delivered on the ground.
Memel or Dantzic fir, at     per cubic foot.
Quebec pine,        at           do.
If fixed in shoring, add for use and waste  per cubic foot.
In scantlings delivered on the ground.
Memel or Dantzic fir, at     per cubic foot.
St. John's pine,    at           do.
Quebec pine,        at           do.
Pitch pine,         at           do.
Rough scantlingsfixed complete.
Memel or D)antzic fir, in bond plates, pole plates, wall plates, curbs,
4intels, wood bricks, &c., at   per cubic foot.
Scantlings-framed rough.
Memel or Dantzic fir, at     per cubic foot.
St. John's pine,    at           do.
Quebec pine,        at           do.
Flooring boards 1 inch thick, laid complete.
Archangel battens, at     per superficial yard.
Pitch pine,       at              do.
Red pine,         at              do.
Boards without labour at per superficial foot.
St.                                BayThickness. Memel or Pitch  John's  Red  Spruce. Ameri- Dantzic woodunDantzic. Pine.  Pine.  Pine.       can Oak. Oak.  der 18
in. wide.
1 Inch.
1 Inch.
1 Inch.
Ij Inch.
1 Inch.
1I Inch.
2 Inches




270        SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
In this case only allowance will be made for the saw-cut, but in every
other the dimensions specified are the net finished dimensions of the work
when fixed, as provided in the conditions of contract.
Labour.
Carpenter, at     per hour.
Joiner,   at         do.
Labourer, at         do.
Cart, horse, and man, at    per hour.
For each additional horse, at  do.
The contractor whose tender may be accepted is to be at liberty,
before signing his contract, to add to this schedule the prices for other
work contained in the bill of quantities upon which his tender was based;
and in default of his doing so, any prices that may be required in making
out the account between the.            and the contractor, are to
be fixed by the      surveyor, as provided in the conditions of contract.
Schedule of Prices for Bricklayer's Work, as specified,
referred to in the conditions of Contract.
Brickwork in mortar.
Cf common bricks in walls more than two bricks in thickness at
per cubic yard.
Two bricks thick and under at   per superficial yard of one brick in
thickness.
If more than 30 feet above the ground add   per superficial yard of
one brick in thickness.
If more than 50 feet above the ground add          do.
If circular on plan add   per yard superficial of face work.
If seconds bricks are used for the face work add to the price for common bricks     per superficial yard.
If stock bricks are used for the face work add to the price for common
bricks      per superficial yard.
Cutting and rubbing plain bevils for face work at  per superficial
foot.
Rough cutting at      per superficial foot.
Bull's nose seconds bricks at   per lineal yard.
Weathered-end seconds bricks for set-offs at  per lineal yard.
Add for extra labour in arches in common bricks at  per superficial
yard of soffit for each rim in half brick rims.
If in seconds bricks at    do.
If in purpose made radiating common bricks at   do.
If in purpose made radiating seconds bricks at  do.




SPECIFICATrONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.            271
Inverts in half brick rims in common bricks at  per superficial yard
inside measure for each rim.
If in seconds bricks at    do.
If in purpose made radiating common bricks at     do.
If in purpose made radiating seconds bricks at    do.
Add for extra labour in gauged arches in stock bricks at  per superficial foot.
Wrought-iron arch bars at      per lineal foot.
Hoop iron, No. 14 gauge, built in walls at   per cwt.
Brickwork in cement.
If substituted for Ardwick lime add to the foregoing prices at the rate
of      per superficial yard of 9 in. work.
If substituted for Buxton lime add    do.
Materials only, delivered on the work.
Common bricks at       per thousand.
Seconds bricks at           do.
Stock bricks at             do.
Purpose made radiating common bricks at      per thousand.
Purpose made radiating seconds bricks at         do.
Ardwick lime at      per ton.
Buxton lime at         do.
Cement at       per cask of 3 cwt.
Sand at       per cubic yard.
Mortar at       per hod.
Labour.
Bricklayer at     per hour.
Labourer at          do.
Cart, horse, and man at     per hour.
For each horse extra add      per hour.
Schedule of Prices for Mason's Work, as referred to in the
conditions of Contract.
~   s. d.
Bedding and jointing old stone, and setting in even and regular courses in mortar, per cubic yard
Spring course for arches, Bolton stone, boasted top and
sides, at per cubic foot..
Flag stones of Bolton stone, boasted edges, at per foot cube
Bed stones for girders, top boasted, at per cube foot.
String course, tooled, weathered, throated, and boasted in
front for stone, and labour, at per cube foot.
Coping stone, tooled, weathered, joggled, and boasted on
top, soffit, and edges for stone, and labour, at per cube
foot...... 




272      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
V.-Specification for sinking and steyning a WELL upon
the             Estate.
1. The various works described in this specification,
or indicated upon the accompanying drawing, are to be
executed in the best and most workmanlike manner, of
the best materials of their respective descriptions, and
both the quality of the work and that of the materials
shall be such as to be satisfactory to the surveyor or
engineer of the society. The contractor shall be bound
to conform to all the orders or instructions given to him
by such engineer, and particularly to remove at once
from the premises of the society any materials which
may be objected to.
2. The depths indicated upon the drawing are only
to be considered approximations to those which will be
found actually to exist. If it should be found necessary
to vary any or all of them during the execution of the
works, it shall not, therefore, affect the validity of the
contract to be entered into on the subject of this well.
Any difference in the nature or character of the works
shall be allowed for in the settlement of the account, according to the schedule of prices hereunto annexed.
3. The engineer shall be sole judge of the necessity
for altering any of the conditions of the contract, and
no variation from the depths, dimensions, or materials
shown or described shall be made without an express
order in writing from him to that effect.
4. The engineer shall be sole judge or arbitrator in
any dispute which may arise, either with respect to the
interpretation of this specification, drawing, or schedule
of prices, and his decision upon any question with
respect to the execution of the work or to the application of the prices shall be final and binding, and without




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  273
appeal, any custom or rule of court in law or equity to
the contrary notwithstanding.
5. The contractor shall be bound to keep upon the
works a foreman, clerk, or other person to whom orders
may be given or observations made, in the same legally
binding manner as if given to himself. It is also to
be understood that the engineer shall be entitled to discharge any man from the works whom he may consider
to be incompetent or unfit to be employed thereon.
6. If the contractor should neglect to remove any
materials objected to by the engineer, the latter shall be,
and hereby is, entitled to remove them at the cost and
risk of the said contractor, in such way as the engineer
may think fit, without thereby giving rise to any claim
for compensation of any kind or description soever.
7. Moreover, if the contractor neglect to conform to
any order given him by the engineer, the latter shall be,
and hereby is, empowered to adopt whatsoever measures
he may deem advisable to complete the works to his
satisfaction, and to deduct the cost thereof from any sum
due to the said contractor.
8. The contractor shall be liable for any damage that
may be sustained by the occupiers of the adjoining
lands, in consequence of any trespass committed by his
workmen.
9. The works shall be commenced within three days
of receiving a written order from the engineer to that
effect; and be carried on, without intermission, to his
satisfaction. The postage of the order to commence
shall be considered a legal delivery.
10. Payment shall be made for this well in the following manner: The sum of one-third of the total
amount of the contract shall be paid when the brickwork of the well shall have been completed to the depth
where its diameter alters from 6 feet to 5 feet clear internal
diameter. A second payment, equal to one-third of the
T




274     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
amount of the contract, shall be paid when the boring
has been completed, examined, and received by the
engineer. The remaining portion, or the balance of the
contract, shall be paid after the expiration of a delay of
three months from the date of the first reception above
named. During this interval, the engineer shall be
entitled to test the works in any manner he may think
proper, and if any defect should then become apparent,
it shall at once be rectified, without charge, by the contractor; or, in case he should fail so to do, it shall be
lawful for the engineer to employ some other person for
that purpose, at the expense of the said contractor. The
above payments will only be made upon presentation of
certificates, from the engineer, that the works have been
executed to his entire satisfaction.
11. The works* are to consist of an excavation for a
brick steyned well, of the dimensions cited below, and
of an 18-inch bore pipe carried from the bottom of this
well to the chalk.
12. The firmt 10 feet in depth of the well shall be
lined with the best stock brickwork, set in the best
Roman cement, and of a thickness of 14 inches. The
bricks shall in no case be laid as stretchers; proper bond
shall be observed, and the backs of the joints well
flushed in. The clear internal diameter shall be 6 feet.
Provision shall be made in the estimate for a 6-inches
thick elm circular, rebated curb onthe top, 12 incheswide,
the value of which shall be deducted, if it be not used.
13. Below this 14-inch work, the well shall be carried
to a total depth from the surface of 108 feet, of the same
clear internal diameter as before (6 feet), and lined with
a steyning of brickwork in cement, 9 inches thick. This
portion of the well is the one most likely to vary from
the dimensions now given.
14. At 108 feet, or thereabouts, from the surface, the
* Plate 11.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  275
diameter of the well shall be contracted to 5 feet in the
clear, and it shall thence be continued to a depth of
about 125 feet from the surface to the bottom of the
steyning, which shall have a thickness of 9 inches, and
be executed in brickwork set in cement. It is desired
to keep the lowest part of this steyning 5 feet above the
bottom of that stratum of the basement beds of the
London clay known as the mottled clay. It will therefore be necessary for the contractor to bore in advance
of his work when he arrives at this formation.
15. The bottom of the excavation shall then be floored
over with a counter arch of brickwork in cement, and a
wrought-iron pipe inserted, and made water tight all
round, to allow the completion of the bore.
16. From thence a boring shall be made to the chalk
formation of such dimensions as to receive lining pipes
of 18 inches clear internal diameter. These lining pipes
shall be of wrought iron of No. 16 wire gauge, and perforated with holes 1 of an inch in diameter, every
3 inches apart, excepting in those lengths which traverse
the mottled clay and the two lowest lengths. The pipes
shall stand up 5 feet above the paving of the well, and
be let at least 2 feet into the chalk. A proper rose head
shall be provided and fixed over the pipes, with all
necessary nuts and screws, to prevent anything from
falling into the bore hole. The pipes shall have proper
collars and joints, and present, as said above, a clear
internal diameter of 18 inches.
17. Provide in estimate for, and fix as may be
directed, No. 4 Bramley fall blocks, wrought on four
sides each, to receive bearings for pumps. These stones
shall be let securely into the brickwork, and well pointed
and bedded with slates and cement; their dimensions
are to be estimated in each case at 3 feet, by 2 feet, by
1 foot 6. A sum of 51. is also to be provided in the
estimate for masons' time for attending engineers to fix
T2




276      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
the pump; this sum to be deducted if the said pumps
should not at once be fixed.
18. Provide in estimate a 3-inch thick framed elm
cover, with trap properly hinged with back flaps, and
strong padlock and hasp, staple, &c., for top of well.
19. The stocks shall be of the best description of
sound, hard burnt, ringing, grey stocks, of good shape,
and totally free from any under burnt or place bricks.
The cement used shall be the best Roman cement, to be
obtained from a manufacturer approved by the engineer.
The sand shall be clear, sharp sand, free from clay,
loam, or dirt. Samples of all these materials shall be
deposited with the engineer, and submitted to his approval; and in the execution of the work, the materials
used shall be at least equal to sample. The elm shall be
free from sap, shakes, frosted or decayed wood, or large
dead knots. The Bramley fall stone shall be of the best
and hardest description, to the satisfaction of the
engineer. The ironwork shall be also of the best quality
of plate or wrought iron, and put together in the most
workmanlike manner. The cement shall be used neat,
or without any mixture of sand, if the engineer should
consider it to be necessary so to do; and in no case
shall the proportions of the cement and sand respectively
exceed two of the former to one of the latter. It will,
however, only be necessary to use the cement neat when
a powerful spring has to be kept back, or to execute the
steyning under water.
Schedule of Prices for extras or omissions to be filled in by
the Contractor.
Excavating well to receive 9" steyning, of 6 feet clear internal diameter,
to a total depth of between 100 and 120 feet from the surface,
per foot forward of depth.
Do.   do.   if between 120 and 140 feet depth,  do.
Do.   do.,,   140 and 160 feet,         do.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.          277
Excavation for 9" steyning, of 5 feet clear internal diameter, between
110 and 130 feet from the surface,       per foot forward of
depth.
Do.    do.       between 130 and 160 feet,      do.
Do.    do.,,  160 and 200 feet,       do.
Brick steyning in cement 14" thick, not exceeding 20 feet deep, at
per foot forward of depth.
Do.    do.    9" thick, not exceeding 130 feet in depth,   do.
Do.    do.    9" thick, between 130 and 160 feet in depth,  do.
Do.    do.,,       160 and 200,,           do.
Boring for. 18" clear pipe in sand, or clay, between 130 and 200 feet
from surface,       per 10 feet length.
Do. for 12" do., between 160 and 250 feet from surface in chalk
do.
18" wrought-iron pipe, furnished and fixed as in specification (Article 16),
per foot forward.
12"           do.          do.          do.
Bramley fall stone, per foot cube, no labour
Brickwork in cement, per rod, all labour
Stocks, per thousand
Cement, per bushel
Sand, per yard cube
Well sinker, per day
Bricklayer,,,
Labourer,
VI.-Specification for Steam        Engine, 4c., and     Articles of Agreement entered into on the twentyfourth day of February, one thousand eight hundred
and fifty-eight, between G. T., of the Waterford
Ironworks, in the County of Hertford, Engineer
(hereinafter called " the Contractor"), for himself,
his Heirs,   Executors, and     Administrators, and
the B. L. C., Limited (hereinafter called "the Company"), for themselves, their Successors, and Assigns.   That1. The contractor shall supply, execute, and perform
and deliver, for and to the company, the materials, works,
and services comprised in the specification hereunder
written, or to be fairly inferred therefrom, or from the




278      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
nature and object of the works included therein, according to the conditions and meaning of the specification,
and to the satisfaction of the engineer for the time being
of the company, who is hereinafter referred to as "the
engineer," the present engineer being
2. All measurements and drawings required by the
contractor shall be taken and made by him at his own
risk, but subject to the supervision and approval of the
engineer, and all works and things not expressed in the
specification which are, or which the engineer shall
certify to be, necessary to the completion of the work
included in this contract, shall be considered as part of
this contract, and all details not provided for by the
specification shall be performed according to the direction of the engineer, who shall have power to correct
the specification in any details which he shall consider
to be erroneous. But no omission or error in the specification, or in any drawings provided or to be provided
for the purposes of this contract, and no neglect on the
part of the engineer to supply or correct such omission
or error, or to superintend or give directions concerning
any part of the work, shall excuse the contractor from
completing in all its details the work which is the subject of this contract, so as to be fit in all respects for the
service for which it is intended. Provided that the
contractor shall not be required to supply or perform
any materials, work, or service expressly or by necessary implication excluded from the specification.
3. The contractor shall perform this contract with
such variations of, omissions from, or additions to, the
works hereunder specified as the engineer shall from
time to time direct, and shall allow or receive such (if
any) deductions from or additions to the contract price,
and such deductions from or additions to the time for
completing the contract, as the engineer shall certify to
be reasonable.




SPECIFICATIOINS FOR ENGINERING WORKS.  279
4. The engineer, and any persons deputed by him for
that purpose, shall at all working hours have free access
to the factories and places where any part of the drawings, patterns, materials, or work provided or in progress for the purposes of this contract shall be, for the
purpose of testing the sufficiency thereof, and shall have
the free assistance of the contractor and his servants and
workpeople, and the use of the necessary appliances, to
be provided by the contractor, for testing any materials
or work; and no materials or work which the engineer
or his deputy shall condemn shall be used in performing
this contract, and all materials and work on the company's land which the engineer or his deputy shall,
at any time before the expiration of twelve calendar
months after the completion or supposed completion of
the contract, condemn (although previously fixed or
fitted, and passed or approved of), shall be forthwith
removed from the company's land, and proper and
suitable materials or work substituted by the contractor
to the satisfaction of the engineer.
5. If the engineer, at any time or times, give to the
contractor notice in writing that any materials or work,
to be specified in such notice, ought already to have
been supplied or done, or, having been supplied or done,
is defective, and ought to be replaced or made good,
and that the same must be supplied, done, replaced, or
made good within a time to be stated in such notice,
and the contractor make default in complying with such
notice, the engineer or the company may cause such
materials or work to be supplied, done, replaced, or
made good, and the cost thereof shall be paid by the
contractor, and may be deducted from any moneys
payable to him under this contract.
6. No deviation on the part of the contractor from
the terms of the specification, or from any written directions of the engineer, shall be considered to have been




280      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
authorised, unless directed or approved of by the engineer or his deputy in writing.
7. The contractor shall from time to time, within
forty-eight hours after any verbal or written request
by the engineer or his deputy, furnish to the engineer
or-his.deputy a full and complete statement of all the
materials and work for the time being respectively provided, executed, and fitted or fixed in such detail manner
and form as shall be required.
8. If the works included in this contract are not
completed to the satisfaction of the engineer on the day
mentioned in the specification, or on such earlier or
later day as the engineer, in exercise of the power hereby
given to him, shall fix, the contractor shall on each
Saturday after such day, until the completion of the
work to the satisfaction of the engineer, pay to the company, as liquidated damages for the delay only, the sum
of 101. in respect of each week or fraction of a week of
such delay, and shall also pay to the company, as additional special damages, the amount of such compensation, allowance, or damages (if any) as, by virtue of
any existing or future agreement or arrangement with
any person or persons being a contractor for any work
connected with the subject matter of this contract, or
otherwise interested in the timely completion of this
contract, the company shall pay to such person or
persons, and also the amount of any expenses to be incurred by the company in completing the works or
otherwise by reason of the contractor's default, and all
or any part of such respective damages may be deducted from  any moneys payable to the contractor
under this contract.
9. If the contractor is delayed by the non-performance of any work not included in this contract, and for
which the contractor is not responsible, the engineer




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  281
may allow the contractor such further time as he shall
think reasonable.
10. All materials and work brought upon the company's land, and all materials and work' elsewhere from
the time of the appropriation thereof to the purposes of
this contract, shall be the absolute property. of the company, and any such materials and work shall be marked
as belonging to the company at the engineer's request.
But all materials and work which shall not finally form
part of the completed works hereby contracted for shall,
after the full performance of this contract in every respect by the contractor (including the payment of any
damages and moneys payable by him), be returned to
the contractor for his own use, and, in the mean time,
shall be at his sole risk.
11. All machinery, tools, and things brought by the
contractor on the company's land shall be considered
to have been thereby mortgaged or pledged to the company as a security for all damages and moneys payable
by the contractor under this contract, and may be sold
by the company in satisfaction thereof, and shall not be
removed without the company's consent, but shall be in
all respects at the sole risk of.the contractor.
12. All losses, failures, accidents, and damages, of
whatever kind and from whatever cause, which shall at
any time or times during the performance of this contract, or before the expiration of the period of trial and
maintenance provided for by.the specification, happen to
the work, or any materials, tools, or work provided or
done by the contractor, or to any person or persons
whomsoever, or any property whatsoever, shall, as
between the company and the contractor, be wholly
borne and made good by the contractor, who shall indemnify the company against the same; and no loss,
failure, accident, or damage shall entitle the contractor




282     SPECIFICATIONS FOR EINGINEEING WORKS.
to any extension of time, unless the engineer shall expressly allow the same.
13. If by reason of the slow progress of the work, or
of the contractor's bankruptcy or insolvency, or of any
arrangement between the contractor and any of his
creditors, or any execution against the contractor or any
of his goods or estate, or for any other reason to be
stated by the engineer, the engineer shall certify that in
his opinion the contractor is unable to perform his contract in due time, or if the contract is not performed in
due time, the company may then, or at any time thereafter, take all or any part of the work out of the contractor's hands, and cause the same to be completed by
any other person or persons, and for that purpose may
use all or any of the drawings, patterns, materials, and
finished or unfinished work provided or done by the
contractor for the purposes of the contract, and all or
any of the machinery and tools provided by the contractor, and being on the company's land, without paying for the use thereof, or any loss thereof or injury
thereto, and may employ any of the contractor's servants or workpeople, and all the expenses incurred by
the company in completing the work, or otherwise occasioned by the contractor's default, with interest thereon
at 51. per cent., shall be paid by the contractor, and may
be deducted from any moneys payable to him under this
contract, and the said weekly sum of 101., for liquidated
damages for the delay only, shall be continued to be paid
by the contractor until the completion of the works, or
as to the work or the part of the work which shall have
been taken out of the contractor's hands, until the expiration of the period within which the company might
reasonably be expected to procure the same to be completed, such period to be certified by the engineer.
14. The contractor hereby absolutely assign's and




SPECIFICATIONS: FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  283
agrees further to assign to the company all the drawings, patterns, materials, work, machinery, tools, and
things hereby agreed to become the property of, or to be
mortgaged or pledged to the company, and hereby irrevocably authorises the engineer, as the attorney and in
the name of the contractor, from time to time, by deed,
writing, or orally, or by manual delivery, or sign, or
otherwise, further to assign and deliver over to the company all or any of such drawings, patterns, materials,
work, machinery, tools, and- things as aforesaid; and
the contractor further irrevocably licenses and empowers
the company, by any agent or servant, to take possession of all or any of the said drawings, patterns,
materials, work, machinery, tools, and things, and convert the same to the use of the company, according to
the intent of this contract, and for that purpose to enter
into or upon any building or land where the same respectively may be.
15. The price to be paid by the company to the contractor in full satisfaction of all demands on account of
or in relation to this contract is 7201., subject to such
diminution or increase and such deductions as are provided for by this contract.
16. The said sum of 7201., or in case of any alteration
in the contract such other sum as the engineer shall for
the time being certify to be the contract price, shall be
paid by two instalments, the first instalment to be one
half of the said original or varied contract price, and to
be paid when the engineer shall certify that the contractor has proceeded with due diligence, and has delivered on the company's land the engine, boiler; and
pumps mentioned in the specification, and the remainder
of the contract price shall be paid when the works shall
have been completed and maintained for the space of
three calendar months to the satisfaction of the en



284     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
gineer, to be certified by him. But such payments shall
be subject to any deductions provided for by the contract, and no payment shall be made except upon the
certificate of the engineer.
17. All disputes and differences between the contractor and any other person or persons employed for
any purpose on the company's land, whether by the
company or by the contractor, or by any other person,
and all disputes and differences between the company
and the contractor in any manner relating to this contract (including disputes and differences as to the construction or application of this contract), shall be finally
determined by the engineer, and this agreement for the
submission of disputes and differences between the company and the contractor shall be made a rule of the
Court of Queen's Bench at Westminster.
18. The contractor shall not without the consent of
the engineer make any sub-contract for the execution of
the work, or any part thereof, or assign or let this contract, or any part thereof.
The Specification above referred to.
1. The works comprised in this contract, and referred
to in this specification, are the materials and manufacture of one 10-horse power double-acting steam engine*
and pumps, with boiler, air vessel, and other apparatus,
and the delivery, fixing, and setting to work the same
on the company's premises, upon their       estate,
near, in the county of
2. The contract is to include the whole of the me.
chanical materials, labour, and carriage, as well as the
use, wear and tear of all tools, implements, and other
matters and things necessary for the due and proper
completion, trial, and maintenance of the works, ac* Plate 14.












SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  285
cording to the conditions and. stipulations hereinafter
contained.
3. The following works are included in the contract,
viz.:
4. One steam engine, complete.
5. One boiler, with fittings, comprising damper, frame,
pulleys, chains, &c.
6. The pipes and connexions for warming and conveying the feed water to the boiler.
7. One double-acting pump, with plunger, and two
single-acting pumps, with buckets and valves complete.
8. One air vessel of the size hereinafter specified.
9. The steam pipes and the exhaust pipes, as far as 10
feet beyond the engine house.
10. The suction and delivery pipes, to about 6 feet
beyond the check valve at the engine house.
11. A check valve between the pump and the air
vessel, with box and cover, together with all needful and
proper apparatus, attachments, and connexions, including the cast-iron girders for supporting the engine
and pumps and the engine-room floor.   A manhole
plate and rabeted frame for floor of pump room, to give
access to pumps, &c., all holding-down bolts and plates
for fixing the engine girders, pumps, and air vessel. All
plates, bolts, and other ironwork required to support
and secure the boiler, and all other ironwork whatsoever appertaining to the engine, boiler, and pumps.
12. One set of spanners complete.
13. One set of stoker's tools complete.
14. The engine is intended to pump water from a
well sunk into the chalk upon the          estate,
and to deliver it into a reservoir at a distance of 820
yards or thereabouts, through a 6-inch diameter castiron pipe.
15. The ordinary level of the water in the well, when




286      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
not acted upon by pumping, will be about 150 feet
below the surface of the ground, or about 300 feet below
the high water line of the reservoir.
16. The power of the engine is to be such that it will
raise 7000 gallons per hour into the reservoir in regular
work.
17. In the arrangement of the engine provision is to
be made for fixing another engine of equal or greater
power, to work conjointly therewith when required.
18. The engine, boiler, pumps, and appurtenances are
to be constructed and completed in accordance with this
specification, which is intended to describe generally
their qualities, dimensions, provisions, and duties, and
it is to be understood that the contractor may use, subject to the approval of the engineer, any models he may
have in his possession applicable to the work, but he is
to arrange and be responsible for the proper strength,
dimensions, and proportions of all the parts and details
of the said engine, boilers, pumps, and appurtenances.
19. The contractor will be required to furnish to the
engineer, on or before the twenty-fifth day of March,
working drawings of the engine, boiler, pumps,
and appurtenances, showing by figured dimensions the
positions of all the girders, holding-down bolts, floor
plates, and other parts in immediate connexion with the
buildings, in order that the drawings for the brickwork
and masonry of the boiler and engine houses may be
properly prepared, and the buildings adapted to receive
the machinery.
20. The engine, boiler, pumps, and appurtenances are
to be first-class work, of the strongest and most substantial description and improved construction. The
materials and workmanship are to be of the best
qualities of their respective kinds, and no hot blast
iron whatever is to be made use of in any part of the
works.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  287
21. The engine is to be finished in the manner usually
called bright work, that is, the whole of the wrought
iron, steel, gun metal, and brasswork in sight is to be
finished dead bright, as are likewise the covers of the
cylinders, valve bonnets, shafts, connecting links, boiler
fittings, and other parts, as may be directed, and it
must be expressly understood that none of the working
parts of the engine or pump are to be of cast iron, except with the express approval of the company's engineer, signified in writing.
22. The engine is to be a horizontal, double-acting,
high-pressure, non-condensing engine, having the piston
rod jointed to the connecting rod communicating with
the crank shaft, which carries the fly wheel, and which
is to drive the pumping crank shaft by means of a wheel
and pinion.
23. Every part of the engine is to be strong enough
to work with, and sustain a pressure of steam in the
cylinder of 60 lb. to the square inch with perfect steadiness.
24. All the principal bearings are to be lined with
brass. The side blocks to be of cast iron of proper
quality.
25. The steam cylinder is to be 12 inches diameter,
and of sufficient length to allow 2 feet 3 inches stroke
to the piston, and to have a packed stuffing box and
brass gland in both the top and bottom covers.
26. The stuffing box is to have proper means of applying oil, with a neat brass oil cup and cover.
27. The cylinder cover is to be provided with a highpressure grease cock, so made that the grease can be
readily introduced into the cylinder when the engine is
at work.
28. All the steam and water joints are to be planed
to a true and even surface, and put together metal and
metal.




288      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
29. The piston is to have a metallic spring packing
of the best and most approved description, and the
piston rod is to be of best steel, 1- inches diameter, or
of faggoted Low Moor iron, to the satisfaction of the
company's engineer.
30. The slide valve is to be adjusted to work the
steam expansively, by cutting it off at two-thirds of the
stroke from the beginning.
31. The cylinder and-valve casings are to be clothed
with treble feltings, and afterwards neatly cased with
corrugated iron, to prevent the escape or radiation of
heat, and the steam pipes are to be covered with felt
and canvas, neatly painted.
32. The bed plate is to be cast in one piece, and of
sufficient strength for the full power of the engine.
33. The crank shafts are to be of wrought iron, and
fitted to carry a sheave for driving machinery outside
the engine house; the gudgeons to be properly turned
to work in, one bearing on the engine framing and the
others on a proper plummer block, which, with all necessary holding-down bolts, are to be provided.
34. The fly wheel is to be 101 feet outside diameter,
having a rim of proper weight and oval arms of proportionate strength.
35. The wheel and arms are to be cast in halves, well
fitted and fastened together, so that no joining shall be
seen; one side of the fly wheel rim is to be cored out so
as to balance the weight on the crank pin.
36. In addition to the usual throttlevalve, the engine
is to have a regulator valve, with handle, rods, standard,
and brass index pointer and plate to regulate or shut off
the steam from the cylinder at a convenient part of the
nozzle, and so arranged that the condensed water may
be passed off through a tube and cock placed before the
valve.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  289
37. All the working parts and joints of the engine
where grease is required must be provided with selffeeding brass oil cups and covers, and receivers are to
be placed where necessary with proper tubes to collect
and convey away the waste oil, so as to prevent the
engine house being soiled with drippings from the bearings.
38. The whole of the steam, feed, sludge, and other
pipes are to be provided, jointed, and fixed of sufficient
sizes for their respective purposes, and furnished withall proper connexions, expansion joints, stop cocks,
bends, and other necessaries, and the feed pipes are to
be fitted with check valves and a safety valve.
39. Brass cocks and copper pipes are to be provided
and fixed for discharging the condensed water from-the
cylinder bottoms; the valve casings and the steam
passages and the cocks are to be made easily accessible,
and capable of being opened from the engine-room
floor.
40. The two single pumps are to have working barrels.
of 63 inches diameter and a stroke of 2 feet, with a suction valve of not less than 8~ inches outside diameter.
The double-acting pump is to have a working barrel of
not less than 8 inches diameter, with a stroke equal to
take all the water lifted by the two pumps in well, with
valve and plunger and suction valve to correspond; all
the pump buckets to have leather packings.
41. The pumps are to be provided with buckets and
section valves of the most improved ring construction,
made entirely of the best gun metal, working in brass or
tin beats.
42. A tank of cast iron of sufficient strength and
properly fitted together, capable of containing 600 gallons of water, together with all necessary bearing girders,
bolts, and fastenings, pipes, and stop cocks connected
U




290     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
therewith, is to be provided and fixed in the proper
position to receive the water from the two single-acting
pumps, and to supply the double-acting pump with
water.
43. The delivery pipes are to be 6 inches diameter,
and the suction pipes 6 inches diameter.
44. The air vessel is to be of twenty times the capacity of the working barrel of the pump, and it is to have
a duplicate flanged outlet for connecting a second pump,
and a 6-inch stop-back valve is to be provided and fixed
in the pipes between the pump and the air vessel, and a
blank flange bolted on to the duplicate outlet.
45. A pipe and screw cock, 2 inches in diameter, are
to be provided and fixed to relieve the pump in starting, and a similar pipe and cock, 11 inch diameter
wrought iron, to feed the boilers from the main in case
of accident to the feed pumps.
46. All the pipes are to be arranged according to the
engineer's directions, so as to be as little in sight as possible, and so that the feed cocks can be opened or shut
in the engine room or boiler house.
47. The strength of all the working and other parts
is to be such that the pumps and appurtenances may
work perfectly steady and water tight under the pressure of a column of water equal to 300 feet altitude.
48. The boiler is to be cylindrical, of the most approved manufacture, to be 23 feet long, 5 feet external
diameter, with an internal flue 2 feet 9 inches in diameter, so placed as to leave a space of 6 inches between
it and the boiler bottom.
49. The side plates are to be --- inch, and the end
plates I inch in thickness.
50. The flue plates and all the angle irons are to be
of Low Moor iron, and all the other plates of the best
B. B. H. Staffordshire plates; the joints are to be all




SPECIFICATIONS FOR. ENGINEERING WORKS.  291
well caulked on both sides, and the boiler proved to be
perfectly tight under an hydraulic pressure of 120 lb.
per square inch.
51. The boiler is to have a cast-iron furnace front
and door, cast-iron back bridge and furnace bars,
damper, and frame, and cast-iron circular manhole,
frame, and cover. The boiler is also to have safety
valves with graduated levers to show a pressure of 60 lb.
per square inch, one glass water gauge with brass mountings of the best construction, and one brass gauge cock.
52. Blow-off pipes, 3 inches diameter, are to be fixed
to the boiler to communicate with the sludge tank, provided with 3-inch screw cocks with brass spindles and
faces.
53. A good steam gauge capable of indicating 60 lb.
pressure per square inch is to be provided with pipes
and cocks to connect it with the boiler.
54. The 2-inch wrought steam pipes are to have an
expansion joint, and so arranged that a duplicate engine
may be attached and worked from the boiler, and for
this purpose a screw steam valve 2 inches diameter, with
seat, is to be provided and fixed at the junction of the
steam pipe with the boiler for shutting off the steam.
55. The boiler fittings are all to be finished and fixed
in a workmanlike and substantial manner, and arranged
so that the boiler and its connexions with the engine
may be complete in every respect.
56. The whole of the rough work included in this
specification is to have one coat of oil paint before
delivery, and after being fixed is to receive two coats of
oil paint, the whole finished in such manner as the
engineer may direct.
57. The whole of the work herein specified, as regards
the general design, the quality of the materials, and the
mode of execution, is to be performed and completed in
u 2




292     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
the most approved workmanlike and substantial manner
to the entire satisfaction of the company's engineer.
58. The contractor is to employ at his own expense a
competent foreman, constantly on the work, to insure
efficient control and superintendence, and no person is
to be employed or allowed to remain on the work who
shall be objectionable to the company's engineer, or the
superintendent acting under him.
59. The contractor, when the engine, pumps, boiler,
and all the machinery, pipes, and fittings shall have been
completed, shall work the engine and pumps during ten
consecutive days (Sundays excepted), raising water from
the well into the reservoir at the rate of 120 gallons per
minute or otherwise, as the company's engineer may
direct, and the engine, pumps, and boiler shall not be
considered to be completed until they shall have been
worked for the time above specified to his satisfaction.
60. The contractor will be required to guarantee the
engine and works for one year after the completion of
the contract, and if at any time during the progress of
the works, or within the said period, any imperfections
or insufficient workmanship shall appear, the contractor
is forthwith to make good the same at his own expense,
the true intent and meaning of this specification being,
that the whole of the works are to be delivered up to the
company properly and completely finished, and perfect
in all their parts, and in conformity in every respect
with the contract.
61. The engine, boiler, pump, and machinery are to
be complete and set to work by the contractor within
five calendar months after the date of the order to commence, or within eight weeks after the completion of the
engine and boiler houses and the well, whichever period
shall be the latest, under a forfeiture of 101. per week, to
be paid to or retained by the company (as liquidated




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  293
and ascertained damages, and not by way of penalty)
for each and every week which shall elapse from and
after the expiration of the period above named until
the completion of the contract.
62. The works are not to be deemed finished or completed until they shall have been certified to be so in
writing by the company's engineer.
63. If at any time during the progress or after the
completion of the works any dispute or difference should
arise between the company and the contractor as to the
manner of executing the works, the quality of the
materials, or as to any matter of charge or account, or
as to any other matter or thing connected with the contract, they are to be referred to and finally settled by
the engineer, whose decision is to be final and binding
on both parties.
64. The engineer may delay the progress of the works
if any circumstances should render it necessary, and may
grant such extension of the time for the completion of
the contract as he may think proper.
VII.-Articles of Agreement, indented, made, concluded,
and agreed upon the second day of October, in the
year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-seven, between, of
Lodge, in the County of, Civil
Engineer and Contractor, of the one part, and the
Conpany of Proprietors of the
and                 Junction Canal of the other
part.
Whereas the said             hath contracted and
agreed with the said company of proprietors to corn



294      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
plete and finish, in a good and substantial and workmanlike manner, to the satisfaction of the engineer for
the time being of the said company of proprietors, and
agreeably to the longitudinal section made thereof and
the centre line as now set out upon the ground, and
according to the working drawings made for the sundry
necessary works, the making, forming, and digging the
intended               and                Junction
Canal and the tunnel connected therewith, commencing
at or from the canal belonging to the company of proprietors of the           Canal, near a certain street
in, aforesaid, called         street,
and terminating by a junction with the river
at the graving yard of the company of proprietors of
the             and           -navigation; and also
the making, covering, and fencing the towing paths,
erecting the waste weirs and stop sills, making, stoning,
and fencing toads or streets, erecting and building the
bridges and culverts, and making all other the works
hereinafter mentioned upon the terms and conditions
hereinafter stated. Now these presents witness that for
and in consideration of the sum of forty-four thousand
five hundred and fifty-five pounds nine shillings and
twopence, hereinafter covenanted to be paid to the said,his executors, administrators, or assigns, by the said company of proprietors (parties
hereto), he, the said, for himself, his
heirs, executors, and administrators, doth covenant,
promise, undertake, and agree with and to the said
company of proprietors (parties hereto), their successors,
and assigns, by these presents in manner following;
that is to say, that he, the said, his executors, administrators, workmen, and assigns, some or
one of them, shall and will, on or before the thirty-first
day of December, one thousand eight hundred and




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  295
thirty-eight, complete, finish, and execute, in a good,
substantial, and workmanlike manner, and to the satisfaction of the engineer or agent for the time being of
the said company of proprietors (parties hereto), the
making, forming, and digging the said canal hereinbefore described, agreeably to the longitudinal section
hereunto annexed, signed by, the engineer of the said company, and the said 
and agreeably also to the: centre line of the said canal,
as now set out upon the ground, and to the specification
and stipulations herein contained, and shall and will
before the said time and in like manner, and by and
under the like direction, complete, finish, and execute
the making, covering, and fencing the towing paths,
erecting the waste weirs and stop sills, making, diverting, stoning, and fencing the roads or streets, erecting
and building the bridges, locks, and culverts, and making
all other works necessary and proper to be made, executed, completed, and finished for the convenient using
and navigating, or in respect of the said canal agreeably
to and in or of the number and situation, and of the
same form, size, and dimensions as are set down, specified, and described with reference thereto respectively
in these presents, and in the thirteen plans, sections,
and drawings made thereof respectively, and also signed
by the said              and the said 
and hereunto annexed, and that the said canal and
other works shall be so made, completed, finished, and
executed in the manner hereinafter in that behalf particularly mentioned. That is to sayThat the canal shall be 6 feet deep from the topwater level to the top of the sills, and the sides to be
walled throughout in the manner described hereinafter.
That a towing path shall be formed along the north
side of the canal 2 yards wide, to have a coat of hard




296     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
stone 6 inches thick, broken so as to pass through a
2-inch ring.
That this stone shall have a covering of cinders or
fine gravel 3 inches thick, and fall 1 inch perpendicular
at 3 feet horizontal from the towing-path coping when
completed. That the lock sides shall have a space or
benching left of 4 yards wide from the coping on each
side, such space or benching to be level with, equal in
length, and parallel to the middle piers of the locks;
the sides to slope 1 foot perpendicular to 1 foot horizontal from the outside of such space or benching, and
the same in every other case not specified.
That all stone to be used for the purposes required in
the construction of the canal, except the wall stone for
backing             Bridge, which must be of Collyhurst stone, shall be procured either from Blackstone
Edge, the summit quarries near Littleborough, or from
the Cox Green quarries near Bolton, or be stone of
equally good quality, and approved of by the engineer.
That the string courses for             Bridge
shall be neatly tooled and wrought in the same manner
and of the dimensions figured on the plan, with a course
of stone under, neatly tooled, of the same depth and
wrought to the same mould as'the face of the casting,
and to be a continuation of the same.
That the string courses for the entrances into the
tunnel shall not be less than 2 feet 6 inches in length,
2 feet 2 inches in bed, 9 inches thick, and project
3 inches over the face of the brickwork; to be neatly
tooled with square end joints, and to be splayed off on
the upper edge 1 inch, and throated on the under
edge.
That the string course for          Bridge shall
be the same, only to'be 1 foot in thickness.
That the battlements for all the bridges and entrances




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  297
into the tunnel shall be 1 foot thick, 3 feet and upwards
long, to be neatly tooled on both sides, and shall not
consist of more than three courses in height.
That the pilasters for all the bridges and entrances
into the tunnel shall project 9 inches below the string
course, and 41 inches on the battlements, the string
courses and battlement copings to be 9 inches and 42
inches extra widths, to suit such projections respectively.
That                Bridge shall be built according
to the plan and drawings, except the foundations to top
water level, which shall be of bricks; the spandrel and
wing walls, pilasters below the string course, shall be
vermiculated, same as the entrance to the 
to be truly bedded and jointed throughout with rustic
joints 2 inches deep. That the courses in the spandrel
and wing walls shall not be less than 16 inches in height,
nor any stone less than 2 feet long, and each stone to go
quite through the walls; the arch to be 2 feet thick, the
voussoirs, or arch stones, to be neatly tooled not less than
1 foot 3 inches broad and 2 feet long, wrought true in
the direction of the radius.
That the arch shall be a true semi-ellipsis, springing
1 foot above top water level, to be 12 feet high and
48 feet wide above the springing.
That this bridge shall be backed with good Collyhurst
wall stone, in the manner shown on the section, properly
coursed, and set flush with Ardwick lime mortar in the
direction of the radius, and to be filled in and abut
firmly against the solid rock or earth.
That the quoin heads for all the bridges (except
Bridge, which shall be wrought according to the plan) and the entrances into the tunnel shall
be below the springing of the arch, 3 feet long, 2 feet in
bed, and not less than 1 foot 4 inches in thickness,




298      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
neatly tooled and set header and stretcher with rustic
joints. That the quoins forming the arch for the same
shall be 2 feet 6 inches deep on the face, and shall be
alternatively 2 feet 6 inches and 3 feet 6 inches deep on
bed, wrought true to the radius, and tooled with rustic
joints, and no stone shall be less than 1 foot 2 inches in
thickness, and the thickest courses shall be laid at the
springers, and decrease towards the keystone.
That the springers for the bellmouthed entrance to
the tunnel shall be of stone, 2 feet in-bed, 1 foot 6 inches
thick, and not less than 2 feet 6 inches long, neatly
tooled, and wrought true from the decreasing to the increasing radius.
That a coping shall be laid on the top of the abutments of                  Bridge not less than 3 feet
6 inches long, 1 foot 6 inches thick, and 2 feet in bed,
neatly tooled for the casting to rest upon.
That the coping for the side walls of the canal, the
water wings and the towing path, and abutment of the
bridges and the stock lock, shall be 2 feet 6 inches in
bed, 2 feet 6 inches and upwards long, and 1 foot
6 inches thick, clean picked, with a chisel draft round
each joint and on the face. That the face shall be
rounded off 2 inches, and the rounded part shall project
2 inches over the face of the brickwork; the arris also
shall be rounded 3 inches each way, and the whole shall
be well bedded and jointed throughout.
That the coping for the locks shall be same, except as
to the bed, which shall be 3 feet, and that for the wall
parallel to and facing the river shall be the same as for
the locks.
That the coping for the breast walls above the towing
path or benching in the dockyard, and also the tunnel,
shall be in every respect the same as those already described, only to be 1 foot in thickness.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  299
That the hollow and square quoins for the locks shall
be set header and stretcher, the headers not less than
4 feet deep and 3 feet long on the face, the stretchers
not less than 4 feet broad and 4 feet long on the face,
and shall not be less than 2 feet thick, neatly tooled and
wrought true at the joints, and on every side prepared
for the reception of the gates, and each stone shall be
well grouted with Roman cement. That a course of
stone 1 foot 6 inches thick shall be laid transversely
under the threshold stones for the lower gates, in the
manner shown on the plan, to extend to the sill at the
end of the pitching for the counter arch, and abut against
the side wall of the recess; another course 1 foot 6 inches
in thickness shall extend from the end of the threshold
stones to the sill at the end of the counter arch, and shall
lay upon the last-mentioned course longitudinally, making
together a pitching of 3 feet thick, both courses to be
wrought true on every side, to be square, and set flush
with Ardwick lime mortar.
That the sills or threshold stones shall be neatly tooled,
wrought true in the direction of the radius, with the
beds perfectly level and notched for the mitre sills, and
the whole shall be set and grouted with Roman cement,
with the grain of the stone downwards, and the forebays
shall be built with stone backed with bricks.
That the courses of stone shall not be less than 2 feet
thick, alternately 3 feet and 4 feet in bed, and 4 feet and
upwards long, the joints wrought true to the back in the
direction of the radius, the face clean picked, with a
chisel draft round each joint on the face, and the arris
of the threshold stones rounded off 3 inches on the
upper edge, and the whole set flush and well grouted
with Ardwick lime mortar.
That the paddle wells at the lock heads, the connecting tunnels in the piers betwixt the double locks and




300     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
the paddle well for the middle bay of the double rise
lock, shall be built with stone of the dimensions figured
on the plan, the sides, tops, and bottoms shall be neatly
tooled and rebated together 3 inches deep, such sides,
tops, and bottoms not to be less than 1 foot 6 inches in
thickness, and those shown on the plan at the lock head
to be 2 feet, and to be set and grouted with Roman
cement, those at the paddle wells to be wrought to fit
the pipe ends at the entrance, and the masonry in every
instance to be notched to fit the cast-iron pipes.
That the rubbing courses of stone in the lock sides
under the coping, and the rubbing courses at low-water
level in the lock side, shall be each 1 foot 6 inches in
thickness, with square end joints, and not less than
2 feet 6 inches in length, and go quite through the
walls of the chamber.
That the two rubbing courses at low-water level shall
extend round the platform of the middle pier from
hollow quoin to hollow quoin below the bottom gates,
shall be rounded, and shall project 2 inches on the face
and go quite through the wall, and shall be neatly tooled
on the rounded part.
That the course of stone forming the foundation of
the side walls of the lock chambers shall be 1 foot
6 inches thick, 3 feet 6 inches in bed, and not less than
2 feet 6 inches long, levelled to the radius and wrought
to lay upon the counter arch, and shall have square end
joints.
That the stone sills at the end of the counter arch
extending across the lock shall be rounded to the same
radius as the counter arch, shall be 9 inches in thickness, and shall go 4 feet in depth, to be well jointed and
tooled, and the arris shall be rounded off 2 inches.
That the threshold stones for the lower gates at the
6-feet rise lock shall be same as the other locks, except




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  301
that there are to be double sills, as shown on the plan,
with the mitres set in opposite directions. That the
threshold stones shall abut against each other, forming
a recess for the lower gates and a recess for the flood
gates, with the two 1-foot 6-inch courses laid under and
abutting against the threshold stones, forming the 3-feet
pitching.
That the hollow and square quoins shall be the same
as for other locks.
That the masonry shall be notched for the cast-iron
grooves in every instance, and for the two 20-inch
paddles 9 inches deep, forming a recess for the paddles
to work in at the middle bay of the double-rise locks.
That the quoins of the platforms for the levers of the
lower gate shall be header and stretcher, 2 feet in bed
and 3 feet long, and not less than 1 foot 6 inches in
thickness, wrought to the radius and batter 3 feet, as
shown on the plan.
That the stone courses forming the angular startling
of the middle pier, at the entrance to the locks, shall be
alternately 2 feet 6 inches and 3 feet 6 inches in bed,
2 feet thick, and splayed off in the manner shown on the
plan, and battered to the radius.
That the edge coping for the two piers ascending the
towing path on pillars at        and
and the coping forming the parapets for the foot bridge,
shall be 9 inches thick, 2 feet 6 inches high, and tot
less than 3 feet long, shall be neatly tooled and rounded
semicircular on the upper edge, and joggled together at
each joint, such joggles to be 1 inch square, well rammed
with' stone scabblings, and pointed with cement. That
the edge or fence coping for the tunnel shall be clean
picked and close jointed throughout, shall be 1 yard
and upwards long, 6 inches thick, and 2 feet high, and
joggled together as before described.




302     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
That a stone shall be fitted into the corners at the
entrance to the            Tunnel on each side in
the manner shown on the plan, neatly tooled, and the
corners rounded.
That the locks, the side walls of the canal, the bridges,
piers, breast walls, and the whole of the brickwork, shall
be built with the very best hard-burnt bricks, set flush
in Ardwick lime mortar in English bond, neatly drawn
and pointed on the face; the lock sides to be grouted
every course, as well as the whole of the brickwork
under water.
That the whole of the work, both stone and brick,
shall be set flush with Ardwick lime mortar, except
where Roman cement is to be used; such mortar to be
made in the proportion of two of clean, sharp, river
sand to one of Ardwick lime, slacked.
That the lock gates shall be made of good, sound,
dark-coloured teak wood or best English oak, agreeably
to the plans and the dimensions figured thereon, and
shall be planked with good, sound, 2-inch dry red deal
planks, and the dimensions of the scantling to be as follows, namely:
The heels, 12 inches by 14 inches.
Breasts, 12 inches by 10 inches.
Bottom bar, 12 inches by 12 inches, and 10 inches by
10 inches at the breast end.
Other bars, 10 inches by 10 inches, and 10 inches by
8 inches at the breast end.
That the stop lock shall have paddles in both top and
bottom gates, and the muntins and truss bars shall be
8 inches square. The paddles shall be made of 2-inch
teak wood plank. The gate levels shall be made of good,
sound Dantzic timber of the dimensions figured on the
plan, and the heels, bars, and breasts each shall be connected together with wrought-iron T plates let flush in




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  303
with the gates, to be 3 inches wide by - of an inch
thick.
That the mitre sills shall be made of beech, English
oak, or teak wood 12 inches square, wedged down with
three land irons on each side the mitre 1 inch square,
and secured by two wedges in the manner used by the
and           Navigation Company.
That the screw bolts to be used for the iron T plates
shall be made of round iron bar 3 of an inch diameter.
That the drop sills at the end of the pitching, extending across the lock head above the recess of the upper
gates, shall be of red deal 9 inches thick, 1 foot 2 inches
deep, and shall have 3-feet hold of the walls at each end,
and be planked with 2-inch deal pile planks 3 feet deep.
That the connecting rod for drawing the paddles shall
be 1 inch square wrought bar. That the paddle gearing, or apparatus for drawing the paddles, the collars,
anchors, and pivots for the lock gates, shall be the same
as used by the        and         Navigation Company, and cast from their patterns. That the cast-iron
grooves for the paddles shall be 1 foot longer than twice
the length of the paddle, shall be 3 inches wide in the
groove and 2 inches deep, and 1 inch thick of metal.
That the lock gates shall have two coats of tar previous to their being hung, and the mitre sills shall have
a coat of blair or tar and horse dung betwixt the stone
and wood. That the canal shall be sheeted with deck
planks for the distance of 42 feet from the threshold
stones of the lower gates, the deck planks shall be nailed
to cross sills of red deal 9 inches square, not more than
13 feet asunder, and shall be firmly wedged down to the
rock with land irons and wedges, the ends to be let 1 foot
6 inches into the side walls of the canal and middle piers
of the locks. That two teak wood guards shall be screwed
to the forebay of each lock, to be 9 inches by 12 inches,




304      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
with a bar of wrought iron 2 inches by 3 inches bolted
to them, and to be let 1 foot 6 inches into the side walls
of the chamber, at each end the bolts to go through the
masonry of the forebay, and to be made of 1 inch
round iron bar, and screwed firmly to the forebay by
three such bolts in each guard.
That 2-inch air or blast pipes shall be set perpendicular from the paddle wells to the top of the coping
in all the locks. That the cast-iron pipes for the lock
heads shall be 2 feet diameter inside, and shall be perfect
castings made of cold blast iron, with good spigot and
faucet joints, and shall be truly bedded and built in with
the brickwork and masonry of the forebays. That the
2-feet 10-inch pipes in the middle bay of the double-rise
locks shall be the same, and both shall be 1 inch thick
of metal. That cast-iron grooves 6 inches deep and
6 inches wide, 1 inch thick of metal, shall be let into the
masonry at the stop lock below the bottom gates, in the
manner shown on the plan, for the purpose of putting
in drop planks.
That the locks shall be built with bricks, except such
parts as before described to be of stone, as shown on the
plan for the double-rise locks, this system to apply to all
the locks. That the forebays and tailbays and the
masonry shall be the same except as to height, and
there being no middle bay, and all shall be 6 feet from
the top water level to the top of the sills, and all the
locks shall be 81 feet from quoin to quoin. That the
first lock from the river shall be a single lock of 6 feet
rise, with double recess for the flood and bottom gates;
the height of the chamber walls above the centre of the
counter arch, or above the bottom sills, shall be 13 feet
6 inches. That the second lift double locks shall be
11 feet 9 inches, shall rise the height of the chamber
walls above the bottom sills 19 feet 3 inches, and the




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  305
two last lifts, two double-rise locks, shall rise 13 feet
6 inches each, together 27 feet, as shown in the plan and
sections.
That the masonry and brickwork for the stop lock
shall be according to the plan and sections, and in other
respects same as in the other locks.
That the walls of locks, where they are not in the
rock, shall be well pounded behind them 1 yard thick
with clay.
That the side walls of the canal shall be built with
bricks 2 feet 3 inches thick, and coped with stone in the
manner shown on the section. Those walls to extend
through all the ponds from             to the west
end of the tunnel, except the space occupied by the
locks, and from the east entrance to the double-rise locks,
and from the double-rise locks on the towing path side
to the pier ascending the towing path on pillars at the
end of, forming a towing path of 4 feet
wide under, and from the foot bridge
to the stop lock on both sides the canal, and from thence
on both sides of the canal to the junction with the
Canal.
That the wall opposite to the river and round the
wings to the square quoins of the flood gates shall be
built with stone clean picked, and the workmanship
shall be same as and equal to the walls of the new basin
in the old quay yard; to be 3 feet 9 inches at the bottom
and 3 feet at the top, and the courses shall not be less
than 1 foot 6 inches thick, and each stone shall go and
be truly jointed through the wall; no stone shall be less
than 2 feet 6 inches long, and the wings shall be neatly
rounded to a- 6-feet radius.
That this wall shall be 13 feet 6 inches high above
top water level of the river, 6 feet from the top water
level to the bottom of the river, and 1 foot 6 inches from
x




306      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
thence to the foundation, making together 21 feet from
the top of the coping to the foundation.
That a breast wall shall be built 6 feet high above the
coping of the 6-feet rise lock, of the dimensions shown on
the section, and shall extend on both sides of the lock
from                 to the steps at the bottom gates,
as shown on the plan, and from                 on
both sides the canal to the platform of the double-rise
lock, forming a space or towing path on each side the
lock 6 feet wide, and shall be coped with stone 1 foot
thick, as before described.
That the steps to be tooled shall be 6 feet by 9 inches,
by 6 inches each step, and each step shall be a single
stone.
That the tunnel entrances shall be built with brick,
and shall have stone dressings, as shown on the drawings.
The wing walls of the bridge shall be well pounded with
clay behind them, also the arches 9 inches thick where
they will admit of it.
That the bridge at      street shall be built 4 feet
7 inches askew, as shown on the plan, and the roadway
or ascent to the bridges, as well as all the streets, shall
be paved with the same kind of material, and flagged to
the same breadth, as they are now done with.
That the roadway betwixt the battlements at
Bridge shall be 16 yards clear measure at right angles
with the battlements.
That the roadway at      Bridge shall be 18 yards
betwixt the battlements, measured in the same manner,
and both paving and flagging shall be done in a workmanlike manner, to the satisfaction of the surveyors of
the highways for the town of, and all
paving shall be set in a layer of 9 inches of good strong
gravel.
The foot bridge shall be built with bricks, according




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  307
to the plan and the dimensions figured thereon; the
edge or battlement coping shall be of stone, as before
described, as well as the string courses, key'stone, and
springers shall be of stone neatly tooled, and the arch
shall be of bricks 1 foot 6 inches thick.
That the tunnel shall be built with good, hard, sound,
square brick throughout, and according to the plan and
sections; and the walls forming the sides and towing
path shall be 2 feet in thickness; the arch to be 1 foot
6 inches thick, and to be 20 feet from the soffit of the
arch to the bottom of the canal, 3-inch 20-foot deals to
act as rubbing pieces, to go the whole length of the
tunnel, to be securely bolted on the off side through the
side walls of the tunnel. That the edge and fence
coping shall be wrought as already described.
That the towing path shall be filled in betwixt the
coping and side walls of the tunnel with hard stone
1 foot thick, broken so as to pass through a.2-inch
ring.
That the said, his executors, adminis.
trators, or assigns, shall provide all hoards and lights
that may be required or ordered by the commissioners
of police for the town of, and in every respect comply with the clauses inserted in the act for the
protection of such commissioners, the surveyors of the
highways for the town of, and the
Company, and, in case of the falling in of any
earth or rock in the progress of driving the tunnel, the
said, his executors, administrators, or
assigns, shall repair the same immediately, and the
vacuity so caused shall be well rammed with rock or
earth, and he and they shall be responsible for all
damage done to the gas pipes, water pipes, sewers
soughs, or other property.
That the said, his executors, adminisx2




308     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
trators, or assigns, shall find all materials and workmanship, and also shall provide all centring, moulds, struts,
tackle, engines, barrows, planks, and every other requisite required to complete the said canal, tunnel, bridges,
platforms, &c.
That no materials or works brought on the site of the
said intended canal or tunnel, or in respect of which any
payment or advance shall at any time hereafter be made
to or on account of the said, his executors, administrators, or assigns, by or on behalf of the
said company, shall at any time thereafter be withdrawn
or removed from the premises, without the consent in
writing of the principal agent or engineer for the time
being of the said company.
That the roadway or hauling path, supported by
cast-iron pillars, shall be 3 feet wide, and consist of two
pine balks, 1 foot 6 inches in breadth each, and be properly squared and slabbed; the hand rails to be 4 inches
by 3 inches, to be 3 feet high on one side, and 2 feet
high on the other above the upper surface of the balk;
such hand rails to be planed and screwed to the T branch
of the wrought-iron newels, with two screw bolts at each
newel.
That the wrought-iron newels shall be opposite each
other, and shall be made of round iron 1 inch diameter,
to be bolted together by I-inch iron screw bolts at the
foot; such bolts to go through both balks and the
branch of each newel.
That the other branch shall be at right angles with
the last mentioned, and shall be let in even with, and
nailed' to the surface of the balk.
That the cast-iron pillars shall not be more than
20 feet from centre to centre, and shall be I inch thick
of metal, and shall be 6 inches diameter at the bottom
and 4 inches at the top, with a cast-iron top to fit both




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  309
the pillars, 1 inch thick, 2 feet 9 inches long, and 9 inches
wide.
That the roadway shall be ascended by two brick
piers at each end, namely, at      street and
street, the string course and coping of which shall be
dressed as already described.
That both drift ways shall be 4 feet by 3 feet 6 inches
diameter inside measure, and shall be arched and lined
one brick thick the whole length.
That the lower drift way shall be 3 feet below the
surface of the river, and the higher drift 3 feet below the
surface of the canal.
That the feeders shall be same as the drift way and
shall fall 6 inches from the engine shafts to the bottom
of the canal.
That the beams for the cast-iron bridge at
street shall be 23 feet long, and shall be perfect
cold blast castings, the plates and side castings the same;
the plates shall be 14 ifiches thick, laid perfectly close
and level, and the whole shall be executed agreeable to
the sections and plan.
That a waste weir shall be built at the 11-feet 9-inch
rise lock head, and the situation shall be fixed by the
company's engineer; to be bellmouthed 15 feet at the
broad end and 4 feet at the narrowest end, and 9 feet
long from the weir to the culvert, that the bottom shall
be pitched with bricks, and the side walls shall stand on
such pitching; the side walls shall be 14 inches thick, that
a 9-inch barrel arched culvert shall be built to receive the
water from the waste weir, the inside diameter to be
3 feet, and the whole to go with one regular descent
from the waste weir to the pool below, the length of the
culvert not to exceed 45 yards; that the sill for the
waste weir shall be of stone, of the same dimensions as
the edge or fence coping for the foot bridge, and rounded




310      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
semicircular on the top, and shall fall 6 inches on to the
brick pitching, to be neatly tooled and set, and built in
with the brickwork with Roman cement.
That a waste weir shall be built also at the 6-feet rise
lock head in the manner already described, and shall
descend to the drift way by a 3-feet barrel arched culvert,
such culvert not to exceed 60 feet in length.
And for the considerations hereinbefore mentioned,
the said, for himself, his heirs, executors,
and administrators, doth further covenant, promise,
undertake, and agree with and to the said company of
proprietors (parties hereto), their successors, and assigns
by these presents in manner following; that is to say:
That he, the said, his executors, administrators, workmen, and assigns, shall and will execute the
diversion of all roads, whether temporary or permanent,
in such manner as the same are now, or shall hereafter
be set out by the engineer for the time being of the said
company of proprietors. And also that he, the said
his executors, administrators, workmen, and assigns, shall and will at his and their own
costs and charges dig the necessary foundations, free the
works from water, procure water for puddling for the
locks, provide all stone, timber, bricks, lime, sand, iron,
and all other materials, scaffolding, machines and
utensils, and every other article and thing requisite to
perform the whole work in a substantial and workmanlike manner, according to the true intent and meaning
of these presents, and the plans, sections, and drawings
before mentioned, and shall and will complete the whole
to the entire satisfaction of the engineer for the time
being of the said company of proprietors. And also shall
and will clear and cart away the spare earth which shall
arise in executing the works to the place of deposit
already'provided by the said company of proprietors, on




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  311
land belonging to the               Company on the
west side of the river, and south side of the
and             Railway, or to such other
place or places as the said, his
executors, administrators, or assigns, shall at his and
their own expense provide, and then dispose of the
same as he or they shall think fit. And also that the
said, his executors, administrators,
workmen, or assigns, shall and will make such temporary
fences to prevent trespasses, and deposit the materials
from time to time, to be provided by him or them for
the purposes of the said works, in such convenient situation or situations as shall be appointed by the engineer
of the said company of proprietors. And also that he,
the said, his executors, administrators,
and assigns, shall keep open and uninterrupted the roads
and approaches to the houses and other premises on or
near the line of the canal, and shall not nor will leave
open, untunnelled, uncovered, or unprotected, the canal
or works or any part thereof in any of the streets or
roads within the town of, nor permanently obstruct, prevent, or hinder the free and uninterrupted passage in, over, and along all or any part or
parts of such streets or roads, nor at any time obstruct,
prevent, or hinder the free and uninterrupted passage
of any part of the streets in             aforesaid,
called         street,        street,        street,
street, Lower         street, and
street, nor obstruct, prevent; or hinder the free and uninterrupted passage of one-half in width of the said lastmentioned streets respectively, or any of them, or any
part thereof respectively, for a larger period than three
calendar months, nor at any time break up or open, or
have broken up and opened, or otherwise disturbed,
unpaved, or'incomplete in any respect, more than




312      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
30 yards in length of any one of the streets in
aforesaid, called       street and
street, nor continue broken up or opened such portions
for a longer period than three calendar months, nor erect
build, make, or form the said canal and works, or any
part thereof, more than 1 foot nearer to the surface of
any of the said streets or roads within the town of
aforesaid, than is shown in the section
drawn upon the plan deposited with the clerk of the
peace for the county of             previously to the
passing of the act authorising the construction of the
said canal, nor alter the line or level of   street,
aforesaid. And also that he, the said, his
executors, administrators, and assigns, shall and will,
previously to the commencement of and during the progress of the work, from time to time, and at all times,
cause such proper and sufficient hoards, fences, stages,
and lights, to be erected, set up, and continued, in such
situations and for such time as the commissioners of
police for the town of             shall judge necessary for the protection or convenience of the public,
and as such commissioners shall order or direct, and
shall continue the same standing and in good condition
until, and shall remove the, same when required by such
commissioners.  And also that the bridge to be constructed under           street shall be so constructed
as not to raise or alter the present level or surface of
that street more than 18 inches in perpendicular height,
and the stone or brickwork forming the top of the arch
of such bridge, as well as of every other bridge (except
the iron bridge before mentioned) to be erected, shall
be at least 18 inches thick, and every such bridge (except as aforesaid) shall be constructed of brick or stone,
as may be required by the commissioners of police for
the town of           aforesaid, and the said bridge in




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  313
street shall be formed so as to leave a
clear road or way of 18 yards wide at the least between
the battlements, and such battlements shall be full
6 feet in height above the road, and shall be closed,
and shall extend 15 feet in length on each side of such
bridge from the line or face of each abutment. And
also that the footpaths over and across every bridge
shall be of the same width as the footpath immediately
adjoining or nearest to the same bridge, and such footpaths shall be well and sufficiently flagged, and the remaining width of every such bridge for the whole width
of the span of the arch and of the abutments shall be
well and sufficiently paved and completed. And also
that the ascent of every bridge which shall be made
over the canal or feeders, in the place of any other
bridge, shall not be more than 1 foot in 30 feet, and a
good and sufficient fence shall be made on each side of
every such bridge, which fence shall be not less than
6 feet above the surface of such bridge; but this is not
to authorise an increase of the ascent to the bridges in
street and           street, or any alteration in the bridge in         street, except as after
mentioned. And also that in raising and altering the
bridge already made in             street, the inside
measure of the road over the same shall not be less than
16 yards in width, and such bridge shall not be raised
more than 3 feet above tile present elevation, and the
inclination of the said street on the eastwardly side of
such bridge shall not be raised so as to be more than
- of an inch to the yard in any part, and a regular inclination shall be continued on the westwardly side of
such bridge from the centre of the arch thereof, and
from the top of such bridge to the junction of
street and         street, and that the present bridge
in         street shall not be raised in any way. And




314      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
also that in every case where it shall become requisite in
the making the said canal that the pipes of the company of proprietors of the           and
Waterworks, or their tenants, should be altered, raised,
removed, or relaid, the said, his executors,
administrators, or assigns, shall, previous to the making
of the canal, give to the said company of proprietors
(parties hereto) or their clerk, forty days' notice in
writing, so as to enable the said last-mentioned company of proprietors to give such notice as in such case
is required by the act authorising the construction of
the said canal. And also that if it shall become necessary to interfere with and disturb any of the gutters,
sinks, drains, sewers, watercourses, and pipes, within or
belonging to the town of, or any present
or future works of the            commissioners, surveyors, and directors, or any of them, then, and in
every such case, the said, his executors, administrators, or assigns, shall give to the said company
ample and sufficient notice thereof, in order that full
time and opportunity may be afforded to such company
to give such notice to the said commissioners, surveyors,
or directors as is in such case required by the said act.
And also that he, the said, his executors,
administrators, or assigns, shall not nor will, in the
execution of the works, do or commit more damage or
trespass to or upon any lands or grounds, or other property adjoining or near to the line of the said canal,
than shall be absolutely necessary; and in case he or
they shall do or commit any unnecessary and improper
damage or trespass, or shall do or commit or omit to
do, either by himself or themselves, or the person or
persons employed by him or them, any act, matter, or
thing not necessary or proper to be done or omitted in
the execution of the works hereby contracted for ac



SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  315
cording to the true intent and meaning of these presents,
and the plans, sections, and drawings before mentioned,
whereby or in consequence whereof any fine or penalty
shall be incurred by the said company under or by
virtue of the said act or otherwise, then, and in every
such case that he, the said, his executors, administrators, and assigns, shall and will make or pay
all such fines or penalties so incurred, and also a proper
and adequate compensation to the person or persons
whose lands or property shall be so unnecessarily and
improperly injured or trespassed upon, for or in respect
of such damage or trespass; and in case of non-payment
of such compensation, fines or penalties, or any part respectively on demand, then the same, or such part
thereof respectively as shall be so unpaid, may be paid
by the said company of proprietors, who shall and may
be entitled and allowed either to retain the amount so
paid (over and above the per-centage after mentioned),
out of the money payable by them to the said
his executors, administrators, or assigns, or
out of the same per-centage or otherwise; such amount
shall and may be recovered by the said company against
or from the said, his executors, administrators, or assigns, by action at law as liquidated
damages.  And also that he, the said 
his executors, administrators, and assigns, shall and will
give regular and constant personal attendance, or have
proper persons to superintend the different descriptions
of work, with whom the engineer for the time being of
the said company of proprietors and his assistants may
at all times communicate. And also that he, the said
his executors, administrators, and
assigns, shall and will uphold and keep in repair the
whole of the said works for the term of one year after
the completion thereof, and that if before the expiration




316      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
of one year from the time of such completion any repairs in the said works shall or may be considered by
the engineer for the time being of the said company of
proprietors necessary to be made, and the said,his executors, administrators, or assigns shall
not proceed with due diligence to make such repairs,
having had seven days' previous notice so to do, then,
and in any and every such case, it shall and may be
lawful to and for the said company of proprietors to
make such repairs in such manner as their engineer shall
think proper, and that he, the said, his
executors, administrators, and assigns, shall and will on
demand, pay the amount expended therein to the said
company of proprietors or otherwise; the said company
may reimburse themselves out of the per-centage hereinafter mentioned, or the interest thereof, or may recover
the amount by action at law as liquidated damages.
And also that the said, his executors,
administrators, workmen, and assigns, shall not make
any variation in the line of the said canal as now set out
and delineated on the said plans and sections before referred to without the consent in writing of the engineer
for the time being of the said company of proprietors.
And these presents further witness that in consideration
of the covenants and agreements hereinbefore contained,
and on the part of the said, his executors,
administrators, and assigns, to be observed and performed, the said company of proprietors do covenant
and agree with the said, his executors,
and administrators, by these presents in manner following; that is to say, that they, the said company of proprietors and their successors, shall and will forthwith
use their best endeavours to procure and deliver and
give to the said, his executors, administrators, or assigns, such possession of and access to all




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  317
and every the lands and premises required for construction of the works hereby contracted for, as may be necessary to enable him and them to proceed with the execution of such works, pursuant to and according to the
true intent and meaning of these presents, without delay
or impediment. And also that they, the said company
of proprietors and their successors, shall and will well
and truly pay, or cause to be paid, unto the said,his executors, or administrators, the
sum of forty-four thousand five hundred and fifty-five
pounds nine shillings and twopence of lawful English
money by such lunar monthly payments as the engineer
of the said company of proprietors shall by writing
under his hand certify to be proportionate to the advance
or progress of the works hereinbefore covenanted and
agreed to-be completed, and to the stone and other
materials actually wrought or prepared and ready for
use, and which shall from time to time have been provided by the said, and brought on to
the side of the said intended works or some part thereof
(subject, nevertheless, to the reduction or retention of
the per-centage or other moneys as hereinafter provided for). Provided always, nevertheless, and it is
hereby declared and agreed by and between the said
parties hereto, that for the purpose of securing the
execution of the said works according to the terms and
conditions of these presents, it shall and may be lawful
for the said company of proprietors, their successors,
and assigns, to retain the sum of five pounds per centum
upon the amount of all such moneys as shall from time
to time be certified by the engineer for the time being
to be due to the said, his executors, administrators, or assigns, for or in respect of the work to
be done by him or them, until the expiration of one
year from the time of the completion of the said works,




318      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
for which sums so retained, or for so much thereof as
shall from time to time remain in their hands, the said
company of proprietors shall pay and allow interest to
the said, his executors and administrators, after the rate of four pounds per centum per
annum (subject, nevertheless, to the stipulations and
agreements affecting the same herein contained), such
interest to be payable half-yearly. Provided also, and
it is hereby further declared and agreed by and between
the said parties hereto, that should it appear to the
engineer for the time being of the said company, at any
time before the work shall be completed, desirable to
make any variation in the line of the said canal, or any
alteration in the plans or designs of the said intended
works, or in the mode of executing the same according
to the terms of this agreement and the said sections,
plans, or designs, then and in every such case he, the
said, his executors, administrators, and
assigns shall and will adopt such variation or alteration,
and an allowance shall be made either for or against the
said,his executors, administrators, and
assigns, as the case may be, the amount of such allowance being governed and ascertained by a measurement
and estimate grounded on the rates, prices, terms, and
tdmeasurements mentioned and specified in the schedule
hereunder written. And it is hereby further declared
and agreed that such variation or alteration shall not
vitiate or open the covenants and agreements in these
presents contained further than as regards such part or
parts thereof as is or are particularly applicable thereto
or affected thereby, and that only so far as is necessary
for carrying such variation or alteration into effect, and
that after such variation or alteration, and when the
allowance in respect thereof for or against the said,his executors, administrators, and




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  319
assigns, shall be fixed, he and they shall be responsible
for the due execution of the work according to the
altered plan, and for the maintaining the same for the.space of one year from the completion thereof, in like
manner as if such variation or alteration had formed
part of the original agreement. Provided also, and it
is hereby further declared and agreed, that if in the
execution of the said works or any part thereof it shall
be found necessary or deemed expedient by the said
company of proprietors or their successors, that the
said, his executors, administrators, or
assigns should puddle the bottom or sides of the said
canal (except the locks thereof) or tunnel, or should
underpin any erections or buildings under or near which
the same shall be made, or should alter, raise, remove,
or relay any of the pipes of the company of proprietors
of the             and               Waterworks, or
should divert, alter, or vary, or interfere with or disturb
any of the gutters, sinks, drains, sewers, watercourses,
or pipes within and belonging to the town of
or any present or future works of the
commissioners, surveyors, and directors, or any of them,
or that he or they should do or execute any other work
not specified or shown in or by these presents, or upon
the said plans, sections, and drawings, and which shall
be in addition to the works therein provided for, then
and in every such case the same shall respectively be
paid for to the said, his executors, administrators, or assigns, according to the schedule of
prices hereunto annexed, over and besides the said sum
of forty-four thousand five hundred and fifty-five pounds
nine shillings and twopence. And it is hereby further
declared and agreed that the said,his
executors, administrators, and assigns shall satisfy himself and themselves as to the accuracy of the lengths and




320      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
heights of the longitudinal and cross sections, and shall
also acquaint himself and themselves with the terms
and restrictions imposed by the before-mentioned act,
and conform thereto in all respects.  Provided always,
and it is hereby further declared and agreed, that in
case default shall be made in completing the said works
in a workmanlike manner, and according to the terms
and conditions, within the time herein specified, then and
in such case the said, his executors, administrators, or assigns, shall forfeit and pay to the said
company or their successors for each and every day
which shall elapse after the time specified for the completion of the said works, until the same shall be finally
completed as aforesaid, the sum of fifty pounds as a
fixed and stipulated amount of damages in respect of
such default, without being liable to be reduced in case
the same exceed the amount of damages occasioned by
such default, or in case no such damages be sustained,
subject only to such deductions as may be made therefrom under the stipulations hereinafter contained, in the
event of such default arising by reason of the said
his executors, administrators, or assigns
being unable hereafter to obtain possession of the land
and premises necessary for the execution of the said
work; and in case the said,his executors,
or administrators shall neglect or refuse to pay such
forfeiture to the said company or their successors on demand, they, the said company or their successors, shall
and may retain or deduct the same out of the percentage so to be retained by them as aforesaid, or may
recover the same, or such part thereof as shall not have
been so paid or retained as aforesaid, by action at law as
liquidated damages. And it is hereby further declared
and agreed, that in case the said works hereby contracted
for shall be completed in a workmanlike manner, and




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  321
according to the terms and conditions herein contained,
or if the said company of proprietors shall navigate the
whole line of the said canal and tunnel before the time
specified for the completion thereof, then and in either
of such cases the said company or their successors shall
pay (as a bonus) to the said, his executors, administrators, or assigns, the sum of twenty
pounds for each and every day which shall elapse after
the completion of the said works before the time herein
specified for that purpose. And lastly, it is hereby declared and agreed that if any dispute or question shall
arise between the said company or their successors, and
the said, his executors, administrators,
or assigns (except such as are hereby authorised to be
decided by the engineer), before the commencement or
during the continuance of the said works, or within two
years after the completion thereof, either on the construction.of these presents, or any work, matter, or thing
to be done in pursuance thereof, or respecting the mode
of doing the same or otherwise in relation thereto, or in
case any claim shall be made by the said
his executors, administrators, or assigns, for compensation or reduction of penalty in consequence of any delay
to which he or they may hereafter be subject in obtaining such necessary possession or access to the lands or
grounds forming the site of the said canal or works,
then every such dispute, question, or claim, shall be referred to the arbitration of two indifferent persons, one
to be named by each party in dispute, or in case either
of the parties shall neglect or refuse to join in such
nomination, then both of the arbitrators shall be named
by the other party, and in case such referees cannot
agree upon an award, then such dispute or question shall
stand referred to the umpirage or arbitration of such
one person as the said two referees shall, before they
Y




822       SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
proceed in the reference by any writing tinder their
hands, appoint, and the award which shall be made by
the said two referees, or by their umpire, concerning the
premises, shall be conclusive, and this submission to
reference may be made a rule of any one of the courts
at Westminster on the application of either of the parties
in dispute.
In witness whereof the said                 hath hereunto set his hand and seal, and the said company of
proprietors of the             and              Junction
Canal have hereunto caused their common seal to be
affixed the day and year first before written.
The Schedule above referred to.
~ s. d.
Brickwork in the locks, per cubic yard..      1 0 0
Ditto in the tunnel,,...  1 20
Ditto in the side walls of the canal, per cubic yard. 0 18 0
Ditto in fence walls from one to two bricks thick, per cubic
yard...........  0 18  0
Ditto in breast or other walls that may be required to support the banks, per cubic yard....      0 18 0
Driving the driftway and feeders, according to section, with
9-inch rings, per lineal yard..... 3 0 0
Coping for the side walls of the canal, per cubic foot..0 2  8
Edge coping to hauling way in the tunnel,,. 0 3 0
Masonry in the river wall..0 2 2
Coping for the locks and river wall.0 2    6
Ditto for breast and river walls as stated for the breast wall
in the dockyard and hauling path wall in the tunnel, per
cubic foot........ 0     0
Edge or fence coping for hauling path in the tunnel, per
cubic foot....    8 0
Masonry in the hollow quoins of the locks, per cubic foot * 0 3 0
Ditto in the sills, stone pitching in the tailbay, and threshold
stones, per cubic foot.....     0 2   6
Masonry in the forebays, per cubic foot..    0 2   6
Ditto in the paddle wells and connecting paddles, per cubic
foot..........  0  2  6
Ditto in the square quoins of the locks, per cibic foot.. 0 2 0
Ditto in the 1-foot 6-inch rubbing courses for locks, per
cubic foot                                      0 2 0
Ditto in the edge or fence coping for the piers to the timber
roadway and foot bridge, per cubic foot  *... 0 3 0




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.      323
Ditto in the battlement coping for the bridges and tunnel
entrances, per cubic foot..                   0 2   8
Ditto in the string courses for ditto, per cubic foot  0 2  8
Ditto in the wing and spandrel walls for  Bridge,
per cubic foot.. 0   2 2
Ditto in the arch for     Bridge, per cubic foot  0 2   0
Ditto in Collyhurst stone backing for  Bridge, per
cubic yard..0 18 0
Excavating rock in the tunnel, per cubic yard... 0 5 0
Ditto clay or other earth in tunnel,,..     0  5 0
Ditto foundations for breast or other walls, per cubic yard. 0 2  3
Extra excavating in any other part of the canal than the
tunnel, per cubic yard..                    0 2   3
Roadway on cast-iron pillars, including timber and all other
materials, per lineal yard....          0 4   3
Puddling, per cubic yard..                    0 *  0 6
Signed, sealed, and delivered (being first duly stamped)
by the before-named                      in the presence
of
VIII. —Specification of the Stonework required in the construction of a GAS-HOLDER PIT and RETAINING
WALL.
QUALITY OF STONE.
The whole of the stone to be the best Saddlesworth
stone, free from cracks, veins, or any defects, set in
every instance on its natural bed.
SPECIAL YARD FOR WORKING STONE.
The contractor to provide and find, at his own cost,
a suitable place to work the different stones; each block
must be brought on the spot worked out in every respect as per specification ready for building, and any
extra amount of carting, or other expenses whatsoever
incurred thereby, to be included in the price of the
stonework.
v 2




324     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
COLUMN STONES.
The column stones to be 7' 6" x 5' x 1' 10 thick;
the bottom beds to be boasted, the top and sides to be
neatly tooled, with the edges rounded off as per drawing; four holes to be drilled in each stone to receive
three bolts.
STONE CURB.
The curb stone to be 16 inches deep and 9 inches
thick, well bedded in lengths of not less than 4 feet; the
bottom bed to be boasted, the sides tooled with a tooled
semicircular top. The end joints to be boasted, and
dowel grooves to be cut in the ends of each stone to
receive dowels 4" x 1" x ", which must be provided by
the contractor.
STONE COPING.
The top of gas pit wall to have a stone coping 2 feet
4 inches broad and 6 inches thick, in lengths of not less
than 4 feet; the bottom beds and joints to be tooled,
the top beds and front to be neatly tooled; dowel
grooves to be cut in same to secure stone curb with
dowels 3  x 1" x 1 provided and let in by the contractor.
GUIDE ROD STONES.
The guide rod stones to be 2' x 2 x 1' 6" thick, placed
in the position shown on drawings; the beds and sides
to be boasted, and the faces tooled to the radius of the
tank; two bolt holes to be drilled in each stone to receive inch bolt.
FOOTSTEP STONES.
The footstep stones to guide rods to be 3' 6" x 2' x 1' 2"
thick, set in mortar on channel flags, as shown; the
top and bottom beds and sides to be worked to plain




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  325
surfaces; two holes to be drilled in each stone for
1-inch bat bolts.
REST STONES.
The rest stones to be 2' 9" x 1' 6" x 1' 2" thick, truly
bedded in the flags; the top and bottom beds and sides
to be worked to a plain surface; the top bed of all the
rest stones to be carefully worked to the same level as
the top of the footstep stones.
THE CHANNEL.
The channel round bottom of tank to have good
sound Haslinden or Rochdale flags, 7 feet 6 inches
broad and 6 inches thick, to be jointed with cement,
and the ends to be wrought to the thickness of two
courses of brickwork, so as truly to bed upon 9^ inches
of brickwork on each side of channel. The inner upper
face of each flag to be chamfered as shown in drawings.
SIDE STONES TO RECESS.
The recess for reception of inlet and outlet pipes to
have two side stones 10' x 1' x 9" thick, secured to top
and bottom flags with four iron cramps to each stone
4' x 1" x 1", provided and let in by the contractor.
MOUND STONES.
The centre of mound to have a stone 5' x 4' x 1' 6" thick,
also four stones 4x1 6x 1 6 6" thick, the whole truly
bedded and fixed as required; four holes to be drilled
in centre stone to receive bolts of column, the upper
surfaces to be bedded, and the four side stones to be
secured to centre one with eight dowels 8"xl "x ",
provided and let in by the contractor.
The mound to have on one side, where shown on
plan, a stone 5' x 5' x 1' 6" thick, truly bedded and




326      SPRCTICATIONS FOR ENGINEER!NG WORKS.
4xed a required; the top bed to be boasted, and two
holes to be drilled in same to receive bat holes to hold
tie rods connecting outlet and inlet pipes.
STONE STRING.
The retaining wall to have a stone string 1' 5" x 9"
thick, in lengths not less than 4 feet, grooved out on
each side to receive dowels 4" x 1' x ", provided and let
in by contractor. The top and bottom beds and sides
to be boasted, the face to be tooled, chamfered, andthroated as per drawing.
STONE COPING.
The top of retaining wall to have a stone coping
1' 6" x 6" thick, in lengths of not less than 4 feet, to be
tooled, chamfered, and throated as per drawing, cramped
at all the joints, and run with lead.
MORTAR AND CEMENT.
The mortar and cement for setting the stonework
will he found by the contractor.
PERIOD OF COMPLETION..
The stonework is to be delivered and set from time to
time as soon as the brickwork is ready to receive it, and
the contractor is to be prepared to commence setting
stones within six weeks from the date of his tender
being accepted; and in case of any delay to the works
arising from any default or neglect of the contractor i
being ready to proceed wth the etting of any portion
of the stqnewqrk when required to dp so, he is to forfeit
arqd pay to the campay, damages, and the company
may retain out of any sums arising due to the contractor
ten pounds per week for each and every week the work
shall be so delayed.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  327
IX.-Specification of WATER STATIONS and CRANES.
The standards and reservoirs to be 9 feet 6 inches
above the foot of the stand-pipe, the reservoirs to hold
10,000 gallons imperial, and to be cast 8 thick, and of
mixed best metal (not cold blast); to be flanged and
bolted inside with necessary wrought-iron bolts, to be
supplied with rivets sufficient for jointing, and each reservoir with thirty extra bolts of hard wrought-iron tie
rods to prevent any lateral thrust from the weight of
the water. The water cranes to be of the best construction, with water way inside of pipe 7 inches in diameter,
balanced on top of stand, and self acting. The valve qr
valve and seats to be of brass, fitted and formed to a
water-tight joint, to be finished with connexion pipe
and cover 18 feet from the nozzle of the crane, and the
nozzle or mouth of the crane to be swung clear 9 feet
6 inches above the top of the rails; each crane to be
furnished with a suitable nozzle pipe. The whole work
to be painted three coats white or lead colour, as preferred.
X.-Specification for BRIDGE over              and
Railway, on the Red Hill
belonging to the
CONDITIOTS.
The contractor is, to sign the drawings and specification, and to commence the work within one week after
the day on which his tender is accepted, and the whole
of the works are to be regularly carried on and entirely
completed within four months from the date of commencement, under a penalty of  l. per week for each




328     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
and every week during which the said works remain unfinished beyond that time.
The whole of the works executed under this contract
shall be upheld and maintained, by and at the sole cost
of the contractor, for a term of six months after their
entire completion has been certified by the engineer.
No charge for any alleged extra works will be allowed,
unless a written voucher sanctioning such work, and
signed by the engineer to the company, be produced by
the contractor.
PAYMENTS.
An instalment of an amount equal to 90 per cent. of
the value of the work executed, or as near as can be
ascertained by the engineer, will be paid to the contractor at the end of the second and each succeeding
month after the commencement of the work, provided
they shall have so progressed as before stipulated, but
not otherwise, and the final balance will be paid at the
expiration of six months after the certified completion
of the works.
Tenders are to be delivered at
by eleven o'clock in the forenoon, on or before the
day of, addressed
to, and endorsed, "
Bridge. Tender of Works."
No tender will be received which is not in the proper
form.
EARTHWORK AND EXCAVATION.
Excavate for the foundations to the depths and widths
shown upon the drawings, or to such additional depth
as may be required or directed.
All foundations to be level at the bottom, and any
ground loosened below the required level to be removed,
and the space made good with concrete. Level and well




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  329
ram down the earth after the bricks are laid, and finally
clean and cart away where directed all superfluous earth
and rubbish.
CONCRETE.
All concrete shall consist of good clean Thames gravel
or other ballast of equal quality, mixed with a small
quantity of clean sharp sand and fresh ground blue las
lime, in the proportion of four parts of gravel to one of
sand and one of lime. The ingredients to be mixed in
a dry state, and well beaten and worked together with a
small quantity of water until they are thoroughly incorporated, and in this state shall be thrown into the
foundations or other part of the work from a height of
at least 10 feet.
All concrete to be carried up level throughout the
space it is to occupy in courses not exceeding 12 inches
in thickness, and finally brought to a perfectly level or
smooth surface at the proper height or depth.
DRAINS.
The upper surface of abutments to be properly bevelled down to edge of drains shown on drawings as
9-inch half round glazed stoneware channel bedded in
cement to be laid with sufficient fall towards centre of
abutment, and to be connected with a vertical 6-inch
glazed stoneware pipe built into pier, to correspond in
every respect to drawing, and to be covered with loose
stones, so as to leave a free passage for water.
Provide arched openings of the size marked on drawing in each pier as termination to vertical drain pipes at
ground level.
BRICKLAYER.
The mortar to be composed of the best fresh-burnt
Glynde, Merstham, or Dorking lime, and, clean, sharp,




330      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
well-washed river sand, in the proportion of one of lime
to two of sand. The mortar must be used fresh, and
only a sufficient quantity mixed at one time for that
day's consumption.
Wherever cement is used it shall be the very best
Portland, mixed with an equal quantity of clean sharp
river sand, and in small quantities as required for use.
ASPHALTE.
As soon as the girders and plates are fixed on the
piers, and before the filling for the road has commenced,
they shall be coated with Broughton's asphalte - inch
thick, laid on in two coats, each -A inch thick, the whole
of the surface having been first thoroughly freed from
dust and all other extraneous matter, and great care
must be taken to make the connexions perfect between
the abutments and the ironwork.
After the asphalte has firmly set, the surface to be
covered over with brickbats, broken stones, &c., to a
depth of 6 inches, carefully laid on so as not to break the
coating, and the contractor will be responsible for making
and maintaining the same water tight until the completion of the contract.
The facework of the bridge to be built in picked grey
stock, from yards approved by the engineer, finished
with a neat clean trowel joint; no joint to exceed; of
an inch in thickness, the whole to be well flushed in
with mortar, and grouted with liquid mortar every
second course. The brickwork to be carried up uniformly
throughout, and to be built in the manner of old English
bond.
Cut all plinths and chamfers that may be required,
and build the pilasters over sailing courses, &c., in strict
accordance with the detail drawings.
Build in all stone and ironwork that may be required.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  831
STONEMASON.
The coping and caps to piers to be of Portland
stone, worked according to details which will be provided.
The imposts or bed stones to be of Bramley Fall or
other approved stone of equal quality. All stone used
to be of the very best quality, free from scales, vents, or
miarl holes, to be set and bedded in cement, with joints
worked perfectly true, and in all cases to be laid on its
natural bed.
IRONWORK.
This bridge is constructed of two wrought-iron main
girders 3 feet deep, and thirteen cross girders 18 inches
deep, and the whole surface covered with -— inch floor
plates. Where the joints of these floor plates occur, a
strip 6" x 3-" bar is introduced on top, and 6" x 3" x I" T
piece underneath for strengthening the same; at the
sides of floor plates next the main girders an L iron
31 x 3" x -" is riveted to ensure a good and strong connexion.
MAIN GIRDER.
These girders are 39 feet 6 inches long by 3 feet deep,
and prepared for brick parapet by riveting on an intermediate flange of 6" x I" plate, as per sketch underneath.
4 -
The rivets to be - inch diameter, and 4 inches pitch
throughout.




332      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
CROSS GIRDERS.
One 26 feet long by 18 inches deep, L irons 3" x 3" x 8"
Web throughout rivets - inch diameter and 4 inches
pitch.
FLOOR PLATES.
The sizes of these plates are about 8' 8" x 2' 7" x 
thick. Great care must be taken in getting the joints a
good fit; a strip of 6-" x 3" x a" is riveted on top of
joints, and a T iron 6" x 3" x 2" underneath, rivets - inch
diameter and 4 inches pitch.
In case the engineer shall deem it necessary to alter
or deviate from any of these works described in the
drawings or specifications, he shall be at perfect liberty
to do so, without any alteration in or addition to the
average price given by the contractor for this description
of work.
The whole of the wrought iron used for the girders
and flooring shall be of the best description, known as
B. B. Staffordshire plates or bars, and shall be capable
of sustaining a tensile strain of 20 tons per inch.
The engineer shall have full power to apply any test
that he may deem necessary to the iron at the cost of
the contractor.
All iron used for bolts and rivets shall be Low Moor.
XI.-Specification for WROUGHT-IRON BRIDGE proposed
to be erected over the Wey at
The bridge to have a span of 50 feet and a clear
width of 21 feet, with kerbs,* as shown on the drawing,
to separate the footways from the central space for carriages, &c. The main girders forming the parapet to
* Curb, or Kerb, used indiscriminately for curb-stone, curb-plate,
curb to roofs, curb to well, &c.-J. B.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  333
be not less than 4 feet 2 inches above the level of foot
planking.
MAIN GIRDERS.
The main girders (one on each side) to be single
webbed, of 56 feet long, and not less than 5 feet deep,
with top and bottom plates of 1 foot 2 inches wide, and
properly stiffened with angle iron and plates where required.
CROSS GIRDERS.
The cross girders to be placed at distances of 4 inches
apart, centre to centre, and to have angle iron top and
bottom; the web to be stiffened with angle iron where
required, and to be securely attached to main girders
with rivets and bolts.
ROADWAY.
The lower planking for carriage way to be 3 inches
thick, and the upper planking and planking for footways of 2 inches thick, all of sound Memel timber.
The kerbs to be formed of timber 9x 6" and to run
the full length of the bridge.
The bridge to be of sufficient strength to carry with
safety a load of 4 tons on the middle, or a load of
8 tons distributed over the whole length.
The whole of the iron to be of best Staffordshire, or
other iron of equal quality.
XII.-Specification for ENGINE and BOILER.
Engqine.-To be high pressure, and capable of lifting
6000 gallons per hour to a height of 116 feet. To be
fitted with metallic double-ringed piston and expansion
valve, wrought-iron crank shaft, fly wheel of suitable




334      SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
weight, screw steam valve, pumps; pipes; cocks, &c.,
complete.
All joints to be fitted metal to metal, and all rods to
be made of wrought iron.
Boiler.-To be cylindrical, not less than 3- of an inch
thickness, of good          iron, with
plates over fire, to be capable of sustaining four times
the working pressure, assuming the same to be 45 lbs.
to the square inch. To be fitted with man lid and cross
bars complete, two safety valves with levers, guards,
and weights, a blow valve, three gauge cocks and one
foat, blow-off cock and pipe, damper and frame, set of
fire and bearing bars, two doors and frames for furnace
and ash pit, one steam gauge and one water gauge, set
of stoking irons, and spanners to all nuts.
Contractor to state description and power of engine
(whether horizontal or vertical), size of boiler, and diameter of cylinder proposed.
The contract sum to include carriage and all expenses
of fixing at, and keeping engine and
boiler in repair and sound working order for one year;
25 per cent. to be retained for that period, or a satisfactory guarantee.
The engine and boiler to be fixed, and in complete
working order, within six weeks of signing the contract,
under a penalty of 11. per day, if that period be exceeded.
Any brickwork required for fixing the engine will be
found by the
MODE OF PAYMENT.
Fifty per cent. when engine and boiler are fixed, and
have been in Satisfactbty working one month; 25 per
cent. at the end of three mtonth, subject to the same
conditions; balance as before mentioned.




SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.  335
XIII.-Specification for PUMPS.
The pumps to be lifts, capable of raising not less than
4000 gallons per hour to the height of 116 feet above
surface of water in well.
The barrels to be cast iron, and bored perfectly true;
the joints to be fitted metal to metal; the valves to be
discs with direct passages, equal to the area of the
barrels; the valves to be fitted with gun-metal guards
and seats; an air vessel to be attached to the pipe above
the working barrels of six times the capacity of one
stroke; a door to be fitted over each valve. The puimps
and air vessels to be perfectly tight under a pressure of
a 400-feet head; the rising main not to be of less diameter than the barrels; the rods to be fitted together
with bored sockets and ends turned to fit, and secured
by a cotter; the crank shaft to be made of wrought
iron, to be turned perfectly true in all its bearings, to
work in gun metal on a cast-iron frame,,each rod to be
fitted with a parallel motion; the crank shaft to be
driven with spin wheel and pinion; the rods and pipes
to be stayed every 10 feet by sound oak stages, and
ends of stages inserted at least 20 inches into the side of
the well, and fixed securely by means of brickwork laid
in cement; the lower stage to be not less than 12 inches
wide and 8 inches thick; the next three stages from
bottom  one to be not less than 12 x 6", the others
12" x 4", to be stayed so as to be perfectly steady. Every
part of the pump to be of proper strength; the buckets
not to travel more than 50 feet per minute.
State the length of stroke, diameter of the barrels,
and number of pumps proposed.
The pumps to be fixed, and in complete working




336     SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING WORKS.
order, within one month of signing the contract, under
a penalty of 11. per day, if that period be exceeded.
The water is          feet from the surface of the
ground, and it is proposed to place the pumps
feet from the surface of the water.
The contract sum to include carriage, fixing, and all
expenses, and keeping in repair and sound working
order for one year; and 20 per cent. to be retained for
that period, or a satisfactory guarantee.
Mem.-The soil of the well is
MODE OF PAYMENT.
Fifty per cent. when the pumps have been fixed a
month, and found in good working order; 30 per cent.
at the end of two months, subject to the same condition;
and the balance as before mentioned.




337
SECTION IV.-AGREEMENTS.
CONTRACTS, EXCHANGES, BUILDING, LETTING LAND ON
BUILDING LEASES, LETTING FARMS, &C.
I.-Heads of an Agreement between, of
Park, in the County of
and Mr., of 
in the said County, Yeoman and Publican, for
letting and hiring the Farm at, now
in the occupation of Mr., except a
Field called, which he reserves.
The farm contains about 88 acres, little more or less,
with good dwelling-house, garden, yards, barns, stabling,
cow-houses, granary, and all other requisite buildings.
The farm to be taken as yearly tenant from Michaelmas,
1860.
The rent to be 1381., payable quarterly if required,
clear of all rates and taxes, including the land tax,
which are to be paid by the tenant.
The tenant to keep and leave all the buildings, premises, gates, and fences,.&c., in good and substantial
repair, accident by fire and tempest only excepted, the
landlord finding timber in the rough, bricks, tiles,
slates, and lime for the same within ten miles of the
said premises.
The tenant to keep all the hedges in good order and
z




338                  AGREEMENTS.
repair, not cutting any hedge or any kind of underwood under eight* or above twelve years' growth, and
always scouring out the ditches and drains, and making
good the mounds and banks thereof.
To rear and preserve all young trees and timber, not
cutting, lopping, or grubbing any tree under a penalty
of 101. over and above the value of the tree so cut,
lopped, or. grubbed, and not to crop any pollard under
seven or above twelve years' growth.
Not to break up any pasture or old grass land under
a penalty of 501. per acre, nor to mow any such for hay
twice in any one season, nor stock the same with heavy
cattle in wet seasons, but to manure one-third part of
such grounds as shall be mown for hay in each year in
succession.
To cultivate, clean, manure, crop, and manage all the
said lands in all respects in a good husbandlike manner,
according to the most approved custom in the neighbourhood, not sowing two white straw crops successively on any part of the said lands (peas and beans
properly hoed not considered as such), excepting that
one-third part of the wheat stubble, if clean and fit, may
be sown with oats or barley, but always to have at least
one-fifth part under fallow. Turnips, cole seed, or vetches
to be fed off by sheep on the lands, and one other fifth
in clover ley, and never to plant more than two acres
with potatoes in any one year.
To stack and embarn all the produce of the farm
upon the premises, and to consume and spend all the
hay and straw, chaff and fodder, upon the farm, excepting that one-half of the wheat straw may be sold off on
condition of bringing back a load of good dung or other
* As applicable to young and well-kept hedges, this stipulation is
unreasonable. See "British Timber Trees," by the Author. Article,
"Hedges," &c., page 93. Routledge and Co. 1859.




AGREEMENTS.               339
manure? equal in value to such straw, for each load of
wheat straw so sold off.
No sheep to be folded off the said farm, and particularly in the last year,
To spread and leave all the manure on the lands
arising from or brought on the said farm, including that
of the last year's crops, the tenant being allowed the use
of the barns and yards and part of the stabling until
the 1st of May, after the expiration of his tenancy, for
the purpose of thrashing and marketing the said crops,
and also for spending the straw, &c., unless the landlord
or his succeeding tenant shall agree to purchase the said
straw at its spending value.
Tenant not to underlet or part with the possession of
the said farm, or any part thereof, without the written
permission of the landlord.
Tenant not to sport, or allow any other person to
sport, over the said farm without the consent of the
landlord, who reserves the game and fish and all right
of sporting to himself, friends, and keepers.
Landlord'reserves all timber, plantations, bodies of
pollards, stone, minerals, &c., with power to enter and
to cut down, convert, dig, and cart away the same, also
to plant on any part of the said lands, making compensation f  the ground tken for such purposes.
Landlord or his succeeding tenant to be allowed to
enter upon the fallows on the 1st of March, and on the
clover leys by the 1st of September in the last year, in
case the out-going tenant should refuse or neglect to
plough and prepare the same in due season and in a
proper manner, and to be allowed the use of part of the
stabling and lodging room for the men from such time
or times, and also to be allowed to take and cart out the
dung 4nd straw for litter for his horses, and also..to ow
grass seeds with the Lent corn in the spring of the last
z 2




340                 AGREEMENTS.
year, to be harrowed by the out-going tenant gratis,
who shall be bound also not to feed or turn into the said
young seeds.
Tenant to settle with the out-going tenant for his
ploughing and other acts of husbandry, clover, seed,
&c., according to the custom of the country, and to be
paid for the same by valuation whenever he shall quit
the said farm.
I agree to take the farm at, now in the
occupation of Mr., on the preceding
conditions and terms.
Witness my hand this         day of
1860.Witness,
IT.-Terms and Conditions for letting        Farm,
in the Parish of, in the County of,containing           acres, or
thereabouts.
Except and reserved unto the landlord, his heirs and
assigns, all timber and timber like trees, mines, minerals,
and quarries, with all rights and royalties, together
with all game and fish, with right of entry as well for
sporting and fishing as for working, falling, and carrying away any such timber, stone, or minerals, making
plantations, roads, or improvements, and exercising all
other lawful rights of a landlord not hereby agreed to
be demised.
Conditions to be observed on the part of the tenant,
his executors, and administrators:
That the rent hereafter agreed upon, with the penalties herein specified, shall be paid quarterly, namely,




AGREEMENTS.                341
on the                            in each year, and
the rent charge, as the same becomes due half yearly,
to the respective parties entitled.
That he and they shall pay and discharge all taxes,
rates, duties, and assessments now and hereafter to
become chargeable on the said premises, except the
land tax, chief rents, and landlord's property tax.
That he and they shall reside regularly upon the
farm and cultivate the same, and shall not underlet or
part with the possession of any part thereof without the
landlord's consent in writing.
That he and they shall have only one-third part of
the tillage under wheat in any one year, and that to be
sown upon clean fallow, clover ley, or after a pulse
crop.
That he and they shall keep up and leave regularly
planted            statute acres of hops; the poles to
be properly stacked the year of quitting, and to be
taken by the landlord or coming-in tenant at a fair
valuation.
That he and they shall not plough up, or in any way
convert to tillage or hop grounds, any pasture or
meadow land, without the written consent of the landlord, under a penalty of 201. per acre, and shall not
crop or shred any timber or other trees (except pollards
usually cropped for hop poles), and those only under
the following restrictions: willow or sally of six years'
growth, and others of ten years, under a penalty of 101.
for every tree so cropped or shredded; but the landlord shall be at liberty to reserve any trees (although
the same may have been before cropped or shredded)
which he may be desirous of retaining for ornament.
That he and they shall not sow two white straw crops
in succession, but shall sow and leave in a proper state
acres of red clover, which shall not be grazed




342                 AqbktMVTSS.
after the lth day of October, and will allow the succeeding tenant to enter and plough on or after the 1st
of November preceding his or their quitting.
That he and they shall assist in hailing for any new
building, and shall load and haul to place, gratis, all
materials for repairs and draiiinig, and shall pay 5 per
cent. interest on all drtaining; and further, shall do
the hauling gratis (except turnpikes) of two waggon
loads of coals from              to
every year, or do other hauling equivalent, at the option
of the landlord.
That he and they shall keep atd leave in good repair
and order all gates, stiles, fences, ditches, drains, and
watercourses, as well as glass windows, thatched buildings, and pumps-the landlord finding timber in the
rough, and first putting the same in repair if required
(the tenant presumed to be satisfied with such state of
repair unless complaint be made in writing within three
months after entering Upon the farm)-and shall, moreover, keep the hedges annually trimmed and in good
order, and shall, to the best of his and their ability, improve and preserve from injury by stock, ploughing or
otherwise, all timber, saplings, first trees, orcharding)
and plantations.
That he and they shall stack and lay on the said premises, and iot elsewhere, all the hay, straw, roots,
fodder, and stubble which shall grow or be made thereon,
and all manner of manure arising therefrom shall be expended upon the said premises, under a penalty of 101.
for every ton or lesser quantity removed without the
landlord's consent, to be considered in the nature of
liquidated damages.
That he and they shall not suffer any trespass in respect to roads or game, all game, fish, and right of sporting as aforesaid being reserved, and to belong to the




AGREEMENTS.                343
landlord, and shall not stiffer any person to spott or fish
except the landlord, or those authorised by him; all
trespassers in pursuit of game to be warned off, and proceeded against in the name of the tenant on being indemnified from all expenses.
That the lease to be executed between the said patties
shall contain a proviso for making void the same in case
of non-payment of rent withiy twenty-one days after the
same shall have become due, or in case the tenant shall
assign over his lease or underlet a part of the premises
without the landlord's consent in writing, or in case the
tenant shall make any assignments of his effects foi the
benefit of his creditors, or allow his goods to be taken in
execution, or his body to be delivered in gaol for debt,
or in case he shall become bankrupt or insolvent.
Conditions to be observed on the part of the landlord,
his heirs or assigns, respectively:
That he and they shall pay and discharge the land
tax, chief rent, and landlord's property tax, and will
allow one-third part of the tillage for the off going,
wheat-crop hedges and borders excluded, provided it has
been sown as before stated, otherwise it will not be
allowed to be reaped; and further, that the tenant shall
thrash such off-going crop as follows: one-third by the
1st of December, one-third by the 1st of February, Eaid
the remaining one-third by the 1st of April, or the
coming-on tenant to have full power to do so by taking
care of the wheat for the off-going tenant.
That he and they will permit the tenant to have the
use of part of the rick-yard, barn, and granary, except
during the hop-picking, and also use of the house, except
the kitchen and one bedroom, until the ist day of May
after the expiration of the tenancy; also part of the
buildings, fold-yards, and one meadow until the said
time to consume the hay and fodder.




344                 AGREEMENTS.
That he and they will keep the repairs, except those
before stated, and will agree that the seeds be paid for
if sown upon a clean fallow.
That he and they will compensate the tenant for any
damage done in standing corn or mowing grass by falling timber or hauling out of the usual roads, and will
also allow for any land taken for planting or other improvements at the same price per acre as the land is
valued to the tenant.
I, the undersigned,, of,
in the county of, esquire, do hereby
agree that I will at any time when required, execute at
the joint expense of myself and the said
a lease, and I, the undersigned,, do
hereby agree to accept and take a lease for the term of
years from, terminable at
the end of one year on either party giving six months'
notice to the other of his intention to determine such
tenancy of the                Farm aforesaid, at the
yearly rent of         1., and such additional rent by
way of penalty as before mentioned, together with such
further sum as shall represent the value of the tithe rent
charge apportioned on the said farm, in lieu of great and
small tithes to be paid as before mentioned, under and
subject to the several terms, stipulations, and conditions
before mentioned; and it is agreed that in the mean
time, and until the said lease shall be made and executed,
the said                 and his heirs shall have full
power and authority to distrain for the said rents as the
same shall become due and payable.
Dated this.
Signed by the said                  in the presence
of




AGREEMENTS.                 345
III.-Terms for Granting the Land belonging to
(hereinafter called " The Vendor"),
in the County of, part of the
Manor of, to
hereinafter called' The Purchaser."
First. The land comprised in this agreement (but reserving to the vendor all mines and minerals) is delineated in the plan at foot, and the dimensions are there specified.  The purchaser may quarry
stone out of the said land for the purpose of building
thereon, but not for any other purpose.
Second. It is to be granted to the purchaser in fee, at
an annual fee farm rent of
such           annual fee farm rent to commence from
the         day of, and in consideration of a money payment of           1. to be paid on
the execution of this agreement.
Third. The vendor will within a fortnight from the
date hereof have ready for delivery to the purchaser or
his solicitor, at the office of, solicitors,
an abstract of the vendor's title, commencing with indentures of lease and release, dated the,but no deed or document prior in
date to such indentures, whether recited or mentioned
therein, or in any subsequent deed or document or not,
shall be abstracted or produced, and all recitals, notices
or statements of deeds and documents, matters or things
contained in any deed or will or other instrument, dated
upwards of thirty years ago, shall be received as conclusive evidence of such deeds and documents, statements, matters or things, and the vendor shall retain all
deeds and writings, but will covenant for production
thereof, and for furnishing attested copies thereof to the




346                 AGREEMENTS.
purchaser at his expense, all conveyances and assignments of any outstanding estate, term3 or interest, and
any probate, administration) or document for that purpose, and all official attested and other copies or extracts,
or from deeds, wills, registers, writings and muniments
of title, or any other evidence whatsoever required for
completing or verifying the abstract or otherwise, and
all information respecting the matters aforesald sh-all be
sought for and obtaihed by and at the expense of the
purchaser.
Fourth. That the deed of grant and a counterpart
thereof, and all covenants for production of deeds shall
be prepared by the vendor's solicitors at the purchaser's
expense, and shall be executed by the vendor and all
other parties at the- purchaser's expense, and shall be
ready for execution on the completion of the messuage to
be erected on the ground.
Fifth. That the deed of grant, and the counterparts
thereof, shall contain covenants on the part of the purchaser,, as follows, viz.
That no more than           houses shall be erected
on the land hereby contracted for.
That such houses shall be set back      feet from
the road fronting the same, and        feet from the
boundary wall of the land on each side, and shall be
completed by           day of
That each house shall be of the original cost of  1.
at the least.
That the drawings of the external elevations of the
houses, and also the gateways and railings in front of
the houses, shall be submitted for approval to the architect or surveyor for the time being of the vendor.
That the fronts, backs, and sides of the houses shall
be either of free stone or of the native stone, and the
quoins and mullions of free stone or magnesian lime
stone.




AGREEMENTS.                347
That the roofs shall be concealed ol covered with
slate.
That the boundary fences in front of the houses shall
be a wall not exceeding 4 feet in height, with a pennant
or free stone coping surmounted by an iron paling of an
uniform pattern, and the gateway pillars shall be of
ornamental designs in free stone or magnesian lime
stone.
That the other boundary walls shall be good stone
walls, not exceeding 6 feet in height) with a neat brick
or stone coping. Such walls to be erected in the first
place at the expense of the purchaser, but the vendor
will covenant that the purchasers of the adjoining lots
respectively shall repay the purchaser half the expense
of erecting such walls.
That no building be erected in front or on the sides
of the houses, and that no building shall be erected
behind-the'same other than a hot-house or conservatory,
or coach-house and stables; no such building shall exceed 20 feet in height from the ground, and any coachhouse or stable shall be covered with slate.
That he will, at his own expense, make and complete
the footway, 6 feet in width, and the roadway,
feet in width, in front of the land hereby contracted
for.
That he will not erect, or permit to be erected, any
steam-engine, or carry on or permit, or suffer to be
carried on upon any part of the premises, the trade or
business of a tavern-keeper, alehouse-keeper, or retailer
of beer or any other liquors, or keeper of any place of
public entertainment, tallow-melter, soap-boiler, brewer,
distiller, butcher, slaughterman, lime-burner, farrier,
founder, or smith, shopkeeper, or any noisome or offensive trade, business, or occupation whatever, and to
keep all buildings which he shall erect in good repair)




348                 AGREEMENTS.
and to insure them in a competent sum against damage
by fire in the        Insurance Office.
Sixth. That the purchaser shall be at liberty to carry
one drain from each house, to be erected on the land
hereby contracted for, into the main sewer, of a size and
in a direction to be approved of by the vendor, and
shall pay the vendor       1 towards the costs of
making the said main sewer, but shall not permit any
other person, or the drain from any house standing on
other land, to communicate therewith or pass through
the said land without the consent of the vendor, and
the vendor reserves to himself, his heirs, lessees, and
assigns, the right of using such drain or drains, and of
entry on the land for the purpose of cleansing and repairing such drain or drains, and of forming a communication between the same and any drain or drains
made, or which may hereafter be made, in any of the
other lands of the vendor.
Seventh. That the purchaser shall, within four weeks
after the day on which the abstract of title shall be
ready for delivery, as aforesaid, at his own expense,
state in writing to        his objections to or requisitions in respect of the title, and all objections and requisitions not made and delivered in the manner and
within the period aforesaid shall be considered to have
been waived. In case the vendor or his solicitor shall
be either unable or unwilling to remove or comply with
any objection or requisition which shall be duly taken
or made by the purchaser in the manner and within the
period aforesaid, it shall be competent to the vendor, at
any time after the receipt thereof (and notwithstanding
any attempt may have been made to remove or comply
with the same), to rescind this agreement by giving
notice in writing to the purchaser or his solicitor and
returning the money payment made by the purchaser,




AGREEMENTS.                  349
but without liability for interest, costs, expenses, or any
other claim on the part-of the purchaser.
PLAN REFERRED TO IN THE FOREGOING AGREEMENT.
Note.-Here insert a plan of the ground, with the roads and
dimensions of the plot to be conveyed carefully
shown, and the dimensions accurately figured. The
names of adjoining owners and lessees should be
also written on the map, the points of the compass
indicated, and a scale affixed.
I hereby agree with, the agent of the
said, to accept a grant of the land described in the plan above laid down on the foregoing
terms, and to execute a counterpart thereof, and do
engage in all respects and things to comply with the
terms above specified. As witness my hand this
day of, one thousand eight
hundred and
I, the undersigned, agent for and on
behalf of the said, hereby agree that the
said               shall execute a grant of the land described in the plan above laid down on the foregoing
terms, and in all things comply with the terms on his
part above specified. As witness my hand this
day of, one thousand eight
hundred and
IV.-An Agreementfor letting small Cottage Allotments to
several Tenants.
We, the undersigned, individually    and severally,
hereby acknowledge that we take and hold the piece
-of ground containing the quantity and numbered on
the plan annexed, with the number against which our
names or marks are respectively affixed, as tenants at




350                AGREEMENTS.
will of, Esq., at the yearly rent or price
of            per pole or perch, to include the tithes,
rates, and taxes on the said land, under and subject to
the following rules, stipulations, and covenants, without
any exception or qualification,
We agree to pay the said rent on or before the 29th
day of September in each and every year, though to be
due and payable quarterly if required.
To keep the said land in a clean and good condition,
and manure on half in each year in succession.
Not to use any horse labour in the said land, but to
cultivate the ground by the spade and manual labour
only.
Not to sow or plant more than one half of the said
ground in any one year with wheat or potatoes.
Not to work on the said ground before five o'clock in
the morning or after nine o'clock in the evening between the 25th day of March and the 29th day of September, and not before six o'clock in the morning or
after seven o'clock in the evening between the 29th of
September and the 25th of March.
Not to work on Sundays.
Not to trespass on any neighbour's allotments, and
if convicted of any legal offence, or proved to have
wilfully injured or damaged any neighbour's crop or
ground, the tenancy of the ground, with the crops
thereon, to be immediately forfeited.
To assist in keeping the pathways between the several
allotments in good order and repair.
Not to underlet the said ground; or any part thereof,
without written consent.
Not to bring any horse or donkey, dogs, or other
animals, on the said ground, except a horse or donkey
(muzzled) for the purpose of bringing manure or removing produce.
To give always two months' notice at least of our in



AGREEMENTS.                 351
tention to give up any piece of ground, and in that cae
the rent for the current year to be paid before the crops
are removed.
If the ground should be without any crops, or any
proper preparation for a crop, the same shall be forfeited
at any time after the 20th day of March, and the landlord to be at full liberty to take possession and keep the
said ground or relet the same,
Note.-l-Here follow the schedule of the numbers on the map,
the tenants' names being written opposite, and the
map afterwards marked with the numbers and rent
of each piece, and the pieces, if necessary, distinguished by different colours.
V. —Agreement for building a HOUSE and PREMISES
according to Plans and Specfications provided
by
Memorandum of agreement made this               day
of, one thousand eight hundred and
between                  on the one
part, and                builder on the other part.
Witnesseth, that the said              doth hereby,
for himself, his executors or administrators, covenant
and agree to and with the said, that he,
the said, his executors or administrators,
shall and will, at their own proper cost and charges,
execute in a substantial and workmanlike manner effectually and duly the whole of the works required to be
done in the said dwelling-house, according to the drawings and specifications thereof, and signed by the said
and according to the general conditions
appertaining thereto, for the price or sum of       of
lawful money of Great Britain, and shall and will at the
like cost and charges provide all the stone, lime, brick,




352                 AGREEMENTS.
timber, slates, lead, iron, glass, and all other materials
for the said works of the qualities, dimensions, and descriptions mentioned in the said specifications, and subject to the conditions and stipulations therein contained.
And the said, in consideration of the
due and faithful performance of the covenants and
agreements hereinbefore referred to on the part of the
said, his executors and administrators,
doth promise and agree that the said sum of
shall be paid to him in the manner following; that is to
say, one-fourth of the said sum when the brickwork has
been carried up to the level of the eaves; one-fourth
when the roof is covered, chimneys carried up and completed, and the carpenter's work complete; one-fourth
when the joiner's work, glazier's work, plumber's work,
drainer's work have been completed; and the last instalment of one-fourth two months after the whole of the
works shall have been rendered up complete.
The whole of the work to.be completed on or before
the         day of               now next ensuing,
under a penalty of 401. as and for liquidated damages.
Provided always, that should any penalty be incurred
as aforesaid by the said, under the terms
and conditions specified in the before-mentioned specifications, it shall be lawful for the said        to
deduct and retain the same from and out of the said
sum of, or so much of the same as may at the
time remain unpaid.
In witness whereof, the said parties to these presents
have hereunto set their hands and seals on the day and
year first above written.
Signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of




AGREEMENTS.               353
VI.-An Agreement made the eighteenth day of May, one
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, between, of, in the Isle
of, Builder, hereinafter called the Contractor,
and the
hereinafter called the Proprietors.
The contractor, for himself and his heirs, executors
and administrators, hereby covenants and agrees with
the proprietors and their successors and assigns, that for
the considerations hereinafter mentioned, he will within
the space of four calendar months from the date hereof,
erect, build, and complete upon that part of the land of
the proprietors at, in the    of
and county of, which constitutes Lot 11
on the published plans of their estate, called
a villa according to the specification and the plans which
are respectively marked A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I,
and signed by the contractor, and bearing even date
herewith, in a good workmanlike and substantial manner,
and to the satisfaction of Mr., of
street, London, surveyor, hereinafter called "the surveyor;" and will or shall find and provide such good
materials of all kinds as shall be proper and sufficient for
erecting the said villa and completely finishing the said
works; and will or shall maintain and keep the same in
good and perfect order and condition for the space of
six calendar months next. after the completion thereof,
to be certified as hereinafter provided.
And it is agreed between the parties hereto, that if
the contractor, or his executors or administrators, shall
in the opinion of the surveyor be guilty of any neglect
or delay in building and finishing the said villa and
works as aforesaid, or in the progress thereof, and the
2A




354                 AGREEMENTS.
surveyor shall certify the same by writing under his
hand, or if the surveyor shall certify as aforesaid, that
he is dissatisfied with either the manner in which or the
materials with which the contractor, or his executors or
administrators, is executing the works, it shall be lawful
for the proprietors, or their successors or assigns, without any previous legal proceedings, or any other authority than this, and without affecting any right or
remedy which they would or might otherwise have upon
or in respect of this contract, or any security for the performance thereof, forcibly to expel, eject, and remove
the contractor, or his executors or administrators, and
all other persons, from the premises, and to take possession of and retain permanently for their own use all
materials and implements thereon, and to employ any
other person or persons to build or finish the erection of
such villa and works as aforesaid, on such terms as the
proprietors may think fit; and that the proprietors, or
their successors or assigns, may and shall deduct and retain all such sums of money as they shall pay for the
completion of such villa and works from and out of the
money which shall be due to the contractor, or his executors or administrators, under this agreement; and
that the contractor will not, and his executors or administrators shall not, do or cause to be done any act,
matter or thing whatsoever, to hinder or molest the proprietors, or their successors or assigns, or any person or
persons employed by them, in completing and finishing
the said villa and works as aforesaid, or in using the
materials which shall be on the premises; and that if
from any cause (other than continued rain or frost) the
said villa and works shall not be completed within the
said period of four months from the date hereof to the
satisfaction of the surveyor as aforesaid, the contractor,
or his executors or administrators, shall on demand pay




Ag&EEMlir~ft'I^TS           855
to the proprietors, or their successors or assigns, the
sum of 21. for each day during which the same works
shall remain incomplete, as stipulated damages, and not
by way of penalty, 21. per day being the amount which
the parties hereto (to avoid litigation) have now ascertained and agreed to be a reasonable compensation to
the proprietors, if the contractor shall fail to complete
the works within the time limited for that purpose, but
this provision is not to affect the right of the proprietors
to take possession of and finish works themselves under
the provision for that purpose hereinbefore contained.
And the proprietors do hereby for themselves, and their
successors and assigns, covenant and agree with the contractor, and his executors and administrators, that they,
the proprietors, will, or their successors or assigns shall,
pay unto the contractor, or his executors or administrators, for the erection and completion of the said villa
and works, the price or sum of one thousand and thirty.
five pounds sterling, in manner following; that is to say,
one-fourth part thereof when and as soon as the surveyor
shall by writing under his hand certify that the brickwork has been carried up to the level of the eaves;
another fourth part when he shall certify that the roof
has been covered and the chimneys carried up and completed, and the carpenter's work also completed; another
fourth part when he shall certify the joiner's work,
glazier's work, plasterer's work, plumber's work, and
slater's work have been completed; one-eighth part
when he shall certify that the whole of the works have
been properly completed; and the remaining one-eighth
part of the said price shall remain in the hands of the
proprietors, and shall be retained by them during the
period of six calendar months next after the date of the
last of the said certificates, and until the surveyor shall
certify as aforesaid that all defects which prior to or
2A2




356                  AGREEMENTS.
during the said period of six calendar months, or during
the repairs next mentioned, shall have become apparent,
have been fully repaired and made good to his satisfaction, and shall then be paid to the contractor, or his
executors or administrators.
And it is hereby further agreed, that in case the proprietors, or their successors or assigns, or the surveyor
on their behalf, shall by writing direct any mort work
to be done than is set forth in the said plans and specification, or is reasonably to be inferred therefrom, the
same is to be forthwith done by the contractor, or his
executors or administrators, and the proprietors, or their
successors or assigns, shall pay to the contractor, or his
executors or administrators, so much money as such
extra works and the materials used therein shall amount
to, such amount to be ascertained and certified in writing
by the surveyor, whose certificate under his hand is to
be conclusive between the parties hereto, but no extra or
additional works are to be done or (if done) paid for
unless a written order for the same shall have been given
by the proprietors, or their successors or assigns, or by
the surveyor, before the execution thereof; and that if
it should be thought proper by the proprietors, or their
successors or assigns, or by the surveyor on their behalf,
to diminish or omit any part of the work set out or implied in such plans and specifications, and they or he
shall by writing desire the same to be omitted, then the
contractor, or his executors or administrators, shall accordingly omit to do such works, and shall deduct and
allow so much money as the work- so to be diminished
or omitted shall amount to, such amount to be ascertained as last aforesaid, and it shall be lawful for the
surveyor by writing as last aforesaid, to certify that any
of the said instalments should be either increased or decreased in respect of such extra or diminished or omitted




AGREEMENTS.               357
works as aforesaid, and in such case the instalment or
instalments in question shall be increased or diminished
accordingly; and in case such extra or additional work
shall be required, one day of extra time shall be allowed
to the contractor for every five pounds in value of such
work, and a corresponding reduction shall be made in
the time in the event of such diminution or omission of
the works being required.
And it is agreed that in determining the value of
any extra or additional works, or any diminished or
omitted work as aforesaid, the same shall be estimated
according to the schedule of prices annexed to the said
specification so far as the same schedule extends, and
that if any work shall be mentioned in the specification
and not drawn upon the plans, or drawn upon the
plans and not mentioned in the specification, such work
is to be executed as fully and effectually as if it were
described and included in both, and should any workmanship 9r materials be wanted which are not denoted
in the specifications or drawings, but which are, nevertheless, necessary for the proper carrying out of the
obvious intention thereof, the contractor is to provide
the same in the same manner as if they had been particularly described or delineated; and in order to avoid
litigation or disputes in respect of the premises, it is
hereby expressly declared and agreed, by and between
the parties hereto, that the certificate of the surveyor,
as aforesaid, shall in every case be deemed a condition
precedent to the right of the contractor, or his executors
or administrators, to be paid any sum of money upon
or by virtue of this contract, or otherwise, in respect of
the works hereby agreed to be done, or any such additional or extra works as aforesaid, and that every such
certificate shall be binding and conclusive upon and
against both parties, and that no money shall become




$58                 AGREEMENTS.
dug or payable from the proprietors, or their successors
or assigns, in respect of anything herein contained or
referred to otherwise than upon and by virtue of, and
in conformity with, such certificate as aforesaid.
And it is further agreed between the parties hereto,
that if the said, or any other surveyor
for the time being authorised to act in the execution of
the powers and duties hereby conferred and imposed
upon the said, shall die or become incapable, or neglect so to act, then, and in every such case,
the proprietors shall appoint another surveyor to execute such of the said powers and duties as shall then
remain to be 6ercised, and every such surveyor so appointed shall have the same powers and duties as the
sid               or other the surveyor so dying, or
becoming incapable, or neglecting as aforesaid, and shall
and may execute the same as fully and effectually to all
intents and purposes as if such newly-appointed surveyor
had been originally named herein instead of the said
but without prejudice to anything which
the said, or any other such surveyor, as
aforesaid, shall have lawfully done in the premises.
In testimony whereof the proprietors affix their seal,
and the contractor subscribes his name and afiiles his
seal,
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the contractor in the
presence of
VII.-Copy of Agreement for Exchange, 5 e., between the
and the
on their         Estate.
An agreement made on the          day of
18, between the,incorporated by




AGREEMENTS.                 359
Royal Charter, hereinafter called " the asylum," of the
one part, and the 
hereinafter called "the company," of the other part.
Whereas the asylum is seized in fee simple, in possession
free from encumbrances, of the lands delineated and
coloured pink in the plan annexed to these presents,
which lands are situate at, in the parish of
in the county of, and the
company are seized in fee simple, in possession free
from encumbrances, of the lands delineated and coloured
green on the said plan, which lands are also situated at
aforesaid, and adjoin the said lands of
the asylum; and whereas the brook shown on the said
plan flows over the said lands of the company, and
from thence over the said lands of the asylum, and
there are on the said lands of the asylum two weirs
across the said brook for the supply of water to a waterwheel and for other purposes, the effect whereof is to
head up the water of the brook to the injury of the said
lands of the company, now it is hereby agreed between
the said parties hereto, that1. The asylum, their successors or assigns, shall forthwith grant and assure to the company, their successors
or assigns, the two pieces of land containing respectively
3 roods and 36 perches and 3 perches, distinguished on
the said plan by a dark pink colour, for an estate, in fee
simple, in possession free from encumbrances.
2. The company shall at the same time grant to the
asylum, in exchange for the said two pieces of land containing respectively 3 roods 36 perches and 3 perches,
the two pieces of land containing respectively 1 rood
36 perches and 2 roods 3 perches, distinguished on the
said plan by a dark green colour, for an estate, in fee
simple, in possession free from encumbrances, and shall,
on the execution and performance by the asylum of the




360                AGREEMENTS.
conveyance and works hereinafter agreed to be executed
and performed, pay to the asylum the sum of, and
shall, before the 1st day of June next, erect, and for
ever after maintain within the boundary of the lands to
be respectively retained and taken by the company as
aforesaid, a good and sufficient fence, so as to separate
the same lands from the lands to be respectively retained
and taken by the asylum, the line of division of the said
lands being shown by a line from the point B to the
point C on the said plan.
3. The company have made a new channel for the
said brook from the point A to the point D on the said
plan, and shall, before. the said 1st day of June, continue such new channel to the point E on the said plan
in the course shown by red lines, and fill up and make
good the present channel between the point A and the
said division line B C; and the company may at any
time divert the brook in the remaining part of its course
through their lands in the direction shown by red lines
from the point E to the point F on the said plan, or in
any other direction through their land.
4. The company, their successors or assigns, shall,
before the said 1st day of June, remove the said weirs
and water-wheel, and clear out the bed of the said
brook, and trim and slope the banks thereof throughout the whole or such parts as require to be cleared out,
trimmed, and sloped off, its course over the remaining
lands of the asylum, and the lands to be taken by them
in exchange as aforesaid, so as to leave a clear passage
for the water throughout the whole course of the brook
over the said remaining lands, and lands taken in exchange, of the clear width of 6 feet in every part down
to the level of a line drawn through the middle of the
course of the brook at a regular slope from the sill of
the weir on the land of the, at
the point marked G on the said plan, to the bed of the




AGREEMENTS.               361
brook at the said point marked D on the said plan, such
bed being at that point about 2 feet above the said sill
of the weir on the land of the 
and to be marked by two sills laid across the new course
of the brook near to the said point D, one on the land
of the company, and the other on the laid of the asylum;
all which works shall be executed to the satisfaction of
the surveyor of the asylum, and the materials of the
said weirs and water-wheel so to be removed shall be
left for and taken by the said asylum. Provided always
that nothing herein contained shall be held to require
any alteration to be made in the bridge over the said
brook in its present position, as shown on the plan.
And the asylum shall at all times thereafter keep the
bed of the said brook throughout its course over the
lands now held by the asylum, and the lands to be
taken by them in exchange as aforesaid, so as to preserve a passage for the water of the width and depth
aforesaid, clear of all obstructions.
5. The company shall indemnify the asylum, their
successors and assigns, against all claims, demands,
actions, suits, and proceedings'which may be made,
prosecuted, or taken against the said asylum, or the
trustees in whom the property thereof was formerly
vested, by reason or in consequence of the execution of
the works hereby agreed to be executed, or in any
matter relating thereto.
6. Inasmuch as the titles both of the said'lands of
the asylum and of the company respectively were investigated by counsel upon the occasion of the purchase
thereof respectively, neither the said asylum nor the
said company shall be required to furnish to the other
any evidence of the title prior to the conveyances of
the lands respectively to the asylum (or their former
trustees) and the company, and no objection, requisition, or inquiry shall be made by either party as to the




362                  AGREEMENTS.
prior title to the said lands respectively; each party
shall retain the title deeds now in their respective
hands, and covenant with the other party in the usual
way for the production and furnishing copies or abstracts thereof.
In witness whereof the said parties have hereunto
caused their common seals to be set.
Seal of        (L.S.)
VIII.-Bond.
Know all men by these presents, that we,
of, and each two of us
respectively, are jointly and each one of us severally held
and firmly bound to, in tle sum of, to be paid to, or
their successors, or their certain attorney or attorneys,
for which payment to be well and truly made, we, the
said, do jointly bind ourselves and
our heirs, executors, and administrators; and each two
of us do jointly bind themselves and their heirs, executors and administrators, and each one of us, separately
and apart from the others, doth bind himself and his
heirs, executors and administrators, is firmly by these
presents sealed with our seals, and dated this
day of, one thousand eight hundred
and
The condition of the above written bond is such, that
if the said                    shall well and truly observe, perform, fulfil, and keep all the agreements, stipulations, provisions, matters and things on his part to be
observed, performed, fulfilled, and kept, respectively
contained in or mentioned and referred to by a certain
contract in writing, dated on the same day as the above




AGrEEMENTS.                 363
written bond, and made between the said
of the one part, and the said                 of the
other part, being an agreement for the erection and
completion by the said                     of certain
at                 then the above
written bond shall be void, but otherwise shall remain
in full force.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named,in the presence of C. D., E. F.,
G.H.
(Signed) A. B.
IX.-An Agreement made tlhe ninth day of September, one
thousand eight hundred and sixty-tzo, between
of, Builder,
hereinafter called the Contractor, and
7hereinafter called the Proprietors.
The contractor, for himself and his heirs, executors
and administrators, hereby covenants and agrees with
the proprietors, and their successors and assigns, that for
the considerations hereinafter mentioned he will, within
the space of four calendar months from the date hereof,
erect, build, and complete upon that part of the land of
the proprietor at, in the county of Kent, which
constitutes lots   and      on the published plans of
their estate, called, two dwellinghouses, with offices, according to the specification and
the plans, sections, and elevations which are respectively
marked A, B, C, D, E, and F, and signed by the contractor and bearing even date herewith, in a good workmanlike and substantial manner, and to the satisfaction
f.                  of Mr.              London,
surveyor, hereinafter called " the surveyor " and will or




364                  AGREEMENTS.
shall find and provide such good materials of all kinds
as shall be proper and sufficient for erecting the said
dwelling-houses and buildings and completely finishing
the said works; and will or shall maintain and keep the
same in good and perfect order and condition for the
space of six calendar months next after the completion
thereof, to be certified as hereinafter provided.
And it is agreed between the parties hereto, that if
the contractor, or his executors or administrators, shall
in the opinion of the surveyor be guilty of any neglect
or delay in building and finishing the said dwellinghouses and works as aforesaid, or in the progress thereof,
and the surveyor shall certify the same by writing under
his hand, or if the surveyor shall certify as aforesaid,
that he is dissatisfied with either the manner in which
or the materials with which the contractor, or his executors or administrators, is executing the works, it shall
be lawful for the proprietors, or their successors or
assigns, without any previous legal proceedings, or any
other authority than this, and without affecting any
right or remedy which they would or might otherwise
have upon or in respect of this contract, or any security
for the performance thereof, forcibly to expel, eject, and
remove the contractor, or his executors or administrators, and all other persons from the premises, and to
take possession of and retain permanently for their own
use all materials and implements thereon, and to employ
any other person or persons to build or finish the erection of such houses and works as aforesaid, on such
terms as the proprietors may think fit; and that the
proprietors, or their successors or assigns, may and shall
deduct and retain all such sums of money as they shall
pay for the completion of such dwelling-houses and
works from and out of the money which shall be due to
the contractor, or his executors or administrators, under
this agreement; and that the contractor will not, and




AGREEMENTS.                365
his executors or administrators shall not, do or cause to
be done any act, matter or thing whatsoever, to hinder
or molest the proprietors, or their successors or assigns,
or any person or persons employed by them, in completing and finishing the said dwelling-houses and works
as aforesaid, or in using the materials which shall be on
the premises; and that if from any cause (other than
continued rain or frost) the said houses and works shall
not be completed within the said period of four calendar
months from the date hereof to the satisfaction of the
surveyor as aforesaid, the contractor, or his executors or
administrators, shall on demand pay to the proprietors,
or their successors or-assigns, the sum of two pounds for
each day during which the same works shall remain incomplete as stipulated damages, and not by way of
penalty, two pounds per day being the amount which
the parties hereto (to avoid litigation) have now ascertained and agreed to be a reasonable compensation to
the proprietors, if the contractor shall fail to complete
the works within the time limited for that purpose, but
this provision is not to affect the right of the proprietors
to take possession of and finish works themselves under
the provision for that purpose hereinbefore contained.
And the proprietors do hereby, for themselves and their
successors and assigns, covenant and agree with the contractor and his executors and administrators, that they,
the proprietors, will, or their successors or assigns shall,
pay unto the contractor, or his executors or administrators, for the erection and completion of the said
houses and works, the price or sum of five hundred and
thirteen pounds fourteen shillings sterling, in manner
following; that is to say, one-fourth part thereof when
and as soon as the surveyor shall by writing under his
hand certify that the brickwork has been carried up to
the level of the eaves; another fourth part when he
shall certify that the roof has been covered and the




366                  AGREEME{NTS.
chimneys carried np and completed, and the carpenter's
wotrk also completed; another fourth part when he shall
certify that the joiner's work, glazier's work, plasterer's
work, plumber's work, and slater's work have been completed; one-eighth part when he shall certify that the
whole of the works have been properly completed; and
the remaining one-eighth part of the said price shall remain in the hands of the proprietors, and be retained by
them  during the period of six calendar months next
after the date of the last of the said certificates, and
until the surveyor shall certify as aforesaid that all
defects, which prior to or during the said period of six
calendar months, or during the repairs next mentioned,
shall have become apparent, have been fully repaired
and made good to his satisfaction, and shall then be paid
to the contractor, or his executors or administrators.
And it is hereby further agreed, that in case the proprietors, or their successors or assigns, or the surveyor
on their behalf, shall by writing direct any more work
to be done than is set forth in the said plans and specification, or is reasonably to be inferred therefrom, the
same is to be forthwith done by the contractor, or his
executors or administrators, and the proprietors, or their
successors or assigns, shall pay to the contractor, or his
executors or administrators, so much money as such
extra works and the materials used therein shall amount
to, such amount to be ascertained and certified in writing
by the surveyor, whose certificate under his hand is to
be conclusive between the parties hereto, but no extra
or additional works are to be done or (if done) paid for
unless a written order for the same shall have been given
by the proprietors, or their successors or assigns, or by
the surveyor, before the execution thereof; and that if
it should be thought proper by the proprietors, or their
successors or assigns, or by the surveyor on their behalf
to diminish or omit any part of the work set out or im



AGREEMENTS,                367
plied in such plans and specifications, and they or he
shall by writing desire the same to be omitted, then the
contractor, or his executors or administrators, shall accordingly omit to do such works, and shall deduct and
allow so much money as the work so to be diminished
or omitted shall amount to, such amount to be ascer.
tained as last aforesaid, and it shall be lawful for the
surveyor by writing as aforesaid to certify that any of
the said instalments should be either increased or decreased in respect of such extra or diminished or omitted
works as aforesaid, and in such case the instalment or
instalments in question shall be increased or diminished
accordingly; and in case such extra or additional work
shall be required, one day of extra time shall be allowed
to the contractor for every five pounds in value of such
work, and a corresponding reduction shall be made in
the time in the event of such diminution or omission of
the works being required.
And it is agreed that in determining the value of any
extra or additional works, or any diminished or omitted
work as aforesaid, the same shall be estimated according to the schedule of prices annexed to the said specification, so far as the same schedule extends; and that if
any work shall be mentioned in the specification and
not drawn upon the plans, or drawn upon the plans and
not mentioned in the specification, such work is to be
executed as fully and effectually as if it were described
and included in both, and should any workmanship or
materials be wanted which are not denoted in the specifications or drawings, but which are, nevertheless, necessary for the proper carrying out of the obvious intention
thereof, the contractor is to provide the same in the
same manner as if they had been particularly described
or delineated; and in order to avoid litigation or disputes in respect of the premises, it is hereby expressly
declared and agreed by and between the parties hereto




368                 AGREEMENTS.
that the certificate of the surveyor as aforesaid shall in
every case be deemed a condition precedent to the right
of the contractor, or his executors or administrators, to
be paid any sum of money upon or by virtue of this
contract or otherwise in respect of the works hereby
agreed to be done, or any such additional or extra works
as aforesaid, and that every such certificate shall be
binding and conclusive upon and against both parties,
and that no money shall become due or payable from
the proprietors, or their successors or assigns, in respect
of anything herein contained or referred to, otherwise
than upon and by virtue of and in conformity with such
certificate as aforesaid.
And it is further agreed between the parties hereto,
that if the said, or any other surveyor
for the time being authorised to act in the execution of
the powers and duties hereby conferred and imposed
upon the said, shall die or become incapable, or neglect so to act, then and in every such case
the proprietors shall appoint another surveyor to execute such of the said powers and duties as shall then remain to be exercised, and every surveyor so appointed
shall have the same powers and duties as the said
or other the surveyor so dying or
becoming incapable, or neglecting as aforesaid, and shall
and may execute the same as fully and effectually to all
intents and purposes as if such newly-appointed surveyor
had been originally named herein instead of the said,but without prejudice to anything
which the said, or any other such
surveyor as aforesaid, shall have lawfully done in the
premises.
In testimony whereof, the proprietors affix their seal,
and the contractor subscribes his name and affixes his
seal




369
SECTION V.-REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS
INTENDED TO BE EXECUTED.
I.-FOR MESSRS.              AND
Report on the Purchase of Mr.'s Property,
June 24, 1862.
DEAR SIR,
Mr.              having made an offer of his property
at         to the                           for the sum of
31501.,* I feel it my duty to lay before you some remarks on this subject, not relating to what I think is
the value of the estate, but to the importance of acquiring it, if possible, for the purposes of the company,
for it would enable them not only to lay out the
Farm to far greater advantage, but would be the means
of improving                     Estate to even a greater
extent.
As I must enter into some details, and as my descriptions may appear somewhat discursive, I can only claim
your patient hearing on the grounds that I have a great
* If this price appear high, it should be considered that when he
purchased that portion on which his house stands, comprising about
1. acre, he paid 15001. for it in a very dilapidated state, being an old
tan-yard. In planting, building, and making paths and roads, he has
been at very considerable expense, and will naturally seek some profit
on the purchase and some remuneration for the outlay in bringing the
grounds to their very pleasing, neat, and flourishing appearance, although these improvements might be of little real value to the company.
2B




370          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
desire to put the matter in- its proper light before you,
and have only limited time to devote to this purpose.
For reference, and to render my remarks intelligible,
I have appended a plan showing          Farm, Mr.'s property, the          Estate, now to
be sold, and the estate, including
and detached pieces. I have tinted the estates
with different colours to render them more distinct.
This plan shows, at a glance, the comprehensive, varied,
compact, and valuable character of the property viewed
as a whole.
On looking over a map of the country round,a person is at once struck with the very irregular
and confused manner in which the public roads at the
time they were made were laid out. They were apparently only farm roads, afterwards converted into public
roads without any system, when the exigencies of the
locality required the alteration. There are plenty of
them, it is true, but they appear to lead nowhere;
therefore, in setting out new roads, it becomes important to give them a better character, leading them
from distant points in tolerably direct lines, so that they
may have the appearance of being public roads of some
importance, of real use in the locality, while they cut up
the property to the greatest advantage to the company.
This has been attempted on, and the
additional portion more recently purchased, called,enabled us still farther to improve the estate on
the principles laid down. When estates are small, roads
cannot always be thus laid out. I feel quite sure that
the             Estate, which is treated in this manner,
will be increased in value, and if the company had possession of Mr.'s property and a portion of
the, the present laying out of the roads
could be still greatly improved. It is not so much in




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       371
the rqad making as in the drainage that we shall be
able to improve both     and               Estates
by the purchase of the property from Mr. 
as the, company would then have the command of the
river (which is the natural outfall for all the. drainage
in the district) from the. point marked A to that marked
B on the plan. Between these points there is a fall of
not less than 15 feet, but at present the water is kept
up by weirs at the. points C D, and by invert arches
under the railway culvert E and the road bridge F.
On the purchase of the property in question the company could pull down the weirs, and so get rid of those
obstructions, and the others may be overcome by a
simple and inexpensive expedient, which I will describe
before closing this paper.
On         Estate      there is a marsh land to be
drained, and this we can do effectually to a certain
depth, but the small amount of fall precludes the hope
that we can ever render it good building property, for,
however well we may drain it to the depth of 3 feet, the
water'below we cannot (by means at our command at
present) get rid of; and yet if thoroughly laid dry by
deep drainage, which would cost but a trifle more. than
the comparatively shallow drainage we are compelled to
use, this part of the estate would at once become, if not
more valuable, as valuable as any on the estate, and be
especially well adapted for shops and places of business.
For want of sufficient fall in the river, in consequence
of the weirs, the invert arches, and the obstructions to
the progress of the water occasioned by the crooked and
sinuous course of the. stream, it is often flooded after
heavy rains, and as the water cannot get away, from the
causes mentioned, the floods often continue for two or
three days at a time, and at such times the. water rises
to within a few inches of the surface of the marsh on
2B2




372              REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
Estate;* but if the river be straightened,
as proposed, through              Farm, and the weirs removed, this flooding, at least at, could not take
place, and in the plan I have adopted for the outfall of
the drainage water from                          Estate, the
flood in the river could in no way affect the drains in
the marsh.     From   the facilities offered for discharging
the water by the improved river, if a flood should take
place it would only be of very short duration, and incapable of doing any mischief.
At present we have no means of counteracting the
evil complained    of, but give the drainage       a better
outfall, as proposed, and the marsh would be rendered
as dry, as valuable, and as suitable for building on as
any other portion of                      Estate.   In looking, therefore, at the cost of the purchase of the property
now offered, it seems but fair to consider what additional value would be given to                Estate
This we may approximately arrive at. The marsh in
question contains 3 acres 1 rood, which in its present
condition I value at 201. per acre, giving 651.; when
drained, as we at present propose, it would be worth for
gardens and such buildings as could be erected on it,
* In times of flood, from the position of our only outfall at present
available, the water would fill the drains, and, until the flood retired,
the drainage water would not be able to get away. Obedient to the
natural law, fluids will find their level, and, although sometimes even
when under water drains may be seen to discharge, this is only an
hydrostatic paradox, due to imperfect capillary attraction, for the drains
would take in as much water from the brook as they would discharge
under such circumstances, therefore the actual condition of things would
be the same, or even worse. It is well known to engineers that currents running in opposite directions and at different velocities (depending on pressure, and in a confined channel like that of a drain) will not
easily mix. It is but reasonable to suppose that some of the water
from the brook would thus find its way into the soil of the marsh and
into the foundations of buildings, if any were erected on it, and would
not be returned to the river until the stream assumed its ordinary
dimensions so as to allow the drains free action.




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        373
851. per acre, giving 2761. 5s.; but if rendered fit for the
erection of shops, it might be divided into thirty-two
30-feet allotments, each of which would be worth 401.,
or 12801. altogether. The difference, therefore, between
12801. and 2761. may fairly be subtracted from the sum
given for Mr.'s property, reducing it from
31501. to 21461., and this without taking into consideration the value of the improvements which the purchase would enable the company to carry out on
Estate.
After removing the weirs, it is proposed to straighten
the river through      Farm by the new cut marked
G H on the plan; this would greatly assist the water in
getting away, would improve the appearance of the property, and lay it perfectly dry, preventing floods, or at
least their continuance for any length of time, to prove
injurious. In forming this new cut, I would lower the
bed or level of the river as much as possible to the road
bridge marked F, and, instead of adopting the present
outfall for the marsh drainage of           Estate
at A, I would carry the. drainage through Mr.
property to the point F, as marked by the red
line A F on the plan. By this means I should be enabled to give at least 4 feet additional depth to the
drains in the marsh, and by disconnecting the drainage
from the river at the point A, should prevent the water
in time of flood from. getting to the marsh at all.
I would not further attempt to improve the present
condition of the river between the points A and F than
by removing the weir C, for it would be both very expensive and difficult, without any purpose valuable to
the company, to interfere with the existing skewback
arches* under the railway culvert A and the bridge F;
* I wish to be understood that I have sufficient practical knowledge
of such matters not to fear undertaking them and carrying them pro



374           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
in fact, it would only be going to a great expense to
improve property not belonging or ever likely to belong
to the company, such as that of Mr.'s, and part of
town.
All I would ask, therefore, of the railway company
would be to allow a small tunnel to be made under the
bank, for the purpose of putting in that portion of the
outfall drain A F by which it is intersected; this would
be a trifling matter, and, if carefully done (as I would
see that it was), would involve no danger of sinking to
the railway embankment, which more extensive operations (and particularly such as pulling up old foundations, and working in water) would be Very liable to
create.  I may mention the fact that the culvert in
question, when first built, fell in, and had to be reconstructed.
I have now given my reasons for recommending the
careful consideration of the offer which has been made
to the company, and suggestions to render the purchase,
if made, as efficient and useful as possible. I have not
had time to make out so good a report as I could have
wished, or to mention many matters I should like to
have done; what I have said I hope I have rendered
intelligible.
I have the honour to be, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
Surveyor., Esq.
perly out, but the expense of deepening the skewback, and putting in
fresh foundations to the walls, working all the time in water, would be
greater than the company ought to mxdertake; and in works of this
kind there are always continual and unavoidable delays and extra costs.




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        375
II. —'s House,
GENTLEMEN,
In order to put the house in thorough'substantial repair, and in a condition to let to advanhtage, I think that
we should consider it as consisting of a cottage and shop,
as likely to produce the best rental.
The present'condition of the building is very bad, anid
looking at the expense of putting in thorough repair, I
recommended on my first visit to it that it should be
converted into three cottages, and three comfortable
cottages might have been made -of it if desirable.
On my las't vsit I looked at the roof, and I find
several slates off at the south-eastern corner, as well as
round the chimney.   Neither cement fillet nor iead
flashing appear to have been put round the chimney.
The guttering is too narrow,'and instead of being laid
with ah ihnclin-aion from each end to the middle, the fall
ought to have been from front to back, and ought'ow
to be made so, the present conductors removed, and the
cementing outside made good.
The guttering should be carefully examined, the zinc
stripped off, and lead 5 lbs. to the foot substituted, well
turned up and secured by holdfasts to the wall of the
blocking course at least 6 inches, and turned up under
slates at least 8 inches; the gutters should have a proper
drip or inclination to the east end of the building, where
conductors with large cistern heads (one to each gutter)
should be fixed, either to conduct the water into a tank,
or to carry it into the sewer.
The present drain from the house (in the footpath)
appears to be in a bad condition; it should be taken ip
and relaid, and continued by additional pipes to the




376           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
bottom of the conductors just alluded to; to the overflow pipe of the tank,. if one should be constructed.
The present lean-to should, I think, be pulled down,
and the materials used in constructing two water-closets
and dust-bins according to the sketches herewith.
The water-closets should be connected with a properly trapped cesspool, the overflow going into the
drain.
The water-closets should, I think, be erected at a -short
distance from the buildings, in the garden, comprising a
closet and dust-bin for each house.
All the outside doors should be looked to, the fasteners,
hinges, and locks put in order, the lines, fastenings, and
shutters to the windows should be also attended to.
The outside cement work should be repaired where
necessary, and colour washed at the completion of the
works. The coping and inside of the blocking course,
and much of the coping of the front and back gables,
should be stripped and re-cemented.
A slate or stone step should be put to cottage door on
footpath.
BASEMENT.*
It is proposed to give the whole of the basement story
to the shop, consisting of shop, kitchen, and store-room.
The places should be thoroughly cleaned out, and the
walls white lime washed twice. The well in the corner
should be domed over in brickwork 41 inches, with a
hole in one side for suction pipe. (This well is 20 feet
deep, fed by a good spring.) If the well be found sufficient to supply the cottage as well as the shop, a suction pipe should be laid from the well to the end of the
* The basement story is only 6 feet 1 inch in height in the clear between floor level and bottom of joists.




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.         377
house, where a pump should be fixed, with proper trough
and drip stone connected with drain by a small gully
covered with iron grate. The present conductor pipe
leading into it to be cut away, and holes and damage
caused thereby to be made good up to eaves.
A galvanised iron set-pot to be placed in the kitchen
close to the bake oven, and all repairs to the fireplaces
to be made where required. If there be not a door at
present between the store-room and scullery, one must
be provided, a 3-inch batten door, with hinges and
fasteners complete, hung to strong 3 x 3 fir frame.
Provide in shop a chimney opening at a higher level
than the present one, cutting out proper jambs, and
putting over trimmer arch on chimney bar, turned, and
corked at ends; the level must accord with the level of
the floor when raised. Provide a proper York stone
hearth and back hearths, the hearth stone to be supported on fender wall to be built up for purpose.
The shop floor to be raised 12 inches above the present level, and the dwarf walls for supporting the same
to be carried up so as to underpin the wall plates, and
fix them at the levels required. It is not intended to
pull the floor to pieces to raise it, but if the joists are
fixed in the walls they must be cut off at the walls, and
a 41 wall, with plate 4 x 3 on the top, must be erected
for carrying the ends of the joists.* The floor may be
raised by block tackle and lever in one piece, by having
a sufficient strong beam fixed across the floor above,
make good the floor, and fix up the chimney-piece at present in the shop. Make good all damage to the floor,
* Instead of cutting the joists off the floor intended to be raised,
channels (afterwards bricked up) are cut in the walls over each of the
joists, high enough for the floor to be raised, but I do not recommend
that plan in this case.-J. B.




378           IIEPORTS ON VARIOUS WORPKS.
replace boards taken up for getting at the joists to build
dwarf walls, and make the same good and perfect-, skirting round the walls with skirting moulded at top and
9 inches high.
Remove the present shop window and door, both side
and front, taking care to put all requisite props and
supports to brickwork over same.
Build up piers in Portland cement and hard brickwork when shown on the drawings, placing on' the top of
same, bedded in cement, York stone caps, flush all round
for supporting breastsulmmers. Brick up for the whole
space thereof the large opening next the footpath, and
leave a window.
Provide summer beam 9 x 12 to rest upon the piers in
front for carrying shop facia and wall above, make good
and build up wall above summer beam to meet the work
above, taking care to keep all solid and secure.
Render float and set the walls of the shop, and lath,
plaster, float, set and whiten the ceiling.'
Put up two story posts 9 x 3 to act as frame to doors,
additional supports to the breastsummler, and sides to
windows, mortised into summer beam at top, and at
bottom securely stubbed into stone supported on brickwork. Put an oak sill under each window, framed into
story posts at one end, and secured in the brick piers
at the other, rebated to receive the bottom  of the
shutters.
The shop door to be formed in two halves, 1 stuff
moulded panels at bottom, and glazed panels at top,
hung to story posts with three strong 4-inch iron butt
hinges to each half door, fitted with a 9-inch iron-cased
lock with brass furniture, and two strong iron barrel' No inside plastering has yet been done to shop, either walls or
ceiling.-J. B.




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        379
bolts. Put up shutters to glass panels to fasten inside,
with wrought-iron pins and sockets at top, and strong
thumb screws and sockets at bottom, the soffit between
the story post at top of door to be panelled. The window
frames to be formed of 1 stuff, according to the drawings, glazed with the best strong sheet glass.
Form the pilasters, facia, and mouldings to shop front
according to the drawings.
Fit up shop front with shutters rebated, beaded at
edges to fit, panelled, bead and butt, and 1 inch thick,
properly shod at bottom corners with iron shoes, and
each window  secured with proper wrought-iron bar
fasteners and bolts complete.
Form landing at present level of shop floor with two
wooden steps down from the level of floor when raised
with balusters (turned) and handrail, as the means of
gaining the level of the kitchen through the existing
door of communication between shop and kitchen, as in
sketch.
A, level of kitchen and door at present existing one
step down from present level, C, of shop floor. B, altered
level of shop floor. E and D, steps down to original
level or landing, C.
F and G, turned balusters for supporting plain deal
handrail from F to G and G to H.
K, existing window from   shop into kitchen not
altered.
Remove the pump in the corner of the kitchen, and
make good the floor after the same.
Glaze the window, and provide sash for same to open
in two parts, French fashion, with proper fasteners and
hinges, the window frame looking from kitchen into
lean-to; the size within the present frame is 2' 11" x
2' 5".




380           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
Remove the existing staircase, rising from the shop in
the top floor with the enclosures to the landing-places,
and make good the well hole in the floor with joists and
boards to match floor size seven space 3' 6" x 4".
The top bedroom in front over shop may be converted
into two rooms, according to sketch, the doors and partitions placed in the position shown in the drawing.
The partition to be framed with quarters, heads and
sills, and strutts; quarters 2 x 2, heads and sills 3 x 22,
strutts 2 x 2-. Provide a door of l1-inch stuff, fourpanelled square framed, and hung to single rebated and
beaded linings (1-2 x 3- ), and hung with two butt hinges,
and with iron-rimmed lock for fastener, with catch and
brass furniture.
The present low floor in shop, with well hole in centre,
to be removed altogether.
In order to gain the first floor from the basement, a
staircase to be constructed from the store-room as shown
on the sketch, and to give headway portions of the cupboards* under the existing stairs from the ground level
to be removed. The staircase to be formed with inch
round-nosed treads and -3 risers, framed into 1- squarecut skirtings, properly blocked and glued with newel
deal handrail and square balusters.
For entering the bedroom, break open the present
bricked-up opening, and insert deal rebated frame
1- x 3", and provide a four-panel square-framed 1 —inch
door, hung with two 3-inch iron butt hinges, and
fastened with spring lock with brass furniture.
The present partition to be repaired.
The cornice to top front bedroom to be stripped down
(as much of it has fallen); make proper fireplace in this
* These cupboards are perfectly useless, and most inconvenient.




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       381
room, with hearthstone, back hearths, &c., complete, fix
up stone chimney-piece about 10s. cost, and register
grate value of 34s. Repair the walls where requisite,
and clean and twice whiten the ceiling.
In the adjoining bedroom, the cistern to removed, and
the damage caused thereby to be made good, such as the
repairing of the floor, the replastering of the walls, &c.;
remove the conductor and waste pipe, and make good
holes and damage caused thereby, as under present proposed arrangements the conductors will be placed at the
end, and not in the centre of the building.
The above includes all the substantial repairs and
alterations at present proposed. The house will require
repapering as well as the cottage, but that can be done
after the rest of the work is perfectly dry and completed.
All broken panes to windows to be made good, and the
wood trap from footpath to coal-cellar to be repaired.
The drain also from this point to be opened and relaid
as far as necessary.
A York stone step 3 inches in thickness to be provided for shop door, into which the story posts will be
fixed by removal of present projecting windows; a piece
of additional York paving in front will be required
18' 6" x3'.
The old materials, which are by this specification
directed to be removed, must be valued by the contractor, and the price allowed for the same must be
stated in his tender, which will be deducted from the
amount of his contract.
The lean-to to be pulled down only to the level of the
ground, and the walls coped round with brick on edge
set in Portland cement. The present approach steps to
be left and put in proper repair.




382              REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
Estimated cost of works recommended to be done.. ~150  7  6
Value of old materials to be taken by contractor.. 20 10  0
129 17 6
Surveyor.
March 14, 1864.
Note.-In the above estimate, I have put down the fair full price to
be allowed for old materials, and I have given the fair current value for
work to be performed in a lasting, substantial, and businesslike manner.
I have estimated each item separately and carefully, and have endeavoured, as far as practicable, to keep down the cost. I should suppose
the shop and cottage when completed, including the workshop in the
garden in the neighbourhood of, would let for 401. per annum
together, being equal to about an outlay of 6001. at 7 per cent.-J. B.
P.S. If converted into three cottages at 131. per annum each, the rent
would have been 391. The front cottage, as a small shop, might perhaps
have been let at 161. per annum.
III.-Report referring to the sinking of an Artesian Well
near London.
December 9, 1854.
DEAR SIR,
In  obedience to instructions of the                     of
last, that I should take steps to obtain information respecting Artesian wells, and report on the
general subject, with the view of elucidating the course
proper to be pursued in the event of its being determined
to sink such a well upon the                  of 
I beg to say that I have been enabled to accumulate a
considerable amount of practical data bearing directly
upon well-sinking, both common and Artesian-more
indeed than could be conveniently, or perhaps need be,
embodied in my report.
The subject of Artesian well-sinking involves considerations which    perhaps should     properly be taken      up




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       383
under several. distinct heads, such as the geological,
structural, and economical. To this method I have not
strictly adhered, but the subject being one which cannot
be said to be familiarly and generally known in its
details, it appeared to me that I could not usefully report upon it without touching upon the principles as
well as the practice. In doing so, I haye no doubt introduced some matters which are well known, hut their
presence I hope will be excused, on the ground that they
could not well be passed over unnoticed. It will be
found that in treating of common and Artesian wells
they could hardly be separated, inasmuch as, although
distinct, they are usually united when the latter is
adopted.
Artesian wells, as commonly understood, are such as
are formed by boring through strata devoid of water
into strata which contain that element, and they derive
their name from this ancient mode of obtaining water
having been revived in France, in the county of Artois,
the ancient Artesium. As- regards the name, however,
Dr. Buckland, in a lecture delivered November 19, 1849,
said he would venture to affirm that, although there
were from two hundred and fifty to three hundred socalled Artesian wells in the metropolis,* there was not
one in reality within three miles of St. Paul's. Twenty
or thirty years ago, he said there were many Artesian
wells in the neighbourhood of the metropolis-namely,
in the gardens of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick,
in that of the Bishop of London at Fulham, and in
Brentford and its vicinity; but the wells now made by
boring through the London clay were merely common
wells. An Artesian well, according to Dr. Buckland, is
one which continually and spontaneously overflows, and
if it ceases to do this it is Artesian no longer; but I find
* Five hundred would be a nearer estimate.-J. B.




384          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
the name is applied to bored wells, whether those from
which the water ascends above or overflows the surface
of the ground, or those in which it rises to various levels
considerably above the surface.
In order to apprehend readily the various circumstances that may present themselves in preliminary considerations, and in positive operations connected with
the sinking of a well of this important kind in the
neighbourhood of the metropolis, it is necessary to have
a tolerably familiar idea of the geological structure on
which London immediately stands.
What is termed the London Basin presents the components and stratification here following-namely:
London or blue clay
Plastic clay and sand
Upper chalk
Lower chalk
Chalk marl and firestone
Blue marl
Iron sand.
This series of strata has a concave form in relation to
the horizon, and the individual members of it successively crop out beyond each other at a greater or less
distance from the metropolis, the breadth of the outcrop
of each being proportionate to its thickness underneath.
It is very obvious that in the case of those strata that
are of an impermeable structure, the rain falling upon
them will pass by the readiest channels to the rivers,
and thence to the sea; while in the case of the permeable, the rain being absorbed, will settle towards and
accumulate in their lower portions. It is by the alternation of the permeable and impermeable strata that the
water in the former is so upheld as to be available by
means of wells.




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        385
The London clay and plastic clay are both impermeable to water, but the sand which is intermixed with
the latter is recipient where it crops out. The upper
chalk, though compact, is somewhat pervious, and it is
intersected with lines of flints, around which a greater
permeability exists, also with fissures, which are recipient
of water, and generally full of it. The lower chalk also
is pervious and saturated, so far as its own extreme
density and the defective impermeability of the strata
beneath it permit. The marls and other strata underlying the chalks are comparatively impermeable, and
they therefore serve to uphold the water contained in
the latter.
The chalk beds of London are considered to be an
unfailing source of pure soft water. Messrs. Conybeare
and Phillips say that the lower beds, and every fissure
in them, are with very few exceptions completely filled
with water. Near the valley of the Thames, the water
in Artesian wells rises very near to the surface, but in
the higher districts of the basin the common well has
generally, to more or less extent, to take the place of the
Artesian: there are, nevertheless, in the basin many
overflows.
In regarding the extensive outcrop of the chalk around
that of the London clay, the recipient character of its
structure, and its consequent saturated condition, we
are apt to forget the tenacity with which, beyond an
evaporable depth, it keeps its hold of the water it contains. Its capillary attraction is such that, when taken
from the earth, it can hardly be made to imbibe an appreciable additional quantity of water, and this property
and that of retentiveness may be regarded as identical;
this solid chalk itself, holding the water in suspension,
will not part with any quantity to speak of, and for the
supply of wells, we must depend solely on the fissures
2 c




386          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
and flint beds that intersect it. The formation is of a
very remarkable character, the flint beds varying from,
say an inch to a foot thick, when viewed sectionally, as
they may lie- in the deep cuttings of the Dover and
other railways, are at regular intervals of 3 or 4 feet
apart, and when exposed and individually on their
upper face, must present the appearance of a compact
though somewhat rough pavement.
The well-digger and borer, I should think, may calculate the number of them he will have to cut through in
a given depth. In the interstices of these flint beds the
water is found in a free state, but mainly at a considerable depth. On the               at
a well is now being sunk. When I last had particulars,
a depth of about 100 feet had been attained, the whole,
excepting about 30 inches of vegetable mould and other
top strata, being in the chalk, including the usual flint
beds, but these to the depths named were quite devoid
of water, which is expected at about 20 feet lower down.
The absence of water in so many of these flint beds is no
doubt owing to their ranging parallel with the horizon,
instead of making an angle therewith, and cropping out,
so as to present their interstices to the atmosphere.
We are accustomed to hear respecting wells which are
sunk adjacent to each other, that the deeper has drained
the shallower; indeed, where the extra depth in the one
exceeds the depth of water which stood in the other, that
the latter has been drained dry. This is a phenomenon
which takes place largely between wells and cesspools;
the well being deep if near, drains the water from the
cesspool which is shallow.
The owner of a cottage and small garden wishes to
render his domain as independent and complete in itself
as possible. The subsoil proving favourable for waterfinding, he sinks a dry-built well to obtain fresh water;




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        387
it being also favourable for drainage, he sinks a dry-built
cesspool to get rid of waste water, and he is afterwards
disappointed to find that the two receptacles are connected through the medium of those strata, on the
valuable and available properties of which he had congratulated himself. I think it is at the breweries of
Messrs. Calvert on the City side, and Barclay on the
Borough side of the river Thames, that it is known when
each other's pumps are at work, the wells of both having
their supply from the same water beds, and the pumping from the one lowering the water in the other. This,
however, is applicable only to the ordinary wells which
are sunk above the London clay, and. are fed by land
springs; the adjacency of Artesian wells of unequal
depth cannot affect the hydrostatic balance which prevails in the vast basin underlying the London clay,
beyond the temporary measure which may result from
the withdrawing power of the engine exceeding the pace
at which the supply streams in through its tortuous
channels.
Land springs, or those found near the surface of the
ground, are supplied by rain, and in dry weather often
cease to flow. Well springs, or those found at considerable depths, are subject to the same laws; they consist
of or exist in porous matter, interposed between impermeable strata, with somewhere a surface exposure.
These strata, where exposed, receive water elsewhere at
lower levels; they leak or overflow, forming rivulets,
which are seen to be influenced in their height by the
seasons, their natural volume being at one time augmented by rains, and at another diminished, through
the reduced hydrostatic pressure at their source, consequent on the reduced supply at the outcrops of the
strata.
Where success in boring for water, is to be expected,
2c2




388           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
is where permeable strata lie underneath such as are impermeable, and have a basin-like form, permitting the
former in parts to crop out, the permeable outcropping
strata receive water at the surface, which collects beneath,
and the height to which the water will rise in a perforation made through the impermeable strata, will correspond to the hydrostatic pressure in those underlying
them containing water.
When it is intended to sink an Artesian well, a thing
of primary importance to be known is the water level of
the district; that is, the surface level of the water in the
subterranean basin, whose contents are excluded or suppressed by the overlying impermeable strata. Should
the situation of the intended well be in a valley in those
strata, it may be that these have only to be penetrated
through to set free a jet which will rise high above the
surface; in such case the Artesian bore commences immediately at the surface. Should the situation, on the
other hand, be on a hill, in those strata the water level
will probably be considerably below the surface, and in
such case a common well has to be sunk down to a point
somewhat below the water level to form a receptacle for
the water from the bore, which commences at the bottom
of it, and from this common well or.receptacle, the water
has to be lifted by means of pumps worked by adequate
power. To extend the common well to a depth short
of the water level, and, after boring and obtaining water,
having to continue it, must obviously be attended with
inconveniences; hence the desirableness of having as
approximate a knowledge of the water level as possible
to begin with. In the case of Messrs. Verey's brewery
well at Kilburn, the shaft is 250 feet deep, and the bore
(8-inch) is 30 feet more into a sand spring, making 280;
the water rises about 150 or to 130 from the surface.
The water level of the district being well known, it was




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        389
at first intended to sink the shaft only 200 feet, and
then have bored, but fears arose that the depth of water
which in that case would have risen into the well, being
only the upper head of the spring, would not afford a
sufficient supply, seeing that if pumps be fixed at too
high a level above a spring, the hydrostatic pressure
may not be sufficient to cause the supply to keep pace
with their withdrawing power,; the additional 50 feet,
therefore, was given to the shaft, and an experiment
made after the water rose justified the considerations
which had been acted on. A temporary pump, with a
6-inch pipe and 9-inch stroke, worked by eight men, and
throwing out 24 gallons per minute, lowered the water
about 33 feet beyond that depth; they could not affect
its level; the true strength of the spring was thus ascertained. Another duty which this upper structure performs, supposing it to be, as it usually is, a built well,
and which equally applies to the tubing in an Artesian
bore, is the shutting out of the land springs, the water
of which, being usually of an inferior quality from the
distance of its infiltration being insufficient to divest it
of vegetable and other impurities, it would not be desirable to admit into combination with the water obtained from the pure fountain beneath.
When a common well is sunk in firm rock, even in
chalk, probably not more than a short way down from
the surface is necessary to be lined with masonry, to
support the vegetable mould and other superficial strata,
and exclude surface water and land springs; but when
it is sunk through gravel, sand, clay, and other similar
beds of a loose and friable nature, it has of course to be
lined, so as to secure their perfect exclusion. This may
be done with stone where that is plentiful, but as shaped
materials are necessary to ensure stability, brick offers
peculiar advantages, only being in ouch a situation kept




390           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
continually damp, it is important those used should be
of the soundest quality, vitrified if possible. As regards
the form of the well in its horizontal section, it is obvious
that the circular is, without any conceivable exception,
the best, affording as it does the greatest and most
equable resistance to the pressure of the soil, and the
greatest capacity in return for a given expenditure.
In the Oases of Thebes were discovered many Artesian
wells, the shafts of which, measuring from 6 to 10 feet
wide, were square, and lined with wood; this extended
to as much as 80 feet deep, where the bore commenced.
There are two modes of construction in use, adapted
to dry or firm, and wet or loose ground respectively.
Where the ground is of the former character, the excavation is carried down to a safe depth, and made level
around at bottom. Upon this is laid a curb or ring of
timber, formed in two or more thicknesses, and lapjointed to equalise its strength, cut circular on the inside,
but not on the out, of a breadth sufficient to receive the
brick lining of the well, and not less than 3 inches thick.
On this, truly concentric with a central plumb-linej the
brick lining is built up to the surface, the earth, or a
puddling of clay, being punned hard in around the outside as the work rises. The excavation is now resumed
in the centre, leaving enough earth undisturbed under
the curb to support the work done. When a safe depth
is again attained, the earth under the curb also is removed in four equidistant places, the duty of support
devolving on the intermediate portions left as piers, and
from a broad central footing of timber four raking strutts
are set up, and firmly fixed to support the curb in the
points from under which the earth was taken.   This
being done, the piers of earth are dug away, and the
bottom, as before, made level around, as a bed for a




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        391
second curb; and thus the work proceeds in stages
downward to the required depth, the projecting angles
of the curbs outside, by their penetrating the soil, contributing to the support of the brickwork in its progressive extension downward. When the ground is known
to be of the wet or loose description, the old method is
to render the surface of the ground in the site of the
well perfectly level, and to lay thereon a curb composed
of ribs, clad outside with boarding, and forming a
cylinder, say 6 feet long, with a smooth exterior, and
sharp lower edge; so that when the ground underneath
and within it is excavated in a regular manner, and
brickwork is built upon it to form the lining of the well,
it sinks by its own gravity, the sinking below and the
addition above keeping pace with each other; and the
bricklayer continuing outside at the surface while the
digger inside descends, the soil being hoisted out as fast
as the latter excavates it, and the process continuing
until the desired depth is attained.
From the swelling of the ground, it by and by becomes bound, and then the process has to be recommenced to a smaller diameter.
It frequently happens that provision for the exclusion
of land springs and sand springs, more important than
mere mortar-built or cement-built brickwork, is necessary. Iron cylinders, either cast or formed of boiler
plates riveted together, flush outside, are much employed. In the case of the well at Camden station, the
entire depth of which is 400 feet, the shaft is 180 (36
beyond the level to which the water rises), 9- feet
diameter in the clear, and built with cement all the way
down, but for the first 28 feet, there is first an inner
steyning of half brickwork in cement; next, segmental
iron cylinders, then 9 inches of concrete; and lastly, an
outer steyning of 9-inch brickwork, in all full 2 feet




392           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
thick.  Below the 28 feet the steyning is in 14-inch
work, with the occasional bonding curbs of iron. In the
case of the well at the Hanwell Lunatic Asylum, after
sinking a shaft 10 feet in diameter to the depth of 30 feet,
and thence a shaft 6 feet in diameter down to the mottled
clay, in a part of which iron cylinders lined with brick
steyning were employed, the water from a bed of flints
at 290 feet deep rose with such force and volume as to
overflow, at 26 feet above the surface,. at 23 gallons per
minute, the shaft proving unnecessary, the large diameter
being capped over, and a rising main fitted to it. The
district in which the asylum is situated is adapted for
purely Artesian wells. The building the brickwork dry,
or in mortaror r in cement, or dry, with occasional rings
in cement, must be regulated'by the nature of the soil
and its variations. In the Hampstead Heath well the
brickwork is 9 inches thick, laid dry between rings set
in cement, but it is in two half-brick steynings, and the
cemented rings in the one are midway between those in
the other. The lower part of the steyning is bound to
the work above it by four tie rods, bolted to a cast-iron
curb some distance up the shaft; by such means the
lower part of the steyning of a well may be secured
against derangement through the soapy, slippy nature
which the mottled clay acquires when exposed to the
air. Sometimes the rush of water from the water-bearing sand strata is so great that it is found expedient to
relinquish the pumping of it out, and bore through it;
indeed, that may become the only course left to pursue.
With the water much sand is often brought up, which
enters the shaft at its lower edge from behind the brickwork, leaving cavities that sometimes cause considerable
depression in the surface of the ground, and threaten destruction of buildings. In such cases, it seems the best
plan to sink a tube formed of boiler plates of a diameter




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        393
that will just pass down through the portion of shaft
already executed, and of considerable length-say as
much as 50 feet-as was done in the Hampstead road,
the force employed being hand screws applied on the
top edge. By such means a very difficult part may be
passed, and should others succeed it, other similar tubes
of a less diameter may be passed down in order to cope
with them.
The methods of operation pursued, as regards the
Artesian bore, are very various, being regulated by the
general character of the case, and the particular circumstances that present themselves during progress.  If
solid, dry strata only had to be penetrated through,
probably a bore of a uniform diameter of 3 or 4 inches,
and without any tubing, would suffice, but even supposing that no wet strata in the early part of the bore
should render it necessary that tubing be inserted, water
or sand, or both, may present themselves at some considerable depth, and render such lining imperative.
Should strata, then, of a mixed and moist description
succeed each other, it may be necessary to continue that
tubing uninterruptedly, and it will come to be considered
whether the same diameter should be continued throughout the depth, or a telescopic diminution will be sufficient, or will better answer the purpose. On the other
hand, should a great depth of hard, dry strata succeed
the part where the water-bearing strata or sand have
been shut out, it may not be considered expedient to go
to the expense of lining it; and should wet strata again
be encountered, it may suffice to sink smaller tubing
down through the first for the lining of that deep.wet portion of the bore only. The whole bore may be without
lining, or it may have to be wholly or partially lined,
and the lining may be uniform, or it may be telescopic,
according to circumstances. When the strata are al



394          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
together of a kind disposed to run into the bore, the
tubing of a uniform diameter offers the advantage that
the lengths may be screwed together continuously, and
thus present no inlet, such as must unavoidably occur
in some measure at the joints of telescopic tubes, but
then the tubes are liable to become bound in the driving,
and there is then nothing for it but passing down others
of smaller diameter in their interior. If such should
happen when the first tubes are very small, they may
have to be withdrawn, and the entire bore enlarged for
the reception of tubes of a diameter that will admit of
others being passed down through them, should the
necessity- present itself. A knowledge of local precedents, if there are any, has to be brought to bear on
the matter in the outset, and the error should rather be
in the direction of over large dimensions than over small
ones, to obviate the chance of having to do work twice.
The records which are published of the difficulties
encountered, expedients originated, tools contrived,
materials changed in the construction of many noted
wells, are full of the most instructive precedents, and
must go far to clear the way for future operations of a
similar description, and, as regards practicability and
the modus operandi, make the mind easy in any case.
The. tools employed are boring rods, screwed together
in lengths, and usually numbered for the purpose of
ascertaining at any time the depth of the bore, and, by
the materials brought up, the depths of the various strata
bored through. Rods all 10 feet long would be most
convenient as concerns measurement, but they are occasionally giving way at the joints, and in the repair the
regularity in length is not attended to. I have heard of
deception being practised as to the depths by parties
who seemed to regard confusion as advantageous. I am
of opinion that time may be much economised, and the




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       395
interests of geological science advanced, by attention to
this point.
At the lower end of the rods is the cutting chisel, or
augur, or bucket tool for boring, or for lifting out. The
tool is usually of considerably more diameter than the
rods, and so also are the screwed ends of the latter.
When lining tubes are inserted, these follow on the rods,
and the tool makes the bore of a size adapted to receive
them; but in the case of the well at Mortlake, the first
augur used was 7-inch, while the tubes that were driven
down the bore measured 8 inches outside; down through
this a second augur, 4-inch, was introduced, and a second
tube, 4 —inch, driven in, and through the latter an augur,
3 — inches, was worked.
At the brine well at Kissengen, in order to draw up
the salt, there was, first, a 5-inch tube driven to the
depth of 330 feet to exclude the land springs; secondly,
within that a 3-inch, 1740 feet, its lower end immersed
in slightly. salt water; and thirdly, and innermost, a
2-inch, 1940 feet, into the rock salt. By this arrangement
the slightly salt water is forced up between the outer
and middle tubes, then down between the middle and
inner to the rock salt, whence after saturation it is
forced up inside the inner tube, the propelling power
being a subterranean atmosphere of carbonic acid gas,
acting with a force of sixty atmospheres, the column of
water started up to a height of 48 feet above the surface;
a tower is erected, from which spectators view the jet
d'eau.
In the Camden station well the bore is 220 feet deep,
and the pipes therein stand 60 feet up the shaft; steadied
up stays secured to the brickwork, with a sluice for admitting the water into the shaft about 4 feet from the
bottom of it, worked by a handle placed above the water
level.




396           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
In the well of the Abbatoir, at Grenelle, Paris, as the
boring progressed, tubes of rolled iron, and subsequently
of copper, were inserted; the first were 12- inches
diameter, and the last 6- inches, reaching to a depth of
1794- feet. During the progress of sinking and withdrawing them contortions took place. Amongst the
theoretical reasons given for this phenomenon, was that
of violent pulsations in the flowing water acting upon
them and beating them inwards, but this idea was rejected as not being in accordance with the laws of hydrostatic pressure, and the contortion was attributed to the
force used in forcing the tubes down, and the still
greater violence necessary to be exercised in drawing
them up.
In sinking the well at Charleston, in America, much
difficulty was encountered; rocks almost innumerable
alternated with beds of loose sand, and in the former
occasional nodules of adamantine hardness, which successively turned the chisel and tubes aside, and for a
while resisted all efforts at their reduction. The first
80 feet was lined with cast-iron tubes of 6 feet internal
diameter. The bore through the rocks was at first made
32 inches diameter, without lining, and in each sand bed
a chamber was caused by the flowing in of the sand; in
the morning the well was generally less deep by 50 or
100 feet than in the previous evening, and at 700 feet
the sands ran in so fast, and in such quantities, that no
progress could be made. It was now determined to shut
out the sands by a system of tubing, and the whole
orifice had to be increased to full 5 inches; the first
tubing, several hundred feet long, proving too light, and
becoming unmanageable, had to be withdrawn, and
other substituted. These measured 4 inches inside and
4-7 inches out, screwed together so as to form one continuous tube from the bottom, 1102 feet deep, up to the




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       397
surface; 24 feet of the thin tubing refused to be withdrawn, and was partly thrust aside and partly cut
through.
In sinking the tubes, they were made to follow a few
feet behind the chisel, and when a rock was encountered,
they were, if possible, arrested about 18 inches above it,
and a tool sent down which could be opened below the
tube and cut a hole 5 inches in diameter, then be closed
and withdrawn; but in some cases the tubes were
caught close to the rock, and then, as the tool just mentioned required 18 inches clear length below the tube to
open it, a different tool had to be sent down, which
drilled a hole of 3- inches diameter entirely through the
rock, and could then be opened to 5 inches and worked
upward to the mouth of the tube, when it could be
closed and withdrawn; these operations were performed
with tools whose handles were upwards of 1000 feet
long. The sand still continuing to give annoyance,
rushing in along with the water when the rods were
withdrawn, and filling the well sometimes to the depth
of 60 feet instantaneously, a remedy was resorted to,
which consisted in building a reservoir to contain water,
and, as the rods were withdrawn, letting the water into
the well to produce a downward current, and which was
used at times to loosen the sands which got packed about
the mouth of the tube, and thus enable them to proceed.
In the latest accounts which I find, the lateral pressure
on the tubes had increased so as to require very powerful leverage and heavy blows to force them down, so
that the joints showed signs of giving way, and it was
therefore not considered that the system of tubes could
be sunk much lower, but other tubing of a size. small
enough to be let down inside it would presently be
adopted.
The lining the bore with pipes is so efficient in ex



398           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
eluding from it laterally not merely solid materials, but
water itself, that in the well at the Royal Hospital, Haslar, Gosport-where the water rises through 125 feet of
shingle and running sand, full of salt water, and acted
on by the tides-the stopping out of the salt water was
completely effected, the water from the bore being of
the purest and softest quality.
Boring, as compared with common well-sinking, is economical; byadopting it, the expenditure of tens of pounds
may save hundreds. It is also available where the other is
not, and is equally applicable on dry land and under
water, and may be executed in a vertical, a horizontal,
or an inclined position. At Trafalgar-square there are
two wells, with a horizontal tunnel or driftway 6 feet in
diameter connecting them at 5 feet from the bottom of
the shafts, a point lower than the level to which the
water rises. This tunnel acts as a reservoir or store for
the water when the engine is not working, and ensures
a sufficient supply to the pumps even supposing they
drain the wells at a rate faster than that at which the
springs supply them.
The property which water, in common with other
liquids, has of preserving uniform level in different receptacles communicating with each other, is usually
brought into operation in schemes of water supply.
The water has to be accumulated in a great basin, or
reservoir; from this pipes ramify to the various quarters
where the supply is to take place, and, supposing these
pipes, in their course, to be carried under ground, and
at a lower level than that of the water in the reservoir,
and then made to ascend in various buildings, the level
to which the water will rise in them will correspond to,
and not exceed, that of the water in the reservoir. In
order, therefore, that, if possible, the highest stories of
the highest houses in the highest streets shall be supplied by virtue of one concentrated force, it becomes a




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        399
desideratum to place the reservoir at an adequate altitude. The New River gravitates to what is called New
River Head, at Pentonville; but more than half the
water supplied to the metropolis is derived from the
Thames, from which it has to be delivered at heights
much above the level of that river, and, consequently,
has to be raised into the reservoirs by artificial pressure, as has the water of the New River itself from its
head to the reservoir on Pentonville.hill. In case they
may be at all suggestive; I subjoin levels of some of the
London reservoirs and canals in relation to Trinity
datum, otherwise high-water mark of the River Thames:
Feet.
New River reservoir, Pentonville-hill (above datum). 118
Reservoir, Regent's Park..  do.. 113
Grand Junction Water-works, Paddington do.. 86
Lake, surface, Regent's Park.. do..841
New River, at City-road..  do.. 81
Reservoir, Kensington Gardens. do..70 
Regent's Canal, City basin.. do.. 5T
Reservoir, rim, Regent's Park.  do.. 43Serpentine, surface..      do..371
Surrey Canal, surface,.. (below datum).  3S
Lake, surface, St. James's Park.  do..  5T
Respecting the site for the proposed well at New
Barnet, I would recommend that it should be sunk on
the highest part of the estate; that, I think, will be
found to be the hill nearest to Chipping Barnet. In
such situation I fully expect that the depth will have to
be just so much greater than it would be if the well
were sunk in some lower part of the land, but the cost
of this extra depth will, I think, be more than compensated by the reduced first cost and subsequent wear and
tear of machinery. I assume that, under any circumstances, a high-level reservoir would be placed upon
that hill, or some similar eminence, in order that all
parts of the estate should be supplied with water by
gravitation; supposing such to be the case, the pumping engine, if the well were situated in thelower land,




400           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
instead of having simply to perform a direct up lift
from below itself, would have to force the water in
some oblique direction, to a situation say a quarter of a
mile or more distant, and to a level probably nigh
100 feet above its own, having to contend with a much
increased amount of friction and other resistance, which
would have to be provided for by an increased power
in the engine and increased strength as well as quantity
in pipes.
I find, by reference to the Great Northern Railway
Company's sections, that our datum level on the west
side of the railway is, above Trinity
datum......     162.50 feet.
Add to outfall of our drainage at the
railway culvert.....    25.25,,
And supposed height from that level of
our hill nearest Chipping Barnet..100.00,,
And we make the surface of the ground
at the proposed site of well above Trinity
datum, say.......287.75 feet.
The water level in the London basin, as
I have before stated, is known to be near
the surface; suppose it to be represented
by the level to which the water rises in
the Trafalgar-square wells, namely, below
Trinity datum about.... 52.25,,
(N.B.-The depth is stated by Prestwick
to be from 40 to 60 feet.)
And we may venture to assume that, at
New Barnet, it is below the surface, approximately..... 340.00 feet.
Add for depth of water... 20.00,,
And we conclude the depth for our shaft
should be...... 360.00 feet.




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       401
New Barnet being within the area in which the
London clay overlays the chalk, I have assumed the
water level there to be the same as at London. A
few miles northward, where there is a wide outcrop of
the chalk, I have no doubt but the water level rises in
the higher parts of the outcrop, owing to the obstacles
of friction and capillary attraction, which impede the
settling of the water to its natural level in the basin;
such rise would but tend to increase the hydrostatic
pressure in the bore of our well.
I find some difficulty in forming an opinion as to the
probable depth to the chalk and to the water at New
Barnet, the nearest wells sunk into the chalk that I
have any record of being that at the lunatic asylum,
Colney Hatch, about 3- miles distant, and one sunk by
Mr. Randall about a mile off, near Chipping Barnet.
In the former case, the depth to the chalk was 188 feet,
in the latter, it is stated to have been 330 feet; the site
is 30 or 40 feet above that of our proposed well. I
should suppose, from these data, that to assume the
depth to the chalk to be 340 feet would be very safe;
this would make the chalk coincident with the water
level, as already deduced.
We have now to consider the depth in the chalk at
which we should probably meet a sufficiency of the
pure soft spring water of that formation. The depth
bored to varies considerably. At Bulphan Fen, Essex,
it was 35 feet; at Mortlake, 50 feet; Mr. Randall's well,
70 feet; east side of London, 123 feet; Enfield Chase,
100 feet; Colney Hatch, 141 feet; Trafalgar-square,
147 feet; Camden station, 166 feet.. The supply of
water with the 70-feet bore at Mr. Randall's was small,
and I would rather adopt the Colney Hatch depth of
141 feet, or say 160; this will make the depth of our
bore 140 feet, and the total depth of the well 500 feet.
2D




402          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
In order to arrive at an estimate of the- amount of
supply to be sought.
Take the portion of the estate to be laid out in building allotments at 150 acres = 2 square miles.
The maximum population of London is estimated at
243,000 per square mile; take the future population of
New BaSnet at a little less than a twenty-fourth of this
ratio, say 10,000, then 10,000 x 29- = 24,000.
Allowing, for every purpose, 20 gallons per head per
diem, we have 480,000 gallons wanted per diem.
But this has fairly to be reduced in consideration of
the quantity of roof or rain water (the most valuable of
all), which would probably be saved, and made available. The fall of rain for London has been estimated
at 24 inches per annum. Suppose we take 20 inches;
suppose, also, that we divide the population by 5 for
families, making of the latter 4800, and that each
family has a roof covering of 30 feet by 20 feet = 600
square feet; then, 4800 x 600 x 20 inches = 4,800,000
feet, or 30,000,000 gallons per annum, which + 365 =
about 82,192, or, reduced for waste, say 80,000 per
diem; therefore the supply, 480,000 - 80,000, becomes
400,000 gallons per diem.
It would be extraordinary if such a population as
24,000 sprung up at New Barnet for many years to
come, notwithstanding its beauty and general eligibility; therefore, though regarding such as its population eventually, which should be provided for, as regards the capabilities of an Artesian well, I would only
take 40,000 gallons per diem, or one-tenth of the quan.
tity already computed, into present calculations for lifting, tanking, and delivering the water,
As you may be desirous to know the progress made
in this inquiry, and also as I have another proposition
to make with respect to the bore, I think it proper to




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        403
send you the results obtained up to the present juncture, and to reserve, for a second report, the consideration of the construction of the well and reservoir, and
the particulars of the pumps and of the mains for
supply, as also the estimates.
I am, &c.,
JAMES WYLSON.
To
IV.-Report on the Supply of Water to the Barnet Estate.
By Joshua Prestwick, Jun., F.R.S., F.G.S.
20, Mark-lane, June 12, 1855.
SIR,
Agreeably to your request, I have considered the
geological structure, and made some further slight examination, of the country around Barnet, with a view
to determine the best course of water supply for the
property of the National Freehold Land Society, adjoining the Barnet Railway Station. There are four sources
of supply which have to be considered. 1st. That from
shallow surface springs; 2nd. That from any neighbouring springs; 3rd. That from more distant streams or
waterworks; and 4th. That from    deep or Artesian
wells.
In the first case, the permeable surface beds of sands
and gravel are of so limited extent, being confined
chiefly to the tops of some of the adjacent hills, that
they only suffice for the supply of the population located
on those sites, and no other additional supply could be
looked for frotm that source.
In the second place, the streams are small; still, as
they drain a clay surface of several square miles in
2D2




404          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
extent, a not inconsiderable supply of water might probably be obtained by damming up the brook at the
lower and most easterly part of the Company's estate at
a point a little below where the two brooks meet. Apart,
however, from other difficulties, the use of these brooks
for drainage purposes might form a sufficient objection
to this plan.
The third plan is principally a question of cost in relation to the fourth plan. The New River, passing near
the railway at Hornsey, offers facilities for bringing the
water to Barnet, but the expense would necessarily be
considerable.
The fourth plan is the one to which my attention was
more particularly directed, and which I will enter into
more detail. Although there is an absence of exact
data bearing immediately upon the subject in question,
there still is sufficient corroborative evidence to arrive,
I think, at a closely approximate conclusion. Unfortunately, also, with the exception of the levels furnished
by the Great Northern Railway, there exists but very
little information with regard to the height of the hills
and elevation of the valleys through the country for
some miles around the Company's property. I have
therefore had to depend upon the few hasty and rough
observations I have been able to make with the aneroid
barometer. Such levels must be taken only as approximative, but they are probably sufficiently near to the
truth not materially to affect the general results. To
determine the thickness of the strata and the depth of
the water level on the Company's estate, I have taken
two lines of section, one north and south, and the other
east and west, and both passing by the Barnet Station,
the height of which spot above Trinity high-water mark
is, I am informed'by Mr. Wylson, 223 feet. This will
serve as a datum level in the following calculations.




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       405
The first section I commenced at a distance of about
four and a half miles to the north, in the valley at South
Minns. The ground of these estimated to be about
250 feet above Trinity high-water mark at London.
The chalk comes to the surface in that valley, and so
continues to North Minns. Along this lime there is a
stream with an occasional considerable flow of water,
which sometimes lodges and accumulates to a depth of
8 to 12 feet at North Minns, until carried off through
the chalk to lower grounds at some distance northward.
At North Minns the water level in the chalk varies
considerably, but rarely or never falls below 40 feet
from the surface. The supply of water is unfailing. At
South Minns a well was sunk at the police station a few
years since to a depth of about 70 feet, and the water,
which is of good quality, but rather hard, stands almost
invariably at a depth of about 50 from the surface. It
never fails.  But the demand in both these cases is
moderate. Between the valley of the Minns, Potter's
Bar, and Hadley, the chalk dips to the southward, and
is succeeded by 50 to 60 feet of sands and clays, and
then by the great mass of the London clay. The chalk
must, consequently, reach some considerable depth
beneath the surface at Barnet and Hadley. About
fifteen years since a well was sunk in some premises occupied by Mr. Quilter, near Hadley Church, at a spot
which'I estimate to be about 340 to 350 above
T. H. W. M.
I am informed by Mr. Clark, who made the well, that
the London clay and underlying sands were 300 feet
thick, and that below that depth he bored 50 feet into
the chalk, where water was met with, which rose to
within 260 feet of the surface. I do not know whether
or not the supply of water is large.  Southward of




406          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
Barnet Station, the next deep well we meet with is at
the Colney Hatch Asylum, which stands at a height of
about 150 feet above T. H. W. M. This well traverses
134 feet of London clay, 27 feet of mottled clays, then
25 feet of sands, and penetrates 141 feet in the chalk,
where a good supply of water, rising to within 110 feet
of the surface, is obtained. At Hornsey there is a well
which traversed 142 feet of London clay, 8 of sands,
and 71 of clay and sands, when water was found, and
rose to within 70 feet of the surface. The height of the
ground may be about 100 feet above T. H. W. M. Now,
taking the foregoing data, and having ascertained as
near as possible the dip of the strata at North Minns
and Potter's Bar to be very slightly to the southward,
whilst in the neighbourhood of Barnet the strata are
nearly horizontal, and so continue to Colney Hatch and
IHornsey, we may form some estimate of the thickness
of the London clay and underlying sands at any point
on this line of section, provided no faults of any consequence intervene, and which we have no reason to
suspect.
The result with regard to the Barnet estate is, that at
the level of the railway station the London clay may be
from 140 to 150 feet thick, and the clays and sands
beneath it 50 to 60 feet thick, making a total depth to
the chalk of from 190 to 200 feet.
The second section commences at Edmonton. At a
well near this place the clays were found to be about
90 feet thick, and the water, which is obtained from the
sand beds, rises to the surface. At Winchmore Hill, at
a height of about 150 feet above T. H. W. M., the chalk
was reached at a depth of 230 feet, and water obtained,
but I could learn no exact particulars. Thence carrying the section by Bohunt Gate, we meet with no deep
well until we pass the Barnet Station and reach the foot




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       407
of Barnet Hill, where a deep well was sunk several
years since at the old workhouse. No exact particulars
of the strata passed through, or of the bed from which
the water rises, are to be obtained, but the well has been
ascertained to be 211 feet deep, and the water to rise
16 feet in the shaft.
This section leads me nearly to the same conclusion
as the other respecting the thickness of the London clay
at the Barnet Station. It makes it probably a slight
degree thicker, but the data are not so good.
We now have to consider the sources from which a
supply of water might be obtained. Immediately beneath
the London clay is usually a thin seam of sand, but this
yields but a very small supply of water. A very
irregular mass of mottled clays then follow, varying in
thickness from 20 to 40 feet, and beneath this is the
main mass of the lower tertiary sands from 10 to 30 feet
thick. In these sands a considerable supply of water is
obtained at various places in and around London, and
it is probable that a supply of water might be obtained
from them at Barnet. In case, however, they should
not yield a sufficient supply, then the chalk which
underlies all these strata, and which outcrops at so short
a distance to the north, would, I believe, not fail to
furnish a large supply of water, but unlike the sands,
which would yield their water as soon as tapped, it is
not possible to- say exactly to what depth it might be
necessary to sink in the chalk before meeting with a
spring of the force required. It might be found at a
depth of 10 feet in this deposit, or it might be necessary
to go to a depth of 100 feet. The latter would, how.
ever, be, I believe, an extreme case.
The next consideration is with regard to the height
to which the water would rise. Connecting by a slightly
inclined line the water levels which we have ascertained




408          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
at Minns, Hadley, and Colney Hatch, the depth of the
water level beneath the surface, at the level of the Barnet
Railway Station, would be about 150 to 160 feet. In
making this calculation, I assume the boring to be
carried down to the chalk. The water in the overlying
sands might stand a few feet higher.
In the foregoing calculations I have placed the well
on the level of the railway station, but I think that the
most eligible spot for such a work would be by the side
of the brook, at the extreme east of the Company's property, in a field where some gravel has been dug for the
new roads on the estate. This spot is lower, I should
estimate, by about 50 feet than the railway station;
consequently the sands might there be reached at a
depth from 110 to 120 feet, the chalk at a depth of from
140 to 150 feet, and the water might rise to within 100
to 110 feet of the surface. The cost and time of sinking
a well increases so rapidly with the depth that it will, I
think, be found less expensive to have the well at this
lowest level, and to pump the water to a higher reservoir,
rather than to have the well itself on that higher ground.
It will also require less power to raise the water, say
100 feet, and then to: force it 100 feet higher, than to
have to raise it' 200 feet by one operation.
I may also further observe, that although it may
ultimately be necessary, when a larger number of houses
have to be supplied, to have a well of considerable size,
and with a large head of water, yet that, on the score of
rapidity and economy of execution, I should for the
present recommend that merely a boring of from 8 to
10 inches in diameter (which would serve the object of
a trial bore) should be made at the spot last mentioned.
For provided the flow of water should prove sufficient,
and the sands offer no obstruction to working the pump,
instead of sinking a shaft to meet the water at a depth




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        409
of 120 to 130 feet, it might at present answer the object
of the Company to have small pumps let down the bore,
which is, I am informed, perfectly practicable, and raise
the water by hand or horse power. A small temporary
work of this description might be executed, I should
conceive, in a very few weeks, and at a very small cost,
and would not preclude the execution of larger works
on the same spot, if the supply by this means were not
found sufficient for present purposes, or should require
increasing hereafter. In that case the shaft could be
dug, so as to allow these first bore tubes to remain first
within it, and could be carried down to the exact depth
that this trial bore would have proved necessary the
lower part of the original bore, and then be' opened into
the shaft, and thus made available in this more permanent and large work. In the mean time, the permanent tubes for carrying water to the higher part of
the estates could be laid down as far as might be considered necessary for the present.
With regard to the quality of the water, that from
the sands is usually soft, but contains a large proportion
of grains of solid matter to the gallon than the water
from the chalk. The water from the latter is almost
always bright and good, but hard. This, however,
readily admits of the application of Clark's softening
process.
In conclusion, I beg to state that although an inquiry
of this description is attended with some uncertainty as
to exact results, still I believe that the measures here
given will be found to approximate closely to the truth,
and that a good supply of water may be obtained without much difficulty, and at a moderate expense, at the
spot, and by the means indicated.
I remain, sir,
(Signed)      J. PRESTWIcK, Jun., F.R.S.
Charles Gilpin, Esq.




410           REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
V.-Proposed new Bridge at             over the
River
November, 1864.
DEAR SIR,
In accordance with your wish expressed on the 29th
ult., that I should present a report on the proposed
bridge over the      at, I beg to state as
follows:
First. I have very carefully. considered how the best
and cheapest approaches to the town could be made,
and I feel assured, without such approaches, the estate
must remain quite isolated and at times unapproachable, and from these facts, whether you allot it in large
areas for good houses, or in small pieces for inferior
buildings, its value must remain low, for, without the
communications, it could scarcely be called "improved
property," notwithstanding all that can be' done on the
estate itself in the shape of road making, or other
works.
The neighbourhood is now much visited by gentlemen from a distance, and various questions have been
asked the servants on the estate as to its destination and
the meaning of the works, and how it may probably be
allotted; this, to say the least of it, shows some interest
is taken in the property, and, of the purchasers of the
Godalming estate, I believe the far greater number
would be from a distance. I feel equally assured that
a good approach to the estate from the station, passable
in all seasons without inconvenience, would be one of
the things first looked at, and a matter that would be
gravely considered before any offer to purchase would
be made. I have thus briefly endeavoured to bring to
your mind the matters you have often referred to; they
all tend to one view of the case, the necessity of an




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E.&.F.N. SponlG 1.Buchlersb3ury, Loindon.








REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.        411
approach to the estate for carriages and traffic, and this
approach involves the construction of a bridge.
Second. As to the construction of the bridge, the reasons
for adopting this method, and the cost, I propose that the
structure should be formed of timber, the portions of
which exposed to moisture should be well creosoted,
the whole securely framed, and without any intervening
supports in the river itself, thus leaving a clear water
way of the full uncontracted width of the river. I propose that the girders should rest on piles, as shown in
the drawing, driven by means of an ordinary crab
engine to a proper and secure depth in the soil. The
rows of piles at each end are double, as I get by this
means, after the openings are planked and filled with
earth, secure abutments. I have designed the bridge
of the width of 21 feet between the parapet railing,
leaving a carriage way with a sufficient footway on one
side; I am aware that a structure of brick and stone,
or brick and iron, would be more enduring, but any of
them would be much more costly, in this case especially, as the ground is not suited for foundations for
heavy structures, and the railway, where it crosses the
valley and the river, is constructed on timber viaducts.
I propose that the footway and roadway of the bridge
should be formed first by planking, and then by covering with asphalte made by boiling lime, coal tar, and
ballast in proper proportions on the spot, spreading it
on whilst hot in two separate layers. A most durable
roadway would thus be formed, as well as one perfectly
impervious to water, thus tending materially to preserve the timbers of the bridge. The suspension bridge
erected by Mr. Telford over the Conway, at Conway,
over which there is a great deal of traffic, is covered by
a composition of this kind, and, although it has been
in wear more than thirty years, has never been replaced,




412          REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.
and only repaired in some few places. As to the durability of timber, it decays only from one cause, the
putrefaction of the sap or alburnum in the pores, and if
this tendency to decay could be effectually arrested,
timber exposed to moisture would be as durable as the
best brick or stone, and more so than iron. Various
methods have been resorted to for preserving timber,
such as "Kyans" by means of a solution of corrosive
sublimate, and "Paynes" by impregnation with sulphate of iron, and afterwards muriate of lime, by steam
pressure, and Bethell's creosoting process; for cheapness, durability, and convenience the latter is greatly to
be preferred, and is now generally adopted. The sap
and water is first dried out of the timber, and the
creosote, when the timber is dried, is forced in by steam
pressure.  If the operation be properly performed,
twenty or thirty years' wear, under circumstances like
the present, will not injure the timber in the least, so
that it may be considered durable.
I propose only to creosote such portions of the timbers
of the bridge as will be exposed to dampness and moisture, and such as have no transverse strain to bear, for
two reasons: the operation of creosoting increases the
weight of the timber from 7 to 10llbs. per cubic foot,
and, from experiments that we made in Wales, it reduces the transverse strength about 4 per cent. I propose to cover the timber above water with anti-corrosive
paint.
Third. As to the cost of the bridge, I find it will require about 3200 cubic feet of red pine timber, called
Baltic, which may be taken at 4s. per foot, including
labour and ironwork. The cost of the structure would
not exceed 6401., including painting and the asphalte
complete-a small sum as compared with similar structures executed in more expensive materials. Putting




REPORTS ON VARIOUS WORKS.       413
the estate at 130 acres, which is about the quantity, the
cost per acre would be slightly in excess of 51., which is
not a large sum when the importance of the improvement is considered.
I have the honour to be, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
JOHN BLENKARN.
W. Austin, Esq.








INDEX.
SECTION I.-SURVEYING.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADS, SEWERS, DRAINS, AND FENCING.
PAGE
I. Specification and Contract for a new Road, Bridge, and Embankments.....                 1
II. Specification for new Roads and Drainage...12
III. Specification for'new Roads and Drains connected with the enclosure of open Lands..          17
IV. General Specification for Roads, Drains, Culverts, with Schedule of
Prices and Form of Tender...      29
V. Specification for the Drainage, &c., of an Estate laid out for Buildings  41
VI. Specification for making a new Street...         50
VII. Specification for erecting Fencing...         53
VIII. Specification for erecting a Garden Wall and Gate Entrance. 54
IX. Specification for forming a new Sewer in the Metropolitan District, with  ventilating Shafts and  Gulleys, including  Pipe
Drainage....          56
X. Specification of Sewer Works at Hastings..          64
SECTION II.-ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING.
I. Specification for Pair of Model Cottages at New Barnet.         69
II. Spe6ification for Pair of Houses at Maidstone..          81
III. Specification for a temporary Station on a Railway               96
IV. Specification and Bills of Quantities, and Schedule of Prices for
new Villa at East Cowes..         98
V. Specification for Detached Villa, with List of Quantities and Schedule of Prices...              144
VI. Specification for a Workhouse for a small Union.        188
VII. Specification for a Pair of Villas... 203
VIII. Specification for Abbattoirs for a small Town.         222
IX. General Clauses added to Specifications...     233
X. General Conditions added sometimes to Specifications.        234
XI. Conditions belonging to Specifications for Engineering Works. 236
SECTION III.-ENGINEERING.
I. Specification for Sea Wall and Flood Gates.. 239
II. Specification for Steam-boat Pier for a Tidal River.. 243




416                             INDEX.
PAGOE
III. Specification for Retaining Wall at Reigate. 250
IV. Specification, Forms of Tender, Conditions of Contract, and Schedule of Prices, for Excavators', Bricklayers', Ironfounders', Carpenters' and Masons' Work...252
V. Specification for Sinking and Completing an Artesian Well. 272
VI. Specification and Agreement for erecting and making a Steamengine and other works for the purpose of raising Water. 277
VII. Specification and Contract for constructing a Canal, with Locks,
Bridges, and other works.. 293
VIII. Specification for Stonework connected with a large Gas Tank  323
IX. Specification for Water Station and Crane on a Railway. 327
X. Specification for Wrought Iron and Brick Bridge.            327
XI. Specification for Wrought Iron Girder Bridge..    332
XII. Specification for Engine and Boiler...     333
XIII. Specification for Pumps....335
SECTION IV.-AGREEMENTS.
FoR LETTING FARMS AND LAND, EXCHANGING LANDS, AND ERECTING
BUILDINGS.
I. Agreement for letting a Farm and Public House... 337
II. Agreement for Lease of Farm...340
III. Agreement for Lease of Building Land.                     345
IV. Agreement for letting Cottage Allotments.    349
V. Agreement for building a House..                    351
VI. Agreement for erecting a Villa at, applying to Specification No. IV. Section 2..             353
VII. Agreement for exchange of Lands..358
VIII. Bond..                                   362
IX. Agreement for building Pair of Houses at Maidstone. See Section 2 Specification II....363
SECTION V.-REPORTS ON WORKS TO BE EXECUTED.
I. Report on the propriety of diverting a River for purposes of
Drainage, &c....... 369
II. Report for altering Buildings and Premises..   375
III. Report on the Chalk Basin of London with reference to Supply of
Water. By James Wylson, Esq....               382
IV. Report on Sinking an Artesian Well, J. Prestwich, jun., Esq.,
F.R.S., &c...... 403
V. Report on building a new Bridge over the River Wey.. 410
THE END.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY C. WHITING, BEAUFORT HOUSE, STRAND.